-I-I Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 1 -¢Ë’ 2006

Pranav: Hi Prabhat, you look quite smart in

your clothes today. Are they new?
(v°æ¶µ«û˝, -Ñ •ôd™x -F-´¤ î√™« Åçü¿çí¬
ÖØ√o´¤. ÅN éÌûªh¢√?)
Prabhat: They are, of course. But I'm afraid I
don't look smarter than you, in spite of
my new clothes. Any way, I thank you
for the compliment.
(ÅN éÌûªh¢Ë. Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéÃ, Féπçõ‰ ØËØËç
smarter Åçü¿çí¬/ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ éπE-°œç-
îªúøç ™‰ü¿’™‰. àüÁj-ûËØËç, F´¤ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ô’-
†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ thanks.)
Pranav: Mine are sincere compliments, prab-
hat. They aren't mere flattery.
(؈’ Eïç-í¬ØË ´’†-Ææ÷p¥-Jh-í¬ØË E†’o ¢Á’a-
èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o, Å-¢Ëç ¢Á’®Ω-¢Á’a ´÷ô©’/
§Òí∫úøh é¬ü¿’)
Prabhat: I have no doubt about that. But really
I don't like these clothes very much.
Dad bought me them from
Hyderabad. I wear them because I
don't want to offend him.
(-Ç N≠æߪ’ç-™ Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçüË£æ«ç ™‰ü¿’.
Eïçí¬ Ñ •ôd©’ Ø√éπçûª É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’. ´÷
Ø√†o OöÀE £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü¿’ †’ç* ûÁî√a®Ω’
Ø√èπ◊. -Çߪ’† ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√-Í®-¢Á÷-†E ¢ËÆæ’-
éÓ-´-úø¢Ë’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 150
äé𠶵«≠æ™ ÖçúË ´÷ô-©-Eo-öÀF Ç ¶µ«≠æ vocabu-
lary Åçö«ç. É°æ¤púø’ °j sentences ™E
Underline îËÆœ† ´÷ô-©Fo ´’† appearance
(éπE-°œçîË B®Ω’) èπÿ, ´’† •ôd-©èπÿ (´·êuçí¬ ´’í∫-
¢√∞¡x •ôd-©èπ◊) Ææç•ç-Cµç-*†´E ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË ÖçC
éπü∆? Ñ ´÷ô-©Fo èπÿú≈ ´’† daily life situa-
tion ™ spoken english ™ ¢√úË ´÷ô™‰ 鬕öÀd
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
1) You look quite smart in your clothes. Look
Åçõ‰ ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ – éπE-°œç-îªôç/ Åí∫’-°œç-
îªôç. smart = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬, Åçü¿çí¬ Öçúøôç/
éπE-°œç-îªôç. ´’†ç ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o •ôd©’ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬
suit Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç smart. tip top í¬
Öçúøôç ÅØ√o smart.
a) The army officer is really smart in his uni-
form. Army officer,
Ç Uniform
Ç ™ î√™«
Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
b) The students were all smartly dressed for the
college anniversary = College ¢√J{-éÓ-ûªq´ç 3) In spite of: Å®·-†-°æpöÀéÃ. (though/ although/
Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥çí¬ Nü∆u-®Ω’n-©ç-ü¿®Ω÷ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’-¢Á’i† ü¿’Ææ’h™x
ÖØ√o®Ω’.
Dress and clothes: Dress ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËC Çúø-¢√∞Ïx.
´’í∫-¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊-ØËN clothes. Åçõ‰ ´’í∫-¢√∞¡x •ôd- a) In spite of her greatness, she is not conceit-
©†’ dress/ dresses ņç. Å®·ûË He is
always dressed in good clothes ™«çöÀ sen-
tences ™ dress Åçõ‰ •ôd©’ ÅE é¬èπ◊çú≈
•ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. -Å-C
ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
´’†ç ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊†o •ôd©’ î√™« Neat í¬ Å´’-J-éπí¬
Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç smart.
c) She smarted up for the interview
Interview èπ◊ Ç¢Á’ îªéπ\í¬ ´·≤ƒh-•®·çC.
b) Sulochana: Are you coming for the picnic?
7) Offend= (´’†Ææ’q, ¶µ«¢√©’) ØÌ°œpç-îªôç.
Picnic
(†’¢Ìy-Ææ’h-Ø√o¢√ èπ◊?)
a) I don't want to offend him=
Sunayana: I'am afraid I can't because dad
Çߪ’†’o ØÌ°œpç-îªôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’.
isn't well
b) The book has been banned because it
(Ø√†oèπ◊ äçöx ¶«í∫’-™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd ؈’ offends the sentiments of the minority com-
®√™‰-†E, ¶«üµ¿í¬ îÁ°æpôç)
munity =
¢Á’iØ√-JöÀ ´®√_© ¶µ«¢√-©†’ ØÌ°œpç-îËCí¬
I'm afraid/ we're afraid ™«çöÀ expressions
ÖçC 鬕öÀd Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬Eo EÊ≠-Cµç-î√®Ω’.
O’ conversation ™ ûª®Ω ¢√úøçúÕ. c) You offend me if you talk badly about my
favourite hero= Ø√ ÅGµ-´÷† †ô’úÕo í∫’Jç*
even though/ but/ yet ûÓ Ææ´÷†ç. Å®·ûË ¢√úø’-
îÁúø’í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË ††’o ØÌ°œp-ç-*-†-õ‰x.
éπ™ OöÀ-éÌ-éπ-ü∆-E-éÌ-éπ-öÀéÀ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE 8) tire= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, Å©-Ææô éπL-Tç-îªôç/ Å©-Æ œ-
ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ÷L.
§Ú-´ôç. Å®·ûË, bore éÌôdôç/ NÆœ-Tç-îªôç ÅØË
ed (Ç¢Á’èπ◊ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç Ö†o-°æp-öÀéÀ, Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç
Å®Ωnç èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÉC É°æ¤púø’ áèπ◊\´ ¢√úø’-éπ™
™‰ü¿’. Conceit= í∫®Ωyç) ÖçC.
a) The movie is tiring= Ç ÆœE´÷ NÆæ’-í∫-E-°œç-*çC.
= Though/ Although/ Even though she is
b) I don't want to go to him. He tires me by talk-
great, she is not conceited (Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æp-ü¿-®·Ø√,
ing of his greatness = ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}ôç
í∫®Ωyç ™‰ü¿’)
= She is great, but/ yet she is not conceited
Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úÕ íÌ°æp-ûª†ç í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«xúÕ
NÆœ-T-≤ƒhúø’.
= Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æpC, é¬E Ç¢Á’èπ◊ í∫®Ωyç ™‰ü¿’/ í∫Jy-é¬ü¿’)
b) Inspite of his fever, he is able to walk= ïy®Ωç Ö†o-
°æp-öÀéà (ïy®ΩçûÓ èπÿú≈) Å-ûª-úø’ †úø-´-í∫-©’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Now practise the following in English
Nimisha: Hi Lipta, àçöÀ éÌûªh-•-ôd™«? áçûª Çéπ-®Ω{-
ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ ÖØ√o¢Ó! áéπ\-úø-éÌ-Ø√o´¤?

