MODULE 12

MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON LIVING THINGS

CONCEPT MAP
1
BACTERIA
i. unicellular r!ani"#"
ii. "i$e % &.1 ' 1& u#
iii. "(a)e"
i*. Re)r+uc,in
a- Binar. /i""in

0- Cn1u!a,in
c- S)re /r#a,in
*. Nu,ri,in % P(,".n,(e,ic 2 Sa)r)(.,ic 2 Para"i,ic
*i. Ha0i,a, % e*er.3(ere
2


SHAPE BACTERIA
Spherical
Rod-shaped
Comma-shaped
Spiral or spring-
shaped
vibrios
vibrios
Spirilla
Streptococcus
Coccus Diplococcus
Staphylococcus
Bacillus Diplobacillus Streptobacillus
FUNGI
i. Unicellular r #ul,icellular r!ani"#".
ii. Si$e % 1& ' 1&& u#
iii. Re)r+uc,in % S)re )r+uc,in 2 0u++in! 2 cn1u!a,in

0u+"
i*. Nu,ri,in % "a)r)(.,ic 2 )ara"i,ic
*. Ha0i,a, % +a#) +ar4 )lace"
PROTO5OA
i. Unicellular
r!ani"#"
ii. Si$e % 2 ' 1&&& u#
iii. Re)r+uc,in % Binar. /i""in 2 cn1u!a,in
i*. Nu,ri,in % Sa)r)(.,ic 2 )ara"i,ic 2 )(,".n,(e,ic
*. Ha0i,a, % Marine6 /re"( 3a,er an+ #i", ,erre",rial (a0i,a,".
VIRUSES
3

Bread mould/Mucor
Yeast

moeba
!aramecium
"rypanosoma
i. T(e "#alle", an+ "i#)le", r!ani"#".
ii. Si$e % 2& ' 7&& n#.
iii. Cn,ain DNA 2 RNA an+ )r,ein ca, 8ca)"i+-
i*. Nu,ri,in % Para"i,ic. D n, re")ire6".n,(e"i$e6 ea, an+ e9cre,e.
*. Re)r+uc,in % Pene,ra,e DNA in, li*in! (", cell".
*i. Ha0i,a, % Li*in! (",
cell"#
ALGAE

