JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4

Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat

4.1 : UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM (keseimbangan tema!
By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to
1. The net heat will flow from A to B until the temperature of A is the same "
as the temperature of B. In this situation, the two bodies are said to have reached thermal
equilibrium.
2. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the net rate of heat flow between the two bodies is
e#$a%.
. There is no net flow of heat between two ob!ects that are in thermal equilibrium. Two
ob!ects in thermal equilibrium have the same temperature.
4. T&e %i#$i' $se' in g%ass t&em(mete s&($%'
(a) Be easily seen
(b) Expand and contract rapidly over a wide range of temperature.
(c) Not stick to the glass wall of the capillary tube
". #ist the characteristic of mercury
(a) Opaue liuid
(b) !oes not stick to the glass
(c) Expands uniformly when heated
(d) "ree#ing point $%&
'
(
(e) Boiling point %)*
'
(
$. +eat is a form of ener%y. It flows from a hot body to a cold body.
)HA*TER 4: HEAT
&aster rate of ener%y transfer
H(t
(b+e,t
)(%'
(b+e,t
'lower rate of ener%y transfer
(quivalent to (quivalent to
)o net heat transfer
1*
2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
+. The 'I unit for heat is ,oule, ,.
-. .eat is measured by ,oulemeter
/. Temperature is measured by thermometer
1*. -emperature is the de%ree of hotness of a body
11. The 'I unit for tem-eat$e is 0elvin, 0.
12. L(.e /i0e' -(int (l
1
!1 ice point 2 the temperature of pure meltin% ice1*
*
3
1. U--e /i0e' -(int( l
111!
1steam point2 the temperature of steam from water that is boilin%
under standard atmospheric pressure 11**
*
3
E0e,ise 4.1
Se,ti(n A: )&((se t&e best ans.e
1. The fi%ure shows two metal bloc4s.
Which the followin% statement is
false5
l
*
2 len%th of mercury at ice point
l
1**
2 len%th of mercury at steam point
l
6
2 len%th of mercury at 6 point
Temperature, 6 7
l
6
8 l
*
l
1**
8
l
*
9 1**
*
3
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
A. : and ; are in thermal contact
B. . and / are in thermal
euilibrium
3. (ner%y is transferred from : to ;
<. (ner%y is transferred from ; to :
2. When does the ener%y %o when a cup
of hot tea cools5
0. 1t warms the surroundings
B. It warms the water of the tea
3. It turns into heat ener%y and
disappears.
. Which of the followin% temperature
corresponds to =ero on the 0elvin
scale5
A. 2+
*
3
B. *
*
3
(. $2*%
'

>. .ow can the sensitivity of a liquid8
in ?%lass thermometer be increased5
A. @sin% a liquid which is a
better conductor of heat
B. 3sing a capillary tube with a
narrower bore.
3. @sin% a lon%er capillary tube
<. @sin% a thinner8wal4ed bulb
". Which instrument is most suitable
for measurin% a rapidly chan%in%
temperature5
A. Alcohol8in ?%lass
thermometer
B. -hermocouple
3. Aercury8in8%lass
thermometer
<. :latinum resistance
thermometer
$. Which of the followin%
thermometers is suitable for
measurin% a patientBs temperature5
A. Cesistance thermometer
B. 4ercury thermometer
3. Alcohol thermometer
<. Thermocouple
+. Which of the followin% thermometer
is suitable for measurin% temperature
which fluctuate5
A. Cesistance thermometer
B. Aercury thermometer
(. 0lcohol thermometer
<. Thermocouple
-. To produce a scale for a
thermometer, the two fi9ed points
required are
A. ice point and triple point
B. yield point and boilin% point
(. ice point and steam point
/. In order to ma4e a mercury
thermometer more sensitive, we need
to
A. decrease the volume of the
mercury bulb
B. decrease the diameter of the
capillary tube
3. leave the capillary tube open
to the air
1*. When sha4in% hands with Anwar,
0ent .ui niticed that AnwarBs hand
was cold. .owever, Anwar felt that
0ent .ui hand was warm. Why did
Anwar and 0ent .ui not feel the
same sensation5
A. Both hands in contact are in
thermal equilibrium.
B. +eat is flowing from 5ent
+ui6s hand to 0nawr6s hand
3. .eat is followin% from
AnwarBs hand to 0ent .ui hand
Se,ti(n B: Ans.e a%% t&e #$esti(ns b2 s&(.ing t&e ,a%,$%ati(n
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
1. The len%th of the mercury column at the ice point and steam point are ".* cm and >*.*cm
respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid :, the len%th of the mercury
column is 2.* cm. What is the temperature of the liquid :5
Tem-eat$e" 3 4 %
3
5 %
1
0 111
1
)
%
111
5 %
1

3 4 67 5 8 0 111
1
)
41 9 8
3 4 81.46
1
)
2. The len%th of the mercury column at the steam point and ice point and are $".* cm and
".*cm respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid ;, the len%th of the
mercury column is 2+.* cm. What is the temperature of the liquid ;5
Tem-eat$e" 3 4 %
3
5 %
1
0 111
1
)
%
111
5 %
1

3 4 6: 5 8 0 111
1
)
;8 9 8
3 4 7;.;:
1
)
. The distance between *
*
3 and 1**
*
3 is 2-.* cm. When the thermometer is put into a
bea4er of water, the len%th of mercury column is 2>."cm above the lower fi9ed point. What
is the temperature of the water5
Tem-eat$e" 3 4 %
3
5 %
1
0 111
1
)
%
111
5 %
1

3 4 64.8 5 1 0 111
1
)
6< 9 1
3 4 <:.8
1
)
>. The distance between *
*
3 and 1**
*
3 is 2" cm. When the thermometer is put into a bea4er
of water, the len%th of mercury column is 1$cm above the lowerDfree=eE fi9ed point. What
is the temperature of the water5 What is the len%th of mercury column from the bulb at
temperatures *
*
3
Tem-eat$e" 3 4 %
3
5 %
1
0 111
1
)
%
111
5 %
1


$"cm l
1 "cm l

2+ cm D;E l
!
* cm l

2>." cm D;E l
!
2- cm l
1
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
3 4 1; 5 1 0 111
1
)
68 9 1
3 4 ;4.1
1
)
Tem-eat$e" 3 4 %
3
5 %
1
0 111
1
)
%
111
5 %
1