I don't want to offend him

Pranav: I don't see why you think they aren't
good. They really suit you well.
(ÅN ¶«í¬™‰-´E †’´¤y áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
Ø√o¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç鬴ô癉ü¿’. ÅN Fèπ◊ î√™«
¶«í¬ †§ƒp®·.)
Prabhat: Do they, really? Then I am happy.
(Eïç-í¬Ø√. Å®·ûË Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’)
Pranav: You are always well dressed. I don't
have the patience to choose what
clothes I wear.
(F¢Á-°æ¤púø÷ •ôd©’ ¶«í¬ ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤.
•ôd© áç°œ-éπ-éπçûª ã°œéπ™‰ü¿’ Ø√èπ◊)
Prabhat: Still you look stylish. There is some
charm about you that makes your
appearance attractive.
(Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y é¬Ææh stylish í¬ØË éπE-°œ-
≤ƒh´¤. F™ àüÓ Çéπ-®Ω{ù ÖçC. ÅC E†’o
Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ îËÆæ’hçC)
Pranav: Enough. You are tiring. Let's talk of
something else.
(Ééπ î√©’. NÆœ-T-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. ÉçÍé N≠æ-ߪ’-
¢Á’iØ√ ´÷ö«x-úøü∆ç)
v v v v v
Look at the following sentences from the
dialogue above.
1) you look quite smart in your clothes
2) .... I'm afraid I don't look smarter than you, in
spite of my new clothes
3) Anyway I thank you for the compliment.
4) Mine are sincere compliments. They aren't
mere flattery
5) ... because I don't want to offend him.
6) I don't see why you think...
7) ... you are always well dressed
8) still you look stylish
9) Enough. You are tiring.
In the lesson, lets learn a few items of
vocabulary. Vocabulary
Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆.
simpleí¬ ü∆†®Ωnç ´÷ô©’ °æü∆©’ ÅE éπü∆?
áçûª?
Lipta: F¢Á’-°æ¤pèπ◊ thanks. Eïçí¬ ¶«´¤çü∆ -Ñ
combination?
Nimisha: ´’†-Ææ÷p¥Jhí¬ îÁ°æ¤p-Ø√oØË. †´’t¢√?
Lipta: àüÓ §Òí∫-úøh-†’-èπ◊-Ø√o-†’™‰.
Smart èπ◊ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’i† = Though/ Although/ Even though he has a Nimisha: Å®·ûË áéπ\úø, áçûª-éÌ\-Ø√o¢Ó îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’.
Éûª®Ω °æü∆©’; Stylish, fever, he is able to walk. Lipta: é̆-™‰üË. ÅüÁ-™«íÓ ´*açC Ø√èπ◊. Åü¿çû√
trendy. Å®·ûË Ñ = He has a fever, but/ yet he is able to walk. îÁ°œp E†’o NÆœ-Tç-îªôç É≠ædç-™‰ü¿’.
È®çúø’ ´÷ô™x éÌClí¬ 4) Compliment = ¢Á’°æ¤p-´÷ô, ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿†/ ¢Á’a- Nimisha: Åçõ‰ ؈ ’ èπÿú≈ é̆’-èπ◊\ç-ö«-†E
fashion v°æ¶µ«´ç éÓ-´ôç, ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç. ÅÆæ÷ߪ÷?
áèπ◊\´. •ôd©’ neat í¬, Lipta:
á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ´’†ç ¢Á’aéÌØË ´÷ô-©’-í¬F, á´-J-ÈéjØ√ áçü¿’Íé Ç ´÷ô©’? †ØÁoç-ûª- ØÌ-°œp-Ææ’h-
Å´’-J-éπí¬ Öçúø-ôç-ûÓ- ´’†ç ûÁLÊ° ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†-©’-í¬F compliments. Ø√o¢Ó Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. Ø√éπ-üËüÓ gift í¬
§ƒô’, é¬Ææh fashion- á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç, ÅGµ-†ç-Cç-îªôç, to com-
M. SURESAN
able í¬ Öçõ‰ Å°æ¤p-úøN, pliment.
´*açC ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈.
stylish, trendy. a) My compliments to you on your high marks in Nimisha: ÅüË îÁ§Òp--aí¬. Åçü¿’™ NÆœ-Tç-îË-
Smart Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç ûÁL-¢Áj†, ®Ω’-Èéj†. the exam= üË-´·çC?
a) The boy is smart. You can't cheat him= marks
°æK-éπ~™ F´¤ ûÁa-èπ◊†o íÌ°æp èπ◊ Ø√ Lipta: O.K.
(Clever).
Ç èπ◊v®√úø’ ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√úø’ †’´¤y ¢√úÕo ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. ANSWER
compliment ûª®√yûª on ´Ææ’hçC. Nimisha: Hi Lipta, new dress? How smart you
¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-™‰´¤.
b) It was smart of her to give such an answer b) He sent his compliments to the actor on his look in the dress! Where did you
Ç Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç Ç¢Á’ ûÁL-N-í¬ØË É*açC. action in the movie= Ç †ô’úÕ íÌ°æp †ô-†èπ◊ buy it and how much is it?
É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x smart Åçõ‰ î√™« ûÁL-Ní¬ Çߪ’† ûª† ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’ °æ秃úø’. Lipta: Thank you for your compliment. Is
ûªy®Ωí¬ Ç™-*ç-îª-í∫© ¨¡éÀh Ö†o ÅØË Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. c) Everyone complimented Dhoni on his won-
the combination really good?
c) Don't try to be smart with me= derful play = üµÓE Çô†’ v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’.
d) He complimented her on her taste in the Nimisha: I am sincere in my compliments.
Ø√ ü¿í∫_®Ω F ûÁLN îª÷°æèπ◊.
choice of her dress = Dress Don't you believe me?
A smart restaurant = a fashionable áç°œ-éπ™ Ç¢Á’
restaurant= ÅGµ-®Ω’-*E Åûª-úø’ éÌE-ߪ÷-ú≈úø’. Lipta: I thought you were flattering me/ I
Food prices are high at this smart restaurant. 5) Compliment èπ◊ é¬Ææh Ææç•çüµ¿ç Ö†o ´’®Ó-´÷ô thought it was flattery/ I took it for
(Ñ fashionable £æ«Ùô™x A†’-•ç-ú≈-®√© üµ¿®Ω áèπ◊\´). flattery. Flattery ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ ¢Á’Ê°p, é¬E flattery flattery.
2) I'm afraid= I am afraid. Afraid èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ Åçõ‰ Éûª-®Ω’-©îË °æE-îË-®·ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÓ, ¢√∞¡x-´©x Nimisha: But you haven't told me where and
Å®Ωnç ´’†ç-ü¿-®Ωèπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’– ¶µºßª’-°æ-úøôç/ ¶µºßª’çûÓ àüÁjØ√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç §Òçü¿-ö«-EéÓ îËÊÆ §Òí∫úøh. how much you bought it for.
Öçúøôç. é¬F Ñ Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç™ I'm afraid Åçõ‰ §Òí∫-úøh©’ flattery. Lipta: I didn't buy it. I got it some how. I
a) He flatters the minister to get his help.
؈’ *çA-Ææ’h-Ø√o-†ØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç. don't want to tire you by telling you
I'm afraid I am not smarter than you= ´’çvA Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç éÓÆæç, Çߪ’Eo §Òí∫-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«úø’. of it.
FéπØ√o ؈’ smart í¬ ™‰ØË-¢Á÷-†E *çA-Ææ’hØ√o. b) Everyone in the world falls for flattery =
Nimisha: (Are) you jealous that I too will buy
Åçõ‰ ´’†-éÀ≠dçæ ™‰E N≠æߪ’ç é¬Ææh ¶«üµ¿ûÓ îÁ°æp- v°æ°æç-îªç™ v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x §Òí∫-úøhèπ◊ ™ÔçÍí-¢√∞Ïx. it?
ö«-EéÀ I'm afraid ÅE ¢√úøû√ç/ I'm afraid ûÓ 6) sincere= ´’†-Ææ÷p¥JhßÁi’†, *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-í∫©.
Lipta: Why such words? You don't know
v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. a) I am sincere in my wish to help you =
a) Nishant: Has Prashanth passed? how much you offend me. I got it as
Fèπ◊ ؈’ Eïç-í¬ØË (´’†-Ææ÷p¥-JhûÓ) Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç
pass a gift unexpectedly.
(v°æ¨»çû˝ Åߪ÷uú≈?) îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç--ô’-Ø√o.
Susanth: I'm afraid, no. b) No politician is sincere about servicing Nimisha: You could have told me so. What is
Pass
(v°æ¨»çû˝ Å´-™‰-ü¿E ¶«üµ¿í¬/ people. = politicians èπ◊ -v°ææñ«-ÊÆ-´™ *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-™‰ü¿’. there in to tire me?
Å®·-≠dçæ í¬ îÁ°æpôç) c) She is sincere student= -Ç-¢Á’ *ûªh-¨¡Ÿ-Cl¥-í∫© Nü∆uJn-E Lipta: That's OK.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Devanath: I bought this shirt for Rs 350/-. A
good bargain, isn't it?
(Ñ shirt ؈’ 350 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o.
´’ç* ¶‰®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆?)
Raghunath: I'm afraid that it is too much for it.
I have a similar shirt. It cost me
just around Rs 250/-
(†’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ °ö«d-´-†’-èπ◊çö«.
Ø√éÀ-™«çöÀ shirt ÖçC. ü∆Eo ؈’ 250
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ éÌØ√o.)
Devanath: You mean I have been cheated?
(Åçõ‰ ؈’ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷-†Ø√?)
Cheat = ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’ôç/ ¢Á÷Ææ-í¬úø’
Cheater ÅØË ´÷ô ™‰ü¿’
Raghunath: If its price is Rs 350/-, you were
charged Rs 100 more. Where did
you buy it?
(†’´y-†oô’x ÅC 350 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„jûË, 100
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’©’ áèπ◊\´ °ö«d´¤. áéπ\úø
éÌØ√o´¤?)
Devanath: At the Fitwell readymade shop.
Raghunath: It is often called the cheatwell
shop. Didn't you know that?
(ü∆Eo cheatwell shop Åçö«®Ωçü¿®Ω÷.
Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü∆?)
Devanath: You should have told me of it earli-
er. Then I wouldn't have been
cheated.
(†’´¤y Ø√èπ◊ ´·çüË îÁ°æ¤pç-ú≈-LqçC. ¢Á÷Ææ-
§Ú-ßË’-¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’.)
Raghunath: I would have, if I had been asked,
and if I had known that you were
going to that shop. Can't it be
returned or exchanged now?
(††o-úÕ-í∫’çõ‰, †’¢√y shop èπ◊ ¢Á∞«h´E
ûÁLÊÆh ؈’ îÁÊ°p-¢√-úÕØË. ü∆Eo°æ¤púø’ AJ-T
-É´y-ö«-E-éÀ-í¬F ´÷®Ω’a-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬F ™‰ü∆?)
Devanath: How can it be, after it has been
used?
(ᙫ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç, ¢√úË-¨»†’ éπü∆?)
Raghunath: Then stop worrying about it. Be
careful in future.
(Å®·ûË Éçéπ-ü∆Eo í∫’Jç* ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊.
Future ™ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Öçúø’)
Devanath: The shop fellow should be taught a
lesson.
(Ç shop ¢√úÕéÀ ¶«í¬ •’Cl¥ îÁ§ƒpL.)
Raghunath: In that attempt, don't be cheated
once more.
(Ç v°æߪ’-ûªoç™ ´’Sx ¢Á÷Ææ-§Úèπ◊)
Devanath: No; I will take you this time. You act
smart in these matters.
(Ñ≤ƒJ E†’o BÆæ’-Èé∞«h. †’Oy N≠æ-ߪ÷™x
ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úÕN)
Raghunath: It will be taken care of, don't worry.
(؈’ îª÷Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«™‰. ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úøèπ◊)
Observe the use of passive forms in the
conversation above:
1) You mean I have been cheated?
2) You were charged Rs 100/- more
3) It is often called the cheatwell shop.
4) I wouldn't have been cheated.
5) ... if I had been asked.
6) How can it be (returned/ exchanged) after it
has been used.
7) The shop fellow should be taught a lesson
8) ... don't be cheated once more
9) It will be taken care of
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Ñ Sentences ™E passive verb forms É°æp-öÀ-
´®Ωèπ◊ îª÷Æœ† verb forms (passive) èπ◊ Åü¿†ç.
1) ... I have been cheated =
¢Á÷ÆæTç-°æ-•-ú≈f†’ = ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
2) Were charged = ´Ææ÷©’ îËߪ’-•-ú≈f´¤ =
F ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* ´Ææ÷©’ î˨»®Ω’.
3) is called =
°œ©-´-•-úø’-ûª’çC/ °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’.
4) Wouldn't have been cheated = ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úË-
¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’ = ¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ßË’-¢√úÕo é¬ü¿’
5) ... had been asked =
Åúø-í∫-•úÕ Öçõ‰/ ††o-úÕT Öçõ‰.
6) a) can be returned/ exchanged =
AJT É´y-•-úø-í∫©/ ´÷®Ωa-•-úø-í∫© = AJT ÉîËaߪ’/
´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫©
b) has been used =
¢√úø-•-úÕçC/ ¢√ú≈ç.
7) should be taught a lesson =
§ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®Ωp-•-ú≈L = §ƒ®∏Ωç ØË®√pL.
8) don't be cheated =
¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úøèπ◊/ ¢Á÷Ææ-§Úèπ◊
9) will be taken care of =
ñ«--ví∫-ûªh BÆæ’-éÓ-•-úø’-ûª’çC/ ñ«ví∫ûªh BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 151
... I have been cheated?
(°j ņ’-¢√-ü¿ç™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀC passive translation
ûÁ©’-í∫’™, ü∆E °æéπ\† Ö†oC normal
(´÷´‚©’) ûÁ©’-í∫’™)
All the verbs above, you notice, are in the be
form + past participle (pp), so they are all in
the passive voice.
passive voice
í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’
lessons ™ îÁ°œp† Ñ points:
have/ has/ had/ shall have/ etc + past par-
ticiple, form ™ Ö†o active voice verbs
Passive form: have/ has/ had/ shall have,
etc èπ◊, ü∆E ûª®√yûª ´îËa past participle
´’üµ¿u™ been °ôd-úø¢Ë’.
1) (Do) you mean I have been cheated.
passive. DEéÀ active- have/ has cheated
Å´¤-ûª’çC éπü∆? =
(Do) you mean that the shop fellow has
cheated me?
ÅüË shop people (≥ƒ°æ¤-¢√∞¡Ÿx) ņ’-èπ◊çõ‰, Å°æ¤púø’
(Do) you mean the shop fellows have cheat-
ed me?
2) you were charged Rs 100/- more: Ééπ\úø pas-
sive, were + pp. DEéÀ active- past doing word
éπü∆? -Å°æ¤p-úø’ sentence, active ™ à´’-´¤-ûª’çC?
The shop fellow charged you Rs 100/- more.
3) It is often called the cheatwell shop =
ü∆Eo cheatwell shop Åçö«®Ω’ (v°æï©’). Ééπ\úø
Passive- is called, 鬕öÀd DEéÀ Active,
I RDW/ II RDW éπü∆? (Past lessons ™E
tables îª÷úøçúÕ) É°æ¤púø’ DEéÀ active - people
call it the cheatwell shop.
4) I wouldn't have been cheated =
؈’ ¢Á÷Ææ-Tç-°æ-•-úË-¢√-úÕo-é¬ü¿’. Ñ verb, ÉüË list
™ °j† verb No 1 äÍé class éπü∆-– have/ has/
had/ would have, etc + PP - Passive, DEéÀ
active ᙫ Öçô’çC? ´’üµ¿u™ been BÊÆ-ߪ’çúÕ.
I wouldn't have been cheated = He/ they (the
shop fellow/ the shop fellows) would not
have cheated me.
Ñ form of the verb Éçûªèπ◊´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ†
Imaginary past form éπü∆.
5) If I had been asked -
ÉC èπÿú≈ verb No 4, verb No 1 ™«Íí ÖçC,
passive ™. DEéÀ active- had been asked ™,
´’üµ¿u been BÊÆ-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’. If I had been asked
(by you) = (Passive) = If you had asked me
(Active)
6) Verb b) has been used.
îª÷úøçúÕ:
verb No. 1, verb No. 4 Passive
™«í¬ØË,
ÖçC. ÉC active has been used
鬢√-©çõ‰
been BÊÆ-ߪ’-ô¢Ë’.It has been used (by me)=
I have used it (active)
7) Verbs no 6 (a) can be
returned, No. 7 should
be taught, No. 9 will
be taken. ÉN ´‚úø’
èπÿú≈ shall/ should/
can/ could/ may/
might/ must etc + 1st
M. SURESAN
RDW passive form
èπ◊
éπü∆.
Verb No. 6 (a) can be returned/ exchanged
èπ◊ (by me)/ Passive - I can return/ exchange it
(Active)
èπ◊ Verb No. 7: Should be taught (by us) -
passive - We should teach him (the shop fel-
ÉC low)- Active.
Verb No.9: Will be taken care of (by me) -
Passive - I will take care of it (Active)
˜ ˜ ˜ d) Only half of the road has been repaired.
In the case of the verbs above, we have
seen the active equivalents of passive
forms.
Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Passive sentences ™, °j† ´’†ç îª÷Æœ†
sentences ™ 'äéπ °æE á´-J-îËûª îËߪ’-•-úÕçC?—
ÅØËC ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? eg: I have been
cheated (¢Á÷Ææ-§Ú-ߪ÷†’) á´-J-îËûª ÅØËC clear
í¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿’. Å™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx ´’†ç Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo
•öÀd Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-¢√L. Ñ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, Shop fellow
ÅE Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-´îª’a. Å°æ¤púø’, Passive †’ç*
active èπ◊ ´÷®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ shop fellow ûÓ sen-
tence begin îË≤ƒhç. Å™« î˨»ç éπü∆ Ééπ\úø?
Å™«Íí If I had been asked - passive ™ ÖçC.
-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 3 -¢Ë’ 2006
by whom (á´J îËûª) ÅØËC Ééπ\úø ûÁL-ߪ’-ôç-
™‰ü¿’. Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†Íéç ûÁ©’-≤ÚhçC– FîËûª =
by you ÅE. 鬕öÀd Active- You ûÓ begin
Å®·u, If you had asked me Å´¤-ûª’çC.
É™«Íí passive ™ by whom/ by what (á´J
îËûª/ üËE îËûª) ÅØËC ´’†ç Ü£œ«ç--éÓ-¢√L.
Passive ÆæJí¬ ¢√úÕ-†-îÓôx, by so and so, °∂晫-Ø√-
¢√∞¡x îËûª ÅØËC omit îËÆæ’hçö«ç. ÉC í∫´’-Eç*
practice îËÊÆh, passive ™ èπÿú≈ ´’† conver-
sation effective í¬ Öçô’çC.
Practise the following in English.
Express the passive equivalents of the
following:
a) Xé¬∞¡-£æ«-ÆœhE ü¿éÀ~ù é¬Qí¬ °œ©’-≤ƒh®Ω’.
b) D§ƒ-´R ®ÓV† buildings †’ D§ƒ-©ûÓ Å©ç-éπ-
ÉC èπÿú≈ J-≤ƒh®Ω’.
™ c) ´’†ç *†o °œ©x-©†’ Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°-ôd-
™ í∫©ç. (passive ™ îÁ§ƒpL).
d) Ñ road Ææí∫¢Ë’ repair î˨»-Jç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊.
e) ؈’ select Å®· ÖçúË-¢√úÕo 鬆’, time èπ◊
ÆæJí¬ Ø√ application ¢√∞¡}èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡x-èπ◊çú≈ Öçõ‰.
f) Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç X Class èπ◊ text book í¬ pre-
scribe 鬴a.
g) ÉC ¢ÁçôØË îËߪ÷L.
h) Åûªúø’ select 鬢√LqçC
i) Ñ road á°æ¤púÓ ¢Ëߪ÷-LqçC.
j) ÉC î√™« Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬ îËߪ’-´îª’a.
ANSWERS
a) Srikalahasti is called Dakshina Kasi/ The
ÉC Kasi of the south.
b) Buildings are decorated with lamps on
the day of Deepavali/ on the Deepavali
day/ on the occasion of Deepavali.
c) Children can be made happy easily
e) I would not have been selected, if my
application had not reached in time. (This
is imaginary past, isn't it?)
f) The book may be prescribed as a text
book for X class.
g) This should be/ must be/ has to be done
at once.
h) He should have been selected (Imaginary
past)
i) This road should have been laid long ago
(Imaginary past)
j) This can be done easily.
II
Spandana: Oh, Chandana, what a relief? I'm
off. I'll be seeing you only after 10
days.
(Chandana, áçûª relief í¬ ÖçüÓ! ؈’
¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’Ø√o. ´’Sx 10 ®ÓV© ûª®√yûª E†’o
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çö«.)
relief= N´·éÀh / ØÁAh-O’-ü¿-†’ç* °ü¿l •®Ω’´¤
Cç*-†-ô’xç-úøôç
Chandana: What are you so excited about?
(Are you) on a holiday or what?
(üËE í∫’Jç* Åçûª Öû√q-£æ«çí¬ ÖØ√o´¤?
ÂÆ©´¤-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢√ à´’Ø√o?)
On a holiday= ÂÆ©´¤-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞¡xôç
Spandana: Happy that I am (on a holiday). I
am going home, sweet home. All
these days I have been dying to be
back home, and I've the chance
now. I've packed up and am leav-
ing.
(ÂÆ©-´¤-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o-†E ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC.
ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞¡ŸhØ√o. ÉçöÀ-Èé-°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«h´÷
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çõ‰, É°æ¤p-úÌ-*açü∆ Å´-鬨¡ç.
≤ƒ´÷-†xEo Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-Ø√o†’, ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o†’.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 152
What a relief! I'm off
Chandana: I am eager to go home too, but I
can't get leave until next month.
How I envy you!
(Ø√èπÿ ÉçöÀ-Èé-∞«x-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçüË, é¬E
´îËa ØÁ©-ü∆é¬ ÂÆ©´¤ üÌ®Ω-éπü¿’. E†’o-îª÷ÊÆh
áçûª Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçüÓ!)
Spandana: I called mom and told her. She is
anxious to see me back. So is dad.
Still two hours for the train and I
feel it's too long. I can't wait any
longer.
(Å´’tèπ◊ phone îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ èπÿú≈
††’o îª÷ú≈-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC. Ø√†oèπ◊
èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. Train ®√´-ö«-EéÀ Éçé¬ È®çúø’
í∫çô-©’çC. áçûª-ÊƧÚ!)
Chandana: I see how impatient you are! So
would anyone be when they have a
chance. How are you going to
spend the days?
3) On a holiday= You are on a holiday, if you
(áçûª ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Å®Ωnç
have break from your work for a few days.
îËÆæ’éÓí∫©†’. á´-È®jØ√ ÅçûË™‰ Å´-鬨¡ç
îË Ê Æ
´ÊÆh. àç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤ Ñ 10
NØÓ- ü ¿ ç í¬ í∫ ú Õ - ° œ û Ë , You are on a
®ÓV©÷?/ ᙫ í∫úø-°æ-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?)
Spandana: Just laze about. I don't want to do Holiday= ÂÆ©´¤, Holidays= ÂÆ©´¤©’– ´·êuçí¬
anything. This nine month grind Nü∆u-®Ω’n© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™
has taken the life out of me. No a) They are on a holiday/ they have gone on a
holiday= (éÌEo®ÓV©§ƒô’) °æE †’ç* N®√´’ç/
leisure. I am fed up with work. Just
eat, sleep, watch the TV and go to Nv¨»çA §Òçü¿ôç. Ü∞¡Ÿx A®Ω’-í∫’ûª÷ NØÓ-ü¿çí¬ iv) ÅÆæ
movies. That's what I am going to í∫úø-°æôç.
do.
(àO’ îËߪ’†’. îËߪ÷-©E ņ’-éÓ-´-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
Ñ ûÌN’tC ØÁ©© °æE Ø√ v§ƒù«Lo ûÓúË-
ÆœçC, Nv¨»çA ÅØËC ™‰èπ◊çú≈. NÆœ-T-§Ú-
ߪ÷†’. A†ôç, Evü¿-§Ú-´ôç, TV îª÷úøôç,
ÆœE-´÷-©-Èé-∞¡xôç– ÉD ؈’ îËߪ’-¶-ßË’C.)
Chandana: Next month I am likely to get my
break. I'll get even with you then.
Bye then. See you.
(´îËa ØÁ© Ø√èπÿ ´Ææ’hçC break. Å°æ¤púø’
FûÓ Ææ´÷-†-´’-´¤û√. ¢ÁRx®√ Å®·ûË)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Look at the following words and expres-
sions from the dialogue between
Spandana and Chandana.
1) What a relief! I'm off; 2) excited; 3) on a
holiday; 4) I've been dying to be back home;
5) I've packed up; 6) I am eager; 7) envy;
8) anxious; 9) can't wait; 10) how impatient
you are!; 11) laze about; 12) the nine month
grind; 13) get even with you.
Learn and practise these expressions
when you speak. Your English will be
very effective.
1) relief:
DE Å®Ωnç ´’†™ î√™«-´’ç-CéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’–
(¶«üµ¿ †’ç* Å®·ûË) Ö°æ-¨¡-´’†ç. (¶«üµ¿u-ûª©’, •®Ω’-
´¤© †’ç* Å®·ûË) Núø’-ü¿©, Åçü¿’-´©x ´îËa
£æ…®·. What a relief!. Å•s, áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ!
äéπ éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† °æE °æ‹®Ωh-®·ûË, äé𠶫üµ¿uûª †’ç*
N´·éÀh §ÒçCûË, ´’†-éπ-E-°œçîË £æ…®·, relief. (Also,
relief from headache, fever, etc.)
I'm off= I am off= I am going= ؈’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-
Ø√o†’– ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-†o-°æ¤púø÷, ¢Á∞¡x-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË-´÷ô– Öçúøôç.
èπ◊x°æhçí¬ áèπ◊\´ Å®√nEo îÁ°æ¤hçC.
He's off. If you want to tell him anything,
hurry up= ¢√úø’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. àü¿Ø√o îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-
èπ◊çõ‰ ¢ÁçôØË îÁ°æ¤p.
2) excited= you are excited when some thing
good happens to you/ when you are very
happy about something.
´’ç* ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’,
ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûª’-†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊
éπLÍí ÆæçûÓ≠æç, Öû√q£æ«ç.
a) They were excited
when their favourite
hero talked to them=
¢√∞¡x ÅGµ-´÷† hero
¢√∞¡x†’ °æ©-éπ-Jç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ M. SURESAN
¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æ-ú≈f®Ω’.
b) He felt excited when he got the prize=
¢√úÕéÀ prize ´*a-†°æ¤p-úø’ î√™« Öû√q-£æ«çí¬
ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
c) The movie is exciting/ It's an exciting movie=
movie.
î√™« ÇÆæ-éÀhE ÆæçûÓ-≥ƒEo éπL-TçîË
d) Nothing exciting about the movie. It's dull=
Ç movie ™ Öû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’iç-üË-D-™‰ü¿’. î√™« ÅØ√-
Ææ-éÀh-éπ-®Ωçí¬ ÖçC. (Dull= unexciting)
e) Exciting news= ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ®Ω N≠æߪ’ç.
°æ E †’ç* éÌEo ®ÓV- © - § ƒô’ Nv¨»ç- A í¬,
holiday.
b) I haven't been on a holiday for the past one
year=
àú≈-Cí¬ Nv¨»çA/ N®√´’ç á®Ω-í∫†’.
Expression No 4: I've been dying, No. 6: I
am eager, No.8: Anxious, No. 9: Can't wait,
and No. 10: How impatient you are. Oô-Eo-öÀéÀ
Å®√n©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ äéπõ‰ – Çûª%ûª °æúøôç, Çûª%-ûªûÓ
áü¿’®Ω’ îª÷úøôç, ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úøôç, ûªy®Ω-°æ-úøôç.
Dying= Ñ Ææçü¿-®Ωs ¥ç™ Dying èπÿ, ü∆E
´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– ´’®Ω-ù«-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’.
Ééπ\úø dying Åçõ‰ ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úøôç.
-¨¡-E-¢√®Ωç 6 -¢Ë’ 2006
He is dying to become a minister=
5) I've packed up= ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-´ôç– v°æߪ÷-ù«-
´’çvA 鬢√©E ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’ EéÀ, É©’x ´÷®Ω-ö«-EéÀ, etc.
He is very eager to become a minister= He
a) Pack up and get out= ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-éÌE ¢ÁRx§Ú.
is anxious to become a minister= He can't
wait to become a minister= He is impatient b) He was packed up and is about to leave=
to become a minister. É´Fo äÍé Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒh®·. ≤ƒ´÷†’x Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊E ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ Æœü¿l¥çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
Çߪ’† ´’çvûª-´-ö«-EéÀ áçûÓ Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖØ√oúøE/ c) Time for us to pack up=
ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o-úøE. ´‚ö«--´·™„x Ææ®Ω’l-éÌØË time ´*açC.
Ñ ´÷ô-© π◊ Éûª®Ω Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®√n©’ îª÷ü∆lç. 7) envy= áEy– 'á— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Ñ®Ω{u, äéπ-J-èπ◊†o
i) Dying - Éü¿ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’ – î√´-¶-ûª’†o ü¿¨¡™ 
´Ææ’h´¤ ´’†èπ◊ ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ´îËa ¶«üµ¿– °æéπ\-¢√-∞¡xèπ◊
鬮Ω’çC, ´’†èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’– Å°æ¤púø’ We envy them.
Dying to do something= ûª£æ«-ûª-£æ«-™«-úø-ôç. (¢√∞¡xçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊ Ñ®Ω{u).
The child is dying to see its mother= a) She envies her sister because she has more
ûªLxE îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Gúøf ûª£æ«-ûª£æ«™«úø’-ûÓçC. jewellery= sister
Ç¢Á’ èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ †í∫©’çúøôç
ii) eager= Çûª%-ûªí¬ Öçúøôç= anxious. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ Ñ®Ω{uí¬ ÖçC.
a) The hero is eager to see/ anxious to see his b) I envy your health=
son also as an actor= hero
actor
Ç èπ◊ ûª† éÌúø’-èπ◊†’ Fèπ◊ Ç®Óí∫uç ÖçC, Ø√èπ◊ ™‰ü¿’– Åçü¿’-´©x Ñ®Ω{u.
èπÿú≈ í¬ îª÷ú≈-©E Çûª%-ûªí¬ ÖçC. 11) Laze (about)=
à °æF îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ lazy (≤Ú´’-J)í¬ Öçúøôç.
a) I like to laze about on the weekend=
¢√®√çûªç °æE-îË-ߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ í∫úø-°æôç
Ø√éÀ≠dçæ .
b) He wastes money and time. He Lazes about:
Time, úø•’s ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’. ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ Öçö«úø’.
b) The patient is eager/ anxious to see the doc-
c) Don't laze about. Do some work =
tor=
®ÓT doctor †’ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ Çûª%ûª °æúø’-ûÓçC. ≤Ú´’-Jí¬ Öçúøèπ◊, àüÓ °æE-îÁß˝’.
Å®·ûË eager èπ◊ ™‰E Å®Ωnç, anxious èπ◊ Ö†o 12) The nine month grind:
ÉçéÓ Å®Ωnç– ´÷†-Æœ-éπçí¬ ÇçüÓ-∞¡†-îÁç-ü¿-ôç. grind Åçõ‰– °œçúÕ-îË-ߪ’ôç ÅØËC ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç.
c) The mother is anxious about the child's con- a) We grind wheat into fine powder (flour) for
dition making chapathis =
Ç ûªLx ûª† Gúøf °æJ-ÆœnA (Ç®Óí∫uç) í∫’Jç* íÓüµ¿’-´’†’ ´’†ç ƒ-B© éÓÆæç °œçúÕ îË≤ƒhç.
ÇçüÓ-∞¡†-îÁç-ü¿’-ûÓçC. grind èπ◊ past tense, past participle- ground.
Ééπ\úø anxious èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ eager ¢√úøç. Å®Ωnç b) He ground the wheat into flour =
äéπõ‰ Å´ü¿’. anxious èπ◊, worried ¢√úÌa. íÓüµ¿’-´’-©†’ °œçúÕ î˨»úø’ (´’®Ω™)
d) The MD (Managing Director) is anxious flour = flower pronounce
™« îËߪ÷L– °∂æx-Å=
about the loss in the profits of the company. °œçúÕ. wheat flour = íÓüµ¿’´’ °œçúÕ.
Company ™«¶µ«© ûªí∫’_-ü¿© í∫’Jç* MD ÇçüÓ-∞¡†
é¬E Ééπ\úø grind èπ◊ Å®Ωnç – v¨¡´’, éπ%≠œ.
îÁçü¿’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’= Çü¿’®√l °æúø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. Nine month grind - ûÌN’tC ØÁ©© v¨¡´’
Anxiety= ÇçüÓ-∞¡† (´÷†-Æ œéπç)
c) I need at least a week's break after this grind
e) She wants to see a psychiatrist about her
Éçûª v¨¡´’°æúÕçûª®√yûª -Ø√èπ◊ éπFÆæç ¢√®Ωç Nv¨»çA
anxiety= ûª† ´÷†-Æœéπ ÇçüÓ-∞¡† N≠æߪ’ç í∫’Jç*
Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
Ç¢Á’ ´÷†-Æœéπ ¢Ájü¿’uúÕo Ææçv°æ-Cç-î√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC.
d) Put him through the grind =
iii) Can't wait= ¢Ë* îª÷ÊÆ ã®Ω’p ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç.
¢√úÕo éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’F.
(wait ´÷´‚-©®Ωnç áü¿’-®Ω’-îª÷-úøôç)
e) Every trainee has to go through daily grind of
a) He can't wait to go to the US=
six hour =
Å¢Á’-J-é¬èπ◊ á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞«l´÷ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’. v°æA trainee (Péπ~ù §ÒçüË-¢√úø’) ®ÓVèπ◊ Ç®Ω’-
b) He can't wait to meet his lover= ûª† v°œßª·-®√Lo í∫ç-ô© v¨¡´’ îËߪ÷Lq Öçô’çC.
á°æ¤p-úÁ-°æ¤púø’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷ ÅE ÖØ√oúø’.
13) get even = °æí∫ B®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç/ ÆæJ-Ææ-´÷†´’´ôç.
impatient= ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ã®Ω’p ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç,
-£æ«-†çí¬ Öçúøôç (opposite of patient)
a) In most Indian movies the hero gets even
with the villain =
a) He doesn't want to wait. He is impatient to
î√™« Indian movies ™ *´-®Ωèπ◊ hero, villain
go=
O’ü¿ °æí∫ B®Ω’a-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’.
Åûª-úø’ Çí∫ô癉ü¿’/ Çí¬-©E ™‰ü¿-ûª-úÕéÀ – ¢ÁRx-§Ú-¢√-©E b) In the 1st match India defeated Pak; but in
ûÌçü¿-®Ω-°æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’. the next match, Pak got even with India.
b) He was impatient at my replies=
¢Á·ü¿öÀ match ™ ãúÕ† Pak, È®çúÓ match ™
Ø√ Ææ´÷-üµ∆-Ø√-©-éπ-ûª-úø’ ã®Ω’p éÓ™p-ߪ÷úø’/ ÅÆæ-£æ«†ç India ûÓ Ææ´÷-†-¢Á’içC.
v°æü¿-Jzç-î√úø’. c) Next month when I go on a holiday, I get
ÉO Ñ Ø√©’í∫’ expressions NNüµ¿ Å®√n©’, even with you =
¢√úø’éπ. OöÀE O’ conversation ™ practice
îËߪ’çúÕ. Å®Ωn-´ç-ûªçí¬ Öçô’çC. Ééπ N’í∫û√ ´îËa ØÁ© Ø√èπ◊ holiday ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’ FûÓ ÆæJ-
´÷ô© Ææçí∫A îª÷ü∆lç. Ææ-´÷-†-´’-´¤-û√†’.
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 8 -¢Ë’ 2006
Vikranth: Any idea when Vijai is coming?
éπE î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ.
(Nïß˝’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúÓ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Now look at the following sentences
Prasanth: Not in the least. I don't know where from the conversation above.
he is now.
1) Any idea when Vijai is coming?
(ÅÆæ©’ ûÁMü¿’. ÅûªúÁéπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ èπÿú≈ 2) Not in the least. I don't know where he is
ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) now.
Vikranth: I do not know what he wants from 3) I do not know what he wants from me.
me. He suddenly rang up yester-
4) He didn't make clear why he would see me.
day to tell me he was coming. He
5) I don't see why you didn't ask him when
didn't make clear why he would d)
exactly he wanted to come. ¢Á∞«x™ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’. Åûª-ØÁ°æ¤púÌÆæ’h-Ø√oúÓ FÈé-´-®ΩØ√o îÁ§ƒp®√? =
see me.
6) We do not know whether to wait for him (Whether N’í∫û√ 'wh' words ™«çöÀC é¬ü¿’ Has any one told you when he will be com-
¢√úÕéÀ Ø√†’ç* àç 鬢√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL- here or go about our work. choice express îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô) ing?
ߪ’-úø癉ü¿’. Ö†o-ô’dçúÕ E†o Phone 7) I insisted that he tell me the purpose of his 8) I don't know why = Å™«Íí Ñ éÀçC 2 sentence èπÿ ûËú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ:
îËÆœ ´Ææ’h-Ø√o-†E îÁ§ƒpúø’. †ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ meeting. áçü¿’éÓ ûÁMü¿’ 1 a) why did he go there? I want to know
éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Ææp≠ædçí¬ 8) I don't know why 9) Did you atleast ask him how he would be Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †÷ éπL°œ ņçúÕ:
îÁ°æp-™‰ü¿’ 9) Did you at least ask him how he would be coming = b) I want to know why he went there.
Prasanth: I don't see why you didn't ask him
coming. ᙫ ´≤ƒhúÓ ÅØÁjØ√ ÅúÕ-í¬¢√? a) sentence question 鬕öÀd why
™E ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
when exactly he wanted to come.
10) I don't see how you could be so indifferent = did he go?
Åçö«ç.
We have work now. We don't know
Åçûª E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬¢Ó Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴- b) È®çúø’ sentences éπL°œ Åçô’Ø√oç 鬕öÀd
whether to wait for him here or to go
úøç-™‰ü¿’ I want to know why he went there Åçö«ç.
about our work.
(ûª†’ correct í¬ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 153 11) I didn't know which phone he was calling
from =
2 a) where did he buy it?
I wish to know
†’¢Áyçü¿’èπ◊ Åúø-í∫-™‰üÓ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴ôç
™‰ü¿’. ´’†-Íé¢Á÷ °æ†’ç--C. ¢√úÕ éÓÆæç

Who knows what he has in his mind?

´’†N’éπ\úø wait îËߪ÷™ ´’† °æE O’ü¿
¢Á∞«x™ ûÁMúøç ™‰ü¿’)
Vikranth: I insisted that he tell me the pur-
pose of his meeting, but he would-
n't. I don't know why.
Prasanth: Did you atleast ask him how he 10) I don't see how you could be so indifferent à phone †’ç* îËÆæ’h-
would becoming? 11) I didn't know which phone he was calling Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁM-™‰ü¿’. Ñ È®çúø’ sentence†÷ éπL°œ äéπ sen-
(éπFÆæç ᙫ ´≤ƒhúÓ ÅúÕ-í¬¢√?) from. 12) I am not able to say tencesí¬ Åçõ‰ Å°æ¤p-úË-´’-´¤-ûª’çC? I wish to
Vikranth: No. 12) I am not able to say whose fault it is. whose fault it is = know where he brought it Åçö«ç.

