í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 3 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Pratibha: Hi Mahima. How glad I am to see

Å™« report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ N’í∫û√ ÅEo ®Ω鬩
you! How is everybody in your vil-
sentence word order statement word
†’
lage?
order ™éÀ ´÷®Ω’-≤ƒh-´’E ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉC î√™«
(áçûª ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖØ√oØÓ E†’o îª÷úø- ´·êuç report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’. Å®·ûË î√™«-´’çC
í¬ØË, O’ Ü∞x Åçü¿®Ω÷ ᙫ ÖØ√o®Ω’?) sentences word order
§ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊©’ í∫’Jç*, ¢√öÀE
Mahima: We are all OK. Thank you. How are statement word order ™éÀ ᙫ ´÷®√aL
you? report
ÅE Åúø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. ÉC ûÁL-ߪ’-éπ-§ÚûË
Pratibha: Fine too. Thank you. What news? îËߪ’ôç Å≤ƒüµ¿uç.
Did the local body elections go off Ñ sentence ®Ω鬩’, Ææç•ç-Cµûª N´-®√-©†’
well in your place? spoken English -É-C-´®Ωéπ-öÀ lessons ™ î√™« b) They play well -
´’†ç Direct speech report
†’
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’,ques-
(èπ◊™«≤ƒØË. Thank you. àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? N´-®Ωçí¬ ûÁL§ƒç. î√™«-´’çC Ç lessons miss They (Subject) + play (verb) + ..
tion statement order
†’ ™ report
îË≤ƒhç. Åçõ‰
Statement
subject verb Imperative
≤ƒnEéπ áEo-éπ-™„™« ïJ-í¬®· O’ Ü∞x?) Åߪ·uç-ö«-®ΩØË ÖüËl-¨¡çûÓ É°æ¤púø’ ´’S} N´- îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆: ™ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ †’ ´·çü¿ ®Ω °úøû √ç.
Mahima: Didn't you read about them all in the ´·ç-ü¿’ subject
, ûª®√y-ûªverb ´≤ƒh®·.
J-Ææ’hØ√oç. í∫´’-Eç* í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ. sentence to
´·çü¿’ °öÀd v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Exclamation
papers? What did you watch on the 2 a) Non Wh question:
ûÁ©’-í∫’-¢√-éπuç™ à ´÷ô áéπ\-úø’Ø√o Å®Ωnç †’ ´·çü¿’ statement
í¬ ´÷Ja reportîË≤ƒhç.
TV? i) Is he a singer?
´÷®Ωü¿’. ®√´·úø’ ®√´ù’úÕE îªç§ƒúø’– Ñ Method of reporting: 1) statement
[Is (verb) + he (Subject) + ...]
(°ævA-éπ™x îªü¿-´-™‰ü∆ ¢√ô-EoçöÀ í∫’Jç*? ¢√éπu¢Ë’ BÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. DE™ à ´÷ô áéπ\-úø - Kamala to Karuna:
ii) Are they playing- verb, Are play-
TV ™ àç îª÷¨»´¤?)
Éçü¿’™
Öç*Ø√ Å®Ωnç ´÷®Ωü¿’. ®√´ù’úÕE ®√´·úø’ ing-É™« verb
™ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ´÷ô-©’çõ‰ Sita came here yesterday (statement)
Pratibha: I did, of course. But it is different to îªç§ƒúø’/ îªç§ƒúø’ ®√´·úø’ ®√´-ù’-úÕE– ¢Á·ü¿öÀ ´÷ô†’ helping verb,
N’í∫û√ Report: a) Kamala says to Karuna that Sita
hear about them from one like you on É™« ´÷ô-©†’ ¢√éπuç™ ᙫ ´÷JaØ√ Å®Ωnç ´÷ô-©†’ main verb
Åçö«ç. 鬕öÀd came there yesterday (Reporting
the scene. ´÷®Ωü¿’ éπü∆. Are they playing? Word order: verb - Present tense)
(îªC-¢√†’, îª÷¨»††’éÓ. é¬E Ææç°∂æ’-ô† -É°æ¤p-úø’ English ™ try îËߪ’çúÕ: Are (helping verb) + they (subject)+ playing? b) Kamala told Karuna that Sita had come
Ææn©ç™ Ö†o F™«çöÀ ¢√∞¡x ü¿í∫_-®Ω-†’ç* Rama killed Ravana- (main verb) yesterday.
N†ôç ¢ËÍ®.) Ñ ¢√éπuç™ Ñ ´÷ô© îÓôx†’ ´÷®ΩaçúÕ– 2 b) Wh questions: 2) 'wh' question report
†’ wh +
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’,
Mahima: Get me some water first. i) Where are they? question word order:
Ñ verb + subject/ wh + helping verb + subject +
Å®Ωnç ᙫ ´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çüÓ
Where (Wh word) + are (verb) + they (subject) main verb wh word + subject + verb
Pratibha: Have some coffee too. O’Íé ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC. †’,
structure
ii) Where are they going?-
™éÀ ´÷Í®a≤ƒhç.
( coffee Rama killed Ravana
3) Imperative sentences †’ report îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊,
é¬Ææh èπÿú≈ BÆæ’éÓ)
- Where (Wh word) + are (helping verb) +
imperative part
´·çü¿’ °öÀd infinitive îË≤ƒhç.
to
ÉD,
Ravana killed Rama they (subject) + going (main verb)
4) Exclamations †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ¢√öÀE
- question π◊ 4 word orders ÖØ√o®·:
äÍé Å®Ωnç É´y-éπ-§Úí¬ Åçõ‰ ´·çü¿’ statement word order™éÀ ´÷Ja,
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 193
´uAÍ®éπ Å®√n-©-E-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· i) Verb + Subject statement ™«í¬ that ûÓ report v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç.
M. SURESAN ii) Helping verb + Subject + Main verb
éπü∆. Exclamation: a) How well she sings!
(Ç¢Á’ áçûª ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çüÓ!)
ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ DEo statement í¬ ´÷®Ωaôç:

These politicians, oh, God! She sings very well.

Mahima: Thank you. Now about the elections.
I'm happy they are all over. Oh, what
have we been through! You just can't
imagine.
English ™ 4 ®Ω鬩 sentences ¢√úøû√ç.
(áEo-éπ-©-®·-§Ú-ߪ÷-ߪ’E ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC.
´÷N ᙫçöÀ ņ’-¶µº-¢√™ †’´¤y Ü£œ«çîª- 1. Statement (äéπ N≠æߪ’ç ûÁLÊ° sentence)-
™‰´¤)
Pratibha: That's why I asked you to tell me
2. Questions: ÉN Åçü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’– v°æ¨¡o©’–
about them.
(Åçü¿’-éπØË éπü∆ E†’o îÁ§ƒp-©çC)
È®çúø’ ®Ω鬩’:
Mahima: Many people didnot find their names
on the voter lists. Liquor flowed
freely. Money- lots of it- passed
hands. There were group clashes
and faction fights. We passed
through the worst of the tension.
(î√™«-´’çC Ê°®Ω’x ãô®Ωx ñ«G-û√™ ™‰´¤.
´’ü¿uç üµ∆®√-∞¡çí¬ §ƒJçC. °-ü¿l-¢Á·-ûªhç™
úø•’s îËûª’©’ ´÷JçC. ´®Ω_-§Ú-®√-ö«©÷
ïJ-í¬®·. î√™« tension ņ’¶µº-Nçî√ç)
Pratibha: We pride on being a democratic
Country.
(´’†ç àüÓ v°æñ«-≤ƒy´’u ü˨¡-´’E í∫®Ωy-
°æ-úøû√ç)
Mahima: These politicians, oh, God!
(
Ñ ®√ï-éÃߪ’ Ø√ߪ’-èπ◊©’ î√©’.
üË´¤-úÓß˝’!)
´’†ç Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ Imperative structures,
statements, questions ('wh', non-wh), excla-
mations report îËߪ’ôç (Indirect speech ™
îÁ°æpôç) îª÷¨»ç.
(Ç¢Á’ î√™« ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’çC.)
b) Exclamation: How tall he is!
(ÅûªØÁçûª §Òúø’íÓ!)
ÉüË Å®ΩnçûÓ DEéÀ statement form:
Åçü¿’-éπE English sentences ™ à ´÷ô iii) Wh word + Verb + Subject He is very tall. (Åûªúø’ î√™« §Òúø’í∫’)
Öçú≈-Lq† îÓô ÅC Öçú≈L. îÓô’-´÷-JûË Å®Ωnç iv) Wh word+Helping verb+Subject+Main verb Exercise: Report the conversation at the
´÷J-§Ú-ûª’çC. Word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) Very important: Wh questions ™í¬F, Non beginning of this lesson.
î√™« ´·êuç. ÅC îª÷ü∆lç É°æ¤púø’. Wh questions subject
™í¬F á°æ¤púø÷, verb
helping verb
ûª®√y-ûª-í¬F, ûª®√-ûªy-í¬F ´≤ÚhçC éπü∆.
´’†ç questions É™«Íí Åúø-í¬L. Å°æ¤púË correct.
ÉC™« Öçô’çC/ ÅC Å™« îÁߪ÷uL 3) Imperative sentences:
-v°æ-¨¡o:
™«çöÀ Å®√n-©ûÓ É´Fo Çïc©’, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷ ûÁL-Ê°N–
eg: a) come in ( =you come in) = (Asking)
b) Please help me (you please come in- request) What is the difference between ..
a) 'Wh' questions - What, Which, Where, c) Get out (you get out) - order. a) The Eenadu was published first from
When, Why, Who, Whom, Whose and Vizag.
(Oô-Eoç-öÀéà subject 'you' ØË. ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬
how Wh
™«çöÀ v°æ¨»o-®Ωnéπ °æü∆©’– É´Fo ûÓ b) The Eenadu was published first in Vizag.
´C-™‰≤ƒhç)
'Wh' Words
¢Á·ü¿-©-´¤-û√®· 鬕öÀd– OöÀE c) The Eenadu was first published in Vizag.
4) Exclamations:
Åçö«ç.
a) What a fool you are!
-ï-¢√-•’:
– G. £æ«†’-´’çûª®√´¤, ´÷Ωx.
b) Non 'Wh' questions- 'Wh' words ™‰E
What (Wh word) + a fool (noun) + you
questions.
(sub) + are (verb) Ç ´‚úø’ ¢√é¬u™x The Eenadu was pub-
3. Imperative sentences: Çïc©÷, Ŷµºu-®Ωn-†©÷, lished from Vizag ÅØËC éπÈ®é˙d. N’í∫û√
b) How good he is! - How (Wh word) + good
sentences.
Åúø-í∫-ö«©÷ ûÁLÊ°
(adj) + he (sub) + is (verb) È®çúø÷ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. publish Åçõ‰ v°æ-Jç-
4. Exclamations: Ǩ¡a-®√uEo, £æ«®∏√-ü∆s¥-¢√-©†÷
ûÁL-Ê°N: c) How well he plays!
îªôç – Åçõ‰ °ævA-éπ© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ ¢Á©’-´-úøôç
How (Wh word) + well (adv) + he (sub) +
ÅE Å®Ωnç. °ævA-éπ©’ -äéπ-îÓ-ô ´·vü¿ù Å®·-†-
Let us now study the word order in each °æp-öÀéÃ, Åéπ\úÕ †’ç* N’í∫û√îÓôxèπ◊ ¢Á∞¡-û√®·
plays (verb)
of the four types of sentences and how 鬕öÀd published from Åçö«®Ω’.
they can be changed into the statement 4 kinds of sentences word order Ææ÷n©çí¬:
word order. (This is very important for
Statement Question Imperative sentence Exclamation
Reporting, direct speech).
Word Order in .. Subject + Verb 1) Verb + Subject You (subject îÁ°æpç) + Wh word + noun/
2) Helping Verb + Subject + verb. adjective/ adverb +
1) Statement: Statement word order: Subject +
verb. statement Subject Main Verb verb sub + verb.
Åçõ‰ ™ á°æ¤púø÷ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ω-ùçí¬ ´·çü¿’
´·çü¿÷, ûª®Ω-¢√ûª verb ´≤ƒh®·. É°æ¤púø’ îª÷úøçúÕ: 3) Wh word + Verb + Subject éπE-°œ-Ææ’hçC. Question ™-™« é¬èπ◊çú≈
a) He is a singer - word order- 4) Wh word + Helping Verb + You á°æ¤púø÷ subject. Ééπ\úø sentence *´®Ω
He (Subject) + is (verb) + ... Subject + Main Verb N†-°æ-úøü¿’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤. verb ¢√úøû√ç.

Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm

-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 5 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006
Rohit: It is raining now. How shall I go?
(´®Ω{ç ´≤ÚhçC. ᙫ ¢Á∞¡x†’?)
Rajat: You have to, some how. Otherwise we
can't get the tickets and we shall be
missing the movie.
(ᙫ-ÈíjØ√ ¢Á∞«xL †’´¤y. ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ´’†ç öÀÈéö¸q
ûÁa-éÓ™‰ç, ÆœE´÷ miss Å´¤û√ç).
Rohit: You're not ready yet.
(†’Nyçé¬ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´-™‰ü¿’)
Rajat: You have a friend at the theatre, don't
you? Take his help to get the tickets
(Fèπ◊ Theatre ™ friend ÖØ√oúø’ éπü∆.
¢√úÕ ≤ƒßª’çûÓ öÀÈéö¸q BÆæ’éÓ)
Rohit: Shall I go now and wait for you at the
hall?
(É°æ¤púø’ -ØË-†’ ¢ÁRx öÀÈéö¸q BÆæ’-èπ◊E FéÓÆæç
£æ…©’ ü¿í∫_®Ω áü¿’®Ω’îª÷úøØ√?)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 194
It is raining now...
Rajat: Do. As soon as I get there, I shall call
you and we can meet each other.
(Å™« -îÁß˝’. ؈’ -C∑µßË’-ô®˝ ü¿í∫_-®Ωèπ◊ ®√í¬ØË, ÉçéÓ Example:
Fèπ◊ §∂ÚØ˛ îË≤ƒh. ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç éπ©’-Ææ’-éÓ-´îª’a.) Sankar: Shall I be happy if I accept the job?
Rohit: Shall I take the bike?
(؈’ Bike BÆæ’-éÓØ√?)
Rajat: How shall I come then?
(ØËØÁ™« ®√†’?)
Rohit: Shall I come back and pick you up?
(؈’ AJ-íÌ*a E†’o BÆæ’-Èé-∞¡xØ√?)
Rajat: Don't worry. I shall take an auto.
(°∂æ®√y-™‰-ü¿’™‰. ؈’ Çö™ ´≤ƒh.)
Rohit: I shall get going then.
(Å®·ûË Øˆ’ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’û√)
Rajat: Do. (é¬F.)
É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ÅEo ®Ω鬩 sentences Kumar: Shall I help you?
†÷ report îËÊÆ Nüµ∆†ç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Å®·ûË
shall ûÓ Ö†o questions †’ report -îËÊÆ N≠æ-
ߪ’ç™ éÌçûª ñ«ví∫ûªh Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
Present day English usage ™ shall èπÿ
will èπÿ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ àç ûËú≈ ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
shall ¢√ú≈-Lq† îÓô™«x, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅEo-îÓö«x will
¢√úË-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’. Shall, will -´’-üµ¿u ûËú≈-†’ -É°æ¤p-úø’
Åçûªí¬ °æöÀdç-éÓ-´-úøç-™‰-ü¿’. Å®·ûË I and we ûÓ
questions èπ◊ ´÷vûªç Éçé¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ shall
¢√úø’-ûª÷ØË ÖØ√o®Ω’.
Shall †’ I and we ûÓ question form ™ È®çúø’
®Ωé¬-©’í¬ ¢√úøû√ç:
1) Indefinite future- ´’†ç éπ*aûªçí¬ Ü£œ«ç-îª-™‰E/
´’†èπ◊ future ™ ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çü∆/ ï®Ω-í∫ü∆ ÅE
ÆæJí¬_ ûÁL-ߪ’E N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ í∫’Jç* question ™
´ÊÆh shall ¢√ú≈L.
a) Shall I ever become great? =
؈’ àØ√öÀ-ÈéjØ√ íÌ°æp-¢√-úÕ-†-´¤-û√Ø√?
b) Shall I be happy there? =
؈-éπ\úø ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ Öçö«Ø√?
c) Shall We need these books after we com-
plete the course? =
éÓ®Ω’q °æ‹®Ωh®·-† ûª®√yûª ´’†èπ◊ -Ç •’é˙q Å´-Ææ-®Ω´÷?
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
2) ´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ °æ†’©÷, requests, permis-
sions èπ◊ ÅúÕÍí question form ™ shall ¢√ú≈L.
a) Shall I help you? (ØË-†’ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’Ø√?)
b) Shall we wait till tomorrow?
(Í®°æ-öÀ-ü∆é¬ Çí∫-´’ç-ö«®√?)
c) When shall we start?
(´’´’tLo á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®Ω-´’ç-ö«®Ω’?/
¢Ë’ç á°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-©’-üË-®√L?)
First type of questions ™E shall †’ report
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, reporting verb, present tense ™ DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
Öçõ‰, shall •ü¿’©’ will ´Ææ’hçC.
a) Pranav: 'Shall I ever become rich?' Rohit: Shall I go now and Rohit asks Rajat if he should go Rohit asked Rajat if he should go
Santhi: You will, of course. wait for you at the at once and wait for him at the at once and wait for him at the
hall? hall. hall.
DEo report îËü∆lç.
Rohit: Shall I take the Rohit is asking Rajat if he can Rohit asked Rajat if he should
Pranav is asking/ has
bike? take the bike. take the bike.
asked Santhi, if he will
Rajat: How Shall I come Rajat asks/ is asking Rohit how Rajat asked Rohit how he would
ever become rich.
then? he will come then. come then.
Santhi assured him he
Rohit: Shall I come back Rohit is asking/asks Rajat if he Rohit asked Rajat if he should
will.
and pick you up? should come back and pick him up. come back and pick him up.
ÅüË reported verb past
tense
•ü¿’©’
™ Öçõ‰
would
shall
´Ææ’hçC. M. SURESAN
Exercise: Report the whole conversation between Rohit and Rajat at the beginning of the lesson -
with the reporting verb both in the present tense and past tense.
Answer to exercise under lesson 193
DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
Reporting verb present tense Reporting verb past tense
Pratibha: Hi Mahima, how Pratibha tells she is very glad to Pratibha told Mahima that she
glad I am to see you! How see mahima and asks her if was very glad to see Mahima and
Pranav asked Santhi if he would ever
is everybody in your vil- every body is well in her village. asked her if everybody was well in
become rich. Santhi assured that he would. her village.
lage?
Mahima: We are all OK. Mahima says they are all OK. She Mahima said that they were all
OK. She thanked Pratibha and
Thank you. How are you. thanks Pratibha and asks her how she is. asked her how she was.
Ramani: You will be, certainly. Pratibha: Fine too. Thank Pratibha says she is fine too. She Pratibha said that she was fine
Reporting Verb Reported Verb you, what news? Did the thanks her and asks her for news. too. She thanked her and asked
Present tense Past tense local body elections in She asks her if the local body elec- her if the local body elections in
your village go off well? tions in her village went off well. her village had gone off well.
Sankar is asking Sankar asked
Mahima asks Pratibha if she did- Mahima asked Pratibha if she had
Mahima: Didn't you read
Ramani if he will be Ramani if he would
about them in the papers n't read about them in the not read about them in the papers
happy if he accepts be happy if he
what did you watch on papers, and what she watched and what she had watched on the
the job. accepted the job.
the TV? on the TV. TV.
Ramani assures him Ramani assured
Pratibha: I did of course. Pratibha says/replies that she Pratibha replied that she had
that he will be, cer- him that he would
But it is different to hear did but it is different to hear about done but it was different to hear
tainly. be, certainly.
about them from one like them from one like her on the about them from one like her on
you on the scene. scene. the scene.
É°æ¤púø’ shall -¢√-úË È®çúÓ °æ-ü¿l¥-A:
Mahima: Get me some Mahima wants some water. Mahima asked for some water
water first.
ÉC Kumar îËÆæ’h†o offer. Reporting verb
Pratibha: Have some Pratibha offers some coffee too. Pratibha offered some coffee too.
present tense Å®·ûË, Kumar is asking her
Coffee too.
if he can help her. Å®·ûË É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™–
Mahima: Thank you. Now Mahima thanks Pratibha. About Mahima thanked Pratibha. About
(spoken English ™) He is offering to help the elections she (says she) is the election she (said she) was
about the elections. I'm
her -Å-†-úøç Öûªh´’ç. happy they are all over. She says happy they were all over. She said
happy they are all over.
ÉüË reported verb past tense ™ Å®·ûË. Oh what we have been Pratibha cannot imagine what Pratibha could not imagine what
Kumar asked Santhi if he should help her through you just can't they have been through. they had been through.
Å´¤-ûª’çC. Åçõ‰ É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx, ´’†ç îËߪ’-¶ßË’ imagine.
°æ†’© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, shall •ü¿’©’ should Pratibha: That's why I Pratibha says that's why she Pratibha said that was why she
´Ææ’hçC. asked you to tell me asked her to tell her all about had asked her to tell her all about
Prasad: When shall I see you again? about them. them. them.
Pramod: You can see me whenever you like. Mahima: Many people did Mahima says that many people Mahima said that many people
Prasad asked Pramod when he should see not find their names on did not find their names on the had not found their names on the
him again. Pramod told him that he could the voter list. Liquor voter list, that liquor flowed voter list that liquor had flowed
flowed freely. Money- lots freely, that money- lots of it- freely that money- lots of it- had
see him whenever he liked.
of it changed hands. changed hands and that there changed hands and that there had
Now look at the following conversation at
There were group clash- were group clashes and faction been group clashes and faction
the beginning of the lesson:
es and faction fights. We fights. They passed through fights. they had passed through
1) Rohit (to Rajat): How shall I go? the worst of tension.
passed through the worst worst of tension.
Report: Rohit asked Rajat how he should go. of tension.
(Reporting verb - past tense). Pratibha: We pride on Pratibha says we pride on being Pratibha said we prided on being
Rohit asks Rajat how he can go. being a democratic country a democratic country. a democratic country.
(Reporting Verb - present tense - É™«çöÀîÓôx Mahima:These politicians, Mahima expresses her disgust Mahima expressed her disgust of
can ¢√úø’éπ ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç) Oh, God. of politicians.
(üËy≠æç/-Å-Ææ£æ«uç) politicians.
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 7 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Darsan: How about eating out today? advice?

