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HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 1 LABORATORY (CEWB221)

EXPERIMENT 1
FLOW OVER A NOTCH
10/18/2012



KHAIRUNNISA FADILLAH (CE090621)
SECTION 4

GROUP MEMBERS:
NUR AMINA MALISA BINTI MAKHZAN (CE088595)
NURFARRAH SYAHIERA BINTI ABD HALIM (CE088390)
UMMI NADIAH BINTI IBRAHIM (CE091262)

NAME OF LAB INSTRUCTOR:
HARIZAH BINTI HARIS






DATE OF SUBMISSION: 24 OCTOBER 2012
1

Table of Contents
Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Objective ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Theory ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Description of Experimental Apparatus ................................................................................................................................. 6
Procedure ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Data and Observation................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Results ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
References ................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Appendices ................................................................................................................................................................................. 14














2

Summary
Our objective in this experiment is to determine the coefficient of discharge for different notches. Flow
over a Notch as an equipment for use together with Hydraulics Bench to measure flow rate against
height of liquid (water) over a rectangular notch or a v-notch. Flow of water between 2 points (a point at
a distance upstream from the notch and a point above of the notch) over a notch is following Bernoullis
equation. Three stainless steel notches were used in this experiment: rectangular notch 50mm wide, V-
notch 90, and V-notch 60. All notches are 100mm deep. To start the experiment, we have to measure
and record the water level in the channel (Ho) by level gauge at the side of the channel or hook and
point gauge. Then, water flow rate of 15 L/min is allowed to flow, and the level in the flow channel is
recorded after the flow obtained a steady state. After that, the period for the water to reach 4 liter is
measured, and the experiment is repeated at flow rate of 30, 45, 60 L/min. Finally, the calculation is
done to determine coefficient of discharge, Cd for different notches.
Objective
The purposes of the experiment are:
- To determine the characteristic of flow over rectangular notch, V-notch 90 and V-notch 60.
- To determine the coefficient of discharge, C
d
for rectangular and v-shape notch.
Theory
Flow over a notch between 2 points over a notch follows Bernoullis equation
Point 1 = A point at a distance upstream from the notch (usually 4 times the height from the Notch
bottom)
Point 2 = A point above of the notch.

h
H Z2
Z1
b
dh h

dh
h
1
2
3

Assume no energy loss between point 1 and 2,

2
2 2
1
1 1
2 2
Z
P
g
V
Z
P
g
V
+ + = + +


----------------------(1)
Where,
V = Velocity of water m/sec
P = Pressure kg.f/m
2
or N/m
2

Z = Height of water above lowest point of the notch m
= Specific Gravity kg.f(m
3
)
g = Acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/sec
2

h = Height of water above point 2 m
H = Height of water above lowest point of the notch m


Since the Hydraulic Bench channel is much wider than the notch width, we can assume V
1
is very slow
Thus V
1
= 0
Total head at point 1 = H
t
=
1
1
0 Z
P
+ +

----------------------(2)
Hence H H Z
P
g
V
t
= = + +
2
2 2
2
----------------------(3)
At point 2 P
2
= Atmospheric pressure = 0
Thus H Z
g
V
= +
2
2
2
----------------------(4)
Thus gh V 2
2
= ----------------------(5)
Consider dh = A thin of slap water at the point of measurement.





4

Rectangular Notch
In this type of notch, the classical formula is derived for a sharp-crested, normal, rectangular weir (a
notch on a large scale) with a vertical upstream face. A normal weir is one with the weir plate
perpendicular to the flow direction. A rectangular, sharp-crested weir has a horizontal crest.
b = Width of notch
dQ = gh 2 bdh
Q =
}
H
gh
0
2 bdh
Q =
2 / 3
2
3
2
bH gh --------------------(6)

*For ESSOM HB 013: b = 30mm or 50mm
V-Notch
A V-notch weir is a sharp-crested weir that has a V-shaped opening instead of a rectangular-shaped
opening. The V-notch design causes small changes in discharge to have a large change in depth allowing
more accurate head measurement than with a rectangular weir.

Width of the thin slap is 2 (H-h) tanu
dQ = dH h H gh u tan ) ( 2 2
2 = V notch angle
Q = u tan ) ( 2 2
0
h H gh
H

}
dH
Q = u tan 2
15
8
2 / 5
bH gh ------------(7)
* For ESSOM HB 013: 2 = 90 or 60
In actual flow, the cross section of water after passing the notch will be slightly reduced (Vena
contracta), thus the actual flow will be slightly below of theory.
5

Thus Q rectangular notch =
2 / 3
2
3
2
bH g Cd ----------------------(8)
Q V notch (90) =
2 / 5
45 tan 2
15
8
H g C
D

----------------------(9a)
Q V notch (60) =
2 / 5
30 tan 2
15
8
H g C
D

----------------------(9b)
Where C
d
= Coefficient of discharge

In practice, calculations may be made through logarithm
For rectangular notch H K Q log
3
2
log log
1
+ = K
1
= constant
For V - notch H K Q log
2
5
log log
2
+ = K
2
= constant














6

Description of Experimental Apparatus
1) Stainless steel rectangular notch 50mm wide and 100mm deep.
2) Stainless steel V notches: are 90 and 60. Depth of the notches is 100mm.
3) Stainless steel Vernier hook and point gauge with range with range of 0 150mm and 0.05mm
reading.



