Statistics

DRAFT
Stats draft.indd 1 10/22/13 1:32 PM

Introductory Statistics

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OpenStax College
Rice University
6100 Main Street MS-380
Houston, Texas 77005

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ISBN-10 1938168208

ISBN-13

978-1-938168-20-8

Revision

ST-1-000-RS

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OpenStax College
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2;<F? I@ !IHN?HNM
.L?@;=? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
!B;JN?L 1: 1;GJFCHA ;H> ";N; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1 #ABEJEPEKJO KB 2P=PEOPE?O, /NK>=>EHEPU, =J@ *AU 3ANIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 #=P=, 2=ILHEJC, =J@ 5=NE=PEKJ EJ #=P= =J@ 2=ILHEJC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3 %NAMQAJ?U, %NAMQAJ?U 3=>HAO, =J@ +ARAHO KB ,A=OQNAIAJP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.4 $TLANEIAJP=H #AOECJ =J@ $PDE?O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
!B;JN?L 2: "?M=LCJNCP? 1N;NCMNC=M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.1 ,A=OQNAO KB PDA 2LNA=@ KB PDA #=P= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.2 2PAI-=J@-+A=B &N=LDO (2PAILHKPO), +EJA &N=LDO, =J@ !=N &N=LDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.3 'EOPKCN=IO, %NAMQAJ?U /KHUCKJO, =J@ 3EIA 2ANEAO &N=LDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2.4 !KT /HKPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.5 ,A=OQNAO KB PDA +K?=PEKJ KB PDA #=P= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.6 ,A=OQNAO KB PDA "AJPAN KB PDA #=P= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
2.7 2GASJAOO =J@ PDA ,A=J, ,A@E=J, =J@ ,K@A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
!B;JN?L 3: .LI<;<CFCNS 2IJC=M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
3.1 3ANIEJKHKCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
3.2 (J@ALAJ@AJP =J@ ,QPQ=HHU $T?HQOERA $RAJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
3.3 3SK !=OE? 1QHAO KB /NK>=>EHEPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
3.4 "KJPEJCAJ?U 3=>HAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
3.5 3NAA =J@ 5AJJ #E=CN=IO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
!B;JN?L 4: "CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
4.1 /NK>=>EHEPU #EOPNE>QPEKJ %QJ?PEKJ (/#%) BKN = #EO?NAPA 1=J@KI 5=NE=>HA . . . . . . . . . . . 250
4.2 ,A=J KN $TLA?PA@ 5=HQA =J@ 2P=J@=N@ #ARE=PEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
4.3 !EJKIE=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
4.4 &AKIAPNE? #EOPNE>QPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
4.5 'ULANCAKIAPNE? #EOPNE>QPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
4.6 /KEOOKJ #EOPNE>QPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
!B;JN?L 5: !IHNCHOIOM 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
5.1 "KJPEJQKQO /NK>=>EHEPU %QJ?PEKJO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
5.2 3DA 4JEBKNI #EOPNE>QPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
5.3 3DA $TLKJAJPE=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
!B;JN?L 6: 2B? ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
6.1 3DA 2P=J@=N@ -KNI=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
6.2 4OEJC PDA -KNI=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
!B;JN?L 7: 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
7.1 3DA "AJPN=H +EIEP 3DAKNAI BKN 2=ILHA ,A=JO (RAN=CAO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
7.2 3DA "AJPN=H +EIEP 3DAKNAI BKN 2QIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
7.3 4OEJC PDA "AJPN=H +EIEP 3DAKNAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
!B;JN?L 8: !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;FM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
8.1 "KJBE@AJ?A (JPANR=H, 2EJCHA /KLQH=PEKJ ,A=J, /KLQH=PEKJ 2P=J@=N@ #ARE=PEKJ *JKSJ, -KNI=H 443
8.2 "KJBE@AJ?A (JPANR=H, 2EJCHA /KLQH=PEKJ ,A=J, 2P=J@=N@ #ARE=PEKJ 4JGJKSJ, 2PQ@AJP'O P-
@EOPNE>QPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
8.3 "KJBE@AJ?A (JPANR=H BKN = /KLQH=PEKJ /NKLKNPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
!B;JN?L 9: &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA: 1CHAF? +?;H ;H> 1CHAF? .LIJILNCIH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
9.1 -QHH =J@ HPANJ=PERA 'ULKPDAOAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
9.2 .QP?KIAO =J@ PDA 3ULA ( =J@ 3ULA (( $NNKNO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
9.3 #EOPNE>QPEKJ -AA@A@ BKN 'ULKPDAOEO 3AOPEJC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
9.4 1=NA $RAJPO, PDA 2=ILHA, #A?EOEKJ =J@ "KJ?HQOEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
9.5 @@EPEKJ=H (JBKNI=PEKJ =J@ %QHH 'ULKPDAOEO 3AOP $T=ILHAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
!B;JN?L 10: &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA: 2QI +?;HM, .;CL?> ";N;, 2QI .LIJILNCIHM . . . . . . . . . . . 551
10.1 "KIL=NEJC 3SK (J@ALAJ@AJP /KLQH=PEKJ ,A=JO SEPD 4JGJKSJ /KLQH=PEKJ 2P=J@=N@
#ARE=PEKJO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
10.2 "KIL=NEJC 3SK (J@ALAJ@AJP /KLQH=PEKJ ,A=JO SEPD *JKSJ /KLQH=PEKJ 2P=J@=N@ #ARE=PEKJO560
10.3 "KIL=NEJC 3SK (J@ALAJ@AJP /KLQH=PEKJ /NKLKNPEKJO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
10.4 ,=P?DA@ KN /=ENA@ 2=ILHAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
!B;JN?L 11: 2B? !BC-1KO;L? "CMNLC<ONCIH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
11.1 %=?PO >KQP PDA "DE-2MQ=NA #EOPNE>QPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
11.2 &KK@JAOO-KB-%EP 3AOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
11.3 3AOP KB (J@ALAJ@AJ?A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
11.4 3AOP BKN 'KIKCAJAEPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
3
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11.5 "KIL=NEOKJ 2QII=NU KB PDA "DE-2MQ=NA 3AOPO &KK@JAOO-KB-%EP, (J@ALAJ@AJ?A =J@
'KIKCAJAEPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
11.6 3AOP KB = 2EJCHA 5=NE=J?A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
!B;JN?L 12: *CH?;L 0?AL?MMCIH ;H> !ILL?F;NCIH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
12.1 +EJA=N $MQ=PEKJO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
12.2 2?=PPAN /HKPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
12.3 3DA 1ACNAOOEKJ $MQ=PEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
12.4 3AOPEJC PDA 2ECJEBE?=J?A KB PDA "KNNAH=PEKJ "KABBE?EAJP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
12.5 /NA@E?PEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
12.6 .QPHEANO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
!B;JN?L 13: $ "CMNLC<ONCIH ;H> -H?-5;S A,-4A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
13.1 .JA-6=U -.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
13.2 3DA % #EOPNE>QPEKJ =J@ PDA %-1=PEK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
13.3 %=?PO >KQP PDA % #EOPNE>QPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
13.4 3AOP KB 3SK 5=NE=J?AO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747
!B;JN?L 14: AJJ?H>CR A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
!B;JN?L 15: AJJ?H>CR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
15.1 /N=?PE?A 3AOP 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
15.2 /N=?PE?A 3AOP 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806
15.3 /N=?PE?A 3AOP 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
15.4 /N=?PE?A 3AOP 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
!B;JN?L 16: AJJ?H>CR ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
16.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
!B;JN?L 17: AJJ?H>CR " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
17.1 &NKQL /NKFA?P: 4JER=NE=PA #=P= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
17.2 &NKQL /NKFA?P: "KJPEJQKQO #EOPNE>QPEKJO =J@ "AJPN=H +EIEP 3DAKNAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
17.3 /=NPJAN /NKFA?P: 'ULKPDAOEO 3AOPEJC-NPE?HA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852
17.4 &NKQL /NKFA?P: !ER=NE=PA #=P=, +EJA=N 1ACNAOOEKJ, =J@ 4JER=NE=PA #=P= . . . . . . . . . . . 852
!B;JN?L 18: AJJ?H>CR # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
18.1 'ULKPDAOEO 3AOPEJC SEPD .JA 2=ILHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
18.2 'ULKPDAOEO 3AOPEJC SEPD 3SK 2=ILHAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856
18.3 3DA "DE-2MQ=NA #EOPNE>QPEKJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 856
18.4 % #EOPNE>QPEKJ =J@ .JA-6=U -.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
!B;JN?L 19: AJJ?H>CR $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
19.1 $JCHEOD /DN=OAO 6NEPPAJ ,=PDAI=PE?=HHU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
19.2 2UI>KHO =J@ 3DAEN ,A=JEJCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 860
19.3 %KNIQH=O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
!B;JN?L 20: AJJ?H>CR % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867
20.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
!B;JN?L 21: AJJ?H>CR & . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
21.1 1AREAS $TAN?EOAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
21.2 /N=?PE?A 3AOP 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883
21.3 /N=?PE?A 3AOP 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888
21.4 /N=?PE?A 3AOP 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892
21.5 /N=?PE?A 3AOP 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
21.6 /N=?PE?A %EJ=H $T=I 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
21.7 /N=?PE?A %EJ=H $T=I 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900
!B;JN?L 22: AJJ?H>CR ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903
22.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
'H>?R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904
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3DEO ?KJPAJP EO =R=EH=>HA BKN BNAA =P DPPL://?JT.KNC/?KJPAJP/?KH11562/1.11
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A<ION I1642(7'624; S6%6-56-'5
"DJHE:K9JEHO ,J7J?IJ?9I HR CDRHFMDC ENQ SGD NMD-RDLDRSDQ, HMSQNCTBSHNM SN RS@SHRSHBR BNTQRD @MC HR FD@QDC SNV@QC RSTCDMSR
L@INQHMF HM EHDKCR NSGDQ SG@M L@SG NQ DMFHMDDQHMF. 5GHR SDWS @RRTLDR RSTCDMSR G@UD ADDM DWONRDC SN HMSDQLDCH@SD @KFDAQ@,
@MC HS ENBTRDR NM SGD @OOKHB@SHNMR NE RS@SHRSHB@K JMNVKDCFD Q@SGDQ SG@M SGD SGDNQX ADGHMC HS.
5GD ENTMC@SHNM NE SGHR SDWSANNJ HR CEBB78EH7J?L; ,J7J?IJ?9I, AX #@QA@Q@ *KKNVRJX @MC 4TR@M %D@M. "CCHSHNM@K SNOHBR,
DW@LOKDR, @MC @LOKD NOONQSTMHSHDR ENQ OQ@BSHBD G@UD ADDM @CCDC SN D@BG BG@OSDQ. 5GD CDUDKNOLDMS BGNHBDR ENQ SGHR SDWSANNJ
VDQD L@CD VHSG SGD FTHC@MBD NE L@MX E@BTKSX LDLADQR VGN @QD CDDOKX HMUNKUDC HM SD@BGHMF SGHR BNTQRD. 5GDRD BGNHBDR KDC
SN HMMNU@SHNMR HM @QS, SDQLHMNKNFX, @MC OQ@BSHB@K @OOKHB@SHNMR, @KK VHSG @ FN@K NE HMBQD@RHMF QDKDU@MBD @MC @BBDRRHAHKHSX ENQ
RSTCDMSR. 8D RSQNUD SN L@JD SGD CHRBHOKHMD LD@MHMFETK, RN SG@S RSTCDMSR B@M CQ@V EQNL HS @ VNQJHMF JMNVKDCFD SG@S VHKK
DMQHBG SGDHQ ETSTQD RSTCHDR @MC GDKO SGDL L@JD RDMRD NE SGD VNQKC @QNTMC SGDL.
!IP?L;A? ;H> 1=IJ?
$G@OSDQ 1 4@LOKHMF @MC %@S@
$G@OSDQ 2 %DRBQHOSHUD 4S@SHRSHBR
$G@OSDQ 3 1QNA@AHKHSX 5NOHBR
$G@OSDQ 4 %HRBQDSD 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKDR
$G@OSDQ 5 $NMSHMTNTR 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKDR
$G@OSDQ 6 5GD /NQL@K %HRSQHATSHNM
$G@OSDQ 7 5GD $DMSQ@K -HLHS 5GDNQDL
$G@OSDQ 8 $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@KR
$G@OSDQ 9 )XONSGDRHR 5DRSHMF VHSG 0MD 4@LOKD
$G@OSDQ 10 )XONSGDRHR 5DRSHMF VHSG 5VN 4@LOKDR
$G@OSDQ 11 5GD $GH-4PT@QD %HRSQHATSHNM
$G@OSDQ 12 -HMD@Q 3DFQDRRHNM @MC $NQQDK@SHNM
$G@OSDQ 13 ' %HRSQHATSHNM @MC 0MD-8@X "/07"
AFN?LH;N? 1?KO?H=CHA
"DJHE:K9JEHO ,J7J?IJ?9I V@R BNMBDHUDC @MC VQHSSDM SN EHS @ O@QSHBTK@Q SNOHB@K RDPTDMBD, ATS HS B@M AD TRDC EKDWHAKX SN
@BBNLLNC@SD NSGDQ BNTQRD RSQTBSTQDR. 0MD RTBG ONSDMSH@K RSQTBSTQD, VGHBG VHKK EHS QD@RNM@AKX VDKK VHSG SGD SDWSANNJ BNMSDMS,
HR OQNUHCDC. 1KD@RD BNMRHCDQ, GNVDUDQ, SG@S SGD BG@OSDQR VDQD MNS VQHSSDM SN AD BNLOKDSDKX HMCDODMCDMS, @MC SG@S SGD
OQNONRDC @KSDQM@SD RDPTDMBD RGNTKC AD B@QDETKKX BNMRHCDQDC ENQ RSTCDMS OQDO@Q@SHNM @MC SDWST@K BNMRHRSDMBX.
$G@OSDQ 1 4@LOKHMF @MC %@S@
$G@OSDQ 2 %DRBQHOSHUD 4S@SHRSHBR
$G@OSDQ 12 -HMD@Q 3DFQDRRHNM @MC $NQQDK@SHNM
$G@OSDQ 3 1QNA@AHKHSX 5NOHBR
$G@OSDQ 4 %HRBQDSD 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKDR
$G@OSDQ 5 $NMSHMTNTR 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKDR
$G@OSDQ 6 5GD /NQL@K %HRSQHATSHNM
$G@OSDQ 7 5GD $DMSQ@K -HLHS 5GDNQDL
$G@OSDQ 8 $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@KR
$G@OSDQ 9 )XONSGDRHR 5DRSHMF VHSG 0MD 4@LOKD
$G@OSDQ 10 )XONSGDRHR 5DRSHMF VHSG 5VN 4@LOKDR
$G@OSDQ 11 5GD $GH-4PT@QD %HRSQHATSHNM
$G@OSDQ 13 ' %HRSQHATSHNM @MC 0MD-8@X "/07"
.?>;AIAC=;F $IOH>;NCIH ;H> $?;NOL?M
"M6BEA:H @QD OK@BDC RSQ@SDFHB@KKX SGQNTFGNTS SGD SDWS SN RGNV RSTCDMSR SGD RSDO-AX-RSDO OQNBDRR NE HMSDQOQDSHMF @MC
RNKUHMF RS@SHRSHB@K OQNAKDLR. 5N JDDO SGD SDWS QDKDU@MS ENQ RSTCDMSR, SGD DW@LOKDR @QD CQ@VM EQNL @ AQN@C RODBSQTL NE
OQ@BSHB@K SNOHBR; SGDRD HMBKTCD DW@LOKDR @ANTS BNKKDFD KHED @MC KD@QMHMF, GD@KSG @MC LDCHBHMD, QDS@HK @MC ATRHMDRR, @MC
RONQSR @MC DMSDQS@HMLDMS.
1GN &I OQ@BSHBD OQNAKDLR HLLDCH@SDKX ENKKNV L@MX DW@LOKDR @MC FHUD RSTCDMSR SGD NOONQSTMHSX SN OQ@BSHBD @R SGDX QD@C
SGD SDWS. 1=:N 6G: JHJ6AAN 76H:9 DC EG68I>86A 6C9 ;6B>A>6G IDE>8H, A>@: I=: "M6BEA:H I=:BH:AK:H.
DAA67DG6I>K: "M:G8>H:H OQNUHCD @M HM-BK@RR RBDM@QHN ENQ RSTCDMSR SN VNQJ SNFDSGDQ SN DWOKNQD OQDRDMSDC BNMBDOSR.
2H>C< I=: 1&-83, 83+, 84, 84+ 6A8JA6IDG RGNVR RSTCDMSR RSDO-AX-RSDO HMRSQTBSHNMR SN HMOTS OQNAKDLR HMSN SGDHQ
B@KBTK@SNQ.
1=: 1:8=CDAD<N &8DC HMCHB@SDR VGDQD SGD TRD NE @ 5* B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ RNESV@QD HR QDBNLLDMCDC.
/1$%"$ 5
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-G68I>8:, %DB:LDG@, 6C9 BG>C<>C< &I 1D<:I=:G OQNAKDLR FHUD SGD RSTCDMSR OQNAKDLR @S U@QHNTR CDFQDDR NE CHEEHBTKSX
VGHKD @KRN HMBKTCHMF QD@K-VNQKC RBDM@QHNR SN DMF@FD RSTCDMSR.
1N;NCMNC=M *;<M
5GDRD HMMNU@SHUD @BSHUHSHDR VDQD CDUDKNODC AX #@QA@Q@ *KKNVRJX @MC 4TR@M %D@M HM NQCDQ SN NEEDQ RSTCDMSR SGD DWODQHDMBD NE
CDRHFMHMF, HLOKDLDMSHMF, @MC HMSDQOQDSHMF RS@SHRSHB@K @M@KXRDR. 5GDX @QD CQ@VM EQNL @BST@K DWODQHLDMSR @MC C@S@-F@SGDQHMF
OQNBDRRDR, @MC NEEDQ @ TMHPTD G@MCR-NM @MC BNKK@ANQ@SHUD DWODQHDMBD. 5GD K@AR OQNUHCD @ ENTMC@SHNM ENQ ETQSGDQ KD@QMHMF @MC
BK@RRQNNL HMSDQ@BSHNM SG@S VHKK OQNCTBD @ LD@MHMFETK @OOKHB@SHNM NE RS@SHRSHBR.
4S@SHRSHBR -@AR @OOD@Q @S SGD DMC NE D@BG BG@OSDQ, @MC ADFHM VHSG RSTCDMS KD@QMHMF NTSBNLDR, FDMDQ@K DRSHL@SDR ENQ SHLD
NM S@RJ, @MC @MX FKNA@K HLOKDLDMS@SHNM MNSDR. 4STCDMSR @QD SGDM OQNUHCDC RSDO-AX-RSDO FTHC@MBD, HMBKTCHMF R@LOKD C@S@
S@AKDR @MC B@KBTK@SHNM OQNLOSR. 5GD CDS@HKDC @RRHRS@MBD VHKK GDKO SGD RSTCDMSR RTBBDRRETKKX @OOKX SGD BNMBDOSR HM SGD SDWS @MC
K@X SGD FQNTMCVNQJ ENQ ETSTQD BNKK@ANQ@SHUD NQ HMCHUHCT@K VNQJ.
AH=CFF;LC?M
&CHIGJ8IDGSH 0DAJI>DCH *6CJ6A
4:76HH><C ,CA>C: %DB:LDG@ 0NHI:B
4C>?I *?=NOL?M (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G18746/F;N?MN/?=IFF?=NCIH==IF10522/F;N?MN) CDKHUDQDC AX #@QA@Q@
*KKNVRJX @QD OQNUHCDC ENQ D@BG BG@OSDQ.
A<ION -OL 2?;G
1?HCIL !IHNLC<ONCHA AONBILM
!=N>=N= (HHKSOGU #A JV= "KHHACA
2QO=J #A=J #A JV= "KHHACA
!IHNLC<ONILM
>@QHD=IE@ 2QG=N "=IANKJ 4JERANOEPU
>N=D=I !ECCO !NKS=N@ "KIIQJEPU "KHHACA
@=I /AJJAHH &NAAJO>KNK "KHHACA
HAT=J@AN *KHKRKO
J@NAS 6EAOJAN /AJJOUHR=JE= 2P=PA 4JERANOEPU
JJ %H=JEC=J *=LEKH=JE "KIIQJEPU "KHHACA
!AJF=IEJ -CSQ@EGA )=?GOKJ 2P=PA 4JERANOEPU
!ENCEP MQEHKJEQO 6AOP 5=HHAU "KHHACA
!NU=J !HKQJP *AJPQ?GU 6AOHAU=J "KHHACA
"=NKH .HIOPA=@ #A JV= "KHHACA
"=NKH 6AE@AI=J 2P. /APANO>QNC "KHHACA
6 /1$%"$
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"D=NHAO OD>=?DAN 4LLAN (KS= 4JERANOEPU, "A@=N 1=LE@O
"D=NHAO *HAEJ #A JV= "KHHACA
"DANUH 6=NPI=J 4JERANOEPU KB /NEJ?A $@S=N@ (OH=J@
"EJ@U ,KOO 2GUHEJA "KHHACA
#=JEAH !ENI=FAN -=V=NAPD "KHHACA
#=RE@ !KOSKNPD 'QP?DEJOKJ "KIIQJEPU "KHHACA
#=RE@ %NAJ?D 3E@AS=PAN "KIIQJEPU "KHHACA
#AJJEO 6=HOD ,E@@HA 3AJJAOOAA 2P=PA 4JERANOEPU
#E=JA ,=PDEKO #A JV= "KHHACA
$NJAOP !KJ=P /KNPH=J@ "KIIQJEPU "KHHACA
%N=JG 2JKS #A JV= "KHHACA
&AKNCA !N=PPKJ 4JERANOEPU KB "AJPN=H NG=JO=O
(JJ= &NQODGK #A JV= "KHHACA
)=JE?A 'A?PKN #A JV= "KHHACA
)=REAN 1QA@= #A JV= "KHHACA
)ABBANU 3=Q> ,=EJA ,=NEPEIA ?=@AIU
)EI 'AHINAE?D ,=NEOP "KHHACA
)EI +Q?=O #A JV= "KHHACA
)EJC "D=JC "KHHACA KB 2=EJP ,=NU
)KDJ 3DKI=O "KHHACA KB +=GA "KQJPU
)KDJ 3DKI=O "KHHACA KB +=GA "KQJPU
)KJ=PD=J .=GO ,=?KI> "KIIQJEPU "KHHACA
*=PDU /HQI #A JV= "KHHACA
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+=NNU &NAAJ +=GA 3=DKA "KIIQJEPU "KHHACA
+=QNAH "DE=LLAPP= 4JERANOEPU KB /EPPO>QNCD
+AJKNA #AOEHAPO #A JV= "KHHACA
+EO= ,=NGQO #A JV= "KHHACA
+EO= 1KOAJ>ANC $HKJ 4JERANOEPU
+UJAPPA *AJUKJ "KHHEJ "KQJPU "KIIQJEPU "KHHACA
,=NG ,EHHO "AJPN=H "KHHACA
,=NU )K *=JA #A JV= "KHHACA
,=NU 3AAC=N@AJ 2=J #EACK ,AO= "KHHACA
,=PPDAS $EJOKDJ /NAO?KPP "KHHACA
,AH )=?K>OAJ 2JKS "KHHACA
,E?D=AH &NAAJSE?D "KHHACA KB 2KQPDANJ -AR=@=
,ENE=I ,=OQHHK 24-8 /QN?D=OA
,K &AN=CDPU #A JV= "KHHACA
-U@E= -AHOKJ 2P. /APANO>QNC "KHHACA
/DEHEL ). 5ANNA??DE= 8KNG "KHHACA KB /AJJOUHR=JE=
1K>ANP 'AJ@ANOKJ 2PALDAJ %. QOPEJ 2P=PA 4JERANOEPU
1K>ANP ,?#AREPP &ANI=JJ= "KIIQJEPU "KHHACA
1K>ANP= !HKKI #A JV= "KHHACA
1QLEJ@AN 2AGDKJ #A JV= "KHHACA
2=N= +AJD=NP "DNEOPKLDAN -ASLKNP 4JERANOEPU
2=N=D !KOH=QCD *AJJAO=S 2P=PA 4JERANOEPU
2DAH@KJ +AA 5EPAN>K 4JERANOEPU
8 /1$%"$
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2DANE !KU@ 1KHHEJO "KHHACA
2Q@ELP= 1KU *=JG=GAA "KIIQJEPU "KHHACA
3N=REO 2DKNP 2P. /APANO>QNC "KHHACA
5=HEAN '=Q>AN #A JV= "KHHACA
5H=@EIEN +KCRAJAJGK #A JV= "KHHACA
6AJ@U +ECDPDA=NP +=JA "KIIQJEPU "KHHACA
8RKJJA 2=J@KR=H /EI= "KIIQJEPU "KHHACA
/1$%"$ 9
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#EO?H=EIAN: 3DA KNECEJ=H ?=H?QH=PKN EI=CA(O) >U 3AT=O (JOPNQIAJPO, (J?. =NA LNKRE@A@ QJ@AN ""-!8. JU OQ>OAMQAJP
IK@EBE?=PEKJO PK PDA EI=CA(O) ODKQH@ >A JKPA@ >U PDA LANOKJ I=GEJC PDA IK@EBE?=PEKJ. ("NA@EP: $3I=N?KI
3AT=O(JOPNQIAJPO)
10 /1$%"$
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1 U 1A+.*',% A," "A2A
$CAOL? 1.1 6A AJ?KQJPAN OP=PEOPE?O EJ KQN @=EHU HERAO IKNA KBPAJ PD=J SA LNK>=>HU NA=HEVA =J@ BNKI I=JU @EBBANAJP
OKQN?AO, HEGA PDA JASO IA@E=. (?NA@EP: #=RE@ 2EI)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
#X SGD DMC NE SGHR BG@OSDQ, SGD RSTCDMS RGNTKC AD @AKD SN:
c 3DBNFMHYD @MC CHEEDQDMSH@SD ADSVDDM JDX SDQLR.
c "OOKX U@QHNTR SXODR NE R@LOKHMF LDSGNCR SN C@S@ BNKKDBSHNM.
c $QD@SD @MC HMSDQOQDS EQDPTDMBX S@AKDR.
:NT @QD OQNA@AKX @RJHMF XNTQRDKE SGD PTDRSHNM, "8GDM @MC VGDQD VHKK * TRD RS@SHRSHBR" *E XNT QD@C @MX MDVRO@ODQ, V@SBG
SDKDUHRHNM, NQ TRD SGD *MSDQMDS, XNT VHKK RDD RS@SHRSHB@K HMENQL@SHNM. 5GDQD @QD RS@SHRSHBR @ANTS BQHLD, RONQSR, DCTB@SHNM,
ONKHSHBR, @MC QD@K DRS@SD. 5XOHB@KKX, VGDM XNT QD@C @ MDVRO@ODQ @QSHBKD NQ V@SBG @ SDKDUHRHNM MDVR OQNFQ@L, XNT @QD FHUDM
R@LOKD HMENQL@SHNM. 8HSG SGHR HMENQL@SHNM, XNT L@X L@JD @ CDBHRHNM @ANTS SGD BNQQDBSMDRR NE @ RS@SDLDMS, BK@HL, NQ "E@BS."
4S@SHRSHB@K LDSGNCR B@M GDKO XNT L@JD SGD "ADRS DCTB@SDC FTDRR."
4HMBD XNT VHKK TMCNTASDCKX AD FHUDM RS@SHRSHB@K HMENQL@SHNM @S RNLD ONHMS HM XNTQ KHED, XNT MDDC SN JMNV RNLD
SDBGMHPTDR ENQ @M@KXYHMF SGD HMENQL@SHNM SGNTFGSETKKX. 5GHMJ @ANTS ATXHMF @ GNTRD NQ L@M@FHMF @ ATCFDS. 5GHMJ @ANTS
XNTQ BGNRDM OQNEDRRHNM. 5GD EHDKCR NE DBNMNLHBR, ATRHMDRR, ORXBGNKNFX, DCTB@SHNM, AHNKNFX, K@V, BNLOTSDQ RBHDMBD, ONKHBD
RBHDMBD, @MC D@QKX BGHKCGNNC CDUDKNOLDMS QDPTHQD @S KD@RS NMD BNTQRD HM RS@SHRSHBR.
*MBKTCDC HM SGHR BG@OSDQ @QD SGD A@RHB HCD@R @MC VNQCR NE OQNA@AHKHSX @MC RS@SHRSHBR. :NT VHKK RNNM TMCDQRS@MC SG@S
RS@SHRSHBR @MC OQNA@AHKHSX VNQJ SNFDSGDQ. :NT VHKK @KRN KD@QM GNVC@S@ @QD F@SGDQDC @MC VG@S "FNNC" C@S@ B@M AD CHRSHMFTHRGDC
EQNL "A@C."
1.1 U "?@CHCNCIHM I@ 1N;NCMNC=M, .LI<;<CFCNS, ;H> )?S 2?LGM
5GD RBHDMBD NE HI6I>HI>8H CD@KR VHSG SGD BNKKDBSHNM, @M@KXRHR, HMSDQOQDS@SHNM, @MC OQDRDMS@SHNM NE 96I6. 8D RDD @MC TRD C@S@ HM
NTQ DUDQXC@X KHUDR.
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*M XNTQ BK@RRQNNL, SQX SGHR DWDQBHRD. )@UD BK@RR LDLADQR VQHSD CNVM SGD @UDQ@FD SHLD (HM GNTQR, SN SGD MD@QDRS G@KE-
GNTQ) SGDX RKDDO ODQ MHFGS. :NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK QDBNQC SGD C@S@. 5GDM BQD@SD @ RHLOKD FQ@OG (B@KKDC @ 9DI EADI) NE SGD
C@S@. " CNS OKNS BNMRHRSR NE @ MTLADQ KHMD @MC CNSR (NQ ONHMSR) ONRHSHNMDC @ANUD SGD MTLADQ KHMD. 'NQ DW@LOKD, BNMRHCDQ
SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@:
5; 5.5; 6; 6; 6; 6.5; 6.5; 6.5; 6.5; 7; 7; 8; 8; 9
5GD CNS OKNS ENQ SGHR C@S@ VNTKC AD @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 1.2
%NDR XNTQ CNS OKNS KNNJ SGD R@LD @R NQ CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD DW@LOKD 8GX *E XNT CHC SGD R@LD DW@LOKD HM @M
&MFKHRG BK@RR VHSG SGD R@LD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR, CN XNT SGHMJ SGD QDRTKSR VNTKC AD SGD R@LD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
8GDQD CN XNTQ C@S@ @OOD@Q SN BKTRSDQ )NV LHFGS XNT HMSDQOQDS SGD BKTRSDQHMF
5GD PTDRSHNMR @ANUD @RJ XNT SN @M@KXYD @MC HMSDQOQDS XNTQ C@S@. 8HSG SGHR DW@LOKD, XNT G@UD ADFTM XNTQ RSTCX NE
RS@SHRSHBR.
*M SGHR BNTQRD, XNT VHKK KD@QM GNV SN NQF@MHYD @MC RTLL@QHYD C@S@. 0QF@MHYHMF @MC RTLL@QHYHMF C@S@ HR B@KKDC
9:H8G>EI>K: HI6I>HI>8H. 5VN V@XR SN RTLL@QHYD C@S@ @QD AX FQ@OGHMF @MC AX TRHMF MTLADQR (ENQ DW@LOKD, EHMCHMF @M
@UDQ@FD). "ESDQ XNT G@UD RSTCHDC OQNA@AHKHSX @MC OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR, XNT VHKK TRD ENQL@K LDSGNCR ENQ CQ@VHMF
BNMBKTRHNMR EQNL "FNNC" C@S@. 5GD ENQL@K LDSGNCR @QD B@KKDC >C;:G:CI>6A HI6I>HI>8H. 4S@SHRSHB@K HMEDQDMBD TRDR OQNA@AHKHSX SN
CDSDQLHMD GNV BNMEHCDMS VD B@M AD SG@S NTQ BNMBKTRHNMR @QD BNQQDBS.
&EEDBSHUD HMSDQOQDS@SHNM NE C@S@ (HMEDQDMBD) HR A@RDC NM FNNC OQNBDCTQDR ENQ OQNCTBHMF C@S@ @MC SGNTFGSETK DW@LHM@SHNM
NE SGD C@S@. :NT VHKK DMBNTMSDQ VG@S VHKK RDDL SN AD SNN L@MX L@SGDL@SHB@K ENQLTK@R ENQ HMSDQOQDSHMF C@S@. 5GD FN@K
NE RS@SHRSHBR HR MNS SN ODQENQL MTLDQNTR B@KBTK@SHNMR TRHMF SGD ENQLTK@R, ATS SN F@HM @M TMCDQRS@MCHMF NE XNTQ C@S@. 5GD
B@KBTK@SHNMR B@M AD CNMD TRHMF @ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ @ BNLOTSDQ. 5GD TMCDQRS@MCHMF LTRS BNLD EQNL XNT. *E XNT B@M SGNQNTFGKX
FQ@RO SGD A@RHBR NE RS@SHRSHBR, XNT B@M AD LNQD BNMEHCDMS HM SGD CDBHRHNMR XNT L@JD HM KHED.
.LI<;<CFCNS
-GD767>A>IN HR @ L@SGDL@SHB@K SNNK TRDC SN RSTCX Q@MCNLMDRR. *S CD@KR VHSG SGD BG@MBD (SGD KHJDKHGNNC) NE @M DUDMS NBBTQQHMF.
'NQ DW@LOKD, HE XNT SNRR @ ;6>G BNHM ENTQ SHLDR, SGD NTSBNLDR L@X MNS AD SVN GD@CR @MC SVN S@HKR. )NVDUDQ, HE XNT SNRR
SGD R@LD BNHM 4,000 SHLDR, SGD NTSBNLDR VHKK AD BKNRD SN G@KE GD@CR @MC G@KE S@HKR. 5GD DWODBSDC SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE
GD@CR HM @MX NMD SNRR HR
1
2
NQ 0.5. &UDM SGNTFG SGD NTSBNLDR NE @ EDV QDODSHSHNMR @QD TMBDQS@HM, SGDQD HR @ QDFTK@Q O@SSDQM
NE NTSBNLDR VGDM SGDQD @QD L@MX QDODSHSHNMR. "ESDQ QD@CHMF @ANTS SGD &MFKHRG RS@SHRSHBH@M ,@QK -:6GHDC VGN SNRRDC @ BNHM
24,000 SHLDR VHSG @ QDRTKS NE 12,012 GD@CR, NMD NE SGD @TSGNQR SNRRDC @ BNHM 2,000 SHLDR. 5GD QDRTKSR VDQD 996 GD@CR. 5GD
EQ@BSHNM
996
2000
HR DPT@K SN 0.498 VGHBG HR UDQX BKNRD SN 0.5, SGD DWODBSDC OQNA@AHKHSX.
5GD SGDNQX NE OQNA@AHKHSX ADF@M VHSG SGD RSTCX NE F@LDR NE BG@MBD RTBG @R ONJDQ. 1QDCHBSHNMR S@JD SGD ENQL NE
OQNA@AHKHSHDR. 5N OQDCHBS SGD KHJDKHGNNC NE @M D@QSGPT@JD, NE Q@HM, NQ VGDSGDQ XNT VHKK FDS @M " HM SGHR BNTQRD, VD TRD
OQNA@AHKHSHDR. %NBSNQR TRD OQNA@AHKHSX SN CDSDQLHMD SGD BG@MBD NE @ U@BBHM@SHNM B@TRHMF SGD CHRD@RD SGD U@BBHM@SHNM HR
RTOONRDC SN OQDUDMS. " RSNBJAQNJDQ TRDR OQNA@AHKHSX SN CDSDQLHMD SGD Q@SD NE QDSTQM NM @ BKHDMS'R HMUDRSLDMSR. :NT LHFGS TRD
OQNA@AHKHSX SN CDBHCD SN ATX @ KNSSDQX SHBJDS NQ MNS. *M XNTQ RSTCX NE RS@SHRSHBR, XNT VHKK TRD SGD ONVDQ NE L@SGDL@SHBR SGQNTFG
OQNA@AHKHSX B@KBTK@SHNMR SN @M@KXYD @MC HMSDQOQDS XNTQ C@S@.
)?S 2?LGM
*M RS@SHRSHBR, VD FDMDQ@KKX V@MS SN RSTCX @ EDEJA6I>DC. :NT B@M SGHMJ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM @R @ BNKKDBSHNM NE ODQRNMR, SGHMFR, NQ
NAIDBSR TMCDQ RSTCX. 5N RSTCX SGD ONOTK@SHNM, VD RDKDBS @ H6BEA:. 5GD HCD@ NE H6BEA>C< HR SN RDKDBS @ ONQSHNM (NQ RTARDS)
12 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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NE SGD K@QFDQ ONOTK@SHNM @MC RSTCX SG@S ONQSHNM (SGD R@LOKD) SN F@HM HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS SGD ONOTK@SHNM. %@S@ @QD SGD QDRTKS NE
R@LOKHMF EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM.
#DB@TRD HS S@JDR @ KNS NE SHLD @MC LNMDX SN DW@LHMD @M DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM, R@LOKHMF HR @ UDQX OQ@BSHB@K SDBGMHPTD. *E XNT
VHRGDC SN BNLOTSD SGD NUDQ@KK FQ@CD ONHMS @UDQ@FD @S XNTQ RBGNNK, HS VNTKC L@JD RDMRD SN RDKDBS @ R@LOKD NE RSTCDMSR VGN
@SSDMC SGD RBGNNK. 5GD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC EQNL SGD R@LOKD VNTKC AD SGD RSTCDMSR' FQ@CD ONHMS @UDQ@FDR. *M OQDRHCDMSH@K DKDBSHNMR,
NOHMHNM ONKK R@LOKDR NE 1,000k2,000 ODNOKD @QD S@JDM. 5GD NOHMHNM ONKK HR RTOONRDC SN QDOQDRDMS SGD UHDVR NE SGD ODNOKD
HM SGD DMSHQD BNTMSQX. .@MTE@BSTQDQR NE B@MMDC B@QANM@SDC CQHMJR S@JD R@LOKDR SN CDSDQLHMD HE @ 16 NTMBD B@M BNMS@HMR 16
NTMBDR NE B@QANM@SDC CQHMJ.
'QNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, VD B@M B@KBTK@SD @ RS@SHRSHB. " HI6I>HI>8 HR @ MTLADQ SG@S QDOQDRDMSR @ OQNODQSX NE SGD R@LOKD. 'NQ
DW@LOKD, HE VD BNMRHCDQ NMD L@SG BK@RR SN AD @ R@LOKD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM NE @KK L@SG BK@RRDR, SGDM SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE
ONHMSR D@QMDC AX RSTCDMSR HM SG@S NMD L@SG BK@RR @S SGD DMC NE SGD SDQL HR @M DW@LOKD NE @ RS@SHRSHB. 5GD RS@SHRSHB HR @M DRSHL@SD
NE @ ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ. " E6G6B:I:G HR @ MTLADQ SG@S HR @ OQNODQSX NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 4HMBD VD BNMRHCDQDC @KK L@SG
BK@RRDR SN AD SGD ONOTK@SHNM, SGDM SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE ONHMSR D@QMDC ODQ RSTCDMS NUDQ @KK SGD L@SG BK@RRDR HR @M DW@LOKD
NE @ O@Q@LDSDQ.
0MD NE SGD L@HM BNMBDQMR HM SGD EHDKC NE RS@SHRSHBR HR GNV @BBTQ@SDKX @ RS@SHRSHB DRSHL@SDR @ O@Q@LDSDQ. 5GD @BBTQ@BX
QD@KKX CDODMCR NM GNV VDKK SGD R@LOKD QDOQDRDMSR SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 5GD R@LOKD LTRS BNMS@HM SGD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE SGD
ONOTK@SHNM HM NQCDQ SN AD @ G:EG:H:CI6I>K: H6BEA:. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM ANSG SGD R@LOKD RS@SHRSHB @MC SGD ONOTK@SHNM
O@Q@LDSDQ HM HMEDQDMSH@K RS@SHRSHBR. *M @ K@SDQ BG@OSDQ, VD VHKK TRD SGD R@LOKD RS@SHRSHB SN SDRS SGD U@KHCHSX NE SGD DRS@AKHRGDC
ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ.
" K6G>67A:, MNS@SDC AX B@OHS@K KDSSDQR RTBG @R 1 @MC 2, HR @ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE HMSDQDRS ENQ D@BG ODQRNM NQ SGHMF HM @
ONOTK@SHNM. 7@QH@AKDR L@X AD CJB:G>86A NQ 86I:<DG>86A. +JB:G>86A K6G>67A:H S@JD NM U@KTDR VHSG DPT@K TMHSR RTBG @R
VDHFGS HM ONTMCR @MC SHLD HM GNTQR. 6I:<DG>86A K6G>67A:H OK@BD SGD ODQRNM NQ SGHMF HMSN @ B@SDFNQX. *E VD KDS 1 DPT@K SGD
MTLADQ NE ONHMSR D@QMDC AX NMD L@SG RSTCDMS @S SGD DMC NE @ SDQL, SGDM 1 HR @ MTLDQHB@K U@QH@AKD. *E VD KDS 2 AD @ ODQRNM'R
O@QSX @EEHKH@SHNM, SGDM RNLD DW@LOKDR NE 2 HMBKTCD 3DOTAKHB@M, %DLNBQ@S, @MC *MCDODMCDMS. 2 HR @ B@SDFNQHB@K U@QH@AKD. 8D
BNTKC CN RNLD L@SG VHSG U@KTDR NE 1 (B@KBTK@SD SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE ONHMSR D@QMDC, ENQ DW@LOKD), ATS HS L@JDR MN RDMRD
SN CN L@SG VHSG U@KTDR NE 2 (B@KBTK@SHMF @M @UDQ@FD O@QSX @EEHKH@SHNM L@JDR MN RDMRD).
!6I6 @QD SGD @BST@K U@KTDR NE SGD U@QH@AKD. 5GDX L@X AD MTLADQR NQ SGDX L@X AD VNQCR. !6IJB HR @ RHMFKD U@KTD.
5VN VNQCR SG@S BNLD TO NESDM HM RS@SHRSHBR @QD B:6C @MC EGDEDGI>DC. *E XNT VDQD SN S@JD SGQDD DW@LR HM XNTQ L@SG
BK@RRDR @MC NAS@HM RBNQDR NE 86, 75, @MC 92, XNT VNTKC B@KBTK@SD XNTQ LD@M RBNQD AX @CCHMF SGD SGQDD DW@L RBNQDR @MC
CHUHCHMF AX SGQDD (XNTQ LD@M RBNQD VNTKC AD 84.3 SN NMD CDBHL@K OK@BD). *E, HM XNTQ L@SG BK@RR, SGDQD @QD 40 RSTCDMSR @MC 22
@QD LDM @MC 18 @QD VNLDM, SGDM SGD OQNONQSHNM NE LDM RSTCDMSR HR
22
40
@MC SGD OQNONQSHNM NE VNLDM RSTCDMSR HR
18
40
. .D@M
@MC OQNONQSHNM @QD CHRBTRRDC HM LNQD CDS@HK HM K@SDQ BG@OSDQR.
,-2#
5GD VNQCR " B:6C" @MC " 6K:G6<:" @QD NESDM TRDC HMSDQBG@MFD@AKX. 5GD RTARSHSTSHNM NE NMD VNQC ENQ SGD NSGDQ HR
BNLLNM OQ@BSHBD. 5GD SDBGMHB@K SDQL HR "@QHSGLDSHB LD@M," @MC "@UDQ@FD" HR SDBGMHB@KKX @ BDMSDQ KNB@SHNM. )NVDUDQ, HM
OQ@BSHBD @LNMF MNM-RS@SHRSHBH@MR, "@UDQ@FD" HR BNLLNMKX @BBDOSDC ENQ "@QHSGLDSHB LD@M."
$T=ILHA 1.1
%DSDQLHMD VG@S SGD JDX SDQLR QDEDQ SN HM SGD ENKKNVHMF RSTCX. 8D V@MS SN JMNV SGD @UDQ@FD (LD@M) @LNTMS
NE LNMDX EHQRS XD@Q BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR RODMC @S "#$ $NKKDFD NM RBGNNK RTOOKHDR SG@S CN MNS HMBKTCD ANNJR. 8D
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 100 EHQRS XD@Q RSTCDMSR @S SGD BNKKDFD. 5GQDD NE SGNRD RSTCDMSR RODMS $150, $200, @MC $225,
QDRODBSHUDKX.
1IFONCIH 1.1
5GD EDEJA6I>DC HR @KK EHQRS XD@Q RSTCDMSR @SSDMCHMF "#$ $NKKDFD SGHR SDQL.
5GD H6BEA: BNTKC AD @KK RSTCDMSR DMQNKKDC HM NMD RDBSHNM NE @ ADFHMMHMF RS@SHRSHBR BNTQRD @S "#$ $NKKDFD
(@KSGNTFG SGHR R@LOKD L@X MNS QDOQDRDMS SGD DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM).
5GD E6G6B:I:G HR SGD @UDQ@FD (LD@M) @LNTMS NE LNMDX RODMS (DWBKTCHMF ANNJR) AX EHQRS XD@Q BNKKDFD
RSTCDMSR @S "#$ $NKKDFD SGHR SDQL.
5GD HI6I>HI>8 HR SGD @UDQ@FD (LD@M) @LNTMS NE LNMDX RODMS (DWBKTCHMF ANNJR) AX EHQRS XD@Q BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR
HM SGD R@LOKD.
5GD K6G>67A: BNTKC AD SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX RODMS (DWBKTCHMF ANNJR) AX NMD EHQRS XD@Q RSTCDMS. -DS 1 = SGD
@LNTMS NE LNMDX RODMS (DWBKTCHMF ANNJR) AX NMD EHQRS XD@Q RSTCDMS @SSDMCHMF "#$ $NKKDFD.
5GD 96I6 @QD SGD CNKK@Q @LNTMSR RODMS AX SGD EHQRS XD@Q RSTCDMSR. &W@LOKDR NE SGD C@S@ @QD $150, $200, @MC
$225.
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1.1 %DSDQLHMD VG@S SGD JDX SDQLR QDEDQ SN HM SGD ENKKNVHMF RSTCX. 8D V@MS SN JMNV SGD @UDQ@FD (LD@M) @LNTMS NE
LNMDX RODMS NM RBGNNK TMHENQLR D@BG XD@Q AX E@LHKHDR VHSG BGHKCQDM @S ,MNKK "B@CDLX. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 100
E@LHKHDR VHSG BGHKCQDM HM SGD RBGNNK. 5GQDD NE SGD E@LHKHDR RODMS $65, $75, @MC $95, QDRODBSHUDKX.
$T=ILHA 1.2
%DSDQLHMD VG@S SGD JDX SDQLR QDEDQ SN HM SGD ENKKNVHMF RSTCX.
" RSTCX V@R BNMCTBSDC @S @ KNB@K BNKKDFD SN @M@KXYD SGD @UDQ@FD BTLTK@SHUD (1"nR NE RSTCDMSR VGN FQ@CT@SDC
K@RS XD@Q. 'HKK HM SGD KDSSDQ NE SGD OGQ@RD SG@S ADRS CDRBQHADR D@BG NE SGD HSDLR ADKNV.
1.????? 1NOTK@SHNM 2.????? 4S@SHRSHB 3.????? 1@Q@LDSDQ 4.????? 4@LOKD 5.????? 7@QH@AKD 6.????? %@S@
=) =HH OPQ@AJPO SDK =PPAJ@A@ PDA ?KHHACA H=OP UA=N
>) PDA ?QIQH=PERA &/ KB KJA OPQ@AJP SDK CN=@Q=PA@ BNKI PDA ?KHHACA H=OP UA=N
?) 3.65, 2.80, 1.50, 3.90
@) = CNKQL KB OPQ@AJPO SDK CN=@Q=PA@ BNKI PDA ?KHHACA H=OP UA=N, N=J@KIHU OAHA?PA@
A) PDA =RAN=CA ?QIQH=PERA &/ KB OPQ@AJPO SDK CN=@Q=PA@ BNKI PDA ?KHHACA H=OP UA=N
B) =HH OPQ@AJPO SDK CN=@Q=PA@ BNKI PDA ?KHHACA H=OP UA=N
C) PDA =RAN=CA ?QIQH=PERA &/ KB OPQ@AJPO EJ PDA OPQ@U SDK CN=@Q=PA@ BNKI PDA ?KHHACA H=OP UA=N
1IFONCIH 1.2
1. B; 2. C; 3. A; 4. @; 5. >; 6. ?
$T=ILHA 1.3
"R O@QS NE @ RSTCX CDRHFMDC SN SDRS SGD R@EDSX NE @TSNLNAHKDR, SGD /@SHNM@K 5Q@MRONQS@SHNM 4@EDSX #N@QC
BNKKDBSDC @MC QDUHDVDC C@S@ @ANTS SGD DEEDBSR NE @M @TSNLNAHKD BQ@RG NM SDRS CTLLHDR. )DQD HR SGD BQHSDQHNM SGDX
TRDC:
2LAA@ =P SDE?D "=NO "N=ODA@ +K?=PEKJ KB a@NERAb (E.A. @QIIEAO)
35 IEHAO/DKQN %NKJP 2A=P
2;<F? 1.1
$@QR VHSG CTLLHDR HM SGD EQNMS RD@SR VDQD BQ@RGDC HMSN @ V@KK @S @ RODDC NE 35 LHKDR ODQ GNTQ. 8D V@MS SN
JMNV SGD OQNONQSHNM NE CTLLHDR HM SGD CQHUDQnR RD@S SG@S VNTKC G@UD G@C GD@C HMITQHDR, HE SGDX G@C ADDM @BST@K
CQHUDQR. 8D RS@QS VHSG @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 75 B@QR.
1IFONCIH 1.3
5GD EDEJA6I>DC HR @KK B@QR BNMS@HMHMF CTLLHDR HM SGD EQNMS RD@S.
5GD H6BEA: HR SGD 75 B@QR, RDKDBSDC AX @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD.
5GD E6G6B:I:G HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE CQHUDQ CTLLHDR (HE SGDX G@C ADDM QD@K ODNOKD) VGN VNTKC G@UD RTEEDQDC
GD@C HMITQHDR HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
5GD HI6I>HI>8 HR OQNONQSHNM NE CQHUDQ CTLLHDR (HE SGDX G@C ADDM QD@K ODNOKD) VGN VNTKC G@UD RTEEDQDC GD@C
HMITQHDR HM SGD R@LOKD.
5GD K6G>67A: 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE CQHUDQ CTLLHDR (HE SGDX G@C ADDM QD@K ODNOKD) VGN VNTKC G@UD RTEEDQDC
GD@C HMITQHDR.
5GD 96I6 @QD DHSGDQ: XDR, G@C GD@C HMITQX, NQ MN, CHC MNS.
14 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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$T=ILHA 1.4
"M HMRTQ@MBD BNLO@MX VNTKC KHJD SN CDSDQLHMD SGD OQNONQSHNM NE @KK LDCHB@K CNBSNQR VGN G@UD ADDM
HMUNKUDC HM NMD NQ LNQD L@KOQ@BSHBD K@VRTHSR. 5GD BNLO@MX RDKDBSR 500 CNBSNQR @S Q@MCNL EQNL @ OQNEDRRHNM@K
CHQDBSNQX @MC CDSDQLHMDR SGD MTLADQ HM SGD R@LOKD VGN G@UD ADDM HMUNKUDC HM @ L@KOQ@BSHBD K@VRTHS.
1IFONCIH 1.4
5GD EDEJA6I>DC HR @KK LDCHB@K CNBSNQR KHRSDC HM SGD OQNEDRRHNM@K CHQDBSNQX.
5GD E6G6B:I:G HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE LDCHB@K CNBSNQR VGN G@UD ADDM HMUNKUDC HM NMD NQ LNQD L@KOQ@BSHBD
RTHSR HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
5GD H6BEA: HR SGD 500 CNBSNQR RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL EQNL SGD OQNEDRRHNM@K CHQDBSNQX.
5GD HI6I>HI>8 HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE LDCHB@K CNBSNQR VGN G@UD ADDM HMUNKUDC HM NMD NQ LNQD L@KOQ@BSHBD RTHSR
HM SGD R@LOKD.
5GD K6G>67A: 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE LDCHB@K CNBSNQR VGN G@UD ADDM HMUNKUDC HM NMD NQ LNQD L@KOQ@BSHBD RTHSR.
5GD 96I6 @QD DHSGDQ: XDR, V@R HMUNKUDC HM NMD NQ LNQD L@KOQ@BSHBD K@VRTHSR, NQ MN, V@R MNS.
%N SGD ENKKNVHMF DWDQBHRD BNKK@ANQ@SHUDKX VHSG TO SN ENTQ ODNOKD ODQ FQNTO. 'HMC @ ONOTK@SHNM, @ R@LOKD, SGD O@Q@LDSDQ,
SGD RS@SHRSHB, @ U@QH@AKD, @MC C@S@ ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF RSTCX: :NT V@MS SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @UDQ@FD (LD@M) MTLADQ NE FK@RRDR
NE LHKJ BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR CQHMJ ODQ C@X. 4TOONRD XDRSDQC@X, HM XNTQ &MFKHRG BK@RR, XNT @RJDC EHUD RSTCDMSR GNV L@MX
FK@RRDR NE LHKJ SGDX CQ@MJ SGD C@X ADENQD. 5GD @MRVDQR VDQD 1, 0, 1, 3, @MC 4 FK@RRDR NE LHKJ.
1.2 U ";N;, 1;GJFCHA, ;H> 4;LC;NCIH CH ";N; ;H> 1;GJFCHA
%@S@ L@X BNLD EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM NQ EQNL @ R@LOKD. 4L@KK KDSSDQR KHJD x NQ y FDMDQ@KKX @QD TRDC SN QDOQDRDMS C@S@ U@KTDR.
.NRS C@S@ B@M AD OTS HMSN SGD ENKKNVHMF B@SDFNQHDR:
c 2T@KHS@SHUD
c 2T@MSHS@SHUD
.J6A>I6I>K: 96I6 @QD SGD QDRTKS NE B@SDFNQHYHMF NQ CDRBQHAHMF @SSQHATSDR NE @ ONOTK@SHNM. )@HQ BNKNQ, AKNNC SXOD, DSGMHB
FQNTO, SGD B@Q @ ODQRNM CQHUDR, @MC SGD RSQDDS @ ODQRNM KHUDR NM @QD DW@LOKDR NE PT@KHS@SHUD C@S@. 2T@KHS@SHUD C@S@ @QD FDMDQ@KKX
CDRBQHADC AX VNQCR NQ KDSSDQR. 'NQ HMRS@MBD, G@HQ BNKNQ LHFGS AD AK@BJ, C@QJ AQNVM, KHFGS AQNVM, AKNMCD, FQ@X, NQ QDC. #KNNC
SXOD LHFGS AD "#+, 0-, NQ #+. 3DRD@QBGDQR NESDM OQDEDQ SN TRD PT@MSHS@SHUD C@S@ NUDQ PT@KHS@SHUD C@S@ ADB@TRD HS KDMCR HSRDKE
LNQD D@RHKX SN L@SGDL@SHB@K @M@KXRHR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HS CNDR MNS L@JD RDMRD SN EHMC @M @UDQ@FD G@HQ BNKNQ NQ AKNNC SXOD.
.J6CI>I6I>K: 96I6 @QD @KV@XR MTLADQR. 2T@MSHS@SHUD C@S@ @QD SGD QDRTKS NE 8DJCI>C< NQ B:6HJG>C< @SSQHATSDR NE @
ONOTK@SHNM. "LNTMS NE LNMDX, OTKRD Q@SD, VDHFGS, MTLADQ NE ODNOKD KHUHMF HM XNTQ SNVM, @MC MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN S@JD
RS@SHRSHBR @QD DW@LOKDR NE PT@MSHS@SHUD C@S@. 2T@MSHS@SHUD C@S@ L@X AD DHSGDQ 9>H8G:I: NQ 8DCI>CJDJH.
"KK C@S@ SG@S @QD SGD QDRTKS NE BNTMSHMF @QD B@KKDC FJ6CI>I6I>K: 9>H8G:I: 96I6. 5GDRD C@S@ S@JD NM NMKX BDQS@HM MTLDQHB@K
U@KTDR. *E XNT BNTMS SGD MTLADQ NE OGNMD B@KKR XNT QDBDHUD ENQ D@BG C@X NE SGD VDDJ, XNT LHFGS FDS U@KTDR RTBG @R YDQN, NMD,
SVN, NQ SGQDD.
"KK C@S@ SG@S @QD SGD QDRTKS NE LD@RTQHMF @QD FJ6CI>I6I>K: 8DCI>CJDJH 96I6 @RRTLHMF SG@S VD B@M LD@RTQD @BBTQ@SDKX.
.D@RTQHMF @MFKDR HM Q@CH@MR LHFGS QDRTKS HM RTBG MTLADQR @R

6
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,

2
, ,
3
4
, @MC RN NM. *E XNT @MC XNTQ EQHDMCR B@QQX
A@BJO@BJR VHSG ANNJR HM SGDL SN RBGNNK, SGD MTLADQR NE ANNJR HM SGD A@BJO@BJR @QD CHRBQDSD C@S@ @MC SGD VDHFGSR NE SGD
A@BJO@BJR @QD BNMSHMTNTR C@S@.
$T=ILHA 1.5 #=P= 2=ILHA KB 0Q=JPEP=PERA #EO?NAPA #=P=
5GD C@S@ @QD SGD MTLADQ NE ANNJR RSTCDMSR B@QQX HM SGDHQ A@BJO@BJR. :NT R@LOKD EHUD RSTCDMSR. 5VN RSTCDMSR B@QQX
SGQDD ANNJR, NMD RSTCDMS B@QQHDR ENTQ ANNJR, NMD RSTCDMS B@QQHDR SVN ANNJR, @MC NMD RSTCDMS B@QQHDR NMD ANNJ. 5GD
MTLADQR NE ANNJR (SGQDD, ENTQ, SVN, @MC NMD) @QD SGD PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD C@S@.
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 15
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1.5 5GD C@S@ @QD SGD MTLADQ NE L@BGHMDR HM @ FXL. :NT R@LOKD EHUD FXLR. 0MD FXL G@R 12 L@BGHMDR, NMD FXL G@R
15 L@BGHMDR, NMD FXL G@R SDM L@BGHMDR, NMD FXL G@R 22 L@BGHMDR, @MC SGD NSGDQ FXL G@R 20 L@BGHMDR. 8G@S SXOD NE
C@S@ HR SGHR
$T=ILHA 1.6 #=P= 2=ILHA KB 0Q=JPEP=PERA "KJPEJQKQO #=P=
5GD C@S@ @QD SGD VDHFGSR NE A@BJO@BJR VHSG ANNJR HM SGDL. :NT R@LOKD SGD R@LD EHUD RSTCDMSR. 5GD VDHFGSR (HM
ONTMCR) NE SGDHQ A@BJO@BJR @QD 6.2, 7, 6.8, 9.1, 4.3. /NSHBD SG@S A@BJO@BJR B@QQXHMF SGQDD ANNJR B@M G@UD CHEEDQDMS
VDHFGSR. 8DHFGSR @QD PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR C@S@ ADB@TRD VDHFGSR @QD LD@RTQDC.
1.6 5GD C@S@ @QD SGD @QD@R NE K@VMR HM RPT@QD EDDS. :NT R@LOKD EHUD GNTRDR. 5GD @QD@R NE SGD X@QCR @QD 144 RP. EDDS, 160
RP. EDDS, 190 RP. EDDS, 180 RP. EDDS, @MC 210 RP. EDDS. 8G@S SXOD NE C@S@ HR SGHR
$T=ILHA 1.7
:NT FN SN SGD RTODQL@QJDS @MC OTQBG@RD SGQDD B@MR NE RNTO (19 NTMBDR SNL@SN AHRPTD, 14.1 NTMBDR KDMSHK, @MC 19
NTMBDR *S@KH@M VDCCHMF), SVN O@BJ@FDR NE MTSR (V@KMTSR @MC OD@MTSR), ENTQ CHEEDQDMS JHMCR NE UDFDS@AKD (AQNBBNKH,
B@TKHEKNVDQ, ROHM@BG, @MC B@QQNSR), @MC SVN CDRRDQSR (16 NTMBDR $GDQQX (@QBH@ HBD BQD@L @MC SVN ONTMCR (32
NTMBDR BGNBNK@SD BGHO BNNJHDR).
/@LD C@S@ RDSR SG@S @QD PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD, PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR, @MC PT@KHS@SHUD.
1IFONCIH 1.7
0MD 1NRRHAKD 4NKTSHNM:
c 5GD SGQDD B@MR NE RNTO, SVN O@BJ@FDR NE MTSR, ENTQ JHMCR NE UDFDS@AKDR @MC SVN CDRRDQSR @QD PT@MSHS@SHUD
CHRBQDSD C@S@ ADB@TRD XNT BNTMS SGDL.
c 5GD VDHFGSR NE SGD RNTOR (19 NTMBDR, 14.1 NTMBDR, 19 NTMBDR) @QD PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR C@S@ ADB@TRD XNT
LD@RTQD VDHFGSR @R OQDBHRDKX @R ONRRHAKD.
c 5XODR NE RNTOR, MTSR, UDFDS@AKDR @MC CDRRDQSR @QD PT@KHS@SHUD C@S@ ADB@TRD SGDX @QD B@SDFNQHB@K.
5QX SN HCDMSHEX @CCHSHNM@K C@S@ RDSR HM SGHR DW@LOKD.
$T=ILHA 1.8
5GD C@S@ @QD SGD BNKNQR NE A@BJO@BJR. "F@HM, XNT R@LOKD SGD R@LD EHUD RSTCDMSR. 0MD RSTCDMS G@R @ QDC A@BJO@BJ,
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BNKNQR QDC, AK@BJ, AK@BJ, FQDDM, @MC FQ@X @QD PT@KHS@SHUD C@S@.
1.8 5GD C@S@ @QD SGD BNKNQR NE GNTRDR. :NT R@LOKD EHUD GNTRDR. 5GD BNKNQR NE SGD GNTRDR @QD VGHSD, XDKKNV, VGHSD, QDC,
@MC VGHSD. 8G@S SXOD NE C@S@ HR SGHR
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:NT L@X BNKKDBS C@S@ @R MTLADQR @MC QDONQS HS B@SDFNQHB@KKX. 'NQ DW@LOKD, SGD PTHY RBNQDR ENQ D@BG RSTCDMS @QD QDBNQCDC
SGQNTFGNTS SGD SDQL. "S SGD DMC NE SGD SDQL, SGD PTHY RBNQDR @QD QDONQSDC @R ", #, $, %, NQ '.
$T=ILHA 1.9
8NQJ BNKK@ANQ@SHUDKX SN CDSDQLHMD SGD BNQQDBS C@S@ SXOD (PT@MSHS@SHUD NQ PT@KHS@SHUD). *MCHB@SD VGDSGDQ PT@MSHS@SHUD
C@S@ @QD BNMSHMTNTR NQ CHRBQDSD. )HMS: %@S@ SG@S @QD CHRBQDSD NESDM RS@QS VHSG SGD VNQCR "SGD MTLADQ NE."
=. SGD MTLADQ NE O@HQR NE RGNDR XNT NVM
>. SGD SXOD NE B@Q XNT CQHUD
?. VGDQD XNT FN NM U@B@SHNM
@. SGD CHRS@MBD HS HR EQNL XNTQ GNLD SN SGD MD@QDRS FQNBDQX RSNQD
A. SGD MTLADQ NE BK@RRDR XNT S@JD ODQ RBGNNK XD@Q.
B. SGD STHSHNM ENQ XNTQ BK@RRDR
C. SGD SXOD NE B@KBTK@SNQ XNT TRD
D. LNUHD Q@SHMFR
E. ONKHSHB@K O@QSX OQDEDQDMBDR
F. VDHFGSR NE RTLN VQDRSKDQR
G. @LNTMS NE LNMDX (HM CNKK@QR) VNM OK@XHMF ONJDQ
H. MTLADQ NE BNQQDBS @MRVDQR NM @ PTHY
I. ODNOKDRn @SSHSTCDR SNV@QC SGD FNUDQMLDMS
J. *2 RBNQDR (5GHR L@X B@TRD RNLD CHRBTRRHNM.)
1IFONCIH 1.9
(PAIO =, A, B, G, =J@ H =NA MQ=JPEP=PERA @EO?NAPA; EPAIO @, F, =J@ J =NA MQ=JPEP=PERA ?KJPEJQKQO; EPAIO >, ?,
C, D, E, =J@ I =NA MQ=HEP=PERA.
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1.9 %DSDQLHMD SGD BNQQDBS C@S@ SXOD (PT@MSHS@SHUD NQ PT@KHS@SHUD) ENQ SGD MTLADQ NE B@QR HM @ O@QJHMF KNS. *MCHB@SD
VGDSGDQ PT@MSHS@SHUD C@S@ @QD BNMSHMTNTR NQ CHRBQDSD.
$T=ILHA 1.10
" RS@SHRSHBR OQNEDRRNQ BNKKDBSR HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS SGD BK@RRHEHB@SHNM NE GDQ RSTCDMSR @R EQDRGLDM, RNOGNLNQDR,
ITMHNQR, NQ RDMHNQR. 5GD C@S@ RGD BNKKDBSR @QD RTLL@QHYDC HM SGD OHD BG@QS $CAOL? 1.2. 8G@S SXOD NE C@S@ CNDR SGHR
FQ@OG RGNV
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1IFONCIH 1.10
3DEO LEA ?D=NP ODKSO PDA OPQ@AJPO EJ A=?D UA=N, SDE?D EO KO;FCN;NCP? >;N;.
1.10 5GD QDFHRSQ@Q @S 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX JDDOR QDBNQCR NE SGD MTLADQ NE BQDCHS GNTQR RSTCDMSR BNLOKDSD D@BG RDLDRSDQ.
5GD C@S@ GD BNKKDBSR @QD RTLL@QHYDC HM SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 5GD BK@RR ANTMC@QHDR @QD 13 SN KDRR SG@M 16, 16 SN KDRR SG@M 19,
19 SN KDRR SG@M 22, @MC 22 SN KDRR SG@M 25.
18 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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$CAOL? 1.4
8G@S SXOD NE C@S@ CNDR SGHR FQ@OG RGNV
/O;FCN;NCP? ";N; "CM=OMMCIH
#DKNV @QD S@AKDR BNLO@QHMF SGD MTLADQ NE O@QS-SHLD @MC ETKK-SHLD RSTCDMSR @S %D "MY@ $NKKDFD @MC 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD
DMQNKKDC ENQ SGD ROQHMF 2010 PT@QSDQ. 5GD S@AKDR CHROK@X BNTMSR (EQDPTDMBHDR) @MC ODQBDMS@FDR NQ OQNONQSHNMR (QDK@SHUD
EQDPTDMBHDR). 5GD ODQBDMS BNKTLMR L@JD BNLO@QHMF SGD R@LD B@SDFNQHDR HM SGD BNKKDFDR D@RHDQ. %HROK@XHMF ODQBDMS@FDR @KNMF
VHSG SGD MTLADQR HR NESDM GDKOETK, ATS HS HR O@QSHBTK@QKX HLONQS@MS VGDM BNLO@QHMF RDSR NE C@S@ SG@S CN MNS G@UD SGD R@LD
SNS@KR, RTBG @R SGD SNS@K DMQNKKLDMSR ENQ ANSG BNKKDFDR HM SGHR DW@LOKD. /NSHBD GNV LTBG K@QFDQ SGD ODQBDMS@FD ENQ O@QS-SHLD
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"? AHT; !IFF?A? $IINBCFF !IFF?A?
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%QHH-PEIA 9,200 40.9% %QHH-PEIA 4,059 28.6%
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C@S@. 5GDQD @QD MN RSQHBS QTKDR BNMBDQMHMF VGHBG FQ@OGR SN TRD. 5VN FQ@OGR SG@S @QD TRDC SN CHROK@X PT@KHS@SHUD C@S@ @QD OHD
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*M @ E>: 8=6GI, B@SDFNQHDR NE C@S@ @QD QDOQDRDMSDC AX VDCFDR HM @ BHQBKD @MC @QD OQNONQSHNM@K HM RHYD SN SGD ODQBDMS NE
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*M @ 76G <G6E=, SGD KDMFSG NE SGD A@Q ENQ D@BG B@SDFNQX HR OQNONQSHNM@K SN SGD MTLADQ NQ ODQBDMS NE HMCHUHCT@KR HM D@BG
B@SDFNQX. #@QR L@X AD UDQSHB@K NQ GNQHYNMS@K.
" -6G:ID 8=6GI BNMRHRSR NE A@QR SG@S @QD RNQSDC HMSN NQCDQ AX B@SDFNQX RHYD (K@QFDRS SN RL@KKDRS).
-NNJ @S $CAOL? 1.5 @MC $CAOL? 1.6 @MC CDSDQLHMD VGHBG FQ@OG (OHD NQ A@Q) XNT SGHMJ CHROK@XR SGD BNLO@QHRNMR ADSSDQ.
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*S HR @ FNNC HCD@ SN KNNJ @S @ U@QHDSX NE FQ@OGR SN RDD VGHBG HR SGD LNRS GDKOETK HM CHROK@XHMF SGD C@S@. 8D LHFGS L@JD
CHEEDQDMS BGNHBDR NE VG@S VD SGHMJ HR SGD oADRSp FQ@OG CDODMCHMF NM SGD C@S@ @MC SGD BNMSDWS. 0TQ BGNHBD @KRN CDODMCR NM
VG@S VD @QD TRHMF SGD C@S@ ENQ.
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4NLDSHLDR ODQBDMS@FDR @CC TO SN AD LNQD SG@M 100% (NQ KDRR SG@M 100%). *M SGD FQ@OG, SGD ODQBDMS@FDR @CC SN LNQD SG@M
100% ADB@TRD RSTCDMSR B@M AD HM LNQD SG@M NMD B@SDFNQX. " A@Q FQ@OG HR @OOQNOQH@SD SN BNLO@QD SGD QDK@SHUD RHYD NE SGD
B@SDFNQHDR. " OHD BG@QS B@MMNS AD TRDC. *S @KRN BNTKC MNS AD TRDC HE SGD ODQBDMS@FDR @CCDC SN KDRR SG@M 100%.
!B;L;=N?LCMNC=/!;N?AILS .?L=?HN
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2;<F? 1.3 "? AHT; !IFF?A? 1JLCHA 2010
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!B;L;=N?LCMNC=/!;N?AILS .?L=?HN
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3.3+ 150.5%
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CHC MNS EDDK SGDX EHS HMSN @MX NE SGD DSGMHBHSX B@SDFNQHDR NQ CDBKHMDC SN QDRONMC. /NSHBD SG@S SGD EQDPTDMBHDR CN MNS @CC TO SN
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$L?KO?H=S .?L=?HN
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'EOL=JE? 4,180 17.1%
-=PERA IANE?=J 146 0.6%
/=?EBE? (OH=J@AN 236 1.0%
6DEPA 5,978 24.5%
3.3+ 22,044 KQP KB 24,382 90.4% KQP KB 100%
2;<F? 1.4 #NBHC=CNS I@ 1NO>?HNM ;N "? AHT; !IFF?A? $;FF 2?LG 2007
(!?HMOM ";S)
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$CAOL? 1.8
5GD ENKKNVHMF FQ@OG HR SGD R@LD @R SGD OQDUHNTR FQ@OG ATS SGD o0SGDQ/6MJMNVMp ODQBDMS (9.6%) G@R ADDM HMBKTCDC.
5GD o0SGDQ/6MJMNVMp B@SDFNQX HR K@QFD BNLO@QDC SN RNLD NE SGD NSGDQ B@SDFNQHDR (/@SHUD "LDQHB@M, 0.6%, 1@BHEHB *RK@MCDQ
1.0%). 5GHR HR HLONQS@MS SN JMNV VGDM VD SGHMJ @ANTS VG@S SGD C@S@ @QD SDKKHMF TR.
5GHR O@QSHBTK@Q A@Q FQ@OG HM $CAOL? 1.9 B@M AD CHEEHBTKS SN TMCDQRS@MC UHRT@KKX. 5GD FQ@OG HM $CAOL? 1.10 HR @ 1@QDSN
BG@QS. 5GD 1@QDSN BG@QS G@R SGD A@QR RNQSDC EQNL K@QFDRS SN RL@KKDRS @MC HR D@RHDQ SN QD@C @MC HMSDQOQDS.
$CAOL? 1.9 ;L %L;JB QCNB -NB?L/3HEHIQH !;N?AILS
$CAOL? 1.10 .;L?NI !B;LN 5CNB ;LM 1ILN?> <S 1CT?
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5GD ENKKNVHMF OHD BG@QSR G@UD SGD o0SGDQ/6MJMNVMp B@SDFNQX HMBKTCDC (RHMBD SGD ODQBDMS@FDR LTRS @CC SN 100%). 5GD
BG@QS HM $CAOL? 1.11< HR NQF@MHYDC AX SGD RHYD NE D@BG VDCFD, VGHBG L@JDR HS @ LNQD UHRT@KKX HMENQL@SHUD FQ@OG SG@M SGD
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(@SGDQHMF HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS @M DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM NESDM BNRSR SNN LTBG NQ HR UHQST@KKX HLONRRHAKD. *MRSD@C, VD TRD @ R@LOKD
NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM. A H6BEA: H=DJA9 =6K: I=: H6B: 8=6G68I:G>HI>8H 6H I=: EDEJA6I>DC >I >H G:EG:H:CI>C<. .NRS RS@SHRSHBH@MR
TRD U@QHNTR LDSGNCR NE Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF HM @M @SSDLOS SN @BGHDUD SGHR FN@K. 5GHR RDBSHNM VHKK CDRBQHAD @ EDV NE SGD LNRS
BNLLNM LDSGNCR. 5GDQD @QD RDUDQ@K CHEEDQDMS LDSGNCR NE G6C9DB H6BEA>C<. *M D@BG ENQL NE Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF, D@BG
LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM HMHSH@KKX G@R @M DPT@K BG@MBD NE ADHMF RDKDBSDC ENQ SGD R@LOKD. &@BG LDSGNC G@R OQNR @MC BNMR. 5GD
D@RHDRS LDSGNC SN CDRBQHAD HR B@KKDC @ H>BEA: G6C9DB H6BEA:. "MX FQNTO NE D HMCHUHCT@KR HR DPT@KKX KHJDKX SN AD BGNRDM AX
@MX NSGDQ FQNTO NE D HMCHUHCT@KR HE SGD RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF SDBGMHPTD HR TRDC. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, D@BG R@LOKD NE SGD R@LD
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B@KBTK@SNQ. 5GD MTLADQR FDMDQ@SDC @QD @R ENKKNVR:
0.94360; 0.99832; 0.14669; 0.51470; 0.40581; 0.73381; 0.04399
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36, 60). &@BG Q@MCNL MTLADQ L@X NMKX BNMSQHATSD NMD BK@RR LDLADQ. *E RGD MDDCDC SN, -HR@ BNTKC G@UD FDMDQ@SDC LNQD
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MTLADQ, 0.14669, BNMS@HMR 14 (SGD ENTQSG Q@MCNL MTLADQ @KRN BNMS@HMR 14), SGD EHESG Q@MCNL MTLADQ BNMS@HMR 05, @MC SGD
RDUDMSG Q@MCNL MTLADQ BNMS@HMR 04. 5GD SVN-CHFHS MTLADQ 14 BNQQDRONMCR SN .@BHDQY, 05 BNQQDRONMCR SN $TMHMFG@L, @MC
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c 1QDRR 5:Q@MC*MS(. &MSDQ 0, 30).
c 1QDRR &/5&3 ENQ SGD EHQRS Q@MCNL MTLADQ.
c 1QDRR &/5&3 SVN LNQD SHLDR ENQ SGD NSGDQ 2 Q@MCNL MTLADQR. *E SGDQD HR @ QDOD@S OQDRR &/5&3 @F@HM.
/NSD: Q@MC*MS(0, 30, 3) VHKK FDMDQ@SD 3 Q@MCNL MTLADQR.
$CAOL? 1.12
#DRHCDR RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF, SGDQD @QD NSGDQ ENQLR NE R@LOKHMF SG@S HMUNKUD @ BG@MBD OQNBDRR ENQ FDSSHMF
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24 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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OHBJDC EQNL SGD EHQRS CDO@QSLDMS, OHBJDC EQNL SGD RDBNMC CDO@QSLDMS, @MC RN NM QDOQDRDMS SGD LDLADQR VGN L@JD TO SGD
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5N BGNNRD @ 8AJHI:G H6BEA:, CHUHCD SGD ONOTK@SHNM HMSN BKTRSDQR (FQNTOR) @MC SGDM Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS RNLD NE SGD BKTRSDQR.
"KK SGD LDLADQR EQNL SGDRD BKTRSDQR @QD HM SGD BKTRSDQ R@LOKD. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE XNT Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD ENTQ CDO@QSLDMSR
EQNL XNTQ BNKKDFD ONOTK@SHNM, SGD ENTQ CDO@QSLDMSR L@JD TO SGD BKTRSDQ R@LOKD. %HUHCD XNTQ BNKKDFD E@BTKSX AX CDO@QSLDMS.
5GD CDO@QSLDMSR @QD SGD BKTRSDQR. /TLADQ D@BG CDO@QSLDMS, @MC SGDM BGNNRD ENTQ CHEEDQDMS MTLADQR TRHMF RHLOKD Q@MCNL
R@LOKHMF. "KK LDLADQR NE SGD ENTQ CDO@QSLDMSR VHSG SGNRD MTLADQR @QD SGD BKTRSDQ R@LOKD.
5N BGNNRD @ HNHI:B6I>8 H6BEA:, Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS @ RS@QSHMF ONHMS @MC S@JD DUDQX D
SG
OHDBD NE C@S@ EQNL @ KHRSHMF NE SGD
ONOTK@SHNM. 'NQ DW@LOKD, RTOONRD XNT G@UD SN CN @ OGNMD RTQUDX. :NTQ OGNMD ANNJ BNMS@HMR 20,000 QDRHCDMBD KHRSHMFR. :NT
LTRS BGNNRD 400 M@LDR ENQ SGD R@LOKD. /TLADQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM 1k20,000 @MC SGDM TRD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD SN OHBJ @
MTLADQ SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD EHQRS M@LD HM SGD R@LOKD. 5GDM BGNNRD DUDQX EHESHDSG M@LD SGDQD@ESDQ TMSHK XNT G@UD @ SNS@K NE 400
M@LDR (XNT LHFGS G@UD SN FN A@BJ SN SGD ADFHMMHMF NE XNTQ OGNMD KHRS). 4XRSDL@SHB R@LOKHMF HR EQDPTDMSKX BGNRDM ADB@TRD
HS HR @ RHLOKD LDSGNC.
" SXOD NE R@LOKHMF SG@S HR MNM-Q@MCNLHR BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF. DCK:C>:C8: H6BEA>C< HMUNKUDR TRHMF QDRTKSR SG@S @QD
QD@CHKX @U@HK@AKD. 'NQ DW@LOKD, @ BNLOTSDQ RNESV@QD RSNQD BNMCTBSR @ L@QJDSHMF RSTCX AX HMSDQUHDVHMF ONSDMSH@K BTRSNLDQR
VGN G@OODM SN AD HM SGD RSNQD AQNVRHMF SGQNTFG SGD @U@HK@AKD RNESV@QD. 5GD QDRTKSR NE BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF L@X AD UDQX
FNNC HM RNLD B@RDR @MC GHFGKX AH@RDC (E@UNQ BDQS@HM NTSBNLDR) HM NSGDQR.
4@LOKHMF C@S@ RGNTKC AD CNMD UDQX B@QDETKKX. $NKKDBSHMF C@S@ B@QDKDRRKX B@M G@UD CDU@RS@SHMF QDRTKSR. 4TQUDXR L@HKDC
SN GNTRDGNKCR @MC SGDM QDSTQMDC L@X AD UDQX AH@RDC (SGDX L@X E@UNQ @ BDQS@HM FQNTO). *S HR ADSSDQ ENQ SGD ODQRNM BNMCTBSHMF
SGD RTQUDX SN RDKDBS SGD R@LOKD QDRONMCDMSR.
5QTD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF HR CNMD L>I= G:EA68:B:CI. 5G@S HR, NMBD @ LDLADQ HR OHBJDC, SG@S LDLADQ FNDR A@BJ HMSN
SGD ONOTK@SHNM @MC SGTR L@X AD BGNRDM LNQD SG@M NMBD. )NVDUDQ ENQ OQ@BSHB@K QD@RNMR, HM LNRS ONOTK@SHNMR, RHLOKD
Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF HR CNMD L>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI. 4TQUDXR @QD SXOHB@KKX CNMD VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS. 5G@S HR, @ LDLADQ NE SGD
ONOTK@SHNM L@X AD BGNRDM NMKX NMBD. .NRS R@LOKDR @QD S@JDM EQNL K@QFD ONOTK@SHNMR @MC SGD R@LOKD SDMCR SN AD RL@KK HM
BNLO@QHRNM SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 4HMBD SGHR HR SGD B@RD, R@LOKHMF VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD @R R@LOKHMF
VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS ADB@TRD SGD BG@MBD NE OHBJHMF SGD R@LD HMCHUHCT@K LNQD SG@M NMBD VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS HR UDQX KNV.
*M @ BNKKDFD ONOTK@SHNM NE 10,000 ODNOKD, RTOONRD XNT V@MS SN OHBJ @ R@LOKD NE 1,000 Q@MCNLKX ENQ @ RTQUDX. #DG 6CN
E6GI>8JA6G H6BEA: D; 1,000, HE XNT @QD R@LOKHMF L>I= G:EA68:B:CI,
c SGD BG@MBD NE OHBJHMF SGD EHQRS ODQRNM HR 1,000 NTS NE 10,000 (0.1000);
c SGD BG@MBD NE OHBJHMF @ CHEEDQDMS RDBNMC ODQRNM ENQ SGHR R@LOKD HR 999 NTS NE 10,000 (0.0999);
c SGD BG@MBD NE OHBJHMF SGD R@LD ODQRNM @F@HM HR 1 NTS NE 10,000 (UDQX KNV).
*E XNT @QD R@LOKHMF L>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI,
c SGD BG@MBD NE OHBJHMF SGD EHQRS ODQRNM ENQ @MX O@QSHBTK@Q R@LOKD HR 1000 NTS NE 10,000 (0.1000);
c SGD BG@MBD NE OHBJHMF @ CHEEDQDMS RDBNMC ODQRNM HR 999 NTS NE 9,999 (0.0999);
c XNT CN MNS QDOK@BD SGD EHQRS ODQRNM ADENQD OHBJHMF SGD MDWS ODQRNM.
$NLO@QD SGD EQ@BSHNMR 999/10,000 @MC 999/9,999. 'NQ @BBTQ@BX, B@QQX SGD CDBHL@K @MRVDQR SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR. 5N
ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR, SGDRD MTLADQR @QD DPTHU@KDMS (0.0999).
4@LOKHMF VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS HMRSD@C NE R@LOKHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS ADBNLDR @ L@SGDL@SHB@K HRRTD NMKX VGDM SGD
ONOTK@SHNM HR RL@KK. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR 25 ODNOKD, SGD R@LOKD HR SDM, @MC XNT @QD R@LOKHMF L>I= G:EA68:B:CI
;DG 6CN E6GI>8JA6G H6BEA:, SGDM SGD BG@MBD NE OHBJHMF SGD EHQRS ODQRNM HR SDM NTS NE 25, @MC SGD BG@MBD NE OHBJHMF @ CHEEDQDMS
RDBNMC ODQRNM HR MHMD NTS NE 25 (XNT QDOK@BD SGD EHQRS ODQRNM).
*E XNT R@LOKD L>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI, SGDM SGD BG@MBD NE OHBJHMF SGD EHQRS ODQRNM HR SDM NTS NE 25, @MC SGDM SGD BG@MBD
NE OHBJHMF SGD RDBNMC ODQRNM (VGN HR CHEEDQDMS) HR MHMD NTS NE 24 (XNT CN MNS QDOK@BD SGD EHQRS ODQRNM).
$NLO@QD SGD EQ@BSHNMR 9/25 @MC 9/24. 5N ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR, 9/25 = 0.3600 @MC 9/24 = 0.3750. 5N ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR,
SGDRD MTLADQR @QD MNS DPTHU@KDMS.
8GDM XNT @M@KXYD C@S@, HS HR HLONQS@MS SN AD @V@QD NE H6BEA>C< :GGDGH @MC MNMR@LOKHMF DQQNQR. 5GD @BST@K OQNBDRR
NE R@LOKHMF B@TRDR R@LOKHMF DQQNQR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, SGD R@LOKD L@X MNS AD K@QFD DMNTFG. '@BSNQR MNS QDK@SDC SN SGD R@LOKHMF
OQNBDRR B@TRD CDCH6BEA>C< :GGDGH. " CDEDBSHUD BNTMSHMF CDUHBD B@M B@TRD @ MNMR@LOKHMF DQQNQ.
*M QD@KHSX, @ R@LOKD VHKK MDUDQ AD DW@BSKX QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM RN SGDQD VHKK @KV@XR AD RNLD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ.
"R @ QTKD, SGD K@QFDQ SGD R@LOKD, SGD RL@KKDQ SGD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ.
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 25
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*M RS@SHRSHBR, 6 H6BEA>C< 7>6H HR BQD@SDC VGDM @ R@LOKD HR BNKKDBSDC EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM @MC RNLD LDLADQR NE SGD
ONOTK@SHNM @QD MNS @R KHJDKX SN AD BGNRDM @R NSGDQR (QDLDLADQ, D@BG LDLADQ NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM RGNTKC G@UD @M DPT@KKX KHJDKX
BG@MBD NE ADHMF BGNRDM). 8GDM @ R@LOKHMF AH@R G@OODMR, SGDQD B@M AD HMBNQQDBS BNMBKTRHNMR CQ@VM @ANTS SGD ONOTK@SHNM SG@S
HR ADHMF RSTCHDC.
$T=ILHA 1.11
" RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @UDQ@FD STHSHNM SG@S 4@M +NRD 4S@SD TMCDQFQ@CT@SD RSTCDMSR O@X ODQ RDLDRSDQ.
&@BG RSTCDMS HM SGD ENKKNVHMF R@LOKDR HR @RJDC GNV LTBG STHSHNM GD NQ RGD O@HC ENQ SGD E@KK RDLDRSDQ. 8G@S HR SGD
SXOD NE R@LOKHMF HM D@BG B@RD
=. " R@LOKD NE 100 TMCDQFQ@CT@SD 4@M +NRD 4S@SD RSTCDMSR HR S@JDM AX NQF@MHYHMF SGD RSTCDMSRn M@LDR AX
BK@RRHEHB@SHNM (EQDRGL@M, RNOGNLNQD, ITMHNQ, NQ RDMHNQ), @MC SGDM RDKDBSHMF 25 RSTCDMSR EQNL D@BG.
>. " Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ HR TRDC SN RDKDBS @ RSTCDMS EQNL SGD @KOG@ADSHB@K KHRSHMF NE @KK TMCDQFQ@CT@SD
RSTCDMSR HM SGD '@KK RDLDRSDQ. 4S@QSHMF VHSG SG@S RSTCDMS, DUDQX 50SG RSTCDMS HR BGNRDM TMSHK 75 RSTCDMSR @QD
HMBKTCDC HM SGD R@LOKD.
?. " BNLOKDSDKX Q@MCNL LDSGNC HR TRDC SN RDKDBS 75 RSTCDMSR. &@BG TMCDQFQ@CT@SD RSTCDMS HM SGD E@KK RDLDRSDQ
G@R SGD R@LD OQNA@AHKHSX NE ADHMF BGNRDM @S @MX RS@FD NE SGD R@LOKHMF OQNBDRR.
@. 5GD EQDRGL@M, RNOGNLNQD, ITMHNQ, @MC RDMHNQ XD@QR @QD MTLADQDC NMD, SVN, SGQDD, @MC ENTQ, QDRODBSHUDKX.
" Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ HR TRDC SN OHBJ SVN NE SGNRD XD@QR. "KK RSTCDMSR HM SGNRD SVN XD@QR @QD HM SGD
R@LOKD.
A. "M @CLHMHRSQ@SHUD @RRHRS@MS HR @RJDC SN RS@MC HM EQNMS NE SGD KHAQ@QX NMD 8DCMDRC@X @MC SN @RJ SGD EHQRS 100
TMCDQFQ@CT@SD RSTCDMSR GD DMBNTMSDQR VG@S SGDX O@HC ENQ STHSHNM SGD '@KK RDLDRSDQ. 5GNRD 100 RSTCDMSR @QD
SGD R@LOKD.
1IFONCIH 1.11
=. OPN=PEBEA@; >. OUOPAI=PE?; ?. OEILHA N=J@KI; @. ?HQOPAN; A. ?KJRAJEAJ?A
26 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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1.11
:NT @QD FNHMF SN TRD SGD Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN FDMDQ@SD CHEEDQDMS SXODR NE R@LOKDR EQNL SGD C@S@.
5GHR S@AKD CHROK@XR RHW RDSR NE PTHY RBNQDR (D@BG PTHY BNTMSR 10 ONHMSR) ENQ @M DKDLDMS@QX RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR.
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
5 7 10 9 8 3
10 5 9 8 7 6
9 10 8 6 7 9
9 10 10 9 8 9
7 8 9 5 7 4
9 9 9 10 8 7
7 7 10 9 8 8
8 8 9 10 8 8
9 7 8 7 7 8
8 8 10 9 8 7
2;<F? 1.6
*MRSQTBSHNMR: 6RD SGD 3@MCNL /TLADQ (DMDQ@SNQ SN OHBJ R@LOKDR.
1. $QD@SD @ RSQ@SHEHDC R@LOKD AX BNKTLM. 1HBJ SGQDD PTHY RBNQDR Q@MCNLKX EQNL D@BG BNKTLM.
i /TLADQ D@BG QNV NMD SGQNTFG SDM.
i 0M XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ, OQDRR .@SG @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN 13#.
i 'NQ BNKTLM 1, 1QDRR 5:Q@MC*MS( @MC DMSDQ 1,10). 1QDRR &/5&3. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ. 1QDRR &/5&3 2 LNQD
SHLDR (DUDM SGD QDOD@SR). 3DBNQC SGDRD MTLADQR. 3DBNQC SGD SGQDD PTHY RBNQDR HM BNKTLM NMD SG@S BNQQDRONMC
SN SGDRD SGQDD MTLADQR.
i 3DOD@S ENQ BNKTLMR SVN SGQNTFG RHW.
i 5GDRD 18 PTHY RBNQDR @QD @ RSQ@SHEHDC R@LOKD.
2. $QD@SD @ BKTRSDQ R@LOKD AX OHBJHMF SVN NE SGD BNKTLMR. 6RD SGD BNKTLM MTLADQR: NMD SGQNTFG RHW.
i 1QDRR ."5) @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN 13#.
i 1QDRR 5:Q@MC*MS( @MC DMSDQ 1,6). 1QDRR &/5&3. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ. 1QDRR &/5&3 @MC QDBNQC SG@S MTLADQ.
i 5GD SVN MTLADQR @QD ENQ SVN NE SGD BNKTLMR.
i 5GD PTHY RBNQDR (20 NE SGDL) HM SGDRD 2 BNKTLMR @QD SGD BKTRSDQ R@LOKD.
3. $QD@SD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 15 PTHY RBNQDR.
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 27
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i 6RD SGD MTLADQHMF NMD SGQNTFG 60.
i 1QDRR ."5). "QQNV NUDQ SN 13#. 1QDRR 5:Q@MC*MS( @MC DMSDQ 1, 60).
i 1QDRR &/5&3 15 SHLDR @MC QDBNQC SGD MTLADQR.
i 3DBNQC SGD PTHY RBNQDR SG@S BNQQDRONMC SN SGDRD MTLADQR.
i 5GDRD 15 PTHY RBNQDR @QD SGD RXRSDL@SHB R@LOKD.
4. $QD@SD @ RXRSDL@SHB R@LOKD NE 12 PTHY RBNQDR.
i 6RD SGD MTLADQHMF NMD SGQNTFG 60.
i 1QDRR ."5). "QQNV NUDQ SN 13#. 1QDRR 5:Q@MC*MS( @MC DMSDQ 1, 60).
i 1QDRR &/5&3. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ @MC SGD EHQRS PTHY RBNQD. 'QNL SG@S MTLADQ, BNTMS SDM PTHY RBNQDR @MC
QDBNQC SG@S PTHY RBNQD. ,DDO BNTMSHMF SDM PTHY RBNQDR @MC QDBNQCHMF SGD PTHY RBNQD TMSHK XNT G@UD @ R@LOKD
NE 12 PTHY RBNQDR. :NT L@X VQ@O @QNTMC (FN A@BJ SN SGD ADFHMMHMF).
$T=ILHA 1.12
%DSDQLHMD SGD SXOD NE R@LOKHMF TRDC (RHLOKD Q@MCNL, RSQ@SHEHDC, RXRSDL@SHB, BKTRSDQ, NQ BNMUDMHDMBD).
=. " RNBBDQ BN@BG RDKDBSR RHW OK@XDQR EQNL @ FQNTO NE ANXR @FDC DHFGS SN SDM, RDUDM OK@XDQR EQNL @ FQNTO NE
ANXR @FDC 11 SN 12, @MC SGQDD OK@XDQR EQNL @ FQNTO NE ANXR @FDC 13 SN 14 SN ENQL @ QDBQD@SHNM@K RNBBDQ SD@L.
>. " ONKKRSDQ HMSDQUHDVR @KK GTL@M QDRNTQBD ODQRNMMDK HM EHUD CHEEDQDMS GHFG SDBG BNLO@MHDR.
?. " GHFG RBGNNK DCTB@SHNM@K QDRD@QBGDQ HMSDQUHDVR 50 GHFG RBGNNK EDL@KD SD@BGDQR @MC 50 GHFG RBGNNK L@KD
SD@BGDQR.
@. " LDCHB@K QDRD@QBGDQ HMSDQUHDVR DUDQX SGHQC B@MBDQ O@SHDMS EQNL @ KHRS NE B@MBDQ O@SHDMSR @S @ KNB@K GNROHS@K.
A. " GHFG RBGNNK BNTMRDKNQ TRDR @ BNLOTSDQ SN FDMDQ@SD 50 Q@MCNL MTLADQR @MC SGDM OHBJR RSTCDMSR VGNRD
M@LDR BNQQDRONMC SN SGD MTLADQR.
B. " RSTCDMS HMSDQUHDVR BK@RRL@SDR HM GHR @KFDAQ@ BK@RR SN CDSDQLHMD GNV L@MX O@HQR NE ID@MR @ RSTCDMS NVMR,
NM SGD @UDQ@FD.
1IFONCIH 1.12
=. OPN=PEBEA@; >. ?HQOPAN; ?. OPN=PEBEA@; @. OUOPAI=PE?; A. OEILHA N=J@KI; B.?KJRAJEAJ?A
1.12 %DSDQLHMD SGD SXOD NE R@LOKHMF TRDC (RHLOKD Q@MCNL, RSQ@SHEHDC, RXRSDL@SHB, BKTRSDQ, NQ BNMUDMHDMBD).
" GHFG RBGNNK OQHMBHO@K ONKKR 50 EQDRGLDM, 50 RNOGNLNQDR, 50 ITMHNQR, @MC 50 RDMHNQR QDF@QCHMF ONKHBX BG@MFDR ENQ
@ESDQ RBGNNK @BSHUHSHDR.
*E VD VDQD SN DW@LHMD SVN R@LOKDR QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD R@LD ONOTK@SHNM, DUDM HE VD TRDC Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF LDSGNCR ENQ
SGD R@LOKDR, SGDX VNTKC MNS AD DW@BSKX SGD R@LD. +TRS @R SGDQD HR U@QH@SHNM HM C@S@, SGDQD HR U@QH@SHNM HM R@LOKDR. "R XNT
ADBNLD @BBTRSNLDC SN R@LOKHMF, SGD U@QH@AHKHSX VHKK ADFHM SN RDDL M@STQ@K.
$T=ILHA 1.13
4TOONRD "#$ $NKKDFD G@R 10,000 O@QS-SHLD RSTCDMSR (SGD ONOTK@SHNM). 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD @UDQ@FD @LNTMS NE
LNMDX @ O@QS-SHLD RSTCDMS RODMCR NM ANNJR HM SGD E@KK SDQL. "RJHMF @KK 10,000 RSTCDMSR HR @M @KLNRS HLONRRHAKD
S@RJ.
4TOONRD VD S@JD SVN CHEEDQDMS R@LOKDR.
'HQRS, VD TRD BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF @MC RTQUDX SDM RSTCDMSR EQNL @ EHQRS SDQL NQF@MHB BGDLHRSQX BK@RR. .@MX
NE SGDRD RSTCDMSR @QD S@JHMF EHQRS SDQL B@KBTKTR HM @CCHSHNM SN SGD NQF@MHB BGDLHRSQX BK@RR. 5GD @LNTMS NE LNMDX
SGDX RODMC NM ANNJR HR @R ENKKNVR:
$128; $87; $173; $116; $130; $204; $147; $189; $93; $153
5GD RDBNMC R@LOKD HR S@JDM TRHMF @ KHRS NE RDMHNQ BHSHYDMR VGN S@JD 1.&. BK@RRDR @MC S@JHMF DUDQX EHESG RDMHNQ
BHSHYDM NM SGD KHRS, ENQ @ SNS@K NE SDM RDMHNQ BHSHYDMR. 5GDX RODMC:
$50; $40; $36; $15; $50; $100; $40; $53; $22; $22
28 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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*S HR TMKHJDKX SG@S @MX RSTCDMS HR HM ANSG R@LOKDR.
@. %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S DHSGDQ NE SGDRD R@LOKDR HR QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE (NQ HR BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE) SGD DMSHQD 10,000 O@QS-SHLD
RSTCDMS ONOTK@SHNM
1IFONCIH 1.13
=. -K. 3DA BENOP O=ILHA LNK>=>HU ?KJOEOPO KB O?EAJ?A-KNEAJPA@ OPQ@AJPO. !AOE@AO PDA ?DAIEOPNU ?KQNOA,
OKIA KB PDAI =NA =HOK P=GEJC BENOP-PANI ?=H?QHQO. !KKGO BKN PDAOA ?H=OOAO PAJ@ PK >A ATLAJOERA. ,KOP
KB PDAOA OPQ@AJPO =NA, IKNA PD=J HEGAHU, L=UEJC IKNA PD=J PDA =RAN=CA L=NP-PEIA OPQ@AJP BKN PDAEN >KKGO.
3DA OA?KJ@ O=ILHA EO = CNKQL KB OAJEKN ?EPEVAJO SDK =NA, IKNA PD=J HEGAHU, P=GEJC ?KQNOAO BKN DA=HPD =J@
EJPANAOP. 3DA =IKQJP KB IKJAU PDAU OLAJ@ KJ >KKGO EO LNK>=>HU IQ?D HAOO PD=J PDA =RAN=CA L=NPPEIA
OPQ@AJP. !KPD O=ILHAO =NA >E=OA@. HOK, EJ >KPD ?=OAO, JKP =HH OPQ@AJPO D=RA = ?D=J?A PK >A EJ AEPDAN
O=ILHA.
A. 4HMBD SGDRD R@LOKDR @QD MNS QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM, HR HS VHRD SN TRD SGD QDRTKSR SN CDRBQHAD SGD
DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM
1IFONCIH 1.13
>. -K. %KN PDAOA O=ILHAO, A=?D IAI>AN KB PDA LKLQH=PEKJ @E@ JKP D=RA =J AMQ=HHU HEGAHU ?D=J?A KB
>AEJC ?DKOAJ.
/NV, RTOONRD VD S@JD @ SGHQC R@LOKD. 8D BGNNRD SDM CHEEDQDMS O@QS-SHLD RSTCDMSR EQNL SGD CHRBHOKHMDR NE
BGDLHRSQX, L@SG, &MFKHRG, ORXBGNKNFX, RNBHNKNFX, GHRSNQX, MTQRHMF, OGXRHB@K DCTB@SHNM, @QS, @MC D@QKX BGHKCGNNC
CDUDKNOLDMS. (8D @RRTLD SG@S SGDRD @QD SGD NMKX CHRBHOKHMDR HM VGHBG O@QS-SHLD RSTCDMSR @S "#$ $NKKDFD @QD
DMQNKKDC @MC SG@S @M DPT@K MTLADQ NE O@QS-SHLD RSTCDMSR @QD DMQNKKDC HM D@BG NE SGD CHRBHOKHMDR.) &@BG RSTCDMS HR
BGNRDM TRHMF RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF. 6RHMF @ B@KBTK@SNQ, Q@MCNL MTLADQR @QD FDMDQ@SDC @MC @ RSTCDMS EQNL
@ O@QSHBTK@Q CHRBHOKHMD HR RDKDBSDC HE GD NQ RGD G@R @ BNQQDRONMCHMF MTLADQ. 5GD RSTCDMSR RODMC SGD ENKKNVHMF
@LNTMSR:
$180; $50; $150; $85; $260; $75; $180; $200; $200; $150
B. *R SGD R@LOKD AH@RDC
1IFONCIH 1.13
?. 3DA O=ILHA EO QJ>E=OA@, >QP = H=NCAN O=ILHA SKQH@ >A NA?KIIAJ@A@ PK EJ?NA=OA PDA HEGAHEDKK@ PD=P
PDA O=ILHA SEHH >A ?HKOA PK NALNAOAJP=PERA KB PDA LKLQH=PEKJ. 'KSARAN, BKN = >E=OA@ O=ILHEJC PA?DJEMQA,
ARAJ = H=NCA O=ILHA NQJO PDA NEOG KB JKP >AEJC NALNAOAJP=PERA KB PDA LKLQH=PEKJ.
4STCDMSR NESDM @RJ HE HS HR "FNNC DMNTFG" SN S@JD @ R@LOKD, HMRSD@C NE RTQUDXHMF SGD DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM. *E SGD
RTQUDX HR CNMD VDKK, SGD @MRVDQ HR XDR.
1.13 " KNB@K Q@CHN RS@SHNM G@R @ E@M A@RD NE 20,000 KHRSDMDQR. 5GD RS@SHNM V@MSR SN JMNV HE HSR @TCHDMBD VNTKC OQDEDQ
LNQD LTRHB NQ LNQD S@KJ RGNVR. "RJHMF @KK 20,000 KHRSDMDQR HR @M @KLNRS HLONRRHAKD S@RJ.
5GD RS@SHNM TRDR BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF @MC RTQUDXR SGD EHQRS 200 ODNOKD SGDX LDDS @S NMD NE SGD RS@SHNMnR LTRHB BNMBDQS
DUDMSR. 24 ODNOKD R@HC SGDXnC OQDEDQ LNQD S@KJ RGNVR, @MC 176 ODNOKD R@HC SGDXnC OQDEDQ LNQD LTRHB.
%N XNT SGHMJ SG@S SGHR R@LOKD HR QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE (NQ HR BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE) SGD DMSHQD 20,000 KHRSDMDQ ONOTK@SHNM
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1. 5N EHMC SGD @UDQ@FD (1" NE @KK RSTCDMSR HM @ TMHUDQRHSX, TRD @KK GNMNQ RSTCDMSR @S SGD TMHUDQRHSX @R SGD R@LOKD.
2. 5N EHMC NTS SGD LNRS ONOTK@Q BDQD@K @LNMF XNTMF ODNOKD TMCDQ SGD @FD NE SDM, RS@MC NTSRHCD @ K@QFD RTODQL@QJDS
ENQ SGQDD GNTQR @MC ROD@J SN DUDQX SVDMSHDSG BGHKC TMCDQ @FD SDM VGN DMSDQR SGD RTODQL@QJDS.
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 29
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3. 5N EHMC SGD @UDQ@FD @MMT@K HMBNLD NE @KK @CTKSR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR, R@LOKD 6.4. BNMFQDRRLDM. $QD@SD @ BKTRSDQ
R@LOKD AX BNMRHCDQHMF D@BG RS@SD @R @ RSQ@STL (FQNTO). #X TRHMF RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF, RDKDBS RS@SDR SN AD O@QS
NE SGD BKTRSDQ. 5GDM RTQUDX DUDQX 6.4. BNMFQDRRL@M HM SGD BKTRSDQ.
4. 5N CDSDQLHMD SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD S@JHMF OTAKHB SQ@MRONQS@SHNM SN VNQJ, RTQUDX 20 ODNOKD HM /DV :NQJ $HSX.
$NMCTBS SGD RTQUDX AX RHSSHMF HM $DMSQ@K 1@QJ NM @ ADMBG @MC HMSDQUHDVHMF DUDQX ODQRNM VGN RHSR MDWS SN XNT.
5. 5N CDSDQLHMD SGD @UDQ@FD BNRS NE @ SVN-C@X RS@X HM @ GNROHS@K HM .@RR@BGTRDSSR, RTQUDX 100 GNROHS@KR @BQNRR SGD
RS@SD TRHMF RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF.
4;LC;NCIH CH ";N;
36G>6I>DC HR OQDRDMS HM @MX RDS NE C@S@. 'NQ DW@LOKD, 16-NTMBD B@MR NE ADUDQ@FD L@X BNMS@HM LNQD NQ KDRR SG@M 16 NTMBDR NE
KHPTHC. *M NMD RSTCX, DHFGS 16 NTMBD B@MR VDQD LD@RTQDC @MC OQNCTBDC SGD ENKKNVHMF @LNTMS (HM NTMBDR) NE ADUDQ@FD:
15.8; 16.1; 15.2; 14.8; 15.8; 15.9; 16.0; 15.5
.D@RTQDLDMSR NE SGD @LNTMS NE ADUDQ@FD HM @ 16-NTMBD B@M L@X U@QX ADB@TRD CHEEDQDMS ODNOKD L@JD SGD LD@RTQDLDMSR
NQ ADB@TRD SGD DW@BS @LNTMS, 16 NTMBDR NE KHPTHC, V@R MNS OTS HMSN SGD B@MR. .@MTE@BSTQDQR QDFTK@QKX QTM SDRSR SN CDSDQLHMD
HE SGD @LNTMS NE ADUDQ@FD HM @ 16-NTMBD B@M E@KKR VHSGHM SGD CDRHQDC Q@MFD.
#D @V@QD SG@S @R XNT S@JD C@S@, XNTQ C@S@ L@X U@QX RNLDVG@S EQNL SGD C@S@ RNLDNMD DKRD HR S@JHMF ENQ SGD R@LD
OTQONRD. 5GHR HR BNLOKDSDKX M@STQ@K. )NVDUDQ, HE SVN NQ LNQD NE XNT @QD S@JHMF SGD R@LD C@S@ @MC FDS UDQX CHEEDQDMS QDRTKSR,
HS HR SHLD ENQ XNT @MC SGD NSGDQR SN QDDU@KT@SD XNTQ C@S@-S@JHMF LDSGNCR @MC XNTQ @BBTQ@BX.
4;LC;NCIH CH 1;GJF?M
*S V@R LDMSHNMDC OQDUHNTRKX SG@S SVN NQ LNQD H6BEA:H EQNL SGD R@LD EDEJA6I>DC, S@JDM Q@MCNLKX, @MC G@UHMF BKNRD SN
SGD R@LD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM VHKK KHJDKX AD CHEEDQDMS EQNL D@BG NSGDQ. 4TOONRD %NQDDM @MC +TMF ANSG CDBHCD
SN RSTCX SGD @UDQ@FD @LNTMS NE SHLD RSTCDMSR @S SGDHQ BNKKDFD RKDDO D@BG MHFGS. %NQDDM @MC +TMF D@BG S@JD R@LOKDR NE 500
RSTCDMSR. %NQDDM TRDR RXRSDL@SHB R@LOKHMF @MC +TMF TRDR BKTRSDQ R@LOKHMF. %NQDDM'R R@LOKD VHKK AD CHEEDQDMS EQNL +TMF'R
R@LOKD. &UDM HE %NQDDM @MC +TMF TRDC SGD R@LD R@LOKHMF LDSGNC, HM @KK KHJDKHGNNC SGDHQ R@LOKDR VNTKC AD CHEEDQDMS. /DHSGDQ
VNTKC AD VQNMF, GNVDUDQ.
5GHMJ @ANTS VG@S BNMSQHATSDR SN L@JHMF %NQDDMnR @MC +TMFnR R@LOKDR CHEEDQDMS.
*E %NQDDM @MC +TMF SNNJ K@QFDQ R@LOKDR (H.D. SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR HR HMBQD@RDC), SGDHQ R@LOKD QDRTKSR (SGD @UDQ@FD
@LNTMS NE SHLD @ RSTCDMS RKDDOR) LHFGS AD BKNRDQ SN SGD @BST@K ONOTK@SHNM @UDQ@FD. #TS RSHKK, SGDHQ R@LOKDR VNTKC AD, HM @KK
KHJDKHGNNC, CHEEDQDMS EQNL D@BG NSGDQ. 5GHR K6G>67>A>IN >C H6BEA:H B@MMNS AD RSQDRRDC DMNTFG.
1CT? I@ ; 1;GJF?
5GD RHYD NE @ R@LOKD (NESDM B@KKDC SGD MTLADQ NE NARDQU@SHNMR) HR HLONQS@MS. 5GD DW@LOKDR XNT G@UD RDDM HM SGHR ANNJ RN E@Q
G@UD ADDM RL@KK. 4@LOKDR NE NMKX @ EDV GTMCQDC NARDQU@SHNMR, NQ DUDM RL@KKDQ, @QD RTEEHBHDMS ENQ L@MX OTQONRDR. *M ONKKHMF,
R@LOKDR SG@S @QD EQNL 1,200 SN 1,500 NARDQU@SHNMR @QD BNMRHCDQDC K@QFD DMNTFG @MC FNNC DMNTFG HE SGD RTQUDX HR Q@MCNL
@MC HR VDKK CNMD. :NT VHKK KD@QM VGX VGDM XNT RSTCX BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR.
#D @V@QD SG@S L@MX K@QFD R@LOKDR @QD AH@RDC. 'NQ DW@LOKD, B@KK-HM RTQUDXR @QD HMU@QH@AKX AH@RDC, ADB@TRD ODNOKD
BGNNRD SN QDRONMC NQ MNS.
%HUHCD HMSN FQNTOR NE SVN, SGQDD, NQ ENTQ. :NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK FHUD D@BG FQNTO NMD RHW-RHCDC CHD. 5QX SGHR DWODQHLDMS
SVHBD. 3NKK NMD E@HQ CHD (RHW-RHCDC) 20 SHLDR. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE NMDR, SVNR, SGQDDR, ENTQR, EHUDR, @MC RHWDR XNT FDS HM
2;<F? 1.7 @MC 2;<F? 1.8 (oEQDPTDMBXp HR SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ O@QSHBTK@Q E@BD NE SGD CHD NBBTQR):
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%HC SGD SVN DWODQHLDMSR G@UD SGD R@LD QDRTKSR 1QNA@AKX MNS. *E XNT CHC SGD DWODQHLDMS @ SGHQC SHLD, CN XNT DWODBS SGD
QDRTKSR SN AD HCDMSHB@K SN SGD EHQRS NQ RDBNMC DWODQHLDMS 8GX NQ VGX MNS
8GHBG DWODQHLDMS G@C SGD BNQQDBS QDRTKSR 5GDX ANSG CHC. 5GD INA NE SGD RS@SHRSHBH@M HR SN RDD SGQNTFG SGD
U@QH@AHKHSX @MC CQ@V @OOQNOQH@SD BNMBKTRHNMR.
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8D MDDC SN DU@KT@SD SGD RS@SHRSHB@K RSTCHDR VD QD@C @ANTS BQHSHB@KKX @MC @M@KXYD SGDL ADENQD @BBDOSHMF SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD
RSTCHDR. $NLLNM OQNAKDLR SN AD @V@QD NE HMBKTCD
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ONOTK@SHNM HR AH@RDC. #H@RDC R@LOKDR SG@S @QD MNS QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM FHUD QDRTKSR SG@S @QD HM@BBTQ@SD @MC
MNS U@KHC.
c 4DKE-RDKDBSDC R@LOKDR: 3DRONMRDR NMKX AX ODNOKD VGN BGNNRD SN QDRONMC, RTBG @R B@KK-HM RTQUDXR, @QD NESDM TMQDKH@AKD.
c 4@LOKD RHYD HRRTDR: 4@LOKDR SG@S @QD SNN RL@KK L@X AD TMQDKH@AKD. -@QFDQ R@LOKDR @QD ADSSDQ, HE ONRRHAKD. *M RNLD
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c /NM-QDRONMRD NQ QDETR@K NE RTAIDBS SN O@QSHBHO@SD: 5GD BNKKDBSDC QDRONMRDR L@X MN KNMFDQ AD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD
ONOTK@SHNM. 0ESDM, ODNOKD VHSG RSQNMF ONRHSHUD NQ MDF@SHUD NOHMHNMR L@X @MRVDQ RTQUDXR, VGHBG B@M @EEDBS SGD QDRTKSR.
c $@TR@KHSX: " QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR CNDR MNS LD@M SG@S NMD B@TRDR SGD NSGDQ SN NBBTQ. 5GDX L@X AD QDK@SDC
(BNQQDK@SDC) ADB@TRD NE SGDHQ QDK@SHNMRGHO SGQNTFG @ CHEEDQDMS U@QH@AKD.
c 4DKE-ETMCDC NQ RDKE-HMSDQDRS RSTCHDR: " RSTCX ODQENQLDC AX @ ODQRNM NQ NQF@MHY@SHNM HM NQCDQ SN RTOONQS SGDHQ BK@HL. *R
SGD RSTCX HLO@QSH@K 3D@C SGD RSTCX B@QDETKKX SN DU@KT@SD SGD VNQJ. %N MNS @TSNL@SHB@KKX @RRTLD SG@S SGD RSTCX HR FNNC,
ATS CN MNS @TSNL@SHB@KKX @RRTLD SGD RSTCX HR A@C DHSGDQ. &U@KT@SD HS NM HSR LDQHSR @MC SGD VNQJ CNMD.
c .HRKD@CHMF TRD NE C@S@: HLOQNODQKX CHROK@XDC FQ@OGR, HMBNLOKDSD C@S@, NQ K@BJ NE BNMSDWS
c $NMENTMCHMF: 8GDM SGD DEEDBSR NE LTKSHOKD E@BSNQR NM @ QDRONMRD B@MMNS AD RDO@Q@SDC. $NMENTMCHMF L@JDR HS CHEEHBTKS
NQ HLONRRHAKD SN CQ@V U@KHC BNMBKTRHNMR @ANTS SGD DEEDBS NE D@BG E@BSNQ.
1.3 U $L?KO?H=S, $L?KO?H=S 2;<F?M, ;H> *?P?FM I@
+?;MOL?G?HN
0MBD XNT G@UD @ RDS NE C@S@, XNT VHKK MDDC SN NQF@MHYD HS RN SG@S XNT B@M @M@KXYD GNV EQDPTDMSKX D@BG C@STL NBBTQR HM SGD
RDS. )NVDUDQ, VGDM B@KBTK@SHMF SGD EQDPTDMBX, XNT L@X MDDC SN QNTMC XNTQ @MRVDQR RN SG@S SGDX @QD @R OQDBHRD @R ONRRHAKD.
AHMQ?LM ;H> 0IOH>CHA -@@
" RHLOKD V@X SN QNTMC NEE @MRVDQR HR SN B@QQX XNTQ EHM@K @MRVDQ NMD LNQD CDBHL@K OK@BD SG@M V@R OQDRDMS HM SGD NQHFHM@K
C@S@. 3NTMC NEE NMKX SGD EHM@K @MRVDQ. %N MNS QNTMC NEE @MX HMSDQLDCH@SD QDRTKSR, HE ONRRHAKD. *E HS ADBNLDR MDBDRR@QX SN QNTMC
NEE HMSDQLDCH@SD QDRTKSR, B@QQX SGDL SN @S KD@RS SVHBD @R L@MX CDBHL@K OK@BDR @R SGD EHM@K @MRVDQ. 'NQ DW@LOKD, SGD @UDQ@FD
NE SGD SGQDD PTHY RBNQDR ENTQ, RHW, @MC MHMD HR 6.3, QNTMCDC NEE SN SGD MD@QDRS SDMSG, ADB@TRD SGD C@S@ @QD VGNKD MTLADQR. .NRS
@MRVDQR VHKK AD QNTMCDC NEE HM SGHR L@MMDQ.
*S HR MNS MDBDRR@QX SN QDCTBD LNRS EQ@BSHNMR HM SGHR BNTQRD. &RODBH@KKX HM .LI<;<CFCNS 2IJC=M (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/
=IHN?HN/G46882/1.5/#G10026) , SGD BG@OSDQ NM OQNA@AHKHSX, HS HR LNQD GDKOETK SN KD@UD @M @MRVDQ @R @M TMQDCTBDC
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*?P?FM I@ +?;MOL?G?HN
5GD V@X @ RDS NE C@S@ HR LD@RTQDC HR B@KKDC HSR A:K:A D; B:6HJG:B:CI. $NQQDBS RS@SHRSHB@K OQNBDCTQDR CDODMC NM @ QDRD@QBGDQ
ADHMF E@LHKH@Q VHSG KDUDKR NE LD@RTQDLDMS. /NS DUDQX RS@SHRSHB@K NODQ@SHNM B@M AD TRDC VHSG DUDQX RDS NE C@S@. %@S@ B@M AD
BK@RRHEHDC HMSN ENTQ KDUDKR NE LD@RTQDLDMS. 5GDX @QD (EQNL KNVDRS SN GHFGDRS KDUDK):
c +DB>C6A H86A: A:K:A
c ,G9>C6A H86A: A:K:A
c &CI:GK6A H86A: A:K:A
c /6I>D H86A: A:K:A
%@S@ SG@S HR LD@RTQDC TRHMF @ CDB>C6A H86A: HR FJ6A>I6I>K:. $@SDFNQHDR, BNKNQR, M@LDR, K@ADKR @MC E@UNQHSD ENNCR @KNMF
VHSG XDR NQ MN QDRONMRDR @QD DW@LOKDR NE MNLHM@K KDUDK C@S@. /NLHM@K RB@KD C@S@ @QD MNS NQCDQDC. 'NQ DW@LOKD, SQXHMF
SN BK@RRHEX ODNOKD @BBNQCHMF SN SGDHQ E@UNQHSD ENNC CNDR MNS L@JD @MX RDMRD. 1TSSHMF OHYY@ EHQRS @MC RTRGH RDBNMC HR MNS
LD@MHMFETK.
4L@QSOGNMD BNLO@MHDR @QD @MNSGDQ DW@LOKD NE MNLHM@K RB@KD C@S@. 4NLD DW@LOKDR @QD 4NMX, .NSNQNK@, /NJH@,
4@LRTMF @MC "OOKD. 5GHR HR ITRS @ KHRS @MC SGDQD HR MN @FQDDC TONM NQCDQ. 4NLD ODNOKD L@X E@UNQ "OOKD ATS SG@S HR @ L@SSDQ
NE NOHMHNM. /NLHM@K RB@KD C@S@ B@MMNS AD TRDC HM B@KBTK@SHNMR.
%@S@ SG@S HR LD@RTQDC TRHMF @M DG9>C6A H86A: HR RHLHK@Q SN MNLHM@K RB@KD C@S@ ATS SGDQD HR @ AHF CHEEDQDMBD. 5GD NQCHM@K
RB@KD C@S@ B@M AD NQCDQDC. "M DW@LOKD NE NQCHM@K RB@KD C@S@ HR @ KHRS NE SGD SNO EHUD M@SHNM@K O@QJR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. 5GD
SNO EHUD M@SHNM@K O@QJR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR B@M AD Q@MJDC EQNL NMD SN EHUD ATS VD B@MMNS LD@RTQD CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD
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oDWBDKKDMS,p oFNNC,p oR@SHRE@BSNQX,p @MC oTMR@SHRE@BSNQX.p 5GDRD QDRONMRDR @QD NQCDQDC EQNL SGD LNRS CDRHQDC QDRONMRD SN SGD
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%@S@ SG@S HR LD@RTQDC TRHMF SGD >CI:GK6A H86A: HR RHLHK@Q SN NQCHM@K KDUDK C@S@ ADB@TRD HS G@R @ CDEHMHSD NQCDQHMF ATS SGDQD
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GNS @R 20` $ (MNQ HR 80` ' ENTQ SHLDR @R GNS @R 20` '). 5GDQD HR MN LD@MHMF SN SGD Q@SHN NE 80 SN 20 (NQ ENTQ SN NMD).
32 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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RS@SHRSHBR EHM@K DW@L RBNQDR @QD 80, 68, 20 @MC 92 (NTS NE @ ONRRHAKD 100 ONHMSR). 5GD DW@LR @QD L@BGHMD-FQ@CDC.
5GD C@S@ B@M AD OTS HM NQCDQ EQNL KNVDRS SN GHFGDRS: 20, 68, 80, 92.
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20
, NQ 1.
JBJA6I>K: G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N HR SGD @BBTLTK@SHNM NE SGD OQDUHNTR QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR. 5N EHMC SGD BTLTK@SHUD
QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR, @CC @KK SGD OQDUHNTR QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR SN SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX ENQ SGD BTQQDMS QNV, @R RGNVM HM
2;<F? 1.11.
"A2A 4A*3# $0#/3#,!7
0#*A2'4#
$0#/3#,!7
!3+3*A2'4# 0#*A2'4#
$0#/3#,!7
2 3
3
20
KN 0.15
0.15
3 5
5
20
KN 0.25
0.15 + 0.25 = 0.40
4 3
3
20
KN 0.15
0.40 + 0.15 = 0.55
5 6
6
20
KN 0.30
0.55 + 0.30 = 0.85
6 2
2
20
KN 0.10
0.85 + 0.10 = 0.95
7 1
1
20
KN 0.05
0.95 + 0.05 = 1.00
2;<F? 1.11 $L?KO?H=S 2;<F? I@ 1NO>?HN 5ILE &IOLM QCNB 0?F;NCP? ;H>
!OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=C?M
5GD K@RS DMSQX NE SGD BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM HR NMD, HMCHB@SHMF SG@S NMD GTMCQDC ODQBDMS NE SGD C@S@ G@R
ADDM @BBTLTK@SDC.
,-2#
#DB@TRD NE QNTMCHMF, SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM L@X MNS @KV@XR RTL SN NMD, @MC SGD K@RS DMSQX HM SGD BTLTK@SHUD
QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM L@X MNS AD NMD. )NVDUDQ, SGDX D@BG RGNTKC AD BKNRD SN NMD.
2;<F? 1.12 QDOQDRDMSR SGD GDHFGSR, HM HMBGDR, NE @ R@LOKD NE 100 L@KD RDLHOQNEDRRHNM@K RNBBDQ OK@XDQR.
34 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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&#'%&21
(',!&#1)
$0#/3#,!7
0#*A2'4#
$0#/3#,!7
!3+3*A2'4#
0#*A2'4#
$0#/3#,!7
59.95_61.95 5
5
100
= 0.05
0.05
61.95_63.95 3
3
100
= 0.03
0.05 + 0.03 = 0.08
63.95_65.95 15
15
100
= 0.15
0.08 + 0.15 = 0.23
65.95_67.95 40
40
100
= 0.40
0.23 + 0.40 = 0.63
67.95_69.95 17
17
100
= 0.17
0.63 + 0.17 = 0.80
69.95_71.95 12
12
100
= 0.12
0.80 + 0.12 = 0.92
71.95_73.95 7
7
100
= 0.07
0.92 + 0.07 = 0.99
73.95_75.95 1
1
100
= 0.01
0.99 + 0.01 = 1.00
2IN;F = 100 2IN;F = 1.00
2;<F? 1.12 $L?KO?H=S 2;<F? I@ 1I==?L .F;S?L &?CABN
5GD C@S@ HM SGHR S@AKD G@UD ADDM <GDJE:9 HMSN SGD ENKKNVHMF HMSDQU@KR:
c 59.95 SN 61.95 HMBGDR
c 61.95 SN 63.95 HMBGDR
c 63.95 SN 65.95 HMBGDR
c 65.95 SN 67.95 HMBGDR
c 67.95 SN 69.95 HMBGDR
c 69.95 SN 71.95 HMBGDR
c 71.95 SN 73.95 HMBGDR
c 73.95 SN 75.95 HMBGDR
,-2#
5GHR DW@LOKD HR TRDC @F@HM HM SGD "?M=LCJNCP? 1N;NCMNC=M (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/=IF10002/F;N?MN/#G46925)
BG@OSDQ, VGDQD SGD LDSGNC TRDC SN BNLOTSD SGD HMSDQU@KR VHKK AD DWOK@HMDC.
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 35
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*M SGHR R@LOKD, SGDQD @QD ;>K: OK@XDQR VGNRD GDHFGSR E@KK VHSGHM SGD HMSDQU@K 59.95k61.95 HMBGDR, I=G:: OK@XDQR VGNRD
GDHFGSR E@KK VHSGHM SGD HMSDQU@K 61.95k63.95 HMBGDR, 15 OK@XDQR VGNRD GDHFGSR E@KK VHSGHM SGD HMSDQU@K 63.95k65.95 HMBGDR,
40 OK@XDQR VGNRD GDHFGSR E@KK VHSGHM SGD HMSDQU@K 65.95k67.95 HMBGDR, 17 OK@XDQR VGNRD GDHFGSR E@KK VHSGHM SGD HMSDQU@K
67.95k69.95 HMBGDR, 12 OK@XDQR VGNRD GDHFGSR E@KK VHSGHM SGD HMSDQU@K 69.95k71.95, H:K:C OK@XDQR VGNRD GDHFGS E@KKR VHSGHM
SGD HMSDQU@K 71.95k73.95, @MC DC: OK@XDQ VGNRD GDHFGSR E@KK VHSGHM SGD HMSDQU@K 73.95k75.95. "KK GDHFGSR E@KK ADSVDDM SGD
DMCONHMSR NE @M HMSDQU@K @MC MNS @S SGD DMCONHMSR.
$T=ILHA 1.14
'QNL 2;<F? 1.12, EHMC SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE GDHFGSR SG@S @QD KDRR SG@M 65.95 HMBGDR.
1IFONCIH 1.14
(B UKQ HKKG =P PDA BENOP, OA?KJ@, =J@ PDEN@ NKSO, PDA DAECDPO =NA =HH HAOO PD=J 65.95 EJ?DAO. 3DANA =NA 5
+ 3 + 15 = 23 LH=UANO SDKOA DAECDPO =NA HAOO PD=J 65.95 EJ?DAO. 3DA LAN?AJP=CA KB DAECDPO HAOO PD=J
65.95 EJ?DAO EO PDAJ
23
100
KN 23%. 3DEO LAN?AJP=CA EO PDA ?QIQH=PERA NAH=PERA BNAMQAJ?U AJPNU EJ PDA
PDEN@ NKS.
36 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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1.14 2;<F? 1.13 RGNVR SGD @LNTMS, HM HMBGDR, NE @MMT@K Q@HME@KK HM @ R@LOKD NE SNVMR.
0;CH@;FF ('H=B?M) $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
2.95_4.97 6
6
50
= 0.12
0.12
4.97_6.99 7
7
50
= 0.14
0.12 + 0.14 = 0.26
6.99_9.01 15
15
50
= 0.30
0.26 + 0.30 = 0.56
9.01_11.03 8
8
50
= 0.16
0.56 + 0.16 = 0.72
11.03_13.05 9
9
50
= 0.18
0.72 + 0.18 = 0.90
13.05_15.07 5
5
50
= 0.10
0.90 + 0.10 = 1.00
3KP=H = 50 3KP=H = 1.00
2;<F? 1.13
'QNL 2;<F? 1.13, EHMC SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE Q@HME@KK SG@S HR KDRR SG@M 9.01 HMBGDR.
$T=ILHA 1.15
'QNL 2;<F? 1.12, EHMC SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE GDHFGSR SG@S E@KK ADSVDDM 61.95 @MC 65.95 HMBGDR.
1IFONCIH 1.15
@@ PDA NAH=PERA BNAMQAJ?EAO EJ PDA OA?KJ@ =J@ PDEN@ NKSO: 0.03 + 0.15 = 0.18 KN 18%.
1.15 'QNL 2;<F? 1.13, EHMC SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE Q@HME@KK SG@S HR ADSVDDM 6.99 @MC 13.05 HMBGDR.
$T=ILHA 1.16
6RD SGD GDHFGSR NE SGD 100 L@KD RDLHOQNEDRRHNM@K RNBBDQ OK@XDQR HM 2;<F? 1.12. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR @MC BGDBJ XNTQ
@MRVDQR.
=. 5GD ODQBDMS@FD NE GDHFGSR SG@S @QD EQNL 67.95 SN 71.95 HMBGDR HR: ????.
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 37
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>. 5GD ODQBDMS@FD NE GDHFGSR SG@S @QD EQNL 67.95 SN 73.95 HMBGDR HR: ????.
?. 5GD ODQBDMS@FD NE GDHFGSR SG@S @QD LNQD SG@M 65.95 HMBGDR HR: ????.
@. 5GD MTLADQ NE OK@XDQR HM SGD R@LOKD VGN @QD ADSVDDM 61.95 @MC 71.95 HMBGDR S@KK HR: ????.
A. 8G@S JHMC NE C@S@ @QD SGD GDHFGSR
B. %DRBQHAD GNV XNT BNTKC F@SGDQ SGHR C@S@ (SGD GDHFGSR) RN SG@S SGD C@S@ @QD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE @KK L@KD
RDLHOQNEDRRHNM@K RNBBDQ OK@XDQR.
3DLDLADQ, XNT 8DJCI ;G:FJ:C8>:H. 5N EHMC SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX, CHUHCD SGD EQDPTDMBX AX SGD SNS@K MTLADQ
NE C@S@ U@KTDR. 5N EHMC SGD BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX, @CC @KK NE SGD OQDUHNTR QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR SN SGD QDK@SHUD
EQDPTDMBX ENQ SGD BTQQDMS QNV.
1IFONCIH 1.16
=. 29%
>. 36%
?. 77%
@. 87
A. PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
B. FDS QNRSDQR EQNL D@BG SD@L @MC BGNNRD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD EQNL D@BG
1.16 'QNL 2;<F? 1.13, EHMC SGD MTLADQ NE SNVMR SG@S G@UD Q@HME@KK ADSVDDM 2.95 @MC 9.01 HMBGDR.
*M XNTQ BK@RR, G@UD RNLDNMD BNMCTBS @ RTQUDX NE SGD MTLADQ NE RHAKHMFR (AQNSGDQR @MC RHRSDQR) D@BG RSTCDMS G@R. $QD@SD
@ EQDPTDMBX S@AKD. "CC SN HS @ QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM @MC @ BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM. "MRVDQ SGD
ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR:
1. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD RSTCDMSR HM XNTQ BK@RR G@R MN RHAKHMFR
2. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD RSTCDMSR G@R EQNL NMD SN SGQDD RHAKHMFR
3. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD RSTCDMSR G@R EDVDQ SG@M SGQDD RHAKHMFR
$T=ILHA 1.17
/HMDSDDM ODNOKD VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX LHKDR, SN SGD MD@QDRS LHKD, SGDX BNLLTSD SN VNQJ D@BG C@X. 5GD C@S@ @QD
@R ENKKNVR: 2; 5; 7; 3; 2; 10; 18; 15; 20; 7; 10; 18; 5; 12; 13; 12; 4; 5; 10. 2;<F? 1.14 V@R OQNCTBDC:
"A2A $0#/3#,!7
0#*A2'4#
$0#/3#,!7
!3+3*A2'4#
0#*A2'4#
$0#/3#,!7
3 3
3
19
0.1579
4 1
1
19
0.2105
2;<F? 1.14 $L?KO?H=S I@ !IGGONCHA "CMN;H=?M
38 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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"A2A $0#/3#,!7
0#*A2'4#
$0#/3#,!7
!3+3*A2'4#
0#*A2'4#
$0#/3#,!7
5 3
3
19
0.1579
7 2
2
19
0.2632
10 3
4
19
0.4737
12 2
2
19
0.7895
13 1
1
19
0.8421
15 1
1
19
0.8948
18 1
1
19
0.9474
20 1
1
19
1.0000
2;<F? 1.14 $L?KO?H=S I@ !IGGONCHA "CMN;H=?M
=. *R SGD S@AKD BNQQDBS *E HS HR MNS BNQQDBS, VG@S HR VQNMF
>. 5QTD NQ '@KRD: 5GQDD ODQBDMS NE SGD ODNOKD RTQUDXDC BNLLTSD SGQDD LHKDR. *E SGD RS@SDLDMS HR MNS BNQQDBS,
VG@S RGNTKC HS AD *E SGD S@AKD HR HMBNQQDBS, L@JD SGD BNQQDBSHNMR.
?. 8G@S EQ@BSHNM NE SGD ODNOKD RTQUDXDC BNLLTSD EHUD NQ RDUDM LHKDR
@. 8G@S EQ@BSHNM NE SGD ODNOKD RTQUDXDC BNLLTSD 12 LHKDR NQ LNQD -DRR SG@M 12 LHKDR #DSVDDM EHUD @MC 13
LHKDR (MNS HMBKTCHMF EHUD @MC 13 LHKDR)
1IFONCIH 1.17
=. /N. 5GD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM RTLR SN 18, MNS 19. /NS @KK BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR @QD BNQQDBS.
>. '@KRD. 5GD EQDPTDMBX ENQ SGQDD LHKDR RGNTKC AD NMD; ENQ SVN LHKDR (KDES NTS), SVN. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD
EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM RGNTKC QD@C: 0.1052, 0.1579, 0.2105, 0.3684, 0.4737, 0.6316, 0.7368, 0.7895, 0.8421,
0.9474, 1.0000.
?.
5
19
@.
7
19
,
12
19
,
7
19
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1.17 2;<F? 1.13 QDOQDRDMSR SGD @LNTMS, HM HMBGDR, NE @MMT@K Q@HME@KK HM @ R@LOKD NE SNVMR. 8G@S EQ@BSHNM NE SNVMR
RTQUDXDC FDS ADSVDDM 11.03 @MC 13.05 HMBGDR NE Q@HME@KK D@BG XD@Q
$T=ILHA 1.18
2;<F? 1.15 BNMS@HMR SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE CD@SGR VNQKCVHCD @R @ QDRTKS NE D@QSGPT@JDR ENQ SGD ODQHNC EQNL 2000 SN
2012.
7?;L 2IN;F ,OG<?L I@ "?;NBM
2000 231
2001 21,357
2002 11,685
2003 33,819
2004 228,802
2005 88,003
2006 6,605
2007 712
2008 88,011
2009 1,790
2010 320,120
2011 21,953
2012 768
3KP=H 823,356
2;<F? 1.15
"MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
=. 8G@S HR SGD EQDPTDMBX NE CD@SGR LD@RTQDC EQNL 2006 SGQNTFG 2009
>. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD NE CD@SGR NBBTQQDC @ESDQ 2009
?. 8G@S HR SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NE CD@SGR SG@S NBBTQQDC HM 2003 NQ D@QKHDQ
40 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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@. 8G@S HR SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE CD@SGR SG@S NBBTQQDC HM 2004
A. 8G@S JHMC NE C@S@ @QD SGD MTLADQR NE CD@SGR
B. 5GD 3HBGSDQ RB@KD HR TRDC SN PT@MSHEX SGD DMDQFX OQNCTBDC AX @M D@QSGPT@JD. &W@LOKDR NE 3HBGSDQ RB@KD
MTLADQR @QD 2.3, 4.0, 6.1, @MC 7.0. 8G@S JHMC NE C@S@ @QD SGDRD MTLADQR
1IFONCIH 1.18
=. 97,118 (11.8%)
>. 41.6%
?. 67,092/823,356 NQ 0.081 NQ 8.1 %
@. 27.8%
A. 2T@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD
B. 2T@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
1.18 2;<F? 1.16 BNMS@HMR SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE E@S@K LNSNQ UDGHBKD SQ@EEHB BQ@RGDR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR ENQ SGD ODQHNC
EQNL 1994 SN 2011.
7?;L 2IN;F ,OG<?L I@ !L;MB?M 7?;L 2IN;F ,OG<?L I@ !L;MB?M
1994 36,254 2004 38,444
1995 37,241 2005 39,252
1996 37,494 2006 38,648
1997 37,324 2007 37,435
1998 37,107 2008 34,172
1999 37,140 2009 30,862
2000 37,526 2010 30,296
2001 37,862 2011 29,757
2002 38,491 3KP=H 653,782
2003 38,477
2;<F? 1.16
"MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
=. 8G@S HR SGD EQDPTDMBX NE CD@SGR LD@RTQDC EQNL 2000 SGQNTFG 2004
>. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD NE CD@SGR NBBTQQDC @ESDQ 2006
?. 8G@S HR SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NE CD@SGR SG@S NBBTQQDC HM 2000 NQ ADENQD
@. 8G@S HR SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE CD@SGR SG@S NBBTQQDC HM 2011
A. 8G@S HR SGD BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX ENQ 2006 &WOK@HM VG@S SGHR MTLADQ SDKKR XNT @ANTS SGD C@S@.
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 41
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1.4 U #RJ?LCG?HN;F "?MCAH ;H> #NBC=M
%NDR @ROHQHM QDCTBD SGD QHRJ NE GD@QS @SS@BJR *R NMD AQ@MC NE EDQSHKHYDQ LNQD DEEDBSHUD @S FQNVHMF QNRDR SG@M @MNSGDQ
*R E@SHFTD @R C@MFDQNTR SN @ CQHUDQ @R SGD HMEKTDMBD NE @KBNGNK 2TDRSHNMR KHJD SGDRD @QD @MRVDQDC TRHMF Q@MCNLHYDC
DWODQHLDMSR. *M SGHR LNCTKD, XNT VHKK KD@QM HLONQS@MS @RODBSR NE DWODQHLDMS@K CDRHFM. 1QNODQ RSTCX CDRHFM DMRTQDR SGD
OQNCTBSHNM NE QDKH@AKD, @BBTQ@SD C@S@.
5GD OTQONRD NE @M DWODQHLDMS HR SN HMUDRSHF@SD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR. 8GDM NMD U@QH@AKD B@TRDR
BG@MFD HM @MNSGDQ, VD B@KK SGD EHQRS U@QH@AKD SGD :MEA6C6IDGN K6G>67A:. 5GD @EEDBSDC U@QH@AKD HR B@KKDC SGD G:HEDCH: K6G>67A:.
*M @ Q@MCNLHYDC DWODQHLDMS, SGD QDRD@QBGDQ L@MHOTK@SDR U@KTDR NE SGD DWOK@M@SNQX U@QH@AKD @MC LD@RTQDR SGD QDRTKSHMF
BG@MFDR HM SGD QDRONMRD U@QH@AKD. 5GD CHEEDQDMS U@KTDR NE SGD DWOK@M@SNQX U@QH@AKD @QD B@KKDC IG:6IB:CIH. "M :ME:G>B:CI6A
JC>I HR @ RHMFKD NAIDBS NQ HMCHUHCT@K SN AD LD@RTQDC.
:NT V@MS SN HMUDRSHF@SD SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE UHS@LHM & HM OQDUDMSHMF CHRD@RD. :NT QDBQTHS @ FQNTO NE RTAIDBSR @MC @RJ
SGDL HE SGDX QDFTK@QKX S@JD UHS@LHM &. :NT MNSHBD SG@S SGD RTAIDBSR VGN S@JD UHS@LHM & DWGHAHS ADSSDQ GD@KSG NM @UDQ@FD SG@M
SGNRD VGN CN MNS. %NDR SGHR OQNUD SG@S UHS@LHM & HR DEEDBSHUD HM CHRD@RD OQDUDMSHNM *S CNDR MNS. 5GDQD @QD L@MX CHEEDQDMBDR
ADSVDDM SGD SVN FQNTOR BNLO@QDC HM @CCHSHNM SN UHS@LHM & BNMRTLOSHNM. 1DNOKD VGN S@JD UHS@LHM & QDFTK@QKX NESDM S@JD
NSGDQ RSDOR SN HLOQNUD SGDHQ GD@KSG: DWDQBHRD, CHDS, NSGDQ UHS@LHM RTOOKDLDMSR, BGNNRHMF MNS SN RLNJD. "MX NMD NE SGDRD
E@BSNQR BNTKC AD HMEKTDMBHMF GD@KSG. "R CDRBQHADC, SGHR RSTCX CNDR MNS OQNUD SG@S UHS@LHM & HR SGD JDX SN CHRD@RD OQDUDMSHNM.
"CCHSHNM@K U@QH@AKDR SG@S B@M BKNTC @ RSTCX @QD B@KKDC AJG@>C< K6G>67A:H. *M NQCDQ SN OQNUD SG@S SGD DWOK@M@SNQX U@QH@AKD
HR B@TRHMF @ BG@MFD HM SGD QDRONMRD U@QH@AKD, HS HR MDBDRR@QX SN HRNK@SD SGD DWOK@M@SNQX U@QH@AKD. 5GD QDRD@QBGDQ LTRS CDRHFM
GDQ DWODQHLDMS HM RTBG @ V@X SG@S SGDQD HR NMKX NMD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM FQNTOR ADHMF BNLO@QDC: SGD OK@MMDC SQD@SLDMSR.
5GHR HR @BBNLOKHRGDC AX SGD G6C9DB 6HH><CB:CI NE DWODQHLDMS@K TMHSR SN SQD@SLDMS FQNTOR. 8GDM RTAIDBSR @QD @RRHFMDC
SQD@SLDMSR Q@MCNLKX, @KK NE SGD ONSDMSH@K KTQJHMF U@QH@AKDR @QD ROQD@C DPT@KKX @LNMF SGD FQNTOR. "S SGHR ONHMS SGD NMKX
CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM FQNTOR HR SGD NMD HLONRDC AX SGD QDRD@QBGDQ. %HEEDQDMS NTSBNLDR LD@RTQDC HM SGD QDRONMRD U@QH@AKD,
SGDQDENQD, LTRS AD @ CHQDBS QDRTKS NE SGD CHEEDQDMS SQD@SLDMSR. *M SGHR V@X, @M DWODQHLDMS B@M OQNUD @ B@TRD-@MC-DEEDBS
BNMMDBSHNM ADSVDDM SGD DWOK@M@SNQX @MC QDRONMRD U@QH@AKDR.
5GD ONVDQ NE RTFFDRSHNM B@M G@UD @M HLONQS@MS HMEKTDMBD NM SGD NTSBNLD NE @M DWODQHLDMS. 4STCHDR G@UD RGNVM SG@S
SGD DWODBS@SHNM NE SGD RSTCX O@QSHBHO@MS B@M AD @R HLONQS@MS @R SGD @BST@K LDCHB@SHNM. *M NMD RSTCX NE ODQENQL@MBD-DMG@MBHMF
CQTFR, QDRD@QBGDQR MNSDC:
+;IKBJI I>EM;: J>7J 8;B?;L?D= ED; >7: J7A;D J>; IK8IJ7D9; H;IKBJ;: ?D 4ODQENQL@MBD5 J?C;I 7BCEIJ 7I <7IJ 7I J>EI;
7IIE9?7J;: M?J> 9EDIKC?D= J>; :HK= ?JI;B<. "D 9EDJH7IJ, J7A?D= J>; :HK= M?J>EKJ ADEMB;:=; O?;B:;: DE I?=D?<?97DJ
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" RSTCX HR BNLLHRRHNMDC SN CDSDQLHMD SGD E@UNQHSD AQ@MC NE EQTHS ITHBD @LNMF SDDMR HM $@KHENQMH@.
=. 5GD RTQUDX HR BNLLHRRHNMDC AX SGD RDKKDQ NE @ ONOTK@Q AQ@MC NE @OOKD ITHBD.
>. 5GDQD @QD NMKX SVN SXODR NE ITHBD HMBKTCDC HM SGD RSTCX: @OOKD ITHBD @MC BQ@MADQQX ITHBD.
?. 3DRD@QBGDQR @KKNV O@QSHBHO@MSR SN RDD SGD AQ@MC NE ITHBD @R R@LOKDR @QD ONTQDC ENQ @ S@RSD SDRS.
@. 5VDMSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE O@QSHBHO@MSR OQDEDQ #Q@MC 9, 33% OQDEDQ #Q@MC : @MC 42% G@UD MN OQDEDQDMBD ADSVDDM
SGD SVN AQ@MCR. #Q@MC 9 QDEDQDMBDR SGD RSTCX HM @ BNLLDQBH@K R@XHMF o.NRS SDDMR KHJD #Q@MC 9 @R LTBG @R NQ
LNQD SG@M #Q@MC :.p
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 45
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1.1 ";N; !IFF?=NCIH
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDLNMRSQ@SD SGD RXRSDL@SHB R@LOKHMF SDBGMHPTD.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNMRSQTBS QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX S@AKDR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK HMSDQOQDS QDRTKSR @MC SGDHQ CHEEDQDMBDR EQNL CHEEDQDMS C@S@ FQNTOHMFR.
+IPC? 1OLP?S
"RJ EHUD BK@RRL@SDR EQNL @ CHEEDQDMS BK@RR GNV L@MX LNUHDR SGDX R@V @S SGD SGD@SDQ K@RS LNMSG. %N MNS HMBKTCD
QDMSDC LNUHDR.
1. 3DBNQC SGD C@S@.
2. *M BK@RR, Q@MCNLKX OHBJ NMD ODQRNM. 0M SGD BK@RR KHRS, L@QJ SG@S ODQRNMnR M@LD. .NUD CNVM ENTQ M@LDR NM SGD
BK@RR KHRS. .@QJ SG@S ODQRNMnR M@LD. $NMSHMTD CNHMF SGHR TMSHK XNT G@UD L@QJDC 12 M@LDR. :NT L@X MDDC SN FN
A@BJ SN SGD RS@QS NE SGD KHRS. 'NQ D@BG L@QJDC M@LD QDBNQC SGD EHUD C@S@ U@KTDR. :NT MNV G@UD @ SNS@K NE 60 C@S@
U@KTDR.
3. 'NQ D@BG M@LD L@QJDC, QDBNQC SGD C@S@.
<<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<<
<<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<<
<<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<<
<<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<<
<<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<<
<<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<<
<<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<< <<<<<<
2;<F? 1.17
-L>?L NB? ";N;
$NLOKDSD SGD SVN QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX S@AKDR ADKNV TRHMF XNTQ BK@RR C@S@.
,OG<?L I@ +IPC?M $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0
1
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4
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2;<F? 1.18 $L?KO?H=S I@ ,OG<?L I@ +IPC?M 4C?Q?>
0_1
2_3
4_5
6_7+
2;<F? 1.19 $L?KO?H=S I@ ,OG<?L I@ +IPC?M 4C?Q?>
1. 6RHMF SGD S@AKDR, EHMC SGD ODQBDMS NE C@S@ SG@S HR @S LNRS SVN. 8GHBG S@AKD CHC XNT TRD @MC VGX
2. 6RHMF SGD S@AKDR, EHMC SGD ODQBDMS NE C@S@ SG@S HR @S LNRS SGQDD. 8GHBG S@AKD CHC XNT TRD @MC VGX
3. 6RHMF SGD S@AKDR, EHMC SGD ODQBDMS NE C@S@ SG@S HR LNQD SG@M SVN. 8GHBG S@AKD CHC XNT TRD @MC VGX
4. 6RHMF SGD S@AKDR, EHMC SGD ODQBDMS NE C@S@ SG@S HR LNQD SG@M SGQDD. 8GHBG S@AKD CHC XNT TRD @MC VGX
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIHM
1. *R NMD NE SGD S@AKDR oLNQD BNQQDBSp SG@M SGD NSGDQ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
2. *M FDMDQ@K, GNV BNTKC XNT FQNTO SGD C@S@ CHEEDQDMSKX "QD SGDQD @MX @CU@MS@FDR SN DHSGDQ V@X NE FQNTOHMF SGD
C@S@
3. 8GX CHC XNT RVHSBG ADSVDDM S@AKDR, HE XNT CHC, VGDM @MRVDQHMF SGD PTDRSHNM @ANUD
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 47
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1.2 1;GJFCHA #RJ?LCG?HN
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDLNMRSQ@SD SGD RHLOKD Q@MCNL, RXRSDL@SHB, RSQ@SHEHDC, @MC BKTRSDQ R@LOKHMF SDBGMHPTDR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK DWOK@HM SGD CDS@HKR NE D@BG OQNBDCTQD TRDC.
*M SGHR K@A, XNT VHKK AD @RJDC SN OHBJ RDUDQ@K Q@MCNLR@LOKDR NE QDRS@TQ@MSR. *M D@BG B@RD, CDRBQHAD XNTQ OQNBDCTQD
AQHDEKX, HMBKTCHMF GNV XNT LHFGS G@UD TRDC SGD Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ, @MC SGDM KHRS SGD QDRS@TQ@MSR HM SGD R@LOKD
XNT NAS@HMDC.
,-2#
5GD ENKKNVHMF RDBSHNM BNMS@HMR QDRS@TQ@MSR RSQ@SHEHDC AX BHSX HMSN BNKTLMR @MC FQNTODC GNQHYNMS@KKX AX DMSQDD BNRS
(BKTRSDQR).
0?MN;OL;HNM 1NL;NC@C?> <S !CNS ;H> #HNL?? !IMN
#HNL??
!IMN
3H>?L $10 $10 NI OH>?L $15
$15 NI OH>?L
$20
-P?L $20
2=J )KOA
$H >QAHK 3=M,
/=OP= ,E=, $II=Ò
$TLNAOO, !=I>KK
'QP
$ILANKNÒ &Q=N@,
"NAAGOE@A (JJ
CAJ@=,
&ANR=EO,
,ENKÒ
!H=GAÒ,
$QHELE=,
'=UAO
,=JOEKJ,
&ANI=JE=
/=HK HPK
2AJKN 3=?K, .HERA
&=N@AJ, 3=TEÒ
,EJCÒ, /.. )KAÒ,
2PE?GJAUÒ
2?KPPÒ
2A=BKK@,
/KKHOE@A &NEHH,
%EOD ,=NGAP
2QJ@=J?A
,EJA,
,=@@=HAJ=Ò,
2L=CKÒ
+KO &=PKO
,=NUÒ /=PEK, ,KQJP
$RANAOP, 2SAAP
/A=Ò, J@AHA
3=MQANE=
+EJ@OAUÒ, 6EHHKS
2PNAAP
3KHH 'KQOA
"D=NPAN
'KQOA, +=
,=EOKJ #Q
"=BA
,KQJP=EJ
5EAS
,=D=N=F=, -AS
,=Ò, 3D=E-1EBE?,
&=N@AJ %NAOD
I>AN (J@E=J, +=
%EAOP=, %EAOP= @AH ,=N,
#=SEP
QOPEJÒ,
2DER=Ò,
,=VAD
+A /APEP !EOPNK
"QLANPEJK
'K>AAO, 'QJC %Q,
2=IN=P, /=J@=
$TLNAOO
2=JP= !=N>. &NEHH,
,=J@. &KQNIAP,
!KI>=U .RAJ,
*=PDI=J@Q 6AOP
%KJP=J=Ò,
!HQA
/DA=O=JP
'=I=OQODE,
'AHEKO
2;<F? 1.20 0?MN;OL;HNM 3M?> CH 1;GJF?
48 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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#HNL??
!IMN
3H>?L $10 $10 NI OH>?L $15
$15 NI OH>?L
$20
-P?L $20
2QJJUR=HA
"DAGEF=>=>E, 3=F
(J@E=, %QHH 3DNKPPHA,
3E= )Q=J=, +AIKJ
&N=OO
/=?EBE? %NAOD, "D=NHAU
!NKSJÒ, "=BA
"=IANKKJ, %=V,
NQ>=Ò
+EKJ &
"KIL=OO,
3DA /=H=?A,
!A=Q 2AFKQN
2=JP=
"H=N=
1=JCKHE, NI=@EHHK
6EHHUÒ, 3D=E /ALLAN,
/=O=J@
NPDQNÒ, *=PEAÒ "=BA,
/A@NKÒ, += &=HHANE=
!ENGÒ, 3NQU=
2QODE, 5=HHAU
/H=V=
+=GAOE@A,
,=NE=JEÒ
2;<F? 1.20 0?MN;OL;HNM 3M?> CH 1;GJF?
A 1CGJF? 0;H>IG 1;GJF?
1HBJ @ H>BEA: G6C9DB H6BEA: NE 15 QDRS@TQ@MSR.
1. %DRBQHAD XNTQ OQNBDCTQD.
2. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD VHSG XNTQ R@LOKD.
1. <<<<<<<<<< 6. <<<<<<<<<< 11. <<<<<<<<<<
2. <<<<<<<<<< 7. <<<<<<<<<< 12. <<<<<<<<<<
3. <<<<<<<<<< 8. <<<<<<<<<< 13. <<<<<<<<<<
4. <<<<<<<<<< 9. <<<<<<<<<< 14. <<<<<<<<<<
5. <<<<<<<<<< 10. <<<<<<<<<< 15. <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 1.21
A 1SMN?G;NC= 1;GJF?
1HBJ @ HNHI:B6I>8 H6BEA: NE 15 QDRS@TQ@MSR.
1. <<<<<<<<<< 6. <<<<<<<<<< 11. <<<<<<<<<<
2. <<<<<<<<<< 7. <<<<<<<<<< 12. <<<<<<<<<<
3. <<<<<<<<<< 8. <<<<<<<<<< 13. <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 1.22
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 49
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4. <<<<<<<<<< 9. <<<<<<<<<< 14. <<<<<<<<<<
5. <<<<<<<<<< 10. <<<<<<<<<< 15. <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 1.22
A 1NL;NC@C?> 1;GJF?
1HBJ @ HIG6I>;>:9 H6BEA:, AX BHSX, NE 20 QDRS@TQ@MSR. 6RD 25% NE SGD QDRS@TQ@MSR EQNL D@BG RSQ@STL. 3NTMC SN SGD
MD@QDRS VGNKD MTLADQ.
1. <<<<<<<<<< 6. <<<<<<<<<< 11. <<<<<<<<<< 16. <<<<<<<<<<
2. <<<<<<<<<< 7. <<<<<<<<<< 12. <<<<<<<<<< 17. <<<<<<<<<<
3. <<<<<<<<<< 8. <<<<<<<<<< 13. <<<<<<<<<< 18. <<<<<<<<<<
4. <<<<<<<<<< 9. <<<<<<<<<< 14. <<<<<<<<<< 19. <<<<<<<<<<
5. <<<<<<<<<< 10. <<<<<<<<<< 15. <<<<<<<<<< 20. <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 1.23
A 1NL;NC@C?> 1;GJF?
1HBJ @ HIG6I>;>:9 H6BEA:, AX DMSQDD BNRS, NE 21 QDRS@TQ@MSR. 6RD 25% NE SGD QDRS@TQ@MSR EQNL D@BG RSQ@STL. 3NTMC
SN SGD MD@QDRS VGNKD MTLADQ.
1. <<<<<<<<<< 6. <<<<<<<<<< 11. <<<<<<<<<< 16. <<<<<<<<<<
2. <<<<<<<<<< 7. <<<<<<<<<< 12. <<<<<<<<<< 17. <<<<<<<<<<
3. <<<<<<<<<< 8. <<<<<<<<<< 13. <<<<<<<<<< 18. <<<<<<<<<<
4. <<<<<<<<<< 9. <<<<<<<<<< 14. <<<<<<<<<< 19. <<<<<<<<<<
5. <<<<<<<<<< 10. <<<<<<<<<< 15. <<<<<<<<<< 20. <<<<<<<<<<
21. <<<<<<<<<<
50 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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A !FOMN?L 1;GJF?
1HBJ @ 8AJHI:G H6BEA: NE QDRS@TQ@MSR EQNL SVN BHSHDR. 5GD MTLADQ NE QDRS@TQ@MSR VHKK U@QX.
1. <<<<<<<< 6. <<<<<<<< 11. <<<<<<<< 16. <<<<<<<< 21. <<<<<<<<
2. <<<<<<<< 7. <<<<<<<< 12. <<<<<<<< 17. <<<<<<<< 22. <<<<<<<<
3. <<<<<<<< 8. <<<<<<<< 13. <<<<<<<< 18. <<<<<<<< 23. <<<<<<<<
4. <<<<<<<< 9. <<<<<<<< 14. <<<<<<<< 19. <<<<<<<< 24. <<<<<<<<
5. <<<<<<<< 10. <<<<<<<< 15. <<<<<<<< 20. <<<<<<<< 25. <<<<<<<<
2;<F? 1.25
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 51
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AP?L;A?
FCH>CHA
!;N?AILC=;F 4;LC;<F?
!FOMN?L 1;GJFCHA
!IHNCHOIOM 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?
!IHNLIF %LIOJ
!IHP?HC?H=? 1;GJFCHA
!OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
";N;
"CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?
"IO<F?-<FCH>CHA
#RJ?LCG?HN;F 3HCN
#RJF;H;NILS 4;LC;<F?
$L?KO?H=S
'H@ILG?> !IHM?HN
'HMNCNONCIH;F 0?PC?Q I;L>
*OLECHA 4;LC;<F?
,IHM;GJFCHA #LLIL
,OG?LC=;F 4;LC;<F?
.;L;G?N?L
.F;=?<I
.IJOF;NCIH
.LI<;<CFCNS
.LIJILNCIH
)#7 2#0+1
@KRN B@KKDC LD@M; @ MTLADQ SG@S CDRBQHADR SGD BDMSQ@K SDMCDMBX NE SGD C@S@
MNS SDKKHMF O@QSHBHO@MSR VGHBG SQD@SLDMS @ RTAIDBS HR QDBDHUHMF
U@QH@AKDR SG@S S@JD NM U@KTDR SG@S @QD M@LDR NQ K@ADKR
@ LDSGNC ENQ RDKDBSHMF @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD @MC CHUHCHMF SGD ONOTK@SHNM HMSN FQNTOR (BKTRSDQR); TRD
RHLOKD Q@MCNLR@LOKHMF SN RDKDBS @ RDS NE BKTRSDQR. &UDQX HMCHUHCT@K HM SGD BGNRDM BKTRSDQR HR HMBKTCDC HM SGD R@LOKD.
@ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) VGNRD NTSBNLDR @QD LD@RTQDC; SGD GDHFGS NE SQDDR HM SGD
ENQDRS HR @ BNMSHMTNTR 37.
@ FQNTO HM @ Q@MCNLHYDC DWODQHLDMS SG@S QDBDHUDR @M HM@BSHUD SQD@SLDMS ATS HR NSGDQVHRD L@M@FDC
DW@BSKX @R SGD NSGDQ FQNTOR
@ MNMQ@MCNL LDSGNC NE RDKDBSHMF @ R@LOKD; SGHR LDSGNC RDKDBSR HMCHUHCT@KR SG@S @QD D@RHKX
@BBDRRHAKD @MC L@X QDRTKS HM AH@RDC C@S@.
5GD SDQL @OOKHDR SN @M NQCDQDC RDS NE NARDQU@SHNMR EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS. 5GD
BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX HR SGD RTL NE SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR ENQ @KK U@KTDR SG@S @QD KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN SGD
FHUDM U@KTD.
@ RDS NE NARDQU@SHNMR (@ RDS NE ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR); LNRS C@S@ B@M AD OTS HMSN SVN FQNTOR: FJ6A>I6I>K: (@M @SSQHATSD
VGNRD U@KTD HR HMCHB@SDC AX @ K@ADK) NQ FJ6CI>I6I>K: (@M @SSQHATSD VGNRD U@KTD HR HMCHB@SDC AX @ MTLADQ).
2T@MSHS@SHUD C@S@ B@M AD RDO@Q@SDC HMSN SVN RTAFQNTOR: 9>H8G:I: @MC 8DCI>CJDJH. %@S@ HR CHRBQDSD HE HS HR SGD QDRTKS NE
BNTMSHMF (RTBG @R SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR NE @ FHUDM DSGMHB FQNTO HM @ BK@RR NQ SGD MTLADQ NE ANNJR NM @ RGDKE). %@S@
HR BNMSHMTNTR HE HS HR SGD QDRTKS NE LD@RTQHMF (RTBG @R CHRS@MBD SQ@UDKDC NQ VDHFGS NE KTFF@FD)
@ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) VGNRD NTSBNLDR @QD BNTMSDC
SGD @BS NE AKHMCHMF ANSG SGD RTAIDBSR NE @M DWODQHLDMS @MC SGD QDRD@QBGDQR VGN VNQJ VHSG SGD RTAIDBSR
@MX HMCHUHCT@K NQ NAIDBS SN AD LD@RTQDC
SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD HM @M DWODQHLDMS; SGD U@KTD BNMSQNKKDC AX QDRD@QBGDQR
SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ U@KTD NE SGD C@S@ NBBTQR
"MX GTL@M RTAIDBS HM @ QDRD@QBG RSTCX LTRS AD BNFMHY@MS NE @MX QHRJR NQ BNRSR @RRNBH@SDC VHSG SGD
RSTCX. 5GD RTAIDBS G@R SGD QHFGS SN JMNV SGD M@STQD NE SGD SQD@SLDMSR HMBKTCDC HM SGD RSTCX, SGDHQ ONSDMSH@K QHRJR, @MC
SGDHQ ONSDMSH@K ADMDEHSR. $NMRDMS LTRS AD FHUDM EQDDKX AX @M HMENQLDC, EHS O@QSHBHO@MS.
@ BNLLHSSDD S@RJDC VHSG NUDQRHFGS NE QDRD@QBG OQNFQ@LR SG@S HMUNKUD GTL@M RTAIDBSR
@ U@QH@AKD SG@S G@R @M DEEDBS NM @ RSTCX DUDM SGNTFG HS HR MDHSGDQ @M DWOK@M@SNQX U@QH@AKD MNQ @
QDRONMRD U@QH@AKD
@M HRRTD SG@S @EEDBSR SGD QDKH@AHKHSX NE R@LOKHMF C@S@ NSGDQ SG@M M@STQ@K U@QH@SHNM; HS HMBKTCDR @
U@QHDSX NE GTL@M DQQNQR HMBKTCHMF ONNQ RSTCX CDRHFM, AH@RDC R@LOKHMF LDSGNCR, HM@BBTQ@SD HMENQL@SHNM OQNUHCDC AX
RSTCX O@QSHBHO@MSR, C@S@ DMSQX DQQNQR, @MC ONNQ @M@KXRHR.
U@QH@AKDR SG@S S@JD NM U@KTDR SG@S @QD HMCHB@SDC AX MTLADQR
@ MTLADQ SG@S HR TRDC SN QDOQDRDMS @ ONOTK@SHNM BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB @MC SG@S FDMDQ@KKX B@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC D@RHKX
@M HM@BSHUD SQD@SLDMS SG@S G@R MN QD@K DEEDBS NM SGD DWOK@M@SNQX U@QH@AKD
@KK HMCHUHCT@KR, NAIDBSR, NQ LD@RTQDLDMSR VGNRD OQNODQSHDR @QD ADHMF RSTCHDC
@ MTLADQ ADSVDDM YDQN @MC NMD, HMBKTRHUD, SG@S FHUDR SGD KHJDKHGNNC SG@S @ RODBHEHB DUDMS VHKK NBBTQ
SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR CHUHCDC AX SGD SNS@K MTLADQ HM SGD R@LOKD
52 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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/O;FCN;NCP? ";N;
/O;HNCN;NCP? ";N;
0;H>IG AMMCAHG?HN
0;H>IG 1;GJFCHA
0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0?JL?M?HN;NCP? 1;GJF?
0?MJIHM? 4;LC;<F?
1;GJF?
1;GJFCHA C;M
1;GJFCHA #LLIL
1;GJFCHA QCNB 0?JF;=?G?HN
1;GJFCHA QCNBION 0?JF;=?G?HN
1CGJF? 0;H>IG 1;GJFCHA
1N;NCMNC=
1NL;NC@C?> 1;GJFCHA
1SMN?G;NC= 1;GJFCHA
2L?;NG?HNM
4;LC;<F?
4DD !6I6.
4DD !6I6.
SGD @BS NE NQF@MHYHMF DWODQHLDMS@K TMHSR HMSN SQD@SLDMS FQNTOR TRHMF Q@MCNL LDSGNCR
@ LDSGNC NE RDKDBSHMF @ R@LOKD SG@S FHUDR DUDQX LDLADQ NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @M DPT@K BG@MBD NE
ADHMF RDKDBSDC.
SGD Q@SHN NE SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ U@KTD NE SGD C@S@ NBBTQR HM SGD RDS NE @KK NTSBNLDR SN SGD MTLADQ
NE @KK NTSBNLDR SN SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE NTSBNLDR
@ RTARDS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM SG@S G@R SGD R@LD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR @R SGD ONOTK@SHNM
SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD HM @M DWODQHLDMS; SGD U@KTD SG@S HR LD@RTQDC ENQ BG@MFD @S SGD DMC NE @M
DWODQHLDMS
@ RTARDS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM RSTCHDC
MNS @KK LDLADQR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @QD DPT@KKX KHJDKX SN AD RDKDBSDC
SGD M@STQ@K U@QH@SHNM SG@S QDRTKSR EQNLRDKDBSHMF @ R@LOKD SN QDOQDRDMS @ K@QFDQ ONOTK@SHNM; SGHR U@QH@SHNM
CDBQD@RDR @R SGD R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR, RN RDKDBSHMF K@QFDQ R@LOKDR QDCTBDR R@LOKHMF DQQNQ.
0MBD @ LDLADQ NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR RDKDBSDC ENQ HMBKTRHNM HM @ R@LOKD, SG@S LDLADQ HR
QDSTQMDC SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM ENQ SGD RDKDBSHNM NE SGD MDWS HMCHUHCT@K.
" LDLADQ NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM L@X AD BGNRDM ENQ HMBKTRHNM HM @ R@LOKD NMKX NMBD. *E
BGNRDM, SGD LDLADQ HR MNS QDSTQMDC SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM ADENQD SGD MDWS RDKDBSHNM.
@ RSQ@HFGSENQV@QC LDSGNC ENQ RDKDBSHMF @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD; FHUD D@BG LDLADQ NE SGD
ONOTK@SHNM @ MTLADQ. 6RD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN RDKDBS @ RDS NE K@ADKR. 5GDRD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC K@ADKR
HCDMSHEX SGD LDLADQR NE XNTQ R@LOKD.
@ MTLDQHB@K BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE SGD R@LOKD; @ RS@SHRSHB DRSHL@SDR SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ.
@ LDSGNC ENQ RDKDBSHMF @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD TRDC SN DMRTQD SG@S RTAFQNTOR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @QD
QDOQDRDMSDC @CDPT@SDKX; CHUHCD SGD ONOTK@SHNM HMSN FQNTOR (RSQ@S@). 6RD RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF SN HCDMSHEX @
OQNONQSHNM@SD MTLADQ NE HMCHUHCT@KR EQNL D@BG RSQ@STL.
@ LDSGNC ENQ RDKDBSHMF @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD; KHRS SGD LDLADQR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 6RD RHLOKD
Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF SN RDKDBS @ RS@QSHMF ONHMS HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM. -DS J = (MTLADQ NE HMCHUHCT@KR HM SGD
ONOTK@SHNM)/(MTLADQ NE HMCHUHCT@KR MDDCDC HM SGD R@LOKD). $GNNRD DUDQX JSG HMCHUHCT@K HM SGD KHRS RS@QSHMF VHSG SGD
NMD SG@S V@R Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. *E MDBDRR@QX, QDSTQM SN SGD ADFHMMHMF NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM KHRS SN BNLOKDSD XNTQ R@LOKD.
CHEEDQDMS U@KTDR NQ BNLONMDMSR NE SGD DWOK@M@SNQX U@QH@AKD @OOKHDC HM @M DWODQHLDMS
@ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE HMSDQDRS ENQ D@BG ODQRNM NQ NAIDBS HM @ ONOTK@SHNM
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
1.1 "?@CHCNCIHM I@ 1N;NCMNC=M, .LI<;<CFCNS, ;H> )?S 2?LGM
5GD L@SGDL@SHB@K SGDNQX NE RS@SHRSHBR HR D@RHDQ SN KD@QM VGDM XNT JMNV SGD K@MFT@FD. 5GHR LNCTKD OQDRDMSR HLONQS@MS SDQLR
SG@S VHKK AD TRDC SGQNTFGNTS SGD SDWS.
1.2 ";N;, 1;GJFCHA, ;H> 4;LC;NCIH CH ";N; ;H> 1;GJFCHA
%@S@ @QD HMCHUHCT@K HSDLR NE HMENQL@SHNM SG@S BNLD EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM NQ R@LOKD. %@S@ L@X AD BK@RRHEHDC @R PT@KHS@SHUD,
PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR, NQ PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD.
#DB@TRD HS HR MNS OQ@BSHB@K SN LD@RTQD SGD DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM HM @ RSTCX, QDRD@QBGDQR TRD R@LOKDR SN QDOQDRDMS SGD
ONOTK@SHNM. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD HR @ QDOQDRDMS@SHUD FQNTO EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM BGNRDM AX TRHMF @ LDSGNC SG@S FHUDR D@BG
HMCHUHCT@K HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM @M DPT@K BG@MBD NE ADHMF HMBKTCDC HM SGD R@LOKD. 3@MCNL R@LOKHMF LDSGNCR HMBKTCD RHLOKD
Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF, RSQ@SHEHDC R@LOKHMF, BKTRSDQ R@LOKHMF, @MC RXRSDL@SHB R@LOKHMF. $NMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF HR @ MNMQ@MCNL
LDSGNC NE BGNNRHMF @ R@LOKD SG@S NESDM OQNCTBDR AH@RDC C@S@.
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 53
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4@LOKDR SG@S BNMS@HM CHEEDQDMS HMCHUHCT@KR QDRTKS HM CHEEDQDMS C@S@. 5GHR HR SQTD DUDM VGDM SGD R@LOKDR @QD VDKK-BGNRDM
@MC QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 8GDM OQNODQKX RDKDBSDC, K@QFDQ R@LOKDR LNCDK SGD ONOTK@SHNM LNQD BKNRDKX SG@M
RL@KKDQ R@LOKDR. 5GDQD @QD L@MX CHEEDQDMS ONSDMSH@K OQNAKDLR SG@S B@M @EEDBS SGD QDKH@AHKHSX NE @ R@LOKD. 4S@SHRSHB@K C@S@ MDDCR
SN AD BQHSHB@KKX @M@KXYDC, MNS RHLOKX @BBDOSDC.
1.3 $L?KO?H=S, $L?KO?H=S 2;<F?M, ;H> *?P?FM I@ +?;MOL?G?HN
4NLD B@KBTK@SHNMR FDMDQ@SD MTLADQR SG@S @QD @QSHEHBH@KKX OQDBHRD. *S HR MNS MDBDRR@QX SN QDONQS @ U@KTD SN DHFGS CDBHL@K OK@BDR
VGDM SGD LD@RTQDR SG@S FDMDQ@SDC SG@S U@KTD VDQD NMKX @BBTQ@SD SN SGD MD@QDRS SDMSG. 3NTMC NEE XNTQ EHM@K @MRVDQ SN NMD
LNQD CDBHL@K OK@BD SG@M V@R OQDRDMS HM SGD NQHFHM@K C@S@. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S HE XNT G@UD C@S@ LD@RTQDC SN SGD MD@QDRS SDMSG NE
@ TMHS, QDONQS SGD EHM@K RS@SHRSHB SN SGD MD@QDRS GTMCQDCSG.
*M @CCHSHNM SN QNTMCHMF XNTQ @MRVDQR, XNT B@M LD@RTQD XNTQ C@S@ TRHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF ENTQ KDUDKR NE LD@RTQDLDMS.
c +DB>C6A H86A: A:K:A: C@S@ SG@S B@MMNS AD NQCDQDC MNQ B@M HS AD TRDC HM B@KBTK@SHNMR
c ,G9>C6A H86A: A:K:A: C@S@ SG@S B@M AD NQCDQDC; SGD CHEEDQDMBDR B@MMNS AD LD@RTQDC
c &CI:GK6A H86A: A:K:A: C@S@ VHSG @ CDEHMHSD NQCDQHMF ATS MN RS@QSHMF ONHMS; SGD CHEEDQDMBDR B@M AD LD@RTQDC, ATS SGDQD HR
MN RTBG SGHMF @R @ Q@SHN.
c /6I>D H86A: A:K:A: C@S@ VHSG @ RS@QSHMF ONHMS SG@S B@M AD NQCDQDC; SGD CHEEDQDMBDR G@UD LD@MHMF @MC Q@SHNR B@M AD
B@KBTK@SDC.
8GDM NQF@MHYHMF C@S@, HS HR HLONQS@MS SN JMNV GNV L@MX SHLDR @ U@KTD @OOD@QR. )NV L@MX RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR RSTCX
EHUD GNTQR NQ LNQD ENQ @M DW@L 8G@S ODQBDMS NE E@LHKHDR NM NTQ AKNBJ NVM SVN ODSR 'QDPTDMBX, QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX, @MC
BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX @QD LD@RTQDR SG@S @MRVDQ PTDRSHNMR KHJD SGDRD.
1.4 #RJ?LCG?HN;F "?MCAH ;H> #NBC=M
" ONNQKX CDRHFMDC RSTCX VHKK MNS OQNCTBD QDKH@AKD C@S@. 5GDQD @QD BDQS@HM JDX BNLONMDMSR SG@S LTRS AD HMBKTCDC HM DUDQX
DWODQHLDMS. 5N DKHLHM@SD KTQJHMF U@QH@AKDR, RTAIDBSR LTRS AD @RRHFMDC Q@MCNLKX SN CHEEDQDMS SQD@SLDMS FQNTOR. 0MD NE SGD
FQNTOR LTRS @BS @R @ BNMSQNK FQNTO, CDLNMRSQ@SHMF VG@S G@OODMR VGDM SGD @BSHUD SQD@SLDMS HR MNS @OOKHDC. 1@QSHBHO@MSR HM
SGD BNMSQNK FQNTO QDBDHUD @ OK@BDAN SQD@SLDMS SG@S KNNJR DW@BSKX KHJD SGD @BSHUD SQD@SLDMSR ATS B@MMNS HMEKTDMBD SGD QDRONMRD
U@QH@AKD. 5N OQDRDQUD SGD HMSDFQHSX NE SGD OK@BDAN, ANSG QDRD@QBGDQR @MC RTAIDBSR L@X AD AKHMCDC. 8GDM @ RSTCX HR CDRHFMDC
OQNODQKX, SGD NMKX CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SQD@SLDMS FQNTOR HR SGD NMD HLONRDC AX SGD QDRD@QBGDQ. 5GDQDENQD, VGDM FQNTOR
QDRONMC CHEEDQDMSKX SN CHEEDQDMS SQD@SLDMSR, SGD CHEEDQDMBD LTRS AD CTD SN SGD HMEKTDMBD NE SGD DWOK@M@SNQX U@QH@AKD.
o"M DSGHBR OQNAKDL @QHRDR VGDM XNT @QD BNMRHCDQHMF @M @BSHNM SG@S ADMDEHSR XNT NQ RNLD B@TRD XNT RTOONQS, GTQSR
NQ QDCTBDR ADMDEHSR SN NSGDQR, @MC UHNK@SDR RNLD QTKD.p
<4=
&SGHB@K UHNK@SHNMR HM RS@SHRSHBR @QD MNS @KV@XR D@RX SN RONS.
1QNEDRRHNM@K @RRNBH@SHNMR @MC EDCDQ@K @FDMBHDR ONRS FTHCDKHMDR ENQ OQNODQ BNMCTBS. *S HR HLONQS@MS SG@S XNT KD@QM A@RHB
RS@SHRSHB@K OQNBDCTQDR RN SG@S XNT B@M QDBNFMHYD OQNODQ C@S@ @M@KXRHR.
.0A!2'!#
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. 4STCHDR @QD NESDM CNMD AX OG@QL@BDTSHB@K BNLO@MHDR SN
CDSDQLHMD SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE @ SQD@SLDMS OQNFQ@L. 4TOONRD SG@S @ MDV "*%4 @MSHANCX CQTF HR BTQQDMSKX TMCDQ RSTCX. *S HR
FHUDM SN O@SHDMSR NMBD SGD "*%4 RXLOSNLR G@UD QDUD@KDC SGDLRDKUDR. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD @UDQ@FD(LD@M) KDMFSG NE SHLD HM
LNMSGR O@SHDMSR KHUD NMBD SGDX RS@QS SGD SQD@SLDMS. 5VN QDRD@QBGDQR D@BG ENKKNV @ CHEEDQDMS RDS NE 40 O@SHDMSR VHSG "*%4 EQNL
SGD RS@QS NE SQD@SLDMS TMSHK SGDHQ CD@SGR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ (HM LNMSGR) @QD BNKKDBSDC.
3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32; 26; 27; 31; 34;
29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34
3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22; 16; 25; 33; 34;
29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29
%DSDQLHMD VG@S SGD JDX SDQLR QDEDQ SN HM SGD DW@LOKD ENQ 3DRD@QBGDQ ".
1. ONOTK@SHNM
2. R@LOKD
3. O@Q@LDSDQ
4. RS@SHRSHB
4. "MCQDV (DKL@M, o0ODM %@S@ @MC 0ODM .DSGNCR,p &SGHBR @MC 4S@SHRSHBR, GSSO://VVV.RS@S.BNKTLAH@.DCT/]FDKL@M/QDRD@QBG/
OTAKHRGDC/$G@MBD&SGHBR1.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
54 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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5. U@QH@AKD
6. o/TLADQ NE SHLDR ODQ VDDJp HR VG@S SXOD NE C@S@
@. PT@KHS@SHUD; A. PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD; B. PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I:
" RSTCX V@R CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @FD, MTLADQ NE SHLDR ODQ VDDJ, @MC SGD CTQ@SHNM (@LNTMS NE SHLD) NE QDRHCDMSR TRHMF
@ KNB@K O@QJ HM 4@M "MSNMHN, 5DW@R. 5GD EHQRS GNTRD HM SGD MDHFGANQGNNC @QNTMC SGD O@QJ V@R RDKDBSDC Q@MCNLKX, @MC SGDM
SGD QDRHCDMS NE DUDQX DHFGSG GNTRD HM SGD MDHFGANQGNNC @QNTMC SGD O@QJ V@R HMSDQUHDVDC.
7. 5GD R@LOKHMF LDSGNC V@R
@. RHLOKD Q@MCNL; A. RXRSDL@SHB; B. RSQ@SHEHDC; C. BKTRSDQ
8. o%TQ@SHNM (@LNTMS NE SHLD)p HR VG@S SXOD NE C@S@
9. 5GD BNKNQR NE SGD GNTRDR @QNTMC SGD O@QJ @QD VG@S JHMC NE C@S@
10. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM HR ??????????????????????
11. 2;<F? 1.26 BNMS@HMR SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE CD@SGR VNQKCVHCD @R @ QDRTKS NE D@QSGPT@JDR EQNL 2000 SN 2012.
2000 231
2001 21,357
2002 11,685
2003 33,819
2004 228,802
2005 88,003
2006 6,605
2007 712
2008 88,011
2009 1,790
2010 320,120
2011 21,953
2012 768
2;<F? 1.26
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 55
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2IN;F 823,856
2;<F? 1.26
6RD 2;<F? 1.26 SN @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE CD@SGR ADSVDDM 2007 @MC 2012
>. 8G@S ODQBDMS NE CD@SGR NBBTQQDC ADENQD 2001
?. 8G@S HR SGD ODQBDMS NE CD@SGR SG@S NBBTQQDC HM 2003 NQ @ESDQ 2010
@. 8G@S HR SGD EQ@BSHNM NE CD@SGR SG@S G@OODMDC ADENQD 2012
A. 8G@S JHMC NE C@S@ HR SGD MTLADQ NE CD@SGR
B. &@QSGPT@JDR @QD PT@MSHEHDC @BBNQCHMF SN SGD @LNTMS NE DMDQFX SGDX OQNCTBD (DW@LOKDR @QD 2.1, 5.0, 6.7). 8G@S
SXOD NE C@S@ HR SG@S
C. 8G@S BNMSQHATSDC SN SGD K@QFD MTLADQ NE CD@SGR HM 2010 *M 2004 &WOK@HM.
FEH J>; <EBBEM?D= <EKH ;N;H9?I;I, :;J;HC?D; J>; JOF; E< I7CFB?D= KI;: (I?CFB; H7D:EC, IJH7J?<?;:, IOIJ;C7J?9, 9BKIJ;H, EH
9EDL;D?;D9;).
12. " FQNTO NE SDRS RTAIDBSR HR CHUHCDC HMSN SVDKUD FQNTOR; SGDM ENTQ NE SGD FQNTOR @QD BGNRDM @S Q@MCNL.
13. " L@QJDS QDRD@QBGDQ ONKKR DUDQX SDMSG ODQRNM VGN V@KJR HMSN @ RSNQD.
14. 5GD EHQRS 50 ODNOKD VGN V@KJ HMSN @ RONQSHMF DUDMS @QD ONKKDC NM SGDHQ SDKDUHRHNM OQDEDQDMBDR.
15. " BNLOTSDQ FDMDQ@SDR 100 Q@MCNL MTLADQR, @MC 100 ODNOKD VGNRD M@LDR BNQQDRONMC VHSG SGD MTLADQR NM SGD KHRS @QD
BGNRDM.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: 4STCHDR @QD NESDM CNMD AX OG@QL@BDTSHB@K BNLO@MHDR SN
CDSDQLHMD SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE @ SQD@SLDMS OQNFQ@L. 4TOONRD SG@S @ MDV "*%4 @MSHANCX CQTF HR BTQQDMSKX TMCDQ RSTCX. *S HR
FHUDM SN O@SHDMSR NMBD SGD "*%4 RXLOSNLR G@UD QDUD@KDC SGDLRDKUDR. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD @UDQ@FD(LD@M) KDMFSG NE SHLD HM
LNMSGR O@SHDMSR KHUD NMBD RS@QSHMF SGD SQD@SLDMS. 5VN QDRD@QBGDQR D@BG ENKKNV @ CHEEDQDMS RDS NE 40 "*%4 O@SHDMSR EQNL SGD
RS@QS NE SQD@SLDMS TMSHK SGDHQ CD@SGR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ (HM LNMSGR) @QD BNKKDBSDC.
/:H:6G8=:G A: 3; 4; 11; 15; 16; 17; 22; 44; 37; 16; 14; 24; 25; 15; 26; 27; 33; 29; 35; 44; 13; 21; 22; 10; 12; 8; 40; 32;
26; 27; 31; 34; 29; 17; 8; 24; 18; 47; 33; 34
/:H:6G8=:G B: 3; 14; 11; 5; 16; 17; 28; 41; 31; 18; 14; 14; 26; 25; 21; 22; 31; 2; 35; 44; 23; 21; 21; 16; 12; 18; 41; 22;
16; 25; 33; 34; 29; 13; 18; 24; 23; 42; 33; 29
16. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKDR TRHMF SGD C@S@ OQNUHCDC:
1OLPCP;F *?HANB (CH
GIHNBM)
$L?KO?H=S
0?F;NCP?
$L?KO?H=S
!OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP?
$L?KO?H=S
0.5_6.5
6.5_12.5
12.5_18.5
18.5_24.5
24.5_30.5
30.5_36.5
2;<F? 1.27 0?M?;L=B?L A
56 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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1OLPCP;F *?HANB (CH
GIHNBM)
$L?KO?H=S
0?F;NCP?
$L?KO?H=S
!OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP?
$L?KO?H=S
36.5_42.5
42.5_48.5
2;<F? 1.27 0?M?;L=B?L A
1OLPCP;F *?HANB (CH
GIHNBM)
$L?KO?H=S
0?F;NCP?
$L?KO?H=S
!OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP?
$L?KO?H=S
0.5_6.5
6.5_12.5
12.5_18.5
18.5_24.5
24.5_30.5
30.5_36.5
2;<F? 1.28 0?M?;L=B?L
17. %DSDQLHMD VG@S SGD JDX SDQL C@S@ QDEDQR SN HM SGD @ANUD DW@LOKD ENQ 3DRD@QBGDQ ".
18. -HRS SVN QD@RNMR VGX SGD C@S@ L@X CHEEDQ.
19. $@M XNT SDKK HE NMD QDRD@QBGDQ HR BNQQDBS @MC SGD NSGDQ NMD HR HMBNQQDBS 8GX
20. 8NTKC XNT DWODBS SGD C@S@ SN AD HCDMSHB@K 8GX NQ VGX MNS
21. )NV LHFGS SGD QDRD@QBGDQR F@SGDQ Q@MCNL C@S@
22. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD EHQRS QDRD@QBGDQ BNMCTBSDC GHR RTQUDX AX Q@MCNLKX BGNNRHMF NMD RS@SD HM SGD M@SHNM @MC SGDM Q@MCNLKX
OHBJHMF 40 O@SHDMSR EQNL SG@S RS@SD. 8G@S R@LOKHMF LDSGNC VNTKC SG@S QDRD@QBGDQ G@UD TRDC
23. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD RDBNMC QDRD@QBGDQ BNMCTBSDC GHR RTQUDX AX BGNNRHMF 40 O@SHDMSR GD JMDV. 8G@S R@LOKHMF LDSGNC
VNTKC SG@S QDRD@QBGDQ G@UD TRDC 8G@S BNMBDQMR VNTKC XNT G@UD @ANTS SGHR C@S@ RDS, A@RDC TONM SGD C@S@ BNKKDBSHNM LDSGNC
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= :7J7 JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 5VN QDRD@QBGDQR @QD F@SGDQHMF C@S@ NM GNTQR NE UHCDN F@LDR
OK@XDC AX RBGNNK-@FDC BGHKCQDM @MC XNTMF @CTKSR. 5GDX D@BG Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD CHEEDQDMS FQNTOR NE 150 RSTCDMSR EQNL SGD
R@LD RBGNNK. 5GDX BNKKDBS SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@.
&IOLM .F;S?> J?L 5??E $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0_2 26 0.17 0.17
2_4 30 0.20 0.37
4_6 49 0.33 0.70
2;<F? 1.29 0?M?;L=B?L A
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6_8 25 0.17 0.87
8_10 12 0.08 0.95
10_12 8 0.05 1
2;<F? 1.29 0?M?;L=B?L A
0_2 48 0.32 0.32
2_4 51 0.34 0.66
4_6 24 0.16 0.82
6_8 12 0.08 0.90
8_10 11 0.07 0.97
10_12 4 0.03 1
2;<F? 1.30 0?M?;L=B?L
24. (HUD @ QD@RNM VGX SGD C@S@ L@X CHEEDQ.
25. 8NTKC SGD R@LOKD RHYD AD K@QFD DMNTFG HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR SGD RSTCDMSR HM SGD RBGNNK
26. 8NTKC SGD R@LOKD RHYD AD K@QFD DMNTFG HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR RBGNNK-@FDC BGHKCQDM @MC XNTMF @CTKSR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR
27. 3DRD@QBGDQ " BNMBKTCDR SG@S LNRS RSTCDMSR OK@X UHCDN F@LDR ADSVDDM ENTQ @MC RHW GNTQR D@BG VDDJ. 3DRD@QBGDQ #
BNMBKTCDR SG@S LNRS RSTCDMSR OK@X UHCDN F@LDR ADSVDDM SVN @MC ENTQ GNTQR D@BG VDDJ. 8GN HR BNQQDBS
28. "R O@QS NE @ V@X SN QDV@QC RSTCDMSR ENQ O@QSHBHO@SHMF HM SGD RTQUDX, SGD QDRD@QBGDQR F@UD D@BG RSTCDMS @ FHES B@QC SN @
UHCDN F@LD RSNQD. 8NTKC SGHR @EEDBS SGD C@S@ HE RSTCDMSR JMDV @ANTS SGD @V@QC ADENQD SGD RSTCX
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= :7J7 JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: " O@HQ NE RSTCHDR V@R ODQENQLDC SN LD@RTQD SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR
NE @ MDV RNESV@QD OQNFQ@L CDRHFMDC SN GDKO RSQNJD O@SHDMSR QDF@HM SGDHQ OQNAKDL-RNKUHMF RJHKKR. 1@SHDMSR VDQD @RJDC SN TRD
SGD RNESV@QD OQNFQ@L SVHBD @ C@X, NMBD HM SGD LNQMHMF @MC NMBD HM SGD DUDMHMF. 5GD RSTCHDR NARDQUDC 200 RSQNJD O@SHDMSR
QDBNUDQHMF NUDQ @ ODQHNC NE RDUDQ@K VDDJR. 5GD EHQRS RSTCX BNKKDBSDC SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 1.31. 5GD RDBNMC RSTCX BNKKDBSDC SGD
C@S@ HM 2;<F? 1.32.
%LIOJ 1BIQ?> CGJLIP?G?HN ,I CGJLIP?G?HN "?N?LCIL;NCIH
4OA@ LNKCN=I 142 43 15
#E@ JKP QOA LNKCN=I 72 110 18
2;<F? 1.31
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%LIOJ 1BIQ?> CGJLIP?G?HN ,I CGJLIP?G?HN "?N?LCIL;NCIH
4OA@ LNKCN=I 105 74 19
#E@ JKP QOA LNKCN=I 89 99 12
2;<F? 1.32
29. (HUDM VG@S XNT JMNV, VGHBG RSTCX HR BNQQDBS
30. 5GD EHQRS RSTCX V@R ODQENQLDC AX SGD BNLO@MX SG@S CDRHFMDC SGD RNESV@QD OQNFQ@L. 5GD RDBNMC RSTCX V@R ODQENQLDC
AX SGD "LDQHB@M .DCHB@K "RRNBH@SHNM. 8GHBG RSTCX HR LNQD QDKH@AKD
31. #NSG FQNTOR SG@S ODQENQLDC SGD RSTCX BNMBKTCDC SG@S SGD RNESV@QD VNQJR. *R SGHR @BBTQ@SD
32. 5GD BNLO@MX S@JDR SGD SVN RSTCHDR @R OQNNE SG@S SGDHQ RNESV@QD B@TRDR LDMS@K HLOQNUDLDMS HM RSQNJD O@SHDMSR. *R SGHR @
E@HQ RS@SDLDMS
33. 1@SHDMSR VGN TRDC SGD RNESV@QD VDQD @KRN @ O@QS NE @M DWDQBHRD OQNFQ@L VGDQD@R O@SHDMSR VGN CHC MNS TRD SGD RNESV@QD
VDQD MNS. %NDR SGHR BG@MFD SGD U@KHCHSX NE SGD BNMBKTRHNMR EQNL #R?L=CM? 1.31
34. *R @ R@LOKD RHYD NE 1,000 @ QDKH@AKD LD@RTQD ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM NE 5,000
35. *R @ R@LOKD NE 500 UNKTMSDDQR @ QDKH@AKD LD@RTQD ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM NE 2,500
36. " PTDRSHNM NM @ RTQUDX QD@CR: "%N XNT OQDEDQ SGD CDKHBHNTR S@RSD NE #Q@MC 9 NQ SGD S@RSD NE #Q@MC :" *R SGHR @ E@HQ
PTDRSHNM
37. *R @ R@LOKD RHYD NE SVN QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE @ ONOTK@SHNM NE EHUD
38. *R HS ONRRHAKD ENQ SVN DWODQHLDMSR SN AD VDKK QTM VHSG RHLHK@Q R@LOKD RHYDR SN FDS CHEEDQDMS C@S@
39. 8G@S SXOD NE LD@RTQD RB@KD HR ADHMF TRDC /NLHM@K, NQCHM@K, HMSDQU@K NQ Q@SHN.
=. )HFG RBGNNK RNBBDQ OK@XDQR BK@RRHEHDC AX SGDHQ @SGKDSHB @AHKHSX: 4TODQHNQ, "UDQ@FD, "ANUD @UDQ@FD
>. #@JHMF SDLODQ@STQDR ENQ U@QHNTR L@HM CHRGDR: 350, 400, 325, 250, 300
?. 5GD BNKNQR NE BQ@XNMR HM @ 24-BQ@XNM ANW
@. 4NBH@K RDBTQHSX MTLADQR
A. *MBNLDR LD@RTQDC HM CNKK@QR
B. " R@SHRE@BSHNM RTQUDX NE @ RNBH@K VDARHSD AX MTLADQ: 1 = UDQX R@SHREHDC, 2 = RNLDVG@S R@SHREHDC, 3 = MNS R@SHREHDC
C. 1NKHSHB@K NTSKNNJ: DWSQDLD KDES, KDES-NE-BDMSDQ, QHFGS-NE-BDMSDQ, DWSQDLD QHFGS
D. 5HLD NE C@X NM @M @M@KNF V@SBG
E. 5GD CHRS@MBD HM LHKDR SN SGD BKNRDRS FQNBDQX RSNQD
F. 5GD C@SDR 1066, 1492, 1644, 1947, @MC 1944
G. 5GD GDHFGSR NE 21k65 XD@Q-NKC VNLDM
H. $NLLNM KDSSDQ FQ@CDR: ", #, $, %, @MC '
40. %DRHFM @M DWODQHLDMS. *CDMSHEX SGD DWOK@M@SNQX @MC QDRONMRD U@QH@AKDR. %DRBQHAD SGD ONOTK@SHNM ADHMF RSTCHDC @MC
SGD DWODQHLDMS@K TMHSR. &WOK@HM SGD SQD@SLDMSR SG@S VHKK AD TRDC @MC GNV SGDX VHKK AD @RRHFMDC SN SGD DWODQHLDMS@K TMHSR.
%DRBQHAD GNV AKHMCHMF @MC OK@BDANR L@X AD TRDC SN BNTMSDQ SGD ONVDQ NE RTFFDRSHNM.
41. %HRBTRR ONSDMSH@K UHNK@SHNMR NE SGD QTKD QDPTHQHMF HMENQLDC BNMRDMS.
=. *ML@SDR HM @ BNQQDBSHNM@K E@BHKHSX @QD NEEDQDC FNNC ADG@UHNQ BQDCHS HM QDSTQM ENQ O@QSHBHO@SHNM HM @ RSTCX.
>. " QDRD@QBG RSTCX HR CDRHFMDC SN HMUDRSHF@SD @ MDV BGHKCQDMnR @KKDQFX LDCHB@SHNM.
?. 1@QSHBHO@MSR HM @ RSTCX @QD SNKC SG@S SGD MDV LDCHB@SHNM ADHMF SDRSDC HR GHFGKX OQNLHRHMF, ATS SGDX @QD MNS SNKC SG@S
NMKX @ RL@KK ONQSHNM NE O@QSHBHO@MSR VHKK QDBDHUD SGD MDV LDCHB@SHNM. 0SGDQR VHKK QDBDHUD OK@BDAN SQD@SLDMSR @MC
SQ@CHSHNM@K SQD@SLDMSR.
&-+#5-0)
FEH ;79> E< J>; <EBBEM?D= ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I, ?:;DJ?<O: 7. J>; FEFKB7J?ED, 8. J>; I7CFB;, 9. J>; F7H7C;J;H, :. J>; IJ7J?IJ?9, ;. J>;
L7H?78B;, 7D: <. J>; :7J7. ?L; ;N7CFB;I M>;H; 7FFHEFH?7J;.
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 59
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42. " EHSMDRR BDMSDQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE SHLD @ BKHDMS DWDQBHRDR HM SGD BDMSDQ D@BG VDDJ.
43. 4JH QDRNQSR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD LD@M @FD SG@S BGHKCQDM S@JD SGDHQ EHQRS RJH @MC RMNVAN@QC KDRRNMR. 5GDX MDDC SGHR
HMENQL@SHNM SN OK@M SGDHQ RJH BK@RRDR NOSHL@KKX.
44. " B@QCHNKNFHRS HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD LD@M QDBNUDQX ODQHNC NE GDQ O@SHDMSR VGN G@UD G@C GD@QS @SS@BJR.
45. *MRTQ@MBD BNLO@MHDR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD LD@M GD@KSG BNRSR D@BG XD@Q NE SGDHQ BKHDMSR, RN SG@S SGDX B@M CDSDQLHMD SGD
BNRSR NE GD@KSG HMRTQ@MBD.
46. " ONKHSHBH@M HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD OQNONQSHNM NE UNSDQR HM GHR CHRSQHBS VGN SGHMJ GD HR CNHMF @ FNNC INA.
47. " L@QQH@FD BNTMRDKNQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BKHDMSR RGD BNTMRDKR VGN RS@X L@QQHDC.
48. 1NKHSHB@K ONKKRSDQR L@X AD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD VGN VHKK UNSD ENQ @ O@QSHBTK@Q B@TRD.
49. " L@QJDSHMF BNLO@MX HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD VGN VHKK ATX @ O@QSHBTK@Q OQNCTBS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: " -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD HMRSQTBSNQ HR HMSDQDRSDC
HM SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE C@XR -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD L@SG RSTCDMSR @QD @ARDMS EQNL BK@RR CTQHMF @ PT@QSDQ.
50. 8G@S HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM RGD HR HMSDQDRSDC HM
=. @KK -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR
>. @KK -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD &MFKHRG RSTCDMSR
?. @KK -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR HM GDQ BK@RRDR
@. @KK -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD L@SG RSTCDMSR
51. $NMRHCDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF:
X = CJB7:G D; 96NH 6 )6@: 16=D: DBBJC>IN DAA:<: B6I= HIJ9:CI >H 67H:CI
*M SGHR B@RD, 1 HR @M DW@LOKD NE @:
=. U@QH@AKD.
>. ONOTK@SHNM.
?. RS@SHRSHB.
@. C@S@.
52. 5GD HMRSQTBSNQnR R@LOKD OQNCTBDR @ LD@M MTLADQ NE C@XR @ARDMS NE 3.5 C@XR. 5GHR U@KTD HR @M DW@LOKD NE @:
=. O@Q@LDSDQ.
>. C@S@.
?. RS@SHRSHB.
@. U@QH@AKD.
FEH J>; <EBBEM?D= ;N;H9?I;I, ?:;DJ?<O J>; JOF; E< :7J7 J>7J MEKB: 8; KI;: JE :;I9H?8; 7 H;IFEDI; (GK7DJ?J7J?L; :?I9H;J;,
GK7DJ?J7J?L; 9ECDJ?DKEKI, EH GK7B?J7J?L;), 7D: =?L; 7D ;N7CFB; E< J>; :7J7.
53. MTLADQ NE SHBJDSR RNKC SN @ BNMBDQS
54. ODQBDMS NE ANCX E@S
55. E@UNQHSD A@RDA@KK SD@L
56. SHLD HM KHMD SN ATX FQNBDQHDR
57. MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR DMQNKKDC @S &UDQFQDDM 7@KKDX $NKKDFD
58. LNRS-V@SBGDC SDKDUHRHNM RGNV
59. AQ@MC NE SNNSGO@RSD
60. CHRS@MBD SN SGD BKNRDRS LNUHD SGD@SQD
61. @FD NE DWDBTSHUDR HM 'NQSTMD 500 BNLO@MHDR
62. MTLADQ NE BNLODSHMF BNLOTSDQ ROQD@CRGDDS RNESV@QD O@BJ@FDR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: " RSTCX V@R CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @FD, MTLADQ NE SHLDR
ODQ VDDJ, @MC SGD CTQ@SHNM (@LNTMS NE SHLD) NE QDRHCDMS TRD NE @ KNB@K O@QJ HM 4@M +NRD. 5GD EHQRS GNTRD HM SGD MDHFGANQGNNC
@QNTMC SGD O@QJ V@R RDKDBSDC Q@MCNLKX @MC SGDM DUDQX 8SG GNTRD HM SGD MDHFGANQGNNC @QNTMC SGD O@QJ V@R HMSDQUHDVDC.
63. o/TLADQ NE SHLDR ODQ VDDJp HR VG@S SXOD NE C@S@
=. PT@KHS@SHUD
>. PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD
?. PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
64. o%TQ@SHNM (@LNTMS NE SHLD)p HR VG@S SXOD NE C@S@
60 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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=. PT@KHS@SHUD
>. PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD
?. PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
65. "HQKHMD BNLO@MHDR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD BNMRHRSDMBX NE SGD MTLADQ NE A@AHDR NM D@BG EKHFGS, RN SG@S SGDX G@UD @CDPT@SD
R@EDSX DPTHOLDMS. 4TOONRD @M @HQKHMD BNMCTBSR @ RTQUDX. 0UDQ 5G@MJRFHUHMF VDDJDMC, HS RTQUDXR RHW EKHFGSR EQNL #NRSNM SN
4@KS -@JD $HSX SN CDSDQLHMD SGD MTLADQ NE A@AHDR NM SGD EKHFGSR. *S CDSDQLHMDR SGD @LNTMS NE R@EDSX DPTHOLDMS MDDCDC AX
SGD QDRTKS NE SG@S RSTCX.
=. 6RHMF BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, KHRS SGQDD SGHMFR VQNMF VHSG SGD V@X SGD RTQUDX V@R BNMCTBSDC.
>. 6RHMF BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, KHRS SGQDD V@XR SG@S XNT VNTKC HLOQNUD SGD RTQUDX HE HS VDQD SN AD QDOD@SDC.
66. 4TOONRD XNT V@MS SN CDSDQLHMD SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR ODQ RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR HM XNTQ RS@SD. %DRBQHAD @ ONRRHAKD
R@LOKHMF LDSGNC HM SGQDD SN EHUD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR. .@JD SGD CDRBQHOSHNM CDS@HKDC.
67. 4TOONRD XNT V@MS SN CDSDQLHMD SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE B@MR NE RNC@ CQTMJ D@BG LNMSG AX RSTCDMSR HM SGDHQ SVDMSHDR @S XNTQ
RBGNNK. %DRBQHAD @ ONRRHAKD R@LOKHMF LDSGNC HM SGQDD SN EHUD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR. .@JD SGD CDRBQHOSHNM CDS@HKDC.
68. -HRS RNLD OQ@BSHB@K CHEEHBTKSHDR HMUNKUDC HM FDSSHMF @BBTQ@SD QDRTKSR EQNL @ SDKDOGNMD RTQUDX.
69. -HRS RNLD OQ@BSHB@K CHEEHBTKSHDR HMUNKUDC HM FDSSHMF @BBTQ@SD QDRTKSR EQNL @ L@HKDC RTQUDX.
70. 8HSG XNTQ BK@RRL@SDR, AQ@HMRSNQL RNLD V@XR XNT BNTKC NUDQBNLD SGDRD OQNAKDLR HE XNT MDDCDC SN BNMCTBS @ OGNMD NQ
L@HK RTQUDX.
71. 5GD HMRSQTBSNQ S@JDR GDQ R@LOKD AX F@SGDQHMF C@S@ NM EHUD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMSR EQNLD@BG -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX
$NKKDFD L@SG BK@RR. 5GD SXOD NE R@LOKHMF RGD TRDC HR
=. BKTRSDQ R@LOKHMF
>. RSQ@SHEHDC R@LOKHMF
?. RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF
@. BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF
72. " RSTCX V@R CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @FD, MTLADQ NE SHLDR ODQ VDDJ, @MC SGD CTQ@SHNM (@LNTMS NE SHLD) NE QDRHCDMSR TRHMF
@ NE @ KNB@K O@QJ HM 4@M +NRD. 5GD EHQRS GNTRD HM SGD MDHFGANQGNNC @QNTMC SGD O@QJ V@R RDKDBSDC Q@MCNLKX @MC SGDM DUDQX
DHFGSG GNTRD HM SGD MDHFGANQGNNC @QNTMC SGD O@QJ V@R HMSDQUHDVDC. 5GD R@LOKHMF LDSGNC V@R:
=. RHLOKD Q@MCNL
>. RXRSDL@SHB
?. RSQ@SHEHDC
@. BKTRSDQ
73. /@LD SGD R@LOKHMF LDSGNC TRDC HM D@BG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF RHST@SHNMR:
=. " VNL@M HM SGD @HQONQS HR G@MCHMF NTS PTDRSHNMM@HQDR SN SQ@UDKDQR @RJHMF SGDL SN DU@KT@SD SGD @HQONQSnR RDQUHBD.
4GD CNDR MNS @RJ SQ@UDKDQR VGN @QD GTQQXHMF SGQNTFG SGD @HQONQS VHSG SGDHQ G@MCR ETKK NE KTFF@FD, ATS HMRSD@C @RJR
@KK SQ@UDKDQR VGN @QD RHSSHMF MD@Q F@SDR @MC MNS S@JHMF M@OR VGHKD SGDX V@HS.
>. " SD@BGDQ V@MSR SN JMNV HE GDQ RSTCDMSR @QD CNHMF GNLDVNQJ, RN RGD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSR QNVR SVN @MC EHUD @MC SGDM
B@KKR NM @KK RSTCDMSR HM QNV SVN @MC @KK RSTCDMSR HM QNV EHUD SN OQDRDMS SGD RNKTSHNMR SN GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDLR SN SGD
BK@RR.
?. 5GD L@QJDSHMF L@M@FDQ ENQ @M DKDBSQNMHBR BG@HM RSNQD V@MSR HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS SGD @FDR NE HSR BTRSNLDQR. 0UDQ
SGD MDWS SVN VDDJR, @S D@BG RSNQD KNB@SHNM, 100 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BTRSNLDQR @QD FHUDM PTDRSHNMM@HQDR SN EHKK NTS
@RJHMF ENQ HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS @FD, @R VDKK @R @ANTS NSGDQ U@QH@AKDR NE HMSDQDRS.
@. 5GD KHAQ@QH@M @S @ OTAKHB KHAQ@QX V@MSR SN CDSDQLHMD VG@S OQNONQSHNM NE SGD KHAQ@QX TRDQR @QD BGHKCQDM. 5GD KHAQ@QH@M
G@R @ S@KKX RGDDS NM VGHBG RGD L@QJR VGDSGDQ ANNJR @QD BGDBJDC NTS AX @M @CTKS NQ @ BGHKC. 4GD QDBNQCR SGHR C@S@
ENQ DUDQX ENTQSG O@SQNM VGN BGDBJR NTS ANNJR.
A. " ONKHSHB@K O@QSX V@MSR SN JMNV SGD QD@BSHNM NE UNSDQR SN @ CDA@SD ADSVDDM SGD B@MCHC@SDR. 5GD C@X @ESDQ SGD CDA@SD,
SGD O@QSXnR ONKKHMF RS@EE B@KKR 1,200 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC OGNMD MTLADQR. *E @ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQ @MRVDQR SGD OGNMD NQ
HR @U@HK@AKD SN BNLD SN SGD OGNMD, SG@S QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQ HR @RJDC VGNL GD NQ RGD HMSDMCR SN UNSD ENQ @MC VGDSGDQ
SGD CDA@SD BG@MFDC GHR NQ GDQ NOHMHNM NE SGD B@MCHC@SDR.
74. " oQ@MCNL RTQUDXp V@R BNMCTBSDC NE 3,274 ODNOKD NE SGD oLHBQNOQNBDRRNQ FDMDQ@SHNMp (ODNOKD ANQM RHMBD 1971, SGD
XD@Q SGD LHBQNOQNBDRRNQ V@R HMUDMSDC). *S V@R QDONQSDC SG@S 48%NE SGNRD HMCHUHCT@KR RTQUDXDC RS@SDC SG@S HE SGDX G@C $2,000
SN RODMC, SGDX VNTKC TRD HS ENQ BNLOTSDQ DPTHOLDMS. "KRN, 66% NE SGNRD RTQUDXDC BNMRHCDQDC SGDLRDKUDR QDK@SHUDKX R@UUX
BNLOTSDQ TRDQR.
=. %N XNT BNMRHCDQ SGD R@LOKD RHYD K@QFD DMNTFG ENQ @ RSTCX NE SGHR SXOD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
>. #@RDC NM XNTQ oFTS EDDKHMF,p CN XNT ADKHDUD SGD ODQBDMSR @BBTQ@SDKX QDEKDBS SGD 6.4. ONOTK@SHNM ENQ SGNRD
HMCHUHCT@KR ANQM RHMBD 1971 *E MNS, CN XNT SGHMJ SGD ODQBDMSR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @QD @BST@KKX GHFGDQ NQ KNVDQ SG@M
SGD R@LOKD RS@SHRSHBR 8GX
"CCHSHNM@K HMENQL@SHNM: 5GD RTQUDX, QDONQSDC AX *MSDK $NQONQ@SHNM, V@R EHKKDC NTS AX HMCHUHCT@KR VGN UHRHSDC SGD -NR "MFDKDR
$NMUDMSHNM $DMSDQ SN RDD SGD 4LHSGRNMH@M *MRSHSTQD'R QN@C RGNV B@KKDC o"LDQHB@nR 4LHSGRNMH@M.p
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 61
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?. 6EPD PDEO =@@EPEKJ=H EJBKNI=PEKJ, @K UKQ BAAH PD=P =HH @AIKCN=LDE? =J@ APDJE? CNKQLO SANA AMQ=HHU NALNAOAJPA@
=P PDA ARAJP? 6DU KN SDU JKP?
@. 6EPD PDA =@@EPEKJ=H EJBKNI=PEKJ, ?KIIAJP KJ DKS =??QN=PAHU UKQ PDEJG PDA O=ILHA OP=PEOPE?O NABHA?P PDA
LKLQH=PEKJ L=N=IAPANO.
75. 5GD (@KKTO-)D@KSGV@XR 8DKK-#DHMF *MCDW HR @ RTQUDX SG@S ENKKNVR SQDMCR NE 6.4. QDRHCDMSR NM @ QDFTK@Q A@RHR. 5GDQD
@QD RHW @QD@R NE GD@KSG @MC VDKKMDRR BNUDQDC HM SGD RTQUDX: -HED &U@KT@SHNM, &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG, 1GXRHB@K )D@KSG, )D@KSGX
#DG@UHNQ, 8NQJ &MUHQNMLDMS, @MC #@RHB "BBDRR. 4NLD NE SGD PTDRSHNMR TRDC SN LD@RTQD SGD *MCDW @QD KHRSDC ADKNV.
*CDMSHEX SGD SXOD NE C@S@ NAS@HMDC EQNL D@BG PTDRSHNM TRDC HM SGHR RTQUDX: PT@KHS@SHUD, PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD, NQ PT@MSHS@SHUD
BNMSHMTNTR.
=. %N XNT G@UD @MX GD@KSG OQNAKDLR SG@S OQDUDMS XNT EQNLCNHMF @MX NE SGD SGHMFR ODNOKD XNTQ @FD B@M MNQL@KKX CN
>. %TQHMF SGD O@RS 30 C@XR, ENQ @ANTS GNV L@MX C@XR CHC ONNQ GD@KSG JDDO XNT EQNL CNHMF XNTQ TRT@K @BSHUHSHDR
?. *M SGD K@RS RDUDM C@XR, NM GNV L@MX C@XR CHC XNT DWDQBHRD ENQ 30 LHMTSDR NQ LNQD
@. %N XNT G@UD GD@KSG HMRTQ@MBD BNUDQ@FD
76. *M @CU@MBD NE SGD 1936 1QDRHCDMSH@K &KDBSHNM, @ L@F@YHMD SHSKDC -HSDQ@QX %HFDRS QDKD@RDC SGD QDRTKSR NE @M NOHMHNM
ONKK OQDCHBSHMF SG@S SGD QDOTAKHB@M B@MCHC@SD "KE -@MCNM VNTKC VHM AX @ K@QFD L@QFHM. 5GD L@F@YHMD RDMS ONRS B@QCR
SN @OOQNWHL@SDKX 10,000,000 OQNRODBSHUD UNSDQR. 5GDRD OQNRODBSHUD UNSDQR VDQD RDKDBSDC EQNL SGD RTARBQHOSHNM KHRS NE SGD
L@F@YHMD, EQNL @TSNLNAHKD QDFHRSQ@SHNM KHRSR, EQNL OGNMD KHRSR, @MC EQNL BKTA LDLADQRGHO KHRSR. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 2,300,000
ODNOKD QDSTQMDC SGD ONRSB@QCR.
=. 5GHMJ @ANTS SGD RS@SD NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 1936. &WOK@HM VGX @ R@LOKD BGNRDM EQNLL@F@YHMD RTARBQHOSHNM KHRSR,
@TSNLNAHKD QDFHRSQ@SHNM KHRSR, OGNMD ANNJR, @MC BKTA LDLADQRGHO KHRSR V@R MNS QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM NE
SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR @S SG@S SHLD.
>. 8G@S DEEDBS CNDR SGD KNV QDRONMRD Q@SD G@UD NM SGD QDKH@AHKHSX NE SGD R@LOKD
?. "QD SGDRD OQNAKDLR DW@LOKDR NE R@LOKHMF DQQNQ NQ MNMR@LOKHMF DQQNQ
@. %TQHMF SGD R@LD XD@Q, (DNQFD (@KKTO BNMCTBSDC GHR NVM ONKK NE 30,000 OQNRODBSHUD UNSDQR. )HR QDRD@QBGDQR TRDC
@ LDSGNC SGDX B@KKDC "PTNS@ R@LOKHMF" SN NAS@HM RTQUDX @MRVDQR EQNL RODBHEHB RTARDSR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 2TNS@
R@LOKHMF HR @M DW@LOKD NE VGHBG R@LOKHMF LDSGNC CDRBQHADC HM SGHR LNCTKD
77. $QHLD-QDK@SDC @MC CDLNFQ@OGHB RS@SHRSHBR ENQ 47 64 RS@SDR HM 1960 VDQD BNKKDBSDC EQNL FNUDQMLDMS @FDMBHDR, HMBKTCHMF
SGD '#*'R .D?<EHC CH?C; +;FEHJ. 0MD @M@KXRHR NE SGHR C@S@ ENTMC @ RSQNMF BNMMDBSHNM ADSVDDM DCTB@SHNM @MC BQHLD
HMCHB@SHMF SG@S GHFGDQ KDUDKR NE DCTB@SHNM HM @ BNLLTMHSX BNQQDRONMC SN GHFGDQ BQHLD Q@SDR.
8GHBG NE SGD ONSDMSH@K OQNAKDLR VHSG R@LOKDR CHRBTRRDC HM 1?=NCIH 1.2 BNTKC DWOK@HM SGHR BNMMDBSHNM
78. :NT1NKKR HR @ VDARHSD SG@S @KKNVR @MXNMD SN BQD@SD @MC QDRONMC SN ONKKR. 0MD PTDRSHNM ONRSDC "OQHK 15 @RJR:
o%N XNT EDDK G@OOX O@XHMF XNTQ S@WDR VGDM LDLADQR NE SGD 0A@L@ @CLHMHRSQ@SHNM @QD @KKNVDC SN HFMNQD SGDHQ S@W
KH@AHKHSHDRp
<5=
"R NE "OQHK 25, 11 ODNOKD QDRONMCDC SN SGHR PTDRSHNM. &@BG O@QSHBHO@MS @MRVDQDC o/0!p
8GHBG NE SGD ONSDMSH@K OQNAKDLR VHSG R@LOKDR CHRBTRRDC HM SGHR LNCTKD BNTKC DWOK@HM SGHR BNMMDBSHNM
79. " RBGNK@QKX @QSHBKD @ANTS QDRONMRD Q@SDR ADFHMR VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF PTNSD:
o%DBKHMHMF BNMS@BS @MC BNNODQ@SHNM Q@SDR HM Q@MCNL CHFHS CH@K (3%%) M@SHNM@K SDKDOGNMD RTQUDXR Q@HRD RDQHNTR BNMBDQMR
@ANTS SGD U@KHCHSX NE DRSHL@SDR CQ@VM EQNL RTBG QDRD@QBG.p
<6=
5GD 1DV 3DRD@QBG $DMSDQ ENQ 1DNOKD @MC SGD 1QDRR @CLHSR:
o5GD ODQBDMS@FD NE ODNOKD VD HMSDQUHDV k NTS NE @KK VD SQX SN HMSDQUHDV k G@R ADDM CDBKHMHMF NUDQ SGD O@RS CDB@CD NQ
LNQD.p
<7=
=. 8G@S @QD RNLD QD@RNMR ENQ SGD CDBKHMD HM QDRONMRD Q@SD NUDQ SGD O@RS CDB@CD
>. &WOK@HM VGX QDRD@QBGDQR @QD BNMBDQMDC VHSG SGD HLO@BS NE SGD CDBKHMHMF QDRONMRD Q@SD NM OTAKHB NOHMHNM ONKKR.
80. 'HESX O@QS-SHLD RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX BNTQRDR SGDX VDQD S@JHMF SGHR SDQL. 5GD (HMBNLOKDSD) QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM
ADKNV:
5. K@RSA@KCD@FKD. 2013. 0M 5@W %@X, )NTRD SN $@KK ENQ 'HQHMF 'DCDQ@K 8NQJDQR 8GN 0VD #@BJ 5@WDR. 0OHMHNM ONKK ONRSDC
NMKHMD @S: GSSO://VVV.XNTONKKR.BNL/CDS@HKR.@ROWHC=12328 (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
6. 4BNSS ,DDSDQ DS @K., o(@TFHMF SGD *LO@BS NE (QNVHMF /NMQDRONMRD NM &RSHL@SDR EQNL @ /@SHNM@K 3%% 5DKDOGNMD 4TQUDX,p
1TAKHB 0OHMHNM 2T@QSDQKX 70 MN. 5 (2006), DPPL://LKM.KTBKN@FKQNJ=HO.KNC/?KJPAJP/70/5/759.BQHH
(DPPL://LKM.KTBKN@FKQNJ=HO.KNC/?KJPAJP/70/5/759.BQHH) (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
7. 'QDPTDMSKX "RJDC 2TDRSHNMR, 1DV 3DRD@QBG $DMSDQ ENQ SGD 1DNOKD & SGD 1QDRR, GSSO://VVV.ODNOKD-OQDRR.NQF/LDSGNCNKNFX/
EQDPTDMSKX-@RJDC-PTDRSHNMR/#CNMS-XNT-G@UD-SQNTAKD-FDSSHMF-ODNOKD-SN-@MRVDQ-XNTQ-ONKKR (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
62 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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# I@ !IOLM?M $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
1 30 0.6
2 15
3
2;<F? 1.33 .;LN-NCG? 1NO>?HN !IOLM? *I;>M
=. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR HM 2;<F? 1.33.
>. 8G@S ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR S@JD DW@BSKX SVN BNTQRDR
?. 8G@S ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR S@JD NMD NQ SVN BNTQRDR
81. 4HWSX @CTKSR VHSG FTL CHRD@RD VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR ODQ VDDJ SGDX TRDC SN EKNRR ADENQD SGDHQ CH@FMNRHR. 5GD
(HMBNLOKDSD) QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 1.34.
# $FIMMCHA J?L 5??E $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?K.
0 27 0.4500
1 18
3 0.9333
6 3 0.0500
7 1 0.0167
2;<F? 1.34 $FIMMCHA $L?KO?H=S @IL A>OFNM QCNB %OG "CM?;M?
=. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR HM 2;<F? 1.34.
>. 8G@S ODQBDMS NE @CTKSR EKNRRDC RHW SHLDR ODQ VDDJ
?. 8G@S ODQBDMS EKNRRDC @S LNRS SGQDD SHLDR ODQ VDDJ
82. /HMDSDDM HLLHFQ@MSR SN SGD 6.4 VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX XD@QR, SN SGD MD@QDRS XD@Q, SGDX G@UD KHUDC HM SGD 6.4. 5GD C@S@
@QD @R ENKKNVR: 2; 5; 7; 2; 2; 10; 20; 15; 0; 7; 0; 20; 5; 12; 15; 12; 4; 5; 10.
2;<F? 1.35 V@R OQNCTBDC.
";N; $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0 2
2
19
0.1053
2 3
3
19
0.2632
2;<F? 1.35 $L?KO?H=S I@ 'GGCAL;HN 1OLP?S 0?MJIHM?M
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 63
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4 1
1
19
0.3158
5 3
3
19
0.1579
7 2
2
19
0.5789
10 2
2
19
0.6842
12 2
2
19
0.7895
15 1
1
19
0.8421
20 1
1
19
1.0000
2;<F? 1.35 $L?KO?H=S I@ 'GGCAL;HN 1OLP?S 0?MJIHM?M
=. 'HW SGD DQQNQR HM 2;<F? 1.35. "KRN, DWOK@HM GNV RNLDNMD LHFGS G@UD @QQHUDC @S SGD HMBNQQDBS MTLADQ(R).
>. &WOK@HM VG@S HR VQNMF VHSG SGHR RS@SDLDMS: o47 ODQBDMS NE SGD ODNOKD RTQUDXDC G@UD KHUDC HM SGD 6.4. ENQ 5 XD@QR.p
?. 'HW SGD RS@SDLDMS HM 7 SN L@JD HS BNQQDBS.
@. 8G@S EQ@BSHNM NE SGD ODNOKD RTQUDXDC G@UD KHUDC HM SGD 6.4. EHUD NQ RDUDM XD@QR
A. 8G@S EQ@BSHNM NE SGD ODNOKD RTQUDXDC G@UD KHUDC HM SGD 6.4. @S LNRS 12 XD@QR
B. 8G@S EQ@BSHNM NE SGD ODNOKD RTQUDXDC G@UD KHUDC HM SGD 6.4. EDVDQ SG@M 12 XD@QR
C. 8G@S EQ@BSHNM NE SGD ODNOKD RTQUDXDC G@UD KHUDC HM SGD 6.4. EQNL EHUD SN 20 XD@QR, HMBKTRHUD
83. )NV LTBG SHLD CNDR HS S@JD SN SQ@UDK SN VNQJ 2;<F? 1.36 RGNVR SGD LD@M BNLLTSD SHLD AX RS@SD ENQ VNQJDQR @S KD@RS
16 XD@QR NKC VGN @QD MNS VNQJHMF @S GNLD. 'HMC SGD LD@M SQ@UDK SHLD, @MC QNTMC NEE SGD @MRVDQ OQNODQKX.
24.0 24.3 25.9 18.9 27.5 17.9 21.8 20.9 16.7 27.3
18.2 24.7 20.0 22.6 23.9 18.0 31.4 22.3 24.0 25.5
24.7 24.6 28.1 24.9 22.6 23.6 23.4 25.7 24.8 25.5
21.2 25.7 23.1 23.0 23.9 26.0 16.3 23.1 21.4 21.5
27.0 27.0 18.6 31.7 23.3 30.1 22.9 23.3 21.7 18.6
2;<F? 1.36
64 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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84. FEH8;I L@F@YHMD OTAKHRGDC C@S@ NM SGD ADRS RL@KK EHQLR HM 2012. 5GDRD VDQD EHQLR VGHBG G@C ADDM OTAKHBKX SQ@CDC ENQ
@S KD@RS @ XD@Q, G@UD @ RSNBJ OQHBD NE @S KD@RS $5 ODQ RG@QD, @MC G@UD QDONQSDC @MMT@K QDUDMTD ADSVDDM $5 LHKKHNM @MC $1
AHKKHNM. 2;<F? 1.37 RGNVR SGD @FDR NE SGD BGHDE DWDBTSHUD NEEHBDQR ENQ SGD EHQRS 60 Q@MJDC EHQLR.
AA? $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
40_44 3
45_49 11
50_54 13
55_59 16
60_64 10
65_69 6
70_74 1
2;<F? 1.37
=. 8G@S HR SGD EQDPTDMBX ENQ $&0 @FDR ADSVDDM 54 @MC 65
>. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD NE $&0R @QD 65 XD@QR NQ NKCDQ
?. 8G@S HR SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NE @FDR TMCDQ 50
@. 8G@S HR SGD BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX ENQ $&0R XNTMFDQ SG@M 55
A. 8GHBG FQ@OG RGNVR SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX @MC VGHBG RGNVR SGD BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX
(@) (A)
$CAOL? 1.13
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 2;<F? 1.38 BNMS@HMR C@S@ NM GTQQHB@MDR SG@S G@UD L@CD
CHQDBS GHSR NM SGD 6.4. #DSVDDM 1851 @MC 2004. " GTQQHB@MD HR FHUDM @ RSQDMFSG B@SDFNQX Q@SHMF A@RDC NM SGD LHMHLTL VHMC
RODDC FDMDQ@SDC AX SGD RSNQL.
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 65
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!;N?AILS ,OG<?L I@ "CL?=N &CNM 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
1 109 0.3993 0.3993
2 72 0.2637 0.6630
3 71 0.2601
4 18 0.9890
5 3 0.0110 1.0000
2IN;F = 273
2;<F? 1.38 $L?KO?H=S I@ &OLLC=;H? "CL?=N &CNM
85. 8G@S HR SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NE CHQDBS GHSR SG@S VDQD B@SDFNQX 4 GTQQHB@MDR
=. 0.0768
>. 0.0659
?. 0.2601
@. /NS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM SN B@KBTK@SD
86. 8G@S HR SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NE CHQDBS GHSR SG@S VDQD "5 .045 @ B@SDFNQX 3 RSNQL
=. 0.3480
>. 0.9231
?. 0.2601
@. 0.3370
87. )NV CNDR RKDDO CDOQHU@SHNM @EEDBS XNTQ @AHKHSX SN CQHUD " QDBDMS RSTCX LD@RTQDC SGD DEEDBSR NM 19 OQNEDRRHNM@K
CQHUDQR. &@BG CQHUDQ O@QSHBHO@SDC HM SVN DWODQHLDMS@K RDRRHNMR: NMD @ESDQ MNQL@K RKDDO @MC NMD @ESDQ 27 GNTQR NE SNS@K RKDDO
CDOQHU@SHNM. 5GD SQD@SLDMSR VDQD @RRHFMDC HM Q@MCNLNQCDQ. *M D@BG RDRRHNM, ODQENQL@MBD V@R LD@RTQDC NM @ U@QHDSX NE S@RJR
HMBKTCHMF @ CQHUHMF RHLTK@SHNM.
6RD JDX SDQLR EQNL SGHR LNCTKD SN CDRBQHAD SGD CDRHFM NE SGHR DWODQHLDMS.
88. "M @CUDQSHRDLDMS ENQ "BLD *MUDRSLDMSR CHROK@XR SGD SVN FQ@OGR HM $CAOL? 1.14 SN RGNV SGD U@KTD NE "BLDnR OQNCTBS
HM BNLO@QHRNM VHSG SGD 0SGDQ (TXnR OQNCTBS. %DRBQHAD SGD ONSDMSH@KKX LHRKD@CHMF UHRT@K DEEDBS NE SGDRD BNLO@QHRNM FQ@OGR.
)NV B@M SGHR AD BNQQDBSDC
(@) (A)
$CAOL? 1.14 O PDA CN=LDO ODKS, ?IA ?KJOEOPAJPHU KQPLANBKNIO PDA .PDAN &QUO!
89. 5GD FQ@OG HM $CAOL? 1.15 RGNVR SGD MTLADQ NE BNLOK@HMSR ENQ RHW CHEEDQDMS @HQKHMDR @R QDONQSDC SN SGD 64 %DO@QSLDMS NE
5Q@MRONQS@SHNM HM 'DAQT@QX 2013. "K@RJ@, 1HMM@BKD, @MC "HQSQ@M "HQKHMDR G@UD E@Q EDVDQ BNLOK@HMSR QDONQSDC SG@M "LDQHB@M,
66 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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%DKS@, @MC 6MHSDC. $@M VD BNMBKTCD SG@S "LDQHB@M, %DKS@, @MC 6MHSDC @QD SGD VNQRS @HQKHMD B@QQHDQR RHMBD SGDX G@UD SGD LNRS
BNLOK@HMSR
$CAOL? 1.15
0',%',% '2 2-%#2&#0 : &-+#5-0)
90. 4DUDM GTMCQDC @MC RDUDMSX-NMD CHRS@MBD KD@QMHMF RSTCDMSR @S -NMF #D@BG $HSX $NKKDFD QDRONMCDC SN RTQUDXR HM SGD
2010-11 @B@CDLHB XD@Q. )HFGKHFGSR NE SGD RTLL@QX QDONQS @QD KHRSDC HM 2;<F? 1.39.
'=RA ?KILQPAN =P DKIA 96%
4J=>HA PK ?KIA PK ?=ILQO BKN ?H=OOAO 65%
CA 41 KN KRAN 24%
6KQH@ HEGA +!"" PK KBBAN IKNA #+ ?KQNOAO 95%
3KKG #+ ?H=OOAO @QA PK = @EO=>EHEPU 17%
+ERA =P HA=OP 16 IEHAO BNKI ?=ILQO 13%
3KKG #+ ?KQNOAO PK BQHBEHH PN=JOBAN NAMQENAIAJPO 71%
2;<F? 1.39 *!! "CMN;H=? *?;LHCHA 1OLP?S 0?MOFNM
=. 8G@S ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR RTQUDXDC CN MNS G@UD @ BNLOTSDQ @S GNLD
>. "ANTS GNV L@MX RSTCDMSR HM SGD RTQUDX KHUD @S KD@RS 16 LHKDR EQNL B@LOTR
?. *E SGD R@LD RTQUDX VDQD CNMD @S (QD@S #@RHM $NKKDFD HM &KJN, /DU@C@, CN XNT SGHMJ SGD ODQBDMS@FDR VNTKC AD SGD
R@LD 8GX
91. 4DUDQ@K NMKHMD SDWSANNJ QDS@HKDQR @CUDQSHRD SG@S SGDX G@UD KNVDQ OQHBDR SG@M NM-B@LOTR ANNJRSNQDR. )NVDUDQ, @M
HLONQS@MS E@BSNQ HR VGDSGDQ SGD *MSDQMDS QDS@HKDQR @BST@KKX G@UD SGD SDWSANNJR SG@S RSTCDMSR MDDC HM RSNBJ. 4STCDMSR MDDC SN AD
@AKD SN FDS SDWSANNJR OQNLOSKX @S SGD ADFHMMHMF NE SGD BNKKDFD SDQL. *E SGD ANNJ HR MNS @U@HK@AKD, SGDM @ RSTCDMS VNTKC MNS AD
@AKD SN FDS SGD SDWSANNJ @S @KK, NQ LHFGS FDS @ CDK@XDC CDKHUDQX HE SGD ANNJ HR A@BJ NQCDQDC.
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 67
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" BNKKDFD MDVRO@ODQ QDONQSDQ HR HMUDRSHF@SHMF SDWSANNJ @U@HK@AHKHSX @S NMKHMD QDS@HKDQR. )D CDBHCDR SN HMUDRSHF@SD NMD SDWSANNJ
ENQ D@BG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF RDUDM RTAIDBSR: B@KBTKTR, AHNKNFX, BGDLHRSQX, OGXRHBR, RS@SHRSHBR, FDNKNFX, @MC FDMDQ@K DMFHMDDQHMF.
)D BNMRTKSR SDWSANNJ HMCTRSQX R@KDR C@S@ @MC RDKDBSR SGD LNRS ONOTK@Q M@SHNM@KKX TRDC SDWSANNJ HM D@BG NE SGDRD RTAIDBSR.
)D UHRHSR VDARHSDR ENQ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE L@INQ NMKHMD SDWSANNJ RDKKDQR @MC KNNJR TO D@BG NE SGDRD RDUDM SDWSANNJR SN RDD
HE SGDX @QD @U@HK@AKD HM RSNBJ ENQ PTHBJ CDKHUDQX SGQNTFG SGDRD QDS@HKDQR. #@RDC NM GHR HMUDRSHF@SHNM, GD VQHSDR @M @QSHBKD HM
VGHBG GD CQ@VR BNMBKTRHNMR @ANTS SGD NUDQ@KK @U@HK@AHKHSX NE @KK BNKKDFD SDWSANNJR SGQNTFG NMKHMD SDWSANNJ QDS@HKDQR.
8QHSD @M @M@KXRHR NE GHR RSTCX SG@S @CCQDRRDR SGD ENKKNVHMF HRRTDR: *R GHR R@LOKD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM NE @KK
BNKKDFD SDWSANNJR &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS. %DRBQHAD RNLD ONRRHAKD RNTQBDR NE AH@R HM SGHR RSTCX, @MC GNV HS LHFGS @EEDBS
SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD RSTCX. (HUD RNLD RTFFDRSHNMR @ANTS VG@S BNTKC AD CNMD SN HLOQNUD SGD RSTCX.
0#$#0#,!#1
5GD %@S@ @MC 4SNQX -HAQ@QX, GSSO://KHA.RS@S.BLT.DCT/%"4-/4SNQHDR/$Q@RG5DRS%TLLHDR.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
(@KKTO-)D@KSGV@XR 8DKK-#DHMF *MCDW. GSSO://VVV.VDKK-ADHMFHMCDW.BNL/CDE@TKS.@RO (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
(@KKTO-)D@KSGV@XR 8DKK-#DHMF *MCDW. GSSO://VVV.VDKK-ADHMFHMCDW.BNL/LDSGNCNKNFX.@RO (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
(@KKTO-)D@KSGV@XR 8DKK-#DHMF *MCDW. GSSO://VVV.F@KKTO.BNL/ONKK/146822/F@KKTO-GD@KSGV@XR-HMCDW-PTDRSHNMR.@ROW
(@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL GSSO://VVV.ANNJNENCCR.BNL/3DK@SHNMRGHOR-4NBHDSX/"QSHBKDR/"0374-)NV-(DNQFD-(@KKTO-1HBJDC-SGD-1QDRHCDMS
%NLHMHB -TRHMBGH, on1QDRHCDMSn -@MCNM @MC SGD 1936 %?J;H7HO D?=;IJ 1NKK: 8DQD "TSNLNAHKD @MC 5DKDOGNMD 0VMDQR SN
#K@LDp 4NBH@K 4BHDMBD )HRSNQX 36, MN. 1: 23-54 (2012), GSSO://RRG.CTJDINTQM@KR.NQF/BNMSDMS/36/1/23.@ARSQ@BS (@BBDRRDC .@X
1, 2013).
o5GD -HSDQ@QX %HFDRS 1NKK,p 7HQST@K -@ANQ@SNQHDR HM 1QNA@AHKHSX @MC 4S@SHRSHBR GSSO://VVV.L@SG.T@G.DCT/RS@S/C@S@/
-HSDQ@QX%HFDRS.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
o(@KKTO 1QDRHCDMSH@K &KDBSHNM 5QH@K-)D@S 5QDMCR, 1936k2008,p (@KKTO 1NKHSHBR GSSO://VVV.F@KKTO.BNL/ONKK/110548/F@KKTO-
OQDRHCDMSH@K-DKDBSHNM-SQH@KGD@S-SQDMCR-19362004.@ROW#4 (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
5GD %@S@ @MC 4SNQX -HAQ@QX, GSSO://KHA.RS@S.BLT.DCT/%"4-/%@S@EHKDR/64$QHLD.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
-#$$ %HRS@MBD -D@QMHMF (%-) OQNFQ@L C@S@ HM 2010-2011, GSSO://CD.KABB.DCT/QDONQSR/2010-11/ETSTQD/GHFGKHFGSR.GSLK#ENBTR
(@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL 4@M +NRD .DQBTQX /DVR
o4S@SD & $NTMSX 2THBJ'@BSR,p 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T. GSSO://PTHBJE@BSR.BDMRTR.FNU/PEC/CNVMKN@C?C@S@.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 1,
2013).
o4S@SD & $NTMSX 2THBJ'@BSR: 2THBJ, D@RX @BBDRR SN E@BSR @ANTS ODNOKD, ATRHMDRR, @MC FDNFQ@OGX,p 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T.
GSSO://PTHBJE@BSR.BDMRTR.FNU/PEC/HMCDW.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
o5@AKD 5: %HQDBS GHSR AX L@HMK@MC 6MHSDC 4S@SDR )TQQHB@MDR (1851-2004),p /@SHNM@K )TQQHB@MD $DMSDQ,
GSSO://VVV.MGB.MN@@.FNU/FHER/S@AKD5.FHE (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
o-DUDKR NE .D@RTQDLDMS,p GSSO://HMEHMHSX.BNR.DCT/E@BTKSX/VNNCATQX/RS@SR/STSNQH@K/%@S@?-DUDKR.GSL (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
$NTQSMDX 5@XKNQ, o-DUDKR NE .D@RTQDLDMS,p @ANTS.BNL, GSSO://RS@SHRSHBR.@ANTS.BNL/NC/)DKO@MC5TSNQH@KR/@/-DUDKR-0E-
.D@RTQDLDMS.GSL (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
%@UHC -@MD. o-DUDKR NE .D@RTQDLDMS,p $NMMDWHNMR, GSSO://BMW.NQF/BNMSDMS/L10809/K@SDRS/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
o7HS@LHM & @MC )D@KSG,p /TSQHSHNM 4NTQBD, )@QU@QC 4BGNNK NE 1TAKHB )D@KSG, GSSO://VVV.GROG.G@QU@QC.DCT/MTSQHSHNMRNTQBD/
UHS@LHM-D/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
4S@M 3DDMSR. o%NMnS 6MCDQDRSHL@SD SGD 1NVDQ NE 4TFFDRSHNM,p @SGKDSDHMLD.BNL, GSSO://VVV.@SGKDSDHMLD.BNL/
"QSHBKD7HDV.@ROWHC=1053 (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
"MJHS@ .DGS@. o%@HKX %NRD NE "ROHQHMF )DKOR 3DCTBD )D@QS "SS@BJR: 4STCX,p *MSDQM@SHNM@K #TRHMDRR 5HLDR, +TKX 21, 2011.
"KRN @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.HASHLDR.BNL/C@HKX-CNRD-@ROHQHM-GDKOR-QDCTBD-GD@QS-@SS@BJR-RSTCX-300443 (@BBDRRDC
.@X 1, 2013).
5GD %@S@ @MC 4SNQX -HAQ@QX, GSSO://KHA.RS@S.BLT.DCT/%"4-/4SNQHDR/4BDMSR@MC-D@QMHMF.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
..-. +@BRJNM DS @K., o$NFMHSHUD $NLONMDMSR NE 4HLTK@SDC %QHUHMF 1DQENQL@MBD: 4KDDO -NRR DEEDBS @MC 1QDCHBSNQR,p "BBHCDMS
"M@KXRHR @MC 1QDUDMSHNM +NTQM@K, +@M MN. 50 (2013), GSSO://VVV.MBAH.MKL.MHG.FNU/OTALDC/22721550 (@BBDRRDC .@X 1,
2013).
o&@QSGPT@JD *MENQL@SHNM AX :D@Q,p 6.4. (DNKNFHB@K 4TQUDX. GSSO://D@QSGPT@JD.TRFR.FNU/D@QSGPT@JDR/DP@QBGHUDR/XD@Q/
(@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
o'@S@KHSX "M@KXRHR 3DONQS 4XRSDLR ('"34) &MBXBKNODCH@,p /@SHNM@K )HFGV@X 5Q@EEHB @MC 4@EDSX "CLHMHRSQ@SHNM.
GSSO://VVV-E@QR.MGSR@.CNS.FNU/.@HM/HMCDW.@ROW (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
68 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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%@S@ EQNL VVV.ATRHMDRRVDDJ.BNL (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL VVV.ENQADR.BNL (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
o"LDQHB@nR #DRS 4L@KK $NLO@MHDR,p GSSO://VVV.ENQADR.BNL/ADRS-RL@KK-BNLO@MHDR/KHRS/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
6.4. %DO@QSLDMS NE )D@KSG @MC )TL@M 4DQUHBDR, $NCD NE 'DCDQ@K 3DFTK@SHNMR 5HSKD 45 1TAKHB 8DKE@QD %DO@QSLDMS NE )D@KSG
@MC )TL@M 4DQUHBDR 1@QS 46 1QNSDBSHNM NE )TL@M 4TAIDBSR QDUHRDC +@MT@QX 15, 2009. 4DBSHNM 46.111:$QHSDQH@ ENQ *3#
"OOQNU@K NE 3DRD@QBG.
o"OQHK 2013 "HQ 5Q@UDK $NMRTLDQ 3DONQS,p 6.4. %DO@QSLDMS NE 5Q@MRONQS@SHNM, "OQHK 11 (2013), GSSO://VVV.CNS.FNU/
@HQBNMRTLDQ/@OQHK-2013-@HQ-SQ@UDK-BNMRTLDQ-QDONQS (@BBDRRDC .@X 1, 2013).
-NQH "KCDM, o4S@SHRSHBR B@M AD .HRKD@CHMF,p DBNMNBK@RR.BNL, GSSO://VVV.DBNMNBK@RR.BNL/LHRKD@CHMFRS@SR.GSLK (@BBDRRDC
.@X 1, 2013).
.@QH@ CD KNR ". .DCHM@, o&SGHBR HM 4S@SHRSHBR,p #@RDC NM o#THKCHMF @M &SGHBR .NCTKD ENQ #TRHMDRR, 4BHDMBD, @MC &MFHMDDQHMF
4STCDMSRp AX +NRD ". $QTY-$QTY @MC 8HKKH@L 'QDX, $NMMDWHNMR, GSSO://BMW.NQF/BNMSDMS/L15555/K@SDRS/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 1,
2013).
1-*32'-,1
1 "*%4 O@SHDMSR.
3 5GD @UDQ@FD KDMFSG NE SHLD (HM LNMSGR) "*%4 O@SHDMSR KHUD @ESDQ SQD@SLDMS.
5 1 = SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD (HM LNMSGR) "*%4 O@SHDMSR KHUD @ESDQ SQD@SLDMS
7 A
9 @
11
@. 0.5242
A. 0.03%
B. 6.86%
C.
823,088
823,856
D. PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD
E. PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
F. *M ANSG XD@QR, TMCDQV@SDQ D@QSGPT@JDR OQNCTBDC L@RRHUD SRTM@LHR.
13 RXRSDL@SHB
15 RHLOKD Q@MCNL
17 U@KTDR ENQ 1, RTBG @R 3, 4, 11, @MC RN NM
19 /N, VD CN MNS G@UD DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM SN L@JD RTBG @ BK@HL.
21 5@JD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD EQNL D@BG FQNTO. 0MD V@X HR AX @RRHFMHMF @ MTLADQ SN D@BG O@SHDMS @MC TRHMF @ Q@MCNL
MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS O@SHDMSR.
23 5GHR VNTKC AD BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF @MC HR MNS Q@MCNL.
25 :DR, SGD R@LOKD RHYD NE 150 VNTKC AD K@QFD DMNTFG SN QDEKDBS @ ONOTK@SHNM NE NMD RBGNNK.
27 &UDM SGNTFG SGD RODBHEHB C@S@ RTOONQS D@BG QDRD@QBGDQnR BNMBKTRHNMR, SGD CHEEDQDMS QDRTKSR RTFFDRS SG@S LNQD C@S@ MDDC SN
AD BNKKDBSDC ADENQD SGD QDRD@QBGDQR B@M QD@BG @ BNMBKTRHNM.
29 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM FHUDM SN ITCFD HE DHSGDQ NMD HR BNQQDBS NQ HMBNQQDBS.
31 5GD RNESV@QD OQNFQ@L RDDLR SN VNQJ ADB@TRD SGD RDBNMC RSTCX RGNVR SG@S LNQD O@SHDMSR HLOQNUD VGHKD TRHMF SGD
RNESV@QD SG@M MNS. &UDM SGNTFG SGD CHEEDQDMBD HR MNS @R K@QFD @R SG@S HM SGD EHQRS RSTCX, SGD QDRTKSR EQNL SGD RDBNMC RSTCX @QD
KHJDKX LNQD QDKH@AKD @MC RSHKK RGNV HLOQNUDLDMS.
33 :DR, ADB@TRD VD B@MMNS SDKK HE SGD HLOQNUDLDMS V@R CTD SN SGD RNESV@QD NQ SGD DWDQBHRD; SGD C@S@ HR BNMENTMCDC, @MC @
QDKH@AKD BNMBKTRHNM B@MMNS AD CQ@VM. /DV RSTCHDR RGNTKC AD ODQENQLDC.
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 69
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35 /N, DUDM SGNTFG SGD R@LOKD HR K@QFD DMNTFG, SGD E@BS SG@S SGD R@LOKD BNMRHRSR NE UNKTMSDDQR L@JDR HS @ RDKE-RDKDBSDC
R@LOKD, VGHBG HR MNS QDKH@AKD.
37 /N, DUDM SGNTFG SGD R@LOKD HR @ K@QFD ONQSHNM NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM, SVN QDRONMRDR @QD MNS DMNTFG SN ITRSHEX @MX BNMBKTRHNMR.
#DB@TRD SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR RN RL@KK, HS VNTKC AD ADSSDQ SN HMBKTCD DUDQXNMD HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM SN FDS SGD LNRS @BBTQ@SD C@S@.
39
@. NQCHM@K
A. HMSDQU@K
B. MNLHM@K
C. MNLHM@K
D. Q@SHN
E. NQCHM@K
F. MNLHM@K
G. HMSDQU@K
H. Q@SHN
I. HMSDQU@K
J. Q@SHN
K. NQCHM@K
41
@. *ML@SDR L@X MNS EDDK BNLENQS@AKD QDETRHMF O@QSHBHO@SHNM, NQ L@X EDDK NAKHF@SDC SN S@JD @CU@MS@FD NE SGD OQNLHRDC
ADMDEHSR. 5GDX L@X MNS EDDK SQTKX EQDD SN QDETRD O@QSHBHO@SHNM.
A. 1@QDMSR B@M OQNUHCD BNMRDMS NM ADG@KE NE SGDHQ BGHKCQDM, ATS BGHKCQDM @QD MNS BNLODSDMS SN OQNUHCD BNMRDMS ENQ
SGDLRDKUDR.
B. "KK QHRJR @MC ADMDEHSR LTRS AD BKD@QKX NTSKHMDC. 4STCX O@QSHBHO@MSR LTRS AD HMENQLDC NE QDKDU@MS @RODBSR NE SGD RSTCX HM
NQCDQ SN FHUD @OOQNOQH@SD BNMRDMS.
43
@. @KK BGHKCQDM VGN S@JD RJH NQ RMNVAN@QC KDRRNMR
A. @ FQNTO NE SGDRD BGHKCQDM
B. SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @FD NE BGHKCQDM VGN S@JD SGDHQ EHQRS RMNVAN@QC KDRRNM
C. SGD R@LOKD LD@M @FD NE BGHKCQDM VGN S@JD SGDHQ EHQRS RMNVAN@QC KDRRNM
D. 1 = SGD @FD NE NMD BGHKC VGN S@JDR GHR NQ GDQ EHQRS RJH NQ RMNVAN@QC KDRRNM
E. U@KTDR ENQ 1, RTBG @R 3, 7, @MC RN NM
45
@. SGD BKHDMSR NE SGD HMRTQ@MBD BNLO@MHDR
A. @ FQNTO NE SGD BKHDMSR
B. SGD LD@M GD@KSG BNRSR NE SGD BKHDMSR
C. SGD LD@M GD@KSG BNRSR NE SGD R@LOKD
D. 1 = SGD GD@KSG BNRSR NE NMD BKHDMS
E. U@KTDR ENQ 1, RTBG @R 34, 9, 82, @MC RN NM
47
@. @KK SGD BKHDMSR NE SGHR BNTMRDKNQ
A. @ FQNTO NE BKHDMSR NE SGHR L@QQH@FD BNTMRDKNQ
B. SGD OQNONQSHNM NE @KK GDQ BKHDMSR VGN RS@X L@QQHDC
C. SGD OQNONQSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD NE SGD BNTMRDKNQnR BKHDMSR VGN RS@X L@QQHDC
D. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE BNTOKDR VGN RS@X L@QQHDC
E. XDR, MN
49
@. @KK ODNOKD (L@XAD HM @ BDQS@HM FDNFQ@OGHB @QD@, RTBG @R SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR)
A. @ FQNTO NE SGD ODNOKD
B. SGD OQNONQSHNM NE @KK ODNOKD VGN VHKK ATX SGD OQNCTBS
C. SGD OQNONQSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD VGN VHKK ATX SGD OQNCTBS
D. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN VHKK ATX HS
E. ATX, MNS ATX
51 @
70 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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53 PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD, 150
55 PT@KHS@SHUD, 0@JK@MC "nR
57 PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD, 11,234 RSTCDMSR
59 PT@KHS@SHUD, $QDRS
61 PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR, 47.3 XD@QR
63 A
65
@. 5GD RTQUDX V@R BNMCTBSDC TRHMF RHW RHLHK@Q EKHFGSR.
5GD RTQUDX VNTKC MNS AD @ SQTD QDOQDRDMS@SHNM NE SGD DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM NE @HQ SQ@UDKDQR.
$NMCTBSHMF SGD RTQUDX NM @ GNKHC@X VDDJDMC VHKK MNS OQNCTBD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD QDRTKSR.
A. $NMCTBS SGD RTQUDX CTQHMF CHEEDQDMS SHLDR NE SGD XD@Q.
$NMCTBS SGD RTQUDX TRHMF EKHFGSR SN @MC EQNL U@QHNTR KNB@SHNMR.
$NMCTBS SGD RTQUDX NM CHEEDQDMS C@XR NE SGD VDDJ.
67 "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX. 4@LOKD "MRVDQ: :NT BNTKC TRD @ RXRSDL@SHB R@LOKHMF LDSGNC. 4SNO SGD SDMSG ODQRNM @R SGDX KD@UD
NMD NE SGD ATHKCHMFR NM B@LOTR @S 9:50 HM SGD LNQMHMF. 5GDM RSNO SGD SDMSG ODQRNM @R SGDX KD@UD @ CHEEDQDMS ATHKCHMF NM
B@LOTR @S 1:50 HM SGD @ESDQMNNM.
69 "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX. 4@LOKD "MRVDQ: .@MX ODNOKD VHKK MNS QDRONMC SN L@HK RTQUDXR. *E SGDX CN QDRONMC SN SGD RTQUDXR,
XNT B@MnS AD RTQD VGN HR QDRONMCHMF. *M @CCHSHNM, L@HKHMF KHRSR B@M AD HMBNLOKDSD.
71 A
73 BNMUDMHDMBD; BKTRSDQ; RSQ@SHEHDC ; RXRSDL@SHB; RHLOKD Q@MCNL
75
@. PT@KHS@SHUD
A. PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD
B. PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD
C. PT@KHS@SHUD
77 $@TR@KHSX: 5GD E@BS SG@S SVN U@QH@AKDR @QD QDK@SDC CNDR MNS FT@Q@MSDD SG@S NMD U@QH@AKD HR HMEKTDMBHMF SGD NSGDQ. 8D
B@MMNS @RRTLD SG@S BQHLD Q@SD HLO@BSR DCTB@SHNM KDUDK NQ SG@S DCTB@SHNM KDUDK HLO@BSR BQHLD Q@SD. $NMENTMCHMF: 5GDQD @QD
L@MX E@BSNQR SG@S CDEHMD @ BNLLTMHSX NSGDQ SG@M DCTB@SHNM KDUDK @MC BQHLD Q@SD. $NLLTMHSHDR VHSG GHFG BQHLD Q@SDR @MC
GHFG DCTB@SHNM KDUDKR L@X G@UD NSGDQ KTQJHMF U@QH@AKDR SG@S CHRSHMFTHRG SGDL EQNL BNLLTMHSHDR VHSG KNVDQ BQHLD Q@SDR
@MC KNVDQ DCTB@SHNM KDUDKR. #DB@TRD VD B@MMNS HRNK@SD SGDRD U@QH@AKDR NE HMSDQDRS, VD B@MMNS CQ@V U@KHC BNMBKTRHNMR @ANTS
SGD BNMMDBSHNM ADSVDDM DCTB@SHNM @MC BQHLD. 1NRRHAKD KTQJHMF U@QH@AKDR HMBKTCD ONKHBD DWODMCHSTQDR, TMDLOKNXLDMS KDUDKR,
QDFHNM, @UDQ@FD @FD, @MC RHYD.
79
@. 1NRRHAKD QD@RNMR: HMBQD@RDC TRD NE B@KKDQ HC, CDBQD@RDC TRD NE K@MCKHMDR, HMBQD@RDC TRD NE OQHU@SD MTLADQR, UNHBD L@HK,
OQHU@BX L@M@FDQR, GDBSHB M@STQD NE ODQRNM@K RBGDCTKDR, CDBQD@RDC VHKKHMFMDRR SN AD HMSDQUHDVDC
A. 8GDM @ K@QFD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD QDETRD SN O@QSHBHO@SD, SGDM SGD R@LOKD L@X MNS G@UD SGD R@LD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE SGD
ONOTK@SHNM. 1DQG@OR SGD L@INQHSX NE ODNOKD VHKKHMF SN O@QSHBHO@SD @QD CNHMF RN ADB@TRD SGDX EDDK RSQNMFKX @ANTS SGD
RTAIDBS NE SGD RTQUDX.
81
@.
# #ADHH>C< E:G 4::@ #G:FJ:C8N /:A6I>K: #G:FJ:C8N JBJA6I>K: /:A6I>K: #G:FJ:C8N
0 27 0.4500 0.4500
167A: 1.40
"'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3 71
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# #ADHH>C< E:G 4::@ #G:FJ:C8N /:A6I>K: #G:FJ:C8N JBJA6I>K: /:A6I>K: #G:FJ:C8N
1 18 0.3000 0.7500
3 11 0.1833 0.9333
6 3 0.0500 0.9833
7 1 0.0167 1
167A: 1.40
A. 5.00%
B. 93.33%
83 5GD RTL NE SGD SQ@UDK SHLDR HR 1,173.1. %HUHCD SGD RTL AX 50 SN B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M U@KTD: 23.462. #DB@TRD D@BG RS@SDnR
SQ@UDK SHLD V@R LD@RTQDC SN SGD MD@QDRS SDMSG, QNTMC SGHR B@KBTK@SHNM SN SGD MD@QDRS GTMCQDCSG: 23.46.
85 A
87 &WOK@M@SNQX U@QH@AKD: @LNTMS NE RKDDO
3DRONMRD U@QH@AKD: ODQENQL@MBD LD@RTQDC HM @RRHFMDC S@RJR
5QD@SLDMSR: MNQL@K RKDDO @MC 27 GNTQR NE SNS@K RKDDO CDOQHU@SHNM
&WODQHLDMS@K 6MHSR: 19 OQNEDRRHNM@K CQHUDQR
-TQJHMF U@QH@AKDR: MNMD k @KK CQHUDQR O@QSHBHO@SDC HM ANSG SQD@SLDMSR
3@MCNL @RRHFMLDMS: SQD@SLDMSR VDQD @RRHFMDC HM Q@MCNL NQCDQ; SGHR DKHLHM@SDC SGD DEEDBS NE @MX oKD@QMHMFp SG@S L@X S@JD
OK@BD CTQHMF SGD EHQRS DWODQHLDMS@K RDRRHNM
$NMSQNK/1K@BDAN: BNLOKDSHMF SGD DWODQHLDMS@K RDRRHNM TMCDQ MNQL@K RKDDO BNMCHSHNMR
#KHMCHMF: QDRD@QBGDQR DU@KT@SHMF RTAIDBSRn ODQENQL@MBD LTRS MNS JMNV VGHBG SQD@SLDMS HR ADHMF @OOKHDC @S SGD SHLD
89 :NT B@MMNS @RRTLD SG@S SGD MTLADQR NE BNLOK@HMSR QDEKDBS SGD PT@KHSX NE SGD @HQKHMDR. 5GD @HQKHMDR RGNVM VHSG SGD
FQD@SDRS MTLADQ NE BNLOK@HMSR @QD SGD NMDR VHSG SGD LNRS O@RRDMFDQR. :NT LTRS BNMRHCDQ SGD @OOQNOQH@SDMDRR NE LDSGNCR ENQ
OQDRDMSHMF C@S@; HM SGHR B@RD CHROK@XHMF SNS@KR HR LHRKD@CHMF.
91 "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX. 4@LOKD @MRVDQ: 5GD R@LOKD HR MNS 5GD R@LOKD HR MNS QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM NE @KK BNKKDFD
SDWSANNJR. 5VN QD@RNMR VGX HS HR MNS QDOQDRDMS@SHUD @QD SG@S GD NMKX R@LOKDC RDUDM RTAIDBSR @MC GD NMKX HMUDRSHF@SDC NMD
SDWSANNJ HM D@BG RTAIDBS. 5GDQD @QD RDUDQ@K ONRRHAKD RNTQBDR NE AH@R HM SGD RSTCX. 5GD RDUDM RTAIDBSR SG@S GD HMUDRSHF@SDC @QD
@KK HM L@SGDL@SHBR @MC SGD RBHDMBDR; SGDQD @QD L@MX RTAIDBSR HM SGD GTL@MHSHDR, RNBH@K RBHDMBDR, @MC NSGDQ RTAIDBS @QD@R, (ENQ
DW@LOKD: KHSDQ@STQD, @QS, GHRSNQX, ORXBGNKNFX, RNBHNKNFX, ATRHMDRR) SG@S GD CHC MNS HMUDRSHF@SD @S @KK. *S L@X AD SG@S CHEEDQDMS
RTAIDBS @QD@R DWGHAHS CHEEDQDMS O@SSDQMR NE SDWSANNJ @U@HK@AHKHSX, ATS GHR R@LOKD VNTKC MNS CDSDBS RTBG QDRTKSR. )D @KRN KNNJDC
NMKX @S SGD LNRS ONOTK@Q SDWSANNJ HM D@BG NE SGD RTAIDBSR GD HMUDRSHF@SDC. 5GD @U@HK@AHKHSX NE SGD LNRS ONOTK@Q SDWSANNJR
L@X CHEEDQ EQNL SGD @U@HK@AHKHSX NE NSGDQ SDWSANNJR HM NMD NE SVN V@XR:
q SGD LNRS ONOTK@Q SDWSANNJR L@X AD LNQD QD@CHKX @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD, ADB@TRD LNQD MDV BNOHDR @QD OQHMSDC, @MC LNQD
RSTCDMSR M@SHNMVHCD @QD RDKKHMF A@BJ SGDHQ TRDC BNOHDR 03
q SGD LNRS ONOTK@Q SDWSANNJR L@X AD G@QCDQ SN EHMC @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD, ADB@TRD LNQD RSTCDMS CDL@MC DWG@TRSR SGD RTOOKX
LNQD PTHBJKX.
*M QD@KHSX, L@MX BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR CN MNS TRD SGD LNRS ONOTK@Q SDWSANNJ HM SGDHQ RTAIDBS, @MC SGHR RSTCX FHUDR MN TRDETK
HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS SGD RHST@SHNM ENQ SGNRD KDRR ONOTK@Q SDWSANNJR. )D BNTKC HLOQNUD SGHR RSTCX AX:
q DWO@MCHMF SGD RDKDBSHNM NE RTAIDBSR GD HMUDRSHF@SDR RN SG@S HS HR LNQD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE @KK RTAIDBSR RSTCHDC AX BNKKDFD
RSTCDMSR, @MC
q DWO@MCHMF SGD RDKDBSHNM NE SDWSANNJR GD HMUDRSHF@SDR VHSGHM D@BG RTAIDBS SN HMBKTCD @ LHWDC QDOQDRDMS@SHNM NE ANSG SGD
LNRS ONOTK@Q @MC KDRR ONOTK@Q SDWSANNJR.
72 "'/3$1 1 W 2,/+(-& -# #3
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2 U "#1!0'.2'4#
12A2'12'!1
$CAOL? 2.1 6DAJ UKQ D=RA H=NCA =IKQJPO KB @=P=, UKQ SEHH JAA@ PK KNC=JEVA EP EJ = S=U PD=P I=GAO OAJOA. 3DAOA
>=HHKPO BNKI =J AHA?PEKJ =NA NKHHA@ PKCAPDAN SEPD OEIEH=N >=HHKPO PK GAAL PDAI KNC=JEVA@. (?NA@EP: 6EHHE=I &NAAOKJ)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
c %HROK@X C@S@ FQ@OGHB@KKX @MC HMSDQOQDS FQ@OGR: RSDLOKNSR, GHRSNFQ@LR, @MC ANW OKNSR.
c 3DBNFMHYD, CDRBQHAD, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@RTQDR NE KNB@SHNM NE C@S@: PT@QSHKDR @MC ODQBDMSHKDR.
c 3DBNFMHYD, CDRBQHAD, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@RTQDR NE SGD BDMSDQ NE C@S@: LD@M, LDCH@M, @MC LNCD.
c 3DBNFMHYD, CDRBQHAD, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@RTQDR NE SGD ROQD@C NE C@S@: U@QH@MBD, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC
Q@MFD.
0MBD XNT G@UD BNKKDBSDC C@S@, VG@S VHKK XNT CN VHSG HS %@S@ B@M AD CDRBQHADC @MC OQDRDMSDC HM L@MX CHEEDQDMS ENQL@SR. 'NQ
DW@LOKD, RTOONRD XNT @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM ATXHMF @ GNTRD HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q @QD@. :NT L@X G@UD MN BKTD @ANTS SGD GNTRD OQHBDR, RN
XNT LHFGS @RJ XNTQ QD@K DRS@SD @FDMS SN FHUD XNT @ R@LOKD C@S@ RDS NE OQHBDR. -NNJHMF @S @KK SGD OQHBDR HM SGD R@LOKD NESDM HR
NUDQVGDKLHMF. " ADSSDQ V@X LHFGS AD SN KNNJ @S SGD LDCH@M OQHBD @MC SGD U@QH@SHNM NE OQHBDR. 5GD LDCH@M @MC U@QH@SHNM @QD
ITRS SVN V@XR SG@S XNT VHKK KD@QM SN CDRBQHAD C@S@. :NTQ @FDMS LHFGS @KRN OQNUHCD XNT VHSG @ FQ@OG NE SGD C@S@.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 73
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*M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK RSTCX MTLDQHB@K @MC FQ@OGHB@K V@XR SN CDRBQHAD @MC CHROK@X XNTQ C@S@. 5GHR @QD@ NE RS@SHRSHBR
HR B@KKDC "!:H8G>EI>K: 0I6I>HI>8H." :NT VHKK KD@QM GNV SN B@KBTK@SD, @MC DUDM LNQD HLONQS@MSKX, GNV SN HMSDQOQDS SGDRD
LD@RTQDLDMSR @MC FQ@OGR.
" RS@SHRSHB@K FQ@OG HR @ SNNK SG@S GDKOR XNT KD@QM @ANTS SGD RG@OD NQ CHRSQHATSHNM NE @ R@LOKD NQ @ ONOTK@SHNM. " FQ@OG B@M
AD @ LNQD DEEDBSHUD V@X NE OQDRDMSHMF C@S@ SG@M @ L@RR NE MTLADQR ADB@TRD VD B@M RDD VGDQD C@S@ BKTRSDQR @MC VGDQD SGDQD
@QD NMKX @ EDV C@S@ U@KTDR. /DVRO@ODQR @MC SGD *MSDQMDS TRD FQ@OGR SN RGNV SQDMCR @MC SN DM@AKD QD@CDQR SN BNLO@QD E@BSR
@MC EHFTQDR PTHBJKX. 4S@SHRSHBH@MR NESDM FQ@OG C@S@ EHQRS SN FDS @ OHBSTQD NE SGD C@S@. 5GDM, LNQD ENQL@K SNNKR L@X AD @OOKHDC.
4NLD NE SGD SXODR NE FQ@OGR SG@S @QD TRDC SN RTLL@QHYD @MC NQF@MHYD C@S@ @QD SGD CNS OKNS, SGD A@Q BG@QS, SGD GHRSNFQ@L,
SGD RSDL-@MC-KD@E OKNS, SGD EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM (@ SXOD NE AQNJDM KHMD FQ@OG), SGD OHD BG@QS, @MC SGD ANW OKNS. *M SGHR BG@OSDQ,
VD VHKK AQHDEKX KNNJ @S RSDL-@MC-KD@E OKNSR, KHMD FQ@OGR, @MC A@Q FQ@OGR, @R VDKK @R EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNMR, @MC SHLD RDQHDR
FQ@OGR. 0TQ DLOG@RHR VHKK AD NM GHRSNFQ@LR @MC ANW OKNSR.
,-2#
5GHR ANNJ BNMS@HMR HMRSQTBSHNMR ENQ BNMRSQTBSHMF @ GHRSNFQ@L @MC @ ANW OKNS ENQ SGD 5*-83+ @MC 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR.
:NT B@M EHMC @CCHSHNM@K HMRSQTBSHNMR ENQ TRHMF SGDRD B@KBTK@SNQR NM SGD 2?R;M 'HMNLOG?HNM (2') Q?<MCN?
(BNNJ://?>O=;NCIH.NC.=IG/?>O=;NCIHJILN;F/MCN?M/31/M?=NCIH&IG?/MOJJILN.BNGF) .
2.1 U +?;MOL?M I@ NB? 1JL?;> I@ NB? ";N;
"M HLONQS@MS BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE @MX RDS NE C@S@ HR SGD U@QH@SHNM HM SGD C@S@. *M RNLD C@S@ RDSR, SGD C@S@ U@KTDR @QD BNMBDMSQ@SDC
BKNRDKX MD@Q SGD LD@M; HM NSGDQ C@S@ RDSR, SGD C@S@ U@KTDR @QD LNQD VHCDKX ROQD@C NTS EQNL SGD LD@M. 5GD LNRS BNLLNM
LD@RTQD NE U@QH@SHNM, NQ ROQD@C, HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 5GD HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC HR @ MTLADQ SG@S LD@RTQDR GNV E@Q C@S@
U@KTDR @QD EQNL SGDHQ LD@M.
2B? MN;H>;L> >?PC;NCIH
c OQNUHCDR @ MTLDQHB@K LD@RTQD NE SGD NUDQ@KK @LNTMS NE U@QH@SHNM HM @ C@S@ RDS, @MC
c B@M AD TRDC SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ @ O@QSHBTK@Q C@S@ U@KTD HR BKNRD SN NQ E@Q EQNL SGD LD@M.
2B? MN;H>;L> >?PC;NCIH JLIPC>?M ; G?;MOL? I@ NB? IP?L;FF P;LC;NCIH CH ; >;N; M?N
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR @KV@XR ONRHSHUD NQ YDQN. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR RL@KK VGDM SGD C@S@ @QD @KK BNMBDMSQ@SDC BKNRD
SN SGD LD@M, DWGHAHSHMF KHSSKD U@QH@SHNM NQ ROQD@C. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR K@QFDQ VGDM SGD C@S@ U@KTDR @QD LNQD ROQD@C NTS
EQNL SGD LD@M, DWGHAHSHMF LNQD U@QH@SHNM.
4TOONRD SG@S VD @QD RSTCXHMF SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD BTRSNLDQR V@HS HM KHMD @S SGD BGDBJNTS @S RTODQL@QJDS A @MC
RTODQL@QJDS B. SGD @UDQ@FD V@HS SHLD @S ANSG RTODQL@QJDSR HR EHUD LHMTSDR. "S RTODQL@QJDS A, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD
V@HS SHLD HR SVN LHMTSDR; @S RTODQL@QJDS B SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD V@HS SHLD HR ENTQ LHMTSDR.
#DB@TRD RTODQL@QJDS B G@R @ GHFGDQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, VD JMNV SG@S SGDQD HR LNQD U@QH@SHNM HM SGD V@HS SHLDR @S
RTODQL@QJDS B. 0UDQ@KK, V@HS SHLDR @S RTODQL@QJDS B @QD LNQD ROQD@C NTS EQNL SGD @UDQ@FD; V@HS SHLDR @S RTODQL@QJDS A @QD
LNQD BNMBDMSQ@SDC MD@Q SGD @UDQ@FD.
2B? MN;H>;L> >?PC;NCIH =;H <? OM?> NI >?N?LGCH? QB?NB?L ; >;N; P;FO? CM =FIM? NI IL @;L @LIG NB?
G?;H.
4TOONRD SG@S 3NR@ @MC #HMG ANSG RGNO @S RTODQL@QJDS A. 3NR@ V@HSR @S SGD BGDBJNTS BNTMSDQ ENQ RDUDM LHMTSDR @MC #HMG
V@HSR ENQ NMD LHMTSD. "S RTODQL@QJDS A, SGD LD@M V@HSHMF SHLD HR EHUD LHMTSDR @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR SVN LHMTSDR.
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM B@M AD TRDC SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ @ C@S@ U@KTD HR BKNRD SN NQ E@Q EQNL SGD LD@M.
/DH6 L6>IH ;DG H:K:C B>CJI:H:
c 4DUDM HR SVN LHMTSDR KNMFDQ SG@M SGD @UDQ@FD NE EHUD; SVN LHMTSDR HR DPT@K SN NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
c 3NR@'R V@HS SHLD NE RDUDM LHMTSDR HR ILD B>CJI:H ADC<:G I=6C I=: 6K:G6<: NE EHUD LHMTSDR.
c 3NR@'R V@HS SHLD NE RDUDM LHMTSDR HR DC: HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC 67DK: I=: 6K:G6<: NE EHUD LHMTSDR.
B>C= L6>IH ;DG DC: B>CJI:.
c 0MD HR ENTQ LHMTSDR KDRR SG@M SGD @UDQ@FD NE EHUD; ENTQ LHMTSDR HR DPT@K SN SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
c #HMG'R V@HS SHLD NE NMD LHMTSD HR ;DJG B>CJI:H A:HH I=6C I=: 6K:G6<: NE EHUD LHMTSDR.
c #HMG'R V@HS SHLD NE NMD LHMTSD HR ILD HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH 7:ADL I=: 6K:G6<: NE EHUD LHMTSDR.
c " C@S@ U@KTD SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR EQNL SGD @UDQ@FD HR ITRS NM SGD ANQCDQKHMD ENQ VG@S L@MX RS@SHRSHBH@MR
VNTKC BNMRHCDQ SN AD E@Q EQNL SGD @UDQ@FD. $NMRHCDQHMF C@S@ SN AD E@Q EQNL SGD LD@M HE HS HR LNQD SG@M SVN RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR @V@X HR LNQD NE @M @OOQNWHL@SD "QTKD NE SGTLA" SG@M @ QHFHC QTKD. *M FDMDQ@K, SGD RG@OD NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM
NE SGD C@S@ @EEDBSR GNV LTBG NE SGD C@S@ HR ETQSGDQ @V@X SG@M SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR. (:NT VHKK KD@QM LNQD @ANTS SGHR
HM K@SDQ BG@OSDQR.)
5GD MTLADQ KHMD L@X GDKO XNT TMCDQRS@MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. *E VD VDQD SN OTS EHUD @MC RDUDM NM @ MTLADQ KHMD, RDUDM
HR SN SGD QHFGS NE EHUD. 8D R@X, SGDM, SG@S RDUDM HR DC: RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SN SGD G><=I NE EHUD ADB@TRD 5 + (1)(2) = 7.
74 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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*E NMD VDQD @KRN O@QS NE SGD C@S@ RDS, SGDM NMD HR ILD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD A:;I NE EHUD ADB@TRD 5 + (k2)(2) = 1.
$CAOL? 2.2
c *M FDMDQ@K, @ K6AJ: = B:6C + (#D;01!"3)(HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC)
c VGDQD #NE45%&7R = SGD MTLADQ NE RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR
c #NE45%&7 CNDR MNS MDDC SN AD @M HMSDFDQ
c 0MD HR ILD HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH A:HH I=6C I=: B:6C NE EHUD ADB@TRD: 1 = 5 + (k2)(2).
5GD DPT@SHNM K6AJ: = B:6C + (#D;01!"3H)(HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC) B@M AD DWOQDRRDC ENQ @ R@LOKD @MC ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM.
c H6BEA:: x = x
+ ( # of STDEV)(s)
c -DEJA6I>DC: x = + ( # of STDEV)()
5GD KNVDQ B@RD KDSSDQ I QDOQDRDMSR SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @MC SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQ \ (RHFL@, KNVDQ B@RD) QDOQDRDMSR
SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
5GD RXLANK x
HR SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD (QDDJ RXLANK HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
!;F=OF;NCHA NB? 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
*E N HR @ MTLADQ, SGDM SGD CHEEDQDMBD "N k LD@M" HR B@KKDC HSR 9:K>6I>DC. *M @ C@S@ RDS, SGDQD @QD @R L@MX CDUH@SHNMR @R SGDQD
@QD HSDLR HM SGD C@S@ RDS. 5GD CDUH@SHNMR @QD TRDC SN B@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. *E SGD MTLADQR ADKNMF SN @ ONOTK@SHNM,
HM RXLANKR @ CDUH@SHNM HR N k Z. 'NQ R@LOKD C@S@, HM RXLANKR @ CDUH@SHNM HR N k x
.
5GD OQNBDCTQD SN B@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM CDODMCR NM VGDSGDQ SGD MTLADQR @QD SGD DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM NQ @QD C@S@
EQNL @ R@LOKD. 5GD B@KBTK@SHNMR @QD RHLHK@Q, ATS MNS HCDMSHB@K. 5GDQDENQD SGD RXLANK TRDC SN QDOQDRDMS SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
CDODMCR NM VGDSGDQ HS HR B@KBTK@SDC EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM NQ @ R@LOKD. 5GD KNVDQ B@RD KDSSDQ R QDOQDRDMSR SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM @MC SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQ \ (RHFL@, KNVDQ B@RD) QDOQDRDMSR SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. *E SGD R@LOKD G@R SGD R@LD
BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR @R SGD ONOTK@SHNM, SGDM R RGNTKC AD @ FNNC DRSHL@SD NE \.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, VD MDDC SN B@KBTK@SD SGD U@QH@MBD EHQRS. 5GD K6G>6C8: HR SGD 6K:G6<: D; I=: HFJ6G:H
D; I=: 9:K>6I>DCH (SGD N k x
U@KTDR ENQ @ R@LOKD, NQ SGD N k Z U@KTDR ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM). 5GD RXLANK \