Prasanth: I don't see how you could be so
indifferent. you could have fixed a
time for his meeting us.
(Åçûª E®Ωx-éπ~uçí¬ á™« Öçúø-í∫-L-í¬¢Ó Å®Ωnç
鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. Åûªúø’ ´’†Lo éπ©’-Ææ’-éÌØË
time Å®·Ø√ E®Ωg-®·ç* ÖçúÌa éπü∆?)
Vikranth: Look here, Prasanth. Not that I
could not ask him all that. I was
about to. But then he disconnected.
(Åü¿çû√ Åúø-í∫-™‰Íéç é¬ü¿’. Åúøí∫¶ßË’-
™í¬ Phone °õ‰d-¨»úø’.)
Prasanth: Why didn't you call him again?
(´’Sx †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Phone îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’?)
Vikranth: I didn't know which Phone he was
calling from. I saw the number on
my cell and called. He called from a
public Phone.
(à Phone ™ç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√oúÓ
Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’-™‰ü¿’. Cell ™ Ç number
îª÷Æœ phone î˨»†’. ÅC Public
Phone)
Prasanth: I am not able to say whose fault it
is.
(ÅC á´J §Ò®Ω-§ƒö ؈’ îÁ°æp-™‰-èπ◊çú≈
ÖØ√o†’)
We are unable to decide what we
have to do now.
(É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç àç îËߪ÷™ ûË©’a-éÓ-™‰-
èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√oç)
Vikranth: Ah here he is! He has come.
(Ç.. ´î√aúËx)
Prasanth: What a relief!
(Å•s ´î√aúø’ éπü∆!)
Ñ≤ƒJ †’ç* é¬Ææh advanced level of
conversational skills îª÷ü∆lç. Åçü¿’-
´’†ç Éçûªèπ◊ ´·çü¿’ clauses †’ í∫’Jç*
ûÁ©’Ææ’èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ í∫’®Ω’h îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
A clause is a group of words with a verb.
(verbÖçúË group of words clause†’
Åçö«ç éπü∆.)
In most sentences above, they are clauses
beginning with 'wh' words (why, what,
when, where, which, who, whom, whose,
and how)
Ñ 'wh' clauses ´’† daily conversation ™
very common. ûÁ©’-í∫’™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’
áçü¿’èπ◊, á´-JûÓ, áçûÓ, á´-JüÓ, ᙫíÓ, ÅØË -¢√-
öÀ-E sentences ™ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆. ÅC
English ™ ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø÷ Öçô’çC. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-
ùèπ◊ °j ¢√öÀ™x I don't know where he is now
ÅØËC BÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç = ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊
ûÁMü¿’. Where he is Åûª-ØÁ-éπ\úø ÖØ√oúÓ.
let us take the clauses which begin
with 'wh' words in the other sentences:
1) Any idea when vijai is coming =
Nïß˝’ á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhúÓ FÍé-´’Ø√o idea Öçü∆?
3) I do not know what he wants from me =
¢√úÕéÀ Ø√†’ç* àç 鬢√™ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’úøç ™‰ü¿’.
4) He didn't make clear why he would see me
¢√úø’- †-ØÁoç-ü¿’èπ◊ îª÷ú≈-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúÓ Ææp≠ædç
îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
5) a) I don't see why you didn't ask him =
†’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Åúø-í∫-™‰üÓ Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’.
(see = îª÷úøôç, éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-
´ôç)
b).... when exactly he wanted to come =
á°æ¤púø’ correct í¬ ®√¢√-©-†’-èπ◊-Ø√oúÓ
6) We do not know whether to wait him for or
to go about our work =
´’†ç ÅûªúÕ éÓÆæç îª÷ú≈™ ™‰ü∆ ´’† °æE-O’ü¿
ÅC á´J ûª§Úp ؈’ É™«ç-öÀC ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ÷L ´’† con-
versation ¶«í¬ freeí¬, fluentí¬ Öçú≈©çõ‰
îÁ°æp-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’.
°j† underline îËÆœ† M. SURESAN ´·êuçí¬ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-¢√-
clause ©Fo èπÿú≈ LqçC 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒç¶µº-´’-ßË’uN á°æ¤púø÷
questions Å´-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿F, wh word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-
'wh' word clauses. Å®·ûË äéπ ´·êu N≠æߪ’ç
ÉN 'wh' words ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’-´¤-ûª’Ø√o, ques- ¶µº-´’ßË’u clauses statement structure™
èπÿú≈ Öçö«-ߪ’E.
tions 鬴¤ ÅE í∫´’-Eç-î √L. Åçü¿’-éπØË ÅN
exercise: practise the following in English
question structure (wh+verb+subject/wh
Vilas: †’¢Áy-°æ¤úø’ AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ correctí¬ îÁ°æp-
word + Helping verb + Sub +Main verb)
™
™‰´¤, Öçúø-èπÿ-úøü¿’. ÉN'wh' word ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-¢Á’i- ™‰ü¿’.
†-°æpöÀéÃ, statement ™ ¶µ«í¬™‰ éπü∆ Åçü¿’-éπE Kailas: á°æ¤p-úÌ-≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé correct idea ™‰ü¿’
statement structure. statement ™ á°æ¤púø÷ Vilas: kumar FûÓ îÁ°æp-™‰ü∆ Ç°æ-EéÀ áçûª time °æúø’-
´·çü¿’í¬ subject verb
ûª®Ω¢√ûª ´≤ƒh®·. ûª’çüÓ †E?
Åçü¿’-éπE Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ wh word claus-
ûÓ ´îËa Kailas: ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.
esÅEoç-öÀ™ wh word sub+verb
ûª®Ω¢√ûª ¢√úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. ¢√úË Ø√èπ◊
structure ™ Öçú≈L. phone îË≤ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’. Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ áçü¿’èπ◊
eg: Åûªúø’ É°æ¤p-úÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oúÓ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁMü¿’. phone îËߪ’-™‰üÓ Å®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’.
O’éÃ-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ûÁLÊÆ Öçô’çC. english™ word Vilas: ÆæÍ®. ¢√úÕéÀ phone îËÆ œ ´’Sx †’¢Áy-°æ¤púø’ ®√í∫-
order °æü∆© Å´’-Jéπ sentence™ ûÁ©’í∫’ word ©¢Ó Ø√ûÓ îÁ°æ¤p. ´’†ç á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-™‰l-®√™
order èπ◊ î√™«-´-®Ωèπ◊ oppositeí¬ Öçô’çC.
E®Ωg-®·ç-î√¢√?
èπ◊úÕ áúø´’ Å´¤ûª’çC. 鬕-öÀd °j sentence ᙫ Kailas: ØËØÁ™« E®Ωg-®·ç-îª-í∫-©†’ ØËØÁ-°æ¤p-úÌ≤ƒhØÓ Ø√Íé
begin îË≤ƒhç? I dont know ûÓ ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË?
I dont know when he will be here. (when will Vilas: Å®·ûË kumar èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË phone îËÆ œ
decide îÁ®·u.
he be here é¬ü¿’ éπü∆?) Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
Answer:
a) á´-J-E °œ©’-≤ƒh-úø-ØËC ¢√úÕéÀ Ææç•çCµç*† N≠æߪ’ç
Vilas: you haven't (have not) told me correct-
= who he is going to invite (whom - old fash- ly when you will return.
ioned) is his business. Kailas: I dont my self/ I myself have a
(Ø√Íé)
correct idea when I will return
b) ¢√úÕ ´’†-Ææ’™ à´·çüÓ á´-JéÀ ûÁ©’Ææ’?
Vilas: Hasn't kumar told you how much time
who knows what he has in his mind?
it will take?
who knows question.
(Ééπ\úø ¶µ«í∫ç Åçü¿’-éπE Kailas: I want to call him. I don't know where
question mark.) he is. He said he would call me. I don't
c) Ç °æ¤-Ææhéπç áéπ\-úø’çüÓ Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ? = see why he hasn't phoned me.
Vilas: OK. Phone him and tell me when you
Do you know where the book is?
can come back again. Have you decid-
(´’Sx í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ where the book is = °æ¤Ææhéπç ed when we should return.
Kailas: when I don't know myself when I will
áéπ\úø ÖçC? ÅE é¬ü¿’ Å®Ωnç. '°æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø
ÖçüÓ— ÅE return
Vilas: Then phone kumar and decide.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Saran: Congrats Varun. I really felt very happy
when I heard that our team had won the
match yesterday. I shall be delighted if I
hear more such news.
(´’† team E†o ÈíL-*ç-ü¿E N†-í¬ØË,
î√™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-°æú≈f†’. É™«çöÀ ¢√®Ωh©’
Éçé¬ Nçõ‰ ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’.)
Varun: Thank you, sir. We are glad that we
always have your encouragement.
(O’ v§Úû√q£æ«ç ´÷èπ◊ç-úøôç ´÷Èé-°æ¤púø÷
ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’)
Saran: Boys, I was telling you all along that you
should not lose confidence.
(O’èπ◊ ؈’ îÁ•’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o†’ éπü∆, Çûªt- 2) °∂晫† °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç (to go = ¢Á∞¡xôç)
N-¨»yÆæç éÓ™p-èπÿ-úø-ü¿E.)
Varun: Thank you again sir. In fact we didn't
expect that we would win. But we
played to our capacity. The other team's
mistakes helped us.
(´’Sx thanks. ÅÆæ©’ ¢Ë’ç Èí©’-≤ƒh-´’-†’-éÓ-
™‰ü¿’. Å®·ûË ´÷ ¨¡éÀh-éÌDl Çú≈ç, Å´-ûªL
team §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’x ´÷èπ◊ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»®·.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 154
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Clause Åçõ‰– Verb Ö†o group of words.
´’†ç ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ ´’† sentences ™
O™„j-†çûª´®Ωèπÿ clauses ûªT_ç--èπ◊çõ‰ sentences
Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬ Åçü¿-Jéà ŮΩnç ÅßË’u-ô’xç-ö«®·. Å®·ûË
é¬xV©’ ᙫ ´C-Lç--éÓ-´ôç? Infinitives ¢√úÕ.
Infinitive Åçõ‰? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ È®çúø’, ´‚úø’
≤ƒ®Ω’x N´-Jç-î√ç -éπü∆? ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h-îË-Ææ’hØ√oç.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Infinitive Åçõ‰, to + Ist RDW
(Regular Doing Word)- to go, to come, to
walk, to learn, etc. infinitives.
É´Fo
Infinitive
èπ◊ Å®Ωnç-–
1) °∂晫† °æE-îÁ-ߪ÷u-©E (to go = ¢Á∞«x-©E)
3) °∂晫† °æE-îË-ߪ’-ö«-EéÀ (to go = ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ)
a) I want to go =
Ø√èπ◊ ¢Á∞«x-©E ÖçC.
b) To go now is not safe =
É°æ¤púø’ ¢Á∞¡xôç Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’.
c) He stood up to go -
¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ ™‰* E©’--Ø√oúø’.
î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x °ü¿l-°ü¿l clause ©èπ◊ •ü¿’©’,
Infinitive ¢√úÕ Ææç-¶µ«-≠æù Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’-´îª’a.
How we can do it is the matter of this lesson.
Let's now look at the following sentences
from the conversation above.
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 1 -¢Ë’ 2006
2) I shall be delighted if I hear more such news
4) É™«çöÀ P©pç îª÷Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Ø√èπ◊ °æ¤©-éÀçûªí¬ ÖçC.
= (delighted = ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçúøôç)
I am thrilled that I have seen such a beauti-
3) We are glad that we always have your
ful statue =
encouragement =
I am really thrilled to have seen...
We are glad to have your encouragement
É™«çöÀ examples †’ O’®Ω÷ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
4) I was telling you all along that you should not
Infinitive ´©xØË é¬èπ◊çú≈, ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ÉçÍé
lose confidence =
Nüµ¿çí¬ØÁjØ√ sentences †’ Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’-ö«Eo
I was telling you not to lose confidence
practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
5) We didn't expect that we would win the
match =
... expect to win
6) I warned you that you shouldn't take things
lightly and that you should be aggressive = EXERCISE
I warned not to take things lightly and to be Practise the following aloud in
aggressive. English. Use only infinitives.
7) We.. that we have such encouragement and
Komal: †’´¤y foreign ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o-´E NE
advice from you =
Ø√èπ◊ î√™« džçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.
Syamal: †’´¤y èπÿú≈ ûªy®Ω™ØË Åéπ\-úÕ-éÌ-Ææ’h-

We are glad to have your.. Komal:

Saran: I warned you too that you should not
take things lightly, and you should be
aggressive.
(-N’-´’t-Lo £«îªa-Jç-î√†’ èπÿú≈, üËFo ûËL-
éπí¬ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπÿ-úø-ü¿F, ü¿÷èπ◊-úø’í¬ Öçú≈-©F.)
aggressive= ü¿÷èπ◊-úø’í¬, îÌ®Ω-´í¬ Öçúøôç
Varun: True sir. We are delighted that we have
such encouragement and advice from
you. We are thrilled that we have won
this difficult match.
(Eï-´’çúÕ. Å™«çöÀ v§Úû√q£æ«ç, Ææ©£æ…
O’®Ω’ ´÷éÀ-Ææ’h-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√-™« ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬
ÖçC. Éçûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† match ÈíL-î√-´’E
°æ¤©-éÀç-ûªí¬ ÖçC.)
Saran: My only desire is that I should not hear
about the defeat of our college team in
any match.
Varun: You can be sure that we will always do
our best sir.
(¨»ßª’-¨¡-èπ◊h™« ¢Ë’ç v°æߪ’ûªoç îË≤ƒh´’E
O’®Ω’ †¢Á·ta)
Saran: I was a bit hurt when I heard some of
the lecturers talking low of our team.
(´’† lecturers ™ éÌçü¿®Ω’ ´’† team
í∫’Jç* ûªèπ◊\-´ -îËÆœ ´÷ö«x-ú≈-®ΩE ¶«üµ¿-
°æ-ú≈f†’).
Varun: Let them sir. They will be surprised
when they hear our team too can win
matches.
(
´÷ö«x-úø-E-´yçúÕ, sir, ´’† team èπÿú≈
matches Èí©-´-í∫-©-ü¿E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’
Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-§Ú-û√®Ω’).
Saran: OK boy, keep it up. ( Å™«-Íí-é¬F).
English conversation, simple í¬, direct í¬ Öçõ‰
î√™« Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E ¢Á·ü¿-öÀ-†’ç* îÁ°æ‹hØË
ÖØ√oç. Ñ lesson ™ ÉC ´’®Ó-≤ƒJ îª÷ü∆lç.
1) I really felt happy
when I heard that our
team had won the
match.
2) I shall be delighted if I
hear more such news.
M. SURESAN
3) We are glad that we
always have your encouragement.
4) I was telling you all along that you should not
lose confidence.
5) ...We didn't expect that we would win the
match.
6) I warned you that you should not take things
lightly and that you should be aggressive
7) ... We are delighted that we have such
encouragement and advice from you
8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult
match
9) My only desire is that I should not hear about
the defeat of our college team
10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of the
lecturers talking low...
11) They will be surprised when they hear our
team too can win matches.
All the parts of sentences underlined
above are clauses, aren't they? We are
now going to simplify them by using
infinitives in their places.
clauses ≤ƒn†ç™ infinitives ¢√úÕ sentences
†’ É™« Ææ®Ω∞¡ç îËߪ’çúÕ.
1) I really felt happy when I heard our team had
won the match.
I really felt happy to hear that our team had
won the match... to hear about our team's
success.
îª÷úøçúÕ áçûª simple Å®·-§Ú-®·çüÓ to hear
ûÓ infinitive ´©x.
Ø√o-´E ûÁLÆœ ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-Ææ’h-
Ø√o†’.
ØËØ√ v°æߪ’ûªoç O’ü¿ ÖØ√o-†E
ûÁLÊÆh ´÷ Å´÷t, Ø√Ø√o Eïçí¬
¶«üµ¿-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’. ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ؈’
We are delighted to have such encourage-
™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç éπ≠ædçí¬
ment and advice from you =
Öçô’çC.
...to have your encouragement and advice.
Syamal: ††’o ¢Á∞¡x-E-´yôç ´÷ Å´’tèπÿ
8) We are thrilled that we have won this difficult
É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. é¬F ØËØË †îªa-ñ„§ƒp†’.
match =
Komal: ´÷ Å´’t ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬
We are thrilled to have won this difficult
AJT ´îËa-≤ƒh-†E ´÷ô É≤ƒh.
match
¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ûªy®Ω™ ÅC Å©-¢√-õ„j-
9) My only desire is that I should not hear about §Ú-ûª’çC.
the defeat of our college team =
Syamal: Å®·ûË ´÷ Ø√†o ´÷vûªç î√™«
My only desire is not to hear the ... of our Ö§Òpç-T-§Ú-ߪ÷úø’ Ø√éà Ŵ-鬨¡ç
college teams
´*aç-ü¿E N†-ö«-EéÀ.
10) I was a bit hurt when I heard some of our Komal: ؈÷ v°æߪ’-Ao≤ƒh.
lecturers talking low ... to hear some of our
lecturers ... ANSWER
11) They will be surprised when they hear our Komal: I am very happy to hear that
team... = They will be surprised to hear... you are going abroad/ about
So, you have seen how an infinitive can your travel abroad.
make your speech shorter, simpler and
Syamal: I am happy too that to know
direct.
that you too are coming.
°j† ´’†ç infinitive ûÓ replace îËÆœ† ¢√öÀ™x Komal: Mom and dad will be sorry to
áèπ◊\´ that clauses. (that ûÓ begin ÅßË’u know about my trials. It will
clauses éπü∆) OöÀE ´·êuçí¬ infinitive ûÓ
be difficult for them to be
replace îËÆ œ, short îËߪ’-´îª’a.
without me.
Éçé¬ îª÷úøçúÕ.
Syamal: Mom didn't like to hear it first,
1) †’´¤y exam ™ fail Åߪ÷u-´E Nçõ‰ ؈’ ¶«üµ¿-
but I convinced her.
°æ-úø-û√†’ =
Komal: I will promise to mom and
I shall be sorry if I hear that you have failed
dad to return early. Soon they
the exam =
will get used to it.
I shall be sorry to hear that you have...
2) ( get used = be used =
Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞«xLq ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ؈’ î√™« ¶«üµ¿-
°æ-ú≈f†’ = Å©-¢√-ô’-°æ-úøôç)
I was sorry that I had to leave so early =
Syamal: Dad was happy to hear that I
I was sorry to leave so early
got this opportunity.
3) É™«çöÀ v°æ¨»çûª v°æüË-¨¡ç™ Ø√éÓ É©’xçõ‰ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-
°æ-úø-û√†’ = Komal: I'll try too.
I'd (I would) love it if I had a house in such
a peaceful place = I'd (I would) love to have
a house in...

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 13 -¢Ë’ 2006
Sampurna: Here is the book you asked for yes-
terday
É°æpöÀ (present day) ¢√úøéπç (usage) ™ whom
(E†o †’´y-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉCíÓ) ¢√ú≈-Lq†îÓô who ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
Who? = á´®Ω’?; whom? = á´-JE?
Prapurna: Happy it's here. Where did you find
a) Who did this? = ÉC á´®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’?
it?
b) Who sees such movies? =
(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. Fèπ◊ áéπ\úø éπE-°œç-*çC?) Å™«çöÀ ÆœE-´÷©’ á´®Ω’ îª÷≤ƒh®Ω’?
Sampurna: It was among the books you kept in
c) Whom do you know? = O’Èé-´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’?
the shelf.
d) With whom did you come?=
(shelf – Å™«t-®√™ †’´¤y °öÀd†
°æ¤Ææh鬙x ÖçC.) †’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´î√a´¤?
So we know the difference between who and
Prapurna: Oh I forgot to look for it there. b) He is a doctor. He charges high fees. (The books which you kept - old usage) =
whom, don't we?
Nirmala wanted it. fees shelf
Modern English ™ á´®Ω’? á´-JE? ÅØË È®çúø’ Çߪ’ØÓ ¢Ájü¿’uúø’. Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\´ BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. †’´¤y ™ °öÀd† °æ¤Ææh-鬙x Öçü¿C.
(Åéπ\úø ¢Áü¿-éπôç ´’®Ω-*-§Úߪ÷. E®Ωt-©èπ◊ Å®√n-©-ûÓ†÷ who correct
¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. ÅüË éπ©-°æçúÕ: 3) The girl I introduced to you
ÅC 鬢√Lq ´*açC.) èπÿú≈. He is a doctor who charges high fees. ؈’ Fèπ◊ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ† Å´÷t®·
Sampurna: Which Nirmala? c) She is a great doctor. Everyone likes her. (The girl whom (wrong)/ Who (right) I intro-
Study (°æJ-Q-Lç-îªçúÕ) the following:
Prapurna: The girl I introduced to you, the doctor. duced to you)
1. O’J-éπ\úø á´-JE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Ç¢Á’ íÌ°æp v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x Ç¢Á’E É≠æd°æ-úø-û√®Ω’.
other day, on our way to the shop. 4) ... the girl you call college beauty? =
a) Whom do you want to meet here? éπ©-°æçúÕ:
(´’†ç ¢Á·ØÓo®ÓV† shop Èé∞¡Ÿh-†o-°æ¤púø’ She is a great doctor whom everyone likes. college beauty
(Old fashioned and incorrect. §ƒûª ¢√úø’éπ – ûª°æ¤p) †’´¤y ÅØË Å´÷t®·
Fèπ◊ ؈’ °æJ-îªßª’ç îËÆœ† Å´÷t®·.) b) Who do you want to meet here? 'whom'
Ééπ\úø correct,
äéπ-°æ¤púø’ whom É°æ¤púø’ ( the girl whom (wrong) / who (right) you call
The other day = ¢Á·ØÓo-®Ó-V† who college beauty?)
(Modern usage and correct. right).
É°æp-öÀ-¢√-úø’éπ – •ü¿’©’ ¢√úøû√ç.
Sampurna: Isn't that the girl you call the col- She is a great doctor who everyone likes. 5) ... but that (she) is also one you find to be
2. O’éÀ-éπ\úø á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? =
lege beauty? d) He is the person who I consult before taking very simple and humble =
a) Whom do you know here. (old fashioned
(†’´¤y college beauty ÅØËC Ç a decision. simple
and wrong) -E®Ωg-ߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ ؈’ í¬ Eí∫-Jyí¬ éπE-°œçîË Å´÷t®· èπÿú≈ ûªØË
Å´÷tßË’ éπü∆?) consult whom
îËÊÆC Çߪ’ØËo. (Ééπ\úø §ƒûª-•-úÕ- (she is also the girl whom (wrong)/ who
Prapurna: That she is. But that's also one you §Ú-®·çC.who correct.) (right) you find simple and humble)
find to be very simple and humble whom
Å®·ûË ã ´·êu¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx 6) She is the one who all like =
too. ¢√úø-ôç-™‰ü¿’. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ who ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æúË Å´÷t®· =
(Å´¤†’. Å®·ûË ÅüË Å´÷t®· î√™«
simple, Eí∫Jy èπÿú≈.)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 155 É°æ¤púø’ È®çúÕç-öÀ™ àD ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ ´÷ö«x-úøôç
Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷í∫uç.
She is the one all like (who
ûª°æ¤p)
Åéπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’, whom

humble= í∫®Ωyç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç

Sampurna: She is the one who all like, you
said.
(Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-éÌ-ØËC Ç Å´÷t-®·ØË
ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆ †’´¤y?)
Prapurna: She is getting married. Who do
Who do you know here?
you think she is going to marry?
(ûªy®Ω-™ØË Â°Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûÓçC. á´-JE b) Who do you know here? (Modern and correct) a) v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x É≠æd-°æúË doctor 7) Who, do you think, she is going to marry? =
ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?) 3. Ç¢Á’ á´JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-*çC? Ç¢Á’. Ç¢Á’ á´-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-¶-ûÓç-ü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?
Sampurna: Who do you take me for? Am I an (á´-JE ÅØ√o èπÿú≈ whom ®√ü¿’)
a) Whom did she consult? (Old fashioned She is a doctor every-
astrologer? How do I know unless 8) Who do you take me for? =
and wrong) one likes.
you tell me?
b) Who did she consult? (Modern and correct) îª÷¨»®√? Ééπ\úø every-
ØËØÁ-´-®ΩoE ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤?
(ØËØÁ-´-®Ωo-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ñÆæ’u-úÕØ√ Now observe the following: (whom ®√ü¿’ – 'á´Jo— ņo-°æp-öÀéÃ)
one ´·çü¿’ who/
àN’öÀ? †’´¤y îÁ°æp-éπ-§ÚûË Ø√È陫 ûÁ©’- 1. 9) He is the one we sent pickles to =
O’®Ω’ ÆœE´÷èπ◊ á´-JûÓ ¢Á∞«}®Ω’? whom M. SURESAN (to whom
Ææ’hçC?) ™‰éπ-§Ú-´ôç. ÉD
Who did you go to the movie with? present usage.
´’†ç Ü®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ °æç°œ-†-ûª†’. ®√ü¿’)
Prapurna: My cousin Sravan.
(Old form and incorrect with whom did you b) EXERCISE
Sampurna: Do I know him? E®Ωgߪ’ç BÆæ’-èπ◊-ØË-´·çü¿’ ؈’ Ææçv°æ-CçîË ´uéÀh
go to the movie?)
(Åûªúø’ Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) 2.
Çߪ’†. Practise the following aloud in English
Prapurna: Yea. You met him last summer.
O’èπ◊ Ç Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç á´J †’ç* ´*açC? He is the person I consult before taking a
Who did you get the information from? Vasanth:E†o †’´¤y ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-†o-üÁ-´-JûÓ?
Software engineer in the US. He is decision. (the person who/ whom I consult
(From whom did you get the information? Hemanth: †’´¤y ¢Á·†o chess ÇúÕ† ¨¡P-®˝ûÓ
the guy we sent pickles to, last who
ņ-ôç-™‰-C-°æ¤púø’. ¢√úÕûË ûª°æ¤p-™‰ü¿’)
wrong -old usage) Vasanth:´’ç* game Çúø-û√úø’. ؈’ ¢Á’a-éÌØË
month. Don't you remember? c) Secretary student
í¬ ¢√∞Îx-†’o-èπ◊-†oC Ç ØË.
3. †’´¤y á´-JE í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o¢˛? He is the student they have elected secretary
¢√∞¡x™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.
summer
(ûÁ©’Ææ’. §Ú®·† †’´y-ûª-úÕE Who are you talking about? Hemanth: î√™« ®Ω’èπ◊. Åûª†’ ÇúË game Å®Ωnç
îª÷¨»´¤. í∫’®Ω’hçü∆, éÀçü¿-öÀ-ØÁ© ÅûªúÕéÀ (student who/ whom who é¬ü¿’) ¢√úÌa.
(Old form and incorrect: About whom are d) teacher
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« éπ≠dçæ . Å™«çöÀ game
´’†ç pickles = Ü®Ω-í¬-ߪ’©’ °æ秃ç) you talking?/ Whom are you talking about?)
؈’ ÅGµ´÷EçîË Çߪ’†
Çúø-û√-úø-ûª†’.
Sampurna: I remember him. He is the teacher I admire.
English con- Vasanth: †’´¤y î√™« ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-í∫© ¢√∞¡x™  Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.
´ ´ ´
ÉC î√™« ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√L (who/ whom who
é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø-´îª’a.)
versation ™. á´-JE ÅEquestions ÅúÕ-Íí-ô-III. Which Which
؈’ î√™« É≠æd-°æ-úË-¢√-∞¡x™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’.
English conversation ™ whom, which Ö°æ- whom who
N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ ÉçûË. èπÿú≈
Hemanth: ÅûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ͮ°-∞«l´÷?
ßÁ÷-í¬©’ î√™« interesting í¬ Öçö«®·.
°æ¤púø’ ™‰†õ‰x. ü∆E •ü¿’©’ ¢√úøôç È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ sentences äéπ-öÀí¬ éπ©-°æú≈EéÀ
correct. Vasanth: ÅûªE ´÷´’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ØË íÌ°æp
´·êuçí¬ questions. OöÀûÓ questions ÅúÕÍí a)
¢√úøû√ç.
lawyer. Çߪ’† Í®§Ò-Ææ’hØ√oúø’. ´’†ç
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ î√™« ´÷®Ìp-*açC. ´’† conversa-
E†o †’´¤y á´-JûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? eg: He bought a car. It is blue.
Who were you talking to yesterday? Çߪ’† car éÌØ√oúø’. ÅC blue á©’xçúÕ ¢Á∞«lç.
tion, modern í¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰ OöÀE áéπ\úø ¢√úø- (with/ to whom were you talking The car which he bought is blue. ANSWER
é¬ü¿’)
èπÿ-úøüÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç î√™« ´·êuç. b) Åûªúø’ á´-JE °Rx îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? b) I gave you a book. It is my sister's.
I. Whom = á´-JE, á´-JéÀ (to ûÓ) – ÉC ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà Who is he marrying? (FéÓ °æ¤Ææhéπç Éî√a†’. ÅC ´÷ sister C) Vasanth: Who were you talking to, yesterday?
ûÁ©’Ææ’. (Whom is he marrying? é¬ü¿’) The book which I gave you is my sister's. Hemanth: Sasir, you played chess with the day
1. Whom do you want to meet here? =
c) †’¢Áy-´-JéÀ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? Modern conversation ™ °j sentences ™«çöÀ before.
O’J-éπ\úø á´-JE éπ©-¢√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Who are you helping?
2. Whom do you know here? = ¢√öÀ™x whom ™«í¬, which èπÿú≈ °æ‹Jhí¬ ´C-™‰- Vasanth: He plays a good game. He is among
(Whom are you helping é¬ü¿’) Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. those I admire.
O’éÀ-éπ\úø á´®Ω’ ûÁ©’Ææ’? II. Who, whose, whom and which- ques-
3. Whom did she consult? =
OöÀE a) The car which he bought is blue = Hemanth: Quite smart/ sharp. Difficult to
tions sen-
understand the game he plays. He
Åúø-í∫-ö«-EÍé é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
Ç¢Á’ á´-JE Ææçv°æ-Cç-*çC?
°j questions ™ ´’†Íéç N*vûªç ÅE-°œç-îªúøç tences sentence
†’ äéπ í¬ éπ©-°æ-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ b) The car he bought is blue.
The book I gave you is my sister's plays such a game.
™‰ü¿’-éπü∆? Å´Fo questions. á´-JE ņ-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç.
sentences ØË Ñ lesson v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ Vasanth: He is one you can learn a lot from,
a) I saw a man. He was taller than six feet.
É™«çöÀ
English ™ whom ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË Â°j Nüµ¿çí¬ and I like a lot.
Ææç°æ‹-®Ωgèπ◊, v°æ°æ‹-®Ωgèπ◊ ïJ-T† Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ îª÷úøçúÕ.
whom ûÓ questions Åúø-í∫ôç/ begin îËߪ’ôç ØËØÌéπ ´’E-≠œE îª÷¨»†’. Åûªúø’ Ç®Ωúø’-í∫’-©-éπçõ‰
Hemanth: Shall we go to him tomorrow?
áûª’h (í¬ ÖØ√oúø’). Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ äéπ- 1) Here is the book you asked for yesterday
°æ‹Jhí¬ old fashioned. English ÆæJí¬_ ´÷ö«x-úø’- Vasanth: His uncle is a lawyer everyone prais-
(The book which you asked for - old usage)
ûª’-†o-¢√-È®-´®Ω÷ Å™«çöÀ questions Åúø-í∫®Ω’. öÀí¬ îËü∆lç.
es. He is coming tomorrow. We will
á´-È®jØ√ Å™«çöÀ questions ÅúÕ-TûË Nçûªí¬ I saw a man who was taller than six feet = †’´¤y E†o-úÕ-T† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉCíÓ.
(Ç®Ω-úø-í∫’-©-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ áûªh-®·† ´’E-≠œE ؈’ îª÷¨»†’) 2) It was among the books you kept in the shelf. go the day after.
NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC speakers of modern English èπ◊.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Tarun: No bus is coming. No auto (is) in sight.
eg. a) To walk
So what are we going to do?
(Bus àD ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’. Auto Å®·Ø√ éπE-°œç-
îªôç ™‰ü¿’. àç îËü∆l-´’ç-ö«´¤?)
Kiran: Let's start walking. If we chance upon an
auto on the way we'll take it, or else I
don't mind walking the whole distance.
(Å®·ûË †úø’ü∆lç. ´’üµ¿u™ Auto üÌJ-éÀûË
ü∆E™ ¢Á∞«lç. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ¢Á·ûªhç ü¿÷®Ωç †úø-´-ö«-
Eéà Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª®Ωç ™‰ü¿’.)
On the way = ü∆J™
Chance upon = ņ’-éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ éπE-°œç-îªúøç
Tarun:You talking of walking! That's surprising
since when did you start liking walking,
buddy?
(†’´¤y †úø’-ü∆l-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√! Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’! á°æp-öÀ-
†’ç* †úøéπ O’ü¿ É≠ædç éπL-TçC Fèπ◊?)
buddy = v°œßª’ N’vûª’-úÕE Ææç¶-CµçîË Nüµ∆†ç
(American)
Kiran: Stop it. I've always liked walking. I avoid
walking only in hot sun or when I don't
have the time.
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 15 -¢Ë’ 2006
(†úø-´ôç) is good for health
(Ç®Ó-í∫u-éπ®Ωç) = walking (†úø-´ôç) is good
for health
b) To get up so early is not easy = getting
up so early is not easy =
Åçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’.
c) I hate to get up late =
Ç©-Ææuçí¬ Evü¿-™‰-´ôç ØËE-≠d-°æ æ-úø†’ =
I hate getting up late.
d) He likes to swim in cold water = 6) I shall appreciate your walking =
2) I don't mind walking - verb mind ü∆E ûª®√yûª
îªFo-∞¡x™ Ñü¿ôç Åûª-E-éÀ≠dçæ =
walking, '-ing' form. Mind Åçõ‰ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç †’´¤y †úø-´ôç ؈’ ÆæçûÓ-≠œ-≤ƒh†’/ ¢Á’a-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
He likes swimming in cold water. appreciate + your walking ('-ing' form)
îÁ°æpôç.
í∫´’-Eçî√ç éπü∆ – Infinitive ¢√úË îÓôx '-ing'. I don't mind walking = She will appreciate your help =
°j sentences ™ äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ´·êuçí¬ †úø-´ôç Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. F Ææ£æ…-ߪ÷Eo Ç¢Á’ £æ«J{-Ææ’hçC.
í∫´’-E≤ƒhç. sentences a), b) ™x Infinitive †÷, appreciate + help (noun)
Mind ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' form ´Ææ’hçC.
'-ing' form †÷ independent í¬ Åçõ‰ sen-
™‰éπ-§ÚûË noun ´Ææ’hçC. Appreciate ûª®√yûª 'If' clause èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.
tence èπ◊ subject í¬ ¢√ú≈ç.
eg: I don't mind the expenditure = a) I shall appreciate if you walk
ÅüË, c), d) ™x Infinitive †÷, '-ing' form †÷ b) I shall appreciate if you help me.
hate, like ™«çöÀ verbs ûª®√yûª ¢√ú≈ç éπü∆. Ç ê®Ω’a Ø√éπ-¶µºuç-ûª-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’ / ê®Ω’a N≠æߪ’ç
؈’ °æöÀdç--éÓ†’. Expenditure, noun éπü∆. a), b) ™x appreciate + 'if' clause.
a), b) ™x ™«í¬ independent í¬ ¢√úË-ô-°æ¤púø’
infinitive †’ '-ing' form †÷ äéπ-ü∆E •ü¿’©’ '-ing' form ûÓ: I don't mind spending the 7) I hate backing out -
ÉçéÌ-éπöÀ á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ ¢√úÌa. money = ¢Á†-éπ-úø’í∫’ ¢Ëߪ’ôç Ø√éÀ-≠dçæ -™‰ü¿’ =
a) To waste time/ wasting time is never Ç úø•’s ê®Ω’a-°-ôdôç Ø√Íéç ¶«üµ¿-é¬ü¿’. I hate to back out (hate + infinitive). hate
good Mind °æéπ\† 'if' clause ´Ææ’hçC. ûª®√yûª È®çúø÷, Åçõ‰ Infinitive, '-ing' form