71
1
) 4 0 5 1 0 111
1
)
68 9 1
0 4 :.8,m
SE)TI=N ): St$,t$e' Q$esti(ns
1. #uqman uses an aluminium can, a drin4in% straw and some plasticine to ma4e a simple
thermometer as shown in fi%ure below. .e pours a liquid with linear e9pansion into the
can.
DaE 'u%%est a 4ind of liquid that e9pands linearly. D1mE
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DbE .e chooses two fi9ed points of 3elsius scale to calibrate his thermometer. 'tate them
D2mE
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DcE If the measurement len%th of the liquid inside the straw at the temperature of the lower
fi9ed point and the upper fi9ed point are "cm and 1$ cm respectively, find the len%th of
the liquid at -2."
*
3.
Tem-eat$e" <6.8 4 0 5 8

0 111
1
)
1; 5 8
0lkohol
111 4 <6.8
1;98 0 5 8
1110 5 811 4 >1:.8
0 4 14.1<,m
7ower fixed point 8 free#ing point of water.
3pper fixed point 8 boiling point of water
* cm l

1$ cm l
!
2" cm l
1
* cm l

D*
o
c 6 EG cm l
!
2" cm l
1
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
DdE Why should he use a drin4in% straw of small diameter5
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DeE What 4ind of action should he ta4e if he wants to increase the sensitivity of his
thermometer5
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2. What do you mean by heat and temperature5
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>.2 : UNDERSTANDING S*E)I?I) HEAT )A*A)IT@
By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to
<efine specific heat capacity
'tate that
<etermine the specific heat capacity of a liquid
<etermine the specific heat capacity of a solid
<escribe applications of specific heat capacity
'olve problems involvin% specific heat capacity
1. The heat capacity of a body1ob!ect is the amount of heat that must be supplied to
the body to increase its temperature by 9
'
(.
2. The heat capacity of an ob!ect depends on the
DaE AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.
DbE AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.
.eat capacity
Auatan haba
'pecific heat capacity
Auatan haba tentu
-emperature of the body
4ass of the body
-ype of material
-o increases the sensitivity of the thermometer
3se a copper can instead of the aluminum can because it is a better thermal
conductor
Heat is t&e eneg2 t&at tans/es /(m (ne (b+e,t t( an(t&e (b+e,t be,a$se (/ a
tem-eat$e 'i//een,e bet.een t&em.
Tem-eat$e is a meas$e (/ 'egee (/ &(tness (/ a b('2.
Q 4 m ,
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
DcE AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
. The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat that must be
supplied to increase the temperature by 1
*
3 or 1 0 for a mass of 1 4% of the
substance.@nit :kg
$9
5
$9
>. The heat ener%y absorbed or %iven out by an ob!ect is %iven by ; 7 mc
6
.
". DaE.i%h specific heat capacity absorb a lar%e amount of heat with only a small
temperature increase such as plastics, wood,
DbE #ow specific heat capacity absorb a small amount of heat with only hi%h temperature
increase such as aluminium, copper, ironHHHHHHHHHHHHH
$. 3onversion of ener%y

+. Applications of 'pecific .eat 3apacity
'pecific heat capacity , c 7
;HH
m6
(lectrical ener%y
.eat ener%y
Pt " mc!
.eater
:ower 7 :
Electrical ener%y
.otential ener%y
5inetic ener%y
Ib!ect falls from
A hi%h position
Aovin% ob!ect stopped
due to friction
:ower 7 :
.eat ener%y
mgh" mc!
.eat ener%y
# m$
%
" mc!
'mall value of c
3opper D/* ,10%10E
Bi% value of c
plastic D"** ,10%10E
Two ob!ect of equal
mass
&aster increase in
temperature
'lower increase
in temperature
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
(9plain the meanin% of above application of specific heat capacity2
(a! Bate as a ,((%ant in a ,a engine
.
DbE .ousehold apparatus and utensils