2
QDOQDRDMSR SGD
ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD; SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ HR SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD. 5GD RXLANK I
2
QDOQDRDMSR SGD R@LOKD U@QH@MBD; SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM I HR SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD R@LOKD U@QH@MBD. :NT B@M SGHMJ NE
SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @R @ RODBH@K @UDQ@FD NE SGD CDUH@SHNMR.
*E SGD MTLADQR BNLD EQNL @ BDMRTR NE SGD DMSHQD EDEJA6I>DC @MC MNS @ R@LOKD, VGDM VD B@KBTK@SD SGD @UDQ@FD NE SGD
RPT@QDC CDUH@SHNMR SN EHMC SGD U@QH@MBD, VD CHUHCD AX ', SGD MTLADQ NE HSDLR HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM. *E SGD C@S@ @QD EQNL@ H6BEA:
Q@SGDQ SG@M @ ONOTK@SHNM, VGDM VD B@KBTK@SD SGD @UDQ@FD NE SGD RPT@QDC CDUH@SHNMR, VD CHUHCD AX n R 1, NMD KDRR SG@M SGD
MTLADQ NE HSDLR HM SGD R@LOKD.
$ILGOF;M @IL NB? 1;GJF? 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
c s =
(x x
)
2
n 1
NQ s =
f (x x
)
2
n 1
c 'NQ SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ HR n - 1, SG@S HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD .*/64 1.
$ILGOF;M @IL NB? .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
c
=
(x )
2
N
NQ
=
f (x )
2
N
c 'NQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ HR ', SGD MTLADQ NE HSDLR HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
*M SGDRD ENQLTK@R, < QDOQDRDMSR SGD EQDPTDMBX VHSG VGHBG @ U@KTD @OOD@QR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE @ U@KTD @OOD@QR NMBD, < HR NMD. *E @
U@KTD @OOD@QR SGQDD SHLDR HM SGD C@S@ RDS NQ ONOTK@SHNM, < HR SGQDD.
1;GJFCHA 4;LC;<CFCNS I@ ; 1N;NCMNC=
5GD RS@SHRSHB NE @ R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM V@R CHRBTRRDC HM "?M=LCJNCP? 1N;NCMNC=M: +?;MOLCHA NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;.
)NV LTBG SGD RS@SHRSHB U@QHDR EQNL NMD R@LOKD SN @MNSGDQ HR JMNVM @R SGD H6BEA>C< K6G>67>A>IN D; 6 HI6I>HI>8. :NT SXOHB@KKX
LD@RTQD SGD R@LOKHMF U@QH@AHKHSX NE @ RS@SHRSHB AX HSR RS@MC@QC DQQNQ. 5GD HI6C96G9 :GGDG D; I=: B:6C HR @M DW@LOKD NE @
RS@MC@QC DQQNQ. *S HR @ RODBH@K RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @MC HR JMNVM @R SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD
LD@M. :NT VHKK BNUDQ SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M HM SGD BG@OSDQ 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G(MNS MNV). 5GD MNS@SHNM
ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M HR

n
VGDQD \ HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @MC M HR SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 75
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,-2#
&C EG68I>8:, 20" A A)2)A1,/ ,/ ,*-21"/ 0,#14A/" 1, A)2)A1" 1%" 01A+!A/!
!"3&A1&,+. &; NDJ 6G: JH>C< 6 1&-83, 83+, 84+ 86A8JA6IDG, NDJ C::9 ID H:A:8I I=: 6EEGDEG>6I: HI6C96G9
9:K>6I>DC 0
&
DG $
&
;GDB I=: HJBB6GN HI6I>HI>8H. 8D VHKK BNMBDMSQ@SD NM TRHMF @MC HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD HMENQL@SHNM SG@S SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM FHUDR TR. )NVDUDQ XNT RGNTKC RSTCX SGD ENKKNVHMF RSDO-AX-RSDO DW@LOKD SN GDKO XNT TMCDQRS@MC GNV
SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM LD@RTQDR U@QH@SHNM EQNL SGD LD@M. (5GD B@KBTK@SNQ HMRSQTBSHNMR @OOD@Q @S SGD DMC NE SGHR
DW@LOKD.)
$T=ILHA 2.1
*M @ EHESG FQ@CD BK@RR, SGD SD@BGDQ V@R HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD @UDQ@FD @FD @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD @FDR NE
GDQ RSTCDMSR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD SGD @FDR ENQ @ 4".1-& NE D = 20 EHESG FQ@CD RSTCDMSR. 5GD @FDR @QD QNTMCDC
SN SGD MD@QDRS G@KE XD@Q:
9; 9.5; 9.5; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10.5; 10.5; 10.5; 10.5; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11.5; 11.5; 11.5
x
=
9 + 9.5(2) + 10(4) + 10.5(4) + 11(6) + 11.5(3)
20
= 10.525
5GD @UDQ@FD @FD HR 10.53 XD@QR, QNTMCDC SN SVN OK@BDR.
5GD U@QH@MBD L@X AD B@KBTK@SDC AX TRHMF @ S@AKD. 5GDM SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR B@KBTK@SDC AX S@JHMF SGD
RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD U@QH@MBD. 8D VHKK DWOK@HM SGD O@QSR NE SGD S@AKD @ESDQ B@KBTK@SHMF I.
";N; $L?K. "?PC;NCIHM
D)8-%6-215
2
($L?K.)(D)8-%6-215
2
)
/ ! (/ _ x
) (/ _ x
)
2
(!)(/ _ x
)
2
9 1 9 _ 10.525 = _1.525
(_1.525)
2
=
2.325625
1 Z 2.325625 =
2.325625
9.5 2 9.5 _ 10.525 = _1.025
(_1.025)
2
=
1.050625
2 Z 1.050625 =
2.101250
10 4 10 _ 10.525 = _0.525
(_0.525)
2
=
0.275625
4 Z 0.275625 = 1.1025
10.5 4
10.5 _ 10.525 =
_0.025
(_0.025)
2
=
0.000625
4 Z 0.000625 = 0.0025
11 6 11 _ 10.525 = 0.475
(0.475)
2
= 0.225625
6 Z 0.225625 = 1.35375
11.5 3 11.5 _ 10.525 = 0.975
(0.975)
2
= 0.950625
3 Z 0.950625 =
2.851875
3DA PKP=H EO 9.7375
2;<F? 2.1
5GD R@LOKD U@QH@MBD, I
2
, HR DPT@K SN SGD RTL NE SGD K@RS BNKTLM (9.7375) CHUHCDC AX SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@
U@KTDR LHMTR NMD (20 k 1):
s
2
=
9.7375
20 1
= 0.5125
5GD H6BEA: HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC I HR DPT@K SN SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD R@LOKD U@QH@MBD:
76 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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s = 0.5125 = 0.0715891, VGHBG HR QNTMCDC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR, I = 0.72.
1NE>86AAN, NDJ 9D I=: 86A8JA6I>DC ;DG I=: HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC DC NDJG 86A8JA6IDG DG 8DBEJI:G. 5GD
HMSDQLDCH@SD QDRTKSR @QD MNS QNTMCDC. 5GHR HR CNMD ENQ @BBTQ@BX.
c 'NQ SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNAKDLR, QDB@KK SG@S K6AJ: = B:6C + (#D;01!"3H)(HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC). 7DQHEX SGD
LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NQ @ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ.
c 'NQ @ R@LOKD: N = x
+ (#NE45%&7R)(I)
c 'NQ @ ONOTK@SHNM: N = Z + (#NE45%&7R)(\)
c 'NQ SGHR DW@LOKD, TRD N = x
+ (#NE45%&7R)(I) ADB@TRD SGD C@S@ HR EQNL @ R@LOKD

=. 7DQHEX SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NM XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ.
>. 'HMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @ANUD SGD LD@M. 'HMC ( x
+ 1R).
?. 'HMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M. 'HMC ( x
k 2R).
@. 'HMC SGD U@KTDR SG@S @QD 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ;GDB(ADKNV @MC @ANUD) SGD LD@M.
1IFONCIH 2.1
=. i $KD@Q KHRSR -1 @MC -2. 1QDRR 45"5 4:$KQ-HRS. &MSDQ 2MC 1 ENQ -1, SGD BNLL@ (,), @MC 2MC 2 ENQ -2.
i &MSDQ C@S@ HMSN SGD KHRS DCHSNQ. 1QDRR 45"5 1:&%*5. *E MDBDRR@QX, BKD@Q SGD KHRSR AX @QQNVHMF TO HMSN
SGD M@LD. 1QDRR $-&"3 @MC @QQNV CNVM.
i 1TS SGD C@S@ U@KTDR (9, 9.5, 10, 10.5, 11, 11.5) HMSN KHRS -1 @MC SGD EQDPTDMBHDR (1, 2, 4, 4, 6, 3) HMSN
KHRS -2. 6RD SGD @QQNV JDXR SN LNUD @QNTMC.
i 1QDRR 45"5 @MC @QQNV SN $"-$. 1QDRR 1:1-7@Q4S@SR @MC DMSDQ -1 (2MC 1), -2 (2MC 2). %N MNS
ENQFDS SGD BNLL@. 1QDRR &/5&3.
i x
= 10.525
i 6RD 4W ADB@TRD SGHR HR R@LOKD C@S@ (MNS @ ONOTK@SHNM): 4W=0.715891
>. ( x
+ 1R) = 10.53 + (1)(0.72) = 11.25

?. ( x
k 2I) = 10.53 k (2)(0.72) = 9.09

@. i ( x
k 1.5I) = 10.53 k (1.5)(0.72) = 9.45

i ( x
+ 1.5I) = 10.53 + (1.5)(0.72) = 11.61

2.1 0M @ A@RDA@KK SD@L, SGD @FDR NE D@BG NE SGD OK@XDQR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
21; 21; 22; 23; 24; 24; 25; 25; 28; 29; 29; 31; 32; 33; 33; 34; 35; 36; 36; 36; 36; 38; 38; 38; 40
6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ SN EHMC SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 5GDM EHMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M.
#RJF;H;NCIH I@ NB? MN;H>;L> >?PC;NCIH =;F=OF;NCIH MBIQH CH NB? N;<F?
5GD CDUH@SHNMR RGNV GNV ROQD@C NTS SGD C@S@ @QD @ANTS SGD LD@M. 5GD C@S@ U@KTD 11.5 HR E@QSGDQ EQNL SGD LD@M SG@M HR SGD
C@S@ U@KTD 11 VGHBG HR HMCHB@SDC AX SGD CDUH@SHNMR 0.97 @MC 0.47. " ONRHSHUD CDUH@SHNM NBBTQR VGDM SGD C@S@ U@KTD HR FQD@SDQ
SG@M SGD LD@M, VGDQD@R @ MDF@SHUD CDUH@SHNM NBBTQR VGDM SGD C@S@ U@KTD HR KDRR SG@M SGD LD@M. 5GD CDUH@SHNM HR k1.525 ENQ
SGD C@S@ U@KTD MHMD. &; NDJ 699 I=: 9:K>6I>DCH, I=: HJB >H 6AL6NH O:GD. ('NQ #R;GJF? 2.1, SGDQD @QD D = 20 CDUH@SHNMR.)
4N XNT B@MMNS RHLOKX @CC SGD CDUH@SHNMR SN FDS SGD ROQD@C NE SGD C@S@. #X RPT@QHMF SGD CDUH@SHNMR, XNT L@JD SGDL ONRHSHUD
MTLADQR, @MC SGD RTL VHKK @KRN AD ONRHSHUD. 5GD U@QH@MBD, SGDM, HR SGD @UDQ@FD RPT@QDC CDUH@SHNM.
5GD U@QH@MBD HR @ RPT@QDC LD@RTQD @MC CNDR MNS G@UD SGD R@LD TMHSR @R SGD C@S@. 5@JHMF SGD RPT@QD QNNS RNKUDR SGD
OQNAKDL. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM LD@RTQDR SGD ROQD@C HM SGD R@LD TMHSR @R SGD C@S@.
/NSHBD SG@S HMRSD@C NE CHUHCHMF AX D = 20, SGD B@KBTK@SHNM CHUHCDC AX D k 1 = 20 k 1 = 19 ADB@TRD SGD C@S@ HR @ R@LOKD.
'NQ SGD H6BEA: U@QH@MBD, VD CHUHCD AX SGD R@LOKD RHYD LHMTR NMD (D k 1). 8GX MNS CHUHCD AX D 5GD @MRVDQ G@R SN CN
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 77
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VHSG SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD. 1=: H6BEA: K6G>6C8: >H 6C :HI>B6I: D; I=: EDEJA6I>DC K6G>6C8:. #@RDC NM SGD SGDNQDSHB@K
L@SGDL@SHBR SG@S KHDR ADGHMC SGDRD B@KBTK@SHNMR, CHUHCHMF AX (D k 1) FHUDR @ ADSSDQ DRSHL@SD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD.
,-2#
:NTQ BNMBDMSQ@SHNM RGNTKC AD NM VG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SDKKR TR @ANTS SGD C@S@. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR @
MTLADQ VGHBG LD@RTQDR GNV E@Q SGD C@S@ @QD ROQD@C EQNL SGD LD@M. -DS @ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ CN SGD
@QHSGLDSHB.
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I NQ \, HR DHSGDQ YDQN NQ K@QFDQ SG@M YDQN. 8GDM SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR YDQN, SGDQD HR MN ROQD@C;
SG@S HR, SGD @KK SGD C@S@ U@KTDR @QD DPT@K SN D@BG NSGDQ. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR RL@KK VGDM SGD C@S@ @QD @KK BNMBDMSQ@SDC
BKNRD SN SGD LD@M, @MC HR K@QFDQ VGDM SGD C@S@ U@KTDR RGNV LNQD U@QH@SHNM EQNL SGD LD@M. 8GDM SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR @
KNS K@QFDQ SG@M YDQN, SGD C@S@ U@KTDR @QD UDQX ROQD@C NTS @ANTS SGD LD@M; NTSKHDQR B@M L@JD I NQ \ UDQX K@QFD.
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, VGDM EHQRS OQDRDMSDC, B@M RDDL TMBKD@Q. #X FQ@OGHMF XNTQ C@S@, XNT B@M FDS @ ADSSDQ "EDDK"
ENQ SGD CDUH@SHNMR @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. :NT VHKK EHMC SG@S HM RXLLDSQHB@K CHRSQHATSHNMR, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM B@M AD
UDQX GDKOETK ATS HM RJDVDC CHRSQHATSHNMR, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM L@X MNS AD LTBG GDKO. 5GD QD@RNM HR SG@S SGD SVN RHCDR NE
@ RJDVDC CHRSQHATSHNM G@UD CHEEDQDMS ROQD@CR. *M @ RJDVDC CHRSQHATSHNM, HS HR ADSSDQ SN KNNJ @S SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, SGD LDCH@M,
SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD, SGD RL@KKDRS U@KTD, @MC SGD K@QFDRS U@KTD. #DB@TRD MTLADQR B@M AD BNMETRHMF, 6AL6NH <G6E= NDJG 96I6.
%HROK@X XNTQ C@S@ HM @ GHRSNFQ@L NQ @ ANW OKNS.
$T=ILHA 2.2
6RD SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ (EHQRS DW@L RBNQDR) EQNL 4TR@M %D@M'R ROQHMF OQD-B@KBTKTR BK@RR:
33; 42; 49; 49; 53; 55; 55; 61; 63; 67; 68; 68; 69; 69; 72; 73; 74; 78; 80; 83; 88; 88; 88; 90; 92; 94; 94; 94; 94;
96; 100
=. $QD@SD @ BG@QS BNMS@HMHMF SGD C@S@, EQDPTDMBHDR, QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR, @MC BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR SN
SGQDD CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
>. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF SN NMD CDBHL@K OK@BD TRHMF @ 5*-83+ NQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQ:
E. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M
EE. 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
EEE. 5GD LDCH@M
ER. 5GD EHQRS PT@QSHKD
R. 5GD SGHQC PT@QSHKD
RE. "*+
?. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS @MC @ GHRSNFQ@L NM SGD R@LD RDS NE @WDR. .@JD BNLLDMSR @ANTS SGD ANW OKNS, SGD
GHRSNFQ@L, @MC SGD BG@QS.
1IFONCIH 2.2
=.
33 1 0.032 0.032
42 1 0.032 0.064
49 2 0.065 0.129
53 1 0.032 0.161
55 2 0.065 0.226
2;<F? 2.2
78 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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61 1 0.032 0.258
63 1 0.032 0.29
67 1 0.032 0.322
68 2 0.065 0.387
69 2 0.065 0.452
72 1 0.032 0.484
73 1 0.032 0.516
74 1 0.032 0.548
78 1 0.032 0.580
80 1 0.032 0.612
83 1 0.032 0.644
88 3 0.097 0.741
90 1 0.032 0.773
92 1 0.032 0.805
94 4 0.129 0.934
96 1 0.032 0.966
100 1 0.032 0.998 (6DU EOJ'P PDEO R=HQA 1?)
2;<F? 2.2
>. E. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M = 73.5
EE. 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 17.9
EEE. 5GD LDCH@M = 73
ER. 5GD EHQRS PT@QSHKD = 61
R. 5GD SGHQC PT@QSHKD = 90
RE. "*+ = 90 k 61 = 29
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 79
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?. 5GD N-@WHR FNDR EQNL32.5 SN 100.5; O-@WHR FNDR EQNLk2.4 SN 15 ENQ SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 5GD MTLADQ NE HMSDQU@KR HR
EHUD, RN SGD VHCSG NE @M HMSDQU@K HR (100.5 k 32.5) CHUHCDC AX EHUD, HR DPT@K SN 13.6. &MCONHMSR NE SGD HMSDQU@KR
@QD @R ENKKNVR: SGD RS@QSHMF ONHMS HR 32.5, 32.5 + 13.6 = 46.1, 46.1 + 13.6 = 59.7, 59.7 + 13.6 = 73.3, 73.3 +
13.6 = 86.9, 86.9 + 13.6 = 100.5 = SGD DMCHMF U@KTD; /N C@S@ U@KTDR E@KK NM @M HMSDQU@K ANTMC@QX.
$CAOL? 2.3
5GD KNMF KDES VGHRJDQ HM SGD ANW OKNS HR QDEKDBSDC HM SGD KDES RHCD NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 5GD ROQD@C NE SGD DW@L RBNQDR
HM SGD KNVDQ 50% HR FQD@SDQ (73 k 33 = 40) SG@M SGD ROQD@C HM SGD TOODQ 50% (100 k 73 = 27). 5GD GHRSNFQ@L,
ANW OKNS, @MC BG@QS @KK QDEKDBS SGHR. 5GDQD @QD @ RTARS@MSH@K MTLADQ NE " @MC # FQ@CDR (80R, 90R, @MC 100). 5GD
GHRSNFQ@L BKD@QKX RGNVR SGHR. 5GD ANW OKNS RGNVR TR SG@S SGD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD DW@L RBNQDR ("*+ = 29) @QD %R,
$R, @MC #R. 5GD ANW OKNS @KRN RGNVR TR SG@S SGD KNVDQ 25% NE SGD DW@L RBNQDR @QD %R @MC 'R.
2.2 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ RGNV SGD CHEEDQDMS SXODR NE ODS ENNC RSNQDR HM SGD @QD@ B@QQX.
6; 6; 6; 6; 7; 7; 7; 7; 7; 8; 9; 9; 9; 9; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 11; 11; 11; 11; 12; 12; 12; 12; 12; 12;
$@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SN NMD CDBHL@K OK@BD TRHMF @ 5*-83+ NQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQ.
1N;H>;L> >?PC;NCIH I@ %LIOJ?> $L?KO?H=S 2;<F?M
3DB@KK SG@S ENQ FQNTODC C@S@ VD CN MNS JMNV HMCHUHCT@K C@S@ U@KTDR, RN VD B@MMNS CDRBQHAD SGD SXOHB@K U@KTD NE SGD C@S@ VHSG
OQDBHRHNM. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, VD B@MMNS EHMC SGD DW@BS LD@M, LDCH@M, NQ LNCD. 8D B@M, GNVDUDQ, CDSDQLHMD SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD NE
SGD LD@RTQDR NE BDMSDQ AX EHMCHMF SGD LD@M NE SGD FQNTODC C@S@ VHSG SGD ENQLTK@: Mean of Frequency Table =
f m
f
VGDQD f = HMSDQU@K EQDPTDMBHDR @MC C = HMSDQU@K LHCONHMSR.
VGDQD f = HMSDQU@K EQDPTDMBHDR @MC C = HMSDQU@K LHCONHMSR.
80 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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+TRS @R VD BNTKC MNS EHMC SGD DW@BS LD@M, MDHSGDQ B@M VD EHMC SGD DW@BS RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 3DLDLADQ SG@S RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM CDRBQHADR MTLDQHB@KKX SGD DWODBSDC CDUH@SHNM @ C@S@ U@KTD G@R EQNL SGD LD@M. *M RHLOKD &MFKHRG, SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM @KKNVR TR SN BNLO@QD GNV oTMTRT@Kp HMCHUHCT@K C@S@ HR BNLO@QDC SN SGD LD@M.
$T=ILHA 2.3
'HMC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 2.3.
!F;MM $L?KO?H=S, * +C>JICHN, 0
0
2
x
V 2
*0
2
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
0_2 1 1 1 7.58 1 3.5
3_5 6 4 16 7.58 96 3.5
6_8 10 7 49 7.58 490 3.5
9_11 7 10 100 7.58 700 3.5
12_14 0 13 169 7.58 0 3.5
15_17 2 16 256 7.58 512 3.5
2;<F? 2.3
'NQ SGHR C@S@ RDS, VD G@UD SGD LD@M, x
= 7.58 @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I

N
= 3.5. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S @
Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC C@S@ U@KTD VNTKC AD DWODBSDC SN AD 3.5 TMHSR EQNL SGD LD@M. *E VD KNNJ @S SGD EHQRS BK@RR, VD
RDD SG@S SGD BK@RR LHCONHMS HR DPT@K SN NMD. 5GHR HR @KLNRS SVN ETKK RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR EQNL SGD LD@M RHMBD 7.58 k
3.5 k 3.5 = 0.58. 8GHKD SGD ENQLTK@ ENQ B@KBTK@SHMF SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR MNS BNLOKHB@SDC, s
x
=
f (m x
)
2
n 1
VGDQD I
N
= R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, x
= R@LOKD LD@M, SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR @QD SDCHNTR. *S HR TRT@KKX ADRS SN TRD

SDBGMNKNFX VGDM ODQENQLHMF SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 81
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2.3 'HMC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD C@S@ EQNL SGD OQDUHNTR DW@LOKD
!F;MM $L?KO?H=S, *
0_2 1
3_5 6
6_8 10
9_11 7
12_14 0
15_17 2
2;<F? 2.4
'HQRS, OQDRR SGD 01A1 JDX @MC RDKDBS 1:"9>I
$CAOL? 2.4
*MOTS SGD LHCONHMS U@KTDR HMSN )1 @MC SGD EQDPTDMBHDR HMSN )2
$CAOL? 2.5
4DKDBS 01A1, A), @MC 1: 1-36G 0I6IH
82 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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$CAOL? 2.6
4DKDBS 2
C9
SGDM 1 SGDM , 2
C9
SGDM 2 "CI:G
$CAOL? 2.7
:NT VHKK RDD CHROK@XDC ANSG @ ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \
N
, @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I
N
.
!IGJ;LCHA 4;FO?M @LIG "C@@?L?HN ";N; 1?NM
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR TRDETK VGDM BNLO@QHMF C@S@ U@KTDR SG@S BNLD EQNL CHEEDQDMS C@S@ RDSR. *E SGD C@S@ RDSR G@UD
CHEEDQDMS LD@MR @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR, SGDM BNLO@QHMF SGD C@S@ U@KTDR CHQDBSKX B@M AD LHRKD@CHMF.
c 'NQ D@BG C@S@ U@KTD, B@KBTK@SD GNV L@MX RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @V@X EQNL HSR LD@M SGD U@KTD HR.
c 6RD SGD ENQLTK@: U@KTD = LD@M + (#NE45%&7R)(RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM); RNKUD ENQ #NE45%&7R.
c # of STDEVs =
value mean
standard deviation
c $NLO@QD SGD QDRTKSR NE SGHR B@KBTK@SHNM.
#NE45%&7R HR NESDM B@KKDC @ "P-RBNQD"; VD B@M TRD SGD RXLANK P. *M RXLANKR, SGD ENQLTK@R ADBNLD:
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 83
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2=ILHA x = x
+ 1+ z =
x x
s
/KLQH=PEKJ
x = + 16 z =
x
2;<F? 2.5
$T=ILHA 2.4
5VN RSTCDMSR, +NGM @MC "KH, EQNL CHEEDQDMS GHFG RBGNNKR, V@MSDC SN EHMC NTS VGN G@C SGD GHFGDRS (1". VGDM
BNLO@QDC SN GHR RBGNNK. 8GHBG RSTCDMS G@C SGD GHFGDRS (1". VGDM BNLO@QDC SN GHR RBGNNK
1NO>?HN %.A 1=BIIF +?;H %.A 1=BIIF 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
)KDJ 2.85 3.0 0.7
HE 77 80 10
2;<F? 2.6
1IFONCIH 2.4
'NQ D@BG RSTCDMS, CDSDQLHMD GNV L@MX RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR (#NE45%&7R) GHR (1" HR @V@X EQNL SGD @UDQ@FD, ENQ
GHR RBGNNK. 1@X B@QDETK @SSDMSHNM SN RHFMR VGDM BNLO@QHMF @MC HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD @MRVDQ.
# of STDEVs =
value mean
standard deviation
z =
x +
'NQ +NGM, z = # of STDEVs =

2.85 3.0
0.7
= 0.21
'NQ "KH, z = # of STDEVs =
77 80
10
= 0.3
+NGM G@R SGD ADSSDQ (1" VGDM BNLO@QDC SN GHR RBGNNK ADB@TRD GHR (1" HR 0.21 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR 7:ADL
GHR RBGNNK'R LD@M VGHKD "KH'R (1" HR 0.3 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR 7:ADL GHR RBGNNK'R LD@M.
+NGM'R P-RBNQD NE k0.21 HR GHFGDQ SG@M "KH'R P-RBNQD NE k0.3. 'NQ (1", GHFGDQ U@KTDR @QD ADSSDQ, RN VD BNMBKTCD
SG@S +NGM G@R SGD ADSSDQ (1" VGDM BNLO@QDC SN GHR RBGNNK.
2.4 5VN RVHLLDQR, "MFHD @MC #DSG, EQNL CHEEDQDMS SD@LR, V@MSDC SN EHMC NTS VGN G@C SGD E@RSDRS SHLD ENQ SGD 50
LDSDQ EQDDRSXKD VGDM BNLO@QDC SN GDQ SD@L. 8GHBG RVHLLDQ G@C SGD E@RSDRS SHLD VGDM BNLO@QDC SN GDQ SD@L
1QCGG?L 2CG? (M?=IH>M) 2?;G +?;H 2CG? 2?;G 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
JCEA 26.2 27.2 0.8
!APD 27.3 30.1 1.4
2;<F? 2.7
84 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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5GD ENKKNVHMF KHRSR FHUD @ EDV E@BSR SG@S OQNUHCD @ KHSSKD LNQD HMRHFGS HMSN VG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SDKKR TR @ANTS SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@.
%KN -8 @=P= OAP, JK I=PPAN SD=P PDA @EOPNE>QPEKJ KB PDA @=P= EO:
c "S KD@RS 75% NE SGD C@S@ HR VHSGHM SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M.
c "S KD@RS 89% NE SGD C@S@ HR VHSGHM SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M.
c "S KD@RS 95% NE SGD C@S@ HR VHSGHM 4.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M.
c 5GHR HR JMNVM @R $GDAXRGDU'R 3TKD.
%KN @=P= D=REJC = @EOPNE>QPEKJ PD=P EO !$++-2'/$# =J@ 28,,$31(":
c "OOQNWHL@SDKX 68% NE SGD C@S@ HR VHSGHM NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD LD@M.
c "OOQNWHL@SDKX 95% NE SGD C@S@ HR VHSGHM SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M.
c .NQD SG@M 99% NE SGD C@S@ HR VHSGHM SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M.
c 5GHR HR JMNVM @R SGD &LOHQHB@K 3TKD.
c *S HR HLONQS@MS SN MNSD SG@S SGHR QTKD NMKX @OOKHDR VGDM SGD RG@OD NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@ HR LNTMC-RG@ODC @MC
RXLLDSQHB. 8D VHKK KD@QM LNQD @ANTS SGHR VGDM RSTCXHMF SGD "/NQL@K" NQ "(@TRRH@M" OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM HM K@SDQ
BG@OSDQR.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 85
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2.1 "?M=LCJNCP? 1N;NCMNC=M
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L @MC @ ANW OKNS.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK B@KBTK@SD TMHU@QH@SD RS@SHRSHBR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK DW@LHMD SGD FQ@OGR SN HMSDQOQDS VG@S SGD C@S@ HLOKHDR.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE O@HQR NE RGNDR XNT NVM.
1. 3@MCNLKX RTQUDX 30 BK@RRL@SDR @ANTS SGD MTLADQ NE O@HQR NE RGNDR SGDX NVM. 3DBNQC SGDHQ U@KTDR.
<<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<<
<<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<<
<<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<<
<<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<<
<<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<<
<<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<< <<<<<
2;<F? 2.8 1OLP?S 0?MOFNM
2. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L. .@JD EHUD SN RHW HMSDQU@KR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC ODMBHK @MC RB@KD SGD @WDR.
$CAOL? 2.8
3. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF U@KTDR.
=. x
= ?????
>. I = ?????
4. "QD SGD C@S@ CHRBQDSD NQ BNMSHMTNTR )NV CN XNT JMNV
86 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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5. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, CDRBQHAD SGD RG@OD NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L.
6. "QD SGDQD @MX ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR -HRS SGD U@KTD(R) SG@S BNTKC AD NTSKHDQR. 6RD @ ENQLTK@ SN BGDBJ SGD DMC U@KTDR SN
CDSDQLHMD HE SGDX @QD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR.
AH;FST? NB? ";N;
1. %DSDQLHMD SGD ENKKNVHMF U@KTDR.
=. .HM = ?????
>. & = ?????
?. .@W = ?????
@. *
1
= ?????
A. *
3
= ?????
B. "*+ = ?????
2. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE C@S@
3. 8G@S CNDR SGD RG@OD NE SGD ANW OKNS HLOKX @ANTS SGD BNMBDMSQ@SHNM NE C@S@ 6RD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
4. 6RHMF SGD ANW OKNS, GNV B@M XNT CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD @QD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR
5. )NV CNDR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM GDKO XNT SN CDSDQLHMD BNMBDMSQ@SHNM NE SGD C@S@ @MC VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDQD @QD
ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR
6. 8G@S CNDR SGD "*+ QDOQDRDMS HM SGHR OQNAKDL
7. 4GNV XNTQ VNQJ SN EHMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR:
=. @ANUD SGD LD@M.
>. ADKNV SGD LD@M.
2.2 U 1N?G-;H>-*?;@ %L;JBM (1N?GJFINM), *CH? %L;JBM, ;H>
;L %L;JBM
0MD RHLOKD FQ@OG, SGD HI:B-6C9-A:6; <G6E= NQ HI:BEADI, BNLDR EQNL SGD EHDKC NE DWOKNQ@SNQX C@S@ @M@KXRHR. *S HR @ FNNC
BGNHBD VGDM SGD C@S@ RDSR @QD RL@KK. 5N BQD@SD SGD OKNS, CHUHCD D@BG NARDQU@SHNM NE C@S@ HMSN @ RSDL @MC @ KD@E. 5GD KD@E
BNMRHRSR NE @ ;>C6A H><C>;>86CI 9><>I. 'NQ DW@LOKD, 23 G@R RSDLSVN @MC KD@E SGQDD. 5GD MTLADQ 432 G@R RSDL43 @MC KD@E SVN.
-HJDVHRD, SGD MTLADQ 5,432 G@R RSDL 543 @MC KD@E SVN. 5GD CDBHL@K 9.3 G@R RSDL MHMD @MC KD@E SGQDD. 8QHSD SGD RSDLR HM @
UDQSHB@K KHMD EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS. %Q@V @ UDQSHB@K KHMD SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD RSDLR. 5GDM VQHSD SGD KD@UDR HM HMBQD@RHMF NQCDQ
MDWS SN SGDHQ BNQQDRONMCHMF RSDL.
$T=ILHA 2.5
'NQ 4TR@M %D@M'R ROQHMF OQD-B@KBTKTR BK@RR, RBNQDR ENQ SGD EHQRS DW@L VDQD @R ENKKNVR (RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS):
33; 42; 49; 49; 53; 55; 55; 61; 63; 67; 68; 68; 69; 69; 72; 73; 74; 78; 80; 83; 88; 88; 88; 90; 92; 94; 94; 94; 94;
96; 100
1N?G *?;@
3 3
4 2 9 9
5 3 5 5
6 1 3 7 8 8 9 9
7 2 3 4 8
2;<F? 2.9 1N?G-;H>-*?;@
%L;JB
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 87
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1N?G *?;@
8 0 3 8 8 8
9 0 2 4 4 4 4 6
10 0
2;<F? 2.9 1N?G-;H>-*?;@
%L;JB
5GD RSDLOKNS RGNVR SG@S LNRS RBNQDR EDKK HM SGD 60R, 70R, 80R, @MC 90R. &HFGS NTS NE SGD 31 RBNQDR NQ
@OOQNWHL@SDKX 26%

8
31
VDQD HM SGD 90R NQ 100, @ E@HQKX GHFG MTLADQ NE "R.

2.5 'NQ SGD 1@QJ $HSX A@RJDSA@KK SD@L, RBNQDR ENQ SGD K@RS 30 F@LDR VDQD @R ENKKNVR (RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS):
32; 32; 33; 34; 38; 40; 42; 42; 43; 44; 46; 47; 47; 48; 48; 48; 49; 50; 50; 51; 52; 52; 52; 53; 54; 56; 57; 57; 60; 61
$NMRSQTBS @ RSDL OKNS ENQ SGD C@S@.
88 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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5GD RSDLOKNS HR @ PTHBJ V@X SN FQ@OG C@S@ @MC FHUDR @M DW@BS OHBSTQD NE SGD C@S@. :NT V@MS SN KNNJ ENQ @M NUDQ@KK O@SSDQM
@MC @MX NTSKHDQR. "M DJIA>:G HR @M NARDQU@SHNM NE C@S@ SG@S CNDR MNS EHS SGD QDRS NE SGD C@S@. *S HR RNLDSHLDR B@KKDC @M :MIG:B:
K6AJ:. 8GDM XNT FQ@OG @M NTSKHDQ, HS VHKK @OOD@Q MNS SN EHS SGD O@SSDQM NE SGD FQ@OG. 4NLD NTSKHDQR @QD CTD SN LHRS@JDR (ENQ
DW@LOKD, VQHSHMF CNVM 50 HMRSD@C NE 500) VGHKD NSGDQR L@X HMCHB@SD SG@S RNLDSGHMF TMTRT@K HR G@OODMHMF. *S S@JDR RNLD
A@BJFQNTMC HMENQL@SHNM SN DWOK@HM NTSKHDQR, RN VD VHKK BNUDQ SGDL HM LNQD CDS@HK K@SDQ.
$T=ILHA 2.6
5GD C@S@ @QD SGD CHRS@MBDR (HM JHKNLDSDQR) EQNL @ GNLD SN KNB@K RTODQL@QJDSR. $QD@SD @ RSDLOKNS TRHMF SGD C@S@:
1.1; 1.5; 2.3; 2.5; 2.7; 3.2; 3.3; 3.3; 3.5; 3.8; 4.0; 4.2; 4.5; 4.5; 4.7; 4.8; 5.5; 5.6; 6.5; 6.7; 12.3
%N SGD C@S@ RDDL SN G@UD @MX BNMBDMSQ@SHNM NE U@KTDR
%N SGD C@S@ RDDL SN G@UD @MX BNMBDMSQ@SHNM NE U@KTDR
&',2
5GD KD@UDR @QD SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD CDBHL@K.
1IFONCIH 2.6
5GD U@KTD 12.3 L@X AD @M NTSKHDQ. 7@KTDR @OOD@Q SN BNMBDMSQ@SD @S SGQDD @MC ENTQ JHKNLDSDQR.
1N?G *?;@
1 1 5
2 3 5 7
3 2 3 3 5 8
4 0 2 5 5 7 8
5 5 6
6 5 7
7
8
9
10
11
12 3
2;<F? 2.10
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 89
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2.6 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ RGNV SGD CHRS@MBDR (HM LHKDR) EQNL SGD GNLDR NE NEE-B@LOTR RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR SN SGD BNKKDFD.
$QD@SD @ RSDL OKNS TRHMF SGD C@S@ @MC HCDMSHEX @MX NTSKHDQR:
0.5; 0.7; 1.1; 1.2; 1.2; 1.3; 1.3; 1.5; 1.5; 1.7; 1.7; 1.8; 1.9; 2.0; 2.2; 2.5; 2.6; 2.8; 2.8; 2.8; 3.5; 3.8; 4.4; 4.8; 4.9; 5.2;
5.5; 5.7; 5.8; 8.0
$T=ILHA 2.7
" H>9:-7N-H>9: HI:B-6C9-A:6; EADI @KKNVR @ BNLO@QHRNM NE SGD SVN C@S@ RDSR HM SVN BNKTLMR. *M @ RHCD-AX-RHCD
RSDL-@MC-KD@E OKNS, SVN RDSR NE KD@UDR RG@QD SGD R@LD RSDL. 5GD KD@UDR @QD SN SGD KDES @MC SGD QHFGS NE SGD RSDLR.
2;<F? 2.10 @MC 2;<F? 2.11 RGNV SGD @FDR NE OQDRHCDMSR @S SGDHQ HM@TFTQ@SHNM @MC @S SGDHQ CD@SG. $NMRSQTBS @ RHCD-
AX-RHCD RSDL-@MC-KD@E OKNS TRHMF SGHR C@S@.
.L?MC>?HN AA? .L?MC>?HN AA? .L?MC>?HN AA?
6=ODEJCPKJ 57 +EJ?KHJ 52 'KKRAN 54
). @=IO 61 . )KDJOKJ 56 %. 1KKOARAHP 51
)ABBANOKJ 57 &N=JP 46 3NQI=J 60
,=@EOKJ 57 '=UAO 54 $EOAJDKSAN 62
,KJNKA 58 &=NBEAH@ 49 *AJJA@U 43
). 0. @=IO 57 NPDQN 51 +. )KDJOKJ 55
)=?GOKJ 61 "HARAH=J@ 47 -ETKJ 56
5=J !QNAJ 54 !. '=NNEOKJ 55 %KN@ 61
6. '. '=NNEOKJ 68 "HARAH=J@ 55 "=NPAN 52
3UHAN 51 ,?*EJHAU 54 1A=C=J 69
/KHG 49 3. 1KKOARAHP 42 &.'.6. !QOD 64
3=UHKN 64 3=BP 51 "HEJPKJ 47
%EHHIKNA 50 6EHOKJ 56 &. 6. !QOD 54
/EAN?A 48 '=N@EJC 55 .>=I= 47
2;<F? 2.11 .L?MC>?HNC;F AA?M ;N 'H;OAOL;NCIH
90 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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!Q?D=J=J 65 "KKHE@CA 51
2;<F? 2.11 .L?MC>?HNC;F AA?M ;N 'H;OAOL;NCIH
6=ODEJCPKJ 67 +EJ?KHJ 56 'KKRAN 90
). @=IO 90 . )KDJOKJ 66 %. 1KKOARAHP 63
)ABBANOKJ 83 &N=JP 63 3NQI=J 88
,=@EOKJ 85 '=UAO 70 $EOAJDKSAN 78
,KJNKA 73 &=NBEAH@ 49 *AJJA@U 46
). 0. @=IO 80 NPDQN 56 +. )KDJOKJ 64
)=?GOKJ 78 "HARAH=J@ 71 -ETKJ 81
5=J !QNAJ 79 !. '=NNEOKJ 67 %KN@ 93
6. '. '=NNEOKJ 68 "HARAH=J@ 71 1A=C=J 93
3UHAN 71 ,?*EJHAU 58
/KHG 53 3. 1KKOARAHP 60
3=UHKN 65 3=BP 72
%EHHIKNA 74 6EHOKJ 67
/EAN?A 64 '=N@EJC 57
!Q?D=J=J 77 "KKHE@CA 60
2;<F? 2.12 .L?MC>?HNC;F AA? ;N "?;NB
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 91
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1IFONCIH 2.7
AA?M ;N 'H;OAOL;NCIH AA?M ;N "?;NB
9 9 8 7 7 7 6 3 2 4 6 9
8 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 3 6 6 7 7 8
9 5 4 4 2 1 1 1 0 6 0 0 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 7 8
7 0 0 1 1 1 4 7 8 8 9
8 0 1 3 5 8
9 0 0 3 3
2;<F? 2.13
2.7 5GD S@AKD RGNVR SGD MTLADQ NE VHMR @MC KNRRDR SGD "SK@MS@ )@VJR G@UD G@C HM 42 RD@RNMR. $QD@SD @ RHCD-AX-RHCD
RSDL-@MC-KD@E OKNS NE SGDRD VHMR @MC KNRRDR.
*IMM?M 5CHM 7?;L *IMM?M 5CHM 7?;L
34 48 1968_1969 41 41 1989_1990
34 48 1969_1970 39 43 1990_1991
46 36 1970_1971 44 38 1991_1992
46 36 1971_1972 39 43 1992_1993
36 46 1972_1973 25 57 1993_1994
47 35 1973_1974 40 42 1994_1995
51 31 1974_1975 36 46 1995_1996
53 29 1975_1976 26 56 1996_1997
2;<F? 2.14
92 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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*IMM?M 5CHM 7?;L *IMM?M 5CHM 7?;L
51 31 1976_1977 32 50 1997_1998
41 41 1977_1978 19 31 1998_1999
36 46 1978_1979 54 28 1999_2000
32 50 1979_1980 57 25 2000_2001
51 31 1980_1981 49 33 2001_2002
40 42 1981_1982 47 35 2002_2003
39 43 1982_1983 54 28 2003_2004
42 40 1983_1984 69 13 2004_2005
48 34 1984_1985 56 26 2005_2006
32 50 1985_1986 52 30 2006_2007
25 57 1986_1987 45 37 2007_2008
32 50 1987_1988 35 47 2008_2009
30 52 1988_1989 29 53 2009_2010
2;<F? 2.14
"MNSGDQ SXOD NE FQ@OG SG@S HR TRDETK ENQ RODBHEHB C@S@ U@KTDR HR @ A>C: <G6E=. *M SGD O@QSHBTK@Q KHMD FQ@OG RGNVM HM
#R;GJF? 2.8, SGD &-6M>H (GNQHYNMS@K @WHR) BNMRHRSR NE 96I6 K6AJ:H @MC SGD '-6M>H (UDQSHB@K @WHR) BNMRHRSR NE ;G:FJ:C8N
ED>CIH. 5GD EQDPTDMBX ONHMSR @QD BNMMDBSDC TRHMF KHMD RDFLDMSR.
$T=ILHA 2.8
*M @ RTQUDX, 40 LNSGDQR VDQD @RJDC GNVL@MX SHLDR ODQ VDDJ @ SDDM@FDQ LTRS AD QDLHMCDC SN CN GHR NQ GDQ BGNQDR.
5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 2.15 @MC HM $CAOL? 2.9.
,OG<?L I@ NCG?M N??H;A?L CM L?GCH>?> $L?KO?H=S
0 2
2;<F? 2.15
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 93
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,OG<?L I@ NCG?M N??H;A?L CM L?GCH>?> $L?KO?H=S
1 5
2 8
3 14
4 7
5 4
2;<F? 2.15
$CAOL? 2.9
2.8 *M @ RTQUDX, 40 ODNOKD VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX SHLDR ODQ XD@Q SGDX G@C SGDHQ B@Q HM SGD RGNO ENQ QDO@HQR. 5GD QDRTKSR
@QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 2.16. $NMRSQTBS @ KHMD FQ@OG.
,OG<?L I@ NCG?M CH MBIJ $L?KO?H=S
0 7
1 10
2 14
2;<F? 2.16
94 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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,OG<?L I@ NCG?M CH MBIJ $L?KO?H=S
3 9
2;<F? 2.16
B6G <G6E=H BNMRHRS NE A@QR SG@S @QD RDO@Q@SDC EQNL D@BG NSGDQ. 5GD A@QR B@M AD QDBS@MFKDR NQ SGDX B@M AD QDBS@MFTK@Q
ANWDR (TRDC HM SGQDD-CHLDMRHNM@K OKNSR), @MC SGDX B@M AD UDQSHB@K NQ GNQHYNMS@K. 5GD 76G <G6E= RGNVM HM #R;GJF? 2.9 G@R
@FD FQNTOR QDOQDRDMSDC NM SGD &-6M>H @MC OQNONQSHNMR NM SGD '-6M>H.
$T=ILHA 2.9
#X SGD DMC NE 2011, '@BDANNJ G@C NUDQ 146 LHKKHNM TRDQR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. 2;<F? 2.16 RGNVR SGQDD @FD
FQNTOR, SGD MTLADQ NE TRDQR HM D@BG @FD FQNTO, @MC SGD OQNONQSHNM (%) NE TRDQR HM D@BG @FD FQNTO. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q
FQ@OG TRHMF SGHR C@S@.
AA? ALIOJM ,OG<?L I@ $;=?<IIE OM?LM .LIJILNCIH (%) I@ $;=?<IIE OM?LM
13_25 65,082,280 45%
26_44 53,300,200 36%
45_64 27,885,100 19%
2;<F? 2.17
1IFONCIH 2.9
$CAOL? 2.10
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 95
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2.9 5GD ONOTK@SHNM HM 1@QJ $HSX HR L@CD TO NE BGHKCQDM, VNQJHMF-@FD @CTKSR, @MC QDSHQDDR. 2;<F? 2.18 RGNVR SGD SGQDD
@FD FQNTOR, SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD HM SGD SNVM EQNLD@BG @FD FQNTO, @MC SGD OQNONQSHNM (%) NE ODNOKD HM D@BG @FD FQNTO.
$NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG RGNVHMF SGD OQNONQSHNMR.
AA? ALIOJM ,OG<?L I@ J?IJF? .LIJILNCIH I@ JIJOF;NCIH
"DEH@NAJ 67,059 19%
6KNGEJC-=CA =@QHPO 152,198 43%
1APENAAO 131,662 38%
2;<F? 2.18
96 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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$T=ILHA 2.10
5GD BNKTLMR HM 2;<F? 2.18 BNMS@HM: SGD Q@BD NQ DSGMHBHSX NE RSTCDMSR HM 6.4. 1TAKHB 4BGNNKR ENQ SGD BK@RR NE
2011, ODQBDMS@FDR ENQ SGD "CU@MBDC 1K@BDLDMS DW@LHMD ONOTK@SHNM ENQ SG@S BK@RR, @MC ODQBDMS@FDR ENQ SGD NUDQ@KK
RSTCDMS ONOTK@SHNM. $QD@SD @ A@Q FQ@OG VHSG SGD RSTCDMS Q@BD NQ DSGMHBHSX (PT@KHS@SHUD C@S@) NM SGD N-@WHR, @MC SGD
"CU@MBDC 1K@BDLDMS DW@LHMDD ONOTK@SHNM ODQBDMS@FDR NM SGD O-@WHR.
0;=?/#NBHC=CNS
A. #R;GCH??
.IJOF;NCIH
-P?L;FF 1NO>?HN
.IJOF;NCIH
1 = OE=J, OE=J IANE?=J KN /=?EBE?
(OH=J@AN
10.3% 5.7%
2 = !H=?G KN BNE?=J IANE?=J 9.0% 14.7%
3 = 'EOL=JE? KN +=PEJK 17.0% 17.6%
4 = IANE?=J (J@E=J KN H=OG= -=PERA 0.6% 1.1%
5 = 6DEPA 57.1% 59.2%
6 = -KP NALKNPA@/KPDAN 6.0% 1.7%
2;<F? 2.19
1IFONCIH 2.10
$CAOL? 2.11
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 97
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2.10 1@QJ BHSX HR AQNJDM CNVM HMSN RHW UNSHMF CHRSQHBSR. 5GD S@AKD RGNVR ODQBDMS NE SGD SNS@K QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQ ONOTK@SHNM
SG@S KHUDR HM D@BG CHRSQHBS @R VDKK @R SGD ODQBDMS SNS@K NE SGD DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM SG@S KHUDR HM D@BG CHRSQHBS. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q
FQ@OG SG@S RGNVR SGD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQ ONOTK@SHNM AX CHRSQHBS.
"CMNLC=N 0?ACMN?L?> PIN?L JIJOF;NCIH -P?L;FF =CNS JIJOF;NCIH
1 15.5% 19.4%
2 12.2% 15.6%
3 9.8% 9.0%
4 17.4% 18.5%
5 22.8% 20.7%
6 22.3% 16.8%
2;<F? 2.20
2.3 U &CMNIAL;GM, $L?KO?H=S .IFSAIHM, ;H> 2CG? 1?LC?M
%L;JBM
'NQ LNRS NE SGD VNQJ XNT CN HM SGHR ANNJ, XNT VHKK TRD @ GHRSNFQ@L SN CHROK@X SGD C@S@. 0MD @CU@MS@FD NE @ GHRSNFQ@L HR SG@S
HS B@M QD@CHKX CHROK@X K@QFD C@S@ RDSR. " QTKD NE SGTLA HR SN TRD @ GHRSNFQ@L VGDM SGD C@S@ RDS BNMRHRSR NE 100 U@KTDR NQ LNQD.
" =>HID<G6B BNMRHRSR NE BNMSHFTNTR (@CINHMHMF) ANWDR. *S G@R ANSG @ GNQHYNMS@K @WHR @MC @ UDQSHB@K @WHR. 5GD GNQHYNMS@K
@WHR HR K@ADKDC VHSG VG@S SGD C@S@ QDOQDRDMSR (ENQ HMRS@MBD, CHRS@MBD EQNL XNTQ GNLD SN RBGNNK). 5GD UDQSHB@K @WHR HR K@ADKDC
DHSGDQ ;G:FJ:C8N NQ G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N (NQ ODQBDMS EQDPTDMBX NQ OQNA@AHKHSX). 5GD FQ@OG VHKK G@UD SGD R@LD RG@OD VHSG
DHSGDQ K@ADK. 5GD GHRSNFQ@L (KHJD SGD RSDLOKNS) B@M FHUD XNT SGD RG@OD NE SGD C@S@, SGD BDMSDQ, @MC SGD ROQD@C NE SGD C@S@.
5GD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX HR DPT@K SN SGD EQDPTDMBX ENQ @M NARDQUDC U@KTD NE SGD C@S@ CHUHCDC AX SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@
U@KTDR HM SGD R@LOKD.(3DLDLADQ, EQDPTDMBX HR CDEHMDC @R SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @M @MRVDQ NBBTQR.) *E:
c < = EQDPTDMBX
c D = SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR (NQ SGD RTL NE SGD HMCHUHCT@K EQDPTDMBHDR), @MC
c +F = QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX,
SGDM:
RF =
f
n
'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGQDD RSTCDMSR HM .Q. "G@A'R &MFKHRG BK@RR NE 40 RSTCDMSR QDBDHUDC EQNL 90% SN 100%, SGDM, < = 3, D =
40, @MC +F =
f
n
=
3
40
= 0.075. 7.5% NE SGD RSTCDMSR QDBDHUDC 90k100%. 90k100% @QD PT@MSHS@SHUD LD@RTQDR.
1D 8DCHIGJ8I 6 =>HID<G6B, EHQRS CDBHCD GNV L@MX 76GH NQ >CI:GK6AH, @KRN B@KKDC BK@RRDR, QDOQDRDMS SGD C@S@. .@MX
GHRSNFQ@LR BNMRHRS NE EHUD SN 15 A@QR NQ BK@RRDR ENQ BK@QHSX. 5GD MTLADQ NE A@QR MDDCR SN AD BGNRDM. $GNNRD @ RS@QSHMF ONHMS
ENQ SGD EHQRS HMSDQU@K SN AD KDRR SG@M SGD RL@KKDRS C@S@ U@KTD. " 8DCK:C>:CI HI6GI>C< ED>CI HR @ KNVDQ U@KTD B@QQHDC NTS SN NMD
LNQD CDBHL@K OK@BD SG@M SGD U@KTD VHSG SGD LNRS CDBHL@K OK@BDR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD U@KTD VHSG SGD LNRS CDBHL@K OK@BDR HR
6.1 @MC SGHR HR SGD RL@KKDRS U@KTD, @ BNMUDMHDMS RS@QSHMF ONHMS HR 6.05 (6.1 k 0.05 = 6.05). 8D R@X SG@S 6.05 G@R LNQD OQDBHRHNM.
*E SGD U@KTD VHSG SGD LNRS CDBHL@K OK@BDR HR 2.23 @MC SGD KNVDRS U@KTD HR 1.5, @ BNMUDMHDMS RS@QSHMF ONHMS HR 1.495 (1.5 k 0.005
= 1.495). *E SGD U@KTD VHSG SGD LNRS CDBHL@K OK@BDR HR 3.234 @MC SGD KNVDRS U@KTD HR 1.0, @ BNMUDMHDMS RS@QSHMF ONHMS HR 0.9995
(1.0 k 0.0005 = 0.9995). *E @KK SGD C@S@ G@OODM SN AD HMSDFDQR @MC SGD RL@KKDRS U@KTD HR SVN, SGDM @ BNMUDMHDMS RS@QSHMF ONHMS
HR 1.5 (2 k 0.5 = 1.5). "KRN, VGDM SGD RS@QSHMF ONHMS @MC NSGDQ ANTMC@QHDR @QD B@QQHDC SN NMD @CCHSHNM@K CDBHL@K OK@BD, MN C@S@
98 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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U@KTD VHKK E@KK NM @ ANTMC@QX. 5GD MDWS SVN DW@LOKDR FN HMSN CDS@HK @ANTS GNV SN BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L TRHMF BNMSHMTNTR
C@S@ @MC GNV SN BQD@SD @ GHRSNFQ@L TRHMF CHRBQDSD C@S@.
$T=ILHA 2.11
5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD SGD GDHFGSR (HM HMBGDR SN SGD MD@QDRS G@KE HMBG) NE 100 L@KD RDLHOQNEDRRHNM@K RNBBDQ OK@XDQR.
5GD GDHFGSR @QD 8DCI>CJDJH C@S@, RHMBD GDHFGS HR LD@RTQDC.
60; 60.5; 61; 61; 61.5
63.5; 63.5; 63.5
64; 64; 64; 64; 64; 64; 64; 64.5; 64.5; 64.5; 64.5; 64.5; 64.5; 64.5; 64.5
66; 66; 66; 66; 66; 66; 66; 66; 66; 66; 66.5; 66.5; 66.5; 66.5; 66.5; 66.5; 66.5; 66.5; 66.5; 66.5; 66.5; 67; 67; 67;
67; 67; 67; 67; 67; 67; 67; 67; 67; 67.5; 67.5; 67.5; 67.5; 67.5; 67.5; 67.5
68; 68; 69; 69; 69; 69; 69; 69; 69; 69; 69; 69; 69.5; 69.5; 69.5; 69.5; 69.5
70; 70; 70; 70; 70; 70; 70.5; 70.5; 70.5; 71; 71; 71
72; 72; 72; 72.5; 72.5; 73; 73.5
74
5GD RL@KKDRS C@S@ U@KTD HR 60. 4HMBD SGD C@S@ VHSG SGD LNRS CDBHL@K OK@BDR G@R NMD CDBHL@K (ENQ HMRS@MBD,
61.5), VD V@MS NTQ RS@QSHMF ONHMS SN G@UD SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR. 4HMBD SGD MTLADQR 0.5, 0.05, 0.005, DSB. @QD
BNMUDMHDMS MTLADQR, TRD 0.05 @MC RTASQ@BS HS EQNL 60, SGD RL@KKDRS U@KTD, ENQ SGD BNMUDMHDMS RS@QSHMF ONHMS.
60 k 0.05 = 59.95 VGHBG HR LNQD OQDBHRD SG@M, R@X, 61.5 AX NMD CDBHL@K OK@BD. 5GD RS@QSHMF ONHMS HR, SGDM,
59.95.
5GD K@QFDRS U@KTD HR 74, RN 74 + 0.05 = 74.05 HR SGD DMCHMF U@KTD.
/DWS, B@KBTK@SD SGD VHCSG NE D@BG A@Q NQ BK@RR HMSDQU@K. 5N B@KBTK@SD SGHR VHCSG, RTASQ@BS SGD RS@QSHMF ONHMS EQNL
SGD DMCHMF U@KTD @MC CHUHCD AX SGD MTLADQ NE A@QR (XNT LTRS BGNNRD SGD MTLADQ NE A@QR XNT CDRHQD). 4TOONRD XNT
BGNNRD DHFGS A@QR.
74.05 59.95
8
= 1.76
,-2#
8D VHKK QNTMC TO SN SVN @MC L@JD D@BG A@Q NQ BK@RR HMSDQU@K SVN TMHSR VHCD. 3NTMCHMF TO SN SVN HR NMD V@X
SN OQDUDMS @ U@KTD EQNL E@KKHMF NM @ ANTMC@QX. 3NTMCHMF SN SGD MDWS MTLADQ HR NESDM MDBDRR@QX DUDM HE HS
FNDR @F@HMRS SGD RS@MC@QC QTKDR NE QNTMCHMF. 'NQ SGHR DW@LOKD, TRHMF 1.76 @R SGD VHCSG VNTKC @KRN VNQJ. "
FTHCDKHMD SG@S HR ENKKNVDC AX RNLD ENQ SGD VHCSG NE @ A@Q NQ BK@RR HMSDQU@K HR SN S@JD SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD C@S@
@MC SGDM QNTMC SN SGD MD@QDRS VGNKD MTLADQ, HE MDBDRR@QX. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGDQD @QD 150 U@KTDR NE C@S@, S@JD
SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE 150 @MC QNTMC SN 12 A@QR NQ HMSDQU@KR.
5GD ANTMC@QHDR @QD:
c 59.95
c 59.95 + 2 = 61.95
c 61.95 + 2 = 63.95
c 63.95 + 2 = 65.95
c 65.95 + 2 = 67.95
c 67.95 + 2 = 69.95
c 69.95 + 2 = 71.95
c 71.95 + 2 = 73.95
c 73.95 + 2 = 75.95
5GD GDHFGSR 60 SGQNTFG 61.5 HMBGDR @QD HM SGD HMSDQU@K 59.95k61.95. 5GD GDHFGSR SG@S @QD 63.5 @QD HM SGD
HMSDQU@K 61.95k63.95. 5GD GDHFGSR SG@S @QD 64 SGQNTFG 64.5 @QD HM SGD HMSDQU@K 63.95k65.95. 5GD GDHFGSR 66 SGQNTFG
67.5 @QD HM SGD HMSDQU@K 65.95k67.95. 5GD GDHFGSR 68 SGQNTFG 69.5 @QD HM SGD HMSDQU@K 67.95k69.95. 5GD GDHFGSR
70 SGQNTFG 71 @QD HM SGD HMSDQU@K 69.95k71.95. 5GD GDHFGSR 72 SGQNTFG 73.5 @QD HM SGD HMSDQU@K 71.95k73.95. 5GD
GDHFGS 74 HR HM SGD HMSDQU@K 73.95k75.95.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 99
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5GD ENKKNVHMF GHRSNFQ@L CHROK@XR SGD GDHFGSR NM SGD N-@WHR @MC QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NM SGD O-@WHR.
$CAOL? 2.12
2.11 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD SGD RGND RHYDR NE 50 L@KD RSTCDMSR. 5GD RHYDR @QD BNMSHMTNTR C@S@ RHMBD RGND RHYD HR
LD@RTQDC. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD VHCSG NE D@BG A@Q NQ BK@RR HMSDQU@K. 4TOONRD XNT BGNNRD RHW A@QR.
9; 9; 9.5; 9.5; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10.5; 10.5; 10.5; 10.5; 10.5; 10.5; 10.5; 10.5
11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11; 11.5; 11.5; 11.5; 11.5; 11.5; 11.5; 11.5
12; 12; 12; 12; 12; 12; 12; 12.5; 12.5; 12.5; 12.5; 14
$T=ILHA 2.12
5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD SGD MTLADQ NE ANNJR ANTFGS AX 50 O@QS-SHLD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR @S "#$ $NKKDFD. 5GD MTLADQ
NE ANNJR HR 9>H8G:I: 96I6, RHMBD ANNJR @QD BNTMSDC.
1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1
2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2
3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3
4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4
5; 5; 5; 5; 5
6; 6
&KDUDM RSTCDMSR ATX NMD ANNJ. 5DM RSTCDMSR ATX SVN ANNJR. 4HWSDDM RSTCDMSR ATX SGQDD ANNJR. 4HW RSTCDMSR
ATX ENTQ ANNJR. 'HUD RSTCDMSR ATX EHUD ANNJR. 5VN RSTCDMSR ATX RHW ANNJR.
#DB@TRD SGD C@S@ @QD HMSDFDQR, RTASQ@BS 0.5 EQNL 1, SGD RL@KKDRS C@S@ U@KTD @MC @CC 0.5 SN 6, SGD K@QFDRS C@S@
U@KTD. 5GDM SGD RS@QSHMF ONHMS HR 0.5 @MC SGD DMCHMF U@KTD HR 6.5.
/DWS, B@KBTK@SD SGD VHCSG NE D@BG A@Q NQ BK@RR HMSDQU@K. *E SGD C@S@ @QD CHRBQDSD @MC SGDQD @QD MNS SNN L@MX CHEEDQDMS
U@KTDR, @ VHCSG SG@S OK@BDR SGD C@S@ U@KTDR HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD A@Q NQ BK@RR HMSDQU@K HR SGD LNRS BNMUDMHDMS. 4HMBD
SGD C@S@ BNMRHRS NE SGD MTLADQR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, @MC SGD RS@QSHMF ONHMS HR 0.5, @ VHCSG NE NMD OK@BDR SGD 1 HM SGD
LHCCKD NE SGD HMSDQU@K EQNL 0.5 SN 1.5, SGD 2 HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD HMSDQU@K EQNL 1.5 SN 2.5, SGD 3 HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD
HMSDQU@K EQNL 2.5 SN 3.5, SGD 4 HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD HMSDQU@K EQNL ??????? SN ???????, SGD 5 HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD
HMSDQU@K EQNL ??????? SN ???????, @MC SGD ??????? HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD HMSDQU@K EQNL ??????? SN ??????? .
1IFONCIH 2.12
c 3.5 SN 4.5
c 4.5 SN 5.5
c 6
c 5.5 SN 6.5
100 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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$@KBTK@SD SGD MTLADQ NE A@QR @R ENKKNVR:
6.5 0.5
number of bars
= 1
VGDQD 1 HR SGD VHCSG NE @ A@Q. 5GDQDENQD, A@QR = 6.
5GD ENKKNVHMF GHRSNFQ@L CHROK@XR SGD MTLADQ NE ANNJR NM SGD N-@WHR @MC SGD EQDPTDMBX NM SGD O-@WHR.
$CAOL? 2.13
(N SN SGD AJJ?H>CR (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G47149/F;N?MN/) . 5GDQD @QD B@KBTK@SNQ HMRSQTBSHNMR ENQ DMSDQHMF C@S@
@MC ENQ BQD@SHMF @ BTRSNLHYDC GHRSNFQ@L. $QD@SD SGD GHRSNFQ@L ENQ #R;GJF? 2.12.
c 1QDRR :=. 1QDRR $-&"3 SN CDKDSD @MX DPT@SHNMR.
c 1QDRR 45"5 1:&%*5. *E -1 G@R C@S@ HM HS, @QQNV TO HMSN SGD M@LD -1, OQDRR $-&"3 @MC SGDM @QQNV CNVM. *E
MDBDRR@QX, CN SGD R@LD ENQ -2.
c *MSN -1, DMSDQ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
c *MSN -2, DMSDQ 11, 10, 16, 6, 5, 2.
c 1QDRR 8*/%08. 4DS 9LHM = .5, 9RBK = (6.5 k .5)/6, :LHM = k1, :L@W = 20, :RBK = 1, 9QDR = 1.
c 1QDRR 2
MC
:=. 4S@QS AX OQDRRHMF 4:1KNSRNEE &/5&3.
c 1QDRR 2
MC
:=. 1QDRR 1:1KNS1. 1QDRR &/5&3. "QQNV CNVM SN 5:1&. "QQNV SN SGD 3
QC
OHBSTQD (GHRSNFQ@L). 1QDRR
&/5&3.
c "QQNV CNVM SN 9KHRS: &MSDQ -1 (2
MC
1). "QQNV CNVM SN 'QDP. &MSDQ -2 (2
MC
2).
c 1QDRR (3"1).
c 6RD SGD 53"$& JDX @MC SGD @QQNV JDXR SN DW@LHMD SGD GHRSNFQ@L.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 101
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2.12 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD SGD MTLADQ NE RONQSR OK@XDC AX 50 RSTCDMS @SGKDSDR. 5GD MTLADQ NE RONQSR HR CHRBQDSD C@S@
RHMBD RONQSR @QD BNTMSDC.
1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1; 1
2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2; 2
3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3
20 RSTCDMS @SGKDSDR OK@X NMD RONQS. 22 RSTCDMS @SGKDSDR OK@X SVN RONQSR. &HFGS RSTCDMS @SGKDSDR OK@X SGQDD RONQSR.
F?BB ?D J>; 8B7DAI <EH J>; <EBBEM?D= I;DJ;D9;. 4HMBD SGD C@S@ BNMRHRS NE SGD MTLADQR 1, 2, 3, @MC SGD RS@QSHMF ONHMS
HR 0.5, @ VHCSG NE NMD OK@BDR SGD 1 HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD HMSDQU@K 0.5 SN ?????, SGD 2 HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD HMSDQU@K EQNL
????? SN ?????, @MC SGD 3 HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD HMSDQU@K EQNL ????? SN ?????.
102 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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$T=ILHA 2.13
6RHMF SGHR C@S@ RDS, BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L.
,OG<?L I@ &IOLM +S !F;MMG;N?M 1J?HN .F;SCHA 4C>?I %;G?M IH 5??E?H>M
9.95 10 2.25 16.75 0
19.5 22.5 7.5 15 12.75
5.5 11 10 20.75 17.5
23 21.9 24 23.75 18
20 15 22.9 18.8 20.5
2;<F? 2.21
1IFONCIH 2.13
$CAOL? 2.14
4NLD U@KTDR HM SGHR C@S@ RDS E@KK NM ANTMC@QHDR ENQ SGD BK@RR HMSDQU@KR. " U@KTD HR BNTMSDC HM @ BK@RR HMSDQU@K HE HS
E@KKR NM SGD KDES ANTMC@QX, ATS MNS HE HS E@KKR NM SGD QHFGS ANTMC@QX. %HEEDQDMS QDRD@QBGDQR L@X RDS TO GHRSNFQ@LR ENQ
SGD R@LD C@S@ HM CHEEDQDMS V@XR. 5GDQD HR LNQD SG@M NMD BNQQDBS V@X SN RDS TO @ GHRSNFQ@L.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 103
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2.13 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ QDOQDRDMS SGD MTLADQ NE DLOKNXDDR @S U@QHNTR QDRS@TQ@MSR HM /DV :NQJ $HSX. 6RHMF SGHR C@S@,
BQD@SD @ GHRSNFQ@L.
22; 35; 15; 26; 40; 28; 18; 20; 25; 34; 39; 42; 24; 22; 19; 27; 22; 34; 40; 20; 38; @MC 28
6RD 10k19 @R SGD EHQRS HMSDQU@K.
$NTMS SGD LNMDX (AHKKR @MC BG@MFD) HM XNTQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD. :NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK QDBNQC SGD @LNTMSR. "R @ BK@RR,
BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L CHROK@XHMF SGD C@S@. %HRBTRR GNV L@MX HMSDQU@KR XNT SGHMJ HR @OOQNOQH@SD. :NT L@X V@MS SN
DWODQHLDMS VHSG SGD MTLADQ NE HMSDQU@KR.
$L?KO?H=S .IFSAIHM
'QDPTDMBX ONKXFNMR @QD @M@KNFNTR SN KHMD FQ@OGR, @MC ITRS @R KHMD FQ@OGR L@JD BNMSHMTNTR C@S@ UHRT@KKX D@RX SN HMSDQOQDS, RN
SNN CN EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNMR.
104 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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5N BNMRSQTBS @ EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM, EHQRS DW@LHMD SGD C@S@ @MC CDBHCD NM SGD MTLADQ NE HMSDQU@KR, NQ BK@RR HMSDQU@KR, SN
TRD NM SGD N-@WHR @MC O-@WHR. "ESDQ BGNNRHMF SGD @OOQNOQH@SD Q@MFDR, ADFHM OKNSSHMF SGD C@S@ ONHMSR. "ESDQ @KK SGD ONHMSR @QD
OKNSSDC, CQ@V KHMD RDFLDMSR SN BNMMDBS SGDL.
$T=ILHA 2.14
" EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM V@R BNMRSQTBSDC EQNL SGD EQDPTDMBX S@AKD ADKNV.
$L?KO?H=S "CMNLC<ONCIH @IL !;F=OFOM $CH;F 2?MN 1=IL?M
*IQ?L IOH> 3JJ?L IOH> $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
49.5 59.5 5 5
59.5 69.5 10 15
69.5 79.5 30 45
79.5 89.5 40 85
89.5 99.5 15 100
2;<F? 2.22
$CAOL? 2.15
5GD EHQRS K@ADK NM SGD N-@WHR HR 44.5. 5GHR QDOQDRDMSR @M HMSDQU@K DWSDMCHMF EQNL 39.5 SN 49.5. 4HMBD SGD KNVDRS
SDRS RBNQD HR 54.5, SGHR HMSDQU@K HR TRDC NMKX SN @KKNV SGD FQ@OG SN SNTBG SGD N-@WHR. 5GD ONHMS K@ADKDC 54.5 QDOQDRDMSR
SGD MDWS HMSDQU@K, NQ SGD EHQRS oQD@Kp HMSDQU@K EQNL SGD S@AKD, @MC BNMS@HMR EHUD RBNQDR. 5GHR QD@RNMHMF HR ENKKNVDC
ENQ D@BG NE SGD QDL@HMHMF HMSDQU@KR VHSG SGD ONHMS 104.5 QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD HMSDQU@K EQNL 99.5 SN 109.5. "F@HM, SGHR
HMSDQU@K BNMS@HMR MN C@S@ @MC HR NMKX TRDC RN SG@S SGD FQ@OG VHKK SNTBG SGD N-@WHR. -NNJHMF @S SGD FQ@OG, VD R@X
SG@S SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM HR RJDVDC ADB@TRD NMD RHCD NE SGD FQ@OG CNDR MNS LHQQNQ SGD NSGDQ RHCD.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 105
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2.14 $NMRSQTBS @ EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM NE 6.4. 1QDRHCDMSRn @FDR @S HM@TFTQ@SHNM RGNVM HM 2;<F? 2.23.
AA? ;N 'H;OAOL;NCIH $L?KO?H=S
41.5_46.5 4
46.5_51.5 11
51.5_56.5 14
56.5_61.5 9
61.5_66.5 4
66.5_71.5 2
2;<F? 2.23
106 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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'QDPTDMBX ONKXFNMR @QD TRDETK ENQ BNLO@QHMF CHRSQHATSHNMR. 5GHR HR @BGHDUDC AX NUDQK@XHMF SGD EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNMR
CQ@VM ENQ CHEEDQDMS C@S@ RDSR.
$T=ILHA 2.15
8D VHKK BNMRSQTBS @M NUDQK@X EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM BNLO@QHMF SGD RBNQDR EQNL #R;GJF? 2.14 VHSG SGD RSTCDMSRn
EHM@K MTLDQHB FQ@CD.
$L?KO?H=S "CMNLC<ONCIH @IL !;F=OFOM $CH;F 2?MN 1=IL?M
49.5 59.5 5 5
59.5 69.5 10 15
69.5 79.5 30 45
79.5 89.5 40 85
89.5 99.5 15 100
2;<F? 2.24
$L?KO?H=S "CMNLC<ONCIH @IL !;F=OFOM $CH;F %L;>?M
49.5 59.5 10 10
59.5 69.5 10 20
69.5 79.5 30 50
79.5 89.5 45 95
89.5 99.5 5 100
2;<F? 2.25
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 107
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4TOONRD SG@S VD V@MS SN RSTCX SGD SDLODQ@STQD Q@MFD NE @ QDFHNM ENQ @M DMSHQD LNMSG. &UDQX C@X @S MNNM VD MNSD SGD
SDLODQ@STQD @MC VQHSD SGHR CNVM HM @ KNF. "U@QHDSX NE RS@SHRSHB@K RSTCHDR BNTKC AD CNMD VHSG SGHR C@S@. 8D BNTKC EHMC SGD LD@M
NQ SGD LDCH@M SDLODQ@STQD ENQ SGD LNMSG. 8D BNTKC BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L CHROK@XHMF SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR SG@S SDLODQ@STQDR
QD@BG @ BDQS@HM Q@MFD NE U@KTDR. )NVDUDQ, @KK NE SGDRD LDSGNCR HFMNQD @ ONQSHNM NE SGD C@S@ SG@S VD G@UD BNKKDBSDC.
0MD ED@STQD NE SGD C@S@ SG@S VD L@X V@MS SN BNMRHCDQ HR SG@S NE SHLD. 4HMBD D@BG C@SD HR O@HQDC VHSG SGD SDLODQ@STQD
QD@CHMF ENQ SGD C@X, VD CNMmS G@UD SN SGHMJ NE SGD C@S@ @R ADHMF Q@MCNL. 8D B@M HMRSD@C TRD SGD SHLDR FHUDM SN HLONRD @
BGQNMNKNFHB@K NQCDQ NM SGD C@S@. " FQ@OG SG@S QDBNFMHYDR SGHR NQCDQHMF @MC CHROK@XR SGD BG@MFHMF SDLODQ@STQD @R SGD LNMSG
OQNFQDRRDR HR B@KKDC @ SHLD RDQHDR FQ@OG.
!IHMNLO=NCHA ; 2CG? 1?LC?M %L;JB
5N BNMRSQTBS @ SHLD RDQHDR FQ@OG, VD LTRS KNNJ @S ANSG OHDBDR NE NTQ E6>G:9 96I6 H:I. 8D RS@QS VHSG @ RS@MC@QC $@QSDRH@M
BNNQCHM@SD RXRSDL. 5GD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR HR TRDC SN OKNS SGD C@SD NQ SHLD HMBQDLDMSR, @MC SGD UDQSHB@K @WHR HR TRDC SN OKNS SGD
U@KTDR NE SGD U@QH@AKD SG@S VD @QD LD@RTQHMF. #X CNHMF SGHR, VD L@JD D@BG ONHMS NM SGD FQ@OG BNQQDRONMC SN @ C@SD @MC @
LD@RTQDC PT@MSHSX. 5GD ONHMSR NM SGD FQ@OG @QD SXOHB@KKX BNMMDBSDC AX RSQ@HFGS KHMDR HM SGD NQCDQ HM VGHBG SGDX NBBTQ.
$T=ILHA 2.16
5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ RGNVR SGD "MMT@K $NMRTLDQ 1QHBD *MCDW, D@BG LNMSG, ENQ SDM XD@QR. $NMRSQTBS @ SHLD RDQHDR
FQ@OG ENQ SGD "MMT@K $NMRTLDQ 1QHBD *MCDW C@S@ NMKX.
7?;L (;H $?< +;L AJL +;S (OH (OF
2003 181.7 183.1 184.2 183.8 183.5 183.7 183.9
2004 185.2 186.2 187.4 188.0 189.1 189.7 189.4
2005 190.7 191.8 193.3 194.6 194.4 194.5 195.4
2006 198.3 198.7 199.8 201.5 202.5 202.9 203.5
2007 202.416 203.499 205.352 206.686 207.949 208.352 208.299
2;<F? 2.26
108 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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7?;L (;H $?< +;L AJL +;S (OH (OF
2008 211.080 211.693 213.528 214.823 216.632 218.815 219.964
2009 211.143 212.193 212.709 213.240 213.856 215.693 215.351
2010 216.687 216.741 217.631 218.009 218.178 217.965 218.011
2011 220.223 221.309 223.467 224.906 225.964 225.722 225.922
2012 226.665 227.663 229.392 230.085 229.815 229.478 229.104
2;<F? 2.26
7?;L AOA 1?J -=N ,IP "?= AHHO;F
2003 184.6 185.2 185.0 184.5 184.3 184.0
2004 189.5 189.9 190.9 191.0 190.3 188.9
2005 196.4 198.8 199.2 197.6 196.8 195.3
2006 203.9 202.9 201.8 201.5 201.8 201.6
2007 207.917 208.490 208.936 210.177 210.036 207.342
2008 219.086 218.783 216.573 212.425 210.228 215.303
2009 215.834 215.969 216.177 216.330 215.949 214.537
2010 218.312 218.439 218.711 218.803 219.179 218.056
2011 226.545 226.889 226.421 226.230 225.672 224.939
2012 230.379 231.407 231.317 230.221 229.601 229.594
2;<F? 2.27
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 109
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1IFONCIH 2.16
$CAOL? 2.16
2.16 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD HR @ ONQSHNM NE @ C@S@ RDS EQNL VVV.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF. 6RD SGD S@AKD SN BNMRSQTBS @ SHLD RDQHDR
FQ@OG ENQ $0
2
DLHRRHNMR ENQ SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR.
!-2 #GCMMCIHM
3EL;CH? 3HCN?> )CHA>IG 3HCN?> 1N;N?M
2003 352,259 540,640 5,681,664
2004 343,121 540,409 5,790,761
2005 339,029 541,990 5,826,394
2006 327,797 542,045 5,737,615
2007 328,357 528,631 5,828,697
2008 323,657 522,247 5,656,839
2009 272,176 474,579 5,299,563
2;<F? 2.28
3M?M I@ ; 2CG? 1?LC?M %L;JB
5HLD RDQHDR FQ@OGR @QD HLONQS@MS SNNKR HM U@QHNTR @OOKHB@SHNMR NE RS@SHRSHBR. 8GDM QDBNQCHMF U@KTDR NE SGD R@LD U@QH@AKD NUDQ
@M DWSDMCDC ODQHNC NE SHLD, RNLDSHLDR HS HR CHEEHBTKS SN CHRBDQM @MX SQDMC NQ O@SSDQM. )NVDUDQ, NMBD SGD R@LD C@S@ ONHMSR @QD
CHROK@XDC FQ@OGHB@KKX, RNLD ED@STQDR ITLO NTS. 5HLD RDQHDR FQ@OGR L@JD SQDMCR D@RX SN RONS.
110 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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2.4 U IR .FINM
BDM EADIH (@KRN B@KKDC 7DM-6C9-L=>H@:G EADIH NQ 7DM-6C9-L=>H@:G EADIH) FHUD @ FNNC FQ@OGHB@K HL@FD NE SGD BNMBDMSQ@SHNM
NE SGD C@S@. 5GDX @KRN RGNV GNV E@Q SGD DWSQDLD U@KTDR @QD EQNL LNRS NE SGD C@S@. " ANW OKNS HR BNMRSQTBSDC EQNL EHUD
U@KTDR: SGD LHMHLTL U@KTD, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, SGD LDCH@M, SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD, @MC SGD L@WHLTL U@KTD. 8D TRD SGDRD U@KTDR SN
BNLO@QD GNV BKNRD NSGDQ C@S@ U@KTDR @QD SN SGDL.
5N BNMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS, TRD @ GNQHYNMS@K NQ UDQSHB@K MTLADQ KHMD @MC @ QDBS@MFTK@Q ANW. 5GD RL@KKDRS @MC K@QFDRS C@S@
U@KTDR K@ADK SGD DMCONHMSR NE SGD @WHR. 5GD EHQRS PT@QSHKD L@QJR NMD DMC NE SGD ANW @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD L@QJR SGD NSGDQ DMC
NE SGD ANW. "OOQNWHL@SDKX I=: B>99A: 50 E:G8:CI D; I=: 96I6 ;6AA >CH>9: I=: 7DM. 5GD "VGHRJDQR" DWSDMC EQNL SGD DMCR NE
SGD ANW SN SGD RL@KKDRS @MC K@QFDRS C@S@ U@KTDR. 5GD LDCH@M NQ RDBNMC PT@QSHKD B@M AD ADSVDDM SGD EHQRS @MC SGHQC PT@QSHKDR,
NQ HS B@M AD NMD, NQ SGD NSGDQ, NQ ANSG. 5GD ANW OKNS FHUDR @ FNNC, PTHBJ OHBSTQD NE SGD C@S@.
,-2#
:NT L@X DMBNTMSDQ ANW-@MC-VGHRJDQ OKNSR SG@S G@UD CNSR L@QJHMF NTSKHDQ U@KTDR. *M SGNRD B@RDR, SGD VGHRJDQR @QD MNS
DWSDMCHMF SN SGD LHMHLTL @MC L@WHLTL U@KTDR.
$NMRHCDQ, @F@HM, SGHR C@S@RDS.
1; 1; 2; 2; 4; 6; 6.8; 7.2; 8; 8.3; 9; 10; 10; 11.5
5GD EHQRS PT@QSHKD HR SVN, SGD LDCH@M HR RDUDM, @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD HR MHMD. 5GD RL@KKDRS U@KTD HR NMD, @MC SGD K@QFDRS
U@KTD HR 11.5. 5GD ENKKNVHMF HL@FD RGNVR SGD BNMRSQTBSDC ANW OKNS.
,-2#
4DD SGD B@KBTK@SNQ HMRSQTBSHNMR HM SGD @OODMCHW NQ NM SGD 2' Q?< MCN? (BNNJ://?>O=;NCIH.NC.=IG/?>O=;NCIHJILN;F/
MCN?M/31/M?=NCIH&IG?/MOJJILN.BNGF)
$CAOL? 2.17
5GD SVN VGHRJDQR DWSDMC EQNL SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD SN SGD RL@KKDRS U@KTD @MC EQNL SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD SN SGD K@QFDRS U@KTD.
5GD LDCH@M HR RGNVM VHSG @ C@RGDC KHMD.
,-2#
*S HR HLONQS@MS SN RS@QS @ ANW OKNS VHSG @ H86A:9 CJB7:G A>C:. 0SGDQVHRD SGD ANW OKNS L@X MNS AD TRDETK.
$T=ILHA 2.17
5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD SGD GDHFGSR NE 40 RSTCDMSR HM @ RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR.
59; 60; 61; 62; 62; 63; 63; 64; 64; 64; 65; 65; 65; 65; 65; 65; 65; 65; 65; 66; 66; 67; 67; 68; 68; 69; 70; 70;
70; 70; 70; 71; 71; 72; 72; 73; 74; 74; 75; 77
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 111
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$NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNODQSHDR; SGD B@KBTK@SNQ HMSQTBSHNMR ENQ SGD LHMHLTL@MC L@WHLTL
U@KTDR @R VDKK @R SGD PT@QSHKDR ENKKNV SGD DW@LOKD.
c .HMHLTL U@KTD = 59
c .@WHLTL U@KTD = 77
c *1: 'HQRS PT@QSHKD = 64.5
c *2: 4DBNMC PT@QSHKD NQ LDCH@M= 66
c *3: 5GHQC PT@QSHKD = 70
$CAOL? 2.18
=. &@BG PT@QSDQ G@R @OOQNWHL@SDKX 25% NE SGD C@S@.
>. 5GD ROQD@CR NE SGD ENTQ PT@QSDQR @QD 64.5 k 59 = 5.5 (EHQRS PT@QSDQ), 66 k 64.5 = 1.5 (RDBNMC PT@QSDQ), 70 k 66
= 4 (SGHQC PT@QSDQ), @MC 77 k 70 = 7 (ENTQSG PT@QSDQ). 4N, SGD RDBNMC PT@QSDQ G@R SGD RL@KKDRS ROQD@C @MC SGD
ENTQSG PT@QSDQ G@R SGD K@QFDRS ROQD@C.
?. 3@MFD = L@WHLTL U@KTD k SGD LHMHLTL U@KTD = 77 k 59 = 18
@. *MSDQPT@QSHKD 3@MFD: "*+ = *3 k *1 = 70 k 64.5 = 5.5.
A. 5GD HMSDQU@K 59k65 G@R LNQD SG@M 25% NE SGD C@S@ RN HS G@R LNQD C@S@ HM HS SG@M SGD HMSDQU@K 66 SGQNTFG 70
VGHBG G@R 25% NE SGD C@S@.
B. 5GD LHCCKD 50% (LHCCKD G@KE) NE SGD C@S@ G@R @ Q@MFD NE 5.5 HMBGDR.
5N EHMC SGD LHMHLTL, L@WHLTL, @MC PT@QSHKDR:
&MSDQ C@S@ HMSN SGD KHRS DCHSNQ (1QDR 45"5 1:&%*5). *E XNT MDDC SN BKD@Q SGD KHRS, @QQNV TO SN SGD M@LD -1, OQDRR $-&"3,
@MC SGDM @QQNV CNVM.
1TS SGD C@S@ U@KTDR HMSN SGD KHRS -1.
1QDRR 45"5 @MC @QQNV SN $"-$. 1QDRR 1:1-7@Q4S@SR. &MSDQ -1.
1QDRR &/5&3.
6RD SGD CNVM @MC TO @QQNV JDXR SN RBQNKK.
4L@KKDRS U@KTD = 59.
-@QFDRS U@KTD = 77.
*
1
: 'HQRS PT@QSHKD = 64.5.
*
2
: 4DBNMC PT@QSHKD NQ LDCH@M = 66.
*
3
: 5GHQC PT@QSHKD = 70.
5N BNMRSQTBS SGD ANW OKNS:
1QDRR 4:1KNSRNEE. 1QDRR &/5&3.
"QQNV CNVM @MC SGDM TRD SGD QHFGS @QQNV JDX SN FN SN SGD EHESG OHBSTQD, VGHBG HR SGD ANW OKNS. 1QDRR &/5&3.
"QQNV CNVM SN 9KHRS: 1QDRR 2MC 1 ENQ -1
"QQNV CNVM SN 'QDP: 1QDRR "-1)". 1QDRR 1.
1QDRR ;NNL. 1QDRR 9: ;NNL4S@S.
1QDRR 53"$&, @MC TRD SGD @QQNV JDXR SN DW@LHMD SGD ANW OKNS.
2.17 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR HM 40 ANNJR NM @ RGDKE. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS TRHMF @ FQ@OGHMF
B@KBTK@SNQ, @MC RS@SD SGD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD.
136; 140; 178; 190; 205; 215; 217; 218; 232; 234; 240; 255; 270; 275; 290; 301; 303; 315; 317; 318; 326; 333; 343;
349; 360; 369; 377; 388; 391; 392; 398; 400; 402; 405; 408; 422; 429; 450; 475; 512
112 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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'NQ RNLD RDSR NE C@S@, RNLD NE SGD K@QFDRS U@KTD, RL@KKDRS U@KTD, EHQRS PT@QSHKD, LDCH@M, @MC SGHQC PT@QSHKD L@X AD SGD
R@LD. 'NQ HMRS@MBD, XNT LHFGS G@UD @ C@S@ RDS HM VGHBG SGD LDCH@M @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD @QD SGD R@LD. *M SGHR B@RD, SGD
CH@FQ@L VNTKC MNS G@UD @ CNSSDC KHMD HMRHCD SGD ANW CHROK@XHMF SGD LDCH@M. 5GD QHFGS RHCD NE SGD ANW VNTKC CHROK@X ANSG
SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD @MC SGD LDCH@M. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD RL@KKDRS U@KTD @MC SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD VDQD ANSG NMD, SGD LDCH@M @MC SGD
SGHQC PT@QSHKD VDQD ANSG EHUD, @MC SGD K@QFDRS U@KTD V@R RDUDM, SGD ANW OKNS VNTKC KNNJ KHJD:
$CAOL? 2.19
*M SGHR B@RD, @S KD@RS 25% NE SGD U@KTDR @QD DPT@K SN NMD. 5VDMSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD U@KTDR @QD ADSVDDM NMD @MC EHUD,
HMBKTRHUD. "S KD@RS 25% NE SGD U@KTDR @QD DPT@K SN EHUD. 5GD SNO 25% NE SGD U@KTDR E@KK ADSVDDM EHUD @MC RDUDM, HMBKTRHUD.
$T=ILHA 2.18
5DRS RBNQDR ENQ @ BNKKDFD RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR GDKC CTQHMF SGD C@X @QD:
99; 56; 78; 55.5; 32; 90; 80; 81; 56; 59; 45; 77; 84.5; 84; 70; 72; 68; 32; 79; 90
5DRS RBNQDR ENQ @ BNKKDFD RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR GDKC CTQHMF SGD DUDMHMF @QD:
98; 78; 68; 83; 81; 89; 88; 76; 65; 45; 98; 90; 80; 84.5; 85; 79; 78; 98; 90; 79; 81; 25.5
=. 8G@S @QD SGD RL@KKDRS @MC K@QFDRS C@S@ U@KTDR ENQ D@BG C@S@ RDS
>. 8G@S HR SGD LDCH@M, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD ENQ D@BG C@S@ RDS
?. 'NQ D@BG C@S@ RDS, VG@S ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD C@S@ HR ADSVDDM SGD RL@KKDRS U@KTD @MC SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD SGD EHQRS
PT@QSHKD @MC SGD LDCH@M SGD LDCH@M @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD @MC SGD K@QFDRS U@KTD 8G@S
ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD C@S@ HR ADSVDDM SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD @MC SGD K@QFDRS U@KTD
@. $QD@SD @ ANW OKNS ENQ D@BG RDS NE C@S@. 6RD NMD MTLADQ KHMD ENQ ANSG ANW OKNSR.
A. 8GHBG ANW OKNS G@R SGD VHCDRS ROQD@C ENQ SGD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD C@S@ (SGD C@S@ ADSVDDM SGD EHQRS @MC SGHQC
PT@QSHKDR) 8G@S CNDR SGHR LD@M ENQ SG@S RDS NE C@S@ HM BNLO@QHRNM SN SGD NSGDQ RDS NE C@S@
1IFONCIH 2.18
=.
,EJ = 32
Q
1
= 56
M = 74.5
Q
3
= 82.5
,=T = 99
>.
,EJ = 25.5
Q
1
= 78
M = 81
Q
3
= 89
,=T = 98
?. 5GDQD @QD RDUDM C@S@ U@KTDR Q@MFHMF EQNL 25.5 SN 78: 32%. 5GDQD @QD RDUDM C@S@ U@KTDR Q@MFHMF EQNL 78 SN
81: 32%. 5GDQD @QD RHW C@S@ U@KTDR Q@MFHMF EQNL 81 SN 89: 27%. 5GDQD @QD RHW C@S@ U@KTDR Q@MFHMF EQNL 89
SN 98: 27%. 5GDQD @QD 17 C@S@ U@KTDR ADSVDDM SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, 78, @MC SGD K@QFDRS U@KTD, 98: 77%.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 113
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@.
$CAOL? 2.20
A. 5GD EHQRS C@S@ RDS G@R SGD VHCDRS ROQD@C ENQ SGD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD C@S@. 5GD "*+ ENQ SGD EHQRS C@S@ RDS HR
FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD "*+ ENQ SGD RDBNMC RDS. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGDQD HR LNQD U@QH@AHKHSX HM SGD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD
EHQRS C@S@ RDS.
2.18 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ RDS RGNVR SGD GDHFGSR HM HMBGDR ENQ SGD ANXR HM @ BK@RR NE 40 RSTCDMSR.
66; 66; 67; 67; 68; 68; 68; 68; 68; 69; 69; 69; 70; 71; 72; 72; 72; 73; 73; 74
5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ RDS RGNVR SGD GDHFGSR HM HMBGDR ENQ SGD FHQKR HM @ BK@RR NE 40 RSTCDMSR.
61; 61; 62; 62; 63; 63; 63; 65; 65; 65; 66; 66; 66; 67; 68; 68; 68; 69; 69; 69
$NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS TRHMF @ FQ@OGHMF B@KBTK@SNQ ENQ D@BG C@S@ RDS, @MC RS@SD VGHBG ANW OKNS G@R SGD VHCDQ ROQD@C ENQ SGD
LHCCKD 50% NE SGD C@S@.
$T=ILHA 2.19
(Q@OG @ ANW-@MC-VGHRJDQ OKNS ENQ SGD C@S@ U@KTDR RGNVM.
10; 10; 10; 15; 35; 75; 90; 95; 100; 175; 420; 490; 515; 515; 790
5GD EHUD MTLADQR TRDC SN BQD@SD @ ANW-@MC-VGHRJDQ OKNS @QD:
,EJ: 10
Q
1
: 15
,A@: 95
Q
3
: 490
,=T: 790
5GD ENKKNVHMF FQ@OG RGNVR SGD ANW-@MC-VGHRJDQ OKNS.
$CAOL? 2.21
2.19 'NKKNV SGD RSDOR XNT TRDC SN FQ@OG @ ANW-@MC-VGHRJDQ OKNS ENQ SGD C@S@ U@KTDR RGNVM.
0; 5; 5; 15; 30; 30; 45; 50; 50; 60; 75; 110; 140; 240; 330
114 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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2.5 U +?;MOL?M I@ NB? *I=;NCIH I@ NB? ";N;
5GD BNLLNM LD@RTQDR NE KNB@SHNM @QD FJ6GI>A:H @MC E:G8:CI>A:H
2T@QSHKDR @QD RODBH@K ODQBDMSHKDR. 5GD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, *
1
, HR SGD R@LD @R SGD 25
SG
ODQBDMSHKD, @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD, *
3
, HR
SGD R@LD @R SGD 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 5GD LDCH@M, &, HR B@KKDC ANSG SGD RDBNMC PT@QSHKD @MC SGD 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
5N B@KBTK@SD PT@QSHKDR @MC ODQBDMSHKDR, SGD C@S@ LTRS AD NQCDQDC EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS. 2T@QSHKDR CHUHCD NQCDQDC C@S@
HMSN PT@QSDQR. 1DQBDMSHKDR CHUHCD NQCDQDC C@S@ HMSN GTMCQDCSGR. 5N RBNQD HM SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE @M DW@L CNDR MNS LD@M,
MDBDRR@QHKX, SG@S XNT QDBDHUDC 90% NM @ SDRS. *S LD@MR SG@S 90% NE SDRS RBNQDR @QD SGD R@LD NQ KDRR SG@M XNTQ RBNQD @MC 10%
NE SGD SDRS RBNQDR @QD SGD R@LD NQ FQD@SDQ SG@M XNTQ SDRS RBNQD.
1DQBDMSHKDR @QD TRDETK ENQ BNLO@QHMF U@KTDR. 'NQ SGHR QD@RNM, TMHUDQRHSHDR @MC BNKKDFDR TRD ODQBDMSHKDR DWSDMRHUDKX.
0MD HMRS@MBD HM VGHBG BNKKDFDR @MC TMHUDQRHSHDR TRD ODQBDMSHKDR HR VGDM 4"5 QDRTKSR @QD TRDC SN CDSDQLHMD @ LHMHLTL
SDRSHMF RBNQD SG@S VHKK AD TRDC @R @M @BBDOS@MBD E@BSNQ. 'NQ DW@LOKD, RTOONRD %TJD @BBDOSR 4"5 RBNQDR @S NQ @ANUD SGD 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 5G@S SQ@MRK@SDR HMSN @ RBNQD NE @S KD@RS 1220.
1DQBDMSHKDR @QD LNRSKX TRDC VHSG UDQX K@QFD ONOTK@SHNMR. 5GDQDENQD, HE XNT VDQD SN R@X SG@S 90% NE SGD SDRS RBNQDR @QD
KDRR (@MC MNS SGD R@LD NQ KDRR) SG@M XNTQ RBNQD, HS VNTKC AD @BBDOS@AKD ADB@TRD QDLNUHMF NMD O@QSHBTK@Q C@S@ U@KTD HR MNS
RHFMHEHB@MS.
5GD B:9>6C HR @ MTLADQ SG@S LD@RTQDR SGD "BDMSDQ" NE SGD C@S@. :NT B@M SGHMJ NE SGD LDCH@M @R SGD "LHCCKD U@KTD," ATS
HS CNDR MNS @BST@KKX G@UD SN AD NMD NE SGD NARDQUDC U@KTDR. *S HR @ MTLADQ SG@S RDO@Q@SDR NQCDQDC C@S@ HMSN G@KUDR. )@KE SGD
U@KTDR @QD SGD R@LD MTLADQ NQ RL@KKDQ SG@M SGD LDCH@M, @MC G@KE SGD U@KTDR @QD SGD R@LD MTLADQ NQ K@QFDQ. 'NQ DW@LOKD,
BNMRHCDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@.
1; 11.5; 6; 7.2; 4; 8; 9; 10; 6.8; 8.3; 2; 2; 10; 1
0QCDQDC EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS:
1; 1; 2; 2; 4; 6; 6.8; 7.2; 8; 8.3; 9; 10; 10; 11.5
4HMBDQD SGDQD @QD 14 NARDQU@SHNMR, SGD LDCH@M HR ADSVDDM SGD RDUDMSG U@KTD, 6.8, @MC SGD DHFGSG U@KTD, 7.2. 5N EHMC SGD
LDCH@M, @CC SGD SVN U@KTDR SNFDSGDQ @MC CHUHCD AX SVN.
6.8 + 7.2
2
= 7
5GD LDCH@M HR RDUDM. )@KE NE SGD U@KTDR @QD RL@KKDQ SG@M RDUDM @MC G@KE NE SGD U@KTDR @QD K@QFDQ SG@M RDUDM.
.J6GI>A:H @QD MTLADQR SG@S RDO@Q@SD SGD C@S@ HMSN PT@QSDQR. 2T@QSHKDR L@X NQ L@X MNS AD O@QS NE SGD C@S@. 5N EHMC SGD
PT@QSHKDR, EHQRS EHMC SGD LDCH@M NQ RDBNMC PT@QSHKD. 5GD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, *
1
, HR SGD LHCCKD U@KTD NE SGD KNVDQ G@KE NE SGD C@S@,
@MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD, *
3
, HR SGD LHCCKD U@KTD, NQ LDCH@M, NE SGD TOODQ G@KE NE SGD C@S@. 5N FDS SGD HCD@, BNMRHCDQ SGD R@LD
C@S@ RDS:
1; 1; 2; 2; 4; 6; 6.8; 7.2; 8; 8.3; 9; 10; 10; 11.5
5GD LDCH@M NQ H:8DC9 FJ6GI>A: HR RDUDM. 5GD KNVDQ G@KE NE SGD C@S@ @QD 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 6, 6.8. 5GD LHCCKD U@KTD NE SGD
KNVDQ G@KE HR SVN.
1; 1; 2; 2; 4; 6; 6.8
5GD MTLADQ SVN, VGHBG HR O@QS NE SGD C@S@, HR SGD ;>GHI FJ6GI>A:. 0MD-ENTQSG NE SGD DMSHQD RDSR NE U@KTDR @QD SGD R@LD NQ
KDRR SG@M SVN @MC SGQDD-ENTQSGR NE SGD U@KTDR @QD LNQD SG@M SVN.
5GD TOODQ G@KE NE SGD C@S@ HR 7.2, 8, 8.3, 9, 10, 10, 11.5. 5GD LHCCKD U@KTD NE SGD TOODQ G@KE HR MHMD.
5GD I=>G9 FJ6GI>A:, *3, HR MHMD. 5GQDD-ENTQSGR (75%) NE SGD NQCDQDC C@S@ RDS @QD KDRR SG@M MHMD. 0MD-ENTQSG (25%) NE
SGD NQCDQDC C@S@ RDS @QD FQD@SDQ SG@M MHMD. 5GD SGHQC PT@QSHKD HR O@QS NE SGD C@S@ RDS HM SGHR DW@LOKD.
5GD >CI:GFJ6GI>A: G6C<: HR @ MTLADQ SG@S HMCHB@SDR SGD ROQD@C NE SGD LHCCKD G@KE NQ SGD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD C@S@. *S HR
SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD (*
3
) @MC SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD (*
1
).
"*+ = *
3
k *
1
5GD "*+ B@M GDKO SN CDSDQLHMD ONSDMSH@K DJIA>:GH. A K6AJ: >H HJHE:8I:9 ID 7: 6 EDI:CI>6A DJIA>:G >; >I >H A:HH I=6C
(1.5)(IQR) 7:ADL I=: ;>GHI FJ6GI>A: DG BDG: I=6C (1.5)(IQR) 67DK: I=: I=>G9 FJ6GI>A:. 1NSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR @KV@XR QDPTHQD
ETQSGDQ HMUDRSHF@SHNM.
,-2#
" ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQ HR @ C@S@ ONHMS SG@S HR RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD NSGDQ C@S@ ONHMSR. 5GDRD RODBH@K C@S@ ONHMSR
L@X AD DQQNQR NQ RNLD JHMC NE @AMNQL@KHSX NQ SGDX L@X AD @ JDX SN TMCDQRS@MCHMF SGD C@S@.
$T=ILHA 2.20
'NQ SGD ENKKNVHMF 13 QD@K DRS@SD OQHBDR, B@KBTK@SD SGD "*+ @MC CDSDQLHMD HE @MX OQHBDR @QD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR. 1QHBDR
@QD HM CNKK@QR.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 115
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389,950; 230,500; 158,000; 479,000; 639,000; 114,950; 5,500,000; 387,000; 659,000; 529,000; 575,000;
488,800; 1,095,000
1IFONCIH 2.20
0QCDQ SGD C@S@ EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS.
114,950; 158,000; 230,500; 387,000; 389,950; 479,000; 488,800; 529,000; 575,000; 639,000; 659,000;
1,095,000; 5,500,000
& = 488,800
*
1
=
230,500 + 387,000
2
= 308,750
*
3
=
639,000 + 659,000
2
= 340,250
"*+ = 649,000 k 308,750 = 340,250
(1.5)("*+) = (1.5)(340,0250) = 510,375
*
1
k (1.5)("*+) = 308,750 k 510,375 = k201,625
*
3
+ (1.5)("*+) = 649,000 + 510,375 = 1,159,375
/N GNTRD OQHBD HR KDRR SG@M k201,625. )NVDUDQ, 5,500,000 HR LNQD SG@M 1,159,375. 5GDQDENQD, 5,500,000 HR @
ONSDMSH@K DJIA>:G.
2.20 'NQ SGD ENKKNVHMF 11 R@K@QHDR, B@KBTK@SD SGD "*+ @MC CDSDQLHMD HE @MX R@K@QHDR @QD NTSKHDQR. 5GD R@K@QHDR @QD HM
CNKK@QR.
$33,000; $64,500; $28,000; $54,000; $72,000; $68,500; $69,000; $42,000; $54,000; $102,000; $40,500
$T=ILHA 2.21
'NQ SGD SVN C@S@ RDSR HM SGD N?MN M=IL?M ?R;GJF?, EHMC SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. 5GD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD. $NLO@QD SGD SVN HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFDR.
>. "MX NTSKHDQR HM DHSGDQ RDS.
1IFONCIH 2.21
5GD EHUD MTLADQ RTLL@QX ENQ SGD C@X @MC MHFGS BK@RRDR HR
+CHCGOG Q
1 +?>C;H Q
3 +;RCGOG
";S 32 56 74.5 82.5 99
,CABN 25.5 78 81 89 98
2;<F? 2.29
=. 3DA (01 BKN PDA @=U CNKQL EO Q
3
_ Q
1
= 82.5 _ 56 = 26.5
5GD *23 ENQ SGD MHFGS FQNTO HR *
3
k *
1
= 89 k 78 = 11
5GD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD (SGD ROQD@C NQ U@QH@AHKHSX) ENQ SGD C@X BK@RR HR K@QFDQ SG@M SGD MHFGS BK@RR "*+.
5GHR RTFFDRSR LNQD U@QH@SHNM VHKK AD ENTMC HM SGD C@X BK@RRnR BK@RR SDRS RBNQDR.
>. #=U ?H=OO KQPHEANO =NA BKQJ@ QOEJC PDA (01 PEIAO 1.5 NQHA. 2K,
Q
1
- IQR(1.5) = 56 _ 26.5(1.5) = 16.25
Q
3
+ IQR(1.5) = 82.5 + 26.5(1.5) = 122.25
4HMBD SGD LHMHLTL @MC L@WHLTL U@KTDR ENQ SGD C@X BK@RR @QD FQD@SDQ SG@M 16.25 @MC KDRR SG@M 122.25, SGDQD
@QD MN NTSKHDQR.
116 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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/HFGS BK@RR NTSKHDQR @QD B@KBTK@SDC @R:
Q
1
_ IQR (1.5) = 78 _ 11(1.5) = 61.5
Q
3
+ (01(1.5) = 89 + 11(1.5) = 105.5
'NQ SGHR BK@RR, @MX SDRS RBNQD KDRR SG@M 61.5 HR @M NTSKHDQ. 5GDQDENQD, SGD RBNQDR NE 45 @MC 25.5 @QD NTSKHDQR.
4HMBD MN SDRS RBNQD HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 105.5, SGDQD HR MN TOODQ DMC NTSKHDQ.
2.21 'HMC SGD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF SVN C@S@ RDSR @MC BNLO@QD SGDL.
5DRS 4BNQDR ENQ $K@RR A
69; 96; 81; 79; 65; 76; 83; 99; 89; 67; 90; 77; 85; 98; 66; 91; 77; 69; 80; 94
5DRS 4BNQDR ENQ $K@RR B
90; 72; 80; 92; 90; 97; 92; 75; 79; 68; 70; 80; 99; 95; 78; 73; 71; 68; 95; 100
$T=ILHA 2.22
'HESX RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC GNV LTBG RKDDO SGDX FDS ODQ RBGNNK MHFGS (QNTMCDC SN SGD MD@QDRS GNTQ). 5GD
QDRTKSR VDQD:
A+-3,2 -$ 1*##. .#0
1!&--* ,'%&2 (&-301)
$0#/3#,!7
0#*A2'4#
$0#/3#,!7
!3+3*A2'4#
0#*A2'4#
$0#/3#,!7
4 2 0.04 0.04
5 5 0.10 0.14
6 7 0.14 0.28
7 12 0.24 0.52
8 14 0.28 0.80
9 7 0.14 0.94
10 3 0.06 1.00
2;<F? 2.30
#>C9 I=: 28
I=
E:G8:CI>A:. /NSHBD SGD 0.28 HM SGD "BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX" BNKTLM. 5VDMSX-DHFGS
ODQBDMS NE 50 C@S@ U@KTDR HR = 14. 5GDQD @QD 14 U@KTDR KDRR SG@M SGD 28
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 5GDX HMBKTCD SGD SVN 4R, SGD
EHUD 5R, @MC SGD RDUDM 6R. 5GD 28
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR ADSVDDM SGD K@RS RHW @MC SGD EHQRS RDUDM. 1=: 28
I=
E:G8:CI>A: >H
6.5.
#>C9 I=: B:9>6C. -NNJ @F@HM @S SGD "BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX" BNKTLM @MC EHMC 0.52. 5GD LDCH@M HR
SGD 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NQ SGD RDBNMC PT@QSHKD. 50%NE 50 HR 25. 5GDQD @QD 25 U@KTDR KDRR SG@M SGD LDCH@M. 5GDX HMBKTCD
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 117
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SGD SVN 4R, SGD EHUD 5R, SGD RDUDM 6R, @MC DKDUDM NE SGD 7R. 5GD LDCH@M NQ 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR ADSVDDM SGD 25
SG
, NQ
RDUDM, @MC 26
SG
, NQ RDUDM, U@KTDR. 1=: B:9>6C >H H:K:C.
#>C9 I=: I=>G9 FJ6GI>A:. 5GD SGHQC PT@QSHKD HR SGD R@LD @R SGD 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. :NT B@M "DXDA@KK" SGHR @MRVDQ.
*E XNT KNNJ @S SGD "BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX" BNKTLM, XNT EHMC 0.52 @MC 0.80. 8GDM XNT G@UD @KK SGD ENTQR,
EHUDR, RHWDR @MC RDUDMR, XNT G@UD 52% NE SGD C@S@. 8GDM XNT HMBKTCD @KK SGD 8R, XNT G@UD 80% NE SGD C@S@. 1=:
75
I=
E:G8:CI>A:, I=:C, BJHI 7: 6C :><=I. "MNSGDQ V@X SN KNNJ @S SGD OQNAKDL HR SN EHMC 75%NE 50, VGHBG HR 37.5,
@MC QNTMC TO SN 38. 5GD SGHQC PT@QSHKD, *
3
, HR SGD 38
SG
U@KTD, VGHBG HR @M DHFGS. :NT B@M BGDBJ SGHR @MRVDQ AX
BNTMSHMF SGD U@KTDR. (5GDQD @QD 37 U@KTDR ADKNV SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD @MC 12 U@KTDR @ANUD.)
118 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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2.22 'NQSX ATR CQHUDQR VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX GNTQR SGDX RODMC D@BG C@X QTMMHMF SGDHQ QNTSDR (QNTMCDC SN SGD MD@QDRS
GNTQ). 'HMC SGD 65
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
AGIOHN I@ NCG? MJ?HN IH LION?
(BIOLM)
$L?KO?H=S
0?F;NCP?
$L?KO?H=S
!OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP?
$L?KO?H=S
2 12 0.30 0.30
3 14 0.35 0.65
4 10 0.25 0.90
5 4 0.10 1.00
2;<F? 2.31
$T=ILHA 2.23
6RHMF 2;<F? 2.30:
1. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
2. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
3. 'HMC SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD. 8G@S HR @MNSGDQ M@LD ENQ SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD
4. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
1IFONCIH 2.23
6RHMF SGD C@S@ EQNL SGD EQDPTDMBX S@AKD, VD G@UD:
1. 5GD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD VHKK AD SGD 40
SG
C@S@ U@KTD @MC SGD 40
SG
C@S@ U@KTD HR DHFGS. )NVDUDQ, SGDQD @QD 14 DHFGSR;
SGDQDENQD, VD MDDC SN S@JD SGD LD@M NE SGD 40
SG
@MC 41
RS
U@KTDR. P
80
=
8 + 9
2
= 8.5
2. 5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD VHKK AD SGD 45
SG
C@S@ U@KTD @MC SGD 45
SG
C@S@ U@KTD HR MHMD.
3. *
1
HR @KRN SGD 25
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 5GD 25
SG
ODQBDMSHKD VHKK AD: )
25
= 0.25(50) = 12.5 v 13 SGD 13
SG
C@S@ U@KTD.
5GTR, )
25
= 6.
4. " ANW OKNS NE SGD C@S@ KNNJR KHJD:
$CAOL? 2.22
2.23 3DEDQ SN SGD 2;<F? 2.31. 'HMC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD. 8G@S HR @MNSGDQ M@LD ENQ SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 119
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:NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ NQ @ LDLADQ NE SGD BK@RR VHKK @RJ DUDQXNMD HM BK@RR GNV L@MX RVD@SDQR SGDX NVM. "MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF
PTDRSHNMR:
1. )NV L@MX RSTCDMSR VDQD RTQUDXDC
2. 8G@S JHMC NE R@LOKHMF CHC XNT CN
3. $NMRSQTBS SVN CHEEDQDMS GHRSNFQ@LR. 'NQ D@BG, RS@QSHMF U@KTD = ????? DMCHMF U@KTD = ????.
4. 'HMC SGD LDCH@M, EHQRS PT@QSHKD, @MC SGHQC PT@QSHKD.
5. $NMRSQTBS @ S@AKD NE SGD C@S@ SN EHMC SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. SGD 10
SG
ODQBDMSHKD
>. SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD
?. SGD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR VGN NVM KDRR SG@M ENTQ RVD@SDQR
A $ILGOF; @IL $CH>CHA NB? .NB .?L=?HNCF?
*E XNT VDQD SN CN @ KHSSKD QDRD@QBG, XNT VNTKC EHMC RDUDQ@K ENQLTK@R ENQ B@KBTK@SHMF SGD A
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. )DQD HR NMD NE SGDL.
A = SGD A
J>
ODQBDMSHKD. *S L@X NQ L@X MNS AD O@QS NE SGD C@S@.
? = SGD HMCDW (Q@MJHMF NQ ONRHSHNM NE @ C@S@ U@KTD)
D = SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@
c 0QCDQ SGD C@S@ EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS.
c $@KBTK@SD i =
k
100
(n + 1)
c *E ? HR @ ONRHSHUD HMSDFDQ, SGDM SGD A
J>
ODQBDMSHKD HR SGD C@S@ U@KTD HM SGD ?
J>
ONRHSHNM HM SGD NQCDQDC RDS NE C@S@.
c *E ? HR MNS @ ONRHSHUD HMSDFDQ, SGDM QNTMC ? TO @MC QNTMC ? CNVM SN SGD MD@QDRS HMSDFDQR. "UDQ@FD SGD SVN C@S@ U@KTDR HM
SGDRD SVN ONRHSHNMR HM SGD NQCDQDC C@S@ RDS. 5GHR HR D@RHDQ SN TMCDQRS@MC HM @M DW@LOKD.
$T=ILHA 2.24
-HRSDC @QD 29 @FDR ENQ "B@CDLX "V@QC VHMMHMF ADRS @BSNQR ?D EH:;H <HEC IC7BB;IJ JE B7H=;IJ.
18; 21; 22; 25; 26; 27; 29; 30; 31; 33; 36; 37; 41; 42; 47; 52; 55; 57; 58; 62; 64; 67; 69; 71; 72; 73; 74; 76; 77
=. 'HMC SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
>. 'HMC SGD 83
QC
ODQBDMSHKD.
1IFONCIH 2.24
=.
# = 70
" = PDA EJ@AT
& = 29
? =
k
100
(D + 1) =
70
100
= (29 + 1 = 21). 5VDMSX-NMD HR @M HMSDFDQ, @MC SGD C@S@ U@KTD HM SGD 21
RS
ONRHSHNM
HM SGD NQCDQDC C@S@ RDS HR 64. 5GD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR 64 XD@QR.
>.
# = 83
N@
LAN?AJPEHA
" = PDA EJ@AT
& = 29
? =
k
100
(D + 1) =
83
100
= (29 + 1) = 24.9, VGHBG HR /05 @M HMSDFDQ. 3NTMC HS CNVM SN 24 @MC TO SN
25. 5GD @FD HM SGD 24
SG
ONRHSHNM HR 71 @MC SGD @FD HM SGD 25
SG
ONRHSHNM HR 72. "UDQ@FD 71 @MC 72. 5GD 83
QC
ODQBDMSHKD HR 71.5 XD@QR.
120 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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2.24 -HRSDC @QD 29 @FDR ENQ "B@CDLX "V@QC VHMMHMF ADRS @BSNQR ?D EH:;H <HEC IC7BB;IJ JE B7H=;IJ.
18; 21; 22; 25; 26; 27; 29; 30; 31; 33; 36; 37; 41; 42; 47; 52; 55; 57; 58; 62; 64; 67; 69; 71; 72; 73; 74; 76; 77
$@KBTK@SD SGD 20
SG
ODQBDMSHKD @MC SGD 55
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
,-2#
:NT B@M B@KBTK@SD ODQBDMSHKDR TRHMF B@KBTK@SNQR @MC BNLOTSDQR. 5GDQD @QD @ U@QHDSX NE NMKHMD B@KBTK@SNQR.
A $ILGOF; @IL $CH>CHA NB? .?L=?HNCF? I@ ; 4;FO? CH ; ";N; 1?N
c 0QCDQ SGD C@S@ EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS.
c N = SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR BNTMSHMF EQNLSGD ANSSNL NE SGD C@S@ KHRS TO SN ATS MNS HMBKTCHMF SGD C@S@ U@KTD ENQ VGHBG
XNT V@MS SN EHMC SGD ODQBDMSHKD.
c O = SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR DPT@K SN SGD C@S@ U@KTD ENQ VGHBG XNT V@MS SN EHMC SGD ODQBDMSHKD.
c D = SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@.
c $@KBTK@SD
x + 0.5y
n
(100). 5GDM QNTMC SN SGD MD@QDRS HMSDFDQ.
$T=ILHA 2.25
-HRSDC @QD 29 @FDR ENQ "B@CDLX "V@QC VHMMHMF ADRS @BSNQR ?D EH:;H <HEC IC7BB;IJ JE B7H=;IJ.
18; 21; 22; 25; 26; 27; 29; 30; 31; 33; 36; 37; 41; 42; 47; 52; 55; 57; 58; 62; 64; 67; 69; 71; 72; 73; 74; 76; 77
=. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMSHKD ENQ 58.
>. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMSHKD ENQ 25.
1IFONCIH 2.25
=. "KQJPEJC BNKI PDA >KPPKI KB PDA HEOP, PDANA =NA 18 @=P= R=HQAO HAOO PD=J 58. 3DANA EO KJA R=HQA KB
58.
N = 18 @MC O = 1.
x + 0.5y
n
(100) =
18 + 0.5(1)
29
(100) = 63.80. 58 HR SGD 64
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
>. "KQJPEJC BNKI PDA >KPPKI KB PDA HEOP, PDANA =NA PDNAA @=P= R=HQAO HAOO PD=J 25. 3DANA EO KJA R=HQA
KB 25.
N = 3 @MC O = 1.
x + 0.5y
n
(100) =
3 + 0.5(1)
29
(100) = 12.07. 5VDMSX-EHUD HR SGD 12
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
2.25 -HRSDC @QD 30 @FDR ENQ "B@CDLX "V@QC VHMMHMF ADRS @BSNQR HM NQCDQ EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS.
18; 21; 22; 25; 26; 27; 29; 30; 31, 31; 33; 36; 37; 41; 42; 47; 52; 55; 57; 58; 62; 64; 67; 69; 71; 72; 73; 74; 76; 77
'HMC SGD ODQBDMSHKDR ENQ 47 @MC 31.
'HN?LJL?NCHA .?L=?HNCF?M, /O;LNCF?M, ;H> +?>C;H
"ODQBDMSHKD HMCHB@SDR SGD QDK@SHUD RS@MCHMF NE @ C@S@ U@KTD VGDM C@S@ @QD RNQSDC HMSN MTLDQHB@K NQCDQ EQNLRL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS.
1DQBDMS@FDR NE C@S@ U@KTDR @QD KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN SGD OSG ODQBDMSHKD. 'NQ DW@LOKD, 15%NE C@S@ U@KTDR @QD KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K
SN SGD 15
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
c -NV ODQBDMSHKDR @KV@XR BNQQDRONMC SN KNVDQ C@S@ U@KTDR.
c )HFG ODQBDMSHKDR @KV@XR BNQQDRONMC SN GHFGDQ C@S@ U@KTDR.
" ODQBDMSHKD L@X NQ L@X MNS BNQQDRONMC SN @ U@KTD ITCFLDMS @ANTS VGDSGDQ HS HR "FNNC" NQ "A@C." 5GD HMSDQOQDS@SHNM
NE VGDSGDQ @ BDQS@HM ODQBDMSHKD HR "FNNC" NQ "A@C" CDODMCR NM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD RHST@SHNM SN VGHBG SGD C@S@ @OOKHDR. *M RNLD
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 121
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RHST@SHNMR, @ KNV ODQBDMSHKD VNTKC AD BNMRHCDQDC "FNNC;" HM NSGDQ BNMSDWSR @ GHFG ODQBDMSHKD LHFGS AD BNMRHCDQDC "FNNC". *M
L@MX RHST@SHNMR, SGDQD HR MN U@KTD ITCFLDMS SG@S @OOKHDR.
6MCDQRS@MCHMF GNV SN HMSDQOQDS ODQBDMSHKDR OQNODQKX HR HLONQS@MS MNS NMKX VGDM CDRBQHAHMF C@S@, ATS @KRN VGDM
B@KBTK@SHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR HM K@SDQ BG@OSDQR NE SGHR SDWS.
%3'"#*',#
8GDM VQHSHMF SGD HMSDQOQDS@SHNM NE @ ODQBDMSHKD HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD FHUDM C@S@, SGD RDMSDMBD RGNTKC BNMS@HM SGD
ENKKNVHMF HMENQL@SHNM.
c HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD RHST@SHNM ADHMF BNMRHCDQDC
c SGD C@S@ U@KTD (U@KTD NE SGD U@QH@AKD) SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD ODQBDMSHKD
c SGD ODQBDMS NE HMCHUHCT@KR NQ HSDLR VHSG C@S@ U@KTDR ADKNV SGD ODQBDMSHKD
c SGD ODQBDMS NE HMCHUHCT@KR NQ HSDLR VHSG C@S@ U@KTDR @ANUD SGD ODQBDMSHKD.
$T=ILHA 2.26
0M @ SHLDC L@SG SDRS, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD ENQ SHLD HS SNNJ SN EHMHRG SGD DW@LV@R 35 LHMTSDR. *MSDQOQDS SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD
HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGHR RHST@SHNM.
1IFONCIH 2.26
c 5VDMSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR EHMHRGDC SGD DW@L HM 35 LHMTSDR NQ KDRR.
c 4DUDMSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR EHMHRGDC SGD DW@L HM 35 LHMTSDR NQ LNQD.
c " KNV ODQBDMSHKD BNTKC AD BNMRHCDQDC FNNC, @R EHMHRGHMF LNQD PTHBJKX NM @ SHLDC DW@L HR CDRHQ@AKD. (*E XNT
S@JD SNN KNMF, XNT LHFGS MNS AD @AKD SN EHMHRG.)
2.26 'NQ SGD 100-LDSDQ C@RG, SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD ENQ SHLDR ENQ EHMHRGHMF SGD Q@BD V@R 11.5 RDBNMCR. *MSDQOQDS SGD SGHQC
PT@QSHKD HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
$T=ILHA 2.27
0M @ 20 PTDRSHNM L@SG SDRS, SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ MTLADQ NE BNQQDBS @MRVDQR V@R 16. *MSDQOQDS SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD
1IFONCIH 2.27
c 4DUDMSX ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR @MRVDQDC 16 NQ EDVDQ PTDRSHNMR BNQQDBSKX.
c 5GHQSX ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR @MRVDQDC 16 NQ LNQD PTDRSHNMR BNQQDBSKX.
c " GHFGDQ ODQBDMSHKD BNTKC AD BNMRHCDQDC FNNC, @R @MRVDQHMF LNQD PTDRSHNMR BNQQDBSKX HR CDRHQ@AKD.
122 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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2.27 0M @ 60 ONHMS VQHSSDM @RRHFMLDMS, SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD MTLADQ NE ONHMSR D@QMDC V@R 49. *MSDQOQDS SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGHR RHST@SHNM.
$T=ILHA 2.28
"S @ BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD, HS V@R ENTMC SG@S SGD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE BQDCHS TMHSR SG@S RSTCDMSR @QD DMQNKKDC ENQ HR RDUDM
TMHSR. *MSDQOQDS SGD 30
SG
1IFONCIH 2.28
c 5GHQSX ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR @QD DMQNKKDC HM RDUDM NQ EDVDQ BQDCHS TMHSR.
c 4DUDMSX ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR @QD DMQNKKDC HM RDUDM NQ LNQD BQDCHS TMHSR.
c *M SGHR DW@LOKD, SGDQD HR MN "FNNC" NQ "A@C" U@KTD ITCFLDMS @RRNBH@SDC VHSG @ GHFGDQ NQ KNVDQ ODQBDMSHKD.
4STCDMSR @SSDMC BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD ENQ U@QHDC QD@RNMR @MC MDDCR, @MC SGDHQ BNTQRD KN@C U@QHDR @BBNQCHMF SN
SGDHQ MDDCR.
2.28 %TQHMF @ RD@RNM, SGD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ ONHMSR RBNQDC ODQ OK@XDQ HM @ F@LD HR DHFGS. *MSDQOQDS SGD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD
$T=ILHA 2.29
4G@QOD .HCCKD 4BGNNK HR @OOKXHMF ENQ @ FQ@MS SG@S VHKK AD TRDC SN @CC EHSMDRR DPTHOLDMS SN SGD FXL. 5GD OQHMBHO@K
RTQUDXDC 15 @MNMXLNTR RSTCDMSR SN CDSDQLHMD GNV L@MX LHMTSDR @ C@X SGD RSTCDMSR RODMC DWDQBHRHMF. 5GD QDRTKSR
EQNL SGD 15 @MNMXLNTR RSTCDMSR @QD RGNVM.
0 LHMTSDR; 40 LHMTSDR; 60 LHMTSDR; 30 LHMTSDR; 60 LHMTSDR
10 LHMTSDR; 45 LHMTSDR; 30 LHMTSDR; 300 LHMTSDR; 90 LHMTSDR;
30 LHMTSDR; 120 LHMTSDR; 60 LHMTSDR; 0 LHMTSDR; 20 LHMTSDR
%DSDQLHMD SGD ENKKNVHMF EHUD U@KTDR.
,EJ = 0
Q
1
= 20
,A@ = 40
Q
3
= 60
,=T = 300
*E XNT VDQD SGD OQHMBHO@K, VNTKC XNT AD ITRSHEHDC HM OTQBG@RHMF MDV EHSMDRR DPTHOLDMS 4HMBD 75% NE SGD
RSTCDMSR DWDQBHRD ENQ 60 LHMTSDR NQ KDRR C@HKX, @MC RHMBD SGD "*+ HR 40 LHMTSDR (60 k 20 = 40), VD JMNV SG@S G@KE
NE SGD RSTCDMSR RTQUDXDC DWDQBHRD ADSVDDM 20 LHMTSDR @MC 60 LHMTSDR C@HKX. 5GHR RDDLR @ QD@RNM@AKD @LNTMS NE
SHLD RODMS DWDQBHRHMF, RN SGD OQHMBHO@K VNTKC AD ITRSHEHDC HM OTQBG@RHMF SGD MDV DPTHOLDMS.
)NVDUDQ, SGD OQHMBHO@K MDDCR SN AD B@QDETK. 5GD U@KTD 300 @OOD@QR SN AD @ ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQ.
*
3
+ 1.5("*+) = 60 + (1.5)(40) = 20.
5GD U@KTD 300 HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 120 RN HS HR @ ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQ. *E VD CDKDSD HS @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD EHUD U@KTDR, VD
FDS SGD ENKKNVHMF U@KTDR:
,EJ = 0
Q
1
= 20
Q
3
= 60
,=T = 120
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 123
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8D RSHKK G@UD 75% NE SGD RSTCDMSR DWDQBHRHMF ENQ 60 LHMTSDR NQ KDRR C@HKX @MC G@KE NE SGD RSTCDMSR DWDQBHRHMF
ADSVDDM 20 @MC 60 LHMTSDR @ C@X. )NVDUDQ, 15 RSTCDMSR HR @ RL@KK R@LOKD @MC SGD OQHMBHO@K RGNTKC RTQUDX LNQD
RSTCDMSR SN AD RTQD NE GHR RTQUDX QDRTKSR.
2.6 U +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
5GD "BDMSDQ" NE @ C@S@ RDS HR @KRN @ V@X NE CDRBQHAHMF KNB@SHNM. 5GD SVN LNRS VHCDKX TRDC LD@RTQDR NE SGD "BDMSDQ" NE SGD
C@S@ @QD SGD B:6C (@UDQ@FD) @MC SGD B:9>6C. 5N B@KBTK@SD SGD B:6C L:><=I NE 50 ODNOKD, @CC SGD 50 VDHFGSR SNFDSGDQ @MC
CHUHCD AX 50. 5N EHMC SGD B:9>6C L:><=I NE SGD 50 ODNOKD, NQCDQ SGD C@S@ @MC EHMC SGD MTLADQ SG@S ROKHSR SGD C@S@ HMSN SVN
DPT@K O@QSR. 5GD LDCH@M HR FDMDQ@KKX @ ADSSDQ LD@RTQD NE SGD BDMSDQ VGDM SGDQD @QD DWSQDLD U@KTDR NQ NTSKHDQR ADB@TRD HS HR
MNS @EEDBSDC AX SGD OQDBHRD MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR NE SGD NTSKHDQR. 5GD LD@M HR SGD LNRS BNLLNM LD@RTQD NE SGD BDMSDQ.
,-2#
5GD VNQCR oLD@Mp @MC o@UDQ@FDp @QD NESDM TRDC HMSDQBG@MFD@AKX. 5GD RTARSHSTSHNM NE NMD VNQC ENQ SGD NSGDQ HR BNLLNM
OQ@BSHBD. 5GD SDBGMHB@K SDQL HR o@QHSGLDSHB LD@Mp @MC o@UDQ@FDp HR SDBGMHB@KKX @ BDMSDQ KNB@SHNM. )NVDUDQ, HM OQ@BSHBD
@LNMF MNM-RS@SHRSHBH@MR, o@UDQ@FD" HR BNLLNMKX @BBDOSDC ENQ o@QHSGLDSHB LD@M.p
8GDM D@BG U@KTD HM SGD C@S@ RDS HR MNS TMHPTD, SGD LD@M B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC AX LTKSHOKXHMF D@BG CHRSHMBS U@KTD AX HSR
EQDPTDMBX @MC SGDM CHUHCHMF SGD RTL AX SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR. 5GD KDSSDQ TRDC SN QDOQDRDMS SGD H6BEA: B:6C HR @M
N VHSG @ A@Q NUDQ HS (OQNMNTMBDC oN A@Qp): x
.
5GD (QDDJ KDSSDQ Z (OQNMNTMBDC "LDV") QDOQDRDMSR SGD EDEJA6I>DC B:6C. 0MD NE SGD QDPTHQDLDMSR ENQ SGD H6BEA:
B:6C SN AD @ FNNC DRSHL@SD NE SGD EDEJA6I>DC B:6C HR ENQ SGD R@LOKD S@JDM SN AD SQTKX Q@MCNL.
5N RDD SG@S ANSG V@XR NE B@KBTK@SHMF SGD LD@M @QD SGD R@LD, BNMRHCDQ SGD R@LOKD:
1; 1; 1; 2; 2; 3; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4
x
=
1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4
11
= 2.7
x
=
3(1) + 2(2) + 1(3) + 5(4)
11
= 2.7
*M SGD RDBNMC DW@LOKD, SGD EQDPTDMBHDR @QD 3(1) + 2(2) + 1(3) + 5(4).
:NT B@M PTHBJKX EHMC SGD KNB@SHNM NE SGD LDCH@M AX TRHMF SGD DWOQDRRHNM
n + 1
2
.
5GD KDSSDQ D HR SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR HM SGD R@LOKD. *E D HR @M NCC MTLADQ, SGD LDCH@M HR SGD LHCCKD U@KTD NE
SGD NQCDQDC C@S@ (NQCDQDC RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS). *E D HR @M DUDM MTLADQ, SGD LDCH@M HR DPT@K SN SGD SVN LHCCKD U@KTDR @CCDC
SNFDSGDQ @MC CHUHCDC AX SVN @ESDQ SGD C@S@ G@R ADDM NQCDQDC. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR HR 97, SGDM
n + 1
2
=
97 + 1
2
= 49. 5GD LDCH@M HR SGD 49
SG
U@KTD HM SGD NQCDQDC C@S@. *E SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR HR 100, SGDM
n + 1
2
=
100 + 1
2
= 50.5. 5GD LDCH@M NBBTQR LHCV@X ADSVDDM SGD 50
SG
@MC 51
RS
U@KTDR. 5GD KNB@SHNM NE SGD LDCH@M @MC
SGD U@KTD NE SGD LDCH@M @QD CDI SGD R@LD. 5GD TOODQ B@RD KDSSDQ & HR NESDM TRDC SN QDOQDRDMS SGD LDCH@M. 5GD MDWS DW@LOKD
HKKTRSQ@SDR SGD KNB@SHNM NE SGD LDCH@M @MC SGD U@KTD NE SGD LDCH@M.
$T=ILHA 2.30
"*%4 C@S@ HMCHB@SHMF SGD MTLADQ NE LNMSGR @ O@SHDMS VHSG "*%4 KHUDR @ESDQ S@JHMF @ MDV @MSHANCX CQTF @QD @R
ENKKNVR (RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS):
3; 4; 8; 8; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 15; 16; 16; 17; 17; 18; 21; 22; 22; 24; 24; 25; 26; 26; 27; 27; 29; 29; 31; 32; 33;
33; 34; 34; 35; 37; 40; 44; 44; 47;
$@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M.
1IFONCIH 2.30
5GD B@KBTK@SHNM ENQ SGD LD@M HR:
x
=
[3 + 4 + (8)(2) + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + (15)(2) + (16)(2) + ... + 35 + 37 + 40 + (44)(2) + 47]
40
= 23.6
124 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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5N EHMC SGD LDCH@M, &, EHQRS TRD SGD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD KNB@SHNM. 5GD KNB@SHNM HR:
n + 1
2
=
40 + 1
2
= 20.5
4S@QSHMF @S SGD RL@KKDRS U@KTD, SGD LDCH@M HR KNB@SDC ADSVDDM SGD 20
SG
@MC 21
RS
U@KTDR (SGD SVN 24R):
3; 4; 8; 8; 10; 11; 12; 13; 14; 15; 15; 16; 16; 17; 17; 18; 21; 22; 22; 24; 24; 25; 26; 26; 27; 27; 29; 29; 31; 32; 33;
33; 34; 34; 35; 37; 40; 44; 44; 47;
M =
24 + 24
2
= 24
5N EHMC SGD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M:
$KD@Q KHRS -1. 1QDR 45"5 4:$KQ-HRS. &MSDQ 2MC 1 ENQ KHRS -1. 1QDRR &/5&3.
&MSDQ C@S@ HMSN SGD KHRS DCHSNQ. 1QDRR 45"5 1:&%*5.
1TS SGD C@S@ U@KTDR HMSN KHRS -1.
1QDRR 45"5 @MC @QQNV SN $"-$. 1QDRR 1:1-7@Q4S@SR. 1QDRR 2MC 1 ENQ -1 @MC SGDM &/5&3.
1QDRR SGD CNVM @MC TO @QQNV JDXR SN RBQNKK.
x
= 23.6, & = 24
2.30 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ RGNV SGD MTLADQ NE LNMSGR O@SHDMSR SXOHB@KKX V@HS NM @ SQ@MROK@MS KHRS ADENQD FDSSHMF RTQFDQX.
5GD C@S@ @QD NQCDQDC EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS. $@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M @MC LDCH@M.
3; 4; 5; 7; 7; 7; 7; 8; 8; 9; 9; 10; 10; 10; 10; 10; 11; 12; 12; 13; 14; 14; 15; 15; 17; 17; 18; 19; 19; 19; 21; 21; 22; 22;
23; 24; 24; 24; 24
$T=ILHA 2.31
4TOONRD SG@S HM @ RL@KK SNVM NE 50 ODNOKD, NMD ODQRNM D@QMR $5,000,000 ODQ XD@Q @MC SGD NSGDQ 49 D@BG D@QM
$30,000. 8GHBG HR SGD ADSSDQ LD@RTQD NE SGD "BDMSDQ": SGD LD@M NQ SGD LDCH@M
1IFONCIH 2.31
x
=
5, 000, 000 + 49(30, 000)
50
= 129,400
& = 30,000
(5GDQD @QD 49 ODNOKD VGN D@QM $30,000 @MC NMD ODQRNM VGN D@QMR $5,000,000.)
5GD LDCH@M HR @ ADSSDQ LD@RTQD NE SGD "BDMSDQ" SG@M SGD LD@M ADB@TRD 49 NE SGD U@KTDR @QD 30,000 @MC NMD HR
5,000,000. 5GD 5,000,000 HR @M NTSKHDQ. 5GD 30,000 FHUDR TR @ ADSSDQ RDMRD NE SGD LHCCKD NE SGD C@S@.
2.31 *M @ R@LOKD NE 60 GNTRDGNKCR, NMD GNTRD HR VNQSG $2,500,000. )@KE NE SGD QDRS @QD VNQSG $280,000, @MC @KK SGD
NSGDQR @QD VNQSG $315,000. 8GHBG HR SGD ADSSDQ LD@RTQD NE SGD oBDMSDQp: SGD LD@M NQ SGD LDCH@M
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 125
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"MNSGDQ LD@RTQD NE SGD BDMSDQ HR SGD LNCD. 5GD BD9: HR SGD LNRS EQDPTDMS U@KTD. 5GDQD B@M AD LNQD SG@M NMD LNCD HM
@ C@S@ RDS @R KNMF @R SGNRD U@KTDR G@UD SGD R@LD EQDPTDMBX @MC SG@S EQDPTDMBX HR SGD GHFGDRS. " C@S@ RDS VHSG SVN LNCDR HR
B@KKDC AHLNC@K.
$T=ILHA 2.32
4S@SHRSHBR DW@L RBNQDR ENQ 20 RSTCDMSR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
50; 53; 59; 59; 63; 63; 72; 72; 72; 72; 72; 76; 78; 81; 83; 84; 84; 84; 90; 93
'HMC SGD LNCD.
1IFONCIH 2.32
3DA IKOP BNAMQAJP O?KNA EO 72, SDE?D K??QNO BERA PEIAO. ,K@A = 72.
2.32 5GD MTLADQ NE ANNJR BGDBJDC NTS EQNL SGD KHAQ@QX EQNL 25 RSTCDMSR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
0; 0; 0; 1; 2; 3; 3; 4; 4; 5; 5; 7; 7; 7; 7; 8; 8; 8; 9; 10; 10; 11; 11; 12; 12
'HMC SGD LNCD.
$T=ILHA 2.33
'HUD QD@K DRS@SD DW@L RBNQDR @QD 430, 430, 480, 480, 495. 5GD C@S@ RDS HR AHLNC@K ADB@TRD SGD RBNQDR 430 @MC 480
D@BG NBBTQ SVHBD.
8GDM HR SGD LNCD SGD ADRS LD@RTQD NE SGD "BDMSDQ" $NMRHCDQ @ VDHFGS KNRR OQNFQ@L SG@S @CUDQSHRDR @ LD@M
VDHFGS KNRR NE RHW ONTMCR SGD EHQRS VDDJ NE SGD OQNFQ@L. 5GD LNCD LHFGS HMCHB@SD SG@S LNRS ODNOKD KNRD SVN
ONTMCR SGD EHQRS VDDJ, L@JHMF SGD OQNFQ@L KDRR @OOD@KHMF.
,-2#
5GD LNCD B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC ENQ PT@KHS@SHUD C@S@ @R VDKK @R ENQ PT@MSHS@SHUD C@S@. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD C@S@ RDS
HR: QDC, QDC, QDC, FQDDM, FQDDM, XDKKNV, OTQOKD, AK@BJ, AKTD, SGD LNCD HR QDC.
4S@SHRSHB@K RNESV@QD VHKK D@RHKX B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M, SGD LDCH@M, @MC SGD LNCD. 4NLD FQ@OGHMF B@KBTK@SNQR B@M
@KRN L@JD SGDRD B@KBTK@SHNMR. *M SGD QD@K VNQKC, ODNOKD L@JD SGDRD B@KBTK@SHNMR TRHMF RNESV@QD.
2.33 'HUD BQDCHS RBNQDR @QD 680, 680, 700, 720, 720. 5GD C@S@ RDS HR AHLNC@K ADB@TRD SGD RBNQDR 680 @MC 720 D@BG
NBBTQ SVHBD. $NMRHCDQ SGD @MMT@K D@QMHMFR NE VNQJDQR @S @ E@BSNQX. 5GD LNCD HR $25,000 @MC NBBTQR 150 SHLDR NTS NE
301. 5GD LDCH@M HR $50,000 @MC SGD LD@M HR $47,500. 8G@S VNTKC AD SGD ADRS LD@RTQD NE SGD oBDMSDQp
2B? *;Q I@ *;LA? ,OG<?LM ;H> NB? +?;H
5GD -@V NE -@QFD /TLADQR R@XR SG@S HE XNT S@JD R@LOKDR NE K@QFDQ @MC K@QFDQ RHYD EQNL @MX ONOTK@SHNM, SGDM SGD LD@M x
NE SGD R@LOKD HR UDQX KHJDKX SN FDS BKNRDQ @MC BKNRDQ SN R. 5GHR HR CHRBTRRDC HM LNQD CDS@HK K@SDQ HM SGD SDWS.
1;GJFCHA "CMNLC<ONCIHM ;H> 1N;NCMNC= I@ ; 1;GJFCHA "CMNLC<ONCIH
:NT B@M SGHMJ NE @ H6BEA>C< 9>HIG>7JI>DC @R @ G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N 9>HIG>7JI>DC VHSG @ FQD@S L@MX R@LOKDR. (4DD 06BEA>C<
6C9 !6I6 ENQ @ QDUHDV NE QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX). 4TOONRD SGHQSX Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE LNUHDR
SGDX V@SBGDC SGD OQDUHNTR VDDJ. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD HM SGD G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N I67A: RGNVM ADKNV.
126 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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# I@ GIPC?M 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0
5
30
1
15
30
2
6
30
3
4
30
4
1
30
2;<F? 2.32
&; NDJ A:I I=: CJB7:G D; H6BEA:H <:I K:GN A6G<: (H6N, 300 B>AA>DC DG BDG:), I=: G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N I67A: 7:8DB:H
6 G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N 9>HIG>7JI>DC.
" HI6I>HI>8 HR @ MTLADQ B@KBTK@SDC EQNL @ R@LOKD. 4S@SHRSHB DW@LOKDR HMBKTCD SGD LD@M, SGD LDCH@M @MC SGD LNCD @R
VDKK @R NSGDQR. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M x
HR @M DW@LOKD NE @ RS@SHRSHB VGHBG DRSHL@SDR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z.

!;F=OF;NCHA NB? +?;H I@ %LIOJ?> $L?KO?H=S 2;<F?M
8GDM NMKX FQNTODC C@S@ HR @U@HK@AKD, XNT CN MNS JMNV SGD HMCHUHCT@K C@S@ U@KTDR (VD NMKX JMNV HMSDQU@KR @MC HMSDQU@K
EQDPTDMBHDR); SGDQDENQD, XNT B@MMNS BNLOTSD @M DW@BS LD@M ENQ SGD C@S@ RDS. 8G@S VD LTRS CN HR DRSHL@SD SGD @BST@K LD@M
AX B@KBTK@SHMF SGD LD@M NE @ EQDPTDMBX S@AKD. " EQDPTDMBX S@AKD HR @ C@S@ QDOQDRDMS@SHNM HM VGHBG FQNTODC C@S@ HR CHROK@XDC
@KNMF VHSG SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF EQDPTDMBHDR. 5N B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M EQNL @ FQNTODC EQDPTDMBX S@AKD VD B@M @OOKX SGD A@RHB
CDEHMHSHNM NE LD@M: C;7D =
data sum
number of data values
8D RHLOKX MDDC SN LNCHEX SGD CDEHMHSHNM SN EHS VHSGHM SGD QDRSQHBSHNMR
NE @ EQDPTDMBX S@AKD.
4HMBD VD CN MNS JMNV SGD HMCHUHCT@K C@S@ U@KTDR VD B@M HMRSD@C EHMC SGD LHCONHMS NE D@BG HMSDQU@K. 5GD LHCONHMS
HR
lower boundary + upper boundary
2
. 8D B@M MNV LNCHEX SGD LD@M CDEHMHSHNM SN AD
Mean of Frequency Table =
f m
f
VGDQD < = SGD EQDPTDMBX NE SGD HMSDQU@K @MC C = SGD LHCONHMS NE SGD HMSDQU@K.
$T=ILHA 2.34
" EQDPTDMBX S@AKD CHROK@XHMF OQNEDRRNQ #KNTMSnR K@RS RS@SHRSHB SDRS HR RGNVM. 'HMC SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD NE SGD BK@RR
LD@M.
%L;>? 'HN?LP;F ,OG<?L I@ 1NO>?HNM
50_56.5 1
56.5_62.5 0
2;<F? 2.33
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 127
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%L;>? 'HN?LP;F ,OG<?L I@ 1NO>?HNM
62.5_68.5 4
68.5_74.5 4
74.5_80.5 2
80.5_86.5 3
86.5_92.5 4
92.5_98.5 1
2;<F? 2.33
1IFONCIH 2.34
c 'HMC SGD LHCONHMSR ENQ @KK HMSDQU@KR
%L;>? 'HN?LP;F +C>JICHN
50_56.5 53.25
56.5_62.5 59.5
62.5_68.5 65.5
68.5_74.5 71.5
74.5_80.5 77.5
80.5_86.5 83.5
86.5_92.5 89.5
92.5_98.5 95.5
2;<F? 2.34
c $@KBTK@SD SGD RTL NE SGD OQNCTBS NE D@BG HMSDQU@K EQDPTDMBX @MC LHCONHMS. f m
53.25(1) + 59.5(0) + 65.5(4) + 71.5(4) + 77.5(2) + 83.5(3) + 89.5(4) + 95.5(1) = 1460.25
128 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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=
1460.25
19
= 76.86
2.34 .@QHR BNMCTBSDC @ RSTCX NM SGD DEEDBS SG@S OK@XHMF UHCDN F@LDR G@R NM LDLNQX QDB@KK. "R O@QS NE GDQ RSTCX, RGD
BNLOHKDC SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@:
&IOLM 2??H;A?LM 1J?H> IH 4C>?I %;G?M ,OG<?L I@ 2??H;A?LM
0_3.5 3
3.5_7.5 7
7.5_11.5 12
11.5_15.5 7
15.5_19.5 9
2;<F? 2.35
8G@S HR SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR RODMS OK@XHMF UHCDN F@LDR
2.7 U 1E?QH?MM ;H> NB? +?;H, +?>C;H, ;H> +I>?
$NMRHCDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ RDS.
4; 5; 6; 6; 6; 7; 7; 7; 7; 7; 7; 8; 8; 8; 9; 10
5GHR C@S@ RDS B@M AD QDOQDRDMSDC AX ENKKNVHMF GHRSNFQ@L. &@BG HMSDQU@K G@R VHCSG NMD, @MC D@BG U@KTD HR KNB@SDC HM SGD
LHCCKD NE @M HMSDQU@K.
$CAOL? 2.23
5GD GHRSNFQ@LCHROK@XR @ HNBB:IG>86A CHRSQHATSHNM NE C@S@. " CHRSQHATSHNM HR RXLLDSQHB@K HE @ UDQSHB@K KHMD B@M AD CQ@VM
@S RNLD ONHMS HM SGD GHRSNFQ@LRTBG SG@S SGD RG@OD SN SGD KDES @MC SGD QHFGS NE SGD UDQSHB@K KHMD @QD LHQQNQ HL@FDR NE D@BG NSGDQ.
5GD LD@M, SGD LDCH@M, @MC SGD LNCD @QD D@BG RDUDM ENQ SGDRD C@S@. &C 6 E:G;:8IAN HNBB:IG>86A 9>HIG>7JI>DC, I=: B:6C
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 129
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6C9 I=: B:9>6C 6G: I=: H6B:. 5GHR DW@LOKD G@R NMD LNCD (TMHLNC@K), @MC SGD LNCD HR SGD R@LD @R SGD LD@M @MC LDCH@M.
*M @ RXLLDSQHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S G@R SVN LNCDR (AHLNC@K), SGD SVN LNCDR VNTKC AD CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD LD@M @MC LDCH@M.
5GD GHRSNFQ@L ENQ SGD C@S@: 4; 5; 6; 6; 6; 7; 7; 7; 7; 8 HR MNS RXLLDSQHB@K. 5GD QHFGS-G@MC RHCD RDDLR "BGNOODC NEE"
BNLO@QDC SN SGD KDES RHCD. " CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGHR HR B@KKDC H@:L:9 ID I=: A:;I ADB@TRD HS HR OTKKDC NTS SN SGD KDES.
$CAOL? 2.24
5GD LD@M HR 6.3, SGD LDCH@M HR 6.5, @MC SGD LNCD HR RDUDM. +DI>8: I=6I I=: B:6C >H A:HH I=6C I=: B:9>6C, 6C9 I=:N
6G: 7DI= A:HH I=6C I=: BD9:. 5GD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M ANSG QDEKDBS SGD RJDVHMF, ATS SGD LD@M QDEKDBSR HS LNQD RN.
5GD GHRSNFQ@L ENQ SGD C@S@: 6; 7; 7; 7; 7; 8; 8; 8; 9; 10, HR @KRN MNS RXLLDSQHB@K. *S HR H@:L:9 ID I=: G><=I.
$CAOL? 2.25
5GD LD@M HR 7.7, SGD LDCH@M HR 7.5, @MC SGD LNCD HR RDUDM. 0E SGD SGQDD RS@SHRSHBR, I=: B:6C >H I=: A6G<:HI, L=>A: I=:
BD9: >H I=: HB6AA:HI. "F@HM, SGD LD@M QDEKDBSR SGD RJDVHMF SGD LNRS.
5N RTLL@QHYD, FDMDQ@KKX HE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE C@S@ HR RJDVDC SN SGD KDES, SGD LD@M HR KDRR SG@M SGD LDCH@M, VGHBG HR
NESDM KDRR SG@M SGD LNCD. *E SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE C@S@ HR RJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS, SGD LNCD HR NESDM KDRR SG@M SGD LDCH@M, VGHBG HR
KDRR SG@M SGD LD@M.
4JDVMDRR @MC RXLLDSQX ADBNLD HLONQS@MS VGDM VD CHRBTRR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR HM K@SDQ BG@OSDQR.
$T=ILHA 2.35
4S@SHRSHBR @QD TRDC SN BNLO@QD @MC RNLDSHLDR HCDMSHEX @TSGNQR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF KHRSR RGNVR @ RHLOKD Q@MCNLR@LOKD
SG@S BNLO@QDR SGD KDSSDQ BNTMSR ENQ SGQDD @TSGNQR.
5DQQX: 7; 9; 3; 3; 3; 4; 1; 3; 2; 2
%@UHR: 3; 3; 3; 4; 1; 4; 3; 2; 3; 1
130 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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.@QHR: 2; 3; 4; 4; 4; 6; 6; 6; 8; 3
=. .@JD @ CNS OKNS ENQ SGD SGQDD @TSGNQR @MC BNLO@QD SGD RG@ODR.
>. $@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M ENQ D@BG.
?. $@KBTK@SD SGD LDCH@M ENQ D@BG.
@. %DRBQHAD @MX O@SSDQM XNT MNSHBD ADSVDDM SGD RG@OD @MC SGD LD@RTQDR NE BDMSDQ.
1IFONCIH 2.35
=.
$CAOL? 2.26 3ANNUÒ @EOPNE>QPEKJ D=O = NECDP (LKOEPERA) OGAS.
$CAOL? 2.27 #=REO` @EOPNE>QPEKJ D=O = HABP (JAC=PERA) OGAS
$CAOL? 2.28 ,=NEO` @EOPNE>QPEKJ EO OUIIAPNE?=HHU OD=LA@.
>. 5DQQXnR LD@M HR 3.7, %@UHRn LD@M HR 2.7, .@QHRn LD@M HR 4.6.
?. 5DQQXnR LDCH@M HR SGQDD, %@UHRn LDCH@M HR SGQDD. .@QHRn LDCH@M HR ENTQ.
@. *S @OOD@QR SG@S SGD LDCH@M HR @KV@XR BKNRDRS SN SGD GHFG ONHMS (SGD LNCD), VGHKD SGD LD@M SDMCR SN AD E@QSGDQ
NTS NM SGD S@HK. *M @ RXLLDSQHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM, SGD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M @QD ANSG BDMSQ@KKX KNB@SDC BKNRD SN SGD
GHFG ONHMS NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
2.35 %HRBTRR SGD LD@M, LDCH@M, @MC LNCD ENQ D@BG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNAKDLR. *R SGDQD @ O@SSDQM ADSVDDM SGD RG@OD
@MC LD@RTQD NE SGD BDMSDQ
@.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 131
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$CAOL? 2.29
A.
2B? AA?M $ILG?L 3.1 .L?MC>?HNM "C?>
4 6 9
5 3 6 7 7 7 8
6 0 0 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 7 8
7 0 1 1 2 3 4 7 8 8 9
8 0 1 3 5 8
9 0 0 3 3
*AU: 8W0 IA=JO 80.
2;<F? 2.36
B.
$CAOL? 2.30
132 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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IR JFIN
$CLMN /O;LNCF?
$L?KO?H=S .IFSAIH
$L?KO?H=S 2;<F?
$L?KO?H=S
&CMNIAL;G
'HN?LKO;LNCF? 0;HA?
'HN?LP;F
+?;H
+?>C;H
+C>JICHN
+I>?
-ONFC?L
.;CL?> ";N; 1?N
.?L=?HNCF?
/O;LNCF?M
0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
1E?Q?>
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
4;LC;H=?
)#7 2#0+1
@ FQ@OG SG@S FHUDR @ PTHBJ OHBSTQD NE SGD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD C@S@
SGD U@KTD SG@S HR SGD LDCH@M NE SGD NE SGD KNVDQ G@KE NE SGD NQCDQDC C@S@ RDS
KNNJR KHJD @ KHMD FQ@OG ATS TRDR HMSDQU@KR SN CHROK@X Q@MFDR NE K@QFD @LNTMSR NE C@S@
@ C@S@ QDOQDRDMS@SHNM HM VGHBG FQNTODC C@S@ HR CHROK@XDC @KNMF VHSG SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF EQDPTDMBHDR
SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ U@KTD NE SGD C@S@ NBBTQR
@ FQ@OGHB@K QDOQDRDMS@SHNM HM N-O ENQL NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE C@S@ HM @ C@S@ RDS; N QDOQDRDMSR SGD C@S@ @MC O
QDOQDRDSMR SGD EQDPTDMBX, NQ QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX. 5GD FQ@OG BNMRHRSR NE BNMSHFTNTR QDBS@MFKDR.
NQ "*+, HR SGD Q@MFD NE SGD LHCCKD 50 ODQBDMS NE SGD C@S@ U@KTDR; SGD "*+ HR ENTMC AX RTASQ@BSHMF
SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD EQNL SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD.
@KRN B@KKDC @ BK@RR HMSDQU@K; @M HMSDQU@K QDOQDRDMSR @ Q@MFD NE C@S@ @MC HR TRDC VGDM CHROK@XHMF K@QFD C@S@ RDSR
@ MTLADQ SG@S LD@RTQDR SGD BDMSQ@K SDMCDMBX NE SGD C@S@; @ BNLLNM M@LD ENQ LD@M HR '@UDQ@FD.' 5GD SDQL'LD@M' HR
@ RGNQSDMDC ENQL NE '@QHSGLDSHB LD@M.' #X CDEHMHSHNM, SGD LD@M ENQ @ R@LOKD (CDMNSDC AX x
) HR
x
=
Sum of all values in the sample
Number of values in the sample
, @MC SGD LD@M ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM (CDMNSDC AX Z) HR
=
Sum of all values in the population
Number of values in the population
.
@ MTLADQ SG@S RDO@Q@SDR NQCDQDC C@S@ HMSN G@KUDR; G@KE SGD U@KTDR @QD SGD R@LD MTLADQ NQ RL@KKDQ SG@M SGD LDCH@M
@MC G@KE SGD U@KTDR @QD SGD R@LD MTLADQ NQ K@QFDQ SG@M SGD LDCH@M. 5GD LDCH@M L@X NQ L@X MNS AD O@QS NE SGD C@S@.
SGD LD@M NE @M HMSDQU@K HM @ EQDPTDMBX S@AKD
SGD U@KTD SG@S @OOD@QR LNRS EQDPTDMSKX HM @ RDS NE C@S@
@M NARDQU@SHNM SG@S CNDR MNS EHS SGD QDRS NE SGD C@S@
SVN C@S@ RDSR SG@S G@UD @ NMD SN NMD QDK@SHNMRGHO RN SG@S:
c ANSG C@S@ RDSR @QD SGD R@LD RHYD, @MC
c D@BG C@S@ ONHMS HM NMD C@S@ RDS HR L@SBGDC VHSG DW@BSKX NMD ONHMS EQNL SGD NSGDQ RDS.
@ MTLADQ SG@S CHUHCDR NQCDQDC C@S@ HMSN GTMCQDCSGR; ODQBDMSHKDR L@X NQ L@X MNS AD O@QS NE SGD C@S@. 5GD
LDCH@M NE SGD C@S@ HR SGD RDBNMC PT@QSHKD @MC SGD 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 5GD EHQRS @MC SGHQC PT@QSHKDR @QD SGD 25
SG
@MC SGD 27
SG
ODQBDMSHKDR, QDRODBSHUDKX.
SGD MTLADQR SG@S RDO@Q@SD SGD C@S@ HMSN PT@QSDQR; PT@QSHKDR L@X NQ L@X MNS AD O@QS NE SGD C@S@. 5GD RDBNMC
PT@QSHKD HR SGD LDCH@M NE SGD C@S@.
SGD Q@SHN NE SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ U@KTD NE SGD C@S@ NBBTQR HM SGD RDS NE @KK NTSBNLDR SN SGD MTLADQ
NE @KK NTSBNLDR
TRDC SN CDRBQHAD C@S@ SG@S HR MNS RXLLDSQHB@K; VGDM SGD QHFGS RHCD NE @ FQ@OG KNNJR oBGNOODC NEEp BNLO@QDC SGD
KDES RHCD, VD R@X HS HR oRJDVDC SN SGD KDES.p 8GDM SGD KDES RHCD NE SGD FQ@OG KNNJR oBGNOODC NEEp BNLO@QDC SN SGD QHFGS
RHCD, VD R@X SGD C@S@ HR oRJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS.p "KSDQM@SHUDKX: VGDM SGD KNVDQ U@KTDR NE SGD C@S@ @QD LNQD ROQD@C NTS,
VD R@X SGD C@S@ @QD RJDVDC SN SGD KDES. 8GDM SGD FQD@SDQ U@KTDR @QD LNQD ROQD@C NTS, SGD C@S@ @QD RJDVDC SN SGD
QHFGS.
@ MTLADQ SG@S HR DPT@K SN SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD U@QH@MBD @MC LD@RTQDR GNV E@Q C@S@ U@KTDR @QD
EQNL SGDHQ LD@M; MNS@SHNM: I ENQ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @MC j ENQ ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
LD@M NE SGD RPT@QDC CDUH@SHNMR EQNL SGD LD@M, NQ SGD RPT@QD NE SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM; ENQ @ RDS NE C@S@, @
CDUH@SHNM B@M AD QDOQDRDMSDC @R N k x
VGDQD N HR @ U@KTD NE SGD C@S@ @MC x
HR SGD R@LOKD LD@M. 5GD R@LOKD

U@QH@MBD HR DPT@K SN SGD RTL NE SGD RPT@QDR NE SGD CDUH@SHNMR CHUHCDC AX SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD R@LOKD RHYD @MC NMD.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 133
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!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
2.1 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? 1JL?;> I@ NB? ";N;
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM B@M GDKO XNT B@KBTK@SD SGD ROQD@C NE C@S@. 5GDQD @QD CHEEDQDMS DPT@SHNMR SN TRD HE @QD B@KBTK@SHMF SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE @ R@LOKD NQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM.
c 5GD 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM @KKNVR TR SN BNLO@QD HMCHUHCT@K C@S@ NQ BK@RRDR SN SGD C@S@ RDS LD@M MTLDQHB@KKX.
c I =
(x x
)
2
n 1
NQ I =
f (x x
)
2
n 1
HR SGD ENQLTK@ ENQ B@KBTK@SHMF SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE @ R@LOKD.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE @ ONOTK@SHNM, VD VNTKC TRD SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, Z, @MC SGD ENQLTK@ \ =
(x )
2
N
NQ \ =
f (x )
2
N
.
2.2 1N?G-;H>-*?;@ %L;JBM (1N?GJFINM), *CH? %L;JBM, ;H> ;L %L;JBM
" HI:B-6C9-A:6; EADI HR @ V@X SN OKNS C@S@ @MC KNNJ @S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM. *M @ RSDL-@MC-KD@E OKNS, @KK C@S@ U@KTDR VHSGHM @
BK@RR @QD UHRHAKD. 5GD @CU@MS@FD HM @ RSDL-@MC-KD@E OKNS HR SG@S @KK U@KTDR @QD KHRSDC, TMKHJD @ GHRSNFQ@L, VGHBG FHUDR BK@RRDR
NE C@S@ U@KTDR. " A>C: <G6E= HR NESDM TRDC SN QDOQDRDMS @ RDS NE C@S@ U@KTDR HM VGHBG @ PT@MSHSX U@QHDR VHSG SHLD. 5GDRD
FQ@OGR @QD TRDETK ENQ EHMCHMF SQDMCR. 5G@S HR, EHMCHMF @ FDMDQ@K O@SSDQM HM C@S@ RDSR HMBKTCHMF SDLODQ@STQD, R@KDR, DLOKNXLDMS,
BNLO@MX OQNEHS NQ BNRS NUDQ @ ODQHNC NE SHLD. " 76G <G6E= HR @ BG@QS SG@S TRDR DHSGDQ GNQHYNMS@K NQ UDQSHB@K A@QR SN RGNV
BNLO@QHRNMR @LNMF B@SDFNQHDR. 0MD @WHR NE SGD BG@QS RGNVR SGD RODBHEHB B@SDFNQHDR ADHMF BNLO@QDC, @MC SGD NSGDQ @WHR
QDOQDRDMSR @ CHRBQDSD U@KTD. 4NLD A@Q FQ@OGR OQDRDMS A@QR BKTRSDQDC HM FQNTOR NE LNQD SG@M NMD (FQNTODC A@Q FQ@OGR), @MC
NSGDQR RGNV SGD A@QR CHUHCDC HMSN RTAO@QSR SN RGNV BTLTK@SHUD DEEDBS (RS@BJDC A@Q FQ@OGR). #@Q FQ@OGR @QD DRODBH@KKX TRDETK
VGDM B@SDFNQHB@K C@S@ HR ADHMF TRDC.
2.3 &CMNIAL;GM, $L?KO?H=S .IFSAIHM, ;H> 2CG? 1?LC?M %L;JBM
" =>HID<G6B HR @ FQ@OGHB UDQRHNM NE @ EQDPTDMBX CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD FQ@OG BNMRHRSR NE A@QR NE DPT@K VHCSG CQ@VM @CI@BDMS SN
D@BG NSGDQ. 5GD GNQHYNMS@K RB@KD QDOQDRDMSR BK@RRDR NE PT@MSHS@SHUD C@S@ U@KTDR @MC SGD UDQSHB@K RB@KD QDOQDRDMSR EQDPTDMBHDR.
5GD GDHFGSR NE SGD A@QR BNQQDRONMC SN EQDPTDMBX U@KTDR. )HRSNFQ@LR @QD SXOHB@KKX TRDC ENQ K@QFD, BNMSHMTNTR, PT@MSHS@SHUD
C@S@ RDSR. " EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM B@M @KRN AD TRDC VGDM FQ@OGHMF K@QFD C@S@ RDSR VHSG C@S@ ONHMSR SG@S QDOD@S. 5GD C@S@ TRT@KKX
FNDR NM O-@WHR VHSG SGD EQDPTDMBX ADHMF FQ@OGDC NM SGD N-@WHR. 5HLD RDQHDR FQ@OGR B@M AD GDKOETK VGDM KNNJHMF @S K@QFD
@LNTMSR NE C@S@ ENQ NMD U@QH@AKD NUDQ @ ODQHNC NE SHLD.
2.4 IR .FINM
#NW OKNSR @QD @ SXOD NE FQ@OG SG@S B@M GDKO UHRT@KKX NQF@MHYD C@S@. 5N FQ@OG @ ANW OKNS SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ ONHMSR LTRS AD
B@KBTK@SDC: SGD LHMHLTL U@KTD, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, SGD LDCH@M, SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD, @MC SGD L@WHLTL U@KTD. 0MBD SGD ANW OKNS
HR FQ@OGDC, XNT B@M CHROK@X @MC BNLO@QD CHRSQHATSHNMR NE C@S@.
2.5 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? *I=;NCIH I@ NB? ";N;
5GD U@KTDR SG@S CHUHCD @ Q@MJ-NQCDQDC RDS NE C@S@ HMSN 100 DPT@K O@QSR @QD B@KKDC ODQBDMSHKDR. 1DQBDMSHKDR @QD TRDC SN BNLO@QD
@MC HMSDQOQDS C@S@. 'NQ DW@LOKD, @M NARDQU@SHNM @S SGD 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD VNTKC AD FQD@SDQ SG@M 50 ODQBDMS NE SGD NSGDQ
NADRDQU@SHNMR HM SGD RDS. 2T@QSHKDR CHUHCD C@S@ HMSN PT@QSDQR. 5GD EHQRS PT@QSHKD (*
1
) HR SGD 25
SG
ODQBDMSHKD,SGD RDBNMC PT@QSHKD
(*
2
NQ LDCH@M) HR 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD, @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD (*
3
) HR SGD SGD 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 5GD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD, NQ "*+, HR
SGD Q@MFD NE SGD LHCCKD 50 ODQBDMS NE SGD C@S@ U@KTDR. 5GD "*+ HR ENTMC AX RTASQ@BSHMF *
1
EQNL *
3
, @MC B@M GDKO CDSDQLHMD
NTSKHDQR AX TRHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF SVN DWOQDRRHNMR.
c *
3
+ "*+(1.5)
c *
3
k "*+(1.5)
2.6 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
5GD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC SN GDKO XNT EHMC SGD "BDMSDQ" NE @ C@S@ RDS. 5GD LD@M HR SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD ENQ
SGD @BST@K C@S@ RDS, ATS SGD LDCH@M HR SGD ADRS LD@RTQDLDMS VGDM @ C@S@ RDS BNMS@HMR RDUDQ@K NTSKHDQR NQ DWSQDLD U@KTDR. 5GD
LNCD VHKK SDKK XNT SGD LNRS EQDPTDMSKX NBBTQHMF C@STL(NQ C@S@) HM XNTQ C@S@ RDS. 5GD LD@M, LDCH@M, @MC LNCD @QD DWSQDLDKX
GDKOETK VGDM XNT MDDC SN @M@KXYD XNTQ C@S@, ATS HE XNTQ C@S@ RDS BNMRHRSR NE Q@MFDR VGHBG K@BJ RODBHEHB U@KTDR, SGD LD@M L@X
134 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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RDDL HLONRRHAKD SN B@KBTK@SD. )NVDUDQ, SGD LD@M B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC HE XNT @CC SGD KNVDQ ANTMC@QX VHSG SGD TOODQ ANTMC@QX
@MC CHUHCD AX SVN.
2.7 1E?QH?MM ;H> NB? +?;H, +?>C;H, ;H> +I>?
-NNJHMF @S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE C@S@ B@M QDUD@K @ KNS @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LD@M, SGD LDCH@M, @MC SGD LNCD.
5GDQD @QD SGQDD SXODR NE CHRSQHATSHNMR. " G><=I (DG EDH>I>K:) H@:L:9 CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ RG@OD KHJD $CAOL? 2.24. " A:;I (DG
C:<6I>K:) H@:L:9 CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ RG@OD KHJD $CAOL? 2.25. " HNBB:IG>86A CHRSQTASHNM KNNJR KHJD $CAOL? 2.23.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
2.1 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? 1JL?;> I@ NB? ";N;
s
x
=
f m
2
n
x
2
VGDQD
s
x
= sample standard deviation
x
= sample mean
i =

k
100
(n + 1)
VGDQD ? = SGD Q@MJHMF NQ ONRHSHNM NE @ C@S@ U@KTD,
A = SGD JSG ODQBDMSHKD,
D = SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@.
&WOQDRRHNM ENQ EHMCHMF SGD ODQBDMSHKD NE @ C@S@ U@KTD:
x + 0.5y
n