(•ßª’-õ„-éπ\-úøØ√o (hotel™) ¶µç-îË-ü∆l´÷?) (†ØËoç îËߪ’-´’ç-ö«-N-°æ¤púø’? F Ææ©£æ… à-N’-öÀ?)
Vardhan: That's ok with me. I welcome the Kumar: Buy it if you like. What can I say?
change. (FéÀ-≠d-¢æ Á’iûË é̆’éÓ\. ØËØËç îÁ°æp-í∫-©†’?)
(Ø√èπ◊ Ææ´’t-ûª¢Ë’. é¬Ææh ´÷®Ω’p Ø√èπÿ ÆæçûÓ- Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù†’ Kumar report îËߪ÷-©-†’-èπ◊çõ‰ È®çúø’
≠æ¢Ë’) Nüµ∆-©’í¬ îËߪ’-´îª’a–
Darsan: Which restaurant shall we go to? 1) Åçû√ rules v°æ鬮Ωç.
(à restaurant Èé∞«lç?) 2) Spoken form of English (´÷´‚©’ English
Vardhan: Let's try 'Vindu Vilas' today. Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™) informalí¬ report îËߪ’ôç..
(Ñ¢√∞¡ Nçü¿’ -N-™«Æˇ èπ◊ -§Ú-ü∆ç) Compare the following Table -3
Darsan: Isn't that a long way off? Moreover it's REPORT
DIRECT SPEECH
(--õ‰-•’-™¸ -1 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)
threatening to rain. I am afraid we
Formal (According to rules) Informal (Spoken Form)
might get drenched on our way back. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: Informal í¬ (´÷´‚©’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù Darsan: How about a) Present Tense Present Tense
(ÅC ü¿÷®Ωç éπü∆? ´®Ω{ç ´îËa-ô’dí¬ èπÿú≈ ÖçC. AJ-íÌ- ®Ω÷°æç™) report îËߪ’ôç áçûª Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçüÓ. eating out today Darsan asks Vardhan how about eat- Darsan suggests that they eat
îËa-ô-°æ¤púø’ ûª-úø’≤ƒh-¢Ë’-¢Á÷). threatening to rain - ´®Ω{- Å®·ûË §ƒ®∏Ω-èπ◊-©-éÌéπ Ææ÷: ¢Á·ü¿ô ¶«í¬ rules
Ææ÷- ¶«í¬ Öçúøôç. Å®·ûË threaten èπ◊ ´÷´‚©’ ing out that day. out that day.
v°æ鬮Ωç report îËߪ’ôç practice îËÆœ† ûª®Ω-¢√-ûË spo-
Å®Ωnç – ¶„C-Jç-îªôç. Don't try to threaten me = ken form™ informal í¬ b) Past Tense:
Darsan suggested that they eat
††’o ¶„C-Jç-îª-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îÌü¿’l. report îËߪ’ôç practice Darsan asked Vardhan how about
Vardhan: Why don't we go to Eat 'n' joy? It's out that day.
îËߪ’çúÕ: É°æ¤púø’ °j Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ- eating out that day.
not far off. ùØË past tense ™ report Vardhan is for it and welcomes
(Eat'nJoy Èéçü¿’-Èé-∞¡x-èπÿ-úøü¿’. Å-üË-´ ’ç-ûª a) Vardhan says it is OK with him and
Vardhan: That's OK
îËü∆lç: that he welcomes the change the change.
ü¿÷®Ωç é¬ü¿’.) with me. I welcome
Darsan: If I were you, I wouldn't even think of
(--õ‰-•’-™¸ 2 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) Vardhan said it was OK with him and Vardhan was for it/ agreed to it
the change
it. The food there is rotten. ´’†ç English ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’- that he welcomed the change. and welcomed the change.
†o-°æ¤púø’ report îËߪ’ôç Darsan: Which a) Darsan asks which restaurant a) Darsan asks about the restau-
M. SURESAN
(؈’ †’-¢Áj yûË, ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* Ç™-*ç-’.
restaurant shall we go they will go to. rant they will go to.
to? b) Darsan asked which restaurant b) Darsan asked about the
that would go to. restaurant they would go to

If I were you... Vardhan: Let's try

Vindu Vilas today

Darsan: Isn't it a long

a) Vardhan suggest that they try
Vindu Vilas that day.
b) Vardhan suggested that they
try Vindu Vilas that day
a) Vardhan suggests trying
Vindu Vilas that day/suggests
Vindu Vilas
b) Vardhan suggested trying
Vindu Vilas.
a) Darsan asks Vardhan if it is not a a) Darsan feels it is long way off.
Åéπ\úø food îÁûªh-™«í¬ -Öç-ôç--C). way off? Moreover it's long way off, and says that it's threat- Moreover it is threatening to rain
(rotten - ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç ´·J-T-§Ú-®·†. threatening to rain. I ening to rain and adds that he is and is afraid they might get
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
é¬E
am afraid we might afraid they might get drenched on drenched on their way back
Aô’d °æü¿çí¬ áèπ◊\´ ¢√ú≈h®Ω’.) 195
Vardhan: You say, 'Vindu Vilas' is a long way get drenched on our their way back
off. Eat 'n' Joy doesn't serve good way back. b) Darsan felt it was a long way
b) Darsan asked if it was not a long
food. So where shall we go now? î√™« Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ simple í¬ Öçô’çC éπü∆. Å™« Öçú≈- way off, and said that it was threat- off. Moreover it was threatening
('Nçü¿’— ü¿÷®Ω-´’ç-ö«´¤. Eat'n'Joy ™ ©çõ‰ ´÷öÀ-´÷-öÀéà told, asked ™«çöÀ reporting ening to rain and added that he was to rain and feared (that) they
food ¶«í∫’ç-úø-ü¿ç-ö«´¤ -´’-È®éπ\-úÕ-Èé-∞«lç) verbs, he added, he further said ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©÷ afraid that they might get drenched... might..
Darsan: Why not the restaurant at Hotel ¢√úøôç é¬Ææh ᶄsô’dí¬ Öçô’çC. ÅüË °æK-éπ~™x (X Vardhan: Why don't a) Vardhan asks why they don't go to a) Vardhan proposes/ suggests
Manpreet? (Manpreet Èé∞Ïh?) Class, Inter, Degree) reported speech -†’ direct we go to Eat 'n'joy? Eat 'n'Joy and adds that it is not far off. Eat 'n' Joy. it is not far off.
Vardhan: That's ok for me. Let's start then. speech™éÀ ´÷Ja-†-°æ¤púø’ Å™« ®√ߪ’ôç correct. It's not far off.
b) Vardhan asked why they b) Vardhan proposed/suggested
(Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. °æü¿ •ßª’-™‰l®√lç.) É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç -îÁ°æ¤pèπ◊ç-ô’-†o-C Spoken English é¬E,
Éçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç ÅEo ®Ω鬩 sentences †’ written English é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. Practice îËÆæ’h-†oD didn't go to Eat 'n' Joy and adds Eat 'n' Joy. It was not
report îËߪ ’ôç ØË®Ω’a-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. Å®·ûË Columns ™. Åçü¿’-éπE natural í¬ NEpçîË spoken that it is not far off far off.
Spoken English ™ Éûª®Ω’-© ´÷ô-©†’ report forms ØË practice îËü∆lç. Let us now try to report
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ éÌEo ≤ƒ®Ω’x strictly grammatical í¬ the conversation at the beginning of the lesson. Table -4
report îËߪ’ôç éÌçîÁç ví¬ç-C∑-éπçí¬ éπ-E°œç-îª-úø¢Ë’ strictly according to the rules and informally, DIRECT SPEECH
REPORT
é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬ èπÿú≈ -Öç-ô’ç-C. éÀçC Ææ綵«- with the reporting verb in the present form and according to rules Informal (Spoken Form)
≠æù report îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’-Aoç-îªçúÕ: the past form as well. (--õ‰-•’-™¸ 3 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) Darsan: If I were you, a) Darsan tells vardhan that if he Darsan Says if he were Vardhan
I Wouldn't even think were he, he wouldn't think of it and he wouldn't think of it and calls
Samir: What shall I do now? What's your Spoken form ™ informal í¬ report of it. The food there is
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. that the food there is rotten. the food there rotten. He has no
îËߪ’ôç áçûª simple rotten.
Table -1 b) Darsan told vardhan that if he good word for the food there.
Kumar's Report In present Tense
í¬, natural í¬ éπEp- b) Darsan said that if he had been
Direct Speech had been he, he woudn't have even
According to Rules Informal (Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù®Ω÷°æç) vardhan he wouldn't have even
≤ÚhçüÓ. Å®·ûË Å™«
Direct thought of it and that the food there
thought of it and called the food
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’
Samir: What shall Speech ™E ¶µ«´ç was rotten.
Samir is asking me what Samir is unable to there rotten / he had no good
I do now? What's
Vardhan: You say
àO’ îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ -ñ«-ví∫-ûªh °æ-
your advice?
he should do now and decide and is asking for a) Vardhan Observes that Darsan word for the food there.
'Vindu Vilas' is a long
my advice.
ú≈-L.-Å™« ÖçúË Nüµ¿çí¬
what my advice is.
informal í¬ report says that Vindu Vilas is a long way a) Darsan feels Vindu Vilas is a
way off. Eat'n'Joy
I am telling him to buy it off and Eat'n'Joy doesn't serve good long way off, and Eat 'n' Joy
Kumar: Buy it if I am telling him to buy it îËߪ÷-©çõ‰ éÌçîÁç doesn't serve good doesn't serve good food, so
if he likes and that
you like. What can I if he likes and am asking vocabulary
food. So where shall
food. He asks where they will go
where will they go now.
him what I can say. there is nothing I can
say? (°æü¿Ææç°æü¿) Å´-Ææ®Ωç. now.
say / for me to say. we go now?
ÅC Öçõ‰ informal b) Vardhan observed that Darsan b) Vardhan Felt that Vindu Vilas
report î√™« Ææ’©¶µºç.
said that Vindu Vilas was long way was a long way off, Eat 'n'Joy did-
Table -2 Exercise: Report off and Eat 'n' Joy didn't serve good n't serve good food, so where
Kumar's Report (Past Tense) aloud the rest of the would they go Now?.
Direct Speech food. He Asked him, where they
According to Rules Informal (Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù ®Ω÷°æç) conversation at the
would go.
beginning of the les- a) Darsan asks why they spend not a) Darsan suggests the restau-
Samir: What shall I Samir asked me what he Samir was unable to Darsan: Why not the
son. both a) accord- go to the restaurant at Hotel rant at Hotel Manpreet.
do now? What's should do then and what decide and asked for/ restaurant at Hotel Manpreet?
ing to rules b) in the
your advice? my advice was wanted my advice Manpreet? b) Darsan asked why they shouldn't'
informal (spoken) b) Darsan suggested the restau-
form, and also a) in go to the restaurant... rant...
Kumar: Buy it if I told him to buy it if he I told him to buy it if he the present form and Vardhan: That's Ok a) Vardhan says that it is ok for him a) Darsan says OK and suggests
you like what can I liked and asked him liked and that there was b) past form and suggests they start. that they start.
for me Let's start them
say? what I could say nothing for I could say b) Vardhan said that is was ok for b) Vardhan said OK and suggest-
/ for me to say. (--õ‰-•’-™¸ 4 -îª÷-úøç-úÕ) him, and suggested that they start. ed that they start.
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 10 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

1) Hemanth: Sarath, you are late again. Malli?

(¨¡®Ωû˝, ´’Sx †’´¤y Ç©Ææuçí¬ -´-î √a-´¤)
Sarath: But I'm not. You wanted me here at 5,
and here I am at 5.
( ØËØËç Ç©Ææuçí¬ ®√-™‰-ü¿’. †’´¤y -Å®·Cç-öÀéÀ
®Ω-´’t-Ø√o-´¤. Å®·Cç-öÀéÀ -Ééπ\-úø’-Ø√o†’)
Hemanth: Didn't you promise to be here 4.30
itself?
(4.30 èπ◊ Ééπ\-úø’ç-ö«-†E ´÷öÀ-´y-™‰ü∆?)
Sarath: I did, but then you said it was enough
If I was here by 5.
(Eï¢Ë’ é¬E †’¢Ëy ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆ ØËE-éπ\úø -
Å®·Cç-öÀ-èπ◊çõ‰ î√©E)
2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, would you like to have
some coffee?
(é¬Ææh coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?)
Neeraj: I don't feel like it I've just had coffee.
(BÆæ’éÓ-¢√-©-E°œç-îª-ôç-™‰ü¿’. É°æ¤púË coffee
BÆæ’èπ◊Ø√o)
Dheeraj: But you must take some thing. Shall I
get you a drink, perhaps some orange
juice?
(†’¢Ëy-ü¿-®·Ø√ -BÆæ’éÓ¢√-LqçüË. orange
(؈’ -E-†’o '´’Lx— ÅE °œ©-´úøç -É-≠d-¢æ Ë’Ø√?)
Malini: Nothing of the sort, Call me Malini.
That is how I like it.
(ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’. ††’o ´÷LE ÅØË- °œ-©’-. ÅüË
Ø√éÀ≠dçæ )
Nothing of the sort= ÅüËç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’– Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ DEo
-à Ææç-ü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ Å®·Ø√ ¢√úø-´îª’a. Purely conversa-
tional. O’ conversation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. DIRECT SPEECH
REPORTING
5) Subba Rao: How about Rs 500/- for the Formal (According to rules) Informal (Spoken Form)
whole job? Reporting Verb Past tense
(Ñ ¢Á·ûªhç °æEéÀ ®Ω÷. 500 É≤ƒh-†’. à´’ç-ö«´¤?) 1) Hemanth: Sarath, Hemanth observed that Sarath was Hemanth complained that Sarath
Apparao: That's too little for such a lot of work. you are late again. late again. was late again.
I don't like the amount at all, but I Sarath: But I'm not.
Sarath said he was, however, not Sarath protested and asserted
need money now, so I agree to do it. You wanted me here at late, and that Hemant had wanted that he was there at 5, as
(Åçûª °æEéÀ -Éçûª ûªèπ◊\¢√? 5, and here I am at 5. him there at 5, and there he was at 5. Hemanth had wanted him.
Ø√èπ◊ É≠ædç ™‰ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ Ø√éÀ- Hemanth: Didn't you Hemanth asked sarath if he hadn't Hemanth reminded sarath of his
°æ¤púø’ úø•’s Å´-Ææ®Ωç. Åçü¿’-éπE promise to be here at promised to be there at 4.30 itself. promise to be there at 4.30 itself.
ä°æ¤p-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o.) 4.30 itself?.
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ lesson ™ Direct Sarath: I did but then Sarath told Hemanth that he had Sarath agreed but reminded
speech -†’ strictly accord-
you said that it was said so, but that Hemanth had said Hemanth that he had told him
ing to rules, formal (Ææ÷vû√©
enough if I was here that it would be enough if he was that it was enough if he was there
v°æ鬮Ωç, ví¬ç--C∑éπç) í¬ report by 5. there by 5. by 5.
M. SURESAN .
Ééπ\úø Informal reporting ™ complained, protested, reminded, agreed ™«çöÀ ´÷ô©

I don't feel like.. ¢√úø’éπ í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆. Å™«çöÀ ´÷ô©’ reporting †’ Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ ÖçúËô’x -îË≤ƒh®·

2) Dheeraj: Hi Neeraj, Dheeraj asked Neeraj if he would

Dheeraj offered coffee to Neeraj.
Neeraj refused Has he had just
would you like to have like to have some coffee.
had some coffee.
some coffee?
juice ™«çöÀ-üË-¢Á’iØ√ É´yØ√?)
Neeraj: I don't feel Neeraj replied he didn't feel like it Neeraj didn't feel like it as he had
Neeraj: Not n ow, please. Thank you, just the
like it, I've just had
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
same . and added that he had just had some just had some coffee.
196 some coffee. coffee.
(É°æ¤púø’ -´-ü¿’l™‰ Å®·Ø√ thank you.)
just the same = Å®·Ø√ Dheeraj: But you Dheeraj said that Neeraj had to take Dheeraj insisted that Neeraj take
3) komala: Shall we go to the exhibition this must take something. something. He asked him if he something. He offered to get
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ, ordinary spoken form (´÷´‚©’ ¢√u´- Shall I get you a drink, should get some drink, perhaps drink, perhaps some orange
evening?
perhaps some orange some orange juice. juice.
(Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç ´’†ç exhibition £æ…-Jé𠶵«≠æ)™ îËߪ’-ú≈Eéà ÖçúË ûËú≈ í∫´’-Eçî√ç.
insist = °æô’d-°æ-ôdúøç
Èé∞«l´÷?) É°æ¤púø’, -§ƒ-®∏√uç-¨¡ç -v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç-™ -Ö-†o Ææç-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-†’ juice.
Vimala: Sure; I like to, very much. í∫-´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ. OöÀ-™ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ ÅFo èπÿú≈ strictly Neeraj: Not now, Neeraj politely said that he wouldn't Neeraj wouldn't have any thing
(ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈. Ø√èπ◊ î√-™« É≠ædç) according to rules report îËÊÆh î√-™« ÅÆæ-£æ«-ïçí¬, please. Thank you just have anything then. He thanked then and thanked Neeraj just the
the same. Neeraj, just the same. same.
Komala: Then shall we start at 6.30? Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç é¬Ææh É•sç-Cí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE
°j Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù-©-†’ ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ report îËÆœØ√ 3) Komala: Shall we Komala suggested that they go to Komala suggested that they go to
(Å®·ûË 6.30èπ◊ •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-ü∆´÷?)
go to the exhibition the exhibition that evening/ Komala the exhibition that evening/
Vimala: That's OK for me. I'll be here exactly °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’. Å´-ûª-L-¢√--JéÀ Ææ-Jí¬_ -Å®Ωn-¢Á’i-ûË -î√-©’.
this evening? suggested their going to the exhibi- Komala suggested their going to
at 6.30. Let's try to report this conversation
tion that evening. the exhibition that evening.
(-Å-™«Íí. ØËE-éπ\úø correct í¬ 6.30 èπ◊çö«)
Vimala: Sure, I like Vimala agreed and said she liked to, Vimala readily agreed and liked
(°æéπ\ -õ‰-•’-™¸ -îª÷-úøç-úÕ)
4) Hema: How do you like my calling you
to, very much. very much. to go very much.
Now practise the following marks.
Komala: Then shall Komala asked Vimala if they would Komala proposed then they start
Report the direct speech both Kalyan: You haven't done the homework. we start at 6.30. start at 6.30. at 6.30.
in the Formal and Spoken form. Won't the teacher punish you?
Komala: That's OK Komala said that it was OK for her It was OK for Komala. She would
Prameela: Let's show our teacher we are Pavan: What do I care? Let her. for me. I'll be here at and that she would be there at 6.30. be there at 6.30.
clever students. Sangeeta: Let there be no delay, please. 6.30.
Vineela: That is the thing we have to do. Vignata: Be sure I'll be prompt. 4) Hema: How do you Hema asked Malli how she liked her Hema wanted to know how she
Let's work hard and get good like my calling you calling her Malli. like her calling Malli/ Hema would
Malli?. call her Malli. How would she like
ACCORDING TO RULES INFORMAL it?.
Malini: Nothing of the Malini said nothing of the sort. She Malini wouldn't have anything of
Prameela suggested that they show their Prameela wanted to show their teacher that
sort. Call me Malini. asked Hema to call her Malini and the sort. She asked Hema to call
teacher that they were clever students. that they were clever students.
That's how I like it. added that that was how she liked it. her Malini. That was how she
Vineela said that that was the thing they had to liked it.
Vineela agreed and suggested their working
do, and suggested that they work hard and get 5) Subbarao: How Subbarao asked Apparao if he would Subbarao proposed Rs. 500/- for
hard and getting good marks.
good marks. about Rs. 500/- for the do the whole job for Rs. 500/-. the whole job.
Kalyan said that Pavan had not done his Kalyan observed Pavan had not done his whole job?.
homework and asked him if the teacher would- homework and warned him that the teacher Apparao: That's too Apparao complained that it was
Apparao said that it was too little for
n't punish him. would punish him. little for such a lot of too little for such a lot of work. He
such a lot of work, and added that he
Pavan said that he did not care, and did not work. I don't like the grumbled that he didn't like the
Pavan said he didn't care. didn't like the amount at all, but that
mind her punishing him. amount at all, but I money at all but to do it as he
he needed money then and that he
Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay. Sangeeta urged that there should be no delay. need money now and would do it. needed the money, he would do it.
urge = Strong request (í∫öÀd Nïc°œh). (formal & Spoken form - same). I'll do it.
grumble = Ææù-í∫ôç.
Vignata told Sangeeta to be sure that she Vignata assured Sangeeta that she would be
would be prompt. prompt.
Prompt = Ææé¬-™«-EéÀ Öçúøôç.
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-¨¡-E¢√®Ωç 12 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006
Prabhakar: Hi Divakar, when did you come?
(£æ…ß˝’ C¢√-éπ®˝! á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√a´¤?)
Divakar: Hardly a few hours ago, by the
Howrah Express.
(É°æ¤púË éÌEo-í∫ç-ô© éÀçü¿ô, £æ«˜®√
áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ™ ´î√a†’.)
Prabhakar: Back home after a long time, you
feel happy, don't you? But why
are you out so soon?
(î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√yûª AJ-íÌ-î√a´¤. ÆæçûÓ-
≠æçí¬ ÖçC éπü∆? Å®·ûË Å°æ¤púË ´’S}
•ßª’-öÀ-éÌ-î√a-¢ËçöÀ?)
Divakar: Oh, just think of it. What do I find
as I step into home? Mom down
with a fever.
(îª÷úø’. Éçöx Cí∫-í¬ØË Øˆ’ îª÷Æœç
-üË-N’öÀ? Å´’tèπ◊ ïy®Ωç.)
You are welcome
Prabhakar: What train did you say you came
by?
(à train ™ ´î√a†Ø√o´¤ †’´¤y?)
Didn't you say the Howrah
Express?
(£æ«˜®√ áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ÅØ√o´¤ éπü∆?)
My uncle must have come by the
same train.
(´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u èπÿú≈ ÅüË train ™
´îª’aç-ú≈L).
But why are you out?
Divakar: I told you. Mom has a fever and I
am going to get some medicines.
What a bother?
(îÁ§ƒp†’ éπü∆. Å´’tèπ◊ ïy®Ωçí¬
Öçü¿E, ´’çü¿’©’ BÆæ’-èπ◊-®√-´-ú≈-EéÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿ-
ûª’Ø√o. àç ¶«üµÓ! – NÆæ’í∫’ – What a
bother)
Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it's just an
ordinary fever
(Eïçí¬ ü¿’®Ωü¿%≠æd¢Ë’. ´÷´‚©’
ïy®Ω¢Ë’ éπü∆?)
Divakar: (I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's
some viral fever.
(´÷´‚©’ ïy®Ωç Å®·ûË ¶«í¬ØË
Öç-úË-C. àüÓ viral fever ÅE ņ’-´÷-
†çí¬ ÖçC Ø√èπ◊.)
Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.
(ÅÈ®, §ƒ°æç)
Divakar: Damn these heavy rains! They are
the cause of all these.
(Ñ ¢Áüµ¿´ ´®√{©’. OöÀ-´™‰x É´Fo.)
Prabhakar: Oh, curse my memory! I forgot to
congratulate you on your getting
a new and better job.
(Ø√ ´’A-´’-®Ω-°æ¤-´©x ´’®Ω-*-§Ú-ߪ÷†’.
Fèπ◊ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ éπçõ‰ ´’ç*, éÌûªh
job ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊ éπçví¬ö¸q.
Divakar: Thank you. But I must rush. I've
been too long with you. Mom must
be wondering where I am. See
you later. Bye.
(Thanks. é¬F ؈’ ¢Á∞«}L. FûÓ ´’K
áèπ◊\-´-ÊÆ-°æ¤-Ø√o†’. OúÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oú≈ ÅE
Å´’t ņ’-éÌç-ô’ç-ô’çC. ûª®√yûª
éπ©’ü∆lç.)
Spoken English -§ƒ-ûª -¢√u≤ƒ-©éÓÆæç -éÀxé˙ -îË-ߪ’ç-úÕ.. URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æù í∫´’-Eç-î√®Ω’ éπü∆? ÅFo-é¬-éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√,
áèπ◊\-´í¬ short sentences, exclamations
ÖØ√o®· éπü∆. ´’†ç OöÀE spoken English ™
report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’, Ç ´÷ô-éÌÊÆh formal í¬ report
îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ´’éÃ\éÀ -´’-éÀ\í¬ rules v°æ鬮Ωç
report îËߪ’-†-éπ\-®Ω-™‰ü¿’. äéπJ ´÷ô-™ xE ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-
èπ◊çú≈, Ææ£æ«-ïûªyç éπE-°œç-îË-ôô’x report îËߪ’-í∫-L-TûË
î√™« ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ:
Kumar: I am taking the exam next week.
Kesav: Wish you the best of luck.
4) Ashok: Why did you drive so fast? Study this table carefully and practise the
Report: Kumar told Kesav that he was taking
spoken form well.
the exam next week, and Kesav
(áçü¿’-éπçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úÕ-§ƒ´¤?)
Amar: I was late for class. Now look at the following expressions &
wished him the best of luck.
(class èπ◊ Ç©-Ææu-´’-®·çC) sentences.
Ashok: I wouldn't do it if I were you. Isn't Prabhakar: What train did you say you came by?
dangerous? D†®Ωnç: †’´¤y à train ™ ´î√a-†-Ø√o¢˛?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 197
(ØËØË †’´y-®·ûË Å™« îËߪ’†’. v°æ´÷ü¿ç äéπ®Ω’ îÁ°œpçC ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§ÚûË, ´’S} îÁ°æp-
éπü∆?) ´’-†ôç É™«.
a) O’ Ê°Í®-N’-ô-Ø√o®Ω’, ´’S} ã≤ƒJ îÁ°æpçúÕ.
What did you say your name was?
b) Srinath: You kept it where?
Sumanth: I kept it on the table.
´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË,Where did you keep
it? spoken form
Åçö«ç éπü∆. ™ you kept it
where ÅØËC common. DØËo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬–
Kesav's words ᙫ Report: Where did you say you kept it?
report î˨»¢Á÷ (Indirect a) Present tense: Ashok wonders why (áéπ\úø °ö«d-†-Ø√o´¤ ü∆Eo?)
speech ™ ᙫ îÁ§ƒp¢Á÷) Amar drive so fast. Amar says he was
2) Mom must be wondering where I am.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ late for class. Ashok advises him not to
Å®·ûË, Kesav said that do it and warns him it is dangerous.
ØËØÁ-éπ\-úø’-Ø√oØ√ ÅE Å´’t -Ç-™-îª-†-™ °æ-úÕ -Öç-ô’ç-C.
he wished him the best b) Past tense: Ashok wondered why Amar
´÷´‚-©’í¬ wonder Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´’†ç-ü¿-JéÀ
of luck
had driven so fast. Amar said he was late
ûÁ©’Ææ’– Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç ÅE. Å®·ûË
M. SURESAN
ÅE ÅØ√Lq
´Ææ’hçC. Å™« Åçõ‰ for- for class. Ashok advised him not to do it
Ééπ\úø, Mom must be wondering/ I wonder-
mal spoken form ™ í¬F, (formal í¬ and warned him against it/ of the danger/
É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx wonder èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– 'à´’-ߪ·uç-ô’çD,
í¬ í¬F,
éπçõ‰ spoken form ™ áèπ◊\-´í¬) î√™« ÅÆæ-£æ«- that it was dangerous.
à´’-´îª’a— ÅE. àüÁjØ√ N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫’Jç* ´’†ç
Ç™-îª-†™ °æúøôç ÅE.
ïçí¬ Öçô’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE Å™«çöÀ ¶µ«´ç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ Now look at the following part of conver-
°j† ûÁL-°œ-†ô’x report îËߪ’ôç better. a) I wonder if he knows this =
sation at the beginning of the lesson:
1) Abhishek: Thanks a lot for your help. Prabhakar: Really a pity! Hope it is just an
¢√úÕ-éÀC ûÁ©’≤Ú ûÁL-ߪ’üÓ? (Ø√éπ®Ωnç 鬴-ôç-™‰ü¿’)
Anamika: You are welcome. b) Suneetha: Will Suguna come now?
ordinary fever.
thanks
(á´-È®jØ√ ´’†èπ◊ you are
îÁ°œp-†-°æ¤púø’, Divakar: (I) wish it were! But I'm afraid it's
(Ææ’í∫’ù É°æ¤p-úÌ-Ææ’hçü∆?)
welcome/ you are most welcome/ welcome Supriya: I wonder.
some viral fever.
Åçö«ç) Prabhakar: Sorry to hear that.
(´Ææ’hçüÓ ®√üÓ, Ø√éπ-†’-´÷-†¢Ë’)
Report: Exercise: Report aloud the whole conversa-
Suppose we want to report the conversation
a) Present tense: Abhishek thanks tion at the beginning of the lesson, both
above. How do we go about it?
Anamika a lot for her help. Anamika according to rules and informally.
(´’†ç °j Ææ綵«-≠æù ᙫ report îË≤ƒhç?)
appreciates his thanks.
b) Past tense: Abhishek thanked Anamika Reporting - Present Reporting - Past
a lot for her help. Anamika appreciated Formal (acc. to rules) Informal (spoken) Formal (acc. to rules) Informal (spoken)
it. Prabhakar says it is really Prabhakar is disap- Prabhakar said it was real- Prabhakar was dis-
2) Pradhan: Congratulations on your getting a pity and that he hopes it pointed and hopes it ly a pity and that he hoped appointed and hoped
the top grade. Keep it up. is ordinary fever is ordinary fever. it was ordinary fever. it was ordinary fever.
Prakash: Thank you. Divakar says he wishes it Divakar wishes it Divakar expressed a wish
Divakar wished it
a) Reporting verb - Present tense: were, but that he suspects were, but suspects that it had been, but that had been, but sus-
Pradhan congratulates Prakash on his it is some viral fever. it is a viral fever. he suspected it was some pected it to be a viral
getting the top grade and adds a word viral fever. fever.
of encouragement. Prakash thanks him.
b) Reporting verb - Past tense: 1. Make †’, Do †’ àN-üµ¿çí¬ b) Do= àüÁjØ√ °æE-îË-ߪ’ôç/ E®Ωy-£œ«ç-îªôç
Pradhan congratulated Prakash on his i) What is he doing? =
-Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L?
getting the top grade and added a word 2. Xerox , photocopy ©
ÅûªØËç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’ (àüÁjØ√ °æE)
of encouragement. Prakash thanked him. He is studying= Åûªúø’ îªü¿’-´¤-ûª’-Ø√oúø’.
´’üµ¿u ûËú≈ ûÁ©-°æçúÕ.
3) Susanth: This bike often gives me trouble. – ñ„.®√V, ÇC-™«-¶«ü˛ ii) You do your duty = F NCµ †’´¤y- îÁ®·u (E®Ωy-£œ«ç)
What a bother! 1. a) Make means to produce / manu-
Do work, harm, homework, business, a course,
(What a bother= áçûª *é¬èπ◊) facture. Make Åçõ‰ üËØÁj oØ√ one's best, etc.
Report: ûªßª÷-®Ω’-îË-ߪ’úøç, ÖûªpAh îËߪ’úøç ÅØË Make a cake, money, a speech, fun etc.,
a) Susanth is vexed that this/ that bike Å®ΩnçûÓ áèπ◊\-´í¬ ¢√úøû√ç. 2. Photocopy Photostat
, photo
Åçõ‰ üËE-ÈéjØ√ BÆœ†-ô’xí¬
often gives him trouble. i) Mother is making coffee = ´îËa copy ÅE.Xerox company machine
¢√∞¡x O’ü¿
b) Susanth was vexed that that bike often Å´’t 鬰∂‘ ûªßª÷®Ω’îË≤ÚhçC. BÊÆ photocopy Å®·ûË Xerox copy photo-
Åçö«®Ω’.
gave him trouble. ii) The student is making an stat machines †’ ¢Á·ü¿ô v°æ¢Ë-¨¡-°-öÀdçD, É°æp-öÀéà Åûªuçûª
É™« ´’†ç report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ He said that, attempt to understand the sub- °ü¿l company ÅüË. ÅÆæ©’ ÅØ√-LqçC photocopy ÅØË.
etc., ™«çöÀN ¢√úø-èπ◊çú≈ ¶µ«¢√Eo ûÁ©’°æ-í∫-L-TûË ject = Nü∆uJn Æ涄-bèπ◊d†’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’- Xerox copy Xerox brand machine O’ü¿ -BÊÆ copy
î√©’. éÓ-´-ö«-EéÀ v°æߪ’ûªoç îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’. È®çúø÷ äéπõ‰. photocopy correct.
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 14 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 1

