What's the Difference between Traditional Power Grid

and Smart Grid ? from Dispatching Perspective

Jinju Zhou, Lina He, Canbing Li, Senior Member, IEEE, Yijia Cao, Senior Member, IEEE, Xubin Liu, and Yinghui Geng
College of Electrical and Information Engineering
Hunan University
Changsha, China
licanbing@gmail.com

AbstractThe development of smart grid requires higher
renewable energy penetration as well as power supply reliability
and economy. Traditional power grid dispatching cannot meet
the demand. This paper analyzes the difference between smart
grid dispatching and traditional power grid dispatching from
several aspects, including bulk power grid dispatching, small
and micro power grid dispatching, interruptible load
management and supporting technology for power grid
dispatching. This paper expects to make some contribution to a
stable, secure, environmentally friendly and resource-saving
power grid.
Index Terms-- smart grid; power grid dispatching; intermittent
resources; interruptible load; supporting technology
I. INTRODUCTION
In order to deal with climate change, energy shortage and
environmental pollution, developed countries in Europe and
America continuously propose to develop smart grid and take
it as an important part of national energy strategy [1-3]. Many
other countries also begin to construct smart grid successively.
Smart grid has been a new trend of global power grid
development.
Although the driving force and targets of smart grid in
different countries are not exactly the same, the following
three characteristics of smart grid are widely considered as the
main differences from the traditional power grid [2-5]:
Improving the acceptability of intermittent renewable
energy source and enabling power grid to adapt
different power source structures.
Nearly eliminating the risk of large-area and long-
time blackout, except being caused by large-scale
physical damages.
Markedly promoting economy and reducing cost,
energy consumption and emissions.
Power grid dispatching is an essential factor of safe and
stable operation of power system, as well as optimal allocation
of resources. With the large-scale access of distributed
generation (DG) and intermittent renewable energy source and
higher requirements to power supply reliability and economy,
traditional power grid dispatching cannot meet the demand
presented by smart grid development. Therefore, smart grid
dispatching would be different from traditional power grid
dispatching.
References [6-8] discuss the difference between smart grid
and traditional power grid. References [9-11] study the
importance of dispatching in the construction of smart grid
and introduce some methods for smart grid dispatching. The
difference between smart grid dispatching and traditional
power grid dispatching is a topic which is worthy to be
discussed deeply and persistently. However, few literatures
have discussed this topic so far.
According to the level and tendency of smart grid, this
paper analyzes the detail difference between smart grid
dispatching and traditional power grid dispatching from
several aspects, including bulk power grid dispatching, small
and micro power grid dispatching, interruptible load
management and supporting technology for power grid
dispatching.
II. BULK POWER GRID DISPATCHING
A. Centralized Dispatching of Large-scale Intermittent
Resources
1) Influence of intermittent resources.
During the construction of smart grid, renewable energy
such as wind power and photovoltaic (PV) has been actively
developed. However, the intermittent resources have strong
fluctuations and randomness. The impact caused by
intermittent resources on power grid dispatching increases
with the increasing penetration of intermittent resources and
specifically is manifest as following.
Static voltage stability or even transient stability will
be affected by the increasing reactive power
requirements [12].
Power quality gets worse because of increasing
voltage deviation, voltage fluctuations, voltage flicker
and harmonic [13].
This work is supported by the National High Technology Research and
Development of China (863 Program) (2011AA050203).
978-1-4799-2522-3/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE
Uncertainty and inverse regulation of intermittent
resources require more demand for reserve capacity,
as well as frequency regulation [14].
Both credibility and feasibility of schedule are greatly
lowered due to limited predictability of intermittent
resources [15].
2) Acceptability of intermittent resources.
Many scholars have studied the acceptability of
intermittent resources which is primarily influenced by
characteristics of intermittent resources, power source
structure, power grid structure, load characteristic and load
value [16-17].