(100)
VGDQD N = SGD MTLADQ NE U@KTDR BNTMSHMF EQNL SGD ANSSNL NE
SGD C@S@ KHRS TO SN ATS MNS HMBKTCHMF SGD C@S@ U@KTD ENQ VGHBG
XNT V@MS SN EHMC SGD ODQBDMSHKD,
O = SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@ U@KTDR DPT@K SN SGD C@S@ U@KTD ENQ
VGHBG XNT V@MS SN EHMC SGD ODQBDMSHKD,
D = SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@
2.6 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
=
f m
f
8GDQD < = HMSDQU@K EQDPTDMBHDR @MC C =
HMSDQU@K LHCONHMSR.
.0A!2'!#
2.1 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? 1JL?;> I@ NB? ";N;
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD SGD CHRS@MBDR ADSVDDM 20 QDS@HK RSNQDR
@MC @ K@QFD CHRSQHATSHNM BDMSDQ. 5GD CHRS@MBDR @QD HM LHKDR.
29; 37; 38; 40; 58; 67; 68; 69; 76; 86; 87; 95; 96; 96; 99; 106; 112; 127; 145; 150
1. 6RD @ FQ@OGHMF B@KBTK@SNQ BNLOTSDQ SN EHMC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @MC QNTMC SN SGD MD@QDRS SDMSG.
2. 'HMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ADKNV SGD LD@M.
3. 5VN A@RDA@KK OK@XDQR, 'QDCN @MC ,@QK, NM CHEEDQDMS SD@LR V@MSDC SN EHMC NTS VGN G@C SGD GHFGDQ A@SSHMF @UDQ@FD VGDM
BNLO@QDC SN GHR SD@L. 8GHBG A@RDA@KK OK@XDQ G@C SGD GHFGDQ A@SSHMF @UDQ@FD VGDM BNLO@QDC SN GHR SD@L
;M?<;FF .F;S?L ;NNCHA AP?L;A? 2?;G ;NNCHA AP?L;A? 2?;G 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
%NA@K 0.158 0.166 0.012
*=NH 0.177 0.189 0.015
2;<F? 2.37
4. 6RD 2;<F? 2.37 SN EHMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR:
;. =>KRA PDA IA=J
<. >AHKS PDA IA=J
F?D: J>; IJ7D:7H: :;L?7J?ED <EH J>; <EBBEM?D= <H;GK;D9O J78B;I KI?D= J>; <EHCKB7. C>;9A J>; 97B9KB7J?EDI M?J> J>; -" 83/84.
5.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 135
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%L;>? $L?KO?H=S
49.5_59.5 2
59.5_69.5 3
69.5_79.5 8
79.5_89.5 12
89.5_99.5 5
2;<F? 2.38
>.
";CFS *IQ 2?GJ?L;NOL? $L?KO?H=S
49.5_59.5 53
59.5_69.5 32
69.5_79.5 15
79.5_89.5 1
89.5_99.5 0
2;<F? 2.39
?.
.ICHNM J?L %;G? $L?KO?H=S
49.5_59.5 14
59.5_69.5 32
69.5_79.5 15
79.5_89.5 23
89.5_99.5 2
2;<F? 2.40
FEH ;79> E< J>; <EBBEM?D= :7J7 I;JI, 9H;7J; 7 IJ;C FBEJ 7D: ?:;DJ?<O 7DO EKJB?;HI.
6. 5GD LHKDR ODQ F@KKNM Q@SHMF ENQ 30 B@QR @QD RGNVM ADKNV (KNVDRS SN GHFGDRS).
19, 19, 19, 20, 21, 21, 25, 25, 25, 26, 26, 28, 29, 31, 31, 32, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 37, 38, 38, 38, 38, 41, 43, 43
136 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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7. 5GD GDHFGS HM EDDS NE 25 SQDDR HR RGNVM ADKNV (KNVDRS SN GHFGDRS).
25, 27, 33, 34, 34, 34, 35, 37, 37, 38, 39, 39, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 50, 53, 53, 54, 54
8. 5GD C@S@ @QD SGD OQHBDR NE CHEEDQDMS K@OSNOR @S @M DKDBSQNMHBR RSNQD. 3NTMC D@BG U@KTD SN SGD MD@QDRS SDM. BQD@SD @ RSDL OKNS
TRHMF SGD GTMCQDCR CHFHSR @R SGD RSDLR @MC SGD SDMR CHFHSR @R SGD KD@UDR. *CDMSHEX @MX NTSKHDQR.
249, 249, 260, 265, 265, 280, 299, 299, 309, 319, 325, 326, 350, 350, 350, 365, 369, 389, 409, 459, 489, 559, 569, 570, 610
9. 5GD C@S@ @QD C@HKX GHFG SDLODQ@STQDR HM @ SNVM ENQ NMD LNMSG. $QD@SD @ RSDL OKNS TRHMF SGD C@S@ @MC HCDMSHEX @MX NTSKHDQR.
61, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 67, 67, 68, 69, 70, 70, 70, 71, 71, 72, 74, 74, 74, 75, 75, 75, 76, 76, 77, 78, 78, 79, 79, 95
FEH J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I, KI; J>; :7J7 JE 9EDIJHK9J 7 B?D; =H7F>.
10. *M @ RTQUDX, 40 ODNOKD VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX SHLDR SGDX UHRHSDC @ RSNQD ADENQD L@JHMF @ L@INQ OTQBG@RD. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD
RGNVM HM SGD 2;<F? 2.41.
,OG<?L I@ NCG?M CH MNIL? $L?KO?H=S
1 4
2 10
3 16
4 6
5 4
2;<F? 2.41
11. *M @ RTQUDX, RDUDQ@K ODNOKD VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX XD@QR HS G@R ADDM RHMBD SGDX OTQBG@RDC @ L@SSQDRR. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD
RGNVM HM SGD 2;<F? 2.42.
7?;LM MCH=? F;MN JOL=B;M? $L?KO?H=S
0 2
1 8
2 13
3 22
4 16
5 9
2;<F? 2.42
12. 4DUDQ@K BGHKCQDM VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX 57 RGNVR SGDX V@SBG D@BG C@X. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F?
2.43.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 137
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,OG<?L I@ 24 1BIQM $L?KO?H=S
0 12
1 18
2 36
3 7
4 2
2;<F? 2.43
13. 5GD RSTCDMSR HM .R. 3@LHQDYnR L@SG BK@RR G@UD AHQSGC@XR HM D@BG NE SGD ENTQ RD@RNMR. 2;<F? 2.44 RGNVR SGD ENTQ
RD@RNMR, SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN G@UD AHQSGC@XR HM D@BG RD@RNM, @MC SGD ODQBDMS@FD (%) NE RSTCDMSR HM D@BG FQNTO.
$NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG RGNVHMF SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR.
1?;MIHM ,OG<?L I@ MNO>?HNM .LIJILNCIH I@ JIJOF;NCIH
2LNEJC 8 24%
2QIIAN 9 26%
QPQIJ 11 32%
6EJPAN 6 18%
2;<F? 2.44
14. 6RHMF SGD C@S@ EQNL .QR. 3@LHQDYnR L@SG BK@RR RTOOKHDC HM #R?L=CM? 2.8, BNMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG RGNVHMF SGD
ODQBDMS@FDR.
15. %@UHC $NTMSX G@R RHW GHFG RBGNNKR. &@BG RBGNNK RDMS RSTCDMSR SN O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ BNTMSX-VHCD RBHDMBD BNLODSHSHNM.
2;<F? 2.45 RGNVR SGD ODQBDMS@FD AQD@JCNVM NE BNLODSHSNQR EQNL D@BG RBGNNK, @MC SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD DMSHQD RSTCDMS
ONOTK@SHNM NE SGD BNTMSX SG@S FNDR SN D@BG RBGNNK. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG SG@S RGNVR SGD ONOTK@SHNM ODQBDMS@FD NE BNLODSHSNQR
EQNL D@BG RBGNNK.
&CAB 1=BIIF 1=C?H=? =IGJ?NCNCIH JIJOF;NCIH -P?L;FF MNO>?HN JIJOF;NCIH
H=>=OPAN 28.9% 8.6%
"KJ?KN@E= 7.6% 23.2%
&AJK= 12.1% 15.0%
,K?GOREHHA 18.5% 14.3%
2;<F? 2.45
138 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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&CAB 1=BIIF 1=C?H=? =IGJ?NCNCIH JIJOF;NCIH -P?L;FF MNO>?HN JIJOF;NCIH
3UJJAOKJ 24.2% 10.1%
6AOP $J@ 8.7% 28.8%
2;<F? 2.45
16. 6RD SGD C@S@ EQNL SGD %@UHC $NTMSX RBHDMBD BNLODSHSHNM RTOOKHDC HM #R?L=CM? 2.15. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG SG@S RGNVR
SGD BNTMSX-VHCD ONOTK@SHNM ODQBDMS@FD NE RSTCDMSR @S D@BG RBGNNK.
17. 4HWSX-EHUD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC B@Q R@KDRODQRNMR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE B@QR SGDX FDMDQ@KKX RDKK HM NMD VDDJ. 'NTQSDDM
ODNOKD @MRVDQDC SG@S SGDX FDMDQ@KKX RDKK SGQDD B@QR; MHMDSDDM FDMDQ@KKX RDKK ENTQ B@QR; SVDKUD FDMDQ@KKX RDKK EHUD B@QR; MHMD
FDMDQ@KKX RDKK RHW B@QR; DKDUDM FDMDQ@KKX RDKK RDUDM B@QR. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD.
";N; 4;FO? (# =;LM) $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
2;<F? 2.46
18. 8G@S CNDR SGD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM RTL SN 8GX
19. 8G@S CNDR SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM RTL SN 8GX
20. 8G@S HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX @MC EQDPTDMBX ENQ D@BG C@S@ U@KTD
21. 8G@S HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX @MC QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX ENQ D@BG C@S@ U@KTD
22. 5N BNMRSQTBS SGD GHRSNFQ@L, CDSDQLHMD @OOQNOQH@SD LHMHLTL @MC L@WHLTL N @MC O U@KTDR @MC SGD RB@KHMF. 4JDSBG SGD
GHRSNFQ@L. -@ADK SGD GNQHYNMS@K @MC UDQSHB@K @WDR VHSG VNQCR. *MBKTCD MTLDQHB@K RB@KHMF.
$CAOL? 2.31
23. $NMRSQTBS @ EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF:
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 139
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.OFM? 0;N?M @IL 5IG?H $L?KO?H=S
60_69 12
70_79 14
80_89 11
90_99 1
100_109 1
110_119 0
120_129 1
2;<F? 2.47
>.
A=NO;F 1J??> CH ; 30 +.& 8IH? $L?KO?H=S
42_45 25
46_49 14
50_53 7
54_57 3
58_61 1
2;<F? 2.48
?.
2;L (GA) CH ,IH@CFN?L?> !CA;L?NN?M $L?KO?H=S
10_13 1
14_17 0
18_21 15
22_25 7
26_29 2
2;<F? 2.49
24. $NMRSQTBS @ EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM EQNL SGD EQDPTDMBX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD 50 GHFGDRS Q@MJDC BNTMSQHDR ENQ CDOSG NE GTMFDQ.
140 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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"?JNB I@ &OHA?L $L?KO?H=S
230_259 21
260_289 13
290_319 5
320_349 7
350_379 1
380_409 1
410_439 1
2;<F? 2.50
25. 6RD SGD SVN EQDPTDMBX S@AKDR SN BNLO@QD SGD KHED DWODBS@MBX NE LDM @MC VNLDM EQNL 20 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BNTMSQHDR.
*MBKTCD @M NUDQK@XDC EQDPTDMBX ONKXFNM @MC CHRBTRR SGD RG@ODR NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNMR, SGD BDMSDQ, SGD ROQD@C, @MC @MX NTSKHDQR.
8G@S B@M VD BNMBKTCD @ANTS SGD KHED DWODBS@MBX NE VNLDM BNLO@QDC SN LDM
*C@? #RJ?=N;H=S ;N CLNB X 5IG?H $L?KO?H=S
49_55 3
56_62 3
63_69 1
70_76 3
77_83 8
84_90 2
2;<F? 2.51
*C@? #RJ?=N;H=S ;N CLNB X +?H $L?KO?H=S
49_55 3
56_62 3
63_69 1
2;<F? 2.52
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 141
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*C@? #RJ?=N;H=S ;N CLNB X +?H $L?KO?H=S
70_76 1
77_83 7
84_90 5
2;<F? 2.52
26. $NMRSQTBS @ SHLDR RDQHDR FQ@OG ENQ (@) SGD MTLADQ NE L@KD AHQSGR, (A) SGD MTLADQ NE EDL@KD AHQSGR, @MC (B) SGD SNS@K
MTLADQ NE AHQSGR.
1?R/7?;L 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861
$?G;F? 45,545 49,582 50,257 50,324 51,915 51,220 52,403
+;F? 47,804 52,239 53,158 53,694 54,628 54,409 54,606
2IN;F 93,349 101,821 103,415 104,018 106,543 105,629 107,009
2;<F? 2.53
1?R/
7?;L
1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869
$?G;F? 51,812 53,115 54,959 54,850 55,307 55,527 56,292 55,033
+;F? 55,257 56,226 57,374 58,220 58,360 58,517 59,222 58,321
2IN;F 107,069 109,341 112,333 113,070 113,667 114,044 115,514 113,354
2;<F? 2.54
1?R/
7?;L
1871 1870 1872 1871 1872 1827 1874 1875
$?G;F? 56,099 56,431 57,472 56,099 57,472 58,233 60,109 60,146
+;F? 60,029 58,959 61,293 60,029 61,293 61,467 63,602 63,432
2IN;F 116,128 115,390 118,765 116,128 118,765 119,700 123,711 123,578
2;<F? 2.55
27. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ RDSR KHRS ETKK SHLD ONKHBD ODQ 100,000 BHSHYDMR @KNMF VHSG GNLHBHCDR ODQ 100,000 BHSHYDMR ENQ SGD BHSX
NE %DSQNHS, .HBGHF@M CTQHMF SGD ODQHNC EQNL 1961 SN 1973.
142 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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7?;L 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
.IFC=? 260.35 269.8 272.04 272.96 272.51 261.34 268.89
&IGC=C>?M 8.6 8.9 8.52 8.89 13.07 14.57 21.36
2;<F? 2.56
7?;L 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973
.IFC=? 295.99 319.87 341.43 356.59 376.69 390.19
&IGC=C>?M 28.03 31.49 37.39 46.26 47.24 52.33
2;<F? 2.57
=. $NMRSQTBS @ CNTAKD SHLD RDQHDR FQ@OG TRHMF @ BNLLNM N-@WHR ENQ ANSG RDSR NE C@S@.
>. 8GHBG U@QH@AKD HMBQD@RDC SGD E@RSDRS &WOK@HM.
?. %HC %DSQNHSnR HMBQD@RD HM ONKHBD NEEHBDQR G@UD @M HLO@BS NM SGD LTQCDQ Q@SD &WOK@HM.
2.4 IR .FINM
4HWSX-EHUD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC B@Q R@KDRODQRNMR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE B@QR SGDX FDMDQ@KKX RDKK HM NMD VDDJ. 'NTQSDDM
ODNOKD @MRVDQDC SG@S SGDX FDMDQ@KKX RDKK SGQDD B@QR; MHMDSDDM FDMDQ@KKX RDKK ENTQ B@QR; SVDKUD FDMDQ@KKX RDKK EHUD B@QR; MHMD
FDMDQ@KKX RDKK RHW B@QR; DKDUDM FDMDQ@KKX RDKK RDUDM B@QR.
28. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS ADKNV. 6RD @ QTKDQ SN LD@RTQD @MC RB@KD @BBTQ@SDKX.
29. -NNJHMF @S XNTQ ANW OKNS, CNDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD C@S@ @QD BNMBDMSQ@SDC SNFDSGDQ, ROQD@C NTS DUDMKX, NQ BNMBDMSQ@SDC HM
RNLD @QD@R, ATS MNS HM NSGDQR )NV B@M XNT SDKK
30. -HRSDC @QD 29 @FDR ENQ "B@CDLX "V@QC VHMMHMF ADRS @BSNQR ?D EH:;H <HEC IC7BB;IJ JE B7H=;IJ.
18; 21; 22; 25; 26; 27; 29; 30; 31; 33; 36; 37; 41; 42; 47; 52; 55; 57; 58; 62; 64; 67; 69; 71; 72; 73; 74; 76; 77
=. 'HMC SGD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
>. 'HMC SGD 78
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
31. -HRSDC @QD 32 @FDR ENQ "B@CDLX "V@QC VHMMHMF ADRS @BSNQR ?D EH:;H <HEC IC7BB;IJ JE B7H=;IJ.
18; 18; 21; 22; 25; 26; 27; 29; 30; 31; 31; 33; 36; 37; 37; 41; 42; 47; 52; 55; 57; 58; 62; 64; 67; 69; 71; 72; 73; 74; 76;
77
=. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMSHKD NE 37.
>. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMSHKD NE 72.
32. +DRRD V@R Q@MJDC 37
SG
HM GHR FQ@CT@SHMF BK@RR NE 180 RSTCDMSR. "S VG@S ODQBDMSHKD HR +DRRDnR Q@MJHMF
33.
=. 'NQ QTMMDQR HM @ Q@BD, @ KNV SHLD LD@MR @ E@RSDQ QTM. 5GD VHMMDQR HM @ Q@BD G@UD SGD RGNQSDRS QTMMHMF SHLDR. *R HS
LNQD CDRHQ@AKD SN G@UD @ EHMHRG SHLD VHSG @ GHFG NQ @ KNV ODQBDMSHKD VGDM QTMMHMF @ Q@BD
>. 5GD 20
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE QTM SHLDR HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q Q@BD HR 5.2 LHMTSDR. 8QHSD @ RDMSDMBD HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD 20
SG
ODQBDMSHKD
HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
?. " AHBXBKHRS HM SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE @ AHBXBKD Q@BD BNLOKDSDC SGD Q@BD HM 1 GNTQ @MC 12 LHMTSDR. *R GD @LNMF
SGD E@RSDRS NQ RKNVDRS BXBKHRSR HM SGD Q@BD 8QHSD @ RDMSDMBD HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD
RHST@SHNM.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 143
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34.
=. 'NQ QTMMDQR HM @ Q@BD, @ GHFGDQ RODDC LD@MR @ E@RSDQ QTM. *R HS LNQD CDRHQ@AKD SN G@UD @ RODDC VHSG @ GHFG NQ @ KNV
ODQBDMSHKD VGDM QTMMHMF @ Q@BD
>. 5GD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE RODDCR HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q Q@BD HR 7.5 LHKDR ODQ GNTQ. 8QHSD @ RDMSDMBD HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
35. 0M @M DW@L, VNTKC HS AD LNQD CDRHQ@AKD SN D@QM @ FQ@CD VHSG @ GHFG NQ KNV ODQBDMSHKD &WOK@HM.
36. .HM@ HR V@HSHMF HM KHMD @S SGD %DO@QSLDMS NE .NSNQ 7DGHBKDR (%.7). )DQ V@HS SHLD NE 32 LHMTSDR HR SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD
NE V@HS SHLDR. *R SG@S FNNC NQ A@C 8QHSD @ RDMSDMBD HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD 85
SG
37. *M @ RTQUDX BNKKDBSHMF C@S@ @ANTS SGD R@K@QHDR D@QMDC AX QDBDMS BNKKDFD FQ@CT@SDR, -H ENTMC SG@S GDQ R@K@QX V@R HM SGD 78
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 4GNTKC -H AD OKD@RDC NQ TORDS AX SGHR QDRTKS &WOK@HM.
38. *M @ RSTCX BNKKDBSHMF C@S@ @ANTS SGD QDO@HQ BNRSR NE C@L@FD SN @TSNLNAHKDR HM @ BDQS@HM SXOD NE BQ@RG SDRSR, @ BDQS@HM LNCDK
NE B@Q G@C $1,700 HM C@L@FD @MC V@R HM SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 4GNTKC SGD L@MTE@BSTQDQ @MC SGD BNMRTLDQ AD OKD@RDC NQ TORDS
AX SGHR QDRTKS &WOK@HM @MC VQHSD @ RDMSDMBD SG@S HMSDQOQDSR SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGHR OQNAKDL.
39. 5GD 6MHUDQRHSX NE $@KHENQMH@ G@R SVN BQHSDQH@ TRDC SN RDS @CLHRRHNM RS@MC@QCR ENQ EQDRGL@M SN AD @CLHSSDC SN @ BNKKDFD
HM SGD 6$ RXRSDL:
=. 4STCDMSR' (1"R @MC RBNQDR NM RS@MC@QCHYDC SDRSR (4"5R @MC "$5R) @QD DMSDQDC HMSN @ ENQLTK@ SG@S B@KBTK@SDR @M
"@CLHRRHNMR HMCDW" RBNQD. 5GD @CLHRRHNMR HMCDW RBNQD HR TRDC SN RDS DKHFHAHKHSX RS@MC@QCR HMSDMCDC SN LDDS SGD FN@K
NE @CLHSSHMF SGD SNO 12% NE GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR HM SGD RS@SD. *M SGHR BNMSDWS, VG@S ODQBDMSHKD CNDR SGD SNO 12%
QDOQDRDMS
>. 4STCDMSR VGNRD (1"R @QD @S NQ @ANUD SGD 96
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE @KK RSTCDMSR @S SGDHQ GHFG RBGNNK @QD DKHFHAKD (B@KKDC
DKHFHAKD HM SGD KNB@K BNMSDWS), DUDM HE SGDX @QD MNS HM SGD SNO 12% NE @KK RSTCDMSR HM SGD RS@SD. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD NE
RSTCDMSR EQNL D@BG GHFG RBGNNK @QD "DKHFHAKD HM SGD KNB@K BNMSDWS"
40. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT @QD ATXHMF @ GNTRD. :NT @MC XNTQ QD@KSNQ G@UD CDSDQLHMDC SG@S SGD LNRS DWODMRHUD GNTRD XNT B@M
@EENQC HR SGD 34
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 5GD 34
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE GNTRHMF OQHBDR HR $240,000 HM SGD SNVM XNT V@MS SN LNUD SN. *M SGHR SNVM,
B@M XNT @EENQC 34% NE SGD GNTRDR NQ 66% NE SGD GNTRDR
6RD #R?L=CM? 12 SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF U@KTDR:
41. 'HQRS PT@QSHKD = ???????
42. 4DBNMC PT@QSHKD = LDCH@M = 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ???????
43. 5GHQC PT@QSHKD = ???????
44. *MSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD ("*+) = ????? k ????? = ?????
45. 10
SG
46. 70
SG
2.6 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
47. 'HMC SGD LD@M ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF EQDPTDMBX S@AKDR.
=.
%L;>? $L?KO?H=S
49.5_59.5 2
59.5_69.5 3
69.5_79.5 8
79.5_89.5 12
89.5_99.5 5
2;<F? 2.58
144 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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";CFS *IQ 2?GJ?L;NOL? $L?KO?H=S
49.5_59.5 53
59.5_69.5 32
69.5_79.5 15
79.5_89.5 1
89.5_99.5 0
2;<F? 2.59
?.
.ICHNM J?L %;G? $L?KO?H=S
49.5_59.5 14
59.5_69.5 32
69.5_79.5 15
79.5_89.5 23
89.5_99.5 2
2;<F? 2.60
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ RGNV SGD KDMFSGR NE AN@SR LNNQDC HM @
L@QHM@. 5GD C@S@ @QD NQCDQDC EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS: 16; 17; 19; 20; 20; 21; 23; 24; 25; 25; 25; 26; 26; 27; 27; 27; 28; 29;
30; 32; 33; 33; 34; 35; 37; 39; 40
48. $@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M.
49. *CDMSHEX SGD LDCH@M.
50. *CDMSHEX SGD LNCD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 4HWSX-EHUD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC B@Q R@KDRODQRNMR VDQD
@RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE B@QR SGDX FDMDQ@KKX RDKK HM NMD VDDJ. 'NTQSDDM ODNOKD @MRVDQDC SG@S SGDX FDMDQ@KKX RDKK SGQDD B@QR;
MHMDSDDM FDMDQ@KKX RDKK ENTQ B@QR; SVDKUD FDMDQ@KKX RDKK EHUD B@QR; MHMD FDMDQ@KKX RDKK RHW B@QR; DKDUDM FDMDQ@KKX RDKK RDUDM B@QR.
$@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
51. R@LOKD LD@M = x
= ???????
52. LDCH@M = ???????
53. LNCD = ???????
2.7 1E?QH?MM ;H> NB? +?;H, +?>C;H, ;H> +I>?
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 4S@SD VGDSGDQ SGD C@S@ @QD RXLLDSQHB@K, RJDVDC SN SGD KDES,
NQ RJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS.
54. 1; 1; 1; 2; 2; 2; 2; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 4; 4; 4; 5; 5
55. 16; 17; 19; 22; 22; 22; 22; 22; 23
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 145
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56. 87; 87; 87; 87; 87; 88; 89; 89; 90; 91
57. 8GDM SGD C@S@ @QD RJDVDC KDES, VG@S HR SGD SXOHB@K QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LD@M @MC LDCH@M
58. 8GDM SGD C@S@ @QD RXLLDSQHB@K, VG@S HR SGD SXOHB@K QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LD@M @MC LDCH@M
59. 8G@S VNQC CDRBQHADR @ CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S G@R SVN LNCDR
60. %DRBQHAD SGD RG@OD NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 2.32
61. %DRBQHAD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LNCD @MC SGD LDCH@M NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 2.33
62. %DRBQHAD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 2.34
146 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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$CAOL? 2.35
$CAOL? 2.36
65. "QD SGD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M SGD DW@BS R@LD HM SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
$CAOL? 2.37
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 147
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$CAOL? 2.38
$CAOL? 2.39
68. %DRBQHAD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 2.40
69. 5GD LD@M @MC LDCH@M ENQ SGD C@S@ @QD SGD R@LD.
3; 4; 5; 5; 6; 6; 6; 6; 7; 7; 7; 7; 7; 7; 7
*R SGD C@S@ ODQEDBSKX RXLLDSQHB@K 8GX NQ VGX MNS
70. 8GHBG HR SGD FQD@SDRS, SGD LD@M, SGD LNCD, NQ SGD LDCH@M NE SGD C@S@ RDS
11; 11; 12; 12; 12; 12; 13; 15; 17; 22; 22; 22
148 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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71. 8GHBG HR SGD KD@RS, SGD LD@M, SGD LNCD, @MC SGD LDCH@M NE SGD C@S@ RDS
56; 56; 56; 58; 59; 60; 62; 64; 64; 65; 67
72. 0E SGD SGQDD LD@RTQDR, VGHBG SDMCR SN QDEKDBS RJDVHMF SGD LNRS, SGD LD@M, SGD LNCD, NQ SGD LDCH@M 8GX
73. *M @ ODQEDBSKX RXLLDSQHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM, VGDM VNTKC SGD LNCD AD CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD LD@M @MC LDCH@M
&-+#5-0)
2.1 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? 1JL?;> I@ NB? ";N;
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ D?D; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQR ADKNV CDRBQHAD SGD ETKK-SHLD
DPTHU@KDMS MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR ('5&4) D@BG XD@Q @S -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD EQNL 1976k1977 SGQNTFG 2004k2005.
c Z = 1000 '5&4
c LDCH@M = 1,014 '5&4
c \ = 474 '5&4
c EHQRS PT@QSHKD = 528.5 '5&4
c SGHQC PT@QSHKD = 1,447.5 '5&4
c D = 29 XD@QR
74. " R@LOKD NE 11 XD@QR HR S@JDM. "ANTS GNV L@MX @QD DWODBSDC SN G@UD @ '5&4 NE 1014 NQ @ANUD &WOK@HM GNV XNT
CDSDQLHMDC XNTQ @MRVDQ.
75. 75% NE @KK XD@QR G@UD @M '5&4:
=. @S NQ ADKNV: ?????
>. @S NQ @ANUD: ?????
76. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = ?????
77. 8G@S ODQBDMS NE SGD '5&4 VDQD EQNL 528.5 SN 1447.5 )NV CN XNT JMNV
78. 8G@S HR SGD "*+ 8G@S CNDR SGD "*+ QDOQDRDMS
79. )NV L@MX RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @V@X EQNL SGD LD@M HR SGD LDCH@M
A::?J?ED7B "D<EHC7J?ED: 5GD ONOTK@SHNM '5&4 ENQ 2005k2006 SGQNTFG 2010k2011 V@R FHUDM HM @M TOC@SDC QDONQS. 5GD C@S@
@QD QDONQSDC GDQD.
7?;L 2005_06 2006_07 2007_08 2008_09 2009_10 2010_11
2IN;F $2#1 1,585 1,690 1,735 1,935 2,021 1,890
2;<F? 2.61
80. $@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M, LDCH@M, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD @MC SGD "*+. 3NTMC SN NMD CDBHL@K
OK@BD.
81. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS ENQ SGD '5&4 ENQ 2005k2006 SGQNTFG 2010k2011 @MC @ ANW OKNS ENQ SGD '5&4 ENQ 1976k1977
SGQNTFG 2004k2005.
82. $NLO@QD SGD "*+ ENQ SGD '5&4 ENQ 1976k77 SGQNTFG 2004k2005 VHSG SGD "*+ ENQ SGD '5&4 ENQ 2005-2006 SGQNTFG
2010k2011. 8GX CN XNT RTOONRD SGD "*+R @QD RN CHEEDQDMS
83. 5GQDD RSTCDMSR VDQD @OOKXHMF SN SGD R@LD FQ@CT@SD RBGNNK. 5GDX B@LD EQNL RBGNNKR VHSG CHEEDQDMS FQ@CHMF RXRSDLR.
8GHBG RSTCDMS G@C SGD ADRS (1" VGDM BNLO@QDC SN NSGDQ RSTCDMSR @S GHR RBGNNK &WOK@HM GNV XNT CDSDQLHMDC XNTQ @MRVDQ.
1NO>?HN %.A 1=BIIF AP?L;A? %.A 1=BIIF 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
3DQU 2.7 3.2 0.8
5E?DAP 87 75 20
2;<F? 2.62
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 149
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1NO>?HN %.A 1=BIIF AP?L;A? %.A 1=BIIF 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
*=I=H= 8.6 8 0.4
2;<F? 2.62
84. " LTRHB RBGNNK G@R ATCFDSDC SN OTQBG@RD SGQDD LTRHB@K HMRSQTLDMSR. 5GDX OK@M SN OTQBG@RD @ OH@MN BNRSHMF $3,000, @
FTHS@Q BNRSHMF $550, @MC @ CQTL RDS BNRSHMF $600. 5GD LD@M BNRS ENQ @ OH@MN HR $4,000 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $2,500.
5GD LD@M BNRS ENQ @ FTHS@Q HR $500 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $200. 5GD LD@M BNRS ENQ CQTLR HR $700 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE $100. 8GHBG BNRS HR SGD KNVDRS, VGDM BNLO@QDC SN NSGDQ HMRSQTLDMSR NE SGD R@LD SXOD 8GHBG BNRS HR SGD GHFGDRS
VGDM BNLO@QDC SN NSGDQ HMRSQTLDMSR NE SGD R@LD SXOD. +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ.
85. "M DKDLDMS@QX RBGNNK BK@RR Q@M NMD LHKD VHSG @ LD@M NE 11 LHMTSDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGQDD LHMTSDR. 3@BGDK,
@ RSTCDMS HM SGD BK@RR, Q@M NMD LHKD HM DHFGS LHMTSDR. " ITMHNQ GHFG RBGNNK BK@RR Q@M NMD LHKD VHSG @ LD@M NE MHMD LHMTSDR
@MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN LHMTSDR. ,DMIH, @ RSTCDMS HM SGD BK@RR, Q@M 1 LHKD HM 8.5 LHMTSDR. " GHFG RBGNNK BK@RR Q@M NMD
LHKD VHSG @ LD@M NE RDUDM LHMTSDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE ENTQ LHMTSDR. /DCC@, @ RSTCDMS HM SGD BK@RR, Q@M NMD LHKD HM
DHFGS LHMTSDR.
=. 8GX HR ,DMIH BNMRHCDQDC @ ADSSDQ QTMMDQ SG@M /DCC@, DUDM SGNTFG /DCC@ Q@M E@RSDQ SG@M GD
>. 8GN HR SGD E@RSDRS QTMMDQ VHSG QDRODBS SN GHR NQ GDQ BK@RR &WOK@HM VGX.
86. 5GD LNRS NADRD BNTMSQHDR HM SGD VNQKC G@UD NADRHSX Q@SDR SG@S Q@MFD EQNL 11.4% SN 74.6%. 5GHR C@S@ HR RTLL@QHYDC HM
2;<F? 14.
.?L=?HN I@ .IJOF;NCIH -<?M? ,OG<?L I@ !IOHNLC?M
11.4_20.45 29
20.45_29.45 13
29.45_38.45 4
38.45_47.45 0
47.45_56.45 2
56.45_65.45 1
65.45_74.45 0
74.45_83.45 1
2;<F? 2.63
8G@S HR SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD NE SGD @UDQ@FD NADRHSX ODQBDMS@FD ENQ SGDRD BNTMSQHDR 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD KHRSDC
NADRHSX Q@SDR 5GD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR G@R @M @UDQ@FD NADRHSX Q@SD NE 33.9%. *R SGHR Q@SD @ANUD @UDQ@FD NQ ADKNV )NV oTMTRT@Kp
HR SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDRn NADRHSX Q@SD BNLO@QDC SN SGD @UDQ@FD Q@SD &WOK@HM.
87. 2;<F? 2.64 FHUDR SGD ODQBDMS NE BGHKCQDM TMCDQ EHUD BNMRHCDQDC SN AD TMCDQVDHFGS.
150 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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.?L=?HN I@ 3H>?LQ?CABN !BCF>L?H ,OG<?L I@ !IOHNLC?M
16_21.45 23
21.45_26.9 4
26.9_32.35 9
32.35_37.8 7
37.8_43.25 6
43.25_48.7 1
2;<F? 2.64
8G@S HR SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD LD@M ODQBDMS@FD NE TMCDQVDHFGS BGHKCQDM 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM 8GHBG
HMSDQU@K(R) BNTKC AD BNMRHCDQDC TMTRT@K &WOK@HM.
88. 4STCDMS FQ@CDR NM @ BGDLHRSQX DW@L VDQD: 77, 78, 76, 81, 86, 51, 79, 82, 84, 99
=. $NMRSQTBS @ RSDL-@MC-KD@E OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
>. "QD SGDQD @MX ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR *E RN, VGHBG RBNQDR @QD SGDX 8GX CN XNT BNMRHCDQ SGDL NTSKHDQR
89. 2;<F? 2.65 BNMS@HMR SGD 2010 NADRHSX Q@SDR HM 6.4. RS@SDR @MC 8@RGHMFSNM, %$.
1N;N? .?L=?HN (%) 1N;N? .?L=?HN (%) 1N;N? .?L=?HN (%)
H=>=I= 32.2 *AJPQ?GU 31.3 -KNPD #=GKP= 27.2
H=OG= 24.5 +KQEOE=J= 31.0 .DEK 29.2
NEVKJ= 24.3 ,=EJA 26.8 .GH=DKI= 30.4
NG=JO=O 30.1 ,=NUH=J@ 27.1 .NACKJ 26.8
"=HEBKNJE= 24.0 ,=OO=?DQOAPPO 23.0 /AJJOUHR=JE= 28.6
"KHKN=@K 21.0 ,E?DEC=J 30.9 1DK@A (OH=J@ 25.5
"KJJA?PE?QP 22.5 ,EJJAOKP= 24.8 2KQPD "=NKHEJ= 31.5
#AH=S=NA 28.0 ,EOOEOOELLE 34.0 2KQPD #=GKP= 27.3
6=ODEJCPKJ, #" 22.2 ,EOOKQNE 30.5 3AJJAOOAA 30.8
%HKNE@= 26.6 ,KJP=J= 23.0 3AT=O 31.0
2;<F? 2.65
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 151
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&AKNCE= 29.6 -A>N=OG= 26.9 4P=D 22.5
'=S=EE 22.7 -AR=@= 22.4 5ANIKJP 23.2
(@=DK 26.5 -AS '=ILODENA 25.0 5ENCEJE= 26.0
(HHEJKEO 28.2 -AS )ANOAU 23.8 6=ODEJCPKJ 25.5
(J@E=J= 29.6 -AS ,ATE?K 25.1 6AOP 5ENCEJE= 32.5
(KS= 28.4 -AS 8KNG 23.9 6EO?KJOEJ 26.3
*=JO=O 29.4 -KNPD "=NKHEJ= 27.8 6UKIEJC 25.1
2;<F? 2.65
=. 6RD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN Q@MCNLKX OHBJ DHFGS RS@SDR. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG NE SGD NADRHSX Q@SDR NE SGNRD
DHFGS RS@SDR.
>. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG ENQ @KK SGD RS@SDR ADFHMMHMF VHSG SGD KDSSDQ ""."
?. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG ENQ @KK SGD RS@SDR ADFHMMHMF VHSG SGD KDSSDQ ".."
90. 4TOONRD SG@S SGQDD ANNJ OTAKHRGDQR VDQD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE EHBSHNM O@ODQA@BJR @CTKS BNMRTLDQR OTQBG@RD ODQ
LNMSG. &@BG OTAKHRGDQ BNMCTBSDC @ RTQUDX. *M SGD RTQUDX, @CTKS BNMRTLDQR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE EHBSHNM O@ODQA@BJR SGDX
G@C OTQBG@RDC SGD OQDUHNTR LNMSG. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
# I@ <IIEM $L?K. 0?F. $L?K.
0 10
1 12
2 16
3 12
4 8
5 6
6 2
8 2
2;<F? 2.66 .O<FCMB?L A
152 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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# I@ <IIEM $L?K. 0?F. $L?K.
0 18
1 24
2 24
3 22
4 15
5 10
7 5
9 1
2;<F? 2.67 .O<FCMB?L
# I@ <IIEM $L?K. 0?F. $L?K.
0_1 20
2_3 35
4_5 12
6_7 2
8_9 1
2;<F? 2.68 .O<FCMB?L !
=. 'HMC SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR ENQ D@BG RTQUDX. 8QHSD SGDL HM SGD BG@QSR.
>. 6RHMF DHSGDQ @ FQ@OGHMF B@KBTK@SNQ, BNLOTSDQ, NQ AX G@MC, TRD SGD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM SN BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L ENQ
D@BG OTAKHRGDQ'R RTQUDX. 'NQ 1TAKHRGDQR " @MC #, L@JD A@Q VHCSGR NE NMD. 'NQ 1TAKHRGDQ $, L@JD A@Q VHCSGR NE
SVN.
?. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, FHUD SVN QD@RNMR VGX SGD FQ@OGR ENQ 1TAKHRGDQR " @MC # @QD MNS HCDMSHB@K.
@. 8NTKC XNT G@UD DWODBSDC SGD FQ@OG ENQ 1TAKHRGDQ $ SN KNNJ KHJD SGD NSGDQ SVN FQ@OGR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
A. .@JD MDV GHRSNFQ@LR ENQ 1TAKHRGDQ " @MC 1TAKHRGDQ #. 5GHR SHLD, L@JD A@Q VHCSGR NE SVN.
B. /NV, BNLO@QD SGD FQ@OG ENQ 1TAKHRGDQ $ SN SGD MDV FQ@OGR ENQ 1TAKHRGDQR " @MC #. "QD SGD FQ@OGR LNQD RHLHK@Q
NQ LNQD CHEEDQDMS &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ.
91. 0ESDM, BQTHRD RGHOR BNMCTBS @KK NM-AN@QC SQ@MR@BSHNMR, VHSG SGD DWBDOSHNM NE F@LAKHMF, NM @ B@RGKDRR A@RHR. "S SGD DMC
NE SGD BQTHRD, FTDRSR O@X NMD AHKK SG@S BNUDQR @KK NMAN@QC SQ@MR@BSHNMR. 4TOONRD SG@S 60 RHMFKD SQ@UDKDQR @MC 70 BNTOKDR VDQD
RTQUDXDC @R SN SGDHQ NM-AN@QC AHKKR ENQ @ RDUDM-C@X BQTHRD EQNL-NR "MFDKDR SN SGD .DWHB@M 3HUHDQ@. 'NKKNVHMF HR @ RTLL@QX
NE SGD AHKKR ENQ D@BG FQNTO.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 153
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AGIOHN($) $L?KO?H=S 0?F. $L?KO?H=S
51_100 5
101_150 10
151_200 15
201_250 15
251_300 10
301_350 5
2;<F? 2.69 1CHAF?M
AGIOHN($) $L?KO?H=S 0?F. $L?KO?H=S
100_150 5
201_250 5
251_300 5
301_350 5
351_400 10
401_450 10
451_500 10
501_550 10
551_600 5
601_650 5
2;<F? 2.70 !IOJF?M
=. 'HKK HM SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX ENQ D@BG FQNTO.
>. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L ENQ SGD RHMFKDR FQNTO. 4B@KD SGD N-@WHR AX $50 VHCSGR. 6RD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NM SGD O-@WHR.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L ENQ SGD BNTOKDR FQNTO. 4B@KD SGD N-@WHR AX $50 VHCSGR. 6RD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NM SGD O-@WHR.
@. $NLO@QD SGD SVN FQ@OGR:
E. -HRS SVN RHLHK@QHSHDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR.
EE. -HRS SVN CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR.
EEE. 0UDQ@KK, @QD SGD FQ@OGR LNQD RHLHK@Q NQ CHEEDQDMS
154 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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A. $NMRSQTBS @ MDV FQ@OG ENQ SGD BNTOKDR AX G@MC. 4HMBD D@BG BNTOKD HR O@XHMF ENQ SVN HMCHUHCT@KR, HMRSD@C NE RB@KHMF
SGD N-@WHR AX $50, RB@KD HS AX $100. 6RD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NM SGD O-@WHR.
B. $NLO@QD SGD FQ@OG ENQ SGD RHMFKDR VHSG SGD MDV FQ@OG ENQ SGD BNTOKDR:
E. -HRS SVN RHLHK@QHSHDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR.
EE. 0UDQ@KK, @QD SGD FQ@OGR LNQD RHLHK@Q NQ CHEEDQDMS
C. )NV CHC RB@KHMF SGD BNTOKDR FQ@OG CHEEDQDMSKX BG@MFD SGD V@X XNT BNLO@QDC HS SN SGD RHMFKDR FQ@OG
D. #@RDC NM SGD FQ@OGR, CN XNT SGHMJ SG@S HMCHUHCT@KR RODMC SGD R@LD @LNTMS, LNQD NQ KDRR, @R RHMFKDR @R SGDX CN
ODQRNM AX ODQRNM @R @ BNTOKD &WOK@HM VGX HM NMD NQ SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
92. 5VDMSX-EHUD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE LNUHDR SGDX V@SBGDC SGD OQDUHNTR VDDJ. 5GD QDRTKSR
@QD @R ENKKNVR.
# I@ GIPC?M $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0 5
1 9
2 6
3 4
4 1
2;<F? 2.71
=. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD C@S@.
>. $NLOKDSD SGD BNKTLMR NE SGD BG@QS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD NMD GTMCQDC DKDUDM ODNOKD VGN RGNOODC HM @
RODBH@K S-RGHQS RSNQD VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE S-RGHQSR SGDX NVM BNRSHMF LNQD SG@M $19 D@BG.
93. 5GD ODQBDMS@FD NE ODNOKD VGN NVM @S LNRS SGQDD S-RGHQSR BNRSHMF LNQD SG@M $19 D@BG HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX:
=. 21
>. 59
?. 41
@. $@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC
94. *E SGD C@S@ VDQD BNKKDBSDC AX @RJHMF SGD EHQRS 111 ODNOKD VGN DMSDQDC SGD RSNQD, SGDM SGD SXOD NE R@LOKHMF HR:
=. BKTRSDQ
>. RHLOKD Q@MCNL
?. RSQ@SHEHDC
@. BNMUDMHDMBD
95. 'NKKNVHMF @QD SGD 2010 NADRHSX Q@SDR AX 6.4. RS@SDR @MC 8@RGHMFSNM, %$.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 155
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H=>=I= 32.2 *AJPQ?GU 31.3 -KNPD #=GKP= 27.2
H=OG= 24.5 +KQEOE=J= 31.0 .DEK 29.2
NEVKJ= 24.3 ,=EJA 26.8 .GH=DKI= 30.4
NG=JO=O 30.1 ,=NUH=J@ 27.1 .NACKJ 26.8
"=HEBKNJE= 24.0 ,=OO=?DQOAPPO 23.0 /AJJOUHR=JE= 28.6
"KHKN=@K 21.0 ,E?DEC=J 30.9 1DK@A (OH=J@ 25.5
"KJJA?PE?QP 22.5 ,EJJAOKP= 24.8 2KQPD "=NKHEJ= 31.5
#AH=S=NA 28.0 ,EOOEOOELLE 34.0 2KQPD #=GKP= 27.3
6=ODEJCPKJ, #" 22.2 ,EOOKQNE 30.5 3AJJAOOAA 30.8
%HKNE@= 26.6 ,KJP=J= 23.0 3AT=O 31.0
&AKNCE= 29.6 -A>N=OG= 26.9 4P=D 22.5
'=S=EE 22.7 -AR=@= 22.4 5ANIKJP 23.2
(@=DK 26.5 -AS '=ILODENA 25.0 5ENCEJE= 26.0
(HHEJKEO 28.2 -AS )ANOAU 23.8 6=ODEJCPKJ 25.5
(J@E=J= 29.6 -AS ,ATE?K 25.1 6AOP 5ENCEJE= 32.5
(KS= 28.4 -AS 8KNG 23.9 6EO?KJOEJ 26.3
*=JO=O 29.4 -KNPD "=NKHEJ= 27.8 6UKIEJC 25.1
2;<F? 2.72
$NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG NE NADRHSX Q@SDR NE XNTQ RS@SD @MC SGD ENTQ RS@SDR BKNRDRS SN XNTQ RS@SD. )HMS: -@ADK SGD N-@WHR VHSG SGD
RS@SDR.
2.4 IR .FINM
96. *M @ RTQUDX NE 20-XD@Q-NKCR HM $GHM@, (DQL@MX, @MC SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR, ODNOKD VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE ENQDHFM
BNTMSQHDR SGDX G@C UHRHSDC HM SGDHQ KHEDSHLD. 5GD ENKKNVHMF ANW OKNSR CHROK@X SGD QDRTKSR.
156 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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$CAOL? 2.41
=. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, CDRBQHAD VG@S SGD RG@OD NE D@BG ANW OKNS HLOKHDR @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@
BNKKDBSDC.
>. )@UD LNQD "LDQHB@MR NQ LNQD (DQL@MR RTQUDXDC ADDM SN NUDQ DHFGS ENQDHFM BNTMSQHDR
?. $NLO@QD SGD SGQDD ANW OKNSR. 8G@S CN SGDX HLOKX @ANTS SGD ENQDHFM SQ@UDK NE 20-XD@Q-NKC QDRHCDMSR NE SGD SGQDD
BNTMSQHDR VGDM BNLO@QDC SN D@BG NSGDQ
97. (HUDM SGD ENKKNVHMF ANW OKNS, @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
$CAOL? 2.42
=. 5GHMJ NE @M DW@LOKD (HM VNQCR) VGDQD SGD C@S@ LHFGS EHS HMSN SGD @ANUD ANW OKNS. *M 2k5 RDMSDMBDR, VQHSD CNVM SGD
DW@LOKD.
>. 8G@S CNDR HS LD@M SN G@UD SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC PT@QSHKDR RN BKNRD SNFDSGDQ, VGHKD SGD RDBNMC SN SGHQC PT@QSHKDR @QD
E@Q @O@QS
98. (HUDM SGD ENKKNVHMF ANW OKNS, @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
$CAOL? 2.43
=. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX D@BG RS@SDLDMS HR E@KRD.
E. !6I6 1 G@R LNQD C@S@ U@KTDR @ANUD SVN SG@M !6I6 2 G@R @ANUD SVN.
EE. 5GD C@S@ RDSR B@MMNS G@UD SGD R@LD LNCD.
EEE. 'NQ !6I6 1, SGDQD @QD LNQD C@S@ U@KTDR ADKNV ENTQ SG@M SGDQD @QD @ANUD ENTQ.
>. 'NQ VGHBG FQNTO, %@S@ 1 NQ %@S@ 2, HR SGD U@KTD NE o7p LNQD KHJDKX SN AD @M NTSKHDQ &WOK@HM VGX HM BNLOKDSD
RDMSDMBDR.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 157
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99. " RTQUDX V@R BNMCTBSDC NE 130 OTQBG@RDQR NE MDV #.83 RDQHDR B@QR, 130 OTQBG@RDQR NE MDV #.85 RDQHDR B@QR, @MC
130 OTQBG@RDQR NE MDV #.8 7 RDQHDR B@QR. *M HS, ODNOKD VDQD @RJDC SGD @FD SGDX VDQD VGDM SGDX OTQBG@RDC SGDHQ B@Q. 5GD
ENKKNVHMF ANW OKNSR CHROK@X SGD QDRTKSR.
$CAOL? 2.44
=. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, CDRBQHAD VG@S SGD RG@OD NE D@BG ANW OKNS HLOKHDR @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC
ENQ SG@S B@Q RDQHDR.
>. 8GHBG FQNTO HR LNRS KHJDKX SN G@UD @M NTSKHDQ &WOK@HM GNV XNT CDSDQLHMDC SG@S.
?. $NLO@QD SGD SGQDD ANW OKNSR. 8G@S CN SGDX HLOKX @ANTS SGD @FD NE OTQBG@RHMF @ #.8 EQNL SGD RDQHDR VGDM
BNLO@QDC SN D@BG NSGDQ
@. -NNJ @S SGD #.8 5 RDQHDR. 8GHBG PT@QSDQ G@R SGD RL@KKDRS ROQD@C NE C@S@ 8G@S HR SGD ROQD@C
A. -NNJ @S SGD #.8 5 RDQHDR. 8GHBG PT@QSDQ G@R SGD K@QFDRS ROQD@C NE C@S@ 8G@S HR SGD ROQD@C
B. -NNJ @S SGD #.8 5 RDQHDR. &RSHL@SD SGD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD (*23).
C. -NNJ @S SGD #.8 5 RDQHDR. "QD SGDQD LNQD C@S@ HM SGD HMSDQU@K 31 SN 38 NQ HM SGD HMSDQU@K 45 SN 55 )NV CN XNT
JMNV SGHR
D. -NNJ @S SGD #.8 5 RDQHDR. 8GHBG HMSDQU@K G@R SGD EDVDRS C@S@ HM HS )NV CN XNT JMNV SGHR
E. 31k35
EE. 38k41
EEE. 41k64
@QD @R ENKKNVR:
0 5
1 9
2 6
3 4
4 1
2;<F? 2.73
$NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
101. 5GD LDCH@M @FD ENQ 6.4. AK@BJR BTQQDMSKX HR 30.9 XD@QR; ENQ 6.4. VGHSDR HS HR 42.3 XD@QR.
=. #@RDC TONM SGHR HMENQL@SHNM, FHUD SVN QD@RNMR VGX SGD AK@BJ LDCH@M @FD BNTKC AD KNVDQ SG@M SGD VGHSD LDCH@M
@FD.
>. %NDR SGD KNVDQ LDCH@M @FD ENQ AK@BJR MDBDRR@QHKX LD@M SG@S AK@BJR CHD XNTMFDQ SG@M VGHSDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
158 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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?. )NV LHFGS HS AD ONRRHAKD ENQ AK@BJR @MC VGHSDR SN CHD @S @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD @FD, ATS ENQ SGD LDCH@M @FD ENQ
VGHSDR SN AD GHFGDQ
102. 4HW )TMCQDC @CTKS "LDQHB@MR VDQD @RJDC AX SDKDOGNMD ONKK, "8G@S CN XNT SGHMJ BNMRSHSTSDR @ LHCCKD-BK@RR HMBNLD"
5GD QDRTKSR @QD HM 2;<F? 2.74. "KRN, HMBKTCD KDES DMCONHMS, ATS MNS SGD QHFGS DMCONHMS.
1;F;LS ($) 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
< 20,000 0.02
20,000_25,000 0.09
25,000_30,000 0.19
30,000_40,000 0.26
40,000_50,000 0.18
50,000_75,000 0.17
75,000_99,999 0.02
100,000+ 0.01
2;<F? 2.74
=. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD RTQUDX @MRVDQDC "MNS RTQD"
>. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD SGHMJ SG@S LHCCKD-BK@RR HR EQNL $25,000 SN $50,000
?. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD C@S@.
E. 4GNTKC @KK A@QR G@UD SGD R@LD VHCSG, A@RDC NM SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
EE. )NV RGNTKC SGD <20,000 @MC SGD 100,000+ HMSDQU@KR AD G@MCKDC 8GX
@. 'HMC SGD 40
SG
@MC 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKDR
A. $NMRSQTBS @ A@Q FQ@OG NE SGD C@S@
103. (HUDM SGD ENKKNVHMF ANW OKNS:
$CAOL? 2.45
=. VGHBG PT@QSDQ G@R SGD RL@KKDRS ROQD@C NE C@S@ 8G@S HR SG@S ROQD@C
>. VGHBG PT@QSDQ G@R SGD K@QFDRS ROQD@C NE C@S@ 8G@S HR SG@S ROQD@C
?. EHMC SGD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD ("*+).
@. @QD SGDQD LNQD C@S@ HM SGD HMSDQU@K 5k10 NQ HM SGD HMSDQU@K 10k13 )NV CN XNT JMNV SGHR
A. VGHBG HMSDQU@K G@R SGD EDVDRS C@S@ HM HS )NV CN XNT JMNV SGHR
E. 0k2
EE. 2k4
EEE. 10k12
ER. 12k13
R. MDDC LNQD HMENQL@SHNM
104. 5GD ENKKNVHMF ANW OKNS RGNVR SGD 6.4. ONOTK@SHNM ENQ 1990, SGD K@SDRS @U@HK@AKD XD@Q.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 159
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$CAOL? 2.46
=. "QD SGDQD EDVDQ NQ LNQD BGHKCQDM (@FD 17 @MC TMCDQ) SG@M RDMHNQ BHSHYDMR (@FD 65 @MC NUDQ) )NV CN XNT JMNV
>. 12.6% @QD @FD 65 @MC NUDQ. "OOQNWHL@SDKX VG@S ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @QD VNQJHMF @FD @CTKSR (@ANUD @FD
17 SN @FD 65)
2.6 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
105. 5GD LNRS NADRD BNTMSQHDR HM SGD VNQKC G@UD NADRHSX Q@SDR SG@S Q@MFD EQNL 11.4% SN 74.6%. 5GHR C@S@ HR RTLL@QHYDC HM
SGD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD.
.?L=?HN I@ .IJOF;NCIH -<?M? ,OG<?L I@ !IOHNLC?M
11.4_20.45 29
20.45_29.45 13
29.45_38.45 4
38.45_47.45 0
47.45_56.45 2
56.45_65.45 1
65.45_74.45 0
74.45_83.45 1
2;<F? 2.75
=. 8G@S HR SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD NE SGD @UDQ@FD NADRHSX ODQBDMS@FD ENQ SGDRD BNTMSQHDR
>. 5GD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR G@R @M @UDQ@FD NADRHSX Q@SD NE 33.9%. *R SGHR Q@SD @ANUD @UDQ@FD NQ ADKNV
?. )NV CNDR SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR BNLO@QD SN NSGDQ BNTMSQHDR
106. 2;<F? 2.76 FHUDR SGD ODQBDMS NE BGHKCQDM TMCDQ EHUD BNMRHCDQDC SN AD TMCDQVDHFGS. 8G@S HR SGD ADRS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD
LD@M ODQBDMS@FD NE TMCDQVDHFGS BGHKCQDM
16_21.45 23
21.45_26.9 4
2;<F? 2.76
160 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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26.9_32.35 9
32.35_37.8 7
37.8_43.25 6
43.25_48.7 1
2;<F? 2.76
2.7 1E?QH?MM ;H> NB? +?;H, +?>C;H, ;H> +I>?
107. 5GD LDCH@M @FD NE SGD 6.4. ONOTK@SHNM HM 1980 V@R 30.0 XD@QR. *M 1991, SGD LDCH@M @FD V@R 33.1 XD@QR.
=. 8G@S CNDR HS LD@M ENQ SGD LDCH@M @FD SN QHRD
>. (HUD SVN QD@RNMR VGX SGD LDCH@M @FD BNTKC QHRD.
?. 'NQ SGD LDCH@M @FD SN QHRD, HR SGD @BST@K MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM KDRR HM 1991 SG@M HS V@R HM 1980 8GX NQ VGX MNS
0',%',% '2 2-%#2&#0 : &-+#5-0)
@QD @R ENKKNVR:
0 5
1 9
2 6
3 4
4 1
2;<F? 2.77
=. 'HMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M x
.
>. 'HMC SGD @OOQNWHL@SD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I.
109. 'NQSX Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE O@HQR NE RMD@JDQR SGDX NVMDC. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE O@HQR
NE RMD@JDQR NVMDC. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
" $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
1 2
2;<F? 2.78
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 161
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" $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
2 5
3 8
4 12
5 12
6 0
7 1
2;<F? 2.78
=. 'HMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M x
>. 'HMC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I

?. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD C@S@.
@. $NLOKDSD SGD BNKTLMR NE SGD BG@QS.
A. 'HMC SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD.
B. 'HMC SGD LDCH@M.
C. 'HMC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD.
D. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
E. 8G@S ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR NVMDC @S KD@RS EHUD O@HQR
F. 'HMC SGD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
G. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
H. $NMRSQTBS @ KHMD FQ@OG NE SGD C@S@
I. $NMRSQTBS @ RSDLOKNS NE SGD C@S@
110. 'NKKNVHMF @QD SGD OTAKHRGDC VDHFGSR (HM ONTMCR) NE @KK NE SGD SD@LLDLADQR NE SGD 4@M 'Q@MBHRBN 49DQR EQNL@ OQDUHNTR
XD@Q.
177; 205; 210; 210; 232; 205; 185; 185; 178; 210; 206; 212; 184; 174; 185; 242; 188; 212; 215; 247; 241; 223; 220;
260; 245; 259; 278; 270; 280; 295; 275; 285; 290; 272; 273; 280; 285; 286; 200; 215; 185; 230; 250; 241; 190; 260; 250;
302; 265; 290; 276; 228; 265
=. 0QF@MHYD SGD C@S@ EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS U@KTD.
>. 'HMC SGD LDCH@M.
?. 'HMC SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD.
@. 'HMC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD.
A. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
B. 5GD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD VDHFGSR @QD EQNL ??????? SN ???????.
C. *E NTQ ONOTK@SHNM VDQD @KK OQNEDRRHNM@K ENNSA@KK OK@XDQR, VNTKC SGD @ANUD C@S@ AD @ R@LOKD NE VDHFGSR NQ SGD
ONOTK@SHNM NE VDHFGSR 8GX
D. *E NTQ ONOTK@SHNM HMBKTCDC DUDQX SD@LLDLADQ VGN DUDQ OK@XDC ENQ SGD 4@M 'Q@MBHRBN 49DQR, VNTKC SGD @ANUD C@S@
AD @ R@LOKD NE VDHFGSR NQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM NE VDHFGSR 8GX
E. "RRTLD SGD ONOTK@SHNM V@R SGD 4@M 'Q@MBHRBN 49DQR. 'HMC:
E. SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, Z.
EE. SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \.
EEE. SGD VDHFGS SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M.
ER. 8GDM 4SDUD :NTMF, PT@QSDQA@BJ, OK@XDC ENNSA@KK, GD VDHFGDC 205 ONTMCR. )NV L@MX RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD NQ ADKNV SGD LD@M V@R GD
F. 5G@S R@LD XD@Q, SGD LD@M VDHFGS ENQ SGD %@KK@R $NVANXR V@R 240.08 ONTMCR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 44.38
ONTMCR. &LLHS 4LHSG VDHFGDC HM @S 209 ONTMCR. 8HSG QDRODBS SN GHR SD@L, VGN V@R KHFGSDQ, 4LHSG NQ :NTMF )NV
CHC XNT CDSDQLHMD XNTQ @MRVDQ
162 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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111. 0MD GTMCQDC SD@BGDQR @SSDMCDC @ RDLHM@Q NM L@SGDL@SHB@K OQNAKDL RNKUHMF. 5GD @SSHSTCDR NE @ QDOQDRDMS@SHUD R@LOKD
NE 12 NE SGD SD@BGDQR VDQD LD@RTQDC ADENQD @MC @ESDQ SGD RDLHM@Q. " ONRHSHUD MTLADQ ENQ BG@MFD HM @SSHSTCD HMCHB@SDR SG@S @
SD@BGDQ'R @SSHSTCD SNV@QC L@SG ADB@LD LNQD ONRHSHUD. 5GD 12 BG@MFD RBNQDR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
3; 8; k1; 2; 0; 5; k3; 1; k1; 6; 5; k2
=. 8G@S HR SGD LD@M BG@MFD RBNQD
>. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGHR ONOTK@SHNM
?. 8G@S HR SGD LDCH@M BG@MFD RBNQD
@. 'HMC SGD BG@MFD RBNQD SG@S HR 2.2 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M.
112. 3DEDQ SN $CAOL? 2.47 CDSDQLHMD VGHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF @QD SQTD @MC VGHBG @QD E@KRD. &WOK@HM XNTQ RNKTSHNM SN D@BG
O@QS HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
$CAOL? 2.47
=. 5GD LDCH@MR ENQ @KK SGQDD FQ@OGR @QD SGD R@LD.
>. 8D B@MMNS CDSDQLHMD HE @MX NE SGD LD@MR ENQ SGD SGQDD FQ@OGR HR CHEEDQDMS.
?. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ FQ@OG A HR K@QFDQ SG@M SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ FQ@OG @.
@. 8D B@MMNS CDSDQLHMD HE @MX NE SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKDR ENQ SGD SGQDD FQ@OGR HR CHEEDQDMS.
113. *M @ QDBDMS HRRTD NE SGD "EEE ,F;9JHKC, 84 DMFHMDDQHMF BNMEDQDMBDR VDQD @MMNTMBDC. 'NTQ BNMEDQDMBDR K@RSDC SVN C@XR.
5GHQSX-RHW K@RSDC SGQDD C@XR. &HFGSDDM K@RSDC ENTQ C@XR. /HMDSDDM K@RSDC EHUD C@XR. 'NTQ K@RSDC RHW C@XR. 0MD K@RSDC RDUDM
C@XR. 0MD K@RSDC DHFGS C@XR. 0MD K@RSDC MHMD C@XR. -DS 1 = SGD KDMFSG (HM C@XR) NE @M DMFHMDDQHMF BNMEDQDMBD.
=. 0QF@MHYD SGD C@S@ HM @ BG@QS.
>. 'HMC SGD LDCH@M, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD.
?. 'HMC SGD 65
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
@. 'HMC SGD 10
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
A. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
B. 5GD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD BNMEDQDMBDR K@RS EQNL ??????? C@XR SN ??????? C@XR.
C. $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M NE C@XR NE DMFHMDDQHMF BNMEDQDMBDR.
D. $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE C@XR NE DMFHMDDQHMF BNMEDQDMBDR.
E. 'HMC SGD LNCD.
F. *E XNT VDQD OK@MMHMF @M DMFHMDDQHMF BNMEDQDMBD, VGHBG VNTKC XNT BGNNRD @R SGD KDMFSG NE SGD BNMEDQDMBD: LD@M;
LDCH@M; NQ LNCD &WOK@HM VGX XNT L@CD SG@S BGNHBD.
G. (HUD SVN QD@RNMR VGX XNT SGHMJ SG@S SGQDD SN EHUD C@XR RDDL SN AD ONOTK@Q KDMFSGR NE DMFHMDDQHMF BNMEDQDMBDR.
114. " RTQUDX NE DMQNKKLDMS @S 35 BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFDR @BQNRR SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR XHDKCDC SGD ENKKNVHMF EHFTQDR:
6414; 1550; 2109; 9350; 21828; 4300; 5944; 5722; 2825; 2044; 5481; 5200; 5853; 2750; 10012; 6357; 27000; 9414;
7681; 3200; 17500; 9200; 7380; 18314; 6557; 13713; 17768; 7493; 2771; 2861; 1263; 7285; 28165; 5080; 11622
=. 0QF@MHYD SGD C@S@ HMSN @ BG@QS VHSG EHUD HMSDQU@KR NE DPT@K VHCSG. -@ADK SGD SVN BNKTLMR "&MQNKKLDMS" @MC
"'QDPTDMBX."
>. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD C@S@.
?. *E XNT VDQD SN ATHKC @ MDV BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD, VGHBG OHDBD NE HMENQL@SHNM VNTKC AD LNQD U@KT@AKD: SGD LNCD NQ
SGD LD@M
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
A. $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
B. " RBGNNK VHSG @M DMQNKKLDMS NE 8000 VNTKC AD GNV L@MX RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @V@X EQNL SGD LD@M
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR ODQ VDDJ SG@S 100 BKHDMSR TRD @
O@QSHBTK@Q DWDQBHRD E@BHKHSX.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 163
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: $L?KO?H=S
0 3
1 12
2 33
3 28
4 11
5 9
6 4
2;<F? 2.79
115. 5GD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR ?????
=. 5
>. 80
?. 3
@. 4
116. 5GD MTLADQ SG@S HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR #&-08 SGD LD@M HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX ?????
=. 0.7
>. 4.8
?. k2.8
@. $@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC
117. 4TOONRD SG@S @ OTAKHRGDQ BNMCTBSDC @ RTQUDX @RJHMF @CTKS BNMRTLDQR SGD MTLADQ NE EHBSHNM O@ODQA@BJ ANNJR SGDX G@C
OTQBG@RDC HM SGD OQDUHNTR LNMSG. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD RTLL@QHYDC HM SGD 2;<F? 2.80.
# I@ <IIEM $L?K. 0?F. $L?K.
0 18
1 24
2 24
3 22
4 15
5 10
7 5
2;<F? 2.80
164 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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# I@ <IIEM $L?K. 0?F. $L?K.
9 1
2;<F? 2.80
=. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@ 6RD @M @OOQNOQH@SD MTLDQHB@K SDRS HMUNKUHMF SGD "*+ SN HCDMSHEX NTSKHDQR, HE @MX,
@MC BKD@QKX RS@SD XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM.
>. *E @ C@S@ U@KTD HR HCDMSHEHDC @R @M NTSKHDQ, VG@S RGNTKC AD CNMD @ANTS HS
?. "QD @MX C@S@ U@KTDR ETQSGDQ SG@M SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @V@X EQNL SGD LD@M *M RNLD RHST@SHNMR, RS@SHRSHBH@MR
L@X TRD SGHR BQHSDQH@ SN HCDMSHEX C@S@ U@KTDR SG@S @QD TMTRT@K, BNLO@QDC SN SGD NSGDQ C@S@ U@KTDR. (/NSD SG@S SGHR
BQHSDQH@ HR LNRS @OOQNOQH@SD SN TRD ENQ C@S@ SG@S HR LNTMC-RG@ODC @MC RXLLDSQHB, Q@SGDQ SG@M ENQ RJDVDC C@S@.)
@. %N O@QSR @ @MC B NE SGHR OQNAKDL FHUD SGD R@LD @MRVDQ
A. &W@LHMD SGD RG@OD NE SGD C@S@. 8GHBG O@QS, @ NQ B, NE SGHR PTDRSHNM FHUDR @ LNQD @OOQNOQH@SD QDRTKS ENQ SGHR C@S@
B. #@RDC NM SGD RG@OD NE SGD C@S@ VGHBG HR SGD LNRS @OOQNOQH@SD LD@RTQD NE BDMSDQ ENQ SGHR C@S@: LD@M, LDCH@M NQ
LNCD
118. 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX, $", G@R @OOQNWHL@SDKX 27,873 +@O@MDRD-"LDQHB@MR. 5GDHQ @FDR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
AA? %LIOJ .?L=?HN I@ !IGGOHCNS
0_17 18.9
18_24 8.0
25_34 22.8
35_44 15.0
45_54 13.1
55_64 11.9
65+ 10.3
2;<F? 2.81
=. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD +@O@MDRD-"LDQHB@M BNLLTMHSX HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX, $". 5GD A@QR VHKK CDI AD SGD
R@LD VHCSG ENQ SGHR DW@LOKD. 8GX MNS 8G@S HLO@BS CNDR SGHR G@UD NM SGD QDKH@AHKHSX NE SGD FQ@OG
>. 8G@S ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD BNLLTMHSX HR TMCDQ @FD 35
?. 8GHBG ANW OKNS LNRS QDRDLAKDR SGD HMENQL@SHNM @ANUD
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 165
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$CAOL? 2.48
119. +@UHDQ @MC &QBHKH@ @QD RTODQUHRNQR @S @ RGNOOHMF L@KK. &@BG V@R FHUDM SGD S@RJ NE DRSHL@SHMF SGD LD@M CHRS@MBD SG@S
RGNOODQR KHUD EQNL SGD L@KK. 5GDX D@BG Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC 100 RGNOODQR. 5GD R@LOKDR XHDKCDC SGD ENKKNVHMF HMENQL@SHNM.
(;PC?L #L=CFC;
x
6.0 IEHAO 6.0 IEHAO

s
4.0 IEHAO 7.0 IEHAO
2;<F? 2.82
=. )NV B@M XNT CDSDQLHMD VGHBG RTQUDX V@R BNQQDBS
>. &WOK@HM VG@S SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDXR HLOKHDR @ANTS SGD C@S@.
?. *E SGD SVN GHRSNFQ@LR CDOHBS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE U@KTDR ENQ D@BG RTODQUHRNQ, VGHBG NMD CDOHBSR &QBHKH@'R R@LOKD
)NV CN XNT JMNV
$CAOL? 2.49
@. *E SGD SVN ANW OKNSR CDOHBS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE U@KTDR ENQ D@BG RTODQUHRNQ, VGHBG NMD CDOHBSR &QBHKH@nR R@LOKD )NV
CN XNT JMNV
166 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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$CAOL? 2.50
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR RSTCDMSR HM
@ O@QSHBTK@Q DKDLDMS@QX RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR G@UD KHUDC HM $@KHENQMH@. 5GD HMENQL@SHNM HM SGD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD HR EQNL SGD DMSHQD
RDBSHNM.
,OG<?L I@ S?;LM $L?KO?H=S ,OG<?L I@ S?;LM $L?KO?H=S
7 1 22 1
14 3 23 1
15 1 26 1
18 1 40 2
19 4 42 2
20 3
2IN;F = 20
2;<F? 2.83
120. 8G@S HR SGD "*+
=. 8
>. 11
?. 15
@. 35
121. 8G@S HR SGD LNCD
=. 19
>. 19.5
?. 14 @MC 20
@. 22.65
122. *R SGHR @ R@LOKD NQ SGD DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM
=. R@LOKD
>. DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM
?. MDHSGDQ
0#$#0#,!#1
2.1 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? 1JL?;> I@ NB? ";N;
%@S@ EQNL .HBQNRNES #NNJRGDKE.
,HMF, #HKK.o(Q@OGHB@KKX 4OD@JHMF.p *MRSHSTSHNM@K 3DRD@QBG, -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.KSBB.DCT/VDA/@ANTS/HMRSHSTSHNM@K-QDRD@QBG (@BBDRRDC "OQHK 3, 2013).
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 167
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#TQA@QX, ,DM. F79;8EEA D;CE=H7F>?9I +;L?I?J;: ^ 2001 ,J7J?IJ?9I, 2011. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.JDMATQA@QX.BNL/
2011/03/E@BDANNJ-CDLNFQ@OGHBR-QDUHRHSDC-2011-RS@SHRSHBR-2/ (@BBDRRDC "TFTRS 21, 2013).
o9SG "MMT@K "1 3DONQS SN SGD /@SHNM.p $NKKDFD#N@QC, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://@OQDONQS.BNKKDFDAN@QC.NQF/FN@KR-@MC-
EHMCHMFR/OQNLNSHMF-DPTHSX (@BBDRRDC 4DOSDLADQ 13, 2013).
o0UDQVDHFGS @MC 0ADRHSX: "CTKS 0ADRHSX '@BSR.p $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/NADRHSX/C@S@/@CTKS.GSLK (@BBDRRDC 4DOSDLADQ 13, 2013).
%@S@ NM @MMT@K GNLHBHCDR HM %DSQNHS, 1961k73, EQNL (TMRS & .@RNMnR ANNJ m3DFQDRRHNM "M@KXRHR @MC HSR "OOKHB@SHNMn,
.@QBDK %DJJDQ
o5HLDKHMD: (THCD SN SGD 6.4. 1QDRHCDMSR: *MENQL@SHNM NM DUDQX OQDRHCDMSnR AHQSGOK@BD, ONKHSHB@K O@QSX, SDQL NE NEEHBD,
@MC LNQD.p 4BGNK@RSHB, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.RBGNK@RSHB.BNL/SD@BGDQR/@QSHBKD/SHLDKHMD-FTHCD-TR-OQDRHCDMSR
(@BBDRRDC "OQHK 3, 2013).
o1QDRHCDMSR.p '@BS .NMRSDQ. 1D@QRNM &CTB@SHNM, 2007. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.E@BSLNMRSDQ.BNL/HOJ@/"0194030.GSLK
o'NNC 4DBTQHSX 4S@SHRSHBR.p 'NNC @MC "FQHBTKSTQD 0QF@MHY@SHNM NE SGD 6MHSDC /@SHNMR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.E@N.NQF/DBNMNLHB/DRR/DRR-ER/DM/ (@BBDRRDC "OQHK 3, 2013).
o$NMRTLDQ 1QHBD *MCDW.p 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE -@ANQ: #TQD@T NE -@ANQ 4S@SHRSHBR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://C@S@.AKR.FNU/OCP/4TQUDX0TSOTS4DQUKDS (@BBDRRDC "OQHK 3, 2013).
o$02 DLHRRHNMR (JS).p 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://C@S@A@MJ.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF/C@S@/GNLD.@ROW (@BBDRRDC
"OQHK 3, 2013).
o#HQSGR 5HLD 4DQHDR %@S@.p (DMDQ@K 3DFHRSDQ 0EEHBD 'NQ 4BNSK@MC, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.FQN-RBNSK@MC.FNU.TJ/
RS@SHRSHBR/SGDLD/UHS@K-DUDMSR/AHQSGR/SHLD-RDQHDR.GSLK (@BBDRRDC "OQHK 3, 2013).
o%DLNFQ@OGHBR: $GHKCQDM TMCDQ SGD @FD NE 5 XD@QR TMCDQVDHFGS.p *MCDWLTMCH. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.HMCDWLTMCH.BNL/F/Q.@ROWS=50&U=2224&@LK=DM (@BBDRRDC "OQHK 3, 2013).
(TMRS, 3HBG@QC, 3NADQS .@RNM. +;=H;II?ED AD7BOI?I 7D: "JI AFFB?97J?ED: A D7J7-(H?;DJ;: AFFHE79>. $3$ 1QDRR: 1980.
o0UDQVDHFGS @MC 0ADRHSX: "CTKS 0ADRHSX '@BSR.p $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/NADRHSX/C@S@/@CTKS.GSLK (@BBDRRDC 4DOSDLADQ 13, 2013).
2.4 IR .FINM
%@S@ EQNL 0;IJ &7=7P?D;.
$@TBGNM, %DMMHR, 1@TK 0UDQADQF. o$DMRTR C@S@ RGNVR LHMNQHSHDR MNV @ L@INQHSX NE 6.4. AHQSGR.p 64" 5NC@X, 2012.
"U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://TR@SNC@X30.TR@SNC@X.BNL/MDVR/M@SHNM/RSNQX/2012-05-17/LHMNQHSX-AHQSGRBDMRTR/55029100/1
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE $NLLDQBD: 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.BDMRTR.FNU/ (@BBDRRDC "OQHK 3, 2013).
o1990 $DMRTR.p 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE $NLLDQBD: 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.BDMRTR.FNU/L@HM/VVV/BDM1990.GSLK (@BBDRRDC "OQHK 3, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL ,7D #EI; &;H9KHO ';MI.
%@S@ EQNL -?C; &7=7P?D;; RTQUDX AX :@MJDKNUHBG 1@QSMDQR, *MB.
2.6 +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
%@S@ EQNL 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF (@BBDRRDC "OQHK 3, 2013).
o%DLNFQ@OGHBR: 0ADRHSX k @CTKS OQDU@KDMBD Q@SD.p *MCDWLTMCH. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.HMCDWLTMCH.BNL/F/
Q.@ROWS=50&U=2228&K=DM (@BBDRRDC "OQHK 3, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1 I = 34.5
3 'NQ 'QDCN: P =
0.158 0.166
0.012
= k0.67 'NQ ,@QK: P =
0.177 0.189
0.015
= k0.8 'QDCNnR P-RBNQD NE k0.67 HR GHFGDQ SG@M
,@QKnR P-RBNQD NE k0.8. 'NQ A@SSHMF @UDQ@FD, GHFGDQ U@KTDR @QD ADSSDQ, RN 'QDCN G@R @ ADSSDQ A@SSHMF @UDQ@FD BNLO@QDC SN GHR
SD@L.
5
168 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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@. s
x
=
f m
2
n
x
2
=
193277.21
30
79.5
2
= 11.06
A. s
x
=
f m
2
n
x
2
=
381054.79
101
60.94
2
= 7.69
B. s
x
=
f m
2
n
x
2
=
440133.21
86
70.66
2
= 11.18
6
0I:B ):6;
1 9 9 9
2 0 1 1 5 5 5 6 6 8 9
3 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 8 8
4 1 3 3
167A: 2.84
8
0I:B ):6;
2 5 5 6 7 7 8
3 0 0 1 2 3 3 5 5 5 7 9
4 1 6 9
5 5 7 7
6 1
167A: 2.85
10
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 169
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$CAOL? 2.51
12
$CAOL? 2.52
14
170 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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$CAOL? 2.53
16
$CAOL? 2.54
18 65
20 5GD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX RGNVR SGD FHEFEHJ?ED NE C@S@ ONHMSR SG@S G@UD D@BG U@KTD. 5GD EQDPTDMBX SDKKR SGD DKC8;H NE C@S@
ONHMSR SG@S G@UD D@BG U@KTD.
22 "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX. 0MD ONRRHAKD GHRSNFQ@L HR RGNVM:
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 171
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$CAOL? 2.55
24 'HMC SGD LHCONHMS ENQ D@BG BK@RR. 5GDRD VHKK AD FQ@OGDC NM SGD N-@WHR. 5GD EQDPTDMBX U@KTDR VHKK AD FQ@OGDC NM SGD
O-@WHR U@KTDR.
$CAOL? 2.56
26
172 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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$CAOL? 2.57
29 .NQD SG@M 25% NE R@KDRODQRNMR RDKK ENTQ B@QR HM @ SXOHB@K VDDJ. :NT B@M RDD SGHR BNMBDMSQ@SHNM HM SGD ANW OKNS ADB@TRD
SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD HR DPT@K SN SGD LDCH@M. 5GD SNO 25%@MC SGD ANSSNL 25%@QD ROQD@C NTS DUDMKX; SGD VGHRJDQR G@UD SGD R@LD
KDMFSG.
30
@. 5GD 40
SG
A. 5GD 78
SG
32 +DRRD FQ@CT@SDC 37
SG
NTS NE @ BK@RR NE 180 RSTCDMSR. 5GDQD @QD 180 k 37 = 143 RSTCDMSR Q@MJDC ADKNV +DRRD. 5GDQD HR
NMD Q@MJ NE 37. N = 143 @MC O = 1.
x + 0.5y
n
(100) =
143 + 0.5(1)
180
(100) = 79.72. +DRRDnR Q@MJ NE 37 OTSR GHL @S SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
34
@. 'NQ QTMMDQR HM @ Q@BD HS HR LNQD CDRHQ@AKD SN G@UD @ GHFG ODQBDMSHKD ENQ RODDC. " GHFG ODQBDMSHKD LD@MR @ GHFGDQ RODDC
VGHBG HR E@RSDQ.
A. 40%NE QTMMDQR Q@M @S RODDCR NE 7.5 LHKDR ODQ GNTQ NQ KDRR (RKNVDQ). 60%NE QTMMDQR Q@M @S RODDCR NE 7.5 LHKDR ODQ GNTQ
NQ LNQD (E@RSDQ).
36 8GDM V@HSHMF HM KHMD @S SGD %.7, SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD VNTKC AD @ KNMF V@HS SHLD BNLO@QDC SN SGD NSGDQ ODNOKD V@HSHMF.
85% NE ODNOKD G@C RGNQSDQ V@HS SHLDR SG@M .HM@. *M SGHR BNMSDWS, .HM@ VNTKC OQDEDQ @ V@HS SHLD BNQQDRONMCHMF SN @ KNVDQ
ODQBDMSHKD. 85% NE ODNOKD @S SGD %.7 V@HSDC 32 LHMTSDR NQ KDRR. 15% NE ODNOKD @S SGD %.7 V@HSDC 32 LHMTSDR NQ KNMFDQ.
38 5GD L@MTE@BSTQDQ @MC SGD BNMRTLDQ VNTKC AD TORDS. 5GHR HR @ K@QFD QDO@HQ BNRS ENQ SGD C@L@FDR, BNLO@QDC SN SGD NSGDQ
B@QR HM SGD R@LOKD. */5&313&5"5*0/: 90% NE SGD BQ@RG SDRSDC B@QR G@C C@L@FD QDO@HQ BNRSR NE $1700 NQ KDRR; NMKX 10%
G@C C@L@FD QDO@HQ BNRSR NE $1700 NQ LNQD.
40 :NT B@M @EENQC 34% NE GNTRDR. 66% NE SGD GNTRDR @QD SNN DWODMRHUD ENQ XNTQ ATCFDS. */5&313&5"5*0/: 34% NE
GNTRDR BNRS $240,000 NQ KDRR. 66% NE GNTRDR BNRS $240,000 NQ LNQD.
42 4
44 6 k 4 = 2
46 6
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 173
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48 .D@M: 16 + 17 + 19 + 20 + 20 + 21 + 23 + 24 + 25 + 25 + 25 + 26 + 26 + 27 + 27 + 27 + 28 + 29 + 30 + 32 + 33 + 33
+ 34 + 35 + 37 + 39 + 40 = 738
738
27
= 27.33
50 5GD LNRS EQDPTDMS KDMFSGR @QD 25 @MC 27, VGHBG NBBTQ SGQDD SHLDR. .NCD = 25, 27
52 4
54 5GD C@S@ @QD RXLLDSQHB@K. 5GD LDCH@M HR 3 @MC SGD LD@M HR 2.85. 5GDX @QD BKNRD, @MC SGD LNCD KHDR BKNRD SN SGD LHCCKD
NE SGD C@S@, RN SGD C@S@ @QD RXLLDSQHB@K.
56 5GD C@S@ @QD RJDVDC QHFGS. 5GD LDCH@M HR 87.5 @MC SGD LD@M HR 88.2. &UDM SGNTFG SGDX @QD BKNRD, SGD LNCD KHDR SN SGD
KDES NE SGD LHCCKD NE SGD C@S@, @MC SGDQD @QD L@MX LNQD HMRS@MBDR NE 87 SG@M @MX NSGDQ MTLADQ, RN SGD C@S@ @QD RJDVDC QHFGS.
58 8GDM SGD C@S@ @QD RXLLDSQHB@K, SGD LD@M @MC LDCH@M @QD BKNRD NQ SGD R@LD.
60 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR RJDVDC QHFGS ADB@TRD HS KNNJR OTKKDC NTS SN SGD QHFGS.
62 5GD LD@M HR 4.1 @MC HR RKHFGSKX FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD LDCH@M, VGHBG HR ENTQ.
64 5GD LNCD @MC SGD LDCH@M @QD SGD R@LD. *M SGHR B@RD, SGDX @QD ANSG EHUD.
66 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR RJDVDC KDES ADB@TRD HS KNNJR OTKKDC NTS SN SGD KDES.
68 5GD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M @QD ANSG RHW.
70 5GD LNCD HR 12, SGD LDCH@M HR 13.5, @MC SGD LD@M HR 15.1. 5GD LD@M HR SGD K@QFDRS.
72 5GD LD@M SDMCR SN QDEKDBS RJDVHMF SGD LNRS ADB@TRD HS HR @EEDBSDC SGD LNRS AX NTSKHDQR.
74 6
76 474 '5&4
78 919
80
q LD@M = 1,809.3
q LDCH@M = 1,812.5
q RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 151.2
q EHQRS PT@QSHKD = 1,690
q SGHQC PT@QSHKD = 1,935
q "*+ = 245
82 )HMS: 5GHMJ @ANTS SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR BNUDQDC AX D@BG SHLD ODQHNC @MC VG@S G@OODMDC SN GHFGDQ DCTB@SHNM CTQHMF SGNRD
ODQHNCR.
84 'NQ OH@MNR, SGD BNRS NE SGD OH@MN HR 0.4 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR #&-08SGD LD@M. 'NQ FTHS@QR, SGD BNRS NE SGD FTHS@Q HR 0.25
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR "#07& SGD LD@M. 'NQ CQTLR, SGD BNRS NE SGD CQTL RDS HR 1.0 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR #&-08 SGD LD@M.
0E SGD SGQDD, SGD CQTLR BNRS SGD KNVDRS HM BNLO@QHRNM SN SGD BNRS NE NSGDQ HMRSQTLDMSR NE SGD R@LD SXOD. 5GD FTHS@Q BNRSR SGD
LNRS HM BNLO@QHRNM SN SGD BNRS NE NSGDQ HMRSQTLDMSR NE SGD R@LD SXOD.
86
q x
= 23.32
q 6RHMF SGD 5* 83/84, VD NAS@HM @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE: s
x
= 12.95.
q 5GD NADRHSX Q@SD NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HR 10.58% GHFGDQ SG@M SGD @UDQ@FD NADRHSX Q@SD.
q 4HMBD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 12.95, VD RDD SG@S 23.32 + 12.95 = 36.27 HR SGD NADRHSX ODQBDMS@FD SG@S HR NMD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM EQNL SGD LD@M. 5GD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR NADRHSX Q@SD HR RKHFGSKX KDRR SG@M NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM EQNL SGD LD@M.
5GDQDENQD, VD B@M @RRTLD SG@S SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR, VGHKD 34% NADRD, CNDR MNS G@U D @M TMTRT@KKX GHFG ODQBDMS@FD NE
NADRD ODNOKD.
89
174 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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@. &W@LOKD RNKTSHNM ENQ TRHMF SGD Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ ENQ SGD 5*-84+ SN FDMDQ@SD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 8
RS@SDR. *MRSQTBSHNMR @QD @R ENKKNVR.
/TLADQ SGD DMSQHDR HM SGD S@AKD 1k51 (*MBKTCDR 8@RGHMFSNM, %$; /TLADQDC UDQSHB@KKX)
1QDRR ."5)
"QQNV NUDQ SN 13#
1QDRR 5:Q@MC*MS(
&MSDQ 51,1,8)
&HFGS MTLADQR @QD FDMDQ@SDC (TRD SGD QHFGS @QQNV JDX SN RBQNKK SGQNTFG SGD MTLADQR). 5GD MTLADQR BNQQDRONMC SN SGD
MTLADQDC RS@SDR (ENQ SGHR DW@LOKD: Z47 21 9 23 51 13 25 4\. *E @MX MTLADQR @QD QDOD@SDC, FDMDQ@SD @ CHEEDQDMS MTLADQ
AX TRHMF 5:Q@MC*MS(51,1)). )DQD, SGD RS@SDR (@MC 8@RGHMFSNM %$) @QD Z"QJ@MR@R, 8@RGHMFSNM %$, *C@GN, .@QXK@MC,
.HBGHF@M, .HRRHRRHOOH, 7HQFHMH@, 8XNLHMF\.
$NQQDRONMCHMF ODQBDMSR @QD Z30.1, 22.2, 26.5, 27.1, 30.9, 34.0, 26.0, 25.1\.
#><JG: 2.58
A.
#><JG: 2.59
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 175
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B.
#><JG: 2.60
176 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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91
ABDJCI($) #G:FJ:C8N /:A6I>K: #G:FJ:C8N
51k100 5 0.08
101k150 10 0.17
151k200 15 0.25
201k250 15 0.25
251k300 10 0.17
301k350 5 0.08
167A: 2.86 0>C<A:H
ABDJCI($) #G:FJ:C8N /:A6I>K: #G:FJ:C8N
100k150 5 0.07
201k250 5 0.07
251k300 5 0.07
301k350 5 0.07
351k400 10 0.14
401k450 10 0.14
451k500 10 0.14
501k550 10 0.14
551k600 5 0.07
601k650 5 0.07
167A: 2.87 DJEA:H
@. 4DD 2;<F? 2.86 @MC 2;<F? 2.87.
A. *M SGD ENKKNVHMF GHRSNFQ@L C@S@ U@KTDR SG@S E@KK NM SGD QHFGS ANTMC@QX @QD BNTMSDC HM SGD BK@RR HMSDQU@K, VGHKD U@KTDR
SG@S E@KK NM SGD KDES ANTMC@QX @QD MNS BNTMSDC (VHSG SGD DWBDOSHNM NE SGD EHQRS HMSDQU@K VGDQD ANSG ANTMC@QX U@KTDR @QD
HMBKTCDC).
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 177
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#><JG: 2.61
B. *M SGD ENKKNVHMF GHRSNFQ@L, SGD C@S@ U@KTDR SG@S E@KK NM SGD QHFGS ANTMC@QX @QD BNTMSDC HM SGD BK@RR HMSDQU@K, VGHKD U@KTDR
SG@S E@KK NM SGD KDES ANTMC@QX @QD MNS BNTMSDC (VHSG SGD DWBDOSHNM NE SGD EHQRS HMSDQU@K VGDQD U@KTDR NM ANSG ANTMC@QHDR
@QD HMBKTCDC).
#><JG: 2.62
C. $NLO@QD SGD SVN FQ@OGR:
H. "MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQR HMBKTCD:
z #NSG FQ@OGR G@UD @ RHMFKD OD@J.
z #NSG FQ@OGR TRD BK@RR HMSDQU@KR VHSG VHCSG DPT@K SN $50.
HH. "MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQR HMBKTCD:
z 5GD BNTOKDR FQ@OG G@R @ BK@RR HMSDQU@K VHSG MN U@KTDR.
z *S S@JDR @KLNRS SVHBD @R L@MX BK@RR HMSDQU@KR SN CHROK@X SGD C@S@ ENQ BNTOKDR.
HHH. "MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQR HMBKTCD: 5GD FQ@OGR @QD LNQD RHLHK@Q SG@M CHEEDQDMS ADB@TRD SGD NUDQ@KK
O@SSDQMR ENQ SGD FQ@OGR @QD SGD R@LD.
D. *M SGD ENKKNVHMF GHRSNFQ@L, C@S@ U@KTDR SG@S E@KK NM SGD QHFGS ANTMC@QX @QD BNTMSDC HM SGD BK@RR HMSDQU@K, VGHKD U@KTDR
SG@S E@KK NM SGD KDES ANTMC@QX @QD MNS BNTMSDC (VHSG SGD DWBDOSHNM NE SGD EHQRS HMSDQU@K VGDQD U@KTDR NM ANSG ANTMC@QHDR
@QD HMBKTCDC).
178 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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#><JG: 2.63
E. $NLO@QD SGD FQ@OG ENQ SGD 4HMFKDR VHSG SGD MDV FQ@OG ENQ SGD $NTOKDR:
H. z #NSG FQ@OGR G@UD @ RHMFKD OD@J.
z #NSG FQ@OGR CHROK@X 6 BK@RR HMSDQU@KR.
z #NSG FQ@OGR RGNV SGD R@LD FDMDQ@K O@SSDQM.
HH. "MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQR HMBKTCD: "KSGNTFG SGD VHCSG NE SGD BK@RR HMSDQU@KR ENQ BNTOKDR HR CNTAKD SG@S
NE SGD BK@RR HMSDQU@KR ENQ RHMFKDR, SGD FQ@OGR @QD LNQD RHLHK@Q SG@M SGDX @QD CHEEDQDMS.
F. "MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQR HMBKTCD: :NT @QD @AKD SN BNLO@QD SGD FQ@OGR HMSDQU@K AX HMSDQU@K. *S HR D@RHDQ SN
BNLO@QD SGD NUDQ@KK O@SSDQMR VHSG SGD MDV RB@KD NM SGD $NTOKDR FQ@OG. #DB@TRD @ BNTOKD QDOQDRDMSR SVN HMCHUHCT@KR,
SGD MDV RB@KD KD@CR SN @ LNQD @BBTQ@SD BNLO@QHRNM.
G. "MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQR HMBKTCD: #@RDC NM SGD GHRSNFQ@LR, HS RDDLR SG@S RODMCHMF CNDR MNS U@QX LTBG
EQNL RHMFKDR SN HMCHUHCT@KR VGN @QD O@QS NE @ BNTOKD. 5GD NUDQ@KK O@SSDQMR @QD SGD R@LD. 5GD Q@MFD NE RODMCHMF ENQ
BNTOKDR HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX CNTAKD SGD Q@MFD ENQ HMCHUHCT@KR.
93 B
95 "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
97
@. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX. 1NRRHAKD @MRVDQ: 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX BNMCTBSDC @ RTQUDX SN RDD GNV HMUNKUDC HSR RSTCDMSR @QD HM
BNLLTMHSX RDQUHBD. 5GD ANW OKNS RGNVR SGD MTLADQ NE BNLLTMHSX RDQUHBD GNTQR KNFFDC AX O@QSHBHO@MSR NUDQ SGD O@RS
XD@Q.
A. #DB@TRD SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC PT@QSHKDR @QD BKNRD, SGD C@S@ HM SGHR PT@QSDQ HR UDQX RHLHK@Q. 5GDQD HR MNS LTBG U@QH@SHNM HM
SGD U@KTDR. 5GD C@S@ HM SGD SGHQC PT@QSDQ HR LTBG LNQD U@QH@AKD, NQ ROQD@C NTS. 5GHR HR BKD@Q ADB@TRD SGD RDBNMC PT@QSHKD
HR RN E@Q @V@X EQNL SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD.
99
@. &@BG ANW OKNS HR ROQD@C NTS LNQD HM SGD FQD@SDQ U@KTDR. &@BG OKNS HR RJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS, RN SGD @FDR NE SGD SNO 50% NE
ATXDQR @QD LNQD U@QH@AKD SG@M SGD @FDR NE SGD KNVDQ 50%.
A. 5GD #.8 3 RDQHDR HR LNRS KHJDKX SN G@UD @M NTSKHDQ. *S G@R SGD KNMFDRS VGHRJDQ.
B. $NLO@QHMF SGD LDCH@M @FDR, XNTMFDQ ODNOKD SDMC SN ATX SGD #.83 RDQHDR, VGHKD NKCDQ ODNOKD SDMC SN ATX SGD #.8
7 RDQHDR. )NVDUDQ, SGHR HR MNS @ QTKD, ADB@TRD SGDQD HR RN LTBG U@QH@AHKHSX HM D@BG C@S@ RDS.
C. 5GD RDBNMC PT@QSDQ G@R SGD RL@KKDRS ROQD@C. 5GDQD RDDLR SN AD NMKX @ SGQDD-XD@Q CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD
@MC SGD LDCH@M.
D. 5GD SGHQC PT@QSDQ G@R SGD K@QFDRS ROQD@C. 5GDQD RDDLR SN AD @OOQNWHL@SDKX @ 14-XD@Q CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LDCH@M @MC
SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD.
E. "*+ ] 17 XD@QR
F. 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM SN SDKK. &@BG HMSDQU@K KHDR VHSGHM @ PT@QSDQ, RN VD B@MMNS SDKK DW@BSKX VGDQD SGD C@S@ HM
SG@S PT@QSDQ HR BNMBDMSQ@SDC.
G. 5GD HMSDQU@K EQNL 31 SN 35 XD@QR G@R SGD EDVDRS C@S@ U@KTDR. 5VDMSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD U@KTDR E@KK HM SGD HMSDQU@K 38 SN
41, @MC 25% E@KK ADSVDDM 41 @MC 64. 4HMBD 25% NE U@KTDR E@KK ADSVDDM 31 @MC 38, VD JMNV SG@S EDVDQ SG@M 25% E@KK
ADSVDDM 31 @MC 35.
102
@. 1 k (0.02+0.09+0.19+0.26+0.18+0.17+0.02+0.01) = 0.06
A. 0.19+0.26+0.18 = 0.63
B. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 179
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C. 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD VHKK E@KK ADSVDDM 30,000 @MC 40,000
80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD VHKK E@KK ADSVDDM 50,000 @MC 75,000
D. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
104
@. LNQD BGHKCQDM
A. 62.4%
106 5GD LD@M ODQBDMS@FD, x
=
1328.65
50
= 26.75
108
@. 1.48
A. 1.12
110
@. 174; 177; 178; 184; 185; 185; 185; 185; 188; 190; 200; 205; 205; 206; 210; 210; 210; 212; 212; 215; 215; 220; 223;
228; 230; 232; 241; 241; 242; 245; 247; 250; 250; 259; 260; 260; 265; 265; 270; 272; 273; 275; 276; 278; 280; 280;
285; 285; 286; 290; 290; 295; 302
A. 241
B. 205.5
C. 272.5
D.
E. 205.5, 272.5
F. R@LOKD
G. ONOTK@SHNM
H. H. 236.34
HH. 37.50
HHH. 161.34
HU. 0.84 RSC. CDU. ADKNV SGD LD@M
I. :NTMF
112
@. 5QTD
A. 5QTD
B. 5QTD
C. '@KRD
180 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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114
@.
"CGDAAB:CI #G:FJ:C8N
1000-5000 10
5000-10000 16
10000-15000 3
15000-20000 3
20000-25000 1
25000-30000 2
167A: 2.88
A. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
B. LNCD
C. 8628.74
D. 6943.88
E. k0.09
116 @
118
@. *M SGHR GHRSNFQ@L, U@KTDR SG@S E@KK NM SGD KDES ANTMC@QX @QD BNTMSDC HM SGD HMSDQU@K, VGHKD U@KTDR SG@S E@KK NM SGD QHFGS
ANTMC@QX @QD MNS. /NSD SG@S SGD VHCSG NE SGD HMSDQU@KR U@QHDR. 5GD C@S@ V@R QDBNQCDC HM BK@RRDR NE U@QXHMF VHCSG.
1@X BKNRD @SSDMSHNM SN SGD RB@KD K@ADKR NE SGD FQ@OG ADB@TRD SGD GHRSNFQ@L B@M AD LHRKD@CHMF VGDM SGD HMSDQU@KR G@UD
CHEEDQDMS VHCSGR.
A. 49.7% NE SGD BNLLTMHSX HR TMCDQ SGD @FD NE 35.
B. #@RDC NM SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM SGD S@AKD, FQ@OG (@) LNRS BKNRDKX QDOQDRDMSR SGD C@S@.
120 @
122 A
"'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2 181
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182 "'/3$1 2 W #$2"1(/3(5$ 233(23("2
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3 U .0-A'*'27 2-.'!1
$CAOL? 3.1 ,APAKN ODKSANO =NA N=NA, >QP PDA LNK>=>EHEPU KB PDAI K??QNNEJC ?=J >A ?=H?QH=PA@. (?NA@EP: -=RE?KNA/BHE?GN)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
c 6MCDQRS@MC @MC TRD SGD SDQLHMNKNFX NE OQNA@AHKHSX.
c %DSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SVN DUDMSR @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD @MC VGDSGDQ SVN DUDMSR @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
c $@KBTK@SD OQNA@AHKHSHDR TRHMF SGD "CCHSHNM 3TKDR @MC .TKSHOKHB@SHNM 3TKDR.
c $NMRSQTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS $NMSHMFDMBX 5@AKDR.
c $NMRSQTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS 7DMM %H@FQ@LR.
c $NMRSQTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS 5QDD %H@FQ@LR.
*S HR NESDM MDBDRR@QX SN "FTDRR" @ANTS SGD NTSBNLD NE @M DUDMS HM NQCDQ SN L@JD @ CDBHRHNM. 1NKHSHBH@MR RSTCX ONKKR SN FTDRR
SGDHQ KHJDKHGNNC NE VHMMHMF @M DKDBSHNM. 5D@BGDQR BGNNRD @ O@QSHBTK@Q BNTQRD NE RSTCX A@RDC NM VG@S SGDX SGHMJ RSTCDMSR B@M
BNLOQDGDMC. %NBSNQR BGNNRD SGD SQD@SLDMSR MDDCDC ENQ U@QHNTR CHRD@RDR A@RDC NM SGDHQ @RRDRRLDMS NE KHJDKX QDRTKSR. :NT
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 183
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L@X G@UD UHRHSDC @ B@RHMN VGDQD ODNOKD OK@X F@LDR BGNRDM ADB@TRD NE SGD ADKHDE SG@S SGD KHJDKHGNNC NE VHMMHMF HR FNNC. :NT
L@X G@UD BGNRDM XNTQ BNTQRD NE RSTCX A@RDC NM SGD OQNA@AKD @U@HK@AHKHSX NE INAR.
:NT G@UD, LNQD SG@M KHJDKX, TRDC OQNA@AHKHSX. *M E@BS, XNT OQNA@AKX G@UD @M HMSTHSHUD RDMRD NE OQNA@AHKHSX. 1QNA@AHKHSX
CD@KR VHSG SGD BG@MBD NE @M DUDMS NBBTQQHMF. 8GDMDUDQ XNT VDHFG SGD NCCR NE VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SN CN XNTQ GNLDVNQJ NQ
SN RSTCX ENQ @M DW@L, XNT @QD TRHMF OQNA@AHKHSX. *M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK KD@QM GNV SN RNKUD OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDLR TRHMF @
RXRSDL@SHB @OOQN@BG.
:NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK RTQUDX XNTQ BK@RR. $NTMS SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR HM SGD BK@RR SNC@X.
c 3@HRD XNTQ G@MC HE XNT G@UD @MX BG@MFD HM XNTQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE Q@HRDC G@MCR.
c 3@HRD XNTQ G@MC HE XNT QNCD @ ATR VHSGHM SGD O@RS LNMSG. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE Q@HRDC G@MCR.
c 3@HRD XNTQ G@MC HE XNT @MRVDQDC "XDR" SN #05) NE SGD EHQRS SVN PTDRSHNMR. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE Q@HRDC G@MCR.
6RD SGD BK@RR C@S@ @R DRSHL@SDR NE SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR. )(BG@MFD) LD@MR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM
ODQRNM HM XNTQ BK@RR G@R BG@MFD HM GHR/GDQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD. )(ATR) LD@MR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM ODQRNM
HM XNTQ BK@RR QNCD @ ATR VHSGHM SGD K@RS LNMSG @MC RN NM. %HRBTRR XNTQ @MRVDQR.
c 'HMC )(BG@MFD).
c 'HMC )(ATR).
c 'HMC )(BG@MFD "/% ATR). 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM RSTCDMS HM XNTQ BK@RR G@R BG@MFD HM GHR/GDQ
ONBJDS NQ OTQRD @MC QNCD @ ATR VHSGHM SGD K@RS LNMSG.
c 'HMC )(BG@MFD[ATR). 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM RSTCDMS G@R BG@MFD FHUDM SG@S GD NQ RGD QNCD @
ATR VHSGHM SGD K@RS LNMSG. $NTMS @KK SGD RSTCDMSR SG@S QNCD @ ATR. 'QNL SGD FQNTO NE RSTCDMSR VGN QNCD @ ATR,
BNTMS SGNRD VGN G@UD BG@MFD. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR DPT@K SN SGNRD VGN G@UD BG@MFD @MC QNCD @ ATR CHUHCDC AX SGNRD
VGN QNCD @ ATR.
3.1 U 2?LGCHIFIAS
1QNA@AHKHSX HR @ LD@RTQD SG@S HR @RRNBH@SDC VHSG GNV BDQS@HM VD @QD NE NTSBNLDR NE @ O@QSHBTK@Q DWODQHLDMS NQ @BSHUHSX.
"M :ME:G>B:CI HR @ OK@MMDC NODQ@SHNM B@QQHDC NTS TMCDQ BNMSQNKKDC BNMCHSHNMR. *E SGD QDRTKS HR MNS OQDCDSDQLHMDC, SGDM SGD
DWODQHLDMS HR R@HC SN AD @ 8=6C8: DWODQHLDMS. 'KHOOHMF NMD E@HQ BNHM SVHBD HR @M DW@LOKD NE @M DWODQHLDMS.
" QDRTKS NE @M DWODQHLDMS HR B@KKDC @M DJI8DB:. 5GD H6BEA: HE68: NE @M DWODQHLDMS HR SGD RDS NE @KK ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR.
5GQDD V@XR SN QDOQDRDMS @ R@LOKD RO@BD @QD: SN KHRS SGD ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR, SN BQD@SD @ SQDD CH@FQ@L, NQ SN BQD@SD @ 7DMM
CH@FQ@L. 5GD TOODQB@RD KDSSDQ , HR TRDC SN CDMNSD SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE XNT EKHO NMD E@HQ BNHM, , = Z!, -\ VGDQD
! = GD@CR @MC - = S@HKR @QD SGD NTSBNLDR.
"M :K:CI HR @MX BNLAHM@SHNM NE NTSBNLDR. 6OODQ B@RD KDSSDQR KHJD A @MC B QDOQDRDMS DUDMSR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD
DWODQHLDMS HR SN EKHO NMD E@HQ BNHM, DUDMS A LHFGS AD FDSSHMF @S LNRS NMD GD@C. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @M DUDMS A HR VQHSSDM )(A).
5GD EGD767>A>IN NE @MX NTSBNLD HR SGD ADC<-I:GB G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N NE SG@S NTSBNLD. -GD767>A>I>:H 6G: 7:IL::C O:GD
6C9 DC:, >C8AJH>K: (SG@S HR, YDQN @MC NMD @MC @KK MTLADQR ADSVDDM SGDRD U@KTDR). )(A) = 0 LD@MR SGD DUDMS A B@M MDUDQ
G@OODM. )(A) = 1 LD@MR SGD DUDMS A @KV@XR G@OODMR. )(A) = 0.5 LD@MR SGD DUDMS A HR DPT@KKX KHJDKX SN NBBTQ NQ MNS SN
NBBTQ. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE XNT EKHO NMD E@HQ BNHM QDOD@SDCKX (EQNL 20 SN 2,000 SN 20,000 SHLDR) SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NE GD@CR
@OOQN@BGDR 0.5 (SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE GD@CR).
"FJ6AAN A>@:AN LD@MR SG@S D@BG NTSBNLD NE @M DWODQHLDMS NBBTQR VHSG DPT@K OQNA@AHKHSX. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE XNT SNRR @
;6>G, RHW-RHCDC CHD, D@BG E@BD (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, NQ 6) HR @R KHJDKX SN NBBTQ @R @MX NSGDQ E@BD. *E XNT SNRR @ E@HQ BNHM, @ )D@C (!) @MC
@ 5@HK (-) @QD DPT@KKX KHJDKX SN NBBTQ. *E XNT Q@MCNLKX FTDRR SGD @MRVDQ SN @ SQTD/E@KRD PTDRSHNM NM @M DW@L, XNT @QD DPT@KKX
KHJDKX SN RDKDBS @ BNQQDBS @MRVDQ NQ @M HMBNQQDBS @MRVDQ.
1D 86A8JA6I: I=: EGD767>A>IN D; 6C :K:CI A L=:C 6AA DJI8DB:H >C I=: H6BEA: HE68: 6G: :FJ6AAN A>@:AN, BNTMS SGD
MTLADQ NE NTSBNLDR ENQ DUDMS A @MC CHUHCD AX SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE NTSBNLDR HM SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE XNT SNRR
@ E@HQ CHLD @MC @ E@HQ MHBJDK, SGD R@LOKD RO@BD HR Z!!, -!, !-, --\ VGDQD - = S@HKR @MC ! = GD@CR. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD G@R
ENTQ NTSBNLDR. A = FDSSHMF NMD GD@C. 5GDQD @QD SVN NTSBNLDR Z!-, -!\, RN )(A) =
2
4
= 0.5.
4TOONRD XNT QNKK NMD E@HQ RHW-RHCDC CHD, VHSG SGD MTLADQR Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\ NM HSR E@BDR. -DS DUDMS E = QNKKHMF @ MTLADQ
SG@S HR @S KD@RS EHUD. 5GDQD @QD SVN NTSBNLDR Z5, 6\. )(E) =
2
6
. *E XNT VDQD SN QNKK SGD CHD NMKX @ EDV SHLDR, XNT VNTKC MNS AD
184 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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RTQOQHRDC HE XNTQ NARDQUDC QDRTKSR CHC MNS L@SBG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. *E XNT VDQD SN QNKK SGD CHD @ UDQX K@QFD MTLADQ NE SHLDR, XNT
VNTKC DWODBS SG@S, NUDQ@KK,
2
6
NE SGD QNKKR VNTKC QDRTKS HM @M NTSBNLD NE "@S KD@RS EHUD". :NT VNTKC MNS DWODBS DW@BSKX
2
6
.
5GD KNMF-SDQL QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NE NAS@HMHMF SGHR QDRTKS VNTKC @OOQN@BG SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE
2
6
@R SGD MTLADQ NE
QDODSHSHNMR FQNVR K@QFDQ @MC K@QFDQ.
5GHR HLONQS@MS BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE OQNA@AHKHSX DWODQHLDMSR HR JMNVM @R SGD A6L D; A6G<: CJB7:GH VGHBG RS@SDR SG@S @R
SGD MTLADQ NE QDODSHSHNMR NE @M DWODQHLDMS HR HMBQD@RDC, SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NAS@HMDC HM SGD DWODQHLDMS SDMCR SN ADBNLD
BKNRDQ @MC BKNRDQ SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX. &UDM SGNTFG SGD NTSBNLDR CN MNS G@OODM @BBNQCHMF SN @MX RDS O@SSDQM NQ
NQCDQ, NUDQ@KK, SGD KNMF-SDQL NARDQUDC QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX VHKK @OOQN@BG SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX. (5GD VNQC :BE>G>86A HR
NESDM TRDC HMRSD@C NE SGD VNQC NARDQUDC.)
*S HR HLONQS@MS SN QD@KHYD SG@S HM L@MX RHST@SHNMR, SGD NTSBNLDR @QD MNS DPT@KKX KHJDKX. " BNHM NQ CHD L@X AD JC;6>G, NQ
7>6H:9. 5VN L@SG OQNEDRRNQR HM &TQNOD G@C SGDHQ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR SDRS SGD #DKFH@M NMD &TQN BNHM @MC CHRBNUDQDC SG@S HM
250 SQH@KR, @ GD@C V@R NAS@HMDC 56% NE SGD SHLD @MC @ S@HK V@R NAS@HMDC 44% NE SGD SHLD. 5GD C@S@ RDDL SN RGNV SG@S SGD
BNHM HR MNS @ E@HQ BNHM; LNQD QDODSHSHNMR VNTKC AD GDKOETK SN CQ@V @ LNQD @BBTQ@SD BNMBKTRHNM @ANTS RTBG AH@R. 4NLD CHBD
L@X AD AH@RDC. -NNJ @S SGD CHBD HM @ F@LD XNT G@UD @S GNLD; SGD RONSR NM D@BG E@BD @QD TRT@KKX RL@KK GNKDR B@QUDC NTS @MC
SGDM O@HMSDC SN L@JD SGD RONSR UHRHAKD. :NTQ CHBD L@X NQ L@X MNS AD AH@RDC; HS HR ONRRHAKD SG@S SGD NTSBNLDR L@X AD @EEDBSDC
AX SGD RKHFGS VDHFGS CHEEDQDMBDR CTD SN SGD CHEEDQDMS MTLADQR NE GNKDR HM SGD E@BDR. (@LAKHMF B@RHMNR L@JD @ KNS NE LNMDX
CDODMCHMF NM NTSBNLDR EQNL QNKKHMF CHBD, RN B@RHMN CHBD @QD L@CD CHEEDQDMSKX SN DKHLHM@SD AH@R. $@RHMN CHBD G@UD EK@S E@BDR;
SGD GNKDR @QD BNLOKDSDKX EHKKDC VHSG O@HMS G@UHMF SGD R@LD CDMRHSX @R SGD L@SDQH@K SG@S SGD CHBD @QD L@CD NTS NE RN SG@S D@BG
E@BD HR DPT@KKX KHJDKX SN NBBTQ. -@SDQ VD VHKK KD@QM SDBGMHPTDR SN TRD SN VNQJ VHSG OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ DUDMSR SG@S @QD MNS DPT@KKX
KHJDKX.
"-0" #P?HN:
"M NTSBNLD HR HM SGD DUDMS A 03 B HE SGD NTSBNLD HR HM A NQ HR HM B NQ HR HM ANSG A @MC B. 'NQ DW@LOKD, KDS A = Z1, 2, 3,
4, 5\ @MC B = Z4, 5, 6, 7, 8\. A 03 B = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8\. /NSHBD SG@S 4 @MC 5 @QD /05 KHRSDC SVHBD.
"A,"" #P?HN:
"M NTSBNLD HR HM SGD DUDMS A "/% B HE SGD NTSBNLD HR HM ANSG A @MC B @S SGD R@LD SHLD. 'NQ DW@LOKD, KDS A @MC B AD
Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5\ @MC Z4, 5, 6, 7, 8\, QDRODBSHUDKX. 5GDM A "/% B = Z4, 5\.
5GD 8DBEA:B:CI NE DUDMS A HR CDMNSDC Ac (QD@C "A OQHLD"). Ac BNMRHRSR NE @KK NTSBNLDR SG@S @QD +,1 HM A. /NSHBD SG@S
)(A) + )(Ac) = 1. 'NQ DW@LOKD, KDS , = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\ @MC KDS A = Z1, 2, 3, 4\. 5GDM, Ac = Z5, 6\. )(A) =
4
6
, )(Ac) =
2
6
,
@MC )(A) + )(Ac) =
4
6
+
2
6
= 1
5GD 8DC9>I>DC6A EGD767>A>IN NE A FHUDM B HR VQHSSDM )(A[B). )(A[B) HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DUDMS A VHKK NBBTQ FHUDM
SG@S SGD DUDMS B G@R @KQD@CX NBBTQQDC. A 8DC9>I>DC6A G:9J8:H I=: H6BEA: HE68:. 8D B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE A EQNL SGD
QDCTBDC R@LOKD RO@BD B. 5GD ENQLTK@ SN B@KBTK@SD )(A[B) HR )(A[B) =
P(AANDB)
P(B)
VGDQD )(B) HR FQD@SDQ SG@M YDQN.
'NQ DW@LOKD, RTOONRD VD SNRR NMD E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD , = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\. -DS A = E@BD HR 2 NQ 3 @MC
B = E@BD HR DUDM (2, 4, 6). 5N B@KBTK@SD )(A[B), VD BNTMS SGD MTLADQ NE NTSBNLDR 2 NQ 3 HM SGD R@LOKD RO@BD B = Z2, 4, 6\.
5GDM VD CHUHCD SG@S AX SGD MTLADQ NE NTSBNLDR B (Q@SGDQ SG@M ,).
8D FDS SGD R@LD QDRTKS AX TRHMF SGD ENQLTK@. 3DLDLADQ SG@S , G@R RHW NTSBNLDR.
)(A[B) =
P(A
|
B)
P(B)
=
(the number of outcomes that are 2 or 3 and even inS)
6
(the number of outcomes that are even inS)
6
=
1
6
3
6
=
1
3
3H>?LMN;H>CHA 2?LGCHIFIAS ;H> 1SG<IFM
*S HR HLONQS@MS SN QD@C D@BG OQNAKDL B@QDETKKX SN SGHMJ @ANTS @MC TMCDQRS@MC VG@S SGD DUDMSR @QD. 6MCDQRS@MCHMF SGD
VNQCHMF HR SGD EHQRS UDQX HLONQS@MS RSDO HM RNKUHMF OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDLR. 3DQD@C SGD OQNAKDL RDUDQ@K SHLDR HE MDBDRR@QX.
$KD@QKX HCDMSHEX SGD DUDMS NE HMSDQDRS. %DSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGDQD HR @ BNMCHSHNM RS@SDC HM SGD VNQCHMF SG@S VNTKC HMCHB@SD SG@S
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX HR BNMCHSHNM@K; B@QDETKKX HCDMSHEX SGD BNMCHSHNM, HE @MX.
$T=ILHA 3.1
5GD R@LOKD RO@BD , HR SGD VGNKD MTLADQR RS@QSHMF @S NMD @MC KDRR SG@M 20.
=. S = <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
-DS DUDMS A = SGD DUDM MTLADQR @MC DUDMS B = MTLADQR FQD@SDQ SG@M 13.
>. A = ?????????????????????, B = ?????????????????????
?. )(A) = ?????????????, )(B) = ????????????????
@. A "/% B = ????????????????????, A 03 B = ????????????????
A. )(A "/% B) = ?????????, )(A 03 B) = ?????????????
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 185
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B. Ac = ?????????????, )(Ac) = ?????????????
C. )(A) + )(Ac) = ????????????
D. )(A[B) = ???????????, )(B[A) = ?????????????; @QD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR DPT@K
1IFONCIH 3.1
=. , = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19\
>. A = Z2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18\, B = Z14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19\
?. )(A) =
9
19
, )(B) =
6
19
@. A "/% B = Z14,16,18\, A 03 B = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19\
A. )(A "/% B) =
3
19
, )(A 03 B) =
12
19
B. Ac = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19; )(Ac) =
10
19
C. )(A) + )(Ac) = 1 (
9
19
+
10
19
= 1)
D. )(A[B) =
P(AANDB)
P(B)
=
3
6
, )(B[A) =
P(AANDB)
P(A)
=
3
9
, /N
3.1 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD , HR SGD NQCDQDC O@HQR NE SVN VGNKD MTLADQR, SGD EHQRS EQNLNMD SN SGQDD @MC SGD RDBNMC EQNLNMD
SN ENTQ (&W@LOKD: (1, 4)).
=. , = ?????????????????????????????
-DS DUDMS A = SGD RTL HR DUDM @MC DUDMS B = SGD EHQRS MTLADQ HR OQHLD.
>. A = ?????????????????????, B = ?????????????????????
?. )(A) = ?????????????, )(B) = ????????????????
@. A "/% B = ????????????????????, A 03 B = ????????????????
A. )(A "/% B) = ?????????, )(A 03 B) = ?????????????
B. Bc = ?????????????, )(Bc) = ?????????????
C. )(A) + )(Ac) = ????????????
D. )(A[B) = ???????????, )(B[A) = ?????????????; @QD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR DPT@K
$T=ILHA 3.2
" E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD HR QNKKDC. %DRBQHAD SGD R@LOKD RO@BD ,, HCDMSHEX D@BG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF DUDMSR VHSG @ RTARDS NE
, @MC BNLOTSD HSR OQNA@AHKHSX (@M NTSBNLD HR SGD MTLADQ NE CNSR SG@S RGNV TO).
=. &UDMS - = SGD NTSBNLD HR SVN.
>. &UDMS A = SGD NTSBNLD HR @M DUDM MTLADQ.
?. &UDMS B = SGD NTSBNLD HR KDRR SG@M ENTQ.
@. 5GD BNLOKDLDMS NE A.
A. A (*7&/ B
B. B (*7&/ A
C. A "/% B
D. A 03 B
E. A 03 Bc
F. &UDMS ' = SGD NTSBNLD HR @ OQHLD MTLADQ.
G. &UDMS " = SGD NTSBNLD HR RDUDM.
1IFONCIH 3.2
=. - = Z2\, )(-) =
1
6
186 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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>. A = Z2, 4, 6\, )(A) =
1
2
?. B = Z1, 2, 3\, )(B) =
1
2
@. Ac = Z1, 3, 5\, )(Ac) =
1
2
A. A[B = Z2\, )(A[B) =
1
3
B. B[A = Z2\, )(B[A) =
1
3
C. A "/% B = Z2\, )(A "/% B) =
1
6
D. A 03 B = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 6\, )(A 03 B) =
5
6
E. A 03 Bc = Z2, 4, 5, 6\, )(A 03 Bc) =
2
3
F. ' = Z2, 3, 5\, )(') =
1
2
G. " RHW-RHCDC CHD CNDR MNS G@UD RDUDM CNSR. )(7) = 0.
$T=ILHA 3.3
2;<F? 3.1 CDRBQHADR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD , NE 100 HMCHUHCT@KR, NQF@MHYDC AX FDMCDQ @MC VGDSGDQ
SGDX @QD QHFGS- NQ KDES-G@MCDC.
0CABN-B;H>?> *?@N-B;H>?>
,=HAO 43 9
%AI=HAO 44 4
2;<F? 3.1
-DSnR CDMNSD SGD DUDMSR &= SGD RTAIDBS HR L@KD, F = SGD RTAIDBS HR EDL@KD, + = SGD RTAIDBS HR QHFGS-G@MCDC, % = SGD
RTAIDBS HR KDES-G@MCDC. $NLOTSD SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR:
=. )(&)
>. )(F)
?. )(+)
@. )(%)
A. )(& "/% +)
B. )(F "/% %)
C. )(& 03 F)
D. )(& 03 +)
E. )(F 03 %)
F. )(&')
G. )(+[&)
H. )(F[%)
I. )(%[F)
1IFONCIH 3.3
=. )(&) = 0.52
>. )(F) = 0.48
?. )(+) = 0.87
@. )(%) = 0.13
A. )(& "/% +) = 0.43
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 187
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B. )(F "/% %) = 0.04
C. )(& 03 F) = 1
D. )(& 03 +) = 0.96
E. )(F 03 %) = 0.57
F. )(&') = 0.48
G. )(+[&) = 0.8269 (QNTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR)
H. )(F[%) = 0.3077 (QNTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR)
I. )(%[F) = 0.0833
3.2 U 'H>?J?H>?HN ;H> +ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
*MCDODMCDMS @MC LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD CN CDI LD@M SGD R@LD SGHMF.
'H>?J?H>?HN #P?HNM
5VN DUDMSR @QD HMCDODMCDMS HE SGD ENKKNVHMF @QD SQTD:
c )(A[B) = )(A)
c )(B[A) = )(B)
c )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B)
5VN DUDMSR A @MC B @QD >C9:E:C9:CI HE SGD JMNVKDCFD SG@S NMD NBBTQQDC CNDR MNS @EEDBS SGD BG@MBD SGD NSGDQ NBBTQR.
'NQ DW@LOKD, SGD NTSBNLDR NE SVN QNKDR NE @ E@HQ CHD @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR. 5GD NTSBNLD NE SGD EHQRS QNKK CNDR MNS BG@MFD
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ SGD NTSBNLD NE SGD RDBNMC QNKK. 5N RGNV SVN DUDMSR @QD HMCDODMCDMS, XNT LTRS RGNV DCAN DC: NE SGD
@ANUD BNMCHSHNMR. *E SVN DUDMSR @QD /05 HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM VD R@X SG@S SGDX @QD 9:E:C9:CI.
4@LOKHMF L@X AD CNMD L>I= G:EA68:B:CI NQ L>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI.
c 4>I= G:EA68:B:CI: *E D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM HR QDOK@BDC @ESDQ HS HR OHBJDC, SGDM SG@S LDLADQ G@R SGD ONRRHAHKHSX
NE ADHMF BGNRDM LNQD SG@M NMBD. 8GDM R@LOKHMF HR CNMD VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS, SGDM DUDMSR @QD BNMRHCDQDC SN AD
HMCDODMCDMS, LD@MHMF SGD QDRTKS NE SGD EHQRS OHBJ VHKK MNS BG@MFD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ SGD RDBNMC OHBJ.
c 4>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI: 8GDM R@LOKHMF HR CNMD VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS, D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM L@X AD BGNRDM
NMKX NMBD. *M SGHR B@RD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ SGD RDBNMC OHBJ @QD @EEDBSDC AX SGD QDRTKS NE SGD EHQRS OHBJ. 5GD DUDMSR @QD
BNMRHCDQDC SN AD CDODMCDMS NQ MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
*E HS HR MNS JMNVM VGDSGDQ A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS NQ CDODMCDMS, 6HHJB: I=:N 6G: 9:E:C9:CI JCI>A NDJ 86C H=DL
DI=:GL>H:.
$T=ILHA 3.4
:NT G@UD @ E@HQ, VDKK-RGTEEKDC CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. *S BNMRHRSR NE ENTQ RTHSR. 5GD RTHSR @QD BKTAR, CH@LNMCR, GD@QSR @MC
RO@CDR. 5GDQD @QD 13 B@QCR HM D@BG RTHS BNMRHRSHMF NE 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, # (I@BJ), * (PTDDM), $ (JHMF) NE
SG@S RTHS.
@. 4@LOKHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS:
4TOONRD XNT OHBJ SGQDD B@QCR VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS. 5GD EHQRS B@QC XNT OHBJ NTS NE SGD 52 B@QCR HR SGD * NE RO@CDR. :NT
OTS SGHR B@QC A@BJ, QDRGTEEKD SGD B@QCR @MC OHBJ @ RDBNMC B@QC EQNL SGD 52-B@QC CDBJ. *S HR SGD SDM NE BKTAR. :NT
OTS SGHR B@QC A@BJ, QDRGTEEKD SGD B@QCR @MC OHBJ @ SGHQC B@QC EQNL SGD 52-B@QC CDBJ. 5GHR SHLD, SGD B@QC HR SGD * NE
RO@CDR @F@HM. :NTQ OHBJR @QD Z* NE RO@CDR, SDM NE BKTAR, * NE RO@CDR\. :NT G@UD OHBJDC SGD * NE RO@CDR SVHBD.
:NT OHBJ D@BG B@QC EQNL SGD 52-B@QC CDBJ.
A. 4@LOKHMF VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS:
4TOONRD XNT OHBJ SGQDD B@QCR VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS. 5GD EHQRS B@QC XNT OHBJ NTS NE SGD 52 B@QCR HR SGD $ NE GD@QSR.
:NT OTS SGHR B@QC @RHCD @MC OHBJ SGD RDBNMC B@QC EQNL SGD 51 B@QCR QDL@HMHMF HM SGD CDBJ. *S HR SGD SGQDD NE
CH@LNMCR. :NT OTS SGHR B@QC @RHCD @MC OHBJ SGD SGHQC B@QC EQNL SGD QDL@HMHMF 50 B@QCR HM SGD CDBJ. 5GD SGHQC B@QC
HR SGD # NE RO@CDR. :NTQ OHBJR @QD Z$ NE GD@QSR, SGQDD NE CH@LNMCR, # NE RO@CDR\. #DB@TRD XNT G@UD OHBJDC SGD
B@QCR VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS, XNT B@MMNS OHBJ SGD R@LD B@QC SVHBD.
188 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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3.4 :NT G@UD @ E@HQ, VDKK-RGTEEKDC CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. *S BNMRHRSR NE ENTQ RTHSR. 5GD RTHSR @QD BKTAR, CH@LNMCR, GD@QSR @MC
RO@CDR. 5GDQD @QD 13 B@QCR HM D@BG RTHS BNMRHRSHMF NE 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, # (I@BJ), * (PTDDM), $ (JHMF) NE SG@S RTHS.
5GQDD B@QCR @QD OHBJDC @S Q@MCNL.
=. 4TOONRD XNT JMNV SG@S SGD OHBJDC B@QCR @QD * NE RO@CDR, $ NE GD@QSR @MC * NE RO@CDR. $@M XNT CDBHCD HE SGD
R@LOKHMF V@R VHSG NQ VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS
>. 4TOONRD XNT JMNV SG@S SGD OHBJDC B@QCR @QD * NE RO@CDR, $ NE GD@QSR, @MC # NE RO@CDR. $@M XNT CDBHCD HE SGD
R@LOKHMF V@R VHSG NQ VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS
$T=ILHA 3.5
:NT G@UD @ E@HQ, VDKK-RGTEEKDC CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. *S BNMRHRSR NE ENTQ RTHSR. 5GD RTHSR @QD BKTAR, CH@LNMCR, GD@QSR, @MC
RO@CDR. 5GDQD @QD 13 B@QCR HM D@BG RTHS BNMRHRSHMF NE 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, # (I@BJ), * (PTDDM), @MC $ (JHMF)
NE SG@S RTHS. , = RO@CDR, ! = )D@QSR, D = %H@LNMCR, C = $KTAR.
=. 4TOONRD XNT OHBJ ENTQ B@QCR, ATS CN MNS OTS @MX B@QCR A@BJ HMSN SGD CDBJ. :NTQ B@QCR @QD *,, 1D, 1C, *D.
>. 4TOONRD XNT OHBJ ENTQ B@QCR @MC OTS D@BG B@QC A@BJ ADENQD XNT OHBJ SGD MDWS B@QC. :NTQ B@QCR @QD $!, 7D,
6D, $!.
8GHBG NE 1 NQ 2 CHC XNT R@LOKD VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS @MC VGHBG CHC XNT R@LOKD VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS
1IFONCIH 3.5
@. 8HSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS; A. 8HSG QDOK@BDLDMS
3.5 :NT G@UD @ E@HQ, VDKK-RGTEEKDC CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. *S BNMRHRSR NE ENTQ RTHSR. 5GD RTHSR @QD BKTAR, CH@LNMCR, GD@QSR, @MC
RO@CDR. 5GDQD @QD 13 B@QCR HM D@BG RTHS BNMRHRSHMF NE 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, # (I@BJ), * (PTDDM), @MC $ (JHMF) NE
SG@S RTHS. , = RO@CDR, ! = )D@QSR, D = %H@LNMCR, C = $KTAR. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT R@LOKD ENTQ B@QCR VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS.
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF NTSBNLDR @QD ONRRHAKD "MRVDQ SGD R@LD PTDRSHNM ENQ R@LOKHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS.
=. *,, 1D, 1C, *D
>. $!, 7D, 6D, $!
?. *,, 7D, 6D, $,
+ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
A @MC B @QD BJIJ6AAN :M8AJH>K: DUDMSR HE SGDX B@MMNS NBBTQ @S SGD R@LD SHLD. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S A @MC B CN MNS RG@QD @MX
NTSBNLDR @MC )(A "/% B) = 0.
'NQ DW@LOKD, RTOONRD SGD R@LOKD RO@BD , = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10\. -DS A = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5\, B = Z4, 5, 6, 7, 8\, @MC
C = Z7, 9\. A "/% B = Z4, 5\. )(A "/% B) =
2
10
@MC HR MNS DPT@K SN YDQN. 5GDQDENQD, A @MC B @QD MNS LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
A @MC C CN MNS G@UD @MX MTLADQR HM BNLLNM RN )(A "/% C) = 0. 5GDQDENQD, A @MC C @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
*E HS HR MNS JMNVM VGDSGDQ A @MC B @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD, 6HHJB: I=:N 6G: CDI JCI>A NDJ 86C H=DL DI=:GL>H:. 5GD
ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKDR HKKTRSQ@SD SGDRD CDEHMHSHNMR @MC SDQLR.
$T=ILHA 3.6
'KHO SVN E@HQ BNHMR. (5GHR HR @M DWODQHLDMS.)
5GD R@LOKD RO@BD HR Z!!, !-, -!, --\ VGDQD - = S@HKR @MC ! = GD@CR. 5GD NTSBNLDR @QD !!, !-, -!, @MC
--. 5GD NTSBNLDR )5 @MC 5) @QD CHEEDQDMS. 5GD !- LD@MR SG@S SGD EHQRS BNHM RGNVDC GD@CR @MC SGD RDBNMC BNHM
RGNVDC S@HKR. 5GD -! LD@MR SG@S SGD EHQRS BNHM RGNVDC S@HKR @MC SGD RDBNMC BNHM RGNVDC GD@CR.
c -DS A = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF 6I BDHI DC: I6>A. ("S LNRS NMD S@HK LD@MR YDQN NQ NMD S@HK.) 5GDM A B@M AD VQHSSDM
@R Z!!, !-, -!\. 5GD NTSBNLD !! RGNVR YDQN S@HKR. !- @MC -! D@BG RGNV NMD S@HK.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 189
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c -DS B = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @KK S@HKR. B B@M AD VQHSSDM @R Z--\. B HR SGD 8DBEA:B:CI NE A, RN B = Ac. "KRN,
)(A) + )(B) = )(A) + )(Ac) = 1.
c 5GD OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ A @MC ENQ B @QD )(A) =
3
4
@MC )(B) =
1
4
.
c -DS C = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @KK GD@CR. C = Z!!\. 4HMBD B = Z--\, )(B "/% C) = 0. B @MC C @QD LTST@KKX
DWBKTRHUD. (B @MC C G@UD MN LDLADQR HM BNLLNM ADB@TRD XNT B@MMNS G@UD @KK S@HKR @MC @KK GD@CR @S SGD R@LD
SHLD.)
c -DS D = DUDMS NE FDSSHMF BDG: I=6C DC: S@HK. D = Z--\. )(D) =
1
4
c -DS E = DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ GD@C NM SGD EHQRS QNKK. (5GHR HLOKHDR XNT B@M FDS DHSGDQ @ GD@C NQ S@HK NM SGD RDBNMC
QNKK.) E = Z!-, !!\. )(E) =
2
4
c 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF 6I A:6HI DC: (NMD NQ SVN) S@HK HM SVN EKHOR. -DS F = DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @S KD@RS NMD
S@HK HM SVN EKHOR. F = Z!-, -!, --\. )(F) =
3
4
3.6 %Q@V SVN B@QCR EQNL @ RS@MC@QC 52-B@QC CDBJ VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF @S KD@RS NMD AK@BJ
B@QC.
$T=ILHA 3.7
'KHO SVN E@HQ BNHMR. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR NE SGD DUDMSR.
=. -DS F = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @S LNRS NMD S@HK (YDQN NQ NMD S@HK).
>. -DS = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF SVN E@BDR SG@S @QD SGD R@LD.
?. -DS ! = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ GD@C NM SGD EHQRS EKHO ENKKNVDC AX @ GD@C NQ S@HK NM SGD RDBNMC EKHO.
@. "QD F @MC LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
A. -DS # = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @KK S@HKR. "QD # @MC ! LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
1IFONCIH 3.7
-NNJ @S SGD R@LOKD RO@BD HM #R;GJF? 3.6.
=. ;DQN (0) NQ NMD (1) S@HKR NBBTQ VGDM SGD NTSBNLDR !!, -!, !- RGNV TO. )(F) =
3
4
>. 5VN E@BDR @QD SGD R@LD HE !! NQ -- RGNV TO. )() =
2
4
?. " GD@C NM SGD EHQRS EKHO ENKKNVDC AX @ GD@C NQ S@HK NM SGD RDBNMC EKHO NBBTQR VGDM !! NQ !- RGNV TO. )(!)
=
2
4
@. F @MC RG@QD !! RN )(F "/% ) HR MNS DPT@K SN YDQN (0). F @MC @QD MNS LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
A. (DSSHMF @KK S@HKR NBBTQR VGDM S@HKR RGNVR TO NM ANSG BNHMR (--). !nR NTSBNLDR @QD !! @MC !-.
# @MC ! G@UD MNSGHMF HM BNLLNM RN )(# "/% !) = 0. # @MC ! @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
190 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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3.7 " ANW G@R SVN A@KKR, NMD VGHSD @MC NMD QDC. 8D RDKDBS NMD A@KK, OTS HS A@BJ HM SGD ANW, @MC RDKDBS @ RDBNMC A@KK
(R@LOKHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS). 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD ENKKNVHMF DUDMSR:
=. -DS F = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF SGD VGHSD A@KK SVHBD.
>. -DS = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF SVN A@KKR NE CHEEDQDMS BNKNQR.
?. -DS ! = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF VGHSD NM SGD EHQRS OHBJ.
@. "QD F @MC LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
A. "QD @MC ! LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
$T=ILHA 3.8
3NKK NMD E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD HR Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\. -DS DUDMS A = @ E@BD HR NCC. 5GDM A = Z1, 3, 5\.
-DS DUDMS B = @ E@BD HR DUDM. 5GDM B = Z2, 4, 6\.
c 'HMC SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE A, Ac. 5GD BNLOKDLDMS NE A, Ac, HR B ADB@TRD A @MC B SNFDSGDQ L@JD TO SGD R@LOKD
RO@BD. )(A) + )(B) = )(A) + )(Ac) = 1. "KRN, )(A) =
3
6
@MC )(B) =
3
6
.
c -DS DUDMS C = NCC E@BDR K@QFDQ SG@M SVN. 5GDM C = Z3, 5\. -DS DUDMS D= @KK DUDM E@BDR RL@KKDQ SG@M EHUD. 5GDM
D = Z2, 4\. )(C "/% D) = 0 ADB@TRD XNT B@MMNS G@UD @M NCC @MC DUDM E@BD @S SGD R@LD SHLD. 5GDQDENQD, C
@MC D @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR.
c -DS DUDMS E = @KK E@BDR KDRR SG@M EHUD. E = Z1, 2, 3, 4\.
"QD C @MC E LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR ("MRVDQ XDR NQ MN.) 8GX NQ VGX MNS
1IFONCIH 3.8
/N. C = Z3, 5\ @MC E = Z1, 2, 3, 4\. )(C "/% E) =
1
6
. 5N AD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD, )(C "/% E) LTRS AD YDQN.
c 'HMC )(C[A). 5GHR HR @ BNMCHSHNM@K OQNA@AHKHSX. 3DB@KK SG@S SGD DUDMS C HR Z3, 5\ @MC DUDMS A HR Z1, 3, 5\. 5N
EHMC )(C[A), EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE C TRHMF SGD R@LOKD RO@BD A. :NT G@UD QDCTBDC SGD R@LOKD RO@BD EQNL
SGD NQHFHM@K R@LOKD RO@BD Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\ SN Z1, 3, 5\. 4N, )(C[A) =
2
3
.
3.8 -DS DUDMS A = KD@QMHMF 4O@MHRG. -DS DUDMS B = KD@QMHMF (DQL@M. 5GDM A "/% B = KD@QMHMF 4O@MHRG @MC (DQL@M.
4TOONRD )(A) = 0.4 @MC )(B) = 0.2. )(A "/% B) = 0.08. "QD DUDMSR A @MC B HMCDODMCDMS )HMS: :NT LTRS RGNV 0/&
NE SGD ENKKNVHMF:
c )(A[B) = )(A)
c )(B[A)
c )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B)
$T=ILHA 3.9
-DS DUDMS = S@JHMF @ L@SG BK@RR. -DS DUDMS ! = S@JHMF @ RBHDMBD BK@RR. 5GDM, "/% ! = S@JHMF @ L@SG BK@RR
@MC @ RBHDMBD BK@RR. 4TOONRD )() = 0.6, )(!) = 0.5, @MC )( "/% !) = 0.3. "QD @MC ! HMCDODMCDMS
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 191
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*E @MC ! @QD HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM XNT LTRS RGNV ,+" NE SGD ENKKNVHMF:
c )([!) = )()
c )(![) = )(!)
c )( "/% !) = )())(!)
,-2#
1=: 8=D>8: NDJ B6@: 9:E:C9H DC I=: >C;DGB6I>DC NDJ =6K:. :NT BNTKC BGNNRD @MX NE SGD LDSGNCR GDQD
ADB@TRD XNT G@UD SGD MDBDRR@QX HMENQL@SHNM.
@. 4GNV SG@S )([!) = )().
1IFONCIH 3.9
P(GWH) =
P(G AND H)
P(H)
=
0.3
0.5
= 0.6 = P(G)
A. 4GNV )( "/% !) = )())(!).
1IFONCIH 3.9
P(G)P(H) = (0.6)(0.5) = 0.3 = P(G -# H)
4HMBD @MC ! @QD HMCDODMCDMS, JMNVHMF SG@S @ ODQRNM HR S@JHMF @ RBHDMBD BK@RR CNDR MNS BG@MFD SGD BG@MBD
SG@S GD NQ RGD HR S@JHMF @ L@SG BK@RR. *E SGD SVN DUDMSR G@C MNS ADDM HMCDODMCDMS (SG@S HR, SGDX @QD CDODMCDMS) SGDM
JMNVHMF SG@S @ ODQRNM HR S@JHMF @ RBHDMBD BK@RR VNTKC BG@MFD SGD BG@MBD GD NQ RGD HR S@JHMF L@SG. 'NQ OQ@BSHBD,
RGNV SG@S )(![) = )(!) SN RGNV SG@S @MC ! @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
3.9 *M @ A@F, SGDQD @QD RHW QDC L@QAKDR @MC ENTQ FQDDM L@QAKDR. 5GD QDC L@QAKDR @QD L@QJDC VHSG SGD MTLADQR 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, @MC 6. 5GD FQDDM L@QAKDR @QD L@QJDC VHSG SGD MTLADQR 1, 2, 3, @MC 4.
c + = @ QDC L@QAKD
c = @ FQDDM L@QAKD
c ( = @M NCC-MTLADQDC L@QAKD
c 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD HR , = Z+1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, 1, 2, 3, 4\.
, G@R SDM NTSBNLDR. 8G@S HR )( "/% ()
$T=ILHA 3.10
-DS DUDMS C = S@JHMF @M &MFKHRG BK@RR. -DS DUDMS D = S@JHMF @ RODDBG BK@RR.
4TOONRD )(C) = 0.75, )(D) = 0.3, )(C[D) = 0.75 @MC )(C "/% D) = 0.225.
+TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQR SN SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR MTLDQHB@KKX.
=. "QD C @MC D HMCDODMCDMS
>. "QD C @MC D LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
?. 8G@S HR )(D[C)
1IFONCIH 3.10
=. :DR, ADB@TRD )(C[D) = )(C).
>. /N, ADB@TRD )(C "/% D) HR MNS DPT@K SN YDQN.
?. )(D[C) =
P(C AND D)
P(C)
=
0.225
0.75
= 0.3
192 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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3.10 " RSTCDMS FNDR SN SGD KHAQ@QX. -DS DUDMSR B = SGD RSTCDMS BGDBJR NTS @ ANNJ @MC D = SGD RSTCDMS BGDBJ NTS @ %7%.
4TOONRD SG@S )(B) = 0.40, )(D) = 0.30 @MC )(B "/% D) = 0.20.
=. 'HMC )(B[D).
>. 'HMC )(D[B).
?. "QD B @MC D HMCDODMCDMS
@. "QD B @MC D LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
$T=ILHA 3.11
*M @ ANW SGDQD @QD SGQDD QDC B@QCR @MC EHUD AKTD B@QCR. 5GD QDC B@QCR @QD L@QJDC VHSG SGD MTLADQR 1, 2, @MC 3, @MC
SGD AKTD B@QCR @QD L@QJDC VHSG SGD MTLADQR 1, 2, 3, 4, @MC 5. 5GD B@QCR @QD VDKK-RGTEEKDC. :NT QD@BG HMSN SGD ANW
(XNT B@MMNS RDD HMSN HS) @MC CQ@V NMD B@QC.
-DS + = QDC B@QC HR CQ@VM, B = AKTD B@QC HR CQ@VM, E = DUDM-MTLADQDC B@QC HR CQ@VM.
5GD R@LOKD RO@BD , = +1, +2, +3, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5. , G@R DHFGS NTSBNLDR.
c )(+) =
3
8
. )(B) =
5
8
. )(+ "/% B) = 0. (:NT B@MMNS CQ@V NMD B@QC SG@S HR ANSG QDC @MC AKTD.)
c )(E) =
3
8
. (5GDQD @QD SGQDD DUDM-MTLADQDC B@QCR, +2, B2, @MC B4.)
c )(E[B) =
2
5
. (5GDQD @QD EHUD AKTD B@QCR: B1, B2, B3, B4, @MC B5. 0TS NE SGD AKTD B@QCR, SGDQD @QD SVN DUDM
B@QCR; B2 @MC B4.)
c )(B[E) =
2
3
. (5GDQD @QD SGQDD DUDM-MTLADQDC B@QCR: +2, B2, @MC B4. 0TS NE SGD DUDM-MTLADQDC B@QCR, SN @QD
AKTD; B2 @MC B4.)
c 5GD DUDMSR + @MC B @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD ADB@TRD )(+ "/% B) = 0.
c -DS = B@QC VHSG @ MTLADQ FQD@SDQ SG@M 3. = ZB4, B5\. )() =
2
8
. -DS ! = AKTD B@QC MTLADQDC ADSVDDM
NMD @MC ENTQ, HMBKTRHUD. ! = ZB1, B2, B3, B4\. )([!) =
1
4
. (5GD NMKX B@QC HM ! SG@S G@R @ MTLADQ FQD@SDQ
SG@M SGQDD HR B4.) 4HMBD
2
8
=
1
4
, )() = )([!), VGHBG LD@MR SG@S @MC ! @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
3.11 *M @ A@RJDSA@KK @QDM@,
c 70% NE SGD E@MR @QD QNNSHMF ENQ SGD GNLD SD@L.
c 25% NE SGD E@MR @QD VD@QHMF AKTD.
c 20% NE SGD E@MR @QD VD@QHMF AKTD @MC @QD QNNSHMF ENQ SGD @V@X SD@L.
c 0E SGD E@MR QNNSHMF ENQ SGD @V@X SD@L, 67% @QD VD@QHMF AKTD.
-DS A AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ E@M HR QNNSHMF ENQ SGD @V@X SD@L.
-DS B AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ E@M HR VD@QHMF AKTD.
"QD SGD DUDMSR NE QNNSHMF ENQ SGD @V@X SD@L @MC VD@QHMF AKTD HMCDODMCDMS "QD SGDX LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
$T=ILHA 3.12
*M @ O@QSHBTK@Q BNKKDFD BK@RR, 60% NE SGD RSTCDMSR @QD EDL@KD. 'HESX ODQBDMS NE @KK RSTCDMSR HM SGD BK@RR G@UD KNMF
G@HQ. 'NQSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR @QD EDL@KD @MC G@UD KNMF G@HQ. 0E SGD EDL@KD RSTCDMSR, 75%G@UD KNMF G@HQ.
-DS F AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD. -DS % AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS G@R KNMF G@HQ. 0MD RSTCDMS HR OHBJDC
Q@MCNLKX. "QD SGD DUDMSR NE ADHMF EDL@KD @MC G@UHMF KNMF G@HQ HMCDODMCDMS
c 5GD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR @QD FHUDM HM SGHR DW@LOKD:
c )(F) = 0.60; )(%) = 0.50
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 193
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c )(F "/% %) = 0.45
c )(%[F) = 0.75
,-2#
1=: 8=D>8: NDJ B6@: 9:E:C9H DC I=: >C;DGB6I>DC NDJ =6K:. :NT BNTKC TRD SGD EHQRS NQ K@RS BNMCHSHNM NM
SGD KHRS ENQ SGHR DW@LOKD. :NT CN MNS JMNV )(F[%) XDS, RN XNT B@MMNS TRD SGD RDBNMC BNMCHSHNM.
1IFONCIH 1
$GDBJ VGDSGDQ )(F "/% %) = )(F))(%). 8D @QD FHUDM SG@S )(F "/% %) = 0.45, ATS )(F))(%) = (0.60)(0.50)
= 0.30. 5GD DUDMSR NE ADHMF EDL@KD @MC G@UHMF KNMF G@HQ @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS ADB@TRD )(F "/% %) CNDR MNS DPT@K
)(F))(%).
1IFONCIH 2
$GDBJ VGDSGDQ )(%[F) DPT@KR )(%). 8D @QD FHUDM SG@S )(%[F) = 0.75, ATS )(%) = 0.50; SGDX @QD MNS DPT@K. 5GD
DUDMSR NE ADHMF EDL@KD @MC G@UHMF KNMF G@HQ @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
'HN?LJL?N;NCIH I@ 0?MOFNM
5GD DUDMSR NE ADHMF EDL@KD @MC G@UHMF KNMF G@HQ @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS; JMNVHMF SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD
BG@MFDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS G@R KNMF G@HQ.
3.12 .@QJ HR CDBHCHMF VGHBG QNTSD SN S@JD SN VNQJ. )HR BGNHBDR @QD " = SGD *MSDQRS@SD @MC F = 'HESG 4SQDDS.
c )(") = 0.44 @MC )(F) = 0.55
c )(" "/% F) = 0 ADB@TRD .@QJ VHKK S@JD NMKX NMD QNTSD SN VNQJ.
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE )(" 03 F)
$T=ILHA 3.13
=. 5NRR NMD E@HQ BNHM (SGD BNHM G@R SVN RHCDR, !@MC -). 5GD NTSBNLDR @QD ????????. $NTMS SGD NTSBNLDR. 5GDQD
@QD ???? NTSBNLDR.
>. 5NRR NMD E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD (SGD CHD G@R 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 NQ 6 CNSR NM @ RHCD). 5GD NTSBNLDR @QD
????????????????. $NTMS SGD NTSBNLDR. 5GDQD @QD ??? NTSBNLDR.
?. .TKSHOKX SGD SVN MTLADQR NE NTSBNLDR. 5GD @MRVDQ HR ???????.
@. *E XNT EKHO NMD E@HQ BNHM @MC ENKKNV HS VHSG SGD SNRR NE NMD E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD, SGD @MRVDQ HM SGQDD HR SGD MTLADQ
NE NTSBNLDR (RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD RO@BD). 8G@S @QD SGD NTSBNLDR ()HMS: 5VN NE SGD NTSBNLDR @QD !1 @MC -6.)
A. &UDMS A = GD@CR (!) NM SGD BNHM ENKKNVDC AX @M DUDM MTLADQ (2, 4, 6) NM SGD CHD.
A = Z?????????????????\. 'HMC )(A).
B. &UDMS B = GD@CR NM SGD BNHM ENKKNVDC AX @ SGQDD NM SGD CHD. B = Z????????\. 'HMC )(B).
C. "QD A @MC B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD ()HMS: 8G@S HR )(A "/% B) *E )(A "/% B) = 0, SGDM A @MC B @QD LTST@KKX
DWBKTRHUD.)
D. "QD A @MC B HMCDODMCDMS ()HMS: *R )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B) *E )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B), SGDM A @MC B @QD
HMCDODMCDMS. *E MNS, SGDM SGDX @QD CDODMCDMS).
1IFONCIH 3.13
=. ! @MC -; 2
>. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; 6
?. 2(6) = 12
@. -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, !1, !2, !3, !4, !5, !6
A. A = Z!2, !4, !6\; )(A) =
3
12
B. B = Z!3\; )(B) =
1
12
C. :DR, ADB@TRD )(A "/% B) = 0
D. )(A "/% B) = 0.)(A))(B) =

3
12
1
12
. )(A "/% B) CNDR MNS DPT@K )(A))(B), RN A @MC B @QD CDODMCDMS.

194 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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3.13 " ANW G@R SVN A@KKR, NMD VGHSD @MC NMD QDC. 8D RDKDBS NMD A@KK, OTS HS A@BJ HM SGD ANW, @MC RDKDBS @ RDBNMC A@KK
(R@LOKHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS). -DS - AD SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF SGD VGHSD A@KK SVHBD, F SGD DUDMS NE OHBJHMF SGD VGHSD A@KK
EHQRS, , SGD DUDMS NE OHBJHMF SGD VGHSD A@KK HM SGD RDBNMC CQ@VHMF.
=. $NLOTSD )(-).
>. $NLOTSD )(-[F).
?. "QD - @MC F HMCDODMCDMS.
@. "QD F @MC , LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
A. "QD F @MC , HMCDODMCDMS
3.3 U 2QI ;MC= 0OF?M I@ .LI<;<CFCNS
8GDM B@KBTK@SHMF OQNA@AHKHSX, SGDQD @QD SVN QTKDR SN BNMRHCDQ VGDM CDSDQLHMHMF HE SVN DUDMSR @QD HMCDODMCDMS NQ CDODMCDMS
@MC HE SGDX @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD NQ MNS.
2B? +OFNCJFC=;NCIH 0OF?
*E A @MC B @QD SVN DUDMSR CDEHMDC NM @ H6BEA: HE68:, SGDM: )(A "/% B) = )(B))(A[B).
5GHR QTKD L@X @KRN AD VQHSSDM @R: )(A[B) =
P(A AND B)
P(B)
(5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE A FHUDM B DPT@KR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE A @MC B CHUHCDC AX SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE B.)
*E A @MC B @QD >C9:E:C9:CI, SGDM )(A[B) = )(A). 5GDM )(A "/% B) = )(A[B))(B) ADBNLDR )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B).
2B? A>>CNCIH 0OF?
*E A @MC B @QD CDEHMDC NM @ R@LOKD RO@BD, SGDM: )(A 03 B) = )(A) + )(B) - )(A "/% B).
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 195
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*E A @MC B @QD BJIJ6AAN :M8AJH>K:, SGDM )(A "/% B) = 0. 5GDM )(A 03 B) = )(A) + )(B) - )(A "/% B) ADBNLDR )(A
03 B) = )(A) + )(B).
$T=ILHA 3.14
,K@TR HR SQXHMF SN BGNNRD VGDQD SN FN NM U@B@SHNM. )HR SVN BGNHBDR @QD: A = /DV ;D@K@MC @MC B = "K@RJ@
c ,K@TR B@M NMKX @EENQC NMD U@B@SHNM. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD BGNNRDR A HR )(A) = 0.6 @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S
GD BGNNRDR B HR )(B) = 0.35.
c )(A "/% B) = 0 ADB@TRD ,K@TR B@M NMKX @EENQC SN S@JD NMD U@B@SHNM
c 5GDQDENQD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD BGNNRDR DHSGDQ /DV ;D@K@MC NQ "K@RJ@ HR )(A 03 B) = )(A) + )(B) = 0.6
+ 0.35 = 0.95. /NSD SG@S SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD CNDR MNS BGNNRD SN FN @MXVGDQD NM U@B@SHNM LTRS AD 0.05.
$T=ILHA 3.15
$@QKNR OK@XR BNKKDFD RNBBDQ. )D L@JDR @ FN@K 65%NE SGD SHLD GD RGNNSR. $@QKNR HR FNHMF SN @SSDLOS SVN FN@KR HM @
QNV HM SGD MDWS F@LD. A = SGD DUDMS $@QKNR HR RTBBDRRETK NM GHR EHQRS @SSDLOS. )(A) = 0.65. B = SGD DUDMS $@QKNR HR
RTBBDRRETK NM GHR RDBNMC @SSDLOS. )(B) = 0.65. $@QKNR SDMCR SN RGNNS HM RSQD@JR. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD L@JDR SGD
RDBNMC FN@K $&3"+ SG@S GD L@CD SGD EHQRS FN@K HR 0.90.
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD L@JDR ANSG FN@KR
1IFONCIH 3.15
@. 5GD OQNAKDL HR @RJHMF XNT SN EHMC )(A "/% B) = )(B "/% A). 4HMBD )(B[A) = 0.90: )(B "/% A) = )(B[A)
)(A) = (0.90)(0.65) = 0.585
$@QKNR L@JDR SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC FN@KR VHSG OQNA@AHKHSX 0.585.
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S $@QKNR L@JDR DHSGDQ SGD EHQRS FN@K NQ SGD RDBNMC FN@K
1IFONCIH 3.15
A. 5GD OQNAKDL HR @RJHMF XNT SN EHMC )(A 03 B).
)(A 03 B) = )(A) + )(B) - )(A "/% B) = 0.65 + 0.65 - 0.585 = 0.715
$@QKNR L@JDR DHSGDQ SGD EHQRS FN@K NQ SGD RDBNMC FN@K VHSG OQNA@AHKHSX 0.715.
B. "QD A @MC B HMCDODMCDMS
1IFONCIH 3.15
B. /N, SGDX @QD MNS, ADB@TRD )(B "/% A) = 0.585.
)(B))(A) = (0.65)(0.65) = 0.423
0.423 w 0.585 = )(B "/% A)
4N, )(B "/% A) HR CDI DPT@K SN )(B))(A).
C. "QD A @MC B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
1IFONCIH 3.15
C. /N, SGDX @QD MNS ADB@TRD )(A @MC B) = 0.585.
5N AD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD, )(A "/% B) LTRS DPT@K YDQN.
196 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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3.15 )DKDM OK@XR A@RJDSA@KK. 'NQ EQDD SGQNVR, RGD L@JDR SGD RGNS 75% NE SGD SHLD. )DKDM LTRS MNV @SSDLOS SVN EQDD
SGQNVR. C = SGD DUDMS SG@S )DKDM L@JDR SGD EHQRS RGNS. )(C) = 0.75. D = SGD DUDMS )DKDM L@JDR SGD RDBNMC RGNS. )(D)
= 0.75. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S )DKDM L@JDR SGD RDBNMC EQDD SGQNV FHUDM SG@S RGD L@CD SGD EHQRS HR 0.85. 8G@S HR SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S )DKDM L@JDR ANSG EQDD SGQNVR
$T=ILHA 3.16
" BNLLTMHSX RVHL SD@L G@R 150 LDLADQR. 0:K:CIN-;>K: NE SGD LDLADQR @QD @CU@MBDC RVHLLDQR. #DGIN-
H:K:C NE SGD LDLADQR @QD HMSDQLDCH@SD RVHLLDQR. 5GD QDL@HMCDQ @QD MNUHBD RVHLLDQR. #DGIN NE SGD @CU@MBDC
RVHLLDQR OQ@BSHBD ENTQ SHLDR @ VDDJ. 1=>GIN NE SGD HMSDQLDCH@SD RVHLLDQR OQ@BSHBD ENTQ SHLDR @ VDDJ. 1:C NE
SGD MNUHBD RVHLLDQR OQ@BSHBD ENTQ SHLDR @ VDDJ. 4TOONRD NMD LDLADQ NE SGD RVHL SD@L HR BGNRDM Q@MCNLKX.
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LDLADQ HR @ MNUHBD RVHLLDQ
1IFONCIH 3.16
=.
28
150
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LDLADQ OQ@BSHBDR ENTQ SHLDR @ VDDJ
1IFONCIH 3.16
>.
80
150
B. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LDLADQ HR @M @CU@MBDC RVHLLDQ @MC OQ@BSHBDR ENTQ SHLDR @ VDDJ
1IFONCIH 3.16
?.
40
150
C. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ LDLADQ HR @M @CU@MBDC RVHLLDQ @MC @M HMSDQLDCH@SD RVHLLDQ "QD ADHMF @M
@CU@MBDC RVHLLDQ @MC @M HMSDQLDCH@SD RVHLLDQ LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
1IFONCIH 3.16
@. P(=@R=J?A@ -# EJPANIA@E=PA) = 0, OK PDAOA =NA IQPQ=HHU AT?HQOERA ARAJPO. OSEIIAN ?=JJKP >A
=J =@R=J?A@ OSEIIAN =J@ =J EJPANIA@E=PA OSEIIAN =P PDA O=IA PEIA.
D. "QD ADHMF @ MNUHBD RVHLLDQ @MC OQ@BSHBHMF ENTQ SHLDR @ VDDJ HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
1IFONCIH 3.16
A. -K, PDAOA =NA JKP EJ@ALAJ@AJP ARAJPO.
P(JKRE?A -# LN=?PE?AO BKQN PEIAO LAN SAAG) = 0.0667
P(JKRE?A)P(LN=?PE?AO BKQN PEIAO LAN SAAG) = 0.0996
0.0667 f 0.0996
3.16 " RBGNNK G@R 200 RDMHNQR NE VGNL 140 VHKK AD FNHMF SN BNKKDFD MDWS XD@Q. 'NQSX VHKK AD FNHMF CHQDBSKX SN VNQJ.
5GD QDL@HMCDQ @QD S@JHMF @ F@O XD@Q. 'HESX NE SGD RDMHNQR FNHMF SN BNKKDFD OK@X RONQSR. 5GHQSX NE SGD RDMHNQR FNHMF
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 197
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CHQDBSKX SN VNQJ OK@X RONQSR. 'HUD NE SGD RDMHNQR S@JHMF @ F@O XD@Q OK@X RONQSR. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RDMHNQ HR
S@JHMF @ F@O XD@Q
$T=ILHA 3.17
'DKHBHSX @SSDMCR .NCDRSN +$ HM .NCDRSN, $". 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 'DKHBHSX DMQNKKR HM @ L@SG BK@RR HR 0.2 @MC SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD DMQNKKR HM @ RODDBG BK@RR HR 0.65. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD DMQNKKR HM @ L@SG BK@RR (*7&/ SG@S
RGD DMQNKKR HM RODDBG BK@RR HR 0.25.
-DS: & = L@SG BK@RR, , = RODDBG BK@RR, &[, = L@SG FHUDM RODDBG
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 'DKHBHSX DMQNKKR HM L@SG @MC RODDBG
'HMC )(& "/% ,) = )(&[,))(,).
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 'DKHBHSX DMQNKKR HM L@SG NQ RODDBG BK@RRDR
'HMC )(& 03 ,) = )(&) + )(,) - )(& "/% ,).
?. "QD & @MC , HMCDODMCDMS *R )(&[,) = )(&)
@. "QD & @MC , LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD *R )(& "/% ,) = 0
1IFONCIH 3.17
=. 0.1625, >. 0.6875, ?. -K, @. -K
198 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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3.17 " RSTCDMS FNDR SN SGD KHAQ@QX. -DS DUDMSR B = SGD RSTCDMS BGDBJR NTS @ ANNJ @MC D = SGD RSTCDMS BGDBJ NTS @ %7%.
4TOONRD SG@S )(B) = 0.40, )(D) = 0.30 @MC )(D[B) = 0.5.
=. 'HMC )(B "/% D).
>. 'HMC )(B 03 D).
$T=ILHA 3.18
4STCHDR RGNV SG@S @ANTS NMD VNL@M HM RDUDM (@OOQNWHL@SDKX 14.3%) VGN KHUD SN AD 90 VHKK CDUDKNO AQD@RS B@MBDQ.
4TOONRD SG@S NE SGNRD VNLDM VGN CDUDKNO AQD@RS B@MBDQ, @ SDRS HR MDF@SHUD 2% NE SGD SHLD. "KRN RTOONRD SG@S HM
SGD FDMDQ@K ONOTK@SHNM NE VNLDM, SGD SDRS ENQ AQD@RS B@MBDQ HR MDF@SHUD @ANTS 85% NE SGD SHLD. -DS B = VNL@M
CDUDKNOR AQD@RS B@MBDQ @MC KDS ' = SDRSR MDF@SHUD. 4TOONRD NMD VNL@M HR RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL.
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD VNL@M CDUDKNOR AQD@RS B@MBDQ 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S VNL@M SDRSR
MDF@SHUD
1IFONCIH 3.18
=. P(B) = 0.143; P(N) = 0.85
A. (HUDM SG@S SGD VNL@M G@R AQD@RS B@MBDQ, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD SDRSR MDF@SHUD
1IFONCIH 3.18
>. P(NWB) = 0.02
B. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD VNL@M G@R AQD@RS B@MBDQ "/% SDRSR MDF@SHUD
1IFONCIH 3.18
?. P(B -# N) = P(B)P(NWB) = (0.143)(0.02) = 0.0029
C. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD VNL@M G@R AQD@RS B@MBDQ NQ SDRSR MDF@SHUD
1IFONCIH 3.18
@. P(B .1 N) = P(B) + P(N) - P(B -# N) = 0.143 + 0.85 - 0.0029 = 0.9901
D. "QD G@UHMF AQD@RS B@MBDQ @MC SDRSHMF MDF@SHUD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR
1IFONCIH 3.18
A. -K. P(N) = 0.85; P(NWB) = 0.02. 2K, P(NWB) @KAO JKP AMQ=H P(N).
E. "QD G@UHMF AQD@RS B@MBDQ @MC SDRSHMF MDF@SHUD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
1IFONCIH 3.18
B. -K. P(B -# N) = 0.0029. %KN B =J@ N PK >A IQPQ=HHU AT?HQOERA, P(B -# N) IQOP >A VANK.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 199
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3.18 " RBGNNK G@R 200 RDMHNQR NE VGNL 140 VHKK AD FNHMF SN BNKKDFD MDWS XD@Q. 'NQSX VHKK AD FNHMF CHQDBSKX SN VNQJ.
5GD QDL@HMCDQ @QD S@JHMF @ F@O XD@Q. 'HESX NE SGD RDMHNQR FNHMF SN BNKKDFD OK@X RONQSR. 5GHQSX NE SGD RDMHNQR FNHMF
CHQDBSKX SN VNQJ OK@X RONQSR. 'HUD NE SGD RDMHNQR S@JHMF @ F@O XD@Q OK@X RONQSR. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RDMHNQ HR
FNHMF SN BNKKDFD @MC OK@XR RONQSR
$T=ILHA 3.19
3DEDQ SN SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R;GJF? 3.18. ) = SDRSR ONRHSHUD.
=. (HUDM SG@S @ VNL@M CDUDKNOR AQD@RS B@MBDQ, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD SDRSR ONRHSHUD. 'HMC )()[B) = 1 -
)('[B).
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ VNL@M CDUDKNOR AQD@RS B@MBDQ @MC SDRSR ONRHSHUD. 'HMC )(B "/% )) =
)()[B))(B).
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ VNL@M CNDR MNS CDUDKNO AQD@RS B@MBDQ. 'HMC )(Bc) = 1 - )(B).
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ VNL@M SDRSR ONRHSHUD ENQ AQD@RS B@MBDQ. 'HMC )()) = 1 - )(').
1IFONCIH 3.19
=. 0.98; >. 0.1401; ?. 0.857; @. 0.15
3.19 " RSTCDMS FNDR SN SGD KHAQ@QX. -DS DUDMSR B = SGD RSTCDMS BGDBJR NTS @ ANNJ @MC D = SGD RSTCDMS BGDBJR NTS @
%7%. 4TOONRD SG@S )(B) = 0.40, )(D) = 0.30 @MC )(D[B) = 0.5.
=. 'HMC )(Bc).
>. 'HMC )(D "/% B).
?. 'HMC )(B[D).
@. 'HMC )(D "/% Bc).
A. 'HMC )(D[Bc).
200 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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3.4 U !IHNCHA?H=S 2;<F?M
" 8DCI>C<:C8N I67A: OQNUHCDR @ V@X NE ONQSQ@XHMF C@S@ SG@S B@M E@BHKHS@SD B@KBTK@SHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR. 5GD S@AKD GDKOR HM
CDSDQLHMHMF BNMCHSHNM@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR PTHSD D@RHKX. 5GD S@AKD CHROK@XR R@LOKD U@KTDR HM QDK@SHNM SN SVN CHEEDQDMS U@QH@AKDR SG@S
L@X AD CDODMCDMS NQ BNMSHMFDMS NM NMD @MNSGDQ. -@SDQ NM, VD VHKK TRD BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKDR @F@HM, ATS HM @MNSGDQ L@MMDQ.
$T=ILHA 3.20
4TOONRD @ RSTCX NE RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNMR @MC CQHUDQR VGN TRD B@Q OGNMDR OQNCTBDC SGD ENKKNVHMF EHBSHNM@K C@S@:
1J??>CHA PCIF;NCIH CH NB?
F;MN S?;L
,I MJ??>CHA PCIF;NCIH CH NB?
F;MN S?;L
2IN;F
"=N LDKJA QOAN 25 280 305
-KP = ?=N LDKJA
QOAN
45 405 450
3KP=H 70 685 755
2;<F? 3.2
5GD SNS@K MTLADQ NE ODNOKD HM SGD R@LOKD HR 755. 5GD QNV SNS@KR @QD 305 @MC 450. 5GD BNKTLM SNS@KR @QD 70
@MC 685. /NSHBD SG@S 305 + 450 = 755 @MC 70 + 685 = 755.
$@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR TRHMF SGD S@AKD.
@. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR @ B@Q OGNMD TRDQ).
1IFONCIH 3.20
=.
number of car phone users
total number in study
=
305
755
A. 'HMC )(ODQRNM G@C MN UHNK@SHNM HM SGD K@RS XD@Q).
1IFONCIH 3.20
>.
number that had no violation
total number in study
=
685
755
B. 'HMC )(1DQRNM G@C MN UHNK@SHNM HM SGD K@RS XD@Q "/% V@R @ B@Q OGNMD TRDQ).
1IFONCIH 3.20
?.
280
755
C. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR @ B@Q OGNMD TRDQ 03 ODQRNM G@C MN UHNK@SHNM HM SGD K@RS XD@Q).
1IFONCIH 3.20
@.

305
755
+
685
755

280
755
=
710
755
D. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR @ B@Q OGNMD TRDQ (*7&/ ODQRNM G@C @ UHNK@SHNM HM SGD K@RS XD@Q).
1IFONCIH 3.20
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 201
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A.
25
70
(3DA O=ILHA OL=?A EO NA@Q?A@ PK PDA JQI>AN KB LANOKJO SDK D=@ = REKH=PEKJ.)
E. 'HMC )(1DQRNM G@C MN UHNK@SHNM K@RS XD@Q (*7&/ ODQRNM V@R MNS @ B@Q OGNMD TRDQ)
1IFONCIH 3.20
B.
405
450
(3DA O=ILHA OL=?A EO NA@Q?A@ PK PDA JQI>AN KB LANOKJO SDK SANA JKP ?=N LDKJA QOANO.)
3.20 2;<F? 3.3 RGNVR SGD MTLADQ NE @SGKDSDR VGN RSQDSBG ADENQD DWDQBHRHMF @MC GNV L@MX G@C HMITQHDR VHSGHM SGD
O@RS XD@Q.
'HDOLS CH F;MN S?;L ,I CHDOLS CH F;MN S?;L 2IN;F
2PNAP?DAO 55 295 350
#KAO JKP OPNAP?D 231 219 450
3KP=H 286 514 800
2;<F? 3.3
=. 8G@S HR )(@SGKDSD RSQDSBGDR ADENQD DWDQBHRHMF)
>. 8G@S HR )(@SGKDSD RSQDSBGDR ADENQD DWDQBHRHMF[MN HMITQX HM SGD K@RS XD@Q)
$T=ILHA 3.21
2;<F? 3.4 RGNVR @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 GHJDQR @MC SGD @QD@R NE GHJHMF SGDX OQDEDQ.
1?R 2B? !I;MNFCH? ,?;L *;E?M ;H> 1NL?;GM -H +IOHN;CH .?;EM 2IN;F
%AI=HA 18 16 <<< 45
,=HA <<< <<< 14 55
3KP=H <<< 41 <<< <<<
2;<F? 3.4 &CECHA AL?; .L?@?L?H=?
@. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD.
1IFONCIH 3.21
202 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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=.
1?R 2B? !I;MNFCH? ,?;L *;E?M ;H> 1NL?;GM -H +IOHN;CH .?;EM 2IN;F
%AI=HA 18 16 11 45
,=HA 16 25 14 55
3KP=H 34 41 25 100
2;<F? 3.5 &CECHA AL?; .L?@?L?H=?
A. "QD SGD DUDMSR "ADHMF EDL@KD" @MC "OQDEDQQHMF SGD BN@RSKHMD" HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR
-DS F = ADHMF EDL@KD @MC KDS C = OQDEDQQHMF SGD BN@RSKHMD.
1. 'HMC )(F "/% C).
2. 'HMC )(F))(C)
"QD SGDRD SVN MTLADQR SGD R@LD *E SGDX @QD, SGDM F @MC C @QD HMCDODMCDMS. *E SGDX @QD MNS, SGDM F @MC C @QD
MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
1IFONCIH 3.21
A.
1. )(F "/% C) =
18
100
= 0.18
2. )(F))(C) =

45
100
34
100
= (0.45)(0.34) = 0.153
)(F "/% C) w )(F))(C), RN SGD DUDMSR F @MC C @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR L@KD FHUDM SG@S SGD ODQRNM OQDEDQR GHJHMF MD@Q K@JDR @MC RSQD@LR. -DS L@KD
& = ADHMF L@KD, @MC KDS % = OQDEDQR GHJHMF MD@Q K@JDR @MC RSQD@LR.
1. 8G@S VNQC SDKKR XNT SGHR HR @ BNMCHSHNM@K
2. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX: )(???[???) = ???.
3. *R SGD R@LOKD RO@BD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL @KK 100 GHJDQR *E MNS, VG@S HR HS
1IFONCIH 3.21
?.
1. 5GD VNQC 'FHUDM' SDKKR XNT SG@S SGHR HR @ BNMCHSHNM@K.
2. )(&[%) =
25
41
3. /N, SGD R@LOKD RO@BD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL HR SGD 41 GHJDQR VGN OQDEDQ K@JDR @MC RSQD@LR.
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR EDL@KD NQ OQDEDQR GHJHMF NM LNTMS@HM OD@JR. -DS F = ADHMF EDL@KD, @MC KDS
) = OQDEDQR LNTMS@HM OD@JR.
1. 'HMC )(F).
2. 'HMC )()).
3. 'HMC )(F "/% )).
4. 'HMC )(F 03 )).
1IFONCIH 3.21
@.
1. )(F) =
45
100
2. )()) =
25
100
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 203
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3. )(F "/% )) =
11
100
4. )(F 03 )) =
45
100
+
25
100
-
11
100
=
59
100
3.21 2;<F? 3.6 RGNVR @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 200 BXBKHRSR @MC SGD QNTSDR SGDX OQDEDQ. -DS & = L@KDR @MC ! = GHKKX O@SG.
%?H>?L *;E? .;NB &CFFS .;NB 5II>?> .;NB 2IN;F
%AI=HA 45 38 27 110
,=HA 26 52 12 90
3KP=H 71 90 39 200
2;<F? 3.6
=. 0TS NE SGD L@KDR, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BXBKHRS OQDEDQR @ GHKKX O@SG
>. "QD SGD DUDMSR oADHMF L@KDp @MC oOQDEDQQHMF SGD GHKKX O@SGp HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR
$T=ILHA 3.22
.TCCX .NTRD KHUDR HM @ B@FD VHSG SGQDD CNNQR. *E .TCCX FNDR NTS SGD EHQRS CNNQ, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD FDSR B@TFGS
AX "KHRR@ SGD B@S HR
1
5
@MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX GD HR MNS B@TFGS HR
4
5
. *E GD FNDR NTS SGD RDBNMC CNNQ, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX GD
FDSR B@TFGS AX "KHRR@ HR
1
4
@MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX GD HR MNS B@TFGS HR
3
4
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S "KHRR@ B@SBGDR .TCCX
BNLHMF NTS NE SGD SGHQC CNNQ HR
1
2
@MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX RGD CNDR MNS B@SBG .TCCX HR
1
2
. *S HR DPT@KKX KHJDKX SG@S
.TCCX VHKK BGNNRD @MX NE SGD SGQDD CNNQR RN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE BGNNRHMF D@BG CNNQ HR
1
3
.
!;OABN IL ,IN "IIL -H? "IIL 2QI "IIL 2BL?? 2IN;F
"=QCDP
1
15
1
12
1
6
<<<<
-KP "=QCDP
4
15
3
12
1
6
<<<<
3KP=H <<<< <<<< <<<< 1
2;<F? 3.7 "IIL !BIC=?
c 5GD EHQRS DMSQX
1
15
=

1
5
1
3
HR )(%NNQ 0MD "/% $@TFGS)

204 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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c 5GD DMSQX
4
15
=

4
5
1
3
HR )(%NNQ 0MD "/% /NS $@TFGS)

7DQHEX SGD QDL@HMHMF DMSQHDR.
@. $NLOKDSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD. $@KBTK@SD SGD DMSQHDR ENQ SGD SNS@KR. 7DQHEX SG@S SGD KNVDQ-QHFGS
BNQMDQ DMSQX HR 1.
1IFONCIH 3.22
=.
!;OABN IL ,IN "IIL -H? "IIL 2QI "IIL 2BL?? 2IN;F
"=QCDP
1
15
1
12
1
6
19
60
-KP "=QCDP
4
15
3
12
1
6
41
60
3KP=H
5
15
4
12
2
6
1
2;<F? 3.8 "IIL !BIC=?
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S "KHRR@ CNDR MNS B@SBG .TCCX
1IFONCIH 3.22
>.
41
60
B. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S .TCCX BGNNRDR %NNQ 0MD 03 %NNQ 5VN FHUDM SG@S .TCCX HR B@TFGS AX "KHRR@
1IFONCIH 3.22
?.
9
19
$T=ILHA 3.23
2;<F? 3.9 BNMS@HMR SGD MTLADQ NE BQHLDR ODQ 100,000 HMG@AHS@MSR EQNL 2008 SN 2011 HM SGD 6.4.
7?;L 0I<<?LS OLAF;LS 0;J? 4?BC=F? 2IN;F
2008 145.7 732.1 29.7 314.7
2009 133.1 717.7 29.1 259.2
2010 119.3 701 27.7 239.1
2;<F? 3.9 3HCN?> 1N;N?M !LCG? 'H>?R 0;N?M .?L 100,000
'HB;<CN;HNM 2008X2011
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 205
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7?;L 0I<<?LS OLAF;LS 0;J? 4?BC=F? 2IN;F
2011 113.7 702.2 26.8 229.6
3KP=H
2;<F? 3.9 3HCN?> 1N;N?M !LCG? 'H>?R 0;N?M .?L 100,000
'HB;<CN;HNM 2008X2011
505"- D@BG BNKTLM @MC D@BG QNV. 5NS@K C@S@ = 4,520.7
=. 'HMC )(2009 "/% 3NAADQX).
>. 'HMC )(2010 "/% #TQFK@QX).
?. 'HMC )(2010 03 #TQFK@QX).
@. 'HMC )(2011[3@OD).
A. 'HMC )(7DGHBKD[2008).
1IFONCIH 3.23
=. 0.0294, >. 0.1551, ?. 0.7165, @. 0.2365, A. 0.2575
3.23 2;<F? 3.10 QDK@SDR SGD VDHFGSR @MC GDHFGSR NE @ FQNTO NE HMCHUHCT@KR O@QSHBHO@SHMF HM @M NARDQU@SHNM@K RSTCX.
5?CABN/&?CABN 2;FF +?>COG 1BILN 2IN;FM
.>AOA 18 28 14
-KNI=H 20 51 28
4J@ANSAECDP 12 25 9
3KP=HO
2;<F? 3.10
=. 'HMC SGD SNS@K ENQ D@BG QNV @MC BNKTLM
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM HMCHUHCT@K EQNL SGHR FQNTO HR 5@KK.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM HMCHUHCT@K EQNL SGHR FQNTO HR 0ADRD @MC 5@KK.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM HMCHUHCT@K EQNL SGHR FQNTO HR 5@KK FHUDM SG@S SGD HCHUHCT@K HR 0ADRD.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM HMCHUHCT@K EQNL SGHR FQNTO HR 0ADRD FHUDM SG@S SGD HMCHUHCT@K HR 5@KK.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM HMCHUHCT@K EQNL SGHR FQNTO HR 5@KK @MC 6MCDQVDHFGS.
C. "QD SGD DUDMSR 0ADRD @MC 5@KK HMCDODMCDMS
3.5 U 2L?? ;H> 4?HH "C;AL;GM
4NLDSHLDR, VGDM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDLR @QD BNLOKDW, HS B@M AD GDKOETK SN FQ@OG SGD RHST@SHNM. 5QDD CH@FQ@LR @MC 7DMM
CH@FQ@LR @QD SVN SNNKR SG@S B@M AD TRDC SN UHRT@KHYD @MC RNKUD BNMCHSHNM@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
206 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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2L?? "C;AL;GM
" IG:: 9>6<G6B HR @ RODBH@K SXOD NE FQ@OG TRDC SN CDSDQLHMD SGD NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS. *S BNMRHRSR NE "AQ@MBGDR" SG@S
@QD K@ADKDC VHSG DHSGDQ EQDPTDMBHDR NQ OQNA@AHKHSHDR. 5QDD CH@FQ@LR B@M L@JD RNLD OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDLR D@RHDQ SN UHRT@KHYD
@MC RNKUD. 5GD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKD HKKTRSQ@SDR GNV SN TRD @ SQDD CH@FQ@L.
$T=ILHA 3.24
*M @M TQM, SGDQD @QD 11 A@KKR. 5GQDD A@KKR @QD QDC (+) @MC DHFGS A@KKR @QD AKTD (B). %Q@V SVN A@KKR, NMD @S @ SHLD,
L>I= G:EA68:B:CI. "8HSG QDOK@BDLDMS" LD@MR SG@S XNT OTS SGD EHQRS A@KK A@BJ HM SGD TQM ADENQD XNT RDKDBS SGD
RDBNMC A@KK. 5GD SQDD CH@FQ@L TRHMF EQDPTDMBHDR SG@S RGNV @KK SGD ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR ENKKNVR.
$CAOL? 3.2 3KP=H = 64 + 24 + 24 + 9 = 121
5GD EHQRS RDS NE AQ@MBGDR QDOQDRDMSR SGD EHQRS CQ@V. 5GD RDBNMC RDS NE AQ@MBGDR QDOQDRDMSR SGD RDBNMC CQ@V.
&@BG NE SGD NTSBNLDR HR CHRSHMBS. *M E@BS, VD B@M KHRS D@BG QDC A@KK @R +1, +2, @MC +3 @MC D@BG AKTD A@KK @R B1, B2,
B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, @MC B8. 5GDM SGD MHMD ++ NTSBNLDR B@M AD VQHSSDM @R:
+1+1; +1+2; +1+3; +2+1; +2+2; +2+3; +3+1; +3+2; +3+3
5GD NSGDQ NTSBNLDR @QD RHLHK@Q.
5GDQD @QD @ SNS@K NE 11 A@KKR HM SGD TQM. %Q@V SVN A@KKR, NMD @S @ SHLD, VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS. 5GDQD @QD 11(11) =
121 NTSBNLDR, SGD RHYD NE SGD H6BEA: HE68:.
@. -HRS SGD 24 B+ NTSBNLDR: B1+1, B1+2, B1+3, ...
1IFONCIH 3.24
=. B1R1; B1R2; B1R3; B2R1; B2R2; B2R3; B3R1; B3R2; B3R3; B4R1; B4R2; B4R3; B5R1; B5R2;
B5R3; B6R1; B6R2; B6R3; B7R1; B7R2; B7R3; B8R1; B8R2; B8R3
A. 6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(++).
1IFONCIH 3.24
>. P(RR) =

3
11
3
11
=
9
121
B. 6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(+B 03 B+).
1IFONCIH 3.24
?. P(RB .1 BR) =

3
11
8
11
8
11
3
11
=
48
121
C. 6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(+ NM 1RS CQ@V "/% B NM 2MC CQ@V).
1IFONCIH 3.24
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 207
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@. P(R KJ 1OP @N=S -# B KJ 2J@ @N=S) = P(RB) =

3
11
8
11
=
24
121
D. 6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(+ NM 2MC CQ@V (*7&/ B NM 1RS CQ@V).
1IFONCIH 3.24
D. )(+ NM 2MC CQ@V (*7&/ B NM 1RS CQ@V) = )(+ NM 2MC[B NM 1RS) =
24
88
=
3
11
5GHR OQNAKDL HR @ BNMCHSHNM@K NMD. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD G@R ADDM QDCTBDC SN SGNRD NTSBNLDR SG@S @KQD@CX G@UD
@ AKTD NM SGD EHQRS CQ@V. 5GDQD @QD 24 + 64 = 88 ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR (24 B+ @MC 64 BB). 5VDMSX-ENTQ NE SGD 88
ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR @QD B+.
24
88
=
3
11
.
E. 6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(BB).
1IFONCIH 3.24
B. P(BB) =
64
121
F. 6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(B NM SGD 2MC CQ@V FHUDM + NM SGD EHQRS CQ@V).
1IFONCIH 3.24
F. )(B NM 2MC CQ@V[+ NM 1RS CQ@V) =
8
11
5GDQD @QD 9 + 24 NTSBNLDR SG@S G@UD + NM SGD EHQRS CQ@V (9 ++ @MC 24 +B). 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD HR SGDM 9 + 24
= 33. 24 NE SGD 33 NTSBNLDR G@UD B NM SGD RDBNMC CQ@V. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR SGDM
24
33
.
208 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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3.24 *M @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ, SGDQD @QD 52 B@QCR. 12 B@QCR @QD E@BD B@QCR (DUDMS F) @MC 40 B@QCR @QD MNS E@BD B@QCR (DUDMS ').
%Q@V SVN B@QCR, NMD @S @ SHLD, VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS. "KK ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR @QD RGNVM HM SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L @R EQDPTDMBHDR.
6RHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L, B@KBTK@SD )(FF).
$CAOL? 3.3
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 209
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$T=ILHA 3.25
"M TQM G@R SGQDD QDC L@QAKDR @MC DHFGS AKTD L@QAKDR HM HS. %Q@V SVN L@QAKDR, NMD @S @ SHLD, SGHR SHLD VHSGNTS
QDOK@BDLDMS, EQNL SGD TQM. "4>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI" LD@MR SG@S XNT CN MNS OTS SGD EHQRS A@KK A@BJ ADENQD XNT
RDKDBS SGD RDBNMC L@QAKD. 'NKKNVHMF HR @ SQDD CH@FQ@LENQ SGHR RHST@SHNM. 5GD AQ@MBGDR @QD K@ADKDC VHSG OQNA@AHKHSHDR
HMRSD@C NE EQDPTDMBHDR. 5GD MTLADQR @S SGD DMCR NE SGD AQ@MBGDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC AX LTKSHOKXHMF SGD MTLADQR NM SGD
SVN BNQQDRONMCHMF AQ@MBGDR, ENQ DW@LOKD,

3
11
2
10
=
6
110
.
$CAOL? 3.4 3KP=H =
56 + 24 + 24 + 6
110
=
110
110
= 1
,-2#
*E XNT CQ@V @ QDC NM SGD EHQRS CQ@V EQNL SGD SGQDD QDC ONRRHAHKHSHDR, SGDQD @QD SVN QDC L@QAKDR KDES SN CQ@V NM
SGD RDBNMC CQ@V. :NT CN MNS OTS A@BJ NQ QDOK@BD SGD EHQRS L@QAKD @ESDQ XNT G@UD CQ@VM HS. :NT CQ@V L>I=DJI
G:EA68:B:CI, RN SG@S NM SGD RDBNMC CQ@V SGDQD @QD SDM L@QAKDR KDES HM SGD TQM.
210 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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$@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR TRHMF SGD SQDD CH@FQ@L.
@. )(++) = ????????
1IFONCIH 3.25
=. P(RR) =

3
11
2
10
=
6
110
A. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR:
)(+B 03 B+) =

3
11
8
10
+ (___)(___) =
48
110
1IFONCIH 3.25
>. P(RB .1 BR) =

3
11
8
10
8
11
3
10
=
48
110
B. )(+ NM 2MC[B NM 1RS) =
1IFONCIH 3.25
?. P(R KJ 2J@WB KJ 1OP) =
3
10
C. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR.
)(+ NM 1RS "/% B NM 2MC) = )(+B) = (???)(???) =
24
100
1IFONCIH 3.25
@. P(R KJ 1OP -# B KJ 2J@) = P(RB) =

3
11
8
10
=
24
100
D. 'HMC )(BB).
1IFONCIH 3.25
A. P(BB) =

8
11
7
10
E. 'HMC )(B NM 2MC[+ NM 1RS).

1IFONCIH 3.25
B. 4OEJC PDA PNAA @E=CN=I, P(B KJ 2J@WR KJ 1OP) = P(RWB) =
8
10
.
*E VD @QD TRHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR, VD B@M K@ADK SGD SQDD HM SGD ENKKNVHMF FDMDQ@K V@X.
c )(+[+) GDQD LD@MR )(+ NM 2MC[+ NM 1RS)
c )(B[+) GDQD LD@MR )(B NM 2MC[+ NM 1RS)
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 211
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c )(+[B) GDQD LD@MR )(+ NM 2MC[B NM 1RS)
c )(B[B) GDQD LD@MR )(B NM 2MC[B NM 1RS)
3.25 *M @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ, SGDQD @QD 52 B@QCR. 5VDKUD B@QCR @QD E@BD B@QCR (F) @MC 40 B@QCR @QD MNS E@BD B@QCR ('). %Q@V
SVN B@QCR, NMD @S @ SHLD, VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS. 5GD SQDD CH@FQ@L HR K@ADKDC VHSG @KK ONRRHAKD OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
$CAOL? 3.5
=. 'HMC )(F' 03 'F).
>. 'HMC )('[F).
?. 'HMC )(@S LNRS NMD E@BD B@QC).
)HMS: ""S LNRS NMD E@BD B@QC" LD@MR YDQN NQ NMD E@BD B@QC.
@. 'HMC )(@S KD@RS NM E@BD B@QC).
)HMS: ""S KD@RS NMD E@BD B@QC" LD@MR NMD NQ SVN E@BD B@QCR.
$T=ILHA 3.26
" KHSSDQ NE JHSSDMR @U@HK@AKD ENQ @CNOSHNM @S SGD )TL@MD 4NBHDSX G@R ENTQ S@AAX JHSSDMR @MC EHUD AK@BJ JHSSDMR. "
E@LHKX BNLDR HM @MC Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSR SVN JHSSDMR (VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS) ENQ @CNOSHNM.
212 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ANSG JHSSDMR @QD S@AAX
@.

1
2
1
2
A.

4
9
4
9
B.

4
9
3
8
C.

4
9
5
9
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD JHSSDM NE D@BG BNKNQHMF HR RDKDBSDC
@.

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9
5
9
A.

4
9
5
8
B.

4
9
5
9
5
9
4
9
C.

4
9
5
8
5
9
4
8
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ S@AAX HR BGNRDM @R SGD RDBNMC JHSSDM VGDM @ AK@BJ JHSSDM V@R BGNRDM @R SGD
EHQRS
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE BGNNRHMF SVN JHSSDMR NE SGD R@LD BNKNQ
1IFONCIH 3.26
=. ?, >. @, ?.
4
8
, @.
32
72
3.26 4TOONRD SGDQD @QD ENTQ QDC A@KKR @MC SGQDD XDKKNV A@KKR HM @ ANW. 5GQDD A@KKR @QD CQ@VM EQNL SGD ANW VHSGNTS
QDOK@BDLDMS. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD A@KK NE D@BG BNKNQHMF HR RDKDBSDC
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 213
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4?HH "C;AL;G
" 3:CC 9>6<G6B HR @ OHBSTQD SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS. *S FDMDQ@KKX BNMRHRSR NE @ ANW SG@S QDOQDRDMSR
SGD R@LOKD RO@BD 4 SNFDSGDQ VHSG BHQBKDR NQ NU@KR. 5GD BHQBKDR NQ NU@KR QDOQDRDMS DUDMSR.
$T=ILHA 3.27
4TOONRD @M DWODQHLDMS G@R SGD NTSBNLDR 1, 2, 3, ... , 12 VGDQD D@BG NTSBNLD G@R @M DPT@K BG@MBD NE NBBTQQHMF.
-DS DUDMS A = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\ @MC DUDMS B = Z6, 7, 8, 9\. 5GDM A "/% B = Z6\ @MC A 03 B = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9\. 5GD 7DMM CH@FQ@L HR @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 3.6
3.27 4TOONRD @M DWODQHLDMS G@R NTSBNLDR AK@BJ, VGHSD, QDC, NQ@MFD, XDKKNV, FQDDM, AKTD, @MC OTQOKD, VGDQD D@BG
NTSBNLD G@R @M DPT@K BG@MBD NE NBBTQQHMF. -DS DUDMS C = ZFQDDM, AKTD, OTQOKD\ @MC DUDMS ) = ZQDC, XDKKNV, AKTD\. 5GDM
C "/% ) = ZAKTD\ @MC C 03 ) = ZFQDDM, AKTD, OTQOKD, QDC, XDKKNV\. %Q@V @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L QDOQDRDMSHMF SGHR RHST@SHNM.
$T=ILHA 3.28
'KHO SVN E@HQ BNHMR. -DS A = S@HKR NM SGD EHQRS BNHM. -DS B = S@HKR NM SGD RDBNMC BNHM. 5GDM A = Z--, -!\ @MC B =
Z--, !-\. 5GDQDENQD, A "/% B = Z--\. A 03 B = Z-!, --, !-\.
214 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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5GD R@LOKD RO@BD VGDM XNT EKHO SVN E@HQ BNHMR HR 1 = Z!!, !-, -!, --\. 5GD NTSBNLD !! HR HM /&*5)&3
A /03 B. 5GD 7DMM CH@FQ@L HR @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 3.7
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 215
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3.28 3NKK @ E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD. -DS A = @ OQHLD MTLADQ NE CNSR HR QNKKDC. -DS B = @M NCC MTLADQ NE CNSR HR QNKKDC. 5GDM
A = Z2, 3, 5\ @MC B = Z1, 3, 5\. 5GDQDENQD, A "/% B = Z3, 5\. A 03 B = Z1, 2, 3, 5\. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD ENQ QNKKHMF @
E@HQ CHD HR , = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\. %Q@V @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L QDOQDRDMSHMF SGHR RHST@SHNM.
$T=ILHA 3.29
#DGIN E:G8:CI NE SGD RSTCDMSR @S @ KNB@K BNKKDFD ADKNMF SN @ BKTA @MC 50% VNQJ O@QS SHLD. #>K: E:G8:CI NE SGD
RSTCDMSR VNQJ O@QS SHLD @MC ADKNMF SN @ BKTA. %Q@V @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L RGNVHMF SGD QDK@SHNMRGHOR. -DS C = RSTCDMS
ADKNMFR SN @ BKTA @MC )- = RSTCDMS VNQJR O@QS SHLD.
$CAOL? 3.8
*E @ RSTCDMS HR RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL, EHMC
c SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS ADKNMFR SN @ BKTA. )(C) = 0.40
c SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS VNQJR O@QS SHLD. )()-) = 0.50
c SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS ADKNMFR SN @ BKTA "/% VNQJR O@QS SHLD. )(C "/% )-) = 0.05
c SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS ADKNMFR SN @ BKTA <>K:C SG@S SGD RSTCDMS VNQJR O@QS SHLD.
P(C|PT) =
P(C AND PT)
P(PT)
=
0.05
0.50
= 0.1
c SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS ADKNMFR SN @ BKTA ,/ VNQJR O@QS SHLD. )(C 03 )-) = )(C) + )()-) - )(C
"/% )-) = 0.40 + 0.50 - 0.05 = 0.85
216 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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3.29 'HESX ODQBDMS NE SGD VNQJDQR @S @ E@BSNQX VNQJ @ RDBNMC INA, 25% G@UD @ RONTRD VGN @KRN VNQJR, 5% VNQJ @
RDBNMC INA @MC G@UD @ RONTRD VGN @KRN VNQJR. %Q@V @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L RGNVHMF SGD QDK@SHNMRGHOR. -DS 0 = VNQJR @
RDBNMC INA @MC , = RONTRD @KRN VNQJR.
$T=ILHA 3.30
" ODQRNM VHSG SXOD 0 AKNNC @MC @ MDF@SHUD 3G E@BSNQ (3G-) B@M CNM@SD AKNNC SN @MX ODQRNM VHSG @MX AKNNC SXOD.
'NTQ ODQBDMS NE "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR G@UD SXOD 0 AKNNC @MC @ MDF@SHUD 3) E@BSNQ, 5u10% NE "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR
G@UD SGD 3G- E@BSNQ, @MC 51% G@UD SXOD 0 AKNNC.
$CAOL? 3.9
5GD o0p BHQBKD QDOQDRDMSR SGD "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR VHSG SXOD 0 AKNNC. 5GD o3G-o NU@K QDOQDRDMSR SGD "EQHB@M
"LDQHB@MR VHSG SGD 3G- E@BSNQ.
8D VHKK S@JD SGD @UDQ@FD NE 5% @MC 10% @MC TRD 7.5% @R SGD ODQBDMS NE "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR VGN G@UD SGD
3G- E@BSNQ. -DS ( = "EQHB@M "LDQHB@M VHSG 5XOD 0 AKNNC @MC + = "EQHB@M "LDQHB@M VHSG 3G- E@BSNQ.
=. )(() = ???????????
>. )(+) = ???????????
?. )(( "/% +) = ???????????
@. )(( 03 +) = ????????????
A. *M SGD 7DMM %H@FQ@L, CDRBQHAD SGD NUDQK@OOHMF @QD@ TRHMF @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
B. *M SGD 7DMM %H@FQ@L, CDRBQHAD SGD @QD@ HM SGD QDBS@MFKD ATS NTSRHCD ANSG SGD BHQBKD @MC SGD NU@K TRHMF @
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
1IFONCIH 3.30
=. 0.51; >. 0.075; ?. 0.04; @. 0.545; A. 3DA =NA= NALNAOAJPO PDA BNE?=J IANE?=JO PD=P D=RA PULA .
>HKK@ =J@ PDA 1D- B=?PKN. B. 3DA =NA= NALNAOAJPO PDA BNE?=J IANE?=JO PD=P D=RA JAEPDAN PULA . >HKK@
JKN PDA 1D- B=?PKN.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 217
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3.30 *M @ ANNJRSNQD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BTRSNLDQ ATXR @ MNUDK HR 0.6, @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BTRSNLDQ ATXR
@ MNM-EHBSHNM ANNJ HR 0.4. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BTRSNLDQ ATXR ANSG HR 0.2.
=. %Q@V @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD RHST@SHNM.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BTRSNLDQ ATXR DHSGDQ @ MNUDK NQ @MNM-EHBSHNM ANNJ.
?. *M SGD 7DMM CH@FQ@L, CDRBQHAD SGD NUDQK@OOHMF @QD@ TRHMF @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
@. 4TOONRD SG@S RNLD BTRSNLDQR ATX NMKX BNLO@BS CHRJR. %Q@V @M NU@K HM XNTQ 7DMM CH@FQ@L QDOQDRDMSHMF SGHR
DUDMS.
218 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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3.1 .LI<;<CFCNS 2IJC=M
$K@RR SHLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK TRD SGDNQDSHB@K @MC DLOHQHB@K LDSGNCR SN DRSHL@SD OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK @OOQ@HRD SGD CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD SVN DRSHL@SDR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDLNMRSQ@SD @M TMCDQRS@MCHMF NE KNMF-SDQL QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR.
"I NB? #RJ?LCG?HN
$NTMS NTS 40 LHWDC-BNKNQ .&.R_ VGHBG HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX NMD RL@KK A@FnR VNQSG. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE D@BG
BNKNQ HM 2;<F? 3.11. 6RD SGD HMENQL@SHNM EQNL SGHR S@AKD SN BNLOKDSD 2;<F? 3.12. /DWS, OTS SGD .&.R HM @ BTO. 5GD
DWODQHLDMS HR SN OHBJ SVN .&.R, NMD @S @ SHLD. %N CDI KNNJ @S SGDL @R XNT OHBJ SGDL. 5GD EHQRS SHLD SGQNTFG, QDOK@BD
SGD EHQRS .&.ADENQD OHBJHMF SGD RDBNMC NMD. 3DBNQC SGD QDRTKSR HM SGD o8HSG 3DOK@BDLDMSp BNKTLM NE 2;<F? 3.13. %N
SGHR 24 SHLDR. 5GD RDBNMC SHLD SGQNTFG, @ESDQ OHBJHMF SGD EHQRS .&., CN CDI QDOK@BD HS ADENQD OHBJHMF SGD RDBNMC NMD.
5GDM, OHBJ SGD RDBNMC NMD. 3DBNQC SGD QDRTKSR HM SGD o8HSGNTS 3DOK@BDLDMSp BNKTLM RDBSHNM NE 2;<F? 3.14. "ESDQ XNT
QDBNQC SGD OHBJ, OTS 7DI= .&.R A@BJ. %N SGHR @ SNS@K NE 24 SHLDR, @KRN. 6RD SGD C@S@ EQNL 2;<F? 3.14 SN B@KBTK@SD SGD
DLOHQHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNMR. -D@UD XNTQ @MRVDQR HM TMQDCTBDC EQ@BSHNM@K ENQL. %N CDI LTKSHOKX NTS @MX EQ@BSHNMR.
!IFIL /O;HNCNS
8AHHKS (Y)
&NAAJ (G)
!HQA (BL)
!NKSJ (B)
.N=JCA (O)
1A@ (R)
2;<F? 3.11 .IJOF;NCIH
5CNB 0?JF;=?G?HN 5CNBION 0?JF;=?G?HN
P(2 NA@O)
P(R
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)
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2;<F? 3.12 2B?IL?NC=;F .LI<;<CFCNC?M
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 219
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P(G
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P(JK UAHHKSO)
P(@KQ>HAO)
P(JK @KQ>HAO)
2;<F? 3.12 2B?IL?NC=;F .LI<;<CFCNC?M
,-2#
2
= FQDDM NM RDBNMC OHBJ; +
1
= QDC NM EHQRS OHBJ; B
1
= AQNVM NM EHQRS OHBJ; B
2
= AQNVM NM RDBNMC OHBJ; CNTAKDR
= ANSG OHBJR @QD SGD R@LD BNKNTQ.
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << ) ( << , << )
2;<F? 3.13 #GJCLC=;F 0?MOFNM
220 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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P(2 NA@O)
P(R
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2;<F? 3.14 #GJCLC=;F .LI<;<CFCNC?M
1. 8GX @QD SGD o8HSG 3DOK@BDLDMSp @MC o8HSGNTS 3DOK@BDLDMSp OQNA@AHKHSHDR CHEEDQDMS
2. $NMUDQS )(MN XDKKNVR) SN CDBHL@K ENQL@S ENQ ANSG 5GDNQDSHB@K o8HSG 3DOK@BDLDMSp @MC ENQ &LOHQHB@K o8HSG
3DOK@BDLDMSp. 3NTMC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
=. 5GDNQDSHB@K o8HSG 3DOK@BDLDMSp: )(MN XDKKNVR) = ???????
>. &LOHQHB@K o8HSG 3DOK@BDLDMSp: )(MN XDKKNVR) = ???????
?. "QD SGD CDBHL@K U@KTDR oBKNRDp %HC XNT DWODBS SGDL SN AD BKNRDQ SNFDSGDQ NQ E@QSGDQ @O@QS 8GX
3. *E XNT HMBQD@RDC SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR XNT OHBJDC SVN .&.R SN 240 SHLDR, VGX VNTKC DLOHQHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX
U@KTDR BG@MFD
4. 8NTKC SGHR BG@MFD (RDD O@QS 3) B@TRD SGD DLOHQHB@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR @MC SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR SN AD BKNRDQ SNFDSGDQ
NQ E@QSGDQ @O@QS )NV CN XNT JMNV
5. &WOK@HM SGD CHEEDQDMBDR HM VG@S )(
1
"/% +
2
) @MC )(+
1
[
2
) QDOQDRDMS. )HMS: 5GHMJ @ANTS SGD R@LOKD RO@BD ENQ
D@BG OQNA@AHKHSX.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 221
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!IH>CNCIH;F .LI<;<CFCNS
=IHNCHA?H=S N;<F?
"?J?H>?HN #P?HNM
#KO;FFS *CE?FS
#P?HN
#RJ?LCG?HN
'H>?J?H>?HN #P?HNM
+ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP?
-ON=IG?
.LI<;<CFCNS
1;GJF? 1J;=?
1;GJFCHA QCNB 0?JF;=?G?HN
1;GJFCHA QCNBION 0?JF;=?G?HN
2B? A," #P?HN
2B? !IGJF?G?HN #P?HN
2B? !IH>CNCIH;F .LI<;<CFCNS I@ -H? #P?HN %CP?H AHINB?L #P?HN
2B? !IH>CNCIH;F .LI<;<CFCNS I@ A %'4#, B
2B? -0 I@ 2QI #P?HNM
2B? -L #P?HN
2L?? "C;AL;G
4?HH "C;AL;G
)#7 2#0+1
SGD KHJDKHGNNC SG@S @M DUDMS VHKK NBBTQ FHUDM SG@S @MNSGDQ DUDMS G@R @KQD@CX NBBTQQDC
SGD LDSGNC NE CHROK@XHMF @ EQDPTDMBX CHRSQHATSHNM @R @ S@AKD VHSG QNVR @MC BNKTLMR SN RGNV GNV
SVN U@QH@AKDR L@X AD CDODMCDMS (BNMSHMFDMS) TONM D@BG NSGDQ; SGD S@AKD OQNUHCDR @M D@RX V@X SN B@KBTK@SD
BNMCHSHNM@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
*E SVN DUDMSR @QD /05 HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM VD R@X SG@S SGDX @QD CDODMCDMS.
D@BG NTSBNLD NE @M DWODQHLDMS G@R SGD R@LD OQNA@AHKHSX
@ RTARDS NE SGD RDS NE @KK NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS; SGD RDS NE @KK NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS HR B@KKDC @ H6BEA:
HE68: @MC HR TRT@KKX CDMNSDC AX ,. "M DUDMS HR @M @QAHSQ@QX RTARDS HM ,. *S B@M BNMS@HM NMD NTSBNLD, SVN NTSBNLDR,
MN NTSBNLDR (DLOSX RTARDS), SGD DMSHQD R@LOKD RO@BD, @MC SGD KHJD. 4S@MC@QC MNS@SHNMR ENQ DUDMSR @QD B@OHS@K KDSSDQR
RTBG @R A, B, C, @MC RN NM.
@ OK@MMDC @BSHUHSX B@QQHDC NTS TMCDQ BNMSQNKKDC BNMCHSHNMR
5GD NBBTQQDMBD NE NMD DUDMS G@R MN DEEDBS NM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD NBBTQQDMBD NE @MNSGDQ DUDMS.
&UDMSR A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS HE NMD NE SGD ENKKNVHMF HR SQTD:
1. )(A[B) = )(A)
2. )(B[A) = )(B)
3. )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B)
5VN DUDMSR @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD HE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDX ANSG G@OODM @S SGD R@LD SHLD HR
YDQN. *E DUDMSR A @MC B @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD, SGDM )(A "/% B) = 0.
@ O@QSHBTK@Q QDRTKS NE @M DWODQHLDMS
@ MTLADQ ADSVDDM YDQN @MC NMD, HMBKTRHUD, SG@S FHUDR SGD KHJDKHGNNC SG@S @ RODBHEHB DUDMS VHKK NBBTQ, SGD
ENTMC@SHNM NE RS@SHRSHBR HR FHUDM AX SGD ENKKNVHMF 3 @WHNLR (AX "./. ,NKLNFNQNU, 1930nR): -DS , CDMNSD SGD R@LOKD
RO@BD @MC A @MC B @QD SVN DUDMSR HM ,. 5GDM:
c 0 x )(A) x 1
c *E A @MC B @QD @MX SVN LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR, SGDM )(A 03 B) = )(A) + )(#).
c )(,) = 1
SGD RDS NE @KK ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS
*E D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM HR QDOK@BDC @ESDQ HS HR OHBJDC, SGDM SG@S LDLADQ G@R SGD
ONRRHAHKHSX NE ADHMF BGNRDM LNQD SG@M NMBD.
8GDM R@LOKHMF HR CNMD VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS, D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM L@X AD
BGNRDM NMKX NMBD.
"M NTSBNLD HR HM SGD DUDMS A "/% B HE SGD NTSBNLD HR HM ANSG A "/% B @S SGD R@LD SHLD
5GD BNLOKDLDMS NE DUDMS A BNMRHRSR NE @KK NTSBNLDR SG@S @QD /05 HM A.
)(A[B) HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DUDMS A VHKK
NBBTQ FHUDM SG@S SGD DUDMS B G@R @KQD@CX NBBTQQDC.
)(A[B) HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DUDMS A VHKK NBBTQ FHUDM SG@S SGD DUDMS B
G@R @KQD@CX NBBTQQDC.
"M NTSBNLD HR HM SGD DUDMS A 03 B HE SGD NTSBNLD HR HM A, HR HM B, NQ HR HM ANSG A @MC B.
"M NTSBNLD HR HM SGD DUDMS A 03 B HE SGD NTSBNLD HR HM A NQ HR HM B NQ HR HM ANSG A @MC B.
SGD TRDETK UHRT@K QDOQDRDMS@SHNM NE @ R@LOKD RO@BD @MC DUDMSR HM SGD ENQL NE @ oSQDDp VHSG AQ@MBGDR
L@QJDC AX ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR SNFDSGDQ VHSG @RRNBH@SDC OQNA@AHKHSHDR (EQDPTDMBHDR, QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR)
SGD UHRT@K QDOQDRDMS@SHNM NE @ R@LOKD RO@BD @MC DUDMSR HM SGD ENQL NE BHQBKDR NQ NU@KR RGNVHMF SGDHQ
HMSDQRDBSHNMR
222 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
3.1 2?LGCHIFIAS
*M SGHR LNCTKD VD KD@QMDC SGD A@RHB SDQLHMNKNFX NE OQNA@AHKHSX. 5GD RDS NE @KK ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS HR B@KKDC
SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. &UDMSR @QD RTARDSR NE SGD R@LOKD RO@BD, @MC SGDX @QD @RRHFMDC @ OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HR @ MTLADQ ADSVDDM YDQN
@MC NMD, HMBKTRHUD.
3.2 'H>?J?H>?HN ;H> +ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
5VN DUDMSR A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS HE SGD JMNVKDCFD SG@S NMD NBBTQQDC CNDR MNS @EEDBS SGD BG@MBD SGD NSGDQ NBBTQR. *E SVN
DUDMSR @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM VD R@X SG@S SGDX @QD CDODMCDMS.
*M 4@LOKHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS, D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM HR QDOK@BDC @ESDQ HS HR OHBJDC, RN SG@S LDLADQ G@R
SGD ONRRHAHKHSX NE ADHMF BGNRDM LNQD SG@M NMBD, @MC SGD DUDMSR @QD BNMRHCDQDC SN AD HMCDODMCDMS. *M R@LOKHMF VHSGNTS
QDOK@BDLDMS, D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM L@X AD BGNRDM NMKX NMBD, @MC SGD DUDMSR @QD BNMRHCDQDC MNS SN AD HMCDODMCDMS.
8GDM DUDMSR CN MNS RG@QD NTSBNLDR, SGDX @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD NE D@BG NSGDQ.
3.3 2QI ;MC= 0OF?M I@ .LI<;<CFCNS
5GD LTKSHOKHB@SHNM QTKD @MC SGD @CCHSHNM QTKD @QD TRDC ENQ BNLOTSHMF SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE A @MC B, @R VDKK @R SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE
A NQ B ENQ SVN FHUDM DUDMSR A, B CDEHMDC NM SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. *M R@LOKHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM HR
QDOK@BDC @ESDQ HS HR OHBJDC, RN SG@S LDLADQ G@R SGD ONRRHAHKHSX NE ADHMF BGNRDM LNQD SG@M NMBD, @MC SGD DUDMSR @QD BNMRHCDQDC
SN AD HMCDODMCDMS. *M R@LOKHMF VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS, D@BG LDLADQ NE @ ONOTK@SHNM L@X AD BGNRDM NMKX NMBD, @MC SGD
DUDMSR @QD BNMRHCDQDC SN AD MNS HMCDODMCDMS. 5GD DUDMSR A @MC B @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR VGDM SGDX CN MNS G@UD @MX
NTSBNLDR HM BNLLNM.
3.4 !IHNCHA?H=S 2;<F?M
5GDQD @QD RDUDQ@K SNNKR XNT B@M TRD SN GDKO NQF@MHYD @MC RNQS C@S@ VGDM B@KBTK@SHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR. $NMSHMFDMBX S@AKDR GDKO
CHROK@X C@S@ @MC @QD O@QSHBTK@QKX TRDETK VGDM B@KBTK@SHMF OQNA@AHKHSDR SG@S G@UD LTKSHOKD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR.
3.5 2L?? ;H> 4?HH "C;AL;GM
" SQDD CH@FQ@L TRD AQ@MBGDR SN RGNV SGD CHEEDQDMS NTSBNLDR NE DWODQHLDMSR @MC L@JDR BNLOKDW OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNMR D@RX
SN UHRT@KHYD.
" 7DMM CH@FQ@LHR @ OHBSTQD SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD NTSBNLDR NE @M DWODQHLDMS. *S FDMDQ@KKX BNMRHRSR NE @ ANW SG@S QDOQDRDMSR
SGD R@LOKD RO@BD , SNFDSGDQ VHSG BHQBKDR NQ NU@KR. 5GD BHQBKDR NQ NU@KR QDOQDRDMS DUDMSR. " 7DMM CH@FQ@L HR DRODBH@KKX
GDKOETK ENQ UHRT@KHYHMF SGD 03 DUDMS, SGD "/% DUDMS, @MC SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE @M DUDMS @MC ENQ TMCDQRS@MCHMF BNMCHSHNM@K
OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
3.1 2?LGCHIFIAS
A @MC B @QD DUDMSR
)(,) = 1 VGDQD , HR SGD R@LOKD RO@BD
0 x )(A) x 1
)(A[B) =
P(AANDB)
P(B)
*E A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS, )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B), )(A[B)
= )(A) @MC )(B[A) = )(B).
*E A @MC B @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD, )(A 03 B) = )(A) + )(B)
@MC )(A "/% B) = 0.
1=: BJAI>EA>86I>DC GJA:: )(A "/% B) = )(A[B))(B)
1=: 699>I>DC GJA:: )(A 03 B) = )(A) + )(B) - )(A "/% B)
.0A!2'!#
3.1 2?LGCHIFIAS
1. *M @ O@QSHBTK@Q BNKKDFD BK@RR, SGDQD @QD L@KD @MC EDL@KD RSTCDMSR. 4NLD RSTCDMSR G@UD KNMF G@HQ @MC RNLD RSTCDMSR G@UD
RGNQS G@HQ. 8QHSD SGD HNB7DAH ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR NE SGD DUDMSR ENQ O@QSR @ SGQNTFG I. (/NSD SG@S XNT B@MMNS EHMC MTLDQHB@K
@MRVDQR GDQD. :NT VDQD MNS FHUDM DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM SN EHMC @MX OQNA@AHKHSX U@KTDR XDS; BNMBDMSQ@SD NM TMCDQRS@MCHMF SGD
RXLANKR.)
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 223
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c -DS F AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD.
c -DS & AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR L@KD.
c -DS , AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS G@R RGNQS G@HQ.
c -DS % AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS G@R KNMF G@HQ.
=. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS CNDR MNS G@UD KNMF G@HQ.
>. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR L@KD NQ G@R RGNQS G@HQ.
?. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR @ EDL@KD @MC G@R KNMF G@HQ.
@. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR L@KD, FHUDM SG@S SGD RSTCDMS G@R KNMF G@HQ.
A. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS G@R KNMF G@HQ, FHUDM SG@S SGD RSTCDMS HR L@KD.
B. 0E @KK SGD EDL@KD RSTCDMSR, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS G@R RGNQS G@HQ.
C. 0E @KK RSTCDMSR VHSG KNMF G@HQ, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD.
D. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD NQ G@R KNMF G@HQ.
E. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMS HR @ L@KD RSTCDMS VHSG RGNQS G@HQ.
F. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. " ANW HR EHKKDC VHSG RDUDQ@K O@QSX E@UNQR. *S BNMS@HMR 12
G@SR, 15 MNHRDL@JDQR, SDM EHMFDQ SQ@OR, @MC EHUD A@FR NE BNMEDSSH.
-DS ! = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ G@S.
-DS ' = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ MNHRDL@JDQ.
-DS F = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ EHMFDQ SQ@O.
-DS C = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ A@F NE BNMEDSSH.
2. 'HMC )(!).
3. 'HMC )(').
4. 'HMC )(F).
5. 'HMC )(C).
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I. " I@Q NE 150 IDKKX AD@MR BNMS@HMR 22 QDC IDKKX AD@MR, 38
XDKKNV, 20 FQDDM, 28 OTQOKD, 26 AKTD, @MC SGD QDRS @QD NQ@MFD.
-DS B = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ AKTD IDKKX AD@M
-DS = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ FQDDM IDKKX AD@M.
-DS ( = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @M NQ@MFD IDKKX AD@M.
-DS ) = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ OTQOKD IDKKX AD@M.
-DS + = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ QDC IDKKX AD@M.
-DS 2 = SGD DUDMS NE FDSSHMF @ XDKKNV IDKKX AD@M.
6. 'HMC )(B).
7. 'HMC )().
8. 'HMC )()).
9. 'HMC )(+).
10. 'HMC )(2).
11. 'HMC )(().
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I. 5GDQD @QD 23 BNTMSQHDR HM /NQSG "LDQHB@, 12 BNTMSQHDR HM
4NTSG "LDQHB@, 47 BNTMSQHDR HM &TQNOD, 44 BNTMSQHDR HM "RH@, 54 BNTMSQHDR HM "EQHB@, @MC 14 HM 0BD@MH@ (1@BHEHB 0BD@M
QDFHNM).
-DS A = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTMSQX HR HM "RH@.
-DS E = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTMSQX HR HM &TQNOD.
-DS F = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTMSQX HR HM "EQHB@.
-DS ' = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTMSQX HR HM /NQSG "LDQHB@.
-DS ( = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTMSQX HR HM 0BD@MH@.
-DS , = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTMSQX HR HM 4NTSG "LDQHB@.
12. 'HMC )(A).
13. 'HMC )(E).
14. 'HMC )(F).
15. 'HMC )(').
16. 'HMC )(().
224 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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17. 'HMC )(,).
18. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE CQ@VHMF @ QDC B@QC HM @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR
19. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE CQ@VHMF @ BKTA HM @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR
20. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE QNKKHMF @M DUDM MTLADQ NE CNSR VHSG @ E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD MTLADQDC NMD SGQNTFG RHW
21. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE QNKKHMF @ OQHLD MTLADQ NE CNSR VHSG @ E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD MTLADQDC NMD SGQNTFG RHW
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. :NT RDD @ F@LD @S @ KNB@K E@HQ. :NT G@UD SN SGQNV @ C@QS @S @
BNKNQ VGDDK. &@BG RDBSHNM NM SGD BNKNQ VGDDK HR DPT@K HM @QD@.
$CAOL? 3.10
-DS B = SGD DUDMS NE K@MCHMF NM AKTD.
-DS + = SGD DUDMS NE K@MCHMF NM QDC.
-DS = SGD DUDMS NE K@MCHMF NM FQDDM.
-DS 2 = SGD DUDMS NE K@MCHMF NM XDKKNV.
22. *E XNT K@MC NM 2, XNT FDS SGD AHFFDRS OQHYD. 'HMC )(2).
23. *E XNT K@MC NM QDC, XNT CNMnS FDS @ OQHYD. 8G@S HR )(+)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D ;N;H9?I;I. 0M @ A@RDA@KK SD@L, SGDQD @QD HMEHDKCDQR @MC NTSEHDKCDQR.
4NLD OK@XDQR @QD FQD@S GHSSDQR, @MC RNLD OK@XDQR @QD MNS FQD@S GHSSDQR.
-DS " = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ OK@XDQ HM @M HMEHDKCDQ.
-DS ( = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M NTSEHDKCDQ.
-DS ! = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
-DS ' = SGD DUDMS SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR MNS @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
24. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR MNS @M NTSEHDKCDQ.
25. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M NTSEHDKCDQ NQ HR @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
26. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M HMEHDKCDQ @MC HR MNS @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
27. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @ FQD@S GHSSDQ, FHUDM SG@S SGD OK@XDQ HR @M HMEHDKCDQ.
28. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M HMEHDKCDQ, FHUDM SG@S SGD OK@XDQ HR @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
29. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NE @KK SGD NTSEHDKCDQR, @ OK@XDQ HR MNS @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
30. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NE @KK SGD FQD@S GHSSDQR, @ OK@XDQ HR @M NTSEHDKCDQ.
31. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M HMEHDKCDQ NQ HR MNS @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
32. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M NTSEHDKCDQ @MC HR @ FQD@S GHSSDQ.
33. 8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OK@XDQ HR @M HMEHDKCDQ.
34. 8G@S HR SGD VNQC ENQ SGD RDS NE @KK ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR
35. 8G@S HR BNMCHSHNM@K OQNA@AHKHSX
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 225
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36. " RGDKE GNKCR 12 ANNJR. &HFGS @QD EHBSHNM @MC SGD QDRS @QD MNMEHBSHNM. &@BG HR @ CHEEDQDMS ANNJ VHSG @ TMHPTD SHSKD. 5GD
EHBSHNM ANNJR @QD MTLADQDC NMD SN DHFGS. 5GD MNMEHBSHNM ANNJR @QD MTLADQDC NMD SN ENTQ. 3@MCNLKX RDKDBS NMD ANNJ
-DS F = DUDMS SG@S ANNJ HR EHBSHNM
-DS ' = DUDMS SG@S ANNJ HR MNMEHBSHNM
8G@S HR SGD R@LOKD RO@BD
37. 8G@S HR SGD RTL NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR NE @M DUDMS @MC HSR BNLOKDLDMS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. :NT @QD QNKKHMF @ E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC MTLADQ BTAD. -DS E = SGD
DUDMS SG@S HS K@MCR NM @M DUDM MTLADQ. -DS & = SGD DUDMS SG@S HS K@MCR NM @ LTKSHOKD NE SGQDD.
38. 8G@S CNDR )(E[&) LD@M HM VNQCR
39. 8G@S CNDR )(E 03 &) LD@M HM VNQCR
40. E @MC F LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR. )(E) = 0.4; )(F) = 0.5. 'HMC )(EF).
41. # @MC $ @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR. )(#[$) = 0.3. 'HMC )(#).
42. . @MC / @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR. )(.) = 0.26; )(/) = 0.37. 'HMC:
=. )(. "/% /) =
>. )(.[/) =
?. )(. 03 /) =
43. * @MC + @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR. )(*) = 0.4 @MC )(* "/% +) = 0.1. 'HMC )(+).
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D ;N;H9?I;I. 'NTQSX-DHFGS ODQBDMS NE @KK $@KHENQMH@MR QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR
OQDEDQ KHED HM OQHRNM VHSGNTS O@QNKD NUDQ SGD CD@SG ODM@KSX ENQ @ ODQRNM BNMUHBSDC NE EHQRS CDFQDD LTQCDQ. "LNMF -@SHMN
$@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR, 55% OQDEDQ KHED HM OQHRNM VHSGNTS O@QNKD NUDQ SGD CD@SG ODM@KSX ENQ @ ODQRNM BNMUHBSDC NE EHQRS
CDFQDD LTQCDQ. 37.6% NE @KK $@KHENQMH@MR @QD -@SHMN.
*M SGHR OQNAKDL, KDS:
c C = $@KHENQMH@MR (QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR) OQDEDQQHMF KHED HM OQHRNM VHSGNTS O@QNKD NUDQ SGD CD@SG ODM@KSX ENQ @ ODQRNM
BNMUHBSDC NE EHQRS CDFQDD LTQCDQ.
c % = -@SHMN $@KHENQMH@MR
4TOONRD SG@S NMD $@KHENQMH@M HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
44. 'HMC )(C).
45. 'HMC )(%).
46. 'HMC )(C[%).
47. *M VNQCR, VG@S HR C[%
48. 'HMC )(% "/% C).
49. *M VNQCR, VG@S HR % "/% C
50. "QD % @MC C HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR 4GNV VGX NQ VGX MNS.
51. 'HMC )(% 03 C).
52. *M VNQCR, VG@S HR % 03 C
53. "QD % @MC C LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR 4GNV VGX NQ VGX MNS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. 2;<F? 3.15 RGNVR @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE LTRHBH@MR @MC GNV
SGDX KD@QMDC SN OK@X SGDHQ HMRSQTLDMSR.
226 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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%?H>?L 1?F@-N;OABN 1NO>C?> CH 1=BIIF .LCP;N? 'HMNLO=NCIH 2IN;F
%AI=HA 12 38 22 72
,=HA 19 24 15 58
3KP=H 31 62 37 130
2;<F? 3.15
54. 'HMC )(LTRHBH@M HR @ EDL@KD).
55. 'HMC )(LTRHBH@M HR @ L@KD "/% G@C OQHU@SD HMRSQTBSHNM).
56. 'HMC )(LTRHBH@M HR @ EDL@KD 03 HR RDKE S@TFGS).
57. "QD SGD DUDMSR oADHMF @ EDL@KD LTRHBH@Mp @MC oKD@QMHMF LTRHB HM RBGNNKp LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR
"M @QSHBKD HM SGD ';M ED=B7D: #EKHD7B E< &;:?9?D;, QDONQSDC @ANTS @ RSTCX NE RLNJDQR HM $@KHENQMH@ @MC )@V@HH.
*M NMD O@QS NE SGD QDONQS, SGD RDKE-QDONQSDC DSGMHBHSX @MC RLNJHMF KDUDKR ODQ C@X VDQD FHUDM. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF @S
LNRS SDM BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 9,886 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 2,745 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 12,831 -@SHMNR, 8,378 +@O@MDRD
"LDQHB@MR, @MC 7,650 8GHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 6,514 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR,
3,062 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 4,932 -@SHMNR, 10,680 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 9,877 8GHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF 21 SN 30
BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 1,671 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 1,419 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 1,406 -@SHMNR, 4,715 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR,
@MC 6,062 8GHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF @S KD@RS 31 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 759 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 788 /@SHUD
)@V@HH@MR, 800 -@SHMNR, 2,305 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 3,970 8GHSDR.
58. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD ADKNV TRHMF SGD C@S@ OQNUHCDC. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 'HMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ODQRNM RLNJDC 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.
1GIECHA
*?P?F
A@LC=;H
AG?LC=;H
,;NCP?
&;Q;CC;H
*;NCHI
(;J;H?M?
AG?LC=;HM
5BCN? 2-2A*1
1_10
11_20
21_30
31+
3.3+2
2;<F? 3.16 1GIECHA *?P?FM <S #NBHC=CNS
59. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD ODQRNM EQNLSGD RSTCX HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ODQRNM RLNJDC 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR
ODQ C@X.
60. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNM V@R -@SHMN.
61. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR SN OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR o+@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M A+! RLNJDR 21 SN 30
BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.p "KRN, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
62. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR SN OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR o+@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M ,/ RLNJDR 21 SN 30
63. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR SN OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR o+@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M $&3"+ SG@S ODQRNM
RLNJDR 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.p "KRN, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
64. 1QNUD SG@S RLNJHMF KDUDK/C@X @MC DSGMHBHSX @QD CDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 227
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3.5 2L?? ;H> 4?HH "C;AL;GM
65. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ L@M CDUDKNOR RNLD ENQL NE B@MBDQ HM GHR KHEDSHLD HR 0.4567. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ L@M G@R @S
KD@RS NMD E@KRD ONRHSHUD SDRS QDRTKS (LD@MHMF SGD SDRS BNLDR A@BJ ENQ B@MBDQ VGDM SGD L@M CNDR MNS G@UD HS) HR 0.51. -DS: C =
@ L@M CDUDKNOR B@MBDQ HM GHR KHEDSHLD; ) = L@M G@R @S KD@RS NMD E@KRD ONRHSHUD. $NMRSQTBS @ SQDD CH@FQ@L NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
0',%',% '2 2-%#2&#0 : .0A!2'!#
"M @QSHBKD HM SGD ';M ED=B7D: #EKHD7B E< &;:?9?D;, QDONQSDC @ANTS @ RSTCX NE RLNJDQR HM $@KHENQMH@ @MC )@V@HH. *M NMD O@QS
NE SGD QDONQS, SGD RDKE-QDONQSDC DSGMHBHSX @MC RLNJHMF KDUDKR ODQ C@X VDQD FHUDM. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF @S LNRS SDM BHF@QDSSDR
ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 9,886 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 2,745 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 12,831 -@SHMNR, 8,378 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC
7,650 8GHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 6,514 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 3,062 /@SHUD
)@V@HH@MR, 4,932 -@SHMNR, 10,680 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 9,877 8GHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ
C@X, SGDQD VDQD 1,671 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 1,419 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 1,406 -@SHMNR, 4,715 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 6,062
8GHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF @S KD@RS 31 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 759 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 788 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR,
800 -@SHMNR, 2,305 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 3,970 8GHSDR.
66. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD ADKNV TRHMF SGD C@S@ OQNUHCDC. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 'HMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ODQRNM RLNJDC 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.
1GIECHA
*?P?F
A@LC=;H
AG?LC=;H
,;NCP?
&;Q;CC;H
*;NCHI
(;J;H?M?
AG?LC=;HM
5BCN? 2-2A*1
1_10
11_20
21_30
31+
3.3+2
2;<F? 3.17 1GIECHA *?P?FM <S #NBHC=CNS
67. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD ODQRNM EQNLSGD RSTCX HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ODQRNM RLNJDC 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR
ODQ C@X.
68. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNM V@R -@SHMN.
69. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR SN OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR o+@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M A+! RLNJDR 21 SN 30
70. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR SN OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR o+@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M ,/ RLNJDR 21 SN 30
71. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR SN OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR o+@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M $&3"+ SG@S ODQRNM
RLNJDR 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X.p "KRN, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
72. 1QNUD SG@S RLNJHMF KDUDK/C@X @MC DSGMHBHSX @QD CDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
&-+#5-0)
228 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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3.1 2?LGCHIFIAS
$CAOL? 3.11
5GD FQ@OG HM $CAOL? 3.11 CHROK@XR SGD R@LOKD RHYDR @MC ODQBDMS@FDR NE ODNOKD HM CHEEDQDMS @FD @MC FDMCDQ FQNTOR VGN VDQD
ONKKDC BNMBDQMHMF SGDHQ @OOQNU@K NE .@XNQ 'NQCnR @BSHNMR HM NEEHBD. 5GD SNS@K MTLADQ HM SGD R@LOKD NE @KK SGD @FD FQNTOR HR
1,045.
73.
=. %DEHMD SGQDD DUDMSR HM SGD FQ@OG.
>. %DRBQHAD HM VNQCR VG@S SGD DMSQX 40 LD@MR.
?. %DRBQHAD HM VNQCR SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE SGD DMSQX HM PTDRSHNM 2.
@. %DRBQHAD HM VNQCR VG@S SGD DMSQX 30 LD@MR.
A. 0TS NE SGD L@KDR @MC EDL@KDR, VG@S ODQBDMS @QD L@KDR
B. 0TS NE SGD EDL@KDR, VG@S ODQBDMS CHR@OOQNUD NE .@XNQ 'NQC
C. 0TS NE @KK SGD @FD FQNTOR, VG@S ODQBDMS @OOQNUD NE .@XNQ 'NQC
D. 'HMC )("OOQNUD[.@KD).
E. 0TS NE SGD @FD FQNTOR, VG@S ODQBDMS @QD LNQD SG@M 44 XD@QR NKC
F. 'HMC )("OOQNUD["FD < 35).
74. &WOK@HM VG@S HR VQNMF VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR. 6RD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
=. *E SGDQD HR @ 60% BG@MBD NE Q@HM NM 4@STQC@X @MC @ 70% BG@MBD NE Q@HM NM 4TMC@X, SGDM SGDQD HR @ 130% BG@MBD NE
Q@HM NUDQ SGD VDDJDMC.
>. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ A@RDA@KK OK@XDQ GHSR @ GNLD QTM HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD FDSR @ RTBBDRRETK GHS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 12 ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD FQ@OG RGNVM HR A@RDC NM LNQD SG@M 170,000 HMSDQUHDVR
CNMD AX (@KKTO SG@S SNNJ OK@BD EQNL+@MT@QX SGQNTFG %DBDLADQ 2012. 5GD R@LOKD BNMRHRSR NE DLOKNXDC "LDQHB@MR 18 XD@QR
NE @FD NQ NKCDQ. 5GD &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQDR @QD SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. 8D Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD NMD &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW
4BNQD.
75. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR 82.7.
76. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR 81.0.
77. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR LNQD SG@M 81
78. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR ADSVDDM 80.5 @MC 82
79. *E VD JMNV @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR 81.5 NQ LNQD, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS HR 82.7
80. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR 80.7 NQ 82.7
81. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M &LNSHNM@K )D@KSG *MCDW 4BNQD HR KDRR SG@M 80.2 FHUDM SG@S HS HR @KQD@CX KDRR SG@M 81.
82. 8G@S NBBTO@SHNM G@R SGD GHFGDRS DLNSHNM@K HMCDW RBNQD
83. 8G@S NBBTO@SHNM G@R SGD KNVDRS DLNSHNM@K HMCDW RBNQD
84. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MFD NE SGD C@S@
85. $NLOTSD SGD @UDQ@FD &)*4.
86. *E @KK NBBTO@SHNMR @QD DPT@KKX KHJDKX ENQ @ BDQS@HM HMCHUHCT@K, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD NQ RGD VHKK G@UD @M NBBTO@SHNM
VHSG KNVDQ SG@M @UDQ@FD &)*4
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 229
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0M 'DAQT@QX 28, 2013, @ 'HDKC 1NKK 4TQUDX QDONQSDC SG@S 61% NE $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR @OOQNUDC NE @KKNVHMF SVN
ODNOKD NE SGD R@LD FDMCDQ SN L@QQX @MC G@UD QDFTK@Q L@QQH@FD K@VR @OOKX SN SGDL. "LNMF 18 SN 39 XD@Q NKCR ($@KHENQMH@
QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR), SGD @OOQNU@K Q@SHMF V@R 78%. 4HW HM SDM $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR R@HC SG@S SGD TOBNLHMF 4TOQDLD
$NTQSnR QTKHMF @ANTS SGD BNMRSHSTSHNM@KHSX NE $@KHENQMH@nR 1QNONRHSHNM 8 V@R DHSGDQ UDQX NQ RNLDVG@S HLONQS@MS SN SGDL. 0TS
NE SGNRD $" QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR VGN RTOONQS R@LD-RDW L@QQH@FD, 75% R@X SGD QTKHMF HR HLONQS@MS SN SGDL.
*M SGHR OQNAKDL, KDS:
c C = $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR VGN RTOONQS R@LD-RDW L@QQH@FD.
c B = $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR VGN R@X SGD 4TOQDLD $NTQSnR QTKHMF @ANTS SGD BNMRSHSTSHNM@KHSX NE $@KHENQMH@nR
1QNONRHSHNM 8 HR UDQX NQ RNLDVG@S HLONQS@MS SN SGDL
c A = $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR VGN @QD 18 SN 39 XD@QR NKC.
87.
=. 'HMC )(C).
>. 'HMC )(B).
?. 'HMC )(C[A).
@. 'HMC )(B[C).
A. *M VNQCR, VG@S HR C[A
B. *M VNQCR, VG@S HR B[C
C. 'HMC )(C "/% B).
D. *M VNQCR, VG@S HR C "/% B
E. 'HMC )(C 03 B).
F. "QD C @MC B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR 4GNV VGX NQ VGX MNS.
88. "ESDQ 3NA 'NQC, SGD L@XNQ NE 5NQNMSN, @MMNTMBDC GHR OK@MR SN BTS ATCFDS BNRSR HM K@SD 2011, SGD 'NQTL 3DRD@QBG ONKKDC
1,046 ODNOKD SN LD@RTQD SGD L@XNQnR ONOTK@QHSX. &UDQXNMD ONKKDC DWOQDRRDC DHSGDQ @OOQNU@K NQ CHR@OOQNU@K. 5GDRD @QD SGD
QDRTKSR SGDHQ ONKK OQNCTBDC:
c *M D@QKX 2011, 60 ODQBDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @OOQNUDC NE .@XNQ 'NQCnR @BSHNMR HM NEEHBD.
c *M LHC-2011, 57 ODQBDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @OOQNUDC NE GHR @BSHNMR.
c *M K@SD 2011, SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE ONOTK@Q @OOQNU@K V@R LD@RTQDC @S 42 ODQBDMS.
=. 8G@S HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD ENQ SGHR RSTCX
>. 8G@S OQNONQSHNM HM SGD ONKK CHR@OOQNUDC NE .@XNQ 'NQC, @BBNQCHMF SN SGD QDRTKSR EQNL K@SD 2011
?. )NV L@MX ODNOKD ONKKDC QDRONMCDC SG@S SGDX @OOQNUDC NE .@XNQ 'NQC HM K@SD 2011
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM RTOONQSDC .@XNQ 'NQC, A@RDC NM SGD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC HM LHC-2011
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM RTOONQSDC .@XNQ 'NQC, A@RDC NM SGD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC HM D@QKX 2011
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD B@RHMN F@LD, QNTKDSSD, @KKNVR SGD F@LAKDQ SN ADS NM
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ A@KK, VGHBG ROHMR HM SGD QNTKDSSD VGDDK, K@MCHMF NM @ O@QSHBTK@Q BNKNQ, MTLADQ, NQ Q@MFD NE MTLADQR. 5GD
S@AKD TRDC SN OK@BD ADSR BNMS@HMR NE 38 MTLADQR, @MC D@BG MTLADQ HR @RRHFMDC SN @ BNKNQ @MC @ Q@MFD.
$CAOL? 3.12 (?NA@EP: BEHI8GAN/SEGE>KKGO)
89.
=. -HRS SGD R@LOKD RO@BD NE SGD 38 ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR HM QNTKDSSD.
>. :NT ADS NM QDC. 'HMC )(QDC).
230 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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?. :NT ADS NM -1RS 12- (1RS %NYDM). 'HMC )(-1RS 12-).
@. :NT ADS NM @M DUDM MTLADQ. 'HMC )(DUDM MTLADQ).
A. *R FDSSHMF @M NCC MTLADQ SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE FDSSHMF @M DUDM MTLADQ 8GX
B. 'HMC SVN LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR.
C. "QD SGD DUDMSR &UDM @MC 1RS %NYDM HMCDODMCDMS
90. $NLOTSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE VHMMHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF SXODR NE ADSR:
=. #DSSHMF NM SVN KHMDR SG@S SNTBG D@BG NSGDQ NM SGD S@AKD @R HM 1-2-3-4-5-6
>. #DSSHMF NM SGQDD MTLADQR HM @ KHMD, @R HM 1-2-3
?. #DSSHMF NM NMD MTLADQ
@. #DSSHMF NM ENTQ MTLADQR SG@S SNTBG D@BG NSGDQ SN ENQL @ RPT@QD, @R HM 10-11-13-14
A. #DSSHMF NM SVN MTLADQR SG@S SNTBG D@BG NSGDQ NM SGD S@AKD, @R HM 10-11 NQ 10-13
B. #DSSHMF NM 0-00-1-2-3
C. #DSSHMF NM 0-1-2; NQ 0-00-2; NQ 00-2-3
91. $NLOTSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE VHMMHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF SXODR NE ADSR:
=. #DSSHMF NM @ BNKNQ
>. #DSSHMF NM NMD NE SGD CNYDM FQNTOR
?. #DSSHMF NM SGD Q@MFD NE MTLADQR EQNL 1 SN 18
@. #DSSHMF NM SGD Q@MFD NE MTLADQR 19k36
A. #DSSHMF NM NMD NE SGD BNKTLMR
B. #DSSHMF NM @M DUDM NQ NCC MTLADQ (DWBKTCHMF YDQN)
92. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT G@UD DHFGS B@QCR. 'HUD @QD FQDDM @MC SGQDD @QD XDKKNV. 5GD EHUD FQDDM B@QCR @QD MTLADQDC 1, 2, 3, 4,
@MC 5. 5GD SGQDD XDKKNV B@QCR @QD MTLADQDC 1, 2, @MC 3. 5GD B@QCR @QD VDKK RGTEEKDC. :NT Q@MCNLKX CQ@V NMD B@QC.
c = B@QC CQ@VM HR FQDDM
c E = B@QC CQ@VM HR DUDM-MTLADQDC
=. -HRS SGD R@LOKD RO@BD.
>. )() = ?????
?. )([E) = ?????
@. )( "/% E) = ?????
A. )( 03 E) = ?????
B. "QD @MC E LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
93. 3NKK SVN E@HQ CHBD. &@BG CHD G@R RHW E@BDR.
>. -DS A AD SGD DUDMS SG@S DHSGDQ @ SGQDD NQ ENTQ HR QNKKDC EHQRS, ENKKNVDC AX @M DUDM MTLADQ. 'HMC )(A).
?. -DS B AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD SVN QNKKR HR @S LNRS RDUDM. 'HMC )(B).
@. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM VG@S o)(A[B)p QDOQDRDMSR. 'HMC )(A[B).
A. "QD A @MC B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, HMBKTCHMF
MTLDQHB@K ITRSHEHB@SHNM.
B. "QD A @MC B HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, HMBKTCHMF MTLDQHB@K
ITRSHEHB@SHNM.
94. " RODBH@K CDBJ NE B@QCR G@R SDM B@QCR. 'NTQ @QD FQDDM, SGQDD @QD AKTD, @MC SGQDD @QD QDC. 8GDM @ B@QC HR OHBJDC, HSR BNKNQ
NE HS HR QDBNQCDC. "M DWODQHLDMS BNMRHRSR NE EHQRS OHBJHMF @ B@QC @MC SGDM SNRRHMF @ BNHM.
>. -DS A AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ AKTD B@QC HR OHBJDC EHQRS, ENKKNVDC AX K@MCHMF @ GD@C NM SGD BNHM SNRR. 'HMC )(A).
?. -DS B AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ QDC NQ FQDDM HR OHBJDC, ENKKNVDC AX K@MCHMF @ GD@C NM SGD BNHM SNRR. "QD SGD DUDMSR A @MC
B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, HMBKTCHMF MTLDQHB@K ITRSHEHB@SHNM.
@. -DS C AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ QDC NQ AKTD HR OHBJDC, ENKKNVDC AX K@MCHMF @ GD@C NM SGD BNHM SNRR. "QD SGD DUDMSR A @MC
C LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, HMBKTCHMF MTLDQHB@K ITRSHEHB@SHNM.
95. "M DWODQHLDMS BNMRHRSR NE EHQRS QNKKHMF @ CHD @MC SGDM SNRRHMF @ BNHM.
>. -DS A AD SGD DUDMS SG@S DHSGDQ @ SGQDD NQ @ ENTQ HR QNKKDC EHQRS, ENKKNVDC AX K@MCHMF @ GD@C NM SGD BNHM SNRR. 'HMC
)(A).
?. -DS B AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC SNRRDR K@MC NM GD@CR. "QD SGD DUDMSR A @MC B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
&WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, HMBKTCHMF MTLDQHB@K ITRSHEHB@SHNM.
96. "M DWODQHLDMS BNMRHRSR NE SNRRHMF @ MHBJDK, @ CHLD, @MC @ PT@QSDQ. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD RHCD SGD BNHM K@MCR NM.
>. -DS A AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGDQD @QD @S KD@RS SVN S@HKR. 'HMC )(A).
?. -DS B AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC SNRRDR K@MC NM GD@CR. "QD SGD DUDMSR A @MC B LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
&WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, HMBKTCHMF ITRSHEHB@SHNM.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 231
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97. $NMRHCDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF RBDM@QHN:
-DS )(C) = 0.4.
-DS )(D) = 0.5.
-DS )(C[D) = 0.6.
=. 'HMC )(C "/% D).
>. "QD C @MC D LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
?. "QD C @MC D HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
@. 'HMC )(C 03 D).
A. 'HMC )(D[C).
98. 2 @MC 3 @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
=. 3DVQHSD SGD A@RHB "CCHSHNM 3TKD )(2 03 3) = )(2) + )(3) - )(2 "/% 3) TRHMF SGD HMENQL@SHNM SG@S 2 @MC 3 @QD
HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
>. 6RD SGD QDVQHSSDM QTKD SN EHMC )(3) HE )(2 03 3) = 0.71 @MC )(2) = 0.42.
99. @MC ! @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR. )() = 0.5 )(!) = 0.3
=. &WOK@HM VGX SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMS .645 AD E@KRD: )(![) = 0.4.
>. 'HMC )(! 03 ).
?. "QD @MC ! HMCDODMCDMS NQ CDODMCDMS DUDMSR &WOK@HM HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
100. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 281,000,000 ODNOKD NUDQ @FD EHUD KHUD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. 0E SGDRD ODNOKD, 55,000,000 ROD@J @
K@MFT@FD NSGDQ SG@M &MFKHRG @S GNLD. 0E SGNRD VGN ROD@J @MNSGDQ K@MFT@FD @S GNLD, 62.3% ROD@J 4O@MHRG.
-DS: E = ROD@JR &MFKHRG @S GNLD; Ec = ROD@JR @MNSGDQ K@MFT@FD @S GNLD; , = ROD@JR 4O@MHRG;
'HMHRG D@BG OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS AX L@SBGHMF SGD BNQQDBS @MRVDQ.
.LI<;<CFCNS 1N;N?G?HNM AHMQ?LM
=. P(E8) = E. 0.8043
>. P(E) = EE. 0.623
?. P(S =J@ E8) = EEE. 0.1957
@. P(SWE8) = ER. 0.1219
2;<F? 3.18
101. 1994, SGD 6.4. FNUDQMLDMS GDKC @ KNSSDQX SN HRRTD 55,000 (QDDM $@QCR (ODQLHSR ENQ MNM-BHSHYDMR SN VNQJ KDF@KKX HM SGD
6.4.). 3DM@SD %DTSRBG, EQNL (DQL@MX, V@R NMD NE @OOQNWHL@SDKX 6.5 LHKKHNM ODNOKD VGN DMSDQDC SGHR KNSSDQX. -DS = VNM
FQDDM B@QC.
=. 8G@S V@R 3DM@SDnR BG@MBD NE VHMMHMF @ (QDDM $@QC 8QHSD XNTQ @MRVDQ @R @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
>. *M SGD RTLLDQ NE 1994, 3DM@SD QDBDHUDC @ KDSSDQ RS@SHMF RGD V@R NMD NE 110,000 EHM@KHRSR BGNRDM. 0MBD SGD EHM@KHRSR
VDQD BGNRDM, @RRTLHMF SG@S D@BG EHM@KHRS G@C @M DPT@K BG@MBD SN VHM, VG@S V@R 3DM@SDnR BG@MBD NE VHMMHMF @
(QDDM $@QC 8QHSD XNTQ @MRVDQ @R @ BNMCHSHNM@K OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS. -DS F = V@R @ EHM@KHRS.
?. "QD @MC F HMCDODMCDMS NQ CDODMCDMS DUDMSR +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX @MC @KRN DWOK@HM VGX.
@. "QD @MC F LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX @MC DWOK@HM VGX.
102. 5GQDD OQNEDRRNQR @S (DNQFD 8@RGHMFSNM 6MHUDQRHSX CHC @M DWODQHLDMS SN CDSDQLHMD HE DBNMNLHRSR @QD LNQD RDKEHRG
SG@M NSGDQ ODNOKD. 5GDX CQNOODC 64 RS@LODC, @CCQDRRDC DMUDKNODR VHSG $10 B@RG HM CHEEDQDMS BK@RRQNNLR NM SGD (DNQFD
8@RGHMFSNM B@LOTR. 44% VDQD QDSTQMDC NUDQ@KK. 'QNL SGD DBNMNLHBR BK@RRDR 56% NE SGD DMUDKNODR VDQD QDSTQMDC. 'QNL
SGD ATRHMDRR, ORXBGNKNFX, @MC GHRSNQX BK@RRDR 31% VDQD QDSTQMDC.
-DS: + = LNMDX QDSTQMDC; E = DBNMNLHBR BK@RRDR; ( = NSGDQ BK@RRDR
=. 8QHSD @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS ENQ SGD NUDQ@KK ODQBDMS NE LNMDX QDSTQMDC.
>. 8QHSD @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS ENQ SGD ODQBDMS NE LNMDX QDSTQMDC NTS NE SGD DBNMNLHBR BK@RRDR.
?. 8QHSD @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS ENQ SGD ODQBDMS NE LNMDX QDSTQMDC NTS NE SGD NSGDQ BK@RRDR.
@. *R LNMDX ADHMF QDSTQMDC HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD BK@RR +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX @MC DWOK@HM HS.
A. #@RDC TONM SGHR RSTCX, CN XNT SGHMJ SG@S DBNMNLHRSR @QD LNQD RDKEHRG SG@M NSGDQ ODNOKD &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
*MBKTCD MTLADQR SN ITRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ.
232 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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103. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD NE C@S@ NAS@HMDC EQNL VVV.A@RDA@KK-@KL@M@B.BNL RGNVR HS HMENQL@SHNM ENQ ENTQ VDKK JMNVM
OK@XDQR. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD GHS EQNL SGD S@AKD HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
,;G? 1CHAF? "IO<F? 2LCJF? &IG? 0OH 2IN;F &CNM
!=>A 1QPD 1,517 506 136 714 2,873
)=?GEA 1K>EJOKJ 1,054 273 54 137 1,518
3U "K>> 3,603 174 295 114 4,189
'=JG =NKJ 2,294 624 98 755 3,771
3KP=H 8,471 1,577 583 1,720 12,351
2;<F? 3.19
"QD SGD GHS ADHMF L@CD AX )@MJ "@QNM @MC SGD GHS ADHMF @ CNTAKD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR
=. :DR, ADB@TRD )(GHS AX )@MJ "@QNM[GHS HR @ CNTAKD) = )(GHS AX )@MJ "@QNM)
>. /N, ADB@TRD )(GHS AX )@MJ "@QNM[GHS HR @ CNTAKD) w )(GHS HR @ CNTAKD)
?. /N, ADB@TRD )(GHS HR AX )@MJ "@QNM[GHS HR @ CNTAKD) w )(GHS AX )@MJ "@QNM)
@. :DR, ADB@TRD )(GHS HR AX )@MJ "@QNM[GHS HR @ CNTAKD) = )(GHS HR @ CNTAKD)
104. 6MHSDC #KNNC 4DQUHBDR HR @ AKNNC A@MJ SG@S RDQUDR LNQD SG@M 500 GNROHS@KR HM 18 RS@SDR. "BBNQCHMF SN SGDHQ VDARHSD,
@ ODQRNM VHSG SXOD 0 AKNNC @MC @ MDF@SHUD 3G E@BSNQ (3G-) B@M CNM@SD AKNNC SN @MX ODQRNM VHSG @MX AKNNCSXOD. 5GDHQ C@S@
RGNV SG@S 43% NE ODNOKD G@UD SXOD 0 AKNNC @MC 15% NE ODNOKD G@UD 3G- E@BSNQ; 52% NE ODNOKD G@UD SXOD 0 NQ 3G- E@BSNQ.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM G@R ANSG SXOD 0 AKNNC @MC SGD 3G- E@BSNQ.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM CNDR /05 G@UD ANSG SXOD 0 AKNNC @MC SGD 3G- E@BSNQ.
105. "S @ BNKKDFD, 72% NE BNTQRDR G@UD EHM@K DW@LR @MC 46% NE BNTQRDR QDPTHQD QDRD@QBG O@ODQR. 4TOONRD SG@S 32% NE
BNTQRDR G@UD @ QDRD@QBG O@ODQ @MC @ EHM@K DW@L. -DS F AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @ BNTQRD G@R @ EHM@K DW@L. -DS + AD SGD DUDMS SG@S @
BNTQRD QDPTHQDR @ QDRD@QBG O@ODQ.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNTQRD G@R @ EHM@K DW@L NQ @ QDRD@QBG OQNIDBS.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNTQRD G@R /&*5)&3 NE SGDRD SVN QDPTHQDLDMSR.
106. *M @ ANW NE @RRNQSDC BNNJHDR, 36% BNMS@HM BGNBNK@SD @MC 12% BNMS@HM MTSR. 0E SGNRD, 8% BNMS@HM ANSG BGNBNK@SD @MC
MTSR. 4D@M HR @KKDQFHB SN ANSG BGNBNK@SD @MC MTSR.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNNJHD BNMS@HMR BGNBNK@SD NQ MTSR (GD B@M'S D@S HS).
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNNJHD CNDR MNS BNMS@HM BGNBNK@SD NQ MTSR (GD B@M D@S HS).
107. " BNKKDFD EHMCR SG@S 10% NE RSTCDMSR G@UD S@JDM @ CHRS@MBD KD@QMHMF BK@RR @MC SG@S 40% NE RSTCDMSR @QD O@QS SHLD
RSTCDMSR. 0E SGD O@QS SHLD RSTCDMSR, 20% G@UD S@JDM @ CHRS@MBD KD@QMHMF BK@RR. -DS D = DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS S@JDR @ CHRS@MBD
KD@QMHMF BK@RR @MC E = DUDMS SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR @ O@QS SHLD RSTCDMS
=. 'HMC )(D "/% E).
>. 'HMC )(E[D).
?. 'HMC )(D 03 E).
@. 6RHMF @M @OOQNOQH@SD SDRS, RGNV VGDSGDQ D @MC E @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
A. 6RHMF @M @OOQNOQH@SD SDRS, RGNV VGDSGDQ D @MC E @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
.I; J>; ?D<EHC7J?ED ?D J>; %&/) 3.20 JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD S@AKD RGNVR SGD ONKHSHB@K O@QSX @EEHKH@SHNM NE
D@BG NE 67 LDLADQR NE SGD 64 4DM@SD HM +TMD 2012, @MC VGDM SGDX @QD TO ENQ QDDKDBSHNM.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 233
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3J @IL L??F?=NCIH: "?GI=L;NC= .;LNS 0?JO<FC=;H .;LNS -NB?L 2IN;F
-KRAI>AN 2014 20 13 0
-KRAI>AN 2016 10 24 0
3KP=H
2;<F? 3.20
108. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RDM@SNQ G@R @M o0SGDQp @EEHKH@SHNM
109. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RDM@SNQ HR TO ENQ QDDKDBSHNM HM /NUDLADQ 2016
110. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RDM@SNQ HR @ %DLNBQ@S @MC TO ENQ QDDKDBSHNM HM /NUDLADQ 2016
111. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RDM@SNQ HR @ 3DOTAKHB@M NQ HR TO ENQ QDDKDBSHNM HM /NUDLADQ 2014
112. 4TOONRD SG@S @ LDLADQ NE SGD 64 4DM@SD HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. (HUDM SG@S SGD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RDM@SNQ HR TO ENQ
QDDKDBSHNM HM /NUDLADQ 2016, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGHR RDM@SNQ HR @ %DLNBQ@S
113. 4TOONRD SG@S @ LDLADQ NE SGD 64 4DM@SD HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RDM@SNQ HR TO ENQ
QDDKDBSHNM HM /NUDLADQ 2014, JMNVHMF SG@S SGHR RDM@SNQ HR @ 3DOTAKHB@M
114. 5GD DUDMSR o3DOTAKHB@Mp @MC o6O ENQ QDDKDBSHNM HM 2016p @QD ????????
=. LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
>. HMCDODMCDMS.
?. ANSG LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD @MC HMCDODMCDMS.
@. MDHSGDQ LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD MNQ HMCDODMCDMS.
115. 5GD DUDMSR o0SGDQp @MC o6O ENQ QDDKDBSHNM HM /NUDLADQ 2016p @QD ????????
>. HMCDODMCDMS.
?. ANSG LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD @MC HMCDODMCDMS.
116. 2;<F? 3.21 FHUDR SGD MTLADQ NE RTHBHCDR DRSHL@SDC HM SGD 6.4. ENQ @ QDBDMS XD@Q AX @FD, Q@BD (AK@BJ NQ VGHSD), @MC RDW.
8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM ONRRHAKD QDK@SHNMRGHOR ADSVDDM @FD, Q@BD, @MC RDW. 8D VHKK KDS RTHBHCD UHBSHLR AD NTQ ONOTK@SHNM.
0;=? ;H> 1?R 1X14 15X24 25X64 IP?L 64 2-2A*1
SDEPA, I=HA 210 3,360 13,610 22,050
SDEPA, BAI=HA 80 580 3,380 4,930
>H=?G, I=HA 10 460 1,060 1,670
>H=?G, BAI=HA 0 40 270 330
=HH KPDANO
3.3+2 310 4,650 18,780 29,760
2;<F? 3.21
%N MNS HMBKTCD "@KK NSGDQR" ENQ O@QSR E @MC F.
=. 'HKK HM SGD BNKTLM ENQ SGD RTHBHCDR ENQ HMCHUHCT@KR NUDQ @FD 64.
234 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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>. 'HKK HM SGD QNV ENQ @KK NSGDQ Q@BDR.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMCHUHCT@K V@R @ VGHSD L@KD.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMCHUHCT@K V@R @ AK@BJ EDL@KD.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMCHUHCT@K V@R AK@BJ
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMCHUHCT@K V@R L@KD.
C. 0TS NE SGD HMCHUHCT@KR NUDQ @FD 64, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMCHUHCT@K V@R @ AK@BJ NQ VGHSD
L@KD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD S@AKD NE C@S@ NAS@HMDC EQNL MMM.87I;87BB-7BC7D79.9EC
RGNVR GHS HMENQL@SHNM ENQ ENTQ VDKK JMNVM A@RDA@KK OK@XDQR. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD GHS EQNL SGD S@AKD HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
,A+# 1CHAF? "IO<F? 2LCJF? &IG? 0OH 2-2A* &'21
!=>A 1QPD 1,517 506 136 714 2,873
)=?GEA 1K>EJOKJ 1,054 273 54 137 1,518
3U "K>> 3,603 174 295 114 4,189
'=JG =NKJ 2,294 624 98 755 3,771
3.3+ 8,471 1,577 583 1,720 12,351
2;<F? 3.22
117. 'HMC )(GHS V@R L@CD AX #@AD 3TSG).
=.
1518
2873
>.
2873
12351
?.
583
12351
@.
4189
12351
118. 'HMC )(GHS V@R L@CD AX 5X $NAA[5GD GHS V@R @ )NLD 3TM).
=.
4189
12351
>.
114
1720
?.
1720
4189
@.
114
12351
119. 2;<F? 3.23 HCDMSHEHDR @ FQNTO NE BGHKCQDM AX NMD NE ENTQ G@HQ BNKNQR, @MC AX SXOD NE G@HQ.
&;CL 2SJ? LIQH FIH> F;=E 0?> 2IN;FM
6=RU 20 15 3 43
2PN=ECDP 80 15 12
3KP=HO 20 215
2;<F? 3.23
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 235
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=. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD.
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BGHKC VHKK G@UD V@UX G@HQ
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BGHKC VHKK G@UD DHSGDQ AQNVM NQ AKNMC G@HQ
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BGHKC VHKK G@UD V@UX AQNVM G@HQ
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BGHKC VHKK G@UD QDC G@HQ, FHUDM SG@S GD NQ RGD G@R RSQ@HFGS G@HQ
B. *E B HR SGD DUDMS NE @ BGHKC G@UHMF AQNVM G@HQ, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE B.
C. *M VNQCR, VG@S CNDR SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE B QDOQDRDMS
120. *M @ OQDUHNTR XD@Q, SGD VDHFGSR NE SGD LDLADQR NE SGD 06C #G6C8>H8D 49:GH @MC SGD !6AA6H DL7DNH VDQD OTAKHRGDC
HM SGD ,7D #EI; &;H9KHO ';MI. 5GD E@BST@K C@S@ VDQD BNLOHKDC HMSN SGD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD.
1BCLN# \ 210 211X250 251X290 > 290
1_33 21 5 0 0
34_66 6 18 7 4
66_99 6 12 22 5
2;<F? 3.24
'NQ SGD ENKKNVHMF, RTOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS NMD OK@XDQ EQNL SGD 49DQR NQ $NVANXR.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GHR RGHQS MTLADQ HR EQNL 1 SN 33.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD VDHFGR @S LNRS 210 ONTMCR.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GHR RGHQS MTLADQ HR EQNL 1 SN 33 "/% GD VDHFGR @S LNRS 210 ONTMCR.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GHR RGHQS MTLADQ HR EQNL 1 SN 33 03 GD VDHFGR @S LNRS 210 ONTMCR.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GHR RGHQS MTLADQ HR EQNL 1 SN 33 (*7&/ SG@S GD VDHFGR @S LNRS 210 ONTMCR.
3.5 2L?? ;H> 4?HH "C;AL;GM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GHR SQDD CH@FQ@L RGNVR SGD SNRRHMF NE @M TME@HQ BNHM
ENKKNVDC AX CQ@VHMF NMD AD@C EQNL @ BTO BNMS@HMHMF SGQDD QDC (+), ENTQ XDKKNV (2) @MC EHUD AKTD (B) AD@CR. 'NQ SGD BNHM,
)(!) =
2
3
@MC )(-) =
1
3
VGDQD ! HR GD@CR @MC - HR S@HKR.
$CAOL? 3.13
121. 'HMC )(SNRRHMF @ )D@C NM SGD BNHM "/% @ 3DC AD@C)
=.
2
3
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6
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122. 'HMC )(#KTD AD@C).
=.
15
36
>.
10
36
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10
12
@.
6
36
123. " ANW NE BNNJHDR BNMS@HMR SGQDD BGNBNK@SD @MC RDUDM ATSSDQ BNNJHDR. .HFTDK Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSR @ BNNJHD @MC D@SR HS.
5GDM GD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSR @MNSGDQ BNNJHD @MC D@SR HS. ()NV L@MX BNNJHDR CHC GD S@JD)
=. %Q@V SGD SQDD SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD ONRRHAHKHSHDR ENQ SGD BNNJHD RDKDBSHNMR. 8QHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR @KNMF D@BG AQ@MBG
NE SGD SQDD.
>. "QD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ SGD EK@UNQ NE SGD 4&$0/% BNNJHD SG@S .HFTDK RDKDBSR HMCDODMCDMS NE GHR EHQRS RDKDBSHNM
&WOK@HM.
?. 'NQ D@BG BNLOKDSD O@SG SGQNTFG SGD SQDD, VQHSD SGD DUDMS HS QDOQDRDMSR @MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
@. -DS 4 AD SGD DUDMS SG@S ANSG BNNJHDR RDKDBSDC VDQD SGD R@LD EK@UNQ. 'HMC )(,).
A. -DS - AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD BNNJHDR RDKDBSDC VDQD CHEEDQDMS EK@UNQR. 'HMC )(-) AX SVN CHEEDQDMS LDSGNCR: AX TRHMF
SGD BNLOKDLDMS QTKD @MC AX TRHMF SGD AQ@MBGDR NE SGD SQDD. :NTQ @MRVDQR RGNTKC AD SGD R@LD VHSG ANSG LDSGNCR.
B. -DS . AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD RDBNMC BNNJHD RDKDBSDC HR @ ATSSDQ BNNJHD. 'HMC )(.).
0',%',% '2 2-%#2&#0 : &-+#5-0)
124. " OQDUHNTR XD@Q, SGD VDHFGSR NE SGD LDLADQR NE SGD 06C #G6C8>H8D 49:GH @MC SGD !6AA6H DL7DNH VDQD OTAKHRGDC HM
SGD ,7D #EI; &;H9KHO ';MI. 5GD E@BST@K C@S@ @QD BNLOHKDC HMSN 2;<F? 3.25.
1BCLN# \ 210 211X250 251X290 290\
1_33 21 5 0 0
34_66 6 18 7 4
66_99 6 12 22 5
2;<F? 3.25
'NQ SGD ENKKNVHMF, RTOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS NMD OK@XDQ EQNL SGD 49DQR NQ $NVANXR.
*E G@UHMF @ RGHQS MTLADQ EQNL NMD SN 33 @MC VDHFGHMF @S LNRS 210 ONTMCR VDQD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR, SGDM VG@S RGNTKC
AD SQTD @ANTS )(4GHQS# 1k33[x 210 ONTMCR)
125. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ L@KD CDUDKNOR RNLD ENQL NE B@MBDQ HM GHR KHEDSHLD HR 0.4567. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ L@KD G@R @S
KD@RS NMD E@KRD ONRHSHUD SDRS QDRTKS (LD@MHMF SGD SDRS BNLDR A@BJ ENQ B@MBDQ VGDM SGD L@M CNDR MNS G@UD HS) HR 0.51. 4NLD NE
SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR CN MNS G@UD DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM ENQ XNT SN @MRVDQ SGDL. 8QHSD oMNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNMp ENQ SGNRD
@MRVDQR. -DS C = @ L@M CDUDKNOR B@MBDQ HM GHR KHEDSHLD @MC ) = L@M G@R @S KD@RS NMD E@KRD ONRHSHUD.
=. )(C) = ??????
>. )()[C) = ??????
?. )()[C') = ??????
@. *E @ SDRS BNLDR TO ONRHSHUD, A@RDC TONM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, B@M XNT @RRTLD SG@S L@M G@R B@MBDQ +TRSHEX MTLDQHB@KKX
@MC DWOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
126. (HUDM DUDMSR @MC !: )() = 0.43; )(!) = 0.26; )(! "/% ) = 0.14
=. 'HMC )(! 03 ).
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE DUDMS (! "/% ).
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 237
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?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE DUDMS (! 03 ).
127. (HUDM DUDMSR # @MC $: )(#) = 0.18; )($) = 0.37; )(# 03 $) = 0.45
=. 'HMC )(# "/% $).
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE DUDMS (# "/% $).
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE DUDMS (# "/% $).
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT G@UD DHFGS B@QCR. 'HUD @QD FQDDM @MC SGQDD
@QD XDKKNV. 5GD B@QCR @QD VDKK RGTEEKDC.
128. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX CQ@V SVN B@QCR, NMD @S @ SHLD, L>I= G:EA68:B:CI.
-DS
1
= EHQRS B@QC HR FQDDM
-DS
2
= RDBNMC B@QC HR FQDDM
=. %Q@V @ SQDD CH@FQ@L NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
>. 'HMC )(
1
"/%
2
).
?. 'HMC )(@S KD@RS NMD FQDDM).
@. 'HMC )(
2
[
1
).
A. "QD
2
@MC
1
HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
129. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX CQ@V SVN B@QCR, NMD @S @ SHLD, L>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI.
1
= EHQRS B@QC HR FQDDM
2
= RDBNMC B@QC HR FQDDM
=. %Q@V @ SQDD CH@FQ@L NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
>. 'HMC )(
1
"/%
2
).
?. 'HMC )(@S KD@RS NMD FQDDM).
@. 'HMC )(
2
[
1
).
A. "QD
2
@MC
1
HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD ODQBDMS NE KHBDMRDC 6.4. CQHUDQR (EQNL @ QDBDMS
XD@Q) SG@S @QD EDL@KD HR 48.60. 0E SGD EDL@KDR, 5.03% @QD @FD 19 @MC TMCDQ; 81.36% @QD @FD 20k64; 13.61% @QD @FD 65 NQ
NUDQ. 0E SGD KHBDMRDC 6.4. L@KD CQHUDQR, 5.04% @QD @FD 19 @MC TMCDQ; 81.43% @QD @FD 20k64; 13.53% @QD @FD 65 NQ NUDQ.
130. $NLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF.
=. $NMRSQTBS @ S@AKD NQ @ SQDD CH@FQ@L NE SGD RHST@SHNM.
>. 'HMC )(CQHUDQ HR EDL@KD).
?. 'HMC )(CQHUDQ HR @FD 65 NQ NUDQ[CQHUDQ HR EDL@KD).
@. 'HMC )(CQHUDQ HR @FD 65 NQ NUDQ "/% EDL@KD).
A. *M VNQCR, DWOK@HM SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HM O@QS B @MC O@QS C.
B. 'HMC )(CQHUDQ HR @FD 65 NQ NUDQ).
C. "QD ADHMF @FD 65 NQ NUDQ @MC ADHMF EDL@KD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR )NV CN XNT JMNV
131. 4TOONRD SG@S 10,000 6.4. KHBDMRDC CQHUDQR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
=. )NV L@MX VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN AD L@KD
>. 6RHMF SGD S@AKD NQ SQDD CH@FQ@L EQNL SGD OQDUHNTR DWDQBHRD, BNMRSQTBS @ BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD NE FDMCDQ UDQRTR @FD
FQNTO.
?. 6RHMF SGD BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NTS NE SGD @FD 20k64 FQNTO, @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC CQHUDQ HR
EDL@KD.
132. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 86.5% NE "LDQHB@MR BNLLTSD SN VNQJ AX B@Q, SQTBJ, NQ U@M. 0TS NE SG@S FQNTO, 84.6% CQHUD @KNMD @MC
15.4% CQHUD HM @ B@QONNK. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 3.9% V@KJ SN VNQJ @MC @OOQNWHL@SDKX 5.3% S@JD OTAKHB SQ@MRONQS@SHNM.
=. $NMRSQTBS @ S@AKD NQ @ SQDD CH@FQ@L NE SGD RHST@SHNM. *MBKTCD @ AQ@MBG ENQ @KK NSGDQ LNCDR NE SQ@MRONQS@SHNM SN VNQJ.
>. "RRTLHMF SG@S SGD V@KJDQR V@KJ @KNMD, VG@S ODQBDMS NE @KK BNLLTSDQR SQ@UDK @KNMD SN VNQJ
?. 4TOONRD SG@S 1,000 VNQJDQR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. )NV L@MX VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN SQ@UDK @KNMD SN VNQJ
@. 4TOONRD SG@S 1,000 VNQJDQR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. )NV L@MX VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN CQHUD HM @ B@QONNK
133. 8GDM SGD &TQN BNHM V@R HMSQNCTBDC HM 2002, SVN L@SG OQNEDRRNQR G@C SGDHQ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD #DKFH@M
NMD &TQN BNHM V@R @ E@HQ BNHM. 5GDX ROTM SGD BNHM Q@SGDQ SG@M SNRRHMF HS @MC ENTMC SG@S NTS NE 250 ROHMR, 140 RGNVDC @ GD@C
(DUDMS !) VGHKD 110 RGNVDC @ S@HK (DUDMS -). 0M SG@S A@RHR, SGDX BK@HLDC SG@S HS HR MNS @ E@HQ BNHM.
=. #@RDC NM SGD FHUDM C@S@, EHMC )(!) @MC )(-).
>. 6RD @ SQDD SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR NE D@BG ONRRHAKD NTSBNLD ENQ SGD DWODQHLDMS NE SNRRHMF SGD BNHM SVHBD.
?. 6RD SGD SQDD SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE NAS@HMHMF DW@BSKX NMD GD@C HM SVN SNRRDR NE SGD BNHM.
@. 6RD SGD SQDD SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE NAS@HMHMF @S KD@RS NMD GD@C.
134. .I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD ENKKNVHMF @QD QD@K C@S@ EQNL 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX,
$". "R NE @ BDQS@HM SHLD, SGDQD G@C ADDM @ SNS@K NE 3,059 CNBTLDMSDC B@RDR NE "*%4 HM SGD BNTMSX. 5GDX VDQD FQNTODC HMSN
SGD ENKKNVHMF B@SDFNQHDR:
238 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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&IGIM?RO;F/CM?RO;F '4 "LOA 3M?L* &?N?LIM?RO;F !IHN;=N -NB?L 2IN;FM
%AI=HA 0 70 136 49 <<<<
,=HA 2,146 463 60 135 <<<<
3KP=HO <<<< <<<< <<<< <<<< <<<<
2;<F? 3.26 * EJ?HQ@AO DKIKOATQ=H/>EOATQ=H (5 @NQC QOANO
4TOONRD @ ODQRNM VHSG "*%4 HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
=. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR EDL@KD).
>. 'HMC )(1DQRNM G@R @ QHRJ E@BSNQ GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS).
?. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR EDL@KD 03 G@R @ QHRJ E@BSNQ NE *7 CQTF TRDQ).
@. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR EDL@KD "/% G@R @ QHRJ E@BSNQ NE GNLNRDWT@K/AHRDWT@K).
A. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR L@KD "/% G@R @ QHRJ E@BSNQ NE *7 CQTF TRDQ).
B. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR EDL@KD (*7&/ ODQRNM FNS SGD CHRD@RD EQNL GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS).
C. $NMRSQTBS @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L. .@JD NMD FQNTO EDL@KDR @MC SGD NSGDQ FQNTO GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS.
135. "MRVDQ SGDRD PTDRSHNMR TRHMF OQNA@AHKHSX QTKDR. %N /05 TRD SGD BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD. 5GQDD SGNTR@MC EHESX-MHMD B@RDR
NE "*%4 G@C ADDM QDONQSDC HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX, $", SGQNTFG @ BDQS@HM C@SD. 5GNRD B@RDR VHKK AD NTQ ONOTK@SHNM. 0E SGNRD
B@RDR, 6.4% NAS@HMDC SGD CHRD@RD SGQNTFG GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS @MC 7.4% @QD EDL@KD. 0TS NE SGD EDL@KDR VHSG SGD CHRD@RD,
53.3% FNS SGD CHRD@RD EQNL GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS.
=. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR EDL@KD).
>. 'HMC )(1DQRNM NAS@HMDC SGD CHRD@RD SGQNTFG GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS).
?. 'HMC )(1DQRNM HR EDL@KD (*7&/ ODQRNM FNS SGD CHRD@RD EQNL GDSDQNRDWT@K BNMS@BS)
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L QDOQDRDMSHMF SGHR RHST@SHNM. .@JD NMD FQNTO EDL@KDR @MC SGD NSGDQ FQNTO GDSDQNRDWT@K
BNMS@BS. 'HKK HM @KK U@KTDR @R OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
0#$#0#,!#1
3.1 2?LGCHIFIAS
o$NTMSQHDR -HRS AX $NMSHMDMS.p 8NQKC@SK@R, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.VNQKC@SK@R.BNL/BMSXBNMS.GSL (@BBDRRDC
.@X 2, 2013).
-NODY, 4G@MD, 1QDDSX 4HCGT. o6.4. 5D@BGDQR -NUD 5GDHQ -HUDR, ATS 4SQTFFKD HM SGD 8NQJOK@BD.p (@KKTO 8DKKADHMF, 2013.
GSSO://VVV.F@KKTO.BNL/ONKK/161516/SD@BGDQR-KNUD-KHUDR-RSQTFFKD-VNQJOK@BD.@ROW (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL (@KKTO. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.F@KKTO.BNL/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
%H$@LHKKN, .@QJ, .DQUHM 'HDKC. o5GD 'HKD 1NKK.p 'HDKC 3DRD@QBG $NQONQ@SHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.EHDKC.BNL/
EHDKCONKKNMKHMD/RTARBQHADQR/3KR2443.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
3HCDQ, %@UHC, o'NQC RTOONQS OKTLLDSHMF, ONKK RTFFDRSR,p 5GD 4S@Q, 4DOSDLADQ 14, 2011. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.SGDRS@Q.BNL/MDVR/FS@/2011/09/14/ENQC?RTOONQS?OKTLLDSHMF?ONKK?RTFFDRSR.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
o.@XNQnR "OOQNU@K %NVM.p /DVR 3DKD@RD AX 'NQTL 3DRD@QBG *MB. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ENQTLQDRD@QBG.BNL/
ENQLR//DVR "QBGHUDR//DVR 3DKD@RDR/74209?50?*RRTDR?-
?.@XNQ@K?"OOQNU@K?%28'NQTL?3DRD@QBG%29%2820130320%29.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
o3NTKDSSD.p 8HJHODCH@. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DM.VHJHODCH@.NQF/VHJH/3NTKDSSD (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
4GHM, )XNM #., 3NADQS ". ,NLHMRJH. o-@MFT@FD 6RD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR: 2007.p 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD
NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BDMRTR.FNU/GGDR/RNBCDLN/K@MFT@FD/C@S@/@BR/"$4-12.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD #@RDA@KK-"KL@M@B, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.A@RDA@KK-@KL@M@B.BNL (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 8@KK 4SQDDS +NTQM@K.
%@S@ EQNL 5GD 3NODQ $DMSDQ: 1TAKHB 0OHMHNM "QBGHUDR @S SGD 6MHUDQRHSX NE $NMMDBSHBTS. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.QNODQBDMSDQ.TBNMM.DCT/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL 'HDKC 3DRD@QBG $NQONQ@SHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.EHDKC.BNL/EHDKCONKKNMKHMD (@BBDRRDC .@X 2,2 013).
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 239
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o#KNNC 5XODR.p "LDQHB@M 3DC $QNRR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.QDCBQNRRAKNNC.NQF/KD@QM-@ANTS-AKNNC/AKNNC-
SXODR (@BBDRRDC .@X 3, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ )D@KSG 4S@SHRSHBR, O@QS NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE )D@KSG @MC )TL@M 4DQUHBDR.
%@S@ EQNL 6MHSDC 4S@SDR 4DM@SD. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.RDM@SD.FNU (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
)@HL@M, $GQHRSNOGDQ "., %@MHDK 0. 4SQ@L, -XMM 3. 8HKJDMR, .@KBNL $. 1HJD, -@TQDMBD /. ,NKNMDK, #QHDM &. )DMCDQRNM,
@MC -NcB -D .@QBG@MC. o&SGMHB @MC 3@BH@K %HEEDQDMBDR HM SGD 4LNJHMF-3DK@SDC 3HRJ NE -TMF $@MBDQ.p 5GD /DV &MFK@MC
+NTQM@K NE .DCHBHMD, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.MDIL.NQF/CNH/ETKK/10.1056//&+.N@033250 (@BBDRRDC .@X 2,
2013).
o)TL@M #KNNC 5XODR.p 6MHSD #KNNC 4DQUHBDR, 2011. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.TMHSDCAKNNCRDQUHBDR.NQF/
KD@QM.NQD.@ROW (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
4@LTDK, 5. .. o4SQ@MFD '@BSR @ANTS 3) /DF@SHUD #KNNC.p D)NV )D@KSG, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.DGNV.BNL/
E@BSR?5552003?RSQ@MFD-QG-MDF@SHUD-AKNNC.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
o6MHSDC 4S@SDR: 6MHENQL $QHLD 3DONQS k 4S@SD 4S@SHRSHBR EQNL 1960k2011.p 5GD %HR@RSDQ $DMSDQ. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.CHR@RSDQBDMSDQ.BNL/BQHLD/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
3.5 2L?? ;H> 4?HH "C;AL;GM
%@S@ EQNL $K@Q@ $NTMSX 1TAKHB ).%.
%@S@ EQNL SGD "LDQHB@M $@MBDQ 4NBHDSX.
%@S@ EQNL 5GD %@S@ @MC 4SNQX -HAQ@QX, 1996. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://KHA.RS@S.BLT.DCT/%"4-/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD 'DCDQ@K )HFGV@X "CLHMHRSQ@SHNM, O@QS NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE 5Q@MRONQS@SHNM.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T, O@QS NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE $NLLDQBD.
%@S@ EQNL 64" 5NC@X.
o&MUHQNMLDMS.p 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://C@S@.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF/SNOHB/DMUHQNMLDMS (@BBDRRDC .@X 2,
2013).
o4D@QBG ENQ %@S@RDSR.p 3NODQ $DMSDQ: 1TAKHB 0OHMHNM "QBGHUDR, 6MHUDQRHSX NE $NMMDBSHBTS., 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.QNODQBDMSDQ.TBNMM.DCT/C@S@?@BBDRR/C@S@/RD@QBG?ENQ?C@S@RDSR.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 2, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1
@. )(%c) = )(,)
A. )(& 03 ,)
B. )(F "/% %)
C. )(&[%)
D. )(%[&)
E. )(,[F)
F. )(F[%)
G. )(F 03 %)
H. )(& "/% ,)
I. )(F)
3 )(') =
15
42
=
5
14
= 0.36
5 )(C) =
5
42
= 0.12
7 )() =
20
150
=
2
15
= 0.13
9 )(+) =
22
150
=
11
75
= 0.15
11 )(() =
150 - 22 - 38 - 20 - 28 - 26
150
=
16
150
=
8
75
= 0.11
13 )(E) =
47
194
= 0.24
240 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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15 )(') =
23
194
= 0.12
17 )(,) =
12
194
=
6
97
= 0.06
19
13
52
=
1
4
= 0.25
21
3
6
=
1
2
= 0.5
23 P(R) =
4
8
= 0.5
25 )(( 03 !)
27 )(![")
29 )('[()
31 )(" 03 ')
33 )(")
35 5GD KHJDKHGNNC SG@S @M DUDMS VHKK NBBTQ FHUDM SG@S @MNSGDQ DUDMS G@R @KQD@CX NBBTQQDC.
37 1
39 SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE K@MCHMF NM @M DUDM MTLADQ NQ @ LTKSHOKD NE SGQDD
41 )(#) = 0.3
43 )(* "/% +) = )(*))(+) 0.1 = (0.4))(+) )(+) = 0.25
45 0.376
47 C[% LD@MR, FHUDM SGD ODQRNM BGNRDM HR @ -@SHMN $@KHENQMH@M, SGD ODQRNM HR @ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQ VGN OQDEDQR KHED HM OQHRNM
VHSGNTS O@QNKD ENQ @ ODQRNM BNMUHBSDC NE EHQRS CDFQDD LTQCDQ.
49 % "/% C HR SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD ODQRNM BGNRDM HR @ -@SHMN $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQ VGN OQDEDQR KHED VHSGNTS O@QNKD NUDQ
SGD CD@SG ODM@KSX ENQ @ ODQRNM BNMUHBSDC NE EHQRS CDFQDD LTQCDQ.
51 0.6492
53 /N, ADB@TRD )(% "/% C) CNDR MNS DPT@K 0.
55 )(LTRHBH@M HR @ L@KD "/% G@C OQHU@SD HMRSQTBSHNM) =
15
130
=
3
26
= 0.12
57 )(ADHMF @ EDL@KD LTRHBH@M "/% KD@QMHMF LTRHB HM RBGNNK) =
38
130
=
19
65
= 0.29 )(ADHMF @ EDL@KD LTRHBH@M))(KD@QMHMF
LTRHB HM RBGNNK) =

