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Vol. XV, No. XI The University Community's Feature Paper March 15, 1994
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Part one of a two-part series physical appearance or behavior. ety. For those who exercise power of effective control
By Dr. Manning Marable Identities are always multiple: we are all defined by within a society, their images or identities are highly
more than one factor. A woman's identity may be praised and valued. Their cultural symbols or images
In recent years, a debate has erupted in political and expressed simultaneously through the prism of her gen- are represented everywhere, from the engravings on
academic circles over the question of "identity." For der, sexual orientation, race, religion, ethnicity, lan- their money to the artworks in their museums, from the
example, a central factor in the appeal of Louis guage, class background, and political beliefs-just to photographs in newspapers and textbooks to the spiritu-
Farrakhan to many African-Americans is his emphasis name a short list of factors. All of us are many things al symbols placed above the altars in our churches. For
on self-respect, racial pride and cultural awareness. As simultaneously. To be lesbian and gay or heterosexual, a those without power, and for those whose labor power is
reported in Time magazine last month, two-thirds of all person within a spiritual or faith community vs. an athe- exploited, their identities are denigrated, ignored or
blacks polled viewed Farrakhan favorably; 63 percent ist, a radical or a conservative-are distinctions devalued. In Brazil, they use the expression, "Money
stated that he "speaks the truth," with more than half which are subtle rather than absolute. lightens the skin." "Blackness" is in this context not a
declaring that he is an effective and positive "role model Identity is always conjunctural, situational and contex- function of color, genetics or biological heritage, but
for black youth." By contrast, only 34 percent of all tual. A person with a particular set of political beliefs, in instead, is primarily defined by one's access to money,
African-Americans polled termed Farrakhan "a bigot one situation will behave very differently in another property, and power.
and a racist," with barely one-fifth calling the Muslim place and time. African-Americans in the rural South in In the U.S., "blackness" should be understood not as
leader "an anti-Semite." Whites and especially the early 1950s, for example, were described as cultural- an absolute condition but a relative term. Clarence
American Jews who look at these opinion poll figures ly conservative and content with the status quo of Jim Thomas is racially black, in terms of his physical
are amazed and outraged, and charge that the black Crow segregation. They were non-radical and non- appearance. But in terms of his political ideology, his
community's search for a positive identity and self- threatening. Then Rosa Parks refused to budge from her opposition to affirmative action and civil rights, his cul-
respect has descended down the slippery slope of hatred seat on a Montgomery bus, and Dr. King rose to chal- tural backwardness and slavish loyalty to white power,
and bigotry. lenge the inhumanity of racial segregation. The suppos- he is arguably the "whitest" man in America.
Before we can discuss the cultural and economic edly "conservative" black working class and poor peo- Conversely, John Brown, the radical white abolitionist
factors behind Farrakhan's resurgent popularity and ple of yesterday had become the "militants" of today. In of the nineteenth century, or radical historian Herbert
the rise of what I would term "black racial fundamen- South Africa, the political personality of the black mass- Aptheker, were and are "blacker" than Clarence Thomas
talism" in the 1990s, we need to explore in general the es under apartheid was supposedly docile and subdued will ever be. The challenge of the oppressed is to project
complex relationship between "identities" and social after the repression of the Sharpeville Massacre and the a positive, constructive identity of themselves, in order
change. By "identity," I mean the manner in which we outlawing of the African National Congress three to build the human foundations essential for resistance.
come to understand who we are as human beings with- decades black trade union militancy in the 1980s, and
in any society, and how we are perceived by others. finally, political victory and democracy in the 1990s. Dr. Manning Marable is professor of History and
Our "identity" announces to the world who we are, The spirit of resistance may be nourished within the PoliticalScience, and Director of the African American
and what we seek to become. And in this sense, identi- soul of a people, even under the most difficult times. Studies Institute at Columbia University, New York City.
ty is simultaneously "self-constructed" from within, Identities are related to the structure of power, privi- "Along the Color Line" appearsin over 250 publications
and "defined from without" or imposed on us by our lege, status and the patterns of ownership within a soci- and is broadcast by 75 radio stations internationally.
- L I I I I --
I can smell the delicate crocuses, the fresh mud waiting to burst out into green
grass, the nascent cherry blossoms-
and the ripe armpits of the fat kid who did not use deodorant all winter.
Can you taste the excitement and idealism of youth, the blood of revolution?
Then maybe you have schizophrenic delusions OR you should consider writing for
Prolog ue
By Michelle Busse of a
No coward soul is mine,
No trembler in the world's storm-troubled sphere;
I see Heaven's glories shine
D-aughter
And Faith shines equal arming me from fear...
_ I- L I I I s-l
March 15, 1994 page 9
Sherlock Holmes Missing Even Deeper:
Presumed Dead! 20,000 Leagues RestoredandUncut
By Joseph-Peter Savitski By Joseph-Peter Savitski
Ann Rice fans have much to look forward to this year. Not only are
three of her best selling novels; Interview with the Vampire, The
Witching Hour, and Exit to Eden, being turned into big-budget films,
but a new Vampire Chronicles novel is now being readied for publica-
tion. The fifth book in the enormously popular series, entitled A Dark
and Secret Place, is scheduled for release in late October.