Previous methods for quantitatively estimating the
acceptability of intermittent resources are broadly divided into
four groups [18]. The first method is approximately estimating
the maximum capacity by engineering method. The second
method is simulating various operating conditions of power
grid with intermittent resources by digital simulation and
obtaining the acceptable capacity indirectly. The third method
is calculating the largest capacity of intermittent resources by
consideration a certain restriction factor. The last method is
calculating the optimal capacity of intermittent resources by
optimizing multiple restriction factors.
3) Optimal dispatching of large-scale intermittent
resources.
Large-scale intermittent resources mainly refer to large
wind farms and PV plants. Output power of the wind turbine
is usually regarded as the function of wind speed while PV
output power is usually regarded as the function of
temperature and radiation intensity. Generally, wind speed is
assumed to obey a two-parameter Weibull distribution and
radiation intensity is assumed to obey a beta distribution [19].
As the output of intermittent resource is closely related to
environment, it can be hardly dispatched. However, there are
two ways to improve its dispatchablility. One is retaining
some regulation capacity by discarding certain wind energy
and light energy [20]. The other is making use of storage
system to adjust the output from intermittent resource [21].
Acceptability of intermittent resource is usually improved
from the following aspects during the dispatching process [22-
23].
Keep the optimal proportion of power source
corresponded to base-load, medium-load and peak-
load, separately.
Use the complementary of power sources in different
regions and different types, such as wind solar
hybrid, wind-thermal coordination etc.
Improve the forecast accuracy of intermittent resource
and control power sources online.
Make the schedule at multi-time scales and adjust the
schedule rotationally.
Make full use of demand side management.
B. Control and Scheduling of AC/DC Hybrid Power Grid
1) Characteristic of AC/DC hybrid power grid.
Large-scale AC/DC hybrid power grid is the unique
feature of smart grid in China. AC/DC hybrid system can not
only play an important role in AC interconnection but also
take advantages of DC transmission such as low cost, flexible
and smooth adjustment, long-distance transport, and excellent
transfer capability. However, AC/DC hybrid system brings
lots of challenges at the same time. Low damping resulted
from long-distance transmission appears gradually. Stability
of AC system will be greatly impacted by DC fault.
Meanwhile, the abnormal operation of AC system, especially
the reactive load characteristics shown at inverter side,
seriously threatens the operation of DC system [24-26].
2) Dispatching and operating control for AC/DC hybrid
power grid.
The structure of AC transmission system is changed
because of the access of DC transmission. Characteristic of
power grid becomes more complex. In the existing literature,
the dispatching and operating control for AC/DC hybrid
power grid is mostly concentrated on voltage stability analysis.
In general, maximum power curve method, short-circuit ratio
method, voltage stability factor method, control sensitivity
index method, eigenvalue analysis method, point of collapse
method and nonlinear programming method are used to
analysis static voltage stability, while maximum power curve
method, bifurcation theory method, time domain simulation
method and transient energy function method are used to
analyze dynamic voltage stability [27].
In addition, considerable researches about commutation
have been conducted since commutation failure is the most
common faults in AC/DC hybrid power grid. Research shows
that commutation failure can be prevented by the many
measures, such as reducing multi-infeed interaction factor,
increasing the setting valve of firing angle or extinction angle,
making use of larger smoothing reactor or dynamic reactive
power compensation devices and strengthening AC system
[28].
III. SMALL AND MICRO POWER GRID DISPATCHING
A. Optimal Dispatching of Distribution Network with DG
1) Influence of DG on distribution network.
DG is small-scale independent source located near
consumers, which is also compatibility to different
environment. Generally, it can be divided into two categories:
conventional type (e.g. micro-turbine, diesel engine) and
renewable type (e.g. wind turbine, photovoltaic). DG can not
only supply electric energy, but also can supply combined heat
and power (CHP) and combined cooling heat and power
(CCHP).