72
130
62
130
=
4, 464
16, 900
=
1, 116
4, 225
= 0.26 /N, SGDX @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS ADB@TRD )(ADHMF @ EDL@KD
LTRHBH@M "/% KD@QMHMF LTRHB HM RBGNNK) HR MNS DPT@K SN )(ADHMF @ EDL@KD LTRHBH@M))(KD@QMHMF LTRHB HM RBGNNK).
59
35,065
100,450
61 5N OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M "/% RLNJDR 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X LD@MR SG@S SGD
ODQRNM G@R SN LDDS ANSG BQHSDQH@: ANSG +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M @MC RLNJDR 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD RGNTKC HMBKTCD
DUDQXNMD HM SGD RSTCX. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR
4,715
100,450
.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 241
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63 5N OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M FHUDM SG@S ODQRNM RLNJDR 21-30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, LD@MR
SG@S SGD ODQRNM LTRS ETKEHKK ANSG BQHSDQH@ @MC SGD R@LOKD RO@BD HR QDCTBDC SN SGNRD VGN RLNJD 21-30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X. 5GD
OQNA@AHKHSX HR
4715
15,273
.
65
$CAOL? 3.14
5GD ODQBDMS NE KHBDMRDC 6.4. CQHUDQR (EQNL @ QDBDMS XD@Q) SG@S @QD EDL@KD HR 48.60. 0E SGD EDL@KDR, 5.03% @QD @FD 19 @MC
TMCDQ; 81.36% @QD @FD 20k64; 13.61% @QD @FD 65 NQ NUDQ. 0E SGD KHBDMRDC 6.4. L@KD CQHUDQR, 5.04% @QD @FD 19 @MC TMCDQ;
81.43% @QD @FD 20k64; 13.53% @QD @FD 65 NQ NUDQ.
59
35,065
100,450
61 5N OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M "/% RLNJDR 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X LD@MR SG@S SGD
ODQRNM G@R SN LDDS ANSG BQHSDQH@: ANSG +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M @MC RLNJDR 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD RGNTKC HMBKTCD
DUDQXNMD HM SGD RSTCX. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR
4,715
100,450
.
63 5N OHBJ NMD ODQRNM EQNL SGD RSTCX VGN HR +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@M FHUDM SG@S ODQRNM RLNJDR 21-30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, LD@MR
SG@S SGD ODQRNM LTRS ETKEHKK ANSG BQHSDQH@ @MC SGD R@LOKD RO@BD HR QDCTBDC SN SGNRD VGN RLNJD 21-30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X. 5GD
OQNA@AHKHSX HR
4715
15,273
.
74
@. :NT B@M'S B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX JMNVHMF SGD OQNA@AHKHSX VHSG SGD HMENQL@SHNM FHUDM; SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR RGNTKC AD
LTKSHOKHDC, MNS @CCDC; @MC OQNA@AHKHSX HR MDUDQ FQD@SDQ SG@M 100%
A. " GNLD QTM AX CDEHMHSHNM HR @ RTBBDRRETK GHS, RN GD G@R SN G@UD @S KD@RS @R L@MX RTBBDRRETK GHSR @R GNLD QTMR.
76 0
78 0.3571
80 0.2142
82 1GXRHBH@M (83.7)
84 83.7 u 79.6 = 4.1
86 )(0BBTO@SHNM < 81.3) = 0.5
242 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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88
@. 5GD 'NQTL 3DRD@QBG RTQUDXDC 1,046 5NQNMSNMH@MR.
A. 58%
B. 42% NE 1,046 = 439 (QNTMCHMF SN SGD MD@QDRS HMSDFDQ)
C. 0.57
D. 0.60.
90
@. )(#DSSHMF NM SVN KHMD SG@S SNTBG D@BG NSGDQ NM SGD S@AKD) =
6
38
A. )(#DSSHMF NM SGQDD MTLADQR HM @ KHMD) =
3
38
B. )(#DSSSHMF NM NMD MTLADQ) =
1
38
C. )(#DSSHMF NM ENTQ MTLADQ SG@S SNTBG D@BG NSGDQ SN ENQL @ RPT@QD) =
4
38
D. )(#DSSHMF NM SVN MTLADQ SG@S SNTBG D@BG NSGDQ NM SGD S@AKD ) =
2
38
E. )(#DSSHMF NM 0-00-1-2-3) =
5
38
F. )(#DSSHMF NM 0-1-2; NQ 0-00-2; NQ 00-2-3) =
3
38
92
@. Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 21, 22, 23\
A.
5
8
B.
2
3
C.
2
8
D.
6
8
E. /N, ADB@TRD )( "/% E) CNDR MNS DPT@K 0.
94
,-2#
5GD BNHM SNRR HR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD B@QC OHBJDC EHQRS.
q Z(,!) (,-) (B,!) (B,-) (+,!) (+,-)\
q )(A) = )(AKTD))(GD@C) =

3
10
1
2
=
3
20
q :DR, A @MC B @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD ADB@TRD SGDX B@MMNS G@OODM @S SGD R@LD SHLD; XNT B@MMNS OHBJ @ B@QC SG@S HR ANSG
AKTD @MC @KRN (QDC NQ FQDDM). )(A "/% B) = 0
q /N, A @MC C @QD MNS LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD ADB@TRD SGDX B@M NBBTQ @S SGD R@LD SHLD. *M E@BS, C HMBKTCDR @KK NE SGD NTSBNLDR
NE A; HE SGD B@QC BGNRDM HR AKTD HS HR @KRN (QDC NQ AKTD). )(A "/% C) = )(A) =
3
20
96
@. , = Z(!!!), (!!-), (!-!), (!--), (-!!), (-!-), (--!), (---)\
A.
4
8
B. :DR, A@B@TRD HE A G@R NBBTQDC, HS HR HLONRRHAKD SN NAS@HM SVN S@HKR. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, )(A "/% B) = 0.
98
@. *E 2 @MC 3 @QD HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM )(2 "/% 3) = )(2))(3), RN )(2 03 3) = )(2) + )(3) - )(2))(3).
A. 0.5
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 243
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100 HHH; H; HU; HH
102
@. )(+) = 0.44
A. )(+[E) = 0.56
B. )(+[() = 0.31
C. /N, VGDSGDQ SGD LNMDX HR QDSTQMDC HR MNS HMCDODMCDMS NE VGHBG BK@RR SGD LNMDX V@R OK@BDC HM. 5GDQD @QD RDUDQ@K V@XR
SN ITRSHEX SGHR L@SGDL@SHB@KKX, ATS NMD HR SG@S SGD LNMDX OK@BDC HM DBNMNLHBR BK@RRDR HR MNS QDSTQMDC @S SGD R@LD NUDQ@KK
Q@SD; )(+[E) w )(+).
D. /N, SGHR RSTCX CDEHMHSDKX CNDR MNS RTOONQS SG@S MNSHNM; ?D <79J, HS RTFFDRSR SGD NOONRHSD. 5GD LNMDX OK@BDC HM SGD
DBNMNLHBR BK@RRQNNLR V@R QDSTQMDC @S @ GHFGDQ Q@SD SG@M SGD LNMDX OK@BD HM @KK BK@RRDR BNKKDBSHUDKX; )(+[E) > )(+).
104
@. )(SXOD 0 03 3G-) = )(SXOD 0) + )(3G-) - )(SXOD 0 "/% 3G-)
0.52 = 0.43 + 0.15 - )(SXOD 0 "/% 3G-); RNKUD SN EHMC )(SXOD 0 "/% 3G-) = 0.06
6% NE ODNOKD G@UD SXOD 0, 3G- AKNNC
A. )(/05(SXOD 0 "/% 3G-)) = 1 - )(SXOD 0 "/% 3G-) = 1 - 0.06 = 0.94
94% NE ODNOKD CN MNS G@UD SXOD 0, 3G- AKNNC
106
@. -DS C = AD SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD BNNJHD BNMS@HMR BGNBNK@SD. -DS ' = SGD DUDMS SG@S SGD BNNJHD BNMS@HMR MTSR.
A. )(C 03 ') = )(C) + )(') - )(C "/% ') = 0.36 + 0.12 - 0.08 = 0.40
B. )(/&*5)&3 BGNBNK@SD /03 MTSR) = 1 - )(C 03 ') = 1 - 0.40 = 0.60
108 0
110
10
67
112
10
34
114 C
116
@.
/68: 6C9 0:M 1R14 15R24 25R64 DK:G 64 1,1A)0
VGHSD, L@KD 210 3,360 13,610 4,870 22,050
VGHSD, EDL@KD 80 580 3,380 890 4,930
AK@BJ, L@KD 10 460 1,060 140 1,670
AK@BJ, EDL@KD 0 40 270 20 330
@KK NSGDQR 100
505"-4 310 4,650 18,780 6,020 29,760
167A: 3.27
A.
244 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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/68: 6C9 0:M 1R14 15R24 25R64 DK:G 64 1,1A)0
VGHSD, L@KD 210 3,360 13,610 4,870 22,050
VGHSD, EDL@KD 80 580 3,380 890 4,930
AK@BJ, L@KD 10 460 1,060 140 1,670
AK@BJ, EDL@KD 0 40 270 20 330
@KK NSGDQR 10 210 460 100 780
505"-4 310 4,650 18,780 6,020 29,760
167A: 3.28
B.
22,050
29,760
C.
330
29,760
D.
2,000
29,760
E.
23,720
29,760
F.
5,010
6,020
118 A
120
@.
26
106
A.
33
106
B.
21
106
C.

26
106
33
106
21
106
38
106
D.
21
33
122 @
125
@. )(C) = 0.4567
A. MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM
B. MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM
C. /N, ADB@TRD NUDQ G@KE (0.51) NE LDM G@UD @S KD@RS NMD E@KRD ONRHSHUD SDWS
127
@. )(# 03 $) = )(#) + )($) u )(# "/% $); 0.45 = 0.18 + 0.37 - )(# "/% $); RNKUD SN EHMC )(# "/% $) = 0.10
A. )(/05 (# "/% $)) = 1 - )(# "/% $) = 1 - 0.10 = 0.90
B. )(/05 (# 03 $)) = 1 - )(# 03 $) = 1 - 0.45 = 0.55
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 245
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128
@.
#><JG: 3.15
A. )() =

5
8
5
8
=
25
64
B. )(@S KD@RS NMD FQDDM) = )() + )(2) + )(2) =
25
64
+
15
64
+
15
64
=
55
64
C. )([) =
5
8
D. :DR, SGDX @QD HMCDODMCDMS ADB@TRD SGD EHQRS B@QC HR OK@BDC A@BJ HM SGD A@F ADENQD SGD RDBNMC B@QC HR CQ@VM; SGD
BNLONRHSHNM NE B@QCR HM SGD A@F QDL@HMR SGD R@LD EQNL CQ@V NMD SN CQ@V SVN.
130
@.
<20 20R64 >64 1DI6AH
#:B6A: 0.0244 0.3954 0.0661 0.486
*6A: 0.0259 0.4186 0.0695 0.514
1DI6AH 0.0503 0.8140 0.1356 1
167A: 3.29
A. )(F) = 0.486
B. )(>64[F) = 0.1361
C. )(>64 @MC F) = )(F) )(>64[F) = (0.486)(0.1361) = 0.0661
D. )(>64[F) HR SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE EDL@KD CQHUDQR VGN @QD 65 NQ NKCDQ @MC )(>64 @MC F) HR SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE CQHUDQR VGN
@QD EDL@KD @MC 65 NQ NKCDQ.
E. )(>64) = )(>64 @MC F) + )(>64 @MC &) = 0.1356
F. /N, ADHMF EDL@KD @MC 65 NQ NKCDQ @QD MNS LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD ADB@TRD SGDX B@M NBBTQ @S SGD R@LD SHLD 1(>64 @MC F) =
0.0661.
132 @.
246 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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6G, 1GJ8@ DG 36C 46A@ -J7A>8 1G6CHEDGI6I>DC ,I=:G 1DI6AH
AADC: 0.7318
+DI AADC: 0.1332
1DI6AH 0.8650 0.0390 0.0530 0.0430 1
167A: 3.30
A. *E VD @RRTLD SG@S @KK V@KJDQR @QD @KNMD @MC SG@S MNMD EQNL SGD NSGDQ SVN FQNTOR SQ@UDK @KNMD (VGHBG HR @ AHF
@RRTLOSHNM) VD G@UD: )("KNMD) = 0.7318 + 0.0390 = 0.7708.
B. .@JD SGD R@LD @RRTLOSHNMR @R HM (A) VD G@UD: (0.7708)(1,000) = 771
C. (0.1332)(1,000) = 133
134 5GD BNLOKDSDC BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD HR @R ENKKNVR:
%DBDH:MJ6A/B>H:MJ6A &3 !GJ< 2H:G* %:I:GDH:MJ6A DCI68I ,I=:G 1DI6AH
'DL@KD 0 70 136 49 255
.@KD 2,146 463 60 135 2,804
5NS@KR 2,146 533 196 184 3,059
167A: 3.31 * EJ?HQ@AO DKIKOATQ=H/>EOATQ=H (5 @NQC QOANO
@.
255
3059
A.
196
3059
B.
718
3059
C. 0
D.
463
3059
E.
136
196
F.
"'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2 247
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#><JG: 3.16
248 "'/3$1 3 W /1.!!(+(38 3./("2
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4 U "'1!0#2# 0A,"-+
4A0'A*#1
$CAOL? 4.1 8KQ ?=J QOA LNK>=>EHEPU =J@ @EO?NAPA N=J@KI R=NE=>HAO PK ?=H?QH=PA PDA HEGAHEDKK@ KB HECDPAJEJC OPNEGEJC PDA
CNKQJ@ BERA PEIAO @QNEJC = D=HB-DKQN PDQJ@ANOPKNI.
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
c 3DBNFMHYD @MC TMCDQRS@MC CHRBQDSD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNMR, HM FDMDQ@K.
c $@KBTK@SD @MC HMSDQOQDS DWODBSDC U@KTDR.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD 1NHRRNM OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD FDNLDSQHB OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD GXODQFDNLDSQHB OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
c $K@RRHEX CHRBQDSD VNQC OQNAKDLR AX SGDHQ CHRSQHATSHNMR.
" RSTCDMS S@JDR @ SDM-PTDRSHNM, SQTD-E@KRD PTHY. #DB@TRD SGD RSTCDMS G@C RTBG @ ATRX RBGDCTKD, GD NQ RGD BNTKC MNS RSTCX @MC
FTDRRDR Q@MCNLKX @S D@BG @MRVDQ. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD RSTCDMS O@RRHMF SGD SDRS VHSG @S KD@RS @ 70%
4L@KK BNLO@MHDR LHFGS AD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE KNMF-CHRS@MBD OGNMD B@KKR SGDHQ DLOKNXDDR L@JD CTQHMF SGD OD@J
SHLD NE SGD C@X. 4TOONRD SGD @UDQ@FD HR 20 B@KKR. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD DLOKNXDDR L@JD LNQD SG@M 20 KNMF-CHRS@MBD
OGNMD B@KKR CTQHMF SGD OD@J SHLD
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 249
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5GDRD SVN DW@LOKDR HKKTRSQ@SD SVN CHEEDQDMS SXODR NE OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDLR HMUNKUHMF CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR. 3DB@KK
SG@S CHRBQDSD C@S@ @QD C@S@ SG@S XNT B@M BNTMS. " G6C9DB K6G>67A: CDRBQHADR SGD NTSBNLDR NE @ RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS HM
VNQCR. 5GD U@KTDR NE @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD B@M U@QX VHSG D@BG QDODSHSHNM NE @M DWODQHLDMS.
0;H>IG 4;LC;<F? ,IN;NCIH
6OODQ B@RD KDSSDQR RTBG @R 1 NQ 2 CDMNSD @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. -NVDQ B@RD KDSSDQR KHJD N NQ O CDMNSD SGD U@KTD NE @ Q@MCNL
U@QH@AKD. *E X >H 6 G6C9DB K6G>67A:, I=:C X >H LG>II:C >C LDG9H, 6C9 & >H <>K:C 6H 6 CJB7:G.
'NQ DW@LOKD, KDS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR XNT FDS VGDM XNT SNRR SGQDD E@HQ BNHMR. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD ENQ SGD SNRR NE SGQDD
E@HQ BNHMR HR ---; -!!; !-!; !!-; !--; -!-; --!; !!!. 5GDM, N = 0, 1, 2, 3. 1 HR HM VNQCR @MC N HR @ MTLADQ. /NSHBD
SG@S ENQ SGHR DW@LOKD, SGD N U@KTDR @QD BNTMS@AKD NTSBNLDR. #DB@TRD XNT B@M BNTMS SGD ONRRHAKD U@KTDR SG@S 1 B@M S@JD NM
@MC SGD NTSBNLDR @QD Q@MCNL (SGD N U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, 3), 1 HR @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD.
5NRR @ BNHM SDM SHLDR @MC QDBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR. "ESDQ @KK LDLADQR NE SGD BK@RR G@UD BNLOKDSDC SGD DWODQHLDMS
(SNRRDC @ BNHM SDM SHLDR @MC BNTMSDC SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR), EHKK HM 2;<F? 4.1. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR HM SDM SNRRDR
NE SGD BNHM.
: $L?KO?H=S I@ : 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S I@ :
2;<F? 4.1
=. 8GHBG U@KTD(R) NE N NBBTQQDC LNRS EQDPTDMSKX
>. *E XNT SNRRDC SGD BNHM 1,000 SHLDR, VG@S U@KTDR BNTKC N S@JD NM 8GHBG U@KTD(R) NE N CN XNT SGHMJ VNTKC NBBTQ
LNRS EQDPTDMSKX
?. 8G@S CNDR SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM RTL SN
4.1 U .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH (."$) @IL ; "CM=L?N?
0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?
" CHRBQDSD EGD767>A>IN 9>HIG>7JI>DC ;JC8I>DC G@R SVN BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR:
250 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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1. &@BG OQNA@AHKHSX HR ADSVDDM YDQN @MC NMD, HMBKTRHUD.
2. 5GD RTL NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HR NMD.
$T=ILHA 4.1
"BGHKC ORXBGNKNFHRS HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ MDVANQM A@AX'R BQXHMF V@JDR HSR LNSGDQ @ESDQ LHCMHFGS.
'NQ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 50 LNSGDQR, SGD ENKKNVHMF HMENQL@SHNM V@R NAS@HMDC. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR ODQ
VDDJ @ MDVANQM A@AX'R BQXHMF V@JDR HSR LNSGDQ @ESDQ LHCMHFGS. 'NQ SGHR DW@LOKD, N = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
)(N) = OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 1 S@JDR NM @ U@KTD N.
: P(:)
0
P(/ = 0) =
2
50
1
P(/ = 1) =
11
50
2
P(/ = 2) =
23
50
3
P(/ = 3) =
9
50
4
P(/ = 4) =
4
50
5
P(/ = 5) =
1
50
2;<F? 4.2
1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 5GHR HR @ CHRBQDSD 1%' ADB@TRD:
=. &@BG )(N) HR ADSVDDM YDQN @MC NMD, HMBKTRHUD.
>. 5GD RTL NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HR NMD, SG@S HR,
2
50
+
11
50
+
23
50
+
9
50
+
4
50
+
1
50
= 1
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 251
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4.1 " GNROHS@K QDRD@QBGDQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR SGD @UDQ@FD ONRS-NO O@SHDMS VHKK QHMF SGD MTQRD CTQHMF
@ 12-GNTQ RGHES. 'NQ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 50 O@SHDMSR, SGD ENKKNVHMF HMENQL@SHNM V@R NAS@HMDC. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE
SHLDR @ O@SHDMS QHMFR SGD MTQRD CTQHMF @ 12-GNTQ RGHES. 'NQ SGHR DWDQBHRD, N = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. )(N) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 1
S@JDR NM U@KTD N. 8GX HR SGHR @ CHRBQDSD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (SVN QD@RNMR)
" P(:)
0
P(/ = 0) =
4
50
1
P(/ = 1) =
8
50
2
P(/ = 2) =
16
50
3
P(/ = 3) =
14
50
4
P(/ = 4) =
6
50
5
P(/ = 5) =
2
50
2;<F? 4.3
$T=ILHA 4.2
4TOONRD /@MBX G@R BK@RRDR I=G:: 96NH @ VDDJ. 4GD @SSDMCR BK@RRDR SGQDD C@XR @ VDDJ 80%NE SGD SHLD, ILD 96NH
15%NE SGD SHLD, DC: 96N 4%NE SGD SHLD, @MC CD 96NH 1%NE SGD SHLD. 4TOONRD NMD VDDJ HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
@. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR /@MBX ????????????????????.
1IFONCIH 4.2
=. +AP X = PDA JQI>AN KB @=UO -=J?U =PPAJ@O ?H=OO LAN SAAG.
A. 1 S@JDR NM VG@S U@KTDR
1IFONCIH 4.2
>. 0, 1, 2, =J@ 3
B. 4TOONRD NMD VDDJ HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. $NMRSQTBS @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM S@AKD (B@KKDC @ 1%' S@AKD) KHJD SGD
NMD HM #R;GJF? 4.1. 5GD S@AKD RGNTKC G@UD SVN BNKTLMR K@ADKDC N @MC )(N). 8G@S CNDR SGD )(N) BNKTLM RTLSN
1IFONCIH 4.2
252 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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?.
: P(:)
0 0.01
1 0.04
2 0.15
3 0.80
2;<F? 4.4
4.2 +DQDLH@G G@R A@RJDSA@KK OQ@BSHBD SVN C@XR @ VDDJ. /HMDSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, GD @SSDMCR ANSG OQ@BSHBDR. &HFGS
ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, GD @SSDMCR NMD OQ@BSHBD. 5VN ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, GD CNDR MNS @SSDMC DHSGDQ OQ@BSHBD. 8G@S HR 1 @MC
VG@S U@KTDR CNDR HS S@JD NM
4.2 U +?;H IL #RJ?=N?> 4;FO? ;H> 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
5GD :ME:8I:9 K6AJ: HR NESDM QDEDQQDC SN @R SGD "ADC<-I:GB" 6K:G6<: DG B:6C. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S NUDQ SGD KNMF SDQL NE CNHMF
@M DWODQHLDMS NUDQ @MC NUDQ, XNT VNTKC :ME:8I SGHR @UDQ@FD.
:NT SNRR @ BNHM @MC QDBNQC SGD QDRTKS. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD QDRTKS HR GD@CR *E XNT EKHO @ BNHM SVN SHLDR, CNDR
OQNA@AHKHSX SDKK XNT SG@S SGDRD EKHOR VHKK QDRTKS HM NMD GD@CR @MC NMD S@HK :NT LHFGS SNRR @ E@HQ BNHM SDM SHLDR @MC QDBNQC
MHMD GD@CR. "R XNT KD@QMDC HM 1?=NCIH 3., OQNA@AHKHSX CNDR MNS CDRBQHAD SGD RGNQS-SDQL QDRTKSR NE @M DWODQHLDMS. *S FHUDR
HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS VG@S B@M AD DWODBSDC HM SGD KNMF SDQL. 5N CDLNMRSQ@SD SGHR, ,@QK 1D@QRNM NMBD SNRRDC @ E@HQ BNHM 24,000
SHLDR! )D QDBNQCDC SGD QDRTKSR NE D@BG SNRR, NAS@HMHMF GD@CR 12,012 SHLDR. &C =>H :ME:G>B:CI, -:6GHDC >AAJHIG6I:9 I=: )6L
D; )6G<: +JB7:GH.
1=: )6L D; )6G<: +JB7:GH RS@SDR SG@S, @R SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX DWODQHLDMS HMBQD@RDR, SGD CHEEDQDMBD
ADSVDDM SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE @M DUDMS @MC SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX @OOQN@BGDR YDQN (I=: I=:DG:I>86A EGD767>A>IN 6C9
I=: G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N <:I 8ADH:G 6C9 8ADH:G ID<:I=:G). 8GDM DU@KT@SHMF SGD KNMF-SDQL QDRTKSR NE RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMSR,
VD NESDM V@MS SN JMNV SGD o@UDQ@FDp NTSBNLD. 5GHR oKNMF-SDQL @UDQ@FDp HR JMNVM @R SGD B:6C NQ :ME:8I:9 K6AJ: NE SGD
DWODQHLDMS @MC HR CDMNSDC AX SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQ Z. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, @ESDQ BNMCTBSHMF L@MX SQH@KR NE @M DWODQHLDMS, XNT VNTKC
DWODBS SGHR @UDQ@FD U@KTD.
,-2#
5N EHMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD NQ KNMF SDQL@UDQ@FD, Z, RHLOKX LTKSHOKX D@BG U@KTD NE SGD Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD AX HSR OQNA@AHKHSX
@MC @CC SGD OQNCTBSR.
$T=ILHA 4.3
" LDM'R RNBBDQ SD@L OK@XR RNBBDQ YDQN, NMD, NQ SVN C@XR @ VDDJ. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDX OK@X YDQN C@XR HR 0.2,
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDX OK@X NMD C@X HR 0.5, @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDX OK@X SVN C@XR HR 0.3. 'HMC SGD KNMF-SDQL
@UDQ@FD NQ DWODBSDC U@KTD, Z, NE SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR ODQ VDDJ SGD LDM'R RNBBDQ SD@L OK@XR RNBBDQ.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 253
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5N CN SGD OQNAKDL, EHQRS KDS SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR SGD LDM'R RNBBDQ SD@L OK@XR RNBBDQ
ODQ VDDJ. 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2. $NMRSQTBS @ 1%' S@AKD @CCHMF @ BNKTLM N*)(N). *M SGHR BNKTLM, XNT VHKK
LTKSHOKX D@BG N U@KTD AX HSR OQNA@AHKHSX.
: P(:) :*P(:)
0 0.2 (0)(0.2) = 0
1 0.5 (1)(0.5) = 0.5
2 0.3 (2)(0.3) = 0.6
2;<F? 4.5 #RJ?=N?> 4;FO?
2;<F? 3DEO P=>HA EO ?=HHA@ =J
ATLA?PA@ R=HQA P=>HA. 3DA P=>HA
DAHLO UKQ ?=H?QH=PA PDA
ATLA?PA@ R=HQA KN HKJC-PANI
=RAN=CA.
"CC SGD K@RS BNKTLM N*)(N) SN EHMC SGD KNMF SDQL @UDQ@FD NQ DWODBSDC U@KTD: (0)(0.2) + (1)(0.5) + (2)(0.3) =
0 + 0.5 + 0.6 = 1.1.
5GD DWODBSDC U@KTD HR 1.1. 5GD LDM'R RNBBDQ SD@L VNTKC, NM SGD @UDQ@FD, DWODBS SN OK@X RNBBDQ 1.1 C@XR ODQ
VDDJ. 5GD MTLADQ 1.1 HR SGD KNMF-SDQL@UDQ@FD NQ DWODBSDC U@KTD HE SGD LDM'R RNBBDQ SD@LOK@XR RNBBDQ VDDJ @ESDQ
VDDJ @ESDQ VDDJ. 8D R@X Z = 1.1.
$T=ILHA 4.4
'HMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ MDVANQM A@AX'R BQXHMF V@JDR HSR LNSGDQ @ESDQ LHCMHFGS. 5GD
DWODBSDC U@KTD HR SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE SHLDR ODQ VDDJ @ MDVANQM A@AX'R BQXHMF V@JDR HSR LNSGDQ @ESDQ
LHCMHFGS. $@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD U@QH@AKD @R VDKK.
: P(:) :*P(:)
(: X >)
2
P(:)
0
P(/ = 0) =
2
50
(0)
2
50
= 0
(0 _ 2.1)
2
0.04 = 0.1764
1
P(/ = 1) =

11
50
(1)
11
50
=
11
50
(1 _ 2.1)
2
0.22 = 0.2662
2
P(/ = 2) =
23
50
(2)
23
50
=
46
50
(2 _ 2.1)
2
0.46 = 0.0046
3
P(/ = 3) =
27
50
(3)
9
50
=
27
50
(3 _ 2.1)
2
0.18 = 0.1458
4
P(/ = 4) =
4
50
(4)
4
50
=
16
50
(4 _ 2.1)
2
0.08 = 0.2888
2;<F? 4.6 8KQ ATLA?P = JAS>KNJ PK S=GA EO IKPDAN =BPAN IE@JECDP 2.1 PEIAO
LAN SAAG, KJ PDA =RAN=CA.
254 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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: P(:) :*P(:)
(: X >)
2
P(:)
5
P(/ = 5) =
1
50
(5)
1
50
=
5
50
(5 _ 2.1)
2
0.02 = 0.1682
2;<F? 4.6 8KQ ATLA?P = JAS>KNJ PK S=GA EO IKPDAN =BPAN IE@JECDP 2.1 PEIAO
LAN SAAG, KJ PDA =RAN=CA.
"CC SGD U@KTDR HM SGD SGHQC BNKTLM NE SGD S@AKD SN EHMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD NE 1:
Z = &WODBSDC 7@KTD =
105
50
= 2.1
6RD Z SN BNLOKDSD SGD S@AKD. 5GD ENTQSG BNKTLM NE SGHR S@AKD VHKK OQNUHCD SGD U@KTDR XNT MDDC SN B@KBTK@SD SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 'NQ D@BG U@KTD N, LTKSHOKX SGD RPT@QD NE HSR CDUH@SHNM AX HSR OQNA@AHKHSX. (&@BG CDUH@SHNM G@R
SGD ENQL@S N k Z).
"CC SGD U@KTDR HM SGD ENTQSG BNKTLM NE SGD S@AKD:
0.1764 + 0.2662 + 0.0046 + 0.1458 + 0.2888 + 0.1682 = 1.05
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1 HR SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGHR RTL: \ = 1.0454 v 1.0247
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 255
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4.4 " GNROHS@K QDRD@QBGDQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR SGD @UDQ@FD ONRS-NO O@SHDMS VHKK QHMF SGD MTQRD CTQHMF
@ 12-GNTQ RGHES. 'NQ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 50 O@SHDMSR, SGD ENKKNVHMF HMENQL@SHNM V@R NAS@HMDC. 8G@S HR SGD DWODBSDC
U@KTD
: P(:)
0
P(/ = 0) =
4
50
1
P(/ = 1) =
4
50
2
P(/ = 2) =
16
50
3
P(/ = 3) =
14
50
4
P(/ = 4) =
6
50
5
P(/ = 5) =
2
50
2;<F? 4.7
$T=ILHA 4.5
4TOONRD XNT OK@X @ F@LD NE BG@MBD HM VGHBG EHUD MTLADQR @QD BGNRDM EQNL 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. " BNLOTSDQ
Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSR EHUD MTLADQR EQNL YDQN SN MHMD VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS. :NT O@X $2 SN OK@X @MC BNTKC OQNEHS $100,000
HE XNT L@SBG @KK EHUD MTLADQR HM NQCDQ (XNT FDS XNTQ $2 A@BJ OKTR $100,000). 0UDQ SGD KNMF SDQL, VG@S HR XNTQ
:ME:8I:9 OQNEHS NE OK@XHMF SGD F@LD
5N CN SGHR OQNAKDL, RDS TO @M DWODBSDC U@KTD S@AKD ENQ SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX XNT B@M OQNEHS.
-DS 1 = SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX XNT OQNEHS. 5GD U@KTDR NE N @QD MNS 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 4HMBD XNT @QD
HMSDQDRSDC HM XNTQ OQNEHS (NQ KNRR), SGD U@KTDR NE N @QD 100,000 CNKK@QR @MC u2 CNKK@QR.
5N VHM, XNT LTRS FDS @KK EHUD MTLADQR BNQQDBS, HM NQCDQ. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE BGNNRHMF NMD BNQQDBS MTLADQ HR
1
10
ADB@TRD SGDQD @QD SDM MTLADQR. :NT L@X BGNNRD @ MTLADQ LNQD SG@M NMBD. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE BGNNRHMF @KK
EHUD MTLADQR BNQQDBSKX @MC HM NQCDQ HR
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
= (1)(10
5
) = 0.00001.
5GDQDENQD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE VHMMHMF HR 0.00001 @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE KNRHMF HR
1 0.00001 = 0.99999.
256 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5GD DWODBSDC U@KTD S@AKD HR @R ENKKNVR:
: P(:) :*P(:)
+KOO _2 0.99999 (_2)(0.99999) = _1.99998
/NKBEP 100,000 0.00001 (100000)(0.00001) = 1
2;<F? 4.8 \@@ PDA H=OP ?KHQIJ. _1.99998 + 1 = _0.99998
4HMBD k0.99998 HR @ANTS k1, XNT VNTKC, NM @UDQ@FD, DWODBS SN KNRD @OOQNWHL@SDKX $1 ENQ D@BG F@LD XNT OK@X.
)NVDUDQ, D@BG SHLD XNT OK@X, XNT DHSGDQ KNRD $2 NQ OQNEHS $100,000. 5GD $1 HR SGD @UDQ@FD NQ DWODBSDC -044 ODQ
F@LD @ESDQ OK@XHMF SGHR F@LD NUDQ @MC NUDQ.
4.5 :NT @QD OK@XHMF @ F@LD NE BG@MBD HM VGHBG ENTQ B@QCR @QD CQ@VM EQNL @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ. :NT FTDRR SGD RTHS NE D@BG
B@QC ADENQD HS HR CQ@VM. 5GD B@QCR @QD QDOK@BDC HM SGD CDBJ NM D@BG CQ@V. :NT O@X $1 SN OK@X. *E XNT FTDRR SGD QHFGS RTHS
DUDQX SHLD, XNT FDS XNTQ LNMDX A@BJ @MC $256. 8G@S HR XNTQ DWODBSDC OQNEHS NE OK@XHMF SGD F@LD NUDQ SGD KNMF SDQL
$T=ILHA 4.6
4TOONRD XNT OK@X @ F@LD VHSG @ AH@RDC BNHM. :NT OK@X D@BG F@LD AX SNRRHMF SGD BNHM NMBD. )(GD@CR) =
2
3
@MC
)(S@HKR) =
1
3
. *E XNT SNRR @ GD@C, XNT O@X $6. *E XNT SNRR @ S@HK, XNT VHM $10. *E XNT OK@X SGHR F@LD L@MX SHLDR,
VHKK XNT BNLD NTS @GD@C
@. %DEHMD @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
1IFONCIH 4.6
=. X = =IKQJP KB LNKBEP
A. $NLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF DWODBSDC U@KTD S@AKD.
: :::: ::::
6(- 10
1
3
<<<<
+.2$ <<<< <<<<
12
3
2;<F? 4.9
1IFONCIH 4.6
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 257
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>.
: P(:) :P(:)
6(- 10
1
3
10
3
+.2$ _6
2
3
12
3
2;<F? 4.10
B. 8G@S HR SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD, Z %N XNT BNLD NTS @GD@C
1IFONCIH 4.6
?. @@ PDA H=OP ?KHQIJ KB PDA P=>HA. 3DA ATLA?PA@ R=HQA 4 =
2
3
. 8KQ HKOA, KJ =RAN=CA, =>KQP 67 ?AJPO
A=?D PEIA UKQ LH=U PDA C=IA OK UKQ @K JKP ?KIA KQP =DA=@.
4.6 4TOONRD XNT OK@X @ F@LD VHSG @ ROHMMDQ. :NT OK@X D@BG F@LD AX ROHMMHMF SGD ROHMMDQ NMBD. )(QDC) =
2
5
, )(AKTD)
=
2
5
, @MC )(FQDDM) =
1
5
. *E XNT K@MC NM QDC, XNT O@X $10. *E XNT K@MC NM AKTD, XNT CNM'S O@X NQ VHM @MXSGHMF. *E XNT
K@MC NM FQDDM, XNT VHM $10. $NLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF DWODBSDC U@KTD S@AKD.
: P(:)
1A@

20
5
!HQA
2
5
20
2;<F? 4.11
-HJD C@S@, OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR G@UD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR. 5N B@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM (\) NE @ OQNA@AHKHSX
CHRSQHATSHNM, EHMC D@BG CDUH@SHNM EQNL HSR DWODBSDC U@KTD, RPT@QD HS, LTKSHOKX HS AX HSR OQNA@AHKHSX, @CC SGD OQNCTBSR, @MC S@JD
SGD RPT@QD QNNS. 5N TMCDQRS@MC GNV SN CN SGD B@KBTK@SHNM, KNNJ @S SGD S@AKD ENQ SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR ODQ VDDJ @ LDM'R RNBBDQ
SD@LOK@XR RNBBDQ. 5N EHMC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @CC SGD DMSQHDR HM SGD BNKTLM K@ADKDC (N k Z)
2
)(N) @MC S@JD SGD RPT@QD QNNS.
258 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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: P(:) :*P(:)
(: X >)
2
P(:)
0 0.2 (0)(0.2) = 0
(0 _ 1.1)
2
(0.2) = 0.242
1 0.5 (1)(0.5) = 0.5
(1 _ 1.1)
2
(0.5) = 0.005
2 0.3 (2)(0.3) = 0.6
(2 _ 1.1)
2
(0.3) = 0.243
2;<F? 4.12
"CC SGD K@RS BNKTLM HM SGD S@AKD. 0.242 + 0.005 + 0.243 = 0.490. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE 0.49, NQ \
= 0.49 = 0.7
(DMDQ@KKX ENQ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR, VD TRD @ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ @ BNLOTSDQ SN B@KBTK@SD Z @MC \ SN QDCTBD QNTMCNEE DQQNQ.
'NQ RNLD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR, SGDQD @QD RGNQS-BTS ENQLTK@R SG@S ENQ B@KBTK@SHMF Z @MC \.
$T=ILHA 4.7
5NRR @ E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD SVHBD. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE E@BDR SG@S RGNV @M DUDM MTLADQ. $NMRSQTBS @ S@AKD KHJD
2;<F? 4.11 @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M Z @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ NE 1.
1IFONCIH 4.7
5NRRHMF NMD E@HQ RHW-RHCDC CHD SVHBD G@R SGD R@LD R@LOKD RO@BD @R SNRRHMF SVN E@HQ RHW-RHCDC CHBD. 5GD R@LOKD
RO@BD G@R 36 NTSBNLDR:
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
2;<F? 4.13
6RD SGD R@LOKD RO@BD SN BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD:
: P(:) :P(:) (: X >)
2
P(:)
0
9
36
0
(0 _ 1)
2

9
36
=
9
36
2;<F? 4.14 "=H?QH=PEJC 4 =J@ 6.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 259
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: P(:) :P(:) (: X >)
2
P(:)
1
18
36
18
36
(1 _ 1)
2

18
36
= 0
2
9
36
18
36
(1 _ 1)
2

9
36
=
9
36
2;<F? 4.14 "=H?QH=PEJC 4 =J@ 6.
"CC SGD U@KTDR HM SGD SGHQC BNKTLM SN EHMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD: Z =
36
36
= 1. 6RD SGHR U@KTD SN BNLOKDSD SGD
ENTQSG BNKTLM.
"CC SGD U@KTDR HM SGD ENTQSG BNKTLM @MC S@JD SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD RTL: j =
18
36
v 0.7071.
$T=ILHA 4.8
0M .@X 11, 2013 @S 9:30 1., SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNCDQ@SD RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX (NMD LNCDQ@SD D@QSGPT@JD) VNTKC
NBBTQ HM SGD MDWS 48 GNTQR HM *Q@M V@R @ANTS 21.42%. 4TOONRD XNT L@JD @ ADS SG@S @ LNCDQ@SD D@QSGPT@JD VHKK
NBBTQ HM *Q@M CTQHMF SGHR ODQHNC. *E XNT VHM SGD ADS, XNT VHM $50. *E XNT KNRD SGD ADS, XNT O@X $20. -DS 1 = SGD
@LNTMS NE OQNEHS EQNL @ ADS.
)(VHM) = )(NMD LNCDQ@SD D@QSGPT@JD VHKK NBBTQ) = 21.42%
)(KNRR) = )(NMD LNCDQ@SD D@QSGPT@JD VHKK DEJ NBBTQ) = 100% k 21.42%
*E XNT ADS L@MX SHLDR, VHKK XNT BNLD NTS @GD@C &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD TRHMF MTLADQR.
8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1 $NMRSQTBS @ S@AKD RHLHK@Q SN 2;<F? 4.12 @MC 2;<F? 4.12 SN GDKO XNT @MRVDQ
SGDRD PTDRSHNMR.
1IFONCIH 4.8
: P(:) :(P:)
(: X >)
2
P(:)
SEJ 50 0.2142 10.71
:50 _ (_5.006);
2
(0.2142) = 648.0964
HKOO _20 0.7858 _15.716
:_20 _ (_5.006);
2
(0.7858) = 176.6636
2;<F? 4.15
.D@M = &WODBSDC 7@KTD = 10.71 + (k15.716) = k5.006.
*E XNT L@JD SGHR ADS L@MX SHLDR TMCDQ SGD R@LD BNMCHSHNMR, XNTQ KNMF SDQL NTSBNLD VHKK AD @M @UDQ@FD BEII
NE $5.01 ODQ ADS.
Standard Deviation = 648.0964 + 176.6636 28.7186
260 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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4.8 0M .@X 11, 2013 @S 9:30 1., SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNCDQ@SD RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX (NMD LNCDQ@SD D@QSGPT@JD) VNTKC
NBBTQ HM SGD MDWS 48 GNTQR HM +@O@M V@R @ANTS 1.08%. "R HM #R;GJF? 4.8, XNT ADS SG@S @ LNCDQ@SD D@QSGPT@JD VHKK
NBBTQ HM +@O@M CTQHMF SGHR ODQHNC. *E XNT VHM SGD ADS, XNT VHM $100. *E XNT KNRD SGD ADS, XNT O@X $10. -DS 1 = SGD
@LNTMS NE OQNEHS EQNL @ ADS. 'HMC SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
4NLD NE SGD LNQD BNLLNM CHRBQDSD OQNA@AHKHSX ETMBSHNMR @QD AHMNLH@K, FDNLDSQHB, GXODQFDNLDSQHB, @MC 1NHRRNM. .NRS
DKDLDMS@QX BNTQRDR CN MNS BNUDQ SGD FDNLDSQHB, GXODQFDNLDSQHB, @MC 1NHRRNM. :NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK KDS XNT JMNV HE GD NQ RGD
VHRGDR SN BNUDQ SGDRD CHRSQHATSHNMR.
" OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR @ O@SSDQM. :NT SQX SN EHS @ OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDL HMSN @ E6II:GC NQ CHRSQHATSHNM HM
NQCDQ SN ODQENQL SGD MDBDRR@QX B@KBTK@SHNMR. 5GDRD CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD SNNKR SN L@JD RNKUHMF OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDLR D@RHDQ. &@BG
CHRSQHATSHNM G@R HSR NVM RODBH@K BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR. -D@QMHMF SGD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR DM@AKDR XNT SN CHRSHMFTHRG @LNMF SGD CHEEDQDMS
CHRSQHATSHNMR.
4.3 U CHIGC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD @QD ENTQ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS.
1. 5GDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ NE SQH@KR. 5GHMJ NE SQH@KR @R QDODSHSHNMR NE @M DWODQHLDMS. 5GD KDSSDQ D CDMNSDR SGD MTLADQ NE
SQH@KR.
2. 5GDQD @QD NMKX SVN ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR, B@KKDC "RTBBDRR" @MC, "E@HKTQD," ENQ D@BG SQH@K. 5GD KDSSDQ F CDMNSDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
NE @ RTBBDRR NM NMD SQH@K, @MC G CDMNSDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD NM NMD SQH@K. F + G = 1.
3. 5GD D SQH@KR @QD HMCDODMCDMS @MC @QD QDOD@SDC TRHMF HCDMSHB@K BNMCHSHNMR. #DB@TRD SGD D SQH@KR @QD HMCDODMCDMS, SGD
NTSBNLD NE NMD SQH@K CNDR MNS GDKO HM OQDCHBSHMF SGD NTSBNLD NE @MNSGDQ SQH@K. "MNSGDQ V@X NE R@XHMF SGHR HR SG@S ENQ D@BG
HMCHUHCT@K SQH@K, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX, F, NE @ RTBBDRR @MC OQNA@AHKHSX, G, NE @ E@HKTQD QDL@HM SGD R@LD. 'NQ DW@LOKD, Q@MCNLKX
FTDRRHMF @S @ SQTD-E@KRD RS@SHRSHBR PTDRSHNM G@R NMKX SVN NTSBNLDR. *E @ RTBBDRR HR FTDRRHMF BNQQDBSKX, SGDM @ E@HKTQD HR
FTDRRHMF HMBNQQDBSKX. 4TOONRD +ND @KV@XR FTDRRDR BNQQDBSKX NM @MX RS@SHRSHBR SQTD-E@KRD PTDRSHNM VHSG OQNA@AHKHSX F =
0.6. 5GDM, G = 0.4. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S ENQ DUDQX SQTD-E@KRD RS@SHRSHBR PTDRSHNM +ND @MRVDQR, GHR OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR (F =
0.6) @MC GHR OQNA@AHKHSX NE E@HKTQD (G = 0.4) QDL@HM SGD R@LD.
5GD NTSBNLDR NE @ AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS EHS @ 7>CDB>6A EGD767>A>IN 9>HIG>7JI>DC. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 = SGD MTLADQ
NE RTBBDRRDR NAS@HMDC HM SGD D HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR.
5GD LD@M, Z, @MC U@QH@MBD, \
2
, ENQ SGD AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM HR Z = DF @MC \
2
= DFG. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM,
\, HR SGDM \ = npq .
"MX DWODQHLDMS SG@S G@R BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR SVN @MC SGQDD @MC VGDQD D = 1 HR B@KKDC @ B:GCDJAA> 1G>6A (M@LDC @ESDQ
+@BNA #DQMNTKKH VGN, HM SGD K@SD 1600R, RSTCHDC SGDL DWSDMRHUDKX). " AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS S@JDR OK@BD VGDM SGD MTLADQ NE
RTBBDRRDR HR BNTMSDC HM NMD NQ LNQD #DQMNTKKH 5QH@KR.
$T=ILHA 4.9
"S "#$ $NKKDFD, SGD VHSGCQ@V@K Q@SD EQNL @M DKDLDMS@QX OGXRHBR BNTQRD HR 30%ENQ @MX FHUDM SDQL. 5GHR HLOKHDR
SG@S, ENQ @MX FHUDM SDQL, 70% NE SGD RSTCDMSR RS@X HM SGD BK@RR ENQ SGD DMSHQD SDQL. " "RTBBDRR" BNTKC AD CDEHMDC @R
@M HMCHUHCT@K VGN VHSGCQDV. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN VHSGCQ@V EQNL SGD Q@MCNLKX
RDKDBSDC DKDLDMS@QX OGXRHBR BK@RR.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 261
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4.9 5GD RS@SD GD@KSG AN@QC HR BNMBDQMDC @ANTS SGD @LNTMS NE EQTHS @U@HK@AKD HM RBGNNK KTMBGDR. 'NQSX-DHFGS ODQBDMS NE
RBGNNKR HM SGD RS@SD NEEDQ EQTHS HM SGDHQ KTMBGDR DUDQX C@X. 5GHR HLOKHDR SG@S 52% CN MNS. 8G@S VNTKC @ "RTBBDRR" AD HM
SGHR B@RD
$T=ILHA 4.10
4TOONRD XNT OK@X @ F@LD SG@S XNT B@M NMKX DHSGDQ VHM NQ KNRD. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT VHM @MX F@LD HR 55%,
@MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT KNRD HR 45%. &@BG F@LD XNT OK@X HR HMCDODMCDMS. *E XNT OK@X SGD F@LD 20 SHLDR, VQHSD
SGD ETMBSHNM SG@S CDRBQHADR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT VHM 15 NE SGD 20 SHLDR. )DQD, HE XNT CDEHMD 1 @R SGD MTLADQ NE
VHMR, SGDM 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 20. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR HR F = 0.55. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @
E@HKTQD HR G = 0.45. 5GD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HR D = 20. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM B@M AD RS@SDC L@SGDL@SHB@KKX @R )(N =
15).
4.10 " SQ@HMDQ HR SD@BGHMF @ CNKOGHM SN CN SQHBJR. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD CNKOGHM RTBBDRRETKKX ODQENQLR SGD SQHBJ HR
35%, @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD CNKOGHM CNDR MNS RTBBDRRETKKX ODQENQL SGD SQHBJ HR 65%. 0TS NE 20 @SSDLOSR, XNT V@MS
SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD CNKOGHM RTBBDDCR 12 SHLDR. 4S@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM L@SGDL@SHB@KKX.
$T=ILHA 4.11
" E@HQ BNHM HR EKHOODC 15 SHLDR. &@BG EKHO HR HMCDODMCDMS. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF LNQD SG@M SDM GD@CR
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR HM 15 EKHOR NE SGD E@HQ BNHM. 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 15. 4HMBD SGD BNHM HR
E@HQ, F = 0.5 @MC G = 0.5. 5GD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HR D = 15. 4S@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM L@SGDL@SHB@KKX.
1IFONCIH 4.11
P(/ > 10)
262 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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4.11 " E@HQ, RHW-RHCDC CHD HR QNKKDC SDM SHLDR. &@BG QNKK HR HMCDODMCDMS. :NT V@MS SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE QNKKHMF @ NMD
LNQD SG@M SGQDD SHLDR. 4S@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM L@SGDL@SHB@KKX.
$T=ILHA 4.12
"OOQNWHL@SDKX 70% NE RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR CN SGDHQ GNLDVNQJ HM SHLD ENQ HS SN AD BNKKDBSDC @MC FQ@CDC. &@BG
RSTCDMS CNDR GNLDVNQJ HMCDODMCDMSKX. *M @ RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR NE 50 RSTCDMSR, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS 40
VHKK CN SGDHQ GNLDVNQJ NM SHLD 4STCDMSR @QD RDKDBSDC Q@MCNLKX.
@. 5GHR HR @ AHMNLH@K OQNAKDL ADB@TRD SGDQD HR NMKX @ RTBBDRR NQ @ ??????????, SGDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ NE SQH@KR,
@MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR HR 0.70 ENQ D@BG SQH@K.
1IFONCIH 4.12
=. B=EHQNA
A. *E VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN CN SGDHQ GNLDVNQJ NM SHLD, SGDM GNV CN VD CDEHMD 1
1IFONCIH 4.12
>. X = PDA JQI>AN KB OP=PEOPE?O OPQ@AJPO SDK @K PDAEN DKIASKNG KJ PEIA
B. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR N S@JD NM
1IFONCIH 4.12
?. 0, 1, 2, d, 50
C. 8G@S HR @ "E@HKTQD," HM VNQCR
1IFONCIH 4.12
C. '@HKTQD HR CDEHMDC @R @ RSTCDMS VGN CNDR MNS BNLOKDSD GHR NQ GDQ GNLDVNQJ NM SHLD.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR HR F = 0.70. 5GD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HR D = 50.
D. *E F + G = 1, SGDM VG@S HR G
1IFONCIH 4.12
A. ) = 0.30
E. 5GD VNQCR "@S KD@RS" SQ@MRK@SD @R VG@S JHMC NE HMDPT@KHSX ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM )(N ???? 40).
1IFONCIH 4.12
B. CNA=PAN PD=J KN AMQ=H PK (h)
3DA LNK>=>EHEPU MQAOPEKJ EO P(/ h 40).
4.12 4HWSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE ODNOKD O@RR SGD RS@SD CQHUDQnR DW@L NM SGD EHQRS SQX. " FQNTO NE 50 HMCHUHCT@KR VGN G@UD
S@JDM SGD CQHUDQnR DW@L HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. (HUD SVN QD@RNMR VGX SGHR HR @ AHMNLH@K OQNAKDL.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 263
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,IN;NCIH @IL NB? CHIGC;F: B = CHIGC;F .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH
1 ] B(D, F)
3D@C SGHR @R "1 HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG @ AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM." 5GD O@Q@LDSDQR @QD D @MC F; D = MTLADQ NE SQH@KR, F
= OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR NM D@BG SQH@K.
$T=ILHA 4.13
*S G@R ADDM RS@SDC SG@S @ANTS 41% NE @CTKS VNQJDQR G@UD @ GHFG RBGNNK CHOKNL@ ATS CN MNS OTQRTD @MX ETQSGDQ
DCTB@SHNM. *E 20 @CTKS VNQJDQR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS 12 NE SGDL G@UD @ GHFG
RBGNNK CHOKNL@ ATS CN MNS OTQRTD @MX ETQSGDQ DCTB@SHNM. )NV L@MX @CTKS VNQJDQR CN XNT DWODBS SN G@UD @ GHFG
RBGNNK CHOKNL@ ATS CN MNS OTQRTD @MX ETQSGDQ DCTB@SHNM
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE VNQJDQR VGN G@UD @ GHFG RBGNNK CHOKNL@ ATS CN MNS OTQRTD @MX ETQSGDQ DCTB@SHNM.
1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, ..., 20 VGDQD D = 20, F = 0.41, @MC G = 1 k 0.41 = 0.59. 1 ] B(20, 0.41)
'HMC )(N x 12). )(N x 12) = 0.9738. (B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ)
(N HMSN 2
MC
%*453. 5GD RXMS@W ENQ SGD HMRSQTBSHNMR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
1D 86A8JA6I: (& = K6AJ:): 7>CDBE9;(n, !, CJB7:G) HE "MTLADQ" HR KDES NTS, SGD QDRTKS HR SGD AHMNLH@K
OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD.
1D 86A8JA6I: P(& U K6AJ:): 7>CDB89;(n, !, CJB7:G) HE "MTLADQ" HR KDES NTS, SGD QDRTKS HR SGD BTLTK@SHUD
AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD.
#DG I=>H EGD7A:B: A;I:G NDJ 6G: >C 2
C9
!&01/, 6GGDL 9DLC ID 7>CDB89;. -G:HH "+1"/. "CI:G
20,0.41,12). 1=: G:HJAI >H P(& U 12) = 0.9738.
,-2#
*E XNT V@MS SN EHMC )(N = 12), TRD SGD OCE (AHMNLOCE). *E XNT V@MS SN EHMC )(N > 12), TRD
AHMNLBCE(20,0.41,12).
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS 12 VNQJDQR G@UD @ GHFG RBGNNK CHOKNL@ ATS CN MNS OTQRTD @MX ETQSGDQ DCTB@SHNM
HR 0.9738.
5GD FQ@OG NE 1 ] B(20, 0.41) HR @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 4.2
264 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5GD O-@WHR BNMS@HMR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE N, VGDQD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE VNQJDQR VGN G@UD NMKX @ GHFG RBGNNK
CHOKNL@.
5GD MTLADQ NE @CTKS VNQJDQR SG@S XNT DWODBS SN G@UD @ GHFG RBGNNK CHOKNL@ ATS MNS OTQRTD @MX ETQSGDQ
DCTB@SHNM HR SGD LD@M, Z = DF = (20)(0.41) = 8.2.
5GD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD U@QH@MBD HR j
2
= DFG. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ = npq .
\ = (20)(0.41)(0.59) = 2.20.
4.13 "ANTS 32% NE RSTCDMSR O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ BNLLTMHSX UNKTMSDDQ OQNFQ@L NTSRHCD NE RBGNNK. *E 30 RSTCDMSR @QD
RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS 14 NE SGDL O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ BNLLTMHSX UNKTMSDDQ OQNFQ@L NTSRHCD
NE RBGNNK. 6RD SGD 5*-83+ NQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD @MRVDQ.
$T=ILHA 4.14
*M SGD 2013 #;HHOÌ AHJ7H7C7 @QS RTOOKHDR B@S@KNF, SGDQD @QD 560 O@FDR. &HFGS NE SGD O@FDR ED@STQD RHFM@STQD @QSHRSR.
4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD 100 O@FDR. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR SG@S ED@STQD RHFM@STQD @QSHRSR.
=. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR N S@JD NM
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM 'HMC SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR:
E. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SVN O@FDR ED@STQD RHFM@STQD @QSHRSR
EE. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS RHW O@FDR ED@STQD RHFM@STQD @QSHRSR
EEE. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M SGQDD O@FDR ED@STQD RHFM@STQD @QSHRSR.
?. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@R, B@KBTK@SD SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
1IFONCIH 4.14
=. N = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
>. 1 ] B

100,
8
560
E. )(N = 2) = AHMNLOCE

100,
8
560
, 2
= 0.2466
EE. )(N x 6) = AHMNLBCE

100,
8
560
, 6
= 0.9994
EEE. )(N > 3) = 1 k )(N x 3) = 1 k AHMNLBCE

100,
8
560
, 3
= 1 k 0.9443 = 0.0557
?. E. .D@M = DF = (100)

8
560
=
800
560
v 1.4286
EE. 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM = npq = (100)
8
560
552
560
v 1.1867
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 265
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4.14 "BBNQCHMF SN @ (@KKTO ONKK, 60% NE "LDQHB@M @CTKSR OQDEDQ R@UHMF NUDQ RODMCHMF. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE
"LDQHB@M @CTKSR NTS NE @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 50 VGN OQDEDQ R@UHMF SN RODMCHMF.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1
>. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR:
E. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 25 @CTKSR HM SGD R@LOKD OQDEDQ R@UHMF NUDQ RODMCHMF
EE. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS 20 @CTKSR OQDEDQ R@UHMF
EEE. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M 30 @CTKSR OQDEDQ R@UHMF
?. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@R, B@KBTK@SD SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
$T=ILHA 4.15
5GD KHEDSHLD QHRJ NE CDUDKNOHMF O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ HR @ANTS NMD HM 78 (1.28%). 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD 200
ODNOKD. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN VHKK CDUDKNO O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ.
>. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@R, B@KBTK@SD SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
?. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS DHFGS ODNOKD CDUDKNO O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ
@. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S EHUD NQ RHW ODNOKD VHKK CDUDKNO O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
1IFONCIH 4.15
=. 1 B(200, 0.0128)
>. E. .D@M = DF = 200(0.0128) = 2.56
EE. 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM = npq = (200)(0.0128)(0.9853) 1.5897
?. 6RHMF SGD 5*-83, 83+, 84 B@KBTK@SNQ VHSG HMRSQTBSHNMR @R OQNUHCDC HM #R;GJF? 4.13:
)(N x 8) = AHMNLBCE(200, 0.0128, 8) = 0.9988
@. )(N = 5) = AHMNLOCE(200, 0.0128, 5) = 0.0707
)(N = 6) = AHMNLOCE(200, 0.0128, 6) = 0.0298
4N )(N = 5) > )(N = 6); HS HR LNQD KHJDKX SG@S EHUD ODNOKD VHKK CDUDKNO B@MBDQ SG@M RHW.
4.15 %TQHMF SGD 2013 QDFTK@Q /#" RD@RNM, %D"MCQD +NQC@M NE SGD -NR "MFDKDR $KHOODQR G@C SGD GHFGDRS EHDKC FN@K
BNLOKDSHNM Q@SD HM SGD KD@FTD. %D"MCQD RBNQDC VHSG 61.3% NE GHR RGNSR. 4TOONRD XNT BGNNRD @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 80
RGNSR L@CD AX %D"MCQD CTQHMF SGD 2013 RD@RNM. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE RGNSR SG@S RBNQDC ONHMSR.
?. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S %D"MCQD RBNQDC VHSG 60 NE SGDRD RGNSR.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S %D"MCQD RBNQDC VHSG LNQD SG@M 50 NE SGDRD RGNSR.
$T=ILHA 4.16
5GD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKD HKKTRSQ@SDR @ OQNAKDL SG@S HR CDI AHMNLH@K. *S UHNK@SDR SGD BNMCHSHNM NE HMCDODMCDMBD. "#$
$NKKDFD G@R @ RSTCDMS @CUHRNQX BNLLHSSDD L@CD TO NE SDM RS@EE LDLADQR @MC RHW RSTCDMSR. 5GD BNLLHSSDD VHRGDR
SN BGNNRD @ BG@HQODQRNM @MC @ QDBNQCDQ. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BG@HQODQRNM @MC QDBNQCDQ @QD ANSG RSTCDMSR
5GD M@LDR NE @KK BNLLHSSDD LDLADQR @QD OTS HMSN @ ANW, @MC SVN M@LDR @QD CQ@VM L>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI. 5GD
EHQRS M@LD CQ@VM CDSDQLHMDR SGD BG@HQODQRNM @MC SGD RDBNMC M@LD SGD QDBNQCDQ. 5GDQD @QD SVN SQH@KR. )NVDUDQ,
SGD SQH@KR @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS ADB@TRD SGD NTSBNLD NE SGD EHQRS SQH@K @EEDBSR SGD NTSBNLD NE SGD RDBNMC SQH@K. 5GD
OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RSTCDMS NM SGD EHQRS CQ@V HR
6
16
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RSTCDMS NM SGD RDBNMC CQ@V HR
5
15
, VGDM SGD
266 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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EHQRS CQ@V RDKDBSR @ RSTCDMS. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR
6
15
, VGDM SGD EHQRS CQ@V RDKDBSR @ RS@EE LDLADQ. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE
CQ@VHMF @ RSTCDMS'R M@LD BG@MFDR ENQ D@BG NE SGD SQH@KR @MC, SGDQDENQD, UHNK@SDR SGD BNMCHSHNM NE HMCDODMCDMBD.
4.16 " K@BQNRRD SD@L HR RDKDBSHMF @ B@OS@HM. 5GD M@LDR NE @KK SGD RDMHNQR @QD OTS HMSN @ G@S, @MC SGD EHQRS SGQDD SG@S @QD
CQ@VM VHKK AD SGD B@OS@HMR. 5GD M@LDR @QD MNS QDOK@BDC NMBD SGDX @QD CQ@VM (NMD ODQRNM B@MMNS AD SVN B@OS@HMR). :NT
V@MS SN RDD HE SGD B@OS@HMR @KK OK@X SGD R@LD ONRHSHNM. 4S@SD VGDSGDQ SGHR HR AHMNLH@K NQ MNS @MC RS@SD VGX.
4.4 U %?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GDQD @QD SGQDD L@HM BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ FDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS.
1. 5GDQD @QD NMD NQ LNQD #DQMNTKKH SQH@KR VHSG @KK E@HKTQDR DWBDOS SGD K@RS NMD, VGHBG HR @ RTBBDRR. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, XNT JDDO
QDOD@SHMF VG@S XNT @QD CNHMF TMSHK SGD EHQRS RTBBDRR. 5GDM XNT RSNO. 'NQ DW@LOKD, XNT SGQNV @ C@QS @S @ ATKKRDXD TMSHK
XNT GHS SGD ATKKRDXD. 5GD EHQRS SHLD XNT GHS SGD ATKKRDXD HR @ "RTBBDRR" RN XNT RSNO SGQNVHMF SGD C@QS. *S LHFGS S@JD RHW
SQHDR TMSHK XNT GHS SGD ATKKRDXD. :NT B@M SGHMJ NE SGD SQH@KR @R E@HKTQD, E@HKTQD, E@HKTQD, E@HKTQD, E@HKTQD, RTBBDRR, 4501.
2. *M SGDNQX, SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR BNTKC FN NM ENQDUDQ. 5GDQD LTRS AD @S KD@RS NMD SQH@K.
3. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX, F, NE @ RTBBDRR @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX, G, NE @ E@HKTQD HR SGD R@LD ENQ D@BG SQH@K. F + G = 1 @MC G = 1 u F.
'NQ DW@LOKD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE QNKKHMF @ SGQDD VGDM XNT SGQNV NMD E@HQ CHD HR
1
6
. 5GHR HR SQTD MN L@SSDQ GNV L@MX
SHLDR XNT QNKK SGD CHD. 4TOONRD XNT V@MS SN JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF SGD EHQRS SGQDD NM SGD EHESG QNKK. 0M QNKKR NMD
SGQNTFG ENTQ, XNT CN MNS FDS @ E@BD VHSG @ SGQDD. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ D@BG NE QNKKR HR G =
5
6
, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF @ SGQDD NM SGD EHESG QNKK HR

5
6
5
6
5
6
5
6
1
6
= 0.0804
1 = SGD MTLADQ NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR TMSHK SGD EHQRS RTBBDRR.
$T=ILHA 4.17
:NT OK@X @ F@LD NE BG@MBD SG@S XNT B@M DHSGDQ VHM NQ KNRD (SGDQD @QD MN NSGDQ ONRRHAHKHSHDR) JCI>A XNT KNRD. :NTQ
OQNA@AHKHSX NE KNRHMF HR F = 0.57. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS S@JDR EHUD F@LDR TMSHK XNT KNRD -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ
NE F@LDR XNT OK@X TMSHK XNT KNRD (HMBKTCDR SGD KNRHMF F@LD). 5GDM 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 1, 2, 3, ... (BNTKC FN NM
HMCDEHMHSDKX). 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM HR )(N = 5).
4.17 :NT SGQNV C@QSR @S @ AN@QC TMSHK XNT GHS SGD BDMSDQ @QD@. :NTQ OQNA@AHKHSX NE GHSSHMF SGD BDMSDQ @QD@ HR ) = 0.17.
:NT V@MS SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS S@JDR DHFGS SGQNVR TMSHK XNT GHS SGD BDMSDQ. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
$T=ILHA 4.18
" R@EDSX DMFHMDDQ EDDKR SG@S 35% NE @KK HMCTRSQH@K @BBHCDMSR HM GDQ OK@MS @QD B@TRDC AX E@HKTQD NE DLOKNXDDR SN
ENKKNV HMRSQTBSHNMR. 4GD CDBHCDR SN KNNJ @S SGD @BBHCDMS QDONQSR (RDKDBSDC Q@MCNLKX @MC QDOK@BDC HM SGD OHKD @ESDQ
QD@CHMF) JCI>A RGD EHMCR NMD SG@S RGNVR @M @BBHCDMS B@TRDC AX E@HKTQD NE DLOKNXDDR SN ENKKNV HMRSQTBSHNMR. 0M
@UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX QDONQSR VNTKC SGD R@EDSX DMFHMDDQ :ME:8I SN KNNJ @S TMSHK RGD EHMCR @ QDONQS RGNVHMF @M
@BBHCDMS B@TRDC AX DLOKNXDD E@HKTQD SN ENKKNV HMRSQTBSHNMR 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@EDSX DMFHMDDQ VHKK
G@UD SN DW@LHMD @S KD@RS SGQDD QDONQSR TMSHK RGD EHMCR @ QDONQS RGNVHMF @M @BBHCDMS B@TRDC AX DLOKNXDD E@HKTQD SN
ENKKNV HMRSQTBSHNMR
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 267
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-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE @BBHCDMSR SGD R@EDSX DMFHMDDQ LTRS DW@LHMD JCI>A RGD EHMCR @ QDONQS RGNVHMF @M
@BBHCDMS B@TRDC AX DLOKNXDD E@HKTQD SN ENKKNV HMRSQTBSHNMR. 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 1, 2, 3, .... 5GD EHQRS PTDRSHNM
@RJR XNT SN EHMC SGD :ME:8I:9 K6AJ: NQ SGD LD@M. 5GD RDBNMC PTDRSHNM @RJR XNT SN EHMC @R )(N y 3). (""S KD@RS"
SQ@MRK@SDR SN @ "FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN" RXLANK).
4.18 "M HMRSQTBSNQ EDDKR SG@S 15% NE RSTCDMSR FDS ADKNV @ $ NM SGDHQ EHM@K DW@L. 4GD CDBHCDR SN KNNJ @S EHM@K DW@LR
(RDKDBSDC Q@MCNLKX @MC QDOK@BDC HM SGD OHKD @ESDQ QD@CHMF) TMSHK RGD EHMCR NMD SG@S RGNVR @ FQ@CD ADKNV @ $. 8D V@MS SN
JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK G@UD SN DW@LHMD @S KD@RS SDM DW@LR TMSHK RGD EHMCR NMD VHSG @ FQ@CD ADKNV
@ $. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM RS@SDC L@SGDL@SHB@KKX
$T=ILHA 4.19
4TOONRD SG@S XNT @QD KNNJHMF ENQ @ RSTCDMS @S XNTQ BNKKDFD VGN KHUDR VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE XNT. :NT JMNV SG@S 55%
NE SGD 25,000 RSTCDMSR CN KHUD VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE XNT. :NT Q@MCNLKX BNMS@BS RSTCDMSR EQNL SGD BNKKDFD JCI>A NMD
R@XR GD NQ RGD KHUDR VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE XNT. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT MDDC SN BNMS@BS ENTQ ODNOKD
5GHR HR @ FDNLDSQHB OQNAKDL ADB@TRD XNT L@X G@UD @ MTLADQ NE E@HKTQDR ADENQD XNT G@UD SGD NMD RTBBDRR
XNT CDRHQD. "KRN, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR RS@XR SGD R@LD D@BG SHLD XNT @RJ @ RSTCDMS HE GD NQ RGD KHUDR VHSGHM
EHUD LHKDR NE XNT. 5GDQD HR MN CDEHMHSD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR (MTLADQ NE SHLDR XNT @RJ @ RSTCDMS).
@. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ???????????? XNT LTRS @RJ ???????????? NMD R@XR XDR.
1IFONCIH 4.19
=. +AP X = PDA JQI>AN KB MNO>?HNM UKQ IQOP =OG OHNCF KJA O=UO UAO.
A. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
1IFONCIH 4.19
>. 1, 2, 3, d, (PKP=H JQI>AN KB OPQ@AJPO)
B. 8G@S @QD F @MC G
1IFONCIH 4.19
?. ( = 0.55; ) = 0.45
C. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM HR )(???????).
1IFONCIH 4.19
@. P(/ = 4)
4.19 :NT MDDC SN EHMC @ RSNQD SG@S B@QQHDR @ RODBH@K OQHMSDQ HMJ. :NT JMNV SG@S NE SGD RSNQDR SG@S B@QQX OQHMSDQ HMJ, 10%
NE SGDL B@QQX SGD RODBH@K HMJ. :NT Q@MCNLKX B@KK D@BG RSNQD TMSHK NMD G@R SGD HMJ XNT MDDC. 8G@S @QD F @MC G
,IN;NCIH @IL NB? %?IG?NLC=: % = %?IG?NLC= .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH
1 ] (F)
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3D@C SGHR @R "1 HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG @ <:DB:IG>8 9>HIG>7JI>DC." 5GD O@Q@LDSDQ HR F; F = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @
RTBBDRR ENQ D@BG SQH@K.
$T=ILHA 4.20
"RRTLD SG@S SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ CDEDBSHUD BNLOTSDQ BNLONMDMS HR 0.02. $NLONMDMSR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 'HMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD EHQRS CDEDBS HR B@TRDC AX SGD RDUDMSG BNLONMDMS SDRSDC. )NV L@MX BNLONMDMSR CN XNT
DWODBS SN SDRS TMSHK NMD HR ENTMC SN AD CDEDBSHUD
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE BNLOTSDQ BNLONMDMSR SDRSDC TMSHK SGD EHQRS CDEDBS HR ENTMC.
1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 1, 2, 3, ... VGDQD F = 0.02. 1 ] ((0.02)
'HMC )(N = 7). )(N = 7) = 0.0177.
5N EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N = 7,
c &MSDQ 2
MC
, %*453
c 4BQNKK CNVM @MC RDKDBS FDNLDSOCE(
c 1QDRR &/5&3
c &MSDQ 0.2, 7); OQDRR &/5&3 SN RDD SGD QDRTKS: )(N = 7) = 0.0177
5N EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N x 7, ENKKNV SGD R@LD HMRSQTBSHNMR &9$&15 RDKDBS &:FDNLDSBCE(@R SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RDUDMSG BNLONMDMS HR SGD EHQRS CDEDBS HR 0.0177.
5GD FQ@OG NE 1 ] ((0.02) HR:
$CAOL? 4.3
5GD O-@WHR BNMS@HMR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE N, VGDQD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE BNLOTSDQ BNLONMDMSR SDRSDC.
5GD MTLADQ NE BNLONMDMSR SG@S XNT VNTKC DWODBS SN SDRS TMSHK XNT EHMC SGD EHQRS CDEDBSHUD NMD HR SGD LD@M,
= 50 .
5GD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD LD@M HR Z =
1
p
=
1
0.02
= 50
5GD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD U@QH@MBD HR \
2
=

1
p
1
p
1
1
0.02
1
0.02
1
= 2,450
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ =

1
p
1
p
1
1
0.02
1
0.02
1
= 49.5
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 269
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4.20 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ CDEDBSHUD RSDDK QNC HR 0.01. 4SDDK QNCR @QD RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S
SGD EHQRS CDEDBS NBBTQR NM SGD MHMSG RSDDK QNC. 6RD SGD 5*-83+ NQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD @MRVDQ.
$T=ILHA 4.21
5GD KHEDSHLD QHRJ NE CDUDKNOHMF O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ HR @ANTS NMD HM 78 (1.28%). -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD
XNT @RJ TMSHK NMD R@XR GD NQ RGD G@R O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ. 5GDM 1 HR @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG @ FDNLDSQHB
CHRSQHATSHNM: 1 ]

1
78
NQ 1 ] (0.0147).
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SG@S XNT @RJ SDM ODNOKD ADENQD NMD R@XR GD NQ RGD G@R O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQ
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ 20 ODNOKD
?. 'HMC SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
1IFONCIH 4.21
=. )(N = 10) = FDNLDSOCE(0.0128, 10) = 0.0114
>. )(N = 20) = FDNLDSOCE(0.0128, 20) = 0.01
?. E. .D@M = Z =
1
p
=
1
0.0128
= 78
EE. 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM = \ =
1 p
p
2
=
1 0.0128
0.0128
2
v 77.6234
4.21 5GD KHSDQ@BX Q@SD ENQ @ M@SHNM LD@RTQDR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD @FD 15 @MC NUDQ VGN B@M QD@C @MC VQHSD. 5GD
KHSDQ@BX Q@SD ENQ VNLDM HM "EFG@MHRS@M HR 12%. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE "EFG@MH VNLDM XNT @RJ TMSHK NMD R@XR SG@S RGD
HR KHSDQ@SD.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT @RJ EHUD VNLDM ADENQD NMD R@XR RGD HR KHSDQ@SD
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ SDM VNLDM
@. 'HMC SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
4.5 U &SJ?LA?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GDQD @QD EHUD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS.
1. :NT S@JD R@LOKDR EQNL ILD FQNTOR.
2. :NT @QD BNMBDQMDC VHSG @ FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS, B@KKDC SGD EHQRS FQNTO.
3. :NT R@LOKD L>I=DJI G:EA68:B:CI EQNL SGD BNLAHMDC FQNTOR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, XNT V@MS SN BGNNRD @ RNESA@KK SD@L EQNL
@ BNLAHMDC FQNTO NE 11 LDM @MC 13 VNLDM. 5GD SD@L BNMRHRSR NE SDM OK@XDQR.
4. &@BG OHBJ HR CDI HMCDODMCDMS, RHMBD R@LOKHMF HR VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS. *M SGD RNESA@KK DW@LOKD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE
OHBJHMF @ VNL@M EHQRS HR
13
24
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE OHBJHMF @ L@M RDBNMC HR
11
23
HE @ VNL@M V@R OHBJDC EHQRS. *S HR
10
23
HE
@ L@M V@R OHBJDC EHQRS. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD RDBNMC OHBJ CDODMCR NM VG@S G@OODMDC HM SGD EHQRS OHBJ.
5. :NT @QD CDI CD@KHMF VHSG #DQMNTKKH 5QH@KR.
270 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5GD NTSBNLDR NE @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS EHS @ =NE:G<:DB:IG>8 EGD767>A>IN CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1
= SGD MTLADQ NE HSDLR EQNL SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS.
$T=ILHA 4.22
" B@MCX CHRG BNMS@HMR 100 IDKKX AD@MR @MC 80 FTLCQNOR. 'HESX B@MCHDR @QD OHBJDC @S Q@MCNL. 8G@S HR SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 35 NE SGD 50 @QD FTLCQNOR 5GD SVN FQNTOR @QD IDKKX AD@MR @MC FTLCQNOR. 4HMBD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
PTDRSHNM @RJR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE OHBJHMF FTLCQNOR, SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO) HR FTLCQNOR. 5GD RHYD NE
SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO) HR 80. 5GD RHYD NE SGD RDBNMC FQNTO HR 100. 5GD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD HR 50 (IDKKX
AD@MR NQ FTLCQNOR). -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE FTLCQNOR HM SGD R@LOKD NE 50. 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR N = 0, 1, 2, ...,
50. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS VQHSSDM L@SGDL@SHB@KKX
1IFONCIH 4.22
P(/ = 35)
4.22 " A@F BNMS@HMR KDSSDQ SHKDR. 'NQSX-ENTQ NE SGD SHKDR @QD UNVDKR, @MC 56 @QD BNMRNM@MSR. 4DUDM SHKDR @QD OHBJDC @S
Q@MCNL. :NT V@MS SN JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ENTQ NE SGD RDUDM SHKDR @QD UNVDKR. 8G@S HR SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS, SGD RHYD
NE SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS, @MC SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD
$T=ILHA 4.23
4TOONRD @ RGHOLDMS NE 100 %7% OK@XDQR HR JMNVM SN G@UD SDM CDEDBSHUD OK@XDQR. "M HMRODBSNQ Q@MCNLKX BGNNRDR
12 ENQ HMRODBSHNM. )D HR HMSDQDRSDC HM CDSDQLHMHMF SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S, @LNMF SGD 12 OK@XDQR, @S LNRS SVN @QD
CDEDBSHUD. 5GD SVN FQNTOR @QD SGD 90 MNM-CDEDBSHUD %7% OK@XDQR @MC SGD 10 CDEDBSHUD %7% OK@XDQR. 5GD FQNTO
NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO) HR SGD CDEDBSHUD FQNTO ADB@TRD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM @RJR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @S LNRS
SVN CDEDBSHUD %7% OK@XDQR. 5GD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD HR 12 %7% OK@XDQR. (5GDX L@X AD MNM-CDEDBSHUD NQ CDEDBSHUD.)
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE CDEDBSHUD %7% OK@XDQR HM SGD R@LOKD NE 12. 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, ..., 10. 1 L@X
MNS S@JD NM SGD U@KTDR 11 NQ 12. 5GD R@LOKD RHYD HR 12, ATS SGDQD @QD NMKX 10 CDEDBSHUD %7% OK@XDQR. 8QHSD SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS L@SGDL@SHB@KKX.
1IFONCIH 4.23
P(/ g 2)
4.23 " FQNRR NE DFFR BNMS@HMR 144 DFFR. " O@QSHBTK@Q FQNRR HR JMNVM SN G@UD 12 BQ@BJDC DFFR. "M HMRODBSNQ Q@MCNLKX
BGNNRDR 15 ENQ HMRODBSHNM. 4GD V@MSR SN JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S, @LNMF SGD 15, @S LNRS SGQDD @QD BQ@BJDC. 8G@S HR 1,
@MC VG@S U@KTDR CNDR HS S@JD NM
$T=ILHA 4.24
:NT @QD OQDRHCDMS NE @M NM-B@LOTR RODBH@K DUDMSR NQF@MHY@SHNM. :NT MDDC @ BNLLHSSDD NE RDUDM RSTCDMSR SN OK@M @
RODBH@K AHQSGC@X O@QSX ENQ SGD OQDRHCDMS NE SGD BNKKDFD. :NTQ NQF@MHY@SHNM BNMRHRSR NE 18 VNLDM @MC 15 LDM. :NT
@QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE LDM NM XNTQ BNLLHSSDD. *E SGD LDLADQR NE SGD BNLLHSSDD @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC,
VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNTQ BNLLHSSDD G@R LNQD SG@M ENTQ LDM
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 271
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5GHR HR @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB OQNAKDL ADB@TRD XNT @QD BGNNRHMF XNTQ BNLLHSSDD EQNL SVN FQNTOR (LDM @MC
VNLDM).
@. "QD XNT BGNNRHMF VHSG NQ VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS
1IFONCIH 4.24
=. SEPDKQP
A. 8G@S HR SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS
1IFONCIH 4.24
>. PDA IAJ
B. )NV L@MX @QD HM SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS
1IFONCIH 4.24
?. 15 IAJ
C. )NV L@MX @QD HM SGD NSGDQ FQNTO
1IFONCIH 4.24
@. 18 SKIAJ
D. -DS 1 = ????????? NM SGD BNLLHSSDD. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
1IFONCIH 4.24
A. +AP X = NB? HOG<?L I@ G?H KJ PDA ?KIIEPPAA. / = 0, 1, 2, d, 7.
E. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM HR )(???????).
1IFONCIH 4.24
B. P(/ > 4)
4.24 " O@KDSSD G@R 200 LHKJ B@QSNMR. 0E SGD 200 B@QSNMR, HS HR JMNVM SG@S SDM NE SGDL G@UD KD@JDC @MC B@MMNS AD RNKC.
" RSNBJ BKDQJ Q@MCNLKX BGNNRDR 18 ENQ HMRODBSHNM. )D V@MSR SN JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @LNMF SGD 18, MN LNQD SG@M
SVN @QD KD@JHMF. (HUD EHUD QD@RNMR VGX SGHR HR @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB OQNAKDL.
,IN;NCIH @IL NB? &SJ?LA?IG?NLC=: & = &SJ?LA?IG?NLC= .LI<;<CFCNS
"CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH
1 ] !(H, 8, D)
3D@C SGHR @R "1 HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB CHRSQHATSHNM." 5GD O@Q@LDSDQR @QD H, 8, @MC D; H = SGD RHYD
NE SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO), 8 = SGD RHYD NE SGD RDBNMC FQNTO, D = SGD RHYD NE SGD BGNRDM R@LOKD.
$T=ILHA 4.25
" RBGNNK RHSD BNLLHSSDD HR SN AD BGNRDM Q@MCNLKX EQNL RHW LDM @MC EHUD VNLDM. *E SGD BNLLHSSDD BNMRHRSR NE
ENTQ LDLADQR BGNRDM Q@MCNLKX, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SVN NE SGDL @QD LDM )NV L@MX LDM CN XNT DWODBS
SN AD NM SGD BNLLHSSDD
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE LDM NM SGD BNLLHSSDD NE ENTQ. 5GD LDM @QD SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO).
272 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, VGDQD H = 6, 8 = 5, @MC D = 4. 1 Q !(6, 5, 4)
'HMC )(N k 2). )(N = 2) = 0.4545 (B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ)
,-2#
$TQQDMSKX, SGD 5*-83+ @MC 5*-84 CN MNS G@UD GXODQFDNLDSQHB OQNA@AHKHSX ETMBSHNMR. 5GDQD @QD @ MTLADQ
NE BNLOTSDQ O@BJ@FDR, HMBKTCHMF .HBQNRNES &WBDK, SG@S CN.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD SVN LDM NM SGD BNLLHSSDD HR @ANTS 0.45.
5GD FQ@OG NE 1 ] !(6, 5, 4) HR:
$CAOL? 4.4
5GD O-@WHR BNMS@HMR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE 1, VGDQD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE LDM NM SGD BNLLHSSDD.
:NT VNTKC DWODBS C = 2.18 (@ANTS SVN) LDM NM SGD BNLLHSSDD.
5GD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD LD@M HR =
nr
r + b
=
(4)(6)
6 + 5
= 2.18
4.25 "M HMSQ@LTQ@K A@RJDSA@KK SD@L HR SN AD BGNRDM Q@MCNLKX EQNL 15 ANXR @MC 12 FHQKR. 5GD SD@L G@R SDM RKNSR. :NT
V@MS SN JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DHFGS NE SGD OK@XDQR VHKK AD ANXR. 8G@S HR SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS @MC SGD R@LOKD
4.6 U .ICMMIH "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GDQD @QD SVN L@HM BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ 1NHRRNM DWODQHLDMS.
1. 5GD -D>HHDC EGD767>A>IN 9>HIG>7JI>DC FHUDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ MTLADQ NE DUDMSR NBBTQQHMF HM @ ;>M:9 >CI:GK6A NE
SHLD NQ RO@BD HE SGDRD DUDMSR G@OODM VHSG @ JMNVM @UDQ@FD Q@SD @MC HMCDODMCDMSKX NE SGD SHLD RHMBD SGD K@RS DUDMS. 'NQ
DW@LOKD, @ ANNJ DCHSNQ LHFGS AD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE VNQCR RODKKDC HMBNQQDBSKX HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q ANNJ. *S LHFGS AD
SG@S, NM SGD @UDQ@FD, SGDQD @QD EHUD VNQCR RODKKDC HMBNQQDBSKX HM 100 O@FDR. 5GD HMSDQU@K HR SGD 100 O@FDR.
2. 5GD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM L@X AD TRDC SN @OOQNWHL@SD SGD AHMNLH@K HE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR HR "RL@KK" (RTBG @R
0.01) @MC SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HR "K@QFD" (RTBG @R 1,000). :NT VHKK UDQHEX SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO HM SGD GNLDVNQJ DWDQBHRDR. D
HR SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR, @MC F HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ "RTBBDRR."
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 273
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5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE NBBTQQDMBDR HM SGD HMSDQU@K NE HMSDQDRS.
$T=ILHA 4.26
5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE KN@UDR NE AQD@C OTS NM @ RGDKE HM @ A@JDQX HM @ G@KE-GNTQ ODQHNC HR 12. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD
MTLADQ NE KN@UDR NE AQD@C OTS NM SGD RGDKE HM EHUD LHMTSDR. 5GD SHLD HMSDQU@K NE HMSDQDRS HR EHUD LHMTSDR. 8G@S HR
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD MTLADQ NE KN@UDR, RDKDBSDC Q@MCNLKX, OTS NM SGD RGDKE HM EHUD LHMTSDR HR SGQDD
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE KN@UDR NE AQD@C OTS NM SGD RGDKE HM EHUD LHMTSDR. *E SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE KN@UDR OTS
NM SGD RGDKE HM 30 LHMTSDR (G@KE-GNTQ) HR 12, I=:C I=: 6K:G6<: CJB7:G D; AD6K:H EJI DC I=: H=:A; >C ;>K: B>CJI:H
>H

5
30
(12) = 2 KN@UDR NE AQD@C.

5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM @RJR XNT SN EHMC )(N = 3).
4.26 5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE EHRG B@TFGS HM @M GNTQ HR DHFGS. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD MTLADQ NE EHRG B@TFGS HM 15 LHMTSDR.
5GD SHLD HMSDQU@K NE HMSDQDRS HR 15 LHMTSDR. 8G@S HR SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE EHRG B@TFGS HM 15 LHMTSDR
$T=ILHA 4.27
" A@MJ DWODBSR SN QDBDHUD RHW A@C BGDBJR ODQ C@X, NM @UDQ@FD. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD A@MJ FDSSHMF EDVDQ
SG@M EHUD A@C BGDBJR NM @MX FHUDM C@X 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD MTLADQ NE BGDBJR SGD A@MJ QDBDHUDR HM NMD C@X, RN SGD
SHLD HMSDQU@K NE HMSDQDRS HR NMD C@X. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE A@C BGDBJR SGD A@MJ QDBDHUDR HM NMD C@X. *E SGD A@MJ
DWODBSR SN QDBDHUD RHW A@C BGDBJR ODQ C@X SGDM SGD @UDQ@FD HR RHW BGDBJR ODQ C@X. 8QHSD @ L@SGDL@SHB@K RS@SDLDMS
ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM.
1IFONCIH 4.27
P(/ > 5)
4.27 "M DKDBSQNMHBR RSNQD DWODBSR SN G@UD SDM QDSTQMR ODQ C@X NM @UDQ@FD. 5GD L@M@FDQ V@MSR SN JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
NE SGD RSNQD FDSSHMF EDVDQ SG@M DHFGS QDSTQMR NM @MX FHUDM C@X. 4S@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM L@SGDL@SHB@KKX.
$T=ILHA 4.28
:NT MNSHBD SG@S @ MDVR QDONQSDQ R@XR "TG," NM @UDQ@FD, SVN SHLDR ODQ AQN@CB@RS. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD
MDVR QDONQSDQ R@XR "TG" LNQD SG@M SVN SHLDR ODQ AQN@CB@RS.
5GHR HR @ 1NHRRNM OQNAKDL ADB@TRD XNT @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM JMNVHMF SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR SGD MDVR QDONQSDQ R@XR
"TG" CTQHMF @ AQN@CB@RS.
@. 8G@S HR SGD HMSDQU@K NE HMSDQDRS
1IFONCIH 4.28
=. KJA >NK=@?=OP
A. 8G@S HR SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE SHLDR SGD MDVR QDONQSDQ R@XR "TG" CTQHMF NMD AQN@CB@RS
1IFONCIH 4.28
274 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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B. -DS 1 = ????????????. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
1IFONCIH 4.28
?. +AP X = PDA JQI>AN KB PEIAO PDA JASO NALKNPAN O=UO "QD" @QNEJC KJA >NK=@?=OP.
/ = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
C. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM HR )(??????).
1IFONCIH 4.28
@. P(/ > 2)
4.28 "M DLDQFDMBX QNNL@S @ O@QSHBTK@Q GNROHS@K FDSR @M @UDQ@FD NE EHUD O@SHDMSR ODQ GNTQ. " CNBSNQ V@MSR SN JMNV SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD &3 FDSR LNQD SG@M EHUD O@SHDMSR ODQ GNTQ. (HUD SGD QD@RNM VGX SGHR VNTKC AD @ 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM.
,IN;NCIH @IL NB? .ICMMIH: . = .ICMMIH .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH
1 ] )(Z)
3D@C SGHR @R "1 HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG @ 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM." 5GD O@Q@LDSDQ HR Z (NQ Y); Z (NQ Y) = SGD LD@M ENQ SGD
HMSDQU@K NE HMSDQDRS.
$T=ILHA 4.29
-D@G'R @MRVDQHMF L@BGHMD QDBDHUDR @ANTS RHW SDKDOGNMD B@KKR ADSVDDM 8 @.L. @MC 10 @.L. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
SG@S -D@G QDBDHUDR LNQD SG@M NMD B@KK >C I=: C:MI 15 B>CJI:H?
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE B@KKR -D@G QDBDHUDR HM 15 LHMTSDR. (5GD >CI:GK6A D; >CI:G:HI HR 15 LHMTSDR NQ
1
4
GNTQ.)
N = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
*E -D@G QDBDHUDR, NM SGD @UDQ@FD, RHW SDKDOGNMD B@KKR HM SVN GNTQR, @MC SGDQD @QD DHFGS 15 LHMTSDR HMSDQU@KR HM
SVN GNTQR, SGDM -D@G QDBDHUDR
1
8
(6) = 0.75 B@KKR HM 15 LHMTSDR, NM @UDQ@FD. 4N, Z = 0.75 ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL.
1 ] )(0.75)
'HMC )(N > 1). )(N > 1) = 0.1734 (B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ)
c 1QDRR 1 k @MC SGDM OQDRR 2
MC
%*453.
c "QQNV CNVM SN ONHRRNMBCE. 1QDRR &/5&3.
c &MSDQ (.75,1).
c 5GD QDRTKS HR )(N > 1) = 0.1734.
,-2#
5GD 5* B@KBTK@SNQR TRD Y (K@LAC@) ENQ SGD LD@M.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 275
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5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S -D@G QDBDHUDR LNQD SG@M NMD SDKDOGNMD B@KK HM SGD MDWS 15 LHMTSDR HR @ANTS 0.1734:
)(N > 1) = 1 u ONHRRNMBCE(0.75, 1).
5GD FQ@OG NE 1 ] )(0.75) HR:
$CAOL? 4.5
5GD O-@WHR BNMS@HMR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE N VGDQD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE B@KKR HM 15 LHMTSDR.
4.29 " BTRSNLDQ RDQUHBD BDMSDQ QDBDHUDR @ANTS SDM DL@HKR DUDQX G@KE-GNTQ. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD
BTRSNLDQ RDQUHBD BDMSDQ QDBDHUDR LNQD SG@M ENTQ DL@HKR HM SGD MDWS RHW LHMTSDR 6RD SGD 5*-83+ NQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQ SN
EHMC SGD @MRVDQ.
$T=ILHA 4.30
"BBNQCHMF SN #@XCHM, @M DL@HK L@M@FDLDMS BNLO@MX, @M DL@HK TRDQ FDSR, NM @UDQ@FD, 147 DL@HKR ODQ C@X. -DS 1
= SGD MTLADQ NE DL@HKR @M DL@HK TRDQ QDBDHUDR ODQ C@X. 5GD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR N = 0,
1, 2 r. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 G@R @ 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM: 1 ] )(147). 5GD LD@M HR 147 DL@HKR.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M DL@HK TRDQ QDBDHUDR DW@BSKX 160 DL@HKR ODQ C@X
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M DL@HK TRDQ QDBDHUDR @S LNRS 160 DL@HKR ODQ C@X
?. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
1IFONCIH 4.30
=. )(N = 160) = ONHRRNMOCE(147, 160) v 0.0180
>. )(N x 160) = ONHRRNMBCE(147, 160) v 0.8666
?. 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM = = = 147 12.1244
4.30 "BBNQCHMF SN @ QDBDMS ONKK AX SGD 1DV *MSDQMDS 1QNIDBS, FHQKR ADSVDDM SGD @FDR NE 14 @MC 17 RDMC @M @UDQ@FD NE
187 SDWS LDRR@FDR D@BG C@X. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE SDWSR SG@S @ FHQK @FDC 14 SN 17 RDMCR ODQ C@X. 5GD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL
U@QH@AKD 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR N = 0, 1, 2 r. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 G@R @ 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM: 1 ] )(187). 5GD LD@M
HR 187 SDWS LDRR@FDR.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ SDDM FHQK RDMCR DW@BSKX 175 SDWSR ODQ C@X
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ SDDM FHQK RDMCR @S LNRS 150 SDWSR ODQ C@X
276 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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?. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
$T=ILHA 4.31
5DWS LDRR@FD TRDQR QDBDHUD NQ RDMC @M @UDQ@FD NE 41.5 SDWS LDRR@FDR ODQ C@X.
=. )NV L@MX SDWS LDRR@FDR CNDR @ SDWS LDRR@FD TRDQ QDBDHUD NQ RDMC ODQ GNTQ
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ SDWS LDRR@FD TRDQ QDBDHUDR NQ RDMCR SVN LDRR@FDR ODQ GNTQ
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ SDWS LDRR@FD TRDQ QDBDHUDR NQ RDMCR LNQD SG@M SVN LDRR@FDR ODQ GNTQ
1IFONCIH 4.31
=. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE SDWSR SG@S @ TRDQ RDMCR NQ QDBDHUDR HM NMD GNTQ. 5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE SDWSR QDBDHUDC
ODQ GNTQ HR
41.5
24
v 1.7292.
>. 1 ] )(1.7292), RN )(N = 2) = ONHRRNMOCE(1.7292, 2) v 0.2653
?. )(N > 2) = 1 k )(N x 2) = 1 k ONHRRNMBCE(1.7292, 2) v 1 k 0.7495 = 0.2505
4.31 "SK@MS@nR )@QSREHDKC-+@BJRNM *MSDQM@SHNM@K "HQONQS HR SGD ATRHDRS @HQONQS HM SGD VNQKC. 0M @UDQ@FD SGDQD @QD 2,500
@QQHU@KR @MC CDO@QSTQDR D@BG C@X.
=. )NV L@MX @HQOK@MDR @QQHUD @MC CDO@QS SGD @HQONQS ODQ GNTQ
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD DW@BSKX 100 @QQHU@KR @MC CDO@QSTQDR HM NMD GNTQ
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD @S LNRS 100 @QQHU@KR @MC CDO@QSTQDR HM NMD GNTQ
$T=ILHA 4.32
0M .@X 13, 2013, RS@QSHMF @S 4:30 1., SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE KNV RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX ENQ SGD MDWS 48 GNTQR HM "K@RJ@
V@R QDONQSDC @R @ANTS 1.02%. 6RD SGHR HMENQL@SHNM ENQ SGD MDWS 200 C@XR SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD VHKK AD
KNV RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX HM SDM NE SGD MDWS 200 C@XR. 6RD ANSG SGD AHMNLH@K @MC 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNMR SN B@KBTK@SD SGD
OQNA@AHKHSHDR. "QD SGDX BKNRD
1IFONCIH 4.32
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR VHSG KNV RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX.
6RHMF SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM:
c )(N = 10) = AHMNLOCE(200, .0102, 10) v 0.000039
6RHMF SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM:
c $@KBTK@SD Z = DF = 200(0.0102) v 2.04
c )(N = 10) = ONHRRNMOCE(2.04, 10) v 0.000045
8D DWODBS SGD @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN AD FNNC ADB@TRD D HR K@QFD (FQD@SDQ SG@M 20) @MC F HR RL@KK (KDRR SG@M 0.05).
5GD QDRTKSR @QD BKNRDlANSG OQNA@AHKHSHDR QDONQSDC @QD @KLNRS 0.
4.32 0M .@X 13, 2013, RS@QSHMF @S 4:30 1., SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE LNCDQ@SD RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX ENQ SGD MDWS 48 GNTQR HM SGD
,TQHK *RK@MCR NEE SGD BN@RS NE +@O@M V@R QDONQSDC @S @ANTS 1.43%. 6RD SGHR HMENQL@SHNM ENQ SGD MDWS 100 C@XR SN EHMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD VHKK AD KNV RDHRLHB @BSHUHSX HM EHUD NE SGD MDWS 100 C@XR. 6RD ANSG SGD AHMNLH@K @MC 1NHRRNM
CHRSQHATSHNMR SN B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR. "QD SGDX BKNRD
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 277
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4.1 "CM=L?N? "CMNLC<ONCIH (.F;SCHA !;L> #RJ?LCG?HN)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNLO@QD DLOHQHB@K C@S@ @MC @ SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN CDSDQLHMD HE @M DUDQXC@X DWODQHLDMS EHSR
@ CHRBQDSD CHRSQHATSHNM.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDLNMRSQ@SD @M TMCDQRS@MCHMF NE KNMF-SDQL OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
1OJJFC?M
c 0MD ETKK CDBJ NE OK@XHMF B@QCR
.LI=?>OL?
5GD DWODQHLDMS@K OQNBDCTQD HR SN OHBJ NMD B@QC EQNL @ CDBJ NE RGTEEKDC B@QCR.
1. 5GD SGDNQDBSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE OHBJHMF @ CH@LNMC EQNL @ CDBJ HR ?????????.
2. 4GTEEKD @ CDBJ NE B@QCR.
3. 1HBJ NMD B@QC EQNL HS.
4. 3DBNQC VGDSGDQ HS V@R @ CH@LNMC NQ MNS @ CH@LNMC.
5. 1TS SGD B@QC A@BJ @MC QDRGTEEKD.
6. %N SGHR @ SNS@K NE SDM SHLDR.
7. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE CH@LNMCR OHBJDC.
8. -DS 1 = MTLADQ NE CH@LNMCR. 5GDNQDSHB@KKX, 1 ] B(?????,?????)
-LA;HCT? NB? ";N;
1. 3DBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE CH@LNMCR OHBJDC ENQ XNTQ BK@RR HM 2;<F? 4.16. 5GDM B@KBTK@SD SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX.
: $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
1 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
3 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
4 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
5 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
6 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
7 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
8 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 4.16
278 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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: $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
9 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
10 <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 4.16
2. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ????????
>. I = ????????
3. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD DLOHQHB@K C@S@.
$CAOL? 4.6
2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
=. #THKC SGD SGDNQDSHB@K 1%' BG@QS A@RDC NM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HM SGD JLI=?>OL? M?=NCIH.
: P(:)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 279
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: P(:)
7
8
9
10
2;<F? 4.17
>. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. Z = ????????????
>. \ = ????????????
?. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 4.7
3MCHA NB? ";N;
,-2#
+F = QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX
6RD SGD S@AKD EQNL SGD 2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH RDBSHNM SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF @MRVDQR. 3NTMC XNTQ
@MRVDQR SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
c )(N = 3) = ???????????????????????
c )(1 < N < 4) = ???????????????????????
c )(N y 8) = ???????????????????????
6RD SGD C@S@ EQNL SGD -LA;HCT? NB? ";N; RDBSHNM SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF @MRVDQR. 3NTMC XNTQ @MRVDQR SN
ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
c +F(N = 3) = ???????????????????????
c +F(1 < N < 4) = ???????????????????????
c +F(N y 8) = ???????????????????????
280 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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'NQ PTDRSHNMR 1 @MC 2, SGHMJ @ANTS SGD RG@ODR NE SGD SVN FQ@OGR, SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR, @MC SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR, SGD
LD@MR, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
1. ,MNVHMF SG@S C@S@ U@QX, CDRBQHAD SGQDD RHLHK@QHSHDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR @MC CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K @MC
DLOHQHB@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 6RD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
2. %DRBQHAD SGD SGQDD LNRS RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR NQ CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K @MC DLOHQHB@K
CHRSQHATSHNMR.
3. 6RHMF XNTQ @MRVDQR EQNL SGD PTDRSHNMR 1 @MC 2, CNDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD C@S@ EHS SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM *M
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
4. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD DWODQHLDMS G@C ADDM QDOD@SDC 500 SHLDR. 8NTKC XNT DWODBS 2;<F? 4.16 NQ 2;<F? 4.17 SN
BG@MFD, @MC GNV VNTKC HS BG@MFD 8GX 8GX VNTKCMnS SGD NSGDQ S@AKD BG@MFD
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 281
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4.2 "CM=L?N? "CMNLC<ONCIH (*O=ES "C=? #RJ?LCG?HN)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNLO@QD DLOHQHB@K C@S@ @MC @ SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN CDSDQLHMD HE @ 5DS F@LAKHMF F@LD EHSR @
CHRBQDSD CHRSQHATSHNM.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDLNMRSQ@SD @M TMCDQRS@MCHMF NE KNMF-SDQL OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
1OJJFC?M
c NMD o-TBJX %HBDp F@LD NQ SGQDD QDFTK@Q CHBD
.LI=?>OL?
3NTMC @MRVDQR SN QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX @MC OQNA@AHKHSX OQNAKDLR SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
1. 5GD DWODQHLDMS@K OQNBDCTQD HR SN ADS NM NMD NAIDBS. 5GDM, QNKK SGQDD -TBJX %HBD @MC BNTMS SGD MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR.
5GD MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR VHKK CDBHCD XNTQ OQNEHS.
2. 8G@S HR SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE NMD CHD L@SBGHMF SGD NAIDBS
3. $GNNRD NMD NAIDBS SN OK@BD @ ADS NM. 3NKK SGD SGQDD -TBJX %HBD. $NTMS SGD MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR.
4. -DS 1 = MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR. 5GDNQDSHB@KKX, 1 ] B(??????,??????)
5. -DS 2 = OQNEHS ODQ F@LD.
-LA;HCT? NB? ";N;
*M 2;<F? 4.18, EHKK HM SGD O U@KTD SG@S BNQQDRONMCR SN D@BG N U@KTD. /DWS, QDBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR OHBJDC ENQ
XNTQ BK@RR. 5GDM, B@KBTK@SD SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX.
1. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD.
R S $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
0
1
2
3
2;<F? 4.18
=. x
= ???????
>. I
N
= ????????
?. y
= ???????
@. I
O
= ???????
3. &WOK@HM VG@S x
QDOQDRDMSR.
4. &WOK@HM VG@S y
QDOQDRDMSR.
5. #@RDC TONM SGD DWODQHLDMS:
=. 8G@S V@R SGD @UDQ@FD OQNEHS ODQ F@LD
282 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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>. %HC SGHR QDOQDRDMS @M @UDQ@FD VHM NQ KNRR ODQ F@LD
?. )NV CN XNT JMNV "MRVDQ HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
6. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD DLOHQHB@K C@S@.
$CAOL? 4.8
#THKC SGD SGDNQDSHB@K 1%' BG@QS ENQ N @MC O A@RDC NM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM EQNL SGD "JLI=?>OL? M?=NCIH".
1.
: ; P(:) = P(;)
0
1
2
3
2;<F? 4.19
=. Z
N
= ???????
>. \
N
= ???????
?. Z
N
= ???????
3. &WOK@HM VG@S Z
N
QDOQDRDMSR.
4. &WOK@HM VG@S Z
O
QDOQDRDMSR.
5. #@RDC TONM SGDNQX:
=. 8G@S V@R SGD DWODBSDC OQNEHS ODQ F@LD
>. %HC SGD DWODBSDC OQNEHS QDOQDRDMS @M @UDQ@FD VHM NQ KNRR ODQ F@LD
?. )NV CN XNT JMNV "MRVDQ HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
6. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 283
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$CAOL? 4.9
3M? NB? ";N;
,-2#
+F = QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX
6RD SGD C@S@ EQNLSGD 2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH RDBSHNM SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF @MRVDQR. 3NTMC XNTQ @MRVDQR
SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
1. )(N = 3) = ?????????????????
2. )(0 < N < 3) = ?????????????????
3. )(N y 2) = ?????????????????
6RD SGD C@S@ EQNL SGD -LA;HCT? NB? ";N; RDBSHNM SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF @MRVDQR. 3NTMC XNTQ @MRVDQR SN
ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
1. +F(W = 3) = ?????????????????
2. +F(0 < N < 3) = ?????????????????
3. +F(N y 2) = ?????????????????
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIH
'NQ PTDRSHNMR 1 @MC 2, BNMRHCDQ SGD FQ@OGR, SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR, SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR, SGD LD@MR, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR.
1. ,MNVHMF SG@S C@S@ U@QX, CDRBQHAD SGQDD RHLHK@QHSHDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR @MC CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K @MC
DLOHQHB@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 6RD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
2. %DRBQHAD SGD SGQDD LNRS RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD FQ@OGR NQ CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K @MC DLOHQHB@K
CHRSQHATSHNMR.
3. 5GHMJHMF @ANTS XNTQ @MRVDQR SN PTDRSHNMR 1 @MC 2, CNDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD C@S@ EHS SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM *M
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
4. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD DWODQHLDMS G@C ADDM QDOD@SDC 500 SHLDR. 8NTKC XNT DWODBS 2;<F? 4.18 NQ 2;<F? 4.19 SN
BG@MFD, @MC GNV VNTKC HS BG@MFD 8GX 8GX VNTKCMnS SGD NSGDQ S@AKD BG@MFD
284 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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?LHIOFFC 2LC;FM
CHIGC;F #RJ?LCG?HN
CHIGC;F .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH
#RJ?=N?> 4;FO?
%?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
%?IG?NLC= #RJ?LCG?HN
&SJ?LA?IG?NLC= #RJ?LCG?HN
&SJ?LA?IG?NLC= .LI<;<CFCNS
+?;H I@ ; .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH
+?;H
)#7 2#0+1
@M DWODQHLDMS VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR:
1. 5GDQD @QD NMKX SVN ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR B@KKDC oRTBBDRRp @MC oE@HKTQDp ENQ D@BG SQH@K.
2. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX F NE @ RTBBDRR HR SGD R@LD ENQ @MX SQH@K (RN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX G = 1 u F NE @ E@HKTQD HR SGD R@LD ENQ
@MX SQH@K).
@ RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS SG@S R@SHREHDR SGD ENKKNVHMF SGQDD BNMCHSHNMR:
1. 5GDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ NE SQH@KR, D.
2. 5GDQD @QD NMKX SVN ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR, B@KKDC "RTBBDRR" @MC, "E@HKTQD," ENQ D@BG SQH@K. 5GD KDSSDQ F CDMNSDR SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR NM NMD SQH@K, @MC G CDMNSDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD NM NMD SQH@K.
3. 5GD D SQH@KR @QD HMCDODMCDMS @MC @QD QDOD@SDC TRHMF HCDMSHB@K BNMCHSHNMR.
@ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD (37) SG@S @QHRDR EQNL#DQMNTKKH SQH@KR; SGDQD @QD @ EHWDC
MTLADQ, D, NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR. o*MCDODMCDMSp LD@MR SG@S SGD QDRTKS NE @MX SQH@K (ENQ DW@LOKD, SQH@K NMD) CNDR MNS
@EEDBS SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD ENKKNVHMF SQH@KR, @MC @KK SQH@KR @QD BNMCTBSDC TMCDQ SGD R@LD BNMCHSHNMR. 6MCDQ SGDRD
BHQBTLRS@MBDR SGD AHMNLH@K 37 1 HR CDEHMDC @R SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR HM D SQH@KR. 5GD MNS@SHNM HR: 1 ] B(D, F). 5GD
LD@M HR Z = DF @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ = npq . 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE DW@BSKX N RTBBDRRDR HM D SQH@KR HR
)(1 = N) =

n
x
F
W
G
M u W
.
DWODBSDC @QHSGLDSHB @UDQ@FD VGDM @M DWODQHLDMS HR QDOD@SDC L@MX SHLDR; @KRN B@KKDC SGD LD@M.
/NS@SHNMR: Z. 'NQ @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) VHSG OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM )(N),SGD CDEHMHSHNM B@M @KRN
AD VQHSSDM HM SGD ENQL Z = N)(N).
@ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S @QHRDR EQNL SGD #DQMNTKKH SQH@KR; SGD SQH@KR @QD QDOD@SDC
TMSHK SGD EHQRS RTBBDRR. 5GD FDNLDSQHB U@QH@AKD 1 HR CDEHMDC @R SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR TMSHK SGD EHQRS RTBBDRR. /NS@SHNM: 1
] (F). 5GD LD@M HR Z =
1
p
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ =
1
p
1
p
1
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE DW@BSKX N E@HKTQDR

ADENQD SGD EHQRS RTBBDRR HR FHUDM AX SGD ENQLTK@: )(1 = N) = F(1 k F)
N k 1
.
@ RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNODQSHDR:
1. 5GDQD @QD NMD NQ LNQD #DQMNTKKH SQH@KR VHSG @KK E@HKTQDR DWBDOS SGD K@RS NMD, VGHBG HR @ RTBBDRR.
3. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX, F, NE @ RTBBDRR @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX, G, NE @ E@HKTQD CN MNS BG@MFD EQNL SQH@K SN SQH@K.
@ RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNODQSHDR:
1. :NT S@JD R@LOKDR EQNL SVN FQNTOR.
3. :NT R@LOKD VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS EQNL SGD BNLAHMDC FQNTOR.
4. &@BG OHBJ HR MNS HMCDODMCDMS, RHMBD R@LOKHMF HR VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS.
5. :NT @QD MNS CD@KHMF VHSG #DQMNTKKH 5QH@KR.
@ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S HR BG@Q@BSDQHYDC AX:
1. " EHWDC MTLADQ NE SQH@KR.
2. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR HR MNS SGD R@LD EQNL SQH@K SN SQH@K.
8D R@LOKD EQNL SVN FQNTOR NE HSDLR VGDM VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM NMKX NMD FQNTO. 1 HR CDEHMDC @R SGD MTLADQ NE
RTBBDRRDR NTS NE SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE HSDLR BGNRDM. /NS@SHNM: 1 ] !(H, 8, D), VGDQD H = SGD MTLADQ NE HSDLR HM SGD
FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS, 8 = SGD MTLADQ NE HSDLR HM SGD FQNTO MNS NE HMSDQDRS, @MC D = SGD MTLADQ NE HSDLR BGNRDM.
SGD KNMF-SDQL @UDQ@FD NE L@MX SQH@KR NE @ RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS
@ MTLADQ SG@S LD@RTQDR SGD BDMSQ@K SDMCDMBX; @ BNLLNM M@LD ENQ LD@M HR m@UDQ@FD.n 5GD SDQL mLD@Mn HR @
RGNQSDMDC ENQL NE m@QHSGLDSHB LD@M.n #X CDEHMHSHNM, SGD LD@M ENQ @ R@LOKD (CDSNM@SDC AX x
) HR
x
=
@MC SGD LD@M ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM (CDMNSDC AX Z) HR Z =
.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 285
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.ICMMIH .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH
.LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH (."$)
0;H>IG 4;LC;<F? (04)
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH I@ ; .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH
2B? *;Q I@ *;LA? ,OG<?LM
@ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S BNTMSR SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ BDQS@HM DUDMS
VHKK NBBTQ HM @ RODBHEHB HMSDQU@K; BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE SGD U@QH@AKD:
c 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD DUDMS NBBTQR HM @ FHUDM HMSDQU@K HR SGD R@LD ENQ @KK HMSDQU@KR.
c 5GD DUDMSR NBBTQ VHSG @ JMNVM LD@M @MC HMCDODMCDMSKX NE SGD SHLD RHMBD SGD K@RS DUDMS.
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR CDEHMDC AX SGD LD@M Z NE SGD DUDMS HM SGD HMSDQU@K. /NS@SHNM: 1 ] )(Z). 5GD LD@M HR Z = DF.
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR = . 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE G@UHMF DW@BSKX N RTBBDRRDR HM H SQH@KR HR )(1 = W ) = (e
x
x!
. 5GD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM HR NESDM TRDC SN @OOQNWHL@SD SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM, VGDM D HR oK@QFDp @MC F HR oRL@KKp
(@ FDMDQ@K QTKD HR SG@S D RGNTKC AD FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 20 @MC F RGNTKC AD KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 0.05).
@ L@SGDL@SHB@K CDRBQHOSHNM NE @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (+/), FHUDM
DHSGDQ HM SGD ENQL NE @M DPT@SHNM (ENQLTK@) NQ HM SGD ENQL NE @ S@AKD KHRSHMF @KK SGD ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR NE @M
DWODQHLDMS @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX @RRNBH@SDC VHSG D@BG NTSBNLD.
@ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE HMSDQDRS HM @ ONOTK@SHNM ADHMF RSTCHDC; BNLLNM MNS@SHNM ENQ U@QH@AKDR @QD
TOODQ B@RD -@SHM KDSSDQR 1, 2, 3,...; BNLLNM MNS@SHNM ENQ @ RODBHEHB U@KTD EQNL SGD CNL@HM (RDS NE @KK ONRRHAKD U@KTDR
NE @ U@QH@AKD) @QD KNVDQ B@RD -@SHM KDSSDQR N, O, @MC P. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE 1 HR SGD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM HM @ E@LHKX, SGDM N
QDOQDRDMSR @ RODBHEHB HMSDFDQ 0, 1, 2, 3,.... 7@QH@AKDR HM RS@SHRSHBR CHEEDQ EQNL U@QH@AKDR HM HMSDQLDCH@SD @KFDAQ@ HM SGD
SVN ENKKNVHMF V@XR.
c 5GD CNL@HM NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) HR MNS MDBDRR@QHKX @ MTLDQHB@K RDS; SGD CNL@HM L@X AD DWOQDRRDC HM
VNQCR; ENQ DW@LOKD, HE 1 = G@HQ BNKNQ SGDM SGD CNL@HM HR ZAK@BJ, AKNMC, FQ@X, FQDDM, NQ@MFD\.
c 8D B@M SDKK VG@S RODBHEHB U@KTD N NE Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 S@JDR NMKX @ESDQ ODQENQLHMF SGD DWODQHLDMS.
@ MTLADQ SG@S LD@RTQDR GNV E@Q SGD NTSBNLDR NE @ RS@SHRSHB@K
DWODQHLDMS @QD EQNL SGD LD@M NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM
"R SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX DWODQHLDMS HMBQD@RDR, SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD
SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE @M DUDMS @MC SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX OQNA@AHKHSX @OOQN@BGDR YDQN.
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
4.1 .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH (."$) @IL ; "CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?
5GD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (1%') ENQ @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD @QD @R ENKKNVR:
1. &@BG OQNA@AHKHSX HR ADSVDDM YDQN @MC NMD, HMBKTRHUD (?D9BKI?L; LD@MR SN HMBKTCD YDQN @MC NMD).
2. 5GD RTL NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HR NMD.
4.2 +?;H IL #RJ?=N?> 4;FO? ;H> 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
5GD DWODBSDC U@KTD, NQ LD@M, NE @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD OQDCHBSR SGD KNMF-SDQL QDRTKSR NE @ RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS SG@S G@R
ADDM QDOD@SDC L@MX SHLDR. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM HR TRDC SN LD@RTQD SGD U@QH@AHKHSX NE ONRRHAKD
NTSBNLDR.
4.3 CHIGC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
" RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS B@M AD BK@RRHEHDC @R @ AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS HE SGD ENKKNVHMF BNMCHSHNMR @QD LDS:
1. 5GDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ NE SQH@KR, D.
2. 5GDQD @QD NMKX SVN ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR, B@KKDC "RTBBDRR" @MC, "E@HKTQD" ENQ D@BG SQH@K. 5GD KDSSDQ F CDMNSDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
NE @ RTBBDRR NM NMD SQH@K @MC G CDMNSDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD NM NMD SQH@K.
3. 5GD D SQH@KR @QD HMCDODMCDMS @MC @QD QDOD@SDC TRHMF HCDMSHB@K BNMCHSHNMR.
5GD NTSBNLDR NE @ AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS EHS @ AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE
RTBBDRRDR NAS@HMDC HM SGD D HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR. 5GD LD@M NE 1 B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC TRHMF SGD ENQLTK@ Z = DF, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR FHUDM AX SGD ENQLTK@ j = npq .
4.4 %?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD @QD SGQDD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ FDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS:
1. 5GDQD @QD NMD NQ LNQD #DQMNTKKH SQH@KR VHSG @KK E@HKTQDR DWBDOS SGD K@RS NMD, VGHBG HR @ RTBBDRR.
286 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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3. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX, F, NE @ RTBBDRR @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX, G, NE @ E@HKTQD @QD SGD R@LD ENQ D@BG SQH@K.
*M @ FDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS, CDEHMD SGD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 @R SGD MTLADQ NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR TMSHK SGD EHQRS
RTBBDRR. 8D R@X SG@S 9 G@R @ FDNLDSQHB CHRSQHATSHNM @MC VQHSD 1 ] (F) VGDQD F HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR HM @ RHMFKD SQH@K.
5GD LD@M NE SGD FDNLDSQHB CHRSQHATSHNM 1 ] (F) HR Z =
1 p
p
2
=
1
p
1
p
1
.
4.5 &SJ?LA?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
" =NE:G<:DB:IG>8 :ME:G>B:CI HR @ RS@SHRSHB@K DWODQHLDMS VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNODQSHDR:
1. :NT S@JD R@LOKDR EQNL SVN FQNTOR.
3. :NT R@LOKD VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS EQNL SGD BNLAHMDC FQNTOR.
4. &@BG OHBJ HR MNS HMCDODMCDMS, RHMBD R@LOKHMF HR VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS.
5. :NT @QD MNS CD@KHMF VHSG #DQMNTKKH 5QH@KR.
5GD NTSBNLDR NE @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS EHS @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 =
SGD MTLADQ NE HSDLR EQNL SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1 HR CDMNSDC 1 ] !(H, 8, D), VGDQD H = SGD RHYD NE SGD
FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO), 8 = SGD RHYD NE SGD RDBNMC FQNTO, @MC D = SGD RHYD NE SGD BGNRDM R@LOKD. *S ENKKNVR SG@S
D x H + 8. 5GD LD@M NE 1 HR Z =
nr
r + b
rbn(r + b + n)
(r + b)
2
(r + b 1)
.
4.6 .ICMMIH "CMNLC<ONCIH
" -D>HHDC EGD767>A>IN 9>HIG>7JI>DC NE @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD FHUDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ MTLADQ NE DUDMSR NBBTQQHMF HM
@ EHWDC HMSDQU@K NE SHLD NQ RO@BD, HE SGDRD DUDMSR G@OODM @S @ JMNVM @UDQ@FD Q@SD @MC HMCDODMCDMSKX NE SGD SHLD RHMBD SGD K@RS
DUDMS. 5GD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM L@X AD TRDC SN @OOQNWHL@SD SGD AHMNLH@K, HE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR HR "RL@KK" (KDRR SG@M
NQ DPT@K SN 0.05) @MC SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR HR "K@QFD" (FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 20).
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
4.2 +?;H IL #RJ?=N?> 4;FO? ;H> 1N;H>;L>
"?PC;NCIH
.D@M NQ &WODBSDC 7@KTD: =
x X
x(0.2142)P(x)
4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM: =
x X
(x )
2
(0.2142)P(x)
1 ] B(D, F) LD@MR SG@S SGD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 G@R @
AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG D SQH@KR @MC OQNA@AHKHSX
NE RTBBDRR F.
1 = SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR HM D HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR
D = SGD MTLADQ NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR
1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR N = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., D
F = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR ENQ @MX SQH@K
G = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD ENQ @MX SQH@K
F + G = 1
G = 1 k F
5GD LD@M NE 1 HR Z = DF. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1 HR \ =
npq .
1 ] ((F) LD@MR SG@S SGD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 G@R
@ FDNLDSQHB OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG OQNA@AHKHSX NE
RTBBDRR HM @ RHMFKD SQH@K F.
1 = SGD MTLADQ NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR TMSHK SGD EHQRS RTBBDRR.
1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR N = 1, 2, 3, ...
F = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR ENQ @MX SQH@K
G = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD ENQ @MX SQH@K F + G = 1
G = 1 k F
5GD LD@M HR Z =
1
p
.
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ =
1 p
p
2
=
1
p
1
p
1
.
1 ] !(H, 8, D) LD@MR SG@S SGD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 G@R
@ GXODQFDNLDSQHB OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG H = SGD RHYD NE
SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS (EHQRS FQNTO), 8 = SGD RHYD NE SGD RDBNMC
FQNTO, @MC D = SGD RHYD NE SGD BGNRDM R@LOKD.
1 = SGD MTLADQ NE HSDLR EQNLSGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS SG@S @QD HM
SGD BGNRDM R@LOKD, @MC 1 L@X S@JD NM SGD U@KTDR N = 0, 1, ...,
TO SN SGD RHYD NE SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS. (5GD LHMHLTL U@KTD
ENQ 1 L@X AD K@QFDQ SG@M YDQN HM RNLD HMRS@MBDR.)
D x H + 8
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5GD LD@M NE 1 HR FHUDM AX SGD ENQLTK@ Z =
nr
r + b
@MC SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR =
rbn(r + b n)
(r + b)
2
(r + b 1)
.
1 ] )(Z) LD@MR SG@S 1 G@R @ 1NHRRNM OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM
VGDQD 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE NBBTQQDMBDR HM SGD HMSDQU@K NE
HMSDQDRS.
1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR N = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
5GD LD@M Z HR SXOHB@KKX FHUDM.
5GD U@QH@MBD HR \
2
= Z, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR
= .
8GDM )(Z) HR TRDC SN @OOQNWHL@SD @ AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM,
Z = DF VGDQD D QDOQDRDMSR SGD MTLADQ NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR
@MC F QDOQDRDMSR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR HM @ RHMFKD SQH@K.
.0A!2'!#
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: " BNLO@MX V@MSR SN DU@KT@SD HSR @SSQHSHNM Q@SD, HM NSGDQ
VNQCR, GNV KNMF MDV GHQDR RS@X VHSG SGD BNLO@MX. 0UDQ SGD XD@QR, SGDX G@UD DRS@AKHRGDC SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSX
CHRSQHATSHNM.
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR @ MDV GHQD VHKK RS@X VHSG SGD BNLO@MX.
-DS )(N) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ MDV GHQD VHKK RS@X VHSG SGD BNLO@MX N XD@QR.
1. $NLOKDSD 2;<F? 4.20 TRHMF SGD C@S@ OQNUHCDC.
: P(:)
0 0.12
1 0.18
2 0.30
3 0.15
4
5 0.10
6 0.05
2;<F? 4.20
2. )(N = 4) = ???????
3. )(N y 5) = ???????
4. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV KNMF VNTKC XNT DWODBS @ MDV GHQD SN RS@X VHSG SGD BNLO@MX
5. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNKTLM o)(N)p RTL SN
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: " A@JDQ HR CDBHCHMF GNV L@MX A@SBGDR NE LTEEHMR SN L@JD
SN RDKK HM GHR A@JDQX. )D V@MSR SN L@JD DMNTFG SN RDKK DUDQX NMD @MC MN KDRR. 5GQNTFG NARDQU@SHNM, SGD A@JDQ G@R DRS@AKHRGDC
@ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
288 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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: P(:)
1 0.15
2 0.35
3 0.40
4 0.10
2;<F? 4.21
6. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
7. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SGD A@JDQ VHKK RDKK LNQD SG@M NMD A@SBG )(N > 1) = ???????
8. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SGD A@JDQ VHKK RDKK DW@BSKX NMD A@SBG )(N = 1) = ???????
9. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX A@SBGDR RGNTKC SGD A@JDQ L@JD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I: &KKDM G@R LTRHB OQ@BSHBD SGQDD C@XR @ VDDJ. 4GD OQ@BSHBDR
ENQ @KK NE SGD SGQDD C@XR 85%NE SGD SHLD, SVN C@XR 8%NE SGD SHLD, NMD C@X 4%NE SGD SHLD, @MC MN C@XR 3%NE SGD SHLD. 0MD
VDDJ HR RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL.
11. $NMRSQTBS @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM S@AKD ENQ SGD C@S@.
12. 8D JMNV SG@S ENQ @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM SN AD CHRBQDSD, HS LTRS G@UD SVN BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR. 0MD HR SG@S SGD RTL
NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HR NMD. 8G@S HR SGD NSGDQ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: +@UHDQ UNKTMSDDQR HM BNLLTMHSX DUDMSR D@BG LNMSG. )D
CNDR MNS CN LNQD SG@M EHUD DUDMSR HM @ LNMSG. )D @SSDMCR DW@BSKX EHUD DUDMSR 35% NE SGD SHLD, ENTQ DUDMSR 25% NE SGD SHLD,
SGQDD DUDMSR 20% NE SGD SHLD, SVN DUDMSR 10% NE SGD SHLD, NMD DUDMS 5% NE SGD SHLD, @MC MN DUDMSR 5% NE SGD SHLD.
14. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR N S@JD NM
15. $NMRSQTBS @ 1%' S@AKD.
16. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S +@UHDQ UNKTMSDDQR ENQ KDRR SG@M SGQDD DUDMSR D@BG LNMSG. )(N < 3) = ???????
17. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S +@UHDQ UNKTMSDDQR ENQ @S KD@RS NMD DUDMS D@BG LNMSG. )(N > 0) = ???????
18. $NLOKDSD SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD S@AKD.
: P(:) :*P(:)
0 0.2
1 0.2
2 0.4
3 0.2
2;<F? 4.22
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 289
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19. 'HMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD EQNL SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD S@AKD.
: P(:) :*P(:)
2 0.1 2(0.1) = 0.2
4 0.3 4(0.3) = 1.2
6 0.4 6(0.4) = 2.4
8 0.2 8(0.2) = 1.6
2;<F? 4.23
20. 'HMC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
: P(:) :*P(:)
(: X >)
2
P(:)
2 0.1 2(0.1) = 0.2
(2_5.4)
2
(0.1) = 1.156
4 0.3 4(0.3) = 1.2
(4_5.4)
2
(0.3) = 0.588
6 0.4 6(0.4) = 2.4
(6_5.4)
2
(0.4) = 0.144
8 0.2 8(0.2) = 1.6
(8_5.4)
2
(0.2) = 1.352
2;<F? 4.24
21. *CDMSHEX SGD LHRS@JD HM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM S@AKD.
: P(:) :*P(:)
1 0.15 0.15
2 0.25 0.50
3 0.30 0.90
4 0.20 0.80
5 0.15 0.75
2;<F? 4.25
22. *CDMSHEX SGD LHRS@JD HM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM S@AKD.
290 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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: P(:) :*P(:)
1 0.15 0.15
2 0.25 0.40
3 0.25 0.65
4 0.20 0.85
5 0.15 1
2;<F? 4.26
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: " OGXRHBR OQNEDRRNQ V@MSR SN JMNV VG@S ODQBDMS NE OGXRHBR
L@INQR VHKK RODMC SGD MDWS RDUDQ@K XD@QR CNHMF ONRS-FQ@CT@SD QDRD@QBG. )D G@R SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
: P(:) :*P(:)
1 0.35
2 0.20
3 0.15
4
5 0.10
6 0.05
2;<F? 4.27
24. %DEHMD )(N), NQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE N.
25. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OGXRHBR L@INQ VHKK CN ONRS-FQ@CT@SDC QDRD@QBG ENQ ENTQ XD@QR. )(N = 4) = ???????
26. '*MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OGXRHBR L@INQ VHKK CN ONRS-FQ@CT@SD QDRD@QBG ENQ @S LNRS SGQDD XD@QR. )(N x 3) = ???????
27. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX XD@QR VNTKC XNT DWODBS @ OGXRHBR L@INQ SN RODMC CNHMF ONRS-FQ@CT@SD QDRD@QBG
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: " A@KKDS HMRSQTBSNQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM JMNVHMF VG@S ODQBDMS
NE D@BG XD@Q'R BK@RR VHKK BNMSHMTD NM SN SGD MDWS, RN SG@S RGD B@M OK@M VG@S BK@RRDR SN NEEDQ. 0UDQ SGD XD@QR, RGD G@R DRS@AKHRGDC
SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
c -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR @ RSTCDMS VHKK RSTCX A@KKDS VHSG SGD SD@BGDQ.
c -DS )(N) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS VHKK RSTCX A@KKDS N XD@QR.
28. $NLOKDSD 2;<F? 4.28 TRHMF SGD C@S@ OQNUHCDC.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 291
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: P(:) :*P(:)
1 0.10
2 0.05
3 0.10
4
5 0.30
6 0.20
7 0.10
2;<F? 4.28
29. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
30. )(N = 4) = ???????
31. )(N < 4) = ???????
32. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX XD@QR VNTKC XNT DWODBS @ BGHKC SN RSTCX A@KKDS VHSG SGHR SD@BGDQ
33. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNKTLM ")(N)" RTL SN @MC VGX
34. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNKTLM "N*)(N)" RTL SN @MC VGX
35. :NT @QD OK@XHMF @ F@LD AX CQ@VHMF @ B@QC EQNL @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ @MC QDOK@BHMF HS. *E SGD B@QC HR @ E@BD B@QC, XNT VHM $30.
*E HS HR MNS @ E@BD B@QC, XNT O@X $2. 5GDQD @QD 12 E@BD B@QCR HM @ CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. 8G@S HR SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD NE OK@XHMF SGD
F@LD
36. :NT @QD OK@XHMF @ F@LD AX CQ@VHMF @ B@QC EQNL @ RS@MC@QC CDBJ @MC QDOK@BHMF HS. *E SGD B@QC HR @ E@BD B@QC, XNT VHM $30.
*E HS HR MNS @ E@BD B@QC, XNT O@X $2. 5GDQD @QD 12 E@BD B@QCR HM @ CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. 4GNTKC XNT OK@X SGD F@LD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ D?D; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD )HFGDQ &CTB@SHNM 3DRD@QBG *MRSHSTSD @S 6$-"
BNKKDBSDC C@S@ EQNL203,967 HMBNLHMF EHQRS-SHLD, ETKK-SHLD EQDRGLDM EQNL270 ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFDR @MC TMHUDQRHSHDR HM SGD 6.4.
71.3% NE SGNRD RSTCDMSR QDOKHDC SG@S, XDR, SGDX ADKHDUD SG@S R@LD-RDW BNTOKDR RGNTKC G@UD SGD QHFGS SN KDF@K L@QHS@K RS@STR.
4TOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX OHBJ DHFGS EHQRS-SHLD, ETKK-SHLD EQDRGLDM EQNL SGD RTQUDX. :NT @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ SG@S
ADKHDUDR SG@S R@LD RDW-BNTOKDR RGNTKC G@UD SGD QHFGS SN KDF@K L@QHS@K RS@STR.
38. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
39. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 S@JD NM
40. $NMRSQTBS SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (1%').
: P(:)
2;<F? 4.29
292 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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: P(:)
2;<F? 4.29
41. 0M @UDQ@FD (Z), GNV L@MX VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN @MRVDQ XDR
42. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM (\)
43. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS EHUD NE SGD EQDRGLDM QDOKX oXDRp
44. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS SVN NE SGD EQDRGLDM QDOKX oXDRp
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD )HFGDQ &CTB@SHNM 3DRD@QBG *MRSHSTSD @S 6$-"
BNKKDBSDC C@S@ EQNL203,967 HMBNLHMF EHQRS-SHLD, ETKK-SHLD EQDRGLDM EQNL270 ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFDR @MC TMHUDQRHSHDR HM SGD 6.4.
71.3% NE SGNRD RSTCDMSR QDOKHDC SG@S, XDR, SGDX ADKHDUD SG@S R@LD-RDW BNTOKDR RGNTKC G@UD SGD QHFGS SN KDF@K L@QHS@K RS@STR.
4TOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS EQDRGL@M EQNL SGD RSTCX TMSHK XNT EHMC NMD VGN QDOKHDR oXDR.p :NT @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD
MTLADQ NE EQDRGLDM XNT LTRS @RJ.
46. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
47. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 S@JD NM
48. $NMRSQTBS SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (1%'). 4SNO @S N = 6.
: P(:)
1
2
3
4
5
2;<F? 4.30
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 293
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: P(:)
6
2;<F? 4.30
49. 0M @UDQ@FD (Z), GNV L@MX EQDRGLDM VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN G@UD SN @RJ TMSHK XNT ENTMC NMD VGN QDOKHDR "XDR"
50. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT VHKK MDDC SN @RJ EDVDQ SG@M SGQDD EQDRGLDM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD SG@S @ FQNTO NE RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR HR CHUHCDC HMSN
SVN FQNTOR: ATRHMDRR L@INQR @MC MNM-ATRHMDRR L@INQR. 5GDQD @QD 16 ATRHMDRR L@INQR HM SGD FQNTO @MC RDUDM MNM-ATRHMDRR
L@INQR HM SGD FQNTO. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE MHMD RSTCDMSR HR S@JDM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE ATRHMDRR L@INQR HM SGD
R@LOKD.
52. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
53. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
54. $NMRSQTBS SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (1%') ENQ 1.
55. 0M @UDQ@FD (Z), GNV L@MX VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN AD ATRHMDRR L@INQR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: 0M @UDQ@FD, @ BKNSGHMF RSNQD FDSR 120 BTRSNLDQR ODQ C@X.
56. "RRTLD SGD DUDMS NBBTQR HMCDODMCDMSKX HM @MX FHUDM C@X. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
58. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF 150 BTRSNLDQR HM NMD C@X
59. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF 35 BTRSNLDQR HM SGD EHQRS ENTQ GNTQR "RRTLD SGD RSNQD HR NODM 12 GNTQR D@BG C@X.
60. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSNQD VHKK G@UD LNQD SG@M 12 BTRSNLDQR HM SGD EHQRS GNTQ
61. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSNQD VHKK G@UD EDVDQ SG@M 12 BTRSNLDQR HM SGD EHQRS SVN GNTQR
62. 8GHBG SXOD NE CHRSQHATSHNM B@M SGD 1NHRRNM LNCDK AD TRDC SN @OOQNWHL@SD 8GDM VNTKC XNT CN SGHR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: 0M @UDQ@FD, DHFGS SDDMR HM SGD 6.4. CHD EQNL LNSNQ UDGHBKD
HMITQHDR ODQ C@X. "R @ QDRTKS, RS@SDR @BQNRR SGD BNTMSQX @QD CDA@SHMF Q@HRHMF SGD CQHUHMF @FD.
63. "RRTLD SGD DUDMS NBBTQR HMCDODMCDMSKX HM @MX FHUDM C@X. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
64. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
66. 'NQ SGD FHUDM U@KTDR NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1, EHKK HM SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
67. *R HS KHJDKX SG@S SGDQD VHKK AD MN SDDMR JHKKDC EQNLLNSNQ UDGHBKD HMITQHDR NM @MX FHUDM C@X HM SGD 6.4 +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ
MTLDQHB@KKX.
68. *R HS KHJDKX SG@S SGDQD VHKK AD LNQD SG@M 20 SDDMR JHKKDC EQNL LNSNQ UDGHBKD HMITQHDR NM @MX FHUDM C@X HM SGD 6.4. +TRSHEX
XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
&-+#5-0)
69. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD 1%' ENQ SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR HS S@JDR SN D@QM @ #@BGDKNQ NE 4BHDMBD (#.4.) CDFQDD HR FHUDM HM 2;<F?
4.31.
294 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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: P(:)
3 0.05
4 0.40
5 0.30
6 0.15
7 0.10
2;<F? 4.31
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. 8G@S CNDR HS LD@M SG@S SGD U@KTDR YDQN, NMD, @MC SVN @QD MNS HMBKTCDC ENQ N HM SGD 1%'
70. " SGD@SDQ FQNTO GNKCR @ ETMC-Q@HRDQ. *S RDKKR 100 Q@EEKD SHBJDSR ENQ $5 @OHDBD. 4TOONRD XNT OTQBG@RD ENTQ SHBJDSR. 5GD OQHYD
HR SVN O@RRDR SN @ #QN@CV@X RGNV, VNQSG @ SNS@K NE $150.
=. 8G@S @QD XNT HMSDQDRSDC HM GDQD
>. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
?. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 1%'.
A. *E SGHR ETMC-Q@HRDQ HR QDOD@SDC NESDM @MC XNT @KV@XR OTQBG@RD ENTQ SHBJDSR, VG@S VNTKC AD XNTQ DWODBSDC @UDQ@FD
VHMMHMFR ODQ Q@EEKD
71. " F@LD HMUNKUDR RDKDBSHMF @ B@QC EQNL @ QDFTK@Q 52-B@QC CDBJ @MC SNRRHMF @ BNHM. 5GD BNHM HR @ E@HQ BNHM @MC HR DPT@KKX
KHJDKX SN K@MC NM GD@CR NQ S@HKR.
c *E SGD B@QC HR @ E@BD B@QC, @MC SGD BNHM K@MCR NM )D@CR, XNT VHM $6
c *E SGD B@QC HR @ E@BD B@QC, @MC SGD BNHM K@MCR NM 5@HKR, XNT VHM $2
c *E SGD B@QC HR MNS @ E@BD B@QC, XNT KNRD $2, MN L@SSDQ VG@S SGD BNHM RGNVR.
=. 'HMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD ENQ SGHR F@LD (DWODBSDC MDS F@HM NQ KNRR).
>. &WOK@HM VG@S XNTQ B@KBTK@SHNMR HMCHB@SD @ANTS XNTQ KNMF-SDQL @UDQ@FD OQNEHSR @MC KNRRDR NM SGHR F@LD.
?. 4GNTKC XNT OK@X SGHR F@LD SN VHM LNMDX
72. :NT ATX @ KNSSDQX SHBJDS SN @ KNSSDQX SG@S BNRSR $10 ODQ SHBJDS. 5GDQD @QD NMKX 100 SHBJDSR @U@HK@AKD AD RNKC HM SGHR KNSSDQX.
*M SGHR KNSSDQX SGDQD HR NMD $500 OQHYD SVN $100 OQHYDR, @MC ENTQ $25 OQHYDR. 'HMC XNTQ DWODBSDC F@HM NQ KNRR.
73. $NLOKDSD SGD 1%' @MC @MRVDQ SGD PTDRSHNMR.
: P(:) :P(:)
0 0.3
1 0.2
2
3 0.4
2;<F? 4.32
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 295
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=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N = 2.
>. 'HMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD.
74. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT @QD NEEDQDC SGD ENKKNVHMF oCD@K.p :NT QNKK @ CHD. *E XNT QNKK @ RHW, XNT VHM $10. *E XNT QNKK @ ENTQ NQ
EHUD, XNT VHM $5. *E XNT QNKK @ NMD, SVN, NQ SGQDD, XNT O@X $6.
=. 8G@S @QD XNT TKSHL@SDKX HMSDQDRSDC HM GDQD (SGD U@KTD NE SGD QNKK NQ SGD LNMDX XNT VHM)
>. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKD 1.
?. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 1%'.
A. 0UDQ SGD KNMF QTM NE OK@XHMF SGHR F@LD, VG@S @QD XNTQ DWODBSDC @UDQ@FD VHMMHMFR ODQ F@LD
B. #@RDC NM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, RGNTKC XNT S@JD SGD CD@K &WOK@HM XNTQ CDBHRHNM HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
75. " UDMSTQD B@OHS@KHRS, VHKKHMF SN HMUDRS $1,000,000, G@R SGQDD HMUDRSLDMSR SN BGNNRD EQNL. 5GD EHQRS HMUDRSLDMS, @ RNESV@QD
BNLO@MX, G@R @ 10%BG@MBD NE QDSTQMHMF $5,000,000 OQNEHS, @ 30%BG@MBD NE QDSTQMHMF $1,000,000 OQNEHS, @MC @ 60%BG@MBD
NE KNRHMF SGD LHKKHNM CNKK@QR. 5GD RDBNMC BNLO@MX, @ G@QCV@QD BNLO@MX, G@R @ 20% BG@MBD NE QDSTQMHMF $3,000,000 OQNEHS,
@ 40% BG@MBD NE QDSTQMHMF $1,000,000 OQNEHS, @MC @ 40% BG@MBD NE KNRHMF SGD LHKKHNM CNKK@QR. 5GD SGHQC BNLO@MX, @ AHNSDBG
EHQL, G@R @ 10% BG@MBD NE QDSTQMHMF $6,000,000 OQNEHS, @ 70% NE MN OQNEHS NQ KNRR, @MC @ 20% BG@MBD NE KNRHMF SGD LHKKHNM
CNKK@QR.
=. $NMRSQTBS @ 1%' ENQ D@BG HMUDRSLDMS.
>. 'HMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD ENQ D@BG HMUDRSLDMS.
?. 8GHBG HR SGD R@EDRS HMUDRSLDMS 8GX CN XNT SGHMJ RN
@. 8GHBG HR SGD QHRJHDRS HMUDRSLDMS 8GX CN XNT SGHMJ RN
A. 8GHBG HMUDRSLDMS G@R SGD GHFGDRS DWODBSDC QDSTQM, NM @UDQ@FD
76. 4TOONRD SG@S 20,000 L@QQHDC @CTKSR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC @R SN SGD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM SGDX G@UD.
5GD QDRTKSR @QD BNLOHKDC @MC @QD TRDC @R SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM L@QQHDC ODNOKD G@UD.
: P(:) :P(:)
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>. *M VNQCR, VG@S CNDR SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD HM SGHR DW@LOKD QDOQDRDMS
?. 'HMC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD.
@. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S @ L@QQHDC @CTKS VHKK G@UD SVN SN SGQDD BGHKCQDM NQ ENTQ SN RHW BGHKCQDM )NV CN XNT JMNV
77. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD 1%' ENQ SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR HS S@JDR SN D@QM @ #@BGDKNQ NE 4BHDMBD (#.4.) CDFQDD HR FHUDM @R HM 2;<F?
4.34.
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3 0.05
4 0.40
5 0.30
6 0.15
7 0.10
2;<F? 4.34
0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX XD@QR CN XNT DWODBS HS SN S@JD ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K SN D@QM @ #.4.
78. 1DNOKD UHRHSHMF UHCDN QDMS@K RSNQDR NESDM QDMS LNQD SG@M NMD %7% @S @ SHLD. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ %7% QDMS@KR
ODQ BTRSNLDQ @S 7HCDN 5N (N HR FHUDM HM SGD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD. 5GDQD HR @ EHUD-UHCDN KHLHS ODQ BTRSNLDQ @S SGHR RSNQD, RN MNANCX
DUDQ QDMSR LNQD SG@M EHUD %7%R.
: P(:)
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1 0.50
2 0.24
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4 0.70
5 0.04
2;<F? 4.35
=. %DRBQHAD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM VNQCR.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ QDMSR SGQDD %7%R.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ QDMSR @S KD@RS ENTQ %7%R.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ QDMSR @S LNRS SVN %7%R.
"MNSGDQ RGNO, &MSDQS@HMLDMS )D@CPT@QSDQR, QDMSR %7%R @MC UHCDNF@LDR. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ %7%
QDMS@KR ODQ BTRSNLDQ @S SGHR RGNO HR FHUDM @R ENKKNVR. 5GDX @KRN G@UD @ EHUD-%7% KHLHS ODQ BTRSNLDQ.
: P(:)
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2;<F? 4.36
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3 0.10
4 0.05
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A. "S VGHBG RSNQD HR SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE %7%R QDMSDC ODQ BTRSNLDQ GHFGDQ
B. *E 7HCDN SN (N DRSHL@SDR SG@S SGDX VHKK G@UD 300 BTRSNLDQR MDWS VDDJ, GNV L@MX %7%R CN SGDX DWODBS SN QDMS
MDWS VDDJ "MRVDQ HM RDMSDMBD ENQL.
C. *E 7HCDN SN (N DWODBSR 300 BTRSNLDQR MDWS VDDJ, @MC &MSDQS@HMLDMS )2 OQNIDBSR SG@S SGDX VHKK G@UD 420
BTRSNLDQR, ENQ VGHBG RSNQD HR SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE %7% QDMS@KR ENQ MDWS VDDJ GHFGDQ &WOK@HM.
D. 8GHBG NE SGD SVN UHCDN RSNQDR DWODQHDMBDR LNQD U@QH@SHNM HM SGD MTLADQ NE %7% QDMS@KR ODQ BTRSNLDQ )NV CN
XNT JMNV SG@S
79. " oEQHDMCp NEEDQR XNT SGD ENKKNVHMF oCD@K.p 'NQ @ $10 EDD, XNT L@X OHBJ @M DMUDKNOD EQNL @ ANW BNMS@HMHMF 100
RDDLHMFKX HCDMSHB@K DMUDKNODR. )NVDUDQ, D@BG DMUDKNOD BNMS@HMR @ BNTONM ENQ @ EQDD FHES.
c 5DM NE SGD BNTONMR @QD ENQ @ EQDD FHES VNQSG $6.
c &HFGSX NE SGD BNTONMR @QD ENQ @ EQDD FHES VNQSG $8.
c 4HW NE SGD BNTONMR @QD ENQ @ EQDD FHES VNQSG $12.
c 'NTQ NE SGD BNTONMR @QD ENQ @ EQDD FHES VNQSG $40.
#@RDC TONM SGD EHM@MBH@K F@HM NQ KNRR NUDQ SGD KNMF QTM, RGNTKC XNT OK@X SGD F@LD
=. :DR, * DWODBS SN BNLD NTS @GD@C HM LNMDX.
>. /N, * DWODBS SN BNLD NTS ADGHMC HM LNMDX.
?. *S CNDRMnS L@SSDQ. * DWODBS SN AQD@J DUDM.
80. 'KNQHC@ 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX G@R 14 RS@SHRSHBR BK@RRDR RBGDCTKDC ENQ HSR 4TLLDQ 2013 SDQL. 0MD BK@RR G@R RO@BD @U@HK@AKD ENQ
30 RSTCDMSR, DHFGS BK@RRDR G@UD RO@BD ENQ 60 RSTCDMSR, NMD BK@RR G@R RO@BD ENQ 70 RSTCDMSR, @MC ENTQ BK@RRDR G@UD RO@BD ENQ
100 RSTCDMSR.
=. 8G@S HR SGD @UDQ@FD BK@RR RHYD @RRTLHMF D@BG BK@RR HR EHKKDC SN B@O@BHSX
>. 4O@BD HR @U@HK@AKD ENQ 980 RSTCDMSR. 4TOONRD SG@S D@BG BK@RR HR EHKKDC SN B@O@BHSX @MC RDKDBS @ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMS @S
Q@MCNL. -DS SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 DPT@K SGD RHYD NE SGD RSTCDMSnR BK@RR. %DEHMD SGD 1%' ENQ 1.
?. 'HMC SGD LD@M NE 1.
@. 'HMC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
81. *M @ KNSSDQX, SGDQD @QD 250 OQHYDR NE $5, 50 OQHYDR NE $25, @MC SDM OQHYDR NE $100. "RRTLHMF SG@S 10,000 SHBJDSR @QD SN AD
HRRTDC @MC RNKC, VG@S HR @ E@HQ OQHBD SN BG@QFD SN AQD@J DUDM
82. "BBNQCHMF SN @ QDBDMS @QSHBKD SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE A@AHDR ANQM VHSG RHFMHEHB@MS GD@QHMF KNRR (CD@EMDRR) HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX
SVN ODQ 1,000 A@AHDR HM @ GD@KSGX A@AX MTQRDQX. 5GD MTLADQ BKHLAR SN @M @UDQ@FD NE 30 ODQ 1,000 A@AHDR HM @M HMSDMRHUD B@QD
MTQRDQX.
4TOONRD SG@S 1,000 A@AHDR EQNLGD@KSGX A@AX MTQRDQHDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DW@BSKX SVN A@AHDR
VDQD ANQM CD@E.
83. 3DBDMSKX, @ MTQRD BNLLDMSDC SG@S VGDM @ O@SHDMS B@KKR SGD LDCHB@K @CUHBD KHMD BK@HLHMF SN G@UD SGD EKT, SGD BG@MBD SG@S
GD NQ RGD SQTKX G@R SGD EKT (@MC MNS ITRS @ M@RSX BNKC) HR NMKX @ANTS 4%. 0E SGD MDWS 25 O@SHDMSR B@KKHMF HM BK@HLHMF SN G@UD
SGD EKT, VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM GNV L@MX @BST@KKX G@UD SGD EKT.
%DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD @MC KHRS HSR ONRRHAKD U@KTDR.
84. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
85. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS ENTQ NE SGD 25 O@SHDMSR @BST@KKX G@UD SGD EKT.
298 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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86. 0M @UDQ@FD, ENQ DUDQX 25 O@SHDMSR B@KKHMF HM, GNV L@MX CN XNT DWODBS SN G@UD SGD EKT
87. 1DNOKD UHRHSHMF UHCDN QDMS@K RSNQDR NESDM QDMS LNQD SG@M NMD %7% @S @ SHLD. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ %7% QDMS@KR
ODQ BTRSNLDQ @S 7HCDN 5N (N HR FHUDM 2;<F? 4.37. 5GDQD HR EHUD-UHCDN KHLHS ODQ BTRSNLDQ @S SGHR RSNQD, RN MNANCX DUDQ QDMSR
LNQD SG@M EHUD %7%R.
: P(:)
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2 0.24
3 ?
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2;<F? 4.37
=. %DRBQHAD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM VNQCR.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ QDMSR SGQDD %7%R.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ QDMSR @S KD@RS ENTQ %7%R.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ QDMSR @S LNRS SVN %7%R.
88. " RBGNNK MDVRO@ODQ QDONQSDQ CDBHCDR SN Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 12 RSTCDMSR SN RDD HE SGDX VHKK @SSDMC 5DS (7HDSM@LDRD /DV
:D@Q) EDRSHUHSHDR SGHR XD@Q. #@RDC NM O@RS XD@QR, RGD JMNVR SG@S 18% NE RSTCDMSR @SSDMC 5DS EDRSHUHSHDR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM
SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN VHKK @SSDMC SGD EDRSHUHSHDR.
>. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 L@X S@JD NM.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 Q 66666(66666,66666)
@. )NV L@MX NE SGD 12 RSTCDMSR CN VD DWODBS SN @SSDMC SGD EDRSHUHSHDR
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS ENTQ RSTCDMSR VHKK @SSDMC.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M SVN RSTCDMSR VHKK @SSDMC.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD 4@M +NRD 4G@QJR VHKK VHM @MX FHUDM
F@LD HR 0.3694 A@RDC NM @ 13-XD@Q VHM GHRSNQX NE 382 VHMR NTS NE 1,034 F@LDR OK@XDC (@R NE @ BDQS@HM C@SD). "M TOBNLHMF
LNMSGKX RBGDCTKD BNMS@HMR 12 F@LDR.
89. 5GD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE VHMR ENQ SG@S TOBNLHMF LNMSG HR:
=. 1.67
>. 12
?.
382
1043
@. 4.43
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE F@LDR VNM HM SG@S TOBNLHMF LNMSG.
90. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD 4@M +NRD 4G@QJR VHM RHW F@LDR HM SG@S TOBNLHMF LNMSG
=. 0.1476
>. 0.2336
?. 0.7664
@. 0.8903
91. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD 4@M +NRD 4G@QJR VHM @S KD@RS EHUD F@LDR HM SG@S TOBNLHMF LNMSG
=. 0.3694
>. 0.5266
?. 0.4734
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@. 0.2305
92. " RSTCDMS S@JDR @ SDM-PTDRSHNM SQTD-E@KRD PTHY, ATS CHC MNS RSTCX @MC Q@MCNLKX FTDRRDR D@BG @MRVDQ. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
SG@S SGD RSTCDMS O@RRDR SGD PTHY VHSG @ FQ@CD NE @S KD@RS 70% NE SGD PTDRSHNMR BNQQDBS.
93. "RSTCDMS S@JDR @ 32-PTDRSHNM LTKSHOKD BGNHBD DW@L, ATS CHC MNS RSTCX @MC Q@MCNLKX FTDRRDR D@BG @MRVDQ. &@BG PTDRSHNM
G@R SGQDD ONRRHAKD BGNHBDR ENQ SGD @MRVDQ. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS FTDRRDR BDG: I=6C 75% NE SGD PTDRSHNMR
BNQQDBSKX.
94. 4HW CHEEDQDMS BNKNQDC CHBD @QD QNKKDC. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD MTLADQ NE CHBD SG@S RGNV @ NMD.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX CHBD VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN RGNV @ NMD
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @KK RHW CHBD RGNV @ NMD.
B. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S SGQDD NQ SG@S ENTQ CHBD VHKK RGNV @ NMD 6RD MTLADQR SN ITRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
95. .NQD SG@M 96 ODQBDMS NE SGD UDQX K@QFDRS BNKKDFDR @MC TMHUDQRHSHDR (LNQD SG@M 15,000 SNS@K DMQNKKLDMSR) G@UD RNLD NMKHMD
NEEDQHMFR. 4TOONRD XNT Q@MCNLKX OHBJ 13 RTBG HMRSHSTSHNMR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ SG@S NEEDQ CHRS@MBD KD@QMHMF
BNTQRDR.
@. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX RBGNNKR VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN NEEDQ RTBG BNTQRDR
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS SDM NEEDQ RTBG BNTQRDR.
B. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S 12 NQ SG@S 13 VHKK NEEDQ RTBG BNTQRDR 6RD MTLADQR SN ITRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX @MC
@MRVDQ HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
96. 4TOONRD SG@S @ANTS 85% NE FQ@CT@SHMF RSTCDMSR @SSDMC SGDHQ FQ@CT@SHNM. " FQNTO NE 22 FQ@CT@SHMF RSTCDMSR HR Q@MCNLKX
BGNRDM.
@. )NV L@MX @QD DWODBSDC SN @SSDMC SGDHQ FQ@CT@SHNM
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 17 NQ 18 @SSDMC.
B. #@RDC NM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, VNTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE @KK 22 @SSDMCDC FQ@CT@SHNM +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
97. "S 5GD 'DMBHMF $DMSDQ, 60% NE SGD EDMBDQR TRD SGD ENHK @R SGDHQ L@HM VD@ONM. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 25 EDMBDQR @S 5GD
'DMBHMF $DMSDQ. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE EDMBDQR VGN CN CDI TRD SGD ENHK @R SGDHQ L@HM VD@ONM.
@. )NV L@MX @QD DWODBSDC SN CDI SN TRD SGD ENHK @R SGDHQ L@HM VD@ONM
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RHW CN CDI TRD SGD ENHK @R SGDHQ L@HM VD@ONM.
B. #@RDC NM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, VNTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE @KK 25 CHC CDI TRD ENHK @R SGDHQ L@HM VD@ONM +TRSHEX XNTQ
@MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
98. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 8% NE RSTCDMSR @S @ KNB@K GHFG RBGNNK O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK. "
FQNTO NE 60 RDMHNQR HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD MTLADQ VGN O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE
GHFG RBGNNK.
@. )NV L@MX RDMHNQR @QD DWODBSDC SN G@UD O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK
A. #@RDC NM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, VNTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE MNMD NE SGD RDMHNQR O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK
ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
B. #@RDC TONM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, HR HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S ENTQ NQ SG@S EHUD NE SGD RDMHNQR O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK
RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
99. 5GD BG@MBD NE @M *34 @TCHS ENQ @ S@W QDSTQM VHSG NUDQ $25,000 HM HMBNLD HR @ANTS 2% ODQ XD@Q. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD
DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE @TCHSR @ ODQRNM VHSG SG@S HMBNLD G@R HM @ 20-XD@Q ODQHNC. "RRTLD D@BG XD@Q HR HMCDODMCDMS.
@. )NV L@MX @TCHSR @QD DWODBSDC HM @ 20-XD@Q ODQHNC
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR MNS @TCHSDC @S @KK.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR @TCHSDC LNQD SG@M SVHBD.
300 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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100. *S G@R ADDM DRSHL@SDC SG@S NMKX @ANTS 30% NE $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR. 4TOONRD XNT
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 11 $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ VGN G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR.
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS DHFGS G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR
A. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S MNMD NQ SG@S @KK NE SGD QDRHCDMSR RTQUDXDC VHKK G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR 8GX
B. )NV L@MX QDRHCDMSR CN XNT DWODBS VHKK G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR
101. 5GDQD @QD SVN RHLHK@Q F@LDR OK@XDC ENQ $GHMDRD /DV :D@Q @MC 7HDSM@LDRD /DV :D@Q. *M SGD $GHMDRD UDQRHNM, E@HQ CHBD
VHSG MTLADQR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, @MC 6 @QD TRDC, @KNMF VHSG @ AN@QC VHSG SGNRD MTLADQR. *M SGD 7HDSM@LDRD UDQRHNM, E@HQ CHBD VHSG
OHBSTQDR NE @ FNTQC, EHRG, QNNRSDQ, BQ@A, BQ@XEHRG, @MC CDDQ @QD TRDC. 5GD AN@QC G@R SGNRD RHW NAIDBSR NM HS, @KRN. 8D VHKK OK@X
VHSG ADSR ADHMF $1. 5GD OK@XDQ OK@BDR @ ADS NM @ MTLADQ NQ NAIDBS. 5GD oGNTRDp QNKKR SGQDD CHBD. *E MNMD NE SGD CHBD RGNV SGD
MTLADQ NQ NAIDBS SG@S V@R ADS, SGD GNTRD JDDOR SGD $1 ADS. *E NMD NE SGD CHBD RGNVR SGD MTLADQ NQ NAIDBS ADS (@MC SGD NSGDQ
SVN CN MNS RGNV HS), SGD OK@XDQ FDSR A@BJ GHR NQ GDQ $1 ADS, OKTR $1 OQNEHS. *E SVN NE SGD CHBD RGNV SGD MTLADQ NQ NAIDBS ADS
(@MC SGD SGHQC CHD CNDR MNS RGNV HS), SGD OK@XDQ FDSR A@BJ GHR NQ GDQ $1 ADS, OKTR $2 OQNEHS. *E @KK SGQDD CHBD RGNV SGD MTLADQ
NQ NAIDBS ADS, SGD OK@XDQ FDSR A@BJ GHR NQ GDQ $1 ADS, OKTR $3 OQNEHS. -DS 1 = MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR @MC 2 = OQNEHS ODQ F@LD.
@. -HRS SGD U@KTDR SG@S 2 L@X S@JD NM. 5GDM, BNMRSQTBS NMD 1%' S@AKD SG@S HMBKTCDR ANSG 1 @MC 2 @MC SGDHQ
OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
A. $@KBTK@SD SGD @UDQ@FD DWODBSDC L@SBGDR NUDQ SGD KNMF QTM NE OK@XHMF SGHR F@LD ENQ SGD OK@XDQ.
B. $@KBTK@SD SGD @UDQ@FD DWODBSDC D@QMHMFR NUDQ SGD KNMF QTM NE OK@XHMF SGHR F@LD ENQ SGD OK@XDQ.
C. %DSDQLHMD VGN G@R SGD @CU@MS@FD, SGD OK@XDQ NQ SGD GNTRD.
102. "BBNQCHMF SN 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, NMKX 9% NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM NE 6F@MC@ G@C @BBDRR SN DKDBSQHBHSX @R NE 2009. 4TOONRD VD
Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD 150 ODNOKD HM 6F@MC@. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN G@UD @BBDRR SN DKDBSQHBHSX.
>. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@R, B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
?. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 15 ODNOKD HM SGD R@LOKD G@UD @BBDRR SN DKDBSQHBHSX.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS SDM ODNOKD HM SGD R@LOKD G@UD @BBDRR SN DKDBSQHBHSX.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M 25 ODNOKD HM SGD R@LOKD G@UD @BBDRR SN DKDBSQHBHSX.
103. 5GD KHSDQ@BX Q@SD ENQ @ M@SHNM LD@RTQDR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD @FD 15 @MC NUDQ SG@S B@M QD@C @MC VQHSD. 5GD KHSDQ@BX
Q@SD HM "EFG@MHRS@M HR 28.1%. 4TOONRD XNT BGNNRD 15 ODNOKD HM "EFG@MHRS@M @S Q@MCNL. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN
@QD KHSDQ@SD.
=. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M EHUD ODNOKD HM SGD R@LOKD @QD KHSDQ@SD. *R HS HR LNQD KHJDKX SG@S SGQDD ODNOKD NQ
ENTQ ODNOKD @QD KHSDQ@SD.
104. " BNMRTLDQ KNNJHMF SN ATX @ TRDC QDC .H@S@ B@Q VHKK B@KK CD@KDQRGHOR TMSHK RGD EHMCR @ CD@KDQRGHO SG@S B@QQHDR SGD B@Q.
4GD DRSHL@SDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @MX HMCDODMCDMS CD@KDQRGHO VHKK G@UD SGD B@Q VHKK AD 28%. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ
NE CD@KDQRGHOR RGD LTRS B@KK.
@. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX CD@KDQRGHOR VNTKC VD DWODBS GDQ SN G@UD SN B@KK TMSHK RGD EHMCR NMD SG@S G@R SGD B@Q
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD LTRS B@KK @S LNRS ENTQ CD@KDQRGHOR.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD LTRS B@KK SGQDD NQ ENTQ CD@KDQRGHOR.
105. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M @CTKS HM "LDQHB@ VHKK V@SBG SGD 4TODQ #NVK HR 40%. &@BG ODQRNM HR BNMRHCDQDC
HMCDODMCDMS. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE @CTKSR HM "LDQHB@ VD LTRS RTQUDX TMSHK VD EHMC NMD VGN VHKK V@SBG SGD
4TODQ #NVK.
@. )NV L@MX @CTKSR HM "LDQHB@ CN XNT DWODBS SN RTQUDX TMSHK XNT EHMC NMD VGN VHKK V@SBG SGD 4TODQ #NVK
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ RDUDM ODNOKD.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ SGQDD NQ ENTQ ODNOKD.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 301
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106. *S G@R ADDM DRSHL@SDC SG@S NMKX @ANTS 30% NE $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR. 4TOONRD VD
@QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR VD LTRS RTQUDX TMSHK VD EHMC @ QDRHCDMS VGN CNDR CDI G@UD @CDPT@SD
D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR.
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S VD LTRS RTQUDX ITRS NMD NQ SVN QDRHCDMSR TMSHK VD EHMC @ $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMS VGN CNDR
MNS G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S VD LTRS RTQUDX @S KD@RS SGQDD $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR TMSHK VD EHMC @ $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMS
VGN CNDR MNS G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR
B. )NV L@MX $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR CN XNT DWODBS SN MDDC SN RTQUDX TMSHK XNT EHMC @ $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMS VGN 9D:H CDI
G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR
C. )NV L@MX $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMSR CN XNT DWODBS SN MDDC SN RTQUDX TMSHK XNT EHMC @ $@KHENQMH@ QDRHCDMS VGN 9D:H
G@UD @CDPT@SD D@QSGPT@JD RTOOKHDR
107. *M NMD NE HSR 4OQHMF B@S@KNFR, -.-. #D@M_ @CUDQSHRDC ENNSVD@Q NM 29 NE HSR 192 B@S@KNF O@FDR. 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX
RTQUDX 20 O@FDR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR SG@S @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q. &@BG O@FD L@X AD OHBJDC LNQD SG@M
NMBD.
@. )NV L@MX O@FDR CN XNT DWODBS SN @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q NM SGDL
A. *R HS OQNA@AKD SG@S @KK SVDMSX VHKK @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q NM SGDL 8GX NQ VGX MNS
B. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S EDVDQ SG@M SDM VHKK @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q NM SGDL
C. 3DLHMCDQ: " O@FD L@X AD OHBJDC LNQD SG@M NMBD. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR SG@S VD LTRS
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX TMSHK VD EHMC NMD SG@S G@R ENNSVD@Q @CUDQSHRDC NM HS. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 @MC FHUD HSR
CHRSQHATSHNM.
D. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT NMKX MDDC SN RTQUDX @S LNRS SGQDD O@FDR HM NQCDQ SN EHMC NMD SG@S @CUDQSHRDR
ENNSVD@Q NM HS
E. )NV L@MX O@FDR CN XNT DWODBS SN MDDC SN RTQUDX HM NQCDQ SN EHMC NMD SG@S @CUDQSHRDR ENNSVD@Q
108. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT @QD ODQENQLHMF SGD OQNA@AHKHSX DWODQHLDMS NE QNKKHMF NMD E@HQ RHW-RHCDC CHD. -DS F AD SGD DUDMS NE
QNKKHMF @ ENTQ NQ @ EHUD. :NT @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM GNV L@MX SHLDR XNT MDDC SN QNKK SGD CHD HM NQCDQ SN NAS@HM SGD EHQRS ENTQ NQ EHUD
@R SGD NTSBNLD.
c F = OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR (DUDMS F NBBTQR)
c G = OQNA@AHKHSX NE E@HKTQD (DUDMS F CNDR MNS NBBTQ)
=. 8QHSD SGD CDRBQHOSHNM NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. 8G@S @QD SGD U@KTDR SG@S 1 B@M S@JD NM
?. 'HMC SGD U@KTDR NE F @MC G.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD EHQRS NBBTQQDMBD NE DUDMS F (QNKKHMF @ ENTQ NQ EHUD) HR NM SGD RDBNMC SQH@K.
109. &KKDM G@R LTRHB OQ@BSHBD SGQDD C@X R @ VDDJ. 4GD OQ@BSHBDR ENQ @KK NE SGD SGQDD C@X R 85% NE SGD SHLD, SVN C@X R 8% NE
SGD SHLD, NMD C@X 4% NE SGD SHLD, @MC MN C@X R 3% NE SGD SHLD. 0MD VDDJ HR RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD
NM
110. 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ QDBNQCR SGD OQDU@KDMBD NE )*7 HM BNTMSQHDR @QNTMC SGD VNQKC. "BBNQCHMF SN SGDHQ C@S@, o1QDU@KDMBD NE
)*7 QDEDQR SN SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE ODNOKD @FDR 15 SN 49 VGN @QD HMEDBSDC VHSG )*7.p
<1=
*M 4NTSG "EQHB@, SGD OQDU@KDMBD NE )*7
HR 17.3%. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD XNT SDRS TMSHK XNT EHMC @ ODQRNM HMEDBSDC VHSG )*7.
=. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS SDRS 30 ODNOKD SN EHMC NMD VHSG )*7
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ SDM ODNOKD
@. 'HMC SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
111. "BBNQCHMF SN @ QDBDMS 1DV 3DRD@QBG ONKK, 75% NE LHKKDMH@KR (ODNOKD ANQM ADSVDDM 1981 @MC 1995) G@UD @ OQNEHKD NM
@ RNBH@K MDSVNQJHMF RHSD. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE LHKKDMH@KR XNT @RJ TMSHK XNT EHMC @ ODQRNM VHSGNTS @ OQNEHKD NM @ RNBH@K
MDSVNQJHMF RHSD.
=. %DRBQHAD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
>. 'HMC SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ SDM ODNOKD SN EHMC NMD ODQRNM VHSGNTS @ RNBH@K MDSVNQJHMF RHSD
1. p1QDU@KDMBD NE )*7, SNS@K (% NE ONOTK@SHNMR @FDR 15-49),p 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://C@S@.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF/HMCHB@SNQ/
4).%:/."*%4.;4NQCDQ=VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD?2011+VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD+VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD-K@RS&RNQS=CDRB (@BBDRRDC .@X
15, 2013).
302 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ 20 ODNOKD SN EHMC NMD ODQRNM VHSGNTS @ RNBH@K MDSVNQJHMF RHSD
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS @RJ 7J CEIJ EHUD ODNOKD
112. " FQNTO NE .@QSH@K "QSR RSTCDMSR HR OK@MMHMF NM O@QSHBHO@SHMF HM @M TOBNLHMF CDLNMRSQ@SHNM. 4HW @QD RSTCDMSR NE
5@D ,VNM %N; RDUDM @QD RSTCDMSR NE 4GNSNJ@M ,@Q@SD. 4TOONRD SG@S DHFGS RSTCDMSR @QD Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC SN AD HM SGD EHQRS
CDLNMRSQ@SHNM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE 4GNSNJ@M ,@Q@SD RSTCDMSR HM SG@S EHQRS CDLNMRSQ@SHNM.
@. )NV L@MX 4GNSNJ@M ,@Q@SD RSTCDMSR CN VD DWODBS SN AD HM SG@S EHQRS CDLNMRSQ@SHNM
113. *M NMD NE HSR 4OQHMF B@S@KNFR, -.-. #D@M_ @CUDQSHRDC ENNSVD@Q NM 29 NE HSR 192 B@S@KNF O@FDR. 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX
RTQUDX 20 O@FDR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR SG@S @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q. &@BG O@FD L@X AD OHBJDC @S LNRS NMBD.
@. )NV L@MX O@FDR CN XNT DWODBS SN @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q NM SGDL
A. $@KBTK@SD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
114. 4TOONRD SG@S @ SDBGMNKNFX S@RJ ENQBD HR ADHMF ENQLDC SN RSTCX SDBGMNKNFX @V@QDMDRR @LNMF HMRSQTBSNQR. "RRTLD SG@S
SDM ODNOKD VHKK AD Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM SN AD NM SGD BNLLHSSDD EQNL @ FQNTO NE 28 UNKTMSDDQR, 20 VGN @QD SDBGMHB@KKX OQNEHBHDMS
@MC DHFGS VGN @QD MNS. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NM SGD BNLLHSSDD VGN @QD CDI SDBGMHB@KKX OQNEHBHDMS.
@. )NV L@MX HMRSQTBSNQR CN XNT DWODBS NM SGD BNLLHSSDD VGN @QD CDI SDBGMHB@KKX OQNEHBHDMS
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS EHUD NM SGD BNLLHSSDD @QD MNS SDBGMHB@KKX OQNEHBHDMS.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S LNRS SGQDD NM SGD BNLLHSSDD @QD MNS SDBGMHB@KKX OQNEHBHDMS.
115. 4TOONRD SG@S MHMD .@RR@BGTRDSSR @SGKDSDR @QD RBGDCTKDC SN @OOD@Q @S @ BG@QHSX ADMDEHS. 5GD MHMD @QD Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM
EQNL DHFGS UNKTMSDDQR EQNL SGD #NRSNM $DKSHBR @MC ENTQ UNKTMSDDQR EQNL SGD /DV &MFK@MC 1@SQHNSR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD
MTLADQ NE 1@SQHNSR OHBJDC.
@. "QD XNT BGNNRHMF SGD MHMD @SGKDSDR VHSG NQ VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @KK NE SGD UNKTMSDDQR VHKK AD EQNL SGD $DKSHBR.
B. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S LNQD NE SGD UNKTMSDDQR VHKK AD EQNL SGD 1@SQHNSR NQ EQNL SGD $DKSHBR )NV CN XNT JMNV
116. " AQHCFD G@MC HR CDEHMDC @R 13 B@QCR RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL@MC VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS EQNL@ CDBJ NE 52 B@QCR. *M @ RS@MC@QC
CDBJ NE B@QCR, SGDQD @QD 13 B@QCR EQNL D@BG RTHS: GD@QSR, RO@CDR, BKTAR, @MC CH@LNMCR. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE ADHMF CD@KS
@ G@MC SG@S CNDR MNS BNMS@HM @ GD@QS
=. 8G@S HR SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS
>. )NV L@MX @QD HM SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS
?. )NV L@MX @QD HM SGD NSGDQ FQNTO
@. -DS 1 = ?????????. 8G@S U@KTDR CNDR 1 S@JD NM
A. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM HR )(???????).
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX HM PTDRSHNM.
C. 'HMC SGD (H) LD@M @MC (HH) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
117. 5GD RVHSBGAN@QC HM @ .HMMD@ONKHR K@V NEEHBD FDSR @M @UDQ@FD NE 5.5 HMBNLHMF OGNMD B@KKR CTQHMF SGD MNNM GNTQ NM
.NMC@XR. &WODQHDMBD RGNVR SG@S SGD DWHRSHMF RS@EE B@M G@MCKD TO SN RHW B@KKR HM @M GNTQ. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE B@KKR QDBDHUDC
CTQHMF @S MNNM.
=. 'HMC SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD NEEHBD QDBDHUDR @S LNRS RHW B@KKR @S MNNM NM .NMC@X
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD K@V NEEHBD QDBDHUDR RHW B@KKR @S MNNM. 8G@S CNDR SGHR LD@M SN SGD K@V NEEHBD RS@EE VGN
FDS, NM @UDQ@FD, 5.5 HMBNLHMF OGNMD B@KKR @S MNNM
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD NEEHBD QDBDHUDR LNQD SG@M DHFGS B@KKR @S MNNM
118. 5GD L@SDQMHSX V@QC @S %Q. +NRD '@ADKK@ .DLNQH@K )NROHS@K HM .@MHK@ HM SGD 1GHKHOOHMDR HR NMD NE SGD ATRHDRS HM SGD
VNQKC VHSG @M @UDQ@FD NE 60 AHQSGR ODQ C@X. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE AHQSGR HM @M GNTQ.
=. 'HMC SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 303
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>. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD L@SDQMHSX V@QC VHKK CDKHUDQ SGQDD A@AHDR HM NMD GNTQ
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD L@SDQMHSX V@QC VHKK CDKHUDQ @S LNRS SGQDD A@AHDR HM NMD GNTQ
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD L@SDQMHSX V@QC VHKK CDKHUDQ LNQD SG@M EHUD A@AHDR HM NMD GNTQ
119. " L@MTE@BSTQDQ NE $GQHRSL@R SQDD KHFGS ATKAR JMNVR SG@S 3%NE HSR ATKAR @QD CDEDBSHUD. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSQHMF
NE 100 KHFGSR BNMS@HMR @S LNRS ENTQ CDEDBSHUD ATKAR TRHMF ANSG SGD AHMNLH@K @MC 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNMR.
120. 5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM @ +@O@MDRD VNL@M G@R HM GDQ KHEDSHLD HR 1.37. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD +@O@MDRD VNL@M HR
Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R MN BGHKCQDM.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R EDVDQ BGHKCQDM SG@M SGD +@O@MDRD @UDQ@FD.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R LNQD BGHKCQDM SG@M SGD +@O@MDRD @UDQ@FD.
121. 5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM @ 4O@MHRG VNL@M G@R HM GDQ KHEDSHLD HR 1.47. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD 4O@MHRG VNL@M HR
Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKD 1.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R MN BGHKCQDM.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R EDVDQ BGHKCQDM SG@M SGD 4O@MHRG @UDQ@FD.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R LNQD BGHKCQDM SG@M SGD 4O@MHRG @UDQ@FD .
122. 'DQSHKD, EDL@KD B@SR OQNCTBD @M @UDQ@FD NE SGQDD KHSSDQR ODQ XD@Q. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD EDQSHKD, EDL@KD B@S HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM.
*M NMD XD@Q, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX RGD OQNCTBDR:
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1 ] ???????
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R MN KHSSDQR HM NMD XD@Q.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R @S KD@RS SVN KHSSDQR HM NMD XD@Q.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD G@R DW@BSKX SGQDD KHSSDQR HM NMD XD@Q.
123. 5GD BG@MBD NE G@UHMF @M DWSQ@ ENQSTMD HM @ ENQSTMD BNNJHD HR @ANTS 3%. (HUDM @ A@F NE 144 ENQSTMD BNNJHDR, VD @QD
HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE BNNJHDR VHSG @M DWSQ@ ENQSTMD. 5VN CHRSQHATSHNMR L@X AD TRDC SN RNKUD SGHR OQNAKDL, ATS NMKX TRD
NMD CHRSQHATSHNM SN RNKUD SGD OQNAKDL.
@. )NV L@MX BNNJHDR CN VD DWODBS SN G@UD @M DWSQ@ ENQSTMD
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S MNMD NE SGD BNNJHDR G@UD @M DWSQ@ ENQSTMD.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M SGQDD G@UD @M DWSQ@ ENQSTMD.
C. "R D HMBQD@RDR, VG@S G@OODMR HMUNKUHMF SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR TRHMF SGD SVN CHRSQHATSHNMR &WOK@HM HM BNLOKDSD
RDMSDMBDR.
124. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD 4NTSG $@QNKHM@ %DO@QSLDMS NE .DMS@K )D@KSG VDA RHSD, ENQ DUDQX 200 6.4. VNLDM, SGD @UDQ@FD
MTLADQ VGN RTEEDQ EQNL @MNQDWH@ HR NMD. 0TS NE @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM FQNTO NE 600 6.4. VNLDM CDSDQLHMD SGD ENKKNVHMF.
?. (HUD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE1. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV L@MX @QD DWODBSDC SN RTEEDQ EQNL @MNQDWH@
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S MN NMD RTEEDQR EQNL @MNQDWH@.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M ENTQ RTEEDQ EQNL @MNQDWH@.
125. 5GD BG@MBD NE @M *34 @TCHS ENQ @ S@W QDSTQM VHSG NUDQ $25,000 HM HMBNLD HR @ANTS 2%ODQ XD@Q. 4TOONRD SG@S 100 ODNOKD
VHSG S@W QDSTQMR NUDQ $25,000 @QD Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD @TCHSDC HM NMD XD@Q. 6RD @
1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM SN @MVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
@. )NV L@MX @QD DWODBSDC SN AD @TCHSDC
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S MN NMD V@R @TCHSDC.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS SGQDD VDQD @TCHSDC.
304 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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126. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 8% NE RSTCDMSR @S @ KNB@K GHFG RBGNNK O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK. "
FQNTO NE 60 RDMHNQR HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD MTLADQ SG@S O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE
GHFG RBGNNK.
@. )NV L@MX RDMHNQR @QD DWODBSDC SN G@UD O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK
A. #@RDC NM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, VNTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE MNMD NE SGD RDMHNQR O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR @KK
ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
B. #@RDC NM MTLDQHB@K U@KTDR, HR HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S ENTQ NQ SG@S EHUD NE SGD RDMHNQR O@QSHBHO@SDC HM @ESDQ-RBGNNK RONQSR
@KK ENTQ XD@QR NE GHFG RBGNNK +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
127. 0M @UDQ@FD, 1HDQQD, @M @L@SDTQ BGDE, CQNOR SGQDD OHDBDR NE DFF RGDKK HMSN DUDQX SVN B@JD A@SSDQR GD L@JDR. 4TOONRD
SG@S XNT ATX NMD NE GHR B@JDR.
@. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX OHDBDR NE DFF RGDKK CN XNT DWODBS SN AD HM SGD B@JD
A. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD VHKK MNS AD @MX OHDBDR NE DFF RGDKK HM SGD B@JD
B. -DSnR R@X SG@S XNT ATX NMD NE 1HDQQDnR B@JDR D@BG VDDJ ENQ RHW VDDJR. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD VHKK MNS
AD @MX DFF RGDKK HM @MX NE SGD B@JDR
C. #@RDC TONM SGD @UDQ@FD FHUDM ENQ 1HDQQD, HR HS ONRRHAKD ENQ SGDQD SN AD RDUDM OHDBDR NE RGDKK HM SGD B@JD 8GX
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE SHLDR ODQ VDDJ SG@S .QR. 1KTLnR
B@SR V@JD GDQ TO @S MHFGS ADB@TRD SGDX V@MS SN OK@X HR SDM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR GDQ B@SR V@JD GDQ TO
D@BG VDDJ.
128. *M VNQCR, SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 = ?????????????????
=. SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR .QR. 1KTLnR B@SR V@JD GDQ TO D@BG VDDJ.
>. SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR .QR. 1KTLnR B@SR V@JD GDQ TO D@BG GNTQ.
?. SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR .QR. 1KTLnR B@SR V@JD GDQ TO D@BG MHFGS.
@. SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR .QR. 1KTLnR B@SR V@JD GDQ TO.
129. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GDQ B@SR VHKK V@JD GDQ TO MN LNQD SG@M EHUD SHLDR MDWS VDDJ.
=. 0.5000
>. 0.9329
?. 0.0378
@. 0.0671
0#$#0#,!#1
$K@RR $@S@KNFTD @S SGD 'KNQHC@ 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSOR://@OOR.NSH.ERT.DCT/3DFHRSQ@Q$NTQRD-NNJTO/
4D@QBG'NQL-DF@BX (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o8NQKC &@QSGPT@JDR: -HUD &@QSGPT@JD /DVR @MC )HFGKHFGSR,p 8NQKC &@QSGPT@JDR, 2012. GSSO://VVV.VNQKC-
D@QSGPT@JDR.BNL/HMCDW.OGONOSHNM=DSGP?OQDCHBSHNM (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o"BBDRR SN DKDBSQHBHSX (% NE ONOTK@SHNM),p 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://C@S@.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF/HMCHB@SNQ/
&(.&-$."$$4.;4NQCDQ=VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD?2009%20VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD%20VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD-EHQRS&RNQS=@RB (@BBDRRDC
.@X 15, 2015).
o%HRS@MBD &CTB@SHNM.p 8HJHODCH@. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DM.VHJHODCH@.NQF/VHJH/%HRS@MBD?DCTB@SHNM (@BBDRRDC .@X 15,
2013).
o/#" 4S@SHRSHBR k 2013,p &41/ /#", 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DROM.FN.BNL/MA@/RS@SHRSHBR/?/RD@RNMSXOD/2 (@BBDRRDC
.@X 15, 2013).
/DVONQS, 'Q@MJ. o"LDQHB@MR 4SHKK &MINX 4@UHMF 3@SGDQ SG@M 4ODMCHMF: 'DV CDLNFQ@OGHB CHEEDQDMBDR RDDM HM SGDRD UHDVR
NSGDQ SG@M AX HMBNLD,p ("--61_ &BNMNLX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.F@KKTO.BNL/ONKK/162368/@LDQHB@MR-
DMINX-R@UHMF-Q@SGDQ-RODMCHMF.@ROW (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
1QXNQ, +NGM )., -HMC@ %D"MFDKN, -@TQ@ 1@KTBJH #K@JD, 4XKUH@ )TQS@CN, 4DQFD 5Q@M. ->; AC;H?97D FH;I>C7D: '7J?ED7B
'EHCI F7BB 2011. -NR "MFDKDR: $NNODQ@SHUD *MRSHSTSHNM@K 3DRD@QBG 1QNFQ@L @S SGD )HFGDQ &CTB@SHNM 3DRD@QBG *MRSHSTSD
@S 6$-", 2011. "KRN @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://GDQH.TBK@.DCT/1%'R/OTAR/5'4//NQLR/.NMNFQ@OGR/
5GD"LDQHB@M'QDRGL@M2011.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o5GD 8NQKC '@BS#NNJ,p $DMSQ@K *MSDKKHFDMBD "FDMBX. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSOR://VVV.BH@.FNU/KHAQ@QX/OTAKHB@SHNMR/SGD-
VNQKC-E@BSANNJ/FDNR/@E.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 305
D
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o8G@S @QD SGD JDX RS@SHRSHBR @ANTS O@MBQD@SHB B@MBDQp "LDQHB@M $@MBDQ 4NBHDSX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.B@MBDQ.NQF/B@MBDQ/O@MBQD@SHBB@MBDQ/CDS@HKDCFTHCD/O@MBQD@SHB-B@MBDQ-JDX-RS@SHRSHBR (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o.HKKDMMH@KR: " 1NQSQ@HS NE (DMDQ@SHNM /DWS,p 1DV3DRD@QBG$DMSDQ. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ODVRNBH@KSQDMCR.NQF/
EHKDR/2010/10/LHKKDMMH@KR-BNMEHCDMS-BNMMDBSDC-NODM-SN-BG@MFD.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o.HKKDMMH@KR: $NMEHCDMS. $NMMDBSDC. 0ODM SN $G@MFD.p &WDBTSHUD 4TLL@QX AX 1DV3DRD@QBG 4NBH@K & %DLNFQ@OGHB
5QDMCR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ODVRNBH@KSQDMCR.NQF/2010/02/24/LHKKDMMH@KR-BNMEHCDMS-BNMMDBSDC-NODM-SN-
BG@MFD/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o1QDU@KDMBD NE )*7, SNS@K (% NE ONOTK@SHNMR @FDR 15-49),p 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://C@S@.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF/HMCHB@SNQ/
4).%:/."*%4.;4NQCDQ=VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD?2011+VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD+VA@OH?C@S@?U@KTD-K@RS&RNQS=CDRB (@BBDRRDC .@X
15, 2013).
1QXNQ, +NGM )., -HMC@ %D"MFDKN, -@TQ@ 1@KTBJH #K@JD, 4XKUH@ )TQS@CN, 4DQFD 5Q@M. ->; AC;H?97D FH;I>C7D: '7J?ED7B
'EHCI F7BB 2011. -NR "MFDKDR: $NNODQ@SHUD *MRSHSTSHNM@K 3DRD@QBG 1QNFQ@L @S SGD )HFGDQ &CTB@SHNM 3DRD@QBG *MRSHSTSD
@S 6$-", 2011. "KRN @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://GDQH.TBK@.DCT/1%'R/OTAR/5'4//NQLR/.NMNFQ@OGR/
5GD"LDQHB@M'QDRGL@M2011.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o4TLL@QX NE SGD /@SHNM@K 3HRJ @MC 7TKMDQ@AHKHSX "RRDRRLDMS 2007/8: " OQNEHKD NE "EFG@MHRS@M,p 5GD &TQNOD@M 6MHNM @MC
*$0/-*MRSHSTSD. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DB.DTQNO@.DT/DTQNOD@HC/VGDQD/@RH@/CNBTLDMSR/@EFG?AQNBGTQD?RTLL@QX?DM.OCE
(@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o5GD 8NQKC '@BS#NNJ,p $DMSQ@K *MSDKKHFDMBD "FDMBX. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSOR://VVV.BH@.FNU/KHAQ@QX/OTAKHB@SHNMR/SGD-
VNQKC-E@BSANNJ/FDNR/@E.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o6/*$&' QDONQSR NM 'DL@KD -HSDQ@BX $DMSDQR HM "EFG@MHRS@M DRS@AKHRGDC SN SD@BG VNLDM @MC FHQKR A@RHB QDR@CHMF <RHB=
@MC VQHSHMF RJHKKR,p 6/*$&' 5DKDUHRHNM. 7HCDN @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.TMHBDETR@.NQF/@RRDSR/UHCDN/@EFG@M-EDL@KD-
KHSDQ@BX-BDMSDQR.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o"5- '@BS 4GDDS,p %DO@QSLDMS NE "UH@SHNM @S SGD )@QSREHDKC-+@BJRNM "SK@MS@ *MSDQM@SHNM@K "HQONQS, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD
@S GSSO://VVV.@SK@MS@-@HQONQS.BNL/"HQONQS/"5-/"5-?'@BS4GDDS.@ROW (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
$DMSDQ ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. o5DDM %QHUDQR: '@BS 4GDDS,p *MITQX 1QDUDMSHNM & $NMSQNK: .NSNQ 7DGHBKD 4@EDSX,
0BSNADQ 2, 2012. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/.NSNQUDGHBKDR@EDSX/5DDM?%QHUDQR/SDDMCQHUDQR?E@BSRGDDS.GSLK
(@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o$GHKCQDM @MC $GHKCQD@QHMF,p .HMHRSQX NE )D@KSG, -@ANTQ, @MC 8DKE@QD. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.LGKV.FN.IO/DMFKHRG/
ONKHBX/BGHKCQDM/BGHKCQDM-BGHKCQD@QHMF/HMCDW.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o&@SHMF %HRNQCDQ 4S@SHRSHBR,p 4NTSG $@QNKHM@ %DO@QSLDMS NE .DMS@K )D@KSG, 2006. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.RS@SD.RB.TR/
CLG/@MNQDWH@/RS@SHRSHBR.GSL (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o(HUHMF #HQSG HM .@MHK@: 5GD L@SDQMHSX V@QC @S SGD %Q +NRD '@ADKK@ .DLNQH@K )NROHS@K HM .@MHK@, SGD ATRHDRS HM SGD
1GHKHOOHMDR, VGDQD SGDQD HR @M @UDQ@FD NE 60 AHQSGR @ C@X,p SGDFT@QCH@M, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.SGDFT@QCH@M.BNL/VNQKC/F@KKDQX/2011/ITM/08/OGHKHOOHMDR-GD@KSG#/OHBSTQD=375471900&HMCDW=2 (@BBDRRDC .@X
15, 2013).
o)NV "LDQHB@MR 6RD 5DWS .DRR@FHMF,p 1DV *MSDQMDS, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://ODVHMSDQMDS.NQF/3DONQSR/2011/$DKK-
1GNMD-5DWSHMF-2011/.@HM-3DONQS.@ROW (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
-DMG@QS, "L@MC@. o5DDMR, 4L@QSOGNMDR &5DRSHMF: 5DWSHMF UNKTLHR TO VGHKD SGD EQDPTDMBX NE UNHBD B@KKHMF HR CNVM. "ANTS
NMD HM ENTQ SDDMR R@X SGDX NVM RL@QSOGNMDR,p 1DV *MSDQMDS, 2012. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ODVHMSDQMDS.NQF/]/LDCH@/
'HKDR/3DONQSR/2012/1*1?5DDMR?4L@QSOGNMDR?@MC?5DWSHMF.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o0MD ANQM DUDQX LHMTSD: SGD L@SDQMHSX TMHS VGDQD LNSGDQR @QD 5)3&& SN @ ADC,p .@HK0MKHMD. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.C@HKXL@HK.BN.TJ/MDVR/@QSHBKD-2001422/#TRHDRS-L@SDQMHSX-V@QC-OK@MDS-@UDQ@FDR-60-A@AHDR-C@X-LNSGDQR-
ADC.GSLK (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
7@MCDQJ@L, -@TQ@. o4SNO $GDBJHMF :NTQ &L@HK, /NV.p $//.NMDX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://L@M@FDLDMS.ENQSTMD.BMM.BNL/2012/10/08/RSNO-BGDBJHMF-XNTQ-DL@HK-MNV/ (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
o8NQKC &@QSGPT@JDR: -HUD &@QSGPT@JD /DVR @MC )HFGKHFGSR,p 8NQKC &@QSGPT@JDR, 2012. GSSO://VVV.VNQKC-
D@QSGPT@JDR.BNL/HMCDW.OGONOSHNM=DSGP?OQDCHBSHNM (@BBDRRDC .@X 15, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1
306 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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: P(:)
0 0.12
1 0.18
2 0.30
3 0.15
4 0.10
5 0.10
6 0.05
167A: 4.38
3 0.10 + 0.05 = 0.15
5 1
7 0.35 + 0.40 + 0.10 = 0.85
9 1(0.15) + 2(0.35) + 3(0.40) + 4(0.10) = 0.15 + 0.70 + 1.20 + 0.40 = 2.45
11
: P(:)
0 0.03
1 0.04
2 0.08
3 0.85
167A: 4.39
13 -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE DUDMSR +@UHDQ UNKTMSDDQR ENQ D@BG LNMSG.
15
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 307
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: P(:)
0 0.05
1 0.05
2 0.10
3 0.20
4 0.25
5 0.35
167A: 4.40
17 1 k 0.05 = 0.95
19 0.2 + 1.2 + 2.4 + 1.6 = 5.4
21 5GD U@KTDR NE )(N) CN MNS RTL SN NMD.
23 -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR @ OGXRHBR L@INQ VHKK RODMC CNHMF ONRS-FQ@CT@SD QDRD@QBG.
25 1 k 0.35 k 0.20 k 0.15 k 0.10 k 0.05 = 0.15
27 1(0.35) + 2(0.20) + 3(0.15) + 4(0.15) + 5(0.10) + 6(0.05) = 0.35 + 0.40 + 0.45 + 0.60 + 0.50 + 0.30 = 2.6 XD@QR
29 1 HR SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR @ RSTCDMS RSTCHDR A@KKDS VHSG SGD SD@BGDQ.
31 0.10 + 0.05 + 0.10 = 0.25
33 5GD RTL NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR RTL SN NMD ADB@TRD HS HR @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
35 2
40
52
+ 30
12
52
= 1.54 + 6.92 = 5.38