By Rachel S. Wexelbaum The water will flood the art galleries!" Unlike the other wolves, von Wolfenhausen had
for those who think globally and act locally Fox lived underneath the galleries. If the galleries developed a taste for human flesh. He saw humans
flooded, it meant that his burrow would be destroyed! as weak, stupid and cowardly, which justified their
Once again in Holland, a dam was nearly bursting. Not only that but the flood would destroy the lives of elimination. The other wolves did not hold these
This time, unfortunately, there was no good little many artists as well, and they would have to leave. species-supremacist attitudes and excommunicated
Dutch boy around to plug up the That would mean von Wolfenhausen from the global pack. Now a true
leak with his thumb. All of the that there would lone wolf, he decided to wander Europe looking for
children were either in school or not he an artifst'.s defenseless, unorganized humans to prey upon.
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IV UJJ IV[W II 10 111ILIIV district in the He found the small Dutch town in a state of emer-
streets, too preoccupied to small town any- gency, and his mouth watered. Von Wolfenhausen
remember their civic duty. more and it would distracted the militia, crawled under the police barri-
So who remembers the right revert back to an ers and ran straight to the scene of the action.
thing to do in times of emer- inconsequential, Hundreds of townspeople were working side by side
gency? provincial trying to hold back the dam, and they were far too
That's right-the animals! Those cheese-making busy to notice the grizzled gray wolf. Von
creatures with no morals or village. Humans Wolfenhausen, however, noticed one citizen with a
responsibilities whatsoever will would return to bushy red tail sticking out of his trenchcoat...
save the day every time. When it their old habits- Mane bristling, von Wolfenhausen stalked Fox and
comes to danger, animals often like hunting began to question him. "Traitor!" he spat. "Skulking
have more common sense than foxes-because sneak! How could you help the humans who have
their human neighbors and will " there would be no hunted your people mercilessly for centuries?"
help themselves-or at least try to more outspoken "I live under their homes," he said simply. "My bur-
find someone who can help them. bohemians laugh- row will be flooded before theirs ifthe dam bursts."
Wild foxes now thrive as rat- ing at their neigh- "Live with me," swore the wolf, "and you shall never
catchers and scavengers in bors' barbaric tra- have to lower yourself to depend on humans again."
many European cities. Few ditions. For these "Thank you, Brother Wolf, but there is nothing you
humans ever see them, for the reasons (as well can offer me that I do not have right here," refused
foxes are shy and secretive as his love for the Fox politely. "I have lived here all my life, and this is
about their ways. Ifa human' arts) Fox decided my home. Now, if you are not willing to grab some
ever sees a fox inthe city under to help the mud and help patch up the little holes I suggest you
a full moon, and their eyes meet, humans mend leave and not make trouble."
the fox must give up his three the dam. Von Wolfenhausen began to limp away, then turned
most treasured secrets to the human. Tradition dic- Wolves have a nasty reputation in Europe for invad- around and pounced upon Fox, ripping off his trench-
tates that afterward, he must leave vulpine society ing small towns when catastrophe strikes. Although coat. "Look, everyone!" he shouted. "A fox is in our
forever as he has shamed his people by allowing wolves have not pillaged a village since the Industrial midst! How rare his red-skinned folk are nowadays!"
himself to be seen. Foxes have been known to jump Revolution, a handful of senior citizens reminisce Of course, all everyone saw was the wolf. Fox kept
in gas furnaces to escape their burning shame. Then every year at the International Wolves' Convention in his eyes shut tight to maintain the honor of foxes
their bodies will never be seen again, and all will right Berlin. One wolf named Adolphe von Wolfenhausen while the police bludgeoned Adolphe von
itself inthe afterlife. suggested to his comrades that they plan one last Wolfenhausen over the head for attacking an inno-
This is why city foxes wear dark glasses and black attack on an isolated village, for old time's sake. His cent citizen.
trenchcoats no matter where they go... comrades vehemently refused. "We did not attack
One morning a fox was slinking down the main those humans for fun!" they shouted angrily. "Itwas in
avenue of town, contemplating the purchase of a the days when everyone was starving and we had to
brownie. He rustled through his pocket for a few live as we could. Now game is plentiful-why risk get-
guilders and snuck into a bakery. When Fox came ting shot in our old age? Why should our grandchildren
out with a bag full of warm steaming baked goods he suffer for what we have done?"
decided to eat them in the park. It was perfect weath- "It is an ancient struggle between man and nature,"
er for foxes-clear skies and clean, crisp autumn air. von Wolfenhausen explained. "Humans think they
As Fox delicately nibbled his brownies he saw are strong with their guns, their technology. Without
humans running pell-mell in and out of the park. At those things they are our inferiors, and the balance of
first he thought it was due to the mild hallucinogenic power must be maintained. We cannot let them think
properties of his breakfast. Then he heard, "Hurry! that they have wonl"
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