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 156
b) To walk alone/ walking alone at midnight He doesn't mind if I use his bike = ¢√úø-´îª’a—
is not always safe = ÅûªúÕ bike ؈’ ¢√úø’-èπ◊çõ‰ ÅûªØËç ņ’-éÓúø’. 8) You waste time talking - Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ waste
ûª®√yûª àC waste îË≤ƒh¢Á÷ ü∆Eo îÁ°œp, Ç ûª®√yûª
'ing' form´Ææ’hçC.
a) He wastes time talking about others =

She likes dancing Éûª-®Ω’-©†’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷

îË≤ƒhúø’.
b) He wastes money indulging in luxuries =
time waste

N™«-≤ƒ™x §ƒ™Ô_çô÷ üµ¿†ç ´%ü∑∆ îË≤ƒhúø’.

Ééπ\úø infinitive ®√ü¿’.
(Ééπ Ç°æ¤. Ø√èπ◊ †úø-éπçõ‰ á°æ¤púø÷ É≠æd¢Ë’. Å®Ωl¥-®√-vA-°æ‹ô äçô-Jí¬ é¬•öÀd 'mind'
°æéπ\† '-ing' form / noun/ 'if'
clause ´≤ƒh®·. infinitive ´÷vûªç ®√ü¿’. Practise the following aloud in English
¶«í¬ áçúøí¬ Ö†o-°æ¤púø’, Ø√èπ◊ time ™‰†-°æ¤úø’ †úø-´ôç Íé~´’ç é¬ü¿’.
´÷vûª¢Ë’ †úøéπ ´÷†-û√†’.) Å®·ûË (c), (d) © Sentence No 3 ™ 'avoid' ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ 'ing' form Laxman: Hi Arjun,
àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©÷?
Avoid = ´÷†ôç!/ îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç ™«çöÀ sentences ™ é¬F, noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. infinitive ®√ü¿’. [avoid Arjun:
àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. F îËA™ Ç
Tarun:Ok. Let's stop arguing. Come, let's enjoy éÌEo verbs °æéπ\ØË = (àüÁjØ√ °æE) îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç] °æ¤Ææhéπç àçöÀ?
walking. As you said I shall appreciate infinitive, '-ing' form a) I avoid walking ('-'ing' form) = Laxman: àüÓ detective novel. Åô’-´ç-öÀN îªü¿-
your walking the whole distance. ´÷Ja ¢√úø-í∫©ç. éÌEo ؈’ †úø-´ôç ´÷†’-èπ◊çö«. ´ôç FéÀ-≠dçæ -™‰-ü¿’-éπü∆?
(ÆæÍ®x. ´’†ç ¢√Cç-îªúøç Ç°œ †úøéπ†’ enjoy Éûª®Ω verbs, expres- M. SURESAN b) He avoids Govind because he owes him Arjun: Correct. †’¢Áyç-ü¿’èπ◊ Å™«ç-öÀN îªü¿’-´¤ûª÷
îËü∆lç. †’´y-†oô’d Åçûª ü¿÷®Ω´‚ †úÕÊÆh sions °æéπ\† Infinitive money. time waste îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤? ¢√öÀ-éπçõ‰
Ø√èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ¢Ë’/ E†’o ¢Á’a-èπ◊çö«.) †’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬F, '-ing' form †’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬E (Åûªúø’ Govind èπ◊ Å°æ¤p-Ø√oúø’ 鬕öÀd îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ ´’ç* novels î√™« ÖØ√o®· éπü∆?
Appreciate = ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-îªôç/ ¢Á’a-éÓ-´ôç ¢√úø-í∫©ç. éÀçC verbs °æéπ\† È®çúø÷ ¢√úø-í∫©ç. ûª°œpç-èπ◊ A®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’) Laxman: Eï¢Ë’. é¬F OöÀE îªü¿-´-ö«-EÍé ؈’ áèπ◊\´
Kiran: Come on. Let's start. I hate backing out. 1) Start 2) begin 3) like 4) dislike 5) love Ééπ\úø avoid = äéπ-JE îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ / éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ- É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√†’. Serious novels îªü¿-´ôç
6) hate 7) remember 8) forget 9) propose, etc. èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç. ؈’ avoid îË≤ƒh†’. Åçûª concentrate
(°æü¿, •ßª’-™‰l-®Ωü∆ç. ¢Á†éÀ\ ûªí∫_ôç Åçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊
É≠ædç Öçúøü¿’.) 1) He started to sing/ started singing Why are you avoiding me? = îËߪ’-™‰†’ ؈’.
Tarun:You waste time talking. Show it in action. §ƒúøôç ¢Á·ü¿-©’-°-ö«dúø’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ††’o îª÷úø-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o´¤? Arjun: Åçû√ Å©-¢√-ô’†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. îªü¿-
Start walking 2) She began to run = she began running = Ééπ\úø avoid ûª®√yûª Govind ÅØËC noun éπü∆. ´ôç v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç. ¢√öÀE É≠æd-°æ-úøôç ¢Á·ü¿-
(´÷ô-©ûÓ time ´%ü∑∆ îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤. Ωu™ °æ®Ω’í∫’ ¢Á·ü¿™„-öÀdçC Avoid ûª®√yûª '-ing form'/ noun ´≤ƒh®·. infini-
©-´¤-ûª’çC.
3) She likes to dance = She likes dancing = Laxman:
tive ¢√úøç.
îª÷°œç. †úøéπ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç) ÅD v°æߪ’-Aoç-î√†’. é¬E É≠æd-°æ-úø-™‰-éπ-§Ú-
Kiran: Ok. I am off. Whoever first stops walking Ø√ôuç îËߪ’ôç Ç¢Á’-éÀ≠dçæ c) she always avoids classes (noun) in the
ߪ ÷ †’.
shall stand the other a drink, ok? 4) She loves to cook = She loves cooking = Arjun:
after noon =
´’S} v°æߪ’-Aoç.
(ÉCíÓ •ßª’-™‰l-®√†’. †úøéπ á´®Ω’ Ç°æ¤-û√®Ó ´çô îËߪ’ôç Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç Ç¢Á’ ´’üµ∆u£æ«oç ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’-©èπ◊ á°æ¤púø÷ ®√ü¿’. ANSWER
¢√∞¡Ÿx Å´-ûª-L-¢√-JéÀ drink É°œpç-î√L, ÆæÍ®Ø√?) Å™«Íí N’í∫-û√-¢√-öÀûÓ èπÿú≈ Åçõ‰ 4) dislike Sentence 4) Stop arguing - stop ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ Laxman: Hi Arjun, what news? / what's new?
stand a drink/ a dinner/ party, etc. = drink, 6) hate 7) remember 8) forget and 9) pro- noun/ ing form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´≤ƒh®·. infinitive ®√ü¿’.
Arjun: Just getting on. What's that book in
dinner, party, etc É°œpç-îªúøç) pose (v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-îªôç). Ç verbs °æéπ\† infini- a) He stopped singing - §ƒúøôç ÇÊ°-¨»úø’ your hand?
Tarun:I am game for it. tive, '-ing' form È®çúø÷ ´≤ƒhßË’¢Á÷ îª÷úøçúÕ. stopped + singing ('-ing' form) Laxman: Some detective novel. (Some= àüÓ).
(؈ç-ü¿’èπ◊ Æœü¿l¥¢Ë’.) Now look at the following sentences from b) He stopped the song in the middle = You don't like reading such books, do
J J J the conversation between Tarun and Kiran §ƒô ´’üµ¿u™ ÇÊ°-¨»úø’ you? / You don't like to read such
English verbs
™ ÅEo ¢√úøéπç äÍ陫 Öçúøü¿’. at the beginning of the lesson. stopped + the song (noun) books, do you?
éÀçü¿öÀlesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆– Infinitive ¢√úÕ 1) Let's start walking. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ 'stop' ûª®√yûª infinitive ®√ü¿’. Arjun: Correct. Why do you waste time
clauses †’ ´C-Lç--èπ◊çõ‰ ´’† conversation 2) I don't mind walking... Sentence No. 5 reading them? Aren't there better
î√™« simple natural
í¬, í¬ Öçô’ç-ü¿E. Å™«Íí 3) I avoid walking 'Enjoy' too is followed either by the '-ing' form books than they?
éÌEo éÌEo verbs ûª®√yûª '-ing' form ¢√úÕûË 4) Let's stop arguing or a noun, but not by the infinitive. Laxman: True. But I love reading / I love to
conversation, bookish (ví¬çC∑-éπç)í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈ 5) Let's enjoy walking Let's enjoy walking - enjoy + walking ('-ing' read these. I avoid reading serious
¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬ N†-≤Òç-°æ¤í¬ Öçô’çC. form) novels. I cannot concentrate so
6) ... I shall appreciate your walking
éÌEo éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x infinitive •ü¿’©’ '-ing 7) I hate backing out a) I enjoy music = ؈’ ÆæçU-û√Eo enjoy îË≤ƒh†’ much.
form (going, coming, walking ™«çöÀN) Arjun: It's all a matter of habit. Begin reading
enjoy + music (noun)
¢√úø-û√®Ω’. ÉN èπÿú≈ sentence §ÒöÀd îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ 8) You waste time talking b) She enjoys reading books =
them/ Begin to read them. You begin
Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø-û√®·. Infinitive (to + 1st RDW) èπ◊ Look at sentence No 1. The verb 'start' has 'ing' liking them./ You begin to like them.
Ö†o Å®√n™x äéπöÀ ®√ߪ’ôç, A†ôç, ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-´ôç after it. °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ îªü¿-´ôç Ç¢Á’-éÀ≠dçæ Laxman: I tried but I could not like them.
(to write, to eat, to learn) éπü∆. ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ 'start' ûª®√yûª infinitive Å®·Ø√, '-ing' form Å®·Ø√ enjoy + reading ('-ing' form). enjoy ûª®√yûª Arjun: Try once again.
'-ing' form ¢√úÌa. ¢√úÌa ÅE îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. infinitive ®√ü¿’.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II
Raghav: Hi Madhav, how are you? You appear
much better than last week. There is
surely some improvement in your
health.
(ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤? í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_
éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤. éπ*aûªçí¬ F Ç®Óí∫uç °æ¤çV-
èπ◊-†o-ô’dçC)
Madhav: You can say that. I feel much better
now.
(Eï¢Ë’. É°æ¤púø’ î√™« ¶«í∫’-Ø√o†’, Éçûª-èπ◊-
´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰)
You can say that = Å™« †’´¤y îÁ§Òpa =
†’´¤y éπ®ΩÍéd
Raghav: What's that due to? I don't recollect
seeing you earlier as fit as you are
today.
(àçöÀ 鬮Ωùç? É¢√∞¡ éπ†p-úø’-ûª’†oçûª
Ç®Óí∫uçí¬ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x
í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’.)
recollect = í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç.fit = Ç®Óí∫uçí¬
Öçúøôç
Madhav: Thanks to my doctor. He insisted on
my giving up smoking, and I gave up
smoking, though I found it difficult in
the beginning.
(Åçû√ ´÷ ú≈éπd®˝ ´©x. ؈’ smoking
´÷ØË-ߪ÷-©E °æô’d-•-ö«dúø’. ¢Á·ü¿öx éÌçîÁç
éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i-†-°æp-öÀéà ´÷Ø˨».)
Thanks to my doctor = ´÷ doctor ´©x.
'´©x— ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Thanks to ¢√úÌa, ´’ç*
ïJ-TØ√, îÁúø’ ïJ-TØ√. He died, thanks to
the doctor's negligence - ¢√úø’ îªE-§Ú-
ߪ÷úø’, doctor -E®Ωxéπ~uç ´©x
Raghav: So (do) you deny smoking anymore?
(Å®·ûË, †’´¤y smoking îËߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿ç-ô’-
Ø√o¢√?)
deny - é¬ü¿-†ôç/ ™‰ü¿-†ôç
Madhav: Do you think I'm a fool to go on doing
something that costs my life?
(Ø√ v§ƒù«-EÍé £æ…E éπL-TçîË °æE îËÆæ÷hç-úø-
ö«-EéÀ ØËØË-´’Ø√o ´‚®Ω’^-úÕØ√?) I don't
fear death but I don't like dying of
cancer. ( ؈’ î√´¤èπ◊ ¶µºßª’-°æ-úø†’, é¬E
cancer ûÓ î√´ôç Ø√éÀ≠dçæ ™‰ü¿’)
Raghav: Happy to hear that. Whenever I saw
lighting a cigarette I couldn't help feel-
ing you were burning out your life
(ÆæçûÓ≠æç. †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ cigarette
´·öÀdç-îªúøç îª÷ÆœØ√, †’´¤y F v§ƒù«Lo
ûªí∫-©-¶„-ô’d-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´ØË ¶µ«´ç Ø√™
ûªÊ°p-C-é¬ü¿’)
Madhav: I now practise swimming too. Every
morning I go swimming.
(É°æ¤púø’ Ñûª èπÿú≈ practise îËÆæ’hØ√o.
®ÓW ÑûªÈé∞¡ŸhØ√o)
Raghav: Good. Though late you've given up
smoking. Better late than never.
(¶«í∫’çC. Ç©Ææuçí¬ØÁjØ√ smoking ´÷†’-
èπ◊-Ø√o´¤. ÅÆæ©’ ´÷†-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúøôç éπØ√o
Ç©Ææuçí¬ ´÷†ôç †ßª’ç éπü∆.)
Better late than never = ÉC English™ ≤ƒüµ∆-
®Ωùçí¬ Åçô’ç-ö«®Ω’. Å®Ωnç: äéπ °æE ÅÆæ©’
îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúË-éπØ√o Ç©Ææuçí¬ îËߪ’ôç
´’ç*C éπü∆ ÅE.
[[[
í∫ûª È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ lessons ™ ´’†ç infinitives,
'-ing' forms í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. We have
seen how certain verbs are always followed
by an Infinitive/ -ing form /noun/ an if clause,
or just by an '-ing' form.
Now let's see some more verbs followed by
the '-ing' form/ noun.
Look at these following sentences from the
conversation between Raghav and Madhav.
1) I don't recollect seeing you earlier as fit as
you are now.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
2) ... and I gave up smoking.
3) So (do) you deny smoking any more?
4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing some
thing...
5) ... I couldn't help feeling...
6) I now practise swimming too.
O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. °j sentences ™E
verbs ÅEoçöÀ °æéπ\Ø√ '-ing' form ®√´ôç. ÉC
conversation ™ ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 ¶µ«¢√-©†’ simple í¬
express îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC. O’ con-
versation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
1) I don't recollect seeing you = E†o™« îª÷úøôç
Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®√´ôç ™‰ü¿’.(Remember = ´’†èπ◊
í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ®√´ôç. Recollect/ recall = ´’†ç v°æߪ’-
Aoç* í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-éÓ-´ôç.)
a) I remember seeing him somewhere = Åûª-úÕ-E
ØËØÁ-éπ\úÓ îª÷Æœ-†ô’x í∫’®Ìh-≤ÚhçC. (´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç
™‰ü¿’)
b) Let me recollect where I saw him = áéπ\úø
îª÷¨»ØÓ í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-éÓF (´’† v°æߪ’ûªoç).
c) He recalled later that she owed him money =
ûª†-鬢Á’ ¶«éà ֆoô’x Çߪ’† í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’
(Çߪ’† v°æߪ’ûªoç)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 157
Let me recollect where I..
Å®·ûË 'Try to remember' ņôç ¢√úø’éπ, í∫’®Ω’h
ûÁa-éÌ-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ v°æߪ’-Aoç, ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ Å°æ¤p-úø-
°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç èπÿú≈ ÉC ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç éπü∆? Try
as I might, I am unable to remember if he
came here that day =
áçûª v°æߪ’-Aoç-*Ø√
ñ«c°æéπç ûÁa-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’Ø√o, Åûª-Ø√-®ÓV Ééπ\-úÕ-éÌ-
î√aú≈, ™‰ü∆ ÅE.
Recollect ûª®√yûª noun èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç. '-ing'
form ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈.
I recollected the events of the day =Ç ®ÓV
Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’ ؈’ í∫’®Ω’hèπ◊ ûÁa-èπ◊Ø√o. events =
Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†©’ - Noun.
2) ... and I gave up smoking = ؈’ smoking
´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o.
give up = ´÷ØË-ߪ’ôç/ ´ü¿-©’-éÓ-´ôç (°æü¿-´¤©’,
Å©-¢√-ôx-™«çöÀ ¢√öÀE)
give up ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' form é¬F, noun é¬F
¢√úøû√ç. (noun Åçõ‰ ´’Sx í∫’®Ω’h ûÁa-èπ◊çü∆ç..
à Ê°È®jØ√ noun.)
a) I gave up smoking = smoking ´÷†’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
smoking '-ing' form
b) I gave up cigarettes = cigarettes ´÷†’-èπ◊Ø√o.-
cigarettes - noun.
c) Harischandra gave up his throne for the sake
of truth : £æ«J-¨¡aç-vü¿’úø’ Ææûªuç éÓÆæç Æœç£æ…-Ææ-Ø√Eo
´C-™‰-¨»úø’.
Throne = Æœç£æ…-Ææ†ç - Noun.
d) He was a fool to give up the job = job
Job - noun.
´ü¿’-©’-èπ◊-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’ – ´‚®Ω’^úø’.
3) (Do) you deny smoking anymore?
= †’´¤y Ééπ smoke îËߪ’ôç ™‰ü¿ç-ö«¢√?
deny + smoking. '-ing' form.
deny = é¬ü¿-†ôç/ ™‰ü¿-†ôç. DE ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-
ing' form é¬F, noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. That clause
èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC.
a) He denied stealing the pen = ûª†’ Ç pen
üÌçT-Lç-îª-™‰-ü¿-Ø√oúø’.
denied + stealing - stealing '-ing' form.
-•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 17 -¢Ë’ 2006
b) Dushyanta denied seeing Sakuntala or lov- b) She cannot help spending this money, if she
ing her = ü¿’≠æuç-ûª’úø’ ¨¡èπ◊ç-ûª-©†’ îª÷úøôç é¬F, wants to learn music = Ç¢Á’ ÆæçUûªç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-
vÊ°N’ç-îªôç é¬F îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-Ø√oúø’. ©çõ‰ ê®Ω’a-°-ôdúøç ûª°æpü¿’. (Spending
ê®Ω’a-
denied + seeing or loving - '-ing' forms. °-ôdúøç – '-ing' form).
c) She denied the truth in his statement = Ç¢Á’ c) They cannot help the trip if they want to have
ÅûªE ´÷ô™x Eïç ™‰ü¿çC. a darsanam = ü¿®Ωz†ç 鬢√-©çõ‰ ¢√∞¡xéà v°æߪ÷ùç
denied + truth - noun. ûª°æpü¿’. (cannot help + the trip (noun))
d) The minister denies his statement = ´’çvA d) They cannot help going on the trip if they
ûª† ´÷ô©†’ é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’ (ņ-™‰-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’). want a darsanam = ü¿®Ωz†ç 鬢√-©çõ‰ v°æߪ÷ùç
e) The minister denies the media reports = îËߪ’ôç ûª°æpü¿’. (cannot help + going on the
trip (-ing form))
O’úÕߪ÷ ¢√®Ωh©†’ ´’çvA é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.
denied + the reports (noun) 6) Practise
èπÿú≈ ÅçûË: Practise Åçõ‰ Ŷµºu-Æœç-îªôç.
DE ûª®√yûªèπÿú≈ noun/ '... ing' form ´Ææ’hçC.
4) Do you think I am a fool to go on doing some-
thing... = ÅC îËÆæ÷h Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ ؈’ ´‚®Ω’^-úøo-†’- I practise swimming = Ñûª practise îË≤ƒh†’.
èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o¢√? (practise + swimming - '-ing' form)
to go on = (ã °æE) îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç. go on a) She practises running everyday = Ç¢Á’ ®ÓW
practise
ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈, îËÆæ÷h Öçúøôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ '–ing °æ®Ω’í∫’ îËÆæ’hçC.
form' ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. (practises + running - '-ing' form)
a) Though defeated, he b) She practises music = ÆæçUûªç Ŷµºu-Æœ-Ææ’hçC.
(practises + music - noun)
goes on arguing ãúÕ-
So, É™«çöÀ verbs ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
§Ú-®·Ø√, ¢√C-Ææ÷hØË
EXERCISE
Öçö«-ú≈-ߪ’†.
b) In spite of the doc-
tor's advice, he goes Practise the following aloud in English:
on smoking = Doctor Mithun:
Åûª-EûÓ áçü¿’èπ◊ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√´¤? Åûª†’
smoke
´ü¿lØ√o, Åûª†’ M. SURESAN á´®Ω’ îÁ°œpØ√ N†úø’.
îËÆæ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’. Sachin: Ø√èπ◊ ûª°æpü¿’. ¢√úÕ ü¿í∫_®Ω Ø√ books
c) He goes on talking, whether others listen to ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ´îËa-´-®Ωèπ◊ ¢√úÕûÓ friendly
him or not = Åûª†’ îÁÊ°pC Éûª-®Ω’©’ Nçô’Ø√o
í¬ØË Öçú≈L.
N†-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª÷ØË Öçö«úø’. Mithun: Å™«ç-öÀ-¢√-úøE ûÁLÆœ èπÿú≈ †’´¤y ¢√úÕéÀ
a) goes on + arguing ('-ing' form)
°æ¤Ææh-é¬-™„ç-ü¿’-éÀÆæ÷h Öçö«´¤?
b) goes on + smoking ('-ing' form)
Sachin: °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çõ‰ AJ-T-´y-úøØË ´÷ô é¬ü¿-
c) goes on + talking ('-ing' form)
d) They went on shouting and throwing stones
†ôç ™‰ü¿’. é¬F ¢√∞¡x†o Ø√èπ◊ ´’ç* friend.
Mithun: †’´¤y ¢√úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ´÷†’-èπ◊çõ‰ °æ¤Ææh-
at the police = ¢√∞¡Ÿx Å®Ω’-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√o®Ω’, Police
© O’ü¿ ®√∞¡Ÿx ®Ω’´¤y-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’. (Past) é¬-L-´y-éπ\-®Ω-™‰-ü¿’í¬. (give up ¢√úøçúÕ)
Went on (past of go on) + shouting and Sachin: ¢√∞¡x†o BÆæ’-èπ◊†o °æ¤Ææh-é¬-L-´y-ôç™ Éçûª
throwing ('-ing' forms) Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’ôç Ø√èπ◊ í∫’®Ω’h-™‰ü¿’.
Å®·ûË go on ûª®√yûª 'with' ¢√úÕûË noun ´Ææ’hçC. Mithun: Éü¿l-Jéà §ÚL-Íé-™‰ü¿’.
a) She went on with her studies in spite of dis- ANSWER
turbances = Disturbances
Ö†o-°æp-öÀéà ûª†
îªü¿’´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-*çC. Mithun: Why do you talk to him? He never lis-
ten to anyone.
b) They go on with their work whatever the trou-
ble = àtrouble ÖØ√o ¢√∞¡x °æE ¢√∞¡Ÿx îËÆæ’-èπ◊- Sachin: I can't help talking to him. He has my
books. Until I get them back, I have to
§Ú-û√®Ω’.
a) Went on with + studies (noun) be friendly with him.
Mithun: Why do you go on giving him books,
b) go on with their work [with + work (n)]
Ç 5) I could not help feeling... = ņ’-éÓ-´ôç ûª°æp- when you know that he is that type?
™‰ü¿’. Ñ expression é¬Ææh ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Sachin: I don't deny his not returning the books
I cannot help going now = É°æ¤púø’ Ø√èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xéπ he takes, but his brother is a good
ûª°æpü¿’. (Ééπ\úø ¢√úÕ† help èπÿ, Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç ÅØË friend of mine. (I don't deny that he
cannot help
Å®√n-EéÀ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’– Ééπ\úø éπL°œ does not return the books he takes...)
¢√úøû√ç– Å®Ωnç – 'ûª°æpü¿’— ÅE). Mithun: If you give up talking to him you need
I could not help feeling = ņ’-éÓ-´ôç ûª°æp-™‰ü¿’. not lend him books.
Ñ cannot help °æéπ\† èπÿú≈ '-ing' form é¬F, Sachin: I don't remember his brother delaying
noun é¬F ´Ææ’hçC.
the return of books.
a) She cannot help the expenditure if she wants
Mithun: They are very unlike each other.
to learn music = ÆæçUûªç ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-¢√-©çõ‰ Ç¢Á’éÃ
(expenditure =
ê®Ω’a ûª°æpü¿’. noun).
ê®Ω’a –
II
Pranuthi: Hi Sumathi, (it's a) pleasure seeing
you, though after a long time. How's
everybody?
(î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√yûª®·Ø√ E†’o éπ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊-†oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. Åçû√ èπ◊¨¡-©-¢Ë’Ø√?)
Sumathi: Everybody is OK. (It's) nice seeing
you too.
(Åçû√ Íé~´’ç. E†’o îª÷úøôç èπÿú≈ Ø√èπ◊
džçü¿çí¬ ÖçC)
Pranuthi: What's (What has) kept you away so
long?
(†’Ny-Eo-®Ó-V©’ áçü¿’èπ◊ ††’o éπ©-´-™‰ü¿’/
îª÷úø-™‰ü¿’/ à¢Á’içCEo ®ÓV©’?)
Sumathi: You know I'd been very busy prepar-
ing for the civils. I sat the last exam
the day before (yesterday). It's off my
mind now. Oh, what a relief!
(Fèπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’í¬ Øˆ’ civils (= IAS, IPS,
etc., exams) ûÓ BJé𠙉èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o†’.
¢Á·†o *´J exam ®√¨»†’. Å®·-
§Ú-®·çC. áçûª £æ…®·í¬ ÖçüÓ!)
Pranuthi: I think you delayed taking the exams.
You should have attempted them last
year itself.
(†’´¤y Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤. †’´¤y §Ú®·†
Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω¢Ë’ ®√Ææ’ç-ú≈-LqçC.)
(last year itself = í∫ûª Ææç´-ûªq-®Ω¢Ë’)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 158
It's a pleasure seeing you
Sumathi: True. But I felt I needed time. It's not
easy preparing for that kind of
exams, is it?
(Eï¢Ë’. é¬F Éçé¬Ææh time 鬢√-©-E-°œç-
*çC Ø√èπ◊. / é¬-F time î√©-ü¿-E-°œç-*çC.
Å™«çöÀ exams èπ◊ prepare 鬴ôç
Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’-éπü∆.)
Pranuthi: So how did you in the exams?
Sumathi: To my satisfaction of course. But then
there is no knowing what happens
until the results are out.
(Ø√ ûª%°œh ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ®√¨»†’. Å®·Ø√ °∂æL-û√©’
¢Á©’-´-úË-´-®Ωèπ◊ àO’ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ îÁ°æp™‰ç)
Pranuthi: Happy that you leave fared well.
Civils are always worth trying.
(†’´¤y ¶«í¬ ®√Æœ-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÆæçûÓ≠æç. civils
á°æ¤púø÷ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-í∫_¢Ë.)
(worth trying = v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-T†)
Sumathi: They are, undoubtedly. But they are
quite tough. Even brilliant candidates
have difficulty making it to the top
ranks.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬. Å®·ûË Ñ exams î√™«
éπ≠dçæ . î√™« ûÁL-N-í∫© Ŷµºu-®Ω’n©’ èπÿú≈ °j
ranks ûÁa-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ éπ≠d-°
æ æ-úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.)
tough = éπ≠dç æ (exams N≠æߪ’ç.)
quite = °æ‹Jhí¬/ ¶«í¬.
brilliant = î√™« ûÁL-¢Áj†. (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç = î√™«
v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûª-¢Á’i†)
Pranuthi: Still there is nothing wrong in hoping
for the best, you see. Sometimes the
results are long coming.
(Å®·Ø√ ´’ç*E ÇPç-îª-ôç™ ûªÊ°pç-™‰ü¿’.
äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ results ®√´-ö«-EéÀ time
°æúø’-ûª’çC)
J J J J
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
We have been discussing the use of the
'-ing' form for some time now, haven't we?
We have seen so far the verbs which are
followed by the '-ing' forms.
äéπ verbs ´÷vûª¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊çú≈, éÌEo Éûª®Ω expres-
sions ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' forms ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.
ÉC ´’† conversations ÆæçéÀ~-°æhçí¬ Öçúø-ö«-EéÀ
≤ƒßª’-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.
Ç expressions éÌEo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
Now, Look at the following sentences from the
dialogue between Pranuthi and Sumathi above.
1. (It's a) pleasure seeing you, though after a
long time.
2. (It's) nice seeing you too
