Programming Fund.

With C II sem Dept CSE

Programming Languages & Life Cycle of Software project

Programming Languages :

Program : Series/Set of instructions / steps to solve a problem which can be used by

Computer

Programming Language : St of keywords and grammar for instructing a computer to

perform specific task. Computer programs are written in a programming language

Different types of programming Languages

High level language

C, C++, Basic, Java

Assembly language

Machine language

Hardware

M/c Language : Consists of only zeros and ones, which computer can understand. It is
m/c dependent

Assembly Language :Consists of symbols / mnemonics which constitute instructions, It

is m/c dependent

High level Languages : it is simple and similar to natural language with some
grammatical rules. It m/c independent C, C++, COBOL, Pascal, BASIC

Machine and Assembly languages are called as Low level languages

Generation of Languages
Programming Languages evolved over a period of time. As programming concepts and
technology changed, programming languages are also evolved

Five Generations of Programming Language:

1. First generation – m/c language
2. Second generation – Assembly Language
3. Third generation – High level Language
4. Fourth generation – Programming Languages that are close to Human languages
compared to HLL
5. Fifth generation – Languages used for AI (artificial Intellegence)and neural
networks
Programming Fund. With C II sem Dept CSE

Difference between Machine language and Assembly language :

Machine Language Assembly language

Instructions are in the form of 0’s & 1’s Instructions are in the form of
Mnemonics/symbolic names
Writing program, debugging and easy
understanding is difficult
Translator is not required Translator(Assembler) is required to
convert assembly language program to
m/c language
Execution is faster slower

Differences between High level language and low level language

High Level Language Low level Language

m/c independent m/c dependent
Uses English like instructions Uses mnemonics

Writing program, debugging, Difficult

understanding is easy
Compiler/ Interpreter is used to Assembler is used to convert Assembly
convert high level language to m/c language to m/c language
language
Execution is slower Execution is faster

Life Cycle of Software project

 Programming Fund. With C II sem Dept CSE

Requirement
Analysis Design
Build
Testing Coding
Deployment
maintenance

Requirement Analysis :
This phase is used to get the information about the project which helps in development
of the project. To gather information following activities are carried out.
• Interview the customer to know about his requirement.
• Interview the Employees and higher officials .
• Study the existing software if it exists.
The output of this phase is “Requirement analysis document” which contains all the
criteria that the system should meet. After reviewing by both customer and developer , it
is to be signed by both.

Design Phase:
The Requirement Analysis document forms input to the design phase. Depending on the
information collected an “outline” for software project is decided.
This outline is documented in “High Level Design Document” which contains a
representation or design of the system without its implementation details. It identifies the
various components (modules) that forms the system and interactions between various
components of the system.
Using High level Design Document, “Detailed Design Document” is prepared. It
contains specifications of how an individual module of the system will function in terms
of data input and output.
All the documents must be reviewed and signed by the customer before they are
finalized.

Build phase : In this phase , A software Engineer converts the detailed design into a
working module by writing programs. The programs are written in the programming
language.
Software Engineer who has written the code has to perform “Unit test” to check the
functionality within the module. If a Unit test fails, the defects have to be removed by the
person who has written the code. The code is tested again.

Testing Phase :
The Unit tested code is integrated to form the Software project as specified in the design
phase. In this phase , “Integration testing” and “System testing” is carried out. Integration
Programming Fund. With C II sem Dept CSE

Testing tests the interaction between various modules. In System testing, the software
project is tested as a whole for functionality and performance.

Deployment Phase :
During this phase, the error free and completed software project is deployed on the
customer’s hardware.

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