37 1 = SGD MTLADQ SG@S QDOKX oXDRp
39 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
41 5.7
43 0.4151
45 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE EQDRGLDM RDKDBSDC EQNL SGD RSTCX TMSHK NMD QDOKHDC "XDR" SG@S R@LD-RDW BNTOKDR RGNTKC G@UD SGD QHFGS
SN KDF@K L@QHS@K RS@STR.
47 1,2,r
49 1.4
51 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ATRHMDRR L@INQR HM SGD R@LOKD.
53 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
308 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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55 6.26
57 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, r
59 0.0485
61 0.0214
63 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE 6.4. SDDMR VGN CHD EQNL LNSNQ UDGHBKD HMITQHDR ODQ C@X.
65 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
67 /N
71 5GD U@QH@AKD NE HMSDQDRS HR 1, NQ SGD F@HM NQ KNRR, HM CNKK@QR. 5GD E@BD B@QCR I@BJ, PTDDM, @MC JHMF. 5GDQD @QD(3)(4) = 12
E@BD B@QCR @MC 52 k 12 = 40 B@QCR SG@S @QD MNS E@BD B@QCR. 8D EHQRS MDDC SN BNMRSQTBS SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1. 8D
TRD SGD B@QC @MC BNHM DUDMSR SN CDSDQLHMD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ D@BG NTSBNLD, ATS VD TRD SGD LNMDS@QX U@KTD NE 1 SN CDSDQLHMD
SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD.
6G9 "K:CI " C:I <6>C/ADHH P(")
'@BD $@QC @MC )D@CR 6

12
52
1
2
6
52
'@BD $@QC @MC 5@HKR 2

12
52
1
2
6
52
(/NS '@BD $@QC) @MC () NQ 5) k2

40
52
(1) =

40
52
167A: 4.41
q Expected value = (6)
6
52
+ (2)
6
52
+ ( 2)
40
52
=
32
52
q &WODBSDC U@KTD = k$0.62, QNTMCDC SN SGD MD@QDRS BDMS
q *E XNT OK@X SGHR F@LD QDOD@SDCKX, NUDQ @ KNMF MTLADQ NE F@LDR, XNT VNTKC DWODBS SN KNRS 62 BDMSR ODQ F@LD, NM @UDQ@FD.
q :NT RGNTKC MNS OK@X SGHR F@LD SN VHM LNMDX ADB@TRD SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD HMCHB@SDR @M DWODBSDC @UDQ@FD KNRR.
73
@. 0.1
A. 1.6
75
@.
0D;IL6G: DBE6CN
: P(:)
5,000,000 0.10
1,000,000 0.30
167A: 4.42
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 309
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0D;IL6G: DBE6CN
: P(:)
k1,000,000 0.60
167A: 4.42
%6G9L6G: DBE6CN
: P(:)
3,000,000 0.20
1,000,000 0.40
k1,000,00 0.40
167A: 4.43
B>DI:8= #>GB
: P(:)
6,00,000 0.10
0 0.70
k1,000,000 0.20
167A: 4.44
A. $200,000; $600,000; $400,000
B. SGHQC HMUDRSLDMS ADB@TRD HS G@R SGD KNVDRS OQNA@AHKHSX NE KNRR
C. EHQRS HMUDRSLDMS ADB@TRD HS G@R SGD GHFGDRS OQNA@AHKHSX NE KNRR
D. RDBNMC HMUDRSLDMS
77 4.85 XD@QR
79 A
81 -DS 1 = SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX SN AD VNM NM @ SHBJDS. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD RGNVR SGD 1%' ENQ 1.
: P(:)
0 0.969
167A: 4.45
310 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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: P(:)
5
250
10,000
= 0.025
25
50
10,000
= 0.005
100
10
10,000
= 0.001
167A: 4.45
$@KBTK@SD SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD NE 1. 0(0.969) + 5(0.025) + 25(0.005) + 100(0.001) = 0.35 " E@HQ OQHBD ENQ @ SHBJDS HR $0.35.
"MX OQHBD NUDQ $0.35 VHKK DM@AKD SGD KNSSDQX SN Q@HRD LNMDX.
83 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE O@SHDMSR B@KKHMF HM BK@HLHMF SN G@UD SGD EKT, VGN @BST@KKX G@UD SGD EKT. 1 = 0, 1, 2, ...25
85 0.0165
87
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE %7%R @ 7HCDN SN (N BTRSNLDQ QDMSR
A. 0.12
B. 0.11
C. 0.77
89 C. 4.43
91 B
93
q 1 = MTLADQ NE PTDRSHNMR @MRVDQDC BNQQDBSKX
q 1 ] B

32,
1
3
q 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM .03& 5)"/ 75% NE 32 PTDRSHNMR BNQQDBS. 75% NE 32 HR 24. 8D V@MS SN EHMC )(N > 24). 5GD
DUDMS "LNQD SG@M 24" HR SGD BNLOKDLDMS NE "KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 24."
q 6RHMF XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ'R CHRSQHATSHNM LDMT: 1 k AHMNLBCE

32,
1
3
, 24
q )(N > 24) = 0

q 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF LNQD SG@M 75% NE SGD 32 PTDRSHNMR BNQQDBS VGDM Q@MCNLKX FTDRRHMF HR UDQX RL@KK @MC
OQ@BSHB@KKX YDQN.
95
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE BNKKDFD @MC TMHUDQRHSHDR SG@S NEEDQ NMKHMD NEEDQHMFR.
A. 0, 1, 2, r, 13
B. 1 ] B(13, 0.96)
C. 12.48
D. 0.0135
E. )(N = 12) = 0.3186 )(N = 13) = 0.5882 .NQD KHJDKX SN FDS 13.
97
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE EDMBDQR VGN CN CDI TRD SGD ENHK @R SGDHQ L@HM VD@ONM
A. 0, 1, 2, 3,... 25
B. 1 ] B(25,0.40)
C. 10
D. 0.0442
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 311
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E. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @KK 25 MNS TRD SGD ENHK HR @KLNRS YDQN. 5GDQDENQD, HS VNTKC AD UDQX RTQOQHRHMF.
99
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE @TCHSR HM @ 20-XD@Q ODQHNC
A. 0, 1, 2, r, 20
B. 1 ] B(20, 0.02)
C. 0.4
D. 0.6676
E. 0.0071
101
1. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE L@SBGDR
2. 0, 1, 2, 3
3. 1 ] B

3,
1
6
4. *M CNKK@QR: u1, 1, 2, 3
5.
1
2
6. .TKSHOKX D@BG 2 U@KTD AX SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF 1 OQNA@AHKHSX EQNL SGD 1%' S@AKD. 5GD @MRVDQ HR u0.0787. :NT KNRD @ANTS
DHFGS BDMSR, NM @UDQ@FD, ODQ F@LD.
7. 5GD GNTRD G@R SGD @CU@MS@FD.
103
@. 1 ] B(15, 0.281)
#><JG: 4.10
A. H. .D@M = Z = DF = 15(0.281) = 4.215
HH. 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM = \ = npq = 15(0.281)(0.719) = 1.7409
B. )(N > 5) = 1 k )(N x 5) = 1 k AHMNLBCE(15, 0.281, 5) = 1 k 0.7754 = 0.2246
)(N = 3) = AHMNLOCE(15, 0.281, 3) = 0.1927
)(N = 4) = AHMNLOCE(15, 0.281, 4) = 0.2259
*S HR LNQD KHJDKX SG@S ENTQ ODNOKD @QD KHSDQ@SD SG@S SGQDD ODNOKD @QD.
105
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE @CTKSR HM "LDQHB@ SG@S @QD RTQUDXDC TMSHK NMD R@XR GD/RGD VHKK V@SBG SGD RTODQ #NVK.
A. 1 ] (0.40)
B. 2.5
C. 0.0187
D. 0.2304
107 @. A. B.
C. 3.02
D. /N
E. 0.9997 F.
312 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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G. 0.3881
H. 6.6207 O@FDR
109 0, 1, 2, @MC 3
111
@. 1 ] (0.25)
A. H. .D@M = Z =
1
p
=
1
0.25
= 4
HH. 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM = j =
1 p
p
2
=
1 0.25
0.25
2
v 3.4641
B. )(N = 10) = FDNLDSOCE(0.25, 10) = 0.0188
C. )(N = 20) = FDNLDSOCE(0.25, 20) = 0.0011
D. )(N x 5) = FDNLDSBCE(0.25, 5) = 0.7627
113
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR SG@S @CUDQSHRD ENNSVD@Q
A. 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 20
B. 1 ] !(29, 163, 20); H = 29, 8 = 163, D = 20
C. 3.03
D. 1.5197 E.
115
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE 1@SQHNSR OHBJDC
A. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
B. 1 ] !(4, 8, 9)
C. 8HSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS D. E.
117
@. 1 ] )(5.5); Z = 5.5; = 5.5 v 2.3452
A. )(N x 6) = ONHRRNMBCE(5.5, 6) v 0.6860
B. 5GDQD HR @ 15.7% OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD K@V RS@EE VHKK QDBDHUD LNQD B@KKR SG@M SGDX B@M G@MCKD.
C. )(N > 8) = 1 k )(N x 8) = 1 k ONHRRNMBCE(5.5, 8) v 1 k 0.8944 = 0.1056
119 -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE CDEDBSHUD ATKAR HM @ RSQHMF. 6RHMF SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM:
q Z = DF = 100(0.03) = 3
q 1 ] )(3)
q )(N x 4) = ONHRRNMBCE(3, 4) v 0.8153
6RHMF SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM:
q 1 ] B(100, 0.03)
q )(N x 4) = AHMNLBCE(100, 0.03, 4) v 0.8179
5GD 1NHRRNM @OOQNWHL@SHNM HR UDQX FNNClSGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HR NMKX 0.0026.
121
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM ENQ @ 4O@MHRG VNL@M
A. 0, 1, 2, 3,...
B. 1 ] )(1.47)
C. 0.2299
D. 0.5679
E. 0.4321
123
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ENQSTMD BNNJHDR SG@S G@UD @M DWSQ@ ENQSTMD
A. 0, 1, 2, 3,... 144
B. 1 ] B(144, 0.03) NQ )(4.32)
C. 4.32
D. 0.0124 NQ 0.0133
E. 0.6300 NQ 0.6264
F. "R D FDSR K@QFDQ, SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR FDS BKNRDQ SNFDSGDQ.
125
"'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2 313
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@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD @TCHSDC HM NMD XD@Q
A. 0, 1, 2, ..., 100
B. 1 ] )(2)
C. 2
D. 0.1353
E. 0.3233
127
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE RGDKK OHDBDR HM NMD B@JD
A. 0, 1, 2, 3,...
B. 1 ] )(1.5)
C. 1.5
D. 0.2231
E. 0.0001
F. :DR
129 C
314 "'/3$1 4 W #(2"1$3$ 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5 U !-,2',3-31 0A,"-+
4A0'A*#1
$CAOL? 5.1 3DA DAECDPO KB PDAOA N=@EOD LH=JPO =NA ?KJPEJQKQO N=J@KI R=NE=>HAO.
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
c 3DBNFMHYD @MC TMCDQRS@MC BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNMR HM FDMDQ@K.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD TMHENQL OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD DWONMDMSH@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
$NMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR G@UD L@MX @OOKHB@SHNMR. #@RDA@KK A@SSHMF @UDQ@FDR, *2 RBNQDR, SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ KNMF
CHRS@MBD SDKDOGNMD B@KK K@RSR, SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX @ ODQRNM B@QQHDR, SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ BNLOTSDQ BGHO K@RSR, @MC 4"5 RBNQDR
@QD ITRS @ EDV. 5GD EHDKC NE QDKH@AHKHSX CDODMCR NM @ U@QHDSX NE BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 315
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,-2#
5GD U@KTDR NE CHRBQDSD @MC BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR B@M AD @LAHFTNTR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE 1 HR DPT@K SN SGD MTLADQ
NE LHKDR (SN SGD MD@QDRS LHKD) XNT CQHUD SN VNQJ, SGDM 1 HR @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. :NT BNTMS SGD LHKDR. *E 1 HR
SGD CHRS@MBD XNT CQHUD SN VNQJ, SGDM XNT LD@RTQD U@KTDR NE 1 @MC 1 HR @ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 'NQ @ RDBNMC
DW@LOKD, HE 1 HR DPT@K SN SGD MTLADQ NE ANNJR HM @ A@BJO@BJ, SGDM 1 HR @ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. *E 1 HR SGD VDHFGS NE
@ ANNJ, SGDM 1 HR @ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ADB@TRD VDHFGSR @QD LD@RTQDC. )NV SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR CDEHMDC HR
UDQX HLONQS@MS.
.LIJ?LNC?M I@ !IHNCHOIOM .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIHM
5GD FQ@OG NE @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM HR @ BTQUD. 1QNA@AHKHSX HR QDOQDRDMSDC AX @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD.
5GD BTQUD HR B@KKDC SGD EGD767>A>IN 9:CH>IN ;JC8I>DC (@AAQDUH@SDC @R E9;). 8D TRD SGD RXLANK <(N) SN QDOQDRDMS SGD
BTQUD. <(N) HR SGD ETMBSHNM SG@S BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD FQ@OG; VD TRD SGD CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM <(N) SN CQ@V SGD FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
CHRSQHATSHNM.
AG:6 JC9:G I=: 8JGK: HR FHUDM AX @ CHEEDQDMS ETMBSHNM B@KKDC SGD 8JBJA6I>K: 9>HIG>7JI>DC ;JC8I>DC (@AAQDUH@SDC @R
89;). 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR TRDC SN DU@KT@SD OQNA@AHKHSX @R @QD@.
c 5GD NTSBNLDR @QD LD@RTQDC, MNS BNTMSDC.
c 5GD DMSHQD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD @MC @ANUD SGD W-@WHR HR DPT@K SN NMD.
c 1QNA@AHKHSX HR ENTMC ENQ HMSDQU@KR NE N U@KTDR Q@SGDQ SG@M ENQ HMCHUHCT@K N U@KTDR.
c )(9 < N < :) HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HR HM SGD HMSDQU@K ADSVDDM SGD U@KTDR 9 @MC :. )(9 < N < :) HR
SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD, @ANUD SGD N-@WHR, SN SGD QHFGS NE 9 @MC SGD KDES NE :.
c )(N = 9) = 0 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N S@JDR NM @MX RHMFKD HMCHUHCT@K U@KTD HR YDQN. 5GD @QD@ ADKNV SGD BTQUD, @ANUD SGD
N-@WHR, @MC ADSVDDM N = 9 @MC N = 9 G@R MN VHCSG, @MC SGDQDENQD MN @QD@ (@QD@ = 0). 4HMBD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX HR DPT@K SN SGD
@QD@, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX HR @KRN YDQN.
c )(9 < N < :) HR SGD R@LD @R )(9 g N g :) ADB@TRD OQNA@AHKHSX HR DPT@K SN @QD@.
8D VHKK EHMC SGD @QD@ SG@S QDOQDRDMSR OQNA@AHKHSX AX TRHMF FDNLDSQX, ENQLTK@R, SDBGMNKNFX, NQ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKDR. *M
FDMDQ@K, B@KBTKTR HR MDDCDC SN EHMC SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD ENQ L@MX OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNMR. 8GDM VD TRD ENQLTK@R
SN EHMC SGD @QD@ HM SGHR SDWSANNJ, SGD ENQLTK@R VDQD ENTMC AX TRHMF SGD SDBGMHPTDR NE HMSDFQ@K B@KBTKTR. )NVDUDQ, ADB@TRD
LNRS RSTCDMSR S@JHMF SGHR BNTQRD G@UD MNS RSTCHDC B@KBTKTR, VD VHKK MNS AD TRHMF B@KBTKTR HM SGHR SDWSANNJ.
5GDQD @QD L@MX BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR. 8GDM TRHMF @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM SN LNCDK
OQNA@AHKHSX, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM TRDC HR RDKDBSDC SN LNCDK @MC EHS SGD O@QSHBTK@Q RHST@SHNM HM SGD ADRS V@X.
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ @MC SGD MDWS, VD VHKK RSTCX SGD TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM, SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM, @MC SGD MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD ENKKNVHMF FQ@OGR HKKTRSQ@SD SGDRD CHRSQHATSHNMR.
$CAOL? 5.2 3DA CN=LD ODKSO = 4JEBKNI #EOPNE>QPEKJ SEPD PDA =NA= >APSAAJ / = 3 =J@ / = 6 OD=@A@ PK NALNAOAJP PDA
LNK>=>EHEPU PD=P PDA R=HQA KB PDA N=J@KI R=NE=>HA X EO EJ PDA EJPANR=H >APSAAJ PDNAA =J@ OET.
316 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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$CAOL? 5.3 3DA CN=LD ODKSO =J $TLKJAJPE=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ SEPD PDA =NA= >APSAAJ / = 2 =J@ / = 4 OD=@A@ PK NALNAOAJP
PDA LNK>=>EHEPU PD=P PDA R=HQA KB PDA N=J@KI R=NE=>HA X EO EJ PDA EJPANR=H >APSAAJ PSK =J@ BKQN.
$CAOL? 5.4 3DA CN=LD ODKSO PDA 2P=J@=N@ -KNI=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ SEPD PDA =NA= >APSAAJ / = 1 =J@ / = 2 OD=@A@ PK
NALNAOAJP PDA LNK>=>EHEPU PD=P PDA R=HQA KB PDA N=J@KI R=NE=>HA X EO EJ PDA EJPANR=H >APSAAJ KJA =J@ PSK.
5.1 U !IHNCHOIOM .LI<;<CFCNS $OH=NCIHM
8D ADFHM AX CDEHMHMF @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM. 8D TRD SGD ETMBSHNM MNS@SHNM <(N). *MSDQLDCH@SD @KFDAQ@ L@X
G@UD ADDM XNTQ EHQRS ENQL@K HMSQNCTBSHNM SN ETMBSHNMR. *M SGD RSTCX NE OQNA@AHKHSX, SGD ETMBSHNMR VD RSTCX @QD RODBH@K. 8D
CDEHMD SGD ETMBSHNM <(N) RN SG@S SGD @QD@ ADSVDDM HS @MC SGD W-@WHR HR DPT@K SN @ OQNA@AHKHSX. 4HMBD SGD L@WHLTL OQNA@AHKHSX HR
NMD, SGD L@WHLTL @QD@ HR @KRN NMD. #DG 8DCI>CJDJH EGD767>A>IN 9>HIG>7JI>DCH, -/,BAB&)&15 = A/"A.
$T=ILHA 5.1
$NMRHCDQ SGD ETMBSHNM <(N) =
1
20
ENQ 0 x N x 20. N = @ QD@K MTLADQ. 5GD FQ@OG NE <(N) =
1
20
HR @ GNQHYNMS@K KHMD.
)NVDUDQ, RHMBD 0 x N x 20, <(N) HR QDRSQHBSDC SN SGD ONQSHNM ADSVDDM N = 0 @MC N = 20, HMBKTRHUD.
$CAOL? 5.5
<(N) =
1
20
;DG 0 x N x 20.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 317
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5GD FQ@OG NE <(N) =
1
20
HR @ GNQHYNMS@K KHMD RDFLDMS VGDM 0 x N x 20.
5GD @QD@ ADSVDDM <(N) =
1
20
VGDQD 0 x N x 20 @MC SGD N-@WHR HR SGD @QD@ NE @ QDBS@MFKD VHSG A@RD = 20 @MC
GDHFGS =
1
20
.
AREA = 20
1
20
= 1
0JEEDH: L: L6CI ID ;>C9 I=: 6G:6 7:IL::C f(&) =
1
20
6C9 I=: &-6M>H L=:G: 0 < & < 2.
$CAOL? 5.6
AREA = (2 0)
1
20
= 0.1
AREA = (2 0)
1
20
= 0.1
(2 0) = 2 = base of a rectangle
0#+',"#0
@QD@ NE @ QDBS@MFKD = (A@RD)(GDHFGS).
5GD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCR SN @ OQNA@AHKHSX. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N HR ADSVDDM YDQN @MC SVN HR 0.1, VGHBG B@M AD
VQHSSDM L@SGDL@SHB@KKX @R )(0 < N < 2) = )(N < 2) = 0.1.
0JEEDH: L: L6CI ID ;>C9 I=: 6G:6 7:IL::C f(&) =
1
20
6C9 I=: &-6M>H L=:G: 4 < & < 15.
$CAOL? 5.7
AREA = (15 4)
1
20
= 0.55
AREA = (15 4)
1
20
= 0.55
318 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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(15 4) = 11 = the base of a rectangle
5GD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX )(4 < N < 15) = 0.55.
4TOONRD VD V@MS SN EHMC )(N = 15). 0M @M W-X FQ@OG, N = 15 HR @ UDQSHB@K KHMD. " UDQSHB@K KHMD G@R MN VHCSG
(NQ YDQN VHCSG). 5GDQDENQD, )(N = 15) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (0)

1
20
= 0
$CAOL? 5.8
)(1 x N) (B@M AD VQHSSDM @R )(1 < N) ENQ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNMR) HR B@KKDC SGD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM
ETMBSHNM NQ $%'. /NSHBD SGD "KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN" RXLANK. 8D B@M TRD SGD $%' SN B@KBTK@SD )(1 > N). 5GD $%'
FHUDR "@QD@ SN SGD KDES" @MC )(1 > N) FHUDR "@QD@ SN SGD QHFGS." 8D B@KBTK@SD )(1 > N) ENQ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNMR
@R ENKKNVR: )(1 > N) = 1 k ) (1 < N).
$CAOL? 5.9
-@ADK SGD FQ@OG VHSG <(N) @MC N. 4B@KD SGD W @MC X @WDR VHSG SGD L@WHLTL N @MC O U@KTDR. <(N) =
1
20
, 0 x N x
20.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N HR ADSVDDM SVN U@KTDR, KNNJ @S SGD ENKKNVHMF FQ@OG. 4G@CD SGD QDFHNM
ADSVDDM N = 2.3 @MC N = 12.7. 5GDM B@KBTK@SD SGD RG@CDC @QD@ NE @ QDBS@MFKD.
$CAOL? 5.10
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 319
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P(2.3 < x < 12.7) = (base)(height) = (12.7 2.3)
1
20
= 0.52
5.1 $NMRHCDQ SGD ETMBSHNM <(N) =
1
8
ENQ 0 x N x 8. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG NE <(N) @MC EHMC )(2.5 < N < 7.5).
5.2 U 2B? 3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
$T=ILHA 5.2
5GD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 5.1 @QD 55 RLHKHMF SHLDR, HM RDBNMCR, NE @M DHFGS-VDDJ-NKC A@AX.
10.4 19.6 18.8 13.9 17.8 16.8 21.6 17.9 12.5 11.1 4.9
12.8 14.8 22.8 20.0 15.9 16.3 13.4 17.1 14.5 19.0 22.8
1.3 0.7 8.9 11.9 10.9 7.3 5.9 3.7 17.9 19.2 9.8
5.8 6.9 2.6 5.8 21.7 11.8 3.4 2.1 4.5 6.3 10.7
8.9 9.4 9.4 7.6 10.0 3.3 6.7 7.8 11.6 13.8 18.6
2;<F? 5.1
5GD R@LOKD LD@M = 11.49 @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 6.23.
8D VHKK @RRTLD SG@S SGD RLHKHMF SHLDR, HM RDBNMCR, ENKKNV @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM ADSVDDM YDQN @MC 23
RDBNMCR, HMBKTRHUD. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S @MX RLHKHMF SHLD EQNL YDQN SN @MC HMBKTCHMF 23 RDBNMCR HR :FJ6AAN A>@:AN.
5GD GHRSNFQ@L SG@S BNTKC AD BNMRSQTBSDC EQNL SGD R@LOKD HR @M DLOHQHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S BKNRDKX L@SBGDR SGD
SGDNQDSHB@K TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
-DS 1 = KDMFSG, HM RDBNMCR, NE @M DHFGS-VDDJ-NKC A@AX'R RLHKD.
5GD MNS@SHNM ENQ SGD TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM HR
1 ] .(7, 8) VGDQD 7 = SGD KNVDRS U@KTD NE N @MC 8 = SGD GHFGDRS U@KTD NE N.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM HR <(N) =
1
b a
ENQ 7 x N x 8.
'NQ SGHR DW@LOKD, 1 ] .(0, 23) @MC <(N) =
1
23 0
ENQ 0 x 1 x 23.
'NQLTK@R ENQ SGD SGDNQDSHB@K LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @QD
=
a + b
2
@MC =
(b a)
2
12
'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL, SGD SGDNQDSHB@K LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @QD
Z =
0 + 23
2
= 11.50 RDBNMCR @MC \ =
(23 0)
2
12
= 6.64 RDBNMCR.
/NSHBD SG@S SGD SGDNQDSHB@K LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @QD BKNRD SN SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
HM SGHR DW@LOKD.
320 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5.2 5GD C@S@ SG@S ENKKNV@QD SGD MTLADQ NE O@RRDMFDQR NM 35 CHEEDQDMS BG@QSDQ EHRGHMF AN@SR. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M = 7.9 @MC
SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 4.33. 5GD C@S@ ENKKNV @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM VGDQD @KK U@KTDR ADSVDDM @MC HMBKTCHMF
YDQN @MC 14 @QD DPT@KKX KHJDKX. 4S@SD SGD U@KTDR NE 7 @MC 8. 8QHSD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HM OQNODQ MNS@SHNM, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD
SGDNQDSHB@K LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
1 12 4 10 4 14 11
7 11 4 13 2 4 6
3 10 0 12 6 9 10
5 13 4 10 14 12 11
6 10 11 0 11 13 2
2;<F? 5.2
$T=ILHA 5.3
@. 3DEDQ SN #R;GJF? 5.2. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM DHFGS-VDDJ-NKC A@AX RLHKDR ADSVDDM
SVN @MC 18 RDBNMCR
1IFONCIH 5.3
@. 'HMC )(2 < N < 18).
)(2 < N < 18) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (18 k 2)

1
23
16
23
.
$CAOL? 5.11
A. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ @M DHFGS-VDDJ-NKC A@AX'R RLHKHMF SHLD.
1IFONCIH 5.3
A. /HMDSX ODQBDMS NE SGD RLHKHMF SHLDR E@KK ADKNV SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD, A, RN )(N < A) = 0.90
P(x < k) = 0.90
base
height
= 0.90
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 321
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(k 0)
1
23
= 0.90
k = (23)(0.90) = 20.7
$CAOL? 5.12
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLDHFGS-VDDJ-NKC A@AX RLHKDR LNQD SG@M 12 RDBNMCR (+,4&+$SG@S SGD A@AX
RLHKDR *,/" 1%A+ "&$%1 0",+!0.
1IFONCIH 5.3
B. 5GHR OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM HR @ 8DC9>I>DC6A. :NT @QD @RJDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M DHFGS-VDDJ-NKC A@AX
RLHKDR LNQD SG@M 12 RDBNMCR VGDM XNT 6AG:69N @CDL SGD A@AX G@R RLHKDC ENQ LNQD SG@M DHFGS RDBNMCR.
'HMC )(N > 12[N > 8) 5GDQD @QD SVN V@XR SN CN SGD OQNAKDL. #DG I=: ;>GHI L6N, TRD SGD E@BS SG@S SGHR HR @
8DC9>I>DC6A @MC BG@MFDR SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. 5GD FQ@OG HKKTRSQ@SDR SGD MDV R@LOKD RO@BD. :NT @KQD@CX JMNV SGD
A@AX RLHKDC LNQD SG@M DHFGS RDBNMCR.
4G>I: 6 C:L <(N): <(N) =
1
23 8
=
1
15
ENQ 8 < N < 23
)(N > 12[N > 8) = (23 u 12)

1
15
11
15
$CAOL? 5.13
#DG I=: H:8DC9 L6N, TRD SGD BNMCHSHNM@K ENQLTK@ EQNL .LI<;<CFCNS 2IJC=M VHSG SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM 1
] . (0, 23):
)(A[B) =
P(A AND B)
P(B)
'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL, A HR (N > 12) @MC B HR (N > 8).
4N, )(N > 12[N > 8) =
(x > 12 AND x > 8)
P(x > 8)
=
P(x > 12)
P(x > 8)
=
11
23
15
23
= 0.733
322 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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$CAOL? 5.14
5.3 " CHRSQHATSHNM HR FHUDM @R 1 ] . (0, 20). 8G@S HR )(2 < N < 18) 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
$T=ILHA 5.4
5GD @LNTMS NE SHLD, HM LHMTSDR, SG@S @ ODQRNM LTRS V@HS ENQ @ ATR HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM YDQN @MC 15
LHMTSDR, HMBKTRHUD.
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM V@HSR EDVDQ SG@M 12.5 LHMTSDR
1IFONCIH 5.4
@. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE LHMTSDR @ ODQRNM LTRS V@HS ENQ @ ATR. 7 = 0 @MC 8 = 15. 1 ] .(0, 15). 8QHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM. < (N) =
1
15 0
=
1
15
ENQ 0 x N x 15.
'HMC ) (N < 12.5). %Q@V @ FQ@OG.
P(x < k) = (base)(height) = (12.5 - 0)
1
15
= 0.8333
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX @ ODQRNM V@HSR KDRR SG@M 12.5 LHMTSDR HR 0.8333.
$CAOL? 5.15
A. 0M SGD @UDQ@FD, GNV KNMF LTRS @ ODQRNM V@HS 'HMC SGD LD@M, Z, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \.
1IFONCIH 5.4
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 323
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>. 4 =
a + b
2
=
15 + 0
2
= 7.5. .J PDA =RAN=CA, = LANOKJ IQOP S=EP 7.5 IEJQPAO.
6 =
(b - a)
2
12
=
(15 - 0)
2
12
= 4.3. 3DA 2P=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJ EO 4.3 IEJQPAO.
B. /HMDSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, SGD SHLD @ ODQRNM LTRS V@HS E@KKR ADKNV VG@S U@KTD
,-2#
5GHR @RJR ENQ SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
1IFONCIH 5.4
B. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. %Q@V @ FQ@OG. -DS A = SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
P(x < k) = (base)(height) = (k 0)(
1
15
)
0.90 = (k)
1
15
k = (0.90)(15) = 13.5
A HR RNLDSHLDR B@KKDC @ BQHSHB@K U@KTD.
5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR 13.5 LHMTSDR. /HMDSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, @ ODQRNM LTRS V@HS @S LNRS 13.5 LHMTSDR.
$CAOL? 5.16
324 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5.4 5GD SNS@K CTQ@SHNM NE A@RDA@KK F@LDR HM SGD L@INQ KD@FTD HM SGD 2011 RD@RNM HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM 447
GNTQR @MC 521 GNTQR HMBKTRHUD.
=. 'HMC 7 @MC 8 @MC CDRBQHAD VG@S SGDX QDOQDRDMS.
>. 8QHSD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
?. 'HMC SGD LD@M @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD CTQ@SHNM NE F@LDR ENQ @ SD@L ENQ SGD 2011 RD@RNM HR ADSVDDM 480 @MC 500 GNTQR
A. 8G@S HR SGD 65
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD CTQ@SHNM NE F@LDR ENQ @ SD@L ENQ SGD 2011 RD@RNM
$T=ILHA 5.5
4TOONRD SGD SHLD HS S@JDR @ MHMD-XD@Q NKC SN D@S @ CNMTS HR ADSVDDM 0.5 @MC 4 LHMTSDR, HMBKTRHUD. -DS 1 = SGD SHLD,
HM LHMTSDR, HS S@JDR @ MHMD-XD@Q NKC BGHKC SN D@S @ CNMTS. 5GDM 1 ] . (0.5, 4).
@. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC MHMD-XD@Q NKC BGHKC D@SR @ CNMTS HM @S KD@RS SVN LHMTSDR HR ???????.
1IFONCIH 5.5
=. 0.5714
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ CHEEDQDMS MHMD-XD@Q NKC BGHKC D@SR @ CNMTS HM LNQD SG@M SVN LHMTSDR FHUDM SG@S SGD
BGHKC G@R @KQD@CX ADDM D@SHMF SGD CNMTS ENQ LNQD SG@M 1.5 LHMTSDR.
5GD RDBNMC PTDRSHNM G@R @ 8DC9>I>DC6A EGD767>A>IN. :NT @QD @RJDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ MHMD-XD@Q NKC
BGHKC D@SR @ CNMTS HM LNQD SG@M SVN LHMTSDR FHUDM SG@S SGD BGHKC G@R @KQD@CX ADDM D@SHMF SGD CNMTS ENQ LNQD SG@M
1.5 LHMTSDR. 4NKUD SGD OQNAKDL SVN CHEEDQDMS V@XR (RDD #R;GJF? 5.2). :NT LTRS QDCTBD SGD R@LOKD RO@BD. #>GHI
L6N: 4HMBD XNT JMNV SGD BGHKC G@R @KQD@CX ADDM D@SHMF SGD CNMTS ENQ LNQD SG@M 1.5 LHMTSDR, XNT @QD MN KNMFDQ
RS@QSHMF @S 7 = 0.5 LHMTSDR. :NTQ RS@QSHMF ONHMS HR 1.5 LHMTSDR.
4G>I: 6 C:L f(&):
<(N) =
1
4 1.5
=
2
5
ENQ 1.5 x N x 4.
'HMC )(N > 2[N > 1.5). %Q@V @ FQ@OG.
$CAOL? 5.17
)(N > 2[N > 1.5) = (A@RD)(MDV GDHFGS) = (4 u 2)

2
5
=
1IFONCIH 5.5
>.
4
5
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ MHMD-XD@Q NKC BGHKC D@SR @ CNMTS HM LNQD SG@M SVN LHMTSDR FHUDM SG@S SGD BGHKC G@R
@KQD@CX ADDM D@SHMF SGD CNMTS ENQ LNQD SG@M 1.5 LHMTSDR HR
4
5
.
0:8DC9 L6N: %Q@V SGD NQHFHM@K FQ@OG ENQ 1 ] . (0.5, 4). 6RD SGD BNMCHSHNM@K ENQLTK@
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 325
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)(N > 2[N > 1.5) =
P(x > 2 AND x > 1.5)
P(x > 1.5)
=
P(x > 2)
P(x > 1.5)
=
2
3.5
2.5
3.5
= 0.8 =
4
5
5.5 4TOONRD SGD SHLD HS S@JDR @ RSTCDMS SN EHMHRG @ PTHY HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM RHW @MC 15 LHMTSDR, HMBKTRHUD.
-DS 1 = SGD SHLD, HM LHMTSDR, HS S@JDR @ RSTCDMS SN EHMHRG @ PTHY. 5GDM 1 ] . (6, 15).
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMS MDDCR @S KD@RS DHFGS LHMTSDR SN BNLOKDSD SGD PTHY. 5GDM EHMC SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ CHEEDQDMS RSTCDMS MDDCR @S KD@RS DHFGS LHMTSDR SN EHMHRG SGD PTHY FHUDM SG@S RGD G@R @KQD@CX S@JDM RDUDM
LHMTSDR.
$T=ILHA 5.6
"BD )D@SHMF @MC "HQ $NMCHSHNMHMF 4DQUHBD EHMCR SG@S SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD @ QDO@HQL@M MDDCR SN EHW @ ETQM@BD HR
TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM 1.5 @MC ENTQ GNTQR. -DS N = SGD SHLD MDDCDC SN EHW @ ETQM@BD. 5GDM N ] . (1.5, 4).
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ETQM@BD QDO@HQ QDPTHQDR LNQD SG@M SVN GNTQR.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ETQM@BD QDO@HQ QDPTHQDR KDRR SG@M SGQDD GNTQR.
?. 'HMC SGD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE ETQM@BD QDO@HQ SHLDR.
@. 5GD KNMFDRS 25%NE ETQM@BD QDO@HQ SHLDR S@JD @S KD@RS GNV KNMF (*M NSGDQ VNQCR: EHMC SGD LHMHLTL SHLD ENQ
SGD KNMFDRS 25% NE QDO@HQ SHLDR.) 8G@S ODQBDMSHKD CNDR SGHR QDOQDRDMS
A. 'HMC SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
1IFONCIH 5.6
@. 5N EHMC <(N): < (N) =
1
4 1.5
=
1
2.5
RN <(N) = 0.4
)(N > 2) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (4 k 2)(0.4) = 0.8
$CAOL? 5.18 4JEBKNI #EOPNE>QPEKJ >APSAAJ 1.5 =J@ BKQN SEPD OD=@A@ =NA= >APSAAJ PSK =J@ BKQN NALNAOAJPEJC
PDA LNK>=>EHEPU PD=P PDA NAL=EN PEIA / EO CNA=PAN PD=J PSK
1IFONCIH 5.6
A. )(N < 3) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (3 k 1.5)(0.4) = 0.6
326 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5GD FQ@OG NE SGD QDBS@MFKD RGNVHMF SGD DMSHQD CHRSQHATSHNM VNTKC QDL@HM SGD R@LD. )NVDUDQ SGD FQ@OG RGNTKC
AD RG@CDC ADSVDDM N = 1.5 @MC N = 3. /NSD SG@S SGD RG@CDC @QD@ RS@QSR @S N = 1.5 Q@SGDQ SG@M @S N = 0; RHMBD 1 ] .
(1.5, 4), N B@M MNS AD KDRR SG@M 1.5.
$CAOL? 5.19 4JEBKNI #EOPNE>QPEKJ >APSAAJ 1.5 =J@ BKQN SEPD OD=@A@ =NA= >APSAAJ 1.5 =J@ PDNAA
NALNAOAJPEJC PDA LNK>=>EHEPU PD=P PDA NAL=EN PEIA / EO HAOO PD=J PDNAA
1IFONCIH 5.6
B.
$CAOL? 5.20 4JEBKNI #EOPNE>QPEKJ >APSAAJ 1.5 =J@ 4 SEPD =J =NA= KB 0.30 OD=@A@ PK PDA HABP, NALNAOAJPEJC
PDA ODKNPAOP 30% KB NAL=EN PEIAO.
) (N < A) = 0.30
)(N < A) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (A k 1.5)(0.4)
0.3 = (k R 1.5) (0.4); 4NKUD SN EHMC A:
0.75 = A k 1.5, NAS@HMDC AX CHUHCHMF ANSG RHCDR AX 0.4
k = 2.25 , NAS@HMDC AX @CCHMF 1.5 SN ANSG RHCDR
5GD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE QDO@HQ SHLDR HR 2.25 GNTQR. 30% NE QDO@HQ SHLDR @QD 2.5 GNTQR NQ KDRR.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 327
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1IFONCIH 5.6
C.
$CAOL? 5.21 4JEBKNI #EOPNE>QPEKJ >APSAAJ 1.5 =J@ 4 SEPD =J =NA= KB 0.25 OD=@A@ PK PDA NECDP NALNAOAJPEJC
PDA HKJCAOP 25% KB NAL=EN PEIAO.
)(N > A) = 0.25
)(N > A) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (4 k A)(0.4)
0.25 = (4 R k)(0.4); 4NKUD ENQ A:
0.625 = 4 u A,
NAS@HMDC AX CHUHCHMF ANSG RHCDR AX 0.4
u3.375 = uA,
NAS@HMDC AX RTASQ@BSHMF ENTQ EQNL ANSG RHCDR k = 3.375
5GD KNMFDRS 25% NE ETQM@BD QDO@HQR S@JD @S KD@RS 3.375 GNTQR (3.375 GNTQR NQ KNMFDQ).
+DI:: 4HMBD 25% NE QDO@HQ SHLDR @QD 3.375 GNTQR NQ KNMFDQ, SG@S LD@MR SG@S 75% NE QDO@HQ SHLDR @QD 3.375 GNTQR
NQ KDRR. 3.375 GNTQR HR SGD 75
I=
E:G8:CI>A: NE ETQM@BD QDO@HQ SHLDR.
1IFONCIH 5.6
A. =
a + b
2
=J@ =
(b a)
2
12
=
1.5 + 4
2
= 2.75 DKQNO =J@ =
(4 1.5)
2
12
= 0.7217 DKQNO
5.6 5GD @LNTMS NE SHLD @ RDQUHBD SDBGMHBH@M MDDCR SN BG@MFD SGD NHK HM @ B@Q HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM 11 @MC
21 LHMTSDR. -DS 1 = SGD SHLD MDDCDC SN BG@MFD SGD NHK NM @ B@Q.
=. 8QHSD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM VNQCR. 1 = ??????????????????.
>. 8QHSD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
?. (Q@OG SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
@. 'HMC ) (N > 19).
A. 'HMC SGD 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
5.3 U 2B? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD :MEDC:CI>6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC HR NESDM BNMBDQMDC VHSG SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD TMSHK RNLD RODBHEHB DUDMS NBBTQR. 'NQ DW@LOKD,
SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD (ADFHMMHMF MNV) TMSHK @M D@QSGPT@JD NBBTQR G@R @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 0SGDQ DW@LOKDR HMBKTCD SGD
KDMFSG, HM LHMTSDR, NE KNMF CHRS@MBD ATRHMDRR SDKDOGNMD B@KKR, @MC SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD, HM LNMSGR, @ B@Q A@SSDQX K@RSR. *S B@M
328 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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AD RGNVM, SNN, SG@S SGD U@KTD NE SGD BG@MFD SG@S XNT G@UD HM XNTQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD @OOQNWHL@SDKX ENKKNVR @M DWONMDMSH@K
CHRSQHATSHNM.
7@KTDR ENQ @M DWONMDMSH@K Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD NBBTQ HM SGD ENKKNVHMF V@X. 5GDQD @QD EDVDQ K@QFD U@KTDR @MC LNQD
RL@KK U@KTDR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX BTRSNLDQR RODMC HM NMD SQHO SN SGD RTODQL@QJDS ENKKNVR @M DWONMDMSH@K
CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GDQD @QD LNQD ODNOKD VGN RODMC RL@KK @LNTMSR NE LNMDX @MC EDVDQ ODNOKD VGN RODMC K@QFD @LNTMSR NE
LNMDX.
5GD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR VHCDKX TRDC HM SGD EHDKC NE QDKH@AHKHSX. 3DKH@AHKHSX CD@KR VHSG SGD@LNTMS NE SHLD @ OQNCTBS
K@RSR.
$T=ILHA 5.7
-DS 1 = @LNTMS NE SHLD (HM LHMTSDR) @ ONRS@K BKDQJ RODMCR VHSG GHR NQ GDQ BTRSNLDQ. 5GD SHLD HR JMNVM SN G@UD @M
DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG SGD @UDQ@FD @LNTMS NE SHLD DPT@K SN ENTQ LHMTSDR.
1 HR @ 8DCI>CJDJH G6C9DB K6G>67A: RHMBD SHLD HR LD@RTQDC. *S HR FHUDM SG@S Z = 4 LHMTSDR. 5N CN @MX
B@KBTK@SHNMR, XNT LTRS JMNV C, SGD CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ.
m =
1
. 5GDQDENQD, m =
1
4
= 0.25.
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \, HR SGD R@LD @R SGD LD@M. Z = \
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM MNS@SHNM HR 1 ] ENF(C). 5GDQDENQD, 1 ] ENF(0.25).
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM HR <(N) = C;
-CN
. 5GD MTLADQ ; = 2.71828182846... *S HR @ MTLADQ SG@S HR TRDC
NESDM HM L@SGDL@SHBR. 4BHDMSHEHB B@KBTK@SNQR G@UD SGD JDX ";
N
." *E XNT DMSDQ NMD ENQ N, SGD B@KBTK@SNQ VHKK CHROK@X
SGD U@KTD ;.
5GD BTQUD HR:
<(N) = 0.25;
k0.25N
VGDQD N HR @S KD@RS YDQN @MC C = 0.25.
'NQ DW@LOKD, <(5) = 0.25;
u(0.25)(5)
= 0.072. 5GD ONRS@K BKDQJ RODMCR EHUD LHMTSDR VHSG SGD BTRSNLDQR.
5GD FQ@OG HR @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 5.22
/NSHBD SGD FQ@OG HR @ CDBKHMHMF BTQUD. 8GDM N = 0,
<(N) = 0.25;
(u0.25)(0)
= (0.25)(1) = 0.25 = C. 5GD L@WHLTL U@KTD NM SGD O-@WHR HR C.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 329
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5.7 5GD @LNTMS NE SHLD RONTRDR RGNO ENQ @MMHUDQR@QX B@QCR B@M AD LNCDKDC AX @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG SGD
@UDQ@FD @LNTMS NE SHLD DPT@K SN DHFGS LHMTSDR. 8QHSD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM, RS@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM, @MC FQ@OG
SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
330 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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$T=ILHA 5.8
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 331
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@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BKDQJ RODMCR ENTQ SN EHUD LHMTSDR VHSG @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BTRSNLDQ.
1IFONCIH 5.8
@. 'HMC )(4 < N < 5).
5GD 8JBJA6I>K: 9>HIG>7JI>DC ;JC8I>DC (!#) FHUDR SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES.
)(N < N) = 1 k ;
^CN
)(N < 5) = 1 k ;(k0.25)(5) = 0.7135 @MC )(N < 4) = 1 k ;
(k0.25)(4)
= 0.6321
$CAOL? 5.23
,-2#
:NT B@M CN SGDRD B@KBTK@SHNMR D@RHKX NM @ B@KBTK@SNQ.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ONRS@K BKDQJ RODMCR ENTQ SN EHUD LHMTSDR VHSG @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BTRSNLDQ HR )(4 < N < 5)
= )(N < 5) k )(N < 4) = 0.7135 u 0.6321 = 0.0814.
0M SGD GNLD RBQDDM, DMSDQ (1 k D>(k0.25*5))k(1kD>(k0.25*4)) NQ DMSDQ D>(k0.25*4) k D>(k0.25*5).
A. )@KE NE @KK BTRSNLDQR @QD EHMHRGDC VHSGHM GNV KNMF ('HMC SGD 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD)
1IFONCIH 5.8
A. 'HMC SGD 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
$CAOL? 5.24
332 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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)(N < A) = 0.50, A = 2.8 LHMTSDR (B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ)
)@KE NE @KK BTRSNLDQR @QD EHMHRGDC VHSGHM 2.8 LHMTSDR.
:NT B@M @KRN CN SGD B@KBTK@SHNM @R ENKKNVR:
)(N < A) = 0.50 @MC )(N < A) = 1 k;
k0.25A
5GDQDENQD, 0.50 = 1 u ;
u0.25A
@MC ;
u0.25A
= 1 u 0.50 = 0.5
5@JD M@STQ@K KNFR: BD(;
k0.25A
) = BD(0.50). 4N, k0.25A = BD(0.50)
4NKUD ENQ A: k =
ln(0.50)
-0.25
= 2.8 LHMTSDR. 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ RHLOKHEHDR SGD B@KBTK@SHNM ENQ ODQBDMSHKD A. 4DD SGD
ENKKNVHMF SVN MNSDR.
,-2#
" ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD ODQBDMSHKD A HR k =
ln(1 AreaToTheLe f t)
m
VGDQD BD HR SGD M@STQ@K KNF.
0M SGD GNLD RBQDDM, DMSDQ KM(1 k 0.50)/k0.25. 1QDRR SGD (-) ENQ SGD MDF@SHUD.
B. 8GHBG HR K@QFDQ, SGD LD@M NQ SGD LDCH@M
1IFONCIH 5.8
?. %NKI L=NP >, PDA IA@E=J KN 50
PD
LAN?AJPEHA EO 2.8 IEJQPAO. 3DA PDAKNAPE?=H IA=J EO BKQN IEJQPAO. 3DA
IA=J EO H=NCAN.
5.8 5GD MTLADQ NE C@XR @GD@C SQ@UDKDQR OTQBG@RD SGDHQ @HQKHMD SHBJDSR B@M AD LNCDKDC AX @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM
VHSG SGD @UDQ@FD @LNTMS NE SHLD DPT@K SN 15 C@XR. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ SQ@UDKDQ VHKK OTQBG@RD @ SHBJDS EDVDQ SG@M
SDM C@XR HM @CU@MBD. )NV L@MX C@XR CN G@KE NE @KK SQ@UDKDQR V@HS
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 333
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)@UD D@BG BK@RR LDLADQ BNTMS SGD BG@MFD GD NQ RGD G@R HM GHR NQ GDQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD. :NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK QDBNQC SGD
@LNTMSR HM CNKK@QR @MC BDMSR. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD C@S@ S@JDM AX SGD BK@RR. 6RD EHUD HMSDQU@KR. %Q@V @ RLNNSG
BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD A@QR. 5GD FQ@OG RGNTKC KNNJ @OOQNWHL@SDKX DWONMDMSH@K. 5GDM B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M.
-DS 1 = SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX @ RSTCDMS HM XNTQ BK@RR G@R HM GHR NQ GDQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD.
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1 HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX DWONMDMSH@K VHSG LD@M, Z = ??????? @MC C = ???????. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM, \ = ????????.
%Q@V SGD @OOQNOQH@SD DWONMDMSH@K FQ@OG. :NT RGNTKC K@ADK SGD Wk @MC Xk@WDR, SGD CDB@X Q@SD, @MC SGD LD@M. 4G@CD
SGD @QD@ SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD RSTCDMS G@R KDRR SG@M $.40 HM GHR NQ GDQ ONBJDS NQ OTQRD. (4G@CD )(N <
0.40)).
$T=ILHA 5.9
0M SGD @UDQ@FD, @ BDQS@HM BNLOTSDQ O@QS K@RSR SDM XD@QR. 5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD SGD BNLOTSDQ O@QS K@RSR HR DWONMDMSH@KKX
CHRSQHATSDC.
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNLOTSDQ O@QS K@RSR LNQD SG@M 7 XD@QR
1IFONCIH 5.9
=. +AP / = PDA =IKQJP KB PEIA (EJ UA=NO) = ?KILQPAN L=NP H=OPO.
4 = 10 OK m =
1
=
1
10
= 0.1
%EJ@ P(/ > 7). #N=S PDA CN=LD.
P(/ > 7) = 1 _ P(/ < 7).
2EJ?A P(X < /) = 1 _
7%/
PDAJ P(X > /) = 1 _(1 _
7%/
) =
-%/
P(/ > 7) =
(_0.1)(7)
= 0.4966. 3DA LNK>=>EHEPU PD=P = ?KILQPAN L=NP H=OPO IKNA PD=J OARAJ UA=NO EO
0.4966.
0M SGD GNLD RBQDDM, DMSDQ D>(-.1*7).
$CAOL? 5.25
A. 0M SGD @UDQ@FD, GNV KNMF VNTKC EHUD BNLOTSDQ O@QSR K@RS HE SGDX @QD TRDC NMD @ESDQ @MNSGDQ
1IFONCIH 5.9
334 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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>. .J PDA =RAN=CA, KJA ?KILQPAN L=NP H=OPO PAJ UA=NO. 3DANABKNA, BERA ?KILQPAN L=NPO, EB PDAU =NA QOA@
KJA NECDP =BPAN PDA KPDAN SKQH@ H=OP, KJ PDA =RAN=CA, (5)(10) = 50 UA=NO.
B. &HFGSX ODQBDMS NE BNLOTSDQ O@QSR K@RS @S LNRS GNV KNMF
1IFONCIH 5.9
B. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG. -DS A = SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
$CAOL? 5.26
4NKUD ENQ A: k =
ln(1 0.80)
0.1
= 16.1 XD@QR
&HFGSX ODQBDMS NE SGD BNLOTSDQ O@QSR K@RS @S LNRS 16.1 XD@QR.
0M SGD GNLD RBQDDM, DMSDQ
ln(1 0.80)
0.1
C. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNLOTSDQ O@QS K@RSR ADSVDDM MHMD @MC 11 XD@QR
1IFONCIH 5.9
C. 'HMC )(9 < N < 11). %Q@V SGD FQ@OG.
$CAOL? 5.27
)(9 < N < 11) = )(N < 11) k )(N < 9) = (1 k ;
(k0.1)(11)
) k (1 k ;
(k0.1)(9)
) = 0.6671 k 0.5934 = 0.0737. 5GD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BNLOTSDQ O@QS K@RSR ADSVDDM MHMD @MC 11 XD@QR HR 0.0737.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 335
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0M SGD GNLD RBQDDM, DMSDQ ;>(k0.1*9) k ;>(k0.1*11).
5.9 0M @UDQ@FD, @ O@HQ NE QTMMHMF RGNDR B@M K@RS 18 LNMSGR HE TRDC DUDQX C@X. 5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD QTMMHMF RGNDR K@RS HR
DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ O@HQ NE QTMMHMF RGNDR K@RS LNQD SG@M 15 LNMSGR 0M @UDQ@FD,
GNV KNMF VNTKC RHW O@HQR NE QTMMHMF RGNDR K@RS HE SGDX @QD TRDC NMD @ESDQ SGD NSGDQ &HFGSX ODQBDMS NE QTMMHMF RGNDR
K@RS @S LNRS GNV KNMF HE TRDC DUDQX C@X
$T=ILHA 5.10
4TOONRD SG@S SGD KDMFSG NE @ OGNMD B@KK, HM LHMTSDR, HR @M DWONMDMSH@K Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ =
1
12
. *E @MNSGDQ ODQRNM @QQHUDR @S @ OTAKHB SDKDOGNMD ITRS ADENQD XNT, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT VHKK G@UD SN V@HS
LNQD SG@M EHUD LHMTSDR. -DS 1 = SGD KDMFSG NE @ OGNMD B@KK, HM LHMTSDR.
8G@S HR C, Z, @MC \ 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT LTRS V@HS LNQD SG@M EHUD LHMTSDR HR ??????? .
1IFONCIH 5.10
c C =
1
12
c Z = 12
c \ = 12
)(N > 5) = 0.6592
336 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5.10 4TOONRD SG@S SGD CHRS@MBD, HM LHKDR, SG@S ODNOKD @QD VHKKHMF SN BNLLTSD SN VNQJ HR @M DWONMDMSH@K Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD
VHSG @ CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ
1
20
. -DS 1 = SGD CHRS@MBD ODNOKD @QD VHKKHMF SN BNLLTSD HM LHKDR. 8G@S HR C, Z, @MC \ 8G@S
HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR VHKKHMF SN BNLLTSD LNQD SG@M 25 LHKDR
$T=ILHA 5.11
5GD SHLD RODMS V@HSHMF ADSVDDM DUDMSR HR NESDM LNCDKDC TRHMF SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 'NQ DW@LOKD, RTOONRD
SG@S @M @UDQ@FD NE 30 BTRSNLDQR ODQ GNTQ @QQHUD @S @ RSNQD @MC SGD SHLD ADSVDDM @QQHU@KR HR DWONMDMSH@KKX
CHRSQHATSDC.
=. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX LHMTSDR DK@ORD ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD @QQHU@KR
>. 8GDM SGD RSNQD EHQRS NODMR, GNV KNMF NM @UDQ@FD CNDR HS S@JD ENQ SGQDD BTRSNLDQR SN @QQHUD
?. "ESDQ @ BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDR, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS S@JDR KDRR SG@M NMD LHMTSD ENQ SGD MDWS BTRSNLDQ SN
@QQHUD.
@. "ESDQ @ BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDR, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS S@JDR LNQD SG@M EHUD LHMTSDR ENQ SGD MDWS BTRSNLDQ SN
@QQHUD.
A. 4DUDMSX ODQBDMS NE SGD BTRSNLDQR @QQHUD VHSGHM GNV L@MX LHMTSDR NE SGD OQDUHNTR BTRSNLDQ
B. *R @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM QD@RNM@AKD ENQ SGHR RHST@SHNM
1IFONCIH 5.11
=. 4HMBD VD DWODBS 30 BTRSNLDQR SN @QQHUD ODQ GNTQ (60 LHMTSDR), VD DWODBS NM @UDQ@FD NMD BTRSNLDQ SN @QQHUD
DUDQX SVN LHMTSDR NM @UDQ@FD.
>. 4HMBD NMD BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDR DUDQX SVN LHMTSDR NM @UDQ@FD, HS VHKK S@JD RHW LHMTSDR NM @UDQ@FD ENQ SGQDD
BTRSNLDQR SN @QQHUD.
?. -DS 1 = SGD SHLD ADSVDDM @QQHU@KR, HM LHMTSDR. #X O@QS @, Z = 2, RN C =
1
2
= 0.5.
5GDQDENQD, 1 ENF(0.5).
5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR )(1 < N) = 1 k ;(k0.5N).
1=:G:;DG: )(1 < 1) = 1 k D
(k0.5)(1)
v 0.3935.
1 - ;>(k0.5) v 0.3935
$CAOL? 5.28
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 337
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@. )(1 > 5) = 1 k )(1 < 5) = 1 k (1 k ;
(k5)(0.5)
) = D
k2.5
v 0.0821.
$CAOL? 5.29
1 k (1 k D>( k 5*0.5)) NQ D>( k 5*0.5)
A. 8D V@MS SN RNKUD 0.70 = )(1 < N) ENQ N.
4TARSHSTSHMF HM SGD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM FHUDR 0.70 = 1 k ;
k0.5N
, RN SG@S ;
k0.5W
= 0.30. $NMUDQSHMF
SGHR SN KNF@QHSGLHB ENQL FHUDR k0.5N = BD(0.30), NQ x =
ln(0.30)
0.5
2.41 LHMTSDR.
5GTR, RDUDMSX ODQBDMS NE BTRSNLDQR @QQHUD VHSGHM 2.41 LHMTSDR NE SGD OQDUHNTR BTRSNLDQ.
:NT @QD EHMCHMF SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD A RN XNT B@M TRD SGD ENQLTK@ A =
ln(1 Area_To_The_Le f t _Of _k)
( m)
A =
ln(1 0.70)
( 0.5)
2.41 LHMTSDR
$CAOL? 5.30
B. 5GHR LNCDK @RRTLDR SG@S @ RHMFKD BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDR @S @ SHLD, VGHBG L@X MNS AD QD@RNM@AKD RHMBD ODNOKD
LHFGS RGNO HM FQNTOR, KD@CHMF SN RDUDQ@K BTRSNLDQR @QQHUHMF @S SGD R@LD SHLD. *S @KRN @RRTLDR SG@S SGD EKNV
NE BTRSNLDQR CNDR MNS BG@MFD SGQNTFGNTS SGD C@X, VGHBG HR MNS U@KHC HE RNLD SHLDR NE SGD C@X @QD ATRHDQ SG@M
NSGDQR.
338 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5.11 4TOONRD SG@S NM @ BDQS@HM RSQDSBG NE GHFGV@X, B@QR O@RR @S @M @UDQ@FD Q@SD NE EHUD B@QR ODQ LHMTSD. "RRTLD SG@S
SGD CTQ@SHNM NE SHLD ADSVDDM RTBBDRRHUD B@QR ENKKNVR SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV L@MX RDBNMCR DK@ORD ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD B@QR
>. "ESDQ @ B@Q O@RRDR AX, GNV KNMF NM @UDQ@FD VHKK HS S@JD ENQ @MNSGDQ RDUDM B@QR SN O@RR AX
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ESDQ @ B@Q O@RRDR AX, SGD MDWS B@Q VHKK O@RR VHSGHM SGD MDWS 20 RDBNMCR.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ESDQ @ B@Q O@RRDR AX, SGD MDWS B@Q VHKK MNS O@RR ENQ @S KD@RS @MNSGDQ 15 RDBNMCR.
+?GILSF?MMH?MM I@ NB? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
*M #R;GJF? 5.7 QDB@KK SG@S SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD ADSVDDM BTRSNLDQR HR DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE SVN LHMTSDR
(1 ] ENF (0.5)). 4TOONRD SG@S EHUD LHMTSDR G@UD DK@ORDC RHMBD SGD K@RS BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDC. 4HMBD @M TMTRT@KKX KNMF @LNTMS NE
SHLD G@R MNV DK@ORDC, HS VNTKC RDDL SN AD LNQD KHJDKX ENQ @ BTRSNLDQ SN @QQHUD VHSGHM SGD MDWS LHMTSD. 8HSG SGD DWONMDMSH@K
CHRSQHATSHNM, SGHR HR MNS SGD B@RDkSGD @CCHSHNM@K SHLD RODMS V@HSHMF ENQ SGD MDWS BTRSNLDQ CNDR MNS CDODMC NM GNV LTBG SHLD
G@R @KQD@CX DK@ORDC RHMBD SGD K@RS BTRSNLDQ. 5GHR HR QDEDQQDC SN @R SGD B:BDGNA:HH EGDE:GIN. 4ODBHEHB@KKX, SGD B:BDGNA:HH
EGDE:GIN R@XR SG@S
) (1 > H + J [ 1 > H) = ) (1 > J) ENQ @KK H y 0 @MC J y 0
'NQ DW@LOKD, HE EHUD LHMTSDR G@R DK@ORDC RHMBD SGD K@RS BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDC, SGDM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M NMD LHMTSD
VHKK DK@ORD ADENQD SGD MDWS BTRSNLDQ @QQHUDR HR BNLOTSDC AX TRHMF H = 5 @MC J = 1 HM SGD ENQDFNHMF DPT@SHNM.
)(1 > 5 + 1 [ 1 > 5) = )(1 > 1) = e
( 0.5)(1)
v 0.6065.
->?I ?I J>; I7C; OQNA@AHKHSX @R SG@S NE V@HSHMF LNQD SG@M NMD LHMTSD ENQ @ BTRSNLDQ SN @QQHUD @ESDQ SGD OQDUHNTR @QQHU@K.
5GD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR NESDM TRDC SN LNCDK SGD KNMFDUHSX NE @M DKDBSQHB@K NQ LDBG@MHB@K CDUHBD. *M #R;GJF?
5.9, SGD KHEDSHLD NE @ BDQS@HM BNLOTSDQ O@QS G@R SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE SDM XD@QR (1 ] ENF(0.1)). 5GD
B:BDGNA:HH EGDE:GIN R@XR SG@S JMNVKDCFD NE VG@S G@R NBBTQQDC HM SGD O@RS G@R MN DEEDBS NM ETSTQD OQNA@AHKHSHDR. *M SGHR
B@RD HS LD@MR SG@S @M NKC O@QS HR MNS @MX LNQD KHJDKX SN AQD@J CNVM @S @MX O@QSHBTK@Q SHLD SG@M @ AQ@MC MDV O@QS. *M NSGDQ
VNQCR, SGD O@QS RS@XR @R FNNC @R MDV TMSHK HS RTCCDMKX AQD@JR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD O@QS G@R @KQD@CX K@RSDC SDM XD@QR, SGDM SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS K@RSR @MNSGDQ RDUDM XD@QR HR )(1 > 17[1 > 10) = )(1 > 7) = 0.4966.
$T=ILHA 5.12
3DEDQ SN #R;GJF? 5.7 VGDQD SGD SHLD @ ONRS@K BKDQJ RODMCR VHSG GHR NQ GDQ BTRSNLDQ G@R @M DWONMDMSH@K
CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE ENTQ LHMTSDR. 4TOONRD @ BTRSNLDQ G@R RODMS ENTQ LHMTSDR VHSG @ ONRS@K BKDQJ. 8G@S HR
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD NQ RGD VHKK RODMC @S KD@RS @M @CCHSHNM@K SGQDD LHMTSDR VHSG SGD ONRS@K BKDQJ
5GD CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ NE 1 HR C =
1
4
= 0.25, RN 1 ENF(0.25).
5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR )(1 < N) = 1 k ;
k0.25N
.
8D V@MS SN EHMC )(1 > 7[1 > 4). 5GD B:BDGNA:HH EGDE:GIN R@XR SG@S )(1 > 7[1 > 4) = ) (1 > 3), RN VD ITRS
MDDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BTRSNLDQ RODMCR LNQD SG@M SGQDD LHMTSDR VHSG @ ONRS@K BKDQJ.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 339
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5GHR HR )(1 > 3) = 1 k ) (1 < 3) = 1 k (1 k ;
k0.253
) = ;
k0.75
v 0.4724.
$CAOL? 5.31
1k(1kD>(k0.25*2)) = D>(k0.25*2).
5.12 4TOONRD SG@S SGD KNMFDUHSX NE @ KHFGS ATKA HR DWONMDMSH@K VHSG @ LD@M KHEDSHLD NE DHFGS XD@QR. *E @ ATKA G@R @KQD@CX
K@RSDC 12 XD@QR, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS VHKK K@RS @ SNS@K NE NUDQ 19 XD@QR.
0?F;NCIHMBCJ <?NQ??H NB? .ICMMIH ;H> NB? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GDQD HR @M HMSDQDRSHMF QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM @MC SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD
SHLD SG@S DK@ORDR ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD DUDMSR ENKKNVR SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE Z TMHSR NE SHLD. "KRN
@RRTLD SG@S SGDRD SHLDR @QD HMCDODMCDMS, LD@MHMF SG@S SGD SHLD ADSVDDM DUDMSR HR MNS @EEDBSDC AX SGD SHLDR ADSVDDM OQDUHNTR
DUDMSR. *E SGDRD @RRTLOSHNMR GNKC, SGDM SGD MTLADQ NE DUDMSR ODQ TMHS SHLD ENKKNVR @ 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M Y =
1/i. 3DB@KK EQNL SGD BG@OSDQ NM "CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?M SG@S HE 1 G@R SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M Y, SGDM
P(X = k) =

k
e
k!
. $NMUDQRDKX, HE SGD MTLADQ NE DUDMSR ODQ TMHS SHLD ENKKNVR @ 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM, SGDM SGD @LNTMS NE
SHLD ADSVDDM DUDMSR ENKKNVR SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. (A! = A*(A-1*)(Ak2)*(A-3)r3*2*1)
4TOONRD 1 G@R SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M Y. $NLOTSD )(1 = A) AX DMSDQHMF 2
MC
, 7"34(%*453), $:
ONHRRNMOCE(Y, A). 5N BNLOTSD )(1 x A), DMSDQ 2
MC
, 7"34 (%*453), %:ONHRRNMBCE(Y, A).
$T=ILHA 5.13
"S @ ONKHBD RS@SHNM HM @ K@QFD BHSX, B@KKR BNLD HM @S @M @UDQ@FD Q@SD NE ENTQ B@KKR ODQ LHMTSD. "RRTLD SG@S SGD SHLD
SG@S DK@ORDR EQNL NMD B@KK SN SGD MDWS G@R SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5@JD MNSD SG@S VD @QD BNMBDQMDC NMKX VHSG
SGD Q@SD @S VGHBG B@KKR BNLD HM, @MC VD @QD HFMNQHMF SGD SHLD RODMS NM SGD OGNMD. 8D LTRS @KRN @RRTLD SG@S SGD
SHLDR RODMS ADSVDDM B@KKR @QD HMCDODMCDMS. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S @ O@QSHBTK@QKX KNMF CDK@X ADSVDDM SVN B@KKR CNDR MNS
340 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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LD@M SG@S SGDQD VHKK AD @ RGNQSDQ V@HSHMF ODQHNC ENQ SGD MDWS B@KK. 8D L@X SGDM CDCTBD SG@S SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE
B@KKR QDBDHUDC CTQHMF @ SHLD ODQHNC G@R SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD @UDQ@FD SHLD ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD B@KKR.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ESDQ @ B@KK HR QDBDHUDC, SGD MDWS B@KK NBBTQR HM KDRR SG@M SDM RDBNMCR.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DW@BSKX EHUD B@KKR NBBTQ VHSGHM @ LHMTSD.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S KDRR SG@M EHUD B@KKR NBBTQ VHSGHM @ LHMTSD.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M 40 B@KKR NBBTQ HM @M DHFGS-LHMTSD ODQHNC.
1IFONCIH 5.13
=. 0M @UDQ@FD SGDQD @QD ENTQ B@KKR NBBTQ ODQ LHMTSD, RN 15 RDBNMCR, NQ
15
60
= 0.25 LHMTSDR NBBTQ ADSVDDM
RTBBDRRHUD B@KKR NM @UDQ@FD.
>. -DS - = SHLD DK@ORDC ADSVDDM B@KKR. 'QNL O@QS @, Z = 0.25, RN C =
1
0.25
= 4. 5GTR, - ENF(4).
5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR )(- < J) = 1 k ;
k4J
.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD MDWS B@KK NBBTQR HM KDRR SG@M SDM RDBNMCR HR P
T <
1
6
= 1 e
4
1
6
0.4866.
$CAOL? 5.32
?. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE B@KKR ODQ LHMTSD. "R OQDUHNTRKX RS@SDC, SGD MTLADQ NE B@KKR ODQ LHMTSD G@R @ 1NHRRNM
CHRSQHATSHNM, VHSG @ LD@M NE ENTQ B@KKR ODQ LHMTSD.
5GDQDENQD, 1 )E?IIED(4), @MC RN )(1 = 5) =
4
5
e
4
5!
v 0.1563. (5! = (5)(4)(3)(2)(1))
ONHRRNMOCE(4, 5)
@. ,DDO HM LHMC SG@S 1 LTRS AD @ VGNKD MTLADQ, RN )(1 < 5) = )(1 x 4).
5N BNLOTSD SGHR, VD BNTKC S@JD )(1 = 0) + )(1 = 1) + )(1 = 2) + )(1 = 3) + )(1 = 4).
6RHMF SDBGMNKNFX, VD RDD SG@S )(1 x 4) = 0.6288.
ONHRRRNMBCE(4, 4)
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 341
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A. -DS 2 = SGD MTLADQ NE B@KKR SG@S NBBTQ CTQHMF @M DHFGS LHMTSD ODQHNC.
4HMBD SGDQD HR @M @UDQ@FD NE ENTQ B@KKR ODQ LHMTSD, SGDQD HR @M @UDQ@FD NE (8)(4) = 32 B@KKR CTQHMF D@BG DHFGS
LHMTSD ODQHNC.
)DMBD, 2 )E?IIED(32). 5GDQDENQD, )(2 > 40) = 1 k ) (2 x 40) = 1 k 0.9294 = 0.0707.
1 k ONHRRNMBCE(32, 40).
5.13 *M @ RL@KK BHSX, SGD MTLADQ NE @TSNLNAHKD @BBHCDMSR NBBTQ VHSG @ 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM @S @M @UDQ@FD NE SGQDD ODQ
VDDJ.
=. $@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD @S LNRS 2 @BBHCDMSR NBBTQ HM @MX FHUDM VDDJ.
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD HR @S KD@RS SVN VDDJR ADSVDDM @MX 2 @BBHCDMSR
342 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5.1 !IHNCHOIOM "CMNLC<ONCIH
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNLO@QD @MC BNMSQ@RS DLOHQHB@K C@S@ EQNL @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ VHSG SGD TMHENQL
CHRSQHATSHNM.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
6RD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN FDMDQ@SD 50 U@KTDR ADSVDDM YDQN @MC NMD (HMBKTRHUD). -HRS SGDL HM 2;<F? 5.3.
3NTMC SGD MTLADQR SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR NQ RDS SGD B@KBTK@SNQ .0%& SN ENTQ OK@BDR.
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 5.3
=. x
= ???????
>. I = ???????
?. EHQRS PT@QSHKD = ???????
@. SGHQC PT@QSHKD = ???????
A. LDCH@M = ???????
-LA;HCT? NB? ";N;
1. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD DLOHQHB@K C@S@. .@JD DHFGS A@QR.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 343
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$CAOL? 5.33
2. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD DLOHQHB@K C@S@. .@JD EHUD A@QR.
$CAOL? 5.34
"?M=LC<? NB? ";N;
1. *M SVN SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, CDRBQHAD SGD RG@OD NE D@BG FQ@OG. (,DDO HS RHLOKD. %NDR SGD FQ@OG FN RSQ@HFGS
@BQNRR, CNDR HS G@UD @ 7 RG@OD, CNDR HS G@UD @ GTLO HM SGD LHCCKD NQ @S DHSGDQ DMC, @MC RN NM. 0MD V@X SN GDKO XNT
CDSDQLHMD @ RG@OD HR SN CQ@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD QNTFGKX SGQNTFG SGD SNO NE SGD A@QR.)
2. %DRBQHAD GNV BG@MFHMF SGD MTLADQ NE A@QR LHFGS BG@MFD SGD RG@OD.
1. *M VNQCR, 1 = ?????????????????????????????????????.
2. 5GD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1 HR 1 ] .(0,1).
3. *M SGDNQX, A@RDC TONM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM 1 ] .(0,1), BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF.
=. Z = ??????
>. \ = ??????
?. EHQRS PT@QSHKD = ??????
@. SGHQC PT@QSHKD = ??????
A. LDCH@M = ??????????
4. "QD SGD DLOHQHB@K U@KTDR (SGD C@S@) HM SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;" BKNRD SN SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF SGDNQDSHB@K
U@KTDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
.FIN NB? ";N;
1. $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE SGD C@S@. #D RTQD SN TRD @ QTKDQ SN RB@KD @BBTQ@SDKX @MC CQ@V RSQ@HFGS DCFDR.
2. %N XNT MNSHBD @MX ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR *E RN, VGHBG U@KTDR @QD SGDX &HSGDQ V@X, ITRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
(3DB@KK SG@S @MX %"5" SG@S @QD KDRR SG@M *
1
k 1.5("*+) NQ LNQD SG@M *
3
+ 1.5("*+) @QD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR. "*+
LD@MR HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD.)
!IGJ;L? NB? ";N;
344 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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1. 'NQ D@BG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF O@QSR, TRD @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD SN BNLLDMS NM GNV SGD U@KTD NAS@HMDC EQNL SGD
C@S@ BNLO@QDR SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K U@KTD XNT DWODBSDC EQNL SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HM SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "2B?IL?NC=;F
"CMNLC<ONCIH."
=. LHMHLTL U@KTD: ???????
>. EHQRS PT@QSHKD: ???????
?. LDCH@M: ???????
@. SGHQC PT@QSHKD: ???????
A. L@WHLTL U@KTD: ???????
B. VHCSG NE "*+: ???????
C. NUDQ@KK RG@OD: ???????
2. #@RDC NM XNTQ BNLLDMSR HM SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;", GNV CNDR SGD ANW OKNS EHS NQ MNS EHS VG@S XNT
VNTKC DWODBS NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HM SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH"
"CM=OMMCIH /O?MNCIH
1. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD MTLADQ NE U@KTDR FDMDQ@SDC V@R 500, MNS 50. )NV VNTKC SG@S @EEDBS VG@S XNT VNTKC DWODBS SGD
DLOHQHB@K C@S@ SN AD @MC SGD RG@OD NE HSR FQ@OG SN KNNJ KHJD
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 345
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!IH>CNCIH;F .LI<;<CFCNS
>?=;S J;L;G?N?L
#RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
G?GILSF?MM JLIJ?LNS
.ICMMIH >CMNLC<ONCIH
3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
)#7 2#0+1
SGD KHJDKHGNNC SG@S @M DUDMS VHKK NBBTQ FHUDM SG@S @MNSGDQ DUDMS G@R @KQD@CX NBBTQQDC.
5GD CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ CDRBQHADR SGD Q@SD @S VGHBG OQNA@AHKHSHDR CDB@X SN YDQN ENQ HMBQD@RHMF U@KTDR NE
N. *S HR SGD U@KTD C HM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM <(N) = C;
(-CN)
NE @M DWONMDMSH@K Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. *S HR @KRN
DPT@K SN C =
1
, VGDQD Z HR SGD LD@M NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD.

@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S @OOD@QR VGDM VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD HMSDQU@KR NE
SHLD ADSVDDM RNLD Q@MCNL DUDMSR, ENQ DW@LOKD, SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD ADSVDDM DLDQFDMBX @QQHU@KR @S @ GNROHS@K; SGD
MNS@SHNM HR 1 ] ENF(C). 5GD LD@M HR Z =
1
m
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR j =
1
m
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM HR
<(N) = C;
eCN
, N y 0 @MC SGD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR )(1 x N) = 1 u ;
eCN
.
'NQ @M DWONMDMSH@K Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1, SGD LDLNQXKDRR OQNODQSX HR SGD RS@SDLDMS SG@S
JMNVKDCFD NE VG@S G@R NBBTQQDC HM SGD O@RS G@R MN DEEDBS NM ETSTQD OQNA@AHKHSHDR. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S
1 DWBDDCR N + A, FHUDM SG@S HS G@R DWBDDCDC N, HR SGD R@LD @R SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 1 VNTKC DWBDDC A HE VD G@C MN
JMNVKDCFD @ANTS HS. *M RXLANKR VD R@X SG@S )(1 > N + A[1 > N) = )(1 > A).
*E SGDQD HR @ JMNVM @UDQ@FD NE Y DUDMSR NBBTQQHMF ODQ TMHS SHLD, @MC SGDRD DUDMSR @QD HMCDODMCDMS
NE D@BG NSGDQ, SGDM SGD MTLADQ NE DUDMSR 1 NBBTQQHMF HM NMD TMHS NE SHLD G@R SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX
NE A DUDMSR NBBTQQHMF HM NMD TMHS SHLD HR DPT@K SN P(X = k) =

k
e
k!
.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S G@R DPT@KKX KHJDKX NTSBNLDR NUDQ SGD CNL@HM, 7 < N < 8;
HS HR NESDM QDEDQQDC @R SGD G:8I6C<JA6G 9>HIG>7JI>DC ADB@TRD SGD FQ@OG NE SGD OCE G@R SGD ENQL NE @ QDBS@MFKD.
/NS@SHNM: 1 ] .(7,8). 5GD LD@M HR Z =
a + b
2
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR =
(b a)
2
12
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX
ETMBSHNM HR <(N) =
1
b a
ENQ 7 < N < 8 NQ 7 x N x 8. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM HR )(1 x N) =
x a
b a
.
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
5.1 !IHNCHOIOM .LI<;<CFCNS $OH=NCIHM
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM (OCE) HR TRDC SN CDRBQHAD OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR. 5GD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD
CDMRHSX BTQUD ADSVDDM SVN ONHMSR BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD U@QH@AKD E@KKR ADSVDDM SGNRD SVN U@KTDR. *M NSGDQ
VNQCR, SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD CDMRHSX BTQUD ADSVDDM ONHMSR 7 @MC 8 HR DPT@K SN )(7 < N < 8). 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM
(BCE) FHUDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX @R @M @QD@. *E 1 HR @ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM (OCE), <(N), HR
TRDC SN CQ@V SGD FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD SNS@K @QD@ TMCDQ SGD FQ@OG NE <(N) HR NMD. 5GD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD FQ@OG
NE <(N) @MC ADSVDDM U@KTDR 7 @MC 8 FHUDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX )(7 < N < 8).
$CAOL? 5.35
5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (BCE) NE 1 HR CDEHMDC AX ) (1 x N). *S HR @ ETMBSHNM NE N SG@S FHUDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
SG@S SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN N.
346 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5.2 2B? 3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
*E 1 G@R @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM VGDQD 7 < N < 8 NQ 7 x N x 8, SGDM 1 S@JDR NM U@KTDR ADSVDDM 7 @MC 8 (L@X HMBKTCD 7 @MC
8). "KK U@KTDR N @QD DPT@KKX KHJDKX. 8D VQHSD 1 .(7, 8). 5GD LD@M NE 1 HR =
a + b
2
. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1 HR
=
(b a)
2
12
. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM NE 1 HR f (x) =
1
b a
ENQ 7 x N x 8. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM
NE 1 HR )(1 x N) =
x a
b a
. 1 HR BNMSHMTNTR.
$CAOL? 5.36
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX )(9 < 1 < :) L@X AD ENTMC AX BNLOTSHMF SGD @QD@ TMCDQ <(N), ADSVDDM 9 @MC :. 4HMBD SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF
@QD@ HR @ QDBS@MFKD, SGD @QD@ L@X AD ENTMC RHLOKX AX LTKSHOKXHMF SGD VHCSG @MC SGD GDHFGS.
5.3 2B? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
*E 1 G@R @M :MEDC:CI>6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC VHSG LD@M Z, SGDM SGD 9:86N E6G6B:I:G HR C =
1
, @MC VD VQHSD 1 ENF(C) VGDQD

N y 0 @MC C > 0 . 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM NE 1 HR <(N) = C;
-CN
(NQ DPTHU@KDMSKX f (x) =
1
e
x /
. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD
CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM NE 1 HR )(1 x N) = 1 k ;
kCN
.
5GD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM G@R SGD B:BDGNA:HH EGDE:GIN, VGHBG R@XR SG@S ETSTQD OQNA@AHKHSHDR CN MNS CDODMC NM @MX
O@RS HMENQL@SHNM. .@SGDL@SHB@KKX, HS R@XR SG@S )(1 > N + A[1 > N) = )(1 > A).
*E - QDOQDRDMSR SGD V@HSHMF SHLD ADSVDDM DUDMSR, @MC HE - ENF(Y), SGDM SGD MTLADQ NE DUDMSR 1 ODQ TMHS SHLD ENKKNVR
SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M Y. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM NE 1 HR (X = k) =

k
e
k
k!
. 5GHR L@X AD BNLOTSDC
TRHMF @ 5*-83, 83+, 84, 84+ B@KBTK@SNQ VHSG SGD BNLL@MC ONHRRNMOCE(Y, A). 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM )(1 x A)
L@X AD BNLOTSDC TRHMF SGD 5*-83, 83+,84, 84+ B@KBTK@SNQ VHSG SGD BNLL@MC ONHRRNMBCE(Y, A).
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
1QNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM (OCE) <(N):
c <(N) y 0
c 5GD SNS@K @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD <(N) HR NMD.
$TLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM (BCE): )(1 x N)
1 = @ QD@K MTLADQ ADSVDDM 7 @MC 8 (HM RNLD HMRS@MBDR, 1 B@M
S@JD NM SGD U@KTDR 7 @MC 8). 7 = RL@KKDRS 1; 8 = K@QFDRS 1
1 ] . (@, A)
5GD LD@M HR =
a + b
2
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR =
(b a)
2
12
-GD767>A>IN 9:CH>IN ;JC8I>DC: f (x) =
1
b a
ENQ
a X b
AG:6 ID I=: ):;I D; &: )(1 < N) = (N k 7)

1
b a
AG:6 ID I=: /><=I D; &: )(1 > N) = (8 k N)

1
b a
AG:6 B:IL::C c 6C9 d: )(9 < N < :) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (: k

9)

1
b a
6MHENQL: 1 ] .(7, 8) VGDQD 7 < N < 8

c OCE: f (x) =
1
b a
ENQ 7 g N g 8
c BCE: )(1 x N) =
x a
b a
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 347
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c LD@M R =
a + b
2
c RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ =
(b a)
2
12
c )(9 < 1 < :) = (: k 9) (
1
b a
)
&WONMDMSH@K: 1 ] ENF(C) VGDQD C = SGD CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ
c OCE: <(N) = C;
(kCN)
VGDQD N y 0 @MC C > 0
c BCE: )(1 x N) = 1 k ;
(kCN)
c LD@M R =
1
m
c RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ = R
c ODQBDMSHKD A: A =
ln(1 AreaToTheLe f tOf k)
( m)
c "CCHSHNM@KKX
i )(1 > N) = ;
(kCN)
i )(7 < 1 < 8) = ;
(kC7)
k ;
(kC8)
c .DLNQXKDRR 1QNODQSX: )(1 > N + A[1 > N) = ) (1 > A)
c 1NHRRNM OQNA@AHKHSX: P(X = k) =

k
e
k
k!
VHSG LD@M
Y
c A! = A*(A-1)*(A-2)*(A-3)r3*2*1
.0A!2'!#
1. 8GHBG SXOD NE CHRSQHATSHNM CNDR SGD FQ@OG HKKTRSQ@SD
$CAOL? 5.37
$CAOL? 5.38
348 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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$CAOL? 5.39
4. 8G@S CNDR SGD RG@CDC @QD@ QDOQDRDMS )(???< N < ???)
$CAOL? 5.40
5. 8G@S CNDR SGD RG@CDC @QD@ QDOQDRDMS )(???< N < ???)
$CAOL? 5.41
6. 'NQ @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM, 0 x N x 15. 8G@S HR )(N > 15)
7. 8G@S HR SGD @QD@ TMCDQ <(N) HE SGD ETMBSHNM HR @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM
8. 'NQ @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM, 0 x N x 10. 8G@S HR )(N = 7)
9. " 8DCI>CJDJH OQNA@AHKHSX ETMBSHNM HR QDRSQHBSDC SN SGD ONQSHNM ADSVDDM N = 0 @MC 7. 8G@S HR )(N = 10)
10. <(N) ENQ @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX ETMBSHNM HR
1
5
, @MC SGD ETMBSHNM HR QDRSQHBSDC SN 0 x N x 5. 8G@S HR )(N < 0)
11. <(N), @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX ETMBSHNM, HR DPT@K SN
1
12
, @MC SGD ETMBSHNM HR QDRSQHBSDC SN 0 x N x 12. 8G@S HR ) (0 < N <
12)
12. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N E@KKR HM SGD RG@CDC @QD@.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 349
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$CAOL? 5.42
$CAOL? 5.43
$CAOL? 5.44
15. <(N), @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX ETMBSHNM, HR DPT@K SN
1
3
@MC SGD ETMBSHNM HR QDRSQHBSDC SN 1 x N x 4. %DRBQHAD P
x >
3
2
.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D GK;IJ?EDI. 5GD C@S@ SG@S ENKKNV @QD SGD RPT@QD ENNS@FD (HM 1,000 EDDS
RPT@QDC) NE 28 GNLDR.
1.5 2.4 3.6 2.6 1.6 2.4 2.0
2;<F? 5.4
350 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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3.5 2.5 1.8 2.4 2.5 3.5 4.0
2.6 1.6 2.2 1.8 3.8 2.5 1.5
2.8 1.8 4.5 1.9 1.9 3.1 1.6
2;<F? 5.4
5GD R@LOKD LD@M = 2.50 @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 0.8302.
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM B@M AD VQHSSDM @R 1 ] .(1.5, 4.5).
16. 8G@S SXOD NE CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGHR
17. *M SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM, NTSBNLDR @QD DPT@KKX KHJDKX. 8G@S CNDR SGHR LD@M
18. 8G@S HR SGD GDHFGS NE <(N) ENQ SGD BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM
19. 8G@S @QD SGD BNMRSQ@HMSR ENQ SGD U@KTDR NE N
20. (Q@OG )(2 < N < 3).
21. 8G@S HR )(2 < N < 3)
22. 8G@S HR )(W < 3.5[ N < 4)
23. 8G@S HR )(N = 1.5)
24. 8G@S HR SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE RPT@QD ENNS@FD ENQ GNLDR
25. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC GNLD G@R LNQD SG@M 3,000 RPT@QD EDDS FHUDM SG@S XNT @KQD@CX JMNV SGD
GNTRD G@R LNQD SG@M 2,000 RPT@QD EDDS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I. " CHRSQHATSHNM HR FHUDM @R 1 ] .(0, 12).
26. 8G@S HR 7 8G@S CNDR HS QDOQDRDMS
27. 8G@S HR 8 8G@S CNDR HS QDOQDRDMS
28. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM
29. 8G@S HR SGD SGDNQDSHB@K LD@M
30. 8G@S HR SGD SGDNQDSHB@K RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
31. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ )(N > 9).
32. 'HMC )(N > 9).
33. 'HMC SGD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;B;L;D ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD @FD NE B@QR HM SGD RS@EE O@QJHMF KNS NE @ RTATQA@M
BNKKDFD HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC EQNL RHW LNMSGR (0.5 XD@QR) SN 9.5 XD@QR.
34. 8G@S HR ADHMF LD@RTQDC GDQD
36. "QD SGD C@S@ CHRBQDSD NQ BNMSHMTNTR
37. 5GD HMSDQU@K NE U@KTDR ENQ N HR ??????.
38. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1 HR ??????.
39. 8QHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM.
40. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 351
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$CAOL? 5.45
>. *CDMSHEX SGD ENKKNVHMF U@KTDR:
E. -NVDRS U@KTD ENQ x
: ???????
EE. )HFGDRS U@KTD ENQ x
: ???????
EEE. )DHFGS NE SGD QDBS@MFKD: ???????
ER. -@ADK ENQ N-@WHR (VNQCR): ???????
R. -@ADK ENQ O-@WHR (VNQCR): ???????
41. 'HMC SGD @UDQ@FD @FD NE SGD B@QR HM SGD KNS.
42. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM B@Q HM SGD KNS V@R KDRR SG@M ENTQ XD@QR NKC.
=. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC RG@CD SGD @QD@ NE HMSDQDRS.
$CAOL? 5.46
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. )(N < 4) = ???????
43. $NMRHCDQHMF NMKX SGD B@QR KDRR SG@M 7.5 XD@QR NKC, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM B@Q HM SGD KNS V@R KDRR SG@M
ENTQ XD@QR NKC.
=. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, RG@CD SGD @QD@ NE HMSDQDRS.
352 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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$CAOL? 5.47
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. )(N < 4[N < 7.5) = ???????
44. 8G@S G@R BG@MFDC HM SGD OQDUHNTR SVN OQNAKDLR SG@S L@CD SGD RNKTSHNMR CHEEDQDMS
45. 'HMC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD NE @FDR NE B@QR HM SGD KNS. 5GHR LD@MR XNT VHKK G@UD SN EHMC SGD U@KTD RTBG SG@S
3
4
, NQ 75%, NE SGD
B@QR @QD @S LNRS (KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN) SG@S @FD.
$CAOL? 5.48
>. 'HMC SGD U@KTD A RTBG SG@S )(N < A) = 0.75.
?. 5GD SGHQC PT@QSHKD HR ???????
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D ;N;H9?I;I. " BTRSNLDQ RDQUHBD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD LTRS RODMC CHEEDQDMS
@LNTMSR NE SHLD VHSG D@BG BTRSNLDQ SN QDRNKUD U@QHNTR BNMBDQMR. 5GD @LNTMS NE SHLD RODMS VHSG D@BG BTRSNLDQ B@M AD
LNCDKDC AX SGD ENKKNVHMF CHRSQHATSHNM: 1 ] ENF(0.2)
46. 8G@S SXOD NE CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGHR
47. "QD NTSBNLDR DPT@KKX KHJDKX HM SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
48. 8G@S HR C 8G@S CNDR HS QDOQDRDMS
49. 8G@S HR SGD LD@M
50. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
51. 4S@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM.
52. (Q@OG SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
53. 'HMC )(2 < N < 10).
54. 'HMC )(N > 6).
55. 'HMC SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 353
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I. " CHRSQHATSHNM HR FHUDM @R 1 ] ENF(0.75).
56. 8G@S HR C
57. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM
58. 8G@S HR SGD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM
59. %Q@V SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
60. 'HMC )(N < 4).
61. 'HMC SGD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
62. 'HMC SGD LDCH@M.
63. 8GHBG HR K@QFDQ, SGD LD@M NQ SGD LDCH@M
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 16 ;N;H9?I;I. $@QANM-14 HR @ Q@CHN@BSHUD DKDLDMS VHSG @ G@KE-KHED
NE @ANTS 5,730 XD@QR. $@QANM-14 HR R@HC SN CDB@X DWONMDMSH@KKX. 5GD CDB@X Q@SD HR 0.000121. 8D RS@QS VHSG NMD FQ@L NE
B@QANM-14. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD SHLD (XD@QR) HS S@JDR SN CDB@X B@QANM-14.
64. 8G@S HR ADHMF LD@RTQDC GDQD
65. "QD SGD C@S@ CHRBQDSD NQ BNMSHMTNTR
67. 8G@S HR SGD CDB@X Q@SD (C)
68. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1 HR ??????.
69. 'HMC SGD @LNTMS (ODQBDMS NE NMD FQ@L) NE B@QANM-14 K@RSHMF KDRR SG@M 5,730 XD@QR. 5GHR LD@MR, EHMC )(N < 5,730).
$CAOL? 5.49
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. )(N < 5,730) = ??????????
70. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE B@QANM-14 K@RSHMF KNMFDQ SG@M 10,000 XD@QR.
354 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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$CAOL? 5.50
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. )(N > 10,000) = ????????
71. 5GHQSX ODQBDMS (30%) NE B@QANM-14 VHKK CDB@X VHSGHM GNV L@MX XD@QR
$CAOL? 5.51
>. 'HMC SGD U@KTD A RTBG SG@S )(N < A) = 0.30.
&-+#5-0)
FEH ;79> FHE878?B?JO 7D: F;H9;DJ?B; FHE8B;C, :H7M J>; F?9JKH;.
72. $NMRHCDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF DWODQHLDMS. :NT @QD NMD NE 100 ODNOKD DMKHRSDC SN S@JD O@QS HM @ RSTCX SN CDSDQLHMD SGD ODQBDMS
NE MTQRDR HM "LDQHB@ VHSG @M 3./. (QDFHRSDQDC MTQRD) CDFQDD. :NT @RJ MTQRDR HE SGDX G@UD @M 3./. CDFQDD. 5GD MTQRDR
@MRVDQ oXDRp NQ oMN.p :NT SGDM B@KBTK@SD SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE MTQRDR VHSG @M 3./. CDFQDD. :NT FHUD SG@S ODQBDMS@FD SN XNTQ
RTODQUHRNQ.
=. 8G@S O@QS NE SGD DWODQHLDMS VHKK XHDKC CHRBQDSD C@S@
>. 8G@S O@QS NE SGD DWODQHLDMS VHKK XHDKC BNMSHMTNTR C@S@
73. 8GDM @FD HR QNTMCDC SN SGD MD@QDRS XD@Q, CN SGD C@S@ RS@X BNMSHMTNTR, NQ CN SGDX ADBNLD CHRBQDSD 8GX
FEH ;79> FHE878?B?JO 7D: F;H9;DJ?B; FHE8B;C, :H7M J>; F?9JKH;.
74. #HQSGR @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM SGD 52 VDDJR NE SGD XD@Q. 5GDX B@M AD R@HC SN ENKKNV @ TMHENQL
CHRSQHATSHNM EQNL NMD SN 53 (ROQD@C NE 52 VDDJR).
=. 1 ] ?????????
>. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
?. <(N) = ?????????
@. Z = ?????????
A. j = ?????????
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR ANQM @S SGD DW@BS LNLDMS VDDJ 19 RS@QSR. 5G@S HR, EHMC )(N = 19) = ?????????
C. )(2 < N < 31) = ?????????
D. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM HR ANQM @ESDQ VDDJ 40.
E. )(12 < N[N < 28) = ?????????
F. 'HMC SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
G. 'HMC SGD LHMHLTL ENQ SGD TOODQ PT@QSDQ.
75. " Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ OHBJR @ MTLADQ EQNL NMD SN MHMD HM @ TMHENQL L@MMDQ.
=. 1 ] ?????????
>. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
?. <(N) = ?????????
@. Z = ?????????
A. \ = ?????????
B. )(3.5 < N < 7.25) = ?????????
C. )(N > 5.67)
D. )(N > 5[N > 3) = ?????????
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 355
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E. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
76. "BBNQCHMF SN @ RSTCX AX %Q. +NGM .B%NTF@KK NE GHR KHUD-HM VDHFGS KNRR OQNFQ@L @S 4S. )DKDM@ )NROHS@K, SGD ODNOKD VGN
ENKKNV GHR OQNFQ@L KNRD ADSVDDM RHW @MC 15 ONTMCR @ LNMSG TMSHK SGDX @OOQN@BG SQHL ANCX VDHFGS. -DSnR RTOONRD SG@S SGD
VDHFGS KNRR HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD VDHFGS KNRR NE @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMCHUHCT@K ENKKNVHMF SGD
OQNFQ@L ENQ NMD LNMSG.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ?????????
>. 1 ] ?????????
?. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM.
@. <(N) = ?????????
A. Z = ?????????
B. \ = ?????????
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD HMCHUHCT@K KNRS LNQD SG@M SDM ONTMCR HM @ LNMSG.
D. 4TOONRD HS HR JMNVM SG@S SGD HMCHUHCT@K KNRS LNQD SG@M SDM ONTMCR HM @ LNMSG. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD KNRS KDRR
SG@M 12 ONTMCR HM SGD LNMSG.
E. )(7 < N < 13[N > 9) = ??????????. 4S@SD SGHR HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM, RHLHK@QKX SN O@QSR F @MC G, CQ@V SGD OHBSTQD,
@MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
77. " RTAV@X SQ@HM NM SGD 3DC -HMD @QQHUDR DUDQX DHFGS LHMTSDR CTQHMF QTRG GNTQ. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD @
BNLLTSDQ LTRS V@HS ENQ @ SQ@HM SN @QQHUD. 5GD SHLD ENKKNVR @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ???????
>. 1 ] ???????
@. <(N) = ???????
A. Z = ???????
B. \ = ???????
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BNLLTSDQ V@HSR KDRR SG@M NMD LHMTSD.
D. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BNLLTSDQ V@HSR ADSVDDM SGQDD @MC ENTQ LHMTSDR.
E. 4HWSX ODQBDMS NE BNLLTSDQR V@HS LNQD SG@M GNV KNMF ENQ SGD SQ@HM 4S@SD SGHR HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM, RHLHK@QKX
SN O@QSR F @MC G, CQ@V SGD OHBSTQD, @MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
78. 5GD @FD NE @ EHQRS FQ@CDQ NM 4DOSDLADQ 1 @S (@QCDM &KDLDMS@QX 4BGNNK HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC EQNL 5.8 SN 6.8 XD@QR.
8D Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS NMD EHQRS FQ@CDQ EQNL SGD BK@RR.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ?????????
>. 1 ] ?????????
@. <(N) = ?????????
A. Z = ?????????
B. \ = ?????????
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD HR NUDQ 6.5 XD@QR NKC.
D. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD HR ADSVDDM ENTQ @MC RHW XD@QR NKC.
E. 'HMC SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD @FD NE EHQRS FQ@CDQR NM 4DOSDLADQ 1 @S (@QCDM &KDLDMS@QX 4BGNNK.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD 4JX 5Q@HM EQNL SGD SDQLHM@K SN SGD QDMS@KkB@Q @MC
KNMFkSDQL O@QJHMF BDMSDQ HR RTOONRDC SN @QQHUD DUDQX DHFGS LHMTSDR. 5GD V@HSHMF SHLDR ENQ SGD SQ@HM @QD JMNVM SN ENKKNV @
TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
79. 8G@S HR SGD @UDQ@FD V@HSHMF SHLD (HM LHMTSDR)
=. YDQN
>. SVN
?. SGQDD
@. ENTQ
80. 'HMC SGD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD V@HSHMF SHLDR (HM LHMTSDR).
=. SVN
>. 2.4
?. 2.75
@. SGQDD
81. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE V@HSHMF LNQD SG@M RDUDM LHMTSDR FHUDM @ ODQRNM G@R V@HSDC LNQD SG@M ENTQ LHMTSDR HR
=. 0.125
>. 0.25
?. 0.5
@. 0.75
356 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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82. 5GD SHLD (HM LHMTSDR) TMSHK SGD MDWS ATR CDO@QSR @ L@INQ ATR CDONS ENKKNVR @ CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG <(N) =
1
20
VGDQD N FNDR
EQNL 25 SN 45 LHMTSDR.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ????????
>. 1 ] ????????
@. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR ?????????????? (M@LD NE CHRSQHATSHNM). *S HR ????????????? (CHRBQDSD NQ BNMSHMTNTR).
A. Z = ????????
B. \ = ????????
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD HR @S LNRS 30 LHMTSDR. 4JDSBG @MC K@ADK @ FQ@OG NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM. 4G@CD SGD
@QD@ NE HMSDQDRS. 8QHSD SGD @MRVDQ HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
D. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD HR ADSVDDM 30 @MC 40 LHMTSDR. 4JDSBG @MC K@ADK @ FQ@OG NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
4G@CD SGD @QD@ NE HMSDQDRS. 8QHSD SGD @MRVDQ HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
E. )(25 < N < 55) = ?????????. 4S@SD SGHR HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS, RHLHK@QKX SN O@QSR F @MC G, CQ@V SGD OHBSTQD, @MC
EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
F. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S 90% NE SGD SHLD, SGD SHLD HR KDRR SG@M ????? LHMTSDR.
G. 'HMC SGD 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. *M @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD, RS@SD VG@S SGHR LD@MR. (4DD O@QS I.)
H. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD HR LNQD SG@M 40 LHMTSDR FHUDM (NQ JMNVHMF SG@S) HS HR @S KD@RS 30 LHMTSDR.
83. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD U@KTD NE @ RSNBJ U@QHDR D@BG C@X EQNL $16 SN $25 VHSG @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD U@KTD NE SGD RSNBJ HR LNQD SG@M $19.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD U@KTD NE SGD RSNBJ HR ADSVDDM $19 @MC $22.
?. 'HMC SGD TOODQ PT@QSHKD - 25% NE @KK C@XR SGD RSNBJ HR @ANUD VG@S U@KTD %Q@V SGD FQ@OG.
@. (HUDM SG@S SGD RSNBJ HR FQD@SDQ SG@M $18, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSNBJ HR LNQD SG@M $21.
84. "EHQDVNQJR RGNVHR CDRHFMDC RN SG@S SGD SHLD ADSVDDM EHQDVNQJR HR ADSVDDM NMD @MC EHUD RDBNMCR, @MC ENKKNVR @ TMHENQL
CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD @UDQ@FD SHLD ADSVDDM EHQDVNQJR.
>. 'HMC OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD ADSVDDM EHQDVNQJR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M ENTQ RDBNMCR.
85. 5GD MTLADQ NE LHKDR CQHUDM AX @ SQTBJ CQHUDQ E@KKR ADSVDDM 300 @MC 700, @MC ENKKNVR @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SQTBJ CQHUDQ FNDR LNQD SG@M 650 LHKDR HM @ C@X.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SQTBJ CQHUDQR FNDR ADSVDDM 400 @MC 650 LHKDR HM @ C@X.
?. "S KD@RS GNV L@MX LHKDR CNDR SGD SQTBJ CQHUDQ SQ@UDK NM SGD ETQSGDRS 10% NE C@XR
86. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD KDMFSG NE KNMF CHRS@MBD OGNMD B@KKR, LD@RTQDC HM LHMTSDR, HR JMNVM SN G@UD @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM
VHSG SGD @UDQ@FD KDMFSG NE @ B@KK DPT@K SN DHFGS LHMTSDR.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ????????????????.
>. *R 1 BNMSHMTNTR NQ CHRBQDSD
?. 1 ] ????????
@. Z = ????????
A. \ = ????????
B. %Q@V @ FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. -@ADK SGD @WDR.
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OGNMD B@KK K@RSR KDRR SG@M MHMD LHMTSDR.
D. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OGNMD B@KK K@RSR LNQD SG@M MHMD LHMTSDR.
E. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OGNMD B@KK K@RSR ADSVDDM RDUDM @MC MHMD LHMTSDR.
F. *E 25 OGNMD B@KKR @QD L@CD NMD @ESDQ @MNSGDQ, NM @UDQ@FD, VG@S VNTKC XNT DWODBS SGD SNS@K SN AD 8GX
87. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD TRDETK KHED NE @ O@QSHBTK@Q B@Q A@SSDQX, LD@RTQDC HM LNMSGR, CDB@XR VHSG O@Q@LDSDQ 0.025. 8D @QD
HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD KHED NE SGD A@SSDQX.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. 1 = ?????????????????????????????????.
?. 1 ] ????????
@. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV KNMF VNTKC XNT DWODBS NMD B@Q A@SSDQX SN K@RS
A. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV KNMF VNTKC XNT DWODBS MHMD B@Q A@SSDQHDR SN K@RS, HE SGDX @QD TRDC NMD @ESDQ @MNSGDQ
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ B@Q A@SSDQX K@RSR LNQD SG@M 36 LNMSGR.
C. 4DUDMSX ODQBDMS NE SGD A@SSDQHDR K@RS @S KD@RS GNV KNMF
88. 5GD ODQBDMS NE ODQRNMR (@FDR EHUD @MC NKCDQ) HM D@BG RS@SD VGN ROD@J @ K@MFT@FD @S GNLD NSGDQ SG@M &MFKHRG HR
@OOQNWHL@SDKX DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 9.848. 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX OHBJ @ RS@SD.
?. 1 ] ????????
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 357
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@. Z = ????????
A. \ = ????????
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQBDMS HR KDRR SG@M 12.
D. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQBDMS HR ADSVDDM DHFGS @MC 14.
E. 5GD ODQBDMS NE @KK HMCHUHCT@KR KHUHMF HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR VGN ROD@J @ K@MFT@FD @S GNLD NSGDQ SG@M &MFKHRG HR 13.8.
E. 8GX HR SGHR MTLADQ CHEEDQDMS EQNL 9.848%
EE. 8G@S VNTKC L@JD SGHR MTLADQ GHFGDQ SG@M 9.848%
89. 5GD SHLD (HM XD@QR) 6;I:G QD@BGHMF @FD 60 SG@S HS S@JDR @M HMCHUHCT@K SN QDSHQD HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC
VHSG @ LD@M NE @ANTS EHUD XD@QR. 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX OHBJ NMD QDSHQDC HMCHUHCT@K. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD SHLD @ESDQ @FD
60 SN QDSHQDLDMS.
?. 1 ] = ????????
@. Z = ????????
A. \ = ????????
C. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNM QDSHQDC @ESDQ @FD 70.
D. %N LNQD ODNOKD QDSHQD ADENQD @FD 65 NQ @ESDQ @FD 65
E. *M @ QNNL NE 1,000 ODNOKD NUDQ @FD 80, GNV L@MX CN XNT DWODBS VHKK /05 G@UD QDSHQDC XDS
90. 5GD BNRS NE @KK L@HMSDM@MBD ENQ @ B@Q CTQHMF HSR EHQRS XD@Q HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE
$150.
>. 1 ] = ????????
?. Z = ????????
@. \ = ????????
A. %Q@V @ FQ@OG NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. -@ADK SGD @WDR.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ B@Q QDPTHQDC NUDQ $300 ENQ L@HMSDM@MBD CTQHMF HSR EHQRS XD@Q.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD @UDQ@FD KHEDSHLD NE @ BDQS@HM MDV BDKK OGNMD HR SGQDD
XD@QR. 5GD L@MTE@BSTQDQ VHKK QDOK@BD @MX BDKK OGNMD E@HKHMF VHSGHM SVN XD@QR NE SGD C@SD NE OTQBG@RD. 5GD KHEDSHLD NE SGDRD
BDKK OGNMDR HR JMNVM SN ENKKNV @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
91. 5GD CDB@X Q@SD HR:
=. 0.3333
>. 0.5000
?. 2
@. 3
92. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ OGNMD VHKK E@HK VHSGHM SVN XD@QR NE SGD C@SD NE OTQBG@RD
=. 0.8647
>. 0.4866
?. 0.2212
@. 0.9997
93. 8G@S HR SGD LDCH@M KHEDSHLD NE SGDRD OGNMDR (HM XD@QR)
=. 0.1941
>. 1.3863
?. 2.0794
@. 5.5452
94. -DS 1 ] ENF(0.1).
=. CDB@X Q@SD = ????????
>. Z = ????????
?. (Q@OG SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM.
@. 0M SGD FQ@OG, RG@CD SGD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCHMF SN )(N < 6) @MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
A. 4JDSBG @ MDV FQ@OG, RG@CD SGD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCHMF SN )(3 < N < 6) @MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
B. 4JDSBG @ MDV FQ@OG, RG@CD SGD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCHMF SN )(N < 7) @MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
C. 4JDSBG @ MDV FQ@OG, RG@CD SGD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD 40
SG
ODQBDMSHKD @MC EHMC SGD U@KTD.
D. 'HMC SGD @UDQ@FD U@KTD NE N.
95. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD KNMFDUHSX NE @ KHFGS ATKA HR DWONMDMSH@K VHSG @ LD@M KHEDSHLD NE DHFGS XD@QR.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ KHFGS ATKA K@RSR KDRR SG@M NMD XD@Q.
358 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ KHFGS ATKA K@RSR ADSVDDM RHW @MC SDM XD@QR.
?. 4DUDMSX ODQBDMS NE @KK KHFGS ATKAR K@RS @S KD@RS GNV KNMF
@. " BNLO@MX CDBHCDR SN NEEDQ @ V@QQ@MSX SN FHUD QDETMCR SN KHFGS ATKAR VGNRD KHEDSHLD HR @LNMF SGD KNVDRS SVN
ODQBDMS NE @KK ATKAR. 5N SGD MD@QDRS LNMSG, VG@S RGNTKC AD SGD BTSNEE KHEDSHLD ENQ SGD V@QQ@MSX SN S@JD OK@BD
A. *E @ KHFGS ATKA G@R K@RSDC RDUDM XD@QR, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS E@HKR VHSGHM SGD 8
SG
XD@Q.
96. "S @ 911 B@KK BDMSDQ, B@KKR BNLD HM @S @M @UDQ@FD Q@SD NE NMD B@KK DUDQX SVN LHMTSDR. "RRTLD SG@S SGD SHLD SG@S DK@ORDR
EQNL NMD B@KK SN SGD MDWS G@R SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 0M @UDQ@FD, GNV LTBG SHLD NBBTQR ADSVDDM EHUD BNMRDBTSHUD B@KKR
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ESDQ @ B@KK HR QDBDHUDC, HS S@JDR LNQD SG@M SGQDD LHMTSDR ENQ SGD MDWS B@KK SN NBBTQ.
?. /HMDSX-ODQBDMS NE @KK B@KKR NBBTQ VHSGHM GNV L@MX LHMTSDR NE SGD OQDUHNTR B@KK
@. 4TOONRD SG@S SVN LHMTSDR G@UD DK@ORDC RHMBD SGD K@RS B@KK. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD MDWS B@KK VHKK NBBTQ VHSGHM
SGD MDWS LHMTSD.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S KDRR SG@M 20 B@KKR NBBTQ VHSGHM @M GNTQ.
97. *M L@INQ KD@FTD A@RDA@KK, @ MN-GHSSDQ HR @ F@LD HM VGHBG @ OHSBGDQ, NQ OHSBGDQR, CNDRM'S FHUD TO @MX GHSR SGQNTFGNTS
SGD F@LD. /N-GHSSDQR NBBTQ @S @ Q@SD NE @ANTS SGQDD ODQ RD@RNM. "RRTLD SG@S SGD CTQ@SHNM NE SHLD ADSVDDM MN-GHSSDQR HR
DWONMDMSH@K.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M DMSHQD RD@RNM DK@ORDR VHSG @ RHMFKD MN-GHSSDQ
>. *E @M DMSHQD RD@RNM DK@ORDR VHSGNTS @MX MN-GHSSDQR, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD MN MN-GHSSDQR HM SGD
ENKKNVHMF RD@RNM
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD LNQD SG@M 3 MN-GHSSDQR HM @ RHMFKD RD@RNM
98. %TQHMF SGD XD@QR 1998k2012, @ SNS@K NE 29 D@QSGPT@JDR NE L@FMHSTCD FQD@SDQ SG@M 6.5 G@UD NBBTQQDC HM 1@OT@ /DV
(THMD@. "RRTLD SG@S SGD SHLD RODMS V@HSHMF ADSVDDM D@QSGPT@JDR HR DWONMDMSH@K.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD MDWS D@QSGPT@JD NBBTQR VHSGHM SGD MDWS SGQDD LNMSGR
>. (HUDM SG@S RHW LNMSGR G@R O@RRDC VHSGNTS @M D@QSGPT@JD HM 1@OT@ /DV (THMD@, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD
MDWS SGQDD LNMSGR VHKK AD EQDD NE D@QSGPT@JDR
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE YDQN D@QSGPT@JDR NBBTQQHMF HM 2014
@. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS SVN D@QSGPT@JDR VHKK NBBTQ HM 2014
99. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD "LDQHB@M 3DC $QNRR, @ANTS NMD NTS NE MHMD ODNOKD HM SGD 6.4. G@UD 5XOD # AKNNC. 4TOONRD SGD AKNNC
SXODR NE ODNOKD @QQHUHMF @S @ AKNNC CQHUD @QD HMCDODMCDMS. *M SGHR B@RD, SGD MTLADQ NE 5XOD # AKNNC SXODR SG@S @QQHUD QNTFGKX
ENKKNVR SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. *E 100 ODNOKD @QQHUD, GNV L@MX NM @UDQ@FD VNTKC AD DWODBSDC SN G@UD 5XOD # AKNNC
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NUDQ 10 ODNOKD NTS NE SGDRD 100 G@UD SXOD # AKNNC
?. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M 20 ODNOKD @QQHUD ADENQD @ ODQRNM VHSG SXOD # AKNNC HR ENTMC
100. " VDA RHSD DWODQHDMBDR SQ@EEHB CTQHMF MNQL@K VNQJHMF GNTQR @S @ Q@SD NE 12 UHRHSR ODQ GNTQ. "RRTLD SG@S SGD CTQ@SHNM
ADSVDDM UHRHSR G@R SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD CTQ@SHNM ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD UHRHSR SN SGD VDA RHSD HR LNQD SG@M SDM LHMTSDR.
>. 5GD SNO 25% NE CTQ@SHNMR ADSVDDM UHRHSR @QD @S KD@RS GNV KNMF
?. 4TOONRD SG@S 20 LHMTSDR G@UD O@RRDC RHMBD SGD K@RS UHRHS SN SGD VDA RHSD. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD MDWS UHRHS
VHKK NBBTQ VHSGHM SGD MDWS 5 LHMTSDR
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S KDRR SG@M 7 UHRHSR NBBTQ VHSGHM @ NMD-GNTQ ODQHNC.
101. "S @M TQFDMS B@QD E@BHKHSX, O@SHDMSR @QQHUD @S @M @UDQ@FD Q@SD NE NMD O@SHDMS DUDQX RDUDM LHMTSDR. "RRTLD SG@S SGD
CTQ@SHNM ADSVDDM @QQHU@KR HR DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD UHRHSR SN SGD TQFDMS B@QD E@BHKHSX HR KDRR SG@M 2 LHMTSDR.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD ADSVDDM SVN RTBBDRRHUD UHRHSR SN SGD TQFDMS B@QD E@BHKHSX HR LNQD SG@M 15 LHMTSDR.
?. *E 10 LHMTSDR G@UD O@RRDC RHMBD SGD K@RS @QQHU@K, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD MDWS ODQRNM VHKK @QQHUD VHSGHM SGD
MDWS EHUD LHMTSDR
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S LNQD SG@M DHFGS O@SHDMSR @QQHUD CTQHMF @ G@KE-GNTQ ODQHNC.
0#$#0#,!#1
.B%NTF@KK, +NGM ". 5GD .B%NTF@KK 1QNFQ@L ENQ .@WHLTL 8DHFGS -NRR. 1KTLD, 1995.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T.
%@S@ EQNL 8NQKC &@QSGPT@JDR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.VNQKC-D@QSGPT@JDR.BNL/ (@BBDRRDC +TMD 11, 2013).
o/N-GHSSDQ.p #@RDA@KK-3DEDQDMBD.BNL, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.A@RDA@KK-QDEDQDMBD.BNL/ATKKODM//N-GHSSDQ
(@BBDRRDC +TMD 11, 2013).
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 359
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;GNT, 3HBJ. o&WONMDMSH@K %HRSQHATSHNM KDBSTQD RKHCDR.p "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.OTAKHB.H@RS@SD.DCT/]QHBYV/RS@S330R11/
KDBSTQD/KDB13.OCE (@BBDRRDC +TMD 11, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1 6MHENQL %HRSQHATSHNM
3 /NQL@K %HRSQHATSHNM
5 )(6 < N < 7)
7 NMD
9 YDQN
11 NMD
13 0.625
15 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR DPT@K SN SGD @QD@ EQNL N =
3
2
SN N = 4 @ANUD SGD W-@WHR @MC TO SN <(N) =
1
3
.
17 *S LD@MR SG@S SGD U@KTD NE N HR ITRS @R KHJDKX SN AD @MX MTLADQ ADSVDDM 1.5 @MC 4.5.
19 1.5 x N x 4.5
21 0.3333
23 YDQN
25 0.6
27 8 HR 12, @MC HS QDOQDRDMSR SGD GHFGDRS U@KTD NE N.
29 RHW
31
$CAOL? 5.52
33 4.8
35 1 = 5GD @FD (HM XD@QR) NE B@QR HM SGD RS@EE O@QJHMF KNS
37 0.5 SN 9.5
39 <(N) =
1
9
VGDQD N HR ADSVDDM 0.5 @MC 9.5, HMBKTRHUD.
41 Z = 5
360 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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43
@. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
A.
3.5
7
45
@. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM.
A. A = 7.25
B. 7.25
47 /N, NTSBNLDR @QD MNS DPT@KKX KHJDKX. *M SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM, LNQD ODNOKD QDPTHQD @ KHSSKD AHS NE SHLD, @MC EDVDQ ODNOKD QDPTHQD
@ KNS NE SHLD, RN HS HR LNQD KHJDKX SG@S RNLDNMD VHKK QDPTHQD KDRR SHLD.
49 EHUD
51 <(N) = 0.2D
-0.2N
53 0.5350
55 6.02
57 <(N) = 0.75;
-0.75N
59
$CAOL? 5.53
61 0.4756
63 5GD LD@M HR K@QFDQ. 5GD LD@M HR
1
m
=
1
0.75
1.33 , VGHBG HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 0.9242.
65 BNMSHMTNTR
67 C = 0.000121
69
@. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM
A. )(N < 5,730) = 0.5001
71
A. A = 2947.73
73 "FD HR @ LD@RTQDLDMS, QDF@QCKDRR NE SGD @BBTQ@BX TRDC.
75
@. 1 ] .(1, 9)
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 361
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B. f (x) =
1
8
VGDQD 1 x 9
C. EHUD
D. 2.3
E.
15
32
F.
333
800
G.
2
3
H. 8.2
77
@. 1 QDOQDRDMSR SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ BNLLTSDQ LTRS V@HS ENQ @ SQ@HM SN @QQHUD NM SGD 3DC -HMD.
A. 1 ] .(0, 8)
B. f (x) =
1
8
VGDQD x N x 8
C. ENTQ
D. 2.31
E.
1
8
F.
1
8
G. 3.2
79 C
81 A
83
@. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM NE 1 HR
1
25 16
=
1
9
.
)(1 > 19) = (25 k 19)

1
9
=
6
9
=
2
3
.
#><JG: 5.54
A. )(19 < 1 < 22) = (22 k 19)

1
9
=
3
9
=
1
3
.
362 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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#><JG: 5.55
B. 5GD @QD@ LTRS AD 0.25, @MC 0.25 = (VHCSG)

1
9
, RN VHCSG = (0.25)(9) = 2.25. 5GTR, SGD U@KTD HR 25 k 2.25 = 22.75.

C. 5GHR HR @ BNMCHSHNM@K OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM. 1(W > 21[ W > 18). :NT B@M CN SGHR SVN V@XR:
{ %Q@V SGD FQ@OG VGDQD @ HR MNV 18 @MC A HR RSHKK 25. 5GD GDHFGS HR
1
(25 18)
=
1
7
4N, )(N > 21[N > 18) = (25 k 21)

1
7
= 4/7.
{ 6RD SGD ENQLTK@: )(N > 21[N > 18) =
P(x > 21 AND x > 18)
P(x > 18)
=
P(x > 21)
P(x > 18)
=
(25 21)
(25 18)
=
4
7
.
85
@. )(1 > 650) =
700 650
700 300
=
500
400
=
1
8
= 0.125.
A. )(400 < 1 < 650) =
700 650
700 300
=
250
400
= 0.625
B. 0.10 =
width
700 300
, RN VHCSG = 400(0.10) = 40. 4HMBD 700 k 40 = 660, SGD CQHUDQR SQ@UDK @S KD@RS 660 LHKDR NM SGD
ETQSGDRS 10% NE C@XR.
87
@. 1 = SGD TRDETK KHED NE @ O@QSHBTK@Q B@Q A@SSDQX, LD@RTQDC HM LNMSGR.
A. 1 HR BNMSHMTNTR.
B. 1 ] ENF(0.025)
C. 40 LNMSGR
D. 360 LNMSGR
E. 0.4066
F. 14.27
89
@. 1 = SGD SHLD (HM XD@QR) @ESDQ QD@BGHMF @FD 60 SG@S HS S@JDR @M HMCHUHCT@K SN QDSHQD
A. 1 HR BNMSHMTNTR.
B. 1 ] ENF

1
5
C. EHUD
D. EHUD
E. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
F. 0.1353
G. ADENQD
H. 18.3
91 @
93 B
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 363
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95 -DS - = SGD KHED SHLD NE @ KHFGS ATKA. 5GD CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ HR C = 1/8, @MC - &WO(1/8). 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM
ETMBSHNM HR P(T < t) = 1 e
t
8
@. 5GDQDENQD, )(- < 1) = 1 k D

1
8
v 0.1175.
A. 8D V@MS SN EHMC )(6 < J < 10).
5N CN SGHR, )(6 < J < 10) k )(J < 6)
= =
1 e

1
8
* 10
1 e

1
8
* 6
v 0.7135 k 0.5276 = 0.1859

#><JG: 5.56
B. 8D V@MS SN EHMC 0.70 = P(T > t) = 1
1 e
t
8
= e
t
8
.
4NKUHMF ENQ J, D

t
8
= 0.70, RN
t
8
= BD(0.70), @MC J = k8BD(0.70) v 2.85 XD@QR.
0Q TRD J =
ln(area_to_the_right)
( m)
=
ln(0.70)
1
8
2.85 years .
#><JG: 5.57
C. 8D V@MS SN EHMC 0.02 = )(- < J) = 1 k ;

t
8
.
4NKUHMF ENQ J, ;

t
8
= 0.98, RN
t
8
= BD(0.98), @MC S = k8BD(0.98) v 0.1616 XD@QR, NQ QNTFGKX SVN LNMSGR.
364 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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5GD V@QQ@MSX RGNTKC BNUDQ KHFGS ATKAR SG@S K@RS KDRR SG@M 2 LNMSGR.
0Q TRD
ln(area_to_the_right)
( m)
=
ln(1 0.2)
1
8
= 0.1616.
D. 8D LTRS EHMC )(- < 8[- > 7).
/NSHBD SG@S AX SGD QTKD NE BNLOKDLDMS DUDMSR, )(- < 8[- > 7) = 1 k )(- > 8[- > 7).
#X SGD LDLNQXKDRR OQNODQSX ()(1 > H + J[1 > H) = )(1 > J)).
4N )(- > 8[- > 7) = )(- > 1) = 1
1 e

1
8
= e

1
8
0.8825
5GDQDENQD, )(- < 8[- > 7) = 1 k 0.8825 = 0.1175.
97 -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE MN-GHSSDQR SGQNTFGNTS @ RD@RNM. 4HMBD SGD CTQ@SHNM NE SHLD ADSVDDM MN-GHSSDQR HR DWONMDMSH@K, SGD
MTLADQ NE MN-GHSSDQR ODQ RD@RNM HR 1NHRRNM VHSG LD@M Y = 3.
5GDQDENQD, (1 = 0) =
3
0
e
3
0!
= D
k3
v 0.0498
:NT BNTKC KDS - = CTQ@SHNM NE SHLD ADSVDDM MN-GHSSDQR. 4HMBD SGD SHLD HR DWONMDMSH@K @MC SGDQD @QD 3 MN-GHSSDQR ODQ
RD@RNM, SGDM SGD SHLD ADSVDDM MN-GHSSDQR HR
1
3
RD@RNM. 'NQ SGD DWONMDMSH@K, R =
1
3
.
5GDQDENQD, C =
1
= 3 @MC - ENF(3).
@. 5GD CDRHQDC OQNA@AHKHSX HR )(- > 1) = 1 k )(- < 1) = 1 k (1 k D
k3
) = D
k3
v 0.0498.
A. -DS - = CTQ@SHNM NE SHLD ADSVDDM MN-GHSSDQR. 8D EHMC )(- > 2[- > 1), @MC AX SGD B:BDGNA:HH EGDE:GIN SGHR HR RHLOKX
)(- > 1), VGHBG VD ENTMC SN AD 0.0498 HM O@QS @.
B. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE MN-GHSSDQR HR @ RD@RNM. "RRTLD SG@S 1 HR 1NHRRNM VHSG LD@M Y = 3. 5GDM )(1 > 3) = 1 k )(1 x 3)
= 0.3528.
99
@.
100
9
= 11.11
A. )(1 > 10) = 1 k )(1 x 10) = 1 k 1NHRRNMBCE(11.11, 10) v 0.5532.
B. 5GD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VHSG 5XOD # AKNNC DMBNTMSDQDC QNTFGKX ENKKNVR SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM, RN SGD MTLADQ
NE ODNOKD 1 VGN @QQHUD ADSVDDM RTBBDRRHUD 5XOD # @QQHU@KR HR QNTFGKX DWONMDMSH@K VHSG LD@M Z = 9 @MC C =
1
9
. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM NE 1 HR P(X < x) = 1 e
x
9
. 5GTR GTR, )(1 > 20) = 1 - )(1 x 20) =
1
1 e
20
9

0.1084.
,-2#
8D BNTKC @KRN CDCTBD SG@S D@BG ODQRNM @QQHUHMF G@R @ 8/9 BG@MBD NE MNS G@UHMF 5XOD # AKNNC. 4N SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
SG@S MNMD NE SGD EHQRS 20 ODNOKD @QQHUD G@UD 5XOD # AKNNC HR

8
9
20
0.0948 . (5GD FDNLDSQHB CHRSQHATSHNM HR
LNQD @OOQNOQH@SD SG@M SGD DWONMDMSH@K ADB@TRD SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD ADSVDDM 5XOD # ODNOKD HR CHRBQDSD HMRSD@C NE
BNMSHMTNTR.)
101 -DS - = CTQ@SHNM (HM LHMTSDR) ADSVDDM RTBBDRRHUD UHRHSR. 4HMBD O@SHDMSR @QQHUD @S @ Q@SD NE NMD O@SHDMS DUDQX RDUDM
LHMTSDR, Z = 7 @MC SGD CDB@X BNMRS@MS HR C =
1
7
. 5GD BCE HR )(- < J) = 1 e
t
7
"'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2 365
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@. )(- < 2) = 1 - 1 e
2
7
v 0.2485.
A. )(- > 15) = 1 P(T < 15) = 1
1 e
15
7

15
7
0.1173 .
B. )(- > 15[- > 10) = )(- > 5) = 1
1 e
5
7
= e
5
7
0.4895 .
C. -DS 1 = # NE O@SHDMSR @QQHUHMF CTQHMF @ G@KE-GNTQ ODQHNC. 5GDM 1 G@R SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE
30
7
, 1
1NHRRNM

30
7
. 'HMC )(1 > 8) = 1 k )(1 x 8) v 0.0311.

366 "'/3$1 5 W ".-3(-4.42 1-#., 51(!+$2
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6 U 2&# ,-0+A*
"'120'32'-,
$CAOL? 6.1 (B UKQ =OG AJKQCD LAKLHA =>KQP PDAEN ODKA OEVA, UKQ SEHH BEJ@ PD=P UKQN CN=LDA@ @=P= EO OD=LA@ HEGA = >AHH
?QNRA, =J@ ?=J >A @AO?NE>A@ =O JKNI=HHU @EOPNE>QPA@. (?NA@EP: YIAN [JH^)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @OOKX HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
c $NLO@QD MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR AX BNMUDQSHMF SN SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
5GD MNQL@K, @ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNM, HR SGD LNRS HLONQS@MS NE @KK SGD CHRSQHATSHNMR. *S HR VHCDKX TRDC @MC DUDM LNQD VHCDKX
@ATRDC. *SR FQ@OG HR ADKK-RG@ODC. :NT RDD SGD ADKK BTQUD HM @KLNRS @KK CHRBHOKHMDR. 4NLD NE SGDRD HMBKTCD ORXBGNKNFX, ATRHMDRR,
DBNMNLHBR, SGD RBHDMBDR, MTQRHMF, @MC, NE BNTQRD, L@SGDL@SHBR. 4NLD NE XNTQ HMRSQTBSNQR L@X TRD SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN
GDKO CDSDQLHMD XNTQ FQ@CD. .NRS *2 RBNQDR @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. 0ESDM QD@K-DRS@SD OQHBDR EHS @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD
MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR DWSQDLDKX HLONQS@MS, ATS HS B@MMNS AD @OOKHDC SN DUDQXSGHMF HM SGD QD@K VNQKC.
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK RSTCX SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, @MC @OOKHB@SHNMR @RRNBH@SDC
VHSG SGDL.
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 367
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5GD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM G@R SVN O@Q@LDSDQR (SVN MTLDQHB@K CDRBQHOSHUD LD@RTQDR), SGD LD@M (Z) @MC SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM (\). *E 1 HR @ PT@MSHSX SN AD LD@RTQDC SG@S G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M (Z) @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM (\), VD
CDRHFM@SD SGHR AX VQHSHMF
$CAOL? 6.2
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM HR @ Q@SGDQ BNLOKHB@SDC ETMBSHNM. !D CDI B:BDG>O: >I. *S HR MNS MDBDRR@QX.
<(N) =
1
2
e
1
2

2
5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR )(1 < N). *S HR B@KBTK@SDC DHSGDQ AX @ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ @ BNLOTSDQ, NQ HS HR KNNJDC TO
HM @ S@AKD. 5DBGMNKNFX G@R L@CD SGD S@AKDR UHQST@KKX NARNKDSD. 'NQ SG@S QD@RNM, @R VDKK @R SGD E@BS SG@S SGDQD @QD U@QHNTR S@AKD
ENQL@SR, VD @QD MNS HMBKTCHMF S@AKD HMRSQTBSHNMR.
5GD BTQUD HR RXLLDSQHB@K @ANTS @ UDQSHB@K KHMD CQ@VM SGQNTFG SGD LD@M, Z. *M SGDNQX, SGD LD@M HR SGD R@LD @R SGD
LDCH@M, ADB@TRD SGD FQ@OG HR RXLLDSQHB @ANTS Z. "R SGD MNS@SHNM HMCHB@SDR, SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM CDODMCR NMKX NM SGD
LD@M @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 4HMBD SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD LTRS DPT@K NMD, @ BG@MFD HM SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \,
B@TRDR @ BG@MFD HM SGD RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD; SGD BTQUD ADBNLDR E@SSDQ NQ RJHMMHDQ CDODMCHMF NM \. " BG@MFD HM Z B@TRDR SGD
FQ@OG SN RGHES SN SGD KDES NQ QHFGS. 5GHR LD@MR SGDQD @QD @M HMEHMHSD MTLADQ NE MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR. 0MD NE RODBH@K
HMSDQDRS HR B@KKDC SGD HI6C96G9 CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC.
:NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK QDBNQC SGD GDHFGSR NE ANSG LDM @MC VNLDM HM XNTQ BK@RR, RDO@Q@SDKX. %Q@V GHRSNFQ@LR NE XNTQ C@S@.
5GDM CQ@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG D@BG GHRSNFQ@L. *R D@BG BTQUD RNLDVG@S ADKK-RG@ODC %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S HE XNT
G@C QDBNQCDC 200 C@S@ U@KTDR ENQ LDM @MC 200 ENQ VNLDM SG@S SGD BTQUDR VNTKC KNNJ ADKK-RG@ODC $@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M
ENQ D@BG C@S@ RDS. 8QHSD SGD LD@MR NM SGD N-@WHR NE SGD @OOQNOQH@SD FQ@OG ADKNV SGD OD@J. 4G@CD SGD @OOQNWHL@SD @QD@
SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM L@KD HR S@KKDQ SG@M 72 HMBGDR. 4G@CD SGD @OOQNWHL@SD @QD@ SG@S
QDOQDRDMSR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM EDL@KD HR RGNQSDQ SG@M 60 HMBGDR. *E SGD SNS@K @QD@ TMCDQ D@BG BTQUD
HR NMD, CNDR DHSGDQ OQNA@AHKHSX @OOD@Q SN AD LNQD SG@M 0.5
6.1 U 2B? 1N;H>;L> ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD HI6C96G9 CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC HR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE HI6C96G9>O:9 K6AJ:H 86AA:9 (-H8DG:H. A (-H8DG: >H B:6HJG:9
>C JC>IH D; I=: HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD LD@M NE @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR EHUD @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR
SVN, SGD U@KTD 11 HR SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD (NQ SN SGD QHFGS NE) SGD LD@M. 5GD B@KBTK@SHNM HR @R ENKKNVR:
N = Z + (P)(\) = 5 + (3)(2) = 11
5GD P-RBNQD HR SGQDD.
5GD LD@M ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR YDQN, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR NMD. 5GD SQ@MRENQL@SHNM P =
x
OQNCTBDR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM 3 ] '(0, 1). 5GD U@KTD N BNLDR EQNL @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M Z @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \.
$-1=IL?M
*E 1 HR @ MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD @MC 1 ] '(Z, \), SGDM SGD P-RBNQD HR:
368 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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z =
x
1=: (-H8DG: I:AAH NDJ =DL B6CN HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH I=: K6AJ: & >H 67DK: (ID I=: G><=I D;) DG 7:ADL (ID I=: A:;I D;)
I=: B:6C, .. 7@KTDR NE N SG@S @QD K@QFDQ SG@M SGD LD@M G@UD ONRHSHUD P-RBNQDR, @MC U@KTDR NE N SG@S @QD RL@KKDQ SG@M SGD LD@M
G@UD MDF@SHUD P-RBNQDR. *E N DPT@KR SGD LD@M, SGDM N G@R @ P-RBNQD NE YDQN.
$T=ILHA 6.1
4TOONRD 1 ] '(5, 6). 5GHR R@XR SG@S N HR @ MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG LD@M Z = 5 @MC RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM \ = 6. 4TOONRD N = 17. 5GDM:
z =
x
=
17 5
6
= 2
5GHR LD@MR SG@S N = 17 HR ILD HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH (2\) @ANUD NQ SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD LD@M Z = 5. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR \ = 6.
/NSHBD SG@S: 5 + (2)(6) = 17 (5GD O@SSDQM HR Z + P\ = N)
/NV RTOONRD N = 1. 5GDM: P =
x
=
1 5
6
= k0.67 (QNTMCDC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR)
1=>H B:6CH I=6I & = 1 >H 0.67 HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH (R0.670) 7:ADL DG ID I=: A:;I D; I=: B:6C . = 5. +DI>8:
I=6I: 5 + (k0.67)(6) HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX DPT@K SN NMD (5GHR G@R SGD O@SSDQM Z + (k0.67)j = 1)
4TLL@QHYHMF, VGDM P HR ONRHSHUD, N HR @ANUD NQ SN SGD QHFGS NE Z @MC VGDM P HR MDF@SHUD, N HR SN SGD KDES NE NQ
ADKNV Z. 0Q, VGDM P HR ONRHSHUD, N HR FQD@SDQ SG@M Z, @MC VGDM P HR MDF@SHUD N HR KDRR SG@M Z.
6.1 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD NE N, VGDM N = 1 @MC 1 ] '(12,3)
$T=ILHA 6.2
4NLD CNBSNQR ADKHDUD SG@S @ ODQRNM B@M KNRD EHUD ONTMCR, NM SGD @UDQ@FD, HM @ LNMSG AX QDCTBHMF GHR NQ GDQ E@S
HMS@JD @MC AX DWDQBHRHMF BNMRHRSDMSKX. 4TOONRD VDHFGS KNRR G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. -DS 1 = SGD @LNTMS NE VDHFGS
KNRS(HM ONTMCR) AX @ ODQRNM HM @ LNMSG. 6RD @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN ONTMCR. 1 ] '(5, 2). 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR.
@. 4TOONRD @ ODQRNM ADHI SDM ONTMCR HM @ LNMSG. 5GD P-RBNQD VGDM N = 10 ONTMCR HR P = 2.5 (UDQHEX). 5GHR P-RBNQD
SDKKR XNT SG@S N = 10 HR ???????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ???????? (QHFGS NQ KDES) NE SGD LD@M ????? (8G@S HR
SGD LD@M).
1IFONCIH 6.2
=. 3DEO 1-O?KNA PAHHO UKQ PD=P / = 10 EO 2.5 OP=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJO PK PDA LCABN KB PDA IA=J @CP?.
A. 4TOONRD @ ODQRNM <6>C:9 SGQDD ONTMCR (@ MDF@SHUD VDHFGS KNRR). 5GDM P = ??????????. 5GHR P-RBNQD SDKKR XNT
SG@S N = k3 HR ???????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ?????????? (QHFGS NQ KDES) NE SGD LD@M.
1IFONCIH 6.2
>. 1 = X4. 3DEO 1-O?KNA PAHHO UKQ PD=P / = _3 EO @IOL OP=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJO PK PDA F?@N KB PDA IA=J.
4TOONRD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC 2 G@UD SGD ENKKNVHMF MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR: 1 ] '(5, 6) @MC 2 ] '(2, 1).
*E N = 17, SGDM P = 2. (5GHR V@R OQDUHNTRKX RGNVM.) *E O = 4, VG@S HR P
P =
y
=
4 2
1
= 2 VGDQD R = 2 @MC \ = 1.
5GD P-RBNQD ENQ O = 4 HR P = 2. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S ENTQ HR P = 2 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD LD@M.
5GDQDENQD, N = 17 @MC O = 4 @QD ANSG SVN (NE I=:>G DLC) RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD QHFGS NE I=:>G QDRODBSHUD LD@MR.
1=: (-H8DG: 6AADLH JH ID 8DBE6G: 96I6 I=6I 6G: H86A:9 9>;;:G:CIAN. 5N TMCDQRS@MC SGD BNMBDOS, RTOONRD 1 ]
'(5, 6) QDOQDRDMSR VDHFGS F@HMR ENQ NMD FQNTO NE ODNOKD VGN @QD SQXHMF SN F@HM VDHFGS HM @ RHW VDDJ ODQHNC @MC 2
] '(2, 1) LD@RTQDR SGD R@LD VDHFGS F@HM ENQ @ RDBNMC FQNTO NE ODNOKD. " MDF@SHUD VDHFGS F@HM VNTKC AD @ VDHFGS
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 369
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KNRR. 4HMBD N = 17 @MC O = 4 @QD D@BG SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD QHFGS NE SGDHQ LD@MR, SGDX QDOQDRDMS SGD R@LD,
RS@MC@QCHYDC VDHFGS F@HM G:A6I>K: ID I=:>G B:6CH.
6.2 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR.
+DQNLD @UDQ@FDR 16 ONHMSR @ F@LD VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE ENTQ ONHMSR. 1 ] '(16,4). 4TOONRD +DQNLD RBNQDR SDM
ONHMSR HM @ F@LD. 5GD PkRBNQD VGDM N = 10 HR k1.5. 5GHR RBNQD SDKKR XNT SG@S N = 10 HR ????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD
??????(QHFGS NQ KDES) NE SGD LD@M??????(8G@S HR SGD LD@M).
2B? #GJCLC=;F 0OF?
*E 1 HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD @MC G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M R @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \, SGDM SGD "BE>G>86A /JA:
R@XR SGD ENKKNVHMF:
c "ANTS 68% NE SGD N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM k1\ @MC +1\ NE SGD LD@M R (VHSGHM NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD LD@M).
c "ANTS 95% NE SGD N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM k2\ @MC +2\ NE SGD LD@M R (VHSGHM SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M).
c "ANTS 99.7% NE SGD N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM k3\ @MC +3\ NE SGD LD@M R (VHSGHM SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M).
/NSHBD SG@S @KLNRS @KK SGD N U@KTDR KHD VHSGHM SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M.
c 5GD P-RBNQDR ENQ +1\ @MC k1\ @QD +1 @MC k1, QDRODBSHUDKX.
c 5GD P-RBNQDR ENQ +2\ @MC k2\ @QD +2 @MC k2, QDRODBSHUDKX.
c 5GD P-RBNQDR ENQ +3\ @MC k3\ @QD +3 @MC k3 QDRODBSHUDKX.
5GD DLOHQHB@K QTKD HR @KRN JMNVM @R SGD 68-95-99.7 QTKD.
$CAOL? 6.3
$T=ILHA 6.3
5GD LD@M GDHFGS NE 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KDR EQNL $GHKD EQNL 2009 SN 2010 V@R 170 BL VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE 6.28 BL. .@KD GDHFGSR @QD JMNVM SN ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. -DS 1 = SGD GDHFGS NE @ 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC
L@KD EQNL $GHKD HM 2009 SN 2010. 5GDM 1 ] '(170, 6.28).
@. 4TOONRD @ 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KD EQNL$GHKD V@R 168 BL S@KK EQNL2009 SN 2010. 5GD P-RBNQD VGDM N = 168 BL
HR P = ???????. 5GHR P-RBNQD SDKKR XNT SG@S N = 168 HR ???????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ???????? (QHFGS NQ KDES)
NE SGD LD@M ????? (8G@S HR SGD LD@M).
1IFONCIH 6.3
=. _0.32, 0.32, HABP, 170
A. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD GDHFGS NE @ 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KD EQNL $GHKD EQNL 2009 SN 2010 G@R @ P-RBNQD NE P = 1.27.
8G@S HR SGD L@KDnR GDHFGS 5GD P-RBNQD (P = 1.27) SDKKR XNT SG@S SGD L@KDnR GDHFGS HR ???????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR
SN SGD ?????????? (QHFGS NQ KDES) NE SGD LD@M.
1IFONCIH 6.3
>. 177.98, 1.27, NECDP
370 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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6.3 6RD SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R;GJF? 6.3 SN @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
=. 4TOONRD @ 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KD EQNL $GHKD V@R 176 BL S@KK EQNL 2009 SN 2010. 5GD P-RBNQD VGDM N = 176 BL
HR P = ???????. 5GHR P-RBNQD SDKKR XNT SG@S N = 176 BL HR ???????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ???????? (QHFGS NQ
KDES) NE SGD LD@M ????? (8G@S HR SGD LD@M).
>. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD GDHFGS NE @ 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KD EQNL $GHKD EQNL 2009 SN 2010 G@R @ P-RBNQD NE P = k2. 8G@S
HR SGD L@KDnR GDHFGS 5GD P-RBNQD (P = k2) SDKKR XNT SG@S SGD L@KDnR GDHFGS HR ???????? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD
?????????? (QHFGS NQ KDES) NE SGD LD@M.
$T=ILHA 6.4
'QNL 1984 SN 1985, SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KDR EQNL $GHKD V@R 172.36 BL, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM V@R 6.34 BL. -DS 2 = SGD GDHFGS NE 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KDR EQNL 1984 SN 1985. 5GDM 2 ] '(172.36,
6.34).
5GD LD@M GDHFGS NE 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KDR EQNL $GHKD EQNL 2009 SN 2010 V@R 170 BL VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 6.28 BL. .@KD GDHFGSR @QD JMNVM SN ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. -DS 1 = SGD GDHFGS NE @ 15 SN
18-XD@Q-NKC L@KD EQNL $GHKD HM 2009 SN 2010. 5GDM 1 ] '(170, 6.28).
'HMC SGD P-RBNQDR ENQ N = 160.58 BL @MC O = 162.85 BL. *MSDQOQDS D@BG P-RBNQD. 8G@S B@M XNT R@X @ANTS N =
160.58 BL @MC O = 162.85 BL
1IFONCIH 6.4
3DA 1-O?KNA BKN / = 160.58 EO 1 = _1.5.
3DA 1-O?KNA BKN 0 = 162.85 EO 1 = _1.5.
!KPD / = 160.58 =J@ 0 = 162.85 @ARE=PA PDA O=IA JQI>AN KB OP=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJO BNKI PDAEN NAOLA?PERA
IA=JO =J@ EJ PDA O=IA @ENA?PEKJ.
6.4 *M 2012, 1,664,479 RSTCDMSR SNNJ SGD 4"5 DW@L. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE RBNQDR HM SGD UDQA@K RDBSHNM NE SGD 4"5 G@C @
LD@M R = 496 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ = 114. -DS 1 = @ 4"5 DW@L UDQA@K RDBSHNM RBNQD HM 2012. 5GDM 1 ] '(496,
114).
'HMC SGD P-RBNQDR ENQ N
1
= 325 @MC N
2
= 366.21. *MSDQOQDS D@BG P-RBNQD. 8G@S B@M XNT R@X @ANTS N
1
= 325 @MC N
2
=
366.21
$T=ILHA 6.5
4TOONRD N G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M 50 @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM 6.
c "ANTS 68.27%NE SGD N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM k1\ = (k1)(6) = k6 @MC 1\ = (1)(6) = 6 NE SGD LD@M 50. 5GD U@KTDR
50 k 6 = 44 @MC 50 + 6 = 56 @QD VHSGHM NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD LD@M 50. 5GD P-RBNQDR @QD k1 @MC +1
ENQ 44 @MC 56, QDRODBSHUDKX.
c "ANTS 95.45% NE SGD N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM k2\ = (k2)(6) = k12 @MC 2\ = (2)(6) = 12. 5GD U@KTDR 50 k 12 =
38 @MC 50 + 12 = 62 @QD VHSGHM SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M 50. 5GD P-RBNQDR @QD k2 @MC +2 ENQ 38
@MC 62, QDRODBSHUDKX.
c "ANTS 99.73% NE SGD N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM k3\ = (k3)(6) = k18 @MC 3\ = (3)(6) = 18 NE SGD LD@M 50. 5GD
U@KTDR 50 k 18 = 32 @MC 50 + 18 = 68 @QD VHSGHM SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD LD@M 50. 5GD P-RBNQDR @QD
k3 @MC +3 ENQ 32 @MC 68, QDRODBSHUDKX.
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 371
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6.5 4TOONRD 1 G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M 25 @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM EHUD. #DSVDDM VG@S U@KTDR NE N CN
68.27% NE SGD U@KTDR KHD
$T=ILHA 6.6
'QNL 1984 SN 1985, SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KDR EQNL $GHKD V@R 172.36 BL, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM V@R 6.34 BL. -DS 2 = SGD GDHFGS NE 15 SN 18-XD@Q-NKC L@KDR HM 1984 SN 1985. 5GDM 2 ] '(172.36, 6.34).
=. "ANTS 68.27% NE SGD O U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 5GDRD U@KTDR @QD ????????????????. 5GD P-
RBNQDR @QD ????????????????, QDRODBSHUDKX.
>. "ANTS 95.45% NE SGD O U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 5GDRD U@KTDR @QD ????????????????. 5GD P-
RBNQDR @QD ???????????????? QDRODBSHUDKX.
?. "ANTS 99.73% NE SGD O U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 5GDRD U@KTDR @QD ????????????????. 5GD P-
RBNQDR @QD ????????????????, QDRODBSHUDKX.
1IFONCIH 6.6
=. "ANTS 68.27% NE SGD U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM 166.02 @MC 178.7. 5GD P-RBNQDR @QD k1 @MC 1.
>. "ANTS 95.45% NE SGD U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM 159.68 @MC 185.04. 5GD P-RBNQDR @QD k2 @MC 2.
?. "ANTS 99.73% NE SGD U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM 153.34 @MC 191.38. 5GD P-RBNQDR @QD k3 @MC 3.
6.6 5GD RBNQDR NM @ BNKKDFD DMSQ@MBD DW@L G@UD @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M, R = 52 ONHMSR @MC @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \ = 11 ONHMSR.
=. "ANTS 68.27% NE SGD O U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 5GDRD U@KTDR @QD ????????????????. 5GD P-RBNQDR
@QD ????????????????, QDRODBSHUDKX.
>. "ANTS 95.45% NE SGD O U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 5GDRD U@KTDR @QD ????????????????. 5GD P-RBNQDR
?. "ANTS 99.73% NE SGD O U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 5GDRD U@KTDR @QD ????????????????. 5GD P-RBNQDR
6.2 U 3MCHA NB? ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD RG@CDC @QD@ HM SGD ENKKNVHMF FQ@OG HMCHB@SDR SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE N. 5GHR @QD@ HR QDOQDRDMSDC AX SGD OQNA@AHKHSX )(1 <
N). /NQL@K S@AKDR, BNLOTSDQR, @MC B@KBTK@SNQR OQNUHCD NQ B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX )(1 < N).
$CAOL? 6.4
372 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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5GD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS HR SGDM )(1 > N) = 1 k )(1 < N). 3DLDLADQ, )(1 < N) = AG:6 ID I=: A:;I NE SGD UDQSHB@K KHMD SGQNTFG
N. )(1 < N) = 1 k )(1 < N) = AG:6 ID I=: G><=I NE SGD UDQSHB@K KHMD SGQNTFG N. )(1 < N) HR SGD R@LD @R )(1 x N) @MC )(1 > N)
HR SGD R@LD @R )(1 y N) ENQ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNMR.
!;F=OF;NCIHM I@ .LI<;<CFCNC?M
1QNA@AHKHSHDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC TRHMF SDBGMNKNFX. 5GDQD @QD HMRSQTBSHNMR FHUDM @R MDBDRR@QX ENQ SGD 5*-83+ @MC 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR.
,-2#
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX, TRD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKDR OQNUHCDC HM SGD AJJ?H>CR (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G19138/
F;N?MN/) HMRSD@C NE @ B@KBTK@SNQ. 5GD S@AKDR HMBKTCD HMRSQTBSHNMR ENQ GNV SN TRD SGDL.
$T=ILHA 6.7
*E SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES HR 0.0228, SGDM SGD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS HR 1 k 0.0228 = 0.9772.
6.7 *E SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE N HR 0.012, SGDM VG@S HR SGD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS
$T=ILHA 6.8
5GD EHM@K DW@L RBNQDR HM @ RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR VDQD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 63 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE EHUD.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMS RBNQDC LNQD SG@M 65 NM SGD DW@L.
1IFONCIH 6.8
@. -DS 1 = @ RBNQD NM SGD EHM@K DW@L. 1 ] '(63, 5), VGDQD Z = 63 @MC \ = 5
%Q@V @ FQ@OG.
5GDM, EHMC )(N > 65).
)(N > 65) = 0.3446
$CAOL? 6.5
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @MX RSTCDMS RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL RBNQDR LNQD SG@M 65 HR 0.3446.
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 373
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(N HMSN 2>6 D)*(.
"ESDQ OQDRRHMF 2>6 D)*(, OQDRR 2:>?B=3<568.
5GD RXMS@W ENQ SGD HMRSQTBSHNMR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
MNQL@KBCE(KNVDQ U@KTD, TOODQ U@KTD, LD@M, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM) 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL:
MNQL@KBCE(65,1&99,63,5) = 0.3446. :NT FDS 1&99 (= 10
99
) AX OQDRRHMF 1, SGD EE JDX (@ 2MC JDX) @MC SGDM
99. 0Q, XNT B@M DMSDQ 10299 HMRSD@C. 5GD MTLADQ 10
99
HR V@X NTS HM SGD QHFGS S@HK NE SGD MNQL@K BTQUD.
8D @QD B@KBTK@SHMF SGD @QD@ ADSVDDM 65 @MC 10
99
. *M RNLD HMRS@MBDR, SGD KNVDQ MTLADQ NE SGD @QD@ LHFGS AD
k1&99 (= k10
99
). 5GD MTLADQ k10
99
HR V@X NTS HM SGD KDES S@HK NE SGD MNQL@K BTQUD.
&'12-0'!A* ,-2#
5GD 5* OQNA@AHKHSX OQNFQ@LB@KBTK@SDR @ P-RBNQD @MC SGDM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX EQNLSGD P-RBNQD. #DENQD SDBGMNKNFX,
SGD P-RBNQD V@R KNNJDC TO HM @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD (ADB@TRD SGD L@SG HMUNKUDC HR SNN
BTLADQRNLD) SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. *M SGHR DW@LOKD, @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K S@AKD VHSG @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE SGD P-
RBNQD V@R TRDC. :NT B@KBTK@SD SGD P-RBNQD @MC KNNJ TO SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR SGD @QD@ SN SGD
QHFGS.
P =
65 63
5
= 0.4
"QD@ SN SGD KDES HR 0.6554.
)(N > 65) = )(P > 0.4) = 1 k 0.6554 = 0.3446
$@KBTK@SD SGD P-RBNQD:
*1QDRR 2>6 D;CDB
*1QDRR 3:;>F$?B=(
*&MSDQ SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE Y ENKKNVDC AX )
*1QDRR E$*E(.
'NQ SGHR &W@LOKD, SGD RSDOR @QD
2>6 D;CDB
3:;>F$?B=(.6554) E$*E(
5GD @MRVDQ HR 0.3999 VGHBG QNTMCR SN 0.4.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RSTCDMS RBNQDC KDRR SG@M 85.
1IFONCIH 6.8
A. %Q@V @ FQ@OG.
5GDM EHMC )(N < 85), @MC RG@CD SGD FQ@OG.
6RHMF @ BNLOTSDQ NQ B@KBTK@SNQ, EHMC )(N < 85) = 1.
MNQL@KBCE(0,85,63,5) = 1 (QNTMCR SN NMD)
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD RSTCDMS RBNQDR KDRR SG@M 85 HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX NMD (NQ 100%).
B. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD (SG@S HR, EHMC SGD RBNQD A SG@S G@R 90%NE SGD RBNQDR ADKNV A @MC 10%NE SGD RBNQDR @ANUD
A).
1IFONCIH 6.8
B. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 'NQ D@BG OQNAKDL NQ O@QS NE @ OQNAKDL, CQ@V @ MDV FQ@OG. %Q@V SGD N-@WHR. 4G@CD SGD
@QD@ SG@S BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
374 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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):I k = I=: 90
I=
E:G8:CI>A:. 5GD U@QH@AKD A HR KNB@SDC NM SGD N-@WHR. )(N < A) HR SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE A. 5GD
90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD A RDO@Q@SDR SGD DW@L RBNQDR HMSN SGNRD SG@S @QD SGD R@LD NQ KNVDQ SG@M A @MC SGNRD SG@S @QD SGD R@LD
NQ GHFGDQ. /HMDSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SDRS RBNQDR @QD SGD R@LD NQ KNVDQ SG@M A, @MC SDM ODQBDMS @QD SGD R@LD NQ GHFGDQ.
5GD U@QH@AKD A HR NESDM B@KKDC @ 8G>I>86A K6AJ:.
A = 69.4
$CAOL? 6.6
5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR 69.4. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S 90% NE SGD SDRS RBNQDR E@KK @S NQ ADKNV 69.4 @MC 10% E@KK @S NQ
@ANUD. 5N FDS SGHR @MRVDQ NM SGD B@KBTK@SNQ, ENKKNV SGHR RSDO:
;>F$?B= HM 2>6 D)*(. HMU/NQL(@QD@ SN SGD KDES, LD@M, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM)
'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL, HMU/NQL(0.90,63,5) = 69.4
C. 'HMC SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD (SG@S HR, EHMC SGD RBNQD A RTBG SG@S 70% NE RBNQDR @QD ADKNV A @MC 30% NE SGD RBNQDR @QD
@ANUD A).
1IFONCIH 6.8
C. 'HMC SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
%Q@V @ MDV FQ@OG @MC K@ADK HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX. A = 65.6
5GD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR 65.6. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S 70% NE SGD SDRS RBNQDR E@KK @S NQ ADKNV 65.5 @MC 30% E@KK @S NQ
@ANUD.
HMU/NQL(0.70,63,5) = 65.6
6.8 5GD FNKE RBNQDR ENQ @ RBGNNK SD@L VDQD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 68 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGQDD.
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC FNKEDQ RBNQDC KDRR SG@M 65.
$T=ILHA 6.9
" ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ HR TRDC ENQ NEEHBD VNQJ @S GNLD, QDRD@QBG, BNLLTMHB@SHNM, ODQRNM@K EHM@MBDR, DCTB@SHNM,
DMSDQS@HMLDMS, RNBH@K MDSVNQJHMF, @MC @ LXQH@C NE NSGDQ SGHMFR. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE GNTQR @
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 375
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GNTRDGNKC ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ HR TRDC ENQ DMSDQS@HMLDMS HR SVN GNTQR ODQ C@X. "RRTLD SGD SHLDR ENQ DMSDQS@HMLDMS
@QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD SHLDR HR G@KE @M GNTQ.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ GNTRDGNKC ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ HR TRDC ADSVDDM 1.8 @MC 2.75 GNTQR ODQ C@X.
1IFONCIH 6.9
@. -DS 1 = SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD (HM GNTQR) @ GNTRDGNKC ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ HR TRDC ENQ DMSDQS@HMLDMS. 1 ] '(2, 0.5)
VGDQD Z = 2 @MC \ = 0.5.
'HMC )(1.8 < N < 2.75).
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ VGHBG XNT @QD KNNJHMF HR SGD @QD@ 7:IL::C N = 1.8 @MC N = 2.75. )(1.8 < N < 2.75) =
0.5886
$CAOL? 6.7
MNQL@KBCE(1.8,2.75,2,0.5) = 0.5886
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ GNTRDGNKC ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ HR TRDC ADSVDDM 1.8 @MC 2.75 GNTQR ODQ C@X ENQ
DMSDQS@HMLDMS HR 0.5886.
A. 'HMC SGD L@WHLTL MTLADQ NE GNTQR ODQ C@X SG@S SGD ANSSNL PT@QSHKD NE GNTRDGNKCR TRDR @ ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ
ENQ DMSDQS@HMLDMS.
1IFONCIH 6.9
A. 5N EHMC SGD L@WHLTL MTLADQ NE GNTQR ODQ C@X SG@S SGD ANSSNLPT@QSHKD NE GNTRDGNKCR TRDR @ ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ
ENQ DMSDQS@HMLDMS, ;>C9 I=: 25
I=
E:G8:CI>A:, A, VGDQD )(N < A) = 0.25.
$CAOL? 6.8
HMU/NQL(0.25,2,0.5) = 1.66
5GD L@WHLTL MTLADQ NE GNTQR ODQ C@X SG@S SGD ANSSNL PT@QSHKD NE GNTRDGNKCR TRDR @ ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQ ENQ
DMSDQS@HMLDMS HR 1.66 GNTQR.
376 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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6.9 5GD FNKE RBNQDR ENQ @ RBGNNK SD@L VDQD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 68 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGQDD.
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ FNKEDQ RBNQDC ADSVDDM 66 @MC 70.
$T=ILHA 6.10
5GDQD @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX NMD AHKKHNM RL@QSOGNMD TRDQR HM SGD VNQKC SNC@X. *M SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR SGD @FDR 13 SN 55+
NE RL@QSOGNMD TRDQR @OOQNWHL@SDKX ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @OOQNWHL@SD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE 36.9 XD@QR @MC 13.9 XD@QR, QDRODBSHUDKX.
@. %DSDQLHMD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNL RL@QSOGNMD TRDQ HM SGD @FD Q@MFD 13 SN 55+ HR ADSVDDM 23 @MC 64.7
XD@QR NKC.
1IFONCIH 6.10
=. JKNI=H?@B(23,64.7,36.9,13.9) = 0.8186
A. %DSDQLHMD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RL@QSOGNMD TRDQ HM SGD @FD Q@MFD 13 SN 55+ HR @S LNRS 50.8
XD@QR NKC.
1IFONCIH 6.10
>. JKNI=H?@B(_10
99
,50.8,36.9,13.9) = 0.8413
B. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM, @MC HMSDQOQDS HS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
1IFONCIH 6.10
?.
EJR-KNI(0.80,369.9,13.9) = 48.6
3DA 80
PD
LAN?AJPEHA EO 48.6 UA=NO.
80% KB PDA OI=NPLDKJA QOANO EJ PDA =CA N=JCA 13 _ 55+ =NA 48.6 UA=NO KH@ KN HAOO.
6.10 6RD SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R;GJF? 6.10 SN @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
=. 'HMC SGD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD, @MC HMSDQOQDS HS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @FD NE @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RL@QSOGNMD TRDQ HM SGD Q@MFD 13 SN 55+ HR KDRR SG@M 27
XD@QR NKC.
$T=ILHA 6.11
5GDQD @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX NMD AHKKHNM RL@QSOGNMD TRDQR HM SGD VNQKC SNC@X. *M SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR SGD @FDR 13 SN 55+
NE RL@QSOGNMD TRDQR @OOQNWHL@SDKX ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @OOQNWHL@SD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE 36.9 XD@QR @MC 13.9 XD@QR QDRODBSHUDKX. 6RHMF SGHR HMENQL@SHNM, @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR (QNTMC @MRVDQR
SN NMD CDBHL@K OK@BD).
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD ("*+).
1IFONCIH 6.11
=.
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 377
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IQR = Q
3
_ Q
1
"=H?QH=PA Q
3
= 75
PD
LAN?AJPEHA =J@ Q
1
= 25
PD
LAN?AJPEHA.
EJR-KNI(0.75,36.9,13.9) = Q
3
= 46.2754
EJR-KNI(0.25,36.9,13.9) = Q
1
= 27.5246
IQR = Q
3
_ Q
1
A. 'NQSX ODQBDMS NE SGD @FDR SG@S Q@MFD EQNL 13 SN 55+ @QD @S KD@RS VG@S @FD
1IFONCIH 6.11
>.
%EJ@ # SDANA P(/ > #) = 0.40 ("P HA=OP" PN=JOH=PAO PK "CNA=PAN PD=J KN AMQ=H PK.")
0.40 = PDA =NA= PK PDA NECDP.
NA= PK PDA HABP = 1 _ 0.40 = 0.60.
3DA =NA PK PDA HABP KB # = 0.60.
EJR-KNI(0.60,36.9,13.9) = 40.4215.
# = 40.42.
%KNPU LAN?AJP KB PDA =CAO PD=P N=JCA BNKI 13 PK 55+ =NA =P HA=OP 40.42 UA=NO.
378 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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6.11 5VN SGNTR@MC RSTCDMSR SNNJ @M DW@L. 5GD RBNQDR NM SGD DW@L G@UD @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @
LD@M Z = 81 ONHMSR @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ = 15 ONHMSR.
=. $@KBTK@SD SGD EHQRS- @MC SGHQC-PT@QSHKD RBNQDR ENQ SGHR DW@L.
>. 5GD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD DW@L RBNQDR @QD ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR
$T=ILHA 6.12
" BHSQTR E@QLDQ VGN FQNVR L@MC@QHM NQ@MFDR EHMCR SG@S SGD CH@LDSDQR NE L@MC@QHM NQ@MFDR G@QUDRSDC NM GHR E@QL
ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M CH@LDSDQ NE 5.85 BL @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.24 BL.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC L@MC@QHM NQ@MFD EQNL SGHR E@QL G@R @ CH@LDSDQ K@QFDQ SG@M 6.0
BL. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
1IFONCIH 6.12
@. MNQL@KBCE(6,1099,5.85,0.24) = 0.2660
$CAOL? 6.9
A. 5GD LHCCKD 20% NE L@MC@QHM NQ@MFDR EQNL SGHR E@QL G@UD CH@LDSDQR ADSVDDM ?????? @MC ??????.
1IFONCIH 6.12
>.
1 _ 0.20 = 0.80
3DA P=EHO KB PDA CN=LD KB PDA JKNI=H @EOPNE>QPEKJ A=?D D=RA =J =NA= KB 0.40.
%EJ@ #1, PDA 40
PD
LAN?AJPEHA, =J@ #2, PDA 60
PD
LAN?AJPEHA (0.40 + 0.20 = 0.60).
#1 = EJR-KNI(0.40,5.85,0.24) = 5.79 ?I
#2 = EJR-KNI(0.60,5.85,0.24) = 5.91 ?I
B. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD CH@LDSDQR NE L@MC@QHM NQ@MFDR, @MC HMSDQOQDS HS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
1IFONCIH 6.12
?. 6.15: -EJAPU LAN?AJP KB PDA @E=IAPAN KB PDA I=J@=NEJ KN=JCAO EO =P IKOP 6.15 ?I.
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 379
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6.12 6RHMF SGD HMENQL@SHNM EQNL #R;GJF? 6.12, @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. 5GD LHCCKD 45% NE L@MC@QHM NQ@MFDR EQNL SGHR E@QL @QD ADSVDDM ?????? @MC ??????.
>. 'HMC SGD 16
SG
ODQBDMSHKD @MC HMSDQOQDS HS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
380 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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6.1 ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH (*;J 2CG?M)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -ON=IG?
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNLO@QD @MC BNMSQ@RS DLOHQHB@K C@S@ @MC @ SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN CDSDQLHMD HE 5DQQX 7NFDK'R
K@O SHLDR EHS @ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNM.
"CL?=NCIHM
3NTMC SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR @MC OQNA@AHKHSHDR SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR. $@QQX @KK NSGDQ CDBHL@K @MRVDQR SN SVN
OK@BDR.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
1. 6RD SGD C@S@ EQNL 2?LLC 4IA?FYM *IA IIE (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17132/F;N?MN/##?F?G?HN-244) .
6RD @ RSQ@SHEHDC R@LOKHMF LDSGNC AX K@O (Q@BDR 1 SN 20) @MC @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN OHBJ RHW K@O SHLDR EQNL
D@BG RSQ@STL. 3DBNQC SGD K@O SHLDR ADKNV ENQ K@OR SVN SN RDUDM.
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
2;<F? 6.1
2. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L. .@JD EHUD SN RHW HMSDQU@KR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC ODMBHK. 4B@KD SGD @WDR.
$CAOL? 6.10
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 381
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=. x
= ???????
>. I = ???????
4. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD SNOR NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 8QHSD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN
CDRBQHAD SGD FDMDQ@K RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD. (,DDO HS RHLOKD. %NDR SGD FQ@OG FN RSQ@HFGS @BQNRR, CNDR HS G@UD @ U-RG@OD,
CNDR HS G@UD @ GTLO HM SGD LHCCKD NQ @S DHSGDQ DMC, @MC RN NM)
AH;FST? NB? "CMNLC<ONCIH
6RHMF XNTQ R@LOKD LD@M, R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC GHRSNFQ@L SN GDKO, VG@S HR SGD @OOQNWHL@SD SGDNQDSHB@K
CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@
c 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
c )NV CNDR SGD GHRSNFQ@L GDKO XNT @QQHUD @S SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM
"?M=LC<? NB? ";N;
6RD SGD C@S@ XNT BNKKDBSDC SN BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR.
c 5GD "*+ FNDR EQNL ?????????? SN ??????????.
c "*+ = ??????????. ("*+ = *
3
k *
1
)
c 5GD 15
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HR ???????.
c 5GD 85
SG
c 5GD LDCH@M HR ???????.
c 5GD DLOHQHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM K@O SHLD HR LNQD SG@M 130 RDBNMCR HR ???????.
c &WOK@HM SGD LD@MHMF NE SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGHR C@S@.
6RHMF SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM, BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR. :NT RGNTKC TRD @ MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM
A@RDC NM XNTQ R@LOKD C@S@.
c 5GD "*+ FNDR EQNL ?????????? SN ??????????.
c "*+ = ???????.
c 5GD 15
SG
c 5GD 85
SG
c 5GD LDCH@M HR ???????.
c 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM K@O SHLD HR LNQD SG@M 130 RDBNMCR HR ???????.
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
%N SGD C@S@ EQNL SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;" FHUD @ BKNRD @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSHATSHNM
HM SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "AH;FST? NB? "CMNLC<ONCIH" *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR @MC BNLO@QHMF SGD QDRTKS HM SGD RDBSHNMR
SHSKDC ""?M=LC<? NB? ";N;" @MC "2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH," DWOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
382 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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6.2 ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH (.CHEC? *?HANB)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNLO@QD DLOHQHB@K C@S@ @MC @ SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN CDSDQLHMD HE C@S@ EQNL SGD DWODQHLDMS
ENKKNV @ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNM.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
.D@RTQD SGD KDMFSG NE XNTQ OHMJX EHMFDQ (HM BDMSHLDSDQR).
1. 3@MCNLKX RTQUDX 30 @CTKSR ENQ SGDHQ OHMJX EHMFDQ KDMFSGR. 3NTMC SGD KDMFSGR SN SGD MD@QDRS 0.5 BL.
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
<<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<
2;<F? 6.2
$CAOL? 6.11
3. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF.
=. x
= ???????
>. I = ???????
4. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD SNO NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 8QHSD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN
CDRBQHAD SGD FDMDQ@K RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD. (,DDO HS RHLOKD. %NDR SGD FQ@OG FN RSQ@HFGS @BQNRR, CNDR HS G@UD @ U-RG@OD,
CNDR HS G@UD @ GTLO HM SGD LHCCKD NQ @S DHSGDQ DMC, @MC RN NM)
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 383
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AH;FST? NB? "CMNLC<ONCIH
6RHMF XNTQ R@LOKD LD@M, R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC GHRSNFQ@L, VG@S V@R SGD @OOQNWHL@SD SGDNQDSHB@K
CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@ XNT BNKKDBSDC
c 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
c )NV CNDR SGD GHRSNFQ@L GDKO XNT @QQHUD @S SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM
"?M=LC<? NB? ";N;
6RHMF SGD C@S@ XNT BNKKDBSDC BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR. ()HMS: NQCDQ SGD C@S@)
0#+#+#0
("*+ = *
3
k *
1
)
c "*+ = ???????
c 5GD 15
SG
c 5GD 85
SG
c .DCH@M HR ???????.
c 8G@S HR SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM OHMJX KDMFSG HR LNQD SG@M 6.5 BL
SG
6RHMF SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM, BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR. 6RD @ MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM A@RDC NM SGD
R@LOKD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
c "*+ = ???????
c 5GD 15
SG
c 5GD 85
SG
c .DCH@M HR ???????.
c 8G@S HR SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM OHMJX KDMFSG HR LNQD SG@M 6.5 BL
SG
%N SGD C@S@ XNT BNKKDBSDC FHUD @ BKNRD @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR @MC
BNLO@QHMF SGD QDRTKSR HM SGD RDBSHNMR SHSKDC ""?M=LC<? NB? ";N;" @MC "2B?IL?NC=;F "CMNLC<ONCIH," DWOK@HM VGX NQ
VGX MNS.
384 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
1N;H>;L> ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
T-M=IL?
)#7 2#0+1
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) VHSG OCE <(N) =
1
2
e
(x m)
2
2
2
, VGDQD Z HR SGD LD@M NE
SGD CHRSQHATSHNM @MC \ HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM; MNS@SHNM: 1 ] '(Z, \). *E Z = 0 @MC \ = 1, SGD 37 HR B@KKDC SGD
HI6C96G9 CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) 1 ] '(0, 1); VGDM 1 ENKKNVR SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM, HS HR NESDM MNSDC @R 3 ] '(0, 1).
SGD KHMD@Q SQ@MRENQL@SHNM NE SGD ENQL P =
x
; HE SGHR SQ@MRENQL@SHNM HR @OOKHDC SN @MX MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM 1 ]

'(Z, \) SGD QDRTKS HR SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM 3 ] '(0,1). *E SGHR SQ@MRENQL@SHNM HR @OOKHDC SN @MX RODBHEHB
U@KTD N NE SGD 37 VHSG LD@M Z @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \, SGD QDRTKS HR B@KKDC SGD P-RBNQD NE N. 5GD P-RBNQD @KKNVR TR SN
BNLO@QD C@S@ SG@S @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC ATS RB@KDC CHEEDQDMSKX.
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
6.1 2B? 1N;H>;L> ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
" P-RBNQD HR @ RS@MC@QCHYDC U@KTD. *SR CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K, 3 ] '(0, 1). 5GD LD@M NE SGD P-RBNQDR HR YDQN @MC
SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR NMD. *E P HR SGD P-RBNQD ENQ @ U@KTD N EQNL SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM '(R, \) SGDM P SDKKR XNT GNV L@MX
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR N HR @ANUD (FQD@SDQ SG@M) NQ ADKNV (KDRR SG@M) R.
6.2 3MCHA NB? ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, VGHBG HR BNMSHMTNTR, HR SGD LNRS HLONQS@MS NE @KK SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNMR. *SR FQ@OG HR ADKK-
RG@ODC. 5GHR ADKK-RG@ODC BTQUD HR TRDC HM @KLNRS @KK CHRBHOKHMDR. 4HMBD HS HR @ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNM, SGD SNS@K @QD@ TMCDQ
SGD BTQUD HR NMD. 5GD O@Q@LDSDQR NE SGD MNQL@K @QD SGD LD@M R @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \. " RODBH@K MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM,
B@KKDC SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE P-RBNQDR. *SR LD@M HR YDQN, @MC HSR RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR NMD.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
6.0 'HNLI>O=NCIH
1 '(Z, \)
Z = SGD LD@M; \ = SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
3 ] '(0, 1)
P = @ RS@MC@QCHYDC U@KTD (P-RBNQD)
LD@M = 0; RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 1
5N EHMC SGD $
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE 1 VGDM SGD P-RBNQDR HR JMNVM:
A = Z + (P)\
P-RBNQD: P =
x
3 = SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ P-RBNQDR

3 ] '(0, 1)
/NQL@K %HRSQHATSHNM: 1 ] '(R, \) VGDQD R HR SGD LD@M @MC \
HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
4S@MC@QC /NQL@K %HRSQHATSHNM: 3 ] '(0, 1).
$@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM ENQ OQNA@AHKHSX: MNQL@KBCE (KNVDQ N U@KTD
NE SGD @QD@, TOODQ N U@KTD NE SGD @QD@, LD@M, RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM)
$@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM ENQ SGD A
SG
ODQBDMSHKD: A = HMU/NQL (@QD@
SN SGD KDES NE A, LD@M, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM)
.0A!2'!#
1. " ANSSKD NE V@SDQ BNMS@HMR 12.05 EKTHC NTMBDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.01 NTMBDR. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM
VNQCR. 1 = ????????????.
2. " MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 61 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15. 8G@S HR SGD LDCH@M
3. 1 ] '(1, 2)
\ = ???????
4. " BNLO@MX L@MTE@BSTQDR QTAADQ A@KKR. 5GD LD@M CH@LDSDQ NE @ A@KK HR 12 BL VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.2 BL. %DEHMD
SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM VNQCR. 1 = ??????????????.
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 385
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5. 1 ] '(k4, 1)
8G@S HR SGD LDCH@M
6. 1 ] '(3, 5)
\ = ???????
7. 1 ] '(k2, 1)
Z = ???????
8. 8G@S CNDR @ P-RBNQD LD@RTQD
9. 8G@S CNDR RS@MC@QCHYHMF @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM CN SN SGD LD@M
10. *R 1 ] '(0, 1) @ RS@MC@QCHYDC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
11. 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD NE N = 12, HE HS HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD LD@M
12. 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD NE N = 9, HE HS HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD KDES NE SGD LD@M
13. 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD NE N = k2, HE HS HR 2.78 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD LD@M
14. 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD NE N = 7, HE HS HR 0.133 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD KDES NE SGD LD@M
15. 4TOONRD 1 ] '(2, 6). 8G@S U@KTD NE N G@R @ P-RBNQD NE SGQDD
16. 4TOONRD 1 ] '(8, 1). 8G@S U@KTD NE N G@R @ P-RBNQD NE k2.25
19. 4TOONRD 1 ] '(4, 2). 8G@S U@KTD NE N HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD KDES NE SGD LD@M
20. 4TOONRD 1 ] '(4, 2). 8G@S U@KTD NE N HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD LD@M
21. 4TOONRD 1 ] '(8, 9). 8G@S U@KTD NE N HR 0.67 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD KDES NE SGD LD@M
22. 4TOONRD 1 ] '(k1, 2). 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD NE N = 2
23. 4TOONRD 1 ] '(12, 6). 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD NE N = 2
24. 4TOONRD 1 ] '(9, 3). 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD NE N = 9
25. 4TOONRD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE RHW @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.5. 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD NE N = 5.5
26. *M @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, N = 5 @MC P = k1.25. 5GHR SDKKR XNT SG@S N = 5 HR ???? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ???? (QHFGS NE
KDES) NE SGD LD@M.
27. *M @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, N = 3 @MC P = 0.67. 5GHR SDKKR XNT SG@S N = 3 HR ???? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ???? (QHFGS NE
KDES) NE SGD LD@M.
28. *M @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, N = k2 @MC P = 6. 5GHR SDKKR XNT SG@S N = k2 HR ???? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ???? (QHFGS NE
KDES) NE SGD LD@M.
29. *M @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, N = k5 @MC P = k3.14. 5GHR SDKKR XNT SG@S N = k5 HR ???? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ???? (QHFGS
NE KDES) NE SGD LD@M.
30. *M @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, N = 6 @MC P = k1.7. 5GHR SDKKR XNT SG@S N = 6 HR ???? RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR SN SGD ???? (QHFGS NE
KDES) NE SGD LD@M.
31. "ANTS VG@S ODQBDMS NE N U@KTDR EQNL @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM KHD VHSGHM NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM (KDES @MC QHFGS) NE SGD LD@M
NE SG@S CHRSQHATSHNM
32. "ANTS VG@S ODQBDMS NE SGD N U@KTDR EQNL @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM KHD VHSGHM SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR (KDES @MC QHFGS) NE SGD
LD@M NE SG@S CHRSQHATSHNM
33. "ANTS VG@S ODQBDMS NE N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM SGD RDBNMC @MC SGHQC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR (ANSG RHCDR)
34. 4TOONRD 1 ] '(15, 3). #DSVDDM VG@S N U@KTDR CNDR 68.27%NE SGD C@S@ KHD 5GD Q@MFD NE N U@KTDR HR BDMSDQDC @S SGD LD@M
NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM (H.D., 15).
35. 4TOONRD 1 ] '(k3, 1). #DSVDDM VG@S N U@KTDR CNDR 95.45%NE SGD C@S@ KHD 5GD Q@MFD NE N U@KTDR HR BDMSDQDC @S SGD LD@M
NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM(H.D., k3).
36. 4TOONRD 1 ] '(k3, 1). #DSVDDM VG@S N U@KTDR CNDR 34.14% NE SGD C@S@ KHD
37. "ANTS VG@S ODQBDMS NE N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M @MC SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR
38. "ANTS VG@S ODQBDMS NE N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M @MC NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
39. "ANTS VG@S ODQBDMS NE N U@KTDR KHD ADSVDDM SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR EQNL SGD LD@M (ANSG RHCDR)
40. "ANTS VG@S ODQBDMS NE N U@KTDR KHD ADSVVDDM SGD EHQRS @MC SGHQC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR(ANSG RHCDR)
386 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD KHED NE 4TMRGHMD $% OK@XDQR HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC
VHSG LD@M NE 4.1 XD@QR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.3 XD@QR. " $% OK@XDQ HR FT@Q@MSDDC ENQ SGQDD XD@QR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC
HM SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ $% OK@XDQ K@RSR.
41. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM VNQCR. 1 = ???????????????.
42. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
43. )NV VNTKC XNT QDOQDRDMS SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE NMD HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS
$CAOL? 6.12
44. 8G@S HR SGD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE NMD
$CAOL? 6.13
45. *R )(N < 1) DPT@K SN )(N x 1) 8GX
46. )NV VNTKC XNT QDOQDRDMS SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE SGQDD HM @ OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS
$CAOL? 6.14
47. 8G@S HR SGD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE SGQDD
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 387
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$CAOL? 6.15
48. *E SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE N HM @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR 0.123, VG@S HR SGD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE N
49. *E SGD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE N HM @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR 0.543, VG@S HR SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE N
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I:
1 ] '(54, 8)
50. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N > 56.
51. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N < 30.
52. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
53. 'HMC SGD 60
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
54. 1 ] '(6, 2)
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N HR ADSVDDM SGQDD @MC MHMD.
55. 1 ] '(k3, 4)
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S N HR ADSVDDM NMD @MC ENTQ.
56. 1 ] '(4, 5)
'HMC SGD L@WHLTL NE N HM SGD ANSSNL PT@QSHKD.
57. .I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;: 5GD KHED NE 4TMRGHMD $% OK@XDQR HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC
VHSG @ LD@M NE 4.1 XD@QR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.3 XD@QR. " $% OK@XDQ HR FT@Q@MSDDC ENQ SGQDD XD@QR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC
HM SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ $% OK@XDQ K@RSR. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ $% OK@XDQ VHKK AQD@J CNVM CTQHMF SGD FT@Q@MSDD ODQHNC.
=. 4JDSBG SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD @WDR. 4G@CD SGD QDFHNM BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
$CAOL? 6.16
>. )(0 < N < ????????????) = ??????????? (6RD YDQN ENQ SGD LHMHLTL U@KTD NE N.)
58. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ $% OK@XDQ VHKK K@RS ADSVDDM 2.8 @MC RHW XD@QR.
=. 4JDSBG SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD @WDR. 4G@CD SGD QDFHNM BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
$CAOL? 6.17
>. )(?????????? < N < ??????????) = ??????????
59. 'HMC SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SHLD @ $% OK@XDQ K@RSR.
=. 4JDSBG SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD @WDR. 4G@CD SGD QDFHNM BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD KNVDQ 70%.
388 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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$CAOL? 6.18
>. )(N < A) = ?????????? 5GDQDENQD, A = ?????????
&-+#5-0)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD O@SHDMS QDBNUDQX SHLD EQNL @ O@QSHBTK@Q RTQFHB@K
OQNBDCTQD HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 5.3 C@XR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.1 C@XR.
60. 8G@S HR SGD LDCH@M QDBNUDQX SHLD
=. 2.7
>. 5.3
?. 7.4
@. 2.1
61. 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD ENQ @ O@SHDMS VGN S@JDR SDM C@XR SN QDBNUDQ
=. 1.5
>. 0.2
?. 2.2
@. 7.3
62. 5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD SN EHMC HS S@JDR SN EHMC @ O@QJHMF RO@BD @S 9 "... ENKKNVR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE EHUD
LHMTSDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN LHMTSDR. *E SGD LD@M HR RHFMHEHB@MSKX FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, VGHBG NE
SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR HR SQTD
(. 5GD C@S@ B@MMNS ENKKNV SGD TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
((. 5GD C@S@ B@MMNS ENKKNV SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM..
(((. 5GD C@S@ B@MMNS ENKKNV SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. * NMKX
>. ** NMKX
?. *** NMKX
@. *, **, @MC ***
63. 5GD GDHFGSR NE SGD 430 /@SHNM@K #@RJDSA@KK "RRNBH@SHNM OK@XDQR VDQD KHRSDC NM SD@L QNRSDQR @S SGD RS@QS NE SGD 2005k2006
RD@RNM. 5GD GDHFGSR NE A@RJDSA@KK OK@XDQR G@UD @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M, R = 79 HMBGDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM, \ = 3.89 HMBGDR. 'NQ D@BG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF GDHFGSR, B@KBTK@SD SGD P-RBNQD @MC HMSDQOQDS HS TRHMF BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
=. 77 HMBGDR
>. 85 HMBGDR
?. *E @M /#" OK@XDQ QDONQSDC GHR GDHFGS G@C @ P-RBNQD NE 3.5, VNTKC XNT ADKHDUD GHL &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ.
64. 5GD RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD (FHUDM HM LHKKHLDSDQR) NE L@KDR G@R @M @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M R =
125 @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ = 14. 4XRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD ENQ L@KDR ENKKNVR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. $@KBTK@SD SGD P-RBNQDR ENQ SGD L@KD RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQDR 100 @MC 150 LHKKHLDSDQR.
>. *E @ L@KD EQHDMC NE XNTQR R@HC GD SGNTFGS GHR RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD V@R 2.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M,
ATS SG@S GD ADKHDUDC GHR AKNNC OQDRRTQD V@R ADSVDDM 100 @MC 150 LHKKHLDSDQR, VG@S VNTKC XNT R@X SN GHL
65. ,XKDnR CNBSNQ SNKC GHL SG@S SGD P-RBNQD ENQ GHR RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD HR 1.75. 8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF HR SGD ADRS
HMSDQOQDS@SHNM NE SGHR RS@MC@QCHYDC RBNQD 5GD RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD (FHUDM HM LHKKHLDSDQR) NE L@KDR G@R @M @OOQNWHL@SDKX
MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M R = 125 @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ = 14. *E 1 = @ RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD RBNQD SGDM 1 ] ' (125,
14).
=. 8GHBG @MRVDQ(R) >H/6G: BNQQDBS
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 389
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E. ,XKDnR RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD HR 175.
EE. ,XKDnR RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD HR 1.75 SHLDR SGD @UDQ@FD AKNNC OQDRRTQD NE LDM GHR @FD.
EEE. ,XKDnR RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD HR 1.75 @ANUD SGD @UDQ@FD RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD NE LDM GHR @FD.
ER. ,XKDRnR RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD HR 1.75 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD @UDQ@FD RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD ENQ
LDM.
>. $@KBTK@SD ,XKDnR AKNNC OQDRRTQD.
66. )DHFGS @MC VDHFGS @QD SVN LD@RTQDLDMSR TRDC SN SQ@BJ @ BGHKCnR CDUDKNOLDMS. 5GD 8NQKC )D@KSG 0QF@MHY@SHNM LD@RTQDR
BGHKC CDUDKNOLDMS AX BNLO@QHMF SGD VDHFGSR NE BGHKCQDM VGN @QD SGD R@LD GDHFGS @MC SGD R@LD FDMCDQ. *M 2009, VDHFGSR ENQ
@KK 80 BL FHQKR HM SGD QDEDQDMBD ONOTK@SHNM G@C @ LD@M R = 10.2 JF @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ = 0.8 JF. 8DHFGSR @QD MNQL@KKX
CHRSQHATSDC. 1 ] '(10.2, 0.8). $@KBTK@SD SGD P-RBNQDR SG@S BNQQDRONMC SN SGD ENKKNVHMF VDHFGSR @MC HMSDQOQDS SGDL.
=. 11 JF
>. 7.9 JF
?. 12.2 JF
67. *M 2005, 1,475,623 RSTCDMSR GD@CHMF SN BNKKDFD SNNJ SGD 4"5. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE RBNQDR HM SGD L@SG RDBSHNM NE SGD 4"5
ENKKNVR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M R = 520 @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ = 115.
=. $@KBTK@SD SGD P-RBNQD ENQ @M 4"5 RBNQD NE 720. *MSDQOQDS HS TRHMF @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
>. 8G@S L@SG 4"5 RBNQD HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M 8G@S B@M XNT R@X @ANTS SGHR 4"5 RBNQD
?. 'NQ 2012, SGD 4"5 L@SG SDRS G@C @ LD@M NE 514 @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM 117. 5GD "$5 L@SG SDRS HR @M @KSDQM@SD SN
SGD 4"5 @MC HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG LD@M 21 @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM 5.3. *E NMD ODQRNM SNNJ
SGD 4"5 L@SG SDRS @MC RBNQDC 700 @MC @ RDBNMC ODQRNM SNNJ SGD "$5 L@SG SDRS @MC RBNQDC 30, VGN CHC ADSSDQ VHSG
QDRODBS SN SGD SDRS SGDX SNNJ
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD O@SHDMS QDBNUDQX SHLD EQNL @ O@QSHBTK@Q RTQFHB@K
OQNBDCTQD HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 5.3 C@XR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.1 C@XR.
68. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RODMCHMF LNQD SG@M SVN C@XR HM QDBNUDQX
=. 0.0580
>. 0.8447
?. 0.0553
@. 0.9420
69. 5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ QDBNUDQX SHLDR HR
=. 8.89
>. 7.07
?. 7.99
@. 4.32
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD HS S@JDR SN EHMC @ O@QJHMF RO@BD @S 9
"... ENKKNVR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE EHUD LHMTSDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN LHMTSDR.
70. #@RDC TONM SGD FHUDM HMENQL@SHNM @MC MTLDQHB@KKX ITRSHEHDC, VNTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE HS SNNJ KDRR SG@M NMD LHMTSD SN
EHMC @ O@QJHMF RO@BD
=. :DR
>. /N
?. 6M@AKD SN CDSDQLHMD
71. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS S@JDR @S KD@RS DHFGS LHMTSDR SN EHMC @ O@QJHMF RO@BD.
=. 0.0001
>. 0.9270
?. 0.1862
@. 0.0668
72. 4DUDMSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, HS S@JDR LNQD SG@M GNV L@MX LHMTSDR SN EHMC @ O@QJHMF RO@BD
=. 1.24
>. 2.41
?. 3.95
@. 6.05
73. "BBNQCHMF SN @ RSTCX CNMD AX %D "MY@ RSTCDMSR, SGD GDHFGS ENQ "RH@M @CTKS L@KDR HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @M @UDQ@FD
NE 66 HMBGDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.5 HMBGDR. 4TOONRD NMD "RH@M @CTKS L@KD HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. -DS 1 = GDHFGS NE
SGD HMCHUHCT@K.
=. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNM HR ADSVDDM 65 @MC 69 HMBGDR. *MBKTCD @ RJDSBG NE SGD FQ@OG, @MC VQHSD @
OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
390 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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?. 8NTKC XNT DWODBS SN LDDS L@MX "RH@M @CTKS L@KDR NUDQ 72 HMBGDR &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS, @MC ITRSHEX XNTQ
@MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
@. 5GD LHCCKD 40% NE GDHFGSR E@KK ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC VQHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
74. *2 HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 100 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15. 4TOONRD NMD HMCHUHCT@K HR Q@MCNLKX
BGNRDM. -DS 1 = *2 NE @M HMCHUHCT@K.
=. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNM G@R @M *2 FQD@SDQ SG@M 120. *MBKTCD @ RJDSBG NE SGD FQ@OG, @MC VQHSD @
?. .&/4" HR @M NQF@MHY@SHNM VGNRD LDLADQR G@UD SGD SNO 2% NE @KK *2R. 'HMC SGD LHMHLTL *2 MDDCDC SN PT@KHEX
ENQ SGD .&/4" NQF@MHY@SHNM. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC VQHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
@. 5GD LHCCKD 50% NE *2R E@KK ADSVDDM VG@S SVN U@KTDR 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG @MC VQHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
75. 5GD ODQBDMS NE E@S B@KNQHDR SG@S @ ODQRNM HM "LDQHB@ BNMRTLDR D@BG C@X HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE @ANTS 36
@MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 10. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD HMCHUHCT@K HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. -DS 1 = ODQBDMS NE E@S B@KNQHDR.
=. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE E@S B@KNQHDR @ ODQRNM BNMRTLDR HR LNQD SG@M 40. (Q@OG SGD RHST@SHNM. 4G@CD
HM SGD @QD@ SN AD CDSDQLHMDC.
?. 'HMC SGD L@WHLTL MTLADQ ENQ SGD KNVDQ PT@QSDQ NE ODQBDMS NE E@S B@KNQHDR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG @MC VQHSD SGD
76. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD CHRS@MBD NE EKX A@KKR GHS SN SGD NTSEHDKC (HM A@RDA@KK) HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 250 EDDS @MC
@ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 50 EDDS.
=. *E 1 = CHRS@MBD HM EDDS ENQ @ EKX A@KK, SGDM 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
>. *E NMD EKX A@KK HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM EQNL SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGHR A@KK SQ@UDKDC EDVDQ SG@M
220 EDDS 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG. 4B@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR 1. 4G@CD SGD QDFHNM BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. 'HMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
?. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE EKX A@KKR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC VQHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
77. *M $GHM@, ENTQ-XD@Q-NKCR @UDQ@FD SGQDD GNTQR @ C@X TMRTODQUHRDC. .NRS NE SGD TMRTODQUHRDC BGHKCQDM KHUD HM QTQ@K @QD@R,
BNMRHCDQDC R@ED. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 1.5 GNTQR @MC SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD RODMS @KNMD HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
8D Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS NMD $GHMDRD ENTQ-XD@Q-NKC KHUHMF HM @ QTQ@K @QD@. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD SGD BGHKC RODMCR
@KNMD ODQ C@X.
>. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BGHKC RODMCR KDRR SG@M NMD GNTQ ODQ C@X TMRTODQUHRDC. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC VQHSD SGD
@. 8G@S ODQBDMS NE SGD BGHKCQDM RODMC NUDQ SDM GNTQR ODQ C@X TMRTODQUHRDC
A. 4DUDMSX ODQBDMS NE SGD BGHKCQDM RODMC @S KD@RS GNV KNMF ODQ C@X TMRTODQUHRDC
78. *M SGD 1992 OQDRHCDMSH@K DKDBSHNM, "K@RJ@nR 40 DKDBSHNM CHRSQHBSR @UDQ@FDC 1,956.8 UNSDR ODQ CHRSQHBS ENQ 1QDRHCDMS $KHMSNM.
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM V@R 572.3. (5GDQD @QD NMKX 40 DKDBSHNM CHRSQHBSR HM "K@RJ@.) 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD UNSDR ODQ CHRSQHBS
ENQ 1QDRHCDMS $KHMSNM V@R ADKK-RG@ODC. -DS 1 = MTLADQ NE UNSDR ENQ 1QDRHCDMS $KHMSNM ENQ @M DKDBSHNM CHRSQHBS.
=. 4S@SD SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
>. *R 1,956.8 @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M NQ @ R@LOKD LD@M )NV CN XNT JMNV
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC CHRSQHBS G@C EDVDQ SG@M 1,600 UNSDR ENQ 1QDRHCDMS $KHMSNM. 4JDSBG SGD
FQ@OG @MC VQHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC CHRSQHBS G@C ADSVDDM 1,800 @MC 2,000 UNSDR ENQ 1QDRHCDMS $KHMSNM.
A. 'HMC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD ENQ UNSDR ENQ 1QDRHCDMS $KHMSNM.
79. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD CTQ@SHNM NE @ O@QSHBTK@Q SXOD NE BQHLHM@K SQH@K HR JMNVM SN AD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 21
C@XR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE RDUDM C@XR.
>. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
?. *E NMD NE SGD SQH@KR HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S HS K@RSDC @S KD@RS 24 C@XR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG @MC
VQHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX RS@SDLDMS.
@. 4HWSX ODQBDMS NE @KK SQH@KR NE SGHR SXOD @QD BNLOKDSDC VHSGHM GNV L@MX C@XR
80. 5DQQH 7NFDK, @M @L@SDTQ LNSNQBXBKD Q@BDQ, @UDQ@FDR 129.71 RDBNMCR ODQ 2.5 LHKD K@O (HM @ RDUDM-K@O Q@BD) VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 2.28 RDBNMCR. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE GDQ Q@BD SHLDR HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM NMD NE GDQ
Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC K@OR.
>. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
?. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMS NE GDQ K@OR SG@S @QD BNLOKDSDC HM KDRR SG@M 130 RDBNMCR.
@. 5GD E@RSDRS 3% NE GDQ K@OR @QD TMCDQ ?????.
A. 5GD LHCCKD 80% NE GDQ K@OR @QD EQNL ??????? RDBNMCR SN ??????? RDBNMCR.
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 391
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81. 5GTX %@T, /FNB #TH, 4@L 4T, @MC -@M 7NTMF BNMCTBSDC @ RTQUDX @R SN GNV KNMF BTRSNLDQR @S -TBJX BK@HLDC SN V@HS
HM SGD BGDBJNTS KHMD TMSHK SGDHQ STQM. -DS 1 = SHLD HM KHMD. 2;<F? 6.3 CHROK@XR SGD NQCDQDC QD@K C@S@ (HM LHMTSDR):
0.50 4.25 5 6 7.25
1.75 4.25 5.25 6 7.25
2 4.25 5.25 6.25 7.25
2.25 4.25 5.5 6.25 7.75
2.25 4.5 5.5 6.5 8
2.5 4.75 5.5 6.5 8.25
2.75 4.75 5.75 6.5 9.5
3.25 4.75 5.75 6.75 9.5
3.75 5 6 6.75 9.75
3.75 5 6 6.75 10.75
2;<F? 6.3
=. $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
>. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L.
?. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD LHCONHMSR NE SGD SNOR NE SGD A@QR.
@. *M VNQCR, CDRBQHAD SGD RG@OD NE XNTQ GHRSNFQ@L @MC RLNNSG BTQUD.
A. -DS SGD R@LOKD LD@M @OOQNWHL@SD Z @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @OOQNWHL@SD \. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1 B@M
SGDM AD @OOQNWHL@SDC AX 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
B. 6RD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HM O@QS D SN B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM VHKK V@HS EDVDQ SG@M 6.1 LHMTSDR.
C. %DSDQLHMD SGD BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX ENQ V@HSHMF KDRR SG@M 6.1 LHMTSDR.
D. 8GX @QDMnS SGD @MRVDQR SN O@QS E @MC O@QS F DW@BSKX SGD R@LD
E. 8GX @QD SGD @MRVDQR SN O@QS E @MC O@QS F @R BKNRD @R SGDX @QD
F. *E NMKX SDM BTRSNLDQR G@R ADDM RTQUDXDC Q@SGDQ SG@M 50, CN XNT SGHMJ SGD @MRVDQR SN O@QS E @MC O@QS F VNTKC G@UD
ADDM BKNRDQ SNFDSGDQ NQ E@QSGDQ @O@QS &WOK@HM XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM.
82. 4TOONRD SG@S 3HB@QCN @MC "MHS@ @SSDMC CHEEDQDMS BNKKDFDR. 3HB@QCNnR (1" HR SGD R@LD @R SGD @UDQ@FD (1" @S GHR RBGNNK.
"MHS@nR (1" HR 0.70 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD GDQ RBGNNK @UDQ@FD. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX D@BG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF
RS@SDLDMSR L@X AD E@KRD.
=. 3HB@QCNnR @BST@K (1" HR KNVDQ SG@M "MHS@nR @BST@K (1".
>. 3HB@QCN HR MNS O@RRHMF ADB@TRD GHR P-RBNQD HR YDQN.
?. "MHS@ HR HM SGD 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE RSTCDMSR @S GDQ BNKKDFD.
83. 2;<F? 6.4 RGNVR @ R@LOKD NE SGD L@WHLTL B@O@BHSX (L@WHLTL MTLADQ NE RODBS@SNQR) NE RONQSR RS@CHTLR. 5GD S@AKD
CNDR MNS HMBKTCD GNQRD-Q@BHMF NQ LNSNQ-Q@BHMF RS@CHTLR.
40,000 40,000 45,050 45,500 46,249 48,134
2;<F? 6.4
392 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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49,133 50,071 50,096 50,466 50,832 51,100
51,500 51,900 52,000 52,132 52,200 52,530
52,692 53,864 54,000 55,000 55,000 55,000
55,000 55,000 55,000 55,082 57,000 58,008
59,680 60,000 60,000 60,492 60,580 62,380
62,872 64,035 65,000 65,050 65,647 66,000
66,161 67,428 68,349 68,976 69,372 70,107
70,585 71,594 72,000 72,922 73,379 74,500
75,025 76,212 78,000 80,000 80,000 82,300
2;<F? 6.4
=. $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD L@WHLTL B@O@BHSX NE RONQSR RS@CHTLR (SGD
C@S@).
>. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L.
?. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD LHCONHMSR NE SGD SNOR NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L.
@. *M VNQCR, CDRBQHAD SGD RG@OD NE XNTQ GHRSNFQ@L @MC RLNNSG BTQUD.
A. -DS SGD R@LOKD LD@M @OOQNWHL@SD Z @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @OOQNWHL@SD \. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1 B@M
SGDM AD @OOQNWHL@SDC AX 1 ] ?????(?????,?????).
B. 6RD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HM O@QS D SN B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD L@WHLTL B@O@BHSX NE RONQSR RS@CHTLR HR KDRR SG@M
67,000 RODBS@SNQR.
C. %DSDQLHMD SGD BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX SG@S SGD L@WHLTL B@O@BHSX NE RONQSR RS@CHTLR HR KDRR SG@M 67,000
RODBS@SNQR. )HMS: 0QCDQ SGD C@S@ @MC BNTMS SGD RONQSR RS@CHTLR SG@S G@UD @ L@WHLTL B@O@BHSX KDRR SG@M 67,000.
%HUHCD AX SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE RONQSR RS@CHTLR HM SGD R@LOKD.
D. 8GX @QDMnS SGD @MRVDQR SN O@QS E @MC O@QS F DW@BSKX SGD R@LD
84. "M DWODQS VHSMDRR ENQ @ O@SDQMHSX K@VRTHS SDRSHEHDR SG@S SGD KDMFSG NE @ OQDFM@MBX HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE
280 C@XR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 13 C@XR. "M @KKDFDC E@SGDQ V@R NTS NE SGD BNTMSQX EQNL 240 SN 306 C@XR ADENQD SGD
AHQSG NE SGD BGHKC, RN SGD OQDFM@MBX VNTKC G@UD ADDM KDRR SG@M 240 C@XR NQ LNQD SG@M 306 C@XR KNMF HE GD V@R SGD E@SGDQ.
5GD AHQSG V@R TMBNLOKHB@SDC, @MC SGD BGHKC MDDCDC MN LDCHB@K HMSDQUDMSHNM. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD V@R /05 SGD
E@SGDQ 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GD BNTKC AD SGD E@SGDQ $@KBTK@SD SGD P-RBNQDR EHQRS, @MC SGDM TRD SGNRD SN B@KBTK@SD SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX.
85. " /6..* @RRDLAKX KHMD, VGHBG G@R ADDM NODQ@SHMF RHMBD 1984, G@R ATHKS @M @UDQ@FD NE 6,000 B@QR @MC SQTBJR @ VDDJ.
(DMDQ@KKX, 10%NE SGD B@QR VDQD CDEDBSHUD BNLHMF NEE SGD @RRDLAKX KHMD. 4TOONRD VD CQ@V @ Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE D = 100 B@QR.
-DS 1 QDOQDRDMS SGD MTLADQ NE CDEDBSHUD B@QR HM SGD R@LOKD. 8G@S B@M VD R@X @ANTS 1 HM QDF@QC SN SGD 68-95-99.7 DLOHQHB@K
QTKD (NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @MC SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR EQNL SGD LD@M @QD ADHMF QDEDQQDC SN)
"RRTLD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD CDEDBSHUD B@QR HM SGD R@LOKD.
86. 8D EKHO @ BNHM 100 SHLDR (D = 100) @MC MNSD SG@S HS NMKX BNLDR TO GD@CR 20% (F = 0.20) NE SGD SHLD. 5GD LD@M @MC
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD MTLADQ NE SHLDR SGD BNHM K@MCR NM GD@CR HR R = 20 @MC \ = 4 (UDQHEX SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM). 4NKUD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. 5GDQD HR @ANTS @ 68% BG@MBD SG@S SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR VHKK AD RNLDVGDQD ADSVDDM ??? @MC ???.
>. 5GDQD HR @ANTS @ ????BG@MBD SG@S SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR VHKK AD RNLDVGDQD ADSVDDM 12 @MC 28.
?. 5GDQD HR @ANTS @ ???? BG@MBD SG@S SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR VHKK AD RNLDVGDQD ADSVDDM DHFGS @MC 32.
87. " $1 RBQ@SBG NEE KNSSN SHBJDS VHKK AD @ VHMMDQ NMD NTS NE EHUD SHLDR. 0TS NE @ RGHOLDMS NE D = 190 KNSSN SHBJDSR, EHMC SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ SGD KNSSN SHBJDSR SG@S SGDQD @QD
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 393
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=. RNLDVGDQD ADSVDDM 34 @MC 54 OQHYDR.
>. RNLDVGDQD ADSVDDM 54 @MC 64 OQHYDR.
?. LNQD SG@M 64 OQHYDR.
88. '@BDANNJ OQNUHCDR @ U@QHDSX NE RS@SHRSHBR NM HSR 8DA RHSD SG@S CDS@HK SGD FQNVSG @MC ONOTK@QHSX NE SGD RHSD.
0M @UDQ@FD, 28 ODQBDMS NE 18 SN 34 XD@Q NKCR BGDBJ SGDHQ '@BDANNJ OQNEHKDR ADENQD FDSSHMF NTS NE ADC HM SGD LNQMHMF. 4TOONRD
SGHR ODQBDMS@FD ENKKNVR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE EHUD ODQBDMS.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE 18 SN 34-XD@Q-NKCR VGN BGDBJ '@BDANNJ ADENQD FDSSHMF NTS NE ADC HM SGD
LNQMHMF HR @S KD@RS 30.
>. 'HMC SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD, @MC DWOQDRR HS HM @ RDMSDMBD.
?. *M @ R@LOKD NE 400 '@BDANNJ TRDQR, GNV L@MX VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN AD ADSVDDM SGD @FDR 25 @MC 55
0#$#0#,!#1
o#KNNC 1QDRRTQD NE .@KDR @MC 'DL@KDR.p 4S@S$QTBG, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.RS@SBQTMBG.BNL/5.0/
UHDVQDONQS.OGOQDONQSHC=11960 (@BBDRRDC .@X 14, 2013).
o5GD 6RD NE &OHCDLHNKNFHB@K 5NNKR HM $NMEKHBS-@EEDBSDC ONOTK@SHNMR: 0ODM-@BBDRR DCTB@SHNM@K QDRNTQBDR ENQ ONKHBX-L@JDQR:
$@KBTK@SHNM NE Y-RBNQDR.p -NMCNM 4BGNNK NE )XFHDMD @MC 5QNOHB@K .DCHBHMD, 2009. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://BNMEKHBS.KRGSL.@B.TJ/O@FD?125.GSL (@BBDRRDC .@X 14, 2013).
o2012 $NKKDFD-#NTMC 4DMHNQR 5NS@K (QNTO 1QNEHKD 3DONQS.p $NKKDFD#N@QC, 2012. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://LDCH@.BNKKDFDAN@QC.BNL/CHFHS@K4DQUHBDR/OCE/QDRD@QBG/5NS@K(QNTO-2012.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 14, 2013).
o%HFDRS NE &CTB@SHNM 4S@SHRSHBR: "$5 RBNQD @UDQ@FD @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR AX RDW @MC Q@BD/DSGMHBHSX @MC ODQBDMS@FD NE
"$5 SDRS S@JDQR, AX RDKDBSDC BNLONRHSD RBNQD Q@MFDR @MC OK@MMDC EHDKCR NE RSTCX: 4DKDBSDC XD@QR, 1995 SGQNTFG 2009.p
/@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ &CTB@SHNM 4S@SHRSHBR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://MBDR.DC.FNU/OQNFQ@LR/CHFDRS/C09/S@AKDR/CS09?147.@RO
(@BBDRRDC .@X 14, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD ,7D #EI; &;H9KHO ';MI.
%@S@ EQNL ->; 0EHB: ABC7D79 7D: BEEA E< F79JI.
o-HRS NE RS@CHTLR AX B@O@BHSX.p 8HJHODCH@. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSOR://DM.VHJHODCH@.NQF/VHJH/-HRS?NE?RS@CHTLR?AX?B@O@BHSX
(@BBDRRDC .@X 14, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD /@SHNM@K #@RJDSA@KK "RRNBH@SHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.MA@.BNL (@BBDRRDC .@X 14, 2013).
o/@DFDKDnR QTKD.p 8HJHODCH@. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DM.VHJHODCH@.NQF/VHJH//@DFDKD'R?QTKD (@BBDRRDC .@X 14, 2013).
o403: /6..*.p $GHB@FN 1TAKHB .DCH@ & *Q@ (K@RR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.SGHR@LDQHB@MKHED.NQF/Q@CHN-
@QBGHUDR/DOHRNCD/403/MTLLH (@BBDRRDC .@X 14, 2013).
o4BQ@SBG-0EE -NSSDQX 5HBJDS 1K@XHMF 5HOR.p 8HM"S5GD-NSSDQX.BNL, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.VHM@SSGDKNSSDQX.BNL/OTAKHB/CDO@QSLDMS40.BEL (@BBDRRDC .@X 14, 2013).
o4L@QS 1GNMD 6RDQR, #X 5GD /TLADQR.p 7HRT@K.KX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://UHRT@K.KX/RL@QS-OGNMD-TRDQR-MTLADQR
(@BBDRRDC .@X 14, 2013).
o'@BDANNJ 4S@SHRSHBR.p 4S@SHRSHBR #Q@HM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.RS@SHRSHBAQ@HM.BNL/E@BDANNJ-RS@SHRSHBR/(@BBDRRDC .@X
14, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1 NTMBDR NE V@SDQ HM @ ANSSKD
3 2
5 k4
7 k2
9 5GD LD@M ADBNLDR YDQN.
11 P = 2
13 P = 2.78
15 N = 20
394 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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17 N = 6.5
19 N = 1
21 N = 1.97
23 P = k1.67
25 P v k0.33
27 0.67, QHFGS
29 3.14, KDES
31 @ANTS 68.27%
33 @ANTS 4.28%
35 ADSVDDM k5 @MC k1
37 @ANTS 49.87%
39 @ANTS 27.18%
41 5GD KHEDSHLD NE @ 4TMRGHMD $% OK@XDQ LD@RTQDC HM XD@QR.
43 )(N < 1)
45 :DR, ADB@TRD SGDX @QD SGD R@LD HM @ BNMSHMTNTR CHRSQHATSHNM: )(N = 1) = 0
47 1 k )(N < 3) NQ )(N < 3)
49 1 k 0.543 = 0.457
51 0.0013
53 56.03
55 0.1186
57
A. 3, 0.1979
59
A. 0.70, 4.78 XD@QR
61 B
63
@. 6RD SGD P-RBNQD ENQLTK@. P = k0.5141. 5GD GDHFGS NE 77 HMBGDR HR 0.5141 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M. "M /#"
OK@XDQ VGNRD GDHFGS HR 77 HMBGDR HR RGNQS SG@M @UDQ@FD.
A. 6RD SGD P-RBNQD ENQLTK@. P = 1.5424. 5GD GDHFGS 85 HMBGDR HR 1.5424 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M. "M /#"
OK@XDQ VGNRD GDHFGS HR 85 HMBGDR HR S@KKDQ SG@M @UDQ@FD.
B. )DHFGS = 79 + 3.5(3.89) = 90.67 HMBGDR, VGHBG HR NUDQ 7.7 EDDS S@KK. 5GDQD @QD UDQX EDV /#" OK@XDQR SGHR S@KK RN SGD
@MRVDQ HR MN, MNS KHJDKX.
65
@. HU
A. ,XKDnR AKNNC OQDRRTQD HR DPT@K SN 125 + (1.75)(14) = 149.5.
67 -DS 1 = @M 4"5 L@SG RBNQD @MC 2 = @M "$5 L@SG RBNQD.
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 395
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@. 1 = 720
720 520
15
= 1.74 5GD DW@L RBNQD NE 720 HR 1.74 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M NE 520.
A. P = 1.5
5GD L@SG 4"5 RBNQD HR 520 + 1.5(115) v 692.5. 5GD DW@L RBNQD NE 692.5 HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M NE
520.
B.
X
=
700 514
117
v 1.59, SGD P-RBNQD ENQ SGD 4"5.
Y
=
30 21
5.3
v 1.70, SGD P-RBNQDR ENQ SGD "$5. 8HSG QDRODBS
SN SGD SDRS SGDX SNNJ, SGD ODQRNM VGN SNNJ SGD "$5 CHC ADSSDQ (G@R SGD GHFGDQ P-RBNQD).
69 B
71 C
73
@. 1 ] '(66, 2.5)
A. 0.5404
B. /N, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M "RH@M L@KD HR NUDQ 72 HMBGDR S@KK HR 0.0082
75
@. 1 ] '(36, 10)
A. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM BNMRTLDR LNQD SG@M 40% NE SGDHQ B@KNQHDR @R E@S HR 0.3446.
B. "OOQNWHL@SDKX 25% NE ODNOKD BNMRTLD KDRR SG@M 33.3% NE SGDHQ B@KNQHDR @R E@S.
77
@. 1 = MTLADQ NE GNTQR SG@S @ $GHMDRD ENTQ-XD@Q-NKC HM @ QTQ@K @QD@ HR TMRTODQUHRDC CTQHMF SGD C@X.
A. 1 ] '(3, 1.5)
B. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BGHKC RODMCR KDRR SG@M NMD GNTQ @ C@X TMRTODQUHRDC HR 0.0918.
C. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BGHKC RODMCR NUDQ SDM GNTQR @ C@X TMRTODQUHRDC HR KDRR SG@M 0.0001.
D. 2.21 GNTQR
79
@. 1 = SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR @ O@QSHBTK@Q SXOD NE BQHLHM@K SQH@K VHKK S@JD
A. 1 ] '(21, 7)
B. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC SQH@K VHKK K@RS LNQD SG@M 24 C@XR HR 0.3336.
C. 22.77
81
@. LD@M = 5.51, I = 7.25
A. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM.
B. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM.
C. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM.
D. 1 ] '(5.51, 7.25)
E. 0.6081
F. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX ENQ KDRR SG@M 6.1 LHMTSDR HR 0.64.
G. 5GD @MRVDQR SN O@QS E @MC O@QS F @QD MNS DW@BSKX SGD R@LD, ADB@TRD SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR NMKX @M @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN
SGD QD@K NMD.
H. 5GD @MRVDQR SN O@QS E @MC O@QS F @QD BKNRD, ADB@TRD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR @M DWBDKKDMS @OOQNWHL@SHNM VGDM SGD R@LOKD
RHYD HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 30.
I. 5GD @OOQNWHL@SHNM VNTKC G@UD ADDM KDRR @BBTQ@SD, ADB@TRD SGD RL@KKDQ R@LOKD RHYD LD@MR SG@S SGD C@S@ CNDR MNS EHS
MNQL@K BTQUD @R VDKK.
83
1. LD@M = 60,136
I = 10,468
2. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
5. 1 ] '(60136, 10468)
6. 0.7440
7. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX HR 43/60 = 0.717.
8. 5GD @MRVDQR ENQ O@QS E @MC O@QS F @QD MNS SGD R@LD, ADB@TRD SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR NMKX @M @OOQNWHL@SHNM.
396 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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85
D = 100; F = 0.1; G = 0.9
Z = DF = (100)(0.10) = 10
\ = npq = (100)(0.1)(0.9) = 3
H. P = a1: N
1
= R + P\ = 10 + 1(3) = 13 @MC N2 = R k P\ = 10 k 1(3) = 7. 68.27% NE SGD CDEDBSHUD B@QR VHKK E@KK ADSVDDM
RDUDM @MC 13.
HH. P = a2: N
1
= R + P\ = 10 + 2(3) = 16 @MC N2 = R k P\ = 10 k 2(3) = 4. 95.45 % NE SGD CDEDBSHUD B@QR VHKK E@KK ADSVDDM
ENTQ @MC 16
HHH. P = a3: N
1
= R + P\ = 10 + 3(3) = 19 @MC N2 = R k P\ = 10 k 3(3) = 1. 99.73% NE SGD CDEDBSHUD B@QR VHKK E@KK ADSVDDM
NMD @MC 19.
87
D = 190; F =
1
5
= 0.2; G = 0.8
Z = DF = (190)(0.2) = 38
\ = npq = (190)(0.2)(0.8) = 5.5136
@. 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL: )(34 < N < 54) = MNQL@KBCE(34,54,48,5.5136) = 0.7641
A. 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL: )(54 < N < 64) = MNQL@KBCE(54,64,48,5.5136) = 0.0018
B. 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL: )(N > 64) = MNQL@KBCE(64,10
99
,48,5.5136) = 0.0000012 (@OOQNWHL@SDKX 0)
"'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.- 397
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398 "'/3$1 6 W 3'$ -.1,+ #(231(!43(.-
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7 U 2&# !#,20A* *'+'2
2&#-0#+
$CAOL? 7.1 (B UKQ S=JP PK BECQNA KQP PDA @EOPNE>QPEKJ KB PDA ?D=JCA LAKLHA ?=NNU EJ PDAEN LK?GAPO, QOEJC PDA ?AJPN=H
HEIEP PDAKNAI =J@ =OOQIEJC UKQN O=ILHA EO H=NCA AJKQCD, UKQ SEHH BEJ@ PD=P PDA @EOPNE>QPEKJ EO JKNI=H =J@ >AHH-OD=LA@.
(?NA@EP: )KDJ +K@@AN)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
c 3DBNFMHYD SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL OQNAKDLR.
c $K@RRHEX BNMSHMTNTR VNQC OQNAKDLR AX SGDHQ CHRSQHATSHNMR.
c "OOKX @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL ENQ LD@MR.
c "OOKX @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL ENQ RTLR.
8GX @QD VD RN BNMBDQMDC VHSG LD@MR 5VN QD@RNMR @QD: SGDX FHUD TR @ LHCCKD FQNTMC ENQ BNLO@QHRNM, @MC SGDX @QD D@RX SN
B@KBTK@SD. *M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK RSTCX LD@MR @MC SGD 8:CIG6A A>B>I I=:DG:B.
5GD 8:CIG6A A>B>I I=:DG:B(BKS ENQ RGNQS) HR NMD NE SGD LNRS ONVDQETK @MC TRDETK HCD@R HM @KK NE RS@SHRSHBR. 5GDQD @QD SVN
@KSDQM@SHUD ENQLR NE SGD SGDNQDL, @MC ANSG @KSDQM@SHUDR @QD BNMBDQMDC VHSG CQ@VHMF EHMHSD R@LOKDR RHYD D EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNMR
VHSG @ JMNVM LD@M, Z, @MC @ JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \. 5GD EHQRS @KSDQM@SHUD R@XR SG@S HE VD BNKKDBS R@LOKDR NE RHYD D VHSG
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 399
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@ "K@QFD DMNTFG D," B@KBTK@SD D@BG R@LOKD'R LD@M, @MC BQD@SD @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGNRD LD@MR, SGDM SGD QDRTKSHMF GHRSNFQ@L VHKK
SDMC SN G@UD @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K ADKK RG@OD. 5GD RDBNMC @KSDQM@SHUD R@XR SG@S HE VD @F@HM BNKKDBS R@LOKDR NE RHYD D SG@S
@QD "K@QFD DMNTFG," B@KBTK@SD SGD RTL NE D@BG R@LOKD @MC BQD@SD @ GHRSNFQ@L, SGDM SGD QDRTKSHMF GHRSNFQ@L VHKK @F@HM SDMC SN
G@UD @ MNQL@K ADKK-RG@OD.
&C :>I=:G 86H:, >I 9D:H CDI B6II:G L=6I I=: 9>HIG>7JI>DC D; I=: DG><>C6A EDEJA6I>DC >H, DG L=:I=:G NDJ :K:C C::9
ID @CDL >I. 1=: >BEDGI6CI ;68I >H I=6I I=: 9>HIG>7JI>DC D; H6BEA: B:6CH 6C9 I=: HJBH I:C9 ID ;DAADL I=: CDGB6A
9>HIG>7JI>DC.
5GD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD, D, SG@S HR QDPTHQDC HM NQCDQ SN AD "K@QFD DMNTFG" CDODMCR NM SGD NQHFHM@K ONOTK@SHNM EQNL VGHBG
SGD R@LOKDR @QD CQ@VM (SGD R@LOKD RHYD RGNTKC AD @S KD@RS 30 NQ SGD C@S@ RGNTKC BNLD EQNL @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM). *E SGD
NQHFHM@K ONOTK@SHNM HR E@Q EQNL MNQL@K, SGDM LNQD NARDQU@SHNMR @QD MDDCDC ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@MR NQ RTLR SN AD MNQL@K.
06BEA>C< >H 9DC: L>I= G:EA68:B:CI.
4TOONRD DHFGS NE XNT QNKK NMD E@HQ CHBD SDM SHLDR, RDUDM NE XNT QNKK SVN E@HQ CHBD SDM SHLDR, MHMD NE XNT QNKK EHUD E@HQ CHBD
SDM SHLDR, @MC 11 NE XNT QNKK SDM E@HQ CHBD SDM SHLDR.
&@BG SHLD @ ODQRNM QNKKR LNQD SG@M NMD CHD, GD NQ RGD B@KBTK@SDR SGD R@LOKD B:6C NE SGD E@BDR RGNVHMF. 'NQ DW@LOKD,
NMD ODQRNM LHFGS QNKK EHUD E@HQ CHBD @MC FDS 2, 2, 3, 4, 6 NM NMD QNKK.
5GD LD@M HR
2 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6
5
= 3.4. 5GD 3.4 HR NMD LD@M VGDM EHUD E@HQ CHBD @QD QNKKDC. 5GHR R@LD ODQRNM
VNTKC QNKK SGD EHUD CHBD MHMD LNQD SHLDR @MC B@KBTK@SD MHMD LNQD LD@MR ENQ @ SNS@K NE SDM LD@MR.
:NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ VHKK O@RR NTS SGD CHBD SN RDUDQ@K ODNOKD. 3NKK XNTQ CHBD SDM SHLDR. 'NQ D@BG QNKK, QDBNQC SGD E@BDR,
@MC EHMC SGD LD@M. 3NTMC SN SGD MD@QDRS 0.5.
:NTQ HMRSQTBSNQ (@MC ONRRHAKX XNT) VHKK OQNCTBD NMD FQ@OG (HS LHFGS AD @ GHRSNFQ@L) ENQ NMD CHD, NMD FQ@OG ENQ SVN
CHBD, NMD FQ@OG ENQ EHUD CHBD, @MC NMD FQ@OG ENQ SDM CHBD. 4HMBD SGD "LD@M" VGDM XNT QNKK NMD CHD HR ITRS SGD E@BD NM SGD
CHD, VG@S CHRSQHATSHNM CN SGDRD B:6CH @OOD@Q SN AD QDOQDRDMSHMF
!G6L I=: <G6E= ;DG I=: B:6CH JH>C< ILD 9>8:. %N SGD R@LOKD LD@MR RGNV @MX JHMC NE O@SSDQM
!G6L I=: <G6E= ;DG I=: B:6CH JH>C< ;>K: 9>8:. %N XNT RDD @MX O@SSDQM DLDQFHMF
#>C6AAN, 9G6L I=: <G6E= ;DG I=: B:6CH JH>C< I:C 9>8:. %N XNT RDD @MX O@SSDQM SN SGD FQ@OG 8G@S B@M XNT
BNMBKTCD @R XNT HMBQD@RD SGD MTLADQ NE CHBD
"R SGD MTLADQ NE CHBD QNKKDC HMBQD@RDR EQNL NMD SN SVN SN EHUD SN SDM, SGD ENKKNVHMF HR G@OODMHMF:
1. 5GD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR QDL@HMR @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD.
2. 5GD ROQD@C NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR (SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR) FDSR RL@KKDQ.
3. 5GD FQ@OG @OOD@QR RSDDODQ @MC SGHMMDQ.
:NT G@UD ITRS CDLNMRSQ@SDC SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL (BKS).
5GD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL SDKKR XNT SG@S @R XNT HMBQD@RD SGD MTLADQ NE CHBD, I=: H6BEA: B:6CH I:C9 IDL6G9 6
CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC (I=: H6BEA>C< 9>HIG>7JI>DC).
7.1 U 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1;GJF? +?;HM
(AP?L;A?M)
4TOONRD 1 HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG @ CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S L@X AD JMNVM NQ TMJMNVM (HS B@M AD @MX CHRSQHATSHNM). 6RHMF @
RTARBQHOS SG@S L@SBGDR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, RTOONRD:
=. Z
1
= SGD LD@M NE 1
>. \
1
= SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1
*E XNT CQ@V Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE RHYD D, SGDM @R D HMBQD@RDR, SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
VGHBG BNMRHRSR NE R@LOKD LD@MR,

SDMCR SN AD CDGB6AAN 9>HIG>7JI:9 @MC
X
] '

x
,
x
n
.
5GD 8:CIG6A A>B>I I=:DG:B ENQ R@LOKD LD@MR R@XR SG@S HE XNT JDDO CQ@VHMF K@QFDQ @MC K@QFDQ R@LOKDR (RTBG @R QNKKHMF
NMD, SVN, EHUD, @MC EHM@KKX, SDM CHBD) @MC 86A8JA6I>C< I=:>G B:6CH, SGD R@LOKD LD@MR ENQL SGDHQ NVM CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC
(SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM). 5GD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM G@R SGD R@LD LD@M @R SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM @MC @ U@QH@MBD SG@S DPT@KR
SGD NQHFHM@K U@QH@MBD CHUHCDC AX, SGD R@LOKD RHYD. 5GD U@QH@AKD D HR SGD MTLADQ NE U@KTDR SG@S @QD @UDQ@FDC SNFDSGDQ, MNS SGD
MTLADQ NE SHLDR SGD DWODQHLDMS HR CNMD.
400 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
D
R
A
F
T
:

N
o
t

F
i
n
a
l

V
e
r
s
i
o
n
5N OTS HS LNQD ENQL@KKX, HE XNT CQ@V Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE RHYD D, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
, VGHBG
BNMRHRSR NE R@LOKD LD@MR, HR B@KKDC SGD H6BEA>C< 9>HIG>7JI>DC D; I=: B:6C. 5GD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD LD@M
@OOQN@BGDR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM @R D, SGD H6BEA: H>O:, HMBQD@RDR.
5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
G@R @ CHEEDQDMS P-RBNQD @RRNBH@SDC VHSG HS EQNL SG@S NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1. 5GD LD@M x
HR
SGD U@KTD NE X
HM NMD R@LOKD.
z =
x
x
n
Z
1
HR SGD @UDQ@FD NE ANSG 1 @MC X
.
x
=
x
n
= RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE X
@MC HR B@KKDC SGD HI6C96G9 :GGDG D; I=: B:6C.