i. Unicellular r #ul,icellular r!ani"#".
ii. Si$e % 1& ' 1&&&& u#.
iii. E9a#)le"
$
Spirogyra
Chlamydomonas
%n&luen'a virus
"obacco mosaic virus
Bacteriophage
virus attaches itsel&
to a host cell
(iral D)
Bacterial
D)
"he virus in*ects its D) into
the cell+s cytoplasm
"he viral D)
replicates itsel&
"he viral D) replicates using material in the host
cell#"he viral D) then ma,es its o-n outer protein coat#
"he host cell bursts open
releasing hundreds o& ne-
viruses -hich -ill in&ect other
cells
i*. Nu,ri,in % P(,".n,(e,ic
*. Re)r+uc,in % Binar. /i""in 2 /ra!#en,a,in 2 cn1u!a,in
*i. Ha0i,a, % A:ua,ic (a0i,a," an+ ,(er #i", (a0i,a," 3i,( l3 li!(,
in,en"i,..
Fac,r" ,(a, a//ec, ,(e !r3,( / #icrr!ani"#"
i# )utrients
ii# .ight
iii# /ater / humidity
iv# "emperature
v# p0
U"e" / #icrr!ani"#"
1# 1ood digestion
2# Decaying process
3# 2edicine
$# griculture
3# %ndustry
T.)e / in+u",r. T.)e /
#icrr!ani"#
Pr+uc,"
1ood industry 1ungi 4yeast5 lcoholic drin,s
Bread
Bacteria or &ungi Cheese6 cream6 yogurt and butter
Soya sauce
Bacteria (inegar
"ea leaves
Rope industry Bacteria Rope
.eather industry Bacteria .eather
Cleansing or
mining industry
Bacteria !uri&ied petroleum and mineral ores
7# %n various &ield 8 genetic engineering 4bacteria or viruses5
Har#/ul e//ec," / #icrr!ani"#"
1# "ooth decay - bacteria
2# 1ood poisoning 8 bacteria6 &ungi
3# Diseases 8 bacteria6 &ungi6 viruses6 proto'oa 4pathogen5
Pa,(!en E9a#)le" / +i"ea"e"
cau"e+
S.#),#" / ,(e +i"ea"e
Bac,eria "uberculosis 4"B5 Chest pain6 cough6&ever6night
s-eats6 &atigue6-eight loss6
shortness o& breath6 loss o&
appetite6 coughing up blood#
Cholera (omiting6severe diarrhoea6
dehydration o& body6 stomach
cramps#
9onorrhoea Discharge o& pus &rom the
genitals6 pain&ul urination
3
Syphilis 1ever6 s-ollen lymph nodes6
lesions throughout the
body6patchy hair loss on the
head
Viru"e" Common cold Snee'ing6 runny nose6
&ever6sore
throat6&atigue6headache6general
aches and pain#
Dengue &ever 0eadache6 high &ever6 severe
pain in *oints and muscles6 sore
throat6 s,in rashes#
0epatitis 1ever6 *aundice 4 yello-ing o&
the body56 dar,-coloured urine6
-eight loss#
%DS S-ollen lymph nodes6
in&ections by bacteria6 viruses
and &ungi6 -eight loss6 s,in
rashes6 &atigue6 &ever6
diarrhoea#
Fun!i Ring-orm Ring-shaped in&ection on the
s,in6 red and scaly patches that
itch#
"inea /hite spots on the sur&ace o&
s,in6 a &ine and dry scale on it#
9et itch especially -hen
s-eating#
Pr,$a 2alaria Bouts o& high &ever6 s-eating
and shivering6 nausea6 muscle
pain#
Me,(+" / ,ran"#i""in / +i"ea"e" E9a#)le" / +i"ea"e"
"hrough air Common cold6 "uberculosis 4"B 5
"hrough -ater Cholera6 0epatitis
"hrough &ood Cholera6 0epatitis
"hrough physical contact 9onorrhoea6syphilis6ring-orm6athlete+s
&oot6 0epatitis B6 %DS
"hrough (ectors Cholera6 malaria6dengue &ever
7
;a." , )re*en, in/ec,in cau"e+ 0. #icrr!ani"#"
1.Cn,rl / *ec,r"
a- M":ui,
i# .i&e cycle
ii#
Control
-eliminate the breeding grounds 4draining s-amps6bury all containers and
discarded tyres5#
- ,ill the larvae 4Covering the sur&aces o& ponds and la,es -ith oil 6use
larvae drugs6larvae-eating &ish5
- 9et rid o& the hiding place o& mos:uitoes by cutting do-n bushes and
mo-ing tall grass#

0- Hu"e/lie"
i# .i&e cycle
ii# Control
-get rid o& breeding grounds 4rubbish dumps and e;posed &aeces5
-place in rubbish in bins -ith lids#
-use toilets -ith &lush &acility
-al-ays ,eep &ood covered
-,ill the adult house&lies by spraying insecticide#
2. S,erili$a,in
i. U"e (ea, ' 0eating6 boiling6autoclave/pressure coo,er
ii. U"e c(e#ical" 8 ntiseptics6 disin&ectant
iii# U"e ra+ia,in 8 gamma rays and ultraviolet light#
<
!upae also live in -ater but they
are inactive
dult &emale
mos:uitoes &eed on
human blood
2os:uitoes lay eggs in
stagnant -ater
"he larvae develop
in -ater but come to
the sur&ace to
breathe

house&ly
=gg
.arvae
!upa !upa
7. I##uni,.
Ar,i/icial )a""i*e i##uni,.
Ar,i/icial ac,i*e i##uni,.
>
ctive immunity !assive immunity
)atural rti&icial
)atural
rti&icial
I##uni,.
ACTIVIT<
1# Complete the diagram belo- ?-
2# 2icroorganisms are living things -hich are too small and are only visible under the
---------------------------