Naresh: Where are you coming from?

versation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
Nabh: That makes us equally tall.
(†’¢Áy-éπ\-úø’oç* ´Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Ramesh: From my uncle's.
(Åçõ‰ ´’E-ü¿l®Ωç äÍé áûªh-†o-´÷ô)
Sekhar: You're wrong, my friend. I am still
(´÷ ´÷´’ߪ’u ÉçöÀ †’ç* -´Ææ’h-Ø√o-†’)
Naresh: You go there quite frequently, don't
taller than you by half an inch.
you?
(§Ò®Ω•- ú- ’ø û- ª’Ø- √o-´¤ N’vû´ª ÷, Féπçõ‰ Ø- †-Ë ’ É°æp-
(†’´y-éπ\-úÕéÀ ûª®Ωîª÷ ¢Á∞¡-û√´¤ éπü∆?) öÀéà 1/2 Åçí∫’∞- ¡ç áèπ◊\-´ áûª’h Ö- Ø- √o-†’)
Ramesh: I do. He asks me to eat there quite REPORTING (Only Spoken Form)
Nabh: If that makes you happy, have it so. DIRECT SPEECH
often. Reporting Verb Present Reporting Verb Past
(Å™« ņ’-éÓôç Fèπ◊ ÆæçûÓ-≠æ-¢Á’iûË, Å-™«Íí
(Å´¤†’. Çߪ’† ††’o ûª®Ω-îª÷ ¶µï-Ø√-EéÀ ņ’éÓ.) Naresh: Where are Naresh wants to know where Ramesh Naresh Wanted to know where
3) Nagaraj: Let me finish this chapter. I'll come
°œ©’-≤ƒhúø’.)
you coming from? is coming from. Ramesh was coming from.
Naresh: Hasn't he a daughter?
with you wherever you want. Ramesh is coming from his uncle's Ramesh was coming from his
Ramesh: from my
(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ èπÿûª’-®Ω’çC éπü∆?) (Ñ chapter °æ‹Jh îËÆœ-† -ûª®√y-ûª uncle's place. uncle's place.
Ramesh: What're you driving at?
†’¢Áy-éπ\-úÕ-éÀ-®Ω-´’tçõ‰ Åéπ\-úÕ-éÌ-≤ƒh†’) Naresh: You go there, Naresh observes that Ramesh goes Naresh observed that Ramesh
Prakash: Murthy will complain we went there frequently, and asks
(àN’öÀ †’´yç-öçC?)
frequently, don't you? there frequently and asks him if he
drive at = ÉçÍéüÓ ÖüËP-l ç* îÁ°pæ ôç. I still don't
are late. (´’†ç late ÅE doesn't? him if he didn't.
understand what she was driving at = Ç¢Á’
´‚Jh ûª°æ¤p°æ-úø-û√-úø’) Ramesh: I do. He asks Ramesh agrees that he goes there Ramesh agreed that he went
Nagaraj: Let him. My test tomor- there often as his uncle asked
Å™« ņ-ôç™ Ö- †- o Öü˨l ¡ç àN’ö É°æpöÀ Ø- √èπ◊ me to eat there quite often as his uncle asks him to eat there
Å- ®Ωç¥l 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’. 'drive at' ¢- √-ú’ø éπ†- ’ O- ’ con- row is more important often. him to eat there quite often.
quite often.
versation ™ practice îËߪ’ç-ú.Õ
than this outing. Naresh wondered if he hadn't
Naresh: I've been wondering all these Naresh: Hasn't he a Naresh wonders if he hasn't a daugh-
(ûª°æp-ôdF. Ñ ≠œé¬®Ω’ éπçõ‰ Í®°æ-öÀ Ø√ daughter? ter. a daughter
days why you go there so
M. SURESAN test Ø√èπ◊ -î √-™« ´·êuç) Ramesh wants to know /wonders what Ramesh wanted to know/ won-
often. Now I know. Ramesh: What are
Prakash: you're right Let him Naresh is driving at. dered at What Naresh was
you driving at?
understand that.
( †’´¤y áçü¿’èπ◊ Åéπ\úÕ-éÀ ûª®Ωîª÷
driving at.
Naresh: I've been Naresh has been wondering all these Naresh had been wondering
wondering all these days why Ramesh went there so often. why Ramesh went there so
days why you go there Now he knows. often. Now he knew.

I'm sorry I'm going ... so often. Now know.

Ramesh: What
you know?
do Ramesh is asking Naresh what he
knows.
Naresh: A Marriage in Naresh hopes for a marriage in the off-
Ramesh asked Naresh what
he knew.
Naresh hoped for a marriage in
the offing. ing. the offing.
Ramesh: I'm sorry I am
Ramesh was sorry to disap-
¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’-Ø√o¢Ó Ø√èπ◊ -ÉEo ®ÓV©÷ Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’. going to disappoint you. Ramesh is sorry to disappoint Naresh.
My uncle does have Ramesh's uncle does have a daughter point Naresh. Ramesh's uncle
É°æ¤púø’ ûÁL-ÆœçC)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù daughter, but she is but she is already the mother of two did have a daughter but she
Wonder = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç – Ǩ¡a-®Ωu-°æ-úøôç – É™«çöÀ 198 already the mother of babes. was already the mother of two
Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™, Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« v°æߪ’-Aoç-îª-ôç/- two babes. babes.
Å®Ωnç é¬éπ-§Ú-´ôç) Answers to the exercise under lesson no: 197
Ramesh: What do you know?
(†’´¤y ÅØËC Æ敶‰. ÅC ¢√úø’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L.)
Reporting Verb Past tence
(àçöÀ Fèπ◊ ûÁL-ÆœçC?) ´’†ç direct speech report È®çúø’ ®Ωé¬-©’í¬ îË-ߪ’-´-îªa- DIRECT SPEECH
Naresh: A marriage in the offing. According to rules Spoken Form
E í∫-ûª lessons ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. 1) î√-™« formal
(°Rx ï®Ω-í∫-¶-ûÓç-ü¿E) (In the offing = ï®Ω’-í∫-†’†o) í¬ (rule v°æ鬮Ωç) 2) Å®Ωnç îÁúø-èπ◊çú≈ (informal í¬) Prabhakar wanted to know
Ramesh: I'm sorry I'm going to disappoint Prabhakar: Hi Divakar Prabhakar asked Divakar when he
spoken form ™ (Åçõ‰ ¢√u´-£æ…-J-éπçí¬). Ñ had came. when Divakar had come.
you. My uncle does have a daugh- When did you come?
columns ™ ´’† ÖüËl¨¡ç spoken English ØË®Ω’a-éÓ-
ter, but she is already the mother of Divakar: Hardly a few hours Divakar Replied that he had come Divakar had come hardly a
´ôç 鬕öÀd, ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË English Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«- ago, by Howrah Express hardly a few hours ago by the few hours ago by the Howrah
two babes.
ïçí¬ Öçú≈-©çõ‰, spoken form ™ report îËߪ’úøç-ûÓ Howrah Express. Express
(E†’o E®Ω’-û√q£æ«°æ-®Ω’Ææ’h-†-oç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¶«üµ¿í¬ -§ƒ-ô’, -v§ƒéÃdÆˇ èπÿ-ú≈ -Å-ûªuç-ûª éÃ-©éπç. Prabhakar: Back home after Prabhakar asked observed that Prabhakar said that Divakar
ÖçC. ´÷ ´÷´’-ߪ’uèπ◊ èπÿûª’-®Ω’çC, é¬F °j passage ™ áèπ◊\´ ¶µ«í∫ç Spoken form™ report a long time, you feel happy, back home after a long time, he felt must be feeling happy to be
îËߪ’ö- «-EÍé ņ’-´¤í¬ Ö-çú- ö-ø «-Eo í∫´’-Eç-îçª úÕ. According don't you? But why are you happy and asked him if he didn't. back home after a long time,
Ç¢Á’ Éü¿l®Ω’ °œ©x© ûªLx)
2) Sekhar: Hi Nabh, how tall you have grown out so soon?
to rules practice îËߪ’ú - çø Å- ç-ûª ¶«í∫’ç-úü-ø ¿’. -É-C í∫´’- He asked him however why he was but wondered why he was out
since I saw you last a year ago !.
Eç-îªçúÕ. out so soon. so soon.
(Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç éÀçü¿ô E†’o îª÷Æœ-†-°æpöÀéÀ... Let us see two or three samples: Practise them Divakar: Oh, Just think of it Divakar disappointed asked
what do I find as I step into Divakar was disappointed that
with the reporting verb in the Present Tense Prabhakar to think of what he
-É°æp-öÀéÀ áçûª áC-í¬´¤!)
Nabh: So have you. True; I certainly am 2 home? Mom down with a as he stepped into home he
and in the Past Tense as well. found just as he stepped into
inches taller than I was a year ago. fever. found mom down with a fever.
¢Á·ü¿öÀ †’ç* ´’†ç reporting verb present tense home- mom down with a fever
What about you. Prabhakar: What train did Prabhakar wanted to be sure
™ èπÿú≈ practise îËߪ’ôç O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Prabhakar asked Divakar what
(Eï¢Ë’ éÀçü¿õ‰-ú≈C éπçõ‰ É°æ¤púø’ È®çúøç-í∫’-∞«©’ DEéÀ ´·êu-é¬-®Ωùç ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x î√™« - You say you came by? Didn't what train Divakar had come
train he had said he came by, and
°-Jí¬-†’. -´’-J F Ææçí∫A?) ´®Ωèπ◊ ´’†ç Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ´’-éπ~ç™ØË ¢√∞¡x ´÷ô©’ report you say Howrah Express? by and if it wasn't Howrah
if he hadn't said Howrah Express.
Sekhar: Just two inches. That's all. But why are you out? He asked him why he was out. Express. He wanted to know
îËÊÆ Ææçü¿-®√s¥©’ áèπ◊\-´-í¬ØË Öçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-
(È®çúøç-í∫’-∞«™‰ ÅçûË. That's all = ÅçûË ®√s¥™x present tense ™ØË report îË≤ƒhç éπü∆? why he was out.
Is this all? = ÉçûËØ√? That's all = ÅçûË. O’ con- Divakar: I told you. mom has Divakar said that he had told him Divakar had already told him
a fever and I'm going to get that mom has a fever and he was to his mom's fever and was
É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ÅüË îËü∆lç:
Q) Year by year, Year after year, Every other Every other year he goes to the US = some medicines What a going to get some medicines. He very unhappy he was going to
year Ñ ´‚úÕç-öÀéÀ ûËú≈ àN’öÀ? üËEo á°æ¤púø’ Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç NúÕ* Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Åûªúø’ Å¢Á’-Jé¬ bother! was not at all happy about it. get some medicines.
Ö°æßÁ÷-Tç-î√L? ¢Á∞¡-û√úø’.
üµ¿†, £j«-ü¿®√--¶«-ü˛. Q) a, e, i, o, u©ûÓ ¢Á·ü¿-©ßË’u °æü∆©
Divakar: Damn these heavy Divakar cursed the rains, and said Divakar cursed the rains for
i) Year by year = Every year. ´·çü¿’ An ®√¢√L éπü∆! Å®·ûË University, rains! They are the cause of they were the cause of all those. being the cause of all these.
v°æA Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ÅE. Year by year, he is grow- European ™«çöÀ °æü∆© ´·çü¿’ 'A' áçü¿’èπ◊
all these.
ing richer and richer. (Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç Ææç´-û√q-®√-EéÃ, ÅûªúÕ
Prabhakar: Oh curse my Prabhakar cursed his memory, as Prabhakar cursed his memory,
¢√úøû√ç?
memory. I forgot to congratu- he forgot to congratulate Divakar on as he forgot to congratulate
Ææç°æü¿ °J-T-§Ú-ûÓçC). N. í¬çDµ §ƒ-´’®˝, éÌ-ûªhí∫÷-úÁç.
ii) Year after year = continuously, without brake. ï¢√•’: a/ an Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç – Å, Ç, É, Ñ, á, à, â, late on your getting new and his getting a new and better job . Divakar on his getting a new
Year after year passed, he continued to work ä, ã, å – Ñ ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-´’ßË’u English ´÷ô© better Job. and better job .
hard, though he was getting older and older
´·çü¿’ 'an' ¢√úøû√ç. N’í∫-û√-¢√öÀ ´·çü¿’ 'a' ¢√úøû√ç. Divakar: Thank you, but I Divakar, thanking Prabhakar said Divakar thanked Prabhakar
he had to rush and that he had and wanted to rush. He had
Ææçûªq-®√© ûª®Ω-•úÕ, ´ßª’Ææ’ Â°j°æúø’ûª’Ø√o, Åûªúø’ éπ≠d°æ æúÕ University, European, Ñ È®çúø’ ´÷ô©÷, °j†
must rush. I've been long
been with him long. Mom must be been with him long and his
°æE-îË-Ææ÷hØË ÖØ√oúø’.
Year after year his study continued =
îÁ°œp† ¨¡¶«l-©ûÓ v§ƒ®Ω綵ºç 鬴ôç ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE with you. Mom must be won-
an ¢√úøç (European= ߪ‚®Ω-°œ-ߪ’Ø˛; University = dering where I am. See you wondering where he was. He mom must be wondering
would see him later. He said bye to where he was. He would see
Ææç´-ûªq-®√-©’í¬ ÅûªúÕ Åüµ¿u-ߪ’†ç ≤ƒTçC.
Every other year = alternate year
ߪ‚E-´-JqöÀ – 'ߪ‚— ÅØË ¨¡•lç Å †’ç* å ´®Ωèπ◊ ÖçúË later Bye.
ûÁ©’í∫’ ¨¡¶«l™x ™‰ü¿’ éπü∆.) him. him later and bade him bye.
Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç ´÷Ja (NúÕ*) Ææç´-ûªq®Ωç
-¨¡Ÿ-véπ¢√®Ωç 18 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006
Vinamra: Are you sure which train we are trav-
elling by and on which date?
(´’†ç à -võ„®·-Ø˛™ , à ûËD ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o¢Á÷
Fèπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Vismaya: Of course I am. We are going by the
AP Express on the 30th. Let there be
no doubt about it.
(áçü¿’èπ◊ ûÁL-ߪ’ü¿’?´’†ç 30-† -á.°œ. áé˙q-
vÂ°Æˇ™ ¢Á∞¡ŸhØ√oç.)
(Of course I am – ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú-´ôç
àçöÃ? ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE.)
Vinamra: Then what about the reservation.
(´’J- -J-ïÍ®y-≠æ-Ø˛ Ææçí∫-ûËç-öÀ?)
Vismaya: That's the travel dept's business. Let
them do it.
(ÅC v°æߪ÷ùN¶µ«í∫ç ¢√-∞¡x ¶«üµ¿uûª. -Ç °æE
¢√∞¡Ÿx îËߪ÷-L.)
Vinamra: What about the director's travel
arrangements?
(-´’-J -úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ -v°æ-ߪ÷-ù -à®√p-ôx Ææçí∫-A?)
Vismaya: It's not our business. Let his PA (per-
sonal assistant) take care of them.
(´’†èπ◊ Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰ü¿’. Çߪ’† °œ.-á.
îª÷Ææ’éÓ-¢√Lq† N≠æߪ’ç ÅC.)
Vinamra: How long are we to be in Delhi
(´’†ç -úµÕ-Mx-™ áEo ®ÓV-©’ç-ú≈L?)
Vismaya: Let's make the best of the trip. Let's
stay there for two or three days after
the conference. We can do a bit of
shopping and sight seeing too.
(Ñ v°æߪ÷-ù«Eo ´’†ç ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç
îËÆæ’èπ◊çü∆ç. Ææ´÷-¢Ë¨¡ç ûª®√yûª Åéπ\úø
È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ ®ÓV-©’çü∆ç. é¬Ææh -≥ƒ°œçí˚,
ÂÆj-ö¸Æ‘-®·çí˚ èπÿú≈ îËü∆lç.)
Make the best of = üË-E-ØÁj-Ø√
ÆæCy-E-ßÁ÷í∫ç îËÆæ’éÓ-´ôç.
Sight seeing =
°æ®√u-ôéπ Ææn©ç îª÷úøôç.
Vinamra: Won't the director object?
(´’J úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç-
îÁ-G-ûË-ØÓ?/ úÁjÈ®éπd®˝ Ŷµºu-ûª®Ωç
îÁ°æpú≈?) M. SURESAN
Vismaya: Let him. But why should he?
We are going to stay there for the
extra days, at our expense.
(îÁ°æpF. ÅÆæ©’ Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç áçü¿’èπ◊
îÁ§ƒpL? Ç È®çvúÓ-V©’ ´’†ç ´’† ê®Ω’a©
O’ü¿ Öçö«ç.)
Vinamra: Let's tell him of it in advance. Getting
leave for the two days will be easy.
(Å®·ûË ÑN≠æߪ’ç Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ´·ç-üË
îÁ-•’--ü∆ç. Å°æ¤púø’ Ç È®ç-úø’®Ó-V-©èπ◊ ÂÆ©´¤
BÆæ’éÓ-´úøç -Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ Öçô’çC.)
Vismaya: Why are you so worried about it? Let
him not grant leave. He will see what
happens.
(àçôçûª éπçí¬®Ω’ °æ-úø’-ûª’-Ø√o´¤? ÂÆ©-N-´y-
èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúøF îª÷ü∆lç. Çߪ’-†Íé
ûÁ©’-Ææ’hçC.)
°j Conversation ™ let î√™«-≤ƒ®Ω’x ´*açC. Let
Ö†o sentences †’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬
îËߪ÷L. Let †’ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd, ü∆E-èπ◊†o Å®√nEo
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛
•öÀd, ü∆Eo report îËߪ’ôç
´÷®Ω’ûª÷ Öçô’çC.
Spoken English ™ let
¢√úøéπç î√™«áèπ◊\´. ûª®Ωí¬
¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Åçü¿’-éπE ÅC
Ö†o sentences †’ ᙫ
report îËߪ ÷™ ûÁ© ’-Ææ ’-éÓ-
´ôç î√™« Å´-Ææ®Ωç.
ÅÆæ©’ let ¢√úø’éπ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-
èπ◊çõ‰ ÅC ᙫ report
îËߪ÷™ Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç Å´¤-
ûª’çC.
1) Let = allow (Ææ´’t-Aç-
îªôç/ã °æE îÁߪ’u-E-´yôç)
a) Let him go = Allow him
to go = ¢√úÕ-E ¢Á∞¡xF.
b) Let the milk boil = Allow the milk to boil =
§ƒ©’ ´’®Ω-í∫-F/-é¬-í∫F.
c) Let her come in = Allow her to come in =
2)
Ç¢Á’†’ ™°æ-LéÀ ®√F (®Ω´’t†’).
us ´·çü¿’ let (let us...) ¢√úÕûË ÅC v°æA-§ƒ-
ü¿†/Ææ÷ (proposal/ suggestion) Å´¤-ûª’çC.
a) Let us go now = ´’†ç ¢Á-∞¡-ü∆ç °æü¿.
b) Let us (Let's) have some thing to eat
= é¬Ææh àüÁjØ√ Açü∆ç.
Let us not trouble him
c) Let us not trouble him
-Å-ûª-úÕ-E ´’†ç ¶«üµ¿-°-öÔdü¿’l.
3) Let †’ Warning É´y-ú≈-EéÀ (£«îªa-Jç-îª-ú≈-EéÀ) èπÿú≈
¢√úøû√ç.
a) Let him not come here again
-Å-ûª-úÕ-E ´’S} Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®√F-ߪ’èπ◊/ ®√´-ü¿lE îÁ°æ¤p/
®√èπÿ-úøü¿’.
b) Let him understand we are not afraid of him
Åûª-†çõ‰ ´’†Íéç ¶µºßª’癉ü¿E -Å-ûª-úÕ-E Å®ΩnçîËÆæ’-éÓF.
c) Let her know her limits
Ç¢Á’ £æ«ü¿’l©’ Ç¢Á’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çõ‰ ´’ç*C.
d) Let †’ order/ command èπ◊ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.
a) Let him finish the work in an hour
í∫çô-™ °æE °æ‹Jh îËߪ÷L.
b) Let them clear all this mess -
Ñ éπçí¬S Åçû√ ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¨¡Ÿv¶µº-°æ-®Ω-î√L.
let
5) ´’† E®Ωx-é¬~ uEo ûÁ©°æú≈-EéÀ èπÿú≈
¢√úøû√ç.
a) Let him complain to the police.
What do I care = Police èπ◊ com-
plaint îËÆæ ’éÓ-´ ’†’/îËÆæ ’éÓF.
Ø√Íéç
¶µºßª’ç ™‰ü¿’.
b) Let the government do it =
ÅC v°æ¶µº’ûªyç îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE.
ÉN let èπ◊†o Å®√n©÷, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í¬©’. ´’†ç
let ûÓ Ö†o sentences †’ report îËÊÆ--
ô°æ¤púø’ ü∆E Å®√nEo, ¢√úÕ† Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd reporting
verbs, order, warn, request, ask ™«çöÀN ¢√ú≈L.
I. ´·êuçí¬ let Ö†o sentence ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬
Imperative í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd ü∆Eo imperative
sentence †’ report îËÆ œ-†ô’x, Åçõ‰ let ´·çü¿’
to let °öÀd v§ƒ®Ωç-GµÊÆh ÆæJ-§Ú-ûª’çC éπü∆.
Prasad: Let me go. I have work to do.
Pramod: Let me know first when we have to
start.
Report (Reporting Verb - Past)
Prasad asked Pramod to let him go as he had
work to do.
Pramod in reply asked Prasad to let him know
first when they had to start.
II. Let, suggestion èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË, suggest ÅE v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç-
îª-´îª’a.
Vimal: Let's go to a movie
(ÆœE´÷Èé∞«lç °æü¿/ÆœE-´÷-Èé-∞«l´÷?)
(Let's - Let us)
2