DcE 'ea bree=e
(qual rate of heat
supplied
;ater $ high specific capacity (29''
:8kg85). 1t is used as a cooling agent to
prevent overheating of the engine
.-herefore< water acts as a heat reservoir
as it can absorb a great amount of heat
before it boils
0 metal has a low specific heat capacity
and its temperature increases easily when
heated.-his is because only a little amount
of heat is needed.
-he handles of pots and pans are usually
made of materials of high specific heat
capacity or poor heat conductor
-he land is heated to a higher temperature
than the sea because water has a higher
specific heat capacity. -his causes the air
above the land to be hotter than the air
above the sea. -he hot air above the land
flows up and the cool air from the sea flows
towards the land. -he movement of air
cause wind to blow from the sea< therefore a
sea bree#e is produced
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
DdE #and bree=e
E0e,ise 4.6
SE)TI=N A : )&((se t&e best ans.e
1. The chan%e in the temperature of
an ob!ect does not depend on
A. the mass of the ob!ect
B. the type of substance the ob!ect is
made of
(. the shape of the ob,ect
<. the quantity of heat received
2. Which of the followin% defines
the specific heat capacity of a substance
correctly5
A. The amount of heat ener%y required
to raise the temperature of 14% of the
substance
B. -he amount of heat energy reuired
to raise 9kg of the substance by 9
'
(.
3. The amount of heat ener%y required
to chan%e 14% of the substance from
the solid state to the liquid state.
. .eat ener%y is supplied at the
same rate to 2"*% of water and 2"*% of
ethanol. The temperature of the ethanol
rises faster. This is because the ethanol..
A. is denser than water
B. is less dense than water
3. has a lar%er specific heat capacity
than water
!. has a smaller specific heat capacity
than water
>. In a clear calm ni%ht, the
temperature of surface of the lands falls
more rapidly than the temperature of the
nearby sea. This is because
A. land is a solid
B. land has a lower specific heat
capacity
3. land is stationary
<. land is at a hi%her level than the sea
". 'teel , which has a low heat
capacity, is suitable as a material for
0t night the air above the land and the sea
release heat to the atmosphere. -he
temperature of the sea decrease more slowly
than temperature of the land because water
has a higher specific heat capacity than earth.
-he land become colder than the sea. -he hot
air above the sea flows upwards and the cool
air from the land flows towards the sea. 0
land bree#e is produced due to the movement
of air from the land towards the sea
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
ma4in% the followin% with the e9ception
of
A. electrical iron
B. wo4
(. handle of a kettle
<. body of a 4ettle
$. The fi%ure below shows a clay
pot with the water inside it is still boilin%
even thou%h the pot has been removed
from the sea.
Which statement correctly e9plains the
observation above5
A. -he temperature of the outer wall
of the clay pot is higher than the
temperature of the water.
B. Water has a lar%e specific heat
capacity
3. 3lay can %ive out a lot of heat
<. Water has a low boilin% point
+. In the e9periment to determine
the specific heat capacity of a metal
bloc4, some oil is poured into the hole
containin% thermometer. Why is this
done5
0. -o ensure a better conduction of
heat
B. To reduce the consumption of
electrical ener%y
3. To ensure the thermometer is in an
upri%ht position.
<. To reduce the friction between the
thermometer and the wall of the
bloc4.
SE)TI=N B: Ans.e a%% #$esti(ns b2 s&(.ing t&e ,a%,$%ati(n
1. .ow much heat ener%y is required to raise the temperature of a >4% iron bar from
2
*
3 to "2
*
35 D'pecific heat capacity of iron 7 >"2 ,4%
81 *
3
81
E.
0mount of heat energy reuired< / = mc>
= ? x ?)2 x ()2$%2)
= %@ 9@':
2. 3alculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of *.- 4% of
copper from "
*
3 to $*
*
3. D'pecific heat capacity of copper 7 >** , 4%
81
3
81
E.
0mount of heat reuired< / = mc>
= '.A x ?'' x (@'$%))
= A ''':
. 3alculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 2." 4% of
water from 2
*
3 to -2
*
3. D'pecific heat capacity of water 7 >2** , 4%
81
3
81
E.
0mount of heat reuired< / = mc>
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
= 2.) x ?2'' x (A2$%2)
= )2)< ''':
>. +"*% bloc4 of a aluminium at 12*
*
3 is cooled until >"
*
3. &ind the amount of
heat is released. . D'pecific heat capacity of aluminium 7 /** , 4%
81
3
81
E.
0mount of heat released< / = mc>
= '.*) x &'' x (92'$?))
= )' @2):
". *.2 4% of water at +*
*
3 is mi9ed with *.$ 4% of water at *
*
3. Assumin% that
no heat is lost, find the final temperature of the mi9ture. D'pecific heat capacity of water
7 >2** , 4%
81
3
81
E
0mount of heat reuired< / = 0mount of heat released< /
mc> = mc>
'.2 x ?2'' x ( *'$ >) = '.@ x ?2'' x (> $ %')
> = ?'
'
(
$. /**% of water is cooled from /-
*
3 to G
*
3. Jiven that 2.1 9 1*
"
, of heat is
released, find the value of G. D'pecific heat capacity of water 7 >2** , 4%
81
3
81
E
0mount of heat reuired< / = 0mount of heat released< /
mc> = mc>
2.9 x 9'
)
: = '.& x ?2'' x (&A B C)
C = ?2.?)
'
(
+. 2* >+" , of heat is needed to raise the temperature of a bloc4 of copper
wei%hin% ."4% from 2+
*
3 to >2
*
3. <etermine the heat capacity of copper5
0mount of heat reuired< / = mc>
c =
mc
&
c =
E 2+ >2 D " .
2*>+"
'

c = %&' : kg
$9
(
$9

-. .ai4al uses a 2.24W heater to heat "**% of water in a bea4er. The specific
heat capacity of water is >2** , 4%
81
3
81
and the initial temperature of the water is 2/
*
3.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
By assumin% that there is no heat loss to the surroundin%s how much time will it ta4e to
boil the water in the bea4er.
.t = mc>
2.2 x 9'
%
t = '.) x ?2'' x ( 9'' B 2& )
t =
22**
+1 >2** " . *
t = @*.**s
/. A water temperature at the top of a -*m hi%h waterfall is 1"
'
3. What is the
water temperature at the bottom of the waterfall5 D % 7 /.-ms
82
, c 7 >2** , 4%
81
3
81
E
mgh = mc>
&.A x %A' = ?2'' x >
> = '.AA* (

1*. A bullet travellin% at a velocity of 1**ms
81
about to be stopped by a stationary
sand ba%. If the specific heat capacity of the bullet is 1$* , 4%
81
3
8
, what is the increases
in temperature of the bullet5
2
1
mv
2
= mc>

2
1
x 9''
2
= 9@' x >
> = %9.2)
'
(
SE)TI=N ): St$,t$e' #$esti(ns
1. In fi%ure below, bloc4 A of mass "4% at temperature 1**
*
3 is in contact with
another bloc4 B of mass 2.2"4% at temperature 2*
*
3.
Assume that there is no ener%y loss to the surroundin%s.
A
B
1**
*
3 2*
*
3
"4%
2.2"4%
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
DaE &ind the final temperature of A and B if they are in thermal equilibrium.
Jiven the specific heat capacity of A and B are /** ,4%
81
3
81
and >** ,4%
81
3
81
respectively.
0mount of heat reuired< / = 0mount of heat released< /
mc> = mc>
).'x &'' x ( 9''$ >) = 2.2) x ?'' x (> $ 2')
> = A@.@*
'
(
DbE &ind the ener%y %iven by A durin% the process.
Energy given = mc>
= ) x &'' x (9'' B A@.@*
= @' ''':
DcE 'u%%est one method to reduce the ener%y loss to the surroundin%s.
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2. DaE <efine specific heat capacity.
Dpecific heat capacity is the amount of heat reuired to raise the temperature of 9 kg of
a substance by 9
'
( or 9 5.
DbE A container made of copper has a mass of 2."4%. 3alculate the ener%y required to
increased the temperature of the container by *
'
3 if the specific heat capacity of copper
is /*,4%
81
3
81
/ = mc>
= 2.) x %&' x %'
= 2& 2)' :