"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 401
D
R
A
F
T
:

N
o
t

F
i
n
a
l

V
e
r
s
i
o
n
5N EHMC OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ LD@MR NM SGD B@KBTK@SNQ, ENKKNV SGDRD RSDOR.
2MC %*453
2:MNQL@KBCE
normalcd f
lower value of the area, upper value of the area, mean,

standard deviation
sample size
VGDQD:
c C;7D HR SGD LD@M NE SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM
c IJ7D:7H: :;L?7J?ED HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM
c I7CFB; I?P; = D
$T=ILHA 7.1
"M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 90 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15. 4@LOKDR NE RHYD D = 25 @QD CQ@VM
Q@MCNLKX EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD H6BEA: B:6C HR ADSVDDM 85 @MC 92.
1IFONCIH 7.1
@. -DS 1 = NMD U@KTD EQNLSGD NQHFHM@K TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM @RJR XNT SN EHMC @ OQNA@AHKHSX
ENQ SGD H6BEA: B:6C.
-DS X
= SGD LD@M NE @ R@LOKD NE RHYD 25. 4HMBD Z

1
= 90, \
1
= 15, @MC D = 25,
X
] '

90,
15
25
.
'HMC )(85 < x
< 92). %Q@V @ FQ@OG.

)(85 < x
< 92) = 0.6997

5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR ADSVDDM 85 @MC 92 HR 0.6997.
$CAOL? 7.2
402 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
D
R
A
F
T
:

N
o
t

F
i
n
a
l

V
e
r
s
i
o
n
>?B=3<568(KNVDQ U@KTD, TOODQ U@KTD, LD@M, RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M)
5GD O@Q@LDSDQ KHRS HR @AAQDUH@SDC (KNVDQ U@KTD, TOODQ U@KTD, Z,

n
)
>?B=3<568(85,92,90,
15
25
) = 0.6997
A. 'HMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD, 90, NE SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
1IFONCIH 7.1
A. 5N EHMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD 90, TRD SGD ENQLTK@:
U@KTD = Z
W
+ (#NE54%&7R)

x
n
U@KTD = 90 + 2

15
25
= 96
5GD U@KTD SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD HR 96.
5GD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M HR
x
n
=
15
25
= 3. 3DB@KK SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M HR @ CDRBQHOSHNM
NE GNV E@Q (NM @UDQ@FD) SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M VHKK AD EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M HM QDOD@SDC RHLOKD Q@MCNL
R@LOKDR NE RHYD D.
7.1 "M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 45 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE DHFGS. 4@LOKDR NE RHYD D = 30 @QD CQ@VM
Q@MCNLKX EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR ADSVDDM 42 @MC 50.
$T=ILHA 7.2
5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD, HM GNTQR, HS S@JDR @M "NUDQ 40" FQNTO NE ODNOKD SN OK@X NMD RNBBDQ L@SBG HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC
VHSG @ B:6C D; ILD =DJGH @MC @ HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC D; 0.5 =DJGH. " H6BEA: D; H>O: n = 50 HR CQ@VM Q@MCNLKX
EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD H6BEA: B:6C HR ADSVDDM 1.8 GNTQR @MC 2.3 GNTQR.
1IFONCIH 7.2
-DS 1 = SGD SHLD, HM GNTQR, HS S@JDR SN OK@X NMD RNBBDQ L@SBG.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM @RJR XNT SN EHMC @ OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ SGD H6BEA: B:6C I>B:, >C =DJGH, HS S@JDR SN OK@X
NMD RNBBDQ L@SBG.
-DS X
= SGD B:6C SHLD, HM GNTQR, HS S@JDR SN OK@X NMD RNBBDQ L@SBG.

*E Z
1
= ?????????, \
1
= ??????????, @MC D = ???????????, SGDM 1 ] '(??????, ??????) AX SGD 8:CIG6A
A>B>I I=:DG:B ;DG B:6CH.
Z
1
= 2, \
1
= 0.5, D = 50, @MC 1 ] '

2,
0.5
50
'HMC )(1.8 < x
< 2.3). %Q@V @ FQ@OG.

)(1.8 < x
< 2.3) = 0.9977

>?B=3<568
1.8,2.3,2,
.5
50
= 0.9977
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M SHLD HR ADSVDDM 1.8 GNTQR @MC 2.3 GNTQR HR ??????.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 403
D
R
A
F
T
:

N
o
t

F
i
n
a
l

V
e
r
s
i
o
n
7.2 5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD S@JDM NM SGD 4"5 ENQ @ FQNTO NE RSTCDMSR HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 2.5 GNTQR @MC @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.25 GNTQR. " R@LOKD RHYD NE D = 60 HR CQ@VM Q@MCNLKX EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR ADSVDDM SVN GNTQR @MC SGQDD GNTQR.
5N EHMC ODQBDMSHKDR ENQ LD@MR NM SGD B@KBTK@SNQ, ENKKNV SGDRD RSDOR.
2
MC
%*4S3
3:HMU/NQL
A = HMU/NQL
area to the left of k, mean,

standard deviation
sample size
VGDQD:
c A SGD A
SG
ODQBDMSHKD
c I7CFB; I?P; = D
$T=ILHA 7.3
*M @ QDBDMS RSTCX QDONQSDC 0BS. 29, 2012 NM SGD 'KTQQX #KNF, SGD LD@M @FD NE S@AKDS TRDQR HR 34 XD@QR. 4TOONRD SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 15 XD@QR. 5@JD @ R@LOKD NE RHYD D = 100.
=. 8G@S @QD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M @FDR NE S@AKDS TRDQR
>. 8G@S CNDR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM KNNJ KHJD
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M @FD HR LNQD SG@M 30 XD@QR (SGD QDONQSDC LD@M @FD NE S@AKDS TRDQR
HM SGHR O@QSHBTK@Q RSTCX).
@. 'HMC SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M @FD (SN NMD CDBHL@K OK@BD).
1IFONCIH 7.3
=. 4HMBD SGD R@LOKD LD@M SDMCR SN S@QFDS SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, VD G@UD Z
]
= Z = 34. 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR FHUDM AX \
]
=

n
=
15
100
=
15
10
= 1.5
>. 5GD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL RS@SDR SG@S ENQ K@QFD R@LOKD RHYDR(D), SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM VHKK AD
@OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.
?. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M @FD HR LNQD SG@M 30 HR FHUDM AX )(U > 30) =
>?B=3<568(30,&99,34,1.5) = 0.9962
@. -DS A = SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
A = HMU/NQL

0.95,34,
15
100
= 36.5
404 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
D
R
A
F
T
:

N
o
t

F
i
n
a
l

V
e
r
s
i
o
n
7.3 *M @M @QSHBKD NM 'KTQQX #KNF, @ F@LHMF L@QJDSHMF F@O ENQ LDM ADSVDDM SGD @FDR NE 30 @MC 40 HR HCDMSHEHDC. :NT @QD
QDRD@QBGHMF @ RS@QSTO F@LD S@QFDSDC @S SGD 35-XD@Q-NKC CDLNFQ@OGHB. :NTQ HCD@ HR SN CDUDKNO @ RSQ@SDFX F@LD SG@S B@M
AD OK@XDC AX LDM EQNL SGDHQ K@SD 20R SGQNTFG SGDHQ K@SD 30R. #@RDC NM SGD @QSHBKDnR C@S@, HMCTRSQX QDRD@QBG RGNVR SG@S
SGD @UDQ@FD RSQ@SDFX OK@XDQ HR 28 XD@QR NKC VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 4.8 XD@QR. :NT S@JD @ R@LOKD NE 100 Q@MCNLKX
RDKDBSDC F@LDQR. *E XNTQ S@QFDS L@QJDS HR 29- SN 35-XD@Q-NKCR, RGNTKC XNT BNMSHMTD VHSG XNTQ CDUDKNOLDMS RSQ@SDFX
$T=ILHA 7.4
5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE LHMTSDR ENQ @OO DMF@FDLDMS AX @ S@AKDS TRDQ HR 8.2 LHMTSDR. 4TOONRD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
HR NMD LHMTSD. 5@JD @ R@LOKD NE 60.
=. 8G@S @QD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M MTLADQ NE @OO DMF@FDLDMS AX @ S@AKDS TRDQ
>. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M
?. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M SHLD ENQ @OO DMF@FDLDMS ENQ @ S@AKDS TRDQ. *MSDQOQDS SGHR U@KTD
HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR ADSVDDM DHFGS LHMTSDR @MC 8.5 LHMTSDR.
1IFONCIH 7.4
=.
x
= = 8.2
x
=

n
=
1
60
= 0.13
>. 5GD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M HR 0.13. 5GHR HMCHB@SDR GNV E@Q SGD R@LOKD LD@M VHKK AD EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM
LD@M HM QDOD@SDC R@LOKDR NE RHYD 60.
?. -DS A = SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD
A = ;>F$?B=
0.90,8.2,
1
60
= 8.37. 5GHR U@KTDR HMCHB@SDR SG@S 90 ODQBDMS NE SGD @UDQ@FD @OO DMF@FDLDMS
SHLD ENQ S@AKD TRDQR HR KDRR SG@M 8.37 LHMTSDR.
@. )(8 < x
< 8.5) = >?B=3<568
8,8.5,8.2,
1
60
= 0.9293
7.4 $@MR NE @ BNK@ ADUDQ@FD BK@HL SN BNMS@HM 16 NTMBDR. 5GD @LNTMSR HM @ R@LOKD @QD LD@RTQDC @MC SGD RS@SHRSHBR @QD
D = 34, x
= 16.01 NTMBDR. *E SGD B@MR @QD EHKKDC RN SG@S Z = 16.00 NTMBDR (@R K@ADKDC) @MC \ = 0.143 NTMBDR, EHMC SGD
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ R@LOKD NE 34 B@MR VHKK G@UD @M @UDQ@FD @LNTMS FQD@SDQ SG@M 16.01 NTMBDR. %N SGD QDRTKSR RTFFDRS SG@S
B@MR @QD EHKKDC VHSG @M @LNTMS FQD@SDQ SG@M 16 NTMBDR
7.2 U 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1OGM
4TOONRD 1 HR @ Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD VHSG @ CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S L@X AD @CDLC DG JC@CDLC (HS B@M AD @MX CHRSQHATSHNM) @MC RTOONRD:
=. Z
1
= SGD LD@M NE U
>. \
U
= SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1
*E XNT CQ@V Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE RHYD D, SGDM @R D HMBQD@RDR, SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD e1 BNMRHRSHMF NE RTLR SDMCR SN AD
CDGB6AAN 9>HIG>7JI:9 @MC eU ] '((D)(Z
U
), ( n )(\
U
)).
1=: 8:CIG6A A>B>I I=:DG:B ;DG HJBH R@XR SG@S HE XNT JDDO CQ@VHMF K@QFDQ @MC K@QFDQ R@LOKDR @MC S@JHMF SGDHQ RTLR, SGD
RTLR ENQL SGDHQ NVM MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM (SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM), VGHBG @OOQN@BGDR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM @R SGD R@LOKD
RHYD HMBQD@RDR. 1=: CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC =6H 6 B:6C :FJ6A ID I=: DG><>C6A B:6C BJAI>EA>:9 7N I=: H6BEA: H>O: 6C9 6
HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC :FJ6A ID I=: DG><>C6A HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC BJAI>EA>:9 7N I=: HFJ6G: GDDI D; I=: H6BEA: H>O:.
5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD e1 G@R SGD ENKKNVHMF P-RBNQD @RRNBH@SDC VHSG HS:
=. eN HR NMD RTL.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 405
D
R
A
F
T
:

N
o
t

F
i
n
a
l

V
e
r
s
i
o
n
>. z =
x (n)(
X
)
( n)(
X
)
E. (D)(Z
1
) = SGD LD@M NE e1
EE. ( n)(
X
) = RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE X
5N EHMC OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ RTLR NM SGD B@KBTK@SNQ, ENKKNV SGDRD RSDOR.
2
MC
D)*(
2:>?B=3<568
>?B=3<568(KNVDQ U@KTD NE SGD @QD@, TOODQ U@KTD NE SGD @QD@, (D)(LD@M), ( n )(RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM))
VGDQD:
c $am!le $i(e = M
$T=ILHA 7.5
"M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 90 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15. " R@LOKD NE RHYD 80 HR CQ@VM Q@MCNLKX
EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 80 U@KTDR (NQ SGD SNS@K NE SGD 80 U@KTDR) HR LNQD SG@M 7,500.
>. 'HMC SGD RTL SG@S HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR.
1IFONCIH 7.5
-DS 1 = NMD U@KTD EQNL SGD NQHFHM@K TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNM @RJR XNT SN EHMC @ OQNA@AHKHSX
ENQ I=: HJB (DG IDI6A D;) 80 K6AJ:H.
e1 = SGD RTL NQ SNS@K NE 80 U@KTDR. 4HMBD Z
1
= 90, \
1
= 15, @MC D = 80, X ] '((80)(90),
( 80 )(15))
c LD@M NE SGD RTLR = (D)(Z
1
) = (80)(90) = 7,200
c RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD RTLR = ( n)(
X
) = ( 80) (15)
c RTL NE 80 U@KTDR = TN = 7,500
@. 'HMC )(eN > 7,500)
)(eN > 7,500) = 0.0127
$CAOL? 7.3
406 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
D
R
A
F
T
:

N
o
t

F
i
n
a
l

V
e
r
s
i
o
n
>?B=3<568(KNVDQ U@KTD, TOODQ U@KTD, LD@M NE RTLR, CD67F NE RTLR)
5GD O@Q@LDSDQ KHRS HR @AAQDUH@SDC(KNVDQ, TOODQ, (D)(Z
1
, ( n) (\
1
))
>?B=3<568 (7500,1&99,(80)(90),

80
(15)) = 0.0127
0#+',"#0
1"99 = 10
99
.
1QDRR SGD EE JDX ENQ &.
A. 'HMC eN VGDQD P = 1.5.
eN = (D)(Z
1
) + (P) ( n) (\
U
) = (80)(90) + (1.5)( 80 )(15) = 7,401.2
7.5 "M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 45 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE DHFGS. " R@LOKD RHYD NE 50 HR CQ@VM
Q@MCNLKX EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 50 U@KTDR HR LNQD SG@M 2,400.
5N EHMC ODQBDMSHKDR ENQ RTLR NM SGD B@KBTK@SNQ, ENKKNV SGDRD RSDOR.
2
MC
%*4S3
3:HMU/NQL
A = HMU/NQL (@QD@ SN SGD KDES NE A, (D)(LD@M), ( n) (RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM))
VGDQD:
c A HR SGD A
SG
E:G8:CI>A:
c I7CFB; I?P; = D
$T=ILHA 7.6
*M @ QDBDMS RSTCX QDONQSDC 0BS. 29, 2012 NM SGD 'KTQQX #KNF, SGD LD@M @FD NE S@AKDS TRDQR HR 34 XD@QR. 4TOONRD SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 15 XD@QR. 5GD R@LOKD NE RHYD HR 50.
=. 8G@S @QD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR NE S@AKDS TRDQR 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR HR ADSVDDM 1,500 @MC 1,800 XD@QR.
?. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD 50 @FDR.
1IFONCIH 7.6
=. Z
TN
= DZ
N
= 50(34) = 1,700 @MC \
TN
= n \
N
= ( 50 ) (15) = 106.01
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNQL@K ENQ RTLR AX SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL.
>. )(1500 < eN < 1800) = >?B=3<568 (1,500, 1,800, (50)(34), ( 50 ) (15)) = 0.7974
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 407
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?. -DS A = SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
A = ;>F$?B=(0.80,(50)(34), ( 50 ) (15)) = 1,789.3
7.6 *M @ QDBDMS RSTCX QDONQSDC 0BS.29, 2012 NM SGD 'KTQQX #KNF, SGD LD@M @FD NE S@AKDS TRDQR HR 35 XD@QR. 4TOONRD SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR SDM XD@QR. 5GD R@LOKD RHYD HR 39.
=. 8G@S @QD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR NE S@AKDS TRDQR 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR HR ADSVDDM 1,400 @MC 1,500 XD@QR.
?. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD 39 @FDR.
$T=ILHA 7.7
5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE LHMTSDR ENQ @OO DMF@FDLDMS AX @ S@AKDS TRDQ HR 8.2 LHMTSDR. 4TOONRD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
HR NMD LHMTSD. 5@JD @ R@LOKD NE RHYD 70.
=. 8G@S @QD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD RTLR
>. 'HMC SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD. *MSDQOQDS SGHR U@KTD HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD HR @S KD@RS SDM GNTQR.
1IFONCIH 7.7
=. Z
TN
= DZ
N
= 70(8.2) = 574 LHMTSDR @MC \
TN
( n)(
x
) = ( 70 ) (1) = 8.37 LHMTSDR
>. -DS A = SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
A = HMU/NQL (0.95,(70)(8.2), ( 70) (1)) = 587.76 LHMTSDR
/HMDSX EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD @OO DMF@FDLDMS SHLDR @QD @S LNRS 587.76 LHMTSDR.
?. SDM GNTQR = 600 LHMTSDR
)(eN y 600) = >?B=3<568(600,&99,(70)(8.2), ( 70) (1)) = 0.0009
7.7 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE LHMTSDR ENQ @OO DMF@FDLDMS AX @ S@AKD TRD HR 8.2 LHMTSDR. 4TOONRD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR
NMD LHMTSD. 5@JD @ R@LOKD RHYD NE 70.
=. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD HR ADSVDDM RDUDM GNTQR @MC SDM GNTQR 8G@S CNDR SGHR LD@M HM
BNMSDWS NE SGD OQNAKDL
>. 'HMC SGD 84
SG
@MC 16
SG
ODQBDMSHKDR ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD. *MSDQOQDS SGDRD U@KTDR HM BNMSDWS.
7.3 U 3MCHA NB? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
*S HR HLONQS@MS ENQ XNT SN TMCDQRS@MC VGDM SN TRD SGD 8AI. *E XNT @QD ADHMF @RJDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD LD@M, TRD SGD
BKS ENQ SGD LD@M. *E XNT @QD ADHMF @RJDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTL NQ SNS@K, TRD SGD BKS ENQ RTLR. 5GHR @KRN @OOKHDR SN
ODQBDMSHKDR ENQ LD@MR @MC RTLR.
,-2#
*E XNT @QD ADHMF @RJDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @M >C9>K>9J6A U@KTD, CN CDI TRD SGD BKS. 2H: I=: 9>HIG>7JI>DC D; >IH
G6C9DB K6G>67A:.
408 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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#R;GJF?M I@ NB? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
*;Q I@ *;LA? ,OG<?LM
5GD A6L D; A6G<: CJB7:GH R@XR SG@S HE XNT S@JD R@LOKDR NE K@QFDQ @MC K@QFDQ RHYD EQNL @MX ONOTK@SHNM, SGDM SGD LD@M x
NE
SGD R@LOKD SDMCR SN FDS BKNRDQ @MC BKNRDQ SN Z. 'QNL SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL, VD JMNV SG@S @R D FDSR K@QFDQ @MC K@QFDQ, SGD
R@LOKD LD@MR ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD K@QFDQ D FDSR, SGD RL@KKDQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM FDSR. (3DLDLADQ SG@S SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ X
HR

n
.) 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M x
LTRS AD BKNRD SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z. 8D B@M

R@X SG@S Z HR SGD U@KTD SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@MR @OOQN@BG @R D FDSR K@QFDQ. 5GD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL HKKTRSQ@SDR SGD K@V NE K@QFD
MTLADQR.
!?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL NB? +?;H ;H> 1OG #R;GJF?M
$T=ILHA 7.8
" RSTCX HMUNKUHMF RSQDRR HR BNMCTBSDC @LNMF SGD RSTCDMSR NM @ BNKKDFD B@LOTR. 1=: HIG:HH H8DG:H ;DAADL 6
JC>;DGB 9>HIG>7JI>DC VHSG SGD KNVDRS RSQDRR RBNQD DPT@K SN NMD @MC SGD GHFGDRS DPT@K SN EHUD. 6RHMF @ R@LOKD NE
75 RSTCDMSR, EHMC:
=. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD B:6C HIG:HH H8DG: ENQ SGD 75 RSTCDMSR HR KDRR SG@M SVN.
>. 5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD B:6C HIG:HH H8DG: ENQ SGD 75 RSTCDMSR.
?. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD IDI6A D; I=: 75 HIG:HH H8DG:H HR KDRR SG@M 200.
@. 5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD IDI6A HIG:HH H8DG: ENQ SGD 75 RSTCDMSR.
-DS 1 = NMD RSQDRR RBNQD.
1QNAKDLR @ @MC A @RJ XNT SN EHMC @ OQNA@AHKHSX NQ @ ODQBDMSHKD ENQ @ B:6C. 1QNAKDLR B @MC C @RJ XNT SN EHMC
@ OQNA@AHKHSX NQ @ ODQBDMSHKD ENQ @ IDI6A DG HJB. 5GD R@LOKD RHYD, D, HR DPT@K SN 75.
4HMBD SGD HMCHUHCT@K RSQDRR RBNQDR ENKKNV @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM, 1 ] .(1, 5) VGDQD 7 = 1 @MC 8 = 5 (4DD
!IHNCHOIOM 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?M ENQ @M DWOK@M@SHNM NM SGD TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM).
Z
1
=
a + b
2
=
1 + 5
2
= 3
\
1
=
(b a)
2
12
=
(5 1)
2
12
= 1.15
'NQ OQNAKDLR 1. @MC 2., KDS X
= SGD LD@M RSQDRR RBNQD ENQ SGD 75 RSTCDMSR. 5GDM,

X
'

3,
1.15
75
VGDQD D = 75.
@. 'HMC )( x
< 2). %Q@V SGD FQ@OG.

1IFONCIH 7.8
@. )( x
< 2) = 0
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M RSQDRR RBNQD HR KDRR SG@M SVN HR @ANTS YDQN.
$CAOL? 7.4
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 409
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>?B=3<568

1,2,3,
1.15
75
= 0
0#+',"#0
5GD RL@KKDRS RSQDRR RBNQD HR NMD.
A. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M NE 75 RSQDRR RBNQDR. %Q@V @ FQ@OG.
1IFONCIH 7.8
A. -DS A = SGD 90
SG
OQDBDMSHKD.
'HMC A, VGDQD )( x
< A) = 0.90.
A = 3.2
$CAOL? 7.5
5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M NE 75 RBNQDR HR @ANTS 3.2. 5GHR SDKKR TR SG@S 90%NE @KK SGD LD@MR NE 75 RSQDRR
RBNQDR @QD @S LNRS 3.2, @MC SG@S 10% @QD @S KD@RS 3.2.
;>F$?B=
0.90,3,
1.15
75
= 3.2
'NQ OQNAKDLR B @MC C, KDS T1 = SGD RTL NE SGD 75 RSQDRR RBNQDR. 5GDM, T1 ] '<(75)(3), ( 75) (1.15)=
B. 'HMC )(TN < 200). %Q@V SGD FQ@OG.
1IFONCIH 7.8
B. 5GD LD@M NE SGD RTL NE 75 RSQDRR RBNQDR HR (75)(3) = 225
5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD RTL NE 75 RSQDRR RBNQDR HR ( 75) (1.15) = 9.96
)(TN < 200) = 0
$CAOL? 7.6
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SNS@K NE 75 RBNQDR HR KDRR SG@M 200 HR @ANTS YDQN.
410 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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>?B=3<568 (75,200,(75)(3), ( 75) (1.15)).
0#+',"#0
5GD RL@KKDRS SNS@K NE 75 RSQDRR RBNQDR HR 75, ADB@TRD SGD RL@KKDRS RHMFKD RBNQD HR NMD.
C. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD SNS@K NE 75 RSQDRR RBNQDR. %Q@V @ FQ@OG.
1IFONCIH 7.8
C. -DS A = SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
'HMC A VGDQD )(TN < A) = 0.90.
A = 237.8
$CAOL? 7.7
5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTLNE 75 RBNQDR HR @ANTS 237.8. 5GHR SDKKR TR SG@S 90%NE @KK SGD RTLR NE 75 RBNQDR
@QD MN LNQD SG@M 237.8 @MC 10% @QD MN KDRR SG@M 237.8.
;>F$?B=(0.90,(75)(3), ( 75) (1.15)) = 237.8
7.8 6RD SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R;GJF? 7.8, ATS TRD @ R@LOKD RHYD NE 55 SN @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR.
=. 'HMC )( x
< 7).
>. 'HMC )(TN > 170).
?. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M NE 55 RBNQDR.
@. 'HMC SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE 55 RBNQDR.
$T=ILHA 7.9
4TOONRD SG@S @ L@QJDS QDRD@QBG @M@KXRS ENQ @ BDKK OGNMD BNLO@MX BNMCTBSR @ RSTCX NE SGDHQ BTRSNLDQR VGN DWBDDC
SGD SHLD @KKNV@MBD HMBKTCDC NM SGDHQ A@RHB BDKK OGNMD BNMSQ@BS; SGD @M@KXRS EHMCR SG@S ENQ SGNRD ODNOKD VGN DWBDDC
SGD SHLD HMBKTCDC HM SGDHQ A@RHB BNMSQ@BS, SGD :M8:HH I>B: JH:9 ENKKNVR @M :MEDC:CI>6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC VHSG @ LD@M
NE 22 LHMTSDR.
$NMRHCDQ @ Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE 80 BTRSNLDQR VGN DWBDDC SGD SHLD @KKNV@MBD HMBKTCDC HM SGDHQ A@RHB BDKK OGNMD
BNMSQ@BS.
-DS 1 = SGD DWBDRR SHLD TRDC AX NMD */%*7*%6"- BDKK OGNMD BTRSNLDQ VGN DWBDDCR GHR BNMSQ@BSDC SHLD
@KKNV@MBD.
1 ENF

1
22
. 'QNL OQDUHNTR BG@OSDQR, VD JMNV SG@S Z = 22 @MC \ = 22.

"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 411
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-DS X
= SGD LD@M DWBDRR SHLD TRDC AX @ R@LOKD NE D = 80 BTRSNLDQR VGN DWBDDC SGDHQ BNMSQ@BSDC SHLD
@KKNV@MBD.
X
] '

22,
22
80
AX SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL ENQ R@LOKD LD@MR

3MCHA NB? =FN NI @CH> JLI<;<CFCNS
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M DWBDRR SHLD TRDC AX SGD 80 BTRSNLDQR HM SGD R@LOKD HR KNMFDQ SG@M 20
LHMTSDR. 5GHR HR @RJHMF TR SN EHMC )( x
> 20). %Q@V SGD FQ@OG.

>. 4TOONRD SG@S NMD BTRSNLDQ VGN DWBDDCR SGD SHLD KHLHS ENQ GHR BDKK OGNMD BNMSQ@BS HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 'HMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGHR HMCHUHCT@K BTRSNLDQ'R DWBDRR SHLD HR KNMFDQ SG@M 20 LHMTSDR. 5GHR HR @RJHMF TR SN EHMC
)(N > 20).
?. &WOK@HM VGX SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HM O@QSR @ @MC A @QD CHEEDQDMS.
1IFONCIH 7.9
=. 'HMC: )( x
> 20)
)( x
> 20) = 0.79199 TRHMF >?B=3<568
20,1E99,22,
22
80
5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR 0.7919 SG@S SGD LD@M DWBDRR SHLD TRDC HR LNQD SG@M 20 LHMTSDR, ENQ @ R@LOKD NE 80
BTRSNLDQR VGN DWBDDC SGDHQ BNMSQ@BSDC SHLD @KKNV@MBD.
$CAOL? 7.8
0#+',"#0
1"99 = 10
99
6C9 R1"99 = R10
99
. 1QDRR SGD EE JDX ENQ &. 0Q ITRS TRD 10
99
HMRSD@C NE 1&99.
>. 'HMC )(W > 20). 3DLDLADQ SN TRD SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @M >C9>K>9J6A: X~Exp
1
22
.
P(x > 20) = e
1
22
(20)
NQ ;
(k0.04545(20))
= 0.4029
?. 1. )(N > 20) = 0.4029 ATS )( x
> 20) = 0.7919

2. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSHDR @QD MNS DPT@K ADB@TRD VD TRD CHEEDQDMS CHRSQHATSHNMR SN B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ
HMCHUHCT@KR @MC ENQ LD@MR.
3. 8GDM @RJDC SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @M HMCHUHCT@K U@KTD, TRD SGD RS@SDC CHRSQHATSHNM NE HSR Q@MCNL
U@QH@AKD; CN MNS TRD SGD BKS. 6RD SGD BKS VHSG SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VGDM XNT @QD ADHMF @RJDC SN EHMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ @ LD@M.
2H>C< I=: 8AI ID ;>C9 E:G8:CI>A:H 'HMC SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD H6BEA: B:6C :M8:HH I>B: ENQ R@LOKDR NE 80
BTRSNLDQR VGN DWBDDC SGDHQ A@RHB BNMSQ@BS SHLD @KKNV@MBDR. %Q@V @ FQ@OG.
1IFONCIH 7.9
-DS A = SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD. 'HMC A VGDQD )( x
< A) = 0.95
412 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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A = 26.0 TRHMF ;>F$?B=
0.95,22,
22
80
= 26.0
$CAOL? 7.9
5GD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD H6BEA: B:6C :M8:HH I>B: JH:9 HR @ANTS 26.0 LHMTSDR ENQ Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE 80
BTRSNLDQR VGN DWBDDC SGDHQ BNMSQ@BST@K @KKNVDC SHLD.
/HMDSX EHUD ODQBDMS NE RTBG R@LOKDR VNTKC G@UD LD@MR TMCDQ 26 LHMTSDR; NMKX EHUD ODQBDMS NE RTBG R@LOKDR
VNTKC G@UD LD@MR @ANUD 26 LHMTSDR.
7.9 6RD SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R;GJF? 7.9, ATS BG@MFD SGD R@LOKD RHYD SN 144.
=. 'HMC )(20 < x
< 30).
>. 'HMC )(TN HR @S KD@RS 3,000).
?. 'HMC SGD 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M DWBDRR SHLD NE 144 BTRSNLDQR.
@. 'HMC SGD 85
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE 144 DWBDRR SHLDR TRDC AX BTRSNLDQR.
$T=ILHA 7.10
*M SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR, RNLDNMD HR RDWT@KKX @RR@TKSDC DUDQX SVN LHMTSDR, NM @UDQ@FD, @BBNQCHMF SN @ MTLADQ NE
RSTCHDR. 4TOONRD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 0.5 LHMTSDR @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR 100.
=. 'HMC SGD LDCH@M, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M SHLD NE RDWT@K @RR@TKSR HM SGD
6MHSDC 4S@SDR.
>. 'HMC SGD LDCH@M, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE R@LOKD SHLDR NE RDWT@K @RR@TKSR HM SGD
6MHSDC 4S@SDR.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RDWT@K @RR@TKS NBBTQR NM SGD @UDQ@FD ADSVDDM 1.75 @MC 1.85 LHMTSDR.
@. 'HMC SGD U@KTD SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
A. 'HMC SGD "*+ ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD SHLDR.
1IFONCIH 7.10
=. 8D G@UD, Z
N
= Z = 2 @MC \
N
=

n
=
0.5
10
= 0.05. 5GDQDENQD:
1. 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = Z
N
= Z = 2
2. 25
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ?DL'EHC(0.25,2,0.25) = 1.97
3. 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ?DL'EHC(0.75,2,0.05) = 2.03
>. 8D G@UD Z
TN
= D(Z
N
) = 100(2) = 200 @MC \
ZN
= n (\
N
) = 10(0.5) = 5. 5GDQDENQD
1. 50
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = Z
TN
= D(Z
N
) = 100(2) = 200
2. 25
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = HMU/NQL(0.25,200,5) = 196.63
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 413
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3. 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = HMU/NQL(0.75,200,5) = 203.37
?. )(1.75 < x
< 1.85) = >?B=3<568(1.75,1.85,2,0.05) = 0.0013

@. 6RHMF SGD P-RBNQD DPT@SHNM, z =
x
, @MC RNKUHMF ENQ N, VD G@UD N = 2(0.05) + 2 = 2.1

A. 5GD "*+ HR 75
SG
ODQBDMSHKD k 25
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = 203.37 k 196.63 = 6.74
7.10 #@RDC NM C@S@ EQNL SGD /@SHNM@K )D@KSG 4TQUDX, VNLDM ADSVDDM SGD @FDR NE 18 @MC 24 G@UD @M @UDQ@FD RXRSNKHB
AKNNC OQDRRTQDR (HM LL )F) NE 114.8 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 13.1. 4XRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD ENQ VNLDM ADSVDDM
SGD @FDR NE 18 SN 24 ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
=. *E NMD VNL@M EQNL SGHR ONOTK@SHNM HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S GDQ RXRSNKHB AKNNC OQDRRTQD HR
FQD@SDQ SG@M 120.
>. *E 40 VNLDM EQNL SGHR ONOTK@SHNM @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDHQ LD@M RXRSNKHB AKNNC
OQDRRTQD HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 120.
?. *E SGD R@LOKD VDQD ENTQ VNLDM ADSVDDM SGD @FDR NE 18 SN 24 @MC VD CHC MNS JMNV SGD NQHFHM@K CHRSQHATSHNM, BNTKC
SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL AD TRDC
$T=ILHA 7.11
" RSTCX V@R CNMD @ANTS UHNKDMBD @F@HMRS OQNRSHSTSDR @MC SGD RXLOSNLR NE SGD ONRSSQ@TL@SHB RSQDRR SG@S SGDX
CDUDKNODC. 5GD @FD Q@MFD NE SGD OQNRSHSTSDR V@R 14 SN 61. 5GD LD@M @FD V@R 30.9 XD@QR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE MHMD XD@QR.
=. *M @ R@LOKD NE 25 OQNRSHSTSDR, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M @FD NE SGD OQNRSHSTSDR HR KDRR SG@M 35
>. *R HS KHJDKX SG@S SGD LD@M @FD NE SGD R@LOKD FQNTO BNTKC AD LNQD SG@M 50 XD@QR *MSDQOQDS SGD QDRTKSR.
?. *M @ R@LOKD NE 49 OQNRSHSTSDR, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR HR MN KDRR SG@M 1,600
@. *R HS KHJDKX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR NE SGD 49 OQNRSHSTSDR HR @S LNRS 1,595 *MSDQOQDS SGD QDRTKSR.
A. 'HMC SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M @FD NE 65 OQNRSHSTSDR. *MSDQOQDS SGD QDRTKSR.
B. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR NE 65 OQNRSHSTSDR. *MSDQOQDS SGD QDRTKSR.
1IFONCIH 7.11
=. )( x
< 35) = >?B=3<568(E - 99,35,30.9,1.8) = 0.9886

>. )( x
> 50) = >?B=3<568(50, E99,30.9,1.8) v 0. 'NQ SGHR R@LOKD FQNTO, HS HR @KLNRS HLONRRHAKD ENQ SGD
FQNTOnR @UDQ@FD @FD SN AD LNQD SG@M 50. )NVDUDQ, HS HR RSHKK ONRRHAKD ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K HM SGHR FQNTO SN G@UD
@M @FD FQD@SDQ SG@M 50.
?. )(TN y 1,600) = >?B=3<568(1600,&99,1514.10,63) = 0.0864
@. )(TN x 1,595) = >?B=3<568(-&99,1595,1514.10,63) = 0.9005. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGDQD HR @ 90% BG@MBD SG@S
SGD RTL NE SGD @FDR ENQ SGD R@LOKD FQNTO D = 49 HR @S LNRS 1595.
A. 5GD 95SG ODQBDMSHKD = ;>F$?B=(0.95,30.9,1.1) = 32.7. 5GHR HMCHB@SDR SG@S 95% NE SGD OQNRSHSTSDR HM SGD
R@LOKD NE 65 @QD XNTMFDQ SG@M 32.7 XD@QR, NM @UDQ@FD.
B. 5GD 90SG ODQBDMSHKD = ;>F$?B=(0.90,2008.5,72.56) = 2101.5. 5GHR HMCHB@SDR SG@S 90% NE SGD OQNRSHSTSDR HM
SGD R@LOKD NE 65 G@UD @ RTL NE @FDR KDRR SG@M 2,101.5 XD@QR.
7.11 "BBNQCHMF SN #NDHMF C@S@, SGD 757 @HQKHMDQ B@QQHDR 200 O@RRDMFDQR @MC G@R CNNQR VHSG @ GDHFGS NE 72 HMBGDR.
"RRTLD ENQ @ BDQS@HM ONOTK@SHNM NE LDM VD G@UD @ LD@M NE 69.0 HMBGDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.8 HMBGDR.
414 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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=. 8G@S LD@M CNNQV@X GDHFGS VNTKC @KKNV 95% NE LDM SN DMSDQ SGD @HQBQ@ES VHSGNTS ADMCHMF
>. "RRTLD SG@S G@KE NE SGD 200 O@RRDMFDQR @QD LDM. 8G@S CNNQV@X GDHFGS R@SHREHDR SGD BNMCHSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ 0.95
OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGHR GDHFGS HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE 100 LDM
?. 'NQ DMFHMDDQR CDRHFMHMF SGD 757, VGHBG QDRTKS HR LNQD QDKDU@MS: SGD GDHFGS EQNL O@QS @ NQ O@QS A 8GX
,-2#
(%&01,/&A)): +DGB6A AEEGDM>B6I>DC ID I=: B>CDB>6A
)HRSNQHB@KKX, ADHMF @AKD SN BNLOTSD AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR V@R NMD NE SGD LNRS HLONQS@MS @OOKHB@SHNMR NE SGD
BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL. #HMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR VHSG @ RL@KK U@KTD ENQ D(R@X, 20) VDQD CHROK@XDC HM @ S@AKD HM @ ANNJ.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR VHSG K@QFD U@KTDR NE D, XNT G@C SN TRD SGD AHMNLH@K ENQLTK@, VGHBG BNTKC AD UDQX
BNLOKHB@SDC. 6RHMF SGD CDGB6A 6EEGDM>B6I>DC ID I=: 7>CDB>6A CHRSQHATSHNM RHLOKHEHDC SGD OQNBDRR. 5N BNLOTSD SGD
MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM, S@JD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNLR@LOKD EQNL@ ONOTK@SHNM. :NT LTRS LDDS SGD
BNMCHSHNMR ENQ @ 7>CDB>6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC:
c SGDQD @QD @ BDQS@HM MTLADQ D NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR
c SGD NTSBNLDR NE @MX SQH@K @QD RTBBDRR NQ E@HKTQD
c D@BG SQH@K G@R SGD R@LD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR F
3DB@KK SG@S HE 1 HR SGD AHMNLH@K Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, SGDM 1 ] B(D, F). 5GD RG@OD NE SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM MDDCR
SN AD RHLHK@Q SN SGD RG@OD NE SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5N DMRTQD SGHR, SGD PT@MSHSHDR DF @MC DG LTRS ANSG AD FQD@SDQ SG@M
EHUD (DF > 5 @MC DG > 5; SGD @OOQNWHL@SHNM HR ADSSDQ HE SGDX @QD ANSG FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 10). 5GDM SGD AHMNLH@K B@M
AD @OOQNWHL@SDC AX SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M Z = DF @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ = npq . 3DLDLADQ SG@S G = 1
k F. *M NQCDQ SN FDS SGD ADRS @OOQNWHL@SHNM, @CC 0.5 SN N NQ RTASQ@BS 0.5 EQNL N (TRD N + 0.5 NQ N k 0.5). 5GD MTLADQ 0.5
HR B@KKDC SGD 8DCI>CJ>IN 8DGG:8I>DC ;68IDG @MC HR TRDC HM SGD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKD.
$T=ILHA 7.12
4TOONRD HM @ KNB@K ,HMCDQF@QSDM SGQNTFG 12
SG
FQ@CD (, - 12) RBGNNK CHRSQHBS, 53 ODQBDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM E@UNQ @
BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG 5. " RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 300 HR RTQUDXDC.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 6I A:6HI 150 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 6I BDHI 160 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S BDG: I=6C 155 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ;:L:G I=6C 147 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S :M68IAN 175 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK.
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ SG@S E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SQNTFG 5. 1 ] B(D, F) VGDQD D = 300 @MC F = 0.53.
4HMBD DF > 5 @MC DG > 5, TRD SGD MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K. 5GD ENQLTK@R ENQ SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM @QD Z = DF @MC \ = npq . 5GD LD@M HR 159 @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 8.6447. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD
ENQ SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR 2. 2 ] '(159, 8.6447). 4DD 2B? ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH ENQ GDKO VHSG B@KBTK@SNQ
HMRSQTBSHNMR.
'NQ O@QS @, XNT >C8AJ9: 150 RN )(1 y 150) G@R MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM )(2 y 149.5) = 0.8641.
>?B=3<568(149.5,10>99,159,8.6447) = 0.8641.
'NQ O@QS A, XNT >C8AJ9: 160 RN )(1 x 160) G@R MNQL@K @OOQ@WHL@SHNM )(2 x 160.5) = 0.5689.
>?B=3<568(0,160.5,159,8.6447) = 0.5689
'NQ O@QS B, XNT :M8AJ9: 155 RN )(1 > 155) G@R MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM )(O > 155.5) = 0.6572.
>?B=3<568(155.5,10>99,159,8.6447) = 0.6572.
'NQ O@QS C, XNT :M8AJ9: 147 RN )(1 < 147) G@R MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM )(2 < 146.5) = 0.0741.
>?B=3<568(0,146.5,159,8.6447) = 0.0741
'NQ O@QS D,)(1 = 175) G@R MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM )(174.5 < 2 < 175.5) = 0.0083.
>?B=3<568(174.5,175.5,159,8.6447) = 0.0083
B:86JH: D; 86A8JA6IDGH 6C9 8DBEJI:G HD;IL6G: SG@S KDS XNT B@KBTK@SD AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ K@QFD U@KTDR
NE D D@RHKX, HS HR MNS MDBDRR@QX SN TRD SGD SGD MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM, OQNUHCDC SG@S XNT
G@UD @BBDRR SN SGDRD SDBGMNKNFX SNNKR. .NRS RBGNNK K@AR G@UD .HBQNRNES &WBDK, @M DW@LOKD NE BNLOTSDQ RNESV@QD
SG@S B@KBTK@SDR AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR. .@MX RSTCDMSR G@UD @BBDRR SN SGD 5*-83 NQ 84 RDQHDR B@KBTK@SNQR, @MC
SGDX D@RHKX B@KBTK@SD OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. *E XNT SXOD HM "AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM
B@KBTK@SHNM" HM @M *MSDQMDS AQNVRDQ, XNT B@M EHMC @S KD@RS NMD NMKHMD B@KBTK@SNQ ENQ SGD AHMNLH@K.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 415
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'NQ #R;GJF? 7.10, SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC TRHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM: (D = 300 @MC
F = 0.53). $NLO@QD SGD AHMNLH@K @MC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM @MRVDQR. 4DD "CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?M ENQ GDKO
VHSG B@KBTK@SNQ HMRSQTBSHNMR ENQ SGD AHMNLH@K.
)(1 y 150) :1 - 4;>?=;3<568(300,0.53,149) = 0.8641
)(1 x 160) :4;>?=;3<568(300,0.53,160) = 0.5684
)(1 > 155) :1 - 4;>?=;3<568(300,0.53,155) = 0.6576
)(1 < 147) :4;>?=;3<568(300,0.53,146) = 0.0742
)(1 = 175) :(:NT TRD SGD AHMNLH@K OCE.)4;>?=;3<@68(175,0.53,146) = 0.0083
7.12 *M @ BHSX, 46 ODQBDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM E@UNQ SGD HMBTLADMS, %@VM .NQF@M, ENQ L@XNQ. " RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD
NE 500 HR S@JDM. 6RHMF SGD BNMSHMTHSX BNQQDBSHNM E@BSNQ, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS 250 E@UNQ %@VM .NQF@M ENQ
L@XNQ.
416 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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7.1 !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G (.I=E?N !B;HA?)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDLNMRSQ@SD @MC BNLO@QD OQNODQSHDR NE SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL.
,-2#
5GHR K@A VNQJR ADRS VGDM R@LOKHMF EQNL RDUDQ@K BK@RRDR @MC BNLAHMHMF C@S@.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
1. $NTMS SGD BG@MFD HM XNTQ ONBJDS. (%N MNS HMBKTCD AHKKR.)
2. 3@MCNLKX RTQUDX 30 BK@RRL@SDR. 3DBNQC SGD U@KTDR NE SGD BG@MFD HM 2;<F? 7.1.
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 7.1
$CAOL? 7.10
4. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF (D = 1; RTQUDXHMF NMD ODQRNM @S @ SHLD):
=. x
= ???????
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 417
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>. I = ???????
5. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SGD SNOR NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN CDRBQHAD
SGD FDMDQ@K RG@OD NE SGD BTQUD.
!IFF?=NCHA AP?L;A?M I@ .;CLM
3DOD@S RSDOR NMD SGQNTFG EHUD NE SGD RDBSHNM "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;." VHSG NMD DWBDOSHNM. *MRSD@C NE QDBNQCHMF SGD
BG@MFD NE 30 BK@RRL@SDR, QDBNQC SGD @UDQ@FD BG@MFD NE 30 O@HQR.
1. 3@MCNLKX RTQUDX 30 E6>GH NE BK@RRL@SDR.
2. 3DBNQC SGD U@KTDR NE SGD @UDQ@FD NE SGDHQ BG@MFD HM 2;<F? 7.2.
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 7.2
3. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L. 4B@KD SGD @WDR TRHMF SGD R@LD RB@KHMF XNT TRDC ENQ SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=NCHA NB?
";N;". 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC @ ODMBHK.
$CAOL? 7.11
4. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF (D = 2; RTQUDXHMF SVN ODNOKD @S @ SHLD):
=. x
= ???????
>. I = ???????
5. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SNOR NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN CDRBQHAD
!IFF?=NCHA AP?L;A?M I@ %LIOJM I@ $CP?
3DOD@S RSDOR NMD SGQNTFG EHUD (NE SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;") VHSG NMD DWBDOSHNM. *MRSD@C NE QDBNQCHMF
SGD BG@MFD NE 30 BK@RRL@SDR, QDBNQC SGD @UDQ@FD BG@MFD NE 30 FQNTOR NE EHUD.
1. 3@MCNLKX RTQUDX 30 <GDJEH D; ;>K: BK@RRL@SDR.
2. 3DBNQC SGD U@KTDR NE SGD @UDQ@FD NE SGDHQ BG@MFD.
418 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 7.3
3. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L. 4B@KD SGD @WDR TRHMF SGD R@LD RB@KHMF XNT TRDC ENQ SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;".
4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC @ ODMBHK.
$CAOL? 7.12
4. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF (D = 5; RTQUDXHMF EHUD ODNOKD @S @ SHLD):
=. x
= ???????
>. I = ???????
5. %Q@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD SGQNTFG SNOR NE SGD A@QR NE SGD GHRSNFQ@L. 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN CDRBQHAD
1. 8GX CHC SGD RG@OD NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@ BG@MFD, @R D BG@MFDC 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN
DWOK@HM VG@S G@OODMDC.
2. *M SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=N NB? ";N;", VG@S V@R SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@ 1 ]
?????(?????,?????)
3. *M SGD RDBSHNM SHSKDC "!IFF?=NCHA AP?L;A?M I@ %LIOJM I@ $CP?", VG@S V@R SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD
@UDQ@FDR X
] ?????(?????,?????)
4. *M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM @MX CHEEDQDMBDR HM XNTQ @MRVDQR SN SGD OQDUHNTR SVN PTDRSHNMR.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 419
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7.2 !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G (!IIEC? 0?=CJ?M)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDLNMRSQ@SD @MC BNLO@QD OQNODQSHDR NE SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL.
%CP?H
1 = KDMFSG NE SHLD (HM C@XR) SG@S @ BNNJHD QDBHOD K@RSDC @S SGD 0KLRSD@C )NLDRSD@C. ("RRTLD SG@S D@BG NE SGD
CHEEDQDMS QDBHODR L@JDR SGD R@LD PT@MSHSX NE BNNJHDR.)
0?=CJ? # " 0?=CJ? # " 0?=CJ? # " 0?=CJ? # "
1 1 16 2 31 3 46 2
2 5 17 2 32 4 47 2
3 2 18 4 33 5 48 11
4 5 19 6 34 6 49 5
5 6 20 1 35 6 50 5
6 1 21 6 36 1 51 4
7 2 22 5 37 1 52 6
8 6 23 2 38 2 53 5
9 5 24 5 39 1 54 1
10 2 25 1 40 6 55 1
11 5 26 6 41 1 56 2
12 1 27 4 42 6 57 4
13 1 28 1 43 2 58 3
14 3 29 6 44 6 59 6
15 2 30 2 45 2 60 5
420 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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$@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. Z
N
= ???????
>. \
N
= ???????
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
6RD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS ENTQ R@LOKDR NE RHYD D = 5 EQNL SGD FHUDM ONOTK@SHNM. 3DBNQC
XNTQ R@LOKDR HM 2;<F? 7.5. 5GDM, ENQ D@BG R@LOKD, B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M SN SGD MD@QDRS SDMSG. 3DBNQC SGDL HM SGD RO@BDR
OQNUHCDC. 3DBNQC SGD R@LOKD LD@MR ENQ SGD QDRS NE SGD BK@RR.
1. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD:
1;GJF?
1
1;GJF?
2
1;GJF?
3
1;GJF?
4
1;GJF? G?;HM @LIG INB?L
ALIOJM:
,A=JO:
x
=
<<<<
x
=
<<<<
x
=
<<<<
x
=
<<<<
2;<F? 7.5
=. x
= ???????
>. I
x
= ???????
3. "F@HM, TRD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS ENTQ R@LOKDR EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 5GHR SHLD, L@JD SGD
R@LOKDR NE RHYD D = 10. 3DBNQC SGD R@LOKDR HM 2;<F? 7.6. "R ADENQD, ENQ D@BG R@LOKD, B@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M SN SGD
MD@QDRS SDMSG. 3DBNQC SGDL HM SGD RO@BDR OQNUHCDC. 3DBNQC SGD R@LOKD LD@MR ENQ SGD QDRS NE SGD BK@RR.
1;GJF?
1
1;GJF?
2
1;GJF?
3
1;GJF?
4
ALIOJM
2;<F? 7.6
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 421
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1;GJF?
1
1;GJF?
2
1;GJF?
3
1;GJF?
4
ALIOJM
,A=JO:
x
=
<<<<
x
=
<<<<
x
=
<<<<
x
=
<<<<
2;<F? 7.6
=. x
= ??????
>. I
x
= ??????
5. 'NQ SGD NQHFHM@K ONOTK@SHNM, BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L. .@JD HMSDQU@KR VHSG @ A@Q VHCSG NE NMD C@X. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG
TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC ODMBHK. 4B@KD SGD @WDR.
$CAOL? 7.13
0?J?;N NB? .LI=?>OL? @IL 1 = 5
1. 'NQ SGD R@LOKD NE D = 5 C@XR @UDQ@FDC SNFDSGDQ, BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD @UDQ@FDR (XNTQ LD@MR SNFDSGDQ VHSG
SGD LD@MR NE SGD NSGDQ FQNTOR). .@JD HMSDQU@KR VHSG A@Q VHCSGR NE
1
2
@ C@X. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC
ODMBHK. 4B@KD SGD @WDR.
422 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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$CAOL? 7.14
0?J?;N NB? .LI=?>OL? @IL 1 = 10
1. 'NQ SGD R@LOKD NE D = 10 C@XR @UDQ@FDC SNFDSGDQ, BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD @UDQ@FDR (XNTQ LD@MR SNFDSGDQ VHSG
SGD LD@MR NE SGD NSGDQ FQNTOR). .@JD HMSDQU@KR VHSG A@Q VHCSGR NE
1
2
@ C@X. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC
ODMBHK. 4B@KD SGD @WDR.
$CAOL? 7.15
1. $NLO@QD SGD SGQDD GHRSNFQ@LR XNT G@UD L@CD, SGD NMD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM @MC SGD SVN ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@MR. *M
SGQDD SN EHUD RDMSDMBDR, CDRBQHAD SGD RHLHK@QHSHDR @MC CHEEDQDMBDR.
2. 4S@SD SGD SGDNQDSHB@K (@BBNQCHMF SN SGD BKS) CHRSQHATSHNMR ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@MR.
=. D = 5: x
] ?????(?????,?????)
>. D = 10: x
] ?????(?????,?????)
3. "QD SGD R@LOKD LD@MR ENQ D = 5 @MC D = 10 oBKNRDp SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K LD@M, Z
N
&WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
4. 8GHBG NE SGD SVN CHRSQHATSHNMR NE R@LOKD LD@MR G@R SGD RL@KKDQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM 8GX
5. "R D BG@MFDC, VGX CHC SGD RG@OD NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@ BG@MFD 6RD NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SN
DWOK@HM VG@S G@OODMDC.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 423
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AP?L;A?
!?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
+?;H
,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
1;GJFCHA "CMNLC<ONCIH
1N;H>;L> #LLIL I@ NB? +?;H
)#7 2#0+1
@ MTLADQ SG@S CDRBQHADR SGD BDMSQ@K SDMCDMBX NE SGD C@S@; SGDQD @QD @ MTLADQ NE RODBH@KHYDC @UDQ@FDR, HMBKTCHMF
SGD @QHSGLDSHB LD@M, VDHFGSDC LD@M, LDCH@M, LNCD, @MC FDNLDSQHB LD@M.
(HUDM @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) VHSG JMNVM LD@M Z @MC JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \, VD @QD
R@LOKHMF VHSG RHYD D, @MC VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SVN MDV37R: SGD R@LOKD LD@M, U, @MC SGD R@LOKD RTL, TU. *E SGD RHYD
(D) NE SGD R@LOKD HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD, SGDM X
] '(Z,

n
@MC TU ] '(DZ, ( n )(\)).*E SGD RHYD (D) NE SGD R@LOKD HR
RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD, SGDM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR @MC SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD RTLR VHKK
@OOQNWHL@SD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR QDF@QCKDRR NE SGD RG@OD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 5GD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR VHKK
DPT@K SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, @MC SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD RTLR VHKK DPT@K D SHLDR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR,

n
, HR B@KKDC SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S @OOD@QR VGDM VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD HMSDQU@KR NE
SHLD ADSVDDM RNLD Q@MCNL DUDMSR, ENQ DW@LOKD, SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD ADSVDDM DLDQFDMBX @QQHU@KR @S @ GNROHS@K,
MNS@SHNM: 1 ] ENF(C). 5GD LD@M HR Z =
1
m
1
m
<(N) = LD
kLW
, N y 0 @MC SGD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM ETMBSHNM HR )(1 x N) = 1 k D
kLW
.
@ MTLADQ SG@S LD@RTQDR SGD BDMSQ@K SDMCDMBX; @ BNLLNM M@LD ENQ LD@M HR "@UDQ@FD." 5GD SDQL "LD@M" HR @
RGNQSDMDC ENQL NE "@QHSGLDSHB LD@M." #X CDEHMHSHNM, SGD LD@M ENQ @ R@LOKD (CDMNSDC AX x
) HR
x
=
, @MC SGD LD@M ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM (CDMNSDC AX Z) HR
=
Sum of all values in the population
Number of values in the population
.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD (37) VHSG OCE f (x) =
1
2
e
(x )
2
2
2
SGD CHRSQHATSHNM @MC \ HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM; MNS@SHNM: U ] '(Z, \). *E Z = 0 @MC \ = 1, SGD 37 HR B@KKDC I=:
1
2
e
(x )
2
2
2
SGD CHRSQHATSHNM @MC \ HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.; MNS@SHNM: 1 ] '(Z, \). *E Z = 0 @MC \ = 1, SGD 37 HR B@KKDC SGD
(HUDM RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE RHYD D EQNL @ FHUDM ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @ LD@RTQDC
BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB RTBG @R LD@M, OQNONQSHNM, NQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ D@BG R@LOKD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM NE @KK SGD
LD@RTQDC BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR HR B@KKDC @ R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM.
SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR, NQ

n
.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S G@R DPT@KKX KHJDKX NTSBNLDR NUDQ SGD CNL@HM, 7 < N < 8;
NESDM QDEDQQDC @R SGD /:8I6C<JA6G !>HIG>7JI>DC ADB@TRD SGD FQ@OG NE SGD OCE G@R SGD ENQLNE @ QDBS@MFKD. /NS@SHNM: 1
] .(7, 8). 5GD LD@M HR =
a + b
2
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR =
(b a)
2
12
f (x) =
1
b a
ENQ 7 < N < 8 NQ 7 x N x 8. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD CHRSQHATSHNM HR )(1 x N) =
x a
b a
.
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
424 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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7.1 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1;GJF? +?;HM (AP?L;A?M)
*M @ ONOTK@SHNM VGNRD CHRSQHATSHNM L@X AD JMNVM NQ TMJMNVM, HE SGD RHYD (D) NE R@LOKDR HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM
NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR VHKK AD @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K. 5GD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR VHKK DPT@K SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M. 5GD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR, B@KKDC SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M, HR DPT@K SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM CHUHCDC AX SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD R@LOKD RHYD (D).
7.2 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1OGM
5GD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL SDKKR TR SG@S ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @MX CHRSQHATSHNM, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD RTLR ENQ SGD R@LOKD
LD@MR @OOQN@BGDR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM @R SGD R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, HE SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR K@QFD DMNTFG,
SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD RTLR B@M AD @OOQNWHL@SDC AX @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM DUDM HE SGD NQHFHM@K ONOTK@SHNM HR MNS MNQL@KKX
CHRSQHATSDC. "CCHSHNM@KKX, HE SGD NQHFHM@K ONOTK@SHNM G@R @ LD@M NE Z
1
@MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE \
N
, SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR HR
DZ
N
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR ( n) (\
N
) VGDQD D HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD.
7.3 3MCHA NB? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
5GD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL B@M AD TRDC SN HKKTRSQ@SD SGD K@V NE K@QFD MTLADQR. 5GD K@V NE K@QFD MTLADQR RS@SDR SG@S SGD K@QFDQ
SGD R@LOKD RHYD XNT S@JD EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM, SGD BKNRDQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M x
FDSR SN Z.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
7.1 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G@IL 1;GJF? +?;HM
(AP?L;A?M)
5GD $DMSQ@K -HLHS 5GDNQDL ENQ 4@LOKD .D@MR: X
] '
x
,
x
n
5GD .D@M X
: Z
N
$DMSQ@K -HLHS 5GDNQDL ENQ 4@LOKD .D@MR Y-RBNQD @MC
RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M: z =
x
x
n
4S@MC@QC &QQNQ NE SGD .D@M (4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM ( X
))

x
n
5GD $DMSQ@K -HLHS 5GDNQDL ENQ 4TLR: d1 ] '<(D)(Z
N
),( n
)(\
N
)=
.D@M ENQ 4TLR (d1): (D)(Z
N
)
5GD $DMSQ@K -HLHS 5GDNQDL ENQ 4TLR P-RBNQD @MC RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM ENQ RTLR: z =
x (n)(
X
)
( n)(
X
)
4S@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ 4TLR (d1): ( n) (\
N
)
.0A!2'!#
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: :NNMHD HR @ ODQRNMMDK L@M@FDQ HM @ K@QFD BNQONQ@SHNM. &@BG
LNMSG RGD LTRS QDUHDV 16 NE SGD DLOKNXDDR. 'QNL O@RS DWODQHDMBD, RGD G@R ENTMC SG@S SGD QDUHDVR S@JD GDQ @OOQNWHL@SDKX
ENTQ GNTQR D@BG SN CN VHSG @ ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.2 GNTQR. -DS U AD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD SHLD
HS S@JDR GDQ SN BNLOKDSD NMD QDUHDV. "RRTLD U HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. -DS X
AD SGD Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD LD@M

SHLD SN BNLOKDSD SGD 16 QDUHDVR. "RRTLD SG@S SGD 16 QDUHDVR QDOQDRDMS @ Q@MCNL RDS NE QDUHDVR.
1. 8G@S HR SGD LD@M, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC R@LOKD RHYD
2. $NLOKDSD SGD CHRSQHATSHNMR.
=. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
>. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
3. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DC: QDUHDV VHKK S@JD :NNMHD EQNL 3.5 SN 4.25 GNTQR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, K@ADKHMF @MC RB@KHMF SGD
GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. 4G@CD SGD QDFHNM BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 425
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=.
$CAOL? 7.16
>. )(???????? < N < ????????) = ???????
4. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD B:6C NE @ LNMSGnR QDUHDVR VHKK S@JD :NNMHD EQNL 3.5 SN 4.25 GQR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG, K@ADKHMF
@MC RB@KHMF SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. 4G@CD SGD QDFHNM BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
=.
$CAOL? 7.17
>. )(????????????????) = ???????
5. 8G@S B@TRDR SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HM #R?L=CM? 7.3 @MC #R?L=CM? 7.4 SN AD CHEEDQDMS
6. 'HMC SGD 95
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M SHLD SN BNLOKDSD NMD LNMSG'R QDUHDVR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
=.
$CAOL? 7.18
>. 5GD 95
SG
1DQBDMSHKD =????????????
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I: "M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 80 @MC @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 12. " R@LOKD RHYD NE 95 HR CQ@VM Q@MCNLKX EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
426 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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7. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 95 U@KTDR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 7,650.
8. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 95 U@KTDR HR KDRR SG@M 7,400.
9. 'HMC SGD RTL SG@S HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR.
10. 'HMC SGD RTL SG@S HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE QDRTKSR EQNL @ BGNKDRSDQNK SDRS G@R @
LD@M NE 180 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 20. " R@LOKD RHYD NE 40 HR CQ@VM Q@MCNLKX.
13. 'HMC SGD RTL SG@S HR NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @ANUD SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR.
14. 'HMC SGD RTL SG@S HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR.
15. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE RTLR ADSVDDM 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR @MC NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
@ANUD SGD LD@M NE SGD RTLR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: " QDRD@QBGDQ LD@RTQDR SGD @LNTMS NE RTF@Q HM RDUDQ@K B@MR
NE SGD R@LD RNC@. 5GD LD@M HR 39.01 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.5. 5GD QDRD@QBGDQ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSR @ R@LOKD NE 100.
18. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD 100 U@KTDR E@KKR ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQR XNT ENTMC HM @MC .
19. 'HMC SGD RTL VHSG @ PkRBNQD NE k2.5.
20. 'HMC SGD RTL VHSG @ PkRBNQD NE 0.5.
21. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTLR VHKK E@KK ADSVDDM SGD P-RBNQDR k2 @MC 1.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;: "M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M 12 @MC @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE NMD. " R@LOKD RHYD NE 25 HR S@JDM. -DS 1 = SGD NAIDBS NE HMSDQDRS.
22. 8G@S HR SGD LD@M NE T1
23. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE T1
24. 8G@S HR )(TN = 290)
25. 8G@S HR )(TN > 290)
26. 5QTD NQ '@KRD: NMKX SGD RTLR NE MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD @KRN MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR.
27. *M NQCDQ ENQ SGD RTLR NE @ CHRSQHATSHNM SN @OOQN@BG @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, VG@S LTRS AD SQTD
28. 8G@S SGQDD SGHMFR LTRS XNT JMNV @ANTS @ CHRSQHATSHNM SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTLR
29. "M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 25 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE RHW. -DS 1 = NMD NAIDBS EQNL SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
8G@S HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD HE SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE T1 HR 42
30. "M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 19 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 20. -DS 1 = SGD NAIDBS NE HMSDQDRS. 8G@S HR SGD
R@LOKD RHYD HE SGD LD@M NE T1 HR 15,200
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. " L@QJDS QDRD@QBGDQ @M@KXYDR GNV L@MX DKDBSQNMHBR
CDUHBDR BTRSNLDQR ATX HM @ RHMFKD OTQBG@RD. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE SGQDD VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.7. 4GD
R@LOKDR 400 BTRSNLDQR.
31. 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD ENQ TN = 840
32. 8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD ENQ TN = 1,186
33. 8G@S HR )(TN < 1,186)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: "M TMJVNM CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LD@M NE 100, @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 100, @MC @ R@LOKD RHYD NE 100. -DS 1 = NMD NAIDBS NE HMSDQDRS.
34. 8G@S HR SGD LD@M NE T1
35. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE T1
36. 8G@S HR )(TN > 9,000)
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 427
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D ;N;H9?I;I: " L@MTE@BSTQDQ OQNCTBDR 25-ONTMC KHESHMF VDHFGSR. 5GD
KNVDRS @BST@K VDHFGS HR 24 ONTMCR, @MC SGD GHFGDRS HR 26 ONTMCR. &@BG VDHFGS HR DPT@KKX KHJDKX RN SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE VDHFGSR
HR TMHENQL. " R@LOKD NE 100 VDHFGSR HR S@JDM.
37.
=. 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD VDHFGSR NE NMD 25-ONTMC KHESHMF VDHFGS 8G@S HR SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDHU@SHNM
>. 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD LD@M VDHFGS NE 100 25-ONTMC KHESHMF VDHFGSR
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M @BST@K VDHFGS ENQ SGD 100 VDHFGSR HR KDRR SG@M 24.9.
38. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG EQNL #R?L=CM? 37.
39. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M @BST@K VDHFGS ENQ SGD 100 VDHFGSR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 25.2.
41. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M VDHFGS ENQ SGD 100 VDHFGSR.
43.
=. 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD RTL NE SGD VDHFGSR NE 100 25-ONTMC KHESHMF VDHFGSR
>. 'HMC )(TN < 2,450).
45. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD SNS@K VDHFGS NE SGD 100 VDHFGSR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ O@QSHBTK@Q RL@QSOGNMD'R A@SSDQX K@RSR
ENKKNVR @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE SDM LNMSGR. " R@LOKD NE 64 NE SGDRD RL@QSOGNMDR HR S@JDM.
47.
=. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
>. 8G@S HR SGD O@Q@LDSDQ C
48. 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD NMD A@SSDQX K@RSR
49. 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD 64 A@SSDQHDR K@RS
50. 8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SNS@K KDMFSG NE SHLD 64 A@SSDQHDR K@RS
51. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR ADSVDDM RDUDM @MC 11.
52. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD SNS@K KDMFSG NE SHLD 64 A@SSDQHDR K@RS.
53. 'HMC SGD "*+ ENQ SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE SHLD 64 A@SSDQHDR K@RS.
54. 'HMC SGD LHCCKD 80% ENQ SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NE SHLD 64 A@SSDQHDR K@RS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I: " TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ LHMHLTL NE RHW @MC @
L@WHLTL NE SDM. " R@LOKD NE 50 HR S@JDM.
55. 'HMC )(TN > 420).
56. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTLR.
57. 'HMC SGD 15
SG
58. 'HMC SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD RTLR.
59. 'HMC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD RTLR.
60. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
&-+#5-0)
61. 1QDUHNTRKX, %D "MY@ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR DRSHL@SDC SG@S SGD @LNTMS NE BG@MFD C@XSHLD RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR B@QQX HR
DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE $0.88. 4TOONRD SG@S VD Q@MCNLKX OHBJ 25 C@XSHLD RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR.
=. *M VNQCR, U = ????????????
428 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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>. U ] ?????(?????,?????)
?. *M VNQCR, X
= ????????????
@. X
] ?????? (??????, ??????)

A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M HMCHUHCT@K G@C ADSVDDM $0.80 @MC $1.00. (Q@OG SGD RHST@SHNM, @MC RG@CD HM SGD @QD@ SN
AD CDSDQLHMDC.
B. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD NE SGD 25 RSTCDMSR V@R ADSVDDM $0.80 @MC $1.00. (Q@OG SGD RHST@SHNM, @MC
RG@CD HM SGD @QD@ SN AD CDSDQLHMDC.
C. &WOK@HM VGX SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM O@QS D @MC O@QS E.
62. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD CHRS@MBD NE EKX A@KKR GHS SN SGD NTSEHDKC (HM A@RDA@KK) HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 250 EDDS @MC
@ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 50 EDDS. 8D Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD 49 EKX A@KKR.
=. *E X
= @UDQ@FD CHRS@MBD HM EDDS ENQ 49 EKX A@KKR, SGDM X
] ???????(???????,???????)
>. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD 49 A@KKR SQ@UDKDC @M @UDQ@FD NE KDRR SG@M 240 EDDS 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG. 4B@KD SGD
GNQHYNMS@K @WHR ENQ X
. 4G@CD SGD QDFHNM BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSX. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.

?. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD @UDQ@FD NE 49 EKX A@KKR.
63. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD *MSDQM@K 3DUDMTD 4DQUHBD, SGD @UDQ@FD KDMFSG NE SHLD ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K SN BNLOKDSD (JDDO QDBNQCR ENQ,
KD@QM, OQDO@QD, BNOX, @RRDLAKD, @MC RDMC) *34 'NQL 1040 HR 10.53 GNTQR (VHSGNTS @MX @SS@BGDC RBGDCTKDR). 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM
HR TMJMNVM. -DS TR @RRTLD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR SVN GNTQR. 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD 36 S@WO@XDQR.
=. *M VNQCR, U = ?????????????
>. *M VNQCR, X
= ?????????????
?. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 8NTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE SGD 36 S@WO@XDQR EHMHRGDC SGDHQ 'NQL 1040R HM @M @UDQ@FD NE LNQD SG@M 12 GNTQR
&WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
A. 8NTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC HE NMD S@WO@XDQ EHMHRGDC GHR NQ GDQ 'NQL 1040 HM LNQD SG@M 12 GNTQR *M @ BNLOKDSD
RDMSDMBD, DWOK@HM VGX.
64. 4TOONRD SG@S @ B@SDFNQX NE VNQKC-BK@RR QTMMDQR @QD JMNVM SN QTM @ L@Q@SGNM (26 LHKDR) HM @M @UDQ@FD NE 145 LHMTSDR
VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 14 LHMTSDR. $NMRHCDQ 49 NE SGD Q@BDR. -DS X
SGD @UDQ@FD NE SGD 49 Q@BDR.

=. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD QTMMDQ VHKK @UDQ@FD ADSVDDM 142 @MC 146 LHMTSDR HM SGDRD 49 L@Q@SGNMR.
?. 'HMC SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD NE SGDRD 49 L@Q@SGNMR.
@. 'HMC SGD LDCH@M NE SGD @UDQ@FD QTMMHMF SHLDR.
65. 5GD KDMFSG NE RNMFR HM @ BNKKDBSNQnR H5TMDR @KATL BNKKDBSHNM HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC EQNL SVN SN 3.5 LHMTSDR. 4TOONRD
VD Q@MCNLKX OHBJ EHUD @KATLR EQNL SGD BNKKDBSHNM. 5GDQD @QD @ SNS@K NE 43 RNMFR NM SGD EHUD @KATLR.
=. *M VNQCR, U = ?????????
>. U ] ?????????????
?. *M VNQCR, X
= ?????????????
@. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
A. 'HMC SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD RNMF KDMFSG.
B. 5GD *23(HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD) ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD RNMF KDMFSG HR EQNL ???????k???????.
66. *M 1940 SGD @UDQ@FD RHYD NE @ 6.4. E@QL V@R 174 @BQDR. -DSnR R@X SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM V@R 55 @BQDR. 4TOONRD VD
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 38 E@QLDQR EQNL 1940.
=. *M VNQCR, U = ?????????????
>. *M VNQCR, X
= ?????????????
?. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
@. 5GD *23 ENQ X
HR EQNL ??????? @BQDR SN ??????? @BQDR.

67. %DSDQLHMD VGHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF @QD SQTD @MC VGHBG @QD E@KRD. 5GDM, HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, ITRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQR.
=. 8GDM SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR K@QFD, SGD LD@M NE X
HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX DPT@K SN SGD LD@M NE U.

>. 8GDM SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR K@QFD, X
HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.

"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 429
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?. 8GDM SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR K@QFD, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE X
HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD @R SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM

NE U.
68. 5GD ODQBDMS NE E@S B@KNQHDR SG@S @ ODQRNM HM "LDQHB@ BNMRTLDR D@BG C@X HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE @ANTS
36 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE @ANTS SDM. 4TOONRD SG@S 16 HMCHUHCT@KR @QD Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. -DS X
= @UDQ@FD ODQBDMS NE E@S

B@KNQHDR.
=. X
] ??????(??????, ??????)
>. 'NQ SGD FQNTO NE 16, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD ODQBDMS NE E@S B@KNQHDR BNMRTLDC HR LNQD SG@M EHUD. (Q@OG
SGD RHST@SHNM @MC RG@CD HM SGD @QD@ SN AD CDSDQLHMDC.
?. 'HMC SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD ODQBDMS NE E@S B@KNQHDR.
69. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE HMBNLD HM RNLD 5GHQC 8NQKC BNTMSQHDR HR BNMRHCDQDC VDCFD RG@ODC (L@MX UDQX ONNQ ODNOKD, UDQX
EDV LHCCKD HMBNLD ODNOKD, @MC DUDM EDVDQ VD@KSGX ODNOKD). 4TOONRD VD OHBJ @ BNTMSQX VHSG @ VDCFD RG@ODC CHRSQHATSHNM.
-DS SGD @UDQ@FD R@K@QX AD $2,000 ODQ XD@Q VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $8,000. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 1,000 QDRHCDMSR NE SG@S
BNTMSQX.
=. *M VNQCR, U = ?????????????
>. *M VNQCR, X
= ?????????????
?. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
@. )NV HR HS ONRRHAKD ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SN AD FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD @UDQ@FD
A. 8GX HR HS LNQD KHJDKX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD NE SGD 1,000 QDRHCDMSR VHKK AD EQNL $2,000 SN $2,100 SG@M EQNL $2,100 SN
$2,200
70. 8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF HR /05 536& @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @UDQ@FDR
=. 5GD LD@M, LDCH@M, @MC LNCD @QD DPT@K.
>. 5GD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD HR NMD.
?. 5GD BTQUD MDUDQ SNTBGDR SGD N-@WHR.
@. 5GD BTQUD HR RJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS.
71. 5GD BNRS NE TMKD@CDC F@RNKHMD HM SGD #@X "QD@ NMBD ENKKNVDC @M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE $4.59 @MC @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $0.10. 4HWSDDM F@R RS@SHNMR EQNL SGD #@X "QD@ @QD Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD @UDQ@FD
BNRS NE F@RNKHMD ENQ SGD 16 F@R RS@SHNMR. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD BNRS NE F@RNKHMD ENQ SGD 16 F@R RS@SHNMR HR:
=. X
] '(4.59, 0.10)
>. X
] '

4.59,
0.10
16
?. X
] '

4.59,
16
0.10
@. X
] '

4.59,
16
0.10

72. 8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF HR /05 536& @ANTS SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE RTLR
=. 5GD LD@M, LDCH@M @MC LNCD @QD DPT@K.
>. 5GD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD HR NMD.
?. 5GD BTQUD MDUDQ SNTBGDR SGD N-@WHR.
@. 5GD BTQUD HR RJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS.
73. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD CTQ@SHNM NE @ O@QSHBTK@Q SXOD NE BQHLHM@K SQH@K HR JMNVM SN G@UD @ LD@M NE 21 C@XR @MC @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE RDUDM C@XR. 8D Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD MHMD SQH@KR.
=. *M VNQCR, T1 = ??????????????
>. T1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SNS@K KDMFSG NE SGD MHMD SQH@KR HR @S KD@RS 225 C@XR.
@. /HMDSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SNS@K NE MHMD NE SGDRD SXODR NE SQH@KR VHKK K@RS @S KD@RS GNV KNMF
74. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD VDHFGS NE NODM ANWDR NE BDQD@K HM @ GNLD VHSG BGHKCQDM HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC EQNLSVN SN RHW ONTMCR
VHSG @ LD@M NE ENTQ ONTMCR @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.1547. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 64 GNLDR VHSG BGHKCQDM.
=. *M VNQCR, 1 = ?????????????
>. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR ???????.
?. *M VNQCR, T1 = ???????????????
@. T1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SNS@K VDHFGS NE NODM ANWDR HR KDRR SG@M 250 ONTMCR.
430 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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B. 'HMC SGD 35
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD SNS@K VDHFGS NE NODM ANWDR NE BDQD@K.
75. 4@K@QHDR ENQ SD@BGDQR HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q DKDLDMS@QX RBGNNK CHRSQHBS @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE $44,000 @MC @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $6,500. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX SDM SD@BGDQR EQNL SG@S CHRSQHBS.
=. *M VNQCR, 1 = ??????????????
>. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
?. *M VNQCR, T1 = ?????????????
@. T1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SD@BGDQR D@QM @ SNS@K NE NUDQ $400,000.
B. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K SD@BGDQ'R R@K@QX.
C. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD RTL NE SDM SD@BGDQR' R@K@QX.
D. *E VD RTQUDXDC 70 SD@BGDQR HMRSD@C NE SDM, FQ@OGHB@KKX, GNV VNTKC SG@S BG@MFD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HM O@QS C
E. *E D@BG NE SGD 70 SD@BGDQR QDBDHUDC @ $3,000 Q@HRD, FQ@OGHB@KKX, GNV VNTKC SG@S BG@MFD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HM O@QS A
76. 5GD @SSDMSHNM RO@M NE @ SVN-XD@Q-NKC HR DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE @ANTS DHFGS LHMTSDR. 4TOONRD VD
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 60 SVN-XD@Q-NKCR.
=. *M VNQCR, U = ???????
>. U ] ?????(?????,?????)
?. *M VNQCR, X
= ????????????
@. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
A. #DENQD CNHMF @MX B@KBTK@SHNMR, VGHBG CN XNT SGHMJ VHKK AD GHFGDQ &WOK@HM VGX.
E. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M HMCHUHCT@K @SSDMSHNM RO@M HR KDRR SG@M SDM LHMTSDR.
EE. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD @SSDMSHNM RO@M ENQ SGD 60 BGHKCQDM HR KDRR SG@M SDM LHMTSDR
B. $@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR HM O@QS D.
C. &WOK@HM VGX SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X
HR MNS DWONMDMSH@K.
77. 5GD BKNRHMF RSNBJ OQHBDR NE 35 6.4. RDLHBNMCTBSNQ L@MTE@BSTQDQR @QD FHUDM @R ENKKNVR.
8.625; 30.25; 27.625; 46.75; 32.875; 18.25; 5; 0.125; 2.9375; 6.875; 28.25; 24.25; 21; 1.5; 30.25; 71; 43.5; 49.25; 2.5625;
31; 16.5; 9.5; 18.5; 18; 9; 10.5; 16.625; 1.25; 18; 12.87; 7; 12.875; 2.875; 60.25; 29.25
=. *M VNQCR, U = ??????????????
>.
E. x
= ?????
EE. I
N
= ?????
EEE. D = ?????
?. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD @UDQ@FDR. 4S@QS @S N = k0.0005. 6RD A@Q VHCSGR NE SDM.
@. *M VNQCR, CDRBQHAD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE RSNBJ OQHBDR.
A. 3@MCNLKX @UDQ@FD EHUD RSNBJ OQHBDR SNFDSGDQ. (6RD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ.) $NMSHMTD @UDQ@FHMF EHUD OHDBDR
SNFDSGDQ TMSHK XNT G@UD SDM @UDQ@FDR. -HRS SGNRD SDM @UDQ@FDR.
B. 6RD SGD SDM @UDQ@FDR EQNL O@QS D SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF.
E. x
= ?????
EE. I
N
= ?????
C. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD @UDQ@FDR. 4S@QS @S N = -0.0005. 6RD A@Q VHCSGR NE SDM.
D. %NDR SGHR GHRSNFQ@L KNNJ KHJD SGD FQ@OG HM O@QS B
E. *M NMD NQ SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX SGD FQ@OGR DHSGDQ KNNJ SGD R@LD NQ KNNJ CHEEDQDMS
F. #@RDC TONM SGD SGDNQX NE SGD 8:CIG6A A>B>I I=:DG:B, X
] ?????(?????,????)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 3HBG@QCnR 'TQMHSTQD $NLO@MX CDKHUDQR ETQMHSTQD EQNL
10 "... SN 2 1... BNMSHMTNTRKX @MC TMHENQLKX. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM GNV KNMF (HM GNTQR) O@RS SGD 10 "... RS@QS SHLD SG@S
HMCHUHCT@KR V@HS ENQ SGDHQ CDKHUDQX.
78. U ] ?????(?????,?????)
=. .(0,4)
>. .(10,2)
?. E]F(2)
@. '(2,1)
79. 5GD @UDQ@FD V@HS SHLD HR:
=. NMD GNTQ.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 431
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>. SVN GNTQR.
?. SVN @MC @ G@KE GNTQR.
@. ENTQ GNTQR.
80. 4TOONRD SG@S HS HR MNV O@RS MNNM NM @ CDKHUDQX C@X. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM LTRS V@HS @S KD@RS NMD @MC @ G@KE BDG:
GNTQR HR:
=.
1
4
>.
1
2
?.
3
4
@.
3
8
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD SHLD SN V@HS ENQ @ O@QSHBTK@Q QTQ@K ATR HR CHRSQHATSDC
TMHENQLKX EQNL YDQN SN 75 LHMTSDR. 0MD GTMCQDC QHCDQR @QD Q@MCNLKX R@LOKDC SN KD@QM GNV KNMF SGDX V@HSDC.
81. 5GD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD R@LOKD @UDQ@FD V@HS SHLD (HM LHMTSDR) ENQ @ R@LOKD NE 100 QHCDQR HR:
=. 315.0
>. 40.3
?. 38.5
@. 65.2
82. 8NTKC XNT AD RTQOQHRDC, A@RDC TONM MTLDQHB@K B@KBTK@SHNMR, HE SGD R@LOKD @UDQ@FD V@HS SHLD (HM LHMTSDR) ENQ 100 QHCDQR
V@R KDRR SG@M 30 LHMTSDR
=. XDR
>. MN
?. 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD BNRS NE TMKD@CDC F@RNKHMD HM SGD #@X "QD@ NMBD ENKKNVDC @M
TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE $4.59 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $0.10. 4HWSDDM F@R RS@SHNMR EQNL SGD #@X "QD@ @QD
Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD @UDQ@FD BNRS NE F@RNKHMD ENQ SGD 16 F@R RS@SHNMR.
83. 8G@S'R SGD @OOQNWHL@SD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD OQHBD ENQ 16 F@R RS@SHNMR HR NUDQ $4.69
=. @KLNRS YDQN
>. 0.1587
?. 0.0943
@. TMJMNVM
84. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD OQHBD ENQ 30 F@R RS@SHNMR HR KDRR SG@M $4.55.
=. 0.6554
>. 0.3446
?. 0.0142
@. 0.9858
A. 0
85. 4TOONRD HM @ KNB@K ,HMCDQF@QSDM SGQNTFG 12
SG
FQ@CD (, - 12) RBGNNK CHRSQHBS, 53 ODQBDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM E@UNQ @
BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG EHUD. " RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 300 HR RTQUDXDC. $@KBTK@SD ENKKNVHMF TRHMF SGD MNQL@K
@OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHASHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S KDRR SG@M 100 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG 5.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 170 NQ LNQD E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG 5.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S MN LNQD SG@M 140 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG 5.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDQD @QD EDVDQ SG@M 130 SG@S E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG 5.
A. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DW@BSKX 150 E@UNQ @ BG@QSDQ RBGNNK ENQ FQ@CDR , SGQNTFG 5.
*E XNT G@UD @BBDRR SN @M @OOQNOQH@SD B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ RNESV@QD, SQX B@KBTK@SHMF SGDRD OQNA@AHKHSHDR TRHMF SGD SDBGMNKNFX.
86. 'NTQ EQHDMCR, +@MHBD, #@QA@Q@, ,@SGX @MC 3NADQS@, CDBHCDC SN B@QONNK SNFDSGDQ SN FDS SN RBGNNK. &@BG C@X SGD CQHUDQ
VNTKC AD BGNRDM AX Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSHMF NMD NE SGD ENTQ M@LDR. 5GDX B@QONNK SN RBGNNK ENQ 96 C@XR. 6RD SGD MNQL@K
@OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K SN B@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR. 3NTMC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S +@MHBD HR SGD CQHUDQ @S LNRS 20 C@XR.
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 3NADQS@ HR SGD CQHUDQ LNQD SG@M 16 C@XR.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S #@QA@Q@ CQHUDR DW@BSKX 24 NE SGNRD 96 C@XR.
432 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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87. 1 ] '(60, 9). 4TOONRD SG@S XNT ENQL Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE 25 EQNL SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM. -DS X
AD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD NE

@UDQ@FDR. -DS T1 AD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD NE RTLR. 'NQ O@QSR B SGQNTFG E, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, RG@CD SGD QDFHNM, K@ADK @MC RB@KD
SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR ENQ X
, @MC EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.

=. 4JDSBG SGD CHRSQHATSHNMR NE 1 @MC X
NM SGD R@LD FQ@OG.

>. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
?. )( x
< 60) = ?????

@. 'HMC SGD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M.
A. )(56 < x
< 62) = ?????

B. )(18 < x
< 58) = ?????

C. TN ] ?????(?????,?????)
D. 'HMC SGD LHMHLTL U@KTD ENQ SGD TOODQ PT@QSHKD ENQ SGD RTL.
E. )(1,400 < TN < 1,550) = ?????
88. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD KDMFSG NE QDRD@QBG O@ODQR HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC EQNL SDM SN 25 O@FDR. 8D RTQUDX @ BK@RR HM VGHBG 55
QDRD@QBG O@ODQR VDQD STQMDC HM SN @ OQNEDRRNQ. 5GD 55 QDRD@QBG O@ODQR @QD BNMRHCDQDC @ Q@MCNL BNKKDBSHNM NE @KK O@ODQR. 8D
@QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD @UDQ@FD KDMFSG NE SGD QDRD@QBG O@ODQR.
=. *M VNQCR, 1 = ?????????????
>. 1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
?. Z
N
= ?????
@. \
N
= ?????
A. *M VNQCR, X
= ??????????????
B. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
C. *M VNQCR, T1 = ?????????????
D. T1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
E. 8HSGNTS CNHMF @MX B@KBTK@SHNMR, CN XNT SGHMJ SG@S HSnR KHJDKX SG@S SGD OQNEDRRNQ VHKK MDDC SN QD@C @ SNS@K NE LNQD
SG@M 1,050 O@FDR 8GX
F. $@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD OQNEDRRNQ VHKK MDDC SN QD@C @ SNS@K NE LNQD SG@M 1,050 O@FDR.
G. 8GX HR HS RN TMKHJDKX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD KDMFSG NE SGD O@ODQR VHKK AD KDRR SG@M 12 O@FDR
89. 4@K@QHDR ENQ SD@BGDQR HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q DKDLDMS@QX RBGNNK CHRSQHBS @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE $44,000 @MC @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $6,500. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX SDM SD@BGDQR EQNL SG@S CHRSQHBS.
=. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K SD@BGDQnR R@K@QX.
>. 'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD SD@BGDQnR R@K@QX.
90. 5GD @UDQ@FD KDMFSG NE @ L@SDQMHSX RS@X HM @ 6.4. GNROHS@K HR R@HC SN AD 2.4 C@XR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.9 C@XR. 8D
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 80 VNLDM VGN QDBDMSKX ANQD BGHKCQDM HM @ 6.4. GNROHS@K.
=. *M VNQCR, 1 = ?????????????
>. *M VNQCR, X
= ???????????????????
?. X
] ?????(?????,?????)
@. *M VNQCR, T1 = ???????????????
A. T1 ] ?????(?????,?????)
B. *R HS KHJDKX SG@S @M HMCHUHCT@K RS@XDC LNQD SG@M EHUD C@XR HM SGD GNROHS@K 8GX NQ VGX MNS
C. *R HS KHJDKX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD RS@X ENQ SGD 80 VNLDM V@R LNQD SG@M EHUD C@XR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
D. 8GHBG HR LNQD KHJDKX:
E. "M HMCHUHCT@K RS@XDC LNQD SG@M EHUD C@XR.
EE. SGD @UDQ@FD RS@X NE 80 VNLDM V@R LNQD SG@M EHUD C@XR.
E. *E VD VDQD SN RTL TO SGD VNLDMnR RS@XR, HR HS KHJDKX SG@S, BNKKDBSHUDKX SGDX RODMS LNQD SG@M @ XD@Q HM SGD GNROHS@K
8GX NQ VGX MNS
FEH ;79> FHE8B;C, M>;H;L;H FEII?8B;, FHEL?:; =H7F>I 7D: KI; J>; 97B9KB7JEH.
91. /DUDQ3D@CX A@SSDQHDR G@R DMFHMDDQDC @ MDVDQ, KNMFDQ K@RSHMF """ A@SSDQX. 5GD BNLO@MX BK@HLR SGHR A@SSDQX G@R @M
@UDQ@FD KHED RO@M NE 17 GNTQR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.8 GNTQR. :NTQ RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR PTDRSHNMR SGHR BK@HL. "R @ BK@RR,
XNT Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS 30 A@SSDQHDR @MC EHMC SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M KHED RO@M HR 16.7 GNTQR. *E SGD OQNBDRR HR VNQJHMF OQNODQKX,
VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 30 A@SSDQHDR HM VGHBG SGD R@LOKD LD@M KHEDSHLD HR 16.7 GNTQR NQ KDRR
*R SGD BNLO@MXnR BK@HL QD@RNM@AKD
92. .DM G@UD @M @UDQ@FD VDHFGS NE 172 ONTMCR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 29 ONTMCR.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 433
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=. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 20 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC LDM VHKK G@UD @ RTL VDHFGS FQD@SDQ SG@M 3600 KAR.
>. *E 20 LDM G@UD @ RTL VDHFGS FQD@SDQ SG@M 3500 KAR, SGDM SGDHQ SNS@K VDHFGS DWBDDCR SGD R@EDSX KHLHSR ENQ V@SDQ
S@WHR. #@RDC NM (@), HR SGHR @ R@EDSX BNMBDQM &WOK@HM.
93. .&. B@MCHDR K@QFD B@MCX A@FR G@UD @ BK@HLDC MDS VDHFGS NE 396.9 F. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD VDHFGS NE SGD
HMCHUHCT@K B@MCHDR HR 0.017 F. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD HR EQNL @ RS@SR DWODQHLDMS BNMCTBSDC AX @ RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR.
0?> -L;HA? 7?FFIQ LIQH FO? %L??H
0.751 0.735 0.883 0.696 0.881 0.925
0.841 0.895 0.769 0.876 0.863 0.914
0.856 0.865 0.859 0.855 0.775 0.881
0.799 0.864 0.784 0.806 0.854 0.865
0.966 0.852 0.824 0.840 0.810 0.865
0.859 0.866 0.858 0.868 0.858 1.015
0.857 0.859 0.848 0.859 0.818 0.876
0.942 0.838 0.851 0.982 0.868 0.809
0.873 0.863 0.803 0.865
0.809 0.888 0.932 0.848
0.890 0.925 0.842 0.940
0.878 0.793 0.832 0.833
0.905 0.977 0.807 0.845
0.850 0.841 0.852
0.830 0.932 0.778
0.856 0.833 0.814
0.842 0.881 0.791
0.778 0.818 0.810
0.786 0.864 0.881
2;<F? 7.7
434 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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0?> -L;HA? 7?FFIQ LIQH FO? %L??H
0.853 0.825
0.864 0.855
0.873 0.942
0.880 0.825
0.882 0.869
0.931 0.912
0.887
2;<F? 7.7
5GD A@F BNMS@HMDC 465 B@MCHDR @MC GD KHRSDC VDHFGSR HM SGD S@AKD B@LD EQNL Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC B@MCHDR. $NTMS SGD VDHFGSR.
=. 'HMC SGD LD@M R@LOKD VDHFGS @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKD VDHFGSR NE B@MCHDR HM SGD S@AKD.
>. 'HMC SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD VDHFGSR HM SGD S@AKD @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD RTL SGD NE SGD VDHFGSR.
?. *E 465 .&.R @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGDHQ VDHFGSR RTL SN @S KD@RS 396.9.
@. *R SGD .@QR $NLO@MXnR .&. K@ADKHMF @BBTQ@SD
94. 5GD 4BQDV 3HFGS $NLO@MX BK@HLR SGDHQ
3
4
HMBG RBQDVR @QD VHSGHM a0.23 NE SGD BK@HLDC LD@M CH@LDSDQ NE 0.750 HMBGDR
VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.115 HMBGDR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ VDQD QDBNQCDC.
0.757 0.723 0.754 0.737 0.757 0.741 0.722 0.741 0.743 0.742
0.740 0.758 0.724 0.739 0.736 0.735 0.760 0.750 0.759 0.754
0.744 0.758 0.765 0.756 0.738 0.742 0.758 0.757 0.724 0.757
0.744 0.738 0.763 0.756 0.760 0.768 0.761 0.742 0.734 0.754
0.758 0.735 0.740 0.743 0.737 0.737 0.725 0.761 0.758 0.756
2;<F? 7.8
5GD RBQDVR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC EQNL SGD KNB@K GNLD QDO@HQ RSNQD.
=. 'HMC SGD LD@M CH@LDSDQ @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD R@LOKD
>. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 50 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RBQDVR VHKK AD VHSGHM SGD RS@SDC SNKDQ@MBD KDUDKR. *R SGD BNLO@MXnR
CH@LDSDQ BK@HL OK@TRHAKD
95. :NTQ BNLO@MX G@R @ BNMSQ@BS SN ODQENQL OQDUDMSHUD L@HMSDM@MBD NM SGNTR@MCR NE @HQ-BNMCHSHNMDQR HM @ K@QFD BHSX. #@RDC
NM RDQUHBD QDBNQCR EQNL OQDUHNTR XD@QR, SGD SHLD SG@S @ SDBGMHBH@M RODMCR RDQUHBHMF @ TMHS @UDQ@FDR NMD GNTQ VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE NMD GNTQ. *M SGD BNLHMF VDDJ, XNTQ BNLO@MX VHKK RDQUHBD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 70 TMHSR HM SGD BHSX. :NT
OK@M SN ATCFDS @M @UDQ@FD NE 1.1 GNTQR ODQ SDBGMHBH@M SN BNLOKDSD SGD VNQJ. 8HKK SGHR AD DMNTFG SHLD
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 435
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96. " SXOHB@K @CTKS G@R @M @UDQ@FD *2 RBNQD NE 105 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 20. *E 20 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @CTKSR @QD FHUDM
@M *2 SDRRS, VG@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M RBNQDR VHKK AD ADSVDDM 85 @MC 125 ONHMSR
97. $DQS@HM BNHMR G@UD @M @UDQ@FD VDHFGS NE 5.201 FQ@LR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.065 F. *E @ UDMCHMF L@BGHMD HR
CDRHFMDC SN @BBDOS BNHMR VGNRD VDHFGSR Q@MFD EQNL 5.111 F SN 5.291 F, VG@S HR SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE QDIDBSDC BNHMR VGDM
280 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BNHMR @QD HMRDQSDC HMSN SGD L@BGHMD
0#$#0#,!#1
#@Q@M, %@X@. o20 1DQBDMS NE "LDQHB@MR )@UD /DUDQ 6RDC &L@HK.p8DA(THKC, 2010. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.VDAFTHKC.NQF/20080519/20-ODQBDMS-NE-@LDQHB@MR-G@UD-MDUDQ-TRDC-DL@HK (@BBDRRDC .@X 17, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL 5GD 'KTQQX #KNF, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://AKNF.EKTQQX.BNL (@BBDRRDC .@X 17, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE "FQHBTKSTQD.
'@Q@FN, 1DSDQ. o5GD 5QTSG "ANTS $@SR @MC %NFR: 4L@QSOGNMD UR 5@AKDS 6R@FD %HEEDQDMBDR.p 5GD 'KTQQX #KNF, 2013. 1NRSDC
0BSNADQ 29, 2012. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://AKNF.EKTQQX.BNL (@BBDRRDC .@X 17, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD 8@KK 4SQDDS +NTQM@K.
o/@SHNM@K )D@KSG @MC /TSQHSHNM &W@LHM@SHNM 4TQUDX.p $DMSDQ ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/MBGR/MG@MDR.GSL (@BBDRRDC .@X 17, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
3 A. 3.5, 4.25, 0.2441
5 5GD E@BS SG@S SGD SVN CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD CHEEDQDMS @BBNTMSR ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMS OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
7 0.3345
9 7,833.92
11 0.0089
13 7,326.49
15 77.45%
17 0.4207
19 3,888.5
21 0.8186
23 5
25 0.9772
27 5GD R@LOKD RHYD, D, FDSR K@QFDQ.
29 49
31 k25.71
33 0.1587
35 1,000
37
@. .(24, 26), 25, 0, 0.5774
A. '(25, 0.0577)
436 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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B. 0.0416
39 0.0003
41 25.07
43
@. '(2,500, 5.7735)
A. 0
45 2,507.40
47
@. 10
A.
1
10
49 '

10,
10
8
51 0.7799
53 1.69
55 0.0072
57 391.54
59 405.51
61
@. U = @LNTMS NE BG@MFD RSTCDMSR B@QQX
A. U ] E(0.88, 0.88)
B. X
= @UDQ@FD @LNTMS NE BG@MFD B@QQHDC AX @ R@LOKD NE 25 RRSTCDMSR.

C. X
] '(0.88, 0.176)
D. E.
F. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD CHEEDQDMS. 1@QS @ HR DWONMDMSH@K @MC O@QS A HR MNQL@K.
63
@. KDMFSG NE SHLD ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K SN BNLOKDSD *34 ENQL 1040, HM GNTQR.
A. LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD ENQ S@WO@XDQR SN BNLOKDSD *34 ENQL 1040, HM GNTQR.
B. '

10.53,
1
3
C. :DR. * VNTKC AD RTQOQHRDC, ADB@TRD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX HR @KLNRS 0.

D. /N. * VNTKC MNS AD SNS@KKX RTQOQHRDC ADB@TRD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX HR 0.2312
65
@. SGD KDMFSG NE @ RNMF, HM LHMTSDR, HM SGD BNKKDBSHNM
A. .(2, 3.5)
B. SGD @UDQ@FD KDMFSG NE @ RNMF, HM LHMTSDR, HM SGD BNKKDBSHNM
C. '(2.75, 0.0220)
D. 2.74 LHMTSDR
E. 0.03 LHMTSDR
67
@. 5QTD. 5GD LD@M NE @ R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD LD@MR HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD LD@M NE SGD C@S@ CHRSQHATSHNM.
A. 5QTD. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD $DMSQ@K -HLHS 5GDNQDL, SGD K@QFDQ SGD R@LOKD, SGD BKNRDQ SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD LD@MR
ADBNLDR MNQL@K.
B. 5QTD. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD LD@MR VHKK CDBQD@RD @R SGD R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR.
69
@. 1 = SGD XD@QKX HMBNLD NE RNLDNMD HM @ SGHQC VNQKC BNTMSQX
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 437
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A. SGD @UDQ@FD R@K@QX EQNL R@LOKDR NE 1,000 QDRHCDMSR NE @ SGHQC VNQKC BNTMSQX
B. X
'

2000,
8000
1000
C. 7DQX VHCD CHEEDQDMBDR HM C@S@ U@KTDR B@M G@UD @UDQ@FDR RL@KKDQ SG@M RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
D. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@M VHKK G@UD GHFGDQ OQNA@AHKHSHDR BKNRDQ SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
)(2000 < X
< 2100) = 0.1537

)(2100 < X
< 2200) = 0.1317

71 A
73
@. SGD SNS@K KDMFSG NE SHLD ENQ MHMD BQHLHM@K SQH@KR
A. '(189, 21)
B. 0.0432
C. 162.09; MHMDSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SNS@K MHMD SQH@KR NE SGHR SXOD VHKK K@RS 162 C@XR NQ LNQD.
75
@. 1 = SGD R@K@QX NE NMD DKDLDMS@QX RBGNNK SD@BGDQ HM SGD CHRSQHBS
A. 1 ] '(44,000, 6,500)
B. T1 ] RTL NE SGD R@K@QHDR NE SDM DKDLDMS@QX RBGNNK SD@BGDQR HM SGD R@LOKD
C. T1 ] '(44000, 20554.80)
D. 0.9742
E. $52,330.09
F. 440,326.73
G. 4@LOKHMF 70 SD@BGDQR HMRSD@C NE SDM VNTKC B@TRD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN AD LNQD ROQD@C NTS. *S VNTKC AD @ LNQD RXLLDSQHB@K
MNQL@K BTQUD.
H. *E DUDQX SD@BGDQ QDBDHUDC @ $3,000 Q@HRD, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1 VNTKC RGHES SN SGD QHFGS AX $3,000. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, HS
VNTKC G@UD @ LD@M NE $47,000.
77
@. 1 = SGD BKNRHMF RSNBJ OQHBDR ENQ 6.4. RDLHBNMCTBSNQ L@MTE@BSTQDQR
A. H. $20.71; HH. $17.31; HHH. 35 B.
C. &WONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM, U Q ENF

1
20.71
D. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.

E. H. $20.71; HH. $11.14
F. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
G. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
H. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
I. '

20.71,
17.31
5
79 A
81 A
83 @
85
@. 0
A. 0.1123
B. 0.0162
C. 0.0003
D. 0.0268
87
A. X
] '

60,
9
25
438 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,

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B. 0.5000
C. 59.06
D. 0.8536
E. 0.1333
F. 1530.35
G. 0.8536
89
@. $52,330
A. $46,634
91
q 8D G@UD Z = 17, j = 0.8, x
= 16.7, @MC D = 30. 5N B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX, VD TRD >?B=3<568(KNVDQ, TOODQ, Z,
n
) = >?B=3<568
E 99,16.7,17,
0.8
30
= 0.0200.
q *E SGD OQNBDRR HR VNQJHMF OQNODQKX, SGDM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ R@LOKD NE 30 A@SSDQHDR VNTKC G@UD @S LNRS 16.7 KHEDSHLD
GNTQR HR NMKX 2%. 5GDQDENQD, SGD BK@RR V@R ITRSHEHDC SN PTDRSHNM SGD BK@HL.
93
@. 'NQ SGD R@LOKD, VD G@UD D = 100, x
= 0.862, I = 0.05
A. x
= 85.65, TI = 5.18
B. >?B=3<568(396.9,E99,(465)(0.8565),(0.05)( 465 )) v 1
C. 4HMBD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ R@LOKD NE RHYD 465 G@UHMF @S KD@RS @ LD@M RTLNE 396.9 HR @OOOQNWHL@SDKX 1, VD B@M BNMBKTCD
SG@S .@QR HR BNQQDBSKX K@ADKHMF SGDHQ .&. O@BJ@FDR.
95 6RD >?B=3<568
E 99,1.1,1,
1
70
= 0.7986. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGDQD HR @M 80% BG@MBD SG@S SGD RDQUHBD SHLD VHKK AD
KDRR SG@M 1.1 GNTQR. *S BNTKC AD VHRD SN RBGDCTKD LNQD SHLD RHMBD SGDQD HR @M @RRNBH@SDC 20% BG@MBD SG@S SGD L@HMSDM@MBD
SHLD VHKK AD FQD@SDQ SG@M 1.1 GNTQR.
97 4HMBD VD G@UD >?B=3<568
5.111,5.291,5.201,
0.065
280
v 1, VD B@M BNMBKTCD SG@S OQ@BSHB@KKX @KK SGD BNHMR @QD VHSGHM

SGD KHLHSR, SGDQDENQD, SGDQD RGNTKC AD MN QDIDBSDC BNHMR NTS NE @ VDKK RDKDBSDC R@LOKD NE RHYD 280.
"'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$, 439
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440 "'/3$1 7 W 3'$ "$-31+ +(,(3 3'$.1$,
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8 U !-,$'"#,!#
',2#04A*1
$CAOL? 8.1 '=RA UKQ ARAN SKJ@ANA@ SD=P PDA =RAN=CA JQI>AN KB ,&,O EJ = >=C =P PDA CNK?ANU OPKNA EO? 8KQ ?=J
QOAO ?KJBE@AJ?A EJPANR=HO PK =JOSAN PDEO MQAOPEKJ. (?NA@EP: ?KIA@U<JKOA/BHE?GN)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
c $@KBTK@SD @MC HMSDQOQDS BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR ENQ DRSHL@SHMF @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @MC @ ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM.
c *MSDQOQDS SGD RSTCDMS-S OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @R SGD R@LOKD RHYD BG@MFDR.
c %HRBQHLHM@SD ADSVDDM OQNAKDLR @OOKXHMF SGD MNQL@K @MC SGD 4STCDMS'R J CHRSQHATSHNMR.
c $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD RHYD QDPTHQDC SN DRSHL@SD @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @MC @ ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM FHUDM @ CDRHQDC
BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK @MC L@QFHM NE DQQNQ.
4TOONRD XNT VDQD SQXHMF SN CDSDQLHMD SGD LD@M QDMS NE @ SVN-ADCQNNL @O@QSLDMS HM XNTQ SNVM. :NT LHFGS KNNJ HM SGD
BK@RRHEHDC RDBSHNM NE SGD MDVRO@ODQ, VQHSD CNVM RDUDQ@K QDMSR KHRSDC, @MC @UDQ@FD SGDL SNFDSGDQ. :NT VNTKC G@UD NAS@HMDC
@ ONHMS DRSHL@SD NE SGD SQTD LD@M. *E XNT @QD SQXHMF SN CDSDQLHMD SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE SHLDR XNT L@JD @ A@RJDS VGDM RGNNSHMF
@ A@RJDSA@KK, XNT LHFGS BNTMS SGD MTLADQ NE RGNSR XNT L@JD @MC CHUHCD SG@S AX SGD MTLADQ NE RGNSR XNT @SSDLOSDC. *M SGHR
B@RD, XNT VNTKC G@UD NAS@HMDC @ ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 441
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8D TRD R@LOKD C@S@ SN L@JD FDMDQ@KHY@SHNMR @ANTS @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM. 5GHR O@QS NE RS@SHRSHBR HR B@KKDC >C;:G:CI>6A
HI6I>HI>8H. 1=: H6BEA: 96I6 =:AE JH ID B6@: 6C :HI>B6I: D; 6 EDEJA6I>DC E6G6B:I:G. 8D QD@KHYD SG@S SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD HR
LNRS KHJDKX MNS SGD DW@BS U@KTD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ, ATS BKNRD SN HS. "ESDQ B@KBTK@SHMF ONHMS DRSHL@SDR, VD BNMRSQTBS
HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SDR, B@KKDC BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR.
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK KD@QM SN BNMRSQTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR. :NT VHKK @KRN KD@QM @ MDV CHRSQHATSHNM,
SGD 4STCDMS'R-S, @MC GNV HS HR TRDC VHSG SGDRD HMSDQU@KR. 5GQNTFGNTS SGD BG@OSDQ, HS HR HLONQS@MS SN JDDO HM LHMC SG@S SGD
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. *S HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ SG@S HR EHWDC.
*E XNT VNQJDC HM SGD L@QJDSHMF CDO@QSLDMS NE @M DMSDQS@HMLDMS BNLO@MX, XNT LHFGS AD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD LD@M MTLADQ
NE RNMFR @ BNMRTLDQ CNVMKN@CR @ LNMSG EQNL H5TMDR. *E RN, XNT BNTKC BNMCTBS @ RTQUDX @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M, x
, @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I. :NT VNTKC TRD x
SN DRSHL@SD SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @MC I SN DRSHL@SD SGD ONOTK@SHNM

RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M, x
, HR SGD ED>CI :HI>B6I: ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, Z. 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM,
I, HR SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \.
&@BG NE x
@MC I HR B@KKDC @ RS@SHRSHB.

" 8DC;>9:C8: >CI:GK6A HR @MNSGDQ SXOD NE DRSHL@SD ATS, HMRSD@C NE ADHMF ITRS NMD MTLADQ, HS HR @M HMSDQU@K NE MTLADQR.
5GD HMSDQU@K NE MTLADQR HR @ Q@MFD NE U@KTDR B@KBTK@SDC EQNL @ FHUDM RDS NE R@LOKD C@S@. 5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR KHJDKX SN
HMBKTCD @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ.
4TOONRD, ENQ SGD H5TMDR DW@LOKD, VD CN MNS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z, ATS VD CN JMNV SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR \ = 1 @MC NTQ R@LOKD RHYD HR 100. 5GDM, AX SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M
HR
n
=
1
100
= 0.1 .
5GD :BE>G>86A GJA:, VGHBG @OOKHDR SN ADKK-RG@ODC CHRSQHATSHNMR, R@XR SG@S HM @OOQNWHL@SDKX 95% NE SGD R@LOKDR, SGD
R@LOKD LD@M, x
, VHKK AD VHSGHM SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z. 'NQ NTQ H5TMDR DW@LOKD, SVN RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR HR (2)(0.1) = 0.2. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M x
HR KHJDKX SN AD VHSGHM 0.2 TMHSR NE Z.

#DB@TRD x
HR VHSGHM 0.2 TMHSR NE Z, VGHBG HR TMJMNVM, SGDM Z HR KHJDKX SN AD VHSGHM 0.2 TMHSR NE x
HM 95% NE SGD
R@LOKDR. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z HR BNMS@HMDC HM @M HMSDQU@K VGNRD KNVDQ MTLADQ HR B@KBTK@SDC AX S@JHMF SGD R@LOKD LD@M
@MC RTASQ@BSHMF SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR (2)(0.1) @MC VGNRD TOODQ MTLADQ HR B@KBTK@SDC AX S@JHMF SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC
@CCHMF SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, Z HR ADSVDDM x
0.2 @MC x
+ 0.2 HM 95% NE @KK SGD R@LOKDR.

'NQ SGD H5TMDR DW@LOKD, RTOONRD SG@S @ R@LOKD OQNCTBDC @ R@LOKD LD@M x
= 2 . 5GDM SGD TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM LD@M

Z HR ADSVDDM
x
0.2 = 2 0.2 = 1.8 @MC x
+ 0.2 = 2 + 0.2 = 2.2

8D R@X SG@S VD @QD 95% 8DC;>9:CI SG@S SGD TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM LD@M MTLADQ NE RNMFR CNVMKN@CDC EQNL H5TMDR ODQ
LNMSG HR ADSVDDM 1.8 @MC 2.2. 1=: 95% 8DC;>9:C8: >CI:GK6A >H (1.8, 2.2).
5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HLOKHDR SVN ONRRHAHKHSHDR. &HSGDQ SGD HMSDQU@K (1.8, 2.2) BNMS@HMR SGD SQTD LD@M Z NQ NTQ
R@LOKD OQNCTBDC @M x
SG@S HR MNS VHSGHM 0.2 TMHSR NE SGD SQTD LD@M Z. 5GD RDBNMC ONRRHAHKHSX G@OODMR ENQ NMKX 5% NE @KK
SGD R@LOKDR (95k100%).
3DLDLADQ SG@S @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR BQD@SDC ENQ @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ KHJD SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, Z.
$NMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR ENQ RNLD O@Q@LDSDQR G@UD SGD ENQL:
(ED>CI :HI>B6I: R B6G<>C D; :GGDG, ED>CI :HI>B6I: + B6G<>C D; :GGDG)
5GD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ CDODMCR NM SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK NQ ODQBDMS@FD NE BNMEHCDMBD @MC SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M.
8GDM XNT QD@C MDVRO@ODQR @MC INTQM@KR, RNLD QDONQSR VHKK TRD SGD OGQ@RD "L@QFHM NE DQQNQ." 0SGDQ QDONQSR VHKK MNS TRD
SG@S OGQ@RD, ATS HMBKTCD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @R SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD OKTR NQ LHMTR SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ. 5GDRD @QD SVN V@XR NE
DWOQDRRHMF SGD R@LD BNMBDOS.
,-2#
"KSGNTFG SGD SDWS NMKX BNUDQR RXLLDSQHB@K BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR, SGDQD @QD MNM-RXLLDSQHB@K BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR (ENQ
DW@LOKD, @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM).
)@UD XNTQ HMRSQTBSNQ QDBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE LD@KR D@BG RSTCDMS HM XNTQ BK@RR D@SR NTS HM @ VDDJ. "RRTLD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM SN AD SGQDD LD@KR. $NMRSQTBS @M @OOQNWHL@SD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M MTLADQ NE
LD@KR RSTCDMSR D@S NTS D@BG VDDJ.
442 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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1. $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
2. -DS \ = 3 @MC D = SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR RTQUDXDC.
3. $NMRSQTBS SGD HMSDQU@K

, x
+ (2)
.
8D R@X VD @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX 95% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD SQTD LD@M MTLADQ NE LD@KR SG@S RSTCDMSR D@S NTS HM @ VDDJ HR
ADSVDDM ?????????? @MC ???????????.
8.1 U !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H,
.IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH )HIQH, ,ILG;F
" BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VHSG @ JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR A@RDC NM SGD E@BS SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@MR
ENKKNV @M @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 4TOONRD SG@S NTQ R@LOKD G@R @ LD@M NE x
= 10 @MC VD G@UD BNMRSQTBSDC SGD

90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K (5, 15) VGDQD EB& = 5.
!;F=OF;NCHA NB? !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
5N BNMRSQTBS @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ RHMFKD TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z, L=:G: I=: EDEJA6I>DC HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC
>H @CDLC, VD MDDC x
@R @M DRSHL@SD ENQ Z @MC VD MDDC SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ. )DQD, SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ (EB&) HR B@KKDC
SGD :GGDG 7DJC9 ;DG 6 EDEJA6I>DC B:6C (@AAQDUH@SDC EBM). 5GD R@LOKD LD@M x
HR SGD ED>CI :HI>B6I: NE SGD TMJMNVM

ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z.
1=: 8DC;>9:C8: >CI:GK6A :HI>B6I: L>AA =6K: I=: ;DGB:
(ONHMS DRSHL@SD - DQQNQ ANTMC, ONHMS DRSHL@SD + DQQNQ ANTMC) NQ, HM RXLANKR,( x
EBM, x
+EBM)
5GD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ (EB&) CDODMCR NM SGD 8DC;>9:C8: A:K:A (@AAQDUH@SDC CL). 5GD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HR NESDM BNMRHCDQDC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD B@KBTK@SDC BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD VHKK BNMS@HM SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ. )NVDUDQ, HS
HR LNQD @BBTQ@SD SN RS@SD SG@S SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HR SGD ODQBDMS NE BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR SG@S BNMS@HM SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM
O@Q@LDSDQ VGDM QDOD@SDC R@LOKDR @QD S@JDM. .NRS NESDM, HS HR SGD BGNHBD NE SGD ODQRNM BNMRSQTBSHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
SN BGNNRD @ BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK NE 90% NQ GHFGDQ ADB@TRD SG@S ODQRNM V@MSR SN AD QD@RNM@AKX BDQS@HM NE GHR NQ GDQ BNMBKTRHNMR.
5GDQD HR @MNSGDQ OQNA@AHKHSX B@KKDC @KOG@ (V). V HR QDK@SDC SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, C%. V HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD
HMSDQU@K CNDR MNS BNMS@HM SGD TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ.
.@SGDL@SHB@KKX, V + C% = 1.
$T=ILHA 8.1
2QLLKOA SA D=RA ?KHHA?PA@ @=P= BNKI = O=ILHA. 6A GJKS PDA O=ILHA IA=J >QP SA @K JKP GJKS PDA
IA=J BKN PDA AJPENA LKLQH=PEKJ.
3DA O=ILHA IA=J EO OARAJ, =J@ PDA ANNKN >KQJ@ BKN PDA IA=J EO 2.5.
x
= 7 @MC EB& = 2.5

5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (7 k 2.5, 7 + 2.5), @MC B@KBTK@SHMF SGD U@KTDR FHUDR (4.5, 9.5).
*E SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK (C%) HR 95%, SGDM VD R@X SG@S, "8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 95% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD SQTD U@KTD
NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M HR ADSVDDM 4.5 @MC 9.5."
8.1 4TOONRD VD G@UD C@S@ EQNL @ R@LOKD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 15, @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGD LD@M HR 3.2.
8G@S HR SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M
"BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VHSG @ JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR A@RDC NM SGD E@BS SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@MR
ENKKNV @M @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 4TOONRD SG@S NTQ R@LOKD G@R @ LD@M NE x
= 10, @MC VD G@UD BNMRSQTBSDC SGD

90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K (5, 15) VGDQD EB& = 5.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 443
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5N FDS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, VD LTRS HMBKTCD SGD BDMSQ@K 90% NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. *E VD
HMBKTCD SGD BDMSQ@K 90%, VD KD@UD NTS @ SNS@K NE V = 10% HM ANSG S@HKR, NQ 5% HM D@BG S@HK, NE SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
$CAOL? 8.2
5N B@OSTQD SGD BDMSQ@K 90%, VD LTRS FN NTS 1.645 "RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR" NM DHSGDQ RHCD NE SGD B@KBTK@SDC R@LOKD LD@M.
5GD U@KTD 1.645 HR SGD P-RBNQD EQNL @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S OTSR @M @QD@ NE 0.90 HM SGD BDMSDQ, @M @QD@
NE 0.05 HM SGD E@Q KDES S@HK, @MC @M @QD@ NE 0.05 HM SGD E@Q QHFGS S@HK.
*S HR HLONQS@MS SG@S SGD "RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM" TRDC LTRS AD @OOQNOQH@SD ENQ SGD O@Q@LDSDQ VD @QD DRSHL@SHMF, RN HM SGHR
RDBSHNM VD MDDC SN TRD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SG@S @OOKHDR SN R@LOKD LD@MR, VGHBG HR

n
. 5GD EQ@BSHNM

n
, HR BNLLNMKX
B@KKDC SGD "RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M" HM NQCDQ SN CHRSHMFTHRG BKD@QKX SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ @ LD@M EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \.
'H MOGG;LS, ;M ; L?MOFN I@ NB? =?HNL;F FCGCN NB?IL?G:
c X
HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC, SG@S HR, X
] '

X
,

n
.
c 4=:C I=: EDEJA6I>DC HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC 0 >H @CDLC, L: JH: 6 CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC ID 86A8JA6I: I=: :GGDG 7DJC9.
!;F=OF;NCHA NB? !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
5N BNMRSQTBS @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, VD MDDC C@S@ EQNL @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD. 5GD
RSDOR SN BNMRSQTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @QD:
c $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M x
EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@. 3DLDLADQ, HM SGHR RDBSHNM VD @KQD@CX JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \.
c 'HMC SGD P-RBNQD SG@S BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK.
c $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC EB&.
c $NMRSQTBS SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
c 8QHSD @ RDMSDMBD SG@S HMSDQOQDSR SGD DRSHL@SD HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD RHST@SHNM HM SGD OQNAKDL. (&WOK@HM VG@S SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K LD@MR, HM SGD VNQCR NE SGD OQNAKDL.)
8D VHKK EHQRS DW@LHMD D@BG RSDO HM LNQD CDS@HK, @MC SGDM HKKTRSQ@SD SGD OQNBDRR VHSG RNLD DW@LOKDR.
$CH>CHA NB? <-M=IL? @IL NB? 1N;N?> !IH@C>?H=? *?P?F
8GDM VD JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \, VD TRD @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC
&#.@MC BNMRSQTBS SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. 8D MDDC SN EHMC SGD U@KTD NE P SG@S OTSR @M @QD@ DPT@K SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK (HM
CDBHL@K ENQL) HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM 3 ] '(0, 1).
5GD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, C%, HR SGD @QD@ HM SGD LHCCKD NE SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. C% = 1 k V, RN V HR SGD @QD@ SG@S
HR ROKHS DPT@KKX ADSVDDM SGD SVN S@HKR. &@BG NE SGD S@HKR BNMS@HMR @M @QD@ DPT@K SN

2
.
5GD Y-RBNQD SG@S G@R @M @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE

2
HR CDMNSDC AX z
2
.
'NQ DW@LOKD, VGDM C% = 0.95, V = 0.05 @MC

2
= 0.025; VD VQHSD z
2
= P
0.025
.
5GD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE P
0.025
HR 0.025 @MC SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE P
0.025
HR 1 k 0.025 = 0.975.
z
2
= z
0.025
= 1.96 , TRHMF @ B@KBTK@SNQ, BNLOTSDQ NQ @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD.
;>F$?B=(0.975, 0, 1) = 1.96
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3DLDLADQ SN TRD SGD @QD@ SN SGD -&'5 NE z
2
; HM SGHR BG@OSDQ SGD K@RS SVN HMOTSR HM SGD HMU/NQL BNLL@MC @QD 0, 1,
ADB@TRD XNT @QD TRHMF @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM 3 ] '(0, 1).
!;F=OF;NCHA NB? #LLIL IOH> (EBM)
5GD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ ENQ @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z VGDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ HR JMNVM HR
c EB& =

z
2
!IHMNLO=NCHA NB? !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F

c 5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD G@R SGD ENQL@S ( x
EBM, x
+ EBM) .
5GD FQ@OG FHUDR @ OHBSTQD NE SGD DMSHQD RHST@SHNM.
C% +

2
+

2
= C% + V = 1.
$CAOL? 8.3
5LCNCHA NB? 'HN?LJL?N;NCIH
5GD HMSDQOQDS@SHNM RGNTKC BKD@QKX RS@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK (C%), DWOK@HM VG@S ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ HR ADHMF DRSHL@SDC
(GDQD, @ EDEJA6I>DC B:6C), @MC RS@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K (ANSG DMCONHMSR). "8D DRSHL@SD VHSG ???%BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD
SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M (HMBKTCD SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD OQNAKDL) HR ADSVDDM ??? @MC ??? (HMBKTCD @OOQNOQH@SD TMHSR)."
$T=ILHA 8.2
4TOONRD RBNQDR NM DW@LR HM RS@SHRSHBR @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @MC @ ONOTK@SHNM
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGQDD ONHMSR. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 36 RBNQDR HR S@JDM @MC FHUDR @ R@LOKD LD@M (R@LOKD
LD@M RBNQD) NE 68. 'HMC @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M DW@L RBNQD (SGD LD@M RBNQD NM @KK
DW@LR).
'HMC @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD (ONOTK@SHNM) LD@M NE RS@SHRSHBR DW@L RBNQDR.
1IFONCIH 8.2
c :NT B@M TRD SDBGMNKNFX SN B@KBTK@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K CHQDBSKX.
c 5GD EHQRS RNKTSHNM HR RGNVM RSDO-AX-RSDO (4NKTSHNM ").
c 5GD RDBNMC RNKTSHNM TRDR SGD 5*-83, 83+, @MC 84+ B@KBTK@SNQR (4NKTSHNM #).
1IFONCIH A
5N EHMC SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, XNT MDDC SGD R@LOKD LD@M, x
, @MC SGD EB&.

x
= 68
EBM =

z
2
6 = 3; & = 36; 3DA ?KJBE@AJ?A HARAH EO 90% (CL = 0.90)

C% = 0.90 RN V = 1 k C% = 1 k 0.90 = 0.10
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 445
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2
= 0.05 z
2
= z
0.05
0.05
0.05
HR 1 k 0.05 = 0.95.
z
2
= z
0.05
= 1.645
TRHMF HMU/NQL(0.95, 0, 1) NM SGD 5*-83,83+, @MC 84+ B@KBTK@SNQR. 5GHR B@M @KRN AD ENTMC TRHMF @OOQNOQH@SD
BNLL@MCR NM NSGDQ B@KBTK@SNQR, TRHMF @ BNLOTSDQ, NQ TRHMF @ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
EB& = (1.645)

3
36
= 0.8225
x
- EB& = 68 - 0.8225 = 67.1775

x
+ EB& = 68 + 0.8225 = 68.8225

5GD 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (67.1775, 68.8225).
1IFONCIH 8.2
1IFONCIH
1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*).
"QQNV CNVM SN 7:/>D7BF3<.
1QDRR E$*E(.
"QQNV SN )D3DC @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
"QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ SGQDD ENQ \, 68 ENQ x
, 36 ENQ D, @MC .90 ENQ C-<7F7<.

"QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (SN SGQDD CDBHL@K OK@BDR)(67.178, 68.822).
'HN?LJL?N;NCIH
8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 90% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M DW@L RBNQD ENQ @KK RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR HR
ADSVDDM 67.18 @MC 68.82.
#RJF;H;NCIH I@ 90% !IH@C>?H=? *?P?F
/HMDSX ODQBDMS NE @KK BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR BNMRSQTBSDC HM SGHR V@X BNMS@HM SGD SQTD LD@M RS@SHRSHBR DW@LRBNQD.
'NQ DW@LOKD, HE VD BNMRSQTBSDC 100 NE SGDRD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR, VD VNTKC DWODBS 90 NE SGDL SN BNMS@HM SGD SQTD
ONOTK@SHNM LD@M DW@L RBNQD.
446 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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8.2 4TOONRD @UDQ@FD OHYY@ CDKHUDQX SHLDR @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @MC @ ONOTK@SHNM
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE RHW LHMTSDR. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 28 OHYY@ CDKHUDQX QDRS@TQ@MSR HR S@JDM @MC G@R @ R@LOKD LD@M
CDKHUDQX SHLD NE 36 LHMTSDR.
'HMC @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M CDKHUDQX SHLD.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 447
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$T=ILHA 8.3
5GD 4ODBHEHB "ARNQOSHNM 3@SD (4"3) ENQ @ BDKK OGNMD LD@RTQDR SGD @LNTMS NE Q@CHN EQDPTDMBX (3') DMDQFX
@ARNQADC AX SGD TRDQnR ANCX VGDM TRHMF SGD G@MCRDS. &UDQX BDKK OGNMD DLHSR 3' DMDQFX. %HEEDQDMS OGNMD LNCDKR
G@UD CHEEDQDMS 4"3 LD@RTQDR. 5N QDBDHUD BDQSHEHB@SHNM EQNL SGD 'DCDQ@K $NLLTMHB@SHNMR $NLLHRRHNM ('$$) ENQ
R@KD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR, SGD 4"3 KDUDK ENQ @ BDKK OGNMD LTRS AD MN LNQD SG@M 1.6 V@SSR ODQ JHKNFQ@L. 2;<F? 8.1
RGNVR SGD GHFGDRS 4"3 KDUDK ENQ @ Q@MCNL RDKDBSHNM NE BDKK OGNMD LNCDKR @R LD@RTQDC AX SGD '$$.
.BIH? +I>?F 1A0 .BIH? +I>?F 1A0 .BIH? +I>?F 1A0
LLHA E/DKJA 42 1.11 +& HHU 1.36 /=JPA?D +=OAN 0.74
!H=?G!ANNU /A=NH
8120
1.48 +& 7275 1.34 2=IOQJC "D=N=?PAN 0.5
!H=?G!ANNU 3KQN
9630
1.43 +& "KOIKO 1.18 2=IOQJC $LE? 4& 3KQ?D 0.4
"NE?GAP 373,8 1.3 +& "4515 1.3 2=IOQJC ,240 0.867
'///=HI "AJPNK 1.09
+& 3N=T
"4575
1.26
2=IOQJC ,AOO=CAN (((
2"'-1750
0.68
'3" .JA 5 0.455 ,KPKNKH= 09D 1.29 2=IOQJC -ATQO 2 0.51
'3" 3KQ?D /NK
2
1.41
,KPKNKH=
1=VN2 58
0.36 2=IOQJC 2&'-227 1.13
'Q=SAE ,835
(@AKO
0.82
,KPKNKH=
1=VN2 59
0.52 2&'-=107 &K/DKJA 0.3
*UK?AN=
#QN=/HQO
0.78
,KPKNKH=
5195O
1.6 2KJU 6350= 1.48
*UK?AN= *127
,=N>H
1.25 -KGE= 1680 1.39 3-,K>EHA "KJ?KN@ 1.38
2;<F? 8.1
'HMC @ 98% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD (ONOTK@SHNM) LD@M NE SGD 4ODBHEHB "ARNQOSHNM 3@SDR (4"3R) ENQ BDKK
OGNMDR. "RRTLD SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ = 0.337.
1IFONCIH 8.3
1IFONCIH A
5N EHMC SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, RS@QS AX EHMCHMF SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD: SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
x
= 1.024
448 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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/DWS, EHMC SGD EB&. #DB@TRD XNT @QD BQD@SHMF @ 98% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, C% = 0.98.
$CAOL? 8.4
:NT MDDC SN EHMC P
0.01
G@UHMF SGD OQNODQSX SG@S SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD MNQL@K CDMRHSX BTQUD SN SGD QHFGS NE P
0.01
HR
0.01 @MC SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES HR 0.99. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ, @ BNLOTSDQ, NQ @ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM SN EHMC P
0.01
= 2.326.
EBM = (z
0.01
)

n
= (2.326)
0.337
30
= 0.1431
5N EHMC SGD 98% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, EHMC x
EBM.
x
k EB& = 1.024 k 0.1431 = 0.8809

x
k EB& = 1.024 k 0.1431 = 1.1671

8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 98% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD SQTD 4"3 LD@M ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM NE BDKK OGNMDR HM SGD 6MHSDC
4S@SDR HR ADSVDDM 0.8809 @MC 1.1671 V@SSR ODQ JHKNFQ@L.
1IFONCIH 8.3
1IFONCIH
/NAOO 233 =J@ =NNKS KRAN PK 3$232.
NNKS @KSJ PK 7:9(JPANR=H.
/NAOO $-3$1.
NNKS PK 2P=PO =J@ LNAOO $-3$1.
NNKS @KSJ =J@ AJPAN PDA BKHHKSEJC R=HQAO:
6: 0.337
x
: 1.024
&: 30
C-HARAH: 0.98
NNKS @KSJ PK "=H?QH=PA =J@ LNAOO $-3$1.
3DA ?KJBE@AJ?A EJPANR=H EO (PK PDNAA @A?EI=H LH=?AO) (0.881, 1.167).
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 449
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8.3 2;<F? 8.2 RGNVR @ CHEEDQDMS Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF NE 20 BDKK OGNMD LNCDKR. 6RD SGHR C@S@ SN B@KBTK@SD @ 93%
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M 4"3 ENQ BDKK OGNMDR BDQSHEHDC ENQ TRD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. "R OQDUHNTRKX, @RRTLD
SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ = 0.337.
.BIH? +I>?F 1A0 .BIH? +I>?F 1A0
!H=?G>ANNU /A=NH 8120 1.48 -KGE= $71T 1.53
'3" $RK #AOECJ 4& 0.8 -KGE= -75 0.68
'3" %NAAOPUHA 1.15 -KGE= -79 1.4
+& HHU 1.36 2=CAI /QI= 1.24
+& %=PDKI 0.77 2=IOQJC %=O?EJ=PA 0.57
+& .LPEIQO 5Q 0.462 2=IOQJC (JBQOA 4& 0.2
,KPKNKH= "HEM 73 1.36 2=IOQJC -ATQO 2 0.51
,KPKNKH= #NKE@ /NK 1.39 2=IOQJC 1ALHAJEOD 0.3
,KPKNKH= #NKE@ 1=VN , 1.3 2KJU 6518= 6=HGI=J 0.73
-KGE= 7705 3SEOP 0.7 93$ "79 0.869
2;<F? 8.2
/NSHBD SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR B@KBTK@SDC HM #R;GJF? 8.3 @MC SGD ENKKNVHMF 2LS 'N 1.3 DWDQBHRD.
5GDRD HMSDQU@KR @QD CHEEDQDMS ENQ RDUDQ@K QD@RNMR: SGDX VDQD B@KBTK@SDC EQNL CHEEDQDMS R@LOKDR, SGD R@LOKDR VDQD CHEEDQDMS
RHYDR, @MC SGD HMSDQU@KR VDQD B@KBTK@SDC ENQ CHEEDQDMS KDUDKR NE BNMEHCDMBD. &UDM SGNTFG SGD HMSDQU@KR @QD CHEEDQDMS, SGDX CN
MNS XHDKC BNMEKHBSHMF HMENQL@SHNM. 5GD DEEDBSR NE SGDRD JHMCR NE BG@MFDR @QD SGD RTAIDBS NE SGD MDWS RDBSHNM HM SGHR BG@OSDQ.
!B;HACHA NB? !IH@C>?H=? *?P?F IL 1;GJF? 1CT?
$T=ILHA 8.4
4TOONRD VD BG@MFD SGD NQHFHM@K OQNAKDLAX TRHMF @ 95%BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK. 'HMC @ 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD
SQTD (ONOTK@SHNM) LD@M RS@SHRSHBR DW@L RBNQD.
1IFONCIH 8.4
, @MC SGD EB&.

x
= 68
EBM =

z
2
450 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2

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6 = 3; & = 36; 3DA ?KJBE@AJ?A HARAH EO 95% (CL = 0.95).
C% = 0.95 RN V = 1 k C% = 1 k 0.95 = 0.05
2
= 0.025 z
2
= z
0.025
0.025
0.025
HR 1 k 0.025 = 0.975.
z
2
= z
0.025
= 1.96
8GDM TRHMF HMUMNQL(0.975,0,1) NM SGD 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84+ B@KBTK@SNQR. (5GHR B@M @KRN AD ENTMC TRHMF
@OOQNOQH@SD BNLL@MCR NM NSGDQ B@KBTK@SNQR, TRHMF @ BNLOTSDQ, NQ TRHMF @ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM.)
EB& = (1.96)

3
36
= 0.98
x
k EB& = 68 k 0.98 = 67.02

x
+ EB& = 68 + 0.98 = 68.98

/NSHBD SG@S SGD EB& HR K@QFDQ ENQ @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HM SGD NQHFHM@K OQNAKDL.
'HN?LJL?N;NCIH
8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 95 % BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M ENQ @KK RS@SHRSHBR DW@L RBNQDR HR ADSVDDM
67.02 @MC 68.98.
/HMDSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE @KK BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR BNMRSQTBSDC HM SGHR V@X BNMS@HM SGD SQTD U@KTD NE SGD
ONOTK@SHNM LD@M RS@SHRSHBR DW@L RBNQD.
!IGJ;LCHA NB? L?MOFNM
5GD 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (67.18, 68.82). 5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (67.02, 68.98). 5GD 95%
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR VHCDQ. *E XNT KNNJ @S SGD FQ@OGR, ADB@TRD SGD @QD@ 0.95 HR K@QFDQ SG@M SGD @QD@ 0.90, HS L@JDR
RDMRD SG@S SGD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR VHCDQ. 5N AD LNQD BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @BST@KKX CNDR
BNMS@HM SGD SQTD U@KTD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M ENQ @KK RS@SHRSHBR DW@L RBNQDR, SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K MDBDRR@QHKX
MDDCR SN AD VHCDQ.
$CAOL? 8.5
1OGG;LS: #@@?=N I@ !B;HACHA NB? !IH@C>?H=? *?P?F
c *MBQD@RHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HMBQD@RDR SGD DQQNQ ANTMC, L@JHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K VHCDQ.
c %DBQD@RHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK CDBQD@RDR SGD DQQNQ ANTMC, L@JHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K M@QQNVDQ.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 451
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8.4 3DEDQ A@BJ SN 2LS 'N 1.2. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDU@HSHNM HR RHW LHMTSDR @MC SGD R@LOKD LD@M CDKHUDQ SHLD HR 36
LHMTSDR. 6RD @ R@LOKD RHYD NE 20. 'HMC @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M OHYY@ CDKHUDQX SHLD.
$T=ILHA 8.5 "D=JCEJC PDA 2=ILHA 2EVA:
4TOONRD VD BG@MFD SGD NQHFHM@K OQNAKDL SN RDD VG@S G@OODMR SN SGD DQQNQ ANTMC HE SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR BG@MFDC.
-D@UD DUDQXSGHMF SGD R@LD DWBDOS SGD R@LOKD RHYD. 6RD SGD NQHFHM@K 90% BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK. 8G@S G@OODMR SN SGD
DQQNQ ANTMC @MC SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HE VD HMBQD@RD SGD R@LOKD RHYD @MC TRD D = 100 HMRSD@C NE D = 36 8G@S
G@OODMR HE VD CDBQD@RD SGD R@LOKD RHYD SN D = 25 HMRSD@C NE D = 36
c x
= 68
c EB& =

z
2
c \ = 3; 5GD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HR 90% (C%=0.90); z

2
= P
0.05
= 1.645.
1IFONCIH 8.5
1IFONCIH A
*E VD >C8G:6H: SGD R@LOKD RHYD D SN 100, VD 9:8G:6H: SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
8GDM D = 100: EB& =

z
2
= (1.645)

3
100
= 0.4935.
1IFONCIH 8.5
1IFONCIH
*E VD 9:8G:6H: SGD R@LOKD RHYD D SN 25, VD >C8G:6H: SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
8GDM D = 25: EB& =

z
2
= (1.645)

3
25
= 0.987.
2QII=NU: $BBA?P KB "D=JCEJC PDA 2=ILHA 2EVA
c *MBQD@RHMF SGD R@LOKD RHYD B@TRDR SGD DQQNQ ANTMC SN CDBQD@RD, L@JHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K M@QQNVDQ.
c %DBQD@RHMF SGD R@LOKD RHYD B@TRDR SGD DQQNQ ANTMC SN HMBQD@RD, L@JHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K VHCDQ.
8.5 3DEDQ A@BJ SN 2LS 'N 1.2. 5GD LD@M CDKHUDQX SHLR HR 36 LHMTSDR @MC SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDU@HSNM HR RHW
LHMTSDR. "RRTLD SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR BG@MFDC SN 50 QDRS@TQ@MSR VHSG SGD R@LD R@LOKD LD@M. 'HMC @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M CDKHUDQX SHLD.
5ILECHA ;=EQ;L>M NI $CH> NB? #LLIL IOH> IL 1;GJF? +?;H
8GDM VD B@KBTK@SD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, VD EHMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M, B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC, @MC TRD SGDL SN B@KBTK@SD SGD
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. )NVDUDQ, RNLDSHLDR VGDM VD QD@C RS@SHRSHB@K RSTCHDR, SGD RSTCX L@X RS@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K NMKX.
*E VD JMNV SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, VD B@M VNQJ A@BJV@QCR SN EHMC ANSG SGD DQQNQ ANTMC @MC SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
$CH>CHA NB? #LLIL IOH>
c 'QNL SGD TOODQ U@KTD ENQ SGD HMSDQU@K, RTASQ@BS SGD R@LOKD LD@M,
c 03, EQNL SGD TOODQ U@KTD ENQ SGD HMSDQU@K, RTASQ@BS SGD KNVDQ U@KTD. 5GDM CHUHCD SGD CHEEDQDMBD AX SVN.
$CH>CHA NB? 1;GJF? +?;H
c 4TASQ@BS SGD DQQNQ ANTMC EQNL SGD TOODQ U@KTD NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K,
c 03, @UDQ@FD SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ DMCONHMSR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
452 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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/NSHBD SG@S SGDQD @QD SVN LDSGNCR SN ODQENQL D@BG B@KBTK@SHNM. :NT B@M BGNNRD SGD LDSGNC SG@S HR D@RHDQ SN TRD VHSG SGD
HMENQL@SHNM XNT JMNV.
$T=ILHA 8.6
4TOONRD VD JMNV SG@S @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (67.18, 68.82) @MC VD V@MS SN EHMC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC. 8D L@X JMNV
SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR 68, NQ ODQG@OR NTQ RNTQBD NMKX F@UD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @MC CHC MNS SDKK TR SGD U@KTD
NE SGD SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
"=H?QH=PA PDA $NNKN !KQJ@:
c *E VD JMNV SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR 68: EB& = 68.82 k 68 = 0.82.
c *E VD CNM'S JMNV SGD R@LOKD LD@M: EB& =
(68.82 67.18)
2
= 0.82.
"=H?QH=PA PDA 2=ILHA ,A=J:
c *E VD JMNV SGD DQQNQ ANTMC: x
= 68.82 k 0.82 = 68
c *E VD CNM'S JMNV SGD DQQNQ ANTMC: x
=
(67.18 + 68.82)
2
= 68.
8.6 4TOONRD VD JMNV SG@S @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (42.12, 47.88). 'HMC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC @MC SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
!;F=OF;NCHA NB? 1;GJF? 1CT? 1
*E QDRD@QBGDQR CDRHQD @ RODBHEHB L@QFHM NE DQQNQ, SGDM SGDX B@M TRD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ SN B@KBTK@SD SGD QDPTHQDC R@LOKD
RHYD.
5GD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VGDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM HR
EB& =

z
2
.
5GD ENQLTK@ ENQ R@LOKD RHYD HR D =
z
2
2
EBM
2
, ENTMC AX RNKUHMF SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ ENQ D.
*M SGHR ENQLTK@, P HR z
2
, BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD CDRHQDC BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK. " QDRD@QBGDQ OK@MMHMF @ RSTCX VGN V@MSR @
RODBHEHDC BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK @MC DQQNQ ANTMC B@M TRD SGHR ENQLTK@ SN B@KBTK@SD SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD MDDCDC ENQ SGD RSTCX.
$T=ILHA 8.7
5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD @FD NE 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR HR 15 XD@QR. *E VD V@MS SN AD 95%
BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M @FD HR VHSGHM SVN XD@QR NE SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @FD NE 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD
RSTCDMSR, GNV L@MX Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR LTRS AD RTQUDXDC
%NKI PDA LNK>HAI, SA GJKS PD=P 6 = 15 =J@ EBM = 2.
1 = 1
0.025
= 1.96, >A?=QOA PDA ?KJBE@AJ?A HARAH EO 95%.
& =
z
2
2
EBM
2
=
(1.96)
2
(15)
2
2
2
= 216.09 QOEJC PDA O=ILHA OEVA AMQ=PEKJ.
4OA & = 217: HS=UO NKQJ@ PDA =JOSAN 4/ PK PDA JATP DECDAN EJPACAN PK AJOQNA PD=P PDA O=ILHA OEVA EO
H=NCA AJKQCD.
5GDQDENQD, 217 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR RGNTKC AD RTQUDXDC HM NQCDQ SN AD 95%BNMEHCDMS SG@S VD @QD VHSGHM
SVN XD@QR NE SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @FD NE 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 453
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8.7 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD GDHFGS NE GHFG RBGNNK A@RJDSA@KK OK@XDQR HR SGQDD HMBGDR. *E VD V@MS SN AD
95%BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M GDHFGS HR VHSGHM NMD HMBG NE SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M GDHFGS, GNV L@MX Q@MCNLKX
RDKDBSDC RSTCDMSR LTRS AD RTQUDXDC
8.2 U !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H,
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH 3HEHIQH, 1NO>?HN'M N->CMNLC<ONCIH
*M OQ@BSHBD, VD Q@QDKX JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC. *M SGD O@RS, VGDM SGD R@LOKD RHYD V@R K@QFD, SGHR CHC MNS
OQDRDMS @ OQNAKDL SN RS@SHRSHBH@MR. 5GDX TRDC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM I @R @M DRSHL@SD ENQ \ @MC OQNBDDCDC @R ADENQD
SN B@KBTK@SD @ 8DC;>9:C8: >CI:GK6A VHSG BKNRD DMNTFG QDRTKSR. )NVDUDQ, RS@SHRSHBH@MR Q@M HMSN OQNAKDLR VGDM SGD R@LOKD RHYD
V@R RL@KK. " RL@KK R@LOKD RHYD B@TRDC HM@BBTQ@BHDR HM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
8HKKH@L 4. (NRDS (1876k1937) NE SGD (THMMDRR AQDVDQX HM %TAKHM, *QDK@MC Q@M HMSN SGHR OQNAKDL. )HR DWODQHLDMSR
VHSG GNOR @MC A@QKDX OQNCTBDC UDQX EDV R@LOKDR. +TRS QDOK@BHMF \ VHSG I CHC MNS OQNCTBD @BBTQ@SD QDRTKSR VGDM GD SQHDC
SN B@KBTK@SD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. )D QD@KHYDC SG@S GD BNTKC MNS TRD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD B@KBTK@SHNM; GD ENTMC
SG@S SGD @BST@K CHRSQHATSHNM CDODMCR NM SGD R@LOKD RHYD. 5GHR OQNAKDL KDC GHL SN "CHRBNUDQ" VG@S HR B@KKDC SGD 0IJ9:CI'H
I-9>HIG>7JI>DC. 5GD M@LD BNLDR EQNL SGD E@BS SG@S (NRRDS VQNSD TMCDQ SGD ODM M@LD "4STCDMS."
6O TMSHK SGD LHC-1970R, RNLD RS@SHRSHBH@MR TRDC SGD CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC @OOQNWHL@SHNM ENQ K@QFD R@LOKD RHYDR @MC NMKX
TRDC SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM NMKX ENQ R@LOKD RHYDR NE @S LNRS 30. 8HSG FQ@OGHMF B@KBTK@SNQR @MC BNLOTSDQR, SGD OQ@BSHBD
MNV HR SN TRD SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM VGDMDUDQ I HR TRDC @R @M DRSHL@SD ENQ \.
*E XNT CQ@V @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE RHYD D EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM SG@S G@R @M @OOQNWHL@SDKX @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
VHSG LD@M Z @MC TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \ @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD J-RBNQD J =
x
s
n
, SGDM SGD J-RBNQDR ENKKNV @

0IJ9:CI'H I-9>HIG>7JI>DC L>I= n R 1 9:<G::H D; ;G::9DB. 5GD J-RBNQD G@R SGD R@LD HMSDQOQDS@SHNM @R SGD (-H8DG:. *S LD@RTQDR
GNV E@Q x
HR EQNL HSR LD@M Z. 'NQ D@BG R@LOKD RHYD D, SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMS 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM.
5GD 9:<G::H D; ;G::9DB, n R 1, BNLD EQNL SGD B@KBTK@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM $. *M >?M=LCJNCP?
MN;NCMNC=M (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/QA2599/F;N?MN/#G46925) , VD TRDC D CDUH@SHNMR (x x
values) SN B@KBTK@SD $.
#DB@TRD SGD RTL NE SGD CDUH@SHNMR HR YDQN, VD B@M EHMC SGD K@RS CDUH@SHNM NMBD VD JMNV SGD NSGDQ n R 1 CDUH@SHNMR. 5GD NSGDQ
n R 1 CDUH@SHNMR B@M BG@MFD NQ U@QX EQDDKX. 4: 86AA I=: CJB7:G n R 1 I=: 9:<G::H D; ;G::9DB (9;).
/NKLANPEAO KB PDA 2PQ@AJP'O P-#EOPNE>QPEKJ
c 5GD FQ@OG ENQ SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM HR RHLHK@Q SN SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K BTQUD.
c 5GD LD@M ENQ SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM HR YDQN @MC SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR RXLLDSQHB @ANTS YDQN.
c 5GD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM G@R LNQD OQNA@AHKHSX HM HSR S@HKR SG@M SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ADB@TRD SGD ROQD@C NE
SGD S-CHRSQHATSHNM HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD ROQD@C NE SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K. 4N SGD FQ@OG NE SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM VHKK AD
SGHBJDQ HM SGD S@HKR @MC RGNQSDQ HM SGD BDMSDQ SG@M SGD FQ@OG NE SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
c 5GD DW@BS RG@OD NE SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM CDODMCR NM SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL. "R SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNLHMBQD@RDR,
SGD FQ@OG NE 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM ADBNLDR LNQD KHJD SGD FQ@OG NE SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
c 5GD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM NE HMCHUHCT@K NARDQU@SHNMR HR @RRTLDC SN AD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM
LD@M Z @MC TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \. 5GD RHYD NE SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR FDMDQ@KKX MNS QDKDU@MS
TMKDRR HS HR UDQX RL@KK. *E HS HR ADKK RG@ODC (MNQL@K) SGDM SGD @RRTLOSHNM HR LDS @MC CNDRM'S MDDC CHRBTRRHNM. 3@MCNL
R@LOKHMF HR @RRTLDC, ATS SG@S HR @ BNLOKDSDKX RDO@Q@SD @RRTLOSHNM EQNL MNQL@KHSX.
$@KBTK@SNQR @MC BNLOTSDQR B@M D@RHKX B@KBTK@SD @MX 4STCDMS'R S-OQNA@AHKHSHDR. 5GD 5*-83,83+, @MC 84+ G@UD @ SBCE
ETMBSHNM SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX ENQ FHUDM U@KTDR NE J. 5GD FQ@LL@Q ENQ SGD SBCE BNLL@MC HR SBCE(KNVDQ ANTMC, TOODQ ANTMC,
CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL). )NVDUDQ ENQ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR, VD MDDC SN TRD >CK:GH: OQNA@AHKHSX SN EHMC SGD U@KTD NE J VGDM VD
JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX.
'NQ SGD 5*-84+ XNT B@M TRD SGD HMU5 BNLL@MC NM SGD %*453HATSHNM LDMT. 5GD HMU5 BNLL@MC VNQJR RHLHK@QKX SN SGD
HMUMNQL. 5GD HMU5 BNLL@MC QDPTHQDR SVN HMOTSR: >CK1(6G:6 ID I=: A:;I, 9:<G::H D; ;G::9DB) 5GD NTSOTS HR SGD S-RBNQD SG@S
BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD @QD@ VD RODBHEHDC.
5GD 5*-83 @MC 83+ CN MNS G@UD SGD HMU5 BNLL@MC. (5GD 5*-89 G@R @M HMUDQRD 5 BNLL@MC.)
" OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD ENQ SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM B@M @KRN AD TRDC. 5GD S@AKD FHUDR S-RBNQDR SG@S BNQQDRONMC SN SGD
BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK (BNKTLM) @MC CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL (QNV). (5GD 5*-86 CNDR MNS G@UD @M HMU5 OQNFQ@L NQ BNLL@MC, RN HE XNT
@QD TRHMF SG@S B@KBTK@SNQ, XNT MDDC SN TRD @ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD ENQ SGD 4STCDMS'R S-%HRSQHATSHNM.) 8GDM TRHMF @ J-S@AKD, MNSD SG@S
RNLD S@AKDR @QD ENQL@SSDC SN RGNV SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HM SGD BNKTLM GD@CHMFR, VGHKD SGD BNKTLM GD@CHMFR HM RNLD S@AKDR
454 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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L@X RGNV NMKX BNQQDRONMCHMF @QD@ HM NMD NQ ANSG S@HKR.
" 4STCDMS'R S S@AKD (4DD 15. 2;<F?M (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/QA2612/F;N?MN/#G47129) ) FHUDR J-RBNQDR FHUDM SGD
CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL @MC SGD QHFGS-S@HKDC OQNA@AHKHSX. 5GD S@AKD HR UDQX KHLHSDC. 6A8JA6IDGH 6C9 8DBEJI:GH 86C :6H>AN
86A8JA6I: 6CN 0IJ9:CI'H I-EGD767>A>I>:H.
2B? HIN;NCIH @IL NB? 1NO>?HN'M N->CMNLC<ONCIH (OMCHA ;M NB? L;H>IG P;LC;<F?) CM:
c - Q J
:<
VGDQD :< = D k 1.
c 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE VD G@UD @ R@LOKD NE RHYD D = 20 HSDLR, SGDM VD B@KBTK@SD SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL @R :< = D - 1 = 20 - 1
= 19 @MC VD VQHSD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM @R - Q J
19
.
&; I=: EDEJA6I>DC HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC >H CDI @CDLC, SGD :GGDG 7DJC9 ;DG 6 EDEJA6I>DC B:6C HR:
c EBM =

t
2
s
n
,
c t
2
HR SGD J-RBNQD VHSG @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS DPT@K SN

2
,
c TRD :< = D k 1 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL, @MC
c I = R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
1=: ;DGB6I ;DG I=: 8DC;>9:C8: >CI:GK6A >H:
( x
EBM, x + EBM) .
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 455
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5N B@KBTK@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K CHQDBSKX:
1QDRR 45"5.
"QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454.
"QQNV CNVM SN 8:5*MSDQU@K @MC OQDRR &/5&3 (NQ ITRS OQDRR 8).
456 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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$T=ILHA 8.8
4TOONRD XNT CN @ RSTCX NE @BTOTMBSTQD SN CDSDQLHMD GNV DEEDBSHUD HS HR HM QDKHDUHMF O@HM. :NT LD@RTQD RDMRNQX
Q@SDR ENQ 15 RTAIDBSR VHSG SGD QDRTKSR FHUDM. 6RD SGD R@LOKD C@S@ SN BNMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD
LD@M RDMRNQX Q@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM (@RRTLDC MNQL@K) EQNL VGHBG XNT SNNJ SGD C@S@.
5GD RNKTSHNM HR RGNVM RSDO-AX-RSDO @MC AX TRHMF SGD 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84+ B@KBTK@SNQR.
8.6; 9.4; 7.9; 6.8; 8.3; 7.3; 9.2; 9.6; 8.7; 11.4; 10.3; 5.4; 8.1; 5.5; 6.9
1IFONCIH 8.8
c 5GD EHQRS RNKTSHNM HR RSDO-AX-RSDO (4NKTSHNM ").
c 5GD RDBNMC RNKTSHNM TRDR SGD 5*-83+ @MC 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR (4NKTSHNM #).
1IFONCIH A
, @MC SGD EB&.

x
= 8.2267 I = 1.6722 D = 15
:< = 15 k 1 = 14 C% RN V = 1 k C% = 1 k 0.95 = 0.05
2
= 0.025 t
2
= t
0.025
5GD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE J
0.025
HR 0.025, @MC SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE J
0.025
HR 1 k 0.025 = 0.975
t
2
= t
0.025
= 2.14 TRHMF HMU5(.975,14) NM SGD 5*-84+ B@KBTK@SNQ.
EBM =

t
2
s
n
EBM = (2.14)
1.6722
15
= 0.924
x
k EB& = 8.2267 k 0.9240 = 7.3

x
k EB& = 8.2267 + 0.9240 = 9.15

8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 95% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M RDMRNQX Q@SD HR ADSVDDM 7.30 @MC 9.15.
1IFONCIH 8.8
"QQNV CNVM SN 8:*>D7BF3< @MC OQDRR E$*E( (NQ XNT B@M ITRS OQDRR 8).
"QQNV SN D3D3 @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
"QQNV CNVM SN ";CD @MC DMSDQ SGD KHRS M@LD VGDQD XNT OTS SGD C@S@.
5GDQD RGNTKC AD @ 1 @ESDQ FB7A.
"QQNV CNVM SN C-<7F7< @MC DMSDQ 0.95
5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (7.3006, 9.1527)
,-2#
8GDM B@KBTK@SHMF SGD DQQNQ ANTMC, @ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD ENQ SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM B@M @KRN AD TRDC SN
EHMC SGD U@KTD NE J. 5GD S@AKD FHUDR J-RBNQDR SG@S BNQQDRONMC SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK (BNKTLM) @MC CDFQDDR NE
EQDDCNL (QNV); SGD J-RBNQD HR ENTMC VGDQD SGD QNV @MC BNKTLM HMSDQRDBS HM SGD S@AKD.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 457
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8.8 :NT CN @ RSTCX NE GXOMNSGDQ@OX SN CDSDQLHMD GNV DEEDBSHUD HS HR HM HMBQD@RHMF SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQRD NE RKDDO
RTAIDBSR FDS D@BG MHFGS. :NT LD@RTQD GNTQR NE RKDDO ENQ 12 RTAIDBSR VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF QDRTKSR. $NMRSQTBS @ 95%
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR RKDOS ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM (@RRTLDC MNQL@K) EQNL VGHBG XNT SNNJ SGD
C@S@.
8.2; 9.1; 7.7; 8.6; 6.9; 11.2; 10.1; 9.9; 8.9; 9.2; 7.5; 10.5
$T=ILHA 8.9
5GD )TL@M 5NWNLD 1QNIDBS ()51) HR VNQJHMF SN TMCDQRS@MC SGD RBNOD NE HMCTRSQH@K ONKKTSHNM HM SGD GTL@M ANCX.
*MCTRSQH@K BGDLHB@KR L@X DMSDQ SGD ANCX SGQNTFG ONKKTSHNM NQ @R HMFQDCHDMSR HM BNMRTLDQ OQNCTBSR. *M 0BSNADQ
2008, SGD RBHDMSHRSR @S )51 SDRSDC BNQC AKNNC R@LOKDR ENQ 20 MDVANQM HME@MSR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. 5GD BNQC
AKNNC NE SGD "*M TSDQN/MDVANQM" FQNTO V@R SDRSDC ENQ 430 HMCTRSQH@K BNLONTMCR, ONKKTS@MSR, @MC NSGDQ BGDLHB@KR,
HMBKTCHMF BGDLHB@KR KHMJDC SN AQ@HM @MC MDQUNTR RXRSDL SNWHBHSX, HLLTMD RXRSDL SNWHBHSX, @MC QDOQNCTBSHUD
SNWHBHSX, @MC EDQSHKHSX OQNAKDLR. 5GDQD @QD GD@KSG BNMBDQMR @ANTS SGD DEEDBSR NE RNLD BGDLHB@KR NM SGD AQ@HM @MC
MDQUNTR RXRSDL. 5GD 2;<F? 8.2 RGNVR GNV L@MX NE SGD S@QFDSDC BGDLHB@KR VDQD ENTMC HM D@BG HME@MSnR BNQC
AKNNC.
79 145 147 160 116 100 159 151 156 126
137 83 156 94 121 144 123 114 139 99
2;<F? 8.3
6RD SGHR R@LOKD C@S@ SN BNMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE S@QFDSDC HMCTRSQH@K
BGDLHB@KR SN AD ENTMC HM @M HM HME@MSnR AKNNC.
1IFONCIH 8.9
1IFONCIH A
'QNL SGD R@LOKD, XNT B@M B@KBTK@SD x
= 127.45 @MC I = 25.965. 5GDQD @QD 20 HME@MSR HM SGD R@LOKD, RN D =

20, @MC :< = 20 k 1 = 19.
:NT @QD @RJDC SN B@KBTK@SD @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K: C% = 0.90, RN V = 1 k C% = 1 k 0.90 = 0.10
2
= 0.05t
2
= t
0.05
#X CDEHMHSHNM, SGD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE J
0.05
HR 0.05 @MC RN SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE J
0.05
HR 1 k 0.05 = 0.95.
6RD @ S@AKD, B@KBTK@SNQ, NQ BNLOTSDQ SN EHMC SG@S J
0.05
= 1.729.
EBM = t
2
s
n
= 1.729
25.965
20
~ 10.038
x
k EB& = 127.45 k 10.038 = 117.412

x
+ EB& = 127.45 + 10.038 = 137.488

8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 90% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE @KK S@QFDSDC HMCTRSQH@K BGDLHB@KR ENTMC HM BNQC
AKNNC HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HR ADSVDDM 117.412 @MC 137.488.
1IFONCIH 8.9
1IFONCIH
458 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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&MSDQ SGD C@S@ @R @ KHRS.
"QQNV CNVM SN 8:*>D7BF3< @MC OQDRR E$*E( (NQ XNT B@M ITRS OQDRR 8). "QQNV SN %@S@ @MC OQDRR
E$*E(.
"QQNV CNVM SN ";CD @MC DMSDQ SGD KHRS M@LD VGDQD XNT OTS SGD C@S@.
"QQNV CNVM SN FB7A @MC DMSDQ 1.
"QQNV CNVM SN C-<7F7< @MC DMSDQ 0.90
8.9 " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC SN DRSHL@SD SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE GNTQR SGDX RODMC V@SBGHMF
SDKDUHRHNM HM @M @UDQ@FD VDDJ. 5GD QDRONMRDR @QD QDBNQCDC HM 2;<F? 8.4. 6RD SGHR R@LOKD C@S@ SN BNMRSQTBS @ 98%
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR VHKK RODMC V@SBGHMF SDKDUHRHNM HM NMD VDDJ.
0 3 1 20 9
5 10 1 10 4
14 2 4 4 5
2;<F? 8.4
8.3 U !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIH
%TQHMF @M DKDBSHNM XD@Q, VD RDD @QSHBKDR HM SGD MDVRO@ODQ SG@S RS@SD 8DC;>9:C8: >CI:GK6AH HM SDQLR NE OQNONQSHNMR NQ
ODQBDMS@FDR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, @ ONKK ENQ @ O@QSHBTK@Q B@MCHC@SD QTMMHMF ENQ OQDRHCDMS LHFGS RGNV SG@S SGD B@MCHC@SD G@R 40%
NE SGD UNSD VHSGHM SGQDD ODQBDMS@FD ONHMSR (HE SGD R@LOKD HR K@QFD DMNTFG). 0ESDM, DKDBSHNM ONKKR @QD B@KBTK@SDC VHSG 95%
BNMEHCDMBD, RN, SGD ONKKRSDQR VNTKC AD 95% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE UNSDQR VGN E@UNQDC SGD B@MCHC@SD VNTKC AD
ADSVDDM 0.37 @MC 0.43: (0.40 k 0.03,0.40 + 0.03).
*MUDRSNQR HM SGD RSNBJ L@QJDS @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE RSNBJR SG@S FN TO @MC CNVM D@BG VDDJ. #TRHMDRRDR
SG@S RDKK ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD OQNONQSHNM NE GNTRDGNKCR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR SG@S NVM ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQR.
$NMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE RSNBJR SG@S FN TO NQ CNVM D@BG VDDJ @MC ENQ SGD SQTD
OQNONQSHNM NE GNTRDGNKCR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR SG@S NVM ODQRNM@K BNLOTSDQR.
5GD OQNBDCTQD SN EHMC SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, SGD R@LOKD RHYD, SGD :GGDG 7DJC9, @MC SGD 8DC;>9:C8: A:K:A ENQ @
OQNONQSHNM HR RHLHK@Q SN SG@S ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, ATS SGD ENQLTK@R @QD CHEEDQDMS.
%DL 9D NDJ @CDL NDJ 6G: 9:6A>C< L>I= 6 EGDEDGI>DC EGD7A:B? 'HQRS, SGD TMCDQKXHMF 9>HIG>7JI>DC >H 6 7>CDB>6A
9>HIG>7JI>DC. (5GDQD HR MN LDMSHNM NE @ LD@M NQ @UDQ@FD.) *E 1 HR @ AHMNLH@K Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, SGDM 1 ] B(D, F) VGDQD D HR
SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR @MC F HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR. 5N ENQL @ OQNONQSHNM, S@JD 1, SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGD MTLADQ
NE RTBBDRRDR @MC CHUHCD HS AX D, SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR (NQ SGD R@LOKD RHYD). 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD )c (QD@C "1 OQHLD") HR SG@S
OQNONQSHNM,
P =
X
n
(4NLDSHLDR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR CDMNSDC @R P
^
, QD@C "1 G@S".)
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 459
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8GDM D HR K@QFD @MC F HR MNS BKNRD SN YDQN NQ NMD, VD B@M TRD SGD CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC SN @OOQNWHL@SD SGD AHMNLH@K.
X~N(np, npq)
*E VD CHUHCD SGD Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD, SGD LD@M, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM AX D, VD FDS @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE OQNONQSHNMR
VHSG )c, B@KKDC SGD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM, @R SGD Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD. (3DB@KK SG@S @ OQNONQSHNM @R SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR CHUHCDC
AX D.)
X
n
= P ~ N
np
n
,
npq
n

6RHMF @KFDAQ@ SN RHLOKHEX :

npq
n
=
pq
n
P1 ;DAADLH 6 CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG EGDEDGI>DCH:
X
n
= P ~ N
np
n
,
npq
n

5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K G@R SGD ENQL (Fc k EB), Fc + EB)). EB) HR DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGD OQNONQSHNM.
Fc =
x
n
Fc = SGD :HI>B6I:9 EGDEDGI>DC NE RTBBDRRDR (Fc HR @ ED>CI :HI>B6I: ENQ F, SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM.)
N = SGD CJB7:G NE RTBBDRRDR
D = SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD
1=: :GGDG 7DJC9 ;DG 6 EGDEDGI>DC >H
EBP =

z
2
p q
n

VGDQD Gc = 1 k Fc
5GHR ENQLTK@ HR RHLHK@Q SN SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ ENQ @ LD@M, DWBDOS SG@S SGD "@OOQNOQH@SD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM" HR
CHEEDQDMS. 'NQ @ LD@M, VGDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM, SGD @OOQNOQH@SD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SG@S VD TRD HR
n
. 'NQ @ OQNONQSHNM, SGD @OOQNOQH@SD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR
pq
n
.
)NVDUDQ, HM SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@, VD TRD
p q
n
@R SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, HMRSD@C NE
pq
n
.
*M SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@, SGD H6BEA: EGDEDGI>DCH !1 6C9 "1 6G: :HI>B6I:H D; I=: JC@CDLC EDEJA6I>DC EGDEDGI>DCH
! 6C9 ". 5GD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNMR Fc @MC Gc @QD TRDC ADB@TRD F @MC G @QD MNS JMNVM. 5GD R@LOKD OQNONQSHNMR Fc @MC Gc @QD
B@KBTK@SDC EQNL SGD C@S@: Fc HR SGD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM NE RTBBDRRDR, @MC Gc HR SGD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM NE E@HKTQDR.
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K B@M AD TRDC NMKX HE SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR DFc @MC SGD MTLADQ NE E@HKTQDR DGc @QD ANSG FQD@SDQ
SG@M EHUD.
,-2#
'NQ SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE OQNONQSHNMR, SGD P-RBNQD ENQLTK@ HR @R ENKKNVR.
*E P ~N
p,
pq
n

SGDM SGD P-RBNQD ENQLTK@ HR z =

p p
pq
n
$T=ILHA 8.10
4TOONRD SG@S @ L@QJDS QDRD@QBG EHQL HR GHQDC SN DRSHL@SD SGD ODQBDMS NE @CTKSR KHUHMF HM @ K@QFD BHSX VGN G@UD BDKK
OGNMDR. 'HUD GTMCQDC Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @CTKS QDRHCDMSR HM SGHR BHSX @QD RTQUDXDC SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGDX G@UD
BDKK OGNMDR. 0E SGD 500 ODNOKD RTQUDXDC, 421 QDRONMCDC XDR - SGDX NVM BDKK OGNMDR. 6RHMF @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD
KDUDK, BNLOTSD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE @CTKS QDRHCDMSR NE SGHR BHSX VGN G@UD BDKK
OGNMDR.
1IFONCIH 8.10
2KHQPEKJ
c 5GD RDBNMC RNKTSHNM TRDR @ ETMBSHNM NE SGD 5*-83, 83+ NQ 84 B@KBTK@SNQR (4NKTSHNM #).
-DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD HM SGD R@LOKD VGN G@UD BDKK OGNMDR. 1 HR AHMNLH@K. X~B
500,
421
500
.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, XNT LTRS EHMC Fc, Gc, @MC EB).
D = 500
N = SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR = 421
p =
x
n
=
421
500
= 0.842
Fc = 0.842 HR SGD R@LOKD OQNONQSHNM; SGHR HR SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM.
460 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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Gc = 1 k Fc = 1 k 0.842 = 0.158
4HMBD C% = 0.95, SGDM V = 1 k C% = 1 k 0.95 = 0.05

= 0.025.
5GDM z
2
= z
0.025
= 1.96
6RD SGD 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84+ B@KBTK@SNQ BNLL@MC HMU/NQL(0.975,0,1) SN EHMC P
0.025
. 3DLDLADQ SG@S SGD @QD@
SN SGD QHFGS NE P
0.025
0.025
HR 0.975. 5GHR B@M @KRN AD ENTMC TRHMF @OOQNOQH@SD
BNLL@MCR NM NSGDQ B@KBTK@SNQR, TRHMF @ BNLOTSDQ, NQ TRHMF @ 4S@MC@QC /NQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD.
EBP =

z
2
p q
n
= (1.96)
(0.842)(0.158)
500
= 0.032
p' EBP = 0.842 0.032 = 0.81
p + EBP = 0.842 + 0.032 = 0.874
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD AHMNLH@K ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR (Fc k EB), Fc + EB)) = (0.810, 0.874).
'HN?LJL?N;NCIH
8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 95% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S ADSVDDM 81% @MC 87.4% NE @KK @CTKS QDRHCDMSR NE SGHR BHSX G@UD BDKK
OGNMDR.
/HMDSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR BNMRSQTBSDC HM SGHR V@X VNTKC BNMS@HM SGD SQTD U@KTD ENQ SGD
ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE @KK @CTKS QDRHCDMSR NE SGHR BHSX VGN G@UD BDKK OGNMDR.
1IFONCIH 8.10
1IFONCIH
"QQNV CNVM SN A:1-&B?@/;>D. 1QDRR E$*E(.
"QQNV CNVM SN x @MC DMSDQ 421.
"QQNV CNVM SN n @MC DMSDQ 500.
"QQNV CNVM SN C-"7F7< @MC DMSDQ .95.
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (0.81003, 0.87397).
8.10 4TOONRD 250 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ODNOKD @QD RTQUDXDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDX NVM @ S@AKDS. 0E SGD 250 RTQUDXDC, 98
QDONQSDC NVMHMF @ S@AKDS. 6RHMF @ 95%BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, BNLOTSD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM
NE ODNOKD VGN NVM S@AKDSR.
$T=ILHA 8.11
'NQ @ BK@RR OQNIDBS, @ ONKHSHB@K RBHDMBD RSTCDMS @S @ K@QFD TMHUDQRHSX V@MSR SN DRSHL@SD SGD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR VGN
@QD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR. )D RTQUDXR 500 RSTCDMSR @MC EHMCR SG@S 300 @QD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR. $NLOTSD @ 90%BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR VGN @QD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR, @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
1IFONCIH 8.11
c 5GD RDBNMC RNKTSHNM TRDR @ ETMBSHNM NE SGD 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84 B@KBTK@SNQR (4NKTSHNM #).
1IFONCIH A
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 461
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N = 300 @MC D = 500
p =
x
n
=
300
500
= 0.600
q = 1 - p = 1 - 0.600 = 0.400
4HMBD C% = 0.90, SGDM V = 1 k C% = 1 k 0.90 = 0.10

= 0.05
z
2
= P
0.05
= 1.645
6RD SGD 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84+ B@KBTK@SNQ BNLL@MC HMU/NQL(0.95,0,1) SN EHMC P
0.05
. 3DLDLADQ SG@S SGD @QD@ SN
SGD QHFGS NE P
0.05
0.05
HR 0.95. 5GHR B@M @KRN AD ENTMC TRHMF @OOQNOQH@SD BNLL@MCR
NM NSGDQ B@KBTK@SNQR, TRHMF @ BNLOTSDQ, NQ TRHMF @ RS@MC@QC MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD.
EBP =

z
2
p q
n
= (1.645)
(0.60)(0.40)
500
= 0.036
p EBP = 0.60 0.036 = 0.564
p + EBP = 0.60 + 0.036 = 0.636
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD AHMNLH@K ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR (Fc k EB), Fc + EB)) = (0.564,0.636).
'HN?LJL?N;NCIH
c 8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 90% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD SQTD ODQBDMS NE @KK RSTCDMSR SG@S @QD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR HR ADSVDDM
56.4% @MC 63.6%.
c "KSDQM@SD 8NQCHMF: 8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 90% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S ADSVDDM 56.4% @MC 63.6% NE "-- RSTCDMSR @QD
QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR.
/HMDSX ODQBDMS NE @KK BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR BNMRSQTBSDC HM SGHR V@X BNMS@HM SGD SQTD U@KTD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM
ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR SG@S @QD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR.
1IFONCIH 8.11
1IFONCIH
"QQNV CNVM SN A:1-&B?@/;>D. 1QDRR E$*E(.
"QQNV CNVM SN x @MC DMSDQ 300.
"QQNV CNVM SN n @MC DMSDQ 500.
"QQNV CNVM SN C-"7F7< @MC DMSDQ 0.90.
8.11 " RSTCDMS ONKKR GHR RBGNNK SN RDD HE RSTCDMSR HM SGD RBGNNK CHRSQHBS @QD ENQ NQ @F@HMRS SGD MDV KDFHRK@SHNM QDF@QCHMF
RBGNNK TMHENQLR. 4GD RTQUDXR 600 RSTCDMSR @MC EHMCR SG@S 480 @QD @F@HMRS SGD MDV KDFHRK@SHNM.
@. $NLOTSD @ 90%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR VGN @QD @F@HMRS SGD MDV KDFHRK@SHNM, @MC HMSDQOQDS
SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
A. *M @ R@LOKD NE 300 RSTCDMSR, 68% R@HC SGDX NVM @M H1NC @MC @ RL@QS OGNMD. $NLOTSD @ 97% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ
SGD SQTD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR VGN NVM @M H1NC @MC @ RL@QSOGNMD.
462 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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Z.FOM $IOL[ !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F @IL 3
5GDQD HR @ BDQS@HM @LNTMS NE DQQNQ HMSQNCTBDC HMSN SGD OQNBDRR NE B@KBTK@SHMF @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ OQNONQSHNM. #DB@TRD
VD CN MNS JMNV SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM, VD @QD ENQBDC SN TRD ONHMS DRSHL@SDR SN B@KBTK@SD SGD @OOQNOQH@SD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM. 4STCHDR G@UD RGNVM SG@S SGD QDRTKSHMF DRSHL@SHNM NE SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
B@M AD EK@VDC.
'NQSTM@SDKX, SGDQD HR @ RHLOKD @CITRSLDMS SG@S @KKNVR TR SN OQNCTBD LNQD @BBTQ@SD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR. 8D RHLOKX
OQDSDMC SG@S VD G@UD ENTQ @CCHSHNM@K NARDQU@SHNMR. 5VN NE SGDRD NARDQU@SHNMR @QD RTBBDRRDR @MC SVN @QD E@HKTQDR. 5GD MDV
R@LOKD RHYD, SGDM, HR D + 4, @MC SGD MDV BNTMS NE RTBBDRRDR HR N + 2.
$NLOTSDQ RSTCHDR G@UD CDLNMRSQ@SDC SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE SGHR LDSGNC. *S RGNTKC AD TRDC VGDM SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK
CDRHQDC HR @S KD@RS 90% @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR @S KD@RS SDM.
$T=ILHA 8.12
" Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 25 RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR V@R @RJDC: o)@UD XNT RLNJDC @ BHF@QDSSD HM SGD O@RS VDDJp 4HW
RSTCDMSR QDONQSDC RLNJHMF VHSGHM SGD O@RS VDDJ. 6RD SGD oOKTR-ENTQp LDSGNC SN EHMC @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR VGN RLNJD.
1IFONCIH 8.12
1IFONCIH A
4HW RSTCDMSR NTS NE 25 QDONQSDC RLNJHMF VHSGHM SGD O@RS VDDJ, RN N = 6 @MC D = 25. #DB@TRD VD @QD TRHMF SGD
oOKTR-ENTQp LDSGNC, VD VHKK TRD N = 6 + 2 = 8 @MC D = 25 + 4 = 29.
p =
x
n
=
8
29
0.276
q = 1 p = 1 0.276 = 0.724
4HMBD C% = 0.95, VD JMNV V = 1 k 0.95 = 0.05 @MC

2
= 0.025.
z
0.025
= 1.96
EPB =

z
2
p q
n
= (1.96)
0.276(0.724)
29
0.163
Fc k E)B = 0.276 k 0.163 = 0.113
Fc + E)B = 0.276 + 0.163 = 0.439
8D @QD 95%BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE @KK RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR VGN RLNJD BHF@QDSSDR HR ADSVDDM 0.113
@MC 0.439.
1IFONCIH 8.12
1IFONCIH
1QDRR 45"5 @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454.
"QQNV CNVM SN ":1-1QNO;HMS. 1QDRR &/5&3.
0#+',"#0
3DLDLADQ SG@S SGD OKTR-ENTQ LDSGNC @RRTLD @M @CCHSHNM@K ENTQ SQH@KR: SVN RTBBDRRDR @MC SVN E@HKTQDR.
:NT CN MNS MDDC SN BG@MFD SGD OQNBDRR ENQ B@KBTK@SHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K; RHLOKX TOC@SD SGD U@KTDR
NE W @MC M SN QDEKDBS SGDRD @CCHSHNM@K SQH@KR.
"QQNV CNVM SN N @MC DMSDQ DHFGS.
"QQNV CNVM SN D @MC DMSDQ 29.
"QQNV CNVM SN $--DUDK @MC DMSDQ 0.95.
"QQNV CNVM SN $@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR &/5&3.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 463
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8.12 0TS NE @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 65 EQDRGLDM @S 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX, 31 RSTCDMSR G@UD CDBK@QDC @ L@INQ. 6RD SGD oOKTR-
ENTQp LDSGNC SN EHMC @ 96% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE EQDRGLDM @S 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX VGN G@UD
CDBK@QDC @ L@INQ.
$T=ILHA 8.13
5GD #DQJL@M $DMSDQ ENQ *MSDQMDS & 4NBHDSX @S )@QU@QC QDBDMSKX BNMCTBSDC @ RSTCX @M@KXYHMF SGD OQHU@BX
L@M@FDLDMS G@AHSR NE SDDM HMSDQMDS TRDQR. *M @ FQNTO NE 50 SDDMR, 13 QDONQSDC G@UHMF LNQD SG@M 500 EQHDMCR NM
'@BDANNJ. 6RD SGD oOKTR ENTQp LDSGNC SN EHMC @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE SDDMR VGN
VNTKC QDONQS G@UHMF LNQD SG@M 500 '@BDANNJ EQHDMCR.
1IFONCIH 8.13
1IFONCIH A
6RHMF oOKTR-ENTQ,p VD G@UD N = 13 + 2 = 15 @MC D = 50 + 4 = 54.
p
'
=
15
54
0.278
q
'
= 1 p
'
= 1 - 0.241 = 0.722
4HMBD C% = 0.90, VD JMNV V = 1 k 0.90 = 0.10 @MC

2
= 0.05.
z
0.05
= 1.645
EPB = (z
2
)
p q
n

= (1.645)
(0.278)(0.722)
54
0.100
Fc k E)B = 0.278 k 0.100 = 0.178
Fc + E)B = 0.278 + 0.100 = 0.378
8D @QD 90%BNMEHCDMS SG@S ADSVDDM 21.1%@MC 27.1%NE @KK SDDMR VNTKC QDONQS G@UHMF LNQD SG@M 500 EQHDMCR
NM '@BDANNJ.
1IFONCIH 8.13
1IFONCIH
1QDRR 45"5 @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454.
"QQNV CNVM SN ":1-1QNO;HMS. 1QDRR &/5&3.
"QQNV CNVM SN N @MC DMSDQ 15.
"QQNV CNVM SN D @MC DMSDQ 54.
"QQNV CNVM SN $--DUDK @MC DMSDQ 0.90.
"QQNV CNVM SN $@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR &/5&3.
8.13 5GD #DQJL@M $DMSDQ 4STCX QDEDQDMBDC HM #R;GJF? 8.13 S@KJDC SN SDDMR HM RL@KKDQ ENBTR FQNTOR, ATS @KRN
HMSDQUHDVDC @CCHSHNM@K SDDMR NUDQ SGD OGNMD. 8GDM SGD RSTCX V@R BNLOKDSD, 588 SDDMR G@C @MRVDQDC SGD PTDRSHNM @ANTS
SGDHQ '@BDANNJ EQHDMCR VHSG 159 R@XHMF SG@S SGDX G@UD LNQD SG@M 500 EQHDMCR. 6RD SGD oOKTR-ENTQp LDSGNC SN EHMC @ 90%
464 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE SDDMR SG@S VNTKC QDONQS G@UHMF LNQD SG@M 500 '@BDANNJ EQHDMCR A@RDC NM
SGHR K@QFDQ R@LOKD. $NLO@QD SGD QDRTKSR SN SGNRD HM #R;GJF? 8.13.
!;F=OF;NCHA NB? 1;GJF? 1CT? 1
*E QDRD@QBGDQR CDRHQD @ RODBHEHB L@QFHM NE DQQNQ, SGDM SGDX B@M TRD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ SN B@KBTK@SD SGD QDPTHQDC R@LOKD
RHYD.
5GD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR
c EBP =

z
2
p q
n

c 4NKUHMF ENQ D FHUDR XNT @M DPT@SHNM ENQ SGD R@LOKD RHYD.

c n =
z
2
2
(p q)
EBP
2
$T=ILHA 8.14
4TOONRD @ LNAHKD OGNMD BNLO@MX V@MSR SN CDSDQLHMD SGD BTQQDMS ODQBDMS@FD NE BTRSNLDQR @FDC 50+ VGN TRD
SDWS LDRR@FHMF NM SGDHQ BDKK OGNMDR. )NV L@MX BTRSNLDQR @FDC 50+ RGNTKC SGD BNLO@MX RTQUDX HM NQCDQ SN AD
90% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD DRSHL@SDC (R@LOKD) OQNONQSHNM HR VHSGHM SGQDD ODQBDMS@FD ONHMSR NE SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM NE BTRSNLDQR @FDC 50+ VGN TRD SDWS LDRR@FHMF NM SGDHQ BDKK OGNMDR.
1IFONCIH 8.14
'QNL SGD OQNAKDL, VD JMNV SG@S EBP = 0.03 (3%=0.03) @MC z
2
P
0.05
= 1.645 ADB@TRD SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HR
90%.
)NVDUDQ, HM NQCDQ SN EHMC D, VD MDDC SN JMNV SGD DRSHL@SDC (R@LOKD) OQNONQSHNM Fs. 3DLDLADQ SG@S Gs = 1
k Fs. #TS, VD CN MNS JMNV Fs XDS. 4HMBD VD LTKSHOKX Fs @MC Gs SNFDSGDQ, VD L@JD SGDL ANSG DPT@K SN 0.5 ADB@TRD
FsGs = (0.5)(0.5) = 0.25 QDRTKSR HM SGD K@QFDRS ONRRHAKD OQNCTBS. (5QX NSGDQ OQNCTBSR: (0.6)(0.4) = 0.24; (0.3)(0.7)
= 0.21; (0.2)(0.8) = 0.16 @MC RN NM). 5GD K@QFDRS ONRRHAKD OQNCTBS FHUDR TR SGD K@QFDRS D. 5GHR FHUDR TR @ K@QFD
DMNTFG R@LOKD RN SG@S VD B@M AD 90% BNMEHCDMS SG@S VD @QD VHSGHM SGQDD ODQBDMS@FD ONHMSR NE SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM. 5N B@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD RHYD D, TRD SGD ENQLTK@ @MC L@JD SGD RTARSHSTSHNMR.
n =
z
2
p q
EBP
2
FHUDR n =
1.645
2
(0.05)(0.5)
0.03
2
= 751.7
3NTMC SGD @MRVDQ SN SGD MDWS GHFGDQ U@KTD. 5GD R@LOKD RHYD RGNTKC AD 752 BDKK OGNMD BTRSNLDQR @FDC 50+
HM NQCDQ SN AD 90% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD DRSHL@SDC (R@LOKD) OQNONQSHNM HR VHSGHM SGQDD ODQBDMS@FD ONHMSR NE SGD SQTD
ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE @KK BTRSNLDQR @FDC 50+ VGN TRD SDWS LDRR@FHMF NM SGDHQ BDKK OGNMDR.
8.14 4TOONRD @M HMSDQMDS L@QJDSHMF BNLO@MX V@MSR SN CDSDQLHMD SGD BTQQDMS ODQBDMS@FD NE BTRSNLDQR VGN BKHBJ NM
@CR NM SGDHQ RL@QSOGNMDR. )NV L@MX BTRSNLDQR RGNTKC SGD BNLO@MX RTQUDX HM NQCDQ SN AD 90% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD
DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM HR VHSGHM EHUD ODQBDMS@FD ONHMSR NE SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE BTRSNLDQR VGN BKHBJ NM @CR
NM SGDHQ RL@QSOGNMDR
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 465
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8.1 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F (&IG? !IMNM)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK B@KBTK@SD SGD 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M BNRS NE @ GNLD HM SGD @QD@ HM VGHBG SGHR
RBGNNK HR KNB@SDC.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK HMSDQOQDS BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDSDQLHMD SGD DEEDBSR NE BG@MFHMF BNMCHSHNMR NM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
$GDBJ SGD 3D@K &RS@SD RDBSHNM HM XNTQ KNB@K MDVRO@ODQ. 3DBNQC SGD R@KD OQHBDR ENQ 35 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC GNLDR
QDBDMSKX KHRSDC HM SGD BNTMSX.
,-2#
.@MX MDVRO@ODQR KHRS SGDL NMKX NMD C@X ODQ VDDJ. "KRN, VD VHKK @RRTLD SG@S GNLDR BNLD TO ENQ R@KD Q@MCNLKX.
1. $NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD:
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 8.5
"?M=LC<? NB? ";N;
1. $NLOTSD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ?????
>. s
x
= ?????
?. D = ?????
2. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
.
3. 4S@SD SGD DRSHL@SDC CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD. 6RD ANSG VNQCR @MC RXLANKR.
$CH> NB? !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
1. $@KBTK@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
466 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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=. $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K: ?????
>. &QQNQ #NTMC: ?????
2. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM ANSG S@HKR (BNLAHMDC) V = ?????
3. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM D@BG S@HK

2
= ?????
4. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR NM SGD FQ@OG VHSG SGD @QD@ HM D@BG RDBSHNM. 5GDM, EHKK HM SGD MTLADQ KHMD VHSG SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ
KHLHSR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @MC SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
$CAOL? 8.6
5. 4NLD RSTCDMSR SGHMJ SG@S @ 90%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K BNMS@HMR 90%NE SGD C@S@. 6RD SGD KHRS NE C@S@ NM SGD EHQRS O@FD
@MC BNTMS GNV L@MX NE SGD C@S@ U@KTDR KHD VHSGHM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. 8G@S ODQBDMS HR SGHR *R SGHR ODQBDMS
BKNRD SN 90% &WOK@HM VGX SGHR ODQBDMS RGNTKC NQ RGNTKC MNS AD BKNRD SN 90%.
"?M=LC<? NB? !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
1. *M SVN SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K LD@MR (HM FDMDQ@K), @R HE XNT VDQD S@KJHMF
SN RNLDNMD VGN G@R MNS S@JDM RS@SHRSHBR.
2. *M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S SGHR BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K LD@MR ENQ SGHR O@QSHBTK@Q RSTCX.
3M? NB? ";N; NI !IHMNLO=N !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;FM
1. 6RHMF SGD FHUDM HMENQL@SHNM, BNMRSQTBS @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ D@BG BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK FHUDM.
!IH@C>?H=? F?P?F #+/#LLIL IOH> !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
50%
80%
95%
99%
2;<F? 8.6
2. 8G@S G@OODMR SN SGD &#. @R SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HMBQD@RDR %NDR SGD VHCSG NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HMBQD@RD
NQ CDBQD@RD &WOK@HM VGX SGHR G@OODMR.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 467
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8.2 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F (.F;=? I@ CLNB)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK B@KBTK@SD SGD 90%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K SGD OQNONQSHNM NE RSTCDMSR HM SGHR RBGNNK VGN VDQD ANQM HM
SGHR RS@SD.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK HMSDQOQDS BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDSDQLHMD SGD DEEDBSR NE BG@MFHMF BNMCHSHNMR NM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
1. 4TQUDX SGD RSTCDMSR HM XNTQ BK@RR, @RJHMF SGDL HE SGDX VDQD ANQM HM SGHR RS@SD. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ SG@S VDQD ANQM
HM SGHR RS@SD.
=. D = ????????????
>. N = ????????????
2. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD )c.
3. 4S@SD SGD DRSHL@SDC CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD.
$CH> NB? !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F ;H> #LLIL IOH>
1. $@KBTK@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
=. $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K: ?????
>. &QQNQ #NTMC: ?????
2. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM ANSG S@HKR (BNLAHMDC) g = ?????

2
= ?????
4. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR NM SGD FQ@OG VHSG SGD @QD@ HM D@BG RDBSHNM. 5GDM, EHKK HM SGD MTLADQ KHMD VHSG SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ
KHLHSR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @MC SGD R@LOKD OQNONQSHNM.
$CAOL? 8.7
"?M=LC<? NB? !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
1. *M SVN SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K LD@MR (HM FDMDQ@K), @R SGNTFG XNT VDQD
S@KJHMF SN RNLDNMD VGN G@R MNS S@JDM RS@SHRSHBR.
2. *M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S SGHR BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K LD@MR ENQ SGHR O@QSHBTK@Q RSTCX.
3. $NMRSQTBS @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ D@BG BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK FHUDM.
!IH@C>?H=? F?P?F #./#LLIL IOH> !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
50%
468 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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!IH@C>?H=? F?P?F #./#LLIL IOH> !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F
80%
95%
99%
2;<F? 8.7
4. 8G@S G@OODMR SN SGD &#1 @R SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HMBQD@RDR %NDR SGD VHCSG NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HMBQD@RD NQ
CDBQD@RD &WOK@HM VGX SGHR G@OODMR.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 469
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8.3 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F (5IG?H'M &?CABNM)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK B@KBTK@SD @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K TRHMF SGD FHUDM C@S@.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDSDQLHMD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK @MC SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE BNMRSQTBSDC
HMSDQU@KR SG@S BNMS@HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
%CP?H:
59.4 71.6 69.3 65.0 62.9 66.5 61.7 55.2
67.5 67.2 63.8 62.9 63.0 63.9 68.7 65.5
61.9 69.6 58.7 63.4 61.8 60.6 69.8 60.0
64.9 66.1 66.8 60.6 65.6 63.8 61.3 59.2
64.1 59.3 64.9 62.4 63.5 60.9 63.3 66.3
61.5 64.3 62.9 60.6 63.8 58.8 64.9 65.7
62.5 70.9 62.9 63.1 62.2 58.7 64.7 66.0
60.5 64.7 65.4 60.2 65.0 64.1 61.1 65.3
64.6 59.2 61.4 62.0 63.5 61.4 65.5 62.3
65.5 64.7 58.8 66.1 64.9 66.9 57.9 69.8
58.5 63.4 69.2 65.9 62.2 60.0 58.1 62.5
62.4 59.1 66.4 61.2 60.4 58.7 66.7 67.5
63.2 56.6 67.7 62.5
2;<F? 8.8 &?CABNM I@ 100 5IG?H (CH 'H=B?M)
1. 2;<F? 8.8 KHRSR SGD GDHFGSR NE 100 VNLDM. 6RD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN RDKDBS SDM C@S@ U@KTDR Q@MCNLKX.
2. $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. "RRTLD SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR
JMNVM SN AD 3.3 HMBGDR. 8HSG SGDRD U@KTDR, BNMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ XNTQ R@LOKD NE SDM U@KTDR.
8QHSD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K XNT NAS@HMDC HM SGD EHQRS RO@BD NE 2;<F? 8.9.
3. /NV VQHSD XNTQ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K NM SGD AN@QC. "R NSGDQR HM SGD BK@RR VQHSD SGDHQ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR NM SGD
AN@QC, BNOX SGDL HMSN 2;<F? 8.9.
470 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 8.9 90% !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;FM
1. 5GD @BST@K ONOTK@SHNM LD@M ENQ SGD 100 GDHFGSR FHUDM 2;<F? 8.8 HR Z = 63.4. 6RHMF SGD BK@RR KHRSHMF NE BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@KR, BNTMS GNV L@MX NE SGDL BNMS@HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z; H.D., ENQ GNV L@MX HMSDQU@KR CNDR SGD U@KTD NE
Z KHD ADSVDDM SGD DMCONHMSR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
2. %HUHCD SGHR MTLADQ AX SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR FDMDQ@SDC AX SGD BK@RR SN CDSDQLHMD SGD ODQBDMS NE
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR SG@S BNMS@HMR SGD LD@M Z. 8QHSD SGHR ODQBDMS GDQD: ?????????????.
3. *R SGD ODQBDMS NE BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR SG@S BNMS@HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z BKNRD SN 90%
4. 4TOONRD VD G@C FDMDQ@SDC 100 BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR. 8G@S CN XNT SGHMJ VNTKC G@OODM SN SGD ODQBDMS NE
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR SG@S BNMS@HMDC SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M
5. 8GDM VD BNMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, VD R@X SG@S VD @QD 90% 8DC;>9:CI I=6I I=: IGJ: EDEJA6I>DC
B:6C A>:H L>I=>C I=: 8DC;>9:C8: >CI:GK6A. 6RHMF BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S VD LD@M AX SGHR OGQ@RD.
6. 4NLD RSTCDMSR SGHMJ SG@S @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K BNMS@HMR 90% NE SGD C@S@. 6RD SGD KHRS NE C@S@ FHUDM (SGD
GDHFGSR NE VNLDM) @MC BNTMS GNV L@MX NE SGD C@S@ U@KTDR KHD VHSGHM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K SG@S XNT FDMDQ@SDC
A@RDC NM SG@S C@S@. )NV L@MX NE SGD 100 C@S@ U@KTDR KHD VHSGHM XNTQ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K 8G@S ODQBDMS HR SGHR *R
SGHR ODQBDMS BKNRD SN 90%
7. &WOK@HM VGX HS CNDR MNS L@JD RDMRD SN BNTMS C@S@ U@KTDR SG@S KHD HM @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. 5GHMJ @ANTS SGD Q@MCNL
U@QH@AKD SG@S HR ADHMF TRDC HM SGD OQNAKDL.
8. 4TOONRD XNT NAS@HMDC SGD GDHFGSR NE SDM VNLDM @MC B@KBTK@SDC @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K EQNL SGHR HMENQL@SHNM.
8HSGNTS JMNVHMF SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z, VNTKC XNT G@UD @MX V@X NE JMNVHMF ;DG 8:GI6>C HE XNTQ HMSDQU@K
@BST@KKX BNMS@HMDC SGD U@KTD NE Z &WOK@HM.
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CHIGC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
!IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F (!')
!IH@C>?H=? *?P?F (!*)
"?AL??M I@ $L??>IG ((*)
#LLIL IOH> @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH +?;H (EBM)
#LLIL IOH> @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIH (#.)
'H@?L?HNC;F 1N;NCMNC=M
,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
.;L;G?N?L
.ICHN #MNCG;N?
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
1NO>?HN'M N-"CMNLC<ONCIH
)#7 2#0+1
@ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD (37) VGHBG @QHRDR EQNL#DQMNTKKH SQH@KR; SGDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ, D,
NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR. o*MCDODMCDMSp LD@MR SG@S SGD QDRTKS NE @MX SQH@K (ENQ DW@LOKD, SQH@K 1) CNDR MNS @EEDBS SGD
QDRTKSR NE SGD ENKKNVHMF SQH@KR, @MC @KK SQH@KR @QD BNMCTBSDC TMCDQ SGD R@LD BNMCHSHNMR. 6MCDQ SGDRD BHQBTLRS@MBDR SGD
AHMNLH@K 37 1 HR CDEHMDC @R SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR HM D SQH@KR. 5GD MNS@SHNM HR: 1]B(C,E). 5GD LD@M HR Z = DF @MC
SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR \ = npq . 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE DW@BSKX N RTBBDRRDR HM D SQH@KR HR P
X = x
n
x
p
x
q
n x
.
@M HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ. 5GHR CDODMCR NM:
c SGD CDRHQDC BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK,
c HMENQL@SHNM SG@S HR JMNVM @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM (ENQ DW@LOKD, JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM),
c SGD R@LOKD @MC HSR RHYD.
SGD ODQBDMS DWOQDRRHNM ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K BNMS@HMR SGD SQTD
ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ; ENQ DW@LOKD, HE SGD $- = 90%, SGDM HM 90 NTS NE 100 R@LOKDR SGD HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD VHKK DMBKNRD
SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ.
SGD MTLADQ NE NAIDBSR HM @ R@LOKD SG@S @QD EQDD SN U@QX
SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ; CDODMCR NM SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, R@LOKD RHYD, @MC
JMNVM NQ DRSHL@SDC ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ; CDODMCR NM SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, SGD R@LOKD
RHYD, @MC SGD DRSHL@SDC (EQNL SGD R@LOKD) OQNONQSHNM NE RTBBDRRDR.
@KRN B@KKDC RS@SHRSHB@K HMEDQDMBD NQ HMCTBSHUD RS@SHRSHBR; SGHR E@BDS NE RS@SHRSHBR CD@KR VHSG DRSHL@SHMF
@ ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ A@RDC NM @ R@LOKD RS@SHRSHB. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE ENTQ NTS NE SGD 100 B@KBTK@SNQR R@LOKDC @QD
CDEDBSHUD VD LHFGS HMEDQ SG@S ENTQ ODQBDMS NE SGD OQNCTBSHNM HR CDEDBSHUD.
1
2
e
(x )
2
/
2
2
, VGDQD Z HR SGD LD@M
NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM @MC \ HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, MNS@SHNM: 1 ] '(Z,\). *E Z = 0 @MC \ = 1, SGD 37 HR B@KKDC I=:
@ MTLDQHB@K BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE @ ONOTK@SHNM
@ RHMFKD MTLADQ BNLOTSDC EQNL @ R@LOKD @MC TRDC SN DRSHL@SD @ ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ
EQNL SGDHQ LD@M; MNS@SHNM: I ENQ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @MC \ ENQ ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
HMUDRSHF@SDC @MC QDONQSDC AX 8HKKH@L4. (NRRDSS HM 1908 @MC OTAKHRGDC TMCDQ SGD ORDTCNMXL
4STCDMS; SGD L@INQ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) @QD:
c *S HR BNMSHMTNTR @MC @RRTLDR @MX QD@K U@KTDR.
c 5GD OCE HR RXLLDSQHB@K @ANTS HSR LD@M NE YDQN. )NVDUDQ, HS HR LNQD ROQD@C NTS @MC EK@SSDQ @S SGD @ODW SG@M SGD
MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
c *S @OOQN@BGDR SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM @R D FDS K@QFDQ.
c 5GDQD HR @ "E@LHKX NE SkCHRSQHATSHNMR: D@BG QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD E@LHKX HR BNLOKDSDKX CDEHMDC AX SGD MTLADQ NE
CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL, VGHBG HR NMD KDRR SG@M SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@.
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
8.1 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH )HIQH, ,ILG;F
*M SGHR LNCTKD, VD KD@QMDC GNV SN B@KBTK@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VGDQD SGD ONOTK@SHNM
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM. 8GDM DRSHL@SHMF @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ HR B@KKDC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ @
ONOTK@SHNM LD@M (EB&). " BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K G@R SGD FDMDQ@K ENQL:
(KNVDQ ANTMC, TOODQ ANTMC) = (ONHMS DRSHL@SD k EB&, ONHMS DRSHL@SD + EB&)
5GD B@KBTK@SHNM NE EB& CDODMCR NM SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD @MC SGD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD CDRHQDC. 5GD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK
HR SGD ODQBDMS NE @KK ONRRHAKD R@LOKDR SG@S B@M AD DWODBSDC SN HMBKTCD SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ. "R SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK
472 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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HMBQD@RDR, SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF EB& HMBQD@RDR @R VDKK. "R SGD R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR, SGD EB& CDBQD@RDR. #X SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS
SGDNQDL,
EBM = z

n
(HUDM @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, XNT B@M VNQJ A@BJV@QCR SN EHMC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC (EB&) NQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M. 5N EHMC SGD
DQQNQ ANTMC, EHMC SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD TOODQ ANTMC NE SGD HMSDQU@K @MC SGD LD@M. *E XNT CN MNS JMNV SGD R@LOKD LD@M, XNT
B@M EHMC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC AX B@KBTK@SHMF G@KE SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ ANTMCR. 5N EHMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M FHUDM @
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, EHMC SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD TOODQ ANTMC @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC. *E SGD DQQNQ ANTMC HR TMJMNVM, SGDM @UDQ@FD
SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ ANTMCR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K SN EHMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
4NLDSHLDR QDRD@QBGDQR JMNV HM @CU@MBD SG@S SGDX V@MS SN DRSHL@SD @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VHSGHM @ RODBHEHB L@QFHM NE DQQNQ
ENQ @ FHUDM KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD. *M SG@S B@RD, RNKUD SGD EB& ENQLTK@ ENQ D SN CHRBNUDQ SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD SG@S HR MDDCDC
SN @BGHDUD SGHR FN@K:
n =
z
2
2
EBM
2
8.2 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH 3HEHIQH, 1NO>?HN'M N-
>CMNLC<ONCIH
*M L@MX B@RDR, SGD QDRD@QBGDQ CNDR MNS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \, NE SGD LD@RTQD ADHMF RSTCHDC. *M SGDRD
B@RDR, HS HR BNLLNM SN TRD SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I, @R @M DRSHL@SD NE \. 5GD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM BQD@SDR @BBTQ@SD
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR VGDM \ HR JMNVM, ATS HS HR MNS @R @BBTQ@SD VGDM I HR TRDC @R @M DRSHL@SD. *M SGHR B@RD, SGD 4STCDMSnR
S-CHRSQHATSHNM HR LTBG ADSSDQ. %DEHMD @ S-RBNQD TRHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF ENQLTK@:
t =
x

s
n
5GD J-RBNQD ENKKNVR SGD 4STCDMSnR S-CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG D k 1 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL. 5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K TMCDQ SGHR
CHRSQHATSHNM HR B@KBTK@SDC VHSG EB& =

t
2
s
n
VGDQD t
2
HR SGD J-RBNQD VHSG @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS DPT@K SN

2
, I HR SGD R@LOKD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC D HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD. 6RD @ S@AKD, B@KBTK@SNQ, NQ BNLOTSDQ SN EHMC t
2
ENQ @ FHUDM V.
8.3 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIH
4NLD RS@SHRSHB@K LD@RTQDR, KHJD L@MX RTQUDX PTDRSHNMR, LD@RTQD PT@KHS@SHUD Q@SGDQ SG@M PT@MSHS@SHUD C@S@. *M SGHR B@RD, SGD
ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ ADHMF DRSHL@SDC HR @ OQNONQSHNM. *S HR ONRRHAKD SN BQD@SD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM ENKKNVHMF OQNBDCTQDR RHLHK@Q SN SGNRD TRDC HM BQD@SHMF BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR ENQ ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR. 5GD ENQLTK@R
@QD RKHFGSKX CHEEDQDMS, ATS SGDX ENKKNV SGD R@LD QD@RNMHMF.
-DS Fc QDOQDRDMS SGD R@LOKD OQNONQSHNM, N/D, VGDQD N QDOQDRDMSR SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR @MC D QDOQDRDMSR SGD R@LOKD
RHYD. -DS Gc = 1 k Fc. 5GDM SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR FHUDM AX SGD ENKKNVHMF ENQLTK@:
(KNVDQ ANTMC, TOODQ ANTMC) = (p EBP, p + EBP) =
p z
p q
n
, p + z
p q
n

5GD oOKTR ENTQp LDSGNC ENQ B@KBTK@SHMF BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR HR @M @SSDLOS SN A@K@MBD SGD DQQNQ HMSQNCTBDC AX TRHMF
DRSHL@SDR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM VGDM B@KBTK@SHMF SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM. 4HLOKX HL@FHMD
ENTQ @CCHSHNM@K SQH@KR HM SGD RSTCX; SVN @QD RTBBDRRDR @MC SVN @QD E@HKTQDR. $@KBTK@SD p =
x + 2
n + 4
, @MC OQNBDDC SN EHMC SGD
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. 8GDM R@LOKD RHYDR @QD RL@KK, SGHR LDSGNC G@R ADDM CDLNMRSQ@SDC SN OQNUHCD LNQD @BBTQ@SD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@KR SG@M SGD RS@MC@QC ENQLTK@ TRDC ENQ K@QFDQ R@LOKDR.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
8.1 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H,
.IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH )HIQH, ,ILG;F
X
~N
X
,

n
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE R@LOKD LD@MR HR

MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG LD@M DPT@K SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M
@MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM FHUDM AX SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM CHUHCDC AX SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD R@LOKD RHYD.
5GD FDMDQ@K ENQL ENQ @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ RHMFKD
ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM HR FHUDM AX
(KNVDQ ANTMC, TOODQ ANTMC) = (ONHMS DRSHL@SD k EB&, ONHMS
DRSHL@SD + EB&)
= ( x
EBM, x
+ EBM)
=

z

n
, x
+ z

n
EB& = z

n
= SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGD LD@M, NQ SGD L@QFHM
NE DQQNQ ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M; SGHR ENQLTK@ HR TRDC
VGDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM.
C% = BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, NQ SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@KR BQD@SDC SG@S @QD DWODBSDC SN BNMS@HM SGD SQTD
ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ
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V = 1 k C% = SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR SG@S VHKK
MNS BNMS@HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ
z
2
= SGD P-RBNQD VHSG SGD OQNODQSX SG@S SGD @QD@ SN SGD
QHFGS NE SGD Y-RBNQD HR
2
SGHR HR SGD P-RBNQD TRDC HM SGD
B@KBTK@SHNM NE "EB& VGDQD g = 1 k C%.
D =
z
2
2
EBM
2
= SGD ENQLTK@ TRDC SN CDSDQLHMD SGD R@LOKD RHYD
(D) MDDCDC SN @BGHDUD @ CDRHQDC L@QFHM NE DQQNQ @S @ FHUDM
KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD
(DMDQ@K ENQL NE @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
(KNVDQ U@KTD, TOODQ U@KTD) = (ONHMS DRSHL@SDuDQQNQ ANTMC,
ONHMS DRSHL@SD + DQQNQ ANTMC)
5N EHMC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC VGDM XNT JMNV SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K
DQQNQ ANTMC = TOODQ U@KTDuONHMS DRSHL@SD 03 DQQNQ ANTMC =
upper value lower value
2
4HMFKD 1NOTK@SHNM .D@M, ,MNVM 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM,
/NQL@K %HRSQHATSHNM
6RD SGD /NQL@K %HRSQHATSHNM ENQ .D@MR, 1NOTK@SHNM 4S@MC@QC
%DUH@SHNM HR ,MNVM EB& = P

2

n
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K G@R SGD ENQL@S ( x
u EB&, x
+
EB&).
8.2 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H,
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH 3HEHIQH, 1NO>?HN'M N-
>CMNLC<ONCIH
I = SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE R@LOKD U@KTDR.
t =
x

s
n
HR SGD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD J-RBNQD VGHBG LD@RTQDR
GNV E@Q @V@X @ LD@RTQD HR EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M HM SGD
4STCDMSnR S-CHRSQHATSHNM
:< = D - 1; SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ @ 4STCDMSnR S-
CHRSQHATSHNM VGDQD M QDOQDRDMSR SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD
-]J
:<
SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, -, G@R @ 4STCDMSnR S-CHRSQHATSHNM
VHSG :< CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
EBM = t
2
s
n
= SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M
VGDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR TMJMNVM
t
2
HR SGD J-RBNQD HM SGD 4STCDMSnR S-CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @QD@ SN
SGD QHFGS DPT@K SN

2
5GD FDMDQ@K ENQLENQ @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ RHMFKD LD@M,
ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM TMJMNVM, 4STCDMS'R S HR FHUDM
AX (KNVDQ ANTMC, TOODQ ANTMC)
= (ONHMS DRSHL@SD k EB&, ONHMS DRSHL@SD + EB&)
=

ts
n
, x
+
ts
n
8.3 !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH

.LIJILNCIH
Fc = N / D VGDQD N QDOQDRDMSR SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR @MC
D QDOQDRDMSR SGD R@LOKD RHYD. 5GD U@QH@AKD Fs HR SGD R@LOKD
OQNONQSHNM @MC RDQUDR @R SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD SQTD
ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM.
Gs = 1 k Fs
p ~N
p,
pq
n

5GD U@QH@AKD Fc G@R @ AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM

SG@S B@M AD @OOQNWHL@SDC VHSG SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM RGNVM
GDQD.
EB) = SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ @ OQNONQSHNM = z
2
p q
n
$NMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ OQNONQSHNM:
(lower bound, upper bound) = (p EBP, p + EBP) =

p z
p q
n
, p + z
p q
n

n =
z
2
2
p q
EBP
2
OQNUHCDR SGD MTLADQ NE O@QSHBHO@MSR
MDDCDC SN DRSHL@SD SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM VHSG
BNMEHCDMBD 1 - V @MC L@QFHM NE DQQNQ EB).
6RD SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM p =
x
n
EBP =

z
2
pq
n
p + q = 1
5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K G@R SGD ENQL@S (Fc k EB), Fc + EB)).
x
HR @ ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ Z

Fc HR @ ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ [
I HR @ ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ \
.0A!2'!#
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD VDHFGSR NE DKDOG@MSR HR JMNVM
SN AD @OOQNWHL@SDKX 15 ONTMCR. 8D VHRG SN BNMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M VDHFGS NE MDVANQM DKDOG@MS
B@KUDR. 'HESX MDVANQM DKDOG@MSR @QD VDHFGDC. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 244 ONTMCR. 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 11 ONTMCR.
1. *CDMSHEX SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. x
= ?????
>. \ = ?????
?. D = ?????
2. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
.
3. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL
474 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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4. $NMRSQTBS @ 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VDHFGS NE MDVANQM DKDOG@MSR. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K,
RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
5. 8G@S VHKK G@OODM SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K NAS@HMDC, HE 500 MDVANQM DKDOG@MSR @QD VDHFGDC HMRSD@C NE 50 8GX
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T BNMCTBSR @ RSTCX SN CDSDQLHMD
SGD SHLD MDDCDC SN BNLOKDSD SGD RGNQS ENQL. 5GD #TQD@T RTQUDXR 200 ODNOKD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 8.2 LHMTSDR. 5GDQD HR @
JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.2 LHMTSDR. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM CHRSQHATSHNM HR @RRTLDC SN AD MNQL@K.
=. x
= ?????
>. \ = ?????
?. D = ?????
7. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
.
9. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD SN BNLOKDSD SGD ENQLR. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K,
RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
10. *E SGD $DMRTR V@MSR SN HMBQD@RD HSR KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD @MC JDDO SGD DQQNQ ANTMC SGD R@LD AX S@JHMF @MNSGDQ RTQUDX, VG@S
BG@MFDR RGNTKC HS L@JD
11. *E SGD $DMRTR CHC @MNSGDQ RTQUDX, JDOS SGD DQQNQ ANTMC SGD R@LD, @MC RTQUDXDC NMKX 50 ODNOKD HMRSD@C NE 200, VG@S
VNTKC G@OODM SN SGD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD 8GX
12. 4TOONRD SGD $DMRTR MDDCDC SN AD 98% BNMEHCDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD. 8NTKC SGD $DMRTR G@UD SN
RTQUDX LNQD ODNOKD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D ;N;H9?I;I: " R@LOKD NE 20 GD@CR NE KDSSTBD V@R RDKDBSDC. "RRTLD SG@S
SGD ONOTK@SHNM CHRSQHATSHNM NE GD@C VDHFGS HR MNQL@K. 5GD VDHFGS NE D@BG GD@C NE KDSSTBD V@R SGDM QDBNQCDC. 5GD LD@M VDHFGS
V@R 2.2 ONTMCR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.1 ONTMCR. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM SN AD 0.2 ONTMCR.
=. x
= ??????
>. \ = ??????
?. D = ??????
.
17. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VDHFGS NE SGD GD@CR NE KDSSTBD. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
18. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VDHFGS NE SGD GD@CR NE KDSSTBD. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
19. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HM #R?L=CM? 17 HR K@QFDQ SG@M HM #R?L=CM? 18.
20. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, FHUD @M HMSDQOQDS@SHNM NE VG@S SGD HMSDQU@K HM #R?L=CM? 18 LD@MR.
21. 8G@S VNTKC G@OODM HE 40 GD@CR NE KDSSTBD VDQD R@LOKDC HMRSD@C NE 20, @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC QDL@HMDC SGD R@LD
22. 8G@S VNTKC G@OODM HE 40 GD@CR NE KDSSTBD VDQD R@LOKDC HMRSD@C NE 20, @MC SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK QDL@HMDC SGD R@LD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 14 ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD LD@M @FD ENQ @KK 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR ENQ @ QDBDMS
'@KK SDQL V@R 33.2. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM G@R ADDM OQDSSX BNMRHRSDMS @S 15. 4TOONRD SG@S SVDMSX-EHUD 8HMSDQ
RSTCDMSR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. 5GD LD@M @FD ENQ SGD R@LOKD V@R 30.4. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD SQTD LD@M @FD ENQ 8HMSDQ
'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR. -DS 1 = SGD @FD NE @ 8HMSDQ 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMS
23. x
= ?????
24. D = ?????
25. ???????? = 15
.
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27. 8G@S HR x
DRSHL@SHMF
28. *R
x
JMNVM
29. "R @ QDRTKS NE XNTQ @MRVDQ SN #R?L=CM? 8.26, RS@SD SGD DW@BS CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD VGDM B@KBTK@SHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K.
$NMRSQTBS @ 95% $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M @FD NE 8HMSDQ 'NNSGHKK $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR.
30. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM ANSG S@HKR (BNLAHMDC) V =????????