3. I've been very busy preparing for the civils
4. I think you delayed taking the exams
5. It's not easy preparing for the exam
6. ... there is no knowing what happens..
7. Civils are always worth trying
8. ... candidates have difficulty making it to the top.
9. Sometimes the results are long coming.
1. It's a pleasure seeing you, though after a
long time.
2. It's nice seeing you
too. pleasure/
Ééπ\úø
nice °æéπ\†'-ing' form
¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
O’èπ◊ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆,
pleasure meeting
you, nice meeting
you °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤
´÷ô-©E. M. SURESAN
É™« °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x pleasure, nice ™«çöÀ
´÷ô© ûª®√yûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ glad ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing'
form ¢√úøôç í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’.
Glad meeting/ seeing you. (°æJ-îª-ߪ’-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’,
Åçõ‰ introduction Å°æ¤púø’)
Glad knowing you - (ÉC-èπÿú≈ introduction
Å°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË expression.
(Å®·ûË Ñ ´÷ô-©-EoöÀ ûª®√yûª, °æ©-éπ-Jç°æ¤,
°æJ-îªßª’ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ '-ing' form •ü¿’©’, infini-
tive èπÿú≈ ¢√úø´îª’a.
Pleasure/ nice/ glad seeing you/ knowing
you/ meeting you = pleasure/ nice/ glad to
see/ to know/ to meet you.
3) I'd been busy preparing for the civils =
؈’ civils èπ◊ prepare Å´¤ûª÷ busy í¬ ÖØ√o/
BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o.
Ééπ\úø busy °æéπ\†, à 鬮Ωùç ´©x busy
ņo-°æ¤púø’ ÅC '-ing' form ™ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) She is busy making arrangements for the
dinner =
dinner
Ç¢Á’ à®√p-ôxûÓ BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC.
b) They are busy inviting people to their daugh-
ter's marriage =
busy
¢√∞¡x-´÷t®· °Rx-°œ-©’-°æ¤-©ûÓ ¢√∞¡Ÿx í¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.
c) I was busy the whole of last week moving to
our new home.
í∫ûª ¢√®Ωç Åçû√ É©’x ´÷®Ω-ôçûÓ
BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o/ É©’x ´÷®Ω-ôçûÓ ÆæJ-§Ú-®·çC.
Å®·ûË busy with ûª®√yûª noun ´Ææ’hçC.
a) I was busy with the arrangements for the
meeting. (meeting busy
à®√p-ôxûÓ í¬ ÖØ√o–
arrangements - noun.)
b) She is busy with the exams = °æK-éπ~-©ûÓ BJ-éπ-
[busy with + the exams (noun)]
™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖçC.
4. delayed taking the exams. Exams
èπÿ®Óa-´ôç Ç©Ææuç î˨»´¤.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 19 -¢Ë’ 2006
b) She had a lot of difficulty understanding what
a) He delayed taking a decision = E®Ωgߪ’ç
he had said =Åûª†’ îÁ°œpçC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç
taking - '-ing' form
BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç™ ñ«°æuç î˨»úø’.
Ç¢Á’èπ◊ î√™« éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC.
b) They delayed coming to an agreement =
ä°æpçü¿ç èπ◊ü¿’-®Ω’a-éÓ-´-ôç™ ñ«°æuç î˨»®Ω’. É™« difficulty ûª®√yûª '-ing' form ´Ææ’hçC.
í∫ûªç™ îª÷¨»ç, delay ûª®√yûª noun èπÿú≈ ¢√úÌ-îªaE. (äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ difficulty + in + ing form èπÿú≈
c) The government delayed the project =
´Ææ’hçC. é¬F É°æ¤p-úÕC Å®Ω’ü¿’, 'in' ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’)
9) ... the results are long coming =
v°æ¶µº’ûªyç project †’ Ç©Ææuç îËÆœçC. long + coming ('-ing' form) = Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤-û√®·.
d) They delayed the completion of the bridge =
a) He was long/ He took long buying a house =
Bridge °æ‹-Jh-îË-ߪ’-ö«-Eo ¢√∞¡Ÿx Ç©Ææuç î˨»®Ω’.
É©’x é̆ôç ñ«°æuç î˨»úø’.
(c), (d) ©™ delayed ûª®√yûª, project, com-
b) I won't be long coming = ؈’ ®√´ôç Ç©Ææuç
pletion, È®çúø÷ nouns éπü∆.
îËߪ’†’. (long + coming -ing form)
5. It's not easy preparing for the civils =
c) He took long deciding what to do àç îËߪ÷™
civils èπ◊ prepare Å´ôç Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’.
E®Ωg-®·ç--éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ î√™« time BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√oúø’.
Preparing- 'ing' form)
ÉC modern English conversation ™ î√™«
a) It is easy convincing mother = Å´’tèπ◊ †îªa-
common.
îÁ-°æpôç Ææ’©¶µºç= It is easy to convince moth- d) She wasn't long/ didn't take long marrying
er Åçõ‰ easy ûª®√yûª '-ing' form Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa, the young man she loved. ûª†’ vÊ°N’ç-*-†-ûª-úÕ-E
infinitive Å®·Ø√ ¢√úÌa.
°Rx îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ôç™ Ç¢Á’ Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-™‰ü¿’.
b) It wasn't easy operating the machine = Ñ expressions ÅEoçöÀ °æéπ\† '-ing' form
Ç machine †’ †úø-°æôç Ææ’©¶µºç ÅE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’ =
¢√úøôç É°æpöÀ ¢√úø’éπ. ¶«í¬ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
It wasn't easy to operate the machine.
EXERCISE
Pranav: Hi Ramana, á°æ¤púø÷ àüÓ îËÆæ÷h BJéπ
™‰èπ◊çú≈ Öçö«´¤
Ramana: àç îËߪ’†’? ´÷ ÉçöÀéÀ ®ÓW á´®Ó
äéπ®Ω’ ÅA-ü∑¿’-©’í¬ ´≤ƒh®Ω’. ¢√∞¡}-é¬\-¢√-Lq†
à®√p-ôxûÓ Ø√ time Åçû√ Å®·-§Ú-ûÓçC.
Pranav: Å®·ûË îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ time á°æ¤púø’
üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’çüÓ?
c) It's always easy cheating an innocent man =
Ramana: ÅüË Ø√ Ææ´’Ææu. îªü¿’-´¤-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ äéπ\
Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úÕo ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’ôç á°æ¤púø÷ Ææ’©-¶µº¢Ë’. EN’≠æç time üÌ®Ω-éπôç éπ≠dçæ í¬ ÖçöçC.
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ cheating •ü¿’©’, to cheat ¢√úÌa.
Pranav: É¢√Ld guests á°æ¤-úÁ-∞«h®Ω’?.
6. There's no knowing what happens. Ramana: ÅC á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’– ¢√∞Îx-°æ¤p-úÁ-∞«h®Ó?
àç ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çüÓ á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’/ ûÁLÊÆ O©’-™‰ü¿’. Pranav: Exams ´Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆. ¢√öÀéÀ prepare
There is no knowing-
Å´ôç Åçûª Ææ’©¶µºç é¬ü¿’éπü∆?
ÉC English conversation frequent
™ î√™« Ramana: é¬Ææh ÉçöÀéÀ ü¿÷®Ωçí¬ room BÆæ’-èπ◊çö«.
There is no knowing = No
í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.
one knows/ No one can know.
Å°æ¤púŒ íÌúø´ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ îªü¿-¢Ìa.
a) That will happen, no doubt, but there is no
Pranav: ´’ç* idea. ÅC îËߪ’-ü¿-í∫_üË.
Ramana: ´÷ Ø√†o ÜJ-†’ç* AJT ®√í¬ØË Ç °æE
knowing when = ÅC ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC, ÆæçüË£æ«ç
îË≤ƒh. ´÷ Ø√†o Ç©Ææuç îËߪ’-èπ◊çú≈
™‰ü¿’. é¬E á°æ¤púø-ØËC á´®Ω÷ îÁ°æp-™‰®Ω’.
AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh-úøØË ÇP-Ææ’hØ√o.
b) There was no knowing why he did it at all =
ÅÆæ©’ ¢√úøC áçü¿’èπ◊ î˨»-úø-ØËC á´-Jéà ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ANSWER
c) Ram: When is Laxman coming?
Pranav: Hi Ramana, you appear busy doing
Syam: There's no knowing when he will
something or the other.
come. (ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’) Ramana: What can I do? We have some
7. Civils are worth trying= civils v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ü¿-í∫_¢Ë. guests or the other everyday. I spend
worth = îËߪ’-ü¿-T†/ N©’´í∫©/ N©’´ îËߪ’ôç. the whole time attending on them. I
worth ûª®√yûª '-ing' form noun
é¬F, é¬F am busy arranging for their stay.
´Ææ’hçC. Pranav: When do you find the time for study?
a) The movie is worth watching =
Ramana: That's my problem. I have difficulty
ÆœE´÷ îª÷úø-ü¿-í∫_üË (watching - ing form) finding a minute's time for study.
b) It is not worth spending so much time =
Pranav: When do today's guests go away?
Åçûª time ¢Á*aç-îËçûª N≠æߪ’ç é¬ü¿C.
Ramana: There's no knowing when they go
c) This second hand car is not worth Rs. 1 lakh
away.
second hand car
Ñ ©éπ~ ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© N©’´
îËߪ’ü¿’. (Rs 1 lakh = Noun) Pranav: Exams are fast approaching. It's not
easy preparing for them.
d) The book is worth its weight in gold =
Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ü∆E •®Ω’-´çûª •çí¬®Ωç N©’-´-í∫-©C. Ramana: I want to take room some distance
from home. I'll then be free from the
(worth its weight - noun)
disturbance.
8. Candidates have difficulty making it to the top
rank
ûÁL-¢Áj† Ŷµºu-®Ω’n©’ èπÿú≈ Ö†oûª ©’ §Òçü¿- Pranav: A good idea. worth trying.
ö«-EéÀ éπ≠d-°æ æ-úø-û√®Ω’. Ramana: I'll do that after my father comes
difficulty + making ('-ing' form) back. Hope he won't be/ take long
coming.
èπ◊ a) I had difficulty finding the address =
Ç address ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ Ø√èπ◊ éπ≠d-´æ ’-®·çC.
II
Chandan: Have you seen Pradhan, by any
chance?
(†’¢Ëy-´’Ø√o Pradhan
†’ îª÷¨»¢√?
By any chance = à¢Á’i-Ø√/- à-´’Ø√o îª÷úøôç
ûªô-Æœnç-*çü∆ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.
Nandan: I think yes. I saw him driving some
where an hour ago. I could have
stopped him, but I didn't like to.
(Å´¤-†-†’-èπ◊çö«. í∫çô éÀçü¿ô car ™
áéπ\-úÕéÓ ¢Á∞¡xôç îª÷¨»†’. ÅûªúÕE Ç°œ
ÖçúÌ-a -é¬F É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·çC.)
(driving = car ™ ¢Á∞¡xôç)
Chandan: Is that so? He said he would see me
today.
(Å™«í¬? †Fo-®ÓV éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ö«-†-Ø√oúø’.)
Nandan: Not just today. In fact I see him drive
down our road everyday at that time.
(Ñ ®Óñ‰ é¬ü¿’. ÅÆæ©’ v°æA-®ÓW ÅüË time
èπ◊ car ™ ÅüË ¢Áj°æ¤ ¢Á∞¡⁄h éπE-°œ-≤ƒhúø’
Ø√èπ◊/ car ™ ¢Á∞¡xúøç îª÷≤ƒh†’ ؈’.)
Chandan: You are right. I heard Pradhan say
that he would go at that time every-
day to attend yoga classes.
(†’´¤y îÁ°œpçC Eï¢Ë’. v°æA-®ÓW Ç
time èπ◊ ßÁ÷í¬ ûª®Ω-í∫-ûª’-©èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√-†E
Åûªúø’ îÁ°æpí¬ NØ√o†’.)
Nandan: O... perhaps that's why I find him
becoming more and more active
nowadays.
(ÅD Ææçí∫A. Åçü¿’-éπØË Åûªúø’ Ñ ´’üµ¿u
active 鬴ôç í∫´’-E-Ææ’hØ√o.)
Chandan: He observed his nephew losing
weight after attending the yoga
classes. So he thought, 'why should-
n't I as well?' and joined the classes.
But I notice him gaining weight. He
is more active as you have said, but
has he lost any weight?
(ÅûªúÕ nephew (= son of a brother or
a sister) yoga classes èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç ûª®√yûª
•®Ω’´¤ ûªí∫_ôç í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. Åûª-†-†’-
èπ◊-Ø√oúø’, '؈÷ áçü¿’èπ◊ ûªí∫_-èπÿ-úøü¿÷?—
ÅE. Yoga classes ™ îË®√úø’. é¬F
؈’ í∫´’-Eç-*ç-ü¿-ûª†’ •®Ω’´¤ °®Ω-í∫ôç.
†’´y-†oô’d ®Ω’í¬_ Å®·ûË Åߪ÷uúø’ é¬F,
•®Ω’-¢Ë-´’Ø√o ûªí¬_-úøç-ö«¢√?)
Nandan: Come now Chandan; Yoga might
not have slimmed down, but he has-
n't certainly put on weight. Be fair to
him.
(Chandan, Ééπ Ç°æ¤. ßÁ÷í¬ ÅûªúÕE ûªT_ç-
îª-™‰-üË¢Á÷ é¬F, ™«´¤ ´÷vûªç °®Ω-í∫-™‰ü¿’.
ÅûªúÕ N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ é¬Ææh Ø√uߪ’çí¬ Öçúø’.)
come now = Informal conversation ™
come now= Ééπ Ç°æ¤.
fair= äéπ-J-°æôx Ø√uߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç
Chandan: Do you mean he hasn't put on
weight?
(Å®·ûË ¢√úø’ ™«´´™‰ü¿ç-ö«¢√?)
put on weight= ™«´¤/ -•-®Ω’-¢Á-éπ\ôç
Nandan: No, certainly not. I have noticed you
having a dig at him whenever you
find a chance.
(-à-´÷-vûªç -™‰-ü¿’. Å´-鬨¡ç üÌJ-éÀ-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x
ÅûªúÕE Çô-°æ-öÀd-≤ƒh-´E ØËØÁ-°æ¤púÓ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’.)
have a dig at= Çô °æöÀdç-îª-úøç/- ÍíL îËߪ’ôç
Chandan: Nothing of the sort. I like him a lot.
(ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. ¢√úøçõ‰ Ø√èπ◊ î√™« É≠ædç.)
Nothing of the sort = ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’
'-ing' forms ¢√ú≈-Lq† ´·êu-¢Á’i† Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x,
´’J-éÌEo verbs ÖØ√o®·. Ñ verbs °æéπ\†
á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' forms é¬F, 1st RDW (go,
come, walk, etc) é¬F ´≤ƒh®·.
Now look at the following sentences from
the conversation between Chandan and
Nandan:
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
1) I saw him driving an hour ago =
í∫çô éÀçü¿ô Åûªúø’ car ™ ¢Á∞¡xôç ؈’ îª÷¨»†’.
2) In fact I see him drive down the road at this
time every day=
ÅÆæ©’ v°æA ®ÓW ÉüË time èπ◊ Ñ ®ÓúÓx car ™
¢Á∞¡xôç ؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’.
3) I heard Pradhan say that he would go at that
time every day... =
ûª†’ ÅüË time èπ◊ Å™« ¢Á∞«h-†E Pradhan îÁ°æpí¬
NØ√o†’.
4) ... that's why. I find Pradhan becoming more
and more active nowadays=
active
ÅD. É°æ¤púø’ v°æüµ∆Ø˛ í¬ Öçúøôç í∫´’-
E-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.
5) He observed his nephew losing weight...
(ÅûªúÕ nephew •®Ω’´¤ ûªí∫_ôç Åûªúø’ í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’)
6) I have noticed you having a dig at him=
†’´y-ûª-úÕE Çô °æöÀdç-îªúøç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’.
Look at the verbs in the sentences
above: 1 & 2. saw 3. heard 4. find
5. observed 6. have noticed.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: °j† verbs ÅFo πÿú≈ îª÷úøôç/
éπE°œç-îªôç, N†ôç, í∫´’-Eç-îªôç, °æJ-Q-Lç-
îªôç ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ÖØ√o®· éπü∆.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 159
I noticed her humming
Åçõ‰ É´Fo éπ∞¡Ÿx, îÁ´¤©’ ™«çöÀ ñ«cØËçvCߪ÷-©èπ◊
Ææç•ç-Cµç-*-†N.
OöÀ ûª®√yûª á°æ¤púø÷ '-ing' form é¬F, 1st
Regular doing word (go, come, etc) é¬F,
that clause é¬F ´Ææ’hçC. àüÓ °æE-îË-Ææ’hç-úøôç/
îËÆæ’hç-úøí¬ îª÷úøúøç, í∫´’-Eç-îªúøç, °æJ-Q-Lç-îªúøç
ïJ-Tç-ü¿ØÓ, àüÓ Åçô’ç-úøí¬/ Åçô’-çúøôç N†ôç
ïJ-Tç-ü¿-ØÓ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC.
(Ñ see, hear, find, observe, notice- Oö-Eoç-
öÀE verbs of sense perception Åçö«ç.)
(´’† ñ«cØËçvCߪ÷©’– sense organs- eyes,
nose, ear, tongue, skin – OöÀéÀ Ææç•ç-
Cµç-*-†N.)
1&2) saw: a) I see him always watching /
watch the TV / I see that he
always watch the TV =
Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ TV îª÷úøôç/ îª÷Ææ’hç-úøí¬ îª÷≤ƒh-ØËo†’/
Åûª-ØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ TV îª÷Ææ÷h éπE-°œç-îË-¢√úø’ Ø√èπ◊.
b) Åûªúø’ 11 í∫çô© Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ®√´ôç/
police ©’ î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»®Ω’/ Åûªúø’ 11 í∫çô©
Ææ´’-ߪ’ç™ •ßª’-ôéÀ ´Ææ÷h éπE-°œç-î√úø’ police ©èπ◊=
The police saw him coming out/ come out at
11 a number of times. A number of times the
police saw that he was coming out at 11.
c) Ç restaurant Åçõ‰ Åûª-E-éÀ-≠dçæ í¬ Ö†o-ô’xçC.
Åéπ\úø A†ôç î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x îª÷¨»†’=
He seems to like the restaurant a lot. I saw
him eat/ eating there quite often.
Å™«Íí hear ûª®√yûª èπÿú≈ '-ing' form / I RDW
´≤ƒh®·. äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ that clause ®√´îª’a.
3) heard: a) I heard her sing / singing =
Ç¢Á’ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-úøôç ؈’ NØ√o†’.
b) We heard them quarrelling / quarrel about
something-
¢√∞¡Ÿx üËE N≠æ-ߪ’¢Á÷ §Úö«x-úø’-éÓ-´ôç ¢Ë’ç NØ√oç.
c) She heard him say / saying that he was
going to buy a house = É©’x é̆-¶-ûª’-Ø√o-†E
îÁ°æ¤hç-úøôç / îÁ°æ¤hç-úøí¬ Ç¢Á’ N†oC.
4) find:
a) The teacher found him working hard =
Åûªúø’ éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç (îªü¿-´ôç) teacher
îª÷¨»úø’.
b) We always find him sleeping =
¢Ë’ç á°æ¤púø÷ Åûªúø’ Evü¿-§Ú-ûª’ç-úøí¬ îª÷≤ƒhç.
c) The engineer has found the machine going
out of order often=
ûª®Ωîª÷ Ç machine îÁúÕ§Ú-´ôç Ç engineer
îª÷¨»úø’.
Ñ find °æéπ\† 1st RDW ®√ü¿’. That clause
®√´îª’a.
5) observe:
a) The invigilator has
observed the student
taking/ take a slip out
of his pocket=
Åûªúø’ ñ‰•’-™ç* slip
•ßª’-ôèπ◊ Bߪ’úøç invig-
ilator í∫´’-Eç-î √úø’. M. SURESAN
(Invigilator= °æKéπ~ rooms ™ 鬰‘-™«ç-öÀN
ï®Ω-í∫-èπ◊çú≈ îª÷ÊÆ teachers)
Observe ûª®√yûª 'that' clause ´Ææ’hçC=
The invigilator observed that the student
was taking out a slip from his pocket.
b) I have observed him bunk/ bunking classes
quite often:
ûª®Ωîª÷ Åûªúø’ classes áíÌ_-ôdúøç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. Namratha: Ç¢Á’ ÆœE-´÷-©èπ◊ §ƒúøôç ûªy®Ω-™ ØË
c) She observed him looking/look at her =
Åûªúø’ ûª†-¢Áj°æ¤ îª÷úøôç Ç¢Á’ í∫´’-Eç-*çC.
6) notice: í∫´’-Eç-îª-úøç/- ü¿%-≠œd™  °æúøôç
a) Suddenly I noticed them going/ go out
together=
¢√∞¡Ÿx éπLÆœ •ßª’-öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡xôç -Ø√ -éπçô °æúÕçC.
b) I often notice her talking / talk to him=
Ç¢Á’ Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç ؈’ ûª®Ωîª÷
í∫´’-E-≤ƒh†’./ Ç¢Á’ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åûª-EûÓ ´÷ö«x-úø’ûª÷
Ø√ éπçô °æúÕçC.
c) The police have noticed him visiting/ visit one
house in the old town at midnight=
Ç ´uéÀh Å®Ωl¥-®√vA¢Ë∞¡ old town ™ äéπ ÉçöÀéÀ
¢Á∞¡xôç í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’/ ¢√∞¡x éπçô-°æ-úÕçC.
É™«çöÀ verb ÉçéÓöÀ 'watch' (í∫´’-Eç-îªôç)
a) She watched him water / watering the garden
patiently =
Åûªúø’ ã°œí¬_ ûÓôèπ◊ F®Ω’-°-ôdúøç Ç¢Á’ í∫´’-Eç-*çC.
b) They have watched her dancing/ dance for
an hour=
Ç¢Á’ í∫çô-ÊÆ°æ¤ Ø√ôuç îËߪ’ôç ¢√∞¡Ÿx A©-éÀç-î√®Ω’.
c) The thief watched the inmates of the house
going out/ go out, waited for some time,
broke the lock and entered the house =
Ç üÌçí∫ Éçöx-¢√∞¡Ÿx (inmates) •ßª’-ôèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡xôç
í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. é¬ÊÆ-§ƒT û√∞¡ç •ü¿l-©’-éÌöÀd ™EéÀ
v°æ¢Ë-Pç-î√úø’.
-Ç-C¢√®Ωç 21 -¢Ë’ 2006
É™« Ñ see, hear, find, observe, notice,
watch ™«çöÀ verbs °æéπ\-†-™«x '-ing' form/ 1st
RDW/ that clauses (éÌEoîÓôx) ´≤ƒh®·. Å®·ûË
OöÀ ûª®√yûª ≤ƒ´÷-†uçí¬ 'that' clause ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈
Öçúøôç better. '-ing form'/ I RDW effective í¬
Öçô’çC.
NOW PRACTISE THE FOLLOWING
ALOUD IN ENGLISH:
Namratha: Ææ’F-ûÁ-°æ¤púø÷ äÍé-®Ωéπç •ôd©’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç
؈’ îª÷≤ƒh†’. ûª† •ôd© fashion ™
´÷Í®pç Öçúøü¿’.
Charitha: ÅüËç ™‰ü¿’. ûª†’ ûËú≈í¬ ÖçúË •ôd©’
¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-´úøç ؈’ äéπöÀ È®çúø’≤ƒ®Ω’x
í∫´’-Eç-î√†’.
Namratha: OK, ûª† N≠æߪ’ç áçü¿’-èπ◊™‰.
†’¢Áy-°æ¤-úøØ√o Ææ’v°œßª’ §ƒúøí¬ NØ√o¢√?
Charitha: áçü¿’-éπ-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤?
Namratha:
î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC. í∫ûª ¨¡E-¢√®Ωç
cinema music director Ç¢Á’ §ƒúøôç
í∫´’-Eç-î√úø’. Ç¢Á’èπ◊ ÆœE-´÷™x §ƒúË
Å´-鬨¡ç ®√´îª’a.
Charitha: ûª †’ èπÿE-®√-í¬©’ §ƒúøôç ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-
î√†’. é¬F Åçûª íÌ°æp í¬ßª’-èπ◊-®√-©-†’-éÓ-
™‰ ü ¿ ’ .
Nçö«ç.
Charitha: ûª †’ ¨»Æ‘Yߪ’ ÆæçUûªç CD ©’ N†ôç
ØË † ’ í∫´’-Eç-î√†’. (watch ¢√úøçúÕ)
Namratha: ûª † èπ◊ Åü¿%≠ædç éπ-LÆœ ®√¢√-©-E ÇPü∆lç.
ANSWER
Namratha: I see Sunitha wear/ wearing the
same style of dress/ dress of the
same cut always. No change in the
fashion of her clothes.
Charitha: No. I have observed her wear dress-
es of different style once or twice.
Namratha: OK. Why talk of her now?/ Let's not
talk of her now. Have you ever
heard Sunitha sing/ singing?
Charitha: Why do you ask?
Namratha: She sings very well. A film music
director observed her sing/ singing.
Very soon she may get an opportu-
nity to sing for movies.
Charitha: I noticed her hum/ humming (èπÿE-
but I
®√-í¬©’/ ûª†-™-ûªØË §ƒúø’-éÓôç)
didn't think that she was a good
singer.
Namratha: We can soon hear her sing/ singing
for movies.
Charitha: I've watched her listening/ listen to
classical music CD's.
Namratha: Let's wish her best of luck.
II
Anand: Hi Milind, congrats on your new bike.
How much is it?
bike
(éÌûªh congrats.
é̆oç-ü¿’èπ◊ áçûª-®·çC?)
Milind: The on road cost is Rs. 47250/-. How
do you find it?
(Road O’C-éÌ-îËa-ô-°æp-öÀéÀ 47,250 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„jçC.
ᙫ ÖçC?)
Anand: I find it quite sleek. Congrats on your
choice of colour. She is gleaming and
is a real beauty. What do you feel about
its performance?
colour
(î√™« †’†oí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-≤ÚhçC. F áç°œ-éπèπ◊
ÅGµ-†ç-ü¿-†©’. ÅC î√™« v°æé¬-¨¡-´ç-ûªçí¬,
Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. °æ-E-B®Ω’ -á-™« -Å-E°œ-≤Úh-ç-C?)
Sleek = †’†’-°æ¤í¬, polish îËÆ œ-†ô’x Öçúøôç =
sleek. ´·êuçí¬ vehicles èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. A sleek
bike/ a sleek car, etc. Vô’d Åçü¿çí¬ Eí∫-E-í∫-™«-
úø’ûª÷ †’†’-°æ¤í¬ ü¿’Ny Öçõ‰ ÅC èπÿú≈ sleek
hair. English ™ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-©†’ 'she' Åçö«®Ω’. 'I
bought the car last week. Isn't she a real
beauty? =ØËØ√ 鬮Ω’†’ §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç éÌØ√o†’.
Eïçí¬ ÅC Åçü¿çí¬ ™‰ü¿÷?
Milind: I feel it is a good buy. It gives 75 kmph,
and carries a two year warranty. What
do you think?
Litre
(´’ç* ¶‰®Ω¢Ë’ ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’.
75 km. war-
´Ææ’hçC. ü∆E-ûÓ-¶«ô’ È®çúË∞¡x
ranty
èπÿú≈ ÖçC. à´’ç-ö«´¤?)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 160
How do you find it?
Anand: Can't say. Long since I bought a bike. I
don't know much about the recent
brands. But, if you don't mind, I have a
feeling that nearly Rs. 50,000/- is rather
on the high side for a two wheeler.
bike
(îÁ°æp-™‰†’. ؈’ éÌE î√™« 鬩-´’-
®·çC. Ñ´’üµ¿u ´*a† ®Ω鬩 í∫’Jç* Ø√éπç-
ûªí¬ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. é¬F †’¢Ëy´’†’-éÓ-éπ-§ÚûË, ü¿í∫_®Ω
ü¿í∫_®Ω ®Ω÷.50,000 é¬Ææháèπ◊\¢Ë ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.)
Can't say - ´’†ç àD îÁ°æp-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’/ à Yamuna: You went to the movie yesterday.
ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ ¢√úË ´÷ô.
I have a feeling = I feel = Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC,
rather on the high side = é¬Ææh áèπ◊\¢Ë. On the
high side = áèπ◊\¢Ë. rather = ´’†-éÀ≠dç æ ™‰EN
é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´, ņ-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úøû√ç. The movie is
rather dull = Ç ÆœE´÷ é¬Ææh NÆæ’Íí. She is
rather short = Ç¢Á’ é¬Ææh §Òõ‰d. rather costly
= é¬Ææh êKüË.
´’ç*-¢√-öÀF ´’†-éÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’i† ¢√öÀF, °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’, ¶«í¬ØË
ÖçC ņ-ö«-EéÀ, fairly ¢√úøû√ç.
The movie is fairly good. Ç ÆœE´÷ °∂æ®√y™‰ü¿’.
¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. The movie is rather dull. She is
fairly tall. (°∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’. §Òúø’Íí). She is rather
short (é¬Ææh §Òõ‰d).
Milind: You can't get any other brand at that
price for that mileage.
(Åçûª ¢Á’i™‰@ ÉîËa à Éûª®Ω v¶«çú˛ èπÿú≈ Ç
üµ¿®Ωèπ◊ ®√ü¿’)
Anand: I Think you're right. My opinion is out-
dated. You change bikes often. You
must know.
(†’´¤y correct ņ’-èπ◊çö«. Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒ- b) Find out= éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´ôç.
bikes
ߪ÷©’ é¬-©ç -îÁ-Lx-†N. †’´¤y ûª®Ω i) The police have find out important information a) Dhiraj: Well, you have seen the arrange-
´÷®Ω’-Ææ’hç-ö«´¤ FÍé ûÁL-ߪ÷L.)
Milind: Why don't you go for a new bike? For
one like mine?
(éÌûªh bike äéπöÀ BÆæ’-éÓ-èπÿ-úøü¿÷ Ø√™«ç-öÀüË?)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -•’-üµ¿¢√®Ωç 24 -¢Ë’ 2006
Anand: I feel happy with the one I have. My
impression is that the new ones are a
bit difficult to handle, because of their
pickup.
bike
(Ø√èπ◊†o Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. É°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’h†o
bikes
éÌûªh ¢Ëí∫ç ûªy®Ωí¬ °æ¤çVéÓ-´úøç ´©x
¢√öÀE Eߪ’ç-vAç-îªúøç éπ≠d-´æ ’E Ø√ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç)
Milind: Nothing of the sort. Ride one and feel
for yourself. You'll get rid of your bike,
I'm sure.
bike
(ÅüËç-™‰ü¿’. äéπ drive
†’ îËÆœ îª÷úø’, ii) I am unable to find out where he has gone
ņ’-¶µº-´çûÓ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ. F §ƒûª bike †’ (¶«í¬ØË ÖçC. é¬F †’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ trouble