The optimal utilization of DG has many advantages such
as energy conservation, environmental friendly, low
investment, less risk, land saving, small power loss, high
power supply reliability and so on. However, the access of DG
transforms distribution network into active network from
passive network. Then the amount and direction of active and
reactive power have been changed, leading to significant
influence on distribution network. The impact of DG on
distribution network mainly affects distribution network
planning, power quality, network loss, system protection,
short circuit capacity, power grid dispatching and real-time
monitoring [29].
2) Power flow analysis of distribution network with DG.
Power flow calculation is the primary method to analysis
influence of DG on power grid. But traditional power flow
analysis methods are not suitable for smart grid due to the
access of various DGs. The main difference between
traditional power flow calculation and power flow calculation
with DG exists in output model of power source, node type of
power source and algorithm. Many scholars have carried out
relevant studies and corresponding processing methods have
been found. In respect of power source model, different
mathematic models are established according to different
power sources. For instance, probabilistic model is used to
describe the output of wind generator and photovoltaic battery,
while deterministic model is used to describe the output of
micro-turbine and diesel engine [30]. In respect of node type,
new node types are built according to new power source types,
such as PI node, PV node and P-Q(V) node [31]. In respect of
algorithm, some new algorithms are figured out based on the
traditional power flow calculation algorithms, such as
improved Newton-Raphson method, back/forward sweep
algorithm combined with loop current algorithm, sweep
algorithm combined with reactive power compensation and so
on [32-34].
3) Optimal dispatching of distribution network with DG.
Network reconfiguration and reactive power optimization
are the main patterns of distribution network dispatching. Due
to the access of DG, radial distribution network turns into
multi-ring distribution network, passive network turns into
active network, and undirection power flow turns into
bidirectional power flow. Whats more, renewable DG has
strong volatility and randomness. All above have enormous
influence on distribution network dispatching.
The objective of network reconfiguration is reducing
power loss, improving power quality and balancing load.
Current methods for network reconfiguration change greatly
because of the integration of DG. The existing methods for
network reconfiguration divided into three types as following:
The power output of DG is considered constant and
only network reconfiguration is optimized [35].
DG is considered as a dispatchable device and both
network reconfiguration and DG output are optimized
without taking volatile DG into consideration [36].
Scenario model is presented for network
reconfiguration according to the volatility of DG [37].
Traditional reactive power compensation is accomplished
by controlling generator, adjusting transformer or switching
reactive compensation devices. The influence of DG on
reactive power compensation lies in two sides. At first,
volatile DG increases the fluctuation range of voltage,
contributing to more difficulty in reactive power
compensation. Secondly, part of DG has reactive capacity and
can participate in reactive power compensation. Present
literatures mainly focus on how to optimize reactive power in
distribution network by taking advantages of DG and
traditional reactive compensation devices. Generally,
minimizing power loss, minimizing operating cost or both of
them are taken as the objective function [38-39].
B. Intelligent Microgrid Dispaching
1) Characteristic of intelligent microgrid.
According to the analysis above, the access of DG to
power grid has numerous advantages. However, if DGs are
connected to power grid separately, the cost will be high and it
is difficult to control them. When accidents occur, DGs should
be cut off immediately. So the advantages and potentials of
DG will be weakened greatly. Thus, microgrid becomes an
effective way to deal with this problem.
Microgrid is a miniature power grid, which is composed
by various DGs, energy storage equipments, loads, monitoring
system and protection system. Microgrid behaves as a
dispatchable load to large power system, and it behaves as a
customized power source to consumers. Rational utilization of
microgrid will raise the utilization rate of DG, reduce power
loss, improve energy structure, decrease the impact caused by
DG and increase power supply reliability [40]. Besides,
microgrid can offer black start when power grid is in
breakdown.
2) Optimal dispatching of intelligent microgrid.
There are four main differences between microgrid and
traditional power grid, which should be taken into
consideration in dispatching [41]. Firstly, there are various
types of dispatchable power sources in microgrid while the
proportion of undispatchable power resource is high. Secondly,
microgrid can not only supply electrical energy but also can
supply CHP or CHHP. Thirdly, renewable DG has priority
because it is energy-saving, environment friendly and low cost.