3# 2icroorganisms are also ,no-n as
$# )ame the modes o& nutrition o& ?
a5 proto'oa
b5 lgae

a5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
b5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3# /hat is a pathogen @ )ame an e;ample#
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7# /hat microorganism is used in bread-ma,ing @
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
<# )ame an e;ample o& a disease that spreads through cantact and name the pathogen
involved#
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

># /hat is meant by a disease *ec,r @
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A

viruses
algae

-----------------------------
microorganisms
A# State ,3 -ays by -hich -e can prevent diseases that are spread by mos:uitoes#
i# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii# --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1B#Complete the similariies and di&&erences bet-een active and passive immunity belo-?
;a." , +e*el) i##uni,.
Ti#e ,a4en , ac:uire i##uni,.
8i##e+ia,e2,a4e" ,i#e-
E//ec," / i##uni,.
8ln!=la",in!2"(r,=li*e+-
B+. recei*e"
8an,i!en"2an,i0+ie"-
De" ,(e 0+. #a4e" i," 3n
an,i0+ie">8<e"2N-
E9a#)le"
OB?ECTIVE ITEMS
1# /hich o& the &ollo-ing microorganisms cann, reproduce outside living cells@
Bacteria C 1ungi
B !roto'oa D (iruses

2# 2ucor reproduces ase;ually by
binary &ission C budding
B &orming spores D meiosis

3# /hich o& the &ollo-ing is a /a*ura0le condition &or the gro-th o& microorganisms@
Bright condition C Dry environment
B p0 1 D "emperature o& 33
B
C

$# /hich o& the &ollo-ing activities does n, involve microorganisms@
"he production o& ethanol
1B
ctive immunity !assive immunity
Similarities
di&&erences
B "he preparation o& vaccine
C the preparation o& antibiotic
D "he preservation o& &ood

3# /hich o& the &ollo-ing substances is "ui,a0le &or cleaning -ounds @
ntibiotics C ntibodies
B ntiseptics D Disin&ectants

7# /hat type o& immunity is con&erred &rom a mother to her baby@
)atural active immunity
B rti&icial active immunity
C )atural passive immunity
D arti&icial passive immunity

<# /hich o& the &ollo-ing diseases spread through droplets released into the air -hen a
patient breathes6 coughs or snee'es @
% Common cold
%% "uberculosis
%%% 2alaria
% and %% only C %% and %%% only
B % and %%% only D %6%% and %%%

># /hich pair is crrec, @

B
C
D

A# Cholera is transmitted &rom a person to another by
% -ater
%% &ood
%%% contact
% and %% only C %% and %%% only
B % and %%% only D %6 %% and %%%

1B# /hat is vaccine@
preparation containing an antito;in
B preparation containing an antiserum
C preparation containing antibodies
D preparation containing -ea,ened or dead pathogens#
STRUCTURED @UESTIONS
Pa,(!en" Di"ea"e" cau"e+
(iruses Dengue &ever
Bacteria 2alaria
1ungi 0epatitis
!roto'oa Syphilis
11
1# "able 1 sho-s the results o& an e;periment to investigate the e&&ects o& temperature
on the gro-th o& bacteria in a laboratory#
Ta0le 1
Te#)era,ure8
&
C- 1B 2B 3B 3< $B 3B 7B
Nu#0er /
clnie" in )e,ri
+i"( a/,er 7A
(ur"
B 11 2> 3B 2> 1 B
a5 )ame the medium used to culture bacteria in the e;periment#

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
41 mar,5
b5 %n the above e;periment6 state ,3 precautions to be ta,en -hen handling
the e;periment#
i5 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii5---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
42mar,s5
c5 Based on the results in "able 16 state ne in&erence &rom the e;periment#
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
41 mar,5
d5 Based on the results in "able 16 s,etch a graph o& the number o& colonies o&
bacteria against temperature# 4 1 mar, 5

e5 Based on the graph in d56 state ne conclusion &or the e;periment#
12
)o# o& colonies
1B 2B 3B $B 3B 7B "emperature4
B
C5