Åûªúø’ áéπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«xúÓ Øˆ’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ-§Ú-ûª’-Ø√o†’. BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-´-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ Ø√Íé-®Ωp-úÕ† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç
iii) Find out where she was hidden the money
´C-Lç--èπ◊ç-ö«´¤)
Nothing of the sort = ÅüËç-/ Å™«ç-öÀüËç ™‰ü¿’.
†’´¤y ´’K áèπ◊\´ trouble BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E.
(Ç¢Á’ úø•’s áéπ\úø ü∆*çüÓ éπ†’éÓ\) c) His impression is that he was not treated
get rid of = ´ü¿-Lç--éÓ-´ôç – Å©-¢√-ôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈ îÁ§ƒhç
Be careful, you find her difficult to deal with properly.
English ™ äéπJ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ûÁLÊ° °æü¿l¥-A™
Ææ’Eoûªç áèπ◊\´. ؈-†’-éÌçö«, à¢Á÷ îÁ°æp-™‰†’, ñ«ví∫ûªh. ÇNúøûÓ deal îËߪ’ôç Fèπ◊ éπ≠dçæ í¬ ûª††’ ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø-™‰-ü¿ØË ¶µ«´ç Åûª-E™ ÖçC.
†’¢Ëy-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? É™«çöÀ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©’ ÅE-°œç-îª-´îª’a). ÉD find èπÿ, find out èπÿ ûËú≈. °j´Fo ´’†-éπ-E-°œç-*-†N, ´’†-Íé-®Ωp-úÕ† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷©
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË ´÷ô©’ î√™«ØË ÖØ√o®·. ÅN ᙫ Let's come back to 'find'. í∫’Jç* Åúø-í∫-ö«-EéÀ, îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’.
¢√ú≈™ É°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç. 2) I find it quite sleek = (´’†ç éπ*aûªçí¬ É™« ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o-´’E îÁÊ°pç-
Look at the following sentences from the î√™« polished í¬ Åçü¿çí¬ éπE-°œ-≤ÚhçC/ ü¿’èπ◊, I am/ he is/ they are sure/ certain
dialogue between Anand and Milind
ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC Ø√èπ◊. Åçö«ç ÅE ´’†èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’)
1) How do you find it? a) -Ç movie Ø√Íé-´’çûª ûª%°œhí¬ -™‰-ü¿’ = I don't find äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ´’† ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ´uéπh-°æ-®Ω-
2) I find it quite sleek it satisfactory (ûª%°œhí¬ ÅE-°œçîªúø癉ü¿’.)
‰ç; ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç ´©x 鬴a, ã N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo
3) What do you feel b) That's OK for me, but my friend doesn't find
í∫’Jç* ´’†èπ◊ °æ‹Jhí¬ Å´-í¬-£æ«† ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ôç-´™«x
it acceptable=
鬴a. Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’, I can't say Åçö«ç.
èπ◊ about its perform-
5) I can't say.
ance? Ø√éπC ûª%°œh-í¬ØË ÖçC/ †*açC. ´÷ friend èπ◊
Kumar: What do you feel about Mallik? (Do
4) What do you say?
you) think he is good?
´÷vûªç Ç¢Á÷-ü¿-ßÁ÷-í∫uçí¬ ÅE-°œç-îªôç ™‰ü¿’.
5) Can't say ÉD find ¢√ú≈-Lq† Ææçü¿-®√s¥©÷, B®Ω÷. (´’Lx-é˙†’ í∫’Jç* à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? ¢√úø’
6) ... I have a feeling ... 3) What do you feel about its performance? = ´’ç*-¢√-úËØ√?)
7) I think you are right Kesav: Can't say. I've known him for just two
ü∆E °æE-B®Ω’ ᙫ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC?
8) My impression is that... find = feel about = ÅE-°œç-îªôç/ éπE-°œç-îªôç. days
9) I'm sure. M. SURESAN
(îÁ°æp-™‰†’/ ᙫ îÁ°æp†’? Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ È®çúø’
®ÓV-©’-í¬ØË ûÁ©’Ææ’).
b) Murali: Do you think he can do the job?
(¢√ú≈ °æE îËߪ’-í∫-©-úøç-ö«¢√?)
Pramod: Difficult to say. He hasn't done this
type of job before.
(îÁ°æpúøç éπ≠dçæ / îÁ°æp™‰ç. É™«çöÀ °æE Éçûª-èπ◊-
´·ç-üÁ-°æ¤púø÷ îËߪ’-™‰-ü¿-ûª†’.)
´’†ç àüÁjØ√ Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ûÁL-ߪ’-°æ-®Ω-îª-™‰-†-°æ¤púø’, Kundan: What do you feel about the food in the So, can't say, difficult to say- Åçõ‰ ´’†èπ◊
èπ◊çúø-•-ü¿l©’ éÌöÀd-†ô’x Eïç îÁ°æpôç ¢Á·£æ«-´÷ôç ´©x hostel? Ææp≠æd-¢Á’i† ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ™‰ü¿-†o-´÷ô.
É≠ædç ™‰éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Å´-ûª-L-¢√-∞¡x†’ ØÌ°œpç-îªôç É≠ædç-™‰-éπ- (Hostel food ᙫ ÅE-°œ-≤ÚhçC?/ ᙫ ÖçC?) Now practise the following aloud in English
§Ú-®·Ø√ °j expressions ¢√úøû√ç. Madan: I feel/ find it OK. Can get on. Mahesh: Hi Ganesh,
´·ç¶„j †’ç* á°æ¤púø’ AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤?
1) How do you find it? ÉC üËE í∫’Jç-îÁjØ√ äéπJ ÅGµ- (°∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ææ®Ω’l-èπ◊-§Ú-´îª’a = ¶«üµËç-™‰ü¿’) Ganesh:
E†oØË.
v§ƒßª’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅúÕÍí ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† v°æ¨¡o. I feel it/ find it OK= I feel (that) it is OK/ I find Mahesh:
Åéπ\úø áçúø-™„™« ÖØ√oß˝’? (feel/ find
What do you think of/ about it? / what's your (that) it is OK.
opinion? éπçõ‰ How do you find it? ÅØËüË
¢√úøçúÕ.)
4) What do you say? = †’¢Ëy-´’ç-ö«´¤?/ O’Í®-´’ç- Ganesh: £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™  éπçõ‰ Åüµ∆y-†oçí¬ ÅE-°œç-
áèπ◊\-´í¬ NE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. ö«®Ω’? ÉC äéπJ ÅGµ-v§ƒ-ߪ÷Eo ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ *çC. Ø√ ¶µ«´†, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ áçúø-™„-èπ◊\-
¢√úË Ææ®Ωy-≤ƒ-üµ∆-®Ω-ù-¢Á’i† v°æ¨¡o. ´-®·Ø√ îÁ´’ô °æôdü¿’. ®√vûª’∞¡Ÿ} xí¬ ÅE-
How did you find it? = What do you say / does your father say? °œ-Ææ’hçC.
E†o †’´¤y îª÷Æœ† movie ᙫ ÅE-°œç-*çC Fèπ◊? – ÉC î√™« áèπ◊\-´í¬ Nçô’çö«ç éπü∆? Mahesh: Åéπ\úø Nü∆u-´-Ææ-ûª’©’ Ééπ\-úÕ-éπçõ‰ ¶«í∫’ç-ö«ßª÷?
(Éçûª-éπçõ‰ simple, how was the movie yes- What do the students say / feel about/ How Ganesh: îÁ°æp-™‰†’, ØËF N≠æߪ’ç Åçûª °æJ-Q-Lç-îª-
terday? ÅØÌa, é¬F How did you find? ÅØËüË do the students find the new teacher? ™‰ü¿’. Ø√ ¶µ«´† Ééπ\úË ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫E.
ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úø’-ûª’ç-ö«®Ω’.) = éÌûªh teacher í∫’Jç* students ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Mahesh: áçü¿’-éÌ-*açC Fé¬ ÅGµv§ƒßª’ç?
Ganga: I found it very good/ very exciting. àN’öÀ? à´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? Ganesh: ؈’†o ®ÓV™x Åéπ\úø Ø√èπ◊ ûªT-L† ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿®Ω÷
(6) & (8): I have a feeling/ My impression that:
(î√™« ¶«í∫’-†oô’d, Öû√q-£æ«-éπ-®Ωç-í¬†÷ ÅE-°œç-*çC. business ûª°æp ÉçéÓöÀ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰ü¿’. Education
(Ø√ ņ’-¶µº´ç) 6) I have a feeling = Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. èπ◊ Åçûª v§ƒüµ∆†uç É´y-†-ôd-E-°œç-*çC.
Mom to saw it. She finds it good too. I have a feeling that Rs. 50,000 is too high Answer
(´÷ Å´’t èπÿú≈ îª÷ÆœçC. Ç¢Á’ èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ØË for a two wheeler = Mahesh: Hi Ganesh, When did you return from
Cyîªvéπ ¢√£æ«-Ø√-EéÀ 50000 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-™„-èπ◊\-¢Ë-¢Á÷-†E Mumbai?
Öçü¿-†’-èπ◊ç-öçC) Ø√éπ-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC. Ganesh: The day before (yesterday).
Ééπ\úÕ 'find' èπ◊ éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç ÅØË Å®√n-Eéà a) She had a feeling that the doctor wasn't Mahesh: How did you find/ feel the summer/
Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Find out= éπ†’-éÓ\-´ôç/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- treating her properly = heat there?
éÓ- ´ôç.'Find' èπ◊ ÅE-°œç-îª-ôç-ûÓ-¶«ô’ éπE-°œç-îª-ôç/- ú≈éπd®Ω’ ûª††’ ÆæJí¬ îª÷úø-ôç-™‰-ü¿E Ç¢Á’-éÓ-¶µ«´ç Ganesh: I found it worse than in Hyderabad.
üÌ- ®Ω-éπôç ÅE èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç. ÖçúËC/ ÅE-°œç-*çC. My feeling is that though Hyderabad
a) Where did you find the book? = b) Why do you have the feeling we don't like you? is hot, we don't sweat here. We feel
†’´yçõ‰ ´÷èπ◊ É≠ædç-™‰-ü¿E áçü¿’-éπ-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤? the nights are cool.
Fé¬ °æ¤Ææhéπç áéπ\úø éπE-°œç-*çC? Mahesh: Did you find educational facilities bet-
I had been searching for it. I couldn't find it= ÉN What's you feeling? ÅØË question èπ◊
answers Å´¤-û√®·. ter there than here?
ü∆E-éÓÆæç ¢Áûª’-èπ◊-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπE-°œç-îª- Ganesh: (I) can't say/ difficult to say. I didn't
8) My impression is that... Ø√èπ◊†o/ Ø√Íé-®Ωp-úÕ†
™‰ü¿’/ üÌ®Ω-éπ-™‰ü¿’. pay attention to it I have a feel that
ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç... ÅE Å®Ωnç. they are better here.
Mahesh: Why did you/ do you feel so?
ments. What do you feel? Ganesh: All those I met there during my stay
about the thief=
(à®√p-ôxFo îª÷¨»-´¤í¬) à´’-E-°œ-≤ÚhçC? talked only of business. My impres-
üÌçí∫†’ í∫’Jç* police î√™« ´·êu N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Niraj: OK. But my impression is that you have sion was that they didn't give impor-
éπ †’-íÌ-Ø√o®Ω’/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o®Ω’. taken too much trouble. tance to studies.
II
Prasanth: Meena, You remember Sekhar. don't
you?
Fèπ◊ Sekhar í∫’®Ω’h-Ø√oúø’ éπü∆?
(sentence *´®Óx don't you? ÅØËC
question tag. ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? î√™«-鬩ç
éÀçü¿õ‰ ´’†ç Ñ columns ™ OöÀE
í∫’Jç* ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. éπü∆? é¬ü∆?
åØ√? ™‰ü∆? ÅØË Å®√n-©ûÓ ´Ææ’hçC.)
Meena: Of course. Isn't he that police offi-
cer? He helped us a lot when we
had an accident last year?
í∫’®Ω’h ™‰éπ-§Ú-´-ô-¢Ë’çöÀ? (= ofcourse). Ç
police officer éπü∆? ´’†èπ◊ í∫ûª Ææç´-
ûªq®Ωç accident Å®·-†-°æ¤púø’ î√™«
Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç î˨»úø’.
Prasanth: That's he. My cousin Govind is a
good friend of his. He has phoned
me Mr. Sekhar has come here. So I
went and invited him.
´÷ cousin Govind Åûª-úÕéÀ ´’ç*
friend. Sekhar Ééπ\úÕéÀ ´î√a-®ΩE
Phone î˨»úø’. ØË-†’ ¢ÁRx dinner èπ◊
°œL-î√†’.
Meena: You've done a good thing.
Mr.Sekhar had a doctor friend in the
hospital. That doctor friend attended
on us immediately, because of
Mr.Sekhar. Mr.Sekhar had been a
stranger to us till then. Surprising he
took such an interest in us.
î√™« ´’ç* °æE î˨»®Ω’. ¨Ïê®˝èπ◊ hospi-
tal ™ ã doctor friend ÖØ√oúø’. ¨Ïê®˝
´©x Çߪ’† ´’†èπ◊ ¢ÁçôØË ¢Ájü¿uç î˨»úø’.
Åçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊, ¨Ïê-®˝èπ◊ ´’†-¢Á’´®Ó ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
´’† -N-≠æ-ߪ’ç-™ Çߪ’† Åçûª interest
BÆæ’-éÓ-´ôç Ǩ¡a-®Ωu¢Ë’.
Prasanth: Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that
day. He saved our lives. But for him
there is no knowing what would
have happened to us.
Ç®ÓV ´’†èπ◊ ¨Ïê®˝ üË´¤úË °æç°œ-†ô’x
´î√a®Ω’. ´’† v§ƒù«Lo 鬧ƒ-ú≈®Ω’. Çߪ’ØË
™‰éπ-§Ú®· Öçõ‰ ´’†-Íé-´’-ߪ·uç-úËüÓ
ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’.
Meena: My brother has just sent us a basket
of mangoes from his garden. We
will serve Mr.Sekhar those man-
goes. We will serve him to Jangri.
I made it yesterday.
´÷ ņoߪ’u/ ûª´·túø’ É°æ¤púË ûÓô™
†’ç* ´÷N’-úÕ-°æç-úø’x °æç°œç-î√úø’. ¢√öÀE
¨Ïê-®˝èπ◊ ´úÕfü∆lç. Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ñ«çvT èπÿú≈
´úÕfü∆lç. E†oØË î˨».
Prasanth: He deserves all hospitality. He
saved our lives. Let's do our best to
satisfy him.
Çߪ’† áçûª-öÀ ÇA--ü∑∆u-E-ÈéjØ√ Å®Ω’|úË. ´’†
v§ƒù«©’ 鬧ƒ-ú≈úø’. Çߪ’Eo ûª%°œh-°æ-®Ω-îª-ö«-
EéÀ ÅEo v°æߪ’-û√o©’ îËü∆lç.
Meena: OK then. I will be on the job.
ÆæÍ® Å®·ûË– ØËØ√ °æE O’üË Öçö«.
J J J b) They will have come back by this time
O™„j-†ç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ conversation simple í¬ easy í¬
Öçúøôç éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ÅGµ-©-≠æ-ùÃ-ߪ’¢Ë’. Å®·ûË ÅC
ÅEo≤ƒ®Ω÷x ≤ƒüµ¿uç é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a éπü∆. ÅDé¬èπ◊çú≈
Å´-ûªL¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬Ææh éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† sentences ´÷ö«x-úÕûË
´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-©-í¬L éπü∆. Åçü¿’-éπE Ñ≤ƒJ
†’ç* conversation ™ èπÿú≈ é¬Ææh extended
sentences ¢√úøôç practice îËü∆lç. Åçõ‰ É°æp-
öÀ-†’ç* ´’†ç advanced level conversation/
Spoken English practice îËÆæ’h-Ø√o-´’-†o-´÷ô.
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
Clause Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? A group of words
with a verb. È®çúø’ sentences *†o *†oN
NúÕ NúÕí¬ ¢√úË •ü¿’©’ äÍé sentence é¬Ææh
°ü¿lC ¢√úÕ conversation effective í¬ îËÆæ’-éÓ-
´ôç ´’ç*C.
îª÷úøçúÕ: He is the same teacher. He taught
us this lesson. He taught us it interestingly.
Ñ sentences îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ *†o-Ní¬, Ææ’©-¶µºçí¬
ÖØ√o®·. é¬F ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéà He, repeat Å´ôç
ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ™‰ü¿÷. ÅüË Å®Ωnç ´îËaô’x éÀçC sen-
tence îª÷úøçúÕ.
He is the same teacher who taught us this les-
son interestingly.
(Ñ §ƒ®∏Ωç interesting í¬ îÁ°œpçC ÅüË teacher).
°j sentence ™ àç î˨»ç? Åçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’†o
´‚úø’ sentences †÷, 'who' ûÓ éπL-Ê°≤ƒç.
É°æ¤púø’ äÍé sentence Å®·uçC. so, éÌçîÁç
advanced level conversation ™, who,
which, that, whose ©ûÓ, Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ 'whom'
ûÓ éπ©-°æ-´îª’a.
ᙫíÓ îª÷ü∆l´÷?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 161
This is
. the book which I
Now look at the following sentences from
the dialogue above.
1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot
when we had an accident last year.
2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He
has phoned me Sekhar is here.
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospi-
tal. That doctor friend attended on us imme-
diately because of Mr. Sekhar.
4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He
saved our lives that day.
5) My brother has just sent us a basket of man-
goes from his garden. We will serve them to
Mr. Sekhar.
Let's try to reduce the length of the each
group of sentences above. We can do so by
joining them with who, whose, which and
that.
But before that OöÀ Å®√n©’, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷ü∆lç:
a) The man who wrote the book is my friend.
á´®√ °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√¨»®Ó Åûªúø’ Ø√ ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ – Ñ
Å®Ωnç ÆæÈ®j-†üË. é¬F ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ É™« ņç-
éπü∆. Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’: Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç ®√Æœ-†-ûªúø’ Ø√
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’ – -Å-E -Åç-ö«ç.
DEo È®çúø’ sentences éπ©-®·-éπí¬ èπÿú≈ Å®Ωnç
îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a: The man wrote the book. He is
my friend - ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ Öçü∆? ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ The
man who wrote the book is my friend, ÅØËC
Åçü¿çí¬ Öçü∆?
The man wrote the book. He is my friend
ÉC éÌçîÁç Nçûª-í¬ØË ÅE°œ-Ææ’hçC NØËç-ü¿’èπ◊.
Åçü¿’-éπE The man who wrote the book is my
friend - ÉC £æ›çü∆í¬ NE°œ-Ææ’hçC.
b) His brother came here yesterday. He has just
left.
ÅûªúÕ brother E†o ´î√aúø’. Åûªúø’ É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«xúø’
Ñ 2 sentences •ü¿’©’, É™« ņçúÕ.
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 26 -¢Ë’ 2006
His brother who came here yesterday has
Conversation ™ç* BÆœ† sentence groups ™
just left.
1st group
E†o ´*a† ÅûªúÕ brother É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«xúø’.
îª÷ü∆lç.
1) Isn't he the police officer? He helped us a lot
c) This is the book. I gave it to him yesterday.
when we had an accident last year.
ÉC °æ¤Ææhéπç. ÅC ؈-ûª-úÕéÀ E†o Éî√a†’ – ÉC
éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç: Isn't he the police officer who
áçûª ᶄs-ô’dí¬ ÖçC? Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©†’
helped us a lot when ...
äéπ-öÀí¬ 'which' ¢√úÕ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç. (a) , (b) ™x
´’†’-≠æfl©’ 鬕öÀd who ¢√ú≈ç. °æ¤Ææhéπç ´Ææ’h´¤ 2) My cousin Govind is a good friend of his. He
éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE which ¢√ú≈L. has phoned me Sekhar is here =
My cousin Govind who is a good friend of his
This is the book which I gave him yester-
has phoned me ...
day=
3) Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend in the hospi-
E†o ؈-ûª-úÕ-éÀ-*a† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC.
d) Here is the dog. It tried to bite me. tal. That doctor friend attended on us imme-
Ç èπ◊éπ\ Ééπ\-úø’çC. ÅC ††’o éπ®Ω´ú≈EéÀ diately.
Mr. Sekhar had a doctor friend who
v°æߪ’-Aoç-*çC. éπL-°œûË,
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ 'which' join îËߪ’çúÕ. attended on us immediately at the hospital.
Here is the dog 4) Mr. Sekhar was really God sent that day. He
which tried to bite saved our lives that day.
me. Mr. Sekhar who was really God sent helped
e) This is Hari. His par- us that day.
5) My brother has just sent us a basket of man-
ents are here.
goes. We will serve them to Mr. Sekhar.
Éûªúø’ £æ«J. ÅûªE ûªLx-
ü¿ç-vúø’-L-éπ\-úø’-Ø√o®Ω’. M. SURESAN Join the sentences: My brother has just sent
us a basket of mangoes which we will
éπ©-°æçúÕ. This is Hari whose parents are
here. Ééπ\úø ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’-©’-†o-ûª†’ £æ«J. served to Mr. Sekhar.
äéÌ\-éπ\-°æ¤púø’ who/ which •ü¿’©’ that èπÿú≈ É™« who, whom, whose, which and that ûÓ
éπLÊ° sentences N´-®√©’ î√™« ÖØ√o®·.
¢√úøû√ç.
Now practise the following aloud in English ANSWER
(OôEoöÀ™ who, whose, which and that ûÓ Pramila: Where is the book which/ that
éπL-°œ† sentences ¢√úøçúÕ.) you brought yesterday?
Pramila: Pratyusha: Are you talking of the book
†’´¤y EØÓo °æ¤Ææhéπç ûÁî√a´¤. ÅC àC?
Pratyusha: Åçõ‰ ØËEoØÓo °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æ´-Réπ ü¿í∫_®Ω which/ that I brought from
†’ç* ûÁî√a†’, ü∆Eo í∫’JçîËØ√ Pravalika.
†’´y-úÕ-ÍíC? Pramila: Pravalika gave you the book which
she borrowed
Pramila: v°æ´-Réπ Ç °æ¤Ææhéπç v°æÆæ÷† ü¿í∫_®Ω †’ç* (Å®Ω’´¤ ûÁ*açC)
that book) from Prasuna.
ûÁ*açC. ÅC FéÀ-*açC. (
Pratyusha: v°æÆæ÷† Åçõ‰ Ç English novels Pratyusha: Is Pravalika the girl who always
reads English novels?
ûÁí∫ îªC¢Ë Å´÷t-ßË’Ø√?
Pramila: Å´¤†’. Ç Å´÷t-®·Íé Ñ ´’üµ¿u Pramila: Yea. That's the girl who got the
English essay writing ™ Ist prize Ist prize in English essay writing
competition.
´*açC.
-v°æ-¨¡o: i) Future perfect tense †’ à Nüµ¿çí¬ Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-
¢√úø’ É©’x îËJ Öçö«úø’ – Åçõ‰ í∫çô-™-°æ™‰ ¢√úÕ©’x
Tç-î√L?ii) Vocabulary & word power †’ îË®Ωôç Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC.
ᙫ °ç-éÓ-¢√L?iii) Helping verb
ûª®√yûª to infinitive Öçú≈™«? ™‰ü∆ tomorrow = Í®°‘-§ƒ-öÀéÀ ¢√∞¡Ÿx AJ-íÌ-aç-
plain (bare) infinitive Öçú≈™« ? time
– ñ„.®√V, ñ„j†÷®˝, -Ç-C™«-¶«ü˛
ö«®Ω’. (Åçõ‰ Ñ èπ◊ – Í®°æ¤ – ´·çüË
-ï-¢√-•’: i) Future ™ äéπ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ
AJ-T-®√-´ôç Å®·-§Ú-ûª’çC)
ii) You can improve your vocabulary by
°æ‹®Ωh®· Öçô’ç-ü¿ØË °æEéÀ future regular reading - of English newspa-
perfect ¢√úøû√ç. shall have + pers, books, etc. That's the only way.
past participle/ will have + past iii) Help ûª®√yûª to infinitive/Plain infinitive
participle - àüÁjØ√ correct.
a) In an hour from now, he will/ have reached a) He helped me to get the tickets = He helped
home = äéπ í∫çô Ææ´’-ߪ÷-E-éÀ/- í∫çô í∫úÕ-îË-™°æ¤ me get the tickets - both right.
II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -Ç-C¢√®Ωç 28 -¢Ë’ 2006
Kedar: Isn't it Nikhil who called? Kailas: He is certainly a good one. His boys too
Phone îËÆœçC Nikhil éπü∆? are well trained.
Kailas: Yes. Our mechanic repaired my bike Åûªúø’ Eïçí¬ ´’ç* mechanic. ÅûªúÕ
last week, you know. Nikhil wants him. èπ◊v®√∞¡Ÿx èπÿú≈ ¶«í¬ Péπ~ù Ö†o¢√∞Ïx.
Å´¤†’. §Ú®·-†-¢√®Ωç bike †’ ´’† Kedar: I have a number of friends. He has
mechanic repairî˨»úø’ í∫ü∆. Nikhil
èπ◊ repaired their bikes. They are all happy.
ûª†’ 鬢√-©ô. He repaired my cousin's bike six
Kedar: Why? (Is) something wrong with his months ago. It has not given him any
bike? trouble since then.
áçü¿’èπ◊? ÅûªúÕbike èπ◊ à´’Ø√o JÊ°®√? friends
Ø√ bikes
î√™«-´’çC repair
Éûª-úø’
Kailas: Obviously. But my surprise is he got it cousin bike
îËÊÆh Ææç-ûª%°œh -îÁç-ü∆®Ω’. ´÷ Ç®Ω’ 3) He got repaired the day before. It has trouble 6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike.
repaired it only the day before. It has repair now.
ØÁ©© éÀçü¿ î˨»úø’. Å°æpöÀ†’ç* ÅüËç ûª† èπ◊v®√-úÕE °æç°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. Åûªúø’ bike †’
trouble now again. Few mechanics are trouble É´y-™‰ü¿’.
sentences effective
¢√úø’ ü∆Eo ¢Á·†o repair îË®·ç--èπ◊-Ø√oúø’. BÆæ’éÌ-≤ƒhúø’.
honest. Few know their job well. È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ †’ éπL°œ
sentence practice
í¬ ´÷®Ωaúøç îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆ É°æ¤p-úøC trouble É≤ÚhçC. Ééπ\úø Ñ È®çúø’ sen- Fetch= äéπîÓôèπ◊ ¢ÁRx BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç
ÅçûË-éπü∆. é¬F Ǩ¡a®Ωuç àN’ôçõ‰ Åûªúø’ tences †’ üËEûÓ éπ©-§ƒL? ´Ææ’h´¤ 鬕öÀd
ü∆Eo ¢Á·†oØË repair îË®·çî√úø’. ´’Sx Who, whom, whose, which and that ûÓ éπL°œ. bring = ´’†ç Ö†o îÓô’ †’ç* BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´ôç
practice conversation 'which'. îª÷úøçúÕ. = He is sending his boy who will fetch the
É°æ¤púø’ ü∆EéÀ trouble. Eñ«-ߪ’B Ö†o ÉC áçûª áèπ◊\´ îËÊÆh
mechanics ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’. °æE ûÁL-Æ œ† ™ ´’K *†o *†o sentences repetition
ûÓ The bike (it) which he got repaired the day bike.
mechanics èπÿú≈ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’. ™‰èπ◊çú≈ é¬Ææh £æ›çü∆í¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’Íé É°æ¤púø’ before has trouble now. 7) Our Mechanic does his job well. His knowl-
Obviously - evidently = clearly = ûÁ©’-Ææ÷hØË/ ´’†ç advanced level of conversation ™ ¢Á·†o repair îË®·ç--èπ◊†o bike èπ◊ É°æ¤púø’ edge of mechanism is sound.
éπE°œ-Ææ÷hØË/ îª÷ÊÆhØË Å®Ωnç ÅßË’u™« ÖçC. ÖØ√oç ÅE í∫’®Ω’hîËÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. trouble ÖçC. ´’† mechanic ¶«í¬ØË îË≤ƒhúø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ
Few = ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ™‰®Ω’/ ™‰ü¿’ Look at the following sentences from the
4) His shop is next to the fast food joint. It is Mechanism ™ ´’ç* ñ«c†ç ÖçC.
A few - à éÌCl-´’çüÓ/ à éÌØÓo. dialogue above.
1) Isn't it Nikhil who called? close to his rooms. Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ È®çúø’ Nüµ∆-©’í¬
ÉC îª÷úøçúÕ. Few Mechanics are honest, éπ©-§Òa 'who', 'whose' ¢√úÕ.
fewer (mechanics) still know their job.. 2) Our mechanic repaired my bike last week. ÅûªúÕ shop, Ç öÀ°∂œØ˛ centre èπ◊ ü¿í∫_Í®. ÅC ÅûªúÕ
(È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ fewer ûª®√yûª mechanics îÁ°æp- Nikhil wants him. í∫CéÀ ü¿í∫_Í®. fast food joint - ÉC correct a) Our Mechanic who does his job well has
éπ\-®Ω™‰ü¿’. ü∆ü∆°æ¤ à mechanic èπÿ Eñ«-ߪ’B 3) He got it repaired the day before. It has trou- English, öÀ°∂œØ˛ English é¬ü¿’ ÅE Éçûªèπ◊ a sound knowledge of...
™‰ü¿’. Åçûª-éπØ√o ûªèπ◊\´ (Fewer) ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ °æE ble now. ´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. ¶«í¬ îËÊÆ ´’† Mechanic èπ◊ Mechanism
ûÁ©’Ææ’. É™«çöÀ expression ¶«í¬ practice 4) His shop is next to the
fast food joint. It is very
É°æ¤púø’ éπ©-°æçúÕ, °j È®ç-úÕçöÀF. which éπü∆, ñ«c†ç ¶«í¬ ÖçC.
îËߪ’çúÕ for effective conversation. ´Ææ’h´¤ 鬕öÀd. b) Our Mechanic whose knowledge of
close to his rooms.
His shop is next to the fast food joint which mechanism is sound does his job well
5) ... he is out with
another customer. He is close to his rooms. = Mechanism ™ ´’ç* knowledge Ö†o
is buying a bike. He ÅûªúÕ í∫CéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ Ö†o fast food joint °æéπ\ØË Ç ´’† Mechanic ¶«í¬ îË≤ƒhúø’.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 162 wanted this mechan-
ic's opinion. M. SURESAN
shop. 8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their
bikes. They are happy.
Ø√èπ◊ î√™« ´’çC friends ÖØ√o®Ω’. Åûªúø’ ¢√∞¡x
bikes repair î˨»úø’. ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√o®Ω’.