Figure 1: Stainless steel rectangular
notch 50mm wide and 100mm deep


Figure 2: Stainless steel V-notch 90

Figure 3: Stainless steel V-notch 60


Figure 4: Stainless steel vernier hook and point gauge with range of 0 150mm and 0.05mm reading






7

Procedure
1. The pump was turned on (on the hydraulic Bench) and the flow control valve was slowly opened
until water start flowing over the notch then the pump was stopped. Wait till the overflow stops and
the water level in the channel (H
o
) was recorded by level gauge at the side of the channel or hook
and point gauge which is more accurate.
2. The discharge valve of the measuring tank was opened.
3. The pump was started again and the flow control valve was opened until the flow rate in the flow
meter is around 15 L/min. The flow was allowed to continue for at least 1 min to obtain a steady
state, then the level in the flow channel was recorded by hook and point gauge (H
1
).
4. The measuring tank discharge was closed and the clock was started when the level reaches 0 and
the clock was stopped when water reaches required level (volume = 4L).
5. The step 3 and 4 was repeated at flow rate of about 30, 45, 60 L/min or until water level in the open
channel is near the maximum.
6. The notch was changed to other type or size and the step 3 to as repeated.



Note:
Type of the notch:
1) Rectangular Notch Weir 5cm wide
2) V-notch 90
3) V-notch 60






8

Data and Observation
Water level at lowest point of notch, H
o
:
a) Rectangular notch weir 5cm wide = 7.682cm
b) V-notch 60 = 1.480cm
c) V-notch 90 = 11.526cm

Flow rate in flow
meter (L/min)
Volume of
measuring tank (L)
Time, T (sec)
Flow rate,
Q (L/min)
Level above the
notch, H1 (cm)
H (cm) Log Q
Log H

Cd

1. Rectangular notch
weir 5cm wide
15 4.00 18.79 12.773 9.360 1.678 1.1063 0.2248 0.6634
30 4.00 9.15 26.230 10.300 2.618 1.4188 0.4180 0.6990
45 4.00 7.15 33.566 10.980 3.298 1.5259 0.5183 0.6327
60 4.00 5.70 42.105 11.534 3.852 1.6243 0.5857 0.6287
2. V-notch 60
15 4.00 22.75 10.549 4.930 3.450 1.0232 0.5378 0.5835
30 4.00 10.59 22.663 6.018 4.538 1.3553 0.6569 0.6317
45 4.00 6.81 35.242 6.656 5.176 1.5471 0.7140 0.7070
60 4.00 5.72 41.958 7.156 5.676 1.6228 0.7540 0.6685
3. V-notch 90
15 4.00 18.19 13.194 13.558 2.032 1.1204 0.3079 1.5817
30 4.00 10.10 23.762 14.848 3.322 1.3759 0.5214 0.8336
45 4.00 7.38 32.520 15.040 3.514 1.5122 0.5458 0.9913
60 4.00 7.09 33.850 15.440 3.914 1.5296 0.5926 0.7881
9

Sample calculation
1) Rectangular notch
i) Flow rate,
T
V
Q =
= __4L__
18.79 sec
= 0.21288L/sec
= 12.7728L/min
= _12.7728m
3
_
100060 sec
= 2.128810
-4
m
3
/s
ii) Changes of water level,
0 1
H H H =
= 9.36cm 7.682cm
= 1.678cm
= 0.0168m
iii) Wide of weir, m b 05 . 0 =
iv) From
2 / 3
2
3
2
bH g Cd Q =

Coefficient of discharge,
2 / 3
2
2
3
bH g
Q
C
d
=

2 / 3
0.0168 05 . 0 81 . 9 2 2
4 - 10 2.1288 3


=
= 0.663
2) V-notch 90
i) Flow rate,
T
V
Q =
= __4L__
18.19 sec
10

= 0.2199L/sec
= 13.194L/min
= _13.194m
3
_
100060 sec
= 2.19910
-4
m
3
/s
ii) Changes of water level,
0 1
H H H =
= 13.528cm 11.526cm
= 2.032cm
= 0.0203m
iii) From
2 / 5
45 tan 2
15
8
H g Cd Q =

iv) Coefficient of discharge,
2 / 5
45 tan 2 8
15
H g
Q
C
d

=

2 / 5
4
0203 . 0 45 tan 81 . 9 2 8
15 10 199 . 2


=


= 1.582

2) V-notch 60
v) Flow rate,
T
V
Q =
= __4L__
22.75 sec
= 0.17582L/sec
= 10.549L/min
= _10.549m
3
_
100060 sec
= 1.758210
-4
m
3
/s
11

vi) Changes of water level,
0 1
H H H =
= 4.930cm 1.480cm
= 3.45cm
= 0.0345m
vii) From
2 / 5
30 tan 2
15
8
H g Cd Q =
viii) Coefficient of discharge,
2 / 5
30 tan 2 8
15
H g
Q
C
d

=

2 / 5
4
0345 . 0 30 tan 81 . 9 2 8
15 10 7582 . 1


=


= 0.5831





















12

Results
Please refer to Appendix 1 for Graph Flow Rate vs H and Appendix 2 for Graph Log Q vs Log H.
Conclusions
In this experiment, we had determined the characteristic of flow over rectangular notch, V-notch 90
and V-notch 60. The flow rate at the rectangular notch is higher than the flow rate in V-notch when
both water levels are at the same height. However, V-notch with larger angle (90) has higher flow rate
than V-notch with smaller angle (60).
Besides that, the coefficient of discharge, Cd for rectangular and V-shape notch can be determined from
the recorded data. The coefficient of discharge, Cd for every height in every shape of notch was
different and was not constant.
However, we might have encountered some errors or mistakes when performing the experiment. Thus,
precaution steps such as set the equipment properly, read the reading of gauge or tube horizontally and
take the reading of the tube after the water level had became stable in order to obtain results that are
more accurate.
















13

References
1. http://www.msubbu.com/ln/fm/Unit-III/WeirsNotches.htm
2. R.K.Rajput, A text book of Hydraulics for engineering students (SI units), 1st Ed., S.Chand &
Company Ltd., New Delhi























14

Appendices

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