Lecturer: Let all the students take the test
Kamal: Let's first finish the assignment (´’†ç
without fail.
¢Á·ü¿ô Ñ assignment °æ‹Jh-îËü∆lç.
Report: (Reporting Verb - Past)
(Åçü¿®Ω’ Nü∆u-®Ω’n©’ °æKéπ~ ®√ߪ÷L – ÉC
command éπü∆)
Vimal suggested that they (should) go to a
Report:
a) The lecturer orders that all the students take
the test without fail. (Reporting Verb-
Present)
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
b) The lecturer ordered all the students to take
the test without fail. (Reporting Verb - Past)
200
Sub - inspector: Let him not do it again
(Åûª-EC ´’S} îËߪ’-èπÿ-úøü¿’– warning)
movie./ Vimal suggested going to a movie.
Report: a) The sub - inspector warns him not
do it again. (Reporting Verb - Present)
/ Suggested to a movie.
b) The sub - inspector warned him not to do it
Kamal then suggested that they finish the
again (Reporting Verb - Past)
assignment first/ suggested finishing the
let †’ ¢√úË Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo •öÀd ´’†ç Reporting
assignment.
É™«
verb áç°œéπ îËÆæ’éÓ¢√L ÅE Å®Ωn-¢Á’içC éπü∆.
(Observe the use of suggest in the sentences
Let's now try to report a part of the conversation
above)
at the beginning of the lesson.
É™«Íí Let †’ Warning èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË Warn/ Warns/
Exercise: Report the rest of the conversation at
Warned, Command èπ◊ ¢√úÕûË Command/
the beginning of the lesson with the reporting
Commands/ Commanded ÅF Spoken English
verb in the present and the past tense.
™ report begin îË≤ƒhç.
REPORT (Spoken Form)
DIRECT SPEECH
Reporting Verb Present tense Reporting Verb Past tense
Vinamra asked Vismaya if she
Vinamra: Are you sure Vinamra asks Vismaya if she is sure
was sure which train they were
which train we are which train they are travelling by and
travelling by, and on on which date. travelling by and on which
which date? date.
Vismaya: Of course I Vismaya is of course sure that they Vismaya was of course sure
am. We are going by are going by the AP Express on the they were going by the AP
the AP Express on the 30th. She assures Vinamra that there Express on the 30th. She
30th. Let there be no need not be any doubt about it. assured Vinamra that there
doubt about it. need not be any doubt about it.
Vinamra: Then what Vinamra wants to know about the Vinamra wanted to know about
about the reservation? reservation. the reservation.
Vismaya: That's the Vismaya points out that that's the trav- Vismaya pointed out that that
travel dept's business. el dept's business and that they must was the travel dept's business
Let them do it. take care of it. and they had to take care of it.
Vinamra: What about Vinamra likes to know/ would like to Vinamra liked to know/ would
the director's travel know about the director's travel know about the director's travel
arrangements? arrangements. arrangements.
Vismaya: It's not our Vismaya dismisses it as not their busi- Vismaya dismissed it as not
business. Let his PA ness and says that, his PA must take their business and said that the
take care of it. care of it/ it is for his PA to take care of PA had to take care of it/ it was
it. for his PA to take care of it.
(dismiss = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ÖüÓu-í∫ç-™ -†’ç-* -Ö-üÓu-T-E-/ Ææ÷\-™¸, é¬-™‰-ñ ¸-™ -†’ç* Nü∆u-JnE BÊÆ-ߪ’ôç.
Ééπ\úÕ Å®Ωnç = ûÓÆœ-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’-ôç/- éÌ-öÀd-§ƒ-Í®-ߪ’ôç).
It is for him to do it = ÅC Åûª-úø’ îËߪ÷-Lq† °æE. It is for the teacher to say if a student is clever or
not = -N-ü∆u-Jn ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√ú≈ é¬ü∆ ÅE îÁ§ƒp-LqçC -öÃ-˝.
Vinamra: How long Vinamra wants to know how long they Vinamra wanted to know how
are we to be in Delhi? are to be in Delhi. long they were to be in Delhi.
Vismaya: Let's make Vismaya suggests that they (should) Vismaya suggested that they
the best of the trip. make the best of their trip and that (should) make the best of their
Let's stay there for two they (should) stay there for two or trip and that they (should) stay
or three days after the three days after the Conference. there for two or three days after
Conference. the Conference.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë -1
Pramila: Please remember that the party is at Kumar: Why should I do it? Let the company
7. Let's start here at 6. Let there be do it.
no delay. (û¶ûµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª à¶óŸ«L? ÚÛÙšíF à¶óŸ«L.)
(ð§Kd Ôè[ª-ÞœÙ-å-õ¸Ú. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁ. ÎJÙæ¨Ú¨ a) Kumar asks why he should do it and says
ñóŸªõªë¶-ô¢ë¯Ù. Îõú£uÙ àµóµ³uë]ªl.) that the company has to do it/ must do it (It is
Lakshmi: Let us remind Sneha of it too. Let's for the company to do it.).
call her and tell her that she need b) Kumar asked why he should do it and said
not worry about conveyance. We'll that the company had to do it.
pick her up on our way to the party. Kumar said it wasn't his business and that it
(›úoÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªìÙ Ð Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªh was for the company to do it.
à¶ë¯lÙ. êŸìÚÛª ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Óö° 4) ÖÚÁ\-þ§J let ìª command (Îác)ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯
îµü‹xö° ÍE ÎÙëÁ-üŒì í£è•-ë]lE àµñªë¯Ù. î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ should/ must/ have
÷ªìÙ ð§KdÚ¨ îµü™xå-í£±pè[ª ë¯Jö˺ êŸììª to/ has to/ had to ÷ú£ªhÙC.
ÚÛ«è¯ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒë¯Ù.) Rajesh: Let them finish the work by 10. with him. Íû¶ Íô¢n ÑÙC.
conveyance = ÚÛû¶y-óŸªûËÂq = ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ (í£C ÚÛö°x î¦üŒ‰x í£E í£²Jh à¶óŸ«L.) Syam said he would n't as he must not Need I do it now itself? = Must I do it now
car, bike, scooter, cycle ö°Ùæ¨N. a) Rajesh orders that they should finish the leave office then/ as he was not to leave itself? = û¶ìC Ïí£±pè¶ àµóŸ«uö°?
The company provides conveyance to the work by 10. office then. Need ìª report ö˺ past formö˺ must ö°Þ¥û¶
manager. b) Rajesh ordered that they should/ must/ had 2) Ramesh: May I know why you stopped had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ.
(û¶-á-ôÂÚÛª ÚÛÙšíF ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ ÚÛLp-ú£ªhÙC– me? Naresh: Need I do it now? DEÚ¨ report:
ÍÙç¶ ÚÛÙšíF Ú¥ô¢ª Ïú£ªhÙC.) Naresh asked if he had to do it then.
Pramila: OK. We must, not waste any more ★ Need not (need ìª not êÁ– à¶óŸ«Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù
time now. We must buy some pre-
sent for the bride and the groom. We
must have our faces done up too.
(ÏÙ¸ÚÙ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
÷ªìÙ ÚÛ«è¯ šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.)
Have our faces done up = ٠ìªìoÞ¥
Óí£±pèµí£±pè[ª LET? ö¶ë]ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª), report ö˺ past
tense reporting verb Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© need not Íû¶
ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ would-
n't have to (would not
have to) ÍE ÷«ô¢a-÷àŸªa.
ö¶ë¯ did not have to ÚÛ«è¯
Ú¥ÙA-÷Ù-êŸÙÞ¥ ÚÛEí‡Ù-à¶-ö°Þ¥ ඛú facial. to finish the work by 10. (ììªo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Îð§ôÁ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷à¦a?) î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
facial - šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ – šíÆ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù. 5) Let ìª ÖÚÛ ÍòÅ¡u-ô¢nì (request) ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Policeman: You must not cross the road a) Ganesh: How long
Lakshmi: I need not have the facial. I had it Prasad: Vinod let me have some money against the red light. have I to wait?
just yesterday. please. (·ôèÂ-öµjæËÀ îµõª-Þœª-꟪-ìo-í£±pè[ª ôÁè ë¯å- (ÓÙêŸ ›úí£± ÑÙè¯L?)
(û¦Ú¨-í£±pè[ª šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ ÍÚÛ\-¸ôxë]ª. Eìoû¶ (NûËÁë û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ú£h è[ñªs Ï÷±y.) ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – Eù‡ë]lÄÙ.) M. SURESAN Mahesh: You need
à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÛªû¦o.) Prasad requested Vinod to let him have Report (Past reporting verb): not wait.
Pramila: We have go to the bank or the ATM some money/ requested Vinod for some Report: Ganesh wanted to know how long he
too. We have to draw some money. money. had to wait.
(÷ªìÙ ò°uÙÚÂ-ÚÛª-Þ¥F, Ôæ©-Ó-îªڨޥF îµü‹xL. 6) Let êÁ Eô¢x¤ÛuÙ êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hÙ. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ Mahesh told him he need not wait/ Would
è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÁ-î¦L.) not care, not mind ÷ú£ªhÙC. not have to wait/ did not have to wait.
ATM ÍÙç¶ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯ – Automated Teller ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 201 b) Sridhar: Need I pay any money now?
Machine - Bank card Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ# è[ñªs Bú£ª- (Ïí£±pè[ª è[ñªs àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯?)
ÚÛª-û¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª Ñìo machine. Ramesh wanted to know why the policeman Sri Ram: You need not pay a single paisa
draw money = Banks ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ ìªÙ# è[ñªs had stopped him. now.
Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù = withdraw. The policeman said that he must not cross/ (ìª÷±y ÖÚÛ šíjú£ ÚÛ«è¯ àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.)
Lakshmi: We need not. I've enough cash. was not to cross the road against the red Report:
(ÍÚÛ\¸ôxë]ª. û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙC è[ñªs.) light. Sridhar wanted to know if he had to pay any
Pramila: Then we had better hurry up. 3) Principal: Students must not be late to money then. Sri Ram told him that need not
Lakshmi: Need I get money now or do you classes. pay a single paisa then/ did not have/ did not
have it? Report: (Past reporting verb)- The Principal need to pay a single paisa then.
(û¶E-í£±pè[ª è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-î¦-Lqì Í÷- said/ ruled that the students must not be/ were ÏO must not, need, need not ìª reporting
ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯? ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs not to be late to classes. verb past tense êÁ report ඛúåí£±pè[ª Þœªô¢ªhÙ-
ú£J-ð¼-꟪Ù-ë]Ù-æ°î¦?) ÍÙç¶ ÖÚÛ E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-⶛ú Íô¢nÙêÁ must not àŸªÚÁî¦Lqì Nù£-óŸ«õª.
Pramila: I think the money I've should be î¦è…ê¶, ÍC report ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ must not Þ¥û¶ Now let us try to report a part of the con-
enough. You needn't bring any. versation at the beginning of the lesson (see
Let us remind Sneha of it too...
ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ÷«ô¢aÙ.
(û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs ú£J-ð¼-î¦L. F÷± ÏÚÛ need Nù£óŸªÙ àŸ«ë¯lÙ. Need ÚÛª ë¯ë¯í£± must table)...
Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-ì-÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ªö¶!) Satish: He may report to the police.
Report (Spoken form)
Lakshmi: We must not spend much time Rajesh: Let him. Direct Speech
there. We have to get back to make When Satish said he might report to the Reporting Verb (Present) Reporting Verb (Past)
other arrangements. police, Rajesh said he didn't mind/ he didn't Pramila: Let's remember that the Pramila reminds Lakshmi Pramila reminded Lakshmi
(÷ªìÙ ÍÚÛ\è[ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙè[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ÏêŸô¢ care. party is at 7. Let's start by that the party is at 7 and that the party was at 7 and
í£ìªõª àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨ êŸyô¢Þ¥ AJT ô¦î¦L.) Let ìª ÷ªìÙ conversation ö˺ î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª 6. Let there be no delay. suggests that they (should) suggested that they
I. ÷ªìÙ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛ« let ÚÛª Ñìo NNëÅ] Íô¦nõª, Ñí£- ÏN. start by 6. She wants no (should) start by 6. She
óµ«Þ¥õêÁ Ñìo sentences ìª Óö° report II. ÷ªìÙ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ÙC: Must, delay. wanted no delay.
à¶óŸ«ö˺ àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. î¦æ¨E ÷ªôÁ-þ§J ÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ Þœªô¢ªh should, have to, has to Ñìo direct speech (suggest/ sugested êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« should + 1st RDW
à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù. report à¶ú‡ì-í£±pè[ª past tense reporting verb Þ¥E/ ÖÚÛ\ 1st RDW Þ¥F ÷ú£ªhÙC.)
1) Let ÍÙç¶ ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ôëµjû¦ ú£«#Ù-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨/ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. ÏC NCÅÞ¥, Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù
ú£«àŸì à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨/ ví£A-ð§-ë]-ìÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù– Íí£±pè[ª ÷õxûËÁ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. Lakshmi: Let's remind Sneha of it Lakshmi suggests they Lakshmi suggested that
report ö˺ suggest î¦è[ê¦Ù. Kesav: I must go now - Direct speech. too. Let's call her and tell (should) remind Sneha of it they (should) remind
Hema: Let's go home. Kesav said he had to go then - Report her that she need not too. She suggests that they Sneha of it too. She sug-
Report: Hema suggests/ suggested that we (Reporting verb- past). worry about conveyance. (should) call her and tell gested that they (should)
(should) go home. Íô³ê¶ must not ÍE direct speech ö˺ ÖÚÛ í£E We'll pick her up on our her that she need not call her and tell her that
2) Let ìª Ôëµjû¦ àŸô¢uÚÛª í‡õªí£± Ï÷yè¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«è[ë]E ø‹øŒyêŸ E›ùëÅ]Ù Ñìo-í£±pè[ª report ö˺, way to the party. worry about conveyance. she need not/ did not have
Íí£±pè[ª call/ urge êÁ report - à¶þ§hÙ. reported verb past tense Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© must not They will pick her up on to worry about con-
Leader: Let's all be united. ìª must not Þ¥û¶ ÑÙàŸªê¦Ù. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ wasn't/ their way to the party. veyance. They would pick
(÷ªìÙ ÍÙê¦ ÔÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°Ù.) weren't to + 1st RDW î¦è[ê¦Ù. Reporting verb her up on their way to the
The leader called/ urged the followers to present tense Íô³ê¶ ú£÷ª›úu ö¶ë]ª. Verb formìª party.
be united. ÷«ô¢aÙ. Pramila: OK. We must not waste any Pramila agrees and says Pramila agreed and said
Reporting verb calls/ urges ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ present 1) Pran: Why don't you come with me? more time now. We must they must not waste any that they must not waste/
tense ÑÙè•àŸªa. Syam: No. I must not leave office now. buy some present for the more time then. They must were not to waste any
3) ÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a ÖÚÛ Îác. ë¯E Í÷ªõª ÷ªì à¶êŸªö˺x (û¶E-í£±pè[ª Îíƈú£ª ÷CL ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – ÏÚÛ\è[ bride and the groom. We buy some present for the more time then. They had
ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-÷àŸªa. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ must ÷ú£ªhÙC. ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª Íû¶C E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-â¶-þ¼hÙC.) must have our faces done bride and the groom. They to buy some present for
Report: Reporting verb - up too. must have their faces done the bride and the groom.
Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…... past tense. up too. They had to have their
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm Pran wanted syam to go faces done up too.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë II

GENERAL INTELLIGENCE west. In what direction was he actually

1. If PALAM could be given the code no 43, travelling?
what code no can be given to SAN- A) South B) North
TACRUZ ? C) East D) West
A) 123 B) 120 C) 85 D) 75 12. One evening before sunset two friends
2. If diamond is called gold, gold is called Sham and Ram were talking to each
silver, silver is called ruby and ruby is other face to face. If Ram's shadow was
called emerald, which is the cheapest exactly to his right side which direction
jewel ? was Sham facing ?
A) Diamond B) Silver A) West B) North
C) Ruby D) Gold C) South D) Data in adequate 21. 3,10,29,74, ? Psychologist, Manager lawyer, Jeweller,
3. If water is called blue, blue is called red, 13. Abdul ranked ninth from the top and A) 128 B) 120 C) 1270 D) 173 Doctor and Engineer.
red is called white, white is called sky, thirty eighth from the bottom in a class. 22. 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, ? 2. The doctor is the grandfather of F, who is
sky is called rain, rain is called green and How many students are there in the A) 42 B) 40 C) 36 D) 44 a Psychologist .
green is called air, which of the following class 23. If 123 stands for 987, than 234 stands 3. The Manager 'D' is married to A
is the colour milk? A) 46 B) 47 C) 48 D) 45 for ? 4. C, the jeweller is married to the lawyer.
A) White B) Sky 14. In a class of 60, where girls are twice A) 876 B) 786 C) 785 D) 867 5. B is the mother of F and E ,
C) Air D) Green that of boys, Kunal ranked seventeenth 24. If LADY is coded as 11-0-3-24, how will 32. what is the profession of the E
4. Find the missing number ? from the top. If there are 9 girls ahead of MAN be coded ? A) Doctor B) Manager
kunal, how many boys are after him in
A) 13-1-14 B) 12-0-13 C) Psychologist D) None of these
the rank ?
5 7 C) 12-0-14 D) 13-0-14 33. How is A related to E
A) 5 B) 7 C) 9 D) 12
6 ? 15 9 89 5 15. A bus for Pune leaves for every 30 min-
25. If I am sixth in the queue from either and A) Brother B) Uncle
how many persons are in the queue? C) Father D) Grandfather
3 3 utes from a bustand in Mumbai. Enquiry
A) 12 B) 10 C) 13 D) 11
clerk told a passenger that the bus had 34. How many male members are there in
already left 10 minutes ago and the next 26. If 10th of a month falls three days pre- the family
18 bus will leave at 9.35 am. At what time ceding Sunday on what day will 22nd of A) One B) Three
did the enquiry clerk give this informa- the month fall? C) Four D) Can't determined
4 50 1 tion to the passenger ? A) Tuesday B) Friday 35. what is the profession of A
8 A) 8.55 am B) 9.05 am C) Wednesday D) Thursday A) Doctor B) Lawyer
C) 9.10 am D) 9.15am 27. Raju's Birthday is on the third Thursday C) Manager D) None of these
16. A monkey climbs 30 feet at the begin- of the month which begins on Monday
A) 69 B) 93 C) 99 D) none of these 36. Which of the following is one of the
ning of each hour and rests for a while what is the birth date of Raju ?
5. Find the missing number ? pairs of coupe in the family
when, he slips back 20 feet before he A) 15 B) 16 C)25 D) Non of these
A) AB B) AC
3 5 4 again starts climbing at the beginning 28. If Rahul finds that he is 12th from the
C) AD D) None of these
6 10 8 of the next hour. If he begins at 9.00 am, right in a line of boys and 14th from the
. DIRECTIONS (37-41) : Notice carefully
12 20 16 at what time will he first touch a flag at left, how many boys should be added to
the following series and answer the ques-
120 feet from the ground ? the lines so that there are 28 boys in the
9 15 ? tions based on them.
A) 5.00pm B) 6.00pm line ?
A G L 2 0 K WC 3 R M N P D 4 H S T Y OE
A) 8 B) 10 C) 12 D) 20 C) 7.00pm D) None of A) 12 B) 13 C) 14
6QUNFBKV8
(Directions 6 to 7) choose the best alterna- these D) 20
37. Which is the seventh letter from your
tive as the answer. 17. Find the missing number ? 29. A bus for Delhi leaves every
right ?
6. A hospital always has a thirty minutes from a bus
4 9 9 16 stand. An enquiry clerk told a A) H B) Q C) T D) None of the above
A) Nurse B) Bed
passenger that the bus had 38. If the first half is written in the reverse
C) Doctor D) Telephone
already left ten minutes ago order then which number / letter will be
7. A hill always has KASEEM JAGATI
and the next bus will third from the right to the 21st letter
A) Trees B) Animals from your right ?