3B
23
2B
13
1B
3
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4 1 mar, 5
2#
=;plain
ho- you -ould develop a concept based on the in&ormation given# Your e;planation o&
the concept should include the &ollo-ing ?
%deni&y t-o common characteristics 4 2 mar,s 5
Develop initial concept 41 mar, 5
9ive other non-e;amples in relation to this concept# 42 mar,s 5
=;plain the actual concept# 4 1 mar, 5

ANS;ER
13
=vents
!regnancy Breast&eeding %n*ection o& serum
ACTIVIT<
1#
2# 2icroscope
3# 2icrobes
$#a5 !roto'oa ? Saprophytic/parasitic/photosynthetic
b5 lgae ? photosynthetic
3# !athogen is a microorganism -hich cause diseases#
=;ample? viruses6 bacteria6&ungi and proto'oa#
7# Yeast/ &ungi
<# 9onorrhoea/syphilis 4bacteria5 /%DS/0epatitis B 4viruses5 /"inea/ring-orm 4&ungi5
># disease vector is an animal -hich trans&ers pathogens &rom one host to another#
A# 8 eliminate the breeding grounds 4draining s-amps6 bury all containers and discarded
tyres 5
- ,ill the larvae 4covering the sur&aces o& ponds and la,es -ith oil6 use larvae drugs6
larvae-eating &ish5
- get rid o& the hiding place o& mos:uitoes by cutting do-n bushes and mo-ing tall
grass#
1B# Si#ilari,ie" ?
- ll o& them give protection to the person against diseases#
- "he ability to &ight diseases is due to the presence o& antibodies
in the body#

Di//erence" ?

ntibodies are produced by the
body itsel&
;a." , +e*el) i##uni,. ntibodies are obtained
&rom an outside source
"a,es time Ti#e ,a4en , ac:uire
i##uni,. 8i##e+ia,e2,a4e"
,i#e-
%mmediately
1$
0ac,eria viruses
microorganisms algae /un!i
)r,$a
.ong-lasting E//ec," / i##uni,.
8ln!=la",in!2"(r,=li*e+-
Short-lived
ntigens B+. recei*e"
8an,i!en"2an,i0+ie"-
ntibodies
Yes De" ,(e 0+. #a4e" i," 3n
an,i0+ie">8<e"2N-
)o
(accination/recover &rom the
illness
4measles6chic,enpo;6mumps5
E9a#)le" %n*ecting
serum/breast&eeding/&rom
the maternal blood
OB?ECTIVE ITEMS
1. D 2. B B. D 7. D C. B
D. C E. A A. A F. A 1&. D
STRUCTURED @UESTIONS
1#a5 )utrient broth
b5 i# /ash hands thoroughly -ith -ater and soap be&ore and a&ter the
e;periment#
ii# Cse an antiseptic solution to clean all the apparatus and materials used#
iii# /ear gloves#
c5 Bacteria can only gro- and reproduce at a suitable temperature#
d5 no# o& colonies

e5
"he higher the
temperature6 the &aster the gro-th rate o& bacteria# "he &astest rate
o& gro-th is at 3<
B
C 4optimum temperature5# &ter this temperature6 the rate o&
gro-th &or bacteria declines to 'ero#
2# T3 c##n c(arac,eri",ic" %
ll the evens involve trans&er o& antibodies
ll the events con&er passive immunity#
Ini,ial cnce), %
person may receive antibodies &rom the e;ternal source 4another human being or
13
1B 3< 7B
"emperature 4
B
C5
3B
B
an animal5#"his con&ers passive immunity#
O,(er nn=e9a#)le" in rela,in , ,(i" cnce), %
person can ac:uire natural immunity through vaccination#
person can ac:uire natural immunity by &alling sic, and recovering &rom it#
Ac,ual cnce), %
%mmunity is the protection against diseases provided by our immune system# /e can
attain immunity through active immunity and passive immunity# ctive immunity is
ac:uired -hen our body itsel& produces the antibodies# !assive immunity is ac:uired
-hen our body receives the antibodies &rom another human being or animal#
17