2
=????????
32. *CDMSHEX SGD ENKKNVHMF RODBHEHB@SHNMR:
=. KNVDQ KHLHS
>. TOODQ KHLHS
?. DQQNQ ANTMC
33. 5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR:??????????????????.
34. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR NM SGD FQ@OG VHSG SGD @QD@R, TOODQ @MC KNVDQ KHLHSR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, @MC SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
$CAOL? 8.8
35. *M NMD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD, DWOK@HM VG@S SGD HMSDQU@K LD@MR.
36. 6RHMF SGD R@LD LD@M, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD, RTOONRD SG@S D VDQD 69 HMRSD@C NE 25. 8NTKC SGD
DQQNQ ANTMC ADBNLD K@QFDQ NQ RL@KKDQ )NV CN XNT JMNV
37. 6RHMF SGD R@LD LD@M, RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC R@LOKD RHYD, GNV VNTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC BG@MFD HE SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK
VDQD QDCTBDC SN 90% 8GX
>CMNLC<ONCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. " GNROHS@K HR SQXHMF SN BTS CNVM NM DLDQFDMBX QNNL V@HS
SHLDR. *S HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD O@SHDMSR LTRS V@HS ADENQD ADHMF B@KKDC A@BJ SN AD DW@LHMDC. "M HMUDRSHF@SHNM
BNLLHSSDD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC 70 O@SHDMSR. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 1.5 GNTQR VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.5 GNTQR.
=. x
=???????
>. s
x
=???????
?. D =???????
@. D k 1 =???????
39. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
HM VNQCR.
41. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD RODMS V@HSHMF. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, RJDSBG
SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
42. &WOK@HM HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR VG@S SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K LD@MR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: 0MD GTMCQDC DHFGS "LDQHB@MR VDQD RTQUDXDC SN CDSDQLHMD
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SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR SGDX RODMC V@SBGHMF SDKDUHRHNM D@BG LNMSG. *S V@R QDUD@KDC SG@S SGDX V@SBGDC @M @UDQ@FD NE 151 GNTQR
D@BG LNMSG VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 32 GNTQR. "RRTLD SG@S SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNQL@K.
=. x
=???????
>. s
x
=???????
?. D =???????
@. D k 1 =???????
44. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM VNQCR.
45. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
HM VNQCR.
47. $NMRSQTBS @ 99% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M GNTQR RODMS V@SBGHMF SDKDUHRHNM ODQ LNMSG. (@) 4S@SD SGD
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, (A) RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC (B) B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
48. 8GX VNTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC BG@MFD HE SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK VDQD KNVDQDC SN 95%
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 13 ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 8.10 @QD SGD QDRTKS NE @ Q@MCNL RTQUDX
NE 39 M@SHNM@K EK@FR (VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS ADSVDDM OHBJR) EQNL U@QHNTR BNTMSQHDR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM EHMCHMF @ BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M MTLADQ NE BNKNQR NM @ M@SHNM@K EK@F. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE BNKNQR NM @ M@SHNM@K EK@F.
" $L?K.
1 1
2 7
3 18
4 7
5 6
2;<F? 8.10
=. x
=??????
>. s
x
=??????
?. D =??????
50. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
HM VNQCR.
51. 8G@S HR x
DRSHL@SHMF
52. *R
x
JMNVM
53. "R @ QDRTKS NE XNTQ @MRVDQ SN #R?L=CM? 52, RS@SD SGD DW@BS CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD VGDM B@KBTK@SHMF SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
CEDIJHK9J 7 95% 9ED<?:;D9; ?DJ;HL7B <EH J>; JHK; C;7D DKC8;H E< 9EBEHI ED D7J?ED7B <B7=I.
54. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM ANSG S@HKR (BNLAHMDC)
=. KNVDQ KHLHS
>. TOODQ KHLHS
?. DQQNQ ANTMC
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 477
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57. 5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR?????.
58. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR NM SGD FQ@OG VHSG SGD @QD@R, SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ KHLHSR NE SGD $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K @MC SGD R@LOKD
LD@M.
$CAOL? 8.9
60. 6RHMF SGD R@LD x
, s
x
, @MC KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD, RTOONRD SG@S D VDQD 69 HMRSD@C NE 39. 8NTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ADBNLD
K@QFDQ NQ RL@KKDQ )NV CN XNT JMNV
61. 6RHMF SGD R@LD x
, s
x
, @MC D = 39, GNV VNTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC BG@MFD HE SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK VDQD QDCTBDC SN 90%
8GX
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: .@QJDSHMF BNLO@MHDR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM JMNVHMF SGD
ONOTK@SHNM ODQBDMS NE VNLDM VGN L@JD SGD L@INQHSX NE GNTRDGNKC OTQBG@RHMF CDBHRHNMR.
62. 8GDM CDRHFMHMF @ RSTCX SN CDSDQLHMD SGHR ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM, VG@S HR SGD LHMHLTL MTLADQ XNT VNTKC MDDC SN
RTQUDX SN AD 90% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR DRSHL@SDC SN VHSGHM 0.05
63. *E HS VDQD K@SDQ CDSDQLHMDC SG@S HS V@R HLONQS@MS SN AD LNQD SG@M 90% BNMEHCDMS @MC @ MDV RTQUDX VDQD BNLLHRRHNMDC,
GNV VNTKC HS @EEDBS SGD LHMHLTL MTLADQ XNT MDDC SN RTQUDX 8GX
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD SGD L@QJDSHMF BNLO@MX CHC CN @ RTQUDX. 5GDX
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC 200 GNTRDGNKCR @MC ENTMC SG@S HM 120 NE SGDL, SGD VNL@M L@CD SGD L@INQHSX NE SGD OTQBG@RHMF
CDBHRHNMR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE GNTRDGNKCR VGDQD VNLDM L@JD SGD L@INQHSX NE SGD OTQBG@RHMF
CDBHRHNMR.
=. N = ??????
>. D = ??????
?. Fc = ??????
65. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )c HM VNQCR.
67. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE GNTRDGNKCR VGDQD SGD VNLDM L@JD SGD L@INQHSX
NE SGD OTQBG@RHMF CDBHRHNMR. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
68. -HRS SVN CHEEHBTKSHDR SGD BNLO@MX LHFGS G@UD HM NAS@HMHMF Q@MCNL QDRTKSR, HE SGHR RTQUDX VDQD CNMD AX DL@HK.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 0E 1,050 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @CTKSR, 360 HCDMSHEHDC
SGDLRDKUDR @R L@MT@K K@ANQDQR, 280 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R MNM-L@MT@K V@FD D@QMDQR, 250 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R LHC-
KDUDK L@M@FDQR, @MC 160 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R DWDBTSHUDR. *M SGD RTQUDX, 82% NE L@MT@K K@ANQDQR OQDEDQQDC SQTBJR, 62%
NE MNM-L@MT@K V@FD D@QMDQR OQDEDQQDC SQTBJR, 54%NE LHC-KDUDK L@M@FDQR OQDEDQQDC SQTBJR, @MC 26%NE DWDBTSHUDR OQDEDQQDC
SQTBJR.
69. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM EHMCHMF SGD 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ODQBDMS NE DWDBTSHUDR VGN OQDEDQ SQTBJR. %DEHMD Q@MCNL
U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )s HM VNQCR.
478 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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71. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
72. 4TOONRD VD V@MS SN KNVDQ SGD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ. 8G@S HR NMD V@X SN @BBNLOKHRG SG@S
73. 5GD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ FHUDM HM SGD RTQUDX HR a2%. &WOK@HM VG@S SGD a2% LD@MR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: " ONKK NE 1,200 UNSDQR @RJDC VG@S SGD LNRS RHFMHEHB@MS HRRTD
V@R HM SGD TOBNLHMF DKDBSHNM. 4HWSX-EHUD ODQBDMS @MRVDQDC SGD DBNMNLX. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE
UNSDQR VGN EDDK SGD DBNMNLX HR SGD LNRS HLONQS@MS.
74. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM VNQCR.
75. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD )s HM VNQCR.
77. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, @MC RS@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
78. 8G@S VNTKC G@OODM SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HE SGD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD VDQD 95%
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 16 ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD *BD $G@KDS NEEDQR CNYDMR NE CHEEDQDMS ADFHMMHMF HBD-
RJ@SHMF BK@RRDR. "KK NE SGD BK@RR M@LDR @QD OTS HMSN @ ATBJDS. 5GD 5 1..., .NMC@X MHFGS, @FDR 8 SN 12, ADFHMMHMF HBD-RJ@SHMF
BK@RR V@R OHBJDC. *M SG@S BK@RR VDQD 64 FHQKR @MC 16 ANXR. 4TOONRD SG@S VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE FHQKR, @FDR
8 SN 12, HM @KK ADFHMMHMF HBD-RJ@SHMF BK@RRDR @S SGD *BD $G@KDS. "RRTLD SG@S SGD BGHKCQDM HM SGD RDKDBSDC BK@RR @QD @ Q@MCNL
R@LOKD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
79. 8G@S HR ADHMF BNTMSDC
=. N = ???????
>. D = ???????
?. Fs = ???????
82. 4S@SD SGD DRSHL@SDC CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1. 1]
83. %DEHMD @ MDV Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD )s. 8G@S HR Fs DRSHL@SHMF
84. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD )s.
85. 4S@SD SGD DRSHL@SDC CHRSQHATSHNM NE )s. $NMRSQTBS @ 92% $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE FHQKR HM SGD @FDR 8
SN 12 ADFHMMHMF HBD-RJ@SHMF BK@RRDR @S SGD *BD $G@KDS.
86. )NV LTBG @QD@ HR HM ANSG S@HKR (BNLAHMDC)
=. KNVDQ KHLHS
>. TOODQ KHLHS
?. DQQNQ ANTMC
89. 5GD 92% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR ???????.
90. 'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR NM SGD FQ@OG VHSG SGD @QD@R, TOODQ @MC KNVDQ KHLHSR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, @MC SGD R@LOKD
OQNONQSHNM.
$CAOL? 8.10
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 479
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92. 6RHMF SGD R@LD Fs @MC KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD, RTOONRD SG@S D VDQD HMBQD@RDC SN 100. 8NTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ADBNLD K@QFDQ
NQ RL@KKDQ )NV CN XNT JMNV
93. 6RHMF SGD R@LD Fs @MC D = 80, GNV VNTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC BG@MFD HE SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK VDQD HMBQD@RDC SN 98% 8GX
94. *E XNT CDBQD@RDC SGD @KKNV@AKD DQQNQ ANTMC, VGX VNTKC SGD LHMHLTL R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RD (JDDOHMF SGD R@LD KDUDK NE
BNMEHCDMBD)
&-+#5-0)
95. "LNMF U@QHNTR DSGMHB FQNTOR, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE GDHFGSR HR JMNVM SN AD @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGQDD HMBGDR. 8D VHRG
SN BNMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE L@KD 4VDCDR. 'NQSX-DHFGS L@KD 4VDCDR @QD RTQUDXDC. 5GD
R@LOKD LD@M HR 71 HMBGDR. 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 2.8 HMBGDR.
=.
E. x
=????????
EE. \ =????????
EEE. D =????????
>. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
.
?. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M GDHFGS NE L@KD 4VDCDR.
E. 4S@SD SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
EE. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG.
EEE. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
A. 8G@S VHKK G@OODM SN SGD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD NAS@HMDC HE 1,000 L@KD 4VDCDR @QD RTQUDXDC HMRSD@C NE 48 8GX
96. "MMNTMBDLDMSR ENQ 84 TOBNLHMF DMFHMDDQHMF BNMEDQDMBDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC EQNL @ RS@BJ NE *&&& 4ODBSQTL
L@F@YHMDR. 5GD LD@M KDMFSG NE SGD BNMEDQDMBDR V@R 3.94 C@XR, VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.28 C@XR. "RRTLD SGD
TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K.
=. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
.
>. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M KDMFSG NE DMFHMDDQHMF BNMEDQDMBDR.
97. 4TOONRD SG@S @M @BBNTMSHMF EHQL CNDR @ RSTCX SN CDSDQLHMD SGD SHLD MDDCDC SN BNLOKDSD NMD ODQRNMnR S@W ENQLR. *S
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXR 100 ODNOKD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 23.6 GNTQR. 5GDQD HR @ JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 7.0 GNTQR. 5GD
ONOTK@SHNM CHRSQHATSHNM HR @RRTLDC SN AD MNQL@K.
=.
E. x
=????????
EE. \ =????????
EEE. D =????????
>. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD SN BNLOKDSD SGD S@W ENQLR.
A. *E SGD EHQL VHRGDC SN HMBQD@RD HSR KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD @MC JDDO SGD DQQNQ ANTMC SGD R@LD AX S@JHMF @MNSGDQ RTQUDX,
VG@S BG@MFDR RGNTKC HS L@JD
B. *E SGD EHQL CHC @MNSGDQ RTQUDX, JDOS SGD DQQNQ ANTMC SGD R@LD, @MC NMKX RTQUDXDC 49 ODNOKD, VG@S VNTKC G@OODM SN
SGD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD 8GX
C. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD EHQL CDBHCDC SG@S HS MDDCDC SN AD @S KD@RS 96%BNMEHCDMS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD SN
VHSGHM NMD GNTQ. )NV VNTKC SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD SGD EHQL RTQUDXR BG@MFD 8GX
98. " R@LOKD NE 16 RL@KK A@FR NE SGD R@LD AQ@MC NE B@MCHDR V@R RDKDBSDC. "RRTLD SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM CHRSQHATSHNM NE A@F
VDHFGSR HR MNQL@K. 5GD VDHFGS NE D@BG A@F V@R SGDM QDBNQCDC. 5GD LD@M VDHFGS V@R SVN NTMBDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE 0.12 NTMBDR. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM SN AD 0.1 NTMBD.
=.
480 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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=????????
EE. \ =????????
EEE. R
W
=????????
>. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
?. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
.
@. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
A. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VDHFGS NE SGD B@MCHDR.
B. $NMRSQTBS @ 98% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VDHFGS NE SGD B@MCHDR.
C. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HM O@QS E HR K@QFDQ SG@M SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HM O@QS
D.
D. *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, FHUD @M HMSDQOQDS@SHNM NE VG@S SGD HMSDQU@K HM O@QS E LD@MR.
99. " B@LO CHQDBSNQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR D@BG BGHKC RDMCR CTQHMF GHR NQ GDQ B@LO RDRRHNM. 5GD
ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM SN AD 2.5. " RTQUDX NE 20 B@LODQR HR S@JDM. 5GD LD@M EQNL SGD R@LOKD HR 7.9 VHSG @
R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.8.
=.
E. x
=????????
EE. \ =????????
EEE. D =????????
>. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC X
HM VNQCR.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR B@LODQR RDMC GNLD.
A. 8G@S VHKK G@OODM SN SGD DQQNQ ANTMC @MC BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HE 500 B@LODQR @QD RTQUDXDC 8GX
100. 8G@S HR LD@MS AX SGD SDQL o90% BNMEHCDMSp VGDM BNMRSQTBSHMF @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ @ LD@M
=. *E VD SNNJ QDOD@SDC R@LOKDR, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 90% NE SGD R@LOKDR VNTKC OQNCTBD SGD R@LD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
>. *E VD SNNJ QDOD@SDC R@LOKDR, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 90%NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR B@KBTK@SDC EQNLSGNRD R@LOKDR VNTKC
BNMS@HM SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
?. *E VD SNNJ QDOD@SDC R@LOKDR, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 90%NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR B@KBTK@SDC EQNLSGNRD R@LOKDR VNTKC
BNMS@HM SGD SQTD U@KTD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
@. *E VD SNNJ QDOD@SDC R@LOKDR, SGD R@LOKD LD@M VNTKC DPT@K SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M HM @OOQNWHL@SDKX 90% NE SGD
R@LOKDR.
101. 5GD 'DCDQ@K &KDBSHNM $NLLHRRHNM BNKKDBSR HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS B@LO@HFM BNMSQHATSHNMR @MC CHRATQRDLDMSR ENQ
B@MCHC@SDR @MC ONKHSHB@K BNLLHSSDDR D@BG DKDBSHNM BXBKD. %TQHMF SGD 2012 B@LO@HFM RD@RNM, SGDQD VDQD 1,619 B@MCHC@SDR ENQ
SGD )NTRD NE 3DOQDRDMS@SHUDR @BQNRR SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR VGN QDBDHUDC BNMSQHATSHNMR EQNL HMCHUHCT@KR. 2;<F? 8.11 RGNVR SGD
SNS@K QDBDHOSR EQNL HMCHUHCT@KR ENQ @ Q@MCNL RDKDBSHNM NE 40 )NTRD B@MCHC@SDR QNTMCDC SN SGD MD@QDRS $100. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGHR C@S@ SN SGD MD@QDRS GTMCQDC HR \ = $909,200.
$3,600 $1,243,900 $10,900 $385,200 $581,500
$7,400 $2,900 $400 $3,714,500 $632,500
$391,000 $467,400 $56,800 $5,800 $405,200)
$733,200 $8,000 $468,700 $75,200 $41,000
2;<F? 8.11
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 481
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$13,300 $9,500 $953,800 $1,113,500 $1,109,300
$353,900 $986,100 $88,600 $378,200 $13,200
$3,800 $745,100 $5,800 $3,072,100 $1,626,700
$512,900 $2,309,200 $6,600 $202,400 $15,800
2;<F? 8.11
=. 'HMC SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
>. 6RHMF 95% BNMEHCDMBD, B@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC.
?. $QD@SD @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M SNS@K HMCHUHCT@K BNMSQHATSHNMR.
@. *MSDQOQDS SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD OQNAKDL.
102. 5GD "LDQHB@M $NLLTMHSX 4TQUDX ("$4), O@QS NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T, BNMCTBSR @ XD@QKX BDMRTR RHLHK@Q
SN SGD NMD S@JDM DUDQX SDM XD@QR, ATS VHSG @ RL@KKDQ ODQBDMS@FD NE O@QSHBHO@MSR. 5GD LNRS QDBDMS RTQUDX DRSHL@SDR VHSG 90%
BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD LD@M GNTRDGNKC HMBNLD HM SGD 6.4. E@KKR ADSVDDM $69,720 @MC $69,922. 'HMC SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ LD@M
6.4. GNTRDGNKC HMBNLD @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ LD@M 6.4. GNTRDGNKC HMBNLD.
103. 5GD @UDQ@FD GDHFGS NE XNTMF @CTKS L@KDR G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.5 HMBGDR. :NT V@MS SN
DRSHL@SD SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE RSTCDMSR @S XNTQ BNKKDFD NQ TMHUDQRHSX SN VHSGHM NMD HMBG VHSG 93%BNMEHCDMBD. )NV L@MX L@KD
RSTCDMSR LTRS XNT LD@RTQD
>CMNLC<ONCIH
104. *M RHW O@BJ@FDR NE o5GD 'KHMSRSNMDR_ 3D@K 'QTHS 4M@BJRp SGDQD VDQD EHUD #@L-#@L RM@BJ OHDBDR. 5GD SNS@K MTLADQ
NE RM@BJ OHDBDR HM SGD RHW A@FR V@R 68. 8D VHRG SN B@KBTK@SD @ 96% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE
#@L-#@L RM@BJ OHDBDR.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )s HM VNQCR.
>. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD
?. $@KBTK@SD Fs.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 96% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE #@L-#@L RM@BJ OHDBDR ODQ A@F.
A. %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S RHW O@BJ@FDR NE EQTHS RM@BJR XHDKC DMNTFG C@S@ SN FHUD @BBTQ@SD QDRTKSR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
105. " Q@MCNL RTQUDX NE DMQNKKLDMS @S 35 BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFDR @BQNRR SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR XHDKCDC SGD ENKKNVHMF EHFTQDR:
6,414; 1,550; 2,109; 9,350; 21,828; 4,300; 5,944; 5,722; 2,825; 2,044; 5,481; 5,200; 5,853; 2,750; 10,012; 6,357; 27,000;
9,414; 7,681; 3,200; 17,500; 9,200; 7,380; 18,314; 6,557; 13,713; 17,768; 7,493; 2,771; 2,861; 1,263; 7,285; 28,165; 5,080;
11,622. "RRTLD SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K.
=.
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= ??????????
EE. s
x
= ??????????
EEE. D = ??????????
ER. D k 1 = ??????????
>. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR X @MC X
HM VNQCR.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M DMQNKKLDMS @S BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFDR HM SGD 6MHSDC
4S@SDR.
A. 8G@S VHKK G@OODM SN SGD DQQNQ ANTMC @MC BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HE 500 BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFDR VDQD RTQUDXDC 8GX
482 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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106. 4TOONRD SG@S @ BNLLHSSDD HR RSTCXHMF VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDQD HR V@RSD NE SHLD HM NTQ ITCHBH@K RXRSDL. *S HR HMSDQDRSDC HM
SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE SHLD HMCHUHCT@KR V@RSD @S SGD BNTQSGNTRD V@HSHMF SN AD B@KKDC ENQ ITQX CTSX. 5GD BNLLHSSDD Q@MCNLKX
RTQUDXDC 81 ODNOKD VGN QDBDMSKX RDQUDC @R ITQNQR. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@HS SHLD V@R DHFGS GNTQR VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE ENTQ GNTQR.
=.
E. x
= ??????????
EE. s
x
= ??????????
EEE. D = ??????????
ER. D k 1 = ??????????
HM VNQCR.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD V@RSDC.
A. &WOK@HM HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD VG@S SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K LD@MR.
107. " OG@QL@BDTSHB@K BNLO@MX L@JDR SQ@MPTHKHYDQR. *S HR @RRTLDC SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD SGDX K@RS HR
@OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K. 3DRD@QBGDQR HM @ GNROHS@K TRDC SGD CQTF NM @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE MHMD O@SHDMSR. 5GD DEEDBSHUD ODQHNC NE
SGD SQ@MPTHKHYDQ ENQ D@BG O@SHDMS (HM GNTQR) V@R @R ENKKNVR: 2.7; 2.8; 3.0; 2.3; 2.3; 2.2; 2.8; 2.1; @MC 2.4.
=.
E. x
= ??????????
EE. s
x
= ??????????
EEE. D = ??????????
ER. D k 1 = ??????????
>. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X HM VNQCR.
?. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
HM VNQCR.
A. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD.
B. 8G@S CNDR HS LD@M SN AD o95% BNMEHCDMSp HM SGHR OQNAKDL
108. 4TOONRD SG@S 14 BGHKCQDM, VGN VDQD KD@QMHMF SN QHCD SVN-VGDDK AHJDR, VDQD RTQUDXDC SN CDSDQLHMD GNV KNMF SGDX G@C
SN TRD SQ@HMHMF VGDDKR. *S V@R QDUD@KDC SG@S SGDX TRDC SGDL @M @UDQ@FD NE RHW LNMSGR VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE
SGQDD LNMSGR. "RRTLD SG@S SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNQL@K.
=.
E. x
= ??????????
EE. s
x
= ??????????
EEE. D = ??????????
ER. D k 1 = ??????????
>. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X HM VNQCR.
?. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
HM VNQCR.
A. $NMRSQTBS @ 99% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD TRHMF SQ@HMHMF VGDDKR.
B. 8GX VNTKC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC BG@MFD HE SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK VDQD KNVDQDC SN 90%
109. 5GD 'DCDQ@K &KDBSHNM $NLLHRRHNM ('&$) BNKKDBSR HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS B@LO@HFM BNMSQHATSHNMR @MC CHRATQRDLDMSR ENQ
B@MCHC@SDR @MC ONKHSHB@K BNLLHSSDDR D@BG DKDBSHNM BXBKD. " ONKHSHB@K @BSHNM BNLLHSSDD (1"$) HR @ BNLLHSSDD ENQLDC SN Q@HRD
LNMDX ENQ B@MCHC@SDR @MC B@LO@HFMR. " -D@CDQRGHO 1"$ HR @ 1"$ ENQLDC AX @ EDCDQ@K ONKHSHBH@M (RDM@SNQ NQ QDOQDRDMS@SHUD)
SN Q@HRD LNMDX SN GDKO NSGDQ B@MCHC@SDRn B@LO@HFMR.
5GD '&$ G@R QDONQSDC EHM@MBH@K HMENQL@SHNM ENQ 556 -D@CDQRGHO 1"$R SG@S NODQ@SHMF CTQHMF SGD 2011k2012 DKDBSHNM BXBKD.
5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD RGNVR SGD SNS@K QDBDHOSR CTQHMF SGHR BXBKD ENQ @ Q@MCNL RDKDBSHNM NE 20 -D@CDQRGHO 1"$R.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 483
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$46,500.00 $0 $40,966.50 $105,887.20 $5,175.00
$29,050.00 $19,500.00 $181,557.20 $31,500.00 $149,970.80
$2,555,363.20 $12,025.00 $409,000.00 $60,521.70 $18,000.00
$61,810.20 $76,530.80 $119,459.20 $0 $63,520.00
$6,500.00 $502,578.00 $705,061.10 $708,258.90 $135,810.00
$2,000.00 $2,000.00 $0 $1,287,933.80 $219,148.30
2;<F? 8.12
x
= $251, 854.23
s = $521, 130.41
6RD SGHR R@LOKD C@S@ SN BNMRSQTBS @ 96% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE LNMDX Q@HRDC AX @KK -D@CDQRGHO 1"$R
CTQHMF SGD 2011k2012 DKDBSHNM BXBKD. 6RD SGD 4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM.
110. FEH8;I L@F@YHMD OTAKHRGDC C@S@ NM SGD ADRS RL@KK EHQLR HM 2012. 5GDRD VDQD EHQLR SG@S G@C ADDM OTAKHBKX SQ@CDC ENQ @S
KD@RS @ XD@Q, G@UD @ RSNBJ OQHBD NE @S KD@RS $5 ODQ RG@QD, @MC G@UD QDONQSDC @MMT@K QDUDMTD ADSVDDM $5 LHKKHNM @MC $1 AHKKHNM.
5GD 2;<F? 8.13 RGNVR SGD @FDR NE SGD BNQONQ@SD $&0R ENQ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE SGDRD EHQLR.
48 58 51 61 56
59 74 63 53 50
59 60 60 57 46
55 63 57 47 55
57 43 61 62 49
67 67 55 55 49
2;<F? 8.13
6RD SGHR R@LOKD C@S@ SN BNMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD LD@M @FD NE $&0nR ENQ SGDRD SNO RL@KK EHQLR. 6RD SGD
4STCDMS'R S-CHRSQHATSHNM.
111. 6MNBBTOHDC RD@SR NM EKHFGSR B@TRD @HQKHMDR SN KNRD QDUDMTD. 4TOONRD @ K@QFD @HQKHMD V@MSR SN DRSHL@SD HSR LD@M MTLADQ
NE TMNBBTOHDC RD@SR ODQ EKHFGS NUDQ SGD O@RS XD@Q. 5N @BBNLOKHRG SGHR, SGD QDBNQCR NE 225 EKHFGSR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @MC SGD
MTLADQ NE TMNBBTOHDC RD@SR HR MNSDC ENQ D@BG NE SGD R@LOKDC EKHFGSR. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 11.6 RD@SR @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR 4.1 RD@SR.
=.
E. x
= ??????????
EE. s
x
= ??????????
EEE. D = ??????????
ER. D-1 = ??????????
484 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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HM VNQCR.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 92% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M MTLADQ NE TMNBBTOHDC RD@SR ODQ EKHFGS.
112. *M @ QDBDMS R@LOKD NE 84 TRDC B@Q R@KDR BNRSR, SGD R@LOKD LD@M V@R $6,425 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $3,156. "RRTLD
SGD TMCDQKXHMF CHRSQHATSHNM HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.
=. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL &WOK@HM XNTQ BGNHBD.
>. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
HM VNQCR.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M BNRS NE @ TRDC B@Q.
@. &WOK@HM VG@S @ o95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@Kp LD@MR ENQ SGHR RSTCX.
113. 4HW CHEEDQDMS M@SHNM@K AQ@MCR NE BGNBNK@SD BGHO BNNJHDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @S SGD RTODQL@QJDS. 5GD FQ@LR NE E@S
ODQ RDQUHMF @QD @R ENKKNVR: 8; 8; 10; 7; 9; 9. "RRTLD SGD TMCDQKXHMF CHRSQHATSHNM HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.
=. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M FQ@LR NE E@S ODQ RDQUHMF NE BGNBNK@SD BGHO BNNJHDR
RNKC HM RTODQL@QJDSR.
>. *E XNT V@MSDC @ RL@KKDQ DQQNQ ANTMC VGHKD JDDOHMF SGD R@LD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD, VG@S RGNTKC G@UD ADDM BG@MFDC
HM SGD RSTCX ADENQD HS V@R CNMD
?. (N SN SGD RSNQD @MC QDBNQC SGD FQ@LR NE E@S ODQ RDQUHMF NE RHW AQ@MCR NE BGNBNK@SD BGHO BNNJHDR.
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M.
A. *R SGD LD@M VHSGHM SGD HMSDQU@K XNT B@KBTK@SDC HM O@QS @ %HC XNT DWODBS HS SN AD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
114. " RTQUDX NE SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE BDMSR NEE SG@S BNTONMR FHUD V@R BNMCTBSDC AX Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXHMF NMD BNTONM ODQ
O@FD EQNL SGD BNTONM RDBSHNMR NE @ QDBDMS 4@M +NRD .DQBTQX /DVR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ VDQD BNKKDBSDC: 20^; 75^; 50^; 65^;
30^; 55^; 40^; 40^; 30^; 55^; $1.50; 40^; 65^; 40^. "RRTLD SGD TMCDQKXHMF CHRSQHATSHNM HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.
=.
E. x
= ??????????
EE. s
x
= ??????????
EEE. D = ??????????
ER. D-1 = ??????????
>. %DEHMD SGD 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKDR X @MC X
HM VNQCR.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VNQSG NE BNTONMR.
A. *E L@MX Q@MCNL R@LOKDR VDQD S@JDM NE RHYD 14, VG@S ODQBDMS NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR BNMRSQTBSDC RGNTKC
BNMS@HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VNQSG NE BNTONMR &WOK@HM VGX.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: " PT@KHSX BNMSQNK RODBH@KHRS ENQ @ QDRS@TQ@MS BG@HM S@JDR @
Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE RHYD 12 SN BGDBJ SGD @LNTMS NE RNC@ RDQUDC HM SGD 16 NY. RDQUHMF RHYD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 13.30 VHSG @
R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.55. "RRTLD SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
115. 'HMC SGD 95% $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M ENQ SGD @LNTMS NE RNC@ RDQUDC.
=. (12.42, 14.18)
>. (12.32, 14.29)
?. (12.50, 14.10)
@. *LONRRHAKD SN CDSDQLHMD
116. 8G@S HR SGD DQQNQ ANTMC
=. 0.87
>. 1.98
?. 0.99
@. 1.74
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 485
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117. *MRTQ@MBD BNLO@MHDR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM JMNVHMF SGD ONOTK@SHNM ODQBDMS NE CQHUDQR VGN @KV@XR ATBJKD TO ADENQD QHCHMF
HM @ B@Q.
=. 8GDM CDRHFMHMF @ RSTCX SN CDSDQLHMD SGHR ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM, VG@S HR SGD LHMHLTL MTLADQ XNT VNTKC MDDC
SN RTQUDX SN AD 95% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR DRSHL@SDC SN VHSGHM 0.03
>. *E HS VDQD K@SDQ CDSDQLHMDC SG@S HS V@R HLONQS@MS SN AD LNQD SG@M 95% BNMEHCDMS @MC @ MDV RTQUDX V@R
BNLLHRRHNMDC, GNV VNTKC SG@S @EEDBS SGD LHMHLTL MTLADQ XNT VNTKC MDDC SN RTQUDX 8GX
118. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD HMRTQ@MBD BNLO@MHDR CHC CN @ RTQUDX. 5GDX Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC 400 CQHUDQR @MC ENTMC SG@S 320
BK@HLDC SGDX @KV@XR ATBJKD TO. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE CQHUDQR VGN BK@HL SGDX @KV@XR ATBJKD TO.
=.
E. N = ??????????
EE. D = ??????????
EEE. Fs = ??????????
>. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )s, HM VNQCR.
@. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM VGN BK@HL SGDX @KV@XR ATBJKD TO.
A. *E SGHR RTQUDX VDQD CNMD AX SDKDOGNMD, KHRS SGQDD CHEEHBTKSHDR SGD BNLO@MHDR LHFGS G@UD HM NAS@HMHMF Q@MCNLQDRTKSR.
119. "BBNQCHMF SN @ QDBDMS RTQUDX NE 1,200 ODNOKD, 61%EDDK SG@S SGD OQDRHCDMS HR CNHMF @M @BBDOS@AKD INA. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC
HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD VGN EDDK SGD OQDRHCDMS HR CNHMF @M @BBDOS@AKD INA.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD VGN EDDK SGD OQDRHCDMS HR CNHMF @M
@BBDOS@AKD INA.
120. "M @QSHBKD QDF@QCHMF HMSDQQ@BH@K C@SHMF @MC L@QQH@FD QDBDMSKX @OOD@QDC HM SGD 07I>?D=JED )EIJ. 0E SGD 1,709 Q@MCNLKX
RDKDBSDC @CTKSR, 315 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R -@SHMNR, 323 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R AK@BJR, 254 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R
"RH@MR, @MC 779 HCDMSHEHDC SGDLRDKUDR @R VGHSDR. *M SGHR RTQUDX, 86%NE AK@BJR R@HC SG@S SGDX VNTKC VDKBNLD @ VGHSD ODQRNM
HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR. "LNMF "RH@MR, 77% VNTKC VDKBNLD @ VGHSD ODQRNM HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR, 71% VNTKC VDKBNLD @ -@SHMN,
@MC 66% VNTKC VDKBNLD @ AK@BJ ODQRNM.
=. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM EHMCHMF SGD 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ODQBDMS NE @KK AK@BJ @CTKSR VGN VNTKC VDKBNLD @
VGHSD ODQRNM HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR 1 @MC )s, HM VNQCR.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
121. 3DEDQ SN SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R?L=CM? 20.
=. $NMRSQTBS SGQDD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR.
E. ODQBDMS NE @KK "RH@MR VGN VNTKC VDKBNLD @ VGHSD ODQRNM HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR.
EE. ODQBDMS NE @KK "RH@MR VGN VNTKC VDKBNLD @ -@SHMN HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR.
EEE. ODQBDMS NE @KK "RH@MR VGN VNTKC VDKBNLD @ AK@BJ ODQRNM HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR.
>. &UDM SGNTFG SGD SGQDD ONHMS DRSHL@SDR @QD CHEEDQDMS, CN @MX NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR NUDQK@O 8GHBG
?. 'NQ @MX HMSDQU@KR SG@S CN NUDQK@O, HM VNQCR, VG@S CNDR SGHR HLOKX @ANTS SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR HM SGD
SQTD OQNONQSHNMR
@. 'NQ @MX HMSDQU@KR SG@S CN MNS NUDQK@O, HM VNQCR, VG@S CNDR SGHR HLOKX @ANTS SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR HM
SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNMR
122. 4S@MENQC 6MHUDQRHSX BNMCTBSDC @ RSTCX NE VGDSGDQ QTMMHMF HR GD@KSGX ENQ LDM @MC VNLDM NUDQ @FD 50. %TQHMF SGD
EHQRS DHFGS XD@QR NE SGD RSTCX, 1.5% NE SGD 451 LDLADQR NE SGD 50-1KTR 'HSMDRR "RRNBH@SHNM CHDC. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD
OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD NUDQ 50 VGN Q@M @MC CHDC HM SGD R@LD DHFGS-XD@Q ODQHNC.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 97%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD NUDQ 50 VGN Q@M @MC CHDC HM SGD R@LD
DHFGSkXD@Q ODQHNC.
486 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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@. &WOK@HM VG@S @ o97% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@Kp LD@MR ENQ SGHR RSTCX.
123. " SDKDOGNMD ONKK NE 1,000 @CTKS "LDQHB@MR V@R QDONQSDC HM @M HRRTD NE -?C; &7=7P?D;. 0MD NE SGD PTDRSHNMR @RJDC
V@R o8G@S HR SGD L@HM OQNAKDL E@BHMF SGD BNTMSQXp 5VDMSX ODQBDMS @MRVDQDC oBQHLD.p 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM NE @CTKS "LDQHB@MR VGN EDDK SG@S BQHLD HR SGD L@HM OQNAKDL.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE @CTKS "LDQHB@MR VGN EDDK SG@S BQHLD HR SGD
L@HM OQNAKDL.
@. 4TOONRD VD V@MS SN KNVDQ SGD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ. 8G@S HR NMD V@X SN @BBNLOKHRG SG@S
A. 5GD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ FHUDM AX :@MJDKNUHBG 1@QSMDQR, *MB. (VGHBG BNMCTBSDC SGD ONKK) HR a3%. *M NMD SN SGQDD
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S SGD a3% QDOQDRDMSR.
124. 3DEDQ SN #R?L=CM? 23. "MNSGDQ PTDRSHNM HM SGD ONKK V@R o<)NV LTBG @QD= XNT VNQQHDC @ANTS SGD PT@KHSX NE DCTB@SHNM
HM NTQ RBGNNKRp 4HWSX-SGQDD ODQBDMS QDRONMCDC o@ KNSp. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE @CTKS "LDQHB@MR
VGN @QD VNQQHDC @ KNS @ANTS SGD PT@KHSX NE DCTB@SHNM HM NTQ RBGNNKR.
?. $NMRSQTBS @ 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE @CTKS "LDQHB@MR VGN @QD VNQQHDC @ KNS @ANTS
SGD PT@KHSX NE DCTB@SHNM HM NTQ RBGNNKR.
@. 5GD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ FHUDM AX :@MJDKNUHBG 1@QSMDQR, *MB. (VGHBG BNMCTBSDC SGD ONKK) HR a3%. *M NMD SN SGQDD
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S SGD a3% QDOQDRDMSR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: "BBNQCHMF SN @ 'HDKC 1NKK, 79%NE $@KHENQMH@ @CTKSR (@BST@K
QDRTKSR @QD 400 NTS NE 506 RTQUDXDC) EDDK SG@S oDCTB@SHNM @MC NTQ RBGNNKRp HR NMD NE SGD SNO HRRTDR E@BHMF $@KHENQMH@. 8D VHRG
SN BNMRSQTBS @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE $@KHENQMH@ @CTKSR VGN EDDK SG@S DCTB@SHNM @MC SGD RBGNNKR
HR NMD NE SGD SNO HRRTDR E@BHMF $@KHENQMH@.
125. " ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR:
=. 0.90
>. 1.27
?. 0.79
@. 400
126. " 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HR ???????.
=. (0.761, 0.820)
>. (0.125, 0.188)
?. (0.755, 0.826)
@. (0.130, 0.183)
127. 5GD DQQNQ ANTMC HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX ?????.
=. 1.581
>. 0.791
?. 0.059
@. 0.030
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 'HUD GTMCQDC @MC DKDUDM (511) GNLDR HM @ BDQS@HM
RNTSGDQM $@KHENQMH@ BNLLTMHSX @QD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDX LDDS LHMHL@K D@QSGPT@JD OQDO@QDCMDRR
QDBNLLDMC@SHNMR. 0MD GTMCQDC RDUDMSX-SGQDD (173) NE SGD GNLDR RTQUDXDC LDS SGD LHMHLTL QDBNLLDMC@SHNMR ENQ
D@QSGPT@JD OQDO@QDCMDRR, @MC 338 CHC MNS.
128. 'HMC SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @S SGD 90% $NMEHCDMBD -DUDK ENQ SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE RNTSGDQM $@KHENQMH@
BNLLTMHSX GNLDR LDDSHMF @S KD@RS SGD LHMHLTL QDBNLLDMC@SHNMR ENQ D@QSGPT@JD OQDO@QDCMDRR.
=. (0.2975, 0.3796)
>. (0.6270, 6959)
?. (0.3041, 0.3730)
@. (0.6204, 0.7025)
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 487
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129. 5GD ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE GNLDR SG@S CN MNS LDDS SGD LHMHLTL QDBNLLDMC@SHNMR ENQ
D@QSGPT@JD OQDO@QDCMDRR HR ??????.
=. 0.6614
>. 0.3386
?. 173
@. 338
130. 0M .@X 23, 2013, (@KKTO QDONQSDC SG@S NE SGD 1,005 ODNOKD RTQUDXDC, 76% NE 6.4. VNQJDQR ADKHDUD SG@S SGDX VHKK
BNMSHMTD VNQJHMF O@RS QDSHQDLDMS @FD. 5GD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK ENQ SGHR RSTCX V@R QDONQSDC @S 95% VHSG @ a3% L@QFHM NE DQQNQ.
=. %DSDQLHMD SGD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM EQNL SGD R@LOKD.
>. %DSDQLHMD SGD R@LOKD RHYD.
?. *CDMSHEX C% @MC V.
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC A@RDC NM SGD HMENQL@SHNM OQNUHCDC.
A. $NLO@QD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC HM O@QS C SN SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ QDONQSDC AX (@KKTO. &WOK@HM @MX CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD
U@KTDR.
B. $QD@SD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD QDRTKSR NE SGHR RSTCX.
C. " QDONQSDQ HR BNUDQHMF SGD QDKD@RD NE SGHR RSTCX ENQ @ KNB@K MDVR RS@SHNM. )NV RGNTKC RGD DWOK@HM SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K SN GDQ @TCHDMBD
131. " M@SHNM@K RTQUDX NE 1,000 @CTKSR V@R BNMCTBSDC NM .@X 13, 2013 AX 3@RLTRRDM 3DONQSR. *S BNMBKTCDC VHSG 95%
BNMEHCDMBD SG@S 49% SN 55% NE "LDQHB@MR ADKHDUD SG@S AHF-SHLD BNKKDFD RONQSR OQNFQ@LR BNQQTOS SGD OQNBDRR NE GHFGDQ
DCTB@SHNM.
=. 'HMC SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD @MC SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGHR BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
>. $@M VD (VHSG 95% BNMEHCDMBD) BNMBKTCD SG@S LNQD SG@M G@KE NE @KK "LDQHB@M @CTKSR ADKHDUD SGHR
?. 6RD SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD EQNL O@QS @ @MC D = 1,000 SN B@KBTK@SD @ 75% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD OQNONQSHNM NE
"LDQHB@M @CTKSR SG@S ADKHDUD SG@S L@INQ BNKKDFD RONQSR OQNFQ@LR BNQQTOS GHFGDQ DCTB@SHNM.
@. $@M VD (VHSG 75% BNMEHCDMBD) BNMBKTCD SG@S @S KD@RS G@KE NE @KK "LDQHB@M @CTKSR ADKHDUD SGHR
132. 1TAKHB 1NKHBX 1NKKHMF QDBDMSKX BNMCTBSDC @ RTQUDX @RJHMF @CTKSR @BQNRR SGD 6.4. @ANTS LTRHB OQDEDQDMBDR. 8GDM @RJDC,
80 NE SGD 571 O@QSHBHO@MSR @CLHSSDC SG@S SGDX G@UD HKKDF@KKX CNVMKN@CDC LTRHB.
=. $QD@SD @ 99% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE "LDQHB@M @CTKSR VGN G@UD HKKDF@KKX CNVMKN@CDC
LTRHB.
>. 5GHR RTQUDX V@R BNMCTBSDC SGQNTFG @TSNL@SDC SDKDOGNMD HMSDQUHDVR NM .@X 6 @MC 7, 2013. 5GD DQQNQ ANTMC NE SGD
RTQUDX BNLODMR@SDR ENQ R@LOKHMF DQQNQ, NQ M@STQ@K U@QH@AHKHSX @LNMF R@LOKDR. -HRS RNLD E@BSNQR SG@S BNTKC @EEDBS
SGD RTQUDXnR NTSBNLD SG@S @QD MNS BNUDQDC AX SGD L@QFHM NE DQQNQ.
?. 8HSGNTS ODQENQLHMF @MX B@KBTK@SHNMR, CDRBQHAD GNV SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K VNTKC BG@MFD HE SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK
BG@MFDC EQNL 99% SN 90%.
133. :NT OK@M SN BNMCTBS @ RTQUDX NM XNTQ BNKKDFD B@LOTR SN KD@QM @ANTS SGD ONKHSHB@K @V@QDMDRR NE RSTCDMSR. :NT V@MS
SN DRSHL@SD SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR NM XNTQ B@LOTR VGN UNSDC HM SGD 2012 OQDRHCDMSH@K DKDBSHNM VHSG 95%
BNMEHCDMBD @MC @ L@QFHM NE DQQNQ MN FQD@SDQ SG@M EHUD ODQBDMS. )NV L@MX RSTCDMSR LTRS XNT HMSDQUHDV
134. *M @ QDBDMS ;NFAX *MSDQM@SHNM@K 1NKK, MHMD NE 48 QDRONMCDMSR Q@SDC SGD KHJDKHGNNC NE @ SDQQNQHRS @SS@BJ HM SGDHQ BNLLTMHSX
@R oKHJDKXp NQ oUDQX KHJDKX.p 6RD SGD oOKTR ENTQp LDSGNC SN BQD@SD @ 97% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD OQNONQSHNM NE "LDQHB@M
@CTKSR VGN ADKHDUD SG@S @ SDQQNQHRS @SS@BJ HM SGDHQ BNLLTMHSX HR KHJDKX NQ UDQX KHJDKX. &WOK@HM VG@S SGHR BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
LD@MR HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD OQNAKDL.
0#$#0#,!#1
o"LDQHB@M '@BS 'HMCDQ.p 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://E@BSEHMCDQ2.BDMRTR.FNU/E@BDR/M@U/IRE/O@FDR/
RD@QBGQDRTKSR.WGSLKQDEQDRG=S (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
o%HRBKNRTQD %@S@ $@S@KNF: $@MCHC@SD 4TLL@QX 3DONQS 2012.p 6.4. 'DCDQ@K &KDBSHNM $NLLHRRHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.EDB.FNU/C@S@/HMCDW.IRO (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
o)D@CBNTMS &MQNKKLDMS 5QDMCR AX 4STCDMS %DLNFQ@OGHBR 5DM-:D@Q '@KK 5QDMCR SN .NRS 3DBDMSKX $NLOKDSDC '@KK.p
'NNSGHKK %D "MY@ $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD %HRSQHBS. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://QDRD@QBG.EGC@.DCT/E@BSANNJ/')?%DLN?5QDMCR/
'NNSGHKK%DLNFQ@OGHB5QDMCR.GSL (@BBDRRDC 4DOSDLADQ 30,2013).
,TBYL@QRJH, 3NADQS +., $XMSGH@ -. 0FCDM, 4GTLDH 4. (TN, -@TQDMBD .. (QTLLDQ-4SQ@VM, ,@SGDQHMD .. 'KDF@K, ;TFTN .DH,
3NMF 8DH, -DRSDQ 3. $TQSHM, "KDW '. 3NBGD, $KHEENQC -. +NGMRNM. o2000 $%$ (QNVSG $G@QSR ENQ SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR: .DSGNCR
@MC %DUDKNOLDMS.p $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/FQNVSGBG@QSR/
2000FQNVSGBG@QS-TR.OCE (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
-@, -XMM, ,DMS (DQL@M. "$DKK 1GNMD 3@CH@SHNM -DUDKR." B[MDS O@QS NE $#9 *MSDQ@BSHUD *MB. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://QDUHDVR.BMDS.BNL/BDKK-OGNMD-Q@CH@SHNM-KDUDKR/ (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
488 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
D
R
A
F
T
:

N
o
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F
i
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a
l

V
e
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i
o
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o.D@M *MBNLD HM SGD 1@RS 12 .NMSGR (HM 2011 *MEK@BSHNM-"CITRSDC %NKK@QR): 2011 "LDQHB@M $NLLTMHSX 4TQUDX 1-:D@Q
&RSHL@SDR.p "LDQHB@M '@BS 'HMCDQ, 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://E@BSEHMCDQ2.BDMRTR.FNU/E@BDR/
S@AKDRDQUHBDR/IRE/O@FDR/OQNCTBSUHDV.WGSLKOHC="$4?11?1:3?41902&OQNC5XOD=S@AKD (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
o.DS@C@S@ %DRBQHOSHNM NE $@MCHC@SD 4TLL@QX 'HKD.p 6.4. 'DCDQ@K &KDBSHNM $NLLHRRHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.EDB.FNU/EHM@MBD/CHRBKNRTQD/LDS@C@S@/LDS@C@S@ENQB@MCHC@SDRTLL@QX.RGSLK (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
o/@SHNM@K )D@KSG @MC /TSQHSHNM &W@LHM@SHNM 4TQUDX.p $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/MBGR/MG@MDR.GSL (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
>CMNLC<ONCIH
o"LDQHB@nR #DRS 4L@KK $NLO@MHDR.p 'NQADR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ENQADR.BNL/ADRS-RL@KK-BNLO@MHDR/KHRS/
(@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL &?9HEIE<J BEEAI>;B<.
%@S@ EQNL GSSO://VVV.ATRHMDRRVDDJ.BNL/.
%@S@ EQNL GSSO://VVV.ENQADR.BNL/.
o%HRBKNRTQD %@S@ $@S@KNF: -D@CDQRGHO 1"$ @MC 4ONMRNQR 3DONQS, 2012.p 'DCDQ@K &KDBSHNM $NLLHRRHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.EDB.FNU/C@S@/HMCDW.IRO (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2,2013).
o)TL@M 5NWNLD 1QNIDBS: .@OOHMF SGD 1NKKTSHNM HM 1DNOKD.p &MUHQNMLDMS@K 8NQJHMF (QNTO. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.DVF.NQF/RHSDR/GTL@MSNWNLD/O@QSHBHO@MSR/O@QSHBHO@MS-FQNTO.OGOFQNTO=HM+TSDQN%2'MDVANQM (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2,
2013).
o.DS@C@S@ %DRBQHOSHNM NE -D@CDQRGHO 1"$ -HRS.p 'DCDQ@K &KDBSHNM $NLLHRRHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.EDB.FNU/
EHM@MBD/CHRBKNRTQD/LDS@C@S@/LDS@C@S@-D@CDQRGHO1@B-HRS.RGSLK (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
+DMRDM, 5NL. o%DLNBQ@SR, 3DOTAKHB@MR %HUHCDC NM 0OHMHNM NE .TRHB *BNMR.p 1TAKHB 1NKHBX 1NKKHMF. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.OTAKHBONKHBXONKKHMF.BNL/%@X2.TRHB1NKK.OCE (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
.@CCDM, .@QX, "L@MC@ -DMG@QS, 4@MCQ@ $NQDRH, 6QR (@RRDQ, .@DUD %TFF@M, "@QNM 4LHSG, @MC .DQDCHSG #D@SNM. o5DDMR,
4NBH@K .DCH@, @MC 1QHU@BX.p 1DV*MSDQMDS, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ODVHMSDQMDS.NQF/3DONQSR/2013/5DDMR-4NBH@K-
.DCH@-"MC-1QHU@BX.@ROW (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
1QHMBD 4TQUDX 3DRD@QBG "RRNBH@SDR *MSDQM@SHNM@K. o2013 5DDM @MC 1QHU@BX .@M@FDLDMS 4TQUDX.p 1DV 3DRD@QBG $DMSDQ:
*MSDQMDS @MC "LDQHB@M -HED 1QNIDBS. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ODVHMSDQMDS.NQF/]/LDCH@//'HKDR/2TDRSHNMM@HQD/2013/
.DSGNCR%20@MC%202TDRSHNMR?5DDMR%20@MC%204NBH@K%20.DCH@.OCE (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
4@@C, -XCH@. o5GQDD HM 'NTQ 6.4. 8NQJDQR 1K@M SN 8NQJ 1@R 3DSHQDLDMS "FD: 4KHFGSKX LNQD R@X SGDX VHKK CN SGHR AX
BGNHBD Q@SGDQ SG@M MDBDRRHSX.p (@KKTO_ &BNMNLX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.F@KKTO.BNL/ONKK/162758/SGQDD-ENTQ-
VNQJDQR-OK@M-VNQJ-O@RS-QDSHQDLDMS-@FD.@ROW (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
5GD 'HDKC 1NKK. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://EHDKC.BNL/EHDKCONKKNMKHMD/RTARBQHADQR/ (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
;NFAX. o/DV 46/:*5/;NFAX "M@KXSHBR 1NKK: 'DV "LDQHB@MR 8NQQX @ANTS &LDQFDMBX 4HST@SHNMR 0BBTQQHMF HM 5GDHQ
$NLLTMHSX; 0MKX NMD HM SGQDD G@UD @M &LDQFDMBX 1K@M; 70% 4TOONQS *MEQ@RSQTBSTQD m*MUDRSLDMSn ENQ /@SHNM@K 4DBTQHSX.p
;NFAX "M@KXSHBR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.YNFAX@M@KXSHBR.BNL/MDVR/299-@LDQHB@MR-MDHSGDQ-VNQQHDC-MNQ-
OQDO@QDC-HM-B@RD-NE-@-CHR@RSDQ-RTMXHS-YNFAX-@M@KXSHBR-ONKK (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
o52% 4@X #HF-5HLD $NKKDFD "SGKDSHBR $NQQTOS &CTB@SHNM 1QNBDRR.p 3@RLTRRDM 3DONQSR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.Q@RLTRRDMQDONQSR.BNL/OTAKHB?BNMSDMS/KHEDRSXKD/RONQSR/L@X?2013/
52?R@X?AHF?SHLD?BNKKDFD?@SGKDSHBR?BNQQTOS?DCTB@SHNM?OQNBDRR (@BBDRRDC +TKX 2, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1
@. 244
A. 15
B. 50
3 N
244,
15
50
5 "R SGD R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR, SGDQD VHKK AD KDRR U@QH@AHKHSX HM SGD LD@M, RN SGD HMSDQU@K RHYD CDBQD@RDR.
7 1 HR SGD SHLD HM LHMTSDR HS S@JDR SN BNLOKDSD SGD 6.4. $DMRTR RGNQS ENQL. X
HR SGD LD@M SHLD HS SNNJ @ R@LOKD NE 200

ODNOKD SN BNLOKDSD SGD 6.4. $DMRTR RGNQS ENQL.
9 $*: (7.9441, 8.4559)
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 489
D
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V
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$CAOL? 8.11
EB& = 0.26
11 5GD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD VNTKC CDBQD@RD ADB@TRD CDBQD@RHMF D L@JDR SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K VHCDQ, RN @S SGD R@LD DQQNQ
ANTMC, SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK CDBQD@RDR.
13
@. x
= 2.2
A. \ = 0.2
B. D = 20
15 X
HR SGD LD@M VDHFGS NE @ R@LOKD NE 20 GD@CR NE KDSSTBD.

17 EB& = 0.07
$*: (2.1264, 2.2736)
$CAOL? 8.12
19 5GD HMSDQU@K HR FQD@SDQ ADB@TRD SGD KDUDK NE BNMEHCDMBD HMBQD@RDC. *E SGD NMKX BG@MFD L@CD HM SGD @M@KXRHR HR @ BG@MFD HM
BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK, SGDM @KK VD @QD CNHMF HR BG@MFHMF GNV LTBG @QD@ HR ADHMF B@KBTK@SDC ENQ SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GDQDENQD,
@ K@QFDQ BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK QDRTKSR HM K@QFDQ @QD@R @MC K@QFDQ HMSDQU@KR.
21 5GD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK VNTKC HMBQD@RD.
23 30.4
25 \
27 Z
29 MNQL@K
31 0.025
33 (24.52,36.28)
490 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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35 OK@BDGNKCDQ
37 5GD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGD LD@M VNTKC CDBQD@RD ADB@TRD @R SGD $- CDBQD@RDR, XNT MDDC KDRR @QD@ TMCDQ SGD MNQL@K BTQUD
(VGHBG SQ@MRK@SDR HMSN @ RL@KKDQ HMSDQU@K) SN B@OSTQD SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
39 1 HR SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR @ O@SHDMS V@HSR HM SGD DLDQFDMBX QNNL ADENQD ADHMF B@KKDC A@BJ SN AD DW@LHMDC. X
HR SGD
LD@M V@HS SHLD NE 70 O@SHDMSR HM SGD DLDQFDMBX QNNL.
41 $*: (1.3808, 1.6192)
$CAOL? 8.13
EB& = 0.12
43
@. x
= 151
A. s
x
= 32
B. D = 108
C. D k 1 = 1,074
45 X
HR SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR RODMS V@SBGHMF SDKDUHRHNM ODQ LNMSG EQNL @ R@LOKD NE 108 "LDQHB@MR.
47
@. $*: (142.92, 159.08)
A.
#><JG: 8.14
B. EB& = 8.08
49
@. 3.26
A. 1.02
B. 39
51 Z
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 491
D
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V
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53 J
38
55 0.025
57 (2.93, 3.59)
59 8D @QD 95% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD SQTD LD@M MTLADQ NE BNKNQR ENQ M@SHNM@K EK@FR HR ADSVDDM 2.93 BNKNQR @MC 3.59 BNKNQR.
60 5GD DQQNQ ANTMC VNTKC ADBNLD &#.= 0.245. 5GHR DQQNQ ANTMC CDBQD@RDR ADB@TRD @R R@LOKD RHYDR HMBQD@RD, U@QH@AHKHSX
CDBQD@RDR @MC VD MDDC KDRR HMSDQU@K KDMFSG SN B@OSTQD SGD SQTD LD@M.
63 *S VNTKC CDBQD@RD, ADB@TRD SGD Y-RBNQD VNTKC CDBQD@RD, VGHBG QDCTBHMF SGD MTLDQ@SNQ @MC KNVDQHMF SGD MTLADQ.
65 1 HR SGD MTLADQ NE oRTBBDRRDRp VGDQD SGD VNL@M L@JDR SGD L@INQHSX NE SGD OTQBG@RHMF CDBHRHNMR ENQ SGD GNTRDGNKC. )s HR
SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE GNTRDGNKCR R@LOKDC VGDQD SGD VNL@M L@JDR SGD L@INQHSX NE SGD OTQBG@RHMF CDBHRHNMR ENQ SGD GNTRDGNKC.
67 $*: (0.5321, 0.6679)
$CAOL? 8.15
EB&: 0.679
69 1 HR SGD MTLADQ NE oRTBBDRRDRp VGDQD @M DWDBTSHUD OQDEDQR @ SQTBJ. )s HR SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE DWDBTSHUDR R@LOKDC VGN
OQDEDQ @ SQTBJ.
71 $*: (0.19432, 0.33068)
$CAOL? 8.16
EB&: 0.0707
73 5GD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ LD@MR SG@S SGD SQTD LD@M B@M AD 2% @ANUD NQ ADKNV SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
75 )s HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE UNSDQR R@LOKDC VGN R@HC SGD DBNMNLX HR SGD LNRS HLONQS@MS HRRTD HM SGD TOBNLHMF DKDBSHNM.
77 $*: (0.62735, 0.67265) EB&: 0.02265
79 5GD MTLADQ NE FHQKR, @FDR 8 SN 12, HM SGD 5 1... .NMC@X MHFGS ADFHMMHMF HBD-RJ@SHMF BK@RR.
81
@. N = 64
492 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
D
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A. D = 80
B. Fs = 0.8
83 F
85 P ~N(0.8,
(0.8)(0.2)
80
) . (0.72171, 0.87829).
87 0.04
89 (0.72; 0.88)
91 8HSG 92%BNMEHCDMBD, VD DRSHL@SD SGD OQNONQSHNM NE FHQKR, @FDR 8 SN 12, HM @ ADFHMMHMF HBD-RJ@SHMF BK@RR @S SGD *BD $G@KDS
SN AD ADSVDDM 72% @MC 88%.
93 5GD DQQNQ ANTMC VNTKC HMBQD@RD. "RRTLHMF @KK NSGDQ U@QH@AKDR @QD JDOS BNMRS@MS, @R SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HMBQD@RDR, SGD
@QD@ TMCDQ SGD BTQUD BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK ADBNLDR K@QFDQ, VGHBG BQD@SDR @ VHCDQ HMSDQU@K @MC SGTR @ K@QFDQ
DQQNQ.
95
@. H. 71
HH. 3
HHH. 2.8
A. N
71,
3
48
B. H. $*: (70.15, 71.85)

HH.
#><JG: 8.17
HHH. EB& = 0.85
97
@. H. x
= 23.6
HH. = 7
HHH. M = 100
A. 1 HR SGD SHLD MDDCDC SN BNLOKDSD @M HMCHUHCT@K S@W ENQL. X
HR SGD LD@M SHLD SN BNLOKDSD S@W ENQLR EQNL @ R@LOKD NE

100 BTRSNLDQR.
B. N
23.6,
7
100
ADB@TRD VD JMNV RHFL@.

C. H. (22.228, 24.972) HH.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 493
D
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#><JG: 8.18
HHH. EB& = 1.372
D. *S VHKK MDDC SN BG@MFD SGD R@LOKD RHYD. 5GD EHQL MDDCR SN CDSDQLHMD VG@S SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK RGNTKC AD, SGDM @OOKX
SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@ SN CDSDQLHMD SGD MDBDRR@QX R@LOKD RHYD.
E. 5GD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK VNTKC HMBQD@RD @R @ QDRTKS NE @ K@QFDQ HMSDQU@K. 4L@KKDQ R@LOKD RHYDR QDRTKS HM LNQD U@QH@AHKHSX. 5N
B@OSTQD SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, VD MDDC SN G@UD @ K@QFDQ HMSDQU@K.
F. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQLTK@, SGD EHQL MDDCR SN RTQUDX 206 ODNOKD. 4HMBD VD HMBQD@RD SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK,
VD MDDC SN HMBQD@RD DHSGDQ NTQ DQQNQ ANTMC NQ SGD R@LOKD RHYD.
99
@. H. 7.9
HH. 2.5
HHH. 2.8
HU. 20
U. 19 A.
B. H. $*: (6.98, 8.82)
HH. EB&: 0.92
101
@. x
= $568,873
A. C% = 0.95 V = 1 k 0.95 = 0.05 z
2
= 1.96
EB& = z
0.025

n
= 1.96
909200
40
= $281,764
B. x
u EB& = 568,873 u 281,764 = 287,109

x
+ EB& = 568,873 + 281,764 = 850,637

"KSDQM@SD RNKTSHNM:
1. 1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*).
2. "QQNV CNVM SN 7:/>D7BF3<.
3. 1QDRR E$*E(.
4. "QQNV SN 4S@SR @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
5. "QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF U@KTDR:
\ : 909,200
x
: 568,873
D: 40
494 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
D
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A
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a
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V
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s
i
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C%: 0.95
6. "QQNV CNVM SN $@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
7. 5GD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR ($287,114, $850,632).
8. /NSHBD SGD RL@KK CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD SVN RNKTSHNMRkSGDRD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD RHLOKX CTD SN QNTMCHMF DQQNQ HM
SGD G@MC B@KBTK@SHNMR.
C. 8D DRSHL@SD VHSG 95% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE BNMSQHATSHNMR QDBDHUDC EQNL @KK HMCHUHCT@KR AX )NTRD
B@MCHC@SDR HR ADSVDDM $287,109 @MC $850,637.
103 6RD SGD ENQLTK@ ENQ EB&, RNKUDC ENQ D:
n =
z
2
2
EBM
2
'QNL SGD RS@SDLDMS NE SGD OQNAKDL, XNT JMNV SG@S \ = 2.5, @MC XNT MDDC EB& = 1. P = P
0.035
=
1.812 (5GHR HR SGD U@KTD NE P ENQ VGHBG SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD CDMRHSX BTQUD SN SGD #igh% NE P HR 0.035.)
n =
z
2
2
EBM
2
=
1.812
2
2.5
2
1
2
20.52 :NT MDDC SN LD@RTQD @S KD@RS 21 L@KD RSTCDMSR SN @BGHDUD XNTQ FN@K.
105
@. H. 8629
HH. 6944
HHH. 35
HU. 34
A. t
34
B. H. $*: (6244, 11,014)
HH.
#><JG: 8.19
HHH. &# = 2385
C. *S VHKK ADBNLD RL@KKDQ
107
@. H. x
= 2.51
HH. s
x
= 0.318
HHH. D = 9
HU. D - 1 = 8
A. SGD DEEDBSHUD KDMFSG NE SHLD ENQ @ SQ@MPTHKHYDQ
B. SGD LD@M DEEDBSHUD KDMFSG NE SHLD NE SQ@MPTHKHYDQR EQNL @ R@LOKD NE MHMD O@SHDMSR
C. 8D MDDC SN TRD @ 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM, ADB@TRD VD CN MNS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
D. H. $*: (2.27, 2.76) HH.
HHH. EB&: 0.25
E. *E VD VDQD SN R@LOKD L@MX FQNTOR NE MHMD O@SHDMSR, 95%NE SGD R@LOKDR VNTKC BNMS@HM SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M KDMFSG
NE SHLD.
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 495
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109 x
= $251, 854.23 s = $521, 130.41 /NSD SG@S VD @QD MNS FHUDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, NMKX SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKD. 5GDQD @QD 30 LD@RTQDR HM SGD R@LOKD, RN D = 30, @MC :< = 30 - 1 = 29 C% = 0.96, RN V =
1 - C% = 1 - 0.96 = 0.04

2
= 0.02t
2
= t
0.02
= 2.150 EBM = t
2
s
n
= 2.150
521, 130.41
30
~ $204, 561.66 x
-
EB&= $251,854.23 - $204,561.66 = $47,292.57 x
+ EB&= $251,854.23+ $204,561.66 = $456,415.89 8D DRSHL@SD VHSG

96% BNMEHCDMBD SG@S SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE LNMDX Q@HRDC AX @KK -D@CDQRGHO 1"$R CTQHMF SGD 2011k2012 DKDBSHNM BXBKD KHDR
ADSVDDM $47,292.57 @MC $456,415.89.
"KSDQM@SD 4NKTSHNM
&MSDQ SGD C@S@ @R @ KHRS.
"QQNV CNVM SN 8:*>D7BF3<.
1QDRR E$*E(.
"QQNV SN %@S@ @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
"QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ SGD M@LD NE SGD KHRS VGDQD SGD C@S@ HR RSNQDC.
&MSDQ FB7A: 1
&MSDQ C-"7F7<: 0.96
"QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E>D7B.
5GD 96% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR ($47,262, $456,447).
5GD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM RNKTSHNMR @QHRDR EQNL QNTMCHMF CHEEDQDMBDR.
111
@. H. x
=
HH. s
x
=
HHH. D =
HU. D - 1 =
A. 1 HR SGD MTLADQ NE TMNBBTOHDC RD@SR NM @ RHMFKD EKHFGS. X
HR SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE TMNBBTOHDC RD@SR EQNL @ R@LOKD NE

225 EKHFGSR.
B. 8D VHKK TRD @ 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM, ADB@TRD VD CN MNS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
C. H. $*: (11.12 , 12.08) HH.
HHH. EB&: 0.48
113
@. H. $*: (7.64 , 9.36)
HH.
#><JG: 8.20
HHH. EB&: 1.13
A. 5GD R@LOKD RGNTKC G@UD ADDM HMBQD@RDC.
496 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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B. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
C. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
D. "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX.
115 A
117
@. 1,068
A. 5GD R@LOKD RHYD VNTKC MDDC SN AD HMBQD@RDC RHMBD SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD HMBQD@RDR @R SGD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK HMBQD@RDR.
119
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN EDDK SG@S SGD OQDRHCDMS HR CNHMF @M @BBDOS@AKD INA;
)s = SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM @ R@LOKD VGN EDDK SG@S SGD OQDRHCDMS HR CNHMF @M @BBDOS@AKD INA.
A. N
0.61,
(0.61)(0.39)
1200
B. H. $*: (0.59, 0.63)

HH. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM
HHH. EB&: 0.02
121
@. H. (0.72, 0.82)
HH. (0.65, 0.76)
HHH. (0.60, 0.72)
A. :DR, SGD HMSDQU@KR (0.72, 0.82) @MC (0.65, 0.76) NUDQK@O, @MC SGD HMSDQU@KR (0.65, 0.76) @MC (0.60, 0.72) NUDQK@O.
B. 8D B@M R@X SG@S SGDQD CNDR MNS @OOD@Q SN AD @ RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNONQSHNM NE "RH@M @CTKSR VGN R@X
SG@S SGDHQ E@LHKHDR VNTKC VDKBNLD @ VGHSD ODQRNM HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR @MC SGD OQNONQSHNM NE "RH@M @CTKSR VGN R@X SG@S
SGDHQ E@LHKHDR VNTKC VDKBNLD @ -@SHMN ODQRNM HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR.
C. 8D B@M R@X SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNONQSHNM NE "RH@M @CTKSR VGN R@X SG@S SGDHQ E@LHKHDR
VNTKC VDKBNLD @ VGHSD ODQRNM HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR @MC SGD OQNONQSHNM NE "RH@M @CTKSR VGN R@X SG@S SGDHQ E@LHKHDR VNTKC
VDKBNLD @ AK@BJ ODQRNM HMSN SGDHQ E@LHKHDR.
123
@. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE @CTKS "LDQHB@MR VGN EDDK SG@S BQHLD HR SGD L@HM OQNAKDL; )c = SGD OQNONQSHNM NE @CTKS "LDQHB@MR
VGN EDDK SG@S BQHLD HR SGD L@HM OQNAKDL
A. 4HMBD VD @QD DRSHL@SHMF @ OQNONQSHNM, FHUDM )c = 0.2 @MC D = 1000, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM VD RGNTKC TRD HR
N
0.2,
(0.2)(0.8)
1000
.
B. H. $*: (0.18, 0.22)
HH. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
HHH. EB&: 0.02
C. 0MD V@X SN KNVDQ SGD R@LOKHMF DQQNQ HR SN HMBQD@RD SGD R@LOKD RHYD.
D. 5GD RS@SDC oa 3%p QDOQDRDMSR SGD L@WHLTL DQQNQ ANTMC. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGNRD CNHMF SGD RSTCX @QD QDONQSHMF @
L@WHLTL DQQNQ NE 3%. 5GTR, SGDX DRSHL@SD SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE @CTKS "LDQHB@MR VGN EDDK SG@S BQHLD HR SGD L@HM OQNAKDL
SN AD ADSVDDM 17% @MC 23%.
125 B
127 C
129 @
131
@. Fc =
(0.55 + 0.49)
2
= 0.52; EB) = 0.55 - 0.52 = 0.03
A. /N, SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HMBKTCDR U@KTDR KDRR SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 0.50. *S HR ONRRHAKD SG@S KDRR SG@M G@KE NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM
ADKHDUD SGHR.
B. C% = 0.75, RN V = 1 k 0.75 = 0.25 @MC

2
= 0.125 z
2
= 1.150 . (5GD @QD@ SN SGD QHFGS NE SGHR P HR 0.125, RN SGD @QD@ SN
SGD KDES HR 1 k 0.125 = 0.875.)
"'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2 497
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EBP = (1.150)
0.52(0.48)
1, 000
0.018
(Fs - EB), Fs + EB) = (0.52 k 0.018, 0.52 + 0.018) = (0.502, 0.538)
"KSDQM@SD 4NKTSHNM
45"5 5&454 ": 1-1QNO;HMSDQU@K VHSG N = (0.52)(1,000), D = 1,000, $- = 0.75.
"MRVDQ HR (0.502, 0.538)
C. :DR k SGHR HMSDQU@K CNDR MNS E@KK KDRR SG@M 0.50 RN VD B@M BNMBKTCD SG@S @S KD@RS G@KE NE @KK "LDQHB@M @CTKSR ADKHDUD SG@S
L@INQ RONQSR OQNFQ@LR BNQQTOS DCTB@SHNM k ATS VD CN RN VHSG NMKX 75% BNMEHCDMBD.
133 C% = 0.95 V = 1 k 0.95 = 0.05

2
= 0.005 z
2
= 1.96. 6RD Fs = Gs = 0.5.
n =
z
2
2
p q
EBP
2
=
1.96
2
(0.5)(0.5)
0.05
2
= 384.16 :NT MDDC SN HMSDQUHDV @S KD@RS 385 RSTCDMSR SN DRSHL@SD SGD OQNONQSHNM SN
VHSGHM 5% @S 95% BNMEHCDMBD.
498 "'/3$1 8 W ".-%(#$-"$ (-3$15+2
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9 U &7.-2&#1'1 2#12',%:
1',%*# +#A, A,"
1',%*# .0-.-02'-,
$CAOL? 9.1 8KQ ?=J QOA = DULKPDAOEO PAOP PK @A?E@A EB = @KC >NAA@ANÒ ?H=EI PD=P ARANU #=HI=PE=J D=O 35 OLKPO EO
OP=PEOPE?=HHU OKQJ@.
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
c %HEEDQDMSH@SD ADSVDDM 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** &QQNQR
c %DRBQHAD GXONSGDRHR SDRSHMF HM FDMDQ@K @MC HM OQ@BSHBD
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM JMNVM.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
TMJMNVM.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 499
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c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM.
0MD INA NE @ RS@SHRSHBH@M HR SN L@JD RS@SHRSHB@K HMEDQDMBDR @ANTS ONOTK@SHNMR A@RDC NM R@LOKDR S@JDM EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
DC;>9:C8: >CI:GK6AH @QD NMD V@X SN DRSHL@SD @ ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ. "MNSGDQ V@X SN L@JD @ RS@SHRSHB@K HMEDQDMBD HR SN
L@JD @ CDBHRHNM @ANTS @ O@Q@LDSDQ. 'NQ HMRS@MBD, @ B@Q CD@KDQ @CUDQSHRDR SG@S HSR MDV RL@KK SQTBJ FDSR 35 LHKDR ODQ F@KKNM,
NM @UDQ@FD. " STSNQHMF RDQUHBD BK@HLR SG@S HSR LDSGNC NE STSNQHMF GDKOR 90%NE HSR RSTCDMSR FDS @M " NQ @ #. " BNLO@MX R@XR
SG@S VNLDM L@M@FDQR HM SGDHQ BNLO@MX D@QM @M @UDQ@FD NE $60,000 ODQ XD@Q.
" RS@SHRSHBH@M VHKK L@JD @ CDBHRHNM @ANTS SGDRD BK@HLR. 5GHR OQNBDRR HR B@KKDC " =NEDI=:H>H I:HI>C<." " GXONSGDRHR SDRS
HMUNKUDR BNKKDBSHMF C@S@ EQNL @ R@LOKD @MC DU@KT@SHMF SGD C@S@. 5GDM, SGD RS@SHRSHBH@M L@JDR @ CDBHRHNM @R SN VGDSGDQ NQ MNS
SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD, A@RDC TONM @M@KXRDR NE SGD C@S@, SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK BNMCTBS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR NM RHMFKD LD@MR @MC RHMFKD OQNONQSHNMR. :NT VHKK @KRN KD@QM @ANTS SGD
DQQNQR @RRNBH@SDC VHSG SGDRD SDRSR.
)XONSGDRHR SDRSHMF BNMRHRSR NE SVN BNMSQ@CHBSNQX GXONSGDRDR NQ RS@SDLDMSR, @ CDBHRHNM A@RDC NM SGD C@S@, @MC @
BNMBKTRHNM. 5N ODQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS, @ RS@SHRSHBH@M VHKK:
1. 4DS TO SVN BNMSQ@CHBSNQX GXONSGDRDR.
2. $NKKDBS R@LOKD C@S@ (HM GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDLR, SGD C@S@ NQ RTLL@QX RS@SHRSHBR VHKK AD FHUDM SN XNT).
3. %DSDQLHMD SGD BNQQDBS CHRSQHATSHNM SN ODQENQL SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
4. "M@KXYD R@LOKD C@S@ AX ODQENQLHMF SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR SG@S TKSHL@SDKX VHKK @KKNV XNT SN QDIDBS NQ CDBKHMD SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR.
5. .@JD @ CDBHRHNM @MC VQHSD @ LD@MHMFETK BNMBKTRHNM.
,-2#
5N CN SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDLR ENQ SGHR BG@OSDQ @MC K@SDQ BG@OSDQR, L@JD BNOHDR NE SGD @OOQNOQH@SD RODBH@K
RNKTSHNM RGDDSR. 4DD SGD AJJ?H>CR, "1IFONCIH 1B??NM" (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/QA2619/F;N?MN/) .
9.1 U ,OFF ;H> AFN?LH;NCP? &SJINB?M?M
5GD @BST@K SDRS ADFHMR AX BNMRHCDQHMF SVN =NEDI=:H:H. 5GDX @QD B@KKDC SGD CJAA =NEDI=:H>H @MC SGD 6AI:GC6I>K: =NEDI=:H>H.
5GDRD GXONSGDRDR BNMS@HM NOONRHMF UHDVONHMSR.
!
0
: 1=: CJAA =NEDI=:H>H: *S HR @ RS@SDLDMS @ANTS SGD ONOTK@SHNM SG@S DHSGDQ HR ADKHDUDC SN AD SQTD NQ HR TRDC SN OTS ENQSG
@M @QFTLDMS TMKDRR HS B@M AD RGNVM SN AD HMBNQQDBS ADXNMC @ QD@RNM@AKD CNTAS.
!
7
: 1=: 6AI:GC6I>K: =NEDI=:H>H: *S HR @ BK@HL @ANTS SGD ONOTK@SHNM SG@S HR BNMSQ@CHBSNQX SN !
0
@MC VG@S VD BNMBKTCD
VGDM VD QDIDBS !
0
.
$T=ILHA 9.1
!
0
: /N LNQD SG@M 30% NE SGD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX UNSDC HM SGD OQHL@QX DKDBSHNM. F x 30
!
7
: .NQD SG@M 30% NE SGD QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX UNSDC HM SGD OQHL@QX DKDBSHNM. F > 30
9.1 " LDCHB@K SQH@K HR BNMCTBSDC SN SDRS VGDSGDQ NQ MNS @ MDV LDCHBHMD QDCTBDR BGNKDRSDQNK AX 25%. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC
@KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
$T=ILHA 9.2
8D V@MS SN SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE DHFGSG FQ@CDQR HM "LDQHB@M BNKKDFDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL 2.0 (NTS NE 4.0).
5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
!
0
: Z = 2.0
!
7
: Z w 2.0
500 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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9.2 8D V@MS SN SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE DHFGSG FQ@CDQR HR 66 HMBGDR. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
'HKK HM SGD BNQQDBS RXLANK ENQ SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR. (=, w, y, <, x, >) ENQ SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD
GXONSGDRDR.
=. !
0
: Z ?? 66
>. !
7
: Z ?? 66
$T=ILHA 9.3
8D V@MS SN SDRS HE BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR S@JD KDRR SG@M EHUD XD@QR SN FQ@CT@SD EQNL BNKKDFD, NM SGD @UDQ@FD. 5GD MTKK @MC
@KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
!
0
: Z y 5
!
7
: Z < 5
9.3 8D V@MS SN SDRS HE HS S@JDR EDVDQ SG@M 45 LHMTSDR SN SD@BG @ KDRRNM OK@M. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
'HKK HM SGD BNQQDBS RXLANK ( =, w, y, <, x, >) ENQ SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
=. !
0
: Z ?? 45
>. !
7
: Z ?? 45
$T=ILHA 9.4
*M @M HRRTD NE .. ,. ';MI 7D: 0EHB: +;FEHJ, @M @QSHBKD NM RBGNNK RS@MC@QCR RS@SDC SG@S @ANTS G@KE NE @KK RSTCDMSR HM
'Q@MBD, (DQL@MX, @MC *RQ@DK S@JD @CU@MBDC OK@BDLDMS DW@LR @MC @ SGHQC O@RR. 5GD R@LD @QSHBKD RS@SDC SG@S 6.6%
NE 6.4. RSTCDMSR S@JD @CU@MBDC OK@BDLDMS DW@LR @MC 4.4% O@RR. 5DRS HE SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE 6.4. RSTCDMSR VGN S@JD
@CU@MBDC OK@BDLDMS DW@LR HR LNQD SG@M 6.6%. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
!
0
: F x 0.066
!
7
: F > 0.066
9.4 0M @ RS@SD CQHUDQnR SDRS, @ANTS 40% O@RR SGD SDRS NM SGD EHQRS SQX. 8D V@MS SN SDRS HE LNQD SG@M 40% O@RR NM SGD EHQRS
SQX. 'HKK HM SGD BNQQDBS RXLANK (=, w, y, <, x, >) ENQ SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
=. !
0
: F ?? 0.40
>. !
7
: F ?? 0.40
4HMBD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @QD BNMSQ@CHBSNQX, XNT LTRS DW@LHMD DUHCDMBD SN CDBHCD HE XNT G@UD DMNTFG
DUHCDMBD SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR NQ MNS. 5GD DUHCDMBD HR HM SGD ENQL NE R@LOKD C@S@.
"ESDQ XNT G@UD CDSDQLHMDC VGHBG GXONSGDRHR SGD R@LOKD RTOONQSR, XNT L@JD @ 9:8>H>DC. 5GDQD @QD SVN NOSHNMR ENQ @
CDBHRHNM. 5GDX @QD "QDIDBS !
0
" HE SGD R@LOKD HMENQL@SHNM E@UNQR SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR NQ "CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
" NQ "CDBKHMD
SN QDIDBS !
0
" HE SGD R@LOKD HMENQL@SHNM HR HMRTEEHBHDMS SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
.@SGDL@SHB@K 4XLANKR 6RDC HM !
0
@MC !
7
:
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 501
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H
0
H
%
AMQ=H (=) JKP AMQ=H (f) IL CNA=PAN PD=J (>) IL HAOO PD=J (<)
CNA=PAN PD=J KN AMQ=H PK (h) HAOO PD=J (<)
HAOO PD=J KN AMQ=H PK (g) IKNA PD=J (>)
2;<F? 9.1
,-2#
!
0
@KV@XR G@R @ RXLANK VHSG @M DPT@K HM HS. !
7
MDUDQ G@R @ RXLANK VHSG @M DPT@K HM HS. 5GD BGNHBD NE RXLANK CDODMCR
NM SGD VNQCHMF NE SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS. )NVDUDQ, AD @V@QD SG@S L@MX QDRD@QBGDQR (HMBKTCHMF NMD NE SGD BN-@TSGNQR HM
QDRD@QBG VNQJ) TRD = HM SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, DUDM VHSG > NQ < @R SGD RXLANK HM SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR. 5GHR OQ@BSHBD
HR @BBDOS@AKD ADB@TRD VD NMKX L@JD SGD CDBHRHNM SN QDIDBS NQ MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
#QHMF SN BK@RR @ MDVRO@ODQ, RNLD MDVR L@F@YHMDR, @MC RNLD *MSDQMDS @QSHBKDR . *M FQNTOR, EHMC @QSHBKDR EQNLVGHBG XNTQ
FQNTO B@M VQHSD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR. %HRBTRR XNTQ GXONSGDRDR VHSG SGD QDRS NE SGD BK@RR.
9.2 U -ON=IG?M ;H> NB? 2SJ? ' ;H> 2SJ? '' #LLILM
8GDM XNT ODQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS, SGDQD @QD ENTQ ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR CDODMCHMF NM SGD @BST@K SQTSG (NQ E@KRDMDRR) NE SGD
MTKK GXONSGDRHR !
0
@MC SGD CDBHRHNM SN QDIDBS NQ MNS. 5GD NTSBNLDR @QD RTLL@QHYDC HM SGD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD:
A!2'-, H
0
'1 A!23A**7 ...
3NQA %=HOA
"I HIN L?D?=N H
0 "KNNA?P .QP?KIA 3ULA (( ANNKN
0?D?=N H
0 3ULA ( $NNKN "KNNA?P .QP?KIA
2;<F? 9.2
5GD ENTQ ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR HM SGD S@AKD @QD:
1. 5GD CDBHRHNM HR CDI ID G:?:8I H
0
VGDM, H
0
>H IGJ: (8DGG:8I 9:8>H>DC).
2. 5GD CDBHRHNM HR SN G:?:8I H
0
VGDM, H
0
>H IGJ: (HMBNQQDBS CDBHRHNM JMNVM @R @ 1NE: & :GGDG).
3. 5GD CDBHRHNM HR CDI ID G:?:8I H
0
VGDM, HM E@BS, H
0
>H ;6AH: (HMBNQQDBS CDBHRHNM JMNVM @R @ 1NE: && :GGDG).
4. 5GD CDBHRHNM HR SN G:?:8I H
0
VGDM, H
0
>H ;6AH: (8DGG:8I 9:8>H>DC VGNRD OQNA@AHKHSX HR B@KKDC SGD -DL:G D; I=: 1:HI).
&@BG NE SGD DQQNQR NBBTQR VHSG @ O@QSHBTK@Q OQNA@AHKHSX. 5GD (QDDJ KDSSDQR V @MC W QDOQDRDMS SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
V = OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 5XOD * DQQNQ = P(1NE: & :GGDG) = OQNA@AHKHSX NE QDIDBSHMF SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD.
W = OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ = P(1NE: && :GGDG) = OQNA@AHKHSX NE MNS QDIDBSHMF SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR HR E@KRD.
V @MC W RGNTKC AD @R RL@KK @R ONRRHAKD ADB@TRD SGDX @QDOQNA@AHKHSHDR NE DQQNQR. 5GDX @QD Q@QDKX YDQN.
5GD 1NVDQ NE SGD 5DRS HR 1 k W. *CD@KKX, VD V@MS @ GHFG ONVDQ SG@S HR @R BKNRD SN NMD @R ONRRHAKD. *MBQD@RHMF SGD R@LOKD
RHYD B@M HMBQD@RD SGD 1NVDQ NE SGD 5DRS.
502 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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5GD ENKKNVHMF @QD DW@LOKDR NE 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR.
$T=ILHA 9.5
4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: 'Q@MJ'R QNBJ BKHLAHMF DPTHOLDMS HR R@ED.
1NE: & :GGDG: 'Q@MJ SGHMJR SG@S GHR QNBJ BKHLAHMF DPTHOLDMS L@X MNS AD R@ED VGDM, HME@BS, HS QD@KKX HR R@ED.
1NE: && :GGDG: 'Q@MJ SGHMJR SG@S GHR QNBJ BKHLAHMF DPTHOLDMS L@X AD R@ED VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR MNS R@ED.
+ = EGD767>A>IN SG@S 'Q@MJ SGHMJR GHR QNBJ BKHLAHMF DPTHOLDMS L@X MNS AD R@ED VGDM,HM E@BS, HS QD@KKX HR R@ED.
, = EGD767>A>IN SG@S 'Q@MJ SGHMJR GHR QNBJ BKHLAHMF DPTHOLDMS L@X AD R@ED VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR MNS R@ED.
/NSHBD SG@S, HM SGHR B@RD, SGD DQQNQ VHSG SGD FQD@SDQ BNMRDPTDMBD HR SGD 5XOD ** DQQNQ. (*E 'Q@MJ SGHMJR GHR QNBJ
BKHLAHMF DPTHOLDMS HR R@ED, GD VHKK FN @GD@C @MC TRD HS.)
9.5 4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: SGD AKNNC BTKSTQDR BNMS@HM MN SQ@BDR NE O@SGNFDM 1. 4S@SD SGD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD
** DQQNQR.
$T=ILHA 9.6
4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: 5GD UHBSHL NE @M @TSNLNAHKD @BBHCDMS HR @KHUD VGDM GD @QQHUDR @S SGD
DLDQFDMBX QNNL NE @ GNROHS@K.
1NE: & :GGDG: 5GD DLDQFDMBX BQDV SGHMJR SG@S SGD UHBSHL HR CD@C VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD UHBSHL HR @KHUD.1NE: &&
:GGDG: 5GD DLDQFDMBX BQDV CNDR MNS JMNV HE SGD UHBSHL HR @KHUD VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD UHBSHL HR CD@C.
+ = EGD767>A>IN SG@S SGD DLDQFDMBX BQDV SGHMJR SGD UHBSHL HR CD@C VGDM, HM E@BS, GD HRQD@KKX @KHUD = )(5XOD
* DQQNQ). , = EGD767>A>IN SG@S SGD DLDQFDMBX BQDV CNDR MNS JMNV HE SGD UHBSHL HR @KHUD VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD UHBSHL HR
CD@C = )(5XOD ** DQQNQ).
5GD DQQNQ VHSG SGD FQD@SDQ BNMRDPTDMBD HR SGD 5XOD * DQQNQ. (*E SGD DLDQFDMBX BQDV SGHMJR SGD UHBSHL HR CD@C,
SGDX VHKK MNS SQD@S GHL.)
9.6 4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR: !
0
, HR: @ O@SHDMS HR MNS RHBJ. 8GHBG SXOD NE DQQNQ G@R SGD FQD@SDQ BNMRDPTDMBD, 5XOD *
NQ 5XOD **
$T=ILHA 9.7
*SnR @ #NX (DMDSHB -@AR BK@HL SN AD @AKD SN HMBQD@RD SGD KHJDKHGNNC SG@S @ OQDFM@MBX VHKK QDRTKS HM @ ANX ADHMF
ANQM. 4S@SHRSHBH@MR V@MS SN SDRS SGD BK@HL. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: *SnR @ #NX -@AR G@R MN DEEDBS NM
FDMCDQ NTSBNLD.
1NE: & :GGDG: 5GHR QDRTKSR VGDM @ SQTD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR QDIDBSDC. *M SGD BNMSDWS NE SGHR RBDM@QHN, VD VNTKC
RS@SD SG@S VD ADKHDUD SG@S *SnR @ #NX HMEKTDMBDR SGD FDMCDQ NTSBNLD, VGDM HM E@BS HS G@R MN DEEDBS. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX
NE SGHR DQQNQ NBBTQQHMF HR CDMNSDC AX SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQ @KOG@, V.
1NE: && :GGDG: 5GHR QDRTKSR VGDM VD E@HK SN QDIDBS @ E@KRD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. *M BNMSDWS, VD VNTKC RS@SD SG@S *SnR
@ #NX (DMDSHB -@AR CNDR MNS HMEKTDMBD SGD FDMCDQ NTSBNLD NE @ OQDFM@MBX VGDM, HM E@BS, HS CNDR. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX
NE SGHR DQQNQ NBBTQQHMF HR CDMNSDC AX SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQ ADS@, W.
5GD DQQNQ NE FQD@SDQ BNMRDPTDMBD VNTKC AD SGD 5XOD * DQQNQ RHMBD BNTOKDR VNTKC TRD SGD *SnR @ #NX (DMDSHB
-@AR OQNCTBS HM GNODR NE HMBQD@RHMF SGD BG@MBDR NE G@UHMF @ ANX.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 503
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9.7 o3DC SHCDp HR @ AKNNL NE ONHRNM-OQNCTBHMF @KF@Dk@ EDV CHEEDQDMS RODBHDR NE @ BK@RR NE OK@MJSNM B@KKDC
CHMNEK@FDKK@SDR. 8GDM SGD VD@SGDQ @MC V@SDQ BNMCHSHNMR B@TRD SGDRD AKNNLR, RGDKKEHRG RTBG @R BK@LR KHUHMF HM SGD @QD@
CDUDKNO C@MFDQNTR KDUDKR NE @ O@Q@KXRHR-HMCTBHMF SNWHM. *M .@RR@BGTRDSSR, SGD %HUHRHNM NE .@QHMD 'HRGDQHDR (%.')
LNMHSNQR KDUDKR NE SGD SNWHM HM RGDKKEHRG AX QDFTK@Q R@LOKHMF NE RGDKKEHRG @KNMF SGD BN@RSKHMD. *E SGD LD@M KDUDK NE SNWHM
HM BK@LR DWBDDCR 800 KF (LHBQNFQ@LR) NE SNWHM ODQ JF NE BK@L LD@S HM @MX @QD@, BK@L G@QUDRSHMF HR A@MMDC SGDQD TMSHK
SGD AKNNL HR NUDQ @MC KDUDKR NE SNWHM HM BK@LR RTARHCD. %DRBQHAD ANSG @ 5XOD * @MC @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ HM SGHR BNMSDWS, @MC
RS@SD VGHBG DQQNQ G@R SGD FQD@SDQ BNMRDPTDMBD.
$T=ILHA 9.8
" BDQS@HM DWODQHLDMS@K CQTF BK@HLR @ BTQD Q@SD NE 75% ENQ L@KDR VHSG OQNRS@SD B@MBDQ. %DRBQHAD ANSG SGD 5XOD *
@MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR HM BNMSDWS. 8GHBG DQQNQ HR SGD LNQD RDQHNTR
1NE: &: " B@MBDQ O@SHDMS ADKHDUDR SGD BTQD Q@SD ENQ SGD CQTF HR MNS 75% VGDM HS @BST@KKX HR 75%.
1NE: &&: " B@MBDQ O@SHDMS ADKHDUDR SGD DWODQHLDMS@K CQTF G@R @ 75%BTQD Q@SD VGDM HS CNDR MNS @BST@KKX G@UD
@ 75% BTQD Q@SD.
*M SGHR RBDM@QHN, SGD 5XOD ** DQQNQ BNMS@HMR SGD LNQD RDUDQD BNMRDPTDMBD. *E @ O@SHDMS ADKHDUDR SGD CQTF VNQJR,
SGHR LNRS KHJDKX VHKK HMEKTDMBD SGD O@SHDMSnR (@MC CNBSNQnR) BGNHBD @ANTS VGDSGDQ SN TRD SGD CQTF @R @ SQD@SLDMS
NOSHNM.
9.8 %DSDQLHMD ANSG 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF RBDM@QHN:
"RRTLD @ MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, SG@S RS@SDR SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE @CTKSR VHSG INAR HR @S KD@RS 88%.
*CDMSHEX SGD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR EQNL SGDRD ENTQ RS@SDLDMSR.
=. /NS SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE @CTKSR VGN G@UD INAR HR @S KD@RS 88% VGDM SG@S ODQBDMS@FD
HR @BST@KKX KDRR SG@M 88%
>. /NS SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE @CTKSR VGN G@UD INAR HR @S KD@RS 88% VGDM SGD ODQBDMS@FD
HR @BST@KKX @S KD@RS 88%.
?. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE @CTKSR VGN G@UD INAR HR @S KD@RS 88% VGDM SGD ODQBDMS@FD HR
@BST@KKX @S KD@RS 88%.
@. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE @CTKSR VGN G@UD INAR HR @S KD@RS 88% VGDM SG@S ODQBDMS@FD HR
@BST@KKX KDRR SG@M 88%.
9.3 U "CMNLC<ONCIH ,??>?> @IL &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA
&@QKHDQ HM SGD BNTQRD, VD CHRBTRRDC R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNMR. -6GI>8JA6G 9>HIG>7JI>DCH 6G: 6HHD8>6I:9 L>I= =NEDI=:H>H
I:HI>C<. 1DQENQL SDRSR NE @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M TRHMF @ CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC NQ @ 0IJ9:CI'H %-9>HIG>7JI>DC. (3DLDLADQ, TRD
@ 4STCDMS'R J-CHRSQHATSHNM VGDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC HR TMJMNVM @MC SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR
@OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.) 8D G@UD ODQENQLDC SDRSR NE @ ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM TRHMF @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM (TRT@KKX D HR K@QFD
NQ SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR K@QFD).
*E XNT @QD SDRSHMF @ H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR ENQ B:6CH:
X
~N
X
,

X
n
NQ t
d f
5GD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ HR Z. 5GD DRSHL@SDC U@KTD (ONHMS DRSHL@SD) ENQ i HR x
, SGD R@LOKD LD@M.

*E XNT @QD SDRSHMF @ H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC EGDEDGI>DC, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR ENQ OQNONQSHNMR NQ ODQBDMS@FDR:
P ~N
p,
p q
n

5GD ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ HR F. 5GD DRSHL@SDC U@KTD (ONHMS DRSHL@SD) ENQ F HR Fc. Fc =
x
n
VGDQD N HR SGD MTLADQ NE
RTBBDRRDR @MC D HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD.
504 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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AMMOGJNCIHM
8GDM XNT ODQENQL@ =NEDI=:H>H I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C . TRHMF @ 0IJ9:CI'H %-9>HIG>7JI>DC (NESDM B@KKDC @ S-SDRS),
SGDQD @QD ETMC@LDMS@K @RRTLOSHNMR SG@S MDDC SN AD LDS HM NQCDQ ENQ SGD SDRS SN VNQJ OQNODQKX. :NTQ C@S@ RGNTKC AD @ H>BEA:
G6C9DB H6BEA: SG@S BNLDR EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM SG@S HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX CDGB6AAN 9>HIG>7JI:9. :NT TRD SGD R@LOKD HI6C96G9
9:K>6I>DC SN @OOQNWHL@SD SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. (/NSD SG@S HE SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD, @ S-SDRS VHKK
VNQJ DUDM HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR MNS @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC).
8GDM XNT ODQENQL @ =NEDI=:H>H I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C . TRHMF @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM (NESDM B@KKDC @ P-SDRS),
XNT S@JD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNLR@LOKD EQNLSGD ONOTK@SHNM. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM XNT @QD SDRSHMF HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC NQ XNTQ R@LOKD
RHYD HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD. :NT JMNV SGD U@KTD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM VGHBG, HM QD@KHSX, HR Q@QDKX JMNVM.
8GDM XNT ODQENQL @ =NEDI=:H>H I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC EGDEDGI>DC !, XNT S@JD @ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD EQNL
SGD ONOTK@SHNM. :NT LTRS LDDS SGD BNMCHSHNMR ENQ @ 7>CDB>6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC HM VGHBG @QD: SGDQD @QD @ BDQS@HM MTLADQ D NE
HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR, SGD NTSBNLDR NE @MX SQH@K @QD RTBBDRR NQ E@HKTQD, @MC D@BG SQH@K G@R SGD R@LD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR F. 5GD
RG@OD NE SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM MDDCR SN AD RHLHK@Q SN SGD RG@OD NE SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5N DMRTQD SGHR, SGD PT@MSHSHDR DF
@MC DG LTRS ANSG AD FQD@SDQ SG@M EHUD (DF > 5 @MC DG > 5). 5GDM SGD AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE R@LOKD (DRSHL@SDC) OQNONQSHNM
B@M AD @OOQNWHL@SDC AX SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG Z = F @MC =
pq
n
. 3DLDLADQ SG@S G = 1 k F.
9.4 U 0;L? #P?HNM, NB? 1;GJF?, "?=CMCIH ;H> !IH=FOMCIH
&RS@AKHRGHMF SGD SXOD NE CHRSQHATSHNM, R@LOKD RHYD, @MC JMNVM NQ TMJMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM B@M GDKO XNT EHFTQD NTS GNV
SN FN @ANTS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS. )NVDUDQ, SGDQD @QD RDUDQ@K NSGDQ E@BSNQR XNT RGNTKC BNMRHCDQ VGDM VNQJHMF NTS @ GXONSGDRHR
SDRS.
0;L? #P?HNM
4TOONRD XNT L@JD @M @RRTLOSHNM @ANTS @ OQNODQSX NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM (SGHR @RRTLOSHNM HR SGD CJAA =NEDI=:H>H). 5GDM XNT
F@SGDQ R@LOKD C@S@ Q@MCNLKX. *E SGD R@LOKD G@R OQNODQSHDR SG@S VNTKC AD UDQX JCA>@:AN SN NBBTQ HE SGD @RRTLOSHNM HR SQTD,
SGDM XNT VNTKC BNMBKTCD SG@S XNTQ @RRTLOSHNM @ANTS SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR OQNA@AKX HMBNQQDBS. (3DLDLADQ SG@S XNTQ @RRTLOSHNM
HR ITRS @M 6HHJBEI>DClHS HR MNS @ E@BS @MC HS L@X NQ L@X MNS AD SQTD. #TS XNTQ R@LOKD C@S@ @QD QD@K @MC SGD C@S@ @QD RGNVHMF
XNT @ E@BS SG@S RDDLR SN BNMSQ@CHBS XNTQ @RRTLOSHNM.)
'NQ DW@LOKD, %HCH @MC "KH @QD @S @ AHQSGC@X O@QSX NE @ UDQX VD@KSGX EQHDMC. 5GDX GTQQX SN AD EHQRS HM KHMD SN FQ@A @ OQHYD
EQNL @ S@KK A@RJDS SG@S SGDX B@MMNS RDD HMRHCD ADB@TRD SGDX VHKK AD AKHMCENKCDC. 5GDQD @QD 200 OK@RSHB ATAAKDR HM SGD A@RJDS
@MC %HCH @MC "KH G@UD ADDM SNKC SG@S SGDQD HR NMKX NMD VHSG @ $100 AHKK. %HCH HR SGD EHQRS ODQRNM SN QD@BG HMSN SGD A@RJDS @MC
OTKK NTS @ ATAAKD. )DQ ATAAKD BNMS@HMR @ $100 AHKK. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE SGHR G@OODMHMF HR
1
200
= 0.005. #DB@TRD SGHR HR RN
TMKHJDKX, "KH HR GNOHMF SG@S VG@S SGD SVN NE SGDL VDQD SNKC HR VQNMF @MC SGDQD @QD LNQD $100 AHKKR HM SGD A@RJDS. " "Q@QD
DUDMS" G@R NBBTQQDC (%HCH FDSSHMF SGD $100 AHKK) RN "KH CNTASR SGD @RRTLOSHNM @ANTS NMKX NMD $100 AHKK ADHMF HM SGD A@RJDS.
3MCHA NB? 1;GJF? NI 2?MN NB? ,OFF &SJINB?MCM
6RD SGD R@LOKD C@S@ SN B@KBTK@SD SGD @BST@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF SGD SDRS QDRTKS, B@KKDC SGD !-K6AJ:. 5GD F-U@KTD HR SGD
EGD767>A>IN I=6I, >; I=: CJAA =NEDI=:H>H >H IGJ:, I=: G:HJAIH ;GDB 6CDI=:G G6C9DBAN H:A:8I:9 H6BEA: L>AA 7: 6H :MIG:B:
DG BDG: :MIG:B: 6H I=: G:HJAIH D7I6>C:9 ;GDB I=: <>K:C H6BEA:.
" K@QFD F-U@KTD B@KBTK@SDC EQNL SGD C@S@ HMCHB@SDR SG@S VD RGNTKC MNS QDIDBS SGD CJAA =NEDI=:H>H. 5GD RL@KKDQ SGD F-
U@KTD, SGD LNQD TMKHJDKX SGD NTSBNLD, @MC SGD RSQNMFDQ SGD DUHCDMBD HR @F@HMRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 8D VNTKC QDIDBS SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR HE SGD DUHCDMBD HR RSQNMFKX @F@HMRS HS.
!G6L 6 <G6E= I=6I H=DLH I=: !-K6AJ:. 1=: =NEDI=:H>H I:HI >H :6H>:G ID E:G;DGB >; NDJ JH: 6 <G6E= 7:86JH: NDJ
H:: I=: EGD7A:B BDG: 8A:6GAN.
$T=ILHA 9.9
4TOONRD @ A@JDQ BK@HLR SG@S GHR AQD@C GDHFGS HR LNQD SG@M 15 BL, NM @UDQ@FD. 4DUDQ@K NE GHR BTRSNLDQR CN MNS
ADKHDUD GHL. 5N ODQRT@CD GHR BTRSNLDQR SG@S GD HR QHFGS, SGD A@JDQ CDBHCDR SN CN @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS. )D A@JDR 10
KN@UDR NE AQD@C. 5GD LD@M GDHFGS NE SGD R@LOKD KN@UDR HR 17 BL. 5GD A@JDQ JMNVR EQNLA@JHMF GTMCQDCR NE KN@UDR
NE AQD@C SG@S SGD HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC ENQ SGD GDHFGS HR 0.5 BL. @MC SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE GDHFGSR HR MNQL@K.
5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR BNTKC AD !
0
: Z x 15 5GD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR HR !
7
: Z > 15
5GD VNQCR ">H BDG: I=6C" SQ@MRK@SDR @R @ ">" RN "Z > 15" FNDR HMSN SGD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR. 5GD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR LTRS BNMSQ@CHBS SGD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 505
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4HMBD 0 >H @CDLC (\ = 0.5 BL.), SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR JMNVM SN AD MNQL@K VHSG LD@M Z = 15
@MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM

n
=
0.5
10
= 0.16 .
4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD (SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE SGD KN@UDR HR MN LNQD SG@M 15 BL). 5GDM HR SGD LD@M
GDHFGS (17 BL) B@KBTK@SDC EQNL SGD R@LOKD TMDWODBSDCKX K@QFD 5GD GXONSGDRHR SDRS VNQJR AX @RJHMF SGD PTDRSHNM
GNV JCA>@:AN SGD R@LOKD LD@M VNTKC AD HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VDQD SQTD. 5GD FQ@OG RGNVR GNV E@Q NTS SGD R@LOKD
LD@M HR NM SGD MNQL@K BTQUD. 5GD F-U@KTD HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S, HE VD VDQD SN S@JD NSGDQ R@LOKDR, @MX NSGDQ
R@LOKD LD@M VNTKC E@KK @S KD@RS @R E@Q NTS @R 17 BL.
1=: !-K6AJ:, I=:C, >H I=: EGD767>A>IN I=6I 6 H6BEA: B:6C >H I=: H6B: DG <G:6I:G I=6C 17 8B. L=:C I=:
EDEJA6I>DC B:6C >H, >C ;68I, 15 8B. 8D B@M B@KBTK@SD SGHR OQNA@AHKHSX TRHMF SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ LD@MR.
$CAOL? 9.2
F-U@KTD= )( x
> 17) VGHBG HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX YDQN.

" F-U@KTD NE @OOQNWHL@SDKX YDQN SDKKR TR SG@S HS HR GHFGKX TMKHJDKX SG@S @ KN@E NE AQD@C QHRDR MN LNQD SG@M 15
BL, NM @UDQ@FD. 5G@S HR, @KLNRS 0%NE @KK KN@UDR NE AQD@C VNTKC AD @S KD@RS @R GHFG @R 17 BL. EJG:AN 7N %A+"
G@C SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M GDHFGS QD@KKX ADDM 15 BL. #DB@TRD SGD NTSBNLD NE 17 BL. HR RN JCA>@:AN (B:6C>C< >I
>H =6EE:C>C< +,1 7N 8=6C8: 6ADC:), VD BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD DUHCDMBD HR RSQNMFKX @F@HMRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR (SGD
LD@M GDHFGS HR @S LNRS 15 BL.). 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD SQTD LD@M GDHFGS ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM NE SGD
A@JDQ'R KN@UDR NE AQD@C HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 15 BL.
9.9 " MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1. 8D V@MS SN UDQHEX @ BK@HL SG@S SGD LD@M HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 12. "
R@LOKD NE 36 HR S@JDM VHSG @ R@LOKD LD@M NE 12.5.
!
0
: Z x 12
!
7
: Z > 12
5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.0013
%Q@V @ FQ@OG SG@S RGNVR SGD F-U@KTD.
"?=CMCIH ;H> !IH=FOMCIH
" RXRSDL@SHB V@X SN L@JD @ CDBHRHNM NE VGDSGDQ SN QDIDBS NQ MNS QDIDBS SGD CJAA =NEDI=:H>H HR SN BNLO@QD SGD !-K6AJ: @MC @
EG:H:I DG EG:8DC8:>K:9 Q (6AHD 86AA:9 6 "H><C>;>86C8: A:K:A"). " OQDRDS V HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 1NE: & :GGDG (QDIDBSHMF SGD
MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD). *S L@X NQ L@X MNS AD FHUDM SN XNT @S SGD ADFHMMHMF NE SGD OQNAKDL.
8GDM XNT L@JD @ 9:8>H>DC SN QDIDBS NQ MNS QDIDBS !
0
, CN @R ENKKNVR:
c *E V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS !
0
. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD R@LOKD C@S@ @QD RHFMHEHB@MS. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S
!
0
HR @M HMBNQQDBS ADKHDE @MC SG@S SGD 6AI:GC6I>K: =NEDI=:H>H, !
7
, L@X AD BNQQDBS.
c *E V x F-U@KTD, CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD R@LOKD C@S@ @QD MNS RHFMHEHB@MS.5GDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR,!
7
, L@XAD BNQQDBS.
c 8GDM XNT "CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
", HS CNDR MNS LD@M SG@S XNT RGNTKC ADKHDUD SG@S !
0
HR SQTD. *S RHLOKX LD@MR SG@S SGD R@LOKD
C@S@ G@UD ;6>A:9 SN OQNUHCD RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN B@RS RDQHNTR CNTAS @ANTS SGD SQTSGETKMDRR NE !
E
.
506 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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DC8AJH>DC: "ESDQ XNT L@JD XNTQ CDBHRHNM, VQHSD @ SGNTFGSETK 8DC8AJH>DC @ANTS SGD GXONSGDRDR HM SDQLR NE SGD FHUDM
OQNAKDL.
$T=ILHA 9.10
8GDM TRHMF SGD F-U@KTD SN DU@KT@SD @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS, HS HR RNLDSHLDR TRDETK SN TRD SGD ENKKNVHMF LDLNQX CDUHBD
*E SGD F-U@KTD HR KNV, SGD MTKK LTRS FN.
*E SGD F-U@KTD HR GHFG, SGD MTKK LTRS EKX.
5GHR LDLNQX @HC QDK@SDR @ F-U@KTD KDRR SG@M SGD DRS@AKHRGDC @KOG@ (SGD F HR KNV) @R QDIDBSHMF SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR @MC, KHJDVHRD, QDK@SDR @ F-U@KTD GHFGDQ SG@M SGD DRS@AKHRGDC @KOG@ (SGD F HR GHFG) @R MNS QDIDBSHMF SGD
MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
'HKK HM SGD AK@MJR.
3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM ??????????????????????????????????????.
5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD R@LOKD C@S@ ?????????????????????????????????????.
%N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK VGDM GXONSGDRHR VGDM ??????????????????????????????????????????.
5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD R@LOKD C@S@ ????????????????????????????????????????????.
1IFONCIH 9.10
3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM I=: !-K6AJ: >H A:HH I=6C I=: :HI67A>H=:9 6AE=6 K6AJ:. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD R@LOKD
C@S@ HJEEDGI I=: 6AI:GC6I>K: =NEDI=:H>H.
%N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM I=: !-K6AJ: >H <G:6I:G I=6C I=: :HI67A>H=:9 6AE=6 K6AJ:. 5GD QDRTKSR
NE SGD R@LOKD C@S@ 9D CDI HJEEDGI I=: 6AI:GC6I>K: =NEDI=:H>H.
9.10 *SnR @ #NX (DMDSHBR -@AR BK@HL SGDHQ OQNBDCTQDR HLOQNUD SGD BG@MBDR NE @ ANX ADHMF ANQM. 5GD QDRTKSR ENQ @ SDRS
NE @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM @QD @R ENKKNVR:
!
0
: F = 0.50, !
7
: F > 0.50
V = 0.01
F-U@KTD = 0.025
*MSDQOQDS SGD QDRTKSR @MC RS@SD @ BNMBKTRHNM HM RHLOKD, MNM-SDBGMHB@K SDQLR.
9.5 U A>>CNCIH;F 'H@ILG;NCIH ;H> $OFF &SJINB?MCM 2?MN
#R;GJF?M
c *M @ =NEDI=:H>H I:HI OQNAKDL, XNT L@X RDD VNQCR RTBG @R "SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD HR 1%." 5GD "1%" HR SGD
OQDBNMBDHUDC NQ OQDRDS V.
c 5GD RS@SHRSHBH@M RDSSHMF TO SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS RDKDBSR SGD U@KTD NE V SN TRD 7:;DG: BNKKDBSHMF SGD R@LOKD C@S@.
c &; CD A:K:A D; H><C>;>86C8: >H <>K:C, 6 8DBBDC HI6C96G9 ID JH: >H + = 0.05.
c 8GDM XNT B@KBTK@SD SGD !-K6AJ: @MC CQ@V SGD OHBSTQD, SGD F-U@KTD HR SGD @QD@ HM SGD KDES S@HK, SGD QHFGS S@HK, NQ ROKHS DUDMKX
ADSVDDM SGD SVN S@HKR. 'NQ SGHR QD@RNM, VD B@KK SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS KDES, QHFGS, NQ SVN S@HKDC.
c 5GD 6AI:GC6I>K: =NEDI=:H>H, H
a
, SDKKR XNT HE SGD SDRS HR KDES, QHFGS, NQ SVN-S@HKDC. *S HR SGD @:N SN BNMCTBSHMF SGD
@OOQNOQH@SD SDRS.
c !
7
C:K:G G@R @ RXLANK SG@S BNMS@HMR @M DPT@K RHFM.
c 1=>C@>C< 67DJI I=: B:6C>C< D; I=: !-K6AJ:: " C@S@ @M@KXRS (@MC @MXNMD DKRD) RGNTKC G@UD LNQD BNMEHCDMBD SG@S GD
L@CD SGD BNQQDBS CDBHRHNM SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VHSG @ RL@KKDQ F-U@KTD (ENQ DW@LOKD, 0.001 @R NOONRDC SN 0.04)
DUDM HE TRHMF SGD 0.05 KDUDK ENQ @KOG@. 4HLHK@QKX, ENQ @ K@QFD F-U@KTD RTBG @R 0.4, @R NOONRDC SN @ F-U@KTD NE 0.056 (@KOG@
= 0.05 HR KDRR SG@M DHSGDQ MTLADQ), @ C@S@ @M@KXRS RGNTKC G@UD LNQD BNMEHCDMBD SG@S RGD L@CD SGD BNQQDBS CDBHRHNM HM
MNS QDIDBSHMF SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GHR L@JDR SGD C@S@ @M@KXRS TRD ITCFLDMS Q@SGDQ SG@M LHMCKDRRKX @OOKXHMF QTKDR.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 507
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5GD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKDR HKKTRSQ@SD @ KDES-, QHFGS-, @MC SVN-S@HKDC SDRS.
$T=ILHA 9.11
!
E
: Z = 5, !
7
: Z < 5
5DRS NE @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M. !
7
SDKKR XNT SGD SDRS HR KDES-S@HKDC. 5GD OHBSTQD NE SGD F-U@KTD HR @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 9.3
9.11 !
0
: Z = 10, !
7
: Z < 10
"RRTLD SGD F-U@KTD HR 0.0935. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS HR SGHR @MC CQ@V SGD OHBSTQD NE SGD F-U@KTD.
$T=ILHA 9.12
!
0
: F x 0.2 !
7
: F > 0.2
5GHR HR @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM. !
7
SDKKR XNT SGD SDRS HR G><=I-I6>A:9. 5GD OHBSTQD NE SGD F-U@KTD
HR @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 9.4
508 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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9.12 !
0
: Z x 1, !
7
: Z > 1
$T=ILHA 9.13
!
0
: F x 50 !
7
: F > 50
5GHR HR @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M. !
7
SDKKR XNT SGD SDRS HR ILD-I6>A:9. 5GD OHBSTQD NE SGD F-U@KTD HR @R
ENKKNVR.
$CAOL? 9.5
9.13 !
0
: F = 0.5, !
7
: F w 0.5
$OFF &SJINB?MCM 2?MN #R;GJF?M
$T=ILHA 9.14
+DEEQDX, @R @M DHFGS-XD@Q NKC, :HI67A>H=:9 6 B:6C I>B: D; 16.43 H:8DC9H ENQ RVHLLHMF SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD, VHSG
@ HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC D; 0.8 H:8DC9H. )HR C@C, 'Q@MJ, SGNTFGS SG@S +DEEQDX BNTKC RVHL SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD E@RSDQ
TRHMF FNFFKDR. 'Q@MJ ANTFGS +DEEQDX @ MDV O@HQ NE DWODMRHUD FNFFKDR @MC SHLDC +DEEQDX ENQ 15 25-N6G9 ;G::HINA:
HL>BH. 'NQ SGD 15 RVHLR, ':;;G:N'H B:6C I>B: L6H 16 H:8DC9H. #G6C@ I=DJ<=I I=6I I=: <D<<A:H =:AE:9 ':;;G:N
ID HL>B ;6HI:G I=6C I=: 16.43 H:8DC9H. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS TRHMF @ OQDRDS V = 0.05. "RRTLD SG@S SGD RVHL
SHLDR ENQ SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD @QD MNQL@K.
1IFONCIH 9.14
4DS TO SGD )XONSGDRHR 5DRS:
4HMBD SGD OQNAKDL HR @ANTS @ LD@M, SGHR HR @ I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C.
!
0
: Z = 16.43 !
7
: Z < 16.43
'NQ +DEEQDX SN RVHL E@RSDQ, GHR SHLD VHKK AD KDRR SG@M 16.43 RDBNMCR. 5GD "<" SDKKR XNT SGHR HR KDES-S@HKDC.
%DSDQLHMD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM MDDCDC:
/6C9DB K6G>67A:: X
= SGD LD@M SHLD SN RVHL SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD.

!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: X
HR MNQL@K (ONOTK@SHNM HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC HR JMNVM: \ = 0.8)

"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 509
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~N
,

X
n
5GDQDENQD, X
~N
16.43,
0.8
15
Z = 16.43 BNLDR EQNL !

0
@MC MNS SGD C@S@. \ = 0.8, @MC D = 15.
$@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD TRHMF SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @ LD@M:
F-U@KTD = )( x
< 16) = 0.0187 VGDQD SGD R@LOKD LD@M HM SGD OQNAKDL HR FHUDM @R 16.
F-U@KTD = 0.0187 (5GHR HR B@KKDC SGD 68IJ6A A:K:A D; H><C>;>86C8:.) 5GD F-U@KTD HR SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE SGD
R@LOKD LD@M HR FHUDM @R 16.
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 9.6
Z = 16.43 BNLDR EQNL !
0
. 0TQ @RRTLOSHNM HR Z = 16.43.
&CI:GEG:I6I>DC D; I=: !-K6AJ:: &; H
0
>H IGJ:, SGDQD HR @ 0.0187 OQNA@AHKHSX (1.87%)SG@S +DEEQDX'R LD@M SHLD SN
RVHL SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD HR 16 RDBNMCR NQ KDRR. #DB@TRD @ 1.87% BG@MBD HR RL@KK, SGD LD@M SHLD NE 16 RDBNMCR
NQ KDRR HR TMKHJDKX SN G@UD G@OODMDC Q@MCNLKX. *S HR @ Q@QD DUDMS.
$NLO@QD V @MC SGD F-U@KTD:
V = 0.05 F-U@KTD = 0.0187 V > F-U@KTD
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS !
0
.
5GHR LD@MR SG@S XNT QDIDBS Z = 16.43. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, XNT CN MNS SGHMJ +DEEQDX RVHLR SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD HM
16.43 RDBNMCR ATS E@RSDQ VHSG SGD MDV FNFFKDR.
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 5%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VD BNMBKTCD SG@S +DEEQDX RVHLR E@RSDQ TRHMF SGD MDV FNFFKDR. 5GD
R@LOKD C@S@ RGNV SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SG@S +DEEQDX'R LD@M SHLD SN RVHL SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD HR KDRR SG@M
16.43 RDBNMCR.
5GD F-U@KTD B@M D@RHKX AD B@KBTK@SDC.
1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). 1QDRR 1:/-*7CD. "QQNV NUDQ SN )D3DC @MC OQDRR E$*E(. "QQNV
CNVM @MC DMSDQ 16.43 ENQ Z
0
(MTKK GXONSGDRHR), .8 ENQ \, 16 ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M, @MC 15 ENQ D. "QQNV CNVM
SN Z : (@KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR) @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN < Z
0
. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR
E$*E(. 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ MNS NMKX B@KBTK@SDR SGD F-U@KTD (F = 0.0187) ATS HS @KRN B@KBTK@SDR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
(P-RBNQD) ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M. Z < 16.43 HR SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR. %N SGHR RDS NE HMRSQTBSHNMR @F@HM DWBDOS
@QQNV SN DB3G(HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7). 1QDRR E$*E(. " RG@CDC FQ@OG @OOD@QR VHSG P = -2.08 (SDRS RS@SHRSHB)
@MC F = 0.0187 (F-U@KTD). .@JD RTQD VGDM XNT TRD DB3G SG@S MN NSGDQ DPT@SHNMR @QD GHFGKHFGSDC HM 2 = @MC
SGD OKNSR @QD STQMDC NEE.
8GDM SGD B@KBTK@SNQ CNDR @ 3-5DRS, SGD /-*7CD ETMBSHNM EHMCR SGD F-U@KTD AX CNHMF @ MNQL@K OQNA@AHKHSX
B@KBTK@SHNM TRHMF SGD 8:CIG6A A>B>I I=:DG:B:
P( x
< 16) = 2>6 D)*( >?B=568

10^99, 16, 16.43, 0.8

/
15
.
5GD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL @QD @R ENKKNVR:
5GD 5XOD * DQQNQ HR SN BNMBKTCD SG@S +DEEQDX RVHLR SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD, NM @UDQ@FD, HM KDRR SG@M 16.43
RDBNMCR VGDM, HM E@BS, GD @BST@KKX RVHLR SGD 25-X@QC EQDDRSXKD, NM @UDQ@FD, HM 16.43 RDBNMCR. (3DIDBS SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD.)
510 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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5GD 5XOD ** DQQNQ HR SG@S SGDQD HR MNS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S +DEEQDX RVHLR SGD 25-X@QC EQDD-RSXKD, NM
@UDQ@FD, HM KDRR SG@M 16.43 RDBNMCR VGDM, HM E@BS, GD @BST@KKX CNDR RVHLSGD 25-X@QC EQDD-RSXKD, NM @UDQ@FD, HM KDRR
SG@M 16.43 RDBNMCR. (%N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR E@KRD.)
9.14 5GD LD@M SGQNVHMF CHRS@MBD NE @ ENNSA@KK ENQ @ .@QBN, @ GHFG RBGNNK EQDRGL@M PT@QSDQA@BJ, HR 40 X@QCR, VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN X@QCR. 5GD SD@L BN@BG SDKKR .@QBN SN @CITRS GHR FQHO SN FDS LNQD CHRS@MBD. 5GD BN@BG QDBNQCR
SGD CHRS@MBDR ENQ 20 SGQNVR. 'NQ SGD 20 SGQNVR, .@QBNnR LD@M CHRS@MBD V@R 45 X@QCR. 5GD BN@BG SGNTFGS SGD CHEEDQDMS
FQHO GDKODC .@QBN SGQNV E@QSGDQ SG@M 40 X@QCR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS TRHMF @ OQDRDS V = 0.05. "RRTLD SGD SGQNV
CHRS@MBDR ENQ ENNSA@KKR @QD MNQL@K.
'HQRS, CDSDQLHMD VG@S SXOD NE SDRS SGHR HR, RDS TO SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS, EHMC SGD F-U@KTD, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC RS@SD XNTQ
BNMBKTRHNM.
1QDRR 45"5 @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454. 1QDRR 1:;-5DRS. "QQNV NUDQ SN 4S@SR @MC OQDRR &/5&3. "QQNV CNVM @MC
DMSDQ 40 ENQ Z0 (MTKK GXONSGDRHR), 2 ENQ \, 45 ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M, @MC 20 ENQ D. "QQNV CNVM SN Z: (@KSDQM@SHUD
GXONSGDRHR) @MC RDS HS DHSGDQ @R <, w, NQ >. 1QDRR &/5&3. "QQNV CNVM SN $@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR &/5&3. 5GD
B@KBTK@SNQ MNS NMKX B@KBTK@SDR SGD F-U@KTD ATS HS @KRN B@KBTK@SDR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB (P-RBNQD) ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
4DKDBS <, w, NQ > ENQ SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR. %N SGHR RDS NE HMRSQTBSHNMR @F@HM DWBDOS @QQNV SN %Q@V (HMRSD@C NE
$@KBTK@SD). 1QDRR &/5&3. " RG@CDC FQ@OG @OOD@QR VHSG SDRS RS@SHRSHB @MC F-U@KTD. .@JD RTQD VGDM XNT TRD %Q@V
SG@S MN NSGDQ DPT@SHNMR @QD GHFGKHFGSDC HM 2 = @MC SGD OKNSR @QD STQMDC NEE.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 511
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&'12-0'!A* ,-2# (#6A+.*# 9.11)
5GD SQ@CHSHNM@K V@X SN BNLO@QD SGD SVN OQNA@AHKHSHDR, V @MC SGD F-U@KTD, HR SN BNLO@QD SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD (P-RBNQD EQNL
V) SN SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB (P-RBNQD EQNL C@S@). 5GD B@KBTK@SDC SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ SGD F-U@KTD HR k2.08. ('QNL SGD $DMSQ@K -HLHS
5GDNQDL, SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQLTK@ HR z =
x

X
(
X
n
)
. 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL, x
= 16, Z
1
= 16.43 EQNL SGD MTKK GXONSGDR
HR, \
1
= 0.8, @MC D = 15.) :NT B@M EHMC SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD ENQ V = 0.05 HM SGD MNQL@K S@AKD (RDD 15.167A:H HM SGD 5@AKD
NE $NMSDMSR). 5GD P-RBNQD ENQ @M @QD@ SN SGD KDES DPT@K SN 0.05 HR LHCV@X ADSVDDM k1.65 @MC k1.64 (0.05 HR LHCV@X
ADSVDDM 0.0505 @MC 0.0495). 5GD P-RBNQD HR k1.645. 4HMBD k1.645 > k2.08 (VGHBG CDLNMRSQ@SDR SG@S g > F-U@KTD), QDIDBS
!
0
. 5Q@CHSHNM@KKX, SGD CDBHRHNM SN QDIDBS NQ MNS QDIDBS V@R CNMD HM SGHR V@X. 5NC@X, BNLO@QHMF SGD SVN OQNA@AHKHSHDR V
@MC SGD F-U@KTD HR UDQX BNLLNM. 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL, SGD F-U@KTD, 0.0187 HR BNMRHCDQ@AKX RL@KKDQ SG@M V, 0.05. :NT B@M
AD BNMEHCDMS @ANTS XNTQ CDBHRHNM SN QDIDBS. 5GD FQ@OG RGNVR V, SGD F-U@KTD, @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHBR @MC SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD.
$CAOL? 9.7
$T=ILHA 9.15
" BNKKDFD ENNSA@KK BN@BG SGNTFGS SG@S GHR OK@XDQR BNTKC ADMBG OQDRR @ B:6C L:><=I D; 275 EDJC9H. *S HR JMNVM
SG@S SGD HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC >H 55 EDJC9H. 5GQDD NE GHR OK@XDQR SGNTFGS SG@S SGD LD@M VDHFGS V@R BDG: I=6C
SG@S @LNTMS. 5GDX @RJDC 30 NE SGDHQ SD@LL@SDR ENQ SGDHQ DRSHL@SDC L@WHLTL KHES NM SGD ADMBG OQDRR DWDQBHRD. 5GD
C@S@ Q@MFDC EQNL 205 ONTMCR SN 385 ONTMCR. 5GD @BST@K CHEEDQDMS VDHFGSR VDQD (EQDPTDMBHDR @QD HM O@QDMSGDRDR)
205(3); 215(3); 225(1); 241(2); 252(2); 265(2); 275(2); 313(2); 316(5); 338(2); 341(1); 345(2); 368(2); 385(1).
$NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS TRHMF @ 2.5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ADMBG OQDRR LD@M HR BDG:
I=6C 275 EDJC9H.
1IFONCIH 9.15
4HMBD SGD OQNAKDL HR @ANTS @ LD@M VDHFGS, SGHR HR @ I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C.
!
0
: Z = 275
!
7
: Z > 275
5GHR HR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC SDRS.
$@KBTK@SHMF SGD CHRSQHATSHNM MDDCDC:
3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: X
= SGD LD@M VDHFGS, HM ONTMCR, KHESDC AX SGD ENNSA@KK OK@XDQR.

!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: *S HR MNQL@K ADB@TRD \ HR JMNVM.
X
~N
275,
55
30
= 286.2 ONTMCR (EQNL SGD C@S@).

\ = 55 ONTMCR (AAL6NH JH: 0 >; NDJ @CDL >I.) 8D @RRTLD Z = 275 ONTMCR TMKDRR NTQ C@S@ RGNVR TR
NSGDQVHRD.
$@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD TRHMF SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @ LD@M @MC TRHMF SGD R@LOKD LD@M @R HMOTS (RDD NB?
=;F=OF;NIL CHMNLO=NCIHM (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/QA2626/F;N?MN/#G47142) ENQ TRHMF SGD C@S@ @R HMOTS):
p-value = P( x
> 286.2) = 0.1323 .

512 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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&CI:GEG:I6I>DC D; I=: !-K6AJ:: *E !
0
HR SQTD, SGDM SGDQD HR @ 0.1331 OQNA@AHKHSX (13.23%) SG@S SGD ENNSA@KK
OK@XDQR B@M KHES @ LD@M VDHFGS NE 286.2 ONTMCR NQ LNQD. #DB@TRD @ 13.23%BG@MBD HR K@QFD DMNTFG, @ LD@M VDHFGS
KHES NE 286.2 ONTMCR NQ LNQD HR MNS @ Q@QD DUDMS.
$CAOL? 9.8
V = 0.025 F-U@KTD = 0.1323
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V F-U@KTD, CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 2.5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD SQTD LD@M VDHFGS KHESDC HR LNQD SG@M 275 ONTMCR.
1TS SGD C@S@ @MC EQDPTDMBHDR HMSN KHRSR. 1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). 1QDRR 1:/-*7CD. "QQNV
NUDQ SN D3D3 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ 275 ENQ Z
0
, 55 ENQ \, SGD M@LD NE SGD KHRS VGDQD XNT
OTS SGD C@S@, @MC SGD M@LD NE SGD KHRS VGDQD XNT OTS SGD EQDPTDMBHDR. "QQNV CNVM SN Z: @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN
> Z
0
. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ MNS NMKX B@KBTK@SDR SGD
F-U@KTD (F = 0.1331, @ KHSSKD CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD OQDUHNTR B@KBTK@SHNM - HM HS VD TRDC SGD R@LOKD LD@M QNTMCDC
SN NMD CDBHL@K OK@BD HMRSD@C NE SGD C@S@) ATS HS @KRN B@KBTK@SDR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB (P-RBNQD) ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M,
SGD R@LOKD LD@M, @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. Z > 275 HR SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR. %N SGHR RDS NE
HMRSQTBSHNMR @F@HM DWBDOS @QQNV SN DB3G (HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7). 1QDRR E$*E(. " RG@CDC FQ@OG @OOD@QR
VHSG P = 1.112 (SDRS RS@SHRSHB) @MC F = 0.1331 (F-U@KTD). .@JD RTQD VGDM XNT TRD DB3G SG@S MN NSGDQ DPT@SHNMR
@QD GHFGKHFGSDC HM 2 = @MC SGD OKNSR @QD STQMDC NEE.
$T=ILHA 9.16
4S@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR ADKHDUD SG@S SGD LD@M RBNQD NM SGD EHQRS RS@SHRSHBR SDRS HR 65. " RS@SHRSHBR HMRSQTBSNQ SGHMJR SGD
LD@M RBNQD HR GHFGDQ SG@M 65. )D R@LOKDR SDM RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR @MC NAS@HMR SGD RBNQDR 65; 65; 70; 67; 66; 63; 63;
68; 72; 71. )D ODQENQLR @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS TRHMF @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD. 5GD C@S@ @QD @RRTLDC SN AD EQNL @
1IFONCIH 9.16
4DS TO SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS:
" 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD LD@MR SG@S V = 0.05. 5GHR HR @ SDRS NE @ H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C.
!
0
: Z = 65 !
7
: Z > 65
4HMBD SGD HMRSQTBSNQ SGHMJR SGD @UDQ@FD RBNQD HR GHFGDQ, TRD @ ">". 5GD ">" LD@MR SGD SDRS HR QHFGS-S@HKDC.
/6C9DB K6G>67A:: X
= @UDQ@FD RBNQD NM SGD EHQRS RS@SHRSHBR SDRS.

"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 513
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!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: *E XNT QD@C SGD OQNAKDL B@QDETKKX, XNT VHKK MNSHBD SG@S SGDQD HR CD EDEJA6I>DC
HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC <>K:C. :NT @QD NMKX FHUDM D = 10 R@LOKD C@S@ U@KTDR. /NSHBD @KRN SG@S SGD C@S@ BNLD EQNL @
MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR @ RSTCDMS'R-S.
6RD J
CE
. 5GDQDENQD, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR J
9
VGDQD D = 10 @MC :< = 10 - 1 = 9.
$@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD TRHMF SGD 4STCDMS'R-S CHRSQHATSHNM:
F-U@KTD = )( x
> 67) = 0.0396 VGDQD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @QD B@KBTK@SDC @R 67
@MC 3.1972 EQNL SGD C@S@.
&CI:GEG:I6I>DC D; I=: !-K6AJ:: *E SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD, SGDM SGDQD HR @ 0.0396 OQNA@AHKHSX (3.96%) SG@S
SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR 67 NQ LNQD.
$CAOL? 9.9
4HMBD V = 0.05 @MC F-U@KTD = 0.0396. 5GDQDENQD, V > F-U@KTD.
0
.
5GHR LD@MR XNT QDIDBS Z = 65. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, XNT ADKHDUD SGD @UDQ@FD SDRS RBNQD HR LNQD SG@M 65.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5%KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGD R@LOKD C@S@ RGNV RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBDSG@S SGD LD@M (@UDQ@FD)
SDRS RBNQD HR LNQD SG@M 65, ITRS @R SGD L@SG HMRSQTBSNQ SGHMJR.
1TS SGD C@S@ HMSN @ KHRS. 1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). 1QDRR 2:*-*7CD. "QQNV NUDQ SN D3D3 @MC
OQDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ 65 ENQ Z
0
, SGD M@LD NE SGD KHRS VGDQD XNT OTS SGD C@S@, @MC 1 ENQ FB7A:.
"QQNV CNVM SN Z: @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN > Z
0
. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ MNS NMKX B@KBTK@SDR SGD F-U@KTD (F = 0.0396) ATS HS @KRN B@KBTK@SDR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB (J-RBNQD) ENQ
SGD R@LOKD LD@M, SGD R@LOKD LD@M, @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. Z > 65 HR SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR.
%N SGHR RDS NE HMRSQTBSHNMR @F@HM DWBDOS @QQNV SN DB3G (HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7). 1QDRR E$*E(. " RG@CDC
FQ@OG @OOD@QR VHSG J = 1.9781 (SDRS RS@SHRSHB) @MC F = 0.0396 (F-U@KTD). .@JD RTQDVGDM XNT TRD DB3G SG@S
MN NSGDQ DPT@SHNMR @QD GHFGKHFGSDC HM 2 = @MC SGD OKNSR @QD STQMDC NEE.
514 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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9.16 *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S @ RSNBJ OQHBD ENQ @ O@QSHBTK@Q BNLO@MX VHKK FQNV @S @ Q@SD NE $5 ODQ VDDJ VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE $1. "M HMUDRSNQ ADKHDUDR SGD RSNBJ VNMnS FQNV @R PTHBJKX. 5GD BG@MFDR HM RSNBJ OQHBD HR QDBNQCDC ENQ
SDM VDDJR @MC @QD @R ENKKNVR: $4, $3, $2, $3, $1, $7, $2, $1, $1, $2. 1DQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS TRHMF @ 5% KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR, EHMC SGD F-U@KTD, RS@SD XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM, @MC HCDMSHEX SGD 5XOD *
@MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR.
$T=ILHA 9.17
+NNM ADKHDUDR SG@S 50% NE EHQRS-SHLD AQHCDR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR @QD XNTMFDQ SG@M SGDHQ FQNNLR. 4GD ODQENQLR @
GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ODQBDMS@FD HR I=: H6B: DG 9>;;:G:CI ;GDB 50%. +NNM R@LOKDR 100 ;>GHI-I>B:
7G>9:H @MC 53 QDOKX SG@S SGDX @QD XNTMFDQ SG@M SGDHQ FQNNLR. 'NQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS, RGD TRDR @ 1% KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD.
1IFONCIH 9.17
5GD 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD LD@MR SG@S V = 0.01. 5GHR HR @ I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC EGDEDGI>DC.
!
0
: F = 0.50 !
7
: F w 0.50
5GD VNQCR ">H I=: H6B: DG 9>;;:G:CI ;GDB" SDKK XNT SGHR HR @ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS.
$@KBTK@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM MDDCDC:
/6C9DB K6G>67A:: )c = SGD ODQBDMS NE NE EHQRS-SHLD AQHCDR VGN @QD XNTMFDQ SG@M SGDHQ FQNNLR.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: 5GD OQNAKDL BNMS@HMR MN LDMSHNM NE @ LD@M. 5GD HMENQL@SHNM HR FHUDM HM SDQLR NE
ODQBDMS@FDR. 6RD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ )c, SGD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM.
P ~N
p,
p q
n

5GDQDENQD, P ~N
0.5,
0.5 0.5
100
VGDQD F = 0.50, G = 1uF = 0.50, @MC D = 100

$@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD TRHMF SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ OQNONQSHNMR:
F-U@KTD = ) (Fc < 0.47 NQ Fc > 0.53) = 0.5485
VGDQD N = 53, Fc =
x
n
=
53
100
= 0.53.
&CI:GEG:I6I>DC D; I=: !-K6AJ:: *E SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD, SGDQD HR 0.5485 OQNA@AHKHSX (54.85%) SG@S SGD
R@LOKD (DRSHL@SDC) OQNONQSHNM p' HR 0.53 NQ LNQD 03 0.47 NQ KDRR (RDD SGD FQ@OG HM $CAOL? 9.9).
$CAOL? 9.10
Z = F = 0.50 BNLDR EQNL !
0
, SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
Fc = 0.53. 4HMBD SGD BTQUD HR RXLLDSQHB@K @MC SGD SDRS HR SVN-S@HKDC, SGD Fc ENQ SGD KDES S@HK HR DPT@K SN 0.50 k
0.03 = 0.47 VGDQD Z = F = 0.50. (0.03 HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM 0.53 @MC 0.50.)
4HMBD V = 0.01 @MC F-U@KTD = 0.5485. 5GDQDENQD, V < F-U@KTD.
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V < F-U@KTD, XNT B@MMNS QDIDBS !
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGD R@LOKD C@S@ CN MNS RGNV RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD
ODQBDMS@FD NE EHQRS-SHLD AQHCDR VGN @QD XNTMFDQ SG@M SGDHQ FQNNLR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL 50%.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 515
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1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). 1QDRR 5:1-&B?@/*7CD. &MSDQ .5 ENQ F
0
, 53 ENQ N @MC 100 ENQ D.
"QQNV CNVM SN &B?@ @MC @QQNV SN >?D 7AE3<C F
0
. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC
OQDRR E$*E(. 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ B@KBTK@SDR SGD F-U@KTD (F = 0.5485) @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB (P-RBNQD). &B?@ >?D
7AE3<C .5 HR SGD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR. %N SGHR RDS NE HMRSQTBSHNMR @F@HM DWBDOS @QQNV SN DB3G (HMRSD@C NE
C3<5E<3D7). 1QDRR E$*E(. " RG@CDC FQ@OG @OOD@QR VHSG P = 0.6 (SDRS RS@SHRSHB) @MC F = 0.5485 (F-U@KTD).
.@JD RTQD VGDM XNT TRD DB3G SG@S MN NSGDQ DPT@SHNMR @QD GHFGKHFGSDC HM 2 = @MC SGD OKNSR @QD STQMDC NEE.
5GD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
5GD 5XOD * DQQNQ HR SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE EHQRS-SHLD AQHCDR VGN @QD XNTMFDQ SG@M SGDHQ FQNNLR
HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL 50% VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD OQNONQSHNM HR @BST@KKX 50%. (3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD).
5GD 5XOD ** DQQNQ HR SGDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE EHQRS SHLD AQHCDR VGN @QD
XNTMFDQ SG@M SGDHQ FQNNLR CHEEDQR EQNL 50% VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD OQNONQSHNM CNDR CHEEDQ EQNL 50%. (%N MNS QDIDBS
SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR E@KRD.)
9.17 " SD@BGDQ ADKHDUDR SG@S 85% NE RSTCDMSR HM SGD BK@RR VHKK V@MS SN FN NM @ EHDKC SQHO SN SGD KNB@K YNN. 4GD ODQENQLR
@ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ODQBDMS@FD HR SGD R@LD NQ CHEEDQDMS EQNL85%. 5GD SD@BGDQ R@LOKDR 50 RSTCDMSR @MC
39 QDOKX SG@S SGDX VNTKC V@MS SN FN SN SGD YNN. 'NQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS, TRD @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
'HQRS, CDSDQLHMD VG@S SXOD NE SDRS SGHR HR, RDS TO SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS, EHMC SGD F-U@KTD, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG, @MC RS@SD XNTQ
BNMBKTRHNM.
$T=ILHA 9.18
4TOONRD @ BNMRTLDQ FQNTO RTRODBSR SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE GNTRDGNKCR SG@S G@UD SGQDD BDKK OGNMDR HR 30%. " BDKK
OGNMD BNLO@MX G@R QD@RNM SN ADKHDUD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM HR 30%. #DENQD SGDX RS@QS @ AHF @CUDQSHRHMF B@LO@HFM,
SGDX BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS. 5GDHQ L@QJDSHMF ODNOKD RTQUDX 150 GNTRDGNKCR VHSG SGD QDRTKS SG@S 43 NE SGD
GNTRDGNKCR G@UD SGQDD BDKK OGNMDR.
1IFONCIH 9.18
!
0
: F = 0.30 !
7
: F w 0.30
5GD G6C9DB K6G>67A: HR )c = OQNONQSHNM NE GNTRDGNKCR SG@S G@UD SGQDD BDKK OGNMDR.
516 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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5GD 9>HIG>7JI>DC ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR P' ~N
0.30,
(0.30) (0.70)
150
@. 5GD U@KTD SG@S GDKOR CDSDQLHMD SGD F-U@KTD HR Fc. $@KBTK@SD Fc.
1IFONCIH 9.18
@. Fc =
x
n
VGDQD N HR SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR @MC D HR SGD SNS@K MTLADQ HM SGD R@LOKD.
N = 43, D = 150
Fc =
43
150
A. 8G@S HR @ HJ88:HH ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL
1IFONCIH 9.18
>. OQ??AOO EO D=REJC PDNAA ?AHH LDKJAO EJ = DKQOADKH@.
B. 8G@S HR SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD
1IFONCIH 9.18
?. 3DA HARAH KB OECJEBE?=J?A EO PDA LNAOAP 3. 2EJ?A 3 EO JKP CERAJ, =OOQIA PD=P 3 = 0.05.
C. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL. %Q@V SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. -@ADK @MC RG@CD @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
$@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD.
1IFONCIH 9.18
@. (-R=HQA = 0.7216
D. .@JD @ CDBHRHNM. ?????????????(3DIDBS/%N MNS QDIDBS) !
0
ADB@TRD????????????.
1IFONCIH 9.18
A. OOQIEJC PD=P 3 = 0.05, 3 < (-R=HQA. 3DA #A?EOEKJ EO @K JKP NAFA?P H
0
>A?=QOA PDANA EO JKP OQBBE?EAJP
ARE@AJ?A PK ?KJ?HQ@A PD=P PDA LNKLKNPEKJ KB DKQOADKH@O PD=P D=RA PDNAA ?AHH LDKJAO EO JKP 30%.
9.18 .@QJDSDQR ADKHDUD SG@S 92% NE @CTKSR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR NVM @ BDKK OGNMD. " BDKK OGNMD L@MTE@BSTQDQ ADKHDUDR
SG@S MTLADQ HR @BST@KKX KNVDQ. 200 "LDQHB@M @CTKSR @QD RTQUDXDC, NE VGHBG, 174 QDONQS G@UHMF BDKK OGNMDR. 6RD @ 5%
KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR, EHMC SGD F-U@KTD, RS@SD XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM, @MC HCDMSHEX SGD
5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR.
5GD MDWS DW@LOKD HR @ ONDL VQHSSDM AX @ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMS M@LDC /HBNKD )@QS. 5GD RNKTSHNM SN SGD OQNAKDL ENKKNVR SGD
ONDL. /NSHBD SG@S SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR
TRD SGD O@Q@LDSDQ F. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR MNQL@K. 5GD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM Fs HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE EKD@R JHKKDC SN
SGD SNS@K EKD@R ENTMC NM 'HCN. 5GHR HR R@LOKD HMENQL@SHNM. 5GD OQNAKDL FHUDR @ OQDBNMBDHUDC V = 0.01, ENQ BNLO@QHRNM, @MC
@ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K BNLOTS@SHNM. 5GD ONDL HR BKDUDQ @MC GTLNQNTR, RN OKD@RD DMINX HS!
$T=ILHA 9.19
.X CNF G@R RN L@MX EKD@R,
5GDX CN MNS BNLD NEE VHSG D@RD.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 517
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"R ENQ RG@LONN, * G@UD SQHDC L@MX SXODR
&UDM NMD B@KKDC #TAAKD )XOD,
8GHBG NMKX JHKKDC 25% NE SGD EKD@R,
6MENQSTM@SDKX * V@R MNS OKD@RDC.
*'UD TRDC @KK JHMCR NE RN@O,
6MSHK * G@C FHUD TO GNOD
6MSHK NMD C@X * R@V
"M @C SG@S OTS LD HM @VD.
" RG@LONN TRDC ENQ CNFR
$@KKDC (00% &/06() SN $KD@M @ )NF
(T@Q@MSDDC SN JHKK LNQD EKD@R.
* F@UD 'HCN @ A@SG
"MC @ESDQ CNHMF SGD L@SG
)HR MTLADQ NE EKD@R
4S@QSDC CQNOOHMF AX 3'R!
#DENQD GHR RG@LONN
* BNTMSDC 42.
"S SGD DMC NE GHR A@SG,
* QDCHC SGD L@SG
"MC SGD MDV RG@LONN G@C JHKKDC 17 EKD@R.
4N MNV * V@R OKD@RDC.
/NV HS HR SHLD ENQ XNT SN G@UD RNLD ETM
8HSG SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD ADHMF .01,
:NT LTRS GDKO LD EHFTQD NTS
6RD SGD MDV RG@LONN NQ FN VHSGNTS
1IFONCIH 9.19
!
0
: F x 0.25 !
7
: F > 0.25
*M VNQCR, $-&"3-: RS@SD VG@S XNTQ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD X
NQ )c QDOQDRDMSR.
)c = 5GD OQNONQSHNM NE EKD@R SG@S @QD JHKKDC AX SGD MDV RG@LONN
4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS.
+DGB6A: N
0.25,
(0.25)(1 0.25)
42
1:HI 0I6I>HI>8: P = 2.3163

$@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD TRHMF SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ OQNONQSHNMR:
F-U@KTD = 0.0103
*M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VG@S SGD F-U@KTD LD@MR ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL.
*E SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD (SGD OQNONQSHNM HR 0.25), SGDM SGDQD HR @ 0.0103 OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD
(DRSHL@SDC) OQNONQSHNM HR 0.4048

17
42
NQ LNQD.
518 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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6RD SGD OQDUHNTR HMENQL@SHNM SN RJDSBG @ OHBSTQD NE SGHR RHST@SHNM. $-&"3-:, K@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K
@WHR @MC RG@CD SGD QDFHNM(R) BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
$CAOL? 9.11
*MCHB@SD SGD BNQQDBS CDBHRHNM (oQDIDBSp NQ oCN MNS QDIDBSp SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR), SGD QD@RNM ENQ HS, @MC VQHSD @M
@OOQNOQH@SD BNMBKTRHNM, TRHMF BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
;FJB; >?=CMCIH L?;MIH @IL >?=CMCIH
0.01
#K JKP NAFA?P H
0 3 < (-R=HQA
2;<F? 9.3
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGD R@LOKD C@S@ CN MNS RGNV RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD
ODQBDMS@FD NE EKD@R SG@S @QD JHKKDC AX SGD MDV RG@LONN HR LNQD SG@M 25%.
$NMRSQTBS @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M NQ OQNONQSHNM. *MBKTCD @ RJDSBG NE SGD FQ@OG NE SGD
RHST@SHNM. -@ADK SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD @MC SGD KNVDQ @MC TOODQ ANTMCR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
$CAOL? 9.12
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 519
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DC;>9:C8: &CI:GK6A: (0.26,0.55) 8D @QD 95% BNMEHCDMS SG@S SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM F NE EKD@R SG@S
@QD JHKKDC AX SGD MDV RG@LONN HR ADSVDDM 26% @MC 55%.
,-2#
5GHR SDRS QDRTKS HR MNS UDQX CDEHMHSHUD RHMBD SGD F-U@KTD HR UDQX BKNRD SN @KOG@. *M QD@KHSX, NMD VNTKC OQNA@AKX
CN LNQD SDRSR AX FHUHMF SGD CNF @MNSGDQ A@SG @ESDQ SGD EKD@R G@UD G@C @ BG@MBD SN QDSTQM.
$T=ILHA 9.20
5GD /@SHNM@K *MRSHSTSD NE 4S@MC@QCR @MC 5DBGMNKNFX OQNUHCDR DW@BS C@S@ NM BNMCTBSHUHSX OQNODQSHDR NE L@SDQH@KR.
'NKKNVHMF @QD BNMCTBSHUHSX LD@RTQDLDMSR ENQ 11 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC OHDBDR NE @ O@QSHBTK@Q SXOD NE FK@RR.
1.11; 1.07; 1.11; 1.07; 1.12; 1.08; .98; .98 1.02; .95; .95
*R SGDQD BNMUHMBHMF DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD BNMCTBSHUHSX NE SGHR SXOD NE FK@RR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M NMD 6RD @
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 0.05. "RRTLD SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K.
1IFONCIH 9.20
+APÒ BKHHKS = BKQN-OPAL LNK?AOO PK =JOSAN PDEO OP=PEOPE?=H MQAOPEKJ.
1. 0I6I: I=: .J:HI>DC: 8D MDDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE, @S @ 0.05 RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGD @UDQ@FD BNMCTBSHUHSX NE SGD
RDKDBSDC FK@RR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M NMD. 0TQ GXONSGDRDR VHKK AD
=. !
0
: Z x 1
>. !
7
: Z > 1
2. -A6C: 8D @QD SDRSHMF @ R@LOKD LD@M VHSGNTS @ JMNVM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 5GDQDENQD, VD MDDC SN
TRD @ 4STCDMS'R-S CHRSQHATSHNM. "RRTLD SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K.
3. !D I=: 86A8JA6I>DCH: 8D VHKK HMOTS SGD R@LOKD C@S@ HMSN SGD 5*-83 @R ENKKNVR.
$CAOL? 9.13
$CAOL? 9.14
520 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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$CAOL? 9.15
$CAOL? 9.16
4. 0I6I: I=: DC8AJH>DCH: 4HMBD SGD F-U@KTD* (F = 0.036) HR KDRR SG@M NTQ @KOG@ U@KTD, VD VHKK QDIDBS SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR. *S HR QD@RNM@AKD SN RS@SD SG@S SGD C@S@ RTOONQSR SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD BNMCTBSHUHSX KDUDK HR
FQD@SDQ SG@M NMD.
$T=ILHA 9.21
*M @ RSTCX NE 420,019 BDKK OGNMD TRDQR, 172 NE SGD RTAIDBSR CDUDKNODC AQ@HM B@MBDQ. 5DRS SGD BK@HL SG@S BDKK OGNMD
TRDQR CDUDKNODC AQ@HM B@MBDQ @S @ FQD@SDQ Q@SD SG@M SG@S ENQ MNM-BDKK OGNMD TRDQR (SGD Q@SD NE AQ@HM B@MBDQ ENQ
MNM-BDKK OGNMD TRDQR HR 0.0340%). 4HMBD SGHR HR @ BQHSHB@K HRRTD, TRD @ 0.005 RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK. &WOK@HM VGX SGD
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK RGNTKC AD RN KNV HM SDQLR NE @ 5XOD * DQQNQ.
1IFONCIH 9.21
8D VHKK ENKKNV SGD ENTQ-RSDO OQNBDRR.
1. 6A JAA@ PK ?KJ@Q?P = DULKPDAOEO PAOP KJ PDA ?H=EIA@ ?=J?AN N=PA. .QN DULKPDAOAO SEHH >A
=. !
0
: F x 0.00034
>. !
7
: F > 0.00034
*E VD BNLLHS @ 5XOD * DQQNQ, VD @QD DRRDMSH@KKX @BBDOSHMF @ E@KRD BK@HL. 4HMBD SGD BK@HL CDRBQHADR B@MBDQ-
B@TRHMF DMUHQNMLDMSR, VD V@MS SN LHMHLHYD SGD BG@MBDR NE HMBNQQDBSKX HCDMSHEXHMF B@TRDR NE B@MBDQ.
2. 8D VHKK AD SDRSHMF @ R@LOKD OQNONQSHNM VHSG N = 172 @MC D = 420,019. 5GD R@LOKD HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD
ADB@TRD VD G@UD DF = 420,019(0.00034) = 142.8, DG = 420,019(0.99966) = 419,876.2, SVN HMCDODMCDMS
NTSBNLDR, @MC @ EHWDC OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR F = 0.00034. 5GTR VD VHKK AD @AKD SN FDMDQ@KHYD NTQ QDRTKSR SN
SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 521
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3. 5GD @RRNBH@SDC 5* QDRTKSR @QD
$CAOL? 9.17
$CAOL? 9.18
4. 4HMBD SGD F-U@KTD = 0.0073 HR FQD@SDQ SG@M NTQ @KOG@ U@KTD = 0.005, VD B@MMNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK. 5GDQDENQD,
VD BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN RTOONQS SGD BK@HL NE GHFGDQ AQ@HM B@MBDQ Q@SDR ENQ SGD BDKK
OGNMD TRDQR.
$T=ILHA 9.22
"BBNQCHMF SN SGD 64 $DMRTR SGDQD @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX 268,608,618 QDRHCDMSR @FDC 12 @MC NKCDQ. 4S@SHRSHBR EQNL SGD
3@OD, "ATRD, @MC *MBDRS /@SHNM@K /DSVNQJ HMCHB@SD SG@S, NM @UDQ@FD, 207,754 Q@ODR NBBTQ D@BG XD@Q (L@KD @MC
EDL@KD) ENQ ODQRNMR @FDC 12 @MC NKCDQ. 5GHR SQ@MRK@SDR HMSN @ ODQBDMS@FD NE RDWT@K @RR@TKSR NE 0.078%. *M %@UHDRR
$NTMSX, ,:, SGDQD VDQD QDONQSDC 11 Q@ODR ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM NE 37,937. $NMCTBS @M @OOQNOQH@SD GXONSGDRHR SDRS
SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR @ RS@SHRSHB@KKX RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD KNB@K RDWT@K @RR@TKS ODQBDMS@FD @MC SGD
M@SHNM@K RDWT@K @RR@TKS ODQBDMS@FD. 6RD @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 0.01.
1IFONCIH 9.22
8D VHKK ENKKNV SGD ENTQ-RSDO OK@M.
1. 8D MDDC SN SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD OQNONQSHNM NE RDWT@K @RR@TKSR HM %@UHDRR $NTMSX, ,: HR RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS
EQNL SGD M@SHNM@K @UDQ@FD.
2. 4HMBD VD @QD OQDRDMSDC VHSG OQNONQSHNMR, VD VHKK TRD @ NMD-OQNONQSHNM P-SDRS. 5GD GXONSGDRDR ENQ SGD SDRS VHKK
AD
=. !
0
: F = 0.00078
>. !
7
: F w 0.00078
522 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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3. 5GD ENKKNVHMF RBQDDM RGNSR CHROK@X SGD RTLL@QX RS@SHRSHBR EQNL SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
$CAOL? 9.19
$CAOL? 9.20
4. 4HMBD SGD F-U@KTD, F = 0.00063, HR KDRR SG@M SGD @KOG@ KDUDK NE 0.01, SGD R@LOKD C@S@ HMCHB@SDR SG@S VD RGNTKC
QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. *M BNMBKTRHNM, SGD R@LOKD C@S@ RTOONQS SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE RDWT@K
@RR@TKSR HM %@UHDRR $NTMSX, ,DMSTBJX HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD M@SHNM@K @UDQ@FD OQNONQSHNM.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 523
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9.1 &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA I@ ; 1CHAF? +?;H ;H> 1CHAF?
.LIJILNCIH
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK RDKDBS SGD @OOQNOQH@SD CHRSQHATSHNMR SN TRD HM D@BG B@RD.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNMCTBS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD QDRTKSR.
2?F?PCMCIH 1OLP?S
*M @ QDBDMS RTQUDX, HS V@R RS@SDC SG@S "LDQHB@MR V@SBG SDKDUHRHNM NM @UDQ@FD ENTQ GNTQR ODQ C@X. "RRTLD SG@S \ =
2. 6RHMF XNTQ BK@RR @R SGD R@LOKD, BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @UDQ@FD ENQ RSTCDMSR @S XNTQ RBGNNK HR
KNVDQ.
1. !
0
: ?????????????
2. !
7
: ?????????????
3. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. ?????????? = ??????????????????????
4. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS HR ???????????????????????.
5. %DSDQLHMD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB TRHMF XNTQ C@S@.
6. %Q@V @ FQ@OG @MC K@ADK HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX.4G@CD SGD @BST@K KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
=. (Q@OG:
$CAOL? 9.21
>. %DSDQLHMD SGD F-U@KTD.
7. %N XNT NQ CN XNT MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR 8GX
8. 8QHSD @ BKD@Q BNMBKTRHNM TRHMF @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
*;HAO;A? 1OLP?S
"ANTS 42.3% NE $@KHENQMH@MR @MC 19.6% NE @KK "LDQHB@MR NUDQ @FD EHUD ROD@J @ K@MFT@FD NSGDQ SG@M &MFKHRG @S
GNLD. 6RHMF XNTQ BK@RR @R SGD R@LOKD, BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR @S XNTQ
RBGNNK VGN ROD@J @ K@MFT@FD NSGDQ SG@M &MFKHRG @S GNLD HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL 42.3%.
1. !
0
: ???????????
2. !
7
: ???????????
3. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. ?????????? = ???????????????
4. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS HR ????????????????
6. %Q@V @ FQ@OG @MC K@ADK HS @OOQNOQH@SDKX. 4G@CD SGD @BST@K KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
=. (Q@OG:
524 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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$CAOL? 9.22
(?;HM 1OLP?S
4TOONRD SG@S XNTMF @CTKSR NVM @M @UDQ@FD NE SGQDD O@HQR NE ID@MR. 4TQUDX DHFGS ODNOKD EQNL XNTQ BK@RR SN
CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @UDQ@FD HR GHFGDQ SG@M SGQDD. "RRTLD SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K.
1. !
0
: ?????????????
2. !
7
: ?????????????
3. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. ?????????? = ??????????????????????
4. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS HR ???????????????????????.
=. (Q@OG:
$CAOL? 9.23
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 525
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3-P;FO?
!IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F (!')
&SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA
&SJINB?MCM
*?P?F I@ 1CAHC@C=;H=? I@ NB? 2?MN
,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
J-P;FO?
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
1NO>?HN'M 6-"CMNLC<ONCIH
2SJ? 1 #LLIL
2SJ? 2 #LLIL
)#7 2#0+1
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M DUDMS VHKK G@OODM OTQDKX AX BG@MBD @RRTLHMF SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD. 5GD RL@KKDQ SGD
F-U@KTD, SGD RSQNMFDQ SGD DUHCDMBD HR @F@HMRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
@ CHRBQDSD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) SG@S @QHRDR EQNL #DQMNTKKH SQH@KR. 5GDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ, D,
NE HMCDODMCDMS SQH@KR. o*MCDODMCDMSp LD@MR SG@S SGD QDRTKS NE @MX SQH@K (ENQ DW@LOKD, SQH@K 1) CNDR MNS @EEDBS SGD
QDRTKSR NE SGD ENKKNVHMF SQH@KR, @MC @KK SQH@KR @QD BNMCTBSDC TMCDQ SGD R@LD BNMCHSHNMR. 6MCDQ SGDRD BHQBTLRS@MBDR SGD
AHMNLH@K 37 f HR CDEHMDC @R SGD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR HM D SQH@KR. 5GD MNS@SHNM HR: 1 Q B(D, F) Z = DF @MC SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM HR = npq . 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE DW@BSKX N RTBBDRRDR HM D SQH@KR HR P(X = x) =

n
x
p
x
q
n x
.>
(HUDM @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) VHSG JMNVM LD@M @MC JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM j. 8D @QD
R@LOKHMF VHSG RHYD D @MC VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SVN MDV 37R - SGD R@LOKD LD@M, X
, @MC SGD R@LOKD RTL, X . *E SGD

RHYD D NE SGD R@LOKD HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD, SGDM X
~N
,

n
@MC X~N(n, n) . *E SGD RHYD D NE SGD R@LOKD HR

RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD, SGDM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR @MC SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD RTLR VHKK
@OOQNWHL@SD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM QDF@QCKDRR NE SGD RG@OD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 5GD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR VHKK
DPT@K SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @MC SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD RTLR VHKK DPT@K D SHLDR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR,

n
, HR B@KKDC SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M.
@M HMSDQU@K DRSHL@SD ENQ @M TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ. 5GHR CDODMCR NM:
c 5GD CDRHQDC BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK.
c *MENQL@SHNM SG@S HR JMNVM @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM (ENQ DW@LOKD, JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM).
c 5GD R@LOKD @MC HSR RHYD.
#@RDC NM R@LOKD DUHCDMBD, @ OQNBDCTQD ENQ CDSDQLHMHMF VGDSGDQ SGD GXONSGDRHR RS@SDC HR @
QD@RNM@AKD RS@SDLDMS @MC RGNTKC MNS AD QDIDBSDC, NQ HR TMQD@RNM@AKD @MC RGNTKC AD QDIDBSDC.
@ RS@SDLDMS @ANTS SGD U@KTD NE @ ONOTK@SHNM O@Q@LDSDQ, HM B@RD NE SVN GXONSGDRDR, SGD RS@SDLDMS @RRTLDC SN
AD SQTD HR B@KKDC SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR (MNS@SHNM !
0
) @MC SGD BNMSQ@CHBSNQX RS@SDLDMS HR B@KKDC SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR
(MNS@SHNM !
7
).
OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 5XOD * DQQNQ (QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM HS HR SQTD). /NS@SHNM:
g. *M GXONSGDRHR SDRSHMF, SGD -DUDK NE 4HFMHEHB@MBD HR B@KKDC SGD OQDBNMBDHUDC g NQ SGD OQDRDS g.
@ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) VHSG OCE f (x) =
1
2
e
(x )
2
2
2
SGD CHRSQHATSHNM, @MC \ HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, MNS@SHNM: 1 Q '(Z, \). *E Z = 0 @MC \ = 1, SGD 37 HR B@KKDC I=:
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M DUDMS VHKK G@OODM OTQDKX AX BG@MBD @RRTLHMF SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD. 5GD RL@KKDQ SGD
F-U@KTD, SGD RSQNMFDQ SGD DUHCDMBD HR @F@HMRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
EQNL SGDHQ LD@M; MNS@SHNM: I ENQ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @MC \ ENQ ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
HMUDRSHF@SDC @MC QDONQSDC AX 8HKKH@L4. (NRRDSS HM 1908 @MC OTAKHRGDC TMCDQ SGD ORDTCNMXL
4STCDMS. 5GD L@INQ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) @QD:
c *S HR BNMSHMTNTR @MC @RRTLDR @MX QD@K U@KTDR.
c 5GD OCE HR RXLLDSQHB@K @ANTS HSR LD@M NE YDQN. )NVDUDQ, HS HR LNQD ROQD@C NTS @MC EK@SSDQ @S SGD @ODW SG@M SGD
c *S @OOQN@BGDR SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM @R D FDSR K@QFDQ.
c 5GDQD HR @ "E@LHKX" NE S CHRSQHATSHNMR: DUDQX QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD E@LHKX HR BNLOKDSDKX CDEHMDC AX SGD MTLADQ
NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL VGHBG HR NMD KDRR SG@M SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@ HSDLR.
5GD CDBHRHNM HR SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD.
5GD CDBHRHNM HR MNS SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR E@KRD.
526 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
9.1 ,OFF ;H> AFN?LH;NCP? &SJINB?M?M
*M @ =NEDI=:H>H I:HI, R@LOKD C@S@ HR DU@KT@SDC HM NQCDQ SN @QQHUD @S @ CDBHRHNM @ANTS RNLD SXOD NE BK@HL. *E BDQS@HM BNMCHSHNMR
@ANTS SGD R@LOKD @QD R@SHREHDC, SGDM SGD BK@HL B@M AD DU@KT@SDC ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM. *M @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS, VD:
1. &U@KT@SD SGD CJAA =NEDI=:H>H, SXOHB@KKX CDMNSDC VHSG !
0
. 5GD MTKK HR MNS QDIDBSDC TMKDRR SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS RGNVR
NSGDQVHRD. 5GD MTKK RS@SDLDMS LTRS @KV@XR BNMS@HM RNLD ENQL NE DPT@KHSX (=, x NQ y)
2. "KV@XR VQHSD SGD 6AI:GC6I>K: =NEDI=:H>H, SXOHB@KKX CDMNSDC VHSG !
7
NQ !
1
, TRHMF KDRR SG@M, FQD@SDQ SG@M, NQ MNS DPT@KR
RXLANKR, H.D., (w, >, NQ <).
3. *E VD QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, SGDM VD B@M @RRTLD SGDQD HR DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN RTOONQS SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR.
4. /DUDQ RS@SD SG@S @ BK@HL HR OQNUDM SQTD NQ E@KRD. ,DDO HM LHMC SGD TMCDQKXHMF E@BS SG@S GXONSGDRHR SDRSHMF HR A@RDC NM
OQNA@AHKHSX K@VR; SGDQDENQD, VD B@M S@KJ NMKX HM SDQLR NE MNM-@ARNKTSD BDQS@HMSHDR.
9.2 -ON=IG?M ;H> NB? 2SJ? ' ;H> 2SJ? '' #LLILM
*M DUDQX GXONSGDRHR SDRS, SGD NTSBNLDR @QD CDODMCDMS NM @ BNQQDBS HMSDQOQDS@SHNM NE SGD C@S@. *MBNQQDBS B@KBTK@SHNMR NQ
LHRTMCDQRSNNC RTLL@QX RS@SHRSHBR B@M XHDKC DQQNQR SG@S @EEDBS SGD QDRTKSR. " 1NE: & DQQNQ NBBTQR VGDM @ SQTD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
HR QDIDBSDC. " 1NE: && :GGDG NBBTQR VGDM @ E@KRD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR MNS QDIDBSDC.
5GD OQNA@AHKHSHDR NE SGDRD DQQNQR @QD CDMNSDC AX SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQR V @MC W, ENQ @ 5XOD * @MC @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ QDRODBSHUDKX.
5GD ONVDQ NE SGD SDRS, 1 k W, PT@MSHEHDR SGD KHJDKHGNNC SG@S @ SDRS VHKK XHDKC SGD BNQQDBS QDRTKS NE @ SQTD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR
ADHMF @BBDOSDC. " GHFG ONVDQ HR CDRHQ@AKD.
9.3 "CMNLC<ONCIH ,??>?> @IL &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA
*M NQCDQ ENQ @ GXONSGDRHR SDRSnR QDRTKSR SN AD FDMDQ@KHYDC SN @ ONOTK@SHNM, BDQS@HM QDPTHQDLDMSR LTRS AD R@SHREHDC.
8GDM SDRSHMF ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M:
1. " 4STCDMS'R J-SDRS RGNTKC AD TRDC HE SGD C@S@ BNLD EQNL @ RHLOKD, Q@MCNL R@LOKD @MC SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX
MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC, NQ SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR K@QFD, VHSG @M TMJMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
2. 5GD MNQL@K SDRS VHKK VNQJ HE SGD C@S@ BNLD EQNL @ RHLOKD, Q@MCNL R@LOKD @MC SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX
MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC, NQ SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR K@QFD, VHSG @ JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
8GDM SDRSHMF @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM TRD @ MNQL@K SDRS ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM HE SGD C@S@ BNLDR EQNL
@ RHLOKD, Q@MCNL R@LOKD, EHKK SGD QDPTHQDLDMSR ENQ @ AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM, @MC SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE RTBBDRR @MC SGD LD@M
MTLADQ NE E@HKTQDR R@SHREX SGD BNMCHSHNMR: DF > 5 @MC DG > D VGDQD D HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD, F HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ RTBBDRR, @MC
G HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ E@HKTQD.
9.4 0;L? #P?HNM, NB? 1;GJF?, "?=CMCIH ;H> !IH=FOMCIH
8GDM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @M DUDMS NBBTQQHMF HR KNV, @MC HS G@OODMR, HS HR B@KKDC @ Q@QD DUDMS. 3@QD DUDMSR @QD HLONQS@MS SN
BNMRHCDQ HM GXONSGDRHR SDRSHMF ADB@TRD SGDX B@M HMENQL XNTQ VHKKHMFMDRR MNS SN QDIDBS NQ SN QDIDBS @ MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5N SDRS @
MTKK GXONSGDRHR, EHMC SGD F-U@KTD ENQ SGD R@LOKD C@S@ @MC FQ@OG SGD QDRTKSR. 8GDM CDBHCHMF VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK
SGD GXONSGDRHR, JDDO SGDRD SVN O@Q@LDSDQR HM LHMC:
1. V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
2. V x F-U@KTD, CN MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
9.5 A>>CNCIH;F 'H@ILG;NCIH ;H> $OFF &SJINB?MCM 2?MN #R;GJF?M
5GD =NEDI=:H>H I:HI HSRDKE G@R @M DRS@AKHRGDC OQNBDRR. 5GHR B@M AD RTLL@QHYDC @R ENKKNVR:
1. %DSDQLHMD !
0
@MC !
7
. 3DLDLADQ, SGDX @QD BNMSQ@CHBSNQX.
2. %DSDQLHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD.
3. %DSDQLHMD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS.
4. %Q@V @ FQ@OG, B@KBTK@SD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB, @MC TRD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB SN B@KBTK@SD SGD !-K6AJ:. (" P-RBNQD @MC @ J-RBNQD @QD
DW@LOKDR NE SDRS RS@SHRSHBR.)
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5. $NLO@QD SGD OQDBNMBDHUDC V VHSG SGD F-U@KTD, L@JD @ CDBHRHNM (QDIDBS NQ CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
), @MC VQHSD @ BKD@Q BNMBKTRHNM
TRHMF &MFKHRG RDMSDMBDR.
/NSHBD SG@S HM ODQENQLHMF SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS, XNT TRD V @MC MNS W. W HR MDDCDC SN GDKO CDSDQLHMD SGD R@LOKD RHYD NE SGD
C@S@ SG@S HR TRDC HM B@KBTK@SHMF SGD F-U@KTD. 3DLDLADQ SG@S SGD PT@MSHSX 1 k W HR B@KKDC SGD -DL:G D; I=: 1:HI. " GHFG ONVDQ
HR CDRHQ@AKD. *E SGD ONVDQ HR SNN KNV, RS@SHRSHBH@MR SXOHB@KKX HMBQD@RD SGD R@LOKD RHYD VGHKD JDDOHMF V SGD R@LD.*E SGD ONVDQ HR
KNV, SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR LHFGS MNS AD QDIDBSDC VGDM HS RGNTKC AD.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
!
0
@MC !
7
@QD BNMSQ@CHBSNQX.
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AMQ=H (=)
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*E V x F-U@KTD, SGDM CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
.
*E V > F-U@KTD, SGDM QDIDBS !
0
.
V HR OQDBNMBDHUDC. *SR U@KTD HR RDS ADENQD SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS
RS@QSR. 5GD F-U@KTD HR B@KBTK@SDC EQNL SGD C@S@.
V = OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 5XOD * DQQNQ = )(5XOD * DQQNQ) =
OQNA@AHKHSX NE QDIDBSHMF SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD.
W = OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ = )(5XOD ** DQQNQ) =
OQNA@AHKHSX NE MNS QDIDBSHMF SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VGDM SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR HR E@KRD.
*E SGDQD HR MN FHUDM OQDBNMBDHUDC V, SGDM TRD V = 0.05.
3ULAO KB 'ULKPDAOEO 3AOPO
c 4HMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, @CDLC ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD
(NQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM): +DGB6A I:HI.
c 4HMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, JC@CDLC ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD
(NQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM): 0IJ9:CI'H %-I:HI.
c 4HMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM: +DGB6A I:HI.
c 'NQ @ H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C, VD L@X TRD @ MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM. .D@MR: =
x
@MC
x
=

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c " H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC EGDEDGI>DC, VD L@X TRD @ MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM. 1QNONQSHNMR: R = ! @MC =
pq
n
.
.0A!2'!#
1. :NT @QD SDRSHMF SG@S SGD LD@M RODDC NE XNTQ B@AKD *MSDQMDS BNMMDBSHNM HR LNQD SG@M SGQDD .DF@AHSR ODQ RDBNMC. 8G@S HR
SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD %DRBQHAD HM VNQCR.
2. :NT @QD SDRSHMF SG@S SGD LD@M RODDC NE XNTQ B@AKD *MSDQMDS BNMMDBSHNM HR LNQD SG@M SGQDD .DF@AHSR ODQ RDBNMC. 4S@SD SGD
MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
3. 5GD "LDQHB@M E@LHKX G@R @M @UDQ@FD NE SVN BGHKCQDM. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD %DRBQHAD HM VNQCR.
4. 5GD LD@M DMSQX KDUDK R@K@QX NE @M DLOKNXDD @S @ BNLO@MX HR $58,000. :NT ADKHDUD HS HR GHFGDQ ENQ *5 OQNEDRRHNM@KR HM SGD
BNLO@MX. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
5. " RNBHNKNFHRS BK@HLR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM OHBJDC @S Q@MCNL HM 5HLDR 4PT@QD HM /DV :NQJ $HSX HR UHRHSHMF SGD @QD@
HR 0.83. :NT V@MS SN SDRS SN RDD HE SGD OQNOQHSHNM HR @BST@KKX KDRR. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD %DRBQHAD HM VNQCR.
6. " RNBHNKNFHRS BK@HLR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM OHBJDC @S Q@MCNL HM 5HLDR 4PT@QD HM /DV :NQJ $HSX HR UHRHSHMF SGD @QD@
HR 0.83. :NT V@MS SN SDRS SN RDD HE SGD BK@HL HR BNQQDBS. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
7. *M @ ONOTK@SHNM NE EHRG, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 42% @QD EDL@KD. " SDRS HR BNMCTBSDC SN RDD HE, HM E@BS, SGD OQNONQSHNM HR KDRR. 4S@SD
SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
8. 4TOONRD SG@S @ QDBDMS @QSHBKD RS@SDC SG@S SGD LD@M SHLD RODMS HM I@HK AX @ EHQRSkSHLD BNMUHBSDC ATQFK@Q HR 2.5 XD@QR. " RSTCX
V@R SGDM CNMD SN RDD HE SGD LD@M SHLD G@R HMBQD@RDC HM SGD MDV BDMSTQX. " Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE 26 EHQRS-SHLD BNMUHBSDC ATQFK@QR
HM @ QDBDMS XD@Q V@R OHBJDC. 5GD LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD HM I@HK EQNL SGD RTQUDX V@R 3 XD@QR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.8
XD@QR. 4TOONRD SG@S HS HR RNLDGNV JMNVM SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 1.5. *E XNT VDQD BNMCTBSHMF @ GXONSGDRHR
528 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD LD@M KDMFSG NE I@HK SHLD G@R HMBQD@RDC, VG@S VNTKC SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR AD 5GD
CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K.
=. !
0
: ????????
>. !
7
: ????????
9. " Q@MCNL RTQUDX NE 75 CD@SG QNV HML@SDR QDUD@KDC SG@S SGD LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD NM CD@SG QNV HR 17.4 XD@QR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 6.3 XD@QR. *E XNT VDQD BNMCTBSHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD NM CD@SG
QNV BNTKC KHJDKX AD 15 XD@QR, VG@S VNTKC SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR AD
=. !
0
: ??????????
>. !
7
: ??????????
10. 5GD /@SHNM@K *MRSHSTSD NE .DMS@K )D@KSG OTAKHRGDC @M @QSHBKD RS@SHMF SG@S HM @MX NMD-XD@Q ODQHNC, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 9.5
ODQBDMS NE "LDQHB@M @CTKSR RTEEDQ EQNLCDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD HKKMDRR. 4TOONRD SG@S HM @ RTQUDX NE 100 ODNOKD HM @ BDQS@HM
SNVM, RDUDM NE SGDL RTEEDQDC EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD HKKMDRR. *E XNT VDQD BNMCTBSHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD
HE SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SG@S SNVM RTEEDQHMF EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD HKKMDRR HR KNVDQ SG@M SGD ODQBDMS HM SGD
FDMDQ@K @CTKS "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM, VG@S VNTKC SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR AD
=. !
0
: ????????
>. !
7
: ????????
11. 5GD LD@M OQHBD NE LHC-RHYDC B@QR HM @ QDFHNM HR $32,000. " SDRS HR BNMCTBSDC SN RDD HE SGD BK@HL HR SQTD. 4S@SD SGD 5XOD *
@MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
12. " RKDDOHMF A@F HR SDRSDC SN VHSGRS@MC SDLODQ@STQDR NE k15 `'. :NT SGHMJ SGD A@F B@MMNS RS@MC SDLODQ@STQDR SG@S KNV.
4S@SD SGD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
13. 'NQ #R?L=CM? 12, VG@S @QD V @MC W HM VNQCR
14. *M VNQCR, CDRBQHAD 1 k W.
15. " FQNTO NE CNBSNQR HR CDBHCHMF VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SN ODQENQL @M NODQ@SHNM. 4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: SGD RTQFHB@K
OQNBDCTQD VHKK FN VDKK. 4S@SD SGD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
16. " FQNTO NE CNBSNQR HR CDBHCHMF VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SN ODQENQL @M NODQ@SHNM. 4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: SGD RTQFHB@K
OQNBDCTQD VHKK FN VDKK. 8GHBG HR SGD DQQNQ VHSG SGD FQD@SDQ BNMRDPTDMBD
17. 5GD ONVDQ NE @ SDRS HR 0.981. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ
18. " FQNTO NE CHUDQR HR DWOKNQHMF @M NKC RTMJDM RGHO. 4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: SGD RTMJDM RGHO CNDR MNS BNMS@HM
ATQHDC SQD@RTQD. 4S@SD SGD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
19. " LHBQNAHNKNFHRS HR SDRSHMF @ V@SDQ R@LOKD ENQ &-BNKH. 4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: SGD R@LOKD CNDR MNS BNMS@HM
&-BNKH. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD R@LOKD CNDR MNS BNMS@HM &-BNKH, ATS SGD LHBQNAHNKNFHRS SGHMJR HS CNDR HR 0.012. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX
SG@S SGD R@LOKD CNDR BNMS@HM &-BNKH, ATS SGD LHBQNAHNKNFHRS SGHMJR HS CNDR MNS HR 0.002. 8G@S HR SGD ONVDQ NE SGHR SDRS
20. " LHBQNAHNKNFHRS HR SDRSHMF @ V@SDQ R@LOKD ENQ &-BNKH. 4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, HR: SGD R@LOKD BNMS@HMR &-BNKH.
8GHBG HR SGD DQQNQ VHSG SGD FQD@SDQ BNMRDPTDMBD
21. 8GHBG SVN CHRSQHATSHNMR B@M XNT TRD ENQ GXONSGDRHR SDRSHMF ENQ SGHR BG@OSDQ
22. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM CN XNT TRD VGDM XNT @QD SDRSHMF @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM "RRTLD
R@LOKD RHYD HR K@QFD.
23. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM CN XNT TRD VGDM SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR MNS JMNVM @MC XNT @QD SDRSHMF NMD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M
"RRTLD R@LOKD RHYD HR K@QFD.
24. " ONOTK@SHNM LD@M HR 13. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 12.8, @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR SVN. 5GD R@LOKD RHYD HR 20.
8G@S CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD SN ODQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS "RRTLD SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K.
25. " ONOTK@SHNM G@R @ LD@M HR 25 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE EHUD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 24, @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR 108.
8G@S CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD SN ODQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS
26. *S HR SGNTFGS SG@S 42% NE QDRONMCDMSR HM @ S@RSD SDRS VNTKC OQDEDQ #Q@MC A. *M @ O@QSHBTK@Q SDRS NE 100 ODNOKD, 39%
OQDEDQQDC #Q@MC A. 8G@S CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD SN ODQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS
27. :NT @QD ODQENQLHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M TRHMF @ 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM. 8G@S LTRS XNT
@RRTLD @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD C@S@
28. :NT @QD ODQENQLHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M TRHMF @ 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD C@S@ @QD MNS EQNL
@ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKD. $@M XNT @BBTQ@SDKX ODQENQL SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 529
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29. :NT @QD ODQENQLHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM. 8G@S LTRS AD SQTD @ANTS SGD PT@MSHSHDR NE DF
@MC DG
30. :NT @QD ODQENQLHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM. :NT EHMC NTS SG@S DF HR KDRR SG@M EHUD. 8G@S LTRS
XNT CN SN AD @AKD SN ODQENQL @ U@KHC GXONSGDRHR SDRS
31. :NT @QD ODQENQLHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM. 5GD C@S@ BNLD EQNL VGHBG CHRSQHATSHNM
32. 8GDM CN XNT QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
33. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE VHMMHMF SGD FQ@MC OQHYD @S @ O@QSHBTK@Q B@QMHU@K F@LD HR 0.005. *R SGD NTSBNLD NE VHMMHMF UDQX KHJDKX
NQ UDQX TMKHJDKX
34. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE VHMMHMF SGD FQ@MC OQHYD @S @ O@QSHBTK@Q B@QMHU@K F@LD HR 0.005. .HBGDKD VHMR SGD FQ@MC OQHYD. *R SGHR
BNMRHCDQDC @ Q@QD NQ BNLLNM DUDMS 8GX
35. *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR VGN OK@X A@RJDSA@KK NM SGD RBGNNK SD@L HR 73 HMBGDR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.8 HMBGDR. " Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE 40 OK@XDQR HR BGNRDM. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 71 HMBGDR, @MC SGD R@LOKD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM V@R 1.5 XD@QR. %N SGD C@S@ RTOONQS SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD LD@M GDHFGS HR KDRR SG@M 73 HMBGDR 5GD F-U@KTD HR
@KLNRS YDQN. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD F-U@KTD.
36. 5GD LD@M @FD NE FQ@CT@SD RSTCDMSR @S @ 6MHUDQRHSX HR @S LNRS 31 X D@QR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN XD@QR. " Q@MCNL
R@LOKD NE 15 FQ@CT@SD RSTCDMSR HR S@JDM. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M HR 32 XD@QR @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR SGQDD XD@QR.
"QD SGD C@S@ RHFMHEHB@MS @S SGD 1% KDUDK 5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.0264. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD
F-U@KTD.
37. %NDR SGD RG@CDC QDFHNM QDOQDRDMS @ KNV NQ @ GHFG F-U@KTD BNLO@QDC SN @ KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 1%
$CAOL? 9.24
38. 8G@S RGNTKC XNT CN VGDM V > F-U@KTD
39. 8G@S RGNTKC XNT CN HE V = F-U@KTD
40. *E XNT CN MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, SGDM HS LTRS AD SQTD. *R SGHR RS@SDLDMS BNQQDBS 4S@SD VGX NQ VGX MNS HM BNLOKDSD
RDMSDMBDR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;B;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD SG@S @ QDBDMS @QSHBKD RS@SDC SG@S SGD LD@M SHLD
RODMS HM I@HK AX @ EHQRS-SHLD BNMUHBSDC ATQFK@Q HR 2.5 XD@QR. " RSTCX V@R SGDM CNMD SN RDD HE SGD LD@M SHLD G@R HMBQD@RDC HM
SGD MDV BDMSTQX. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 26 EHQRS-SHLD BNMUHBSDC ATQFK@QR HM @ QDBDMS XD@Q V@R OHBJDC. 5GD LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD
HM I@HK EQNL SGD RTQUDX V@R SGQDD XD@QR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.8 XD@QR. 4TOONRD SG@S HS HR RNLDGNV JMNVM SG@S SGD
ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 1.5. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD LD@M KDMFSG NE I@HK SHLD G@R HMBQD@RDC.
"RRTLD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD I@HK SHLDR HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.
41. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE LD@MR NQ OQNONQSHNMR
42. 8G@S RXLANK QDOQDRDMSR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS
43. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS.
44. *R SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM JMNVM @MC, HE RN, VG@S HR HS
=. x
???????
>. \ ???????
?. I
N
???????
@. D ???????
530 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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46. 4HMBD ANSG j @MC s
x
@QD FHUDM, VGHBG RGNTKC AD TRDC *M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX.
47. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
" Q@MCNL RTQUDX NE 75 CD@SG QNV HML@SDR QDUD@KDC SG@S SGD LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD NM CD@SG QNV HR 17.4 XD@QR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 6.3 XD@QR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD NM CD@SG QNV BNTKC KHJDKX AD 15
XD@QR.
48. " Q@MCNL RTQUDX NE 75 CD@SG QNV HML@SDR QDUD@KDC SG@S SGD LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD NM CD@SG QNV HR 17.4 XD@QR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 6.3 XD@QR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD NM CD@SG QNV BNTKC
KHJDKX AD 15 XD@QR.
=. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE NMD LD@M NQ OQNONQSHNM
>. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
!
0
: ???????????????????? !
7
: ????????????????????
?. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC, KDES-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
@. 8G@S RXLANK QDOQDRDMSR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS
A. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS.
B. *R SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM JMNVM @MC, HE RN, VG@S HR HS
C. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
E. x
= ?????????????
EE. I = ????????????
EEE. D = ????????????
D. 8GHBG SDRS RGNTKC AD TRDC
E. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
F. 'HMC SGD F-U@KTD.
G. "S @ OQD-BNMBDHUDC V = 0.05, VG@S HR XNTQ:
E. %DBHRHNM:
EE. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD CDBHRHNM:
EEE. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD):
49. "RRTLD !
0
: Z = 9 @MC !
7
: Z < 9. *R SGHR @ KDES-S@HKDC, QHFGS-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
50. "RRTLD !
0
: Z x 6 @MC !
7
: Z > 6. *R SGHR @ KDES-S@HKDC, QHFGS-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
51. "RRTLD !
0
: F = 0.25 @MC !7: F w 0.25. *R SGHR @ KDES-S@HKDC, QHFGS-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
52. %Q@V SGD FDMDQ@K FQ@OG NE @ KDES-S@HKDC SDRS.
53. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG NE @ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS.
54. " ANSSKD NE V@SDQ HR K@ADKDC @R BNMS@HMHMF 16 EKTHC NTMBDR NE V@SDQ. :NT ADKHDUD HS HR KDRR SG@M SG@S. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS
VNTKC XNT TRD
55. :NTQ EQHDMC BK@HLR SG@S GHR LD@M FNKE RBNQD HR 63. :NT V@MS SN RGNV SG@S HS HR GHFGDQ SG@M SG@S. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS VNTKC
XNT TRD
56. " A@SGQNNL RB@KD BK@HLR SN AD @AKD SN HCDMSHEX BNQQDBSKX @MX VDHFGS VHSGHM @ ONTMC. :NT SGHMJ SG@S HS B@MMNS AD SG@S
@BBTQ@SD. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS VNTKC XNT TRD
57. :NT EKHO @ BNHM @MC QDBNQC VGDSGDQ HS RGNVR GD@CR NQ S@HKR. :NT JMNV SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF GD@CR HR 50%, ATS XNT
SGHMJ HS HR KDRR ENQ SGHR O@QSHBTK@Q BNHM. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS VNTKC XNT TRD
58. *E SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR G@R @ MNS DPT@KR ( w ) RXLANK, XNT JMNV SN TRD VGHBG SXOD NE SDRS
59. "RRTLD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR RS@SDR SG@S SGD LD@M HR @S KD@RS 18. *R SGHR @ KDES-S@HKDC, QHFGS-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
60. "RRTLD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR RS@SDR SG@S SGD LD@M HR @S LNRS 12. *R SGHR @ KDES-S@HKDC, QHFGS-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
61. "RRTLD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR RS@SDR SG@S SGD LD@M HR DPT@K SN 88. 5GD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR RS@SDR SG@S SGD LD@M HR MNS
DPT@K SN 88. *R SGHR @ KDES-S@HKDC, QHFGS-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: " Q@MCNL RTQUDX NE 75 CD@SG QNV HML@SDR QDUD@KDC SG@S
SGD LD@M KDMFSG NE SHLD NM CD@SG QNV HR 17.4 XD@QR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 6.3 XD@QR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN
CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M SHLD NM CD@SG QNV BNTKC KHJDKX AD 15 XD@QR.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 531
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65. *R SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM JMNVM @MC, HE RN, VG@S HR HS
=. x
= ???????
>. 6.3 = ???????
?. D = ???????
67. 8GHBG SDRS RGNTKC AD TRDC *M NMD SN SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM VGX.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD /@SHNM@K *MRSHSTSD NE .DMS@K )D@KSG OTAKHRGDC @M @QSHBKD
RS@SHMF SG@S HM @MX NMD-XD@Q ODQHNC, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 9.5 ODQBDMS NE "LDQHB@M @CTKSR RTEEDQ EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD
HKKMDRR. 4TOONRD SG@S HM @ RTQUDX NE 100 ODNOKD HM @ BDQS@HM SNVM, RDUDM NE SGDL RTEEDQDC EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD
HKKMDRR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SG@S SNVM RTEEDQHMF EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @
CDOQDRRHUD HKKMDRR HR KNVDQ SG@M SGD ODQBDMS HM SGD FDMDQ@K @CTKS "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM.
=. N = ???????
>. D = ???????
?. Fc = ???????
73. $@KBTK@SD \
Fc
. .@JD RTQD SN RGNV GNV XNT RDS TO SGD ENQLTK@.
&-+#5-0)
75. 4NLD NE SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR QDEDQ SN SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, RNLD SN SGD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR.
4S@SD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, !
0
, @MC SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR. !
7
, HM SDQLR NE SGD @OOQNOQH@SD O@Q@LDSDQ (Z NQ F).
=. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE XD@QR "LDQHB@MR VNQJ ADENQD QDSHQHMF HR 34.
>. "S LNRS 60% NE "LDQHB@MR UNSD HM OQDRHCDMSH@K DKDBSHNMR.
?. 5GD LD@M RS@QSHMF R@K@QX ENQ 4@M +NRD 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX FQ@CT@SDR HR @S KD@RS $100,000 ODQ XD@Q.
@. 5VDMSX-MHMD ODQBDMS NE GHFG RBGNNK RDMHNQR FDS CQTMJ D@BG LNMSG.
A. 'DVDQ SG@M 5% NE @CTKSR QHCD SGD ATR SN VNQJ HM -NR "MFDKDR.
B. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE B@QR @ ODQRNM NVMR HM GDQ KHEDSHLD HR MNS LNQD SG@M SDM.
C. "ANTS G@KE NE "LDQHB@MR OQDEDQ SN KHUD @V@X EQNL BHSHDR, FHUDM SGD BGNHBD.
D. &TQNOD@MR G@UD @ LD@M O@HC U@B@SHNM D@BG XD@Q NE RHW VDDJR.
E. 5GD BG@MBD NE CDUDKNOHMF AQD@RS B@MBDQ HR TMCDQ 11% ENQ VNLDM.
F. 1QHU@SD TMHUDQRHSHDR' LD@M STHSHNM BNRS HR LNQD SG@M $20,000 ODQ XD@Q.
76. 0UDQ SGD O@RS EDV CDB@CDR, OTAKHB GD@KSG NEEHBH@KR G@UD DW@LHMDC SGD KHMJ ADSVDDM VDHFGS BNMBDQMR @MC SDDM FHQKR'
RLNJHMF. 3DRD@QBGDQR RTQUDXDC @ FQNTO NE 273 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC SDDM FHQKR KHUHMF HM .@RR@BGTRDSSR (ADSVDDM 12 @MC 15
XD@QR NKC). "ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR SGD FHQKR VDQD RTQUDXDC @F@HM. 4HWSX-SGQDD R@HC SGDX RLNJDC SN RS@X SGHM. *R SGDQD FNNC DUHCDMBD
SG@S LNQD SG@M SGHQSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SDDM FHQKR RLNJD SN RS@X SGHM 5GD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR HR:
=. F < 0.30
>. F x 0.30
?. F y 0.30
@. F > 0.30
77. " RS@SHRSHBR HMRSQTBSNQ ADKHDUDR SG@S EDVDQ SG@M 20% NE &UDQFQDDM 7@KKDX $NKKDFD (&7$) RSTCDMSR @SSDMCDC SGD NODMHMF
MHFGS LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF NE SGD K@SDRS )@QQX 1NSSDQ LNUHD. 4GD RTQUDXR 84 NE GDQ RSTCDMSR @MC EHMCR SG@S 11 @SSDMCDC SGD
LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF. "M @OOQNOQH@SD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR HR:
=. F = 0.20
>. F > 0.20
?. F < 0.20
@. F x 0.20
532 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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78. 1QDUHNTRKX, @M NQF@MHY@SHNM QDONQSDC SG@S SDDM@FDQR RODMS 4.5 GNTQR ODQ VDDJ, NM @UDQ@FD, NM SGD OGNMD. 5GD NQF@MHY@SHNM
SGHMJR SG@S, BTQQDMSKX, SGD LD@M HR GHFGDQ. 'HESDDM Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM SDDM@FDQR VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX GNTQR ODQ VDDJ SGDX
RODMC NM SGD OGNMD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 4.75 GNTQR VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.0. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
=. !
E
: x
= 4.5, !
7
: x
> 4.5
>. !
E
: Z y 4.5, !
7
: Z < 4.5
?. !
E
: Z = 4.75, !
7
: Z > 4.75
@. !
E
: Z = 4.5, !
7
: Z > 4.5
79. 4S@SD SGD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD ** DQQNQR HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR FHUDM SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR.
=. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE XD@QR "LDQHB@MR VNQJ ADENQD QDSHQHMF HR 34.
>. "S LNRS 60% NE "LDQHB@MR UNSD HM OQDRHCDMSH@K DKDBSHNMR.
?. 5GD LD@M RS@QSHMF R@K@QX ENQ 4@M +NRD 4S@SD 6MHUDQRHSX FQ@CT@SDR HR @S KD@RS $100,000 ODQ XD@Q.
@. 5VDMSX-MHMD ODQBDMS NE GHFG RBGNNK RDMHNQR FDS CQTMJ D@BG LNMSG.
A. 'DVDQ SG@M 5% NE @CTKSR QHCD SGD ATR SN VNQJ HM -NR "MFDKDR.
B. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE B@QR @ ODQRNM NVMR HM GHR NQ GDQ KHEDSHLD HR MNS LNQD SG@M SDM.
C. "ANTS G@KE NE "LDQHB@MR OQDEDQ SN KHUD @V@X EQNL BHSHDR, FHUDM SGD BGNHBD.
D. &TQNOD@MR G@UD @ LD@M O@HC U@B@SHNM D@BG XD@Q NE RHW VDDJR.
E. 5GD BG@MBD NE CDUDKNOHMF AQD@RS B@MBDQ HR TMCDQ 11% ENQ VNLDM.
F. 1QHU@SD TMHUDQRHSHDR LD@M STHSHNM BNRS HR LNQD SG@M $20,000 ODQ XD@Q.
80. 'NQ RS@SDLDMSR @-I HM #R?L=CM? 109, @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
=. 4S@SD @ BNMRDPTDMBD NE BNLLHSSHMF @ 5XOD * DQQNQ.
>. 4S@SD @ BNMRDPTDMBD NE BNLLHSSHMF @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ.
81. 8GDM @ MDV CQTF HR BQD@SDC, SGD OG@QL@BDTSHB@K BNLO@MX LTRS RTAIDBS HS SN SDRSHMF ADENQD QDBDHUHMF SGD MDBDRR@QX
ODQLHRRHNM EQNL SGD 'NNC @MC %QTF "CLHMHRSQ@SHNM ('%") SN L@QJDS SGD CQTF. 4TOONRD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR oSGD CQTF HR
TMR@ED.p 8G@S HR SGD 5XOD ** &QQNQ
=. 5N BNMBKTCD SGD CQTF HR R@ED VGDM HM, E@BS, HS HR TMR@ED.
>. /NS SN BNMBKTCD SGD CQTF HR R@ED VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR R@ED.
?. 5N BNMBKTCD SGD CQTF HR R@ED VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR R@ED.
@. /NS SN BNMBKTCD SGD CQTF HR TMR@ED VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR TMR@ED.
LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF NE SGD K@SDRS )@QQX 1NSSDQ LNUHD. 4GD RTQUDXR 84 NE GDQ RSTCDMSR @MC EHMCR SG@S 11 NE SGDL @SSDMCDC SGD
LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF. 5GD 5XOD * DQQNQ HR SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE &7$ RSTCDMSR VGN @SSDMCDC HR ????????.
=. @S KD@RS 20%, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR KDRR SG@M 20%.
>. 20%, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR 20%.
?. KDRR SG@M 20%, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR @S KD@RS 20%.
@. KDRR SG@M 20%, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR KDRR SG@M 20%.
83. *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD (-5$$) *MSDQLDCH@SD "KFDAQ@ RSTCDMSR FDS KDRR SG@M RDUDM GNTQR NE
RKDDO ODQ MHFGS, NM @UDQ@FD. " RTQUDX NE 22 -5$$ *MSDQLDCH@SD "KFDAQ@ RSTCDMSR FDMDQ@SDC @ LD@M NE 7.24 GNTQR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.93 GNTQR. "S @ KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 5%, CN -5$$ *MSDQLDCH@SD "KFDAQ@ RSTCDMSR FDS KDRR SG@M
RDUDM GNTQR NE RKDDO ODQ MHFGS, NM @UDQ@FD
5GD 5XOD ** DQQNQ HR MNS SN QDIDBS SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR NE RKDDO -5$$ RSTCDMSR FDS ODQ MHFGS HR @S KD@RS RDUDM VGDM,
HM E@BS, SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR
=. HR LNQD SG@M RDUDM GNTQR.
>. HR @S LNRS RDUDM GNTQR.
?. HR @S KD@RS RDUDM GNTQR.
@. HR KDRR SG@M RDUDM GNTQR.
84. 1QDUHNTRKX, @M NQF@MHY@SHNM QDONQSDC SG@S SDDM@FDQR RODMS 4.5 GNTQR ODQ VDDJ, NM @UDQ@FD, NM SGD OGNMD. 5GD NQF@MHY@SHNM
SGHMJR SG@S, BTQQDMSKX, SGD LD@M HR GHFGDQ. 'HESDDM Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM SDDM@FDQR VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX GNTQR ODQ VDDJ SGDX
RODMC NM SGD OGNMD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 4.75 GNTQR VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.0. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDR,
SGD 5XOD * DQQNQ HR:
=. SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD BTQQDMS LD@M GNTQR ODQ VDDJ HR GHFGDQ SG@M 4.5, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR GHFGDQ
>. SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD BTQQDMS LD@M GNTQR ODQ VDDJ HR GHFGDQ SG@M 4.5, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR SGD R@LD
?. SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M GNTQR ODQ VDDJ BTQQDMSKX HR 4.5, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR GHFGDQ
@. SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M GNTQR ODQ VDDJ BTQQDMSKX HR MN GHFGDQ SG@M 4.5, VGDM HM E@BS, HS HR MNS GHFGDQ
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 533
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85. *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S -@JD 5@GND $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD (-5$$) *MSDQLDCH@SD "KFDAQ@ RSTCDMSR FDS KDRR SG@M RDUDM GNTQR NE
RKDDO ODQ MHFGS, NM @UDQ@FD. " RTQUDX NE 22 -5$$ *MSDQLDCH@SD "KFDAQ@ RSTCDMSR FDMDQ@SDC @ LD@M NE 7.24 GNTQR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.93 GNTQR. "S @ KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 5%, CN -5$$ *MSDQLDCH@SD "KFDAQ@ RSTCDMSR FDS KDRR SG@M
RDUDM GNTQR NE RKDDO ODQ MHFGS, NM @UDQ@FD 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN AD TRDC ENQ SGHR SDRS HR X
] ????????????????
=. N(7.24,
1.93
22
)
>. N(7.24, 1.93)
?. J
22
@. J
21
86. 5GD /@SHNM@K *MRSHSTSD NE .DMS@K )D@KSG OTAKHRGDC @M @QSHBKD RS@SHMF SG@S HM @MX NMD-XD@Q ODQHNC, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 9.5
ODQBDMS NE "LDQHB@M @CTKSR RTEEDQ EQNLCDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD HKKMDRR. 4TOONRD SG@S HM @ RTQUDX NE 100 ODNOKD HM @ BDQS@HM
SNVM, RDUDM NE SGDL RTEEDQDC EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD HKKMDRR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD SQTD
OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SG@S SNVM RTEEDQHMF EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD HKKMDRR HR KNVDQ SG@M SGD ODQBDMS HM SGD FDMDQ@K
@CTKS "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM.
=. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE NMD LD@M NQ OQNONQSHNM
>. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
!
0
: ???????????????????? !
7
: ????????????????????
?. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC, KDES-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
@. 8G@S RXLANK QDOQDRDMSR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS
A. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR SDRS.
B. $@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
E. N = ????????????????
EE. D = ????????????????
EEE. p = ?????????????
C. $@KBTK@SD \
N
= ??????????. 4GNV SGD ENQLTK@ RDS-TO.
D. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
E. 'HMC SGD F-U@KTD.
F. "S @ OQD-BNMBDHUDC V = 0.05, VG@S HR XNTQ:
E. %DBHRHNM:
EE. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD CDBHRHNM:
EEE. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD):
FEH ;79> E< J>; MEH: FHE8B;CI, KI; 7 IEBKJ?ED I>;;J JE :E J>; >OFEJ>;I?I J;IJ. ->; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J ?I <EKD: ?D 6,) A33)1(-:
(,663://'1:.24+/'216)16/9+2619//%6)56/#047156) . )B;7I; <;;B <H;; JE C7A; 9EF?;I E< J>; IEBKJ?ED I>;;JI. FEH J>;
EDB?D; L;HI?ED E< J>; 8EEA, ?J ?I IK==;IJ;: J>7J OEK 9EFO J>; .:E9 EH J>; .F:< <?B;I.
,-2#
*E XNT @QD TRHMF @ 4STCDMS'R-J CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ NMD NE SGD ENKKNVHMF GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDLR, XNT L@X @RRTLD SG@S SGD
TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. (*M FDMDQ@K, XNT LTRS EHQRS OQNUD SG@S @RRTLOSHNM, GNVDUDQ.)
87. " O@QSHBTK@Q AQ@MC NE SHQDR BK@HLR SG@S HSR CDKTWD SHQD @UDQ@FDR @S KD@RS 50,000 LHKDR ADENQD HS MDDCR SN AD QDOK@BDC. 'QNL
O@RS RSTCHDR NE SGHR SHQD, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR JMNVM SN AD 8,000. " RTQUDX NE NVMDQR NE SG@S SHQD CDRHFM HR BNMCTBSDC.
'QNL SGD 28 SHQDR RTQUDXDC, SGD LD@M KHEDRO@M V@R 46,500 LHKDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 9,800 LHKDR. 6RHMF @KOG@ =
0.05, HR SGD C@S@ GHFGKX HMBNMRHRSDMS VHSG SGD BK@HL
88. 'QNL FDMDQ@SHNM SN FDMDQ@SHNM, SGD LD@M @FD VGDM RLNJDQR EHQRS RS@QS SN RLNJD U@QHDR. )NVDUDQ, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE SG@S @FD QDL@HMR BNMRS@MS NE @QNTMC 2.1 XD@QR. " RTQUDX NE 40 RLNJDQR NE SGHR FDMDQ@SHNM V@R CNMD SN RDD HE SGD LD@M
RS@QSHMF @FD HR @S KD@RS 19. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 18.1 VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.3. %N SGD C@S@ RTOONQS SGD BK@HL
@S SGD 5% KDUDK
89. 5GD BNRS NE @ C@HKX MDVRO@ODQ U@QHDR EQNL BHSX SN BHSX. )NVDUDQ, SGD U@QH@SHNM @LNMF OQHBDR QDL@HMR RSD@CX VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 20^. " RSTCX V@R CNMD SN SDRS SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD LD@M BNRS NE @ C@HKX MDVRO@ODQ HR $1.00. 5VDKUD BNRSR
XHDKC @ LD@M BNRS NE 95^ VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 18^. %N SGD C@S@ RTOONQS SGD BK@HL @S SGD 1% KDUDK
534 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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90. "M @QSHBKD HM SGD 06C 'DH: *:G8JGN +:LH RS@SDC SG@S RSTCDMSR HM SGD $@KHENQMH@ RS@SD TMHUDQRHSX RXRSDL S@JD 4.5 XD@QR,
NM @UDQ@FD, SN EHMHRG SGDHQ TMCDQFQ@CT@SD CDFQDDR. 4TOONRD XNT ADKHDUD SG@S SGD LD@M SHLD HR KNMFDQ. :NT BNMCTBS @ RTQUDX
NE 49 RSTCDMSR @MC NAS@HM @ R@LOKD LD@M NE 5.1 VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.2. %N SGD C@S@ RTOONQS XNTQ BK@HL @S
SGD 1% KDUDK
91. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE RHBJ C@XR @M DLOKNXDD S@JDR ODQ XD@Q HR ADKHDUDC SN AD @ANTS SDM. .DLADQR NE @ ODQRNMMDK
CDO@QSLDMS CN MNS ADKHDUD SGHR EHFTQD. 5GDX Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX DHFGS DLOKNXDDR. 5GD MTLADQ NE RHBJ C@XR SGDX SNNJ ENQ SGD
O@RS XD@Q @QD @R ENKKNVR: 12; 4; 15; 3; 11; 8; 6; 8. -DS N = SGD MTLADQ NE RHBJ C@XR SGDX SNNJ ENQ SGD O@RS XD@Q. 4GNTKC SGD
ODQRNMMDK SD@L ADKHDUD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ HR SDM
92. *M 1955, )>;: *6<6O>C: QDONQSDC SG@S SGD 25 XD@Q-NKC LNSGDQ NE SGQDD VNQJDC, NM @UDQ@FD, @M 80 GNTQ VDDJ. 3DBDMSKX,
L@MX FQNTOR G@UD ADDM RSTCXHMF VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD VNLDM'R LNUDLDMS G@R, HM E@BS, QDRTKSDC HM @M HMBQD@RD HM SGD @UDQ@FD
VNQJ VDDJ ENQ VNLDM (BNLAHMHMF DLOKNXLDMS @MC @S-GNLD VNQJ). 4TOONRD @ RSTCX V@R CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD LD@M
VNQJ VDDJ G@R HMBQD@RDC. 81 VNLDM VDQD RTQUDXDC VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF QDRTKSR. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 83; SGD R@LOKD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM V@R SDM. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD LD@M VNQJ VDDJ G@R HMBQD@RDC ENQ VNLDM @S SGD 5% KDUDK
93. :NTQ RS@SHRSHBR HMRSQTBSNQ BK@HLR SG@S 60 ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR VGN S@JD GDQ &KDLDMS@QX 4S@SHRSHBR BK@RR FN SGQNTFG KHED
EDDKHMF LNQD DMQHBGDC. 'NQ RNLD QD@RNM SG@S RGD B@M'S PTHSD EHFTQD NTS, LNRS ODNOKD CNM'S ADKHDUD GDQ. :NT CDBHCD SN BGDBJ
SGHR NTS NM XNTQ NVM. :NT Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 64 NE GDQ O@RS &KDLDMS@QX 4S@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR @MC EHMC SG@S 34 EDDK LNQD DMQHBGDC
@R @ QDRTKS NE GDQ BK@RR. /NV, VG@S CN XNT SGHMJ
94. " /HRR@M .NSNQ $NQONQ@SHNM @CUDQSHRDLDMS QD@C, o5GD @UDQ@FD L@MnR *.2. HR 107. 5GD @UDQ@FD AQNVM SQNTSnR *.2. HR 4.
4N VGX B@MnS L@M B@SBG AQNVM SQNTSp 4TOONRD XNT ADKHDUD SG@S SGD AQNVM SQNTSnR LD@M *.2. HR FQD@SDQ SG@M ENTQ. :NT B@SBG
12 AQNVM SQNTS. " EHRG ORXBGNKNFHRS CDSDQLHMDR SGD *.2.R @R ENKKNVR: 5; 4; 7; 3; 6; 4; 5; 3; 6; 3; 8; 5. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR
SDRS NE XNTQ ADKHDE.
95. 3DEDQ SN #R?L=CM? 119. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN RDD HE XNTQ CDBHRHNM @MC BNMBKTRHNM VNTKC BG@MFD HE XNTQ ADKHDE
VDQD SG@S SGD AQNVM SQNTSnR LD@M *.2. HR CDI ENTQ.
96. "BBNQCHMF SN @M @QSHBKD HM +:LHL::@, SGD M@STQ@K Q@SHN NE FHQKR SN ANXR HR 100:105. *M $GHM@, SGD AHQSG Q@SHN HR 100: 114
(46.7% FHQKR). 4TOONRD XNT CNMnS ADKHDUD SGD QDONQSDC EHFTQDR NE SGD ODQBDMS NE FHQKR ANQM HM $GHM@. :NT BNMCTBS @ RSTCX.
*M SGHR RSTCX, XNT BNTMS SGD MTLADQ NE FHQKR @MC ANXR ANQM HM 150 Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM QDBDMS AHQSGR. 5GDQD @QD 60 FHQKR @MC 90
ANXR ANQM NE SGD 150. #@RDC NM XNTQ RSTCX, CN XNT ADKHDUD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE FHQKR ANQM HM $GHM@ HR 46.7
97. " ONKK CNMD ENQ +:LHL::@ ENTMC SG@S 13% NE "LDQHB@MR G@UD RDDM NQ RDMRDC SGD OQDRDMBD NE @M @MFDK. " BNMSHMFDMS
CNTASR SG@S SGD ODQBDMS HR QD@KKX SG@S GHFG. *S BNMCTBSR HSR NVM RTQUDX. 0TS NE 76 "LDQHB@MR RTQUDXDC, NMKX SVN G@C RDDM
NQ RDMRDC SGD OQDRDMBD NE @M @MFDK. "R @ QDRTKS NE SGD BNMSHMFDMSnR RTQUDX, VNTKC XNT @FQDD VHSG SGD +:LHL::@ ONKK *M
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, @KRN FHUD SGQDD QD@RNMR VGX SGD SVN ONKKR LHFGS FHUD CHEEDQDMS QDRTKSR.
98. 5GD LD@M VNQJ VDDJ ENQ DMFHMDDQR HM @ RS@QS-TO BNLO@MX HR ADKHDUDC SN AD @ANTS 60 GNTQR. " MDVKX GHQDC DMFHMDDQ
GNODR SG@S HSnR RGNQSDQ. 4GD @RJR SDM DMFHMDDQHMF EQHDMCR HM RS@QS-TOR ENQ SGD KDMFSGR NE SGDHQ LD@M VNQJ VDDJR. #@RDC NM SGD
QDRTKSR SG@S ENKKNV, RGNTKC RGD BNTMS NM SGD LD@M VNQJ VDDJ SN AD RGNQSDQ SG@M 60 GNTQR
%@S@ (KDMFSG NE LD@M VNQJ VDDJ): 70; 45; 55; 60; 65; 55; 55; 60; 50; 55.
99. 6RD SGD o-@O SHLDp C@S@ ENQ -@O 4 (RDD 2;<F? I@ !IHN?HNM (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/QA2612/F;N?MN/#G47129) )
SN SDRS SGD BK@HL SG@S 5DQQH EHMHRGDR -@O 4, NM @UDQ@FD, HM KDRR SG@M 129 RDBNMCR. 6RD @KK SVDMSX Q@BDR FHUDM.
100. 6RD SGD o*MHSH@K 1TAKHB 0EEDQHMFp C@S@ (RDD 2;<F? I@ !IHN?HNM (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/QA2612/
F;N?MN/#G47129) ) SN SDRS SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD LD@M NEEDQ OQHBD V@R $18 ODQ RG@QD. %N MNS TRD @KK SGD C@S@. 6RD XNTQ Q@MCNL
MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 15 OQHBDR.
,-2#
5GD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR VDQD VQHSSDM AX O@RS RSTCDMSR. 5GDX @QD DWBDKKDMS OQNAKDLR!
101. ""RH@M '@LHKX 3DTMHNM," AX $G@T /FTXDM
&UDQX SVN XD@QR HS BNLDR @QNTMC.
8D @KK FDS SNFDSGDQ EQNL CHEEDQDMS SNVMR.
*M LX GNMDRS NOHMHNM,
*S'R MNS @ SXOHB@K E@LHKX QDTMHNM.
/NS ENQSX, NQ EHESX, NQ RHWSX,
#TS GNV @ANTS RDUDMSX BNLO@MHNMR!
5GD JHCR VNTKC OK@X, RBQD@L, @MC RGNTS
0MD LHMTSD SGDX'QD G@OOX, @MNSGDQ SGDX'KK ONTS.
5GD SDDM@FDQR VNTKC KNNJ, RS@QD, @MC BNLO@QD
'QNL GNV SGDX KNNJ SN VG@S SGDX VD@Q.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 535
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5GD LDM VNTKC BG@S @ANTS SGDHQ ATRHMDRR
5G@S SGDX L@JD LNQD, ATS MDUDQ KDRR.
.NMDX HR @KV@XR SGDHQ RTAIDBS
"MC SGDQD'R @KV@XR S@KJ NE LNQD MDV OQNIDBSR.
5GD VNLDM FDS SHQDC EQNL @KK NE SGD BG@SR
5GDX GD@C SN SGD JHSBGDM SN RDS NTS SGD L@SR.
4NLD VNTKC RHS @MC RNLD VNTKC RS@MC
&@SHMF @MC S@KJHMF VHSG OK@SDR HM SGDHQ G@MCR.
5GDM BNLD SGD F@LDR @MC SGD RNMFR
"MC RTCCDMKX, DUDQXNMD FDSR @KNMF!
8HSG @KK SG@S K@TFGSDQ, HS'R R@C SN R@X
5G@S HS @KV@XR DMCR HM SGD R@LD NKC V@X.
5GDX GTF @MC JHRR @MC R@X "FNNC-AXD"
"MC SGDM SGDX @KK ADFHM SN BQX!
* R@X SG@S 60 ODQBDMS RGDC SGDHQ SD@QR
#TS LX LNL BNTMSDC 35 ODNOKD SGHR XD@Q.
4GD R@HC SG@S ANXR @MC LDM VHKK @KV@XR G@UD SGDHQ OQHCD,
4N VD VNM'S DUDQ RDD SGDL BQX.
* LXRDKE CNM'S SGHMJ RGD'R BNQQDBS,
4N BNTKC XNT OKD@RD SQX SGHR OQNAKDL SN RDD HE XNT NAIDBS
102. "5GD 1QNAKDL VHSG "MFDKR," AX $XMCX %NVKHMF
"KSGNTFG SGHR OQNAKDL HR VGNKKX LHMD,
5GD B@S@KXRS B@LD EQNL SGD L@F@YHMD, 5HLD.
0M SGD L@F@YHMD BNUDQ * CHC EHMC
5GD QD@KL NE @MFDKR SHBJKHMF LX LHMC.
*MRHCD, 69% * ENTMC SN AD
*M @MFDKR, "LDQHB@MR CN ADKHDUD.
5GDM, HS V@R SHLD SN QHRD SN SGD S@RJ,
/HMDSX-EHUD GHFG RBGNNK @MC BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR * CHC @RJ.
7HDVHMF @KK @R NMD FQNTO,
3@MCNL R@LOKHMF SN FDS SGD RBNNO.
4N, * @RJDC D@BG SN AD SQTD,
"%N XNT ADKHDUD HM @MFDKR" 5DKK LD, CN!
)XONSGDRHYHMF @S SGD RS@QS,
5NS@KKX ADKHDUHMF HM LX GD@QS
5G@S SGD OQNONQSHNM VGN R@HC XDR
8NTKC AD DPT@K NM SGHR SDRS.
-N @MC ADGNKC, RDUDMSX-SGQDD CHC @QQHUD,
0TS NE SGD R@LOKD NE MHMDSX-EHUD.
/NV XNTQ INA G@R ITRS ADFTM,
4NKUD SGHR OQNAKDL @MC G@UD RNLD ETM.
103. "#KNVHMF #TAAKDR," AX 4NMCQ@ 1QTKK
4STCXHMF RS@SR ITRS L@CD LD SDMRD,
* G@C SN EHMC RNLD R@MD CDEDMRD.
4NLD KHFGS @MC KHESHMF RHLOKD OK@X
5N EKN@S LX L@SG @MWHDSX @V@X.
#KNVHMF ATAAKDR KHESR LD GHFG
5@JDR LX SQNTAKDR SN SGD RJX.
10*,! 5GDX'QD FNMD, VHSG @KK LX RSQDRR
#TAAKD SGDQ@OX HR SGD ADRS.
5GD K@ADK R@HC D@BG SHLD * AKDV
5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE ATAAKDR VNTKC AD @S KD@RS 22.
* AKDV @MC AKDV @MC SGHR * ENTMC
'QNL 64 AKNVR, SGDX @KK @QD QNTMC!
#TS SGD MTLADQ NE ATAAKDR HM 64 AKNVR
7@QHDC VHCDKX, SGHR * JMNV.
20 ODQ AKNV ADB@LD SGD LD@M
5GDX CDUH@SDC AX 6, @MC MNS 16.
'QNL BNTMSHMF ATAAKDR, * RTQD CHC QDK@W
#TS MNV * FHUD SN XNT XNTQ S@RJ.
8@R 22 @ QD@RNM@AKD FTDRR
'HMC SGD @MRVDQ @MC O@RR SGHR SDRS!
536 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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104. "%@KL@SH@M %@QM@SHNM," AX ,@SGX 4O@QKHMF
" FQDDCX CNF AQDDCDQ M@LDC 4OQDBJKDR
#QDC OTOOHDR VHSG MTLDQNTR EQDBJKDR
5GD %@KL@SH@MR GD RNTFGS
1NRRDRRDC RONS TONM RONS
5GD LNQD RONSR, GD SGNTFGS, SGD LNQD RGDJDKR.
)HR BNLODSHSNQR CHC MNS @FQDD
5G@S EQDBJKDR VNTKC HMBQD@RD SGD EDD.
5GDX R@HC, o4ONSR @QD PTHSD MHBD
#TS SGDX CNM'S @EEDBS OQHBD;
0MD RGNTKC AQDDC ENQ HLOQNUDC ODCHFQDD.p
5GD AQDDCDQR CDBHCDC SN OQNUD
5GHR RSQ@SDFX V@R @ VQNMF LNUD.
#QDDCHMF NMKX ENQ RONSR
8NTKC VQD@J G@UNB, SGDX SGNTFGS.
)HR SGDNQX SGDX V@MS SN CHROQNUD.
5GDX OQNONRDC @ BNMSDRS SN 4OQDBJKDR
$NLO@QHMF CNF OQHBDR SN EQDBJKDR.
*M QDBNQCR SGDX KNNJDC TO
0MD GTMCQDC NMD OTOR:
%@KL@SH@MR SG@S EDSBGDC SGD LNRS RGDJDKR.
5GDX @RJDC .Q. 4OQDBJKDR SN M@LD
"M @UDQ@FD RONS BNTMS GD'C BK@HL
5N AQHMF HM AHF ATBJR.
4@HC 4OQDBJKDR, o8DKK, RGTBJR,
*S'R ENQ NMD GTMCQDC NMD SG@S * @HL.p
4@HC @M @L@SDTQ RS@SHRSHBH@M
8GN V@MSDC SN GDKO VHSG SGHR LHRRHNM.
o5VDMSX-NMD ENQ SGD R@LOKD
4S@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM'R @LOKD:
5GDX DW@LHMDC NMD GTMCQDC @MC NMD
%@KL@SH@MR SG@S EDSBGDC @ FNNC RTL.
5GDX BNTMSDC D@BG RONS,
.@QJ, EQDBJKD @MC CNS
"MC S@KKHDC TO DUDQX NMD.
*MRSD@C NE NMD GTMCQDC NMD RONSR
5GDX @UDQ@FDC MHMDSX RHW CNSR
$@M SGDX LTYYKD 4OQDBJKDRn
0ARDRRHNM VHSG EQDBJKDR
#@RDC NM @KK SGD CNF C@S@ SGDX'UD FNS
105. ".@B@QNMH @MC $GDDRD, OKD@RD!!" AX /DCC@ .HRGDQFGH @MC 3@BGDKKD )@KK
"R @ ONNQ RS@QUHMF RSTCDMS * CNM'S G@UD LTBG LNMDX SN RODMC ENQ DUDM SGD A@QD MDBDRRHSHDR. 4N LX E@UNQHSD @MC L@HM RS@OKD
ENNC HR L@B@QNMH @MC BGDDRD. *S'R GHFG HM S@RSD @MC KNV HM BNRS @MC MTSQHSHNM@K U@KTD.
0MD C@X, @R * R@S CNVM SN CDSDQLHMD SGD LD@MHMF NE KHED, * FNS @ RDQHNTR BQ@UHMF ENQ SGHR, NG, RN HLONQS@MS, ENNC NE LX KHED. 4N
* VDMS CNVM SGD RSQDDS SN (QD@SV@X SN FDS @ ANW NE L@B@QNMH @MC BGDDRD, ATS HS V@R 40 DWODMRHUD! $2.02 !!! $@M XNT ADKHDUD
HS *S L@CD LD RSNO @MC SGHMJ. 5GD VNQKC HR BG@MFHMF E@RS. * G@C SGNTFGS SG@S SGD LD@M BNRS NE @ ANW (SGD MNQL@K RHYD, MNS
RNLD RTODQ-FHF@MSHB-E@LHKX-U@KTD-O@BJ) V@R @S LNRS $1, ATS MNV * V@RM'S RN RTQD. )NVDUDQ, * V@R CDSDQLHMDC SN EHMC NTS.
* VDMS SN 53 NE SGD BKNRDRS FQNBDQX RSNQDR @MC RTQUDXDC SGD OQHBDR NE L@B@QNMH @MC BGDDRD. )DQD @QD SGD C@S@ * VQNSD HM LX
MNSDANNJ:
/NE?A LAN >KT KB ,=? =J@ "DAAOA:
c 5 RSNQDR ! $2.02
c 15 RSNQDR ! $0.25
c 3 RSNQDR ! $1.29
c 6 RSNQDR ! $0.35
c 4 RSNQDR ! $2.27
c 7 RSNQDR ! $1.50
c 5 RSNQDR ! $1.89
c 8 RSNQDR ! 0.75.
* BNTKC RDD SG@S SGD BNRS U@QHDC ATS * G@C SN RHS CNVM SN EHFTQD NTS VGDSGDQ NQ MNS * V@R QHFGS. *E HS CNDR STQM NTS SG@S SGHR
LNTSG-V@SDQHMF CHRG HR @S LNRS $1, SGDM *'KK SGQNV @ AHF BGDDRX O@QSX HM NTQ MDWS RS@SHRSHBR K@A, VHSG DMNTFG L@B@QNMH @MC
BGDDRD ENQ ITRS LD. ("ESDQ @KK, @R @ ONNQ RS@QUHMF RSTCDMS * B@M'S AD DWODBSDC SN EDDC NTQ BK@RR NE @MHL@KR!)
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 537
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106. "8HKKH@L 4G@JDROD@QD: 5GD 5Q@FDCX NE )@LKDS, 1QHMBD NE %DML@QJ," AX +@BPTDKHMD (GNCRH 3'$ "'1"3$12 (EJ
KN@AN KB =LLA=N=J?A):
c )".-&5, 1QHMBD NE %DML@QJ @MC RSTCDMS NE 4S@SHRSHBR
c 10-0/*64, )@LKDSnR STSNQ
c )0305*0, EQHDMC SN )@LKDS @MC EDKKNV RSTCDMS
4BDMD: 5GD FQD@S KHAQ@QX NE SGD B@RSKD, HM VGHBG )@LKDS CNDR GHR KDRRNMR
"BS *
(5GD C@X HR E@HQ, ATS SGD E@BD NE )@LKDS HR BKNTCDC. )D O@BDR SGD K@QFD QNNL. )HR STSNQ, 1NKNMHTR, HR QDOQHL@MCHMF )@LKDS
QDF@QCHMF SGD K@SSDQnR QDBDMS DWODQHDMBD. )NQ@SHN HR RD@SDC @S SGD K@QFD S@AKD @S QHFGS RS@FD.)
10-0/*64: .X -NQC, GNV B@MRnS SGNT @CLHS SG@S SGNT G@RS RDDM @ FGNRS! *S HR ATS @ EHFLDMS NE XNTQ HL@FHM@SHNM!
)".-&5: * ADF SN CHEEDQ; * JMNV NE @ BDQS@HMSX SG@S EHUD-@MC-RDUDMSX HM NMD GTMCQDC NE TR, BNMCDLMDC SN SGD VGHOR @MC
RBNQMR NE SHLD @R VD @QD, G@UD F@YDC TONM @ ROHQHS NE GD@KSG, NQ FNAKHM C@LMnC, AD SGDHQ HMSDMSR VHBJDC NQ BG@QHS@AKD.
10-0/*64 *E SGNT CNDRS HMRHRS TONM SGX VQDSBGDC UHRHNM SGDM KDS LD HMUDRS XNTQ SHLD; AD SQTD SN SGX VNQJ @MC ROD@J SN
LD SGQNTFG SGD QD@RNM NE SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR. ()D STQMR SN )NQ@SHN.) %HC MNS )@LKDS GHLRDKE R@X, o8G@S OHDBD
NE VNQJ HR L@M, GNV MNAKD HM QD@RNM, GNV HMEHMHSD HM E@BTKSHDR 5GDM KDS MNS SGHR ENNKHRGMDRR ODQRHRS. (N, )NQ@SHN, L@JD @
RTQUDX NE SGQDD-@MC-RHWSX @MC CHRBNUDQ VG@S SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM AD. 'NQ LX O@QS, * VHKK MDUDQ RTBBTLA SN SGHR E@MS@RX, ATS
CDDL L@M SN AD CDUNHC NE @KK QD@RNM RGNTKC SGX OQNONR@K NE @S KD@RS EHUD-@MC-RDUDMSX HM NMD GTMCQDC GNKC SQTD.
)03"5*0 (SN )@LKDS): 8G@S RGNTKC VD CN, LX -NQC
)".-&5: (N SN SGX OTQONRD, )NQ@SHN.
)03"5*0: 5N VG@S DMC, LX -NQC
)".-&5: 5G@S XNT LTRS SD@BG LD. #TS KDS LD BNMITQD XNT AX SGD QHFGSR NE NTQ EDKKNVRGHO, AX SGD BNMRNM@MBD NE NTQ XNTSG,
ATS SGD NAKHF@SHNM NE NTQ DUDQ-OQDRDQUDC KNUD, AD DUDM @MC CHQDBS VHSG LD, VGDSGDQ * @L QHFGS NQ MN.
()NQ@SHN DWHSR, ENKKNVDC AX 1NKNMHTR, KD@UHMF )@LKDS SN ONMCDQ @KNMD.)
"BS **
(5GD MDWS C@X, )@LKDS @V@HSR @MWHNTRKX SGD OQDRDMBD NE GHR EQHDMC, )NQ@SHN. 1NKNMHTR DMSDQR @MC OK@BDR RNLD ANNJR TONM SGD
S@AKD ITRS @ LNLDMS ADENQD )NQ@SHN DMSDQR.)
10-0/*64: 4N, )NQ@SHN, VG@S HR HS SGNT CHCRS QDUD@K SGQNTFG SGX CDKHADQ@SHNMR
)03"5*0: *M @ Q@MCNL RTQUDX, ENQ VGHBG OTQONRD SGNT SGXRDKE RDMS LD ENQSG, * CHC CHRBNUDQ SG@S NMD-@MC-ENQSX ADKHDUD
EDQUDMSKX SG@S SGD ROHQHSR NE SGD CD@C V@KJ VHSG TR. #DENQD LX (NC, * LHFGS MNS SGHR ADKHDUD, VHSGNTS SGD RDMRHAKD @MC SQTD
@UNTBG NE LHMD NVM DXDR.
10-0/*64: (HUD SGHMD NVM SGNTFGSR MN SNMFTD, )NQ@SHN. (1NKNMHTR STQMR SN )@LKDS.) #TS KNNJ SNnS * BG@QFD XNT, LX -NQC.
$NLD )NQ@SHN, KDS TR FN SNFDSGDQ, ENQ SGHR HR MNS NTQ SDRS. ()NQ@SHN @MC 1NKNMHTR KD@UD SNFDSGDQ.)
)".-&5: 5N QDIDBS, NQ MNS QDIDBS, SG@S HR SGD PTDRSHNM: VGDSGDQ mSHR MNAKDQ HM SGD LHMC SN RTEEDQ SGD RKHMFR @MC @QQNVR NE
NTSQ@FDNTR RS@SHRSHBR, NQ SN S@JD @QLR @F@HMRS @ RD@ NE C@S@, @MC, AX NOONRHMF, DMC SGDL. ()@LKDS QDRHFMDCKX @SSDMCR SN GHR
S@RJ.)
($TQS@HM E@KKR)
107. "6MSHSKDC," AX 4SDOGDM $GDM
*'UD NESDM VNMCDQDC GNV RNESV@QD HR QDKD@RDC @MC RNKC SN SGD OTAKHB. *QNMHB@KKX, * VNQJ ENQ @ BNLO@MX SG@S RDKKR OQNCTBSR VHSG
JMNVM OQNAKDLR. 6MENQSTM@SDKX, LNRS NE SGD OQNAKDLR @QD CHEEHBTKS SN BQD@SD, VGHBG L@JDR SGDL CHEEHBTKS SN EHW. * TRT@KKX
TRD SGD SDRS OQNFQ@L 9, VGHBG SDRSR SGD OQNCTBS, SN SQX SN BQD@SD @ RODBHEHB OQNAKDL. 8GDM SGD SDRS OQNFQ@L HR QTM SN L@JD @M
DQQNQ NBBTQ, SGD KHJDKHGNNC NE FDMDQ@SHMF @M DQQNQ HR 1%.
4N, @QLDC VHSG SGHR JMNVKDCFD, * VQNSD @ MDV SDRS OQNFQ@L : SG@S VHKK FDMDQ@SD SGD R@LD DQQNQ SG@S SDRS OQNFQ@L 9 BQD@SDR,
ATS LNQD NESDM. 5N EHMC NTS HE LX SDRS OQNFQ@L HR ADSSDQ SG@M SGD NQHFHM@K, RN SG@S * B@M BNMUHMBD SGD L@M@FDLDMS SG@S *'L
QHFGS, * Q@M LX SDRS OQNFQ@L SN EHMC NTS GNV NESDM * B@M FDMDQ@SD SGD R@LD DQQNQ. 8GDM * Q@M LX SDRS OQNFQ@L 50 SHLDR, *
FDMDQ@SDC SGD DQQNQ SVHBD. 8GHKD SGHR L@X MNS RDDL LTBG ADSSDQ, * SGHMJ SG@S * B@M BNMUHMBD SGD L@M@FDLDMS SN TRD LX SDRS
OQNFQ@L HMRSD@C NE SGD NQHFHM@K SDRS OQNFQ@L. "L * QHFGS
108. +@O@MDRD (HQKRn /@LDR
AX ,TLH 'TQTHBGH
*S TRDC SN AD UDQX SXOHB@K ENQ +@O@MDRD FHQKRn M@LDR SN DMC VHSG oJN.p (5GD SQDMC LHFGS G@UD RS@QSDC @QNTMC LX
FQ@MCLNSGDQRn FDMDQ@SHNM @MC HSR OD@J LHFGS G@UD ADDM @QNTMC LX LNSGDQnR FDMDQ@SHNM.) o,Np LD@MR oBGHKCp HM $GHMDRD
BG@Q@BSDQR. 1@QDMSR VNTKC M@LD SGDHQ C@TFGSDQR VHSG oJNp @SS@BGHMF SN NSGDQ $GHMDRD BG@Q@BSDQR VGHBG G@UD LD@MHMFR SG@S
SGDX V@MS SGDHQ C@TFGSDQR SN ADBNLD, RTBG @R 4@BGHJNlG@OOX BGHKC, :NRGHJNl@ FNNC BGHKC, :@RTJNl@ GD@KSGX BGHKC, @MC
RN NM.
)NVDUDQ, * MNSHBDC QDBDMSKX SG@S NMKX SVN NTS NE MHMD NE LX +@O@MDRD FHQKEQHDMCR @S SGHR RBGNNK G@UD M@LDR VGHBG DMC VHSG
oJN.p .NQD @MC LNQD, O@QDMSR RDDL SN G@UD ADBNLD BQD@SHUD, LNCDQMHYDC, @MC, RNLDSHLDR, VDRSDQMHYDC HM M@LHMF SGDHQ
BGHKCQDM.
* G@UD @ EDDKHMF SG@S, VGHKD 70 ODQBDMS NQ LNQD NE LX LNSGDQnR FDMDQ@SHNM VNTKC G@UD M@LDR VHSG oJNp @S SGD DMC,
SGD OQNONQSHNM G@R CQNOODC @LNMF LX ODDQR. * VQNSD CNVM @KK LX +@O@MDRD EQHDMCRn, DW-BK@RRL@SDRn, BN-VNQJDQR, @MC
@BPT@HMS@MBDRn M@LDR SG@S * BNTKC QDLDLADQ. 'NKKNVHMF @QD SGD M@LDR. (4NLD @QD QDOD@SR.) 5DRS SN RDD HE SGD OQNONQSHNM G@R
CQNOODC ENQ SGHR FDMDQ@SHNM.
"H, "JDLH, "JHJN, "XTLH, $GH@JH, $GHD, &HJN, &QH, &QHJN, 'TLHJN, )@QTLH, )HSNLH, )HQNJN, )HQNJN, )HCDLH, )HR@JN,
)HM@JN, *YTLH, *YTLH, +TMJN, +TMJN, ,@M@, ,@M@JN, ,@M@XN, ,@XN, ,@XNJN, ,@YTLH, ,DHJN, ,DHJN, ,DH, ,TLH, ,TLHJN,
538 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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,XNJN, ,XNJN, .@CNJ@, .@GN, .@H, .@HJN, .@JH, .HJH, .HJH, .HJHJN, .HM@, .HM@JN, .HX@JN, .NLNJN, /@M@, /@NJN,
/@NJN, /@NJN, /NQHJN, 3HDJN, 3HJ@, 3HJ@, 3TLHJN, 3DH, 3DHJN, 3DHJN, 4@BGHJN, 4@BGHJN, 4@BGHXN, 4@JH, 4@X@J@, 4@XNJN,
4@XTQH, 4DHJN, 4GHGN, 4GHYTJ@, 4TLHJN, 5@J@JN, 5@J@JN, 5NLND, 5NLND, 5NLNJN, 5NTJN, :@RTJN, :@RTJN, :@RTXN, :NJN,
:NJN, :NJN, :NRGHJN, :NRGHJN, :NRGHJN, :TJ@, :TJH, :TJH, :TJHJN, :TJN, :TJN.
109. "1GHKKHOnR 8HRG," AX 4TY@MMD 0RNQHN
.X MDOGDV KHJDR SN OK@X
$G@RHMF SGD FHQKR L@JDR GHR C@X.
)D @RJDC GHR LNSGDQ
*E HS HR NJ@X
5N FDS GHR D@Q OHDQBDC.
4GD R@HC, o/N V@X!p
5N ONJD @ GNKD SGQNTFG XNTQ D@Q,
*R MNS VG@S * V@MS ENQ XNT, CD@Q.
)D @QFTDC GHR ONHMS PTHSD VDKK,
4@XR DUDM LX L@BGN O@K, .DK,
)@R FNSSDM SGHR CNMD.
*SnR @KK ITRS ENQ ETM.
$nLNM OKD@RD, LNL, OKD@RD, VG@S SGD GDKK.
"F@HM 1GHKKHO BNLOK@HMDC SN GHR LNSGDQ,
4@XHMF G@KE GHR EQHDMCR (HMBKTCHMF SGDHQ AQNSGDQR)
"QD OHDQBHMF SGDHQ D@QR
"MC SGDX G@UD MN ED@QR
)D V@MSR SN AD KHJD SGD NSGDQR.
4GD R@HC, o* SGHMJ HSnR LTBG KDRR.
8D LTRS CN @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
"MC HE XNT @QD QHFGS,
* VNMnS OTS TO @ EHFGS.
#TS, HE MNS, SGDM LX B@RD VHKK QDRS.p
8D OQNBDDCDC SN B@KK EHESX FTXR
5N RDD VGNRD OQDCHBSHNM VNTKC EKX.
/HMDSDDM NE SGD EHESX
4@HC OHDQBHMF V@R MHESX
"MC D@QQHMFR SGDXnC NBB@RHNM@KKX ATX.
5GDM SGDQDnR SGD NSGDQ SGHQSX-NMD,
8GN R@HC SGDXnC MDUDQ G@UD SGHR CNMD.
4N MNV SGHR ONDLnR EHMHRGDC.
8HKK GHR GNODR AD CHLHMHRGDC,
0Q VHKK LX MDOGDV G@UD GHR ETM
110. "5GD $Q@UDM," AX .@QJ 4@K@MFR@MF
0MBD TONM @ LNQMHMF CQD@QX
*M RS@SR BK@RR * V@R VD@J @MC VD@QX.
1NMCDQHMF NUDQ K@RS MHFGSnR GNLDVNQJ
8GNRD @MRVDQR VDQD MNV NM SGD AN@QC
5GHR * CHC @MC MNSGHMF LNQD.
8GHKD * MNCCDC MD@QKX M@OOHMF
4TCCDMKX, SGDQD B@LD @ S@OOHMF.
"R RNLDNMD FDMSKX Q@OOHMF,
3@OOHMF LX GD@C @R * RMNQD.
2TNSG SGD SD@BGDQ, o4KDDO MN LNQD.p
o*M DUDQX BK@RR XNT E@KK @RKDDO,p
5GD SD@BGDQ R@HC, GHR UNHBD V@R CDDO.
o4N @ S@KKX *nUD ADFTM SN JDDO
0E DUDQX BK@RR XNT M@O @MC RMNQD.
5GD ODQBDMS@FD ADHMF ENQSX-ENTQ.p
o.X CD@Q SD@BGDQ * LTRS BNMEDRR,
8GHKD RKDDOHMF HR VG@S * CN ADRS.
5GD ODQBDMS@FD, * SGHMJ, LTRS AD KDRR,
" ODQBDMS@FD KDRR SG@M ENQSX-ENTQ.p
5GHR * R@HC @MC MNSGHMF LNQD.
o8DnKK RDD,p GD R@HC @MC V@KJDC @V@X,
"MC EHESX BK@RRDR EQNL SG@S C@X
)D BNTMSDC SHKK SGD LNMSG NE .@X
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 539
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5GD BK@RRDR HM VGHBG * M@OODC @MC RMNQDC.
5GD MTLADQ GD ENTMC V@R SVDMSX-ENTQ.
"S @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 0.05,
1KD@RD SDKK LD @L * RSHKK @KHUD
0Q CHC LX FQ@CD ITRS S@JD @ CHUD
1KTMFHMF CNVM ADMD@SG SGD EKNNQ
6ONM SGDD * GDQDAX HLOKNQD.
111. 5N@RSL@RSDQR *MSDQM@SHNM@K BHSDR @ QDONQS AX (@KKNO 1NKK SG@S 40%NE "LDQHB@MR ED@Q OTAKHB ROD@JHMF. "RSTCDMS ADKHDUDR
SG@S KDRR SG@M 40%NE RSTCDMSR @S GDQ RBGNNK ED@Q OTAKHB ROD@JHMF. 4GD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXR 361 RBGNNKL@SDR @MC EHMCR SG@S 135
QDONQS SGDX ED@Q OTAKHB ROD@JHMF. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ODQBDMS @S GDQ RBGNNK HR KDRR SG@M 40%.
112. 4HWSX-DHFGS ODQBDMS NE NMKHMD BNTQRDR S@TFGS @S BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFDR M@SHNMVHCD VDQD S@TFGS AX ETKK-SHLD E@BTKSX. 5N
SDRS HE 68% @KRN QDOQDRDMSR $@KHENQMH@nR ODQBDMS ENQ ETKK-SHLD E@BTKSX SD@BGHMF SGD NMKHMD BK@RRDR, -NMF #D@BG $HSX $NKKDFD
(-#$$) HM $@KHENQMH@, V@R Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ENQ BNLO@QHRNM. *M SGD R@LD XD@Q, 34 NE SGD 44 NMKHMD BNTQRDR -#$$ NEEDQDC
VDQD S@TFGS AX ETKK-SHLD E@BTKSX. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE 68% QDOQDRDMSR $@KHENQMH@. /05&: 'NQ LNQD
@BBTQ@SD QDRTKSR, TRD LNQD $@KHENQMH@ BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFDR @MC SGHR O@RS XD@Q'R C@S@.
113. "BBNQCHMF SN @M @QSHBKD HM BBEEC8;H= BKI?D;IIM;;A, /DV :NQJ $HSX'R LNRS QDBDMS @CTKS RLNJHMF Q@SD HR 14%. 4TOONRD
SG@S @ RTQUDX HR BNMCTBSDC SN CDSDQLHMD SGHR XD@QnR Q@SD. /HMD NTS NE 70 Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM /.:. $HSX QDRHCDMSR QDOKX SG@S SGDX
RLNJD. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD Q@SD HR RSHKK 14% NQ HE HS G@R CDBQD@RDC.
114. 5GD LD@M @FD NE %D "MY@ $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR HM @ OQDUHNTR SDQL V@R 26.6 XD@QR NKC. "M HMRSQTBSNQ SGHMJR SGD LD@M @FD
ENQ NMKHMD RSTCDMSR HR NKCDQ SG@M 26.6. 4GD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXR 56 NMKHMD RSTCDMSR @MC EHMCR SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR 29.4 VHSG
@ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.1. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
115. 3DFHRSDQDC MTQRDR D@QMDC @M @UDQ@FD @MMT@K R@K@QX NE $69,110. 'NQ SG@S R@LD XD@Q, @ RTQUDX V@R BNMCTBSDC NE 41
$@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC MTQRDR SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @MMT@K R@K@QX HR GHFGDQ SG@M $69,110 ENQ $@KHENQMH@ MTQRDR. 5GD R@LOKD
@UDQ@FD V@R $71,121 VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $7,489. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
116. -@ -DBGD -D@FTD *MSDQM@SHNM@K QDONQSR SG@S SGD LD@M @FD NE VD@MHMF @ BGHKC EQNL AQD@RSEDDCHMF HR @FD ENTQ SN EHUD
VNQKCVHCD. *M "LDQHB@, LNRS MTQRHMF LNSGDQR VD@M SGDHQ BGHKCQDM LTBG D@QKHDQ. 4TOONRD @ Q@MCNL RTQUDX HR BNMCTBSDC NE
21 6.4. LNSGDQR VGN QDBDMSKX VD@MDC SGDHQ BGHKCQDM. 5GD LD@M VD@MHMF @FD V@R MHMD LNMSGR (3/4 XD@Q) VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 4 LNMSGR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD LD@M VD@MHMF @FD HM SGD 6.4. HR KDRR SG@M ENTQ XD@QR
NKC.
117. 0UDQ SGD O@RS EDV CDB@CDR, OTAKHB GD@KSG NEEHBH@KR G@UD DW@LHMDC SGD KHMJ ADSVDDM VDHFGS BNMBDQMR @MC SDDM FHQKR'
RLNJHMF. 3DRD@QBGDQR RTQUDXDC @ FQNTO NE 273 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC SDDM FHQKR KHUHMF HM .@RR@BGTRDSSR (ADSVDDM 12 @MC 15
XD@QR NKC). "ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR SGD FHQKR VDQD RTQUDXDC @F@HM. 4HWSX-SGQDD R@HC SGDX RLNJDC SN RS@X SGHM. *R SGDQD FNNC DUHCDMBD
SG@S LNQD SG@M SGHQSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SDDM FHQKR RLNJD SN RS@X SGHM
"ESDQ BNMCTBSHMF SGD SDRS, XNTQ CDBHRHNM @MC BNMBKTRHNM @QD
=. 3DIDBS !
0
: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S LNQD SG@M 30% NE SDDM FHQKR RLNJD SN RS@X SGHM.
>. %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
: 5GDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S KDRR SG@M 30% NE SDDM FHQKR RLNJD SN RS@X SGHM.
?. %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
: 5GDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S LNQD SG@M 30%NE SDDM FHQKR RLNJD SN RS@X SGHM.
@. 3DIDBS !
0
: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S KDRR SG@M 30% NE SDDM FHQKR RLNJD SN RS@X SGHM.
MHFGS LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF NE SGD K@SDRS )@QQX 1NSSDQ LNUHD. 4GD RTQUDXR 84 NE GDQ RSTCDMSR @MC EHMCR SG@S 11 NE SGDL @SSDMCDC
SGD LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF.
"S @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, @M @OOQNOQH@SD BNMBKTRHNM HR:
=. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE &7$ RSTCDMSR VGN @SSDMCDC SGD LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF
NE )@QQX 1NSSDQ HR KDRR SG@M 20%.
>. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE &7$ RSTCDMSR VGN @SSDMCDC SGD LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF NE
)@QQX 1NSSDQ HR LNQD SG@M 20%.
?. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE &7$ RSTCDMSR VGN @SSDMCDC SGD LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF NE
)@QQX 1NSSDQ HR KDRR SG@M 20%.
@. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE &7$ RSTCDMSR VGN @SSDMCDC SGD LHCMHFGS RGNVHMF
NE )@QQX 1NSSDQ HR @S KD@RS 20%.
119. 1QDUHNTRKX, @M NQF@MHY@SHNM QDONQSDC SG@S SDDM@FDQR RODMS 4.5 GNTQR ODQ VDDJ, NM @UDQ@FD, NM SGD OGNMD. 5GD
NQF@MHY@SHNM SGHMJR SG@S, BTQQDMSKX, SGD LD@M HR GHFGDQ. 'HESDDM Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM SDDM@FDQR VDQD @RJDC GNV L@MX GNTQR
ODQ VDDJ SGDX RODMC NM SGD OGNMD. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M V@R 4.75 GNTQR VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 2.0. $NMCTBS @
GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
"S @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 7 = 0.05, VG@S HR SGD BNQQDBS BNMBKTRHNM
=. 5GDQD HR DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR HR LNQD SG@M 4.75
>. 5GDQD HR DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR HR LNQD SG@M 4.5
540 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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?. 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR HR LNQD SG@M 4.5
@. 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR HR LNQD SG@M 4.75
*MRSQTBSHNMR: 'NQ SGD ENKKNVHMF SDM DWDQBHRDR,
)XONSGDRHR SDRSHMF: 'NQ SGD ENKKNVHMF SDM DWDQBHRDR, @MRVDQ D@BG PTDRSHNM.
=. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR.
>. 4S@SD SGD F-U@KTD.
?. 4S@SD @KOG@.
@. 8G@S HR XNTQ CDBHRHNM
A. 8QHSD @ BNMBKTRHNM.
B. "MRVDQ @MX NSGDQ PTDRSHNMR @RJDC HM SGD OQNAKDL.
120. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD $DMSDQ ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK VDARHSD, HM 2011 @S KD@RS 18% NE GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR G@UD RLNJDC @
BHF@QDSSD. "M *MSQNCTBSHNM SN 4S@SHRSHBR BK@RR HM %@UHDR $NTMSX, ,: BNMCTBSDC @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS @S SGD KNB@K GHFG RBGNNK (@
LDCHTL RHYDCk@OOQNWHL@SDKX 1,200 RSTCDMSRkRL@KK BHSX CDLNFQ@OGHB) SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD KNB@K GHFG RBGNNKnR ODQBDMS@FD
V@R KNVDQ. 0MD GTMCQDC EHESX RSTCDMSR VDQD BGNRDM @S Q@MCNL @MC RTQUDXDC. 0E SGD 150 RSTCDMSR RTQUDXDC, 82 G@UD
RLNJDC. 6RD @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 0.05 @MC TRHMF @OOQNOQH@SD RS@SHRSHB@K DUHCDMBD, BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS @MC RS@SD SGD
BNMBKTRHNMR.
121. " QDBDMS RTQUDX HM SGD '.2. -?C;I ABC7D79 HMCHB@SDC SG@S 48.8% NE E@LHKHDR NVM RSNBJ. " AQNJDQ V@MSDC SN CDSDQLHMD
HE SGHR RTQUDX BNTKC AD U@KHC. )D RTQUDXDC @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 250 E@LHKHDR @MC ENTMC SG@S 142 NVMDC RNLD SXOD NE RSNBJ.
"S SGD 0.05 RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, B@M SGD RTQUDX AD BNMRHCDQDC SN AD @BBTQ@SD
122. %QHUDQ DQQNQ B@M AD KHRSDC @R SGD B@TRD NE @OOQNWHL@SDKX 54% NE @KK E@S@K @TSN @BBHCDMSR, @BBNQCHMF SN SGD "LDQHB@M
"TSNLNAHKD "RRNBH@SHNM. 5GHQSX Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC E@S@K @BBHCDMSR @QD DW@LHMDC, @MC HS HR CDSDQLHMDC SG@S 14 VDQD B@TRDC
AX CQHUDQ DQQNQ. 6RHMF g = 0.05, HR SGD """ OQNONQSHNM @BBTQ@SD
123. 5GD 64 %DO@QSLDMS NE &MDQFX QDONQSDC SG@S 51.7% NE GNLDR VDQD GD@SDC AX M@STQ@K F@R. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 221
GNLDR HM ,DMSTBJX ENTMC SG@S 115 VDQD GD@SDC AX M@STQ@K F@R. %NDR SGD DUHCDMBD RTOONQS SGD BK@HL ENQ ,DMSTBJX @S SGD g =
0.05 KDUDK HM ,DMSTBJX "QD SGD QDRTKSR @OOKHB@AKD @BQNRR SGD BNTMSQX 8GX
124. 'NQ "LDQHB@MR TRHMF KHAQ@QX RDQUHBDR, SGD "LDQHB@M -HAQ@QX "RRNBH@SHNM BK@HLR SG@S @S LNRS 67% NE O@SQNMR ANQQNV
ANNJR. 5GD KHAQ@QX CHQDBSNQ HM 0VDMRANQN, ,DMSTBJX EDDKR SGHR HR MNS SQTD, RN RGD @RJDC @ KNB@K BNKKDFD RS@SHRSHB BK@RR SN
BNMCTBS @ RTQUDX. 5GD BK@RR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC 100 O@SQNMR @MC ENTMC SG@S 82 ANQQNVDC ANNJR. %HC SGD BK@RR CDLNMRSQ@SD
SG@S SGD ODQBDMS@FD V@R GHFGDQ HM 0VDMRANQN, ,: 6RD g = 0.01 KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD. 8G@S HR SGD ONRRHAKD OQNONQSHNM NE
O@SQNMR SG@S CN ANQQNV ANNJR EQNL SGD 0VDMRANQN -HAQ@QX
125. 5GD 8D@SGDQ 6MCDQFQNTMC QDONQSDC SG@S SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE RTLLDQ Q@HME@KK ENQ SGD MNQSGD@RSDQM 64 HR @S KD@RS 11.52
HMBGDR. 5DM BHSHDR HM SGD MNQSGD@RS @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @MC SGD LD@M Q@HME@KK @LNTMS HR B@KBTK@SDC SN AD 7.42 HMBGDR VHSG
@ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.3 HMBGDR. "S SGD g = 0.05 KDUDK, B@M HS AD BNMBKTCDC SG@S SGD LD@M Q@HME@KK V@R ADKNV SGD QDONQSDC
@UDQ@FD 8G@S HE g = 0.01 "RRTLD SGD @LNTMS NE RTLLDQ Q@HME@KK ENKKNVR @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
126. " RTQUDX HM SGD '.2. -?C;I ABC7D79 EHMCR SGD LD@M BNLLTSD SHLD (NMD V@X) HR 25.4 LHMTSDR ENQ SGD 15 K@QFDRS 64
BHSHDR. 5GD "TRSHM, 59 BG@LADQ NE BNLLDQBD EDDKR SG@S "TRSHMnR BNLLTSD SHLD HR KDRR @MC V@MSR SN OTAKHBHYD SGHR E@BS. 5GD
LD@M ENQ 25 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BNLLTSDQR HR 22.1 LHMTSDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 5.3 LHMTSDR. "S SGD g = 0.10 KDUDK,
HR SGD "TRSHM, 59 BNLLTSD RHFMHEHB@MSKX KDRR SG@M SGD LD@M BNLLTSD SHLD ENQ SGD 15 K@QFDRS 64 BHSHDR
127. " QDONQS AX SGD (@KKTO 1NKK ENTMC SG@S @ VNL@M UHRHSR GDQ CNBSNQ, NM @UDQ@FD, @S LNRS 5.8 SHLDR D@BG XD@Q. " Q@MCNL
R@LOKD NE 20 VNLDM QDRTKSR HM SGDRD XD@QKX UHRHS SNS@KR
3; 2; 1; 3; 7; 2; 9; 4; 6; 6; 8; 0; 5; 6; 4; 2; 1; 3; 4; 1
"S SGD V = 0.05 KDUDK B@M HS AD BNMBKTCDC SG@S SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR GHFGDQ SG@M 5.8 UHRHSR ODQ XD@Q
128. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD '.2. -?C;I ABC7D79 SGD LD@M E@LHKX RHYD HM SGD 6.4. HR 3.18. " R@LOKD NE @ BNKKDFD L@SG BK@RR
QDRTKSDC HM SGD ENKKNVHMF E@LHKX RHYDR:
5; 4; 5; 4; 4; 3; 6; 4; 3; 3; 5; 5; 6; 3; 3; 2; 7; 4; 5; 2; 2; 2; 3; 2
"S V = 0.05 KDUDK, HR SGD BK@RRn LD@M E@LHKX RHYD FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD M@SHNM@K @UDQ@FD %NDR SGD "KL@M@B QDRTKS QDL@HM U@KHC
8GX
129. 5GD RSTCDMS @B@CDLHB FQNTO NM @ BNKKDFD B@LOTR BK@HLR SG@S EQDRGL@M RSTCDMSR RSTCX @S KD@RS 2.5 GNTQR ODQ C@X, NM
@UDQ@FD. 0MD *MSQNCTBSHNM SN 4S@SHRSHBR BK@RR V@R RJDOSHB@K. 5GD BK@RR SNNJ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 30 EQDRGL@M RSTCDMSR @MC
ENTMC @ LD@M RSTCX SHLD NE 137 LHMTSDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 45 LHMTSDR. "S V = 0.01 KDUDK, HR SGD RSTCDMS @B@CDLHB
FQNTOnR BK@HL BNQQDBS
0#$#0#,!#1
%@S@ EQNL SGD /@SHNM@K *MRSHSTSD NE .DMS@K )D@KSG. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.MHLG.MHG.FNU/OTAKHB@S/CDOQDRRHNM.BEL.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 541
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%@S@ EQNL "LHS 4BGHS@H. %HQDBSNQ NE *MRSQTBSHNM@K 5DBGMNKNFX @MC %HRS@MBD -D@QMHMF. -#$$.
%@S@ EQNL BBEEC8;H= BKI?D;IIM;;A. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.ATRHMDRRVDDJ.BNL/MDVR/2011- 09-15/MXB-RLNJHMF-
Q@SD-E@KKR-SN-QDBNQC-KNV-NE-14-AKNNLADQF-R@XR.GSLK.
%@S@ EQNL DMDQFX.FNU. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DMDQFX.FNU (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27. 2013).
%@S@ EQNL (@KKTO_. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.F@KKTO.BNL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL HEM?D= 8O D;=H;;I AX "KKDM @MC 4D@L@M.
%@S@ EQNL -@ -DBGD -D@FTD *MSDQM@SHNM@K. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.K@KDBGDKD@FTD.NQF/-@V/#"'DA01.GSLK.
%@S@ EQNL SGD "LDQHB@M "TSNLNAHKD "RRNBH@SHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.@@@.BNL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD "LDQHB@M -HAQ@QX "RRNBH@SHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.@K@.NQF (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD #TQD@T NE -@ANQ 4S@SHRSHBR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.AKR.FNU/NDR/BTQQDMS/NDR291111.GSL.
%@S@ EQNL SGD $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.BCB.FNU (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013)
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T, @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://PTHBJE@BSR.BDMRTR.FNU/PEC/RS@SDR/00000.GSLK (@BBDRRDC +TMD
27, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BDMRTR.FNU/GGDR/RNBCDLN/K@MFT@FD/.
%@S@ EQNL 5N@RSL@RSDQR *MSDQM@SHNM@K. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://SN@RSL@RSDQR.NQF/@QSHR@M/
CDS@HK.@RO$@SDFNQX*%=1&4TA$@SDFNQX*%=10&"QSHBKD*%=429&1@FD=1.
%@S@ EQNL 8D@SGDQ 6MCDQFQNTMC. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.VTMCDQFQNTMC.BNL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
'DCDQ@K #TQD@T NE *MUDRSHF@SHNMR. o6MHENQL $QHLD 3DONQSR @MC *MCDW NE $QHLD HM %@UHDRR HM SGD 4S@SD NE ,DMSTBJX
DMENQBDC AX %@UHDRR $NTMSX EQNL 1985 SN 2005.p "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.CHR@RSDQBDMSDQ.BNL/JDMSTBJX/BQHLD/
3868.GSL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
o'NNSGHKK-%D "MY@ $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFD %HRSQHBS.p %D "MY@ $NKKDFD, 8HMSDQ 2006. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://QDRD@QBG.EGC@.DCT/E@BSANNJ/%"CDLNER/'@BS?RGDDS?C@?2006V.OCE.
+NG@MRDM, $., +. #NHBD, +Q., +. .B-@TFGKHM, +. 0KRDM. o$DKKTK@Q 5DKDOGNMDR @MC $@MBDQl@ /@SHNMVHCD $NGNQS 4STCX
HM %DML@QJ.p *MRSHSTSD NE $@MBDQ &OHCDLHNKNFX @MC SGD %@MHRG $@MBDQ 4NBHDSX, 93(3):203-7. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.MBAH.MKL.MHG.FNU/OTALDC/11158188 (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
3@OD, "ATRD & *MBDRS /@SHNM@K /DSVNQJ. o)NV NESDM CNDR RDWT@K @RR@TKS NBBTQp 3"*//, 2009. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.Q@HMM.NQF/FDS-HMENQL@SHNM/RS@SHRSHBR/EQDPTDMBX-NE-RDWT@K-@RR@TKS (@BBDRRDC +TMD 27, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD LD@M *MSDQMDS RODDC HM .DF@AHSR ODQ RDBNMC.
3 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM @M "LDQHB@M E@LHKX G@R.
5 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD OHBJDC @S Q@MCNL HM 5HLDR 4PT@QD UHRHSHMF SGD BHSX.
7
q !
0
: F = 0.42
q !
7
: F < 0.42
9
@. !
0
: Z = 15
A. !
7
: Z w 15
11 5XOD *: 5GD LD@M OQHBD NE LHC-RHYDC B@QR HR $32,000, ATS VD BNMBKTCD SG@S HS HR MNS $32,000. 5XOD **: 5GD LD@M OQHBD NE
LHC-RHYDC B@QR HR MNS $32,000, ATS VD BNMBKTCD SG@S HS HR $32,000.
13 V = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNT SGHMJ SGD A@F B@MMNS VHSGRS@MC -15 CDFQDDR ', VGDM HM E@BS HS B@M W = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S
XNT SGHMJ SGD A@F B@M VHSGRS@MC -15 CDFQDDR ', VGDM HM E@BS HS B@MMNS
15 5XOD *: 5GD OQNBDCTQD VHKK FN VDKK, ATS SGD CNBSNQR SGHMJ HS VHKK MNS. 5XOD **: 5GD OQNBDCTQD VHKK MNS FN VDKK, ATS SGD
CNBSNQR SGHMJ HS VHKK.
17 0.019
19 0.998
21 " MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM NQ @ 4STCDMSnR J-CHRSQHATSHNM
23 6RD @ 4STCDMSnR J-CHRSQHATSHNM
542 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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25 @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M
27 *S LTRS AD @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
29 5GDX LTRS ANSG AD FQD@SDQ SG@M EHUD.
31 AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM
33 5GD NTSBNLD NE VHMMHMF HR UDQX TMKHJDKX.
35 !
0
: Z > = 73
!
7
: Z < 73
5GD F-U@KTD HR @KLNRS YDQN, VGHBG LD@MR SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS C@S@ SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M GDHFGS NE GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR
VGN OK@X A@RJDSA@KK NM SGD RBGNNK SD@L HR KDRR SG@M 73 HMBGDR @S SGD 5% KDUDK. 5GD C@S@ CN RTOONQS SGD BK@HL.
37 5GD RG@CDC QDFHNM RGNVR @ KNV F-U@KTD.
39 %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
.
(4NLD RS@SHRSHBH@MR VNTKC R@X QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.)
41 LD@MR
43 SGD LD@M SHLD RODMS HM I@HK ENQ 26 EHQRS SHLD BNMUHBSDC ATQFK@QR
45
@. 3
A. 1.5
B. 1.8
C. 26
47 X
~N
2.5,
1.5
26
49 5GHR HR @ KDES-S@HKDC SDRS.