R R B
6 12 leave at 9.35a.m. At what
C) Snow D) Height time did the enquiry A) P B) U C) L D) W
8. Five boys took part in race. Rakesh fin- 16 ? clerk give the informa- 39. Which amongst the following will be 5th
ished before Manoj but behind Gajanan. tion to the passenger ? from the 12th from the left if every sec-
Ashok finished before Sanjeev but A) 9.10 a.m B) 8.55 a.m ond position is removed beginning
behind Manoj. Who won the race ? C) 9.08 a.m D) 9.15 a. m from 2 ?
A) Rakesh B) Gajanan 20 30. One morning after sunrise, Gangadar A) M B) V C) S
C) Manoj D) Ashok was standing facing a pole. The shadow D) 3 E) None of these
o
A) 60 B) 50
9. Gopal is facing east. He turns 100 in the of the pole fell exactly to his right, which 40. One day immediately after sunrise,
o C) 25 D) None of these
clock wise direction and then 145 in the direction was he facing? Gandadhar was standing in front of a
18. I was born August 11. Mohan is younger
anti clock wise direction. Which direction A) East B) South pole. The shadow of the pole was falling
then me by 11 days. This year, indepen-
is he facing now ? C) West D) Data inadequate exactly to his right. Which direction was
dence day falls on Monday. On what day
A) East B) North 31. In an examination Raj got more marks he facing ?
will Mohan's birthday fall this year ?
C) North to East D) South to West than Moti but not as many as meena. A) East B) South
A) Monday B) Wednesday
10. Rahul goes to 30 meters North, then Meena got more marks than Ganesh C) West D) Date inadequate
C) Sunday D) Can't say
turns right and walks 40 meters then and Rupali, Ganesh got less marks than E) None of these
19. If Ram is richer then Shyam but not so
again turns right and walks 20 meters, Moti but his marks are not the lowest in
rich as mohan then Sham is ?
than again turns right and walks 40 the group. Who is second in ascending
A) Poorer than Ram order of marks ? 1) A 2) C 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) D
meters. How many meters is he from his
original position ? B) Richer than Mohan A) Meena B) Ganesh
K 8) B 9) C 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) A
A) 0 B) 10 C) 20 D) 40
11. A direction pole was situated on the
C) Poorer than Mohan
D) Richer than Ram
C) Raj D) Cannot be determined E 14) D
20) C
15) D 16) C 17) C 18) A 19) C
21) D 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) D

crossing. Due to an accident the pole
turns in such a manner that the pointer
which was showing east, started show-
ing south. One traveller went to the
wrong direction thinking it to be the
20. 5 bags A, B, C, D and E are Lying in pile
(Directions 32-36) Read the following
information carefully and answer the ques-
Y 26)C
32) D
27) D 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) B
33) D 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) C
one above the other if A is above B, C is
tions given below: 38) C 39) E 40) A .
above D but below E and D is above A,
which bag is in middle ? 1. There is a group of six persons A, B, C,
D, E and F from a family. They are
A) A B) B C) D D) E (ô¢àŸô³êŸ šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺E Ú¥úˆîªq ú£dè†ú£J\öËÀ èµj·ôÚÛdôÂ)
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 22 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Vikas: (Do you) fancy eating something? trip to Tirupathi and other places in
(àüÁjØ√ AØ√-©-†’çü∆?) South India? (Do you) Know any thing
fancy = É≠ædç/É≠æd-°æ-úøôç. about what he is doing about it?
Conversational English ™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË ¢√∞¡x†’ (ÅC ÆæÍ®. ´’†ç A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ Éûª®Ω îÓôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈
v°æ¨¡o-©-úÕ-Íí-ô°æ¤p-úø’ Do you/ would you- (question ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. -Ç -N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* -E-"-
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’) ´C-™‰-ߪ’-´îª’a. °j† ™¸ à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* àç îËÆæ’h-
brackets ™ (Do you) îª÷°œ† Nüµ¿çí¬. Ø√oúø’?)
eg: Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he
a) Mind waiting for sometime = says. He is in touch, he has told me,
Do/Would you mind waiting for sometime? with the travel agency which his uncle ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Å™«Íí Nikhil í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æߪ’ç Vikas ᙫ
Mind = Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç runs. Sumanth: He does (ûÁ©’Ææ’.) report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?
b) Like some coffee = (ÅüËç Ææ´’Ææu é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’. ¢√∞¡x -Åçèπ◊-™¸- Sundar: What does he say about it? It is not going to be a problem at all, he says.
Do/would you like some coffee? †úÕÊ° -vö«-¢Á-™ ¸ -à-ï-FqûÓ Ææçv°æ-C-Ææ’h- †o-ô’x (-ü∆-Eí∫’-Jç-* -Ç-ߪ’-† à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) Says- present tense ™ report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.
(´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡xûÓí¬F, îÁ§ƒpúø’.) ÅçûË-é¬ü¿’ ´’†ç report îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ He says ûÓ
Åçûª serious conversation é¬-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬F, É™« Do Be in touch - Ææç•çüµ¿ç °ô’d-éÓ-´ôç/ ´÷ö«x- v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ééπ\úø he says, reported part *´®Ω
you/ would you ´C-™‰Æ œ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçúø- úø’ûª÷ Öçúøôç/ Contact ™ Öçúøôç. ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË¢√∞¡xûÓ -´’-† ≤ƒEo-£œ«-û√uEo
èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.)
Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
things?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 202 Å™«Íí, He is in touch, he has told me, with the
travel agency which his uncle runs. ÅØË sen-
Suhas: Yea. I do feel like it. You do too, don't (ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷-© í∫’-Jç-* éπ*aûªçí¬ -á°æ¤p-úø’ - tence ™ èπÿ-ú≈ ´÷´‚©’í¬ Å®·ûË he has told me
you? And how about some real good -îÁ-•’-û√-†-Ø√o-úø’.) Sumanth: He has given us permission but -¢√éπuç ´·ç-ü¿’ ®√¢√L. é¬F Ééπ\úø ´’üµ¿u™ ´*açC
coffee to go with it? Confirm - éπØ˛°∂æ¢˛’ – °∂æ-¢˛’ – bird ™ ™«í¬.- wants us to be careful during the éπü∆. ÉC èπÿú≈ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-™ ÆæÈ®j-†-üË.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ AØ√-©ØË -ÖçC. Fèπÿ\ú≈ éπü∆? Vikas: He expects to have everything planned journeys. a) The exams won't be postponed, the princi-
ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’ç* 鬰∂‘ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?) by this weekend, he says. That'll give us ( Çߪ’† ´÷èπ◊ -Å-†’-´’-A Éî√aúø’. é¬-F pal says.
´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ do, does and did †’ í∫’-Jç-* enough time for preparation.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-©-†’ -´’®Ó≤ƒ-J -ØÁ-´’®Ω’-¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç.
1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, sing, etc)†’
not ûÓí¬F, question ûÓé¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ do ´Ææ’hçü¿F,
II Regular Doing Word (goes, comes, sings,
etc) †’ not ûÓé¬F question -ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ 'Íé-°∂ˇ— é¬-ü¿’ ... 'éπu°∂-ß˝’—
does ´Ææ’hç-ü¿F, Past Doing Word (came, went,
sang) †’ not ûÓ é¬F question ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’
did ´Ææ’hç-C -Å-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. Å®·ûË do, does, did (Ñ ¢√®√çû√EéÀ -§ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’ôç °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E v°æߪ÷-ù«™x ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçúø-´’-Ø√oúø’). b) The students answer was wrong, the
†’ not ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, question 鬆-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’- ÅØ√oúø’. ´’†èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´y-ö«-EéÀ Ææ-J-°æ-ú≈ (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç– éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) teacher says.
ûª’çö«ç – ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Æ洒ߪ’ç Öçô’çC.) Ñ conversation ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆ-üËçöÀ? ´’†ç Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ω’
I do know him well - Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’. ÉC ques- Suhas: What were the places we would be vis- Principal -à´’-Ø√o®Ω’– í∫ûªç– Å®·Ø√ English ™ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ îÁ°æp-´’çö«ç. -D-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿-ô-îÁ-°œp-
tion é¬ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ do know Åçô’Ø√oç. ÉC ûª°æ¤p iting, did he say? What does he say - Present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí †-°æ¤púø’ ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§Ú-´ôç -™‰-ü∆ NE ´’J-*-§Ú-´ôç ´-
é¬ü¿’– Ø√éπ-ûª†’ ûÁ©’Ææ’ (-ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú--´ô-¢Ë’çöÀ?) ÅØË (´’†ç ¢Á∞Ï} -v°æ-üË-¨»--© -N-´®√--™‰¢Á’i-Ø√ îÁ§ƒp-ú≈?) He wants us ÅE ´’S} present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. É-C ©x. Å°æ¤púË´’çö«ç. O’ Ê°Í®-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? / O’J-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-
N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫öÀdí¬ ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. I know him well Vikas: I don't exactly remember. Any way, he ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. Spoken *aç-üÁ-°æ¤p-úø-Ø√o®Ω’? É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o©’ Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ.
ņôç éπØ√o I do know him well Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ will be meeting us this evening. English™ É™« past conversation report îËÊÆ-ô- a) What did you say your name was?
¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç. (Ø√èπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ í∫’®Ω’h ™‰ü¿’. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ¢√úø’ °æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ present tense ¢√úË≤ƒhç. ÉC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Look at the following words of Suhas from
She does sing well (She sings well) ´’†Lo ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) practice îËÊÆh ´’† English Åçü¿çí¬, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ the conversation at the beginning of the les-
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ She does sing well Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ Direct Speech -†’ report Öçô’çC. son.
éπ*aûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. îËߪ’ôç îª÷-¨»ç.– Reporting verb †’ present C) Kumar: I (have) asked my mother to come, i) Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
Å™«Íí I did see him yesterday Åçõ‰ (I saw him tense, past tense -™  -á-™« -J-§Ú®˝d -îË-ߪ÷-™  -îª÷-¨»ç but she says she will not come. things?
yesterday) ؈’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-úÕ-E îª÷¨»-†E í∫öÀdí¬ éπ-ü∆.
É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îªü¿-´-¶-ßË’-N ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ
(-ØË-†’ ´÷ Å´’t-†’ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’. é¬F (Åûª†’ ´’†-èπ◊ -Å-Eo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ éπ*aûªçí¬
(Emphasis ûÓ) îÁ°æpôç. ÉN O’ conversation ™ ®√†-çC (®√†ç-öçC– ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ á°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’?)
practice îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç. -É-™«-îËÊÆh a) Nagesh: So, you are going to do É™«Íí Åçö«ç éπü∆) ii) Suhas: What were the places we would be
O’ ¶µ«≠æ effectiveí¬ Öçô’çC. MBA. Ñ sentence 'I have asked my mother... not visiting, did he say?
Vikas: Sure. Suggest a good place (Å®·ûË †’´¤y -áç-G-à îËߪ’- come; Kumar ¢√∞¡x´’tûÓ á°æ¤púÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ-† ûª®Ω-¢√ûª (´’†ç ¢Á∞Ïx Ü∞¡Ÿ} à´E îÁ§ƒpúø’?)
where we get real good stuff ¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´-†o-´÷ô). ¢√∞¡x´’t ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ report îËÆæ’hØ√o, she says ņôç Å™«Íí When did you say the meeting would
(éπ*aûªçí¬. ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘ Rajesh: Yes. I am (Å´¤†’.) í∫´’-Eç-î√L. ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ É™« îÁ§Òpa be? (Meeting á°æ¤p-úø’ç-ô’ç-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?) (´’S} îÁ°æ¤p
üÌJÍé àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* îÓô’ îÁ°æ¤p) Nagesh: Have you talked to your dad Kesav: I asked my mother to come. But she ÅE)
(Real good stuff- Eïçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ about it? (Ç N≠æߪ’ç O’ said she would not come. Ñ ´‚úø’ Å稻©÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
†îËaô’x ´’ç*í¬ ÖçúË ´Ææ’h´¤.) M. SURESAN Ø√†oí¬JûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈¢√?) d) Sampath: Did you see the doctor? 1) ´÷´‚©’ Spoken English form ™ äéÓ\-≤ƒ-J
(Ééπ\úø °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘. ´’S} í∫’®Ω’h Rajesh: Yes. I have (´÷ö«x-ú≈†’.) (ú≈éπd-Jo Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-¢√?) í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-† -Åç-¨»-©-†’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈
îËÆæ’hØ√oç. öÀ°∂œØ˛ English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç/Ö§ƒ- Nagesh: What does he say? Shanmukh: I did. He says the disease is not Present reporting verbs – He/she says,
£æ…®√-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô– Snack/ refreshment. (Çߪ’-ØË-´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) serious. They feel; they want; he/she wants ™«çöÀ
´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË Some thing to eat; Any thing Rajesh: He says he prefers my doing MCA to (éπ-L¨»†’. ÉC Åçûª Bv´-¢Á’iç-üËO’ é¬ü¿ç- ¢√öÀE ¢√úÕûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
to eat? Åçö«®Ω’. Any eats? Let's have some doing MBA. ô’-Ø√oúø’ / é¬ü¿-Ø√oúø’.) 2) Conversation ™ ´’†ç report îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË
eats ÅE èπÿú≈ informal í¬ Åçö«®Ω’. ( ؈’ MBA éπØ√o MCA îËߪ’ôç better ÉC (Past event †’ Present ™ report îËߪ’ôç) He says, they said, he/she told (some one)
Suhas: Nikhil often says that Cafe 'Shadruchi' ÅE -Ç-ߪ’-†ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.) î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. ™«çöÀN sentence ´·ç-ü¿’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ sentence
is the place for good eats and coffee. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Rajesh ûª† Course N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«x- Now look at the following part of the con- *´®Ω, ´’üµ¿u™ é¬F ®√´îª’a.
Shall we go there? úø-ôç í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç. Å®·Ø√ Nagesh Åûª- versation at the beginning of the passage. 3) ´’†ç á´-J-ØÁjØ√ à-üÁjØ√ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-
(Cafe 'Shadruchi' ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…-®√-©èπÿ, -úÕ-E -à-´’-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’? What does he say? ÅE. Suhas: Well, what does Nikhil say about our °æ¤púø’
coffee éÀ ÆæÈ®j† îÓô’ (The place) ÅE (Ééπ\úø does say ) (=says) present tense ™ trip to Tirupathi and other places in What did he say his name was?
E"™¸ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åçô’ç-ö«úø’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Å™«Íí Rajesh ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o South India? What is he doing about it? ™«çöÀ sentence pattern ¢√-úøû√ç.
¢Á∞«l´÷? Cafe' - pronunciation - í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo èπÿú≈ He says ÅE pres- Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he Exercise: Report (aloud) the whole conversa-
éπu°∂ß˝’ – éπu bank ™ ba ™«í∫ = °∂æ©-£æ…- ent tense ™ îÁ°æpôç -O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC says. He is in touch, he has told with the tion at the beginning of this lesson, with the
®Ω-¨»©. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Íé°∂ˇ ÅE pronounce English ™ î√™« Ææ®Ωy≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. -É-™« -Å-†-ôç ûª°æ¤p travel agency which his uncle runs. reporting verb in the present as well as in the
îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’ – ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.) é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. past tense.
Vikas: That suits me fine. Let's go B) Sunder: Does the Principal know about a) Nikhil ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ E"™¸ à´’-†oD, Suhas ᙫ
(Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.) your excursion programme? Åçô’-Ø√oúø’?
Suhas: Well, What does Nikhil say about our (O’ N£æ…-®Ω-ߪ÷vûª í∫’-Jç-* O’ -v°œ-Eq°æ-™¸èπ◊ What does Nikhil say about...?
-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 24 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Sravya: You look gorgeous today. What a

ûÁ©’Ææ’. Åçõ‰ Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ ´uèπ◊h-©†’ §ÚLa
beautiful dress you are in! Who select-
ûª®Ω-ûª´’ -¶µ‰-ü∆©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç.
ed it for you?
These are the comparisons made in the con-
versation at the beginning of this lesson.
(-Ñ®Ó-V †’´¤y î√™« Åçü¿çí¬
1) This (Lasya's today's dress) is more beauti-
éπ-E-°œÆæ’hØ√o--´¤-. F -vúÁÆˇ áçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçüÓ!
ful than the one you wore for Kavya's birth
á´®Ω’ ÂÆ-™„é˙d î˨»®Ω’ -DEo?)
gorgeous (Pronunciation: 'í¬ïÆˇ– 'í¬— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊-
day party.(ÉC – †’Oy-®ÓV ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o dress
Kavya birthday party
û√ç) = î√™« Åçü¿çí¬ Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Ö†o. áèπ◊\- éÀ ¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o -vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o
´í¬ American usage.) Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.)
Lasya: That's my own selection.
2) But Navya's dress was the most beautiful Superlative tallest highest
est *´®Ω ´îËa superlative degree forms.
that day=
(ÅC Ø√ áç°œÍé.) Å®·ûË Ç®ÓV Åçü¿J -vúÁÆˇ™x -†-´u -vúÁÆˇ Comparative taller higher
Sravya: This is more beautiful than the one you b) finest, simplest, nicest, etc- 'st'
ÉN *´®Ω ´îËa
Åûªuçûª Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC. b) 'st' superlative form
superlative degree forms.
wore for Kavya's birthday party.
éπL°œ îËÊÆ ´÷ô-©-Eo-çöÀéÃ,
3) ... She is the tallest of all of us too. '-r ' comparative form
c) Y Y
( é¬-´u °æ¤-öÀd-†®Ó-V -§ƒ-KdéÀ †’-´¤y -¢ËÆæ’èπ◊-†o - ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ *´®Ω éπ-L°œ îË≤ƒhç.
(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Òúø-´¤.) Superlative finest simplest nicest
4) That made her lovelier than any other girl
vúÁÆˇ éπØ√o ÉC Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçC.) Comparative simpler finer nicer
Lasya: But Navya's dress was the most beauti-
ÅC -Ç-¢Á’-†’ Éûª-®Ω’© éπØ√o Åçü¿çí¬ ÖçúË™« îËÆœçC. c) YûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô© N≠æ-ߪ’ç™, Y BÊÆÆœ
ful that day.
5) She is the cleverest girl among our friends iest
ûÓ superlative form îËÊÆ ™«í¬ØË, ier éπL°œ
who took the test.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
(é¬F Ç®ÓV †´u-vúÁÆˇ ÅEoöx Åçü¿çí¬ comparative form
203
(Ç -õ„-Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† -v°∂ç-ú˛q îË≤ƒhç.
ÖçC.) Åçü¿-J™ Ç¢Á’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢ÁjçC). Superlative healthiest costliest
Sravya: And you know she is the tallest of all of
6) Her Brother is even cleverer than she. Comparative healthier costlier
us too. That made her the lovelier than
Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁL¢Áj†¢√úø’. d) -ful ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’ °æü∆-©èπÿ, most ´·ç-ü¿’°öÀd
any other girl there. BÊÆÆœ, iest superlative form
éπL°œûË Å´¤-ûª’çC.
7) No other candidate's rank in the town is so superlative form more
îËÊÆ °æü∆-©-Eoç-öÀéÃ, ´·ç-ü¿’
healthiest (healthy); wealthiest,(wealthy)
(as) good as his. comparative form
(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈ ûª†’ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ §Òúø-´¤ ¢√úÕûË, Å´¤-ûª’çC.
costliest (costly) etc.
Superlative Comparative
éπü∆. Åçü¿’-´©x -Ç®Ó-V Éûª-®Ω’©çü¿J-éπçõ‰ Ü®Óx à Éûª®Ω ŶµºuJn ®√uçé˙ èπÿú≈ Åûª-úÕ ®√uçéπçûª d) ful
most beautiful more beautiful
Åçü¿çí¬ Öç-ü¿éπ\-úø.) ´’ç*C é¬ü¿’. ûÓ Åçûª-´’ßË’u ´÷ô-©-Eoç-öÀéÀ, ¢√öÀ ´·çü¿®Ω
Lovely= beautiful= Åçü¿-¢Á’i†.
most interested more interested
Lasya: We have another party coming.
î√™« ´·êuçí¬ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.
(´’†èπ◊ ûªy®Ω-™-ØË ÉçéÓ §ƒKd ÖçC.) ´’†ç à degree ¢√úÕ-Ø√ äéπõ‰ Å®Ωnç ®√¢√L.
Sravya: Who is giving that and what's the occa-
Positive Åçõ‰ ´÷´‚©’ ÅE, comparative Åçõ‰
sion?
îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’...ÅçûË! é¬Ææh áèπ◊\´ ÅF, superlative Åçõ‰ ÅEoç-öÀ-éπØ√o
(á´-J-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’? Ææçü¿®Ωs¥ç àçöÀ?) áèπ◊\´ ÅF ņ’-éÓ-´ôç î√-™« °ü¿l -§Ò-®Ω-§ƒô’.
Lasya: Divya is giving it. She has got the 25th
Ñ degrees of comparison ´‚úÕçöx, degree
rank in CAT.
- positive Å®·Ø√, comparative Å®·Ø√, superla-
Common Admission Test tive Å®·Ø√ Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰. Å™« äéπõ‰ Å®·-†-°æ¤púË
8) Few Parents are as lucky as they.
(C´u É≤ÚhçC.
–(CAT) most superlative form
™ 25´ ®√uçé˙ ´*a-†ç-ü¿’èπ◊.) Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Öçúø®Ω’. îËJÊÆh Å´¤-ûª’çC. ´’†ç correct í¬ ´÷ö«x-úÕ-†ô’d. Å®·ûË ´’†ç posi-
Sravya: I'm not at all surprised. She is the i) beautiful - most beautiful (superlative)
9) Her elder sister is brighter than all of them tive degree™ îÁ§ƒp™, comparative ™ îÁ§ƒp™,
cleverest girl among our friends who ii) skilful - most skilful (superlative)
but not so hard working. superlative™ îÁ§ƒp™ ´’† áç°œ-éπ†’ •öÀd, Ææçü¿-
took the test. iii) pitiful - most pitiful ( superlative ) ®√s¥Eo •öÀd Öçô’çC. îª÷úøçúÕ:
¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿J éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢ÁjçC é¬F Åçûª e) most
(-Åç-ü¿’-™ -Ǩ¡a®Ωuç ™‰ü¿’. Ç -õ„Æˇd ®√Æœ† ´’† v¨¡´’-°æ-úËC é¬ü¿’. éÌEo Éûª®Ω ´÷ô-©èπ◊ èπÿú≈, ´·çü¿’ îË®Ωaôç a) He is the tallest boy in the class (Superlative)
´©x superlative
´Ææ’hçC.( Interested - most inter- =
v°∂ç-ú˛q Åçü¿-®Óx†÷ ûª†’ Åûªuçûª ûÁL-¢Áj-çC.) îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ Comparisons: §Ú©aôç English™ ested; jealous - most jealous)
- é¬xÆˇ Åçü¿-J-™ Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.
Lasya: Her brother is even clever than she b) He is taller than any other boy/ all other boys,
´‚úø’ Nüµ∆-©’. -Åç-õ‰ ´‚úø’ degrees ™ îË≤ƒh®Ω’. COMPARATIVE DEGREE
(her). Last year he got the 18th rank in in the class (comparative) =
1) Positive degree 2) Comparative degree
é¬xÆˇ™ à Éûª®Ω/
the IIT entrance test. *´®Ω, -er -r -ier
, , í¬F ´·çü¿’ more í¬F ´ÊÆh ÅC boys
3) Superlative degree
Éûª®Ω Åçü¿-J éπØ√o Åûª-úø’ §Ò-úø-´¤.
(Ç¢Á’ -Å-†o-ߪ’u Ç¢Á’ éπçõ‰ ûÁL-¢Áj†-¢√úø’. comparative Å´¤-ûª’çC. c) No other boy in the class as so as tall as he
í∫-ûËú≈C -â-â-öà -áç-võ„-Ø˛q -õ„Æˇd™ Åûª-úÕéÀ 18´ (Degrees of comparison adjectives adverbs èπ◊, i) Superlative form 'est'
(positive) =
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ éπLÊ° ´÷ô-©-
Adjectives –
é¬xÆˇ™ ÉçÈé-´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈ Åûª-†çûª
®√uçé˙ ´*açC.) èπÿ Öçö«®·. ´Ææ’h-´¤-©’, ´uèπ◊-©’, v°æüË- Eoç-öÀéÃ, comparative form 'er'
îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’.
Sravya: Yea. No other candidate's rank in the ¨»-©’, ïçûª’-´¤-©’, -¢Á·-ü¿-™„j-†-¢√-öÀ í∫’ù-í∫-ù«©†’ ûÁLÊ° éπ©’°æ¤û√ç. ÅEo degrees Å®Ωnç äéπõ‰ îÁÊ°p °æ-ü¿l¥-A ¢Ë®Ω’.ÅçûË.
town is so good as his. ´÷ô©’.)
eg: Tall, short, fine, beautiful, good, bad etc.
Answer to Exercise under lesson No 201
(Å´¤†’. Ñ Ü®Ω’ ¢Á·ûªhç™ á´Jéà -Åç-ûª -
O-ô-Eoç-öÀéÀ Å®·†, Å®·-†-ô’-´çöÀ ÅE,
REPORT (Spoken )
´’ç-* ®√uçé˙ ®√-™‰-ü¿’.)
Lasya: All of them are quite smart. Ö†o ÅE, Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC. tall = §Òúø-¢Áj†, DIRECT SPEECH
á-ûÁkh-†, short = §ÒöÀdí¬ Ö†o, fine = Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ- Reporting Verb Present tense Reporting Verb Past tense
Few parents are as lucky as
they, in having such children. ߪ’-¢Á’i†, etc) Lakshmi: I need not Lakshmi says she need not have the Lakshmi said she need not/ did not