Whats more, microgrid can operate in parallel to the grid or
operate in island.
Present researches on microgrid dispatching are almost
revolved around the differences above. In respect to regulation
form, current studies can be classified into two categories. One
is controlling the microsources output and load switching by
control center [42]. The other is both microsources and load
realizing self-adjustment by multi-agent technology [43]. In
respect to dispatching strategy and dispatching model, the DG
output and load switching are usually optimized with a goal
such as the least cost, maximum profit, minimum emissions,
best reliability or some of them, considering characteristic of
different microsources and the output of energy storage device.
IV. INTERRUPTIBLE LOAD MANAGEMENT
Interruptible load refers to the load that can be interrupted
during the peak-load period or emergency [44]. It has been
widely applied in power market, especially in bilateral power
market. Interruptible load in [45] is employed to participate in
the day-ahead ancillary service market and offer reserve.
Moreover, in California, interruptible load is introduced in the
real-time balancing market, playing the role of power supply
[46]. In traditional power grid, interruptible load management
is usually used in peak-shaving and market balance by
artificial control.
To smart grid, the proportion of intermittent resources
increases continually, as well as the category and quantity of
DGs. All above requires more demands for the interruptible
load. Whats more, artificial control alone cannot completely
fulfill the requirement. In the meantime, category and
participative way of interruptible load changes greatly with the
large-scale application of electric vehicle (EV) and rapid
promotion of energy storage equipment. EV and energy
storage are new style and excellent interruptible loads.
Extensive attention has been attracted to the two new
interruptible loads, especially their adjustment of output and
parameters according to the price, frequency or voltage signal.
A method is proposed for EV to actively participate in primary
frequency control considering charging demands from EV
customer and the residual battery state of charge in [47].
Reference [48] proposes that EVs can automatically adjust
their charging power and charging time in responses to time-
of-use price in a regulated market. In [49], storage system is
used to stabilize the microgrid by responding to the variation
of frequency and voltage.
Besides, non-rigid load (e.g. air-conditioner and water
heater) which can take part in demand response when
necessary also can be considered as new interruptible load. A
user-centered control strategy of non-rigid load is presented in
[50] with the consideration of user comfort and price
preferences.
V. SUPPORTING TECHNOLOGY FOR POWER GRID
DISPATCHING
A. New Intelligent Optimization Algorithms
Conventional optimization scheduling algorithms include
priority list, dynamic programming, linear programming,
nonlinear programming, Lagrangian relaxation, mixed-integer
programming and so on. With the rapid development of
computer technology and artificial intelligent technology, a
great number of new intelligent optimization algorithms are
applied in power grid dispatching, such as genetic algorithm,
ant colony algorithm, particle swarm optimization algorithm,
tabu search algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm and
artificial neural network [51-52].Both genetic algorithm and
ant colony algorithm own strong global search ability, but
their convergence speed is slow and local search ability is
weak. The convergence speed of particle swarm optimization
algorithm is fast while its initial value is selected by
experience. The global search ability and calculating accuracy
of tabu search algorithm is excellent. However, it is difficult to
choose parameters property and reduce computing time.
Artificial neural network presents good convergent and strong
computing ability, whereas, it needs effectively training
method and is easy to be trapped in a local optimum. Owing to
the various quality of each algorithm, hybrid optimization
method (e.g. hybrid particle swarm optimization with
simulated annealing, hybrid genetic algorithm-interior point
method, artificial immune-chaos hybrid algorithm) arises to
make full use of the advantages of different algorithms.
B. PMU/WAMS
Power grid dispatching is based on the operating data.
Traditional SCADA system can only collect steady-state data
with low density samples and asynchronous sampling time.