He is sending his boy who will .. 'Whose' ¢√úÕ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç. Å®Ωnç, á´J bikes
Å®·ûË Åûªúø’ repair î˨»úÓ... ņo-ô’xí¬ ´Ææ’hçC.
ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å™« ņç.
I have a number of friends whose bikes he
6) He is sending his boy. He will fetch the bike 5) He is out with another customer. He is buy- has repaired, and they are all happy.
Kedar: But What happened to his mechanic?
to the shop. The mechanic will attend to it. ing a bike. He wanted this mechanic's opin- 9) He repaired my cousin's bike six months
His shop is next to the fast food joint. It
7) Our mechanic does his job well. His knowl- ion. ago, it hasn't given him trouble ever since.
is very close to his rooms.
é¬F ÅûªúÕ mechanic à´’-ߪ÷uúø’? Ç edge of mechanism is sound. Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ customer ûÓ ¢Á∞«xúø’. Ç customer éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç – Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ which ûÓ éπ©’-§Ò-a-
öÀ°∂œØ˛ centre Shop. Nikhil
°æéπ\ØË ÅûªúÕ 8) I have a number of friends. He repaired their bike éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. Åûª-úÕéÀ ¢Á’é¬-Eé˙ ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç éπü∆?
¢√∞¡x rooms èπ◊ ü¿í∫_®Ω. bikes. They are all happy. 鬢√L. My cousin's bike which he repaired six
(Rooms = Bachelors ™«çöÀ-¢√∞¡Ÿx ÅüÁlèπ◊ 9) He repaired my cousin's bike. It hasn't given Combine the above. Use 'who' - ´’†’-≠æfl©’ months ago hasn't given him any trouble
BÆæ’èπ◊E ÖçúË í∫CE rooms Room
Åçö«®Ω’. ÅE him any trouble since then. 鬕öÀd. ever since.
Singular ™ ¢√úø®Ω’ Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ) Oô--Eoç-öÀF ´’†ç who, which, whose and that He is out with another customer who is buy- Åûªúø’ Ç®Ω’ ØÁ©© éÀçü¿ repair îËÆœ† ´÷ cousin
Kailas: It seems he is out with another cus- ûÓ éπL°œ *†o sentences í¬ ´÷®Ω’ü∆lç. ing a bike and wanted his opinion. bike Å°æpöÀ†’ç* à trouble É´y-™‰ü¿’.
tomer. He is buying a bike. He wanted 1) Isn't it Nikhil who/ that called? Bike éÌçô’†o ÉçéÓ customer ÅûªúÕ ÅGµ- Ever since = Å°æpöÀ†’ç*
this mechanic's opinion. ÉC ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ conversation ™ ¢√ú≈-Lq†/ ´’†èπ◊
customer
v§ƒßª’ç 鬢√-©-†-úøçûÓ ûª†’ (¢Á’é¬-Eé˙) Åûª-úÕûÓ ÉN ´÷ô™x ¶«í¬ practice -îË-ߪ’çúÕ.
Åûªúø’ ÉçéÓ ûÓ •ßª’-öÀéÀ NE-°œçîË expression - ¢Á∞«xúø’.
bike
¢Á∞«xúø’. Åûª-ØËüÓ éÌçô’-Ø√oúø’. Ñ E"™¸ é¬ü∆ °œL-*çC? ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ E"™¸ éπü∆
mechanic ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ °œL-*çC? = Is it Nikhil who/ that called? EXERCISE ANSWER
Åûª-úÕE BÆæ’-Èé-∞«xúø’. È®çúÕç-öÀéà not ûËú≈. Ééπ\úø who/ that È®ç-úÕçöÀ™ Practise the following aloud in English.
Kedar: So what are you going to do? Preethi: Hi Prema, how's your brother?
àüÁjØ√ ¢√úÌa. Å®·ûË v§ƒùç-™‰E ´Ææ’h-´¤© (éÀçC ¢√öÀ™xwho, which, whose, that ¢√úøçúÕ)
Å®·ûË †’¢Ëyç îËߪ’-¶-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? Prema: OK. I took him to the doctor who
N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ who ®√ü¿’, that ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. Preethi: Hi Prema, O’ ûª´·t-úÁ™« ÖØ√oúø’?
Kailas: I've already called our mechanic and practises by the temple. The medi-
Which èπÿú≈ ´Ææ’hçC. Prema: ¶«í¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. í∫’úÕ °æéπ\†practice
told him of it. He is sending his boy. He cines which he gave had a good
eg. Isn't it the book that / which you want? îËÊÆdoctor ü¿í∫_-®ΩÍé BÆæ’-Èé-∞«x†’. Çߪ’†
will fetch the bike to the shop. The effect. He is better now.
mechanic will attend to it. (Fèπ◊ 鬴-©-Æœ† °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉC é¬ü∆?) Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø É*a† ´’çü¿’©’ ¶«í¬ °æE-îË-¨»®·. É°æ¤úø’
Preethi: He is the doctor who treats all of us.
mechanic Phone who, which etc ûÓ join îËߪ÷-Lq† Å´-Ææ-®Ωç-™‰ü¿’. é¬Ææh èπ◊™«-≤ƒí¬ ÖØ√oúø’.
The medicines which he prescribes
Ø√ èπ◊ îËÆœ îÁ§ƒp†’. ¢√∞¡x Preethi: ´÷Èé-°æ¤púø÷ ¢Ájü¿uç îËÊÆ ú≈éπd®Ω’ Çߪ’ØË.
èπ◊v®√-úÕE °æ秃úø’. Åûªúø’ •çúÕ BÆæ’-èπ◊-´ÊÆh 2) Our mechanic repaired my bike. Nikhil wants
Çߪ’† prescribe îËÊÆ ´’çü¿’©’ ¶«í¬ work. He is one of those whose diag-
mechanic ü∆Eo repair îË≤ƒhúø’. him
°æE-îË-≤ƒh®·. ¢√uCµ E®Ωgߪ’ç (diagnosis) nosis does not go wrong.
Kedar: Our mechanic does his job well. His ´’† mechanic §Ú®·† ¢√®Ωç Ø√ bike repair ûª°æ¤p-§ÚE doctors ™ Çߪ’-ØÌ-éπúø’ Prema: He was the only one who did not
knowledge of mechanism is sound. î˨»úø’, Nikhil èπ◊ ûª†’ 鬢√L. (whose ¢√úøçúÕ)
mechanic treat my brother till yesterday in this
´’† ¶«í¬ØË îË≤ƒhúø’. Ééπ\úø who/ that ¢√úÕ Ñ È®çúø’ sentences †’ Prema: ´÷ ûª´·túÕo E†oöÀ ´®Ωèπ◊ treat îËߪ’E
Mechanism area. The others in the area have all
°æôx Åûª-úÕéÀ Ö†o Å´-í¬-£æ«† éπ©-°æ-´-a-éπü∆, É™« îª÷úøçúÕ. áçûª effective í¬ doctor Çߪ’-ØÌ-éπ\úË. Ñ area ™ N’í∫û√
´’ç*üË. treated my brother.
Öçô’çüÓ. Doctors Åçü¿®Ω÷ ´÷ ûª´·t-úÕE îª÷Æœ-†-
Sound = good; Sound Health - ´’ç* Ç®Óí∫uç Nikhil wants our mechanic who/ that ¢√∞Ïx. Preethi: You must take still greater care of
sound knowledge - ´’ç* knowledge repaired my bike last week. Preethi: ÅûªúÕ Ç®Óí∫uç °æôx Éçé¬ v¨¡ü¿l¥ ´£œ«ç-î √L him.
sound sleep - Prema: That's our worry.
´’ç* Evü¿ Ø√ bike †’ repair îËÆœ† ´’† mechanic Nikhil O’®Ω’.
sound financial position - ´’ç* ÇJnéπ °æJ-ÆœnA. Prema: ÅüË ´÷¶«üµ¿.
èπ◊ 鬢√L.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ -´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 30 -¢Ë’ 2006
Neeraj: What's wrong Suraj? Your head looks
rather odd. Let me see. Ah... it's your
ߪ’†ç îËÆæ’hçC.)
deal with/deals with (Present)
haircut.
dealt with (Past tense & past participle)
(àçöÀ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’? F ûª™‰üÓ N*vûªçí¬ éπ†- Neeraj: There are two or three books here. I
°æ-úø’-ûÓçC. îª÷úøF.. Ç Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC... †’´¤y find them interesting. Shall I take
îË®·ç--èπ◊†o hair cut) them? I promise to return them prompt-
(rather - ´’†-éÀ-≠dç æ -™‰E N≠æߪ’ç éÌClí¬ ly within ten days.
áèπ◊\´ ÅEpç-*-†-°æ¤púø’ rather Åçö«ç. Éçûª- (Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæéÀh éπL-Tç-
èπ◊-´·çü¿’ lessons ™ DFo îªJaçî√ç. îË-Ní¬ ÖØ√o®·. ؈’ ¢√öÀE BÆæ’-éÓØ√?10
îª÷úøçúÕ. Odd-´÷´‚©’ éπçõ‰ ¢ËÍ®/ N*-vûª- ®ÓV™x ûª°æpéπ AJT ÉîËa≤ƒh†E ´÷öÀ-Ææ’hØ√o.)
¢Á’i† (Ééπ\úÕ Å®√n©’) Odd Number = ¶‰Æœ Sentence group No. 7: show me - You didn't show me the books you
Suraj: Who's (who is) stopping you?
Ææçêu Rs. Two thousand odd = È®çúø’ ¢Ë© This book is different. It deals with the bought yesterday.
®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’© *©x®Ω (üµ¿®Ω, ê®Ω’a ™«çöÀN ¢√úË- E-ØÁo´®Ω’ Ç°æ¤-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’?(Åçõ‰ BÆæ’éÓ ÅE. future of Kashmir= (Ñlast sentence which
™ èπÿú≈ ™‰éπ-§Ú-´úøç
°æ¤púø’) ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ é¬F éÓ°æçí¬ é¬F, E-ØÁo´®Ω’ Ç°æ- This book which deals with the future of correct - í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ).
Suraj: You are talking about my hair cut! My
õ‰xü¿’. àç îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢Ó îË®·, ÅE) Kashmir is different. 6) These are the books I bought them at a dis-
barber is an expert hair stylist. He O’ conversation™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. N’í∫û√Sentence groups who (whom
†’ •ü¿’- count of 30% to 40% each. = These are the
always gives me the latest in hair cut. Neeraj: Thank you.
©’í¬Who) lessons
¢√úø-û√-®ΩE í∫ûª ™ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- books which I bought at a discount of 30% to
Any thing looks odd if it is the latest lesson
éÀçü¿öÀ ™ ´’†ç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊†o who, èπ◊Ø√oç. 40% each =
hair cut what, whom, whose These are the books I bought at a discount
2) You should have gone to my barber.
(†’´¤y Ø√ †’ í∫’Jç* ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’- ûÓ, N†-ö«-EéÀ é¬Ææh ᶄs-
Ø√o¢√? ´÷ barber î√™« E°æ¤-ù’úø’. Ø√Èé- -ôdE-°œçîË §ÒöÀd §ÒöÀd Sentences äéπ Everyone likes him. of 30% to 40% each.
latest hair cut Sentence í¬ éπ-©°æ-úøç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√oç. ´’J-éÌEo sentences which drop
°æ¤púø÷ îË≤ƒhúø’. éÌûªhüËüÁj† barber
(v°æA¢√∞¡Ÿx á´-JE É≠æd°æúøû√®Ó Ç ü¿í∫_-JéÀ *´J ™– î˨»ç.
¢Á·ü¿ô Nçûªí¬ØË éπ†-°æ-úø’-ûª’çC.) N´-®√©’ É°æ¤púø’... †’¢Áy-∞«x-LqçC. ´÷´‚©’ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ DEéÀ •ü¿’©’– Å®·Ø√ éπÈ®Íéd.
Hair stylist - barber Look at the following sentences from the v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x É≠æd-°æúË ´÷ barber ü¿í∫_-JéÀ... ÅE 8) The author is a great historian. All scholars
Neeraj: It does perhaps. But I still feel you conversation above. Åçö«ç. Å°æ¤púø’ á´-JE ņ-ö«-EéÀ èπÿú≈ whom respect =
should have gone to my barber. Every 1) My barber is an expert hairstylist. He •ü¿’©’ who É™« ¢√-úø’û√ç.) The author is a great historian who all schol-
one likes him a lot. His shop is just always gives me the latest in hair cut You should have gone to my barber who ars respect=
across the road from your man's (£«®·®˝ éπöÀçí˚™ ´÷ barber î√™« E°æ¤-ù’úø’. everyone likes. The author is a great historian all scholars
(Å´¤-ûª’ç-üË¢Á÷. Å®·Ø√ †’´¤y ´÷barber Hair cut™ latest fashion îË≤ƒhúø’.) 3) My barber gave me respect.
ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-Lqç--C -Å-E -Å-†’-èπ◊ç--ô’Ø√o.) 2) You should have gone to my barber. a hair cut. I am satis- (who èπÿú≈ ™‰èπ◊Ø√o last sentence correct)
Suraj: Look here My barber gave me this hair Everyone likes him. fied with it. My bar- 9) There are two or three books here. - I find
cut. I am satisfied with it. I don't know (´÷ hair dresserü¿í∫_-JéÀ †’´¤y ¢Á∞¡Ÿxç-ú≈-LqçC. ber gave me a hair them interesting =
your hair stylist.Why should I go to him v°æA äéπ\®Ω÷ ÇûªEo É≠æd-°æ-úø-û√®Ω’.) cut which I am satis- There are two or three books here which I
at all? He is just across the road from your man's fied with. find interesting =
(îª÷úø÷. ´÷ barberÉ™« î˨»úø’. Ø√èπ◊ shop.)
(O’ ¶«®Ωs®˝ áü¿’-®Ω’-í¬ØË ÅûªúÕ É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™ x There are two or three books here I find
3) My barber gave me a hair cut. I am satis- which èπÿú≈ ´C-™‰- M. SURESAN interesting. (which correct).
™‰èπ◊Ø√o
Ææçûª%-°œhí¬ ÖçC. O’¢√úÁ-´®Ó Ø√éπÆæ©’
fied with it. ߪ’ôç ¢√úø’-Èéj-§Ú-®·çC. É°æ¤p-úø’ ´’Sx îª÷úøçúÕ.
1) ؈’ †´’t-éπ-¢Á’i† ´uéÀh-éÓÆæç îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’ =