(¢√Rxçöx Åçü¿®Ω÷ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√∞Ïx. Adverbs Åçõ‰, verb -îËÊÆ °æ†’©’ ᙫ ïJ- have the facial. I had it facial. She had it done the day before. need to have the facial. She had
í¬®· ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç- ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ – äéπ done just yesterday. had it done the day before.
Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’
ü∆ü∆-°æ¤ -Öç-úø®Ω’.) í∫’ùç à¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ ÖçC ÅE ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ Pramila: We have to Pramila says they have to go to the Pramila said they had to go to
smart= ≤ƒtö¸– ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– Åçü¿-¢Á’i† M. SURESAN èπÿú≈ adverbs.) go to the bank or the bank or the ATM too as they have to the bank or the ATM as they
Look at the following. had to draw some money.
-ü¿’Ææ’h-™x Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç. Ééπ\úÕ ATM too. we have to draw some money.
a) No other actor is so tall as Amitabh
Å®Ωnç– ûÁL-N-í∫©. draw some money.
Sravya: Her elder sister is brighter than all of Bachchan. (à Éûª®Ω †ô’úø÷ ÅN’-û√-•-îªaØ˛ Åçûª
Lakshmi: We need Lakshmi says that they need not, as Lakshmi said that they need
them but no so hardworking, We are comparing all
§Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’.) Ééπ\úø
not. I have enough she has enough cash. not/ did not need to, as she had
other actors with Amitabh - §ÚLa á´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈
(¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ߪ’u -Åç-ü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ûÁL-N-í∫©C. cash. enough cash.
Amitabh Not
Åçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬-ü¿’ ÅE Åçô’Ø√oç –
Pramila suggested they had
é¬F Åçûª éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆC é¬ü¿’.)
Lasya: They're all sure of good careers. That's so tall as ÅE – Ééπ\úøtall positive degree. Pramila: Then we had Pramila suggests they had better hurry
b) Amitabh is taller than any other actor/all better hurry up. up. better hurry up.
a thing to be happy about.
other actors. (ÅN’-û√¶¸ à Éûª®Ω †ô’-úÕ/-N’-í∫û√ Lakshmi: Need I get Lakshmi wants to know if she has to Lakshmi wanted to know if she
(¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´’ç* Nü∆u, ÖüÓu-í¬©’ ûªü∑¿uç. -
Åçü¿®Ω’ †ô’-©-éπØ√o §Ò-úø-´¤.) money now or do you get the money now or if she has it. had to get the money then or if
Å-C ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.)
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ we are comparing all other actors have it? she had it.
í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’: °j conversation Åçû√ §ÚLéπ with Amitabh. ¢√∞¡}-éπØ√o Éûª†’ §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç.
Pramila: I think the Pramila says she thinks the money she Pramila said she thought the
(comparison)© v°æ≤ƒh-´ØË éπü∆. -E-ûªu -@-N-ûªç-™  ´’†ç
– Amitabh is taller than - Ééπ\úø taller, compar- money I have should has should be enough and that money she had should be
ative degree.
§Ú©a-èπ◊çú≈ à Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ Öçúø-üË¢Á÷ éπü∆. äéπ enough and that Lakshmi need
be enough. You need Lakshmi need not get any.
1) Amitabh is the tallest of all actors -
´Ææ’h´¤ Ø√ùuûª, üµ¿®Ω†’, ÅüË ûª®Ω-í∫AéÀ -îÁç-C-† Éûª®Ω not/ did not need to get any
not get any.
Åçü¿®Ω’
Amitabh we are
´Ææ’h´¤© Ø√ùu-ûª, -üµ¿®ΩûÓ, äéπ ´uéÀhí∫’ù«-©’, Ç鬮Ωç, †ô’--™x Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤. Ééπ\úø money.
comparing all other actors with Amitabh -
íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, Éûª®Ω ´uèπ◊h© Ç鬮Ωç, íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, í∫’ù«-©ûÓ
Lakshmi said that they must
¢√∞¡xç-
§ÚLa à-C, á´®Ω’ áèπ◊\¢Ó E®√l¥-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ®√´-ô¢Á÷, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Lakshmi: We must not Lakshmi says that they must not spend
ü¿J™ Éûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø
spend much time much time there as they have to get not spend much time there as
tallest superlative degree. ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
í∫öÀdí¬ ¢√Cç--éÓ-´-ô¢Á÷ îËÆæ’hçö«ç éπü∆.
Spoken English ™ Ñ §ÚL-éπ©-†’ -á-™« ´uéπh°æ®Ω’- there. We have to get back to make other arrangements. they had to get back to make
1) *´®Ω +est, +st í¬F´ÊÆh ÅCsuperlative degree. other arrangements.
≤ƒh¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Grammar ™ Å®·ûË a) tallest, highest, shortest, slightest, etc. ÉN
back to make other
DEo Degrees of comparisons Åçö«-®ΩE ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà arrangements.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 27 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006
Sundar: I feel that the food here is better than
that in any other restaurant in this
area. What do you think?
(Ð vð§ÙêŸÙö˺ Ñìo ÏêŸô¢ ·ôþ§d-·ôÙåx ÚÛÙç¶
ÏÚÛ\è[ íÆ£õô¢Ù ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o.
ìªî¶y÷ªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦oîËÂ?)
Madan: You're right. This is the best eatery
around here.
(ìª÷±y àµí‡pÙC Eá! Ð àŸªåªd-í£-ÚÛ\õ Ïë¶ ÷ªÙ#C.)
Sundar: The worst of all is the eatery next to
the post office. You get sick once
you eat any thing there.
(Î ð¼þ§d-íƈú£ª í£ÚÛ\ì ÑìoC ÍEoÙæ¨
ÚÛÙç¶ ÍëÅ]-÷ª-iÙC. ÖÚÛ-þ§J ÍÚÛ\è[ Ôëµjû¦
AÙç¶ î¦Ù꟪ö¶!)
sick = áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù – ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ Ð Íô¢nÙêÁ
î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ sick = î¦ÙA Íó¶ªuåªxÞ¥
ÑÙè[è[Ù ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íô¢nÙ ÑÙC.
I am sick of these movies.
(Ð ú‡E-÷«-õÙ-ç¶û¶ û¦ÚÛª î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªuåªx ÑÙC.)
Once you eat there you get sick.
(ÍÚÛ\è[ AÙç¶ î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªu-åªxÙ-åªÙC.)
Madan: No, I don't agree there. There are
other restaurants which are worse
than that one.
(Î Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ û¶ìª Öí£±p-ÚÁìª. ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñìo
ÏÙÚ•Eo íÆ£õ-ô¢-ø‹-õõª ë¯E-ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥
Ñû¦oô³.)
Sundar: But I can tell you this. As no other
place are idlis so (as) bad as at that
place.
(Ú¥F ÖÚÛæ¨ ÷«vêŸÙ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª. ÏÚÛ\-è[ª-
ìoÙêŸ àµêŸhÞ¥ Ïè†xõª ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è¯ ÑÙè[÷±.)
Madan: That is true, perhaps. OK. How good
is the novel which you finished yes-
terday?
(ÍC Eá! ú£¸ô! Eìo ìª÷±y í£²Jh à¶ú‡ì
ì÷õ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)
Sundar: It's easily the best I have read in
years.
(Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC-Nì ì÷-
õö˺x Ïë¶ Þ•í£pC.)
Madan: Is it better than the one I gave you
last week?
(û¶ìª FÚÛª ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù Ï#aì ì÷õ ÚÛû¦o
ÚÛ«è¯ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)
Sundar: I told you, no other novel I have read
in years is so good as this one.
(àµð§pìªÞ¥! Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC-
Nì Ô ì÷õ ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙêŸ Þ•í£pÞ¥ ö¶ë]E.)
ví£øŒo: 1. An unused old temple was given to
Mother Theresa ÍE IX Class English text
book (page no. 45) ö˺ àŸC-î¦ìª. ÏÚÛ\è[ unused
ÚÛª ñë]ªõª disused ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè….
2. Idioms with backgrounds book Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙç¶
ú£«#ÙàŸÙè….
– ÷ªëÅ]ª-ÚÛôÂ, êµû¦L
1. à¦ö° ÷ªÙ# ví£øŒo. Íô³ê¶ disused
áî¦ñª:
Íû¶ë¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ correct.
Unused ÍÙç¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ/
Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Íú£õª î¦è[E
ÍE Íô¢nÙ. An unused
old temple ÍÙç¶ Ïí£pæ¨
÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Ïí£±pè[« î¦è[E
í£±ô¦-êŸì ë¶î¦-õóŸªÙ ÍE
Íô¢nÙ. Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè… ÍÙå«
ÑÙè[ë]ª ÚÛë¯. Íö° Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯
Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ î¦è[-ÚÛÙö˺ ÑÙè…,
Î êŸô¦yêŸ Ô Ú¥ô¢éÙêÁ
Íô³û¦ ð§è[ªñè[f Þœªè… ÍE
Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì sentence ö˺
òÅ°÷Ù. Íö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°÷Ù Ïà¶aC disused. Ú¥ñæ¨d
unused Íû¶C ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. Disused ÍÙç¶
Ïí£±pè[ª î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺-ö¶E, ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª (ÞœêŸÙö˺) Ñìo ÍE.
Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè…û¶ Mother Theresa Ú¨à¦aô¢ª ÍE
Íô¢nÙ.
2. Idioms with background book - 1) Oxford
Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂ
Madan: My grand father reads these novels,
a lot of them.
(÷« ê¦êŸÞ¥ô¢ª Ð ì÷õõª à¦ö° àŸë]ª-÷±-
ê¦ô¢ª.)
Sundar: I remember your telling me that he
was ill. How is he? Any improve-
ment?
(ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙë]E ìª÷±y àµí‡pìåªx
Þœªô¢ªh. Ïí£±p-èµö° Ñû¦oô¢ª? Ôiû¦
ô¢ª·ÞjÙë¯?)
Madan: No, unfortunately. He is worse than
before.
(ö¶ë]ª, ë]ªô¢-ë]'-ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh ÏÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ª
ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ ÑÙC.)
Sundar: I'm sorry to hear that. Hope he will
recover soon.
(Nì-æ°-EÚ¨ ò°ëÅ]Þ¥ ÑÙC. êŸyô¢ö˺
ÚÁõªÚÛªÙæ°ô¢E ÎPþ§h!)
ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛû¦o Íë¶ ÍëůyìÙ!
Madan: So do we. (÷´ Íö°¸Þ ÎP-ú£ªhû¦oÙ.)
Sundar: OK. See you. Time that I were at
home.
(ÚÛõªë¯lÙ! Ïí£p-æ¨¸Ú ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè¯-Lqì
î¦è…E.)(Îõ-ú£u-iÙC)
OK. See you = ÚÛõªë¯lÙ.
Madan: Bye
ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 204
ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ
adjectives adverbs
ÚÛª,
ÚÛª comparative,
superlative Óö° form
à¶þ§h àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸ-
÷-ô¢ÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìoC–
M. SURESAN COMPARATIVE: Ú•Eo
í£ë¯õ #÷ô¢ – ier à¶Ja,
÷ªJ-Ú•-Eo-æ¨Ú¨ – er à¶Ja, y êÁ ÍÙêŸ-÷ªó¶ªu ÷«å-õÚÛª,
y ñë]ªõª – ier à¶Ja, ÏÙÚ•Eo ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª more
à¶Ja comparative degree form à¶þ§hÙ.
Etymological Dictionary 2) Cambridge
Publications öËºì« ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-꟪ÙC.
ví£øŒo: Ð ÷´è[ª î¦Ú¥u-õÚÛª êµõªÞœª Íô¢nÙ àµí£pÙè….
1. For that to happen.
2. Planning Commission deputy chair-
man Monteksingh Ahluwalia on satur-
day regretted that poverty reduction
was not achieved to the desired extent
during the years of planned develop-
ment.
3. Pointing out that the growth process
should have been more inclusive.
– ÖÚÛ ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªè[ª Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ
,
1. for that to happen = ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶.
áî¦ñª:
e.g. I want to buy a car. For that to happen I
need money.
(û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦õE ÑÙC. ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶
è[ñªs-Ú¥-î¦L.)
2. ...that poverty reduction was not achieved
to the desired extent during the years
planned development.
(ví£é°RÚ¥ñë]lÄ ÍÙç¶ ÷ªì í£ÙàŸ-÷ô¢{ ví£é°-RÚÛ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù
ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¦ö˺x ›íë]JÚÛÙ êŸÞœª_-ë]õ ÷ªìÙ ÎPÙ-
#-ìÙêŸ áô¢-Þœ-ö¶ë]ª.)
3. Pointing out that the growth rate should
have been more inclusive.
(ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ví£vÚ¨óŸª ÏÙÚ¥ú£h Nú£h'-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¯-LqÙC.)
SUPERLATIVE: -ier à¶Ja comparative form
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – iest , – er à¶Ja comparative form
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – est , –r à¶Ja comparative form
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª -st, more ÷³Ùë]ª à¶Ja compara-
tive form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª most à¶Ja superlative
degree form
à¶þ§h-÷ªF êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ ÚÛë¯.
Íô³ê¶ Ð êµÞœ-õÚÛª àµÙë]E adjectives ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo
Ñû¦oô³. î¦æ¨Ú¨ comparatives, superlatives
form à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Ô EñÙëÅ]ìõ« í£E-Ú¨-ô¦÷±. î¦æ¨
comparatives, superlatives irregular Þ¥ form
Í÷±-ê¦ô³. ÍN–
The worst of all is the eatery next to
the post office.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Good, Well better best
Bad, ill worse worst
evil worse worst
much, many more most
You can see these irregular comparatives and
superlatives in the conversation at the begin-
ning of this lesson: Oå-Eoæ¨ Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª Ð les-
son vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡Ùö˺ àŸ«è[-÷àŸªa.
1) I feel that the food here is better that in any
other restaurant (better - comparative of
good)
2) This is the best eatery around here. (best -
superlative of good).
3) The worst of all is the eaterie next to the
post office. (worst - superlative of bad).
4) There are other restaurants which are
Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
-2
worse than that one. (worse - comparative
of bad).
5) Is it better than the one I gave you last
week? (better - comparative of good).
6) Unfortunately he is worse than before.
(worse - comparative of ill).
ill = áñªsÞ¥ Ñìo.
worse - áñªs/ î¦uCÅ ÓÚÛª\îµjì, ÷³C-Jì)
7) His condition was the worst the day before
yesterday.
(ÎóŸªì í£J-ú‡nA îµ³ìo ò°Þ¥ ¤©é¨Ù-#ÙC.)
worst - superlative of ill.
Ïí£±pè[ª Ð Ú¨ÙC sentences àŸ«è[Ùè….
a) India is the largest democracy in the world.
Ð î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ largest - superlative degree Íô¢nÙ:
ví£í£ÙàŸÙ îµ³êŸhÙö˺ òÅ°ô¢ê ÍA-šíë]l ví£â°-þ§y÷ªuÙ.
Ïë¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÏÙÚÁ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥:
a) India is the largest of all democracies in the
world/ India is the largest democracy of all in
the world ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íì-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ ÍEoæ¨ ÚÛû¦o
simplest form, India is the largest democracy
in the world Íû¶C.
Superlative degree ö˺ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª sentence
structure.
India is the largest democracy in the world.
a) India (subject) + is (verb) + the + largest
(superlative) + democracy.
b) The Elephant is the strongest animal in the
world.
(subject + is (verb) + the + strongest
(superlative) + animal).
Superlative ö˺ sentence structure à¦ö° sim-
ple. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁî¦LqÙ-ë]ö°x superlative ÷³Ùë]ª the
ô¦î¦õE..
Comparative degree ö˺ Íë¶ meaning êÁ–
a) India is larger than any other democracy in
the world.
comparative ö˺ structure
a) India (subject) + is (verb) + larger (compar-
ative) + than any other + democracy in the
world.
b) The Elephant is stronger than any other
animal in the world.
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ šíj structure ö˺û¶ ÑÙè¯L.
Positive:
No other animal in the world is so (as) strong
as the Elephant.
Structure - ÏÚÛ\è[ No other êÁ begin Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-
EÙ-àŸÙè… –
No other (sub) + verb + so + (positive degree)
+ as the Elephant.
b) No other democracy in the world is as (so)
large as India.
No other + subject + is (verb) + as (so) + (pos-
itive degree) + as India.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 27 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë 1