>. UNDERSTANDING S*E)I?I) LATENT HEAT
By the of this subtopic, you will be able to
'tate that transfer of heat durin% a chan%e of phase does not cause a chan%e in
temperature
.ut them in a sealed polystyrene box.8 blanket8towel
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
<efine specific latent heat
'tate that l 7 ;1m
<etermine the specific latent heat of fusion and specific latent heat of vaporisation
'olve problem involvin% specific latent heat.
1. &our main chan%es of phase.
2. The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature durin% a chan%e of
phase is 4nown as latent heat. ;7 ml
. 3omplete the dia%rams below and summari=ed.
DaE Me%ting
(b! B(i%ing
'olid
'olidification
#atent heat released
Boilin%
#atent heat absorbed
3ondensation
#atent heat released
#iquid
Jas
0B E -he heat absorbed by the solid
rises its temperature to its melting
point.
B( E +eat is absorbed by the solid as it
melts< but the temperature remains
constant. -he solid melts to become a
liuid at the same temperature
0B E -he heat absorbed by the liuid
rises its temperature
B( E +eat is absorbed by the liuid as it
melts< but the temperature remains
constant. -he heat energy use to
breakdown the bonding. -he liuids
boils to become a liuid at the same
temperature
Temperature
Time
*
A
B 3
4elting
point
Temperature
Time
*
A
B 3
Boiling
point
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
(,! S(%i'i/i,ati(n
('! )(n'ensati(n
>. FFFFFFFFFFFFFis the heat absorbed by a meltin% solid. The specific
latent heat of fusion is the quantity of the heat needed to chan%e 14% of s(%i' t( a %i#$i' at
its meltin% point without any increase in FFFFFFFFF.. The '.I unit of the
specific latent heat of fusion is ,4%
81
.
7atent heat of fusion
temperature
water
ice
Latent &eat abs(be'
( me%ting!
&eat %(stCe%ease
( /eeDing!
./ E +eat is released by the liuid as it
cools to its free#ing point.
/F E +eat is given out by the liuid as
it solidifies but the temperature
remains constant. -he liuid solidifies
to become a solid at the same
temperature.
Temperature
Time
*
; C
'
:
"ree#ing
point
Temperature
Time
*
; C
'
:
Boiling
point
./ E +eat is given out by the gas as it
cools to its boiling point.
/F E +eat is given out by the gas as it
condenses but the temperature remains
constant. -he gas condenses to become
a liuid at the same temperature.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
". FFFFFFFFFFFFF... is heat of vaporisation is heat absorbed durin%
boilin%. The specific latent heat of vaporisation is the quantity of heat needed to chan%e
14% of %i#$i' int( gas or vapour of its boilin% point without any chan%e in
FFFFFFFF.. The '.I unit is ,4%
81
.
$. (9plain the application of 'pecific #atent .eat above2
2
('! )((%ing (/ beEeage ( min$man !
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(e! *eseEati(n (/ ?(('
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(/! Steaming ?(('
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;hen ice melts< its large latent heat is absorbed from surroundings. -his property
makes ice a suitable substance for use as a coolant (penye,uk) to maintain other
substance at a low temperature. Beverage can be cooled by adding in several cubes of
ice. ;hen the ice melts a large amount of heat (latent heat) is absorbed and this lowers
the temperature of the drink8food.
-he freshness of foodstuff such as fish and meat can be maintain by placing
them in contact with ice.
;ith its large latent heat< ice is able to absorb a large uantity of heat from the
foodstuff as its melts. -hus food can be kept at a low temperature for an extended
period of time.
"ood is cooked faster if steamed. ;hen food is steamed< the condensed water
vapour releases a uantity of latent heat and heat capacity. -his heat flows to the
food. -his is more efficient than boiling the food.
7atent heat of vaporisation
temperature
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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(&!
(i!
(+! Fi%%ing (/ Gems an' Ba,teia
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EGER)ISE 4.7
Se,ti(n A2
1. The %raph in fi%ure below shows
how the temperature of some wa9
chan%es as it cools from liquid to solid.
Which section of the %raph would the
wa9 be a mi9ture of solid and liquid5
A. :;
B. /F
3. C'
<. 'T
2. Whenever matter chan%es from one
phase to another, some ener%y is either
released or absorbed without chan%e of
temperature. The ener%y is called
A. heat capacity
B. latent heat
3. thermal ener%y
. Which of the followin% chan%es
occurs when water is free=in%5
A. Temperature of
water rises
B. Temperature of
water decrease
(. -emperature of
water is constant
>. The boilin% point of pure water at the
summit is less than 1**
*
3 .it is due to
Dteam that releases a large uantity of heat is used in the autoclave (pressure
cooker) to kill germs and bacteria on surgery euipment in hospitals.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
A. the lower temperature at the summit
B. the lower atmospheric
3. the windy condition at the summit
". Which of the followin% chan%es in
phase involves the release of latent heat5
0. "ree#ing of water
B. Kaporisation of water
3. Aeltin% of ice
$. The followin% %raph shows the
chan%e of temperature with time as a
solid is heated.
Which of the followin% statement is not
correct
A. The ener%y bein% absorbed in
B3 is latent heat of fusion
B. The ener%y bein% absorbed in
<( is latent heat of vaporisation.
). F is the boiling point of the
liuid.
<. : is the meltin% point of the
solid
+. Which of the followin% is an
application usin% the coolin% effect of
evaporation5
A. Thermometer
B. Cadiator
(. 0ir conditioner
<. :ressure coo4er
-. The special latent heat of fusion of a
substance is the quantity of heat required
to
0. separate the molecules in
the solid substance so that they are
free to move
B. increase the 4inetic ener%y of
the molecules in the solid substance
3. increase the temperature of
the substance
/. &i%ure show a !oulemeter used for
measurin% the electrical ener%y to melt
some ice in an e9periment. To find the
specific latent heat of fusion of ice, what
must be measured5
A. The time ta4en for the ice to melt
B. The volta%e of the electricity supply
(. -he mass of water produced by
melting ice
<. The temperature chan%e of the ice.
1*. It is possible to coo4 food much
faster with a pressure coo4er as shown
above. Why is it easier to coo4 food
usin% a pressure coo4er5
A. Aore heat ener%y can be supplied to
the pressure coo4er
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
B. .eat loss from the pressure coo4er
can be reduced.
(. Boiling point of water in the
pressure cooker is raised
<. &ood absorbs more heat ener%y from
the hi%h pressure steam
11. Which of the followin% is not a
characteristics of water that ma4es it
widely used as a coolin% a%ent5
A. Water is readily available
B. Water does not react with many
other substance
3. Water has a lar%e specific heat
capacity
!. ;ater has a large density
12. &i%ure below shows the e9periment
set up to determine the specific latent
heat of fusion of ice. A control of the
e9periment is set up as shown in &i%ure
DaE with the aim of
A. determinin% the rate of meltin% of ice
B. ensurin% that the ice does not melt
too fast.
3. determinin% the avera%e value of the
specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
!. determining the mass of ice that
melts as a result of heat from the
surroundings
1. 'caldin% of the s4in by boilin% water
is less serious then by steam. This is
becauseF
A. the boilin% point of water is less than
the temperature of steam
B. the heat of boilin% water is quic4ly
lost to the surroundin%s
(. steam has a high specific latent
heat.
<. 'team has a hi%h specific heat
capacity.
SE)TI=N B: Ans.e t&e #$esti(n b2 s&(.ing t&e ,a%,$%ati(n
1. **% of ice at *
*
3 melts. .ow much ener%y is required for this
Q 4 m%
4 1.7 0 771 111 kH kg
91