The requirement of power system security and stability is
improved continuously while uncertain factors and power grid
size increase significantly. The authenticity, real-time and
comprehensiveness of operational data plays a vital part in
power grid dispatching and traditional data collection system
can hardly meet the need of smart grid development. With the
development of GPS and modern communication technology,
WAMS based on PMU is developed and attracts great
attention due to its high precision, high speed communication
capability and wide area time synchronization capability. It
has been widely applied in power system dynamic monitoring,
low frequency oscillation identification, power angle stability
prediction and alarming, parameter identification, online
perturbation identification and so on [53-55].
C. Integrated Control and Scheduling
Traditional scheduling and control are evolved as separate
subjects. This operation and management mode contributes to
huge-investment, high running cost and low utilization rate.
As the scale and complexity of power grid is increasing
continually, traditional operation and management mode is no
longer suitable and integrated control and scheduling will be
the future development direction. Integrated control and
scheduling means scheduling, monitoring and control are
evolved as an integrated subject. That is to say, power grid
dispatching, monitoring, remote control and remote
adjustment are all accomplished in dispatching control center.
Thanks to the new operation and management mode,
operation state of equipment can be obtained timely,
accurately and comprehensively, accident can be handled
quickly, management chain can be shortened greatly, as well
as human resources can be utilized adequately [56-57].
D. Real-time Database
Database in dispatching automation system should be able
to handle permanent and stable data, as well as maintain the
integrity and consistency of data. Besides, it has to meet the
requirement of real-time capability and efficiency. During the
construction of smart grid which is characterized by
automation, informatization and interaction, traditional
database can no longer meet the requirement and will be
replaced by real-time database (RTDB) gradually. RTDB,
characterized with real-time, openness and reliability, is the
core of dispatching automation system. RTDB can not only
offer data from WAMS, state estimating, scheduling and
power grid operation but also meet the requirement of short-
term memory, strong continuity, huge dada and high
dependability [58-60].
E. Cloud Computing
The requirement on the real-time capability and reliability
of information in smart grid is increasing. Conventional
method for data storage and data management displays bad
scalability and high cost. Besides, its difficult to deal with the
mass, distributed, multi-source and heterogeneous information
from SCADA or WAMS. Cloud computing which is evolved
from distributed processing, parallel processing and grid
computing is a super internet based computing model [61]. It
has many advantages such as distributed computation and
storage ability, ultra-large-scale, virtualization, high reliability,
excellent manageability and scalability and low cost. Due to
the advantages above, distributed storage and management of
mass data, integration and management of heterogeneous
resource, and calculation and analysis of large-scale data will
be realized with the use of cloud computing [62-63].
VI. CONCLUSION
Power grid dispatching is an essential factor of safe and
stable operation of power system, as well as advanced optimal
allocation of resources. During the construction of smart grid,
power grid dispatching faces increasing challenges and
opportunities with the access of large-scale intermittent
renewable energy source and DGs, construction of AC/DC
hybrid system, implement of demand side management and
development of computer and information technology.
This paper analyzes the detail difference between smart
grid dispatching and traditional power grid dispatching. Table
I shows the special characteristics of Smart Grid dispatching
form four major respects compared with traditional power grid
dispatching. This paper expects to make some contribution to
a stable, secure, environmentally friendly and resource-saving
power grid.
Table I. the Special Characteristics of Smart Grid Dispatching Compared with
Traditional Power Grid Dispatching
Smart Grid dispatching
Bulk
power grid
dispatching
Dispatching of large-scale intermittent resources
Control and scheduling of AC/DC hybrid power grid
Small and
micro
power grid
dispatching
Dispatching of distribution network with DG
Intelligent microgrid dispatching
Interruptible
load
management
Electric vehicle dispatching
Energy storage equipment dispatching
Certain non-rigid load dispatching
Supporting
technology
for power grid
dispatching
New Intelligent optimization algorithms
PMU/WAMS
Integrated control and scheduling
Real-time database
Cloud computing
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