1) Eá-¸ÚÙ-vë]ÚÛ ÚÛé°ö˺xE Ô ÚÛé°ÙÞ¥ö˺x 70S ·ôjò˺-âɺ- 18) ¸ÚÙvë]Ú¥÷«xö˺x ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-çµjè[x ÷ªëÅ]u Ôô¢pè¶ ñÙëů-
÷³õª ÑÙæ°ô³? õìª Ô÷ªÙæ°ô¢ª?
Ó) iæ˺-Ú¥Ù-vè…óŸ«, Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ Ó) šíšíkdè ñÙëůõª
G) J-êŸ-¸ô-éª-÷±õª, ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷u-â°-õÚÛÙ G) ·ÞkxÚÁ-ú‡-è…Ú ñÙëůõª
ú‡) iæ˺-Ú¥Ù-vè…óŸ«, J-êŸ-¸ô-éª-÷±õª ú‡) ðƧþ¼p-èµj-Ó-ú£dô ñÙëůõª
è…) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ, ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷uâ°õÚÛÙ è…) Óú£dô ñÙëůõª
2) ò°uÚ©d-J-óŸ«-ö˺E ÚÛé-ÚÛ-÷àŸÙ Ô ô¢þ§-óŸªì í£ë¯-ô¢nÙêÁ 19) úˆdô¦-ô³è ú£Ùø™x-ù£é, Nù£-E-ô¢«t-õ-ìö˺ ð§ö˹_û¶ ÚÛé-
Ôô¢p-è[ª-꟪ÙC? òŰޜٖ
Ó) šúõªu-ö˺âÉÀ G) šíí‡d-èÁ-·Þkx-Ú¥ûË Ó) ìªìªí£± ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷uâ°õÚÛÙ
ú‡) ·ÞkxÚÁ-vð»-æ©ìª è…) ·Újæ©ûË G) Þœô¢ªÚÛª ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷uâ°õÚÛÙ
3) iæ˺-Ú¥Ù-vè…óŸ« Íû¶ í£ë¯Eo ví£A-ð§-CÙ-#ì ø‹ú£Y-î¶êŸh ú‡) ¸ÚÙvë]-Ú¥ÙøŒÙ
Ó÷ô¢ª? è…) ÔD-Ú¥ë]ª 36) í£ô¦u-÷-ô¢é ú‡nA-Þœ-꟪-õìª ÍGÅ-÷'-ClÄ-à¶ú‡ ÷«ì-÷-â°A G) Óè[yôÂf q ú‡ÙvèÁîª
Ó) ÎöËÀd-÷«uûË G) ð¼ô¢dô 20) ø˜jL-ÚÛõª, ÚÛø‹òÅ°ö˺x ú£«¤Ût-û¦-R-ÚÛõ Í÷ª-JÚÛ 9+2 ö°Þ¥ ÷ªìª-Þœ-è[ìª îµªô¢ª-Þœª-í£-Jචø‹ú£YÙ– ú‡) è½ûËÂq ú‡ÙvèÁîª
ú‡) Þ¥Jo-óŸªô è…) òµÙè¯ ÑÙç¶ šúÙvæ¨-óµ«öËÀ (ê¦ô¢-÷ê ¸ÚÙvë¯-õª)ö˺ Óö° Ó) óŸ´âµ-EÚÂq G) óŸ´ëǵ-EÚÂq è…) vÚ©–è[«–-à¦æËÀ ö¶ë¯ Ú¥uæËÀ w·Új ú‡ÙvèÁîª
4) ÖÚÛ ð§M-ší-šíkdè øŒ'ÙÜ-ö°-EÚ¨ ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù Ñìo ÑÙåªÙC? ú‡) óŸ´šíÆ-EÚÂq è…) ÔD-Ú¥ë]ª 50) í£±ô¢ªù£ªö˺x ÷à¶a ·ÚkxûË šíÆõdô ú‡ÙvèÁîª Íû¶ vÚÁ-
è…Ó-ûËÂÓ òÅ°Þ¥Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? Ó) 9+2 G) 9+0 37) í£¤Ûªõ, à¶í£õ ÷õú£ ö°Ùæ¨ @÷±õ àŸô¢u-õšíj î¦ê¦- âɺ÷³ îµjí£-K-ê¦u-EÚ¨ Ú¥ô¢éÙ–
Ó) ·ôÚ¥ûË G) ÷³uæ°ûË ú‡) 9+3 è…) 3+9 ÷-ô¢é ô¢ªêŸªvÚÛ-÷«õ ví£òÅ°-î¦Eo ÍëÅ]u-óŸªì٠ඛú Ó) 23÷ áêŸö˺ vêŸóŸª-ú‡n-AÚÛÙ
ú‡) ú‡þ§ZûË è…) Öší-ô¦ûË 21) è…Ó-ûËÂÓ ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-çµj-è[xö˺ ÑÙè¶ àŸ·Ú\ô¢ Ô ô¢Ú¥-EÚ¨ ø‹ú£YÙ– G) 21÷ áêŸö˺ vêŸóŸª-ú‡n-AÚÛÙ
5) NªóŸ«-ú‡úÖI (¤ÛóŸª-ÚÛ-ô¢é–I) NòÅ¡-á-ìö˺ ví£ëÇ]÷ª ë]øŒ- àµÙC-ìC? Ó) všíÆû¦-õ@ G) Óëǯ-õ@ ú‡) 18÷ áêŸö˺ vêŸóŸª-ú‡n-AÚÛÙ
ö˺E Ô Ñí£-ë]-øŒö˺ ú£÷ª-â°-BóŸª vÚÁ-âɺ-÷³õ Ó) Þœ«xÚÁâÉÀ G) ·ôjò˺âÉÀ ú‡) íƇû¦-õ@ è…) Îçµ-Ú¥-õ@ è…) 23÷ áêŸö˺ ÔÚÛ-ú‡n-AÚÛÙ
÷ªëÅ]u NE-÷ªóŸªÙ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC? ú‡) è†Î-Ú©q-·ôj-ò˺âÉÀ è…) víÆ£ÚÁdâÉÀ 38) ·ôÙè[ª ö¶ë¯ ÍÙêŸ-ÚÛÙç¶ ÓÚÛª\÷ ð§M-ší-šíkd-èÂõª 51) vÞ¥îª ûµT-æ¨îË ò°uÚ©d-JóŸ« ÚÛé°õ îµõª-í£õ Î÷-JÙ#
Ó) Lð¼d-æ©ûË G) âµjÞÁ-æ©ûË 22) šúÙvåöËÀ ÏûËÂú‡d-å«uæËÀ ÎíÆà všíÆùà î¦åô ÎÚ¥y-ÚÛ-õaô ú£ÙMìÙ àµÙC Ôô¢pè¶ ú£ÙÚ¨xù£g Eô¦t-é°Eo Ô÷ªÙ- ÑÙè¶ ò°ï£°u-ð»ô¢ (outer membrane) ë¶ÙêÁ
ú‡) ð§"æ©ûË è…) è…ð¼x-æ¨ûËÂ Ô ìÞœ-ô¢Ùö˺ ÑÙC? æ°ô¢ª? êŸóŸ«·ôj ÑÙåªÙC?
6) Eá-¸ÚÙ-vë]ÚÛ ÚÛé-¸ÚÙ-vë]Ùö˺ ÑÙè¶ vÚ•÷«-æ¨ûË Eô¦t-éÙ- Ó) ÚÁöËÀÚÛê¦ G) ÷³Ùò°ô³ Ó) vð§ëÇ]NªÚÛ Eô¦téÙ Ó) Lð¼ vð»æ©ìªx G) šíí‡dèÁ ·ÞkxÚ¥ûËÂ
ö˺E ví£÷«-é°Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? ú‡) ÚÁ# è…) òÅ¡ª÷-û¶-øŒyô G) CyBóŸª Eô¦téÙ ú‡) Lð¼-ð§-M-ø‹-Ü-·ôjè è…) šúõªu-ö˺âÉÀ
Ó) ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-þ¼îª G) ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-çµjè 23) û¶ù£-ìöËÀ ñ«uôÁ ÎíÆà ÔE÷ªöËÀ âµE- ú‡) êŸ'BóŸª Eô¦téÙ 52) øŒK-ô¢Ù-ö˺E ÖÚÛ òŰޜ٠ìªÙ# ô¢ÚÛhÙ, øÉÁù£-ô¢ú£Ù
ú‡) ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-šújè è…) ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-õúà æ¨Ú Jþ¼-·ôqúÃ Ô ìÞœ-ô¢Ùö˺ ÑÙC? è…) Ú¥yå-ô¢oK Eô¦téÙ ë¯yô¦ Ú¥uìqô ÚÛé°õª ÏêŸô¢ òÅ°Þ¥-õÚÛª î¦uí‡h àµÙë¶
7) ÚÛé-àŸ-vÚÛÙ-ö˺E Ô ë]øŒö˺ è…Ó-ûËÂÓ ví£A-ÚÛ'A áô¢ª-Þœª- Ó) ÚÛô¦oöËÀ G) í£±é¶ 39) Íîµ ªiûËÁ Î÷«xö˺x ÏNªûËÁ Î÷«xõª Nëů-û¦Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª?
꟪ÙC? ú‡) ì«uèÅ…Mx Vî¦õ@ ÔN? Ó) væ°ûËÂq-íÆ£-¸ôt-ù£ûË G) æ°-þ§d-ú‡úÃ
Ó) S G) G1 è…) Aô¢ª-÷-ìÙ-êŸ-í£±ô¢Ù Ó) NªCÇ-óµ«-EûËÂ, ú‡·ôjûË ú‡) æ°-÷«-ôÁpÄ-ú‡úà è…) væ°ûËÂq-è[ÚÛ{ûËÂ
ú‡) G è…) M G) õ«uú‡ûËÂ, ·Þkxú‡ûË 53) ¤¥ô¢ vð»æ©ìªx Íô³ì þ¼d-ûËÂ-õö˺ ÍCÅ-ÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¶
2 24) ÏÙè…-óŸªûË ö°uÚ JšúôÂa ÏûËÂú‡d-å«uæËÀ
ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC? ú‡ ) vð»öµjûËÂ, šïj°vè¯-Ú©q-vð»-öµjûË ¤¥ô¢ ÍiûËÁ Î÷«xõª ÔN?
8) ÑòÅ¡-óŸªàŸô¦õª, à¶í£õª, ú£K-ú£'ð§õ ÷Ùæ¨ ú£ÚÛ-ø™-ô¢ª-Ú¥õ è… ) Íõ-EûËÂ, íƇûµjöËÀ Íõ-EûË Ó) öµjúˆûËÂ, ÎJb-FûËÂ
úˆYH-á-ÚÛé ÷«êŸ'ÚÛö˺x ÚÛE-í‡Ùචví£ê¶u-ÚÛ-iì vÚÁ-âɺ- Ó) òÅ˺ð§öËÀ G) èµv-è[«ûËÂ
÷³õª ÔN? ú‡) àµûµjo è…) ô¦Ù< 40) ¸Ú Ùvë] -Ú Û-í £²ô¢y ÚÛé°ö˺xE ví£ëůì áìªu-í£-ë¯- G) î¦öµjûËÂ, Õþ¼-õ«u-úˆûËÂ
Ó) ð§L-æ©ûË vÚÁ-âɺ-÷³õª 25) ÏÙå-¸ôo-ù£-ìöËÀ šúÙåô íÆ£ô âµE-æ¨ÙÞ ô¦n E o Ô÷ªÙ- æ°ô¢ª? ú‡) Îú£pÄ-JdÚ Î÷ªxÙ, ·Þkxú‡ûËÂ
ú‡. JÚÛ'ù£g Ó) @ûË Á -ð Ƽ ô è…) væ¨ð¼d-ðƧûËÂ, ú‡úˆdûËÂ
G) ÚÛªÙൠvÚÁ-âɺ-÷³õª ÏÙ>-F-JÙÞ ÍÙè ñóµ«-çµ-Ú¥o-õ@
ú‡) Íìª-ñÙëÅ] vÚÁ-âɺ-÷³õª (ICGEB) ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC?
G) ì«uÚ¨x-óŸ«-ô³è 54) 60S ·ôjò˺-âɺ÷³ Ñí£-ví£-÷«éÙö˺ ÑÙè¶ rRNA
è…) šíj÷Fo Ó) ì«uèÅ…Mx G) ì«uóŸ«ôÂ\ ú‡) ò°uÚ© d-J -óŸªöËÀ vÚÁ-âɺîª vð»æ©ìx ú£ÙíÆ£ª-åìÙ ÔC?
9) è…Ó-ûËÂ-Óšíj îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]æ¨ ÓÚÂq–¸ô vÚ¨ú£d-ö˺-vÞœíƈ í£J-øÉÁ-ëÅ]- ú‡) òµÙÞœª-üŒŠô¢ª è…) àµûµjo è… ) šíj ÷ Fo Ó) 16S rRNA+21 vð»æ©ìªx
ììª Eô¢y-Ù-#ì ø‹ú£Y-î¶-êŸhõª– 26) í‡Ùè¯-GÅ-÷'-ClÄö˺ ú£ÙòÅ¡-NÙචîµjí£-K-ê¦uõ ÍëÅ]u-óŸª- 41) õEûË ÷ô¢gÚÛÙ, ëǵjô¦-Ú¨qûË ôÁtûËÂ Ô ÍiûËÁ G) 18S rRNA+30 vð»æ©ìªx
Ó) î¦åqûËÂ, vÚ¨Ú û¦Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? Î÷ªxÙ ìªÙ# Ôô¢p-è[-ê¦ô³? ú‡) 23S rRNA+ 5SrRNA+31 vð»æ©ìªx
G) ô•â°-LÙè vðƧÙÚ¨xûËÂ, NL\ûËÂq Ó) ·ôjû¦-õ@ G) çµô¢-æ°-õ@ Ó) çµjôÁ-ú‡ûË G) ú‡d-è†ûË è…) 28S+5.8S+5S rRNA+50 vð»æ©ìªx
ú‡) ÏJyûË à¦ô¦_íÆà ú‡) væ°÷ª-æ°-õ@ è…) æ°Jp-è¯-õ@ ú‡ ) ÎJb -E ûË Â è…) vAóµ«-ûµjûË 55) ÏÙè…-óŸªûË ڥuìqô JšúôÂa šúÙåô ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC?
è…) všíÆè[-JÚ Oªù£ô 27) ÷ªÙ#-Fæ¨ Î÷-ô¢é ÷u÷-ú£nõª, î¦æ¨ö˺ E÷-ú‡Ùච42) Ð Ú¨ Ù C è… Ó -û ËÂÓ ô¢ « ð§öË ºx Óè[÷ª îµjí£± LÚÛ Ó) ÷³Ùò°ô³ G) û¦ÞÂ-í£²ôÂ
10) ÍêŸu-CÅ-ÚÛÙÞ¥ ÚÛªÙè[-M-ÚÛ-ô¢é àµÙCì vÚÁ-âɺ-÷³õª @÷±õ ÍëÅ]u-óŸª-û¦Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? AJT ÑÙè¶ C ÔC? ú‡) ÏÙèÁô è…) iú£«ôÂ
ÚÛé-N-òÅ¡-á-ì-ö˺E Ô ë]øŒö˺ ÚÛEí‡-þ§hô³? Ó) ÓÚ¥-õ@ G) Îçµ-Ú¥-õ@ Ó) B-è…ÓûËÂÓ G) Z-è…Ó-ûËÂÓ 56) ÏÙè…-óŸªûË îµå-ô¢oK JšúôÂa ÏûËÂú‡d-å«uæËÀ ÓÚÛ\è[
ú‡ ) A-è…Ó-ûËÂÓ è…) ÔD Ú¥ë]ª ÑÙC?
Ó) ví£ëÇ]÷ª ë]øŒ G) ÷ªëÅ]uú£n ë]øŒ ú‡) ú‡ûµ-Ú¥-õ@ è…) L÷«o-õ@
ú‡) àŸõì ë]øŒ è…) ÍÙêŸu -ë]øŒ 28) æ¨ÚÂõ, iæËÀõ ÍëÅ]u-óŸª-û¦Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? 43) ò°uÚ© d-J óŸ « ÚÛ ø ‹- ò Å° õª Ô vð»æ© -ûËÂêÁ Ôô¢p-è[-ê¦ô³? Ó) ÚÁóŸªÙ-ñ-꟫hô G) ÏáêÂ-ì-ÞœôÂ
11) èµjåô¦ vÚÛ÷«-EÚ¨ àµÙCì vèÁþ¼-íƇö° ö°Ùæ¨ Ú©å-Ú¥õ Ó) ÓÙå-÷«-õ@ G) ÔJ-û¦-õ@ Ó) í‡ L ûË Â G) íƇÙvGûË ú‡) Ú¥ì«pô è…) ÷³Ùò°ô³
ö°ö°-áõvÞœÙëÇ]ªõª, ÷«MpÄ->-óŸªûË û¦RÚÛ ÚÛé°ö˺x ú‡) ÍÚÛ-ô¦-õ@ è…) ÷«õ-Ú¥-õ@ ú‡ ) ÎÚ¨ dû Ë Â è… ) šíÆxá-LxûË 57) šúÙvåöËÀ JšúôÂa ÏûËÂqú‡d-å«uæËÀ íÆ£ô wèµjö°Ùè ÍvT-ÚÛ-
ÑÙè¶ ví£ê¶u-ÚÛ-iì ð§L-æ©ûË vÚÁâɺ÷³õìª îµ³åd- 29) ANªÙ-Þœ-ö°õ ÍëÅ]u-óŸªìÙ– 44) ÑêŸ p-J -÷ -ô ¢hì ٠ൠ٠ë] -Þ œõ ÍA- # ìo è…Ó-ûËÂÓ òÅ°Þ¥Eo õaô (CRIDA) ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC?
îµ³-ë]å ÞœªJhÙ-#ì ø‹ú£Y-î¶êŸh Ó÷ô¢ª? Ó) šúæ°-õ@ G) ·ÚjôÁ-çµ-ô¦-õ@ Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? Ó) ì«uèÅ…Mx G) òµÙÞœª-üŒŠô¢ª
Ó) ô¢«Ú¥ôÂd G) ò°LsóŸ«F ú‡) šï°ô¢p-æ°-õ@ è…) ÏÚ¨h-óŸ«-õ@ Ó) ·ôÚ¥ûË G) ú‡þ§ZûË ú‡) šïj°ë]-ô¦-ò°ë è…) àµûµjo
ú‡) šíÆxNªÙÞ è…) ÷³õxô 30) ñ-ô¢«-í£ÚÛêŸ (polymorphism)ìª ví£ë]-JzÙචú‡ ) ÷³uæ°ûË Â è…) Öší-ô¦ûË 58) ÎöËÀ ÏÙè…óŸ« ÏûËÂú‡då«uæËÀ ÎíÆà šïj°@ûË ÍÙèÂ
12) è…Ó-ûËÂÓ î¦uú£Ù ÓÙêŸ? ÚÛé°Ù-Þ¥õª ÔN? 45) vð»æ©-ûË ÷«vêŸî¶ª ÑÙè… ÷«uèÂÚ½, v›ú\íˆ ö°Ùæ¨ í£GxÚ šï°öËÀh ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC?
Ó) 2 nm G) 20nm Ó) ·ôjò˺-âɺ-÷³õª G) šúÙvæ˺-âɺ-÷³õª î¦uëÅ]ª-õìª ÚÛL-TÙච'Protein Infectious Ó) ÚÁöËÀÚÛê¦ G) íÆ£ª>óŸ«-ò°ëÂ
ú‡) 200nm è…) 200Ao ú‡) öµjþ¼-âɺ-÷³õª è…) è…Ú¨d-óµ«-âɺ-÷³õª Particles' ìª Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? ú‡) Ít-ë¯-ò°ë è…) õÚÁo
13) ÖÚÛ í‡ô¢-Nª-è…-ûËÂÚÛª ñë]ªõª ÷ªôÁ í‡ô¢-Nª-è…-ûËÂìª ö¶ë¯ 31) Ð Ú¨ÙC î¦æ¨ö˺ CyBóŸª öµjþ¼-âɺ-÷³-õªÞ¥ î¶æ¨E Ó) NJ- ó Ÿ
ª ìªx G) NJ-óŸ«è[ªx 59) ÏÙè[-ú‡Z-óŸªöËÀ æ°Ú¨q-Ú¥-õ@ JšúôÂa šúÙåô ÓÚÛ\è[
ÖÚÛ í£²u·ôj-ûËÂÚÛª ñë]ªõª ÏÙÚÁ í£²u·ôjûË à¶ô¢a-Þœ-L¸Þ í£J-Þœé¨þ§hô¢ª? ú‡ ) Óí‡ -â ɺ -î ªõª è…) ví‡óŸ«ìªx ÑÙC?
ÑêŸp-J-÷-ô¢h-û¦Eo Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? Ó) ø™ù£-í£-ë¯ô¢n Eô¦t-é°õª 46) ñóµ « -ç µ - Ú ¥o- õ @ ÎNô¢ sÄî ¦-E Ú¨ ÷´õ-Ú¥-ô¢-é-iì Jú‡Z- Ó) àŸÙè†íÆ£ªô G) ë]ªô¦_-í£²ôÂ
Ó) væ°ûËÂq-îµ-ô¢{ûË G) væ°Eq-ù£ûË G) ú£yóŸªÙ òÅ¡¤ÛÚÛ ðƧÞÁ-þ¼-îªõª ÚÛ {û Ë ÓÙèÁ ì«uÚ¨ x-ó ¶ª âÉ À ÓÙâµ j-÷³-õìª ÚÛìª-Þ•-ìo-ëµ- ú‡) õÚÁo è…) ÞœªõtôÂ_
ú‡) væ°ûËÂq-è[-ÚÛ{ûË è…) í£J-ê¦uáuÙ ú‡) @ô¢g-J-Ú¨h-ÚÛõª ÷ô¢ª? 60) æ°æ° ÏûËÂú‡d-å«uæËÀ ÎíÆà íÆ£Ùè[-Ù-åöËÀ JšúôÂa
14) ò°uÚ©d-JóŸ« ÚÛé-vë]-÷uÙö˺ ÑÙè¶ vÚÁ-âɺ--êŸô¢ è…) šíj÷Fo Ó) û¦ëÇ]ûËÂq G) Îô¢sô (TIFR) ÓÚÛ\è[ ÑÙC?
è…Ó-ûËÂÓ ÷³ÚÛ\-õìª Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? 32) šíô¦-Ú©q-âɺ-÷³õª ÓÚÛ\è[ ÚÛEí‡-þ§hô³? ú‡ ) ú‡ tê è…) ÍÙë]ô¢« Ó) ì«uèÅ…Mx G) òµÙÞœª-üŒŠô¢ª
Ó) ð§þ§tûË G) ì«uÚ¨x-óŸ«-ô³è Ó) ò°uÚ©d-JóŸ« ÚÛé°ö˺x ÷«vêŸî¶ª 47) Eá-¸ÚÙ-vë]ÚÛ ÚÛé áìªu÷±ö˺x vð»æ©-ûËÂÚÛª ú£÷«-à¦ô¢Ù ú‡) àµûµjo è…) ÷³Ùò°ô³
ú‡) ð§xú‡tèÂõª è…) ÔD-Ú¥ë]ª. G) îµ³ÚÛ\ ÚÛé°ö˺x ÷«vêŸî¶ª ö¶E û¦ûËÂ-ÚÁ-è…ÙÞ è…Ó-ûËÂÓ òÅ°Þ¥-õìª Ô÷ªÙæ°ô¢ª?
K 1)8) ú‡G 2)9) GG3)10)è… G4) 11)ú‡ 5)G ú‡12)6)ÓÓ13)7) GÓ
15) ÚÛéÙ-ö˺E Ô òÅ°ÞœÙö˺ ·ôjò˺-âɺ-÷ªöËÀ ÎôÂ-Ó-ûËÂÓ ú‡) áÙ꟪ ÚÛé°ö˺x ÷«vêŸî¶ª Ó) ÓÞ¥bìªx G) ÏÙvæ°ìªx
(rRNA) ú£Ùø™x-ù£é, ·ôjò˺-âɺ÷³ Ñí£-ví£-÷«-é°õ è…) îµ³ÚÛ\, áÙ꟪ ÚÛé°ö˺x ÷«vêŸî¶ª ú‡) væ°ûËÂq-ð¼-â°ìªx è…) ÔD-Ú¥ë]ª
Eô¦téÙ áô¢ª-Þœª-꟪ÙC?
Ó) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ G) ÚÛé-vë]÷uÙ
33) ø‹yú£-vÚ¨-óŸªö˺ ð§ö˹_û¶ ÚÛé-òŰޜٖ
Ó) J-êŸ-¸ô-éª-÷±õª G) iæ˺ڥÙ-vè…óŸ«
48) vÞ¥îª šúdô³-EÙÞ ví£óµ«-ÞœÙö˺ ò°uÚ©d-J-óŸ«šíj Ñí£-
óµ«-TÙචô¢ÙÞœª (Dye) ÔC? E 14) ú‡ 15) è… 16) G 17) è… 18) ú‡ 19) Ó
20) G 21) ú‡ 22) è… 23) Ó 24) è… 25) Ó
ú‡) iæ˺-Ú¥Ù-vè…óŸ« è…) ¸ÚÙvë]-Ú¥ÙøŒÙ
16) è…Ó-ûËÂ-Óö˺ Íè…-ûµjûËÂ, ëǵjNªûË ì«uÚ¨x-óµ«-çµjè[x ÷ªëÅ]u
ú‡) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ è…) ÍÙêŸ-Kb÷ vë]÷u-â°-õÚÛÙ
34) ò°uÚ©d-J-óŸ«ìª îµ³åd-îµ³-ë]å ÞœªJhÙ-#ì ø‹ú£Y-î¶êŸh–
Ó) Íú‡-æ˺-Ú¥-ô¢-iûËÂ
G) â°ì-úÃ-vU-ûËÂG Y 26) G 27) è… 28) ú‡ 29) Ó 30) ú‡ 31) è…
32) è… 33) G 34) è… 35) G 36) G 37) ú‡
Ôô¢pè¶ šïj°vèÁ-áûË ñÙëůõ ú£ÙÜu ÓÙêŸ? Ó) ô¦ñ-ôÂd-Ú G) â°ûË ¸ô ú‡) vÚ¨ú£döËÀ îµjõæËÀ– Íóµ«è…ûË 38) è… 39) ú‡ 40) è… 41) Ó 42) G 43) è…
Ó) 1 G) 2 ú‡) 3 è…) 4 ú‡) ùˆx\è…ûËÂ, ÿ§\yûË è…) M÷-ûËÂ-Ú è…) öµjÚÁ-í‡ûË 44) ú‡ 45) è… 46) è… 47) G 48) ú‡ 49) è…
49) ÷ªEù‡ö˺E ÖÚÛ Íô³ëÁ vÚÁ-âɺ÷³ #ìo-ò°- 50) Ó 51) ú‡ 52) G 53) Ó 54) G 55) Ó
17) øŒ‰vÚÛ-ÚÛ-é°õ ÍvÞœ-òÅ°-ÞœÙö˺ ÑÙè¶ ÎvÚÁ-âɺ-÷³ìª 35) ·ôÙè[ª ûµõõ ÷óŸª-ú£ª-öËºí£± PøŒ‰-÷±õ ÍëÅ]u-óŸª-û¦Eo ÷±ö˺E Ú•Cl òŰޜ٠í£J-ê¦uáuÙ (Deletion) 56) G 57) ú‡ 58) Ó 59) ú‡ 60) è….
Ôô¢pJචÚÛé-òŰޜٖ Ô÷ªÙ-æ°ô¢ª? ൠÙë]è[Ù ë¯yô¦ ÷à¶a î¦uCÅ–
Ó) šíô¦-Ú©q-âɺ÷³ G) ·ôjò˺-âɺ÷³ Ó) @E-óŸ«-õ@ G) Eóµ«-û¦-æ°-õ@ Ó) åô¢oôÂq ú‡ÙvèÁîª (ô¢àŸô³êŸ šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺E ÍÙò¶ë]\ô ú£dè†ú£J\öËÀ ðƧuÚÛMd
ú‡) šúÙvæ˺-âɺ÷³ è…) Þ¥Mb ú£ÙÚ¨xù£dÙ ú‡) Ïæ¨-óŸ«-õ@ è…) šíè…-óŸ«-væ¨ÚÂq ú£òÅ¡ªuõª)
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 29 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006
Nagesh: Hi Mangesh, what are you doing in
this Travel kit shop? (Are you) buying
a bag?
( Ñ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ éÀ-ö¸ -≥ƒ°ˇ™ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤?
¶«uí˚ à´’Ø√o éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√?)
Mangesh: That's right
(Å´¤†’)
Nagesh: You've bags and suitcases of all
sizes, shapes and colours here. (Is)
none to your liking?
(Ééπ\úø ÅEo ÂÆj-V©÷, Çé¬-®√©’, ®Ωçí∫’©÷
Ö†o -¶«uí∫’-©’, Ææ÷-ö¸ÍéÆæ’-©’ ÖØ√o®· éπ∫ü∆.
FÍéO †îªa-™‰ü∆?)
(To your liking = Fèπ◊ †*açC)
Look at this one = ÉC îª÷úø’
Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. I
want a smaller bag than this.
( Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† -¶«uí˚ éπØ√o ÉC °ü¿lC.
Ø√èπ◊ Éçûªéπçõ‰ *†oC 鬢√L )
Nagesh: That One may be the size you want.
(ÅC Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† -ÂÆj-ñ ¸ Å-¢Ìy-a)
Mangesh: No that's smaller than the one I
want.
(™‰ü¿’. ÅC Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰
*†oC)
Nagesh: See if this suits you?
( -ÉC Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-üË-¢Á÷ -îª÷-úø’)
Mangesh: Yes. That's exactly what I want.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ é¬¢√-Lqç-ü¿üË.)
Nagesh: This looks fine, but look at the price
tag here. It says it is Rs. 500/-
(î√© ¶«í∫’ç-CC é¬-F üµ¿®Ω îª÷-úø’ 500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-
ߪ’©’)
Mangesh: Oh, my! that's more than its worth.
(Ŷs! -Éü¿çûª îËߪ’ü¿’.)
(More than its worth = ü∆E N©’´
Åçûª îËߪ’ü¿’.)
Nagesh: Let's look for something less expen-
sive.
(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω’†oüË´’Ø√o ÖçüË¢Á÷
îª÷ü∆lç.)
Mangesh: This is the least expensive of all the
bags this size here. Let's bargain.
See if we can get it for Rs 400. It is
not worth more than that.
(Ééπ\-úø’†o Ç ÂÆj-ñ ¸ -¶«uí˚-™x ÉüË Åûªuçûª
ûªèπ◊\´. 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ -´Ææ’hç-üË-¢Á÷ -
îª÷-ü∆lç. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ -áèπ◊\-´ îËߪ’-ü¿’)
Nagesh: You are right. Let's ask if for
Rs 400.
400
(†’-´y-†o-C -¶«í∫’ç-C. ®Ω÷§ƒ-
ߪ’-©-éÀ≤ƒhúË¢Á÷ Åúø’-í∫’ü∆ç)
Mangesh: Let's try
(-v°æ-ߪ’-ûªoç -îË-ü∆lç.)
-í∫-ûª lesson ™ adjectives of compari-
son í∫’-J-ç-* éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç
M. SURESAN
éπü∆? ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’
ûª®Ω’-í∫’©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA-éπ~ùç @Nûªç™
îËÆæ÷hØË Öçö«ç. -ü∆-EéÀ ´’† conversation (Spoken
English) ™ v§ƒüµ∆†uç î√™« áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç
îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo correct í¬ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ, 3
degrees of comparison ™ ¢√éπuE®√tùç ᙫ
Öçô’çüÓ í∫-ûª lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ü∆Eo ´’®Ó ≤ƒJ 鬕öÀd superlative adjective ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ the
èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç:
a) Superlative:
The Elephant is the largest land animal.
¶µº÷îª-®Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ ÅA-°-ü¿lC.
ÉC superlative. Éçü¿’™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’- Ç ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, singular number; Than all
Jéπ) î√-™« simple.
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+the+superlative
adjective+...
b) The elephant is larger than any other land
animal / all other land animals.
(¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ N’í∫û√ à ïçûª’´¤-©
éπç-õ‰ /- ÅEo Éûª®Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ °ü¿lC).
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+comparative
Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
adjective (larger)+than any other (singular) /
than all other (plural)+...
c) Positive: No other land animal is so (as) large
as the elephant
(à Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷Ω ïçûª’´‹ à†’-í∫çûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’)
Word order: No other+Subject (animal) +verb
+so/as + positive adjective+as+the (subject)
ÉO ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Å®·ûË ´’†ç îËÊÆ §ÚLéπ -
©’ -á°æ¤p-úø’ èπÿú≈ Éçûª simple (Ææ®Ω-∞¡ç)í¬, direct í¬
Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Éçé¬ ÆæçéÀx-≠dæ (complex ) -¢Á’i-† §Ú-L- 2) Kashmir - cold - state in India (Positive)
Pacific
éπ©’ èπÿú≈ îËÆæ’hçö«ç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Ñ lesson (Éûª®Ω ´’£æ…Ææ´·-vü∆© éπç-õ‰ ™-ûÁj-†C)
3) This - good song - the movie (superlative)
c) He is older than any other members / all
¢Á·ü¿öx Nagesh, Mangesh conversation îª÷ü∆lç. 4) Rentachintala - hot place- A.P. (comparative)
other members of the family.
a) Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. 5) December - cold month. (Positive)
(èπ◊ô’ç-•- Ææ-¶µº’u-©ç-ü¿-J-™-†÷ -Å-ûª-úø’ -´-ߪ’Ææ’-™
(ÉC- Ø√-é¬\-´-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC) 6) Andhra Pradesh- big state South India
Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Mangesh (comparative)
§Ú©’Ææ’h†oC È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ -Å-N ûª†-é¬\-´- Answers:
©-Æœ† bag, ûª†’ îª÷Ææ’h†o bag. 1) This diamond necklace is the costliest jewel
b) Mangesh: That's
want.
smaller than the one I
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 205 in the shop.
(Ñ ≥ƒ°ˇ™ Ñ ´vñ«© necklace Åûªuçûª
(Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπç-õ‰ ÅC *†oC) êK-üÁj-†C) (Superlative degree)
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆? È®çöÀ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLéπ. 2) No other state in India is as (so) cold as
°-ü¿l)
ûª†-é¬\-´-LqçC. ûª†èπ◊ -Å-éπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’-†oC. Kashmir.
Positive: Positive degree No
c) Mangesh: Oh, my! That's more than its
™ ´÷-ö«xúË-ô°æ¤púø’
other Positive adjec-
(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æçZ - é¬Qt®˝ Åçûª îªL-í¬ Öç-úø-
worth.
ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ç ûª®Ω-¢√ûª
tive ´·çü¿’ so/as positive adjective
é¬F, ûª®Ω-¢√ûª ü¿’) (positive degree)
that's more than its worth
3) This is the best song in the movie.
as
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ bag üµ¿®Ωèπ◊, ü∆E N©’-´èπ◊ ´≤ƒh®·.
superlative
a) No other tree here is so (as) tall as the
(Ç *vûªç™ ÉC Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp §ƒô–
Åçõ‰ È®çöÀ ´’üµËu §ÚLéπ. degree.)
coconut tree there.
d) Mangesh: It is not worth more than that. 4) Rentachintala is hotter than any other place /
bag
(Ééπ\-úø’†o à îÁô’d èπÿú≈ Ç éÌ•s-J-îÁôdç-ûª §Òúø’-í∫’-
ÉC èπÿú≈ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ, N©’-´èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u all other places in A.P.
Ö†o §ÚLéπ - ûÁ-LÊ° ¢√éπuç. é¬ü¿’)
b) No other metal is so (as) bright as gold.
(Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ È®çô-*ç-ûª© Éûª®Ω à v°æüË-¨»-E-éπç-õ‰/
e) Nagesh: Let's look for something less Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o ¢ËúÕ v°æü˨¡ç)
expensive.
(à Éûª®Ω ™£æ«´‚ •çí¬-®Ω-´’çûª v°æé¬-¨¡-´çûªç
5) No other month is so (as) cold as December.
bag
é¬ü¿’)
Ééπ\-úø èπÿ-ú≈ Ñ èπÿ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ( December
c) No other student in the class is as (so) good
à (Éûª®Ω) ØÁ™« Åçûª îªL-é¬ü¿’)
ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ §ÚLéπ. 6) Andhra Pradesh is bigger than any other
at the subject as Janaki
É™« ´’†ç È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §Ú- state/ all other states in South India.
(class subject
©’Ææ’hçö«ç. Åô’-´ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ degree of comparison ™ Éûª®Ω Nü∆u-®Ω’n-™„-´®Ω÷ Ç ™ ñ«†-
(ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç™ Éûª®Ω à ®√≠æZç/Éûª®Ω ®√≥ƒZ-©-éπç-õ‰
†’ •öÀd word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) èπÿú≈ éπçûª ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬-ü¿’.)
´÷®Ω’ûª’çô’çC. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çöÀ éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ñ patterns (¢√é¬u© †´‚-Ø√©’) Ñ ´‚úø’ -Çç-vüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸ °ü¿lC)
degrees ™ °j† îª÷°œ†õ‰x Öçú≈L. É™« È®çúÕ-öÀ-éπç-
§ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ÖçúË sentence word order èπÿ, È®çöÀE 1. How to pronounce the words? Is there
´÷vûª¢Ë’ compare îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Öç-úË sentence word õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-
any rule please.
order èπÿ î√-™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC.
Lq† ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç– superlative, comparative. Ñ
È®çúø’ degrees ™ sentences ™ not ®√ü¿’. pos- b) Occasion, situation - what is the differ-
ence between these words? ( give some
1) È®çöÀéπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
itive degree ™ sentence – no other ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-
superlative degree ™E adjective
examples). öÀ. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, Í®°æ™„x
´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ®√¢√L. ´’-´¤-ûª’çC.
i) Any good English - English dictionary will
eg: a) The elephant is the biggest of
(Å®·ûË, ÅEo-öÀ-éπØ√o... é¬ü¿’, ÅØË superlative
give you the symbols of pronunciation -
all land animals / the biggest
Öçô’çC. ü∆E Ææçí∫A ûªy®Ω-™ØË îª÷≤ƒhç.)
É°æ¤púø’ in the conversation at the beginning of refer to it.
land animal.
ii) Situation =
b) Hyderabad is the largest city in
the lesson -™« È®çöÀ-F §Ú™«aç ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ °æJ-Æ œnA.
A.P.
î√© ´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稡ç. È®çöÀ-ØË/-É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©ØË §ÚLa- äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ äéπ Ææ´’-
(A.P. ™ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ÅA-°ü¿l †í∫®Ωç)
†-°æ¤úø’ superlative degree Öçúøü¿’. Positive, ߪ’ç™ Ö-†o /-ï-®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-
Comparative ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçö«®·.
C) He is the most popular actor on the
†o Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†© éπ©-
1) This is bigger than the one I want.
Telugu screen.
®·éπ.
A difficult situation = éÀx-≠dæ
(ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω O’ü¿ Åûª-úø’ Åûªuçûª v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç (Ø√é¬\-´-Lq-† -ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ÉC °ü¿lC)
- Ö-†o †ô’úø’) – Comparative (bigger) °æJ-ÆœnA; financial situation
DEéÀ positive degree: The one I want is not as = ÇJnéπ °æJ-Æ œnA political sit-
(so) big as this. uation = ®√ï-éÃߪ’ °æJ-Æ œnA.
ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ.
superlative Occasion = Ææçü¿®Ωs ¥ç –
2) Å™«Íí È®çöÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤úø’ com- DEéÀ Öçúøü¿’. -Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ´îËa
lesson
parative adjective -ûª®Ω-¢√ûª than any other / than
™ îª÷ü∆lç. Ééπ\úø Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©’, °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© éπç-õ‰ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ
Exercise: Practise the following aloud. Make v§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´. °j† situation ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x
all other ûª°æpèπ◊ç-ú≈ ®√-¢√L. than any other Å®·ûË
sentences using the following words, using the occasion ¢√úøôç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ éπü∆.
degree given in brackets. I have met him on two or three occasions =
other Å®·ûË -Ç -ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, plural number
eg: Mt Everest - high peak in the world.
Å´¤-û√®·. ÅûªEo ؈’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
(comparative) (Mt-Mount- a) On the last occasion that I met him, he
a) The Prime Minister is more powerful than
°æ®Ωy-û√© Ê°®Ωx-´·çü¿’
(Peak- was in a difficult situation =
any other minister / all other ministers.
¢√úøû√ç) Pê®Ωç) ÅûªEo ؈’ -Éç-
Ans: Mt Everest is higher than any other peak
(-É-ûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©ç-ü¿-J éπç-õ‰ èπÿú≈ -v°æ-üµ∆-†-´’ç-vAéÀ ûªèπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Åûª†’ î√-™« éÀx-≠dæ
in the world. °æJ-Æœn-A™ ÖØ√o-úø’.
ÇCµ-鬮Ωç -áèπ◊\-´)
1) This diamond necklace - costly jewel in the b) She was able to manage the situation
b) The Pacific is deeper than any other ocean /
shop - (superlative)
all other oceans in the world. = Ç °æJ-Æœn-AE Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ -îªéπ\-C-ü¿lí∫-©’í∫’-ûª’ç-C.
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 31 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2

Laxman: Hi Suman, do you know Bhavan is in

town?
(¶µº´Ø˛ Ü-∞x-éÌ-î√aúø’ (ÖØ√oúø’) ûÁ©’≤ƒ?)
Suman: Oh, is he? when did he come?
(Å´¤Ø√? á°æ¤p-úÌ-î√aúø’?)
Laxman: Yesterday. He won the first round of
the badminton match.
(E†o -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛ -´÷u-î˝™ ¢Á·ü¿öÀ -®ıç-ú˛
ÈíL-î√úø’.)
Suman: That's no surprise to me. I knew he
would win. He is certainly a better
player than his rival in this round.
(ÅüËç Ø√èπ◊ °ü¿l Ǩ¡a®Ωuç é¬ü¿’. ¢√úø’ Èí©’-
≤ƒh-úøE Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’. Ñ ®ıç-ú˛™ -ûª-† v°æûªu-
Jn-éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† Çô-í¬úø’)
(rival=È®j´™¸= v°æûªuJn, §ÚöÃ-ü∆-®Ω’)
Laxman: I was sure of that too. Mind you,
Bhavan is taller than Sravan, that
rival of his. That certainly is an advan-
tage in badminton
(؈÷ Å™«ØË -Å-†’èπ◊-Ø√o. ÉçéÓöÀ í∫’®Ω’hç-
éÓ. ¶µº-´-Ø˛, ûª†- v°æûªuJn -v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ §Ò-úø-
´¤. -¶«u-úÕtç-ô-Ø˛™ ÅC (§Ò-úø-´¤) Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-
°æúË N≠æߪ’ç.)
áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV©’çô’çC.)
Laxman: OK. A happy time in Delhi to you and
your mom.
(†’´¤y, O’ Å´÷t Åéπ\úø Ææ®Ωü∆í¬ í∫úø-§ƒ-
©E Ø√ éÓ®Ω’èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o.)
Suman: Thank you.
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ Lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. È®ç-úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´
´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ´‚úø’ degrees
(positive, comparative and superlative)
Amar is not so (as) short as Anand. Let's now try to change the comparative degree
Öçö«®·. Ç degrees ™E sentences ™, Word
(Å-´’®˝, -Ç-†ç-ü˛ Åçûª §ÒöÀdé¬ü¿’.) statements in the conversion between Laxman
order ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆? ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈,
comparative ™, positive ™ Amar, Anand posi- and Suman, at the beginning of this lesson into
È®ç-úÕçöÀE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLa†°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’
tion ´÷®Ωôç, comparative ™ ™‰E not – positive positive degree statements:
ÅE èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆.
Now look at the following sentences from the
™ ®√´ôç îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. positive ™ ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Exercise:
Practise the following aloud in English:
conversation between Laxman and Suman at
Sankar: ´’† question papers ÅEoöx ÉC -
the beginning of the lesson:
Å-A éπ-≠dçæ í¬ ÖçC éπü∆?
1) He is certainly a better player than his rival.
(Åûª-úÕ v°æûªuJn éπç-õ‰ Åûª-úø’ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 206
(éπ≠dçæ = tough) - superlative ¢√úøçúÕ)
Omkar: é¬ü¿’ ÉC §Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper Åçûª éπ≠dç æ
(better- comparative degree of good- Ééπ\úø
é¬ü¿’.
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’– Bhavan, Sravan ´’üµ¿u)
´·çü¿’ so (as), ûª®√yûª as ´≤ƒh®·. í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ (§Ú®·-†-≤ƒJ paper=the paper last time/
(Better- comparative degree)
Éçé¬: the last exam paper.)
2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan =
Hema is taller than Kshema. (Íé~´’- éπç-õ‰ Ê£«´’ Sankar: Å®·Ø√ éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J Ø√ marks éπç-õ‰ F
v¨¡´ù˝ éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ §Ò-úø-´¤.
§Ò-úø-´¤) (Taller - comparative degree) - Ééπ\úø marks- áèπ◊\-´ . (éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J–last time )

£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’

Advantage = Åú≈y-Ed-ñ ¸–'ú≈y— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç= Ææ£æ…-
ߪ’-é¬J. ´’†èπ◊ ¢Ë’©’ éπ-L-Tç-îËC.
Mind you = í∫’®Ω’h ûÁaéÓ/ ûÁ©’-Ææ’éÓ, (ñ«ví∫ûªh ÅE
èπÿú≈)
Suman: Moreover, Bhavan's movements are
quicker than Sravan's.
(ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Sravan éπü¿-L-éπ-© -éπç-õ‰
Bhavan éπü¿-L-éπ©’ î√™« ¢Ëí∫çí¬ Öçö«®·.)
Laxman: Let's see how he is going to fare in
the next match. (ûª®√y--ûª -´÷u-î˝™ ᙫ
îË≤ƒhúÓ îª÷ü∆lç.)
fare = îËߪ’-ôç/-Ç-úøôç ™«çöÀN.
How did you fare in the exam yesterday?
( exam
E†o †’´¤y ᙫ ®√¨»´¤?)
How did he fare in the debate contest last
week?
( debate
Åûª†’ (´éπh %ûªy) §ÚöÙ ᙫ î˨»úø’?)
Suman: He has good chances of winning that
too.
(ÅC èπÿú≈ ÈíLîË Å´-é¬-¨»©’ ¶«í¬ØË
ÖØ√o®·.)
Laxman: OK. When are you taking your mom
to Delhi?
(O’ Å´’t†’ -úµÕ-Mx á°æ¤púø’ BÆæ’-Èé-
∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤?)
Suman: This Wednesday.
(Ñ •’üµ¿-¢√®Ωç)
Laxman: Have you booked the tick-
ets?
M. SURESAN
(-öÀÈé-ô’x -•’é˙ îËÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o¢√?)
Suman: Yes, by the AP Express.
(Å´¤†’. à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ™)
Laxman: That's good. That's faster than the
special train you thought of going by.
(´’ç* °æEî˨»´¤. †’´¤y ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊†o
ÂÆp-≠æ-™ ¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛ éπç-õ‰ ÉC ¢Ëí∫-çí¬
-¢Á-∞¡Ÿ-ûª’ç-C.)
Suman: It is. This is more comfortable than that
too.
(ÉC ü∆E éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ Ææ’êçí¬ Öçô’çC)
Laxman:This is certainly better than that in
every respect. When are you return-
ing?
(à Nüµ¿çí¬ îª÷ÆœØ√, Ç ÂÆp-≠æ-™¸ -võ„®·-Ø˛
éπçõ‰- à°‘ -áé˙q-vÂ°Æˇ ´’ç*C. á°æ¤púø’ AJ-
íÌ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤?)
Suman: I will return in a week. My mother's
stay there will be longer.
(؈’ ¢√®√-E-éπ-™«x AJ-íÌ-≤ƒh†’. Å´’t Åéπ\úø
(comparison only between two) (taller- compar-
ative degree)
3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than
Sravan's.
(v¨¡´ù˝ éπü¿-L-éπ-© éπç-õ‰ ¶µº´Ø˛ éπü¿-L-éπ©’ ¢Ëí∫çí¬
Öçö«®·) (quicker - comparative)
4) That (AP Express) is faster than the special
train. (special train éπç-õ‰ AP Express
¢Á’içC– comparison only between two) (faster-
comparative)
5) This is certainly better than that =
(comparison only between two)
éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’
6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.
(-Ø√éπç-õ‰, ´÷ Å´’t áèπ◊\´ ®ÓV-©’ç-ô’çC–
parison only between two.
Longer - comparative)
È®ç-úÕçöÀ éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-
°æ¤púø’, superlative, comparative, posi-
tive ™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ)
ᙫ Öçô’çüÓ ´’†ç ûÁ©’Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç.
Å™« é¬èπ◊çú≈ °j sentences ÅEoç-öÀ™
§ÚLéπ È®ç--úÕç-öÀ ´’üµ¿uØË.
1) §ÚLéπ È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿uØË Å®·-†-
°æ¤púø’, superlative degree Öçúøü¿’.
2) È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©ØË §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ comparative
degree, positive degree word order èπÿ È®ç-
úÕçöÀ-éπç-õ‰ áèπ◊\´ N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
comparative, superlative word order èπÿ
î√™«ûËú≈ -Öçô’çC.
džçü˛, Å´’®˝ ÅØË Éü¿l-JE §Ú™«a-´’-†’-éÓçúÕ.
1) Å°æ¤púø’ superlative Öçúøü¿’.
2) Comparative ™ sentence èπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’ džçü˛,
sentence èπ◊ *´®Ω Å´’®˝ ´ÊÆh, positive degree
™ Ñ ´®ΩÆæ ´÷J Å´’®˝ sentenceèπ◊ ´·ç-ü¿’,
džçü˛ sentence èπ◊ *´-®Ω- -´≤ƒh®·.
3) Comparative ™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË, positive ™ not
´Ææ’hçC. comparative ™ not Öçõ‰ positive ™
not ®√ü¿’.
Comparative:
Anand is shorter than Amar.
(
Å-´’®˝ éπç-õ‰ -Ç-†ç-ü˛ §ÒöÀd)
Positive:
§ÚLéπ Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË, É™«çöÀ Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ superlative
Öçúøü¿’. DEéÀ positive degree: Kshema is not so
(as) tall as Hema.
(Kshema, Ê£«-´’ -Åç-ûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’) comparison
only between two (È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’
§ÚLéπ):
Comparative:
¢Ëí∫-´ç-ûª-
Sunder is cleverer than Sukumar
( Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝ éπç-õ‰ Ææ’çü¿®˝ ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’)
Positive:
ÉC ü∆E-
Sukumar is not so (as) clever as Sundar
(Ææ’èπ◊-´÷®˝, Ææ’çü¿-®Ωçûª ûÁL-¢Áj†¢√úø’ é¬úø’.)
com-
Ééπ\úø È®çúø’ ´·êu -N-≠æ-ߪ÷©’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ:
1) Comparative ™, Sundar ´·çü¿’, Sukumar
*´®√ ÖØ√o®·. ÅüË positive™, ¢√öÀ ≤ƒnØ√©’
û√®Ω’-´÷-È®j, Sukumar ´·çü¿÷, Sundar *´-®Ω -
´-Ææ’h-Ø√o®· éπü∆.
2) Comparative ™ not ™‰ü¿’, positive ™ not ÖçC
éπü∆.
ÉçéÓ example îª÷ü∆lç:
Comparative:
Vijayawada is hotter than Hyderabad .
(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«-ü˛ -éπç-õ‰, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ¢ËúÁ-èπ◊\´)
Not
(Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø ´·çü¿÷, £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ *´®Ω.
Positive:
Hyderabad is not so (as) hot as Vijayawada.
(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ Nï-ߪ’-¢√-úøçûª ¢ËúÕ-é¬ü¿’)
(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ´·ç-ü¿’, Nï-ߪ’-¢√úø *´®Ω; Not ÖçC)
COMPARATIVE
1) He is certainly a better player than his
rival.
2) Bhavan is taller than Sravan.
3) Bhavan's movements are quicker than
Sravan's.
4) AP Express is faster than the special train.
5) This certainly is better than that.
6) Mother's stay will be longer than mine.
ª Omkar: Å®·Ø√, -Ñ≤ƒJ Ø√ marks , í∫-ûª≤ƒ-J
-Åç-ûª ¶«í¬ Öç-ö«-ߪ’-†o †´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’.
(†´’téπç Ø√èπ◊™‰ü¿’ =I am not sure).
Sankar: -Ñ college ¢Á·ûªhç ™„éπa®Ω®˝q-™  -O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝-
íÌ°æp.-
Omkar:- O’ ™„éπa®Ω®˝ èπÿú≈ íÌÊ°p, é¬F †’´y-†oô’d ´÷
™„éπa®Ω®˝ Åçûª íÌ°æp-é¬úø’.
Sankar: ؈ ’ Tuition -BÆæ ’éÓ-¢√-©-† ’èπ◊ç-ô ’-Ø√o-† ’.
á´J ü¿í∫_-®Ω-Èé-∞¡x-´’ç-ö«´¤?
Omkar: O’ lecturer ü¿í∫_®ΩÍé ¢Á∞¡Ÿx.
Answer:
Sankar: Isn't this the toughest of all our ques-
tion papers?
Omkar: No. This is not as (so) tough as the
paper last time.
Sankar: But your marks were higher than mine
last time.
Omkar: But I am not sure that my marks this
time will be as good as my marks last
time.
Sankar: Your lecturer is the best/greatest (of
all) in the college.
Omkar: Your lecturer is good too, but not so
(as) good as our lecturer.
Sankar: I want to take tution. who do you want
™‰ü¿’)
me/to go to/suggest that I go to?
Omkar: Go to your lecturer.
POSITIVE
His rival is not so (as) good a player as he (is)
Sravan is not so (as) tall as Bhavan
Sravan's movements are not so (as) quick as
Bhavan's
The special train is not so (as) fast as the AP
Express.
That certainly is not so (as) good as this.
Mine (Ø√C) will not be so (as) long as mother's stay.