4 >> 111kH
Q$esti(n 69; ae base' (n t&e /(%%(.ing in/(mati(n
'pecific heat capacity of water 7 > 2** , 4%
81
3
81
'pecific heat capacity of ice 7 2 1** , 4%
81
3
81
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
'pecific latent heat of fusion of ice 7 .> G 1*
"
, 4%
81
'pecific latent heat of vapori=ation of water 7 2.2$ G 1*
$
, 4%
81
2. An immersion heater rated at "** W is fitted into a lar%e bloc4 of ice at *
*
3. .ow
lon% does it ta4e to melt 1."4% of ice5
Q 4 m%
*t 4 1.8 0 7.74 0 11
8

811 0 t 4 811 111
t 4 1116s
. ** % of water at "
*
3 is mi9ed with 9 % of water at /*
*
3. The final temperature
of the mi9ture is +*
*
3. &ind the value of 9
mc> = mc>
'.% x c x (*'$ %)) =
1***
'
x c x (&' B *')
9'.) = '.'2x
x = )2)g
>. 3alculate the amount of heat released when 2 4% of ice at *
*
3 is chan%ed into
water at *
*
3.
/ = ml
= 2 x (%.%? x 9'
)
):
= @.@A C 9'
)
:
". 3alculate the amount of heat needed to convert 4% of ice at *
*
3 to water at *
*
3.
/ = ml G mc>
= ( % x %.%? x 9'
)
) G (% x ?2'' x %')
= 9.%A x 9'
@
:
$. &ind the amount of heat needed to convert *." 4% of ice at L1"
*
3 into steam at
1**
*
3
/ = mc> G ml G mc> G ml
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
= ( '.) x 29'' x 9)) G ('.) x %.%? x 9'
)
) G ('.) x ?2'' x 9'')G ('.) x %.%? x 9'
)
)
= ).')*) x 9'
)
:
+. 3alculate the amount of heat needed to convert 1** % of ice at *
*
3 into steam at
1**
*
3.
/ = ml G mc> G ml
= ( '.9 x %.%? x 9'
)
) G ('.9 x ?2'' x 9'')G ('.9 x 2.2@ x 9'
@
)
=%.'9? x 9'
)
:
-. A "**W immersion heater is used to heat a liquid which is boilin% at /**3.
Jiven that "% of the liquid is char%ed into steam in 12 seconds, find the specific latent
heat of vaporisation of the liquid.
.t = ml
l =
**" . *
12 "**
= 9.2 x 9'
@
:
SE)TI=N )
1. &i%ure below shows the apparatus for an e9periment to determine the specific latent heat
of vaporisation of water. Water is boiled usin% a "** W immersion heater. The quantity
of water in " minutes is $*%.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
DaE. 3alculate the value of the specific latent heat of vaporisation
ml = .t
l =
*$ . *
$* " "**
= 2.) x 9'
@
:kg
$9
DbE 'tate two factors which affect the accuracy of this e9periment5
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DcE Why does the water boil at a constant temperature even thou%h heat ener%y is continuously
bein% supplies5
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DdE 'tate two precautions in order to obtain a more accurate result.
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2. &i%ure below show the apparatus and materials for the e9periment to determine the
specific latent heat of fusion of ice. The initial mass of ice is 1-*% and the ice is heated
with a "$W immersion heater. The time ta4en for the ice to melt completely is *
minutes.
9. -he portion of the heat energy supplied by the heater is lost to the surroundings.
%( -he water vapour that condenses flo)s *ack into the beaker
!uring the boiling process< the heat energy supplied does not cause the average
velocity of the water molecules to increases but is absorbed in order to overcome the
forces at attraction between the molecules of the liuid as it changes into the gas phase
9. -o ensure that the immersion heater does not touch the bottom of
the beaker
2. -o ensure that the heater element is completely immersed in the
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
DaE. What is the purpose of usin% the bea4er B in this e9periment5
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DbE. 'tate the function of the thermometer in the e9periment
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DcE 3alculate the value of the specific latent heat of fusion of ice
/ = ml
l =
m
Pt
=
1- . *
$* * "$
= ).@ x 9'
@
:
DeE The standard value of the specific latent heat of fusion of ice is .$ 9 1*
"
,4%
81
. Jive
one reason for the different between the e9perimental and standard value of the specific
latent heat of the fusion of ice.
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>.> UNDERSTANDING THE GAS LAB
By the end of this subtopicM you will be able to 2
(9plain %as pressure, temperature and volume in terms of the behavior of %as molecules.
<etermine the relationship between
DiE pressure and volume
DiiE volume and temperature
DiiiE pressure and temperature
(9plain absolute =ero and the absolute10elvin scale of temperature
'olve problems involvin% pressure, temperature and volume of a fi9ed mass of %as
1. 3omplete the table below.
-o prevent the ice from being melted by the heat from the surroundings
-o ensure that the heating does not continue after all the ice has melted at '
'
(
-he time of heating is greater than that reuired to melt the ice completely
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
*(-et2 (/ gas E0-%anati(n
I(%$me"I
m