The author is a great historian who...

-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 163
ûÁ-L-ߪ’-ü¿’. ØËØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL ÅûªúÕ ü¿í∫_-JéÀ?)
Neeraj: Come, Suraj. Don't be cross with me.
There are more interesting things to
talk about, aren't there? You bought
some books yester day.You didn't show
them to me at all.
(Ææ÷®Ωñ ¸ éÓ°æp-úÌü¿’l. Éçûª-éπçõ‰ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i†
N≠æ-ߪ÷-©’-Ø√o®· éπü∆? E†o †’´¤y é̆o
°æ¤Ææh鬩†’ Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œç-îªØË ™‰ü¿’)
Suraj: These are the books. I bought at a dis-
count of 30% to 40% each at the book
fare. They are interesting books.
(Ç °æ¤Ææh-é¬-LN. v°æ-B-C 30 †’ç* 40 ¨»ûªç
ûªT_ç°æ¤ üµ¿®Ω™ éÌØ√o†’)
Neeraj: What are they about?
( ÅN üËE í∫’Jç*?)
Suraj: All of them are fiction. But this book is
different. It deals with the future of
Kashmir. It's interesting. The author is a
great historian. Great Scholars respect
him
fictions -
(Å´Fo éπü∑∆ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’. éπü∑¿©’.
(éπLpç-*-†N 鬕öÀd) Fiction - éπLpûªç.
Å®·ûË ÉC ´÷vûªç ûËú≈. ÅC Kashmir
deal with =
¶µºN≠æuûª’h†’ îªJa-Ææ’hçC.
subject/
°æ¤Ææhéπç/ äéπ ã Ö°æ-Ø√uÆæç/ã Ö°æ-
etc.
Ø√u-Ææ-èπ◊úø’ îªJaç-îªôç.)
Eg: Zoology deals with animals =
(ïçûª’-
¨»ÆæYç ïçûª’-´¤-©†’ í∫’Jç* îªJa-Ææ’hçC/ Åüµ¿u-
(؈’ á´-J-ØÁjûË †´’t-í∫-©ØÓ Å™«çöÀ ´uéÀh-éÓÆæç
îª÷Ææ’h-Ø√o†’.) =
I am looking for a person who (whom
•ü¿’©’) I can trust (trust = †´’túøç).
= I am looking for a person I can trust.
2) The man who (whom she wants is
•ü¿’©’)
here = The man she wants is here =
(Ø√ barber Ø√èπ◊ îËÆœ† éπöÀçí˚ Ææçûª%-°œhí¬ îª÷úøçúÕ!
★ My barber gave me a haircut I am satisfied
Ǣ˒ 鬢√-©-†’-èπ◊†o -Åûª†’ Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√oúø’.
3) Fèπ◊ ؈’ E†o É*a† pen áéπ\úø?=
ÖçC.) with.
4) I don't know your hairstylist. Why should I Where is the pen which I gave you yes-
(with it
ûª®√yûª ´’Sx ®√ü¿’).
go to him at all? terday? =
4) I don't know your hair stylist why should I go
hair dresser Where's the pen I gave you yesterday?
to him at all.
4) ؈’ ¢Áûª’èπ◊-ûª’†o °æ¤Ææhéπç ÉüË =
(F (ÉC èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç) Ø√èπ◊ éπ©’-°æ¤ü∆ç:
Why should I go to your hair stylist who
ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’. ØËØÁç-ü¿’-Èé-∞«xL Åûª-E-ü¿-í∫_®Ωèπ◊?)
5) You bought some books yesterday. You This is the book which I've been searching
(whom é¬ü¿’) I don't know at all?
didn't show them to me. for=
(ÉC §Ú©açúÕ. Why should I go to a hair styl-
(E†o †’´¤y éÌEo °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØ√o´¤. ¢√öÀE ist I don't know at all- who
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ´C-™‰- This is the book I've been searching for.
Ø√èπ◊ îª÷°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’.) ߪ’ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ). practice
鬕öÀd ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ who (whom),
îËÊÆh
6) These are the books. I bought them at dis- 5) You bought some books. You didn't show which sentences join
¢√úø-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË îËߪ’-´îª’a.
count of 30% to 40% each. them to me = Å™« îËÊÆh ´’† conversation î√™« Åçü¿çí¬,
(ÉO Ç °æ¤Ææh-鬩’. OöÀE ؈’ äéÓ\-ü∆Eo 30 You bought some books which you didn't modern í¬ Öçô’çC.
†’ç* 40 ¨»ûªç ´®Ωèπÿ Discount ™ éÌØ√o†’)
7) This book is different. It deals with the EXERCISE Answer:
future of Kashmir. Practise the following aloud in English. Saran: Who was the man I saw you with yes-
Kashmir terday? (whom who
(-Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç -v°æ-ûËuéπ-¢Á’i-†-C. ÉC ¶µºN- Saran: E†o FûÓ Ö†o ÅûªØÁ-´®Ω’? •ü¿’©’ ¢√úË ™‰èπ◊çú≈).
ûª†’ -N-¨Ïx-≠œç-*ç-C.) Varun: Åûªúø’ Ø√ friend Tarun. Majority students Varun: My friend Tarun. He is a student leader
8) The author is a great historian. All scholars majority of students support.
support îËÊÆ student leader Åûªúø’.
respect him. Saran: I read his article in
(°ævA-éπ™x ®√ÊÆ ¢√uÆæç)
Saran: ؈’ àüÓ °ævA-éπ™  Åûªúø’ ®√Æœ† ¢√uÆæç îªC-
some paper. I saw his photo in it. That's
(®Ωîª-®·ûª íÌ°æp îªJvûªé¬®Ω’úø’. °æçúÕ-ûª’-©-ûª-úÕE
íı®Ω-N-≤ƒh®Ω’.) ¢√†’ Åéπ\úø ؈-ûªúÕ photo îª÷¨». Åçü¿’-éπE why I am asking.
9) There are two or three books here. I find ÅúÕí¬.
Varun: The articles he writes are interesting
them interesting. Varun: Åûªúø’ ®√ÊÆ ¢√u≤ƒ©’ î√™« interesting í¬,
and thought provoking. (Thought pro-
(OöÀ™E È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ Ø√èπ◊ ÇÆæ-éÀh-éπ-
Ç™- Í®Èé-Ahç-îË-Ní¬ Öçö«®·. voking = Ç™-îª-†©’ Í®Èé-AhçîË)
®Ωçí¬ ÖØ√o®·.)
Saran: ÅC ؈’ í∫´’-Eç-î √†’. Åûªúø’ Lecturers Saran: I've observed that. I think he is a student
Sentence groups No 1, and No 9 ©†’ äéπ-
öÀí¬ éπ©-°æ-ú≈-EéÀ, who and which ©†’ ûª°æp-E-Ææ- èπÿú≈ É≠æd-°æúË student ņ’-èπ◊çö«. the lecturers like too.
Jí¬ ¢√ú≈-LqçüË. Varun: ÆæçüË-£æ«´÷? ´’ç* book reader. Åûªúø’ Varun: Why doubt? He is a book reader too.
äéπ Sentence group No 1 îªC¢Ë books î√™« serious books. Ñ The books he reads are serious ones.
My barber is an expert hairstylist. He This is a book he has advised me to
°æ¤Ææhéπç Åûªúø’ îªü¿-´-´’E Ææ©£æ… É*açüË.
always gives me the latest in hair cut= read.
Saran: Å™«çöÀ students †’ Å®Ω’-ü¿’í¬ îª÷≤ƒhç
My barber is an expert hair stylist who gives Saran: Such students are rare, aren't they?
me...
éπü∆?

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

II Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 1 -W-Ø˛ 2006
Rajita: Hi Likhita, the bakery we buy our cakes 4) The time I told our friends to come at is 5.30
from is closed. What shall we do now. ؈’ ´’† friends †’ ®Ω´’t†o time 5.30
(´’†ç ´÷´‚-©’í¬ cakes éÌØË bakery 5) The time we are left with is rather short
´‚Æœ ÖçC. àç îËü∆lç?) (´’†èπ◊ N’T-L† time î√™« ûªèπ◊\´)
Likhita: I'm afraid. We have to make do with 6) Two of the guests we have invited have
the cakes we have at home. called...
(´’†ç Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË) ´’†ç °œL-*† guests ™ Éü¿l®Ω’ phone î˨»®Ω’.
Rajita: But are they enough for all the friends 7) ... The two girls you like so much.
we are going to have for the party? (†’¢ÁyçûÓ É≠æd-°æúË -É-ü¿l®Ω-´÷t®·-©’)
(é¬F party éÌîËa friends îª÷úøçúÕ, °j sentences ÅEoçöÀ™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ
Åçü¿-Jéà ÅN c) Ñ Channel ™ØË ØËØ√ programme É™« O™„j-†Eo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x, ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úË-
îª÷ÆœçC=
ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷?) ¶µ«í∫ç/ clause (English ™ *´J clause) Å®Ωnç This is the channel on which I saw the pro- ô-°æ¤púø’, whom ¢√úøéπç °æ‹Jhí¬ ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’.
Likhita: Let's see if the bakery at the other end Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ á´-JE ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ èπÿú≈ 'who'
ᙫ ´Ææ’hçüÓ: gramme. (old fashioned). On which ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈-–
of the street is open. 1) ´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery = (´’†ç à bakery This is the channel I watched the pro- 'that' ¢√úø’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ drop
(OCµéÀ Ñ *´®Ω Ö†o bakery ûÁJ* ™ cakes éÌçö«¢Á÷ ÅC ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) = gramme on. Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø í∫´’-Eç-îª-ü¿í∫_ N≠æߪ’ç, îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
ÖçüË¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç) The bakery we buy cakes from = (the bakery preposition 'on' ´C-™‰-ߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Whom •ü¿’©’ who , that èπÿ-ú≈ ¢√úøôç
Rajita: The time I told our friends to come at is from which we buy cakes ÅE ÅÆæ©’ clause - d) Ñ room ™ØË Åûªúø’ £æ«ûªuèπ◊ í∫’È®jçC. = ™‰C-°æ¤púø’. Å™«Íí which èπÿú≈ ™‰ü¿’. ÉN
5.30. It's already 4.30. The time we are é¬F modern English spoken form ™ É™« This is the room in which he was murdered ™‰èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË, we can join two/ more sentences
left with is rather short. Let's hurry. ņúøç ™‰ü¿’.) É™«çöÀ îÓôx from which ™«çöÀ (in which- old fashioned) into one ÅE °j examples ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
(´’† friends †’ ؈’ ®Ω´’t†o time 5.30 expressions ´÷ØË-¨»®Ω’.) Modern: This is the room he was murdered a) v°æA ¢√∞¡⁄x ¢Á’a-èπ◊ØË Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊-úø-ûª†’=
É°æp-öÀÍé 4.30 Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†èπ◊ 2) ´’† Éçöx Ö†o cakes ûÓ = in. ('In' sentence *´®Ω ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ) He is the leader every one admires.
N’T-L† time áèπ◊\´ ™‰ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ °æü¿) With the cakes we have at home e) †’´¤y °æ∞¡Ÿx éÓÆœ† éπAh °æü¿’-ØÁjçC= (Who everyone admires é¬ü¿’).
Likhita: Two of the guests we've invited have (modern for with the cakes which we have at The knife with which b) v°æA-¢√∞¡⁄x îª÷úø-ü¿í∫_ *vûª-´’C=
called to tell me they aren't coming. home - which present day English you cut the fruits is
™ ¢√úøôç That is a movie every one must see.
(´’†ç °œL-*† ¢√∞¡x™ Éü¿l®Ω’ ®√´-ôç-™‰-ü¿E ™‰ü¿’/ NE-°œç-îªü¿’) sharp. (with which - (Which every one must see é¬ü¿’)
Phone î˨»®Ω’.) 3) ... The friends we are going to have = old fashioned)
c) Åûªúø’ v°æߪ÷-ùÀçîË car î√™« êK-üÁjçC=
Rajita: Who are they? (¢√∞Îx-´®Ω’) friends (modern for Modern: The knife you
´’†èπ◊ ®√¶-ûª’†o Åçü¿-Jéà The car he travels by is expensive.
Likhita: Hasya and Lasya, the two girls you like 'the friends who/ that (whom = we •ü¿’©’) cut the fruits with is
(The car by which he travels,- old fashioned)
so much. One is down with a fever and are going to have - Spoken English
É°æpöÀ sharp. ('with' fruits
the other doesn't like to come alone.
Å®·ûË Ééπ\úø 'by' ÅØË preposition ´ü¿-©-èπÿ-úøü¿’.
™ who/ that drop whom
îËߪ’ôç °æJ-§ƒöÀ. ûª®√yûª ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-
(†’´¤y ¶«í¬ É≠æd-°æúË Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’ £æ…Ææu, îªçúÕ). M. SURESAN Åçü¿’-éπØË, the car he travels by ÅE by ¢√úøû√ç.
ÅÆæ©’ NE-°œç-îªúøç ™‰ü¿’)
™«Ææu. äéπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ ïy®Ωç, ÉçéÌ-éπ-J-Íé¢Á÷ äçô-
Jí¬ ®√´ôç É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’)
Rajita: That's disappointing. How much more
cake do we need?
(ÅC E®√-¨»-éπ®Ωç. ´’†-éÀç-Èéçûª
鬢√L?)
cake
This is the pen I like a lot
Likhita: (It) depends on the number of guests
EXERCISE ANSWER
we expect. My estimate is atleast 40.
That means we need at least a Kg Practise the following aloud in English Praneeth: The fish I ate yesterday wasn't
more.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 164 Praneeth: E†o ؈’ A†o fish Åçûª ®Ω’*í¬ ™‰ü¿’.
Vineeth: áéπ\úø AØ√o´¤.
tasty.
Vineeth: Where did you eat?
(ÅC ´’†ç ´≤ƒh-®Ω-†’-éÌØË Ç£æ…y-E-ûª’©
Praneeth: †’´¤y ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢Á∞Ïx, †’´¤y á°æ¤púø’ Praneeth: The restaurant you frequently go
4) ؈’ ´’†
Ææçêu†’ •öÀd Öçô’çC. Ø√ ÅçîªØ√ éπFÆæç
40, Åçõ‰ ÉçéÓ éÀ™ 鬢√L) friends time =
†’ ®Ω´’t†o ´÷ö«xúË restaurant ™. to, and talk so much about.
The time I told our friends to come at (the time Vineeth: Åéπ\úø complain îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ Ø√Íéç Vineeth: I haven't found anything to com-
Rajita: Ah... here we are. Thank god. This bak-
at which I told them to come - at which ™«çöÀ plain about there.
ery is open. éπEpç-îª-™‰üË?
expressions old fashioned - 鬕öÀd Å™« ņç.
(Ç... Å´’tߪ÷u. Ñ bakery ûÁJîË ÖçC.) Praneeth: ؈’ §Ò®Ω-§ƒô’ î˨»†’. E†o ؈’ Praneeth: I made a mistake. I should have
The time I told our friends to come at ÅØË
Thank god = •AéÀ-§Úߪ÷ç = üË´¤-úÕéÀ üµ¿†u-¢√-ü∆©’ E†’oèπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xLqçC. Å°æ¤úø’ taken you there yesterday. You
Åçö«ç.)
would then have known the quality
Likhita: They aren't good at making cakes 5) Two of the guests we have invited have †’´¤y ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†’ç-úË-¢√-úÕN ¢√∞¡Ÿx ´úÕfçîË
called = of food they serve.
here. cakes
(Ééπ\úÕ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ÆæJí¬_ îËߪ’®Ω’) ǣ慮Ωç íÌ°æp.
guests phone Vineeth: Ñ®ÓV BÂÆ\∞¡Ÿx. îª÷ü∆lç. Vineeth: Take me today and let's see.
Rajita: We have to buy here for now. No help- ´’†ç °œL-*† ™ Éü¿l®Ω’ î˨»®Ω’.
ing it. (Ééπ\úø É¢√-RdéÀ éÌØ√LqçüË. ûª°æpü¿’) (Two of the guests who/ that (whom •ü¿’©’) Praneeth: É¢√∞¡ Ø√ ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s î√©ü¿’. Praneeth: The money I have today isn't
we invited have called - who/ that old Ééπ\úø enough. Whose money do you
í∫ûª éÌEo lessons í¬ who (whom •ü¿’-©’í¬) fashioned -
Å®·Ø√ á´J úø•’s-†’¢√úÕ †’´¤y ®Ω’V´¤
É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’) wish to use to prove your point.
which ûÓ short sentence éπ©-°æôç practice
7) ... †’´¤y Åçûª É≠æd-°æúË Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·©’
îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o´¤.
Vineeth: †’¢Ëy-í∫ü∆ complain îËÆ œçC. Vineeth: It's you who complained.
= The two girls you like so much (The two
îËÆæ’hØ√oç éπü∆.
ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç. î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x who (whom Praneeth: Åçü¿’èπ◊ •ü¿’©’ Ç restaurant èπ◊ Praneeth: I'd rather stop going to the restau-
girls who/ that (whom •ü¿’©’) you like so
•ü¿’©’) & which ûÓ sentences join îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ rant.
much- old fashioned. Who/ that É°æ¤úø’ drop ¢Á∞¡xôç ´÷ØË-≤ƒh†’.
who (whom) and which E ´C-™‰Æ œ èπÿú≈ join îËÊÆ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.)
îÁßÁ·-uîªaE îª÷¨»ç– í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆? ÉC ´’†-Ææ’™ °j† ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-*† N≠æߪ’ç – È®çúø’ ´‚úø’
Öç-éÌE °j conversation ™ Ñ sentences short sentences †’ äéπ-öÀí¬ îËJa ´÷ö«xúËô°æ¤púø’ -v°æ-¨¡o: i) The uses of adversity are sweet. verb - are Ñ sentence ™ object ™‰ü¿’.
modern spoken form ™ whom èπ◊ ≤ƒn†ç ™‰ü¿’. ii) âØ˛-Æ‘dØ˛ ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥ç-û√Eo v°æA-§ƒ-Cç-î√úø’. Verb, 'be', form Å®·ûË object Öçúøü¿’ - 'are',
†’ study îËߪ’çúÕ.
ÅC ûª°æpéπ ¢√ú≈-Lq-´ÊÆh who/ that ¢√úøû√ç. -Ñ È®çúø’ ¢√é¬u-©èπ◊ subject, object, 'be' form.
1) The bakery we buy our cakes from is closed
a) Police ņ’´÷-Eç-îËC Åûª-úÕE= verb ûÁ©-°æ-í∫-©®Ω’. (ûÁ©’í∫’, ÉçTx-≠ˇ™x) ii) Einstein propounded the theory of relativity
(´’†ç cakes éÌØË bakery ´‚ÊÆÆœ ÖçC) He is the man who/ that the police suspect. iii) simple, complex, compound a) subject - Einstein b) verb- pro-
2) ... We have to make do with the cakes we Å®·ûË É™« ņúøç Éçé¬ better. í∫’Jç* ´’Jçûª Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç ÅçCç-îª- pounded
have at home. He is the man the police suspect. (who/ that
í∫©®Ω’. c) object - the theory of relativity
cakes èπÿú≈ drop îËÊÆ-Ææ’hØ√oç). É™«Íí which èπÿú≈.
– ®Ω¢Ë’-≠ˇ-¶«•’, π◊´’-®Ω-üË-´®Ωç
(´’† Éçöx Ö†o ûÓ Ææ®Ω’l-éÓ-¢√-LqçüË)
3) ... are they enough for all the friends we are b) ؈’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ É≠æd-°æúË pen ÉC=
ûÁ©’í∫’ - subject - Einstein, verb - v°æA-
going to have for the party? = This is the pen which I like a lot (old fash- -ï-¢√-•’: §ƒ-Cç-î√úø’, object - ≤ƒÊ°éπ~ Æœü∆l¥çûªç.
iii) Simple, compound, complex sentence †’
´’† party éÀ ®√¶-ûª’†o friends ioned). Which É°æ¤púø’ ´·êuçí¬ spoken
Åçü¿-JéÀ ÅN i) The uses of adversity are sweet.
English ™ ¢√úøôç ™‰ü¿’. Ç Ê°®Ω’x ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ N´-J-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oç, clause ™
ÆæJ-§Ú-û√ߪ÷? subject - the uses of adversity.
= This is the pen I like a lot (which ™‰èπ◊çú≈) Éçü¿’™ N´-Jç-*-†-°æ¤p-úø™«x – ¢√öÀE îª÷úøçúÕ.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm