Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2

EXPERIMENT : 3 HM150.08 IMPACT OF JET

OBJECTIVE : To investigate jet force impacting against stationary deflectors.
APPARATUS : Hydraulic bench
Impact of jet apparatus
i. Loading
ii. Deflectors
iii. Stop watch


Unit Description

Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2
THEORY :
The theoretical jet force is calculated from the principle of linear momentum. The density () of
the water is 1000 kg/m
3

Force = Fluid Mass Variable of velocity
= ( . A . V ) ( V
= ( Q ) ( V
1
V
2
)

Where : = density of fluid
A = area of nozzle
V
1
= first velocity
V
2
= second velocity

1. For plate
Fth = Q ( V
1
V
2
)
If V
2
= 0 then,
Fth = Q . V
1




Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2
2. For hemisphere
Fth = Q ( V
1
V
2
)
If V
2
= -V
1
then,
Fth = Q . 2V
1


3. For slope

Fx = Q ( V
1


)
Fth = Fx , with = 60
Fth = Q . V
1

Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2

PROCEDURES

i. The test set-up was placed on the HM150 so that the drain routes the water into the
channel.
ii. The connecting hose between HM150 and unit was fitted.
iii. HM150 drain was opened.
iv. Deflectors were assembled [1], (plate, hemisphere, slope or clone ). The 3 screws [3]
were loosened on the cover [4] and the cover was removed together with lever
mechanism. The deflector was fitted appropriately. Do not forget to tighten lock nut[2]
on rod. The cover was screwed back onto the vessel.
v. Adjusting screw was used [5] to set pointer to zero (zero notch [7]). When doing so, do
not place any loading weights on measurement system when doing [8].
vi. Desired loading weight were applied [8] 0.5 ; 1N ; 1.5N ; 2N ; 2.5N ; 3N or combination
thereof.
vii. The main HM150 cock was closed.
viii. The HM150 pump was switched on.
ix. The main cock was opened carefully until the pointer was on zero again.
x. HM150 drain cock was closed.
xi. Volumetric flow was then determined. Recording time,t required to fill up the volumetric
tank of the HM150 from 20 to 30 litres was involved.
xii. Loading weights were added and time, t taken for 10 litres was jotted down.
xiii. The pump was switch off, the drain was opened.

Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2
RESULTS OF MEASUREMENT
1. Measured Value for Plate
Force F (N) Measuring Time (s) Flow Rate (m
3
/s)
0.5 45 2.222 10
-4
1.0 35 2.857 10
-4

2.0 24 4.167 10
-4
3.0 21 4.762 10
-4

7.0 13 7.692 10
-4

Measured volume : 10 liter / 0.01 m
3


2. Measured Value for Hemisphere
Force F (N) Measuring Time (s) Flow Rate (m
3
/s)
0.5 61 1.639 10
-4

1.0 48 2.083 10
-4

2.0 36 2.778 10
-4

3.0 28 3.571 10
-4

6.0 21 4.762 10
-4

Measured volume : 10 liter / 0.01 m
3



NOTE : Nozzle diameter = 7mm
Cross Sectional Area of Nozzle =

Discharge, Q =

Velocity, V =

Gravity, g = the gravitational acceleration (9.81m/s
2
).
Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2
RESULT
1. Plate
Flow Rate, Q
(m
3
/s)
Velocity, V (m
3
/s)
Calculated Force
Fth, (N)
Measured Force,F
(N)
2.222 10
-4
5.774 1.283 0.5
2.857 10
-4
7.425 2.129 1.0
4.167 10
-4
10.829 4.512 2.0
4.762 10
-4
12.375 5.893 3.0
7.692 10
-4
19.990 15.37 7.0


2. Hemisphere
Flow Rate, Q
(m
3
/s)
Velocity, V (m
3
/s)
Calculated Force
Fth, (N)
Measured Force,F
(N)
1.639 10
-4
4.259 0.698 0.5
2.083 10
-4
5.413 1.128 1.0
2.778 10
-4
7.219 2.005 2.0
3.571 10
-4
9.280 3.314 3.0
4.762 10
-4
12.375 5.893 6.0






Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2
CALCULATION
1. PLATE

Flow Rate (m
3
/s)
Measured volume = 0.01 m
3
Q=V/t (m
3
/s)


0.5N 1.0N
Q =

Q =

= 2.222 10
-4
m
3
/s

=

2.857 10
-4
m
3
/s

2.0N 3.0N
Q =

Q =

= 4.167 10
-4
m
3
/s = 4.762 10
-4
m
3
/s

7.0N
Q =

= 7.692 10
-4
m
3
/s




Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2
Velocity
V =

(m/s)
0.5N 1.0N
V =

V =

= 5.774

m/s

=

7.425 m/s

2.0N 3.0N
V =

V =

= 10.829 m/s = 12.375 m/s

7.0N
V =

= 19.990 m/s







Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2
Force, (N)
Fth = Q v
1
, = 1000kg/m
3

0.5N 1.0N
Fth = 1000 (2.222 10
-4
) 5.774 Fth = 1000 (2.857 10
-4
) 7.425
= 1.283 N

= 2.129 N

2.0N 3.0N
Fth = 1000 (4.167 10
-4
) 10.829 Fth = 1000 (4.762 10
-4
) 12.375
= 4.512 N = 5.893 N

7.0N
Fth = 1000 (7.692 10
-4
) 19.990
= 15.37 N








Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2
2. HEMISPHERE (180 DEFLECTION)

Flow Rate (m
3
/s)
Measured volume = 0.01 m
3
Q=V/t (m
3
/s)



0.5N 1.0N
Q =

Q =

= 1.639 10
-4
m
3
/s

=

2.083 10
-4
m
3
/s

2.0N 3.0N
Q =

Q =

= 2.778 10
-4
m
3
/s = 3.571 10
-4
m
3
/s

6.0N
Q =

= 4.762 10
-4
m
3
/s




Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2

Velocity
V =

(m/s)


0.5N 1.0N
V =

V =

= 4.259

m/s

=

5.413 m/s

2.0N 3.0N
V =

V =

= 7.219 m/s = 9.280 m/s

6.0N
V =

= 12.375 m/s




Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2

Force, (N)
Fth = Q v
1
, = 1000kg/m
3



0.5N 1.0N
Fth = 1000 (1.639 10
-4
) 4.259 Fth = 1000 (2.083 10
-4
) 5.413
= 0.698 N

= 1.128 N

2.0N 3.0N
Fth = 1000 (2.778 10
-4
) 7.219 Fth = 1000 (3.571 10
-4
) 9.280
= 2.005 N = 3.314 N

6.0N
Fth = 1000 (4.762 10
-4
) 12.975
= 5.893 N





Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2

QUESTION
1. Comparison of the two bodies with completing the table below.
Loading (N)
Calculated Force, Fth (N)
Plate Hemisphere
0.5 1.283 0.698
1.0 2.129 1.128
2.0 4.512 2.005
3.0 5.893 3.314
6.0 - 5.893
7.0 15.37 -













Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2


DISCUSSION
In this experiment 10 liter of water and a nozzle of diameter 7mm were used. The forces
were obtained by calculating the time recorded and the information,

and the
percentage of error. The unit of flow rate, Q was converted from L/min to m
3
/s for an
easier calculation. The force and percentage of error were calculated according to the
given formula.
In this experiment, when the measurement increased, the time needed for the level in the
volume metric tank to rise 20 to 30 liter decreased. This result in a decrease in the flow
rate. The flow rate for hemisphere is found to be the lowest, when comparing deflectors.

CONCLUSION

The two bodies used have a different geometry. This is the reason why the energy of
water jet is used differently by each body. The size of the extent of utilisation can be
seen based on the amount of water needed in order to raise a body against the force.
As the volume metric rate of flow Q increased, the force resulted from the impact of
the jet on both the flat plate and the hemispherical cup, is increased to for the
predicted F1 and the measured F2 value of the force. This relation can be seen
clearly from the four plots accompanied with this report. This result was already
predicted based from the changes in momentum equation of calculating the force.
The predicted value of the jet force showed larger value than the measure one.This
may caused by error in taking the reading while conducting the experiment.
According to the last point the hemispherical cup is more efficient for using in the
turbine than the flat plate, but only one point to be considered is that the water exit the
cup is going to collide with the water entering the cup which will be reduce the force,
for that reason the cup is made angles less than 180.
Civil Engineering Department CC501 Hydraulics 2

The impact of the jet force on the flat plate where half of it on the hemispherical cup.
This result is proven based from the graph plotted .This was already predicted from
the change in momentum equation of calculating the force.

REFERENCES
Hydraulic report lab sheet
www.eng.ucy.ac.cy/EFM/manual/HM%2015008/HM15008E-ln.pdf (HM150.08 Impact
of Jet)