The molecules mo$e +reely in random motion and +ill up

the )hole space in the container(
The $olume o+ the gas is e,ual to the $olume o+ the
container
Tem-eat$e"T
0 D0elvinE
The molecules are in continuous random motion and ha$e
an a$erage -inetic energy )hich is proportional to the
temperature(
*ess$e"*
:aD:ascalE
The molecules are in continuous random motion(
.hen a molecules collides )ith the )all o+ the container
and *ounces *ac-/ there is a change in momentum and a +orce
is e'erted on the )all
The +orce per unit area is the pressure o+ gas

2. The 4inetic theory of %as is based on the followin% assumptions2
0a1 The molecules in a gas mo$e +reely in random motion and posses -inetic energy
0*1 The +orce o+ attraction *et)een the molecules are negligi*le(
0c1 The collisions o+ the molecules )ith each other and )ith the )alls o+ the container are
elastic collisions
4.4.1 B(2%eJs La.
'mall volume
molecules hit wall
more often, %reater
pressure
* K
1
I
T&at is *I 4 ,(nstant
= *
1
I
1
4 *
6
I
6
Celationship between pressure and volume
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
1. BoyleBs law states that +or a +i'ed mass o+ gas/ the pressure o+ the gas is in$ersely
proportional to its $olume )hen the temperature is -ept constant.
2. BoyleBs law can be shown %raphically as in &i%ure above
. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of "* m deep is 2"*cm

. If the
atmospheric pressure is 1*m of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches
the surface of the sea.
4.4.6 )&a%esJs La.
1
*
I
DaE : inversely proportional to K
1
*
1CI
DbE : directly proportional to 11K
Re%ati(ns&i- bet.een
E(%$me an' tem-eat$e
#ower temperature
.i%her temperature,
faster molecules,
lar%er volume to 4eep
the pressure constant
I K T
t&at is I 7 constant
T
*
I
481m L 11m
I
1
4681,m
7
*
6
4 11m
*
1
I
1
4 *
6
I
6
;1m (681 0 11
9;
!m
7
4 11m 0 I
6
1.8 0 11
97
m
7
4 I
6
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
1. 3harlesB law states that +or a +i'ed mass o+ gas/ the $olume o+ the gas is directly
proportional to its a*solute temperature )hen its pressure is -ept constant .
2. The temperature 82+
*
3 is the lowest possible temperature and is 4nown as the a*solute
2ero of temperature.
. &ill the table below.
Tem-eat$e )e%si$s s,a%e (
1
)! Fe%Ein S,a%e(F!
Absolute =ero 3%45
Ice point %45
'team point 1 545
@n4nown point ! 0 ! 6 %45 1
>. 3omplete the dia%ram below.
(a! (b!
8. A balloon is filled with 1-* cm

of %as at +
*
3.The balloon is immersed in a bea4er of
water and the water is heated so that the pressure in the balloon remains constant. What is
the volume of the %as when its temperature reaches "+
*
35
H
9
= 9A' cm
%
< H
2
= I < -
9
= 2*% G %* =%9'5 < -
2
= 2*% G )* =%%'5
3C
1
)
96:7
Kcm

K cm

T10
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
H
2
=
1*
* 1-*
H
2
=9&9.@ cm
%
4.4.7 *ess$eJs La.
1. The pressure law states that for a fixed mass of gas< the pressure of the gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature when its volume is kept constant.
2. 3omplete the %raphs below.
DaE DbE
. A closed flas4 contains %as at a temperature of /*
I
3 and a pressure of 1$" 4:a. If the
temperature rises by 2"
*
3, what is the new pressure of the %as5
.
9
= 9@)k.a < .
2
= I < -
9
= 2*% G &' =%@%5 < -
2
= 2*% G 2)G&' =%AA5
.
2
=
$
-- 1$"
* K T
That is * 7 constant
T
Re%ati(ns&i- bet.een -ess$e
an' tem-eat$e
.i%her temperature
molecules move
faster, %reater
pressure
3C
1
)
96:7
:1:a
:1:a
T10
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
=9*@.? k.a
EGERSI)E 4.4
SE)TI=N A
1. Absolute =ero is the temperature
at which %as molecules theoretically
0. occupy no volume at all
B. move the fastest
3. will read 2+
*
3 in
temperature
<. contain twice the number of
molecules at room temperature
2. Absolute =ero is the temperature
at which
A. ice melt
B. the particles of a
substance have their minimum
amount of energy
3. a %as chan%es to a liquid
<. a salt solution free=es
. When the %as in an closed
container is heated at fi9ed pressure,
what will happen to the frequency of
collision between the %as molecules5
A. It decreases
B. 1t increases
3. It remains constant
>. When the fi9ed mass of a %as
e9pands slowly at fi9ed temperature,
which of the followin% quantities
increases5
A. 0inetic ener%y
B. Avera%e speed of %as
3. Jas pressure
!. Holume of gas
". The closed vessel contains a %as.
The pressure of the %as is constant
because the %as molecules
A. are in random motion
B. travel at a constant
average velocity
3. collide with the wall of the
container
$. What will happen when a fi9ed
mass of %as in an closed container is
compress slowly without any chan%e in
temperature5
0. -he gas pressure
increases
B. The volume of %as
remains constant
3. The 4inetic ener%y of %as
increases
<. The distance between %as
molecules increases
+. The air pressure in a car tyre is
increased after the car has travelled a
lon% distance because
A. the avera%e velocity of the air
molecules in the tyre has decreased
B. the temperature of the air in the
tyre has increased
3. the si=e of the air molecules in the
tyre has increased
SE)TI=N B2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
1. A mi9ture of air and petrol vapour is in!ected into the cylinder of a car en%ine
when the cylinder volume is 1"* cm

. Its pressure is then 1.* atm. The valve closes and

the mi9ture is compressed to 2" cm

. &ind the pressure now.

.
9
H
9
= .
2
H
2
9x 9)' = .
2
x 2)
.
2
= @ atm
2. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of $* in deep is 21* cm

. If the
atmospheric pressure is 1* in of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches
the surface of the sea.
.
9
H
9
= .
2
H
2
( @' G 9') x 29' = 9' H
2
H
2
= 9?*' cm

. The volume of an air bubble is " mm

when it is at a depth of h in below the water

surface. Jiven that its volume is 1" mm

when it is at a depth of 2 m, find the value of h.

DAtmospheric pressure 7 1* m of waterE
.
9
H
9
= .
2
H
2
( 9' G h) x ) = ( 9' G 2) x 9)
h = 2@m
>. An air bubble has a volume of K cm

when it is released at a depth of ""m from

the water surface. &ind its volume DKE when it reaches the water surface. DAtmospheric
pressure 7 1* m of waterE
.
9
H = .
2
H
2
( 9' G ))) x H = 9' x H
2
H
2
= @.)cm

". A %as of volume 2*m

at +
*
3 is heated until its temperature becomes -+
*
3 at
constant pressure. What is the increase in volume5

1
1
T
7
=
2
2
T
7
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat

2+ +
2*
+
=
2+ -+
2
+
7
H2 = 2%.2m
%
1ncrease volume = 2%.2 m
%
B 2' m
%
= %.2m
%
$. The air pressure in a container at
*
3 is 1.> G 1I
"
) m
2
. The container is heated
until the temperature is ""
*
3. What is the final air pressure if the volume of the container
is fi9ed5
1
1
T
P
4
2
2
T
P
1.4 0 11
8
4 *6
77 L 6:7 88 L 6:7
*
6
4 1.8 0 11
8
N m
6
+. The volume of a %as is 1 cm

at 1"
*
3. The %as is heated at fi9ed pressure until the
volume becomes triple the initial volume. 3alculate the final temperature of the %as.
9 = %
9) G 2*% -
2
-
2
= A@? 5
-. An enclosed container contains a fi9ed mass of %as at 2"
*
3 and at the atmospheric
pressure. The container is heated and temperature of the %as increases to /-
*
3. &ind the
new pressure of the %as if the volume of the container is constant.DAtmospheric
pressure 7 1.* G 1*
"
) rn
2
E
1
1
T
P
4
2
2
T
P
9 x 9'
)
= .
2
2) G 2*% &A G2*%
.
2
= 9.2) x 9'
)
N rn
2
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
/. The pressure of a %as decreases from 1.2 9 1*
"
:a to / 9 1*
"
:a at >*
*
3. If the
volume of the %as is constant, find the initial temperature of the %as.
1
1
T
P
4
2
2
T
P
9.2 x 9'
)
= & x 9'
?

-
9
?' G2*%
-
9
= ?9* 5
*ART A: )HA*TER 4
1. A "4% iron sphere of temperature
"*
*
3 is put in contact with a 14%
copper sphere of temperature 2+0
and they are put inside an insulated
bo9. Which of the followin%
statements is correct when they reach
thermal equilibrium5
A. A iron sphere will have a
temperature of 2+0
B. The copper sphere will have a
temperature of "*
*
3.
3. Both the sphere have the
same temperature.
<. The temperature of the iron
sphere will be lower than "*
*
3
2. In the process to transfer heat from
one ob!ect to another ob!ect, which
of the followin% processes does not
involve a transfer to material5
A. 3onvection
B. Kaporisation
3. Cadiation
<. (vaporation
. When we use a microwave oven to
heat up some food in a lunch bo9, we
should open the lid sli%htly. Which
of the followin% e9planations is
correct5
A. To allow microwave to %o inside
the lunch bo9
B. To allow the water vapors to %o
out, otherwise the bo9 will
e9plode
3. To allow microwave to reflect
more times inside the lunch bo9
<. To allow microwave to penetrate
deeper into the lunch bo9.
>. Water is %enerally used to put out
fire. Which of the followin%
e9planation is n(t correct5
A. Water has a hi%h specific heat
capacity
B. 'team can cut off the supply of
o9y%en
3. Water is easily available
<. Water can react with some
material
". Jiven that the heat capacity of a
certain sample is "*** ,
*
3
81
. Which
of the followin% is correct5
A. The mass of this sample is 14%.
B. The ener%y needed to increase
the temperature of 1 4% of this
sample is "*** ,.
3. The ener%y needed to increase
the temperature of *."4% of this
sample is 2"**,.
<. The temperature of this sample
will increase 1
*
3 when " *** ,
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
ener%y is absorbed by this
sample.
$. Which of the followin% statement is
correct5
A. The total mass of the ob!ect is
4ept constant when fusion
occurs.
B. The internal ener%y of the ob!ect
is increased when condensation
occurs
3. (ner%y is absorbed when
condensation occurs.
<. (ner%y is absorbed when
vapori=ation occurs.
+. Water molecules chan%e their states
between the liquid and %aseous states
A. only when water vapour is
saturated
B. at all times because evaporation
and condensation occur any time
3. only when the vapour molecules
produce a pressure as the same as
the atmospheric pressure
<. only when the water is boilin%
-. Based on the 4inetic theory of %as
which one of the followin% does not
e9plain the behaviour of %as
molecules in a container5
A. Jas molecules move randomly
B. Jas molecules collide elastically
with the walls of the container
3. Jas molecules move faster as
temperature increases
<. Jas molecules collide
inelastically with each other
/. A cylinder which contains %as is
compressed at constant temperature
of the %as increase because
A. the avera%e speed of %as
molecules increases
B. the number of %as molecules
increases
3. the avera%e distance between the
%as molecules increases
<. the rate of collision between the
%as molecules and the walls
increases
1*. A plastic ba% is filled with air. It is
immersed in the boilin% water as
shown in dia%ram below.
Which of the followin% statements is
/a%se5
A. The volume of the plastic ba%
increases.
B. The pressure of air molecules
increases
3. The air molecules in the ba%
move faster
<. The repulsive force of boilin%
water slows down the movement
of air molecules
*ART BM
1. A research student wishes to carry out an investi%ation on the temperature chan%e of the
substance in the temperature ran%e 8"*
*
3 to "*
*
3. The instrument used to measure the
temperature is a liquid in %lass thermometer.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
Table 1
DaE DiE 'tate the principle used in a liquid8 in ?%lass thermometer.D1mE
........................................................................................................................................
DiiE Briefly e9plain the principle stated in DaEDiE DmE
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DbE Table 1 shows the characteristic of > types of thermometer2 A,B 3 and <. In the basis
of the information %iven in Table 1, e9plain the characteristics of, and su%%est a suitable
thermometer for the e9periment.D" mE
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T&em(mete A B ) D
#iquid Aercury Aercury Alcohol Alcohol
&ree=in% point of liquid D
*
3E 8/ 8/ 8112 8112
Boilin% point of liquid D
*
3E $* $* $* $*
<iameter of capillary tube #ar%e 'mall #ar%e 'mall
3ross section
.rinciple of thermal euilibrium
0 system is in a state of thermal euilibrium if the net rate of heat flow between
the component of the system is #ero. -his means that the component of the system
are at the same temperature
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
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DcE The len%th of the mercury column in uncalibrated thermometer is $.*cm and 1-." cm at
*
*
3 and 1**
*
3. respectively. When the thermometer is placed in a liquid, the len%th of
the mercury column is 1>.*cm
DiE 3alculate the temperature of the liquid
T&e tem-eat$e (/ t&e %i#$i' 4 <.1 0 111
16.8
4 ;4
1
)
DiiE 'tate two thermometric properties which can be used to calibrate a thermometer. D$mE
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2. A metal bloc4 : of mass "** % is heated is boilin% water at a temperature of 1***3.
Bloc4 : is then transferred into the water at a temperature of **3 in a polystyrene cup.
The mass of water in the polystyrene cup is 2"* %. After 2 minutes, the water temperature
rises to >2*3.

Assumin% that the heat absorbed by the polystyrene cup and heat loss to the
surroundin%s are ne%li%ible.N'pecific heat capacity of water > 2** ! 4%
81
3
81
E
3alculate
DaE the quantity of heat %ained by water the polystyrene cup
Q 4 m,3
&i%ure 2
0lkohol B free#ing point is less than $)'(< boiling point higher than )'(.-hus the
alcohol will not boil.
(apillary tube has small diameter will produce a large change in the length thus
making the change clearly visible.
Dmall diameter increases sensitivity of the thermometer
(hange of volume of gas with temperature
(hange of electrical resistance with temperature
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
4 1.681 0 4611 0 (46971!
4 16 ;11H
DbE the rate of heat supplied to the water
Rate (/ &eat s$--%ie' t( t&e .ate 4 16 ;11H
161s
4 118 Hs
91
DcE the specific heat capacity of the metal bloc4 :
Heat s$--%ie' b2 meta% b%(,k * 4 &eat gaine' b2 .ate
1.811 0 , 0(111 946! 4 16 ;11H
, 4 474 H kg
91
)
91

. A student performs an e9periment to investi%ate the ener%y chan%e in a system. .e
prepares a cardboard tube "*.* cm lon% closed by a stopper at one end. #ead shot of
mass "** % is placed in the tube and the other end of the tube is also closed by a stopper.
The hei%ht of the lead shot in the tube is ".* cm as shown in &i%ure .1. The student then
holds both ends of the tube and inverts it 1** times D&i%ure .2E.
DaE 'tate the ener%y chan%e each time the tube is inverted.
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&i%ure .1 &i%ure .2
Jravitational potential energy K kinetic energy K heat energy
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
DbE What is the avera%e distance ta4en by the lead shot each time the tube is
inverted5
?).' cm
DcE 3alculate the time ta4en by the lead shot to fall from the top to the
bottom of the tube.
S 4 $t L N at
6
1.48 4 1 L N (11!t
6
t 4 1.7s
DdE After invertin% the tube 1** times, the temperature of the lead shot is
found to have increased by *3.
i. 3alculate the wor4 done on the lead shot.
B(k '(ne 4 (111! mg&
4 111 0 1.811 0 11 0 1.48
4 668 H
ii. 3alculate the specific heat capacity of lead.
m, 3 4 668 H
, 4 668
(1.811 0 7!
4 181 Hkg
91
)
91
iii. 'tate the assumption used in your calculation in DdEii.
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No heat loss to the surroundings80ll the gravitational potential energy is converted
into heat energy
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
*ART ): EG*ERIMENT
1. Before travellin% on a lon% !ourney, #uqman measured the air pressure the tyre of
his car as shown in &i%ure DaE .e found that the air pressure of the tyre was 2** 4:a.
After the !ourney, #uqman measured a%ain the air pressure of the tyre as shown in &i%ure
DbE .e found that the air pressure had increase to 2>" 4:a. #uqman also found that the
tyre was hotter after the !ourney althou%h the si=e of the tyre did not chan%e.
@sin% the information provided by #uqman and his observations on air pressure in the
tyre of his car2
3hoose suitable apparatus such as pressure %au%e, a round8bottomed flas4 and any other
apparatus that may he necessary. In your description, state clearly the followin%2
i. Aim of the e9periment,
ii. Kariables in the e9periment,
iii. #ist of apparatus and materials,
iv. Arran%ement of the apparatus,
&i%ure DaE &i%ure DbE
DaE 'tate one suitable inference that can be made. O1 mar4P
DbE 'tate appropriate hypothesis for an investi%ation. O1 mar4P
DcE <esi%n an e9periment to investi%ate the hypothesis stated in DbE.
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
v. The procedure of the e9periment includin% the method of controllin% the
manipulated variable and the method of measurin% the respondin% variable,
vi. The way you would tabulate the data,
vii. The way you would analyse the data. O1* mar4sP
Inference the air pressure depends8influence8affect on the temperature
.ypothesis the air pressure increase as the temperature increases
the temperature increases < the air pressure also increase
Aim -o investigate8study8find8 the relationship between the air pressure
and the temperature at constant volume.
Kariable 3onstant variable 2 Holume of air
Aanipulate variable 2 0ir temperature
Cespondin% variable 2 0ir pressure
Aaterial and Apparatus R($n'9b(tt(m /%ask" $bbe t$be" B($'(n ga$ge" beake" stie
(-enga,a$!" t&em(mete" .ie ga$De" ti-(' stan' an' B$nsen
b$ne.
Arran%ement of
apparatus
:rocedure -he apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram above.
-he beaker is filled with ice$cold water until the flask is
completely immersed.
-he water is stirred and the initial temperature reading
taken. -he pressure reading from the bourdon gauge is also
taken.
-he water is heated and constant stirred. ;hen the water
temperature increases by 9''(< the Bunsen burner is
removed and the stirring of water is continued. -he
temperature and pressure readings of the trapped air are
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 4
Teachers Guide Chapter 4: Heat
recorded in the table
-he above procedure is repeated until the water temperature
almost reaches boiling point.
Tabulation of <ata
Analysis of <ata