51 5GHR HR @ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS.
53
$CAOL? 9.25
55 @ QHFGS-S@HKDC SDRS
57 @ KDES-S@HKDC SDRS
59 5GHR HR @ KDES-S@HKDC SDRS.
61 5GHR HR @ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS.
63 X
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 543

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65 MN
67 4STCDMSnR S. 5GHR HR @ SDRS NE @ ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @MC SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR MNS JMNVM.
69 OQNONQSHNMR
71 SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SG@S SNVM RTQUDXDC RTEEDQHMF EQNL CDOQDRRHNM NQ @ CDOQDRRHUD HKKMDRR
73 0.0293
75
@. !
0
: Z = 34; !
7
: Z w 34
A. !
0
: F x 0.60; !
7
: F > 0.60
B. !
0
: Z y 100,000; !
7
: Z < 100,000
C. !
0
: F = 0.29; !
7
: F w 0.29
D. !
0
: F = 0.05; !
7
: F < 0.05
E. !
0
: Z x 6; !
7
: Z < 0.10
F. !
0
: F = 0.50; !
7
: F w 0.50
G. !
0
: Z = 6; !
7
: Z w 6
H. !
0
: F y 0.11; !
7
: F < 0.11
I. !
0
: Z x 20,000; !
7
: Z > 20,000
77 B
79
@. 5XOD * DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M HR MNS 34 XD@QR, VGDM HS QD@KKX HR 34 XD@QR. 5XOD ** DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
LD@M HR 34 XD@QR, VGDM HM E@BS HS QD@KKX HR MNS 34 XD@QR.
A. 5XOD * DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S LNQD SG@M 60%NE "LDQHB@MR UNSD HM OQDRHCDMSH@K DKDBSHNMR, VGDM SGD @BST@K ODQBDMS@FD
HR @S LNRS 60%.5XOD ** DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S @S LNRS 60% NE "LDQHB@MR UNSD HM OQDRHCDMSH@K DKDBSHNMR VGDM, HM E@BS,
LNQD SG@M 60% CN.
B. 5XOD * DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M RS@QSHMF R@K@QX HR KDRR SG@M $100,000, VGDM HS QD@KKX HR @S KD@RS $100,000. 5XOD
** DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M RS@QSHMF R@K@QX HR @S KD@RS $100,000 VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR KDRR SG@M $100,000.
C. 5XOD * DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE GHFG RBGNNK RDMHNQR VGN FDS CQTMJ D@BG LNMSG HR MNS 29%, VGDM HS
QD@KKX HR 29%. 5XOD ** DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE GHFG RBGNNK RDMHNQR VGN FDS CQTMJ D@BG LNMSG HR 29%
VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR MNS 29%.
D. 5XOD * DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S EDVDQ SG@M 5% NE @CTKSR QHCD SGD ATR SN VNQJ HM -NR "MFDKDR, VGDM SGD ODQBDMS@FD SG@S
CN HR QD@KKX 5%NQ LNQD. 5XOD ** DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S 5%NQ LNQD @CTKSR QHCD SGD ATR SN VNQJ HM -NR "MFDKDR VGDM,
HM E@BS, EDVDQ SG@S 5% CN.
E. 5XOD * DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE B@QR @ ODQRNM NVMR HM GHR NQ GDQ KHEDSHLD HR LNQD SG@M 10, VGDM
HM QD@KHSX HS HR MNS LNQD SG@M 10. 5XOD ** DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE B@QR @ ODQRNM NVMR HM GHR NQ GDQ
KHEDSHLD HR MNS LNQD SG@M 10 VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR LNQD SG@M 10.
F. 5XOD * DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE "LDQHB@MR VGN OQDEDQ SN KHUD @V@X EQNL BHSHDR HR MNS @ANTS G@KE,
SGNTFG SGD @BST@K OQNONQSHNM HR @ANTS G@KE. 5XOD ** DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE "LDQHB@MR VGN OQDEDQ SN
KHUD @V@X EQNL BHSHDR HR G@KE VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR MNS G@KE.
G. 5XOD * DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CTQ@SHNM NE O@HC U@B@SHNMR D@BG XD@Q ENQ &TQNOD@MR HR MNS RHW VDDJR, VGDM HM E@BS
HS HR RHW VDDJR. 5XOD ** DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CTQ@SHNM NE O@HC U@B@SHNMR D@BG XD@Q ENQ &TQNOD@MR HR RHW VDDJR
VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR MNS.
H. 5XOD * DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM HR KDRR SG@M 11%, VGDM HS HR QD@KKX @S KD@RS 11%. 5XOD ** DQQNQ: 8D
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE VNLDM VGN CDUDKNO AQD@RS B@MBDQ HR @S KD@RS 11%, VGDM HM E@BS HS HR KDRR SG@M 11%.
I. 5XOD * DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD STHSHNM BNRS @S OQHU@SD TMHUDQRHSHDR HR LNQD SG@M $20,000, SGNTFG HM QD@KHSX
HS HR @S LNRS $20,000. 5XOD ** DQQNQ: 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD STHSHNM BNRS @S OQHU@SD TMHUDQRHSHDR HR @S LNRS $20,000
VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR LNQD SG@M $20,000.
81 A
83 C
85 C
87
@. !
0
: Z y 50,000
544 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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A. !
7
: Z < 50,000
B. -DS X
= SGD @UDQ@FD KHEDRO@M NE @ AQ@MC NE SHQDR.

C. MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
D. P = -2.315
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0103
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
G. H. @KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: 5GD F-U@KTD HR KDRR SG@M 0.05.
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M KHEDRO@M NE SGD SHQDR HR KDRR SG@M 50,000 LHKDR.
H. (43,537, 49,463)
89
@. !
0
: Z = $1.00
A. !
7
: Z w $1.00
B. -DS X
= SGD @UDQ@FD BNRS NE @ C@HKX MDVRO@ODQ.

C. MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
D. P = k0.866
E. F-U@KTD = 0.3865
G. H. "KOG@: 0.01
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: 5GD F-U@KTD HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 0.01.
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN RTOONQS SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD LD@M BNRS NE C@HKX O@ODQR HR $1. 5GD LD@M
BNRS BNTKC AD $1.
H. ($0.84, $1.06)
91
@. !
0
: Z = 10
A. !
7
: Z w 10
B. -DS X
SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE RHBJ C@XR @M DLOKNXDD S@JDR ODQ XD@Q.

C. 4STCDMSnR J-CHRSQHATSHNM
D. J = k1.12
E. F-U@KTD = 0.300
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE RHBJ
C@XR HR MNS SDM.
H. (4.9443, 11.806)
93
@. !
0
: F y 0.6
A. !
7
: F < 0.6
B. -DS )c = SGD OQNONQSHNM NE RSTCDMSR VGN EDDK LNQD DMQHBGDC @R @ QDRTKS NE S@JHMF &KDLDMS@QX 4S@SHRSHBR.
C. MNQL@K ENQ @ RHMFKD OQNONQSHNM
D. 1.12
E. F-U@KTD = 0.1308
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S KDRR SG@M 60 ODQBDMS NE GDQ RSTCDMSR EDDK LNQD
DMQHBGDC.
H. $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K: (0.409, 0.654)
5GD oOKTR-4Rp BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (0.411, 0.648)
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 545
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95
@. !
0
: Z = 4
A. !
7
: Z w 4
B. -DS X
SGD @UDQ@FD *.2. NE @ RDS NE AQNVM SQNTS.

C. SVN-S@HKDC 4STCDMS'R S-SDRS
D. J = 1.95
E. F-U@KTD = 0.076
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: 5GD F-U@KTD HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD *2 NE AQNVM SQNTS HR MNS ENTQ.
H. (3.8865,5.9468)
97
@. !
0
: F y 0.13
A. !
7
: F < 0.13
B. -DS )c = SGD OQNONQSHNM NE "LDQHB@MR VGN G@UD RDDM NQ RDMRDC @MFDKR
D. k2.688
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0036
G. H. @KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE "LDQHB@MR VGN G@UD RDDM NQ RDMRDC
@M @MFDK HR KDRR SG@M 13%.
H. (0, 0.0623).
5GDoOKTR-4Rp BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (0.0022, 0.0978)
99
@. !
0
: Z y 129
A. !
7
: Z < 129
B. -DS X
= SGD @UDQ@FD SHLD HM RDBNMCR SG@S 5DQQH EHMHRGDR -@O 4.

C. 4STCDMS'R J-CHRSQHATSHNM
D. J = 1.209
E. 0.8792
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S 5DQQHnR LD@M K@O SHLD HR KDRR SG@M 129 RDBNMCR.
H. (128.63, 130.37)
101
@. !
0
: F = 0.60
A. !
7
: F < 0.60
B. -DS )c = SGD OQNONQSHNM NE E@LHKX LDLADQR VGN RGDC SD@QR @S @ QDTMHNM.
D. k1.71
E. 0.0438
G. H. @KOG@: 0.05
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE E@LHKX
LDLADQR VGN RGDC SD@QR @S @ QDTMHNM HR KDRR SG@M 0.60. )NVDUDQ, SGD SDRS HR VD@J ADB@TRD SGD F-U@KTD @MC @KOG@
@QD PTHSD BKNRD, RN NSGDQ SDRSR RGNTKC AD CNMD.
546 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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H. 8D @QD 95% BNMEHCDMS SG@S ADSVDDM 38.29% @MC 61.71% NE E@LHKX LDLADQR VHKK RGDC SD@QR @S @ E@LHKX QDTMHNM.
(0.3829, 0.6171). 5GDoOKTR-4Rp BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K (RDD BG@OSDQ 8) HR (0.3861, 0.6139)
/NSD SG@S GDQD SGD oK@QFD-R@LOKDp 1 k 1QNO;5DRS OQNUHCDR SGD @OOQNWHL@SD F-U@KTD NE 0.0438. 8GDMDUDQ @ F-U@KTD A@RDC
NM @ MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM HR BKNRD SN SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGD DW@BS F-U@KTD A@RDC NM AHMNLH@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR RGNTKC AD
B@KBTK@SDC VGDMDUDQ ONRRHAKD. 5GHR HR ADXNMC SGD RBNOD NE SGHR BNTQRD.
103
@. !
0
: Z y 22
A. !
7
: Z < 22
B. -DS X
= SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE ATAAKDR ODQ AKNV.

D. k2.667
E. F-U@KTD = 0.00486
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE ATAAKDR ODQ AKNV HR KDRR SG@M 22.
H. (18.501, 21.499)
105
@. !
0
: Z x 1
A. !
7
: Z > 1
B. -DS X
= SGD LD@M BNRS HM CNKK@QR NE L@B@QNMH @MC BGDDRD HM @ BDQS@HM SNVM.

D. J = 0.340
E. F-U@KTD = 0.36756
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: 5GD F-U@KTD HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GD LD@M BNRS BNTKC AD $1, NQ KDRR. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M OQHBD NE @ ANW NE L@B@QNMH @MC BGDDRD HR LNQD SG@M $1.
H. (0.8291, 1.241)
107
@. !
0
: F = 0.01
A. !
7
: F > 0.01
B. -DS )c = SGD OQNONQSHNM NE DQQNQR FDMDQ@SDC
C. /NQL@K ENQ @ RHMFKD OQNONQSHNM
D. 2.13
E. 0.0165
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE DQQNQR
FDMDQ@SDC HR LNQD SG@M 0.01.
H. $NMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K: (0, 0.094).
5GDoOKTR-4Rp BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (0.004, 0.144).
109
@. !
0
: F = 0.50
A. !
7
: F < 0.50
B. -DS )c = SGD OQNONQSHNM NE EQHDMCR SG@S G@R @ OHDQBDC D@Q.
D. k1.70
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0448
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM. G.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 547
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H. "KOG@: 0.05
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: 5GD F-U@KTD HR KDRR SG@M 0.05. ()NVDUDQ, SGDX @QD UDQX BKNRD.)
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN RTOONQS SGD BK@HL SG@S KDRR SG@M 50% NE GHR EQHDMCR G@UD OHDQBDC D@QR.
H. $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K: (0.245, 0.515): 5GD oOKTR-4Rp BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (0.259, 0.519).
111
@. !
0
: F = 0.40
A. !
7
: F < 0.40
B. -DS )c = SGD OQNONQSHNM NE RBGNNKL@SDR VGN ED@Q OTAKHB ROD@JHMF.
D. k1.01
E. F-U@KTD = 0.1563
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN RTOONQS SGD BK@HL SG@S KDRR SG@M 40% NE RSTCDMSR @S SGD RBGNNK ED@Q
OTAKHB ROD@JHMF.
H. $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K: (0.3241, 0.4240): 5GD oOKTR-4Rp BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR (0.3257, 0.4250).
113
@. !
0
: F = 0.14
A. !
7
: F < 0.14
B. -DS )c = SGD OQNONQSHNM NE /:$ QDRHCDMSR SG@S RLNJD.
D. k0.2756
E. F-U@KTD = 0.3914
G. H. @KOG@: 0.05
HU. "S SGD 5%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE /:$ QDRHCDMSR VGN
RLNJD HR KDRR SG@M 0.14.
H. $NMEHCDMBD *MSDQU@K: (0.0502, 0.2070): 5GD oOKTR-4Rp BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K (RDD BG@OSDQ 8) HR (0.0676, 0.2297).
115
@. !
0
: Z = 69,110
A. !
7
: Z > 69,110
B. -DS X
= SGD LD@M R@K@QX HM CNKK@QR ENQ $@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC MTQRDR.

D. J = 1.719
E. F-U@KTD: 0.0466
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M R@K@QX NE
$@KHENQMH@ QDFHRSDQDC MTQRDR DWBDDCR $69,110.
H. ($68,757, $73,485)
117 B
119 B
121
@. !
0
: F = 0.488 !
7
: F w 0.488
A. F-U@KTD = 0.0114
B. @KOG@ = 0.05
C. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
548 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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D. "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGDQD HR DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S 48.8% NE E@LHKHDR NVM RSNBJR.
E. 5GD RTQUDX CNDR MNS @OOD@Q SN AD @BBTQ@SD.
123
@. !
0
: F = 0.517 !
7
: F w 0.517
A. F-U@KTD = 0.9203.
B. @KOG@ = 0.05.
C. %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
D. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE GNLDR HM ,DMSTBJX SG@S
@QD GD@SDC AX M@STQ@K F@R HR 0.517.
E. )NVDUDQ, VD B@MMNS FDMDQ@KHYD SGHR QDRTKS SN SGD DMSHQD M@SHNM. 'HQRS, SGD R@LOKDnR ONOTK@SHNM HR NMKX SGD RS@SD NE
,DMSTBJX. 4DBNMC, HS HR QD@RNM@AKD SN @RRTLD SG@S GNLDR HM SGD DWSQDLD MNQSG @MC RNTSG VHKK G@UD DWSQDLD GHFG TR@FD
@MC KNV TR@FD, QDRODBSHUDKX. 8D VNTKC MDDC SN DWO@MC NTQ R@LOKD A@RD SN HMBKTCD SGDRD ONRRHAHKHSHDR HE VD V@MSDC SN
FDMDQ@KHYD SGHR BK@HL SN SGD DMSHQD M@SHNM.
125
@. !
0
: R y 11.52 !
7
: R < 11.52
A. F-U@KTD = 0.000002 VGHBG HR @KLNRS 0.
B. @KOG@ = 0.05.
D. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE RTLLDQ Q@HM HM SGD
MNQSGD@RSDQ 64 HR KDRR SG@M 11.52 HMBGDR, NM @UDQ@FD.
E. 8D VNTKC L@JD SGD R@LD BNMBKTRHNM HE @KOG@ V@R 1% ADB@TRD SGD F-U@KTD HR @KLNRS 0.
127
@. !
0
: R x 5.8 !
7
: R > 5.8
A. F-U@KTD = 0.9987
B. @KOG@ = 0.05
D. "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S @ VNL@M UHRHSR GDQ CNBSNQ, NM @UDQ@FD,
LNQD SG@M 5.8 SHLDR @ XD@Q.
129
@. !
0
: R y 150 !
7
: R < 150
A. F-U@KTD = 0.0622
B. @KOG@ = 0.01
D. "S SGD 1%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S EQDRGLDM RSTCDMSR RSTCX KDRR SG@M 2.5 GNTQR
ODQ C@X, NM @UDQ@FD.
E. 5GD RSTCDMS @B@CDLHB FQNTOnR BK@HL @OOD@QR SN AD BNQQDBS.
"'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.- 549
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550 "'/3$1 9 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 2(-&+$ ,$- -# 2(-&+$ /1./.13(.-
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10 U &7.-2&#1'1
2#12',%: 25- +#A,1,
.A'0#" "A2A, 25-
.0-.-02'-,1
$CAOL? 10.1 (B UKQ S=JP PK PAOP = ?H=EI PD=P EJRKHRAO PSK CNKQLO (HEGA >NA=GB=OP =J@ IAP=>KHEOI) UKQ ?=J QOA = OHECDPHU
@EBBANAJP PA?DJEMQA SDAJ ?KJ@Q?PEJC = DULKPDAOEO PAOP. (?NA@EP: "DHKA +EI)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
c $K@RRHEX GXONSGDRHR SDRSR AX SXOD.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR ENQ SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR JMNVM.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR ENQ SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR TMJMNVM.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR ENQ SVN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 551
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c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR ENQ L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR.
4STCHDR NESDM BNLO@QD SVN FQNTOR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, QDRD@QBGDQR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD DEEDBS @ROHQHM G@R HM OQDUDMSHMF GD@QS
@SS@BJR. 0UDQ SGD K@RS EDV XD@QR, MDVRO@ODQR @MC L@F@YHMDR G@UD QDONQSDC U@QHNTR @ROHQHM RSTCHDR HMUNKUHMF SVN FQNTOR.
5XOHB@KKX, NMD FQNTO HR FHUDM @ROHQHM @MC SGD NSGDQ FQNTO HR FHUDM @ OK@BDAN. 5GDM, SGD GD@QS @SS@BJ Q@SD HR RSTCHDC NUDQ
RDUDQ@K XD@QR.
5GDQD @QD NSGDQ RHST@SHNMR SG@S CD@K VHSG SGD BNLO@QHRNM NE SVN FQNTOR. 'NQ DW@LOKD, RSTCHDR BNLO@QD U@QHNTR CHDS @MC
DWDQBHRD OQNFQ@LR. 1NKHSHBH@MR BNLO@QD SGD OQNONQSHNM NE HMCHUHCT@KR EQNL CHEEDQDMS HMBNLD AQ@BJDSR VGN LHFGS UNSD ENQ
SGDL. 4STCDMSR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ 4"5 NQ (3& OQDO@Q@SNQX BNTQRDR QD@KKX GDKO Q@HRD SGDHQ RBNQDR.
:NT G@UD KD@QMDC SN BNMCTBS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR NM RHMFKD LD@MR @MC RHMFKD OQNONQSHNMR. :NT VHKK DWO@MC TONM SG@S HM
SGHR BG@OSDQ. :NT VHKK BNLO@QD SVN LD@MR NQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR SN D@BG NSGDQ. 5GD FDMDQ@K OQNBDCTQD HR RSHKK SGD R@LD, ITRS
DWO@MCDC.
5N BNLO@QD SVN LD@MR NQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR, XNT VNQJ VHSG SVN FQNTOR. 5GD FQNTOR @QD BK@RRHEHDC DHSGDQ @R >C9:E:C9:CI
NQ B6I8=:9 E6>GH. &C9:E:C9:CI <GDJEH BNMRHRS NE SVN R@LOKDR SG@S @QD HMCDODMCDMS, SG@S HR, R@LOKD U@KTDR RDKDBSDC EQNL
NMD ONOTK@SHNM @QD MNS QDK@SDC HM @MX V@X SN R@LOKD U@KTDR RDKDBSDC EQNL SGD NSGDQ ONOTK@SHNM. *6I8=:9 E6>GH BNMRHRS NE
SVN R@LOKDR SG@S @QD CDODMCDMS. 5GD O@Q@LDSDQ SDRSDC TRHMF L@SBGDC O@HQR HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M. 5GD O@Q@LDSDQR SDRSDC
TRHMF HMCDODMCDMS FQNTOR @QD DHSGDQ ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR NQ ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR.
,-2#
5GHR BG@OSDQ QDKHDR NM DHSGDQ @ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ @ BNLOTSDQ SN B@KBTK@SD SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL, SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHBR, @MC
F-U@KTDR. 5*-83+ @MC 5*-84 HMRSQTBSHNMR @QD HMBKTCDC @R VDKK @R SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQLTK@R. 8GDM TRHMF @ 5*-83+ NQ
5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQ, VD CN MNS MDDC SN RDO@Q@SD SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR, HMCDODMCDMS FQNTOR, NQ ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBDR
TMJMNVM HMSN K@QFD @MC RL@KK R@LOKD RHYDR. )NVDUDQ, LNRS RS@SHRSHB@K BNLOTSDQ RNESV@QD G@R SGD @AHKHSX SN CHEEDQDMSH@SD
SGDRD SDRSR.
5GHR BG@OSDQ CD@KR VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF GXONSGDRHR SDRSR:
(J@ALAJ@AJP CNKQLO (O=ILHAO =NA EJ@ALAJ@AJP)
c 5DRS NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR.
c 5DRS NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR.
,=P?DA@ KN L=ENA@ O=ILHAO (O=ILHAO =NA @ALAJ@AJP)
c 5DRS NE SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR AX SDRSHMF NMD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M NE CHEEDQDMBDR.
10.1 U !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM
QCNB 3HEHIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIHM
1. 5GD SVN HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKDR @QD RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKDR EQNL SVN CHRSHMBS ONOTK@SHNMR.
2. 'NQ SGD SVN CHRSHMBS ONOTK@SHNMR:
i HE SGD R@LOKD RHYDR @QD RL@KK, SGD CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD HLONQS@MS (RGNTKC AD MNQL@K)
i HE SGD R@LOKD RHYDR @QD K@QFD, SGD CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD MNS HLONQS@MS (MDDC MNS AD MNQL@K)
,-2#
5GD SDRS BNLO@QHMF SVN HMCDODMCDMS ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR VHSG TMJMNVM @MC ONRRHAKX TMDPT@K ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR HR B@KKDC SGD "ROHM-8DKBG S-SDRS. 5GD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQLTK@ V@R CDUDKNODC AX "ROHM-8DKBG.
5GD BNLO@QHRNM NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR HR UDQX BNLLNM. " CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD SVN R@LOKDR CDODMCR NM ANSG SGD
LD@MR @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR. 7DQX CHEEDQDMS LD@MR B@M NBBTQ AX BG@MBD HE SGDQD HR FQD@S U@QH@SHNM @LNMF SGD HMCHUHCT@K
R@LOKDR. *M NQCDQ SN @BBNTMS ENQ SGD U@QH@SHNM, VD S@JD SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR, X
1
k X
2
, @MC CHUHCD AX SGD
RS@MC@QC DQQNQ HM NQCDQ SN RS@MC@QCHYD SGD CHEEDQDMBD. 5GD QDRTKS HR @ S-RBNQD SDRS RS@SHRSHB.
#DB@TRD VD CN MNS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR, VD DRSHL@SD SGDL TRHMF SGD SVN R@LOKD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR EQNL NTQ HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKDR. 'NQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS, VD B@KBTK@SD SGD DRSHL@SDC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, NQ
HI6C96G9 :GGDG, NE I=: 9>;;:G:C8: >C H6BEA: B:6CH, X
1
k X
2
.
552 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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2B? MN;H>;L> ?LLIL CM:
(s
1
)
2
n
1
+
(s
2
)
2
n
2
5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB (J-RBNQD) HR B@KBTK@SDC @R ENKKNVR:
( x
1
x
2
) (
1

2
)
(s
1
)
2
n
1
+
(s
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=
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8
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/6C9DB K6G>67A:: X
g
X
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= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD R@LOKD LD@M @LNTMS NE SHLD FHQKR @MC ANXR OK@X RONQSR
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0
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8
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6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ: JH>C< 6 0IJ9:CI'H %-9>HIG>7JI>DC: F-U@KTD = 0.0054
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0
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"QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ 2 ENQ SGD EHQRS R@LOKD LD@M, 0.75 ENQ 4W1, 9 ENQ M1, 3.2 ENQ SGD RDBNMC R@LOKD
LD@M, 1 ENQ 4W2, @MC 16 ENQ M2. "QQNV CNVM SN i1: @MC @QQNV SN 6?7C >?D 7AE3< i2. 1QDRR E$*E(.
"QQNV CNVM SN 1NNKDC: @MC $?. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. 5GD F-U@KTD
HR F = 0.0054, SGD CER @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX 18.8462, @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR -3.14. %N SGD OQNBDCTQD @F@HM ATS
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DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGD R@LOKD C@S@ RGNV SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD
SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR SG@S FHQKR @MC ANXR @FDC RDUDM SN 11 OK@X RONQSR ODQ C@X HR CHEEDQDMS (LD@M MTLADQ
NE GNTQR ANXR @FDC RDUDM SN 11 OK@X RONQSR ODQ C@X HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR OK@XDC AX FHQKR 03
SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR FHQKR @FDC RDUDM SN 11 OK@X RONQSR ODQ C@X HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GNTQR
OK@XDC AX ANXR).
10.1 5VN R@LOKDR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 10.2. #NSG G@UD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 5GD LD@MR ENQ SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR @QD
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554 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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1;GJF? 1CT? 1;GJF? +?;H 1;GJF? 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
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CDUH@SHNM NE NMD L@SG BK@RR. 5GD BNLLTMHSX FQNTO ADKHDUDR SG@S @ RSTCDMS VGN FQ@CT@SDR EQNL BNKKDFD " =6H
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@. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE SVN LD@MR NQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR
1IFONCIH 10.2
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1IFONCIH 10.2
>. QJGJKSJ
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1IFONCIH 10.2
?. 2PQ@AJP'O ,
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1IFONCIH 10.2
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1IFONCIH 10.2
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c H
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$CAOL? 10.3
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1IFONCIH 10.2
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1IFONCIH 10.2
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10.2 " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE $NLO@MX " QDS@HMR HSR VNQJDQR KNMFDQ SG@M $NLO@MX #. $NLO@MX " R@LOKDR 15
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67.6 41.2 85.3 55.9 82.4 91.2 73.5 94.1 64.7 64.7
70.6 38.2 61.8 88.2 70.6 58.8 91.2 73.5 82.4 35.5
94.1 88.2 64.7 55.9 88.2 97.1 85.3 61.8 79.4 79.4
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77.9 95.3 81.2 74.1 98.8 88.2 85.9 92.9 87.1 88.2
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RXLANKR.
B. *R SGHR SDRS QHFGS, KDES, NQ SVN S@HKDC
C. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
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E. 5GD OQNEDRRNQ V@R BNQQDBS. 5GD DUHCDMBD RGNVR SG@S SGD LD@M NE SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQDR ENQ SGD NMKHMD BK@RR HR
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SN-E@BD BK@RR.
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D=:C'H d HR @ LD@RTQD NE DEEDBS RHYD A@RDC NM SGD CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SVN LD@MR. $NGDMnR :, M@LDC ENQ 6MHSDC 4S@SDR
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NE SGD DEEDBS LD@MR ENQ SGHR OQNAKDL.
1IFONCIH 10.4
4
1
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1
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3DA ABBA?P EO OI=HH >A?=QOA 0.384 EO >APSAAJ "KDAJÒ R=HQA KB 0.2 BKN OI=HH ABBA?P OEVA =J@ 0.5 BKN
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1IFONCIH 10.5
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RSNBJ OQHBD CTQHMF SGD SHLD ODQHNC. 8DHFGSDC @KOG@ HR TRDC SN HCDMSHEX BNLO@MHDR VHSG RSQNMF TOV@QC NQ CNVMV@QC
SQDMCR. 5GD VDHFGSDC @KOG@ ENQ SGD SNO 30 RSNBJR NE A@MJR HM SGD MNQSGD@RS @MC HM SGD VDRS @R HCDMSHEHDC AX /@RC@P NM
.@X 24, 2013 @QD KHRSDC HM 2;<F? 10.6 @MC 2;<F? 10.7, QDRODBSHUDKX.
94.2 75.2 69.6 52.0 48.0 41.9 36.4 33.4 31.5 27.6
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77.3 71.9 67.5 50.6 46.2 38.4 35.2 33.0 28.7 26.5
76.3 71.7 56.3 48.7 43.2 37.6 33.7 31.8 28.5 26.0
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126.0 70.6 65.2 51.4 45.5 37.0 33.0 29.6 23.7 22.6
116.1 70.6 58.2 51.2 43.2 36.0 31.4 28.7 23.5 21.6
78.2 68.2 55.6 50.3 39.0 34.1 31.0 25.3 23.4 21.5
2;<F? 10.7 5?MN
*R SGDQD @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD VDHFGSDC @KOG@ NE SGD SNO 30 RSNBJR NE A@MJR HM SGD MNQSGD@RS @MC HM SGD VDRS 5DRS @S @ 5%
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK. "MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR:
=. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE SVN LD@MR NQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR
>. "QD SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR JMNVM NQ TMJMNVM
?. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM CN XNT TRD SN ODQENQL SGD SDRS
@. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD
A. 8G@S @QD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR 8QHSD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR HM VNQCR @MC HM RXLANKR.
B. *R SGHR SDRS QHFGS, KDES, NQ SVN S@HKDC
C. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
D. %N XNT QDIDBS NQ MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
E. "S SGD ??? KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD ?????? (HR/HR MNS) RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD
SG@S ??????.
F. $@KBTK@SD $NGDMnR : @MC HMSDQOQDS HS.
10.2 U !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM
QCNB )HIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIHM
&UDM SGNTFG SGHR RHST@SHNM HR MNS KHJDKX (JMNVHMF SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR HR MNS KHJDKX), SGD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKD
HKKTRSQ@SDR GXONSGDRHR SDRSHMF ENQ HMCDODMCDMS LD@MR, JMNVM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR. 5GD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ
SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@MR HR MNQL@K @MC ANSG ONOTK@SHNMR LTRS AD MNQL@K. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR X
1
X
2
. 5GD
MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM G@R SGD ENKKNVHMF ENQL@S:
,ILG;F >CMNLC<ONCIH CM:
X
1
X
2
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2
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(
1
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n
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560 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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&C9:E:C9:CI <GDJEH, EDEJA6I>DC HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH @CDLC: 5GD LD@M K@RSHMF SHLD NE SVN BNLODSHMF EKNNQ
V@WDR HR SN AD BNLO@QDC. 1L:CIN ;ADDGH @QD Q@MCNLKX @RRHFMDC ID I:HI :68= L6M. #NSG ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD @ MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNMR. 5GD C@S@ @QD QDBNQCDC HM 2;<F? 10.8.
5;R
1;GJF? +?;H ,OG<?L I@ +IHNBM $FIIL 5;R
*;MNM
.IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L>
"?PC;NCIH
1 3 0.33
2 2.9 0.36
2;<F? 10.8
%NDR SGD C@S@ HMCHB@SD SG@S L6M 1 >H BDG: :;;:8I>K: I=6C L6M 2 5DRS @S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
1IFONCIH 10.6
5GHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN HMCDODMCDMS FQNTOR, SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR JMNVM.
/6C9DB 36G>67A:: X
1
X
2
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE LNMSGR SGD BNLODSHMF EKNNQ V@WDR K@RS.
!
0
: Z
1
x Z
!
7
: Z
1
> Z
2
5GD VNQCR ">H BDG: :;;:8I>K:" R@XR SG@S L6M 1 A6HIH ADC<:G I=6C L6M 2, NM @UDQ@FD. "-NMFDQ" HR @ o>p
RXLANK @MC FNDR HMSN !
7
. 5GDQDENQD, SGHR HR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC SDRS.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @QD JMNVM RN SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNQL@K. 6RHMF
SGD ENQLTK@, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR:
X
1
X
2
~N
0,
0.33
2
20
+
0.36
2
20
4HMBD Z
1
x Z
2
SGDM Z
1
k Z
2
x 0 @MC SGD LD@M ENQ SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR YDQN.
6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ: JH>C< I=: CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC: F-U@KTD = 0.1799
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 10.5
X
1
k X
2
= 3 k 2.9 = 0.1
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: V = 0.05 @MC F-U@KTD = 0.1799. 5GDQDENQD, V < F-U@KTD.
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V < F-U@KTD, CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
.
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DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M SHLD V@W 1 K@RSR HR KNMFDQ (V@W 1 HR LNQD DEEDBSHUD) SG@M SGD LD@M SHLD V@W 2 K@RSR.
1QDRR )*A*. "QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*) @MC OQDRR 3:2-)3=@/*7CD. "QQNV NUDQ SN )D3DC @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
"QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ .33 ENQ RHFL@1, .36 ENQ RHFL@2, 3 ENQ SGD EHQRS R@LOKD LD@M, 20 ENQ M1, 2.9 ENQ SGD
RDBNMC R@LOKD LD@M, @MC 20 ENQ M2. "QQNV CNVM SN Z1: @MC @QQNV SN > Z
2
. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN
C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. 5GD F-U@KTD HR F = 0.1799 @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR 0.9157. %N SGD OQNBDCTQD
@F@HM, ATS HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7 CN DB3G.
10.6 5GD LD@MR NE SGD MTLADQ NE QDUNKTSHNMR ODQ LHMTSD NE SVN BNLODSHMF DMFHMDR @QD SN AD BNLO@QDC. 5GHQSX DMFHMDR
@QD Q@MCNLKX @RRHFMDC SN AD SDRSDC. #NSG ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 2;<F? 10.9 RGNVR SGD QDRTKS. %N SGD
C@S@ HMCHB@SD SG@S SG@S &MFHMD 2 G@R GHFGDQ 31. SG@M &MFHMD 1 5DRS @S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
#HACH? 1;GJF? +?;H ,OG<?L I@ 0.+ .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
1 1,500 50
2 1,600 60
2;<F? 10.9
$T=ILHA 10.7
"M HMSDQDRSDC BHSHYDM V@MSDC SN JMNV HE %DLNBQ@SHB 6. 4. RDM@SNQR @QD NKCDQ SG@M 3DOTAKHB@M 6.4. RDM@SNQR, NM
@UDQ@FD. 0M .@X 26 2013, SGD LD@M @FD NE 30 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC 3DOTAKHB@M 4DM@SNQR V@R 61 XD@QR 247 C@XR
NKC (61.675 XD@QR) VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 10.17 XD@QR. 5GD LD@M @FD NE 30 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC %DLNBQ@SHB
RDM@SNQR V@R 61 XD@QR 257 C@XR NKC (61.704 XD@QR) VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 9.55 XD@QR.
%N SGD C@S@ HMCHB@SD SG@S %DLNBQ@SHB RDM@SNQR @QD NKCDQ SG@M 3DOTAKHB@M RDM@SNQR, NM @UDQ@FD 5DRS @S @ 5% KDUDK
NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
1IFONCIH 10.7
5GHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN HMCDODMCDMS FQNTOR, SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @QD TMJMNVM,
ATS SGD RTL NE SGD R@LOKD RHYDR HR 30 + 30 = 60, VGHBG HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 30, RN VD B@M TRD SGD MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM
SN SGD 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM. 4TARBQHOSR: 1: %DLNBQ@SHB RDM@SNQR 2: 3DOTAKHB@M RDM@SNQR
/6C9DB K6G>67A:: X
1
X
2
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M @FD NE %DLNBQ@SHB @MC 3DOTAKHB@M 6.4. RDM@SNQR.
!
0
: R
1
x R
2
!
0
: R
1
k R
2
x 0
!
7
: R
1
> R
2
!
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: R
1
k R
2
> 0
5GD VNQCR "NKCDQ SG@M" SQ@MRK@SDR @R @ o>p RXLANK @MC FNDR HMSN !
7
. 5GDQDENQD, SGHR HR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC SDRS.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGD MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD 4STCDMSnR J ENQ LD@MR,
HMCDODMCDMS FQNTOR. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR: X
1
X
2
N[0,
(9.55)
2
30
+
(10.17)
2
30
]
4HMBD R
1
x R
2
, R
1
k R
2
x 0 @MC SGD LD@M ENQ SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR YDQN.
(6A8JA6I>C< I=: !-K6AJ: JH>C< I=: CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC <>K:H F-U@KTD = 0.4040)
562 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: V = 0.05 @MC F-U@KTD = 0.4040. 5GDQDENQD, V < F-U@KTD.
0
.
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M @FD NE %DLNBQ@SHB RDM@SNQR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD LD@M @FD NE SGD 3DOTAKHB@M RDM@SNQR.
10.3 U !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH
.LIJILNCIHM
8GDM BNMCTBSHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SG@S BNLO@QDR SVN HMCDODMCDMS ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR, SGD ENKKNVHMF BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR
RGNTKC AD OQDRDMS:
1. 5GD SVN HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKDR @QD RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKDR SG@S @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
2. 5GD MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR HR @S KD@RS EHUD, @MC SGD MTLADQ NE E@HKTQDR HR @S KD@RS EHUD, ENQ D@BG NE SGD R@LOKDR.
3. (QNVHMF KHSDQ@STQD RS@SDR SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM LTRS AD @S KD@RS SDM NQ 20 SHLDR SGD RHYD NE SGD R@LOKD. 5GHR JDDOR D@BG
ONOTK@SHNM EQNL ADHMF NUDQ-R@LOKDC @MC B@TRHMF HMBNQQDBS QDRTKSR.
$NLO@QHMF SVN OQNONQSHNMR, KHJD BNLO@QHMF SVN LD@MR, HR BNLLNM. *E SVN DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNMR @QD CHEEDQDMS, HS L@X
AD CTD SN @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD ONOTK@SHNMR NQ HS L@X AD CTD SN BG@MBD. " GXONSGDRHR SDRS B@M GDKO CDSDQLHMD HE @ CHEEDQDMBD HM
SGD DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNMR QDEKDBSR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR.
5GD CHEEDQDMBD NE SVN OQNONQSHNMR ENKKNVR @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. (DMDQ@KKX, SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR RS@SDR
SG@S SGD SVN OQNONQSHNMR @QD SGD R@LD. 5G@S HR, !
0
: F
A
= F
B
. 5N BNMCTBS SGD SDRS, VD TRD @ ONNKDC OQNONQSHNM, F
9
.
2B? JIIF?> JLIJILNCIH CM =;F=OF;N?> ;M @IFFIQM:
p
c
=
x
A
+ x
B
n
A
+ n
B
2B? >CMNLC<ONCIH @IL NB? >C@@?L?H=?M CM:
P
A
P
B
~N[0, p
c
(1 p
c
)(
1
n
A
+
1
n
B
)]
2B? N?MN MN;NCMNC= (<-M=IL?) CM:
z =
(p
A
p
B
) (p
A
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B
)
p
c
(1 p
c
)(
1
n
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$T=ILHA 10.8
5VN SXODR NE LDCHB@SHNM ENQ GHUDR @QD ADHMF SDRSDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR @ 9>;;:G:C8: >C I=: EGDEDGI>DCH D;
69JAI E6I>:CI G:68I>DCH. 1L:CIN NTS NE @ Q@MCNL H6BEA: D; 200 @CTKSR FHUDM LDCHB@SHNM " RSHKK G@C GHUDR 30
LHMTSDR @ESDQ S@JHMF SGD LDCHB@SHNM. 1L:AK: NTS NE @MNSGDQ G6C9DB H6BEA: D; 200 69JAIH FHUDM LDCHB@SHNM #
RSHKK G@C GHUDR 30 LHMTSDR @ESDQ S@JHMF SGD LDCHB@SHNM. 5DRS @S @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
1IFONCIH 10.8
5GD OQNAKDL @RJR ENQ @ CHEEDQDMBD HM OQNONQSHNMR, L@JHMF HS @ SDRS NE SVN OQNONQSHNMR.
-DS A @MC B AD SGD RTARBQHOSR ENQ LDCHB@SHNM " @MC LDCHB@SHNM #, QDRODBSHUDKX. 5GDM F
A
@MC F
B
@QD SGD
CDRHQDC ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR.
0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?:
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B
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE @CTKS O@SHDMSR VGN CHC MNS QD@BS @ESDQ 30 LHMTSDR SN LDCHB@SHNM
" @MC SN LDCHB@SHNM #.
!
0
: F
A
= F
B
F
A
k F
B
= 0
!
7
: F
A
w F
B
F
A
k F
B
w 0
5GD VNQCR ">H 6 9>;;:G:C8:" SDKK XNT SGD SDRS HR SVN-S@HKDC.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: 4HMBD SGHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN AHMNLH@K ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR
MNQL@K:
p
c
=
x
A
+ x
B
n
A
+ n
B
=
20 + 12
200 + 200
= 0.08 1 p
c
= 0.92
P
A
P
B
~N
0, (0.08)(0.92)(
1
200
+
1
200
)
)c
A
k )c
B
ENKKNVR @M @OOQNWHL@SD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ: JH>C< I=: CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC: F-U@KTD = 0.1404.
&RSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM ENQ FQNTO ": p
A
=
x
A
n
A
=
20
200
= 0.1
&RSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM ENQ FQNTO #: p
B
=
x
B
n
B
=
12
200
= 0.06
%L;JB:
$CAOL? 10.7
)c
A
k )c
B
= 0.1 k 0.06 = 0.04.
)@KE SGD F-U@KTD HR ADKNV k0.04, @MC G@KE HR @ANUD 0.04.
$NLO@QD V @MC SGD F-U@KTD: V = 0.01 @MC SGD F-U@KTD = 0.1404. V < F-U@KTD.
.@JD @ CDBHRHNM: 4HMBD V < F-U@KTD, CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 1%KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNLSGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD
SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE @CTKS O@SHDMSR VGN CHC MNS QD@BS @ESDQ 30 LHMTSDR SN LDCHB@SHNM A
@MC LDCHB@SHNM B.
1QDRR )*A*. "QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*) @MC OQDRR 6:2-&B?@/*7CD. "QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ 20 ENQ W1, 200
ENQ M1, 12 ENQ W2, @MC 200 ENQ M2. "QQNV CNVM SN @1: @MC @QQNV SN >?D 7AE3< @2. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV
CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. 5GD F-U@KTD HR F = 0.1404 @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR 1.47. %N SGD
OQNBDCTQD @F@HM, ATS HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7 CN DB3G.
564 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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10.8 5VN SXODR NE U@KUDR @QD ADHMF SDRSDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM OQDRRTQD SNKDQ@MBDR. 'HESDDM NTS NE
@ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 NE 7@KUD A BQ@BJDC TMCDQ 4,500 ORH. 4HW NTS NE @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 NE 7@KUD B BQ@BJDC
TMCDQ 4,500 ORH. 5DRS @S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
$T=ILHA 10.9
"QDRD@QBG RSTCX V@R BNMCTBSDC @ANTS FDMCDQ CHEEDQDMBDR HM oRDWSHMF.p 5GD QDRD@QBGDQ ADKHDUDC SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM
NE FHQKR HMUNKUDC HM oRDWSHMFp HR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ANXR HMUNKUDC. 5GD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC HM SGD ROQHMF NE 2010
@LNMF @ Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE LHCCKD @MC GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR HM @ K@QFD RBGNNK CHRSQHBS HM SGD RNTSGDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR
HR RTLL@QHYDC HM 2;<F? 10.9. *R SGD OQNONQSHNM NE FHQKR RDMCHMF RDWSR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ANXR oRDWSHMFp
5DRS @S @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
+;F?M $?G;F?M
2AJP aOATPOb 183 156
3KP=H JQI>AN OQNRAUA@ 2231 2169
2;<F? 10.10
1IFONCIH 10.9
5GHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR. -DS . @MC ' AD SGD RTARBQHOSR ENQ L@KDR @MC EDL@KDR. 5GDM F
&
@MC
F
F
@QD SGD CDRHQDC ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR.
0;H>IG P;LC;<F?:
Fc
F
u Fc
&
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE L@KDR @MC EDL@KDR VGN RDMS oRDWSR.p
!
0
: F
F
= F
&
!
0
: F
F
k F
&
= 0
!
7
: F
F
< F
&
!
7
: F
F
k F
&
< 0
5GD VNQCR "A:HH I=6C" SDKK XNT SGD SDRS HR KDES-S@HKDC.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: 4HMBD SGHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNQL@K:
p
c
=
x
F
+ x
M
n
F
+ n
M
=
156 + 183
2169 + 2231
= 0.077
1 p
c
= 0.923
5GDQDENQD,
p
F
p
M
N
0, (0.077)(0.923)
1
2169
+
1
2231
Fc
F
k Fc
&
6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ: JH>C< I=: CDGB6A 9>HIG>7JI>DC:
F-U@KTD = 0.1045
&RSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM ENQ EDL@KDR: 0.0719
&RSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM ENQ L@KDR: 0.082
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 565
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$CAOL? 10.8
!:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V < F-U@KTD, %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE FHQKR RDMCHMF oRDWSRp HR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ANXR RDMCHMF oRDWSR.p
1QDRR 45"5. "QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454 @MC OQDRR 6:2-1QNO;5DRS. "QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ 156 ENQ W1, 2169 ENQ M1,
183 ENQ W2, @MC 2231 ENQ M2. "QQNV CNVM SN O1: @MC @QQNV SN KDRR SG@M O2. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN
$@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR &/5&3. 5GD F-U@KTD HR ) = 0.1045 @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR P = -1.256.
$T=ILHA 10.10
3DRD@QBGDQR BNMCTBSDC @ RSTCX NE RL@QSOGNMD TRD @LNMF @CTKSR. " BDKK OGNMD BNLO@MX BK@HLDC SG@S H1GNMD
RL@QSOGNMDR @QD LNQD ONOTK@Q VHSG VGHSDR (MNM-)HRO@MHB) SG@M VHSG "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX
HMCHB@SD SG@S NE SGD 232 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@M BDKK OGNMD NVMDQR Q@MCNLKX R@LOKDC, 5%G@UD @M H1GNMD. 0E SGD 1,343
VGHSD BDKK OGNMD NVMDQR Q@MCNLKX R@LOKDC, 10% NVM @M H1GNMD. 5DRS @S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD. *R SGD
OQNONQSHNM NE VGHSD H1GNMD NVMDQR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE "EQHB@M "LDQHB@M H1GNMD NVMDQR
1IFONCIH 10.10
5GHR HR @ SDRS NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR. -DS 8@MC " AD SGD RTARBQHOSR ENQ SGD VGHSDR @MC "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR.
5GDM F
0
@MC F
A
@QD SGD CDRHQDC ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR.
0;H>IG P;LC;<F?:
Fc
0
k Fc
A
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE "MCQNHC @MC H1GNMD TRDQR.
!
0
: F
0
= F
A
!
0
: F
0
k F
A
= 0
!
7
: F
0
> F
A
!
7
: F
0
k F
A
> 0
5GD VNQCR "LNQD ONOTK@Q" HMCHB@SD SG@S SGD SDRS HR QHFGS-S@HKDC.
%HRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K:
p
c
=
x
W
+ x
A
n
W
+ n
A
=
134 + 12
1343 + 232
= 0.1077
1 p
c
= 0.8923
5GDQDENQD,
p
W
p
A
N
0, (0.1077)(0.8923)
1
1343
+
1
232
p
W
p
A
!;F=OF;N? NB? 3-P;FO? OMCHA NB? HILG;F >CMNLC<ONCIH:
F-U@KTD = 0.0092
&RSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM ENQ FQNTO ": 0.10
&RSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNM ENQ FQNTO #: 0.05
566 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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$G6E=:
$CAOL? 10.9
!:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V > F-U@KTD, QDIDBS SGD !
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD
SG@S @ K@QFDQ OQNONQSHNM NE VGHSD BDKK OGNMD NVMDQR TRD H1GNMDR SG@M "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR.
5*-83+ @MC 5*-84: 1QDRR 45"5. "QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454 @MC OQDRR 6:2-1QNO;5DRS. "QQNV CNVM @MC DMSDQ 135
ENQ W1, 1343 ENQ M1, 12 ENQ W2, @MC 232 ENQ M2. "QQNVCNVM SN O1: @MC @QQNVSN FQD@SDQ SG@M O2. 1QDRR &/5&3.
"QQNV CNVM SN $@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR &/5&3. 5GD 1-U@KTD HR 1 = 0.0092 @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR ; = 2.33.
10.10 " BNMBDQMDC FQNTO NE BHSHYDMR V@MSDC SN JMNV HE SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ENQBHAKD Q@ODR HM 5DW@R V@R CHEEDQDMS HM 2011
SG@M HM 2010. 5GDHQ QDRD@QBG RGNVDC SG@S NE SGD 113,231 UHNKDMS BQHLDR HM 5DW@R HM 2010, 7,622 NE SGDL VDQD ENQBHAKD
Q@ODR. *M 2011, 7,439 NE SGD 104,873 UHNKDMS BQHLDR VDQD HM SGD ENQBHAKD Q@OD B@SDFNQX. 5DRS @S @ 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
"MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR:
@. *R SGHR @ SDRS NE SVN LD@MR NQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR
A. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM CN XNT TRD SN ODQENQL SGD SDRS
B. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD
C. 8G@S @QD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR 8QHSD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR HM RXLANKR.
D. *R SGHR SDRS QHFGS-, KDES-, NQ SVN-S@HKDC
E. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
F. %N XNT QDIDBS NQ MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
G. "S SGD ??? KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD ?????? (HR/HR MNS) RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S
????????????.
10.4 U +;N=B?> IL .;CL?> 1;GJF?M
8GDM TRHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR, SGD ENKKNVHMF BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR RGNTKC AD OQDRDMS:
1. 4HLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF HR TRDC.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 567
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2. 4@LOKD RHYDR @QD NESDM RL@KK.
3. 5VN LD@RTQDLDMSR (R@LOKDR) @QD CQ@VM EQNL SGD R@LD O@HQ NE HMCHUHCT@KR NQ NAIDBSR.
4. %HEEDQDMBDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC EQNL SGD L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR.
5. 5GD CHEEDQDMBDR ENQL SGD R@LOKD SG@S HR TRDC ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
6. &HSGDQ SGD L@SBGDC O@HQR G@UD CHEEDQDMBDR SG@S BNLD EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM SG@S HR MNQL@K NQ SGD MTLADQ NE CHEEDQDMBDR HR
RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD RN SG@S CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@M NE CHEEDQDMBDR HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K.
*M @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR, RTAIDBSR @QD L@SBGDC HM O@HQR @MC CHEEDQDMBDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC. 5GD
CHEEDQDMBDR @QD SGD C@S@. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMBDR, Z
:
, HR SGDM SDRSDC TRHMF @ 4STCDMS'R-S SDRS ENQ @ RHMFKD
ONOTK@SHNM LD@M VHSG D k 1 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL, VGDQD D HR SGD MTLADQ NE CHEEDQDMBDR.
2B? N?MN MN;NCMNC= (6-M=IL?) CM:
t =
x
d

d
s
d
n
$T=ILHA 10.11
" RSTCX V@R BNMCTBSDC SN HMUDRSHF@SD SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE GXOMNSHRL HM QDCTBHMF O@HM. 3DRTKSR ENQ Q@MCNLKX
RDKDBSDC RTAIDBSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 10.10. " KNVDQ RBNQD HMCHB@SDR KDRR O@HM. 5GD "ADENQD" U@KTD HR L@SBGDC SN
@M "@ESDQ" U@KTD @MC SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC. 5GD CHEEDQDMBDR G@UD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. "QD SGD RDMRNQX
LD@RTQDLDMSR, NM @UDQ@FD, KNVDQ @ESDQ GXOMNSHRL 5DRS @S @ 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
1O<D?=N: A ! " # $ % &
?@IL? 6.6 6.5 9.0 10.3 11.3 8.1 6.3 11.6
A@N?L 6.8 2.4 7.4 8.5 8.1 6.1 3.4 2.0
2;<F? 10.11
1IFONCIH 10.11
$NQQDRONMCHMF "ADENQD" @MC "@ESDQ" U@KTDR ENQL L@SBGDC O@HQR. ($@KBTK@SD "@ESDQ" k "ADENQD.")
A@N?L ";N; ?@IL? ";N; "C@@?L?H=?
6.8 6.6 0.2
2.4 6.5 -4.1
7.4 9 -1.6
8.5 10.3 -1.8
8.1 11.3 -3.2
6.1 8.1 -2
3.4 6.3 -2.9
2;<F? 10.12
568 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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A@N?L ";N; ?@IL? ";N; "C@@?L?H=?
2 11.6 -9.6
2;<F? 10.12
5GD C@S@ ;DG I=: I:HI @QD SGD CHEEDQDMBDR: Z0.2, k4.1, k1.6, k1.8, k3.2, k2, k2.9, k9.6\
5GD R@LOKD LD@M @MC R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD: x
d
= 3.13 @MC s
d
= 2.91 7DQHEX
SGDRD U@KTDR.
-DS
d
AD SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMBDR. 8D TRD SGD RTARBQHOS d SN CDMNSD "CHEEDQDMBDR."
/6C9DB K6G>67A:: X
d
= SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD RDMRNQX LD@RTQDLDMSR
!
0
: Z
:
y 0
5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR YDQN NQ ONRHSHUD, LD@MHMF SG@S SGDQD HR SGD R@LD NQ LNQD O@HM EDKS @ESDQ GXOMNSHRL.
5G@S LD@MR SGD RTAIDBS RGNVR MN HLOQNUDLDMS. Z
:
HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR.)
!
7
: Z
:
< 0
5GD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR HR MDF@SHUD, LD@MHMF SGDQD HR KDRR O@HM EDKS @ESDQ GXOMNSHRL. 5G@S LD@MR SGD RTAIDBS
RGNVR HLOQNUDLDMS. 5GD RBNQD RGNTKC AD KNVDQ @ESDQ GXOMNSHRL, RN SGD CHEEDQDMBD NTFGS SN AD MDF@SHUD SN HMCHB@SD
HLOQNUDLDMS.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM HR @ 4STCDMS'R J VHSG :< = D k 1 = 8 k 1 = 7. 6RD J
7
. (+DI>8: I=6I
I=: I:HI >H ;DG 6 H>C<A: EDEJA6I>DC B:6C.)
6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ: JH>C< I=: 0IJ9:CI'H-I 9>HIG>7JI>DC: F-U@KTD = 0.0095
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 10.10
X
d
HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMBDR.
5GD R@LOKD LD@M @MC R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD:
x
d
= k3.13
s
d
= 2.91
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: V = 0.05 @MC F-U@KTD = 0.0095. V > F-U@KTD.
0
. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S Z
:
< 0 @MC SGDQD HR HLOQNUDLDMS.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5%KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNLSGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S
SGD RDMRNQX LD@RTQDLDMSR, NM @UDQ@FD, @QD KNVDQ @ESDQ GXOMNSHRL. )XOMNSHRL @OOD@QR SN AD DEEDBSHUD HM QDCTBHMF
O@HM.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 569
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,-2#
'NQ SGD 5*-83+ @MC 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR, XNT B@M DHSGDQ B@KBTK@SD SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @GD@C NE SHLD (6;I:G -
7:;DG:) @MC OTS SGD CHEEDQDMBDR HMSN @ KHRS NQ XNT B@M OTS SGD 6;I:G C@S@ HMSN @ EHQRS KHRS @MC SGD 7:;DG:
C@S@ HMSN @ RDBNMC KHRS. 5GDM FN SN @ SGHQC KHRS @MC @QQNVTO SN SGD M@LD. &MSDQ 1
RS
KHRS M@LD - 2
MC
KHRS M@LD. 5GD
B@KBTK@SNQ VHKK CN SGD RTASQ@BSHNM, @MC XNT VHKK G@UD SGD CHEEDQDMBDR HM SGD SGHQC KHRS.
6RD XNTQ KHRS NE CHEEDQDMBDR @R SGD C@S@. 1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). 1QDRR 2:*-*7CD. "QQNV
NUDQ SN D3D3 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. "QQNVCNVM @MC DMSDQ 0 ENQ
0
, SGD M@LD NE SGD KHRS VGDQD XNT OTS SGD C@S@,
@MC 1 ENQ 'QDP:. "QQNV CNVM SN K: @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN <
0
. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC
OQDRR E$*E(. 5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.0094, @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR -3.04. %N SGDRD HMRSQTBSHNMR @F@HM DWBDOS, @QQNV
SN DB3G (HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7). 1QDRR E$*E(.
10.11 " RSTCX V@R BNMCTBSDC SN HMUDRSHF@SD GNV DEEDBSHUD @ MDV CHDS V@R HM KNVDQHMF BGNKDRSDQNK. 3DRTKSR ENQ SGD
Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RTAIDBSR @QD RGNVM HM SGD S@AKD. 5GD CHEEDQDMBDR G@UD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. "QD SGD RTAIDBSRn
BGNKDRSDQNK KDUDKR KNVDQ NM @UDQ@FD @ESDQ SGD CHDS 5DRS @S SGD 5% KDUDK.
2Q>FA?P ! " # $ % & ' (
!ABKNA 209 210 205 198 216 217 238 240 222
BPAN 199 207 189 209 217 202 211 223 201
2;<F? 10.13
$T=ILHA 10.12
" BNKKDFD ENNSA@KK BN@BG V@R HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD BNKKDFD'R RSQDMFSG CDUDKNOLDMS BK@RR HMBQD@RDC GHR OK@XDQR'
L@WHLTL KHES (HM ONTMCR) NM SGD ADMBG OQDRR DWDQBHRD. )D @RJDC ENTQ NE GHR OK@XDQR SN O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ RSTCX.
5GD @LNTMS NE VDHFGS SGDX BNTKC D@BG KHES V@R QDBNQCDC ADENQD SGDX SNNJ SGD RSQDMFSG CDUDKNOLDMS BK@RR. "ESDQ
BNLOKDSHMF SGD BK@RR, SGD @LNTMS NE VDHFGS SGDX BNTKC D@BG KHES V@R @F@HM LD@RTQDC. 5GD C@S@ @QD @R ENKKNVR:
5?CABN (CH JIOH>M) .F;S?L 1 .F;S?L 2 .F;S?L 3 .F;S?L 4
IKQJP KB SAECDPA@ HEBPA@ LNEKN PK PDA ?H=OO 205 241 338 368
IKQJP KB SAECDP HEBPA@ =BPAN PDA ?H=OO 295 252 330 360
2;<F? 10.14
570 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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1=: 8D68= L6CIH ID @CDL >; I=: HIG:C<I= 9:K:ADEB:CI 8A6HH B6@:H =>H EA6N:GH HIGDC<:G, DC 6K:G6<:.
3DBNQC SGD 9>;;:G:C8:H C@S@. $@KBTK@SD SGD CHEEDQDMBDR AX RTASQ@BSHMF SGD @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KHESDC OQHNQ SN SGD BK@RR
EQNL SGD VDHFGS KHESDC @ESDQ BNLOKDSHMF SGD BK@RR. 5GD C@S@ ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD: Z90, 11, -8, -8\. "RRTLD SGD
CHEEDQDMBDR G@UD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
6RHMF SGD CHEEDQDMBDR C@S@, B@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
x
d
= 21.3, I
:
= 46.7
,-2#
5GD C@S@ FHUDM GDQD VNTKC HMCHB@SD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR @BST@KKX QHFGS-RJDVDC. 5GD CHEEDQDMBD 90 L@X AD
@M DWSQDLD NTSKHDQ *S HR OTKKHMF SGD R@LOKD LD@M SN AD 21.3 (ONRHSHUD). 5GD LD@MR NE SGD NSGDQ SGQDD C@S@
U@KTDR @QD @BST@KKX MDF@SHUD.
6RHMF SGD CHEEDQDMBD C@S@, SGHR ADBNLDR @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD ?????????? (EHKK HM SGD AK@MJ).
!:;>C: I=: G6C9DB K6G>67A:: X
d
LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD L@WHLTL KHES ODQ OK@XDQ.
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR J
3
.
!
0
: Z
:
x 0, !
7
: Z
:
> 0
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 10.11
6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ:: 5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.2150
!:8>H>DC: *E SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD HR 5%, SGD CDBHRHNM HR MNS SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, ADB@TRD g <
F-U@KTD.
4=6I >H I=: 8DC8AJH>DC?
"S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
RSQDMFSG CDUDKNOLDMS BK@RR GDKODC SN L@JD SGD OK@XDQR RSQNMFDQ, NM @UDQ@FD.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 571
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10.12 " MDV OQDO BK@RR V@R CDRHFMDC SN HLOQNUD 4"5 SDRS RBNQDR. 'HUD RSTCDMSR VDQD RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL. 5GDHQ RBNQDR
NM SVN OQ@BSHBD DW@LR VDQD QDBNQCDC, NMD ADENQD SGD BK@RR @MC NMD @ESDQ. 5GD C@S@ QDBNQCDC HM 2;<F? 10.15. "QD SGD
RBNQDR, NM @UDQ@FD, GHFGDQ @ESDQ SGD BK@RR 5DRS @S @ 5% KDUDK.
1A2 1=IL?M 1NO>?HN 1 1NO>?HN 2 1NO>?HN 3 1NO>?HN 4
2?KNA >ABKNA ?H=OO 1840 1960 1920 2150
2?KNA =BPAN ?H=OO 1920 2160 2200 2100
2;<F? 10.15
$T=ILHA 10.13
4DUDM DHFGSG FQ@CDQR @S ,DMMDCX .HCCKD 4BGNNK LD@RTQDC GNV E@Q SGDX BNTKC OTRG SGD RGNS-OTS VHSG SGDHQ
CNLHM@MS (VQHSHMF) G@MC @MC SGDHQ VD@JDQ (MNM-VQHSHMF) G@MC. 5GDX SGNTFGS SG@S SGDX BNTKC OTRG DPT@K CHRS@MBDR
VHSG DHSGDQ G@MC. 5GD C@S@ VDQD BNKKDBSDC @MC QDBNQCDC HM 2;<F? 10.16.
"CMN;H=? (CH
@??N) OMCHA
1NO>?HN
1
1NO>?HN
2
1NO>?HN
3
1NO>?HN
4
1NO>?HN
5
1NO>?HN
6
1NO>?HN
7
"IGCH;HN
&;H>
30 26 34 17 19 26 20
5?;E?L
&;H>
28 14 27 18 17 26 16
2;<F? 10.16
$NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM CHRS@MBDR ADSVDDM SGD BGHKCQDMnR
CNLHM@MS UDQRTR VD@JDQ G@MCR HR RHFMHEHB@MS.
3DBNQC SGD 9>;;:G:C8:H C@S@. $@KBTK@SD SGD CHEEDQDMBDR AX RTASQ@BSHMF SGD CHRS@MBDR VHSG SGD VD@JDQ G@MC
EQNLSGD CHRS@MBDR VHSG SGD CNLHM@MS G@MC. 5GD C@S@ ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD: Z2, 12, 7, k1, 2, 0, 4\. 5GD CHEEDQDMBDR
G@UD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
6RHMF SGD CHEEDQDMBDR C@S@, B@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. x
d
= 3.71, s
d
=
4.5.
/6C9DB K6G>67A:: X
d
= LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD CHRS@MBDR ADSVDDM SGD G@MCR.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: =NEDI=:H>H I:HI: J
6
!
0
: Z
:
= 0 !
7
: Z
:
w 0
572 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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$G6E=:
$CAOL? 10.12
6A8JA6I: I=: !-K6AJ:: 5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.0716 (TRHMF SGD C@S@ CHQDBSKX).
(SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 2.18. F-U@KTD = 0.0719 TRHMF

d
= 3.71, s
d
= 4.5.
!:8>H>DC: "RRTLD V = 0.05. 4HMBD V < F-U@KTD, %N MNS QDIDBS !

0
.
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD BGHKCQDMnR VD@JDQ @MC CNLHM@MS G@MCR SN OTRG SGD RGNS-OTS.
10.13 'HUD A@KK OK@XDQR SGHMJ SGDX B@M SGQNV SGD R@LD CHRS@MBD VHSG SGDHQ CNLHM@MS G@MC (SGQNVHMF) @MC NEE-G@MC
(B@SBGHMF G@MC). 5GD C@S@ VDQD BNKKDBSDC @MC QDBNQCDC HM 2;<F? 10.17. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ
SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM CHRS@MBDR ADSVDDM SGD CNLHM@MS @MC NEE-G@MC HR RHFMHEHB@MS. 5DRS @S SGD 5% KDUDK.
.F;S?L 1 .F;S?L 2 .F;S?L 3 .F;S?L 4 .F;S?L 5
#KIEJ=JP '=J@ 120 111 135 140 125
.BB-D=J@ 105 109 98 111 99
2;<F? 10.17
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 573
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10.1 &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA @IL 2QI +?;HM ;H> 2QI
.LIJILNCIHM
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK RDKDBS SGD @OOQNOQH@SD CHRSQHATSHNMR SN TRD HM D@BG B@RD.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNMCTBS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD QDRTKSR.
1OJJFC?M:
c SGD ATRHMDRR RDBSHNM EQNL SVN BNMRDBTSHUD C@XRn MDVRO@ODQR
c SGQDD RL@KK O@BJ@FDR NE .&.R_
c EHUD RL@KK O@BJ@FDR NE 3DDRD'R 1HDBDR_
'H=L?;MCHA 1NI=EM 1OLP?S
-NNJ @S XDRSDQC@XnR MDVRO@ODQ ATRHMDRR RDBSHNM. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD OQNONQSHNM NE /DV :NQJ
4SNBJ &WBG@MFD (/:4&) RSNBJR SG@S HMBQD@RDC HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE /"4%"2 RSNBJR SG@S HMBQD@RDC. "R
Q@MCNLKX @R ONRRHAKD, BGNNRD 40 /:4& RSNBJR, @MC 32 /"4%"2 RSNBJR @MC BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR.
1. !
0
: 666666666
2. !
7
: 666666666
3. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD.
4. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS HR ?????????????.
5. $@KBTK@SD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB TRHMF XNTQ C@S@.
=. (Q@OG:
$CAOL? 10.13
>. $@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD.
7. %N XNT QDIDBS NQ MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR 8GX
"?=L?;MCHA 1NI=EM 1OLP?S
3@MCNLKX OHBJ DHFGS RSNBJR EQNL SGD MDVRO@ODQ. 6RHMF SVN BNMRDBTSHUD C@XRn ATRHMDRR RDBSHNMR, SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD
RSNBJR VDMS CNVM, NM @UDQ@FD, ENQ SGD RDBNMC C@X.
1. !
0
: ????????
2. !
7
: 66666666
574 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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4. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS HR ?????????????.
=. (Q@OG:
$CAOL? 10.14
>. $@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD:
!;H>S 1OLP?S
#TX SGQDD RL@KK O@BJ@FDR NE .&.R @MC EHUD RL@KK O@BJ@FDR NE 3DDRD'R 1HDBDR (R@LD MDS VDHFGS @R SGD .&.R).
5DRS VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE B@MCX OHDBDR ODQ O@BJ@FD HR SGD R@LD ENQ SGD SVN AQ@MCR.
1. !
0
: ????????
2. !
7
: ????????
4. 8G@S CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC AD TRDC ENQ SGHR SDRS
=. (Q@OG:
$CAOL? 10.15
1BI? 1OLP?S
5DRS VGDSGDQ VNLDM G@UD, NM @UDQ@FD, LNQD O@HQR NE RGNDR SG@M LDM. *MBKTCD @KK ENQLR NE RMD@JDQR, RGNDR,
R@MC@KR, @MC ANNSR. 6RD XNTQ BK@RR @R SGD R@LOKD.
1. !
0
: ????????
2. !
7
: ????????
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 575
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4. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD SDRS HR ????????????????.
=. (Q@OG:
$CAOL? 10.16
576 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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"?AL??M I@ $L??>IG ((*)
.IIF?> .LIJILNCIH
1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
4;LC;<F? (0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?)
)#7 2#0+1
SGD MTLADQ NE NAIDBSR HM @ R@LOKD SG@S @QD EQDD SN U@QX.
DRSHL@SD NE SGD BNLLNM U@KTD NE F
1
@MC F
2
.
" MTLADQ SG@S HR DPT@K SN SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE SGD U@QH@MBD @MC LD@RTQDR GNV E@Q C@S@ U@KTDR @QD
EQNL SGDHQ LD@M; MNS@SHNM: I ENQ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @MC \ ENQ ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
@ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHB NE HMSDQDRS HM @ ONOTK@SHNM ADHMF RSTCHDC. $NLLNM MNS@SHNM ENQ U@QH@AKDR
@QD TOODQ-B@RD -@SHM KDSSDQR 1, 2, 3,... $NLLNM MNS@SHNM ENQ @ RODBHEHB U@KTD EQNL SGD CNL@HM (RDS NE @KK ONRRHAKD
U@KTDR NE @ U@QH@AKD) @QD KNVDQ-B@RD -@SHM KDSSDQR N, O, P,.... 'NQ DW@LOKD, HE 1 HR SGD MTLADQ NE BGHKCQDM HM @ E@LHKX,
SGDM N QDOQDRDMSR @ RODBHEHB HMSDFDQ 0, 1, 2, 3, .... 7@QH@AKDR HM RS@SHRSHBR CHEEDQ EQNL U@QH@AKDR HM HMSDQLDCH@SD @KFDAQ@
HM SVN ENKKNVHMF V@XR.
c 5GD CNL@HM NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD (37) HR MNS MDBDRR@QHKX @ MTLDQHB@K RDS; SGD CNL@HM L@X AD DWOQDRRDC HM
VNQCR; ENQ DW@LOKD, HE 1 = G@HQ BNKNQ, SGDM SGD CNL@HM HR ZAK@BJ, AKNMC, FQ@X, FQDDM, NQ@MFD\.
c 8D B@M SDKK VG@S RODBHEHB U@KTD N NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 S@JDR NMKX @ESDQ ODQENQLHMF SGD DWODQHLDMS.
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
10.1 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB 3HEHIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIHM
5VN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR EQNL HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKDR VGDQD SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @QD MNS JMNVM
c 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKD: X
1
X
2
= SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD R@LOKHMF LD@MR
c %HRSQHATSHNM: 4STCDMS'R J-CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL (U@QH@MBDR MNS ONNKDC)
10.2 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB )HIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIHM
" GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR EQNL HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKDR VGDQD SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @QD JMNVM
(SXOHB@KKX @OOQNWHL@SDC VHSG SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR), VHKK G@UD SGDRD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR:
c 3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: X
1
X
2
= SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR
c %HRSQHATSHNM: MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
10.3 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIHM
5DRS NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR EQNL HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKDR.
c 3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: p
^
A
p
^
B
= CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD SVN DRSHL@SDC OQNONQSHNMR
c %HRSQHATSHNM: MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
10.4 +;N=B?> IL .;CL?> 1;GJF?M
" GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR (S-SDRS) G@R SGDRD BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR:
c 5DRS SGD CHEEDQDMBDR AX RTASQ@BSHMF NMD LD@RTQDLDMS EQNL SGD NSGDQ LD@RTQDLDMS
c 3@MCNL 7@QH@AKD: x
d
= LD@M NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR
c %HRSQHATSHNM: 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG D k 1 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
c *E SGD MTLADQ NE CHEEDQDMBDR HR RL@KK (KDRR SG@M 30), SGD CHEEDQDMBDR LTRS ENKKNV @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
c 5VN R@LOKDR @QD CQ@VM EQNL SGD R@LD RDS NE NAIDBSR.
c 4@LOKDR @QD CDODMCDMS.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 577
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$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
10.1 !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH
+?;HM QCNB 3HEHIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L>
"?PC;NCIHM
4S@MC@QC DQQNQ: ,E =
(s
1
)
2
n
1
+
(s
2
)
2
n
2
5DRS RS@SHRSHB (J-RBNQD): J =
( x
1
x
2
) (
1

2
)
(s
1
)
2
n
1
+
(s
2
)
2
n
2
%DFQDDR NE EQDDCNL:
d f = d f =
(s
1
)
2
n
1
+
(s
2
)
2
n
2
1
n
1
1
(s
1
)
n
1
2
+

1
n
2
1
(s
2
)
2
n
2
2
VGDQD:
I
1
@MC I
2
@QD SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR, @MC D
1
@MC D
2
@QD SGD R@LOKD RHYDR.
x
1
@MC x
2
@QD SGD R@LOKD LD@MR.
$NGDMnR : HR SGD LD@RTQD NE DEEDBS RHYD:
d =
x
1
x
2
s
pooled
VGDQD s
pooled
=
(n
1
1)s
1
2
+ (n
2
1)s
2
2
n
1
+ n
2
2
+?;HM QCNB )HIQH .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L>
"?PC;NCIHM
/NQL@K %HRSQHATSHNM:
X
1
X
2
N
1

2
,
(
1
)
2
n
1
+
(
2
)
2
n
2
.
(DMDQ@KKX )
1
R )
2
= 0.
5DRS 4S@SHRSHB (P-RBNQD):
z =
( x
1
x
2
) (
1

2
)
(
1
)
2
n
1
+
(
2
)
2
n
2
(DMDQ@KKX )
1
- )
2
= 0.
L=:G::
\
1
@MC \
2
@QD SGD JMNVM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR. D
1
@MC D
2
@QD SGD R@LOKD RHYDR. x
1
@MC x
2
@QD SGD R@LOKD
LD@MR. Z
1
@MC Z
2
@QD SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR.
.LIJILNCIHM
1NNKDC 1QNONQSHNM: F
9
=
x
F
+ x
M
n
F
+ n
M
%HRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMBDR:
p
A
p
B
N
0, p
c
(1 p
c
)
1
n
A
+
1
n
B
VGDQD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR !

0
: F
A
= F
B
NQ !
0
: F
A
k F
B
= 0.
5DRS 4S@SHRSHB (P-RBNQD): z =
(p
A
p
B
)
p
c
(1 p
c
)
1
n
A
+
1
n
B
VGDQD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR !

0
: F
A
= F
B
NQ !
0
: F
A
u F
B
= 0.
VGDQD
Fc
A
@MC Fc
B
@QD SGD R@LOKD OQNONQSHNMR, F
A
@MC F
B
@QD SGD
ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR,
)
9
HR SGD ONNKDC OQNONQSHNM, @MC n
A
@MC n
B
@QD SGD R@LOKD
RHYDR.
10.4 +;N=B?> IL .;CL?> 1;GJF?M
5DRS 4S@SHRSHB (J-RBNQD): J =
x
d

d
s
d
n
VGDQD:
x
d
HR SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD CHEEDQDMBDR. Z
C
HR SGD LD@M
NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM CHEEDQDMBDR. I
:
HR SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR. D HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD.
.0A!2'!#
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 16 ;N;H9?I;I: *MCHB@SD HE SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR ENQ
=. HMCDODMCDMS FQNTO LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR, @MC/NQ U@QH@MBDR JMNVM
>. HMCDODMCDMS FQNTO LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR, @MC/NQ U@QH@MBDR TMJMNVM
?. L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR
@. RHMFKD LD@M
A. SVN OQNONQSHNMR
B. RHMFKD OQNONQSHNM
578 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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1. *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S 70% NE L@KDR O@RR SGDHQ CQHUDQR SDRS HM SGD EHQRS @SSDLOS, VGHKD 65% NE EDL@KDR O@RR SGD SDRS HM SGD EHQRS
@SSDLOS. 0E HMSDQDRS HR VGDSGDQ SGD OQNONQSHNMR @QD HM E@BS DPT@K.
2. " MDV K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS HR SDRSDC NM BNMRTLDQR. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BNMRTLDQR VGN OQDEDQ SGD MDV AQ@MC
NUDQ SGD KD@CHMF BNLODSHSNQ. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN SDRS SGHR.
3. " MDV VHMCRGHDKC SQD@SLDMS BK@HLR SN QDODK V@SDQ LNQD DEEDBSHUDKX. 5DM VHMCRGHDKCR @QD SDRSDC AX RHLTK@SHMF Q@HM VHSGNTS
SGD MDV SQD@SLDMS. 5GD R@LD VHMCRGHDKCR @QD SGDM SQD@SDC, @MC SGD DWODQHLDMS HR QTM @F@HM. " GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR BNMCTBSDC.
4. 5GD JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HM R@K@QX ENQ @KK LHC-KDUDK OQNEDRRHNM@KR HM SGD EHM@MBH@K HMCTRSQX HR $11,000. $NLO@MX "
@MC $NLO@MX # @QD HM SGD EHM@MBH@K HMCTRSQX. 4TOONRD R@LOKDR @QD S@JDM NE LHC-KDUDK OQNEDRRHNM@KR EQNL $NLO@MX " @MC
EQNL $NLO@MX #. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M R@K@QX ENQ LHC-KDUDK OQNEDRRHNM@KR HM $NLO@MX " HR $80,000. 5GD R@LOKD LD@M R@K@QX
ENQ LHC-KDUDK OQNEDRRHNM@KR HM $NLO@MX # HR $96,000. $NLO@MX " @MC $NLO@MX # L@M@FDLDMS V@MS SN JMNV HE SGDHQ LHC-
KDUDK OQNEDRRHNM@KR @QD O@HC CHEEDQDMSKX, NM @UDQ@FD.
5. 5GD @UDQ@FD VNQJDQ HM (DQL@MX FDSR DHFGS VDDJR NE O@HC U@B@SHNM.
6. "BBNQCHMF SN @ SDKDUHRHNM BNLLDQBH@K, 80% NE CDMSHRSR @FQDD SG@S 6KSQ@EQDRG SNNSGO@RSD HR SGD ADRS NM SGD L@QJDS.
7. *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD FQ@CD NM @M &MFKHRG DRR@X HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q RBGNNK RXRSDLENQ EDL@KDR HR GHFGDQ SG@M ENQ L@KDR.
" Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE 31 EDL@KDR G@C @ LD@M RBNQD NE 82 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGQDD, @MC @ Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE 25 L@KDR
G@C @ LD@M RBNQD NE 76 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE ENTQ.
8. 5GD KD@FTD LD@M A@SSHMF @UDQ@FD HR 0.280 VHSG @ JMNVM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.06. 5GD 3@SSKDQR @MC SGD 7HJHMFR ADKNMF
SN SGD KD@FTD. 5GD LD@M A@SSHMF @UDQ@FD ENQ @ R@LOKD NE DHFGS 3@SSKDQR HR 0.210, @MC SGD LD@M A@SSHMF @UDQ@FD ENQ @ R@LOKD
NE DHFGS 7HJHMFR HR 0.260. 5GDQD @QD 24 OK@XDQR NM SGD 3@SSKDQR @MC 19 OK@XDQR NM SGD 7HJHMFR. "QD SGD A@SSHMF @UDQ@FDR NE SGD
3@SSKDQR @MC 7HJHMFR RS@SHRSHB@KKX CHEEDQDMS
9. *M @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 ENQDRSR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR, 56 VDQD BNMHEDQNTR NQ BNMS@HMDC BNMHEDQR. *M @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE
80 ENQDRSR HM .DWHBN, 40 VDQD BNMHEDQNTR NQ BNMS@HMDC BNMHEDQR. *R SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BNMHEDQR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR RS@SHRSHB@KKX
LNQD SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BNMHEDQR HM .DWHBN
10. " MDV LDCHBHMD HR R@HC SN GDKO HLOQNUD RKDDO. &HFGS RTAIDBSR @QD OHBJDC @S Q@MCNL @MC FHUDM SGD LDCHBHMD. 5GD LD@MR
GNTQR RKDOS ENQ D@BG ODQRNM VDQD QDBNQCDC ADENQD RS@QSHMF SGD LDCHB@SHNM @MC @ESDQ.
11. *S HR SGNTFGS SG@S SDDM@FDQR RKDDO LNQD SG@M @CTKSR NM @UDQ@FD. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN UDQHEX SGHR. " R@LOKD NE 16 SDDM@FDQR
G@R @ LD@M NE 8.9 GNTQR RKDOS @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.2. " R@LOKD NE 12 @CTKSR G@R @ LD@M NE 6.9 GNTQR RKDOS @MC @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.6.
12. 7@QRHSX @SGKDSDR OQ@BSHBD EHUD SHLDR @ VDDJ, NM @UDQ@FD.
13. " R@LOKD NE 12 HM-RS@SD FQ@CT@SD RBGNNK OQNFQ@LR @S RBGNNK " G@R @ LD@M STHSHNM NE $64,000 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE
$8,000. "S RBGNNK #, @ R@LOKD NE 16 HM-RS@SD FQ@CT@SD OQNFQ@LR G@R @ LD@M NE $80,000 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $6,000.
0M @UDQ@FD, @QD SGD LD@M STHSHNMR CHEEDQDMS
14. " MDV 8H'H Q@MFD ANNRSDQ HR ADHMF NEEDQDC SN BNMRTLDQR. " QDRD@QBGDQ SDRSR SGD M@SHUD Q@MFD NE 12 CHEEDQDMS QNTSDQR
TMCDQ SGD R@LD BNMCHSHNMR. 5GD Q@MFDR @QD QDBNQCDC. 5GDM SGD QDRD@QBGDQ TRDR SGD MDV 8H'H Q@MFD ANNRSDQ @MC QDBNQCR SGD
MDV Q@MFDR. %NDR SGD MDV 8H'H Q@MFD ANNRSDQ CN @ ADSSDQ INA
15. " GHFG RBGNNK OQHMBHO@K BK@HLR SG@S 30% NE RSTCDMS @SGKDSDR CQHUD SGDLRDKUDR SN RBGNNK, VGHKD 4% NE MNM-@SGKDSDR CQHUD
SGDLRDKUDR SN RBGNNK. *M @ R@LOKD NE 20 RSTCDMS @SGKDSDR, 45% CQHUD SGDLRDKUDR SN RBGNNK. *M @ R@LOKD NE 35 MNM-@SGKDSD
RSTCDMSR, 6% CQHUD SGDLRDKUDR SN RBGNNK. *R SGD ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMS @SGKDSDR VGN CQHUD SGDLRDKUDR SN RBGNNK LNQD SG@M SGD
ODQBDMS NE MNM@SGKDSDR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD VGHBG NE SVN RNES CQHMJR
G@R LNQD RTF@Q. 5GDQD @QD 13 B@MR NE #DUDQ@FD " HM @ R@LOKD @MC RHW B@MR NE #DUDQ@FD #. 5GD LD@M @LNTMS NE RTF@Q HM
#DUDQ@FD " HR 36 FQ@LR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.6 FQ@LR. 5GD LD@M @LNTMS NE RTF@Q HM #DUDQ@FD # HR 38 FQ@LR VHSG
@ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.8 FQ@LR. 5GD QDRD@QBGDQR ADKHDUD SG@S #DUDQ@FD # G@R LNQD RTF@Q SG@M #DUDQ@FD ", NM @UDQ@FD.
#NSG ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR.
16. "QD SGD ONOTK@SHNMR RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR JMNVM NQ TMJMNVM
17. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD
18. *R SGHR @ NMD-S@HKDC NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ 12 ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD 6.4. $DMSDQ ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK QDONQSR SG@S SGD LD@M
KHED DWODBS@MBX V@R 47.6 XD@QR ENQ VGHSDR ANQM HM 1900 @MC 33.0 XD@QR ENQ MNMVGHSDR. 4TOONRD SG@S XNT Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX
CD@SG QDBNQCR ENQ ODNOKD ANQM HM 1900 HM @ BDQS@HM BNTMSX. 0E SGD 124 VGHSDR, SGD LD@M KHED RO@M V@R 45.3 XD@QR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 12.7 XD@QR. 0E SGD 82 MNMVGHSDR, SGD LD@M KHED RO@M V@R 34.1 XD@QR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15.6
XD@QR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN RDD HE SGD LD@M KHED RO@MR HM SGD BNTMSX VDQD SGD R@LD ENQ VGHSDR @MC MNMVGHSDR.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 579
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20. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR.
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21. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC, KDES-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
22. *M RXLANKR, VG@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD NE HMSDQDRS ENQ SGHR SDRS
23. *M VNQCR, CDEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD NE HMSDQDRS ENQ SGHR SDRS.
24. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM (MNQL@K NQ 4STCDMS'R J) VNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR GXONSGDRHR SDRS
25. &WOK@HM VGX XNT BGNRD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM XNT CHC ENQ SGD #R?L=CM? 24 PTDRSHNM.
26. $@KBTK@SD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB @MC F-U@KTD.
27. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. .@QJ SGD GXONSGDRHYDC CHEEDQDMBD @MC SGD R@LOKD CHEEDQDMBD.
4G@CD SGD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
28. 'HMC SGD F-U@KTD:
29. "S @ OQD-BNMBDHUDC V = 0.05, VG@S HR XNTQ:
=. %DBHRHNM:
>. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD CDBHRHNM:
?. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD):
30. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD LD@MR @QD SGD R@LD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD LD@M RODDCR NE E@RSA@KK OHSBGDR EQNL SVN CHEEDQDMS
A@RDA@KK OHSBGDQR @QD SN AD BNLO@QDC. " R@LOKD NE 14 E@RSA@KK OHSBGDR HR LD@RTQDC EQNL D@BG OHSBGDQ. 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD
MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 2;<F? 10.18 RGNVR SGD QDRTKS. 4BNTSDQR ADKHDUD SG@S 3NCQHFTDY OHSBGDR @ RODDCHDQ E@RSA@KK.
.CN=B?L 1;GJF? +?;H 1J??> I@ .CN=B?M (GJB) .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
6AOHAU 86 3
1K@NECQAV 91 7
2;<F? 10.18
33. 8G@S HR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
34. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
35. "S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VG@S HR XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. " QDRD@QBGDQ HR SDRSHMF SGD DEEDBSR NE OK@MS ENNC NM OK@MS
FQNVSG. /HMD OK@MSR G@UD ADDM FHUDM SGD OK@MS ENNC. "MNSGDQ MHMD OK@MSR G@UD MNS ADDM FHUDM SGD OK@MS ENNC. 5GD GDHFGSR NE
SGD OK@MSR @QD QDBNQCDC @ESDQ DHFGS VDDJR. 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD HR SGD QDRTKS. 5GD
QDRD@QBGDQ SGHMJR SGD ENNC L@JDR SGD OK@MSR FQNV S@KKDQ.
.F;HN %LIOJ 1;GJF? +?;H &?CABN I@ .F;HNM (CH=B?M) .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
%KK@ 16 2.5
-K BKK@ 14 1.5
2;<F? 10.19
580 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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36. *R SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM JMNVM NQ TMJMNVM
39. %Q@V SGD FQ@OG NE SGD F-U@KTD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. 5VN LDS@K @KKNXR @QD ADHMF BNMRHCDQDC @R L@SDQH@K ENQ
A@KK AD@QHMFR. 5GD LD@M LDKSHMF ONHMS NE SGD SVN @KKNXR HR SN AD BNLO@QDC. 15 OHDBDR NE D@BG LDS@K @QD ADHMF SDRSDC. #NSG
ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD HR SGD QDRTKS. *S HR ADKHDUDC SG@S "KKNX ;DS@ G@R @ CHEEDQDMS LDKSHMF
ONHMS.
.F;HN %LIOJ 1;GJF? +?;H +?FNCHA 2?GJ?L;NOL?M (W$) .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
HHKU &=II= 800 95
HHKU 9AP= 900 105
2;<F? 10.20
42. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-, KDES-, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED <EH J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. 5VN SXODR NE OGNMD NODQ@SHMF RXRSDL@QD ADHMF SDRSDC SN CDSDQLHMD
HE SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE RXRSDL E@HKTQDR (BQ@RGDR). 'HESDDM NTS NE @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 150 OGNMDR VHSG
04
1
G@C RXRSDL E@HKTQDR VHSGHM SGD EHQRS DHFGS GNTQR NE NODQ@SHNM. /HMD NTS NE @MNSGDQ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 150 OGNMDR VHSG
04
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G@C RXRSDL E@HKTQDR VHSGHM SGD EHQRS DHFGS GNTQR NE NODQ@SHNM. 04
2
HR ADKHDUDC SN AD LNQD RS@AKD (G@UD EDVDQ BQ@RGDR)
SG@M 04
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50. 8G@S B@M XNT BNMBKTCD @ANTS SGD SVN NODQ@SHMF RXRSDLR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JM;BL; ;N;H9?I;I. *M SGD QDBDMS $DMRTR, SGQDD ODQBDMS NE SGD 6.4. ONOTK@SHNM
QDONQSDC ADHMF NE SVN NQ LNQD Q@BDR. )NVDUDQ, SGD ODQBDMS U@QHDR SQDLDMCNTRKX EQNLRS@SD SN RS@SD. 4TOONRD SG@S SVN Q@MCNL
RTQUDXR @QD BNMCTBSDC. *M SGD EHQRS Q@MCNL RTQUDX, NTS NE 1,000 /NQSG %@JNS@MR, NMKX MHMD ODNOKD QDONQSDC ADHMF NE SVN NQ
LNQD Q@BDR. *M SGD RDBNMC Q@MCNL RTQUDX, NTS NE 500 /DU@C@MR, 17 ODNOKD QDONQSDC ADHMF NE SVN NQ LNQD Q@BDR. $NMCTBS
@ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM ODQBDMSR @QD SGD R@LD ENQ SGD SVN RS@SDR NQ HE SGD ODQBDMS ENQ /DU@C@ HR
RS@SHRSHB@KKX GHFGDQ SG@M ENQ /NQSG %@JNS@.
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53. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC, KDES-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS )NV CN XNT JMNV
54. 8G@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD NE HMSDQDRS ENQ SGHR SDRS
56. 8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM (MNQL@K NQ 4STCDMS'R J) VNTKC XNT TRD ENQ SGHR GXONSGDRHR SDRS
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 581
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57. &WOK@HM VGX XNT BGNRD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM XNT CHC ENQ SGD #R?L=CM? 56.
58. $@KBTK@SD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB.
59. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGD RHST@SHNM. .@QJ SGD GXONSGDRHYDC CHEEDQDMBD @MC SGD R@LOKD CHEEDQDMBD. 4G@CD SGD @QD@
BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
$CAOL? 10.17
60. 'HMC SGD F-U@KTD.
61. "S @ OQD-BNMBDHUDC V = 0.05, VG@S HR XNTQ:
=. %DBHRHNM:
>. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD CDBHRHNM:
?. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD):
62. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE /DU@C@MR VGN @QD SVN NQ LNQD Q@BDR HR GHFGDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE /NQSG
%@JNS@MR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
10.4 +;N=B?> IL .;CL?> 1;GJF?M
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. "RSTCX V@R BNMCTBSDC SN SDRS SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE @ RNESV@QD
O@SBG HM QDCTBHMF RXRSDL E@HKTQDR NUDQ @ RHW-LNMSG ODQHNC. 3DRTKSR ENQ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC HMRS@KK@SHNMR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F?
10.21. 5GD oADENQDp U@KTD HR L@SBGDC SN @M o@ESDQp U@KTD, @MC SGD CHEEDQDMBDR @QD B@KBTK@SDC. 5GD CHEEDQDMBDR G@UD @ MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM. 5DRS @S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
'HMN;FF;NCIH A ! " # $ % &
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2;<F? 10.21
67. 8G@S BNMBKTRHNM B@M XNT CQ@V @ANTS SGD RNESV@QD O@SBG
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. " RSTCX V@R BNMCTBSDC SN SDRS SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE @ ITFFKHMF
BK@RR. #DENQD SGD BK@RR RS@QSDC, RHW RTAIDBSR ITFFKDC @R L@MX A@KKR @R SGDX BNTKC @S NMBD. "ESDQ SGD BK@RR, SGD R@LD RHW RTAIDBSR
ITFFKDC @R L@MX A@KKR @R SGDX BNTKC. 5GD CHEEDQDMBDR HM SGD MTLADQ NE A@KKR @QD B@KBTK@SDC. 5GD CHEEDQDMBDR G@UD @ MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM. 5DRS @S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
1O<D?=N A ! " # $
!ABKNA 3 4 3 2 4 5
BPAN 4 5 6 4 5 7
2;<F? 10.22
582 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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70. 8G@S HR SGD R@LOKD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD
72. 8G@S BNMBKTRHNM B@M XNT CQ@V @ANTS SGD ITFFKHMF BK@RR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. " CNBSNQ V@MSR SN JMNV HE @ AKNNC OQDRRTQD LDCHB@SHNM HR
DEEDBSHUD. 4HW RTAIDBSR G@UD SGDHQ AKNNC OQDRRTQDR QDBNQCDC. "ESDQ SVDKUD VDDJR NM SGD LDCHB@SHNM, SGD R@LD RHW RTAIDBSR
G@UD SGDHQ AKNNC OQDRRTQD QDBNQCDC @F@HM. 'NQ SGHR SDRS, NMKX RXRSNKHB OQDRRTQD HR NE BNMBDQM. 5DRS @S SGD 1%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
.;NC?HN A ! " # $
!ABKNA 161 162 165 162 166 171
BPAN 158 159 166 160 167 169
2;<F? 10.23
76. 8G@S HR SGD R@LOKD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD
77. 8G@S HR SGD BNMBKTRHNM
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FEH J>; EDB?D; L;HI?ED E< J>; 8EEA, ?J ?I IK==;IJ;: J>7J OEK 9EFO J>; .:E9 EH J>; .F:< <?B;I.
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*E XNT @QD TRHMF @ 4STCDMS'R J-CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @ GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDL HM VG@S ENKKNVR, HMBKTCHMF ENQ O@HQDC C@S@, XNT L@X
@RRTLD SG@S SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. (8GDM TRHMF SGDRD SDRSR HM @ QD@K RHST@SHNM, XNT LTRS
EHQRS OQNUD SG@S @RRTLOSHNM, GNVDUDQ.)
78. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE &MFKHRG BNTQRDR S@JDM HM @ SVNkXD@Q SHLD ODQHNC AX L@KD @MC EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR HR ADKHDUDC
SN AD @ANTS SGD R@LD. "M DWODQHLDMS HR BNMCTBSDC @MC C@S@ @QD BNKKDBSDC EQNL 29 L@KDR @MC 16 EDL@KDR. 5GD L@KDR SNNJ @M
@UDQ@FD NE SGQDD &MFKHRG BNTQRDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.8. 5GD EDL@KDR SNNJ @M @UDQ@FD NE ENTQ &MFKHRG BNTQRDR VHSG
@ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.0. "QD SGD LD@MR RS@SHRSHB@KKX SGD R@LD
79. " RSTCDMS @S @ ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFD BK@HLR SG@S LD@M DMQNKKLDMS @S ENTQkXD@Q BNKKDFDR HR GHFGDQ SG@M @S SVNkXD@Q BNKKDFDR
HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. 5VN RTQUDXR @QD BNMCTBSDC. 0E SGD 35 SVNkXD@Q BNKKDFDR RTQUDXDC, SGD LD@M DMQNKKLDMS V@R 5,068
VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 4,777. 0E SGD 35 ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFDR RTQUDXDC, SGD LD@M DMQNKKLDMS V@R 5,466 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 8,191.
80. "S 3@BGDKnR 11
SG
AHQSGC@X O@QSX, DHFGS FHQKR VDQD SHLDC SN RDD GNV KNMF (HM RDBNMCR) SGDX BNTKC GNKC SGDHQ AQD@SG HM @
QDK@WDC ONRHSHNM. "ESDQ @ SVN-LHMTSD QDRS, SGDX SHLDC SGDLRDKUDR VGHKD ITLOHMF. 5GD FHQKR SGNTFGS SG@S SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD
ADSVDDM SGDHQ ITLOHMF @MC QDK@WDC SHLDR VNTKC AD YDQN. 5DRS SGDHQ GXONSGDRHR.
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0?F;R?> NCG? (M?=IH>M) (OGJCHA NCG? (M?=IH>M)
26 21
47 40
30 28
22 21
23 25
45 43
37 35
29 32
2;<F? 10.24
81. .D@M DMSQX-KDUDK R@K@QHDR ENQ BNKKDFD FQ@CT@SDR VHSG LDBG@MHB@K DMFHMDDQHMF CDFQDDR @MC DKDBSQHB@K DMFHMDDQHMF CDFQDDR
@QD ADKHDUDC SN AD @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD. " QDBQTHSHMF NEEHBD SGHMJR SG@S SGD LD@M LDBG@MHB@K DMFHMDDQHMF R@K@QX HR
@BST@KKX KNVDQ SG@M SGD LD@M DKDBSQHB@K DMFHMDDQHMF R@K@QX. 5GD QDBQTHSHMF NEEHBD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXR 50 DMSQX KDUDK LDBG@MHB@K
DMFHMDDQR @MC 60 DMSQX KDUDK DKDBSQHB@K DMFHMDDQR. 5GDHQ LD@M R@K@QHDR VDQD $46,100 @MC $46,700, QDRODBSHUDKX. 5GDHQ
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR VDQD $3,450 @MC $4,210, QDRODBSHUDKX. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE XNT @FQDD SG@S SGD LD@M
DMSQX-KDUDK LDBG@MHB@K DMFHMDDQHMF R@K@QX HR KNVDQ SG@M SGD LD@M DMSQX-KDUDK DKDBSQHB@K DMFHMDDQHMF R@K@QX.
82. .@QJDSHMF BNLO@MHDR G@UD BNKKDBSDC C@S@ HLOKXHMF SG@S SDDM@FD FHQKR TRD LNQD QHMF SNMDR NM SGDHQ BDKKTK@Q OGNMDR SG@M
SDDM@FD ANXR CN. *M NMD O@QSHBTK@Q RSTCX NE 40 Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM SDDM@FD FHQKR @MC ANXR (20 NE D@BG) VHSG BDKKTK@Q OGNMDR,
SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE QHMF SNMDR ENQ SGD FHQKR V@R 3.2 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.5. 5GD LD@M ENQ SGD ANXR V@R 1.7 VHSG
@ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.8. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD LD@MR @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD NQ HE SGD FHQKRn
LD@M HR GHFGDQ SG@M SGD ANXRn LD@M.
.I; J>; ?D<EHC7J?ED <HEC )44- !2+)/'5 /2+ &22. (,663://'1:.24+/'216)16/017132//%6)56/) JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH
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83. 6RHMF SGD C@S@ EQNL -@O 1 NMKX, BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD LD@M SHLD ENQ BNLOKDSHMF @ K@O HM Q@BDR HR
SGD R@LD @R HS HR HM OQ@BSHBDR.
84. 3DOD@S SGD SDRS HM #R?L=CM? 83, ATS TRD -@O 5 C@S@ SGHR SHLD.
85. 3DOD@S SGD SDRS HM #R?L=CM? 83, ATS SGHR SHLD BNLAHMD SGD C@S@ EQNL -@OR 1 @MC 5.
86. *M SVN SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM HM CDS@HK GNV XNT LHFGS TRD 5DQQH 7NFDKnR C@S@ SN @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD &@RSDQM @MC 8DRSDQM .@INQ -D@FTD 4NBBDQ BNMEDQDMBDR
G@UD @ MDV 3DRDQUD %HUHRHNM SG@S @KKNVR MDV OK@XDQR SN CDUDKNO SGDHQ RJHKKR. %@S@ ENQ @ Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC C@SD RGNVDC SGD
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88. 5GD :M68I CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR:
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=. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD 4 %HUHRHNM SD@LR RBNQD EDVDQ FN@KR, NM @UDQ@FD, SG@M SGD "
SD@LR
>. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD 4 %HUHRHNM SD@LR RBNQD LNQD FN@KR, NM @UDQ@FD, SG@M SGD "
SD@LR.
?. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD 4SD@LR RBNQD EDVDQ FN@KR, NM @UDQ@FD, SG@M SGD " SD@LR RBNQD.
@. 6M@AKD SN CDSDQLHMD
90. 4TOONRD @ RS@SHRSHBR HMRSQTBSNQ ADKHDUDR SG@S SGDQD HR MN RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M BK@RR RBNQDR NE RS@SHRSHBR
C@X RSTCDMSR NM &W@L 2 @MC RS@SHRSHBR MHFGS RSTCDMSR NM &W@L 2. 4GD S@JDR Q@MCNL R@LOKDR EQNL D@BG NE SGD ONOTK@SHNMR.
5GD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ 35 RS@SHRSHBR C@X RSTCDMSR VDQD 75.86 @MC 16.91. 5GD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
ENQ 37 RS@SHRSHBR MHFGS RSTCDMSR VDQD 75.41 @MC 19.73. 5GD oC@Xp RTARBQHOS QDEDQR SN SGD RS@SHRSHBR C@X RSTCDMSR. 5GD oMHFGSp
RTARBQHOS QDEDQR SN SGD RS@SHRSHBR MHFGS RSTCDMSR. " BNMBKTCHMF RS@SDLDMS HR:
=. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S RS@SHRSHBR MHFGS RSTCDMSR' LD@M NM &W@L 2 HR ADSSDQ SG@M SGD RS@SHRSHBR
C@X RSTCDMSR' LD@M NM &W@L 2.
>. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RS@SHRSHBR C@X RSTCDMSR' LD@M NM &W@L 2 HR ADSSDQ SG@M SGD
RS@SHRSHBR MHFGS RSTCDMSR' LD@M NM &W@L 2.
?. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@MR NE SGD RS@SHRSHBR
C@X RSTCDMSR @MC MHFGS RSTCDMSR NM &W@L 2.
@. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@MR NE SGD RS@SHRSHBR
C@X RSTCDMSR @MC MHFGS RSTCDMSR NM &W@L 2.
91. 3DRD@QBGDQR HMSDQUHDVDC RSQDDS OQNRSHSTSDR HM $@M@C@ @MC SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. 5GD LD@M @FD NE SGD 100 $@M@CH@M
OQNRSHSTSDR TONM DMSDQHMF OQNRSHSTSHNM V@R 18 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE RHW. 5GD LD@M @FD NE SGD 130 6MHSDC 4S@SDR
OQNRSHSTSDR TONM DMSDQHMF OQNRSHSTSHNM V@R 20 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE DHFGS. *R SGD LD@M @FD NE DMSDQHMF OQNRSHSTSHNM HM
$@M@C@ KNVDQ SG@M SGD LD@M @FD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR 5DRS @S @ 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
92. " ONVCDQ CHDS HR SDRSDC NM 49 ODNOKD, @MC @ KHPTHC CHDS HR SDRSDC NM 36 CHEEDQDMS ODNOKD. 0E HMSDQDRS HR VGDSGDQ SGD KHPTHC
CHDS XHDKCR @ GHFGDQ LD@M VDHFGS KNRR SG@M SGD ONVCDQ CHDS. 5GD ONVCDQ CHDS FQNTO G@C @ LD@M VDHFGS KNRR NE 42 ONTMCR
VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 12 ONTMCR. 5GD KHPTHC CHDS FQNTO G@C @ LD@M VDHFGS KNRR NE 45 ONTMCR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE 14 ONTMCR.
93. 4TOONRD @ RS@SHRSHBR HMRSQTBSNQ ADKHDUDR SG@S SGDQD HR MN RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M BK@RR RBNQDR NE RS@SHRSHBR
C@X RSTCDMSR NM &W@L 2 @MC RS@SHRSHBR MHFGS RSTCDMSR NM &W@L 2. 4GD S@JDR Q@MCNL R@LOKDR EQNL D@BG NE SGD ONOTK@SHNMR.
5GD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ 35 RS@SHRSHBR C@X RSTCDMSR VDQD 75.86 @MC 16.91, QDRODBSHUDKX. 5GD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM ENQ 37 RS@SHRSHBR MHFGS RSTCDMSR VDQD 75.41 @MC 19.73. 5GD oC@Xp RTARBQHOS QDEDQR SN SGD RS@SHRSHBR C@X RSTCDMSR.
5GD oMHFGSp RTARBQHOS QDEDQR SN SGD RS@SHRSHBR MHFGS RSTCDMSR. "M @OOQNOQH@SD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR:
=. Z
C@X
> Z
MHFGS
>. Z
C@X
< Z
MHFGS
?. Z
C@X
= Z
MHFGS
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*E XNT @QD TRHMF @ 4STCDMS'R J-CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ NMD NE SGD ENKKNVHMF GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDLR, HMBKTCHMF ENQ O@HQDC C@S@, XNT
L@X @RRTLD SG@S SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. (8GDM TRHMF SGDRD SDRSR HM @ QD@K RHST@SHNM, XNT
LTRS EHQRS OQNUD SG@S @RRTLOSHNM, GNVDUDQ.)
94. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE RSTCDMSR HM SGD $@KHENQMH@ RS@SD TMHUDQRHSX RXRSDL S@JD KNMFDQ SN FQ@CT@SD, NM @UDQ@FD,
SG@M RSTCDMSR DMQNKKDC HM OQHU@SD TMHUDQRHSHDR. 0MD GTMCQDC RSTCDMSR EQNL ANSG SGD $@KHENQMH@ RS@SD TMHUDQRHSX RXRSDL @MC
OQHU@SD TMHUDQRHSHDR @QD RTQUDXDC. 4TOONRD SG@S EQNL XD@QR NE QDRD@QBG, HS HR JMNVM SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR
@QD 1.5811 XD@QR @MC 1 XD@Q, QDRODBSHUDKX. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD BNKKDBSDC. 5GD $@KHENQMH@ RS@SD TMHUDQRHSX RXRSDL RSTCDMSR
SNNJ NM @UDQ@FD 4.5 XD@QR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.8. 5GD OQHU@SD TMHUDQRHSX RSTCDMSR SNNJ NM @UDQ@FD 4.1 XD@QR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.3.
95. 1@QDMSR NE SDDM@FD ANXR NESDM BNLOK@HM SG@S @TSN HMRTQ@MBD BNRSR LNQD, NM @UDQ@FD, ENQ SDDM@FD ANXR SG@M ENQ SDDM@FD
FHQKR. " FQNTO NE BNMBDQMDC O@QDMSR DW@LHMDR @ Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE HMRTQ@MBD AHKKR. 5GD LD@M @MMT@K BNRS ENQ 36 SDDM@FD ANXR
V@R $679. 'NQ 23 SDDM@FD FHQKR, HS V@R $559. 'QNL O@RS XD@QR, HS HR JMNVM SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ D@BG
FQNTO HR $180. %DSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ NQ MNS XNT ADKHDUD SG@S SGD LD@M BNRS ENQ @TSN HMRTQ@MBD ENQ SDDM@FD ANXR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M
SG@S ENQ SDDM@FD FHQKR.
96. " FQNTO NE SQ@MREDQ ANTMC RSTCDMSR VNMCDQDC HE SGDX VHKK RODMC SGD R@LD LD@M @LNTMS NM SDWSR @MC RTOOKHDR D@BG
XD@Q @S SGDHQ ENTQ-XD@Q TMHUDQRHSX @R SGDX G@UD @S SGDHQ BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD. 5GDX BNMCTBSDC @ Q@MCNL RTQUDX NE 54 RSTCDMSR
@S SGDHQ BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD @MC 66 RSTCDMSR @S SGDHQ KNB@K ENTQ-XD@Q TMHUDQRHSX. 5GD R@LOKD LD@MR VDQD $947 @MC $1,011,
QDRODBSHUDKX. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @QD JMNVM SN AD $254 @MC $87, QDRODBSHUDKX. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN
CDSDQLHMD HE SGD LD@MR @QD RS@SHRSHB@KKX SGD R@LD.
97. 4NLD L@MTE@BSTQDQR BK@HL SG@S MNM-GXAQHC RDC@M B@QR G@UD @ KNVDQ LD@M LHKDR-ODQ-F@KKNM (LOF) SG@M GXAQHC NMDR.
4TOONRD SG@S BNMRTLDQR SDRS 21 GXAQHC RDC@MR @MC FDS @ LD@M NE 31 LOF VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE RDUDM LOF. 5GHQSX-
NMD MNM-GXAQHC RDC@MR FDS @ LD@M NE 22 LOF VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE ENTQ LOF. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR @QD JMNVM SN AD RHW @MC SGQDD, QDRODBSHUDKX. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN DU@KT@SD SGD L@MTE@BSTQDQR BK@HL.
98. " A@RDA@KK E@M V@MSDC SN JMNV HE SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQ NE F@LDR OK@XDC HM @ 8NQKC 4DQHDR VGDM
SGD "LDQHB@M -D@FTD VNM SGD RDQHDR UDQRTR VGDM SGD /@SHNM@K -D@FTD VNM SGD RDQHDR. 'QNL 1922 SN 2012, SGD ONOTK@SHNM
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE F@LDR VNM AX SGD "LDQHB@M -D@FTD V@R 1.14, @MC SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE F@LDR VNM
AX SGD /@SHNM@K -D@FTD V@R 1.11. 0E 19 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC 8NQKC 4DQHDR F@LDR VNM AX SGD "LDQHB@M -D@FTD, SGD LD@M
MTLADQ NE F@LDR VNM V@R 5.76. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE 17 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC F@LDR VNM AX SGD /@SHNM@K -D@FTD V@R 5.42.
$NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
99. 0MD NE SGD PTDRSHNMR HM @ RSTCX NE L@QHS@K R@SHRE@BSHNM NE CT@K-B@QDDQ BNTOKDR V@R SN Q@SD SGD RS@SDLDMS o*nLOKD@RDC VHSG
SGD V@X VD CHUHCD SGD QDRONMRHAHKHSHDR ENQ BGHKCB@QD.p 5GD Q@SHMFR VDMS EQNL NMD (RSQNMFKX @FQDD) SN EHUD (RSQNMFKX CHR@FQDD).
2;<F? 10.26 BNMS@HMR SDM NE SGD O@HQDC QDRONMRDR ENQ GTRA@MCR @MC VHUDR. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN RDD HE SGD LD@M
CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD GTRA@MCnR UDQRTR SGD VHEDnR R@SHRE@BSHNM KDUDK HR MDF@SHUD (LD@MHMF SG@S, VHSGHM SGD O@QSMDQRGHO, SGD GTRA@MC
HR G@OOHDQ SG@M SGD VHED).
5C@?YM 1=IL? 2 2 3 3 4 2 1 1 2 4
&OM<;H>YM 1=IL? 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 4
2;<F? 10.26
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J>; EDB?D; L;HI?ED E< J>; 8EEA, ?J ?I IK==;IJ;: J>7J OEK 9EFO J>; .:E9 EH J>; .F:< <?B;I.
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*E XNT @QD TRHMF @ 4STCDMS'R J-CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ NMD NE SGD ENKKNVHMF GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDLR, HMBKTCHMF ENQ O@HQDC C@S@, XNT
L@X @RRTLD SG@S SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. (*M FDMDQ@K, XNT LTRS EHQRS OQNUD SG@S @RRTLOSHNM,
GNVDUDQ.)
100. " QDBDMS CQTF RTQUDX RGNVDC @M HMBQD@RD HM SGD TRD NE CQTFR @MC @KBNGNK @LNMF KNB@K GHFG RBGNNK RDMHNQR @R BNLO@QDC
SN SGD M@SHNM@K ODQBDMS. 4TOONRD SG@S @ RTQUDX NE 100 KNB@K RDMHNQR @MC 100 M@SHNM@K RDMHNQR HR BNMCTBSDC SN RDD HE SGD
OQNONQSHNM NE CQTF @MC @KBNGNK TRD HR GHFGDQ KNB@KKX SG@M M@SHNM@KKX. -NB@KKX, 65 RDMHNQR QDONQSDC TRHMF CQTFR NQ @KBNGNK
VHSGHM SGD O@RS LNMSG, VGHKD 60 M@SHNM@K RDMHNQR QDONQSDC TRHMF SGDL.
101. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE EDL@KD RTHBHCD UHBSHLR ENQ @FDR 15 SN 24 @QD SGD R@LD ENQ SGD VGHSDR
@MC SGD AK@BJR Q@BDR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. 8D Q@MCNLKX OHBJ NMD XD@Q, 1992, SN BNLO@QD SGD Q@BDR. 5GD MTLADQ NE RTHBHCDR
DRSHL@SDC HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 1992 ENQ VGHSD EDL@KDR HR 4,930. 'HUD GTMCQDC DHFGSX VDQD @FDC 15 SN 24. 5GD DRSHL@SD ENQ
AK@BJ EDL@KDR HR 330. 'NQSX VDQD @FDC 15 SN 24. 8D VHKK KDS EDL@KD RTHBHCD UHBSHLR AD NTQ ONOTK@SHNM.
102. &KHY@ADSG .IDKCD, @M @QS GHRSNQX OQNEDRRNQ, V@R HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD U@KTD EQNL SGD (NKCDM 3@SHN ENQLTK@,
larger + smaller dimension

larger dimension
V@R SGD R@LD HM SGD 8GHSMDX &WGHAHS ENQ VNQJR EQNL 1900 SN 1919 @R ENQ VNQJR EQNL 1920
SN 1942. 5GHQSX-RDUDM D@QKX VNQJR VDQD R@LOKDC, @UDQ@FHMF 1.74 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.11. 4HWSX-EHUD NE SGD K@SDQ
VNQJR VDQD R@LOKDC, @UDQ@FHMF 1.746 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.1064. %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBD
HM SGD (NKCDM 3@SHN B@KBTK@SHNM
103. " QDBDMS XD@Q V@R Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC EQNL 1985 SN SGD OQDRDMS. *M SG@S XD@Q, SGDQD VDQD 2,051 )HRO@MHB RSTCDMSR @S
$@AQHKKN $NKKDFD NTS NE @ SNS@K NE 12,328 RSTCDMSR. "S -@JD 5@GND $NKKDFD, SGDQD VDQD 321 )HRO@MHB RSTCDMSR NTS NE @ SNS@K
NE 2,441 RSTCDMSR. *M FDMDQ@K, CN XNT SGHMJ SG@S SGD ODQBDMS NE )HRO@MHB RSTCDMSR @S SGD SVN BNKKDFDR HR A@RHB@KKX SGD R@LD NQ
CHEEDQDMS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. /DTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD UHQTR HR @ RDUDQD CHRD@RD SG@S
@EEDBSR @ ODQRNMnR MDQUNTR RXRSDL . *S HR ROQD@C AX SGD $TKDW RODBHDR NE LNRPTHSN. *M SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2010 SGDQD VDQD
629 QDONQSDC B@RDR NE MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD UHQTR NTS NE @ SNS@K NE 1,021 QDONQSDC B@RDR @MC SGDQD VDQD 486 MDTQNHMU@RHUD
QDONQSDC B@RDR NTS NE @ SNS@K NE 712 B@RDR QDONQSDC HM 2011. *R SGD 2011 OQNONQSHNM NE MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD UHQTR B@RDR
LNQD SG@M SGD 2010 OQNONQSHNM NE MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD UHQTR B@RDR 6RHMF @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, BNMCTBS @M
@OOQNOQH@SD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
c o2011p RTARBQHOS: 2011 FQNTO.
c o2010p RTARBQHOS: 2010 FQNTO
104. 5GHR HR:
=. @ SDRS NE SVN OQNONQSHNMR
>. @ SDRS NE SVN HMCDODMCDMS LD@MR
?. @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD LD@M
@. @ SDRS NE L@SBGDC O@HQR.
105. "M @OOQNOQH@SD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR:
=. F
2011
x F
2010
>. F
2011
y F
2010
?. Z
2011
x Z
2010
@. F
2011
> F
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106. 5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.0022. "S @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGD @OOQNOQH@SD BNMBKTRHNM HR
=. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2011 VGN BNMSQ@BSDC
MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD HR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2010 VGN BNMSQ@BSDC
MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD.
>. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2011 VGN
BNMSQ@BSDC MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD HR LNQD SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2010
VGN BNMSQ@BSDC MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD.
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BNMSQ@BSDC MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD HR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2010 VGN
BNMSQ@BSDC MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD.
@. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2011 VGN BNMSQ@BSDC
MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD HR LNQD SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM 2010 VGN BNMSQ@BSDC
MDTQNHMU@RHUD 8DRS /HKD CHRD@RD.
107. 3DRD@QBGDQR BNMCTBSDC @ RSTCX SN EHMC NTS HE SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD TRD NE D3D@CDQR AX CHEEDQDMS @FD FQNTOR.
3@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC O@QSHBHO@MSR VDQD CHUHCDC HMSN SVN @FD FQNTOR. *M SGD 16- SN 29-XD@Q-NKC FQNTO, 7% NE SGD 628 RTQUDXDC
TRD D3D@CDQR, VGHKD 11% NE SGD 2,309 O@QSHBHO@MSR 30 XD@QR NKC @MC NKCDQ TRD D3D@CDQR.
108. "CTKSR @FDC 18 XD@QR NKC @MC NKCDQ VDQD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ENQ @ RTQUDX NM NADRHSX. "CTKSR @QD BNMRHCDQDC NADRD HE
SGDHQ ANCX L@RR HMCDW (#.*) HR @S KD@RS 30. 5GD QDRD@QBGDQR V@MSDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD OQNONQSHNM NE VNLDM VGN @QD NADRD
HM SGD RNTSG HR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE RNTSGDQM LDM VGN @QD NADRD. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 10.27. 5DRS @S SGD
,OG<?L QBI ;L? I<?M? 1;GJF? MCT?
,AJ 42,769 155,525
6KIAJ 67,169 248,775
2;<F? 10.27
109. 5VN BNLOTSDQ TRDQR VDQD CHRBTRRHMF S@AKDS BNLOTSDQR. " GHFGDQ OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD @FDR 16 SN 29 TRD S@AKDSR SG@M
SGD OQNONQSHNM NE ODNOKD @FD 30 @MC NKCDQ. 2;<F? 10.28 CDS@HKR SGD MTLADQ NE S@AKDS NVMDQR ENQ D@BG @FD FQNTO. 5DRS @S SGD
16X29 S?;L IF>M 30 S?;LM IF> ;H> IF>?L
.SJ = 3=>HAP 69 231
2=ILHA 2EVA 628 2,309
2;<F? 10.28
110. " FQNTO NE EQHDMCR CDA@SDC VGDSGDQ LNQD LDM TRD RL@QSOGNMDR SG@M VNLDM. 5GDX BNMRTKSDC @ QDRD@QBG RSTCX
NE RL@QSOGNMD TRD @LNMF @CTKSR. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX HMCHB@SD SG@S NE SGD 973 LDM Q@MCNLKX R@LOKDC, 379 TRD
RL@QSOGNMDR. 'NQ VNLDM, 404 NE SGD 1,304 VGN VDQD Q@MCNLKX R@LOKDC TRD RL@QSOGNMDR. 5DRS @S SGD 5% KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD.
111. 8GHKD GDQ GTRA@MC RODMS 2b GNTQR OHBJHMF NTS MDV ROD@JDQR, @ RS@SHRSHBH@M CDBHCDC SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD ODQBDMS NE
LDM VGN DMINX RGNOOHMF ENQ DKDBSQNMHB DPTHOLDMS HR GHFGDQ SG@M SGD ODQBDMS NE VNLDM VGN DMINX RGNOOHMF ENQ DKDBSQNMHB
DPTHOLDMS. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM V@R 4@STQC@X @ESDQMNNM RGNOODQR. 0TS NE 67 LDM, 24 R@HC SGDX DMINXDC SGD @BSHUHSX. &HFGS NE SGD
24 VNLDM RTQUDXDC BK@HLDC SN DMINX SGD @BSHUHSX. *MSDQOQDS SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX.
112. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ BGHKCQDMnR DCTB@SHNM@K BNLOTSDQ RNESV@QD BNRSR KDRR, NM @UDQ@FD, SG@M BGHKCQDMnR
DMSDQS@HMLDMS RNESV@QD. 5GHQSX-RHW DCTB@SHNM@K RNESV@QD SHSKDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC EQNL @ B@S@KNF. 5GD LD@M BNRS V@R
$31.14 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $4.69. 5GHQSX-EHUD DMSDQS@HMLDMS RNESV@QD SHSKDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC EQNL SGD R@LD
B@S@KNF. 5GD LD@M BNRS V@R $33.86 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $10.87. %DBHCD VGDSGDQ BGHKCQDMnR DCTB@SHNM@K RNESV@QD
BNRSR KDRR, NM @UDQ@FD, SG@M BGHKCQDMnR DMSDQS@HMLDMS RNESV@QD.
113. +N@M /FTXDM QDBDMSKX BK@HLDC SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BNKKDFD-@FD L@KDR VHSG @S KD@RS NMD OHDQBDC D@Q HR @R GHFG @R SGD
OQNONQSHNM NE BNKKDFD-@FD EDL@KDR. 4GD BNMCTBSDC @ RTQUDX HM GDQ BK@RRDR. 0TS NE 107 L@KDR, 20 G@C @S KD@RS NMD OHDQBDC D@Q.
0TS NE 92 EDL@KDR, 47 G@C @S KD@RS NMD OHDQBDC D@Q. %N XNT ADKHDUD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE L@KDR G@R QD@BGDC SGD OQNONQSHNM
NE EDL@KDR
114. 6RD SGD C@S@ RDSR ENTMC HM 2?LLC 4IA?F'M FIA <IIE (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17132/F;N?MN/) SN @MRVDQ SGHR
DWDQBHRD. *R SGD OQNONQSHNM NE Q@BD K@OR 5DQQH BNLOKDSDR RKNVDQ SG@M 130 RDBNMCR KDRR SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE OQ@BSHBD K@OR RGD
BNLOKDSDR RKNVDQ SG@M 135 RDBNMCR
588 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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115. "5N #QD@JE@RS NQ /NS SN #QD@JE@RS" AX 3HBG@QC "XNQD
*M SGD "LDQHB@M RNBHDSX, AHQSGC@XR @QD NMD NE SGNRD C@XR SG@S DUDQXNMD KNNJR ENQV@QC SN. 1DNOKD NE CHEEDQDMS @FDR @MC ODDQ
FQNTOR F@SGDQ SN L@QJ SGD 18SG, 20SG, r, AHQSGC@XR. %TQHMF SGHR SHLD, NMD KNNJR A@BJ SN RDD VG@S GD NQ RGD G@R @BGHDUDC ENQ
SGD O@RS XD@Q @MC @KRN ENBTRDR @GD@C ENQ LNQD SN BNLD.
*E, AX @MX BG@MBD, * @L HMUHSDC SN NMD NE SGDRD O@QSHDR, LX DWODQHDMBD HR @KV@XR CHEEDQDMS. *MRSD@C NE C@MBHMF @QNTMC VHSG
LX EQHDMCR VGHKD SGD LTRHB HR ANNLHMF, * FDS B@QQHDC @V@X AX LDLNQHDR NE LX E@LHKX A@BJ GNLD HM ,DMX@. * QDLDLADQ SGD
FNNC SHLDR * G@C VHSG LX AQNSGDQR @MC RHRSDQ VGHKD VD CHC NTQ C@HKX QNTSHMD.
&UDQX LNQMHMF, * QDLDLADQ VD VDMS SN SGD RG@LA@ (F@QCDM) SN VDDC NTQ BQNOR. * QDLDLADQ NMD C@X @QFTHMF VHSG LX
AQNSGDQ @R SN VGX GD @KV@XR QDL@HMDC ADGHMC ITRS SN INHM TR @M GNTQ K@SDQ. *M GHR CDEDMRD, GD R@HC SG@S GD OQDEDQQDC V@HSHMF
ENQ AQD@JE@RS ADENQD GD B@LD SN VDDC. )D R@HC, o5GHR HR VGX * @KV@XR VNQJ LNQD GNTQR SG@M XNT FTXR!p
"MC RN, SN OQNUD GHL VQNMF NQ QHFGS, VD CDBHCDC SN FHUD HS @ SQX. 0MD C@X VD VDMS SN VNQJ @R TRT@K VHSGNTS AQD@JE@RS,
@MC QDBNQCDC SGD SHLD VD BNTKC VNQJ ADENQD FDSSHMF SHQDC @MC RSNOOHMF. 0M SGD MDWS C@X, VD @KK @SD AQD@JE@RS ADENQD FNHMF
SN VNQJ. 8D QDBNQCDC GNV KNMF VD VNQJDC @F@HM ADENQD FDSSHMF SHQDC @MC RSNOOHMF. 0E HMSDQDRS V@R NTQ LD@M HMBQD@RD HM
VNQJ SHLD. 5GNTFG MNS RTQD, LX AQNSGDQ HMRHRSDC SG@S HS V@R LNQD SG@M SVN GNTQR. 6RHMF SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 10.29, RNKUD NTQ
OQNAKDL.
5ILE BIOLM QCNB <L?;E@;MN 5ILE BIOLM QCNBION <L?;E@;MN
8 6
7 5
9 5
5 4
9 7
8 7
10 7
7 5
6 6
9 5
2;<F? 10.29
10.4 +;N=B?> IL .;CL?> 1;GJF?M
?D 14. A33)1(-: (21/-1) &22. 8)45-21: 6,) /-1. -5 "S2/76-21 S,))65"; PDF &22. 8)45-21: /22. 71()4 14.5
,-2#
*E XNT @QD TRHMF @ 4STCDMS'R J-CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD GNLDVNQJ OQNAKDLR, HMBKTCHMF ENQ O@HQDC C@S@, XNT L@X @RRTLD SG@S
SGD TMCDQKXHMF ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. (8GDM TRHMF SGDRD SDRSR HM @ QD@K RHST@SHNM, XNT LTRS EHQRS OQNUD SG@S
@RRTLOSHNM, GNVDUDQ.)
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 589
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116. " ONVCDQ CHDS HR SDRSDC NM 49 ODNOKD, @MC @ KHPTHC CHDS HR SDRSDC NM 36 CHEEDQDMS ODNOKD. 0E HMSDQDRS HR VGDSGDQ SGD KHPTHC
CHDS XHDKCR @ GHFGDQ LD@M VDHFGS KNRR SG@M SGD ONVCDQ CHDS. 5GD ONVCDQ CHDS FQNTO G@C @ LD@M VDHFGS KNRR NE 42 ONTMCR
VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 12 ONTMCR. 5GD KHPTHC CHDS FQNTO G@C @ LD@M VDHFGS KNRR NE 45 ONTMCR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE 14 ONTMCR.
117. 5DM HMCHUHCT@KR VDMS NM @ KNVkE@S CHDS ENQ 12 VDDJR SN KNVDQ SGDHQ BGNKDRSDQNK. 5GD C@S@ @QD QDBNQCDC HM 2;<F? 10.30.
%N XNT SGHMJ SG@S SGDHQ BGNKDRSDQNK KDUDKR VDQD RHFMHEHB@MSKX KNVDQDC
1N;LNCHA =BIF?MN?LIF F?P?F #H>CHA =BIF?MN?LIF F?P?F
140 140
220 230
110 120
240 220
200 190
180 150
190 200
360 300
280 300
260 240
2;<F? 10.30
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. " MDV "*%4 OQDUDMSHNM CQTF V@R SQHDC NM @ FQNTO NE 224
)*7 ONRHSHUD O@SHDMSR. 'NQSX-EHUD O@SHDMSR CDUDKNODC "*%4 @ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR. *M @ BNMSQNK FQNTO NE 224 )*7 ONRHSHUD O@SHDMSR,
68 CDUDKNODC "*%4 @ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR. 8D V@MS SN SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD LDSGNC NE SQD@SLDMS QDCTBDR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE O@SHDMSR SG@S
CDUDKNO "*%4 @ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR NQ HE SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE SGD SQD@SDC FQNTO @MC SGD TMSQD@SDC FQNTO RS@X SGD R@LD.
-DS SGD RTARBQHOS J = SQD@SDC O@SHDMS @MC KJ = TMSQD@SDC O@SHDMS.
118. 5GD @OOQNOQH@SD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
=. !
0
: F
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@MC !
7
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7
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0
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7
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119. *E SGD F-U@KTD HR 0.0062 VG@S HR SGD BNMBKTRHNM (TRD V = 0.05)
=. 5GD LDSGNC G@R MN DEEDBS.
>. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LDSGNC QDCTBDR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE )*7 ONRHSHUD O@SHDMSR VGN
CDUDKNO "*%4 @ESDQ ENTQ XD@QR.
?. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LDSGNC HMBQD@RDR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE )*7 ONRHSHUD O@SHDMSR VGN
@. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LDSGNC QDCTBDR SGD OQNONQSHNM NE )*7 ONRHSHUD O@SHDMSR VGN
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. "M DWODQHLDMS HR BNMCTBSDC SN RGNV SG@S AKNNC OQDRRTQD
B@M AD BNMRBHNTRKX QDCTBDC HM ODNOKD SQ@HMDC HM @ oAHNEDDCA@BJ DWDQBHRD OQNFQ@L.p 4HW RTAIDBSR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC
@MC AKNNC OQDRRTQD LD@RTQDLDMSR VDQD QDBNQCDC ADENQD @MC @ESDQ SGD SQ@HMHMF. 5GD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM AKNNC OQDRRTQDR V@R
590 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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B@KBTK@SDC (@ESDQ - ADENQD) OQNCTBHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF QDRTKSR: x
d
= u10.2 I
:
= 8.4. 6RHMF SGD C@S@, SDRS SGD GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD
AKNNC OQDRRTQD G@R CDBQD@RDC @ESDQ SGD SQ@HMHMF,
120. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR:
=. J
5
>. J
6
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@. /(u10.2,
8.4
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)
121. *E V = 0.05, SGD F-U@KTD @MC SGD BNMBKTRHNM @QD
=. 0.0014; 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD AKNNC OQDRRTQD CDBQD@RDC @ESDQ SGD SQ@HMHMF.
>. 0.0014; 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD AKNNC OQDRRTQD HMBQD@RDC @ESDQ SGD SQ@HMHMF.
?. 0.0155; 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD AKNNC OQDRRTQD CDBQD@RDC @ESDQ SGD SQ@HMHMF.
@. 0.0155; 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD AKNNC OQDRRTQD HMBQD@RDC @ESDQ SGD SQ@HMHMF.
122. " FNKE HMRSQTBSNQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM CDSDQLHMHMF HE GDQ MDV SDBGMHPTD ENQ HLOQNUHMF OK@XDQRn FNKE RBNQDR HR DEEDBSHUD. 4GD
S@JDR ENTQ MDV RSTCDMSR. 4GD QDBNQCR SGDHQ 18-GNKD RBNQDR ADENQD KD@QMHMF SGD SDBGMHPTD @MC SGDM @ESDQ G@UHMF S@JDM GDQ BK@RR.
4GD BNMCTBSR @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS. 5GD C@S@ @QD @R ENKKNVR.
.F;S?L 1 .F;S?L 2 .F;S?L 3 .F;S?L 4
,A=J O?KNA >ABKNA ?H=OO 83 78 93 87
,A=J O?KNA =BPAN ?H=OO 80 80 86 86
2;<F? 10.31
5GD BNQQDBS CDBHRHNM HR:
=. 3DIDBS !
0
.
>. %N MNS QDIDBS SGD !
0
.
123. " KNB@K B@MBDQ RTOONQS FQNTO ADKHDUDR SG@S SGD DRSHL@SD ENQ MDV EDL@KD AQD@RS B@MBDQ B@RDR HM SGD RNTSG HR GHFGDQ HM
2013 SG@M HM 2012. 5GD FQNTO BNLO@QDC SGD DRSHL@SDR NE MDV EDL@KD AQD@RS B@MBDQ B@RDR AX RNTSGDQM RS@SD HM 2012 @MC HM
2013. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD HM 2;<F? 10.32.
1IONB?LH 1N;N?M 2012 2013
H=>=I= 3,450 3,720
NG=JO=O 2,150 2,280
%HKNE@= 15,540 15,710
&AKNCE= 6,970 7,310
*AJPQ?GU 3,160 3,300
+KQEOE=J= 3,320 3,630
,EOOEOOELLE 1,990 2,080
2;<F? 10.32
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 591
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1IONB?LH 1N;N?M 2012 2013
-KNPD "=NKHEJ= 7,090 7,430
.GH=DKI= 2,630 2,690
2KQPD "=NKHEJ= 3,570 3,580
3AJJAOOAA 4,680 5,070
3AT=O 15,050 14,980
5ENCEJE= 6,190 6,280
2;<F? 10.32
124. " SQ@UDKDQ V@MSDC SN JMNV HE SGD OQHBDR NE GNSDKR @QD CHEEDQDMS HM SGD SDM BHSHDR SG@S GD UHRHSR SGD LNRS NESDM. 5GD KHRS
NE SGD BHSHDR VHSG SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF GNSDK OQHBDR ENQ GHR SVN E@UNQHSD GNSDK BG@HMR HR HM 2;<F? 10.33. 5DRS @S SGD 1% KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD.
!CNC?M &S;NN 0?A?H=S JLC=?M CH >IFF;LM &CFNIH JLC=?M CH >IFF;LM
PH=JP= 107 169
!KOPKJ 358 289
"DE?=CK 209 299
#=HH=O 209 198
#AJRAN 167 169
(J@E=J=LKHEO 179 214
+KO JCAHAO 179 169
-AS 8KNG "EPU 625 459
/DEH=@AHLDE= 179 159
6=ODEJCPKJ, #" 245 239
2;<F? 10.33
125. " ONKHSHBH@M @RJDC GHR RS@EE SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD TMCDQDLOKNXLDMS Q@SD HM SGD MNQSGD@RS CDBQD@RDC EQNL 2011 SN
2012. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD HM 2;<F? 10.34.
592 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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,ILNB?;MN?LH 1N;N?M 2011 2012
"KJJA?PE?QP 17.3 16.4
#AH=S=NA 17.4 13.7
,=EJA 19.3 16.1
,=NUH=J@ 16.0 15.5
,=OO=?DQOAPPO 17.6 18.2
-AS '=ILODENA 15.4 13.5
-AS )ANOAU 19.2 18.7
-AS 8KNG 18.5 18.7
.DEK 18.2 18.8
/AJJOUHR=JE= 16.5 16.9
1DK@A (OH=J@ 20.7 22.4
5ANIKJP 14.7 12.3
6AOP 5ENCEJE= 15.5 17.3
2;<F? 10.34
0',%',% '2 2-%#2&#0 : &-+#5-0)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J;D ;N;H9?I;I. HMCHB@SD VGHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF BGNHBDR ADRS HCDMSHEHDR SGD
GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
=. HMCDODMCDMS FQNTO LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @MC/NQ U@QH@MBDR JMNVM
>. HMCDODMCDMS FQNTO LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @MC/NQ U@QH@MBDR TMJMNVM
?. L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR
@. RHMFKD LD@M
A. SVN OQNONQSHNMR
B. RHMFKD OQNONQSHNM
126. " ONVCDQ CHDS HR SDRSDC NM 49 ODNOKD, @MC @ KHPTHC CHDS HR SDRSDC NM 36 CHEEDQDMS ODNOKD. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR @QD SVN ONTMCR @MC SGQDD ONTMCR, QDRODBSHUDKX. 0E HMSDQDRS HR VGDSGDQ SGD KHPTHC CHDS XHDKCR @ GHFGDQ LD@M VDHFGS
KNRR SG@M SGD ONVCDQ CHDS.
127. " MDV BGNBNK@SD A@Q HR S@RSD-SDRSDC NM BNMRTLDQR. 0E HMSDQDRS HR VGDSGDQ SGD OQNONQSHNM NE BGHKCQDM VGN KHJD SGD MDV
BGNBNK@SD A@Q HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE @CTKSR VGN KHJD HS.
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 593
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128. 5GD LD@M MTLADQ NE &MFKHRG BNTQRDR S@JDM HM @ SVNkXD@Q SHLD ODQHNC AX L@KD @MC EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR HR ADKHDUDC
SN AD @ANTS SGD R@LD. "M DWODQHLDMS HR BNMCTBSDC @MC C@S@ @QD BNKKDBSDC EQNL MHMD L@KDR @MC 16 EDL@KDR.
129. " ENNSA@KK KD@FTD QDONQSDC SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE SNTBGCNVMR ODQ F@LD V@R EHUD. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE
SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE SNTBGCNVMR G@R CDBQD@RDC.
130. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE RSTCDMSR HM SGD $@KHENQMH@ RS@SD TMHUDQRHSX RXRSDL S@JD KNMFDQ SN FQ@CT@SD SG@M
RSTCDMSR DMQNKKDC HM OQHU@SD TMHUDQRHSHDR. 0MD GTMCQDC RSTCDMSR EQNL ANSG SGD $@KHENQMH@ RS@SD TMHUDQRHSX RXRSDL @MC OQHU@SD
TMHUDQRHSHDR @QD RTQUDXDC. 'QNL XD@QR NE QDRD@QBG, HS HR JMNVM SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @QD 1.5811 XD@QR @MC
NMD XD@Q, QDRODBSHUDKX.
131. "BBNQCHMF SN @ :8$" 3@OD $QHRHR $DMSDQ MDVRKDSSDQ, 75% NE Q@OD UHBSHLR JMNV SGDHQ @SS@BJDQR. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN
UDQHEX SGHR.
132. "BBNQCHMF SN @ QDBDMS RSTCX, 6.4. BNLO@MHDR G@UD @ LD@M L@SDQMHSX-KD@UD NE RHW VDDJR.
133. " QDBDMS CQTF RTQUDX RGNVDC @M HMBQD@RD HM TRD NE CQTFR @MC @KBNGNK @LNMF KNB@K GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR @R BNLO@QDC SN
SGD M@SHNM@K ODQBDMS. 4TOONRD SG@S @ RTQUDX NE 100 KNB@K XNTSGR @MC 100 M@SHNM@K XNTSGR HR BNMCTBSDC SN RDD HE SGD OQNONQSHNM
NE CQTF @MC @KBNGNK TRD HR GHFGDQ KNB@KKX SG@M M@SHNM@KKX.
134. " MDV 4"5 RSTCX BNTQRD HR SDRSDC NM 12 HMCHUHCT@KR. 1QD-BNTQRD @MC ONRS-BNTQRD RBNQDR @QD QDBNQCDC. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD
LD@M HMBQD@RD HM 4"5 RBNQDR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD BNKKDBSDC:
.L?-=IOLM? M=IL? .IMN-=IOLM? M=IL?
1 300
960 920
1010 1100
840 880
1100 1070
1250 1320
860 860
1330 1370
790 770
990 1040
1110 1200
740 850
2;<F? 10.35
135. 6MHUDQRHSX NE .HBGHF@M QDRD@QBGDQR QDONQSDC HM SGD #EKHD7B E< J>; '7J?ED7B C7D9;H "DIJ?JKJ; SG@S PTHSSHMF RLNJHMF HR
DRODBH@KKX ADMDEHBH@K ENQ SGNRD TMCDQ @FD 49. *M SGHR "LDQHB@M $@MBDQ 4NBHDSX RSTCX, SGD QHRJ (OQNA@AHKHSX) NE CXHMF NE KTMF
B@MBDQ V@R @ANTS SGD R@LD @R ENQ SGNRD VGN G@C MDUDQ RLNJDC.
594 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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136. -DRKDX &. 5@M HMUDRSHF@SDC SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM KDES-G@MCDCMDRR UR. QHFGS-G@MCDCMDRR @MC LNSNQ BNLODSDMBD HM
OQDRBGNNK BGHKCQDM. 3@MCNL R@LOKDR NE 41 KDES-G@MCDC OQDRBGNNK BGHKCQDM @MC 41 QHFGS-G@MCDC OQDRBGNNK BGHKCQDM VDQD
FHUDM RDUDQ@K SDRSR NE LNSNQ RJHKKR SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR DUHCDMBD NE @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD BGHKCQDM A@RDC NM SGHR
DWODQHLDMS. 5GD DWODQHLDMS OQNCTBDC SGD LD@MR @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR RGNVM 2;<F? 10.36. %DSDQLHMD SGD @OOQNOQH@SD
SDRS @MC ADRS CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SG@S SDRS.
+ABP-D=J@A@ 1ECDP-D=J@A@
2=ILHA OEVA 41 41
2=ILHA IA=J 97.5 98.1
2=ILHA OP=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJ 17.5 19.2
2;<F? 10.36
=. 5VN HMCDODMCDMS LD@MR, MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
>. 5VN HMCDODMCDMS LD@MR, 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM
?. .@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR, 4STCDMSnR-S CHRSQHATSHNM
@. 5VN ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNMR, MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
137. " FNKE HMRSQTBSNQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM CDSDQLHMHMF HE GDQ MDV SDBGMHPTD ENQ HLOQNUHMF OK@XDQRn FNKE RBNQDR HR DEEDBSHUD. 4GD
S@JDR ENTQ (4) MDV RSTCDMSR. 4GD QDBNQCR SGDHQ 18-GNKD RBNQDR ADENQD KD@QMHMF SGD SDBGMHPTD @MC SGDM @ESDQ G@UHMF S@JDM GDQ
BK@RR. 4GD BNMCTBSR @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS. 5GD C@S@ @QD @R 2;<F? 10.37.
.F;S?L 1 .F;S?L 2 .F;S?L 3 .F;S?L 4
,A=J O?KNA >ABKNA ?H=OO 83 78 93 87
,A=J O?KNA =BPAN ?H=OO 80 80 86 86
2;<F? 10.37
5GHR HR:
=. @ SDRS NE SVN HMCDODMCDMS LD@MR.
>. @ SDRS NE SVN OQNONQSHNMR.
?. @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD OQNONQSHNM.
@. @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD OQNONQSHNM.
0#$#0#,!#1
%@S@ EQNL (Q@CT@SHMF &MFHMDDQ + $NLOTSDQ $@QDDQR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.FQ@CT@SHMFDMFHMDDQ.BNL
%@S@ EQNL &?9HEIE<J BEEAI>;B<.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR 4DM@SD VDARHSD, @U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.4DM@SD.FNU (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o-HRS NE BTQQDMS 6MHSDC 4S@SDR 4DM@SNQR AX "FD.p 8HJHODCH@. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DM.VHJHODCH@.NQF/VHJH/
-HRS?NE?BTQQDMS?6MHSDC?4S@SDR?4DM@SNQR?AX?@FD (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o4DBSNQHMF AX *MCTRSQX (QNTOR.p /@RC@P. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.M@RC@P.BNL/L@QJDSR/A@QBG@QS-
RDBSNQR.@ROWO@FD=RDBSNQR&A@RD=HMCTRSQX (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o4SQHO $KTAR: 8GDQD 1QNRSHSTSHNM @MC 5Q@EEHBJHMF )@OODM.p 1QNRSHSTSHNM 3DRD@QBG @MC &CTB@SHNM, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
VVV.OQNRSHSTSHNMQDRD@QBG.BNL/1QNR7HNK1NRSSQ@T4SQDRR.GSLK (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o8NQKC 4DQHDR )HRSNQX.p #@RDA@KK-"KL@M@B, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.A@RDA@KK-@KL@M@B.BNL/VR/VRLDMT.RGSLK
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 595
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%@S@ EQNLSGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BDMRTR.FNU/OQNC/BDM2010/AQHDER/B2010AQ-02.OCE
)HMCTI@, 4@LDDQ. o4DWSHMF 3DRD@QBG @MC (DMCDQ %HEEDQDMBDR.p $XADQATKKHMF 3DRD@QBG $DMSDQ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://BXADQATKKXHMF.TR/AKNF/RDWSHMF-QDRD@QBG-@MC-FDMCDQ-CHEEDQDMBDR/ (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o4L@QS 1GNMD 6RDQR, #X SGD /TLADQR.p 7HRT@K.KX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://UHRT@K.KX/RL@QS-OGNMD-TRDQR-MTLADQR
4LHSG, "@QNM. o35% NE "LDQHB@M @CTKSR NVM @ 4L@QSOGNMD.p 1DV *MSDQMDS, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.ODVHMSDQMDS.NQF/]/LDCH@/'HKDR/3DONQSR/2011/1*1?4L@QSOGNMDR.OCE (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o4S@SD-4ODBHEHB 1QDU@KDMBD NE 0ADRHSX "LNMF"CTKRl6MHSDR 4S@SDR, 2007.p ..83< $%$. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S
GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/LLVQ/OQDUHDV/LLVQGSLK/LL5728@1.GSL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o5DW@R $QHLD 3@SDR 1960k1012.p '#*, 6MHENQL $QHLD 3DONQSR, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S: GSSO://VVV.CHR@RSDQBDMSDQ.BNL/
BQHLD/SWBQHLD.GSL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL E:K97J?ED7B +;IEKH9;I, %DBDLADQ B@S@KNF.
%@S@ EQNL )HKSNM )NSDKR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.GHKSNM.BNL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL )X@SS )NSDKR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://GX@SS.BNL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL 4S@SHRSHBR, 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE )D@KSG @MC )TL@M 4DQUHBDR.
%@S@ EQNL 8GHSMDX &WGHAHS NM KN@M SN 4@M +NRD .TRDTL NE "QS.
%@S@ EQNL SGD "LDQHB@M $@MBDQ 4NBHDSX. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.B@MBDQ.NQF/HMCDW (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD $G@MBDKKNQnR 0EEHBD, $@KHENQMH@ $NLLTMHSX $NKKDFDR, /NUDLADQ 1994.
o4S@SD NE SGD 4S@SDR.p (@KKTO, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.F@KKTO.BNL/ONKK/125066/4S@SD-
4S@SDR.@ROWQDE=HMSDQ@BSHUD (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
o8DRS /HKD 7HQTR.p $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/MBHCNC/CUAHC/
VDRSMHKD/HMCDW.GSL (@BBDRRDC +TMD 17, 2013).
1-*32'-,1
1 SVN OQNONQSHNMR
3 L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR
5 RHMFKD LD@M
7 HMCDODMCDMS FQNTO LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @MC/NQ U@QH@MBDR TMJMNVM
9 SVN OQNONQSHNMR
15 SVN OQNONQSHNMR
17 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M @LNTMSR NE RTF@Q HM SGD SVN RNES CQHMJR.
19 LD@MR
21 SVN-S@HKDC
23 SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M KHED RO@MR NE VGHSDR @MC MNMVGHSDR
25 5GHR HR @ BNLO@QHRNM NE SVN ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR VHSG TMJMNVM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
27 $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM.
29
@. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
A. F-U@KTD < 0.05
B. 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD @S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD SN RTOONQS SGD BK@HL SG@S KHED DWODBS@MBX HM SGD 1900R HR
CHEEDQDMS ADSVDDM VGHSDR @MC MNMVGHSDR.
596 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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31 5GD CHEEDQDMBD HM LD@M RODDCR NE SGD E@RSA@KK OHSBGDR NE SGD SVN OHSBGDQR
33 k2.46
35 "S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VD B@M QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS C@S@ SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M RODDC
NE 3NCQHFTDYnR E@RSA@KK HR E@RSDQ SG@M 8DRKDXnR.
37 4TARBQHOSR: 1 = 'NNC, 2 = /N 'NNC
!
0
: Z
1
x Z
2
!
7
: Z
1
> Z
2
39
$CAOL? 10.18
41 4TARBQHOSR: 1 = (@LL@, 2 = ;DS@
!
0
: Z
1
= Z
2
!
7
: Z
1
w Z
2
43 0.0062
45 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GD C@S@ RTOONQS SG@S SGD LDKSHMF ONHMS ENQ "KKNX ;DS@ HR
CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD LDKSHMF ONHMS NE "KKNX (@LL@.
47 )s
041
k )s
042
= CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE OGNMDR SG@S G@C RXRSDL E@HKTQDR VHSGHM SGD EHQRS DHFGS GNTQR NE NODQ@SHNM
VHSG 04
1
@MC 04
2
.
49 0.1008
51 OQNONQSHNMR
53 QHFGS-S@HKDC
55 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM OQNONQSHNMR (ODQBDMSR) NE SGD ONOTK@SHNMR SG@S @QD NE SVN NQ LNQD Q@BDR HM
/DU@C@ @MC /NQSG %@JNS@.
57 0TQ R@LOKD RHYDR @QD LTBG FQD@SDQ SG@M EHUD D@BG, RN VD TRD SGD MNQL@K ENQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGHR
GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
61
@. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
A. F-U@KTD < @KOG@
B. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM (ODQBDMS) NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM
SG@S HR NE SVN NQ LNQD Q@BDR HM /DU@C@ HR RS@SHRSHB@KKX GHFGDQ SG@M SG@S HM /NQSG %@JNS@.
63 SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD RXRSDL E@HKTQDR
65 0.0067
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 597
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67 8HSG @ F-U@KTD 0.0067, VD B@M QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GDQD HR DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN RTOONQS SG@S SGD RNESV@QD O@SBG HR
DEEDBSHUD HM QDCTBHMF SGD MTLADQ NE RXRSDL E@HKTQDR.
69 0.0021
71
$CAOL? 10.19
73 !
0
: Z
:
y 0 !
7
: Z
:
< 0
75 0.0699
77 8D CDBKHMD SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN RTOONQS SG@S SGD LDCHB@SHNM HR DEEDBSHUD.
79 4TARBQHOSR: 1: SVN-XD@Q BNKKDFDR; 2: ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFDR
@. !
0
: Z
1
y Z
2
A. !
7
: Z
1
< Z
2
B. X
1
X
2
HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M DMQNKKLDMSR NE SGD SVN-XD@Q BNKKDFDR @MC SGD ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFDR.
C. 4STCDMSnR-J
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: k0.2483
E. F-U@KTD: 0.4024
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M DMQNKKLDMS @S
ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFDR HR GHFGDQ SG@M @S SVN-XD@Q BNKKDFDR.
81 4TARBQHOSR: 1: LDBG@MHB@K DMFHMDDQHMF; 2: DKDBSQHB@K DMFHMDDQHMF
@. !
0
: R
1
y R
2
A. !
7
: R
1
< R
2
B. X
1
X
2
HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M DMSQX KDUDK R@K@QHDR NE LDBG@MHB@K DMFHMDDQR @MC DKDBSQHB@K DMFHMDDQR.
C. J
108
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: J = k0.82
E. F-U@KTD: 0.2066
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M DMSQX-KDUDK
R@K@QHDR NE LDBG@MHB@K DMFHMDDQR HR KNVDQ SG@M SG@S NE DKDBSQHB@K DMFHMDDQR.
83
@. !
0
: R
1
= R
2
A. !
7
: R
1
w R
2
B. X
1
X
2
HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M SHLDR ENQ BNLOKDSHMF @ K@O HM Q@BDR @MC HM OQ@BSHBDR.
C. J
20.32
598 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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E. F-U@KTD: 0.0001
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M SHLD ENQ
BNLOKDSHMF @ K@O HM Q@BDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SG@S HM OQ@BSHBDR.
85
@. !
0
: R
1
= R
2
A. !
7
: R
1
w R
2
B. HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD LD@M SHLDR ENQ BNLOKDSHMF @ K@O HM Q@BDR @MC HM OQ@BSHBDR.
C. J
40.94
E. F-U@KTD: YDQN
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M SHLD ENQ
BNLOKDSHMF @ K@O HM Q@BDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SG@S HM OQ@BSHBDR.
87 4TARBQHOSR: 1 8DRSDQM 3DRDQUD %HUHRHNM (4); 2 &@RSDQM 3DRDQUD %HUHRHNM (")
89 B
91 5DRS: SVN HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKD LD@MR, ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR TMJMNVM. 3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: X
1
X
2
%HRSQHATSHNM: !
0
R: Z
1
= Z
2
!
7
: Z
1
< Z
2
5GD LD@M @FD NE DMSDQHMF OQNRSHSTSHNM HM $@M@C@ HR KNVDQ SG@M SGD LD@M @FD HM SGD
6MHSDC 4S@SDR.
$CAOL? 10.20
(Q@OG: KDES-S@HKDC F-U@KTD : 0.0157 %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 1%KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNLSGD R@LOKD
C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M @FD NE DMSDQHMF OQNRSHSTSHNM HM $@M@C@ HR KNVDQ SG@M SGD LD@M
@FD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR.
93 C
95 4TARBQHOSR: 1 = ANXR, 2 = FHQKR
@. !
0
: R
1
x R
2
A. !
7
: R
1
> R
2
B. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M @TSN HMRTQ@MBD BNRSR ENQ ANXR @MC FHQKR.
C. MNQL@K
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: P = 2.50
E. F-U@KTD: 0.0063
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 599
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HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M BNRS NE @TSN
HMRTQ@MBD ENQ SDDM@FD ANXR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SG@S ENQ FHQKR.
97 4TARBQHOSR: 1 = MNM-GXAQHC RDC@MR, 2 = GXAQHC RDC@MR
@. !
0
: R
1
y R
2
A. !
7
: R
1
< R
2
B. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M LHKDR ODQ F@KKNM NE MNM-GXAQHC RDC@MR @MC GXAQHC RDC@MR.
C. MNQL@K
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: 6.36
E. F-U@KTD: 0
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M LHKDR ODQ F@KKNM
NE MNM-GXAQHC RDC@MR HR KDRR SG@M SG@S NE GXAQHC RDC@MR.
99
@. !
0
: R
:
= 0
A. !
7
: R
:
< 0
B. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1
:
HR SGD @UDQ@FD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM GTRA@MCnR @MC VHEDnR R@SHRE@BSHNM KDUDK.
C. J
9
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB: J = k1.86
E. F-U@KTD: 0.0479
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, ATS QTM @MNSGDQ SDRS.
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GHR HR @ VD@J SDRS ADB@TRD @KOG@ @MC SGD F-U@KTD @QD BKNRD. )NVDUDQ, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD
SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HR MDF@SHUD.
101
@. !
0
: )
0
= )
B
A. !
7
: )
0
w )
B
B. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE VGHSD @MC AK@BJ RTHBHCD UHBSHLR, @FDC 15 SN 24.
C. MNQL@K ENQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR
E. F-U@KTD: 0.8458
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HHH. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE VGHSD
@MC AK@BJ EDL@KD RTHBHCD UHBSHLR, @FDC 15 SN 24, @QD CHEEDQDMS.
103 4TARBQHOSR: 1 = $@AQHKKN $NKKDFD, 2 = -@JD 5@GND $NKKDFD
@. !
0
: F
1
= F
2
A. !
7
: F
1
w F
2
B. 5GD Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE )HRO@MHB RSTCDMSR @S $@AQHKKN $NKKDFD @MC -@JD 5@GND
$NKKDFD.
E. F-U@KTD: 0.00002
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE )HRO@MHB RSTCDMSR @S $@AQHKKN $NKKDFD
@MC -@JD 5@GND $NKKDFD @QD CHEEDQDMS.
600 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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105 @
107 5DRS: SVN HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKD OQNONQSHNMR. 3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: Fs
1
- Fs
2
%HRSQHATSHNM:
!
0
: F
1
= F
2
!
7
: F
1
w F
2
5GD OQNONQSHNM NE D3D@CDQ TRDQR HR CHEEDQDMS ENQ SGD 16- SN 29-XD@Q-NKC TRDQR EQNL SG@S NE SGD 30 @MC NKCDQ TRDQR.
(Q@OG: SVN-S@HKDC
$CAOL? 10.21
F-U@KTD : 0.0033 %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@,
SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE D3D@CDQ TRDQR 16 SN 29 XD@QR NKC HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD
OQNONQSHNM NE D3D@CDQ TRDQR 30 @MC NKCDQ.
109 5DRS: SVN HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKD OQNONQSHNMR 3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: Fc
1
u Fc
2
%HRSQHATSHNM: !
0
: F
1
= F
2
!
7
: F
1
> F
2
" GHFGDQ OQNONQSHNM NE S@AKDS NVMDQR @QD @FDC 16 SN 29 XD@QR NKC SG@M @QD 30 XD@QR NKC @MC NKCDQ. (Q@OG: QHFGS-
S@HKDC
$CAOL? 10.22
F-U@KTD: 0.2354 %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD !
0
. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR
MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S @ GHFGDQ OQNONQSHNM NE S@AKDS NVMDQR @QD @FDC 16 SN 29 XD@QR NKC SG@M @QD 30 XD@QR
NKC @MC NKCDQ.
111 4TARBQHOSR: 1: LDM; 2: VNLDM
@. !
0
: F
1
x F
2
A. !
7
: F
1
> F
2
B. P
1
P
2
HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE LDM @MC VNLDM VGN DMINX RGNOOHMF ENQ DKDBSQNMHB DPTHOLDMS.
E. F-U@KTD: 0.4133
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE LDM
VGN DMINX RGNOOHMF ENQ DKDBSQNMHB DPTHOLDMS HR LNQD SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE VNLDM.
113
@. !
0
: F
1
= F
2
A. !
7
: F
1
w F
2
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 601
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B. P
1
P
2
HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE LDM @MC VNLDM SG@S G@UD @S KD@RS NMD OHDQBDC D@Q.
E. F-U@KTD: YDQN
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE L@KDR
@MC EDL@KDR VHSG @S KD@RS NMD OHDQBDC D@Q HR CHEEDQDMS.
115
@. !
0
: R
:
= 0
A. !
7
: R
:
> 0
B. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1
:
HR SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM VNQJ SHLDR NM C@XR VGDM D@SHMF AQD@JE@RS @MC NM C@XR VGDM MNS
D@SHMF AQD@JE@RS.
C. J
9
E. F-U@KTD: 0.0003
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM
VNQJ SHLDR NM C@XR VGDM D@SHMF AQD@JE@RS @MC NM C@XR VGDM MNS D@SHMF AQD@JE@RS G@R HMBQD@RDC.
117 F-U@KTD = 0.1353 "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LDCHB@SHNM KNVDQDC
BGNKDRSDQNK KDUDKR @ESDQ 12 VDDJR.
119 A
121 B
123 5DRS: SVN L@SBGDC O@HQR NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR (J-SDRS) 3@MCNL U@QH@AKD: X
d
%HRSQHATSHNM: J
12
!
0
: Z
:
= 0 !
7
: Z
:
> 0 5GD
LD@M NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR NE MDV EDL@KD AQD@RS B@MBDQ B@RDR HM SGD RNTSG ADSVDDM 2013 @MC 2012 HR FQD@SDQ SG@M YDQN. 5GD
DRSHL@SD ENQ MDV EDL@KD AQD@RS B@MBDQ B@RDR HM SGD RNTSG HR GHFGDQ HM 2013 SG@M HM 2012. (Q@OG: QHFGS-S@HKDC F-U@KTD: 0.0004
$CAOL? 10.23
%DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS !
0
$NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD V@R @ GHFGDQ DRSHL@SD NE MDV EDL@KD AQD@RS B@MBDQ B@RDR HM 2013 SG@M HM 2012.
125 5DRS: L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR (J-SDRS) %HEEDQDMBD C@S@: Zk0.9, k3.7, k3.2, k0.5, 0.6, k1.9, k0.5, 0.2, 0.6, 0.4, 1.7, k2.4,
1.8\ 3@MCNL7@QH@AKD: X
d
%HRSQHATSHNM: !
0
: Z
:
= 0 !
7
: Z
:
< 0 5GD LD@M NE SGD CHEEDQDMBDR NE SGD Q@SD NE TMCDQDLOKNXLDMS
HM SGD MNQSGD@RSDQM RS@SDR ADSVDDM 2012 @MC 2011 HR KDRR SG@M YDQN. 5GD TMCDQDLOKNXLDMS Q@SD VDMS CNVM EQNL 2011 SN
2012. (Q@OG: KDES-S@HKDC.
602 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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$CAOL? 10.24
F-U@KTD: 0.1207 %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS
RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD V@R @ CDBQD@RD HM SGD TMCDQDLOKNXLDMS Q@SDR NE SGD MNQSGD@RSDQM RS@SDR EQNL 2011
SN 2012.
127 D
129 C
131 E
133 D
135 D
137 C
"'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2 603
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604 "'/3$1 10 W '8/.3'$2(2 3$23(-&: 36. ,$-2, /(1$# #3, 36. /1./.13(.-2
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11 U 2&# !&'-1/3A0#
"'120'32'-,
$CAOL? 11.1 3DA ?DE-OMQ=NA @EOPNE>QPEKJ ?=J >A QOA@ PK BEJ@ NAH=PEKJODELO >APSAAJ PSK PDEJCO, HEGA CNK?ANU LNE?AO =P
@EBBANAJP OPKNAO. (?NA@EP: /APA/BHE?GN)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
c *MSDQOQDS SGD BGH-RPT@QD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM @R SGD R@LOKD RHYD BG@MFDR.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS BGH-RPT@QD FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS GXONSGDRHR SDRSR.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS BGH-RPT@QD SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD GXONSGDRHR SDRSR.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS BGH-RPT@QD GNLNFDMDHSX GXONSGDRHR SDRSR.
c $NMCTBS @MC HMSDQOQDS BGH-RPT@QD RHMFKD U@QH@MBD GXONSGDRHR SDRSR.
)@UD XNT DUDQ VNMCDQDC HE KNSSDQX MTLADQR VDQD DUDMKX CHRSQHATSDC NQ HE RNLD MTLADQR NBBTQQDC VHSG @ FQD@SDQ EQDPTDMBX
)NV @ANTS HE SGD SXODR NE LNUHDR ODNOKD OQDEDQQDC VDQD CHEEDQDMS @BQNRR CHEEDQDMS @FD FQNTOR 8G@S @ANTS HE @ BNEEDD
L@BGHMD V@R CHRODMRHMF @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD @LNTMS NE BNEEDD D@BG SHLD :NT BNTKC @MRVDQ SGDRD PTDRSHNMR AX
BNMCTBSHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 605
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:NT VHKK MNV RSTCX @ MDV CHRSQHATSHNM, NMD SG@S HR TRDC SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @MRVDQR SN RTBG PTDRSHNMR. 5GHR CHRSQHATSHNM HR
B@KKDC SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM.
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK KD@QM SGD SGQDD L@INQ @OOKHB@SHNMR NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM:
1. SGD FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS, VGHBG CDSDQLHMDR HE C@S@ EHS @ O@QSHBTK@Q CHRSQHATSHNM, RTBG @R HM SGD KNSSDQX DW@LOKD
2. SGD SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD, VGHBG CDSDQLHMDR HE DUDMSR @QD HMCDODMCDMS, RTBG @R HM SGD LNUHD DW@LOKD
3. SGD SDRS NE @ RHMFKD U@QH@MBD, VGHBG SDRSR U@QH@AHKHSX, RTBG @R HM SGD BNEEDD DW@LOKD
,-2#
5GNTFG SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM CDODMC NM B@KBTK@SNQR NQ BNLOTSDQR ENQ LNRS NE SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR, SGDQD HR @
S@AKD @U@HK@AKD (RDD SGD 2;<F?M CH NB? AJJ?H>CR). 5*-83+ @MC 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQ HMRSQTBSHNMR @QD HMBKTCDC HM SGD
SDWS.
-NNJ HM SGD RONQSR RDBSHNM NE @ MDVRO@ODQ NQ NM SGD *MSDQMDS ENQ RNLD RONQSR C@S@(A@RDA@KK @UDQ@FDR, A@RJDSA@KK RBNQDR,
FNKE SNTQM@LDMS RBNQDR, ENNSA@KK NCCR, RVHLLHMF SHLDR, @MC SGD KHJD). 1KNS @ GHRSNFQ@L @MC @ ANWOKNS TRHMF XNTQ C@S@.
4DD HE XNT B@M CDSDQLHMD @ OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S XNTQ C@S@ EHSR. )@UD @ CHRBTRRHNM VHSG SGD BK@RR @ANTS XNTQ
BGNHBD.
11.1 U $;=NM A<ION NB? !BC-1KO;L? "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD MNS@SHNM ENQ SGD 8=>-HFJ6G: 9>HIG>7JI>DC HR:

d f
2
VGDQD :< = CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL VGHBG CDODMCR NM GNV BGH-RPT@QD HR ADHMF TRDC. (*E XNT V@MS SN OQ@BSHBD B@KBTK@SHMF BGH-
RPT@QD OQNA@AHKHSHDR SGDM TRD :< = D - 1. 5GD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGD SGQDD L@INQ TRDR @QD D@BG B@KBTK@SDC CHEEDQDMSKX.)
'NQ SGD ]
2
CHRSQHATSHNM, SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M HR Z = :< @MC SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR = 2(d f ) .
5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HR RGNVM @R ]
2
, ATS L@X AD @MX TOODQ B@RD KDSSDQ.
5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ @ BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG A CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HR SGD RTL NE A HMCDODMCDMS, RPT@QDC
RS@MC@QC MNQL@K U@QH@AKDR.
]
2
= (3
1
)
2
+ (3
2
)
2
+ ... + (3
J
)
2
1. 5GD BTQUD HR MNMRXLLDSQHB@K @MC RJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS.
2. 5GDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMS BGH-RPT@QD BTQUD ENQ D@BG :<.
$CAOL? 11.2
3. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ @MX SDRS HR @KV@XR FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN YDQN.
4. 8GDM :< > 90, SGD BGH-RPT@QD BTQUD @OOQNWHL@SDR SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 'NQ 1 ]
1,000
2
SGD LD@M, Z = :< = 1,000
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \ = 2(1,000) = 44.7. 5GDQDENQD, 1 ] '(1,000, 44.7), @OOQNWHL@SDKX.
5. 5GD LD@M, Z, HR KNB@SDC ITRS SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD OD@J.
606 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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$CAOL? 11.3
11.2 U %II>H?MM-I@-$CN 2?MN
*M SGHR SXOD NE GXONSGDRHR SDRS, XNT CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD C@S@ ";>I" @ O@QSHBTK@Q CHRSQHATSHNM NQ MNS. 'NQ DW@LOKD, XNT L@X
RTRODBS XNTQ TMJMNVM C@S@ EHS @ AHMNLH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. :NT TRD @ BGH-RPT@QD SDRS (LD@MHMF SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR
SDRS HR BGH-RPT@QD) SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR @ EHS NQ MNS. 1=: CJAA 6C9 I=: 6AI:GC6I: =NEDI=:H:H ;DG I=>H I:HI B6N 7: LG>II:C
>C H:CI:C8:H DG B6N 7: HI6I:9 6H :FJ6I>DCH DG >C:FJ6A>I>:H.
5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS HR:
k
(O E)
2
E
VGDQD:
c ( = D7H:GK:9 K6AJ:H (C@S@)
c E = :ME:8I:9 K6AJ:H (EQNL SGDNQX)
c A = SGD MTLADQ NE CHEEDQDMS C@S@ BDKKR NQ B@SDFNQHDR
1=: D7H:GK:9 K6AJ:H 6G: I=: 96I6 K6AJ:H 6C9 I=: :ME:8I:9 K6AJ:H 6G: I=: K6AJ:H NDJ LDJA9 :ME:8I ID <:I >; I=:
CJAA =NEDI=:H>H L:G: IGJ:. 5GDQD @QD D SDQLR NE SGD ENQL
(O E)
2
E
.
5GD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HR :< = (MTLADQ NE B@SDFNQHDR k 1).
1=: <DD9C:HH-D;-;>I I:HI >H 6ABDHI 6AL6NH G><=I-I6>A:9. *E SGD NARDQUDC U@KTDR @MC SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF DWODBSDC U@KTDR
@QD MNS BKNRD SN D@BG NSGDQ, SGDM SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB B@M FDS UDQX K@QFD @MC VHKK AD V@X NTS HM SGD QHFGS S@HK NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD
BTQUD.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 607
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,-2#
5GD DWODBSDC U@KTD ENQ D@BG BDKK MDDCR SN AD @S KD@RS EHUD HM NQCDQ ENQ XNT SN TRD SGHR SDRS.
$T=ILHA 11.1
"ARDMSDDHRL NE BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR EQNL L@SG BK@RRDR HR @ L@INQ BNMBDQM SN L@SG HMRSQTBSNQR ADB@TRD LHRRHMF BK@RR
@OOD@QR SN HMBQD@RD SGD CQNO Q@SD. 4TOONRD SG@S @ RSTCX V@R CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @BST@K RSTCDMS @ARDMSDDHRL
Q@SD ENKKNV E@BTKSX ODQBDOSHNM. 5GD E@BTKSX DWODBSDC SG@S @ FQNTO NE 100 RSTCDMSR VNTKC LHRR BK@RR @BBNQCHMF SN
SGD ENKKNVHMF BG@QS HM 2;<F? 11.1.
,OG<?L I@ ;<M?H=?M J?L N?LG #RJ?=N?> HOG<?L I@ MNO>?HNM
0_2 50
3_5 30
6_8 12
9_11 6
12+ 2
2;<F? 11.1
" Q@MCNL RTQUDX @BQNRR @KK L@SGDL@SHBR BNTQRDR V@R SGDM CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @BST@K MTLADQ (D7H:GK:9)
NE @ARDMBDR HM @ BNTQRD. 5GD BG@QS HM 2;<F? 11.2 CHROK@XR SGD QDRTKSR NE SG@S RTQUDX.
,OG<?L I@ ;<M?H=?M J?L N?LG A=NO;F HOG<?L I@ MNO>?HNM
0_2 35
3_5 40
6_8 20
9_11 1
12+ 4
2;<F? 11.2
%DSDQLHMD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR MDDCDC SN BNMCTBS @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS.
H
0
: 4STCDMS @ARDMSDDHRL ;>IH E@BTKSX ODQBDOSHNM.
5GD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR HR SGD NOONRHSD NE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
608 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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a
: 4STCDMS @ARDMSDDHRL 9D:H CDI ;>I E@BTKSX ODQBDOSHNM.
@. $@M XNT TRD SGD HMENQL@SHNM @R HS @OOD@QR HM SGD BG@QSR SN BNMCTBS SGD FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS
1IFONCIH 11.1
=. ,I. -KPE?A PD=P PDA ATLA?PA@ JQI>AN KB =>OAJ?AO BKN PDA "12+" AJPNU EO HAOO PD=J BERA (EP EO PSK).
"KI>EJA PD=P CNKQL SEPD PDA "9_11" CNKQL PK ?NA=PA JAS P=>HAO SDANA PDA JQI>AN KB OPQ@AJPO BKN A=?D
AJPNU =NA =P HA=OP BERA. 3DA JAS NAOQHPO =NA EJ 2;<F? 11.2 =J@ 2;<F? 11.3.
,OG<?L I@ ;<M?H=?M J?L N?LG #RJ?=N?> HOG<?L I@ MNO>?HNM
0_2 50
3_5 30
6_8 12
9+ 8
2;<F? 11.3
,OG<?L I@ ;<M?H=?M J?L N?LG A=NO;F HOG<?L I@ MNO>?HNM
0_2 35
3_5 40
6_8 20
9+ 5
2;<F? 11.4
A. 8G@S HR SGD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL (:<)
1IFONCIH 11.1
A. 5GDQD @QD ENTQ "BDKKR" NQ B@SDFNQHDR HM D@BG NE SGD MDV S@AKDR.
:< = MTLADQ NE BDKKR k 1 = 4 k 1 = 3
11.1 " E@BSNQX L@M@FDQ MDDCR SN TMCDQRS@MC GNV L@MX OQNCTBSR @QD CDEDBSHUD UDQRTR GNV L@MX @QD OQNCTBDC. 5GD
MTLADQ NE DWODBSDC CDEDBSR HR KHRSDC HM 2;<F? 11.5.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 609
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,OG<?L JLI>O=?> ,OG<?L >?@?=NCP?
0_100 5
101_200 6
201_300 7
301_400 8
401_500 10
2;<F? 11.5
" Q@MCNL R@LOKD V@R S@JDM SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @BST@K MTLADQ NE CDEDBSR. 2;<F? 11.6 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX.
,OG<?L JLI>O=?> ,OG<?L >?@?=NCP?
0_100 5
101_200 7
201_300 8
301_400 9
401_500 11
2;<F? 11.6
4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR MDDCDC SN BNMCTBS @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS, @MC RS@SD SGD CDFQDDR NE
EQDDCNL.
610 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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$T=ILHA 11.2
&LOKNXDQR V@MS SN JMNV VGHBG C@XR NE SGD VDDJ DLOKNXDDR @QD @ARDMS HM @ EHUD-C@X VNQJ VDDJ. .NRS DLOKNXDQR
VNTKC KHJD SN ADKHDUD SG@S DLOKNXDDR @QD @ARDMS DPT@KKX CTQHMF SGD VDDJ. 4TOONRD @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 60
L@M@FDQR VDQD @RJDC NM VGHBG C@X NE SGD VDDJ SGDX G@C SGD GHFGDRS MTLADQ NE DLOKNXDD @ARDMBDR. 5GD QDRTKSR
VDQD CHRSQHATSDC @R HM 2;<F? 11.6. 'NQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM NE DLOKNXDDR, CN SGD C@XR ENQ SGD GHFGDRS MTLADQ NE
@ARDMBDR NBBTQ VHSG DPT@K EQDPTDMBHDR CTQHMF @ EHUD-C@X VNQJ VDDJ 5DRS @S @ 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
+IH>;S 2O?M>;S 5?>H?M>;S 2BOLM>;S $LC>;S
,OG<?L I@ A<M?H=?M 15 12 9 9 15
2;<F? 11.7 ";S I@ NB? 5??E #GJFIS??M Q?L? +IMN A<M?HN
1IFONCIH 11.2
5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
c !
0
: 5GD @ARDMS C@XR NBBTQ VHSG DPT@K EQDPTDMBHDR, SG@S HR, SGDX EHS @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
c !
7
: 5GD @ARDMS C@XR NBBTQ VHSG TMDPT@K EQDPTDMBHDR, SG@S HR, SGDX CN MNS EHS @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
*E SGD @ARDMS C@XR NBBTQ VHSG DPT@K EQDPTDMBHDR, SGDM, NTS NE 60 @ARDMS C@XR (SGD SNS@K HM SGD R@LOKD: 15 + 12
+ 9 + 9 + 15 = 60), SGDQD VNTKC AD 12 @ARDMBDR NM .NMC@X, 12 NM 5TDRC@X, 12 NM 8DCMDRC@X, 12 NM 5GTQRC@X,
@MC 12 NM 'QHC@X. 5GDRD MTLADQR @QD SGD :ME:8I:9 (E) U@KTDR. 5GD U@KTDR HM SGD S@AKD @QD SGD D7H:GK:9 (() U@KTDR
NQ C@S@.
5GHR SHLD, B@KBTK@SD SGD ]
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB AX G@MC. .@JD @ BG@QS VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF GD@CHMFR @MC EHKK HM SGD
BNKTLMR:
c &WODBSDC (E) U@KTDR (12, 12, 12, 12, 12)
c 0ARDQUDC (() U@KTDR (15, 12, 9, 9, 15)
c (( k E)
c (( k E)
2
c
(O E)
2
E
/NV @CC (RTL) SGD K@RS BNKTLM. 5GD RTL HR SGQDD. 5GHR HR SGD ]
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB.
5N EHMC SGD F-U@KTD, B@KBTK@SD )(]
2
> 3). 5GHR SDRS HR QHFGS-S@HKDC. (6RD @ BNLOTSDQ NQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD
F-U@KTD. :NT RGNTKC FDS F-U@KTD = 0.5578.)
5GD :6 D)*(. "QQNV CNVM SN M
2
568. 1QDRR E$*E(. &MSDQ (3,10299,4). 3NTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K
OK@BDR, XNT RGNTKC RDD 0.5578, VGHBG HR SGD O-U@KTD.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 611
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/DWS, BNLOKDSD @ FQ@OG KHJD SGD ENKKNVHMF NMD VHSG SGD OQNODQ K@ADKHMF @MC RG@CHMF. (:NT RGNTKC RG@CD SGD
QHFGS S@HK.)
$CAOL? 11.4
5GD CDBHRHNM HR MNS SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5%KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNLSGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD
SG@S SGD @ARDMS C@XR CN MNS NBBTQ VHSG DPT@K EQDPTDMBHDR.
5*-83+ @MC RNLD 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR CN MNS G@UD @ RODBH@K OQNFQ@L ENQ SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ SGD FNNCMDRR-NE-
EHS SDRS. 5GD MDWS DW@LOKD #R;GJF? 11.3 G@R SGD B@KBTK@SNQ HMRSQTBSHNMR. 5GD MDVDQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR G@UD
HM )*A* *E)*) SGD SDRS C:;2 G%F. 5N QTM SGD SDRS, OTS SGD NARDQUDC U@KTDR (SGD C@S@) HMSN @ EHQRS KHRS
@MC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR (SGD U@KTDR XNT DWODBS HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD) HMSN @ RDBNMC KHRS. 1QDRR )*A*
*E)*) @MC C:;2 G%F. &MSDQ SGD KHRS M@LDR ENQ SGD 0ARDQUDC KHRS @MC SGD &WODBSDC KHRS. &MSDQ SGD CDFQDDR
NE EQDDCNL @MC OQDRR 53<5E<3D7 NQ 6B3G. .@JD RTQD XNT BKD@Q @MX KHRSR ADENQD XNT RS@QS. 1D A:6G )>HIH
>C I=: 86A8JA6IDGH: (N HMSN )*A* ED* @MC @QQNV TO SN SGD KHRS M@LD @QD@ NE SGD O@QSHBTK@Q KHRS. 1QDRR
C"EA( @MC SGDM @QQNV CNVM. 5GD KHRS VHKK AD BKD@QDC. "KSDQM@SHUDKX, XNT B@M OQDRR )*A* @MC OQDRR 4 (ENQ
C<B";CD). &MSDQ SGD KHRS M@LD @MC OQDRR E$*E(.
612 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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11.2 5D@BGDQR V@MS SN JMNV VGHBG MHFGS D@BG VDDJ SGDHQ RSTCDMSR @QD CNHMF LNRS NE SGDHQ GNLDVNQJ. .NRS SD@BGDQR
SGHMJ SG@S RSTCDMSR CN GNLDVNQJ DPT@KKX SGQNTFGNTS SGD VDDJ. 4TOONRD @ Q@MCNLR@LOKD NE 49 RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC NM
VGHBG MHFGS NE SGD VDDJ SGDX CHC SGD LNRS GNLDVNQJ. 5GD QDRTKSR VDQD CHRSQHATSDC @R HM 2;<F? 11.8.
1OH>;S +IH>;S 2O?M>;S 5?>H?M>;S 2BOLM>;S $LC>;S 1;NOL>;S
-QI>AN KB
2PQ@AJPO
11 8 10 7 10 5 5
2;<F? 11.8
'QNLSGD ONOTK@SHNM NE RSTCDMSR, CN SGD MHFGSR ENQ SGD GHFGDRS MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR CNHMF SGD L@INQHSX NE SGDHQ GNLDVNQJ
NBBTQ VHSG DPT@K EQDPTDMBHDR CTQHMF @ VDDJ 8G@S SXOD NE GXONSGDRHR SDRS RGNTKC XNT TRD
$T=ILHA 11.3
0MD RSTCX HMCHB@SDR SG@S SGD MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR SG@S "LDQHB@M E@LHKHDR G@UD HR CHRSQHATSDC (SGHR HR SGD <>K:C
CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM) @R HM 2;<F? 11.9.
,OG<?L I@ 2?F?PCMCIHM .?L=?HN
0 10
1 16
2 55
3 11
4+ 8
2;<F? 11.9
5GD S@AKD BNMS@HMR DWODBSDC (E) ODQBDMSR.
" Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 600 E@LHKHDR HM SGD E@Q VDRSDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR QDRTKSDC HM SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 11.10.
,OG<?L I@ 2?F?PCMCIHM $L?KO?H=S
0 66
1 119
2IN;F = 600
2;<F? 11.10
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 613
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,OG<?L I@ 2?F?PCMCIHM $L?KO?H=S
2 340
3 60
4+ 15
2IN;F = 600
2;<F? 11.10
5GD S@AKD BNMS@HMR NARDQUDC (() EQDPTDMBX U@KTDR.
"S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, CNDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM "MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR" NE E@Q VDRSDQM 6MHSDC
4S@SDR E@LHKHDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD
1IFONCIH 11.3
5GHR OQNAKDL @RJR XNT SN SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD E@Q VDRSDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR E@LHKHDR CHRSQHATSHNM EHSR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE
SGD "LDQHB@M E@LHKHDR. 5GHR SDRS HR @KV@XR QHFGS-S@HKDC.
5GD EHQRS S@AKD BNMS@HMR DWODBSDC ODQBDMS@FDR. 5N FDS DWODBSDC (E) EQDPTDMBHDR, LTKSHOKX SGD ODQBDMS@FD AX
600. 5GD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBHDR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.10.
,OG<?L I@ 2?F?PCMCIHM .?L=?HN #RJ?=N?> $L?KO?H=S
0 10 (0.10)(600) = 60
1 16 (0.16)(600) = 96
2 55 (0.55)(600) = 330
3 11 (0.11)(600) = 66
KRAN 3 8 (0.08)(600) = 48
2;<F? 11.11
5GDQDENQD, SGD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBHDR @QD 60, 96, 330, 66, @MC 48. *M SGD 5* B@KBTK@SNQR, XNT B@M KDS SGD
B@KBTK@SNQ CN SGD L@SG. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HMRSD@C NE 60, DMSDQ 0.10*600.
!
0
: 5GD "MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR" CHRSQHATSHNM NE E@Q VDRSDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR E@LHKHDR HR SGD R@LD @R SGD "MTLADQ
NE SDKDUHRHNMR" CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM.
!
7
: 5GD "MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR" CHRSQHATSHNM NE E@Q VDRSDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR E@LHKHDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD
"MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR" CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM.
%HRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS:
4
2
VGDQD :< = (SGD MTLADQ NE BDKKR) k 1 = 5 k 1 = 4.
,-2#
:< w 600 k 1
6A8JA6I: I=: I:HI HI6I>HI>8: ]2 = 29.65
614 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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$G6E=:
$CAOL? 11.5
-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD = )(]
2
> 29.65) = 0.000006
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ::
c V = 0.01
c F-U@KTD = 0.000006
4N, V > F-U@KTD.
E
.
5GHR LD@MR XNT QDIDBS SGD ADKHDE SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD E@Q VDRSDQM RS@SDR HR SGD R@LD @R SG@S NE SGD
"LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD.
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
"MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR" CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD E@Q VDRSDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNLSGD "MTLADQ NE SDKDUHRHNMR"
CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD "LDQHB@M ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD.
1QDRR )*A* @MC E$*E(. .@JD RTQD SN BKD@Q KHRSR "1, "2, @MC "3 HE SGDX G@UD C@S@ HM SGDL (RDD SGD MNSD
@S SGD DMC NE #R;GJF? 11.2). *MSN "1, OTS SGD NARDQUDC EQDPTDMBHDR 66, 119, 349, 60, 15. *MSN "2, OTS
SGD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBHDR .10*600, .16*600, .55*600, .11*600, .08*600. "QQNV NUDQ SN KHRS "3
@MC TO SN SGD M@LD @QD@ ""3". &MSDQ ("1-"2)22/"2 @MC E$*E(. 1QDRR 2>6 '+*. 1QDRR 2>6 ")*
@MC @QQNV NUDQ SN #A*H. 1QDRR 5. :NT RGNTKC RDD "CE=" (E>D7B "3). 3NTMCDC SN 2 CDBHL@K OK@BDR,
XNT RGNTKC RDD 29.65. 1QDRR 2>6 D)*(. 1QDRR 7 NQ "QQNV CNVM SN 7:M2568 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. &MSDQ
(29.65,1E99,4). 3NTMCDC SN ENTQ OK@BDR, XNT RGNTKC RDD 5.77E-6 = .000006 (QNTMCDC SN RHW
CDBHL@K OK@BDR), VGHBG HR SGD O-U@KTD.
5GD MDVDQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR G@UD HM )*A* *E)*) SGD SDRS C:;2 G%F. 5N QTM SGD SDRS, OTS SGD NARDQUDC
U@KTDR (SGD C@S@) HMSN @ EHQRS KHRS @MC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR (SGD U@KTDR XNT DWODBS HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD)
HMSN @ RDBNMC KHRS. 1QDRR )*A* *E)*) @MC C:;2 G%F. &MSDQ SGD KHRS M@LDR ENQ SGD 0ARDQUDC KHRS @MC SGD
&WODBSDC KHRS. &MSDQ SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL @MC OQDRR 53<5E<3D7 NQ 6B3G. .@JD RTQD XNT BKD@Q @MX KHRSR
ADENQD XNT RS@QS.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 615
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11.3 5GD DWODBSDC ODQBDMS@FD NE SGD MTLADQ NE ODSR RSTCDMSR G@UD HM SGDHQ GNLDR HR CHRSQHATSDC (SGHR HR SGD FHUDM
CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD RSTCDMS ONOTK@SHNM NE SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR) @R HM 2;<F? 11.12.
,OG<?L I@ .?NM .?L=?HN
0 18
1 25
2 30
3 18
4+ 9
2;<F? 11.12
" Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 1,000 RSTCDMSR EQNL SGD &@RSDQM 6MHSDC 4S@SDR QDRTKSDC HM SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 11.13.
,OG<?L I@ .?NM $L?KO?H=S
0 210
1 240
2 320
3 140
4+ 90
2;<F? 11.13
"S SGD 1%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, CNDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM oMTLADQ NE ODSRp NE RSTCDMSR HM SGD &@RSDQM 6MHSDC
4S@SDR HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR RSTCDMS ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
$T=ILHA 11.4
4TOONRD XNT EKHO SVN BNHMR 100 SHLDR. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD 20 !!, 27 !-, 30 -!, @MC 23 --. "QD SGD BNHMR E@HQ 5DRS
@S @ 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
1IFONCIH 11.4
5GHR OQNAKDLB@M AD RDS TO @R @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS OQNAKDL. 5GD R@LOKD RO@BD ENQ EKHOOHMF SVN E@HQ BNHMR HR Z!!, !-,
-!, --\. 0TS NE 100 EKHOR, XNT VNTKC DWODBS 25 !!, 25 !-, 25 -!, @MC 25 --. 5GHR HR SGD DWODBSDC CHRSQHATSHNM.
616 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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5GD PTDRSHNM, ""QD SGD BNHMR E@HQ" HR SGD R@LD @R R@XHMF, "%NDR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD BNHMR (20 !!, 27 !-, 30
-!, 23 --) EHS SGD DWODBSDC CHRSQHATSHNM"
/6C9DB 36G>67A:: -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR HM NMD EKHO NE SGD SVN BNHMR. 1 S@JDR NM SGD U@KTDR 0, 1, 2.
(5GDQD @QD 0, 1, NQ 2 GD@CR HM SGD EKHO NE SVN BNHMR.) 5GDQDENQD, SGD CJB7:G D; 8:AAH >H I=G::. 4HMBD 1 = SGD MTLADQ
NE GD@CR, SGD NARDQUDC EQDPTDMBHDR @QD 20 (ENQ SVN GD@CR), 57 (ENQ NMD GD@C), @MC 23 (ENQ YDQN GD@CR NQ ANSG S@HKR).
5GD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBHDR @QD 25 (ENQ SVN GD@CR), 50 (ENQ NMD GD@C), @MC 25 (ENQ YDQN GD@CR NQ ANSG S@HKR). 5GHR SDRS
HR QHFGS-S@HKDC.
H
0
: 5GD BNHMR @QD E@HQ.
H
a
: 5GD BNHMR @QD MNS E@HQ.
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI:
2
2
VGDQD :< = 3 k 1 = 2.
6A8JA6I: I=: I:HI HI6I>HI>8: ]
2
= 2.14
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 11.6
2
> 2.14) = 0.3430
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ::
c V = 0.05
c F-U@KTD = 0.3430
V < F-U@KTD.
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD BNHMR @QD MNS E@HQ.
1QDRR )*A* @MC E$*E(. .@JD RTQD XNT BKD@Q KHRSR "1, "2, @MC "3 HE SGDX G@UD C@S@ HM SGDL. *MSN "1, OTS SGD
NARDQUDC EQDPTDMBHDR 20, 57, 23. *MSN "2, OTS SGD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBHDR 25, 50, 25. "QQNV NUDQ SN KHRS "3
@MC TO SN SGD M@LD @QD@ ""3". &MSDQ ("1-"2)22/"2 @MC E$*E(. 1QDRR 2>6 '+*. 1QDRR 2>6 ")*
@MC @QQNV NUDQ SN #A*H. 1QDRR 5. :NT RGNTKC RDD "CE=".E>D7B "3. 3NTMCDC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR,
XNT RGNTKC RDD 2.14. 1QDRR 2>6 D)*(. "QQNV CNVM SN 7:M2568 (NQ OQDRR 7). 1QDRR E$*E(. &MSDQ
2.14,1E99,2). 3NTMCDC SN ENTQ OK@BDR, XNT RGNTKC RDD .3430, VGHBG HR SGD O-U@KTD.
5GD MDVDQ 5*-84 B@KBTK@SNQR G@UD HM )*A* *E)*) SGD SDRS C:;2 G%F. 5N QTM SGD SDRS, OTS SGD NARDQUDC
U@KTDR (SGD C@S@) HMSN @ EHQRS KHRS @MC SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR (SGD U@KTDR XNT DWODBS HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD)
HMSN @ RDBNMC KHRS. 1QDRR )*A* *E)*) @MC C:;2 G%F. &MSDQ SGD KHRS M@LDR ENQ SGD 0ARDQUDC KHRS @MC SGD
&WODBSDC KHRS. &MSDQ SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL @MC OQDRR 53<5E<3D7 NQ 6B3G. .@JD RTQD XNT BKD@Q @MX KHRSR
ADENQD XNT RS@QS.
11.4 4STCDMSR HM @ RNBH@K RSTCHDR BK@RR GXONSGDRHYD SG@S SGD KHSDQ@BX Q@SDR @BQNRR SGD VNQKC ENQ DUDQX QDFHNM @QD
82%. 2;<F? 11.14 RGNVR SGD @BST@K KHSDQ@BX Q@SDR @BQNRR SGD VNQKC AQNJDM CNVM AX QDFHNM. 8G@S @QD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB
@MC SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 617
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+"% 0?ACIH A>OFN *CN?L;=S 0;N? (%)
#ARAHKLA@ 1ACEKJO 99.0
"KIIKJSA=HPD KB (J@ALAJ@AJP 2P=PAO 99.5
-KNPDANJ BNE?= 67.3
2Q>-2=D=N=J BNE?= 62.5
+=PEJ IANE?= =J@ PDA "=NE>>A=J 91.0
$=OPANJ OE= 93.8
2KQPDANJ OE= 61.9
2KQPD-$=OPANJ OE= 91.9
6AOPANJ OE= 84.5
.?A=JE= 66.4
2;<F? 11.14
11.3 U 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
5DRSR NE HMCDODMCDMBD HMUNKUD TRHMF @ 8DCI>C<:C8N I67A: NE NARDQUDC (C@S@) U@KTDR.
5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ @ I:HI D; >C9:E:C9:C8: HR RHLHK@Q SN SG@S NE @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS:
(i j)
(O E)
2
E
VGDQD:
c ( = NARDQUDC U@KTDR
c E = DWODBSDC U@KTDR
c ? = SGD MTLADQ NE QNVR HM SGD S@AKD
c @ = SGD MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR HM SGD S@AKD
5GDQD @QD i j SDQLR NE SGD ENQL
(O E)
2
E
.
A I:HI D; >C9:E:C9:C8: 9:I:GB>C:H L=:I=:G ILD ;68IDGH 6G: >C9:E:C9:CI DG CDI. :NT EHQRS DMBNTMSDQDC SGD SDQL
HMCDODMCDMBD HM 1?=NCIH 3.. "R @ QDUHDV, BNMRHCDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKD.
618 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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,-2#
$T=ILHA 11.5
4TOONRD A = @ RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNM HM SGD K@RS XD@Q @MC B = @ BDKK OGNMD TRDQ VGHKD CQHUHMF. *E A @MC B @QD
HMCDODMCDMS SGDM )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B). A "/% B HR SGD DUDMS SG@S @ CQHUDQ QDBDHUDC @ RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNM K@RS
XD@Q @MC @KRN TRDC @ BDKK OGNMD VGHKD CQHUHMF. 4TOONRD, HM @ RSTCX NE CQHUDQR VGN QDBDHUDC RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNMR
HM SGD K@RS XD@Q, @MC VGN TRDC BDKK OGNMD VGHKD CQHUHMF, SG@S 755 ODNOKD VDQD RTQUDXDC. 0TS NE SGD 755, 70 G@C @
RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNM @MC 685 CHC MNS; 305 TRDC BDKK OGNMDR VGHKD CQHUHMF @MC 450 CHC MNS.
-DS O = DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE CQHUDQR VGN TRDC @ BDKK OGNMD VGHKD CQHUHMF @MC QDBDHUDC RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNMR.
*E A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM )(A "/% B) = )(A))(B). #X RTARSHSTSHNM,
y
755
=

70
755
305
755
4NKUD ENQ O: O =
(70)(305)
755
= 28.3
"ANTS 28 ODNOKD EQNL SGD R@LOKD @QD DWODBSDC SN TRD BDKK OGNMDR VGHKD CQHUHMF @MC SN QDBDHUD RODDCHMF
UHNK@SHNMR.
*M @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD, VD RS@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR HM VNQCR. 4HMBD SGD BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD
BNMRHRSR NE ILD ;68IDGH, SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR RS@SDR SG@S SGD E@BSNQR @QD >C9:E:C9:CI @MC SGD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR
RS@SDR SG@S SGDX @QD CDI >C9:E:C9:CI (9:E:C9:CI). *E VD CN @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD TRHMF SGD DW@LOKD, SGDM SGD
MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR:
!
0
: #DHMF @ BDKK OGNMD TRDQ VGHKD CQHUHMF @MC QDBDHUHMF @ RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNM @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
*E SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VDQD SQTD, VD VNTKC DWODBS @ANTS 28 ODNOKD SN TRD BDKK OGNMDR VGHKD CQHUHMF @MC SN
QDBDHUD @ RODDCHMF UHNK@SHNM.
1=: I:HI D; >C9:E:C9:C8: >H 6AL6NH G><=I-I6>A:9 ADB@TRD NE SGD B@KBTK@SHNM NE SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB. *E SGD
DWODBSDC @MC NARDQUDC U@KTDR @QD MNS BKNRD SNFDSGDQ, SGDM SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR UDQX K@QFD @MC V@X NTS HM SGD QHFGS
S@HK NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD BTQUD, @R HS HR HM @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS.
5GD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGD SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD HR:
:< = (MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR - 1)(MTLADQ NE QNVR - 1)
5GD ENKKNVHMF ENQLTK@ B@KBTK@SDR SGD :ME:8I:9 CJB7:G (E):
E =
(row total)(column total)
total number surveyed
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 619
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11.5 "R@LOKD NE 300 RSTCDMSR HR S@JDM. 0E SGD RSTCDMSR RTQUDXDC, 50 VDQD LTRHB RSTCDMSR, VGHKD 250 VDQD MNS. /HMDSX-
RDUDM VDQD NM SGD GNMNQ QNKK, VGHKD 203 VDQD MNS. *E VD @RRTLD ADHMF @ LTRHB RSTCDMS @MC ADHMF NM SGD GNMNQ QNKK @QD
HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR, VG@S HR SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE LTRHB RSTCDMSR VGN @QD @KRN NM SGD GNMNQ QNKK
$T=ILHA 11.6
*M @ UNKTMSDDQ FQNTO, @CTKSR 21 @MC NKCDQ UNKTMSDDQ EQNL NMD SN MHMD GNTQR D@BG VDDJ SN RODMC SHLD VHSG @
CHR@AKDC RDMHNQ BHSHYDM. 5GD OQNFQ@L QDBQTHSR @LNMF BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR, ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR, @MC
MNMRSTCDMSR. *M 2;<F? 11.15 HR @ H6BEA: NE SGD @CTKS UNKTMSDDQR @MC SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR SGDX UNKTMSDDQ ODQ VDDJ.
2SJ? I@ 4IFOHN??L 1X3 &IOLM 4X6 &IOLM 7X9 &IOLM 0IQ 2IN;F
"KIIQJEPU "KHHACA 2PQ@AJPO 111 96 48 255
%KQN-8A=N "KHHACA 2PQ@AJPO 96 133 61 290
-KJOPQ@AJPO 91 150 53 294
"KHQIJ 3KP=H 298 379 162 839
2;<F? 11.15 ,OG<?L I@ &IOLM 5ILE?> .?L 5??E <S 4IFOHN??L 2SJ? (-<M?LP?>) 3DA
P=>HA ?KJP=EJO I<M?LP?> (-) R=HQAO (@=P=).
*R SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR UNKTMSDDQDC >C9:E:C9:CI NE SGD SXOD NE UNKTMSDDQ
1IFONCIH 11.6
5GD D7H:GK:9 I67A: @MC SGD PTDRSHNM @S SGD DMC NE SGD OQNAKDL, "*R SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR UNKTMSDDQDC HMCDODMCDMS
NE SGD SXOD NE UNKTMSDDQ" SDKK XNT SGHR HR @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD. 5GD SVN E@BSNQR @QD CJB7:G D; =DJGH
KDAJCI::G:9 @MC INE: D; KDAJCI::G. 5GHR SDRS HR @KV@XR QHFGS-S@HKDC.
!
0
: 5GD MTLADQ NE GNTQR UNKTMSDDQDC HR >C9:E:C9:CI NE SGD SXOD NE UNKTMSDDQ.
!
7
: 5GD MTLADQ NE GNTQR UNKTMSDDQDC HR 9:E:C9:CI NM SGD SXOD NE UNKTMSDDQ.
5GD DWODBSDC QDRTKS @QD HM 2;<F? 11.15.
2SJ? I@ 4IFOHN??L 1-3 &IOLM 4-6 &IOLM 7-9 &IOLM
!IGGOHCNS !IFF?A? 1NO>?HNM 90.57 115.19 49.24
$IOL-7?;L !IFF?A? 1NO>?HNM 103.00 131.00 56.00
,IHMNO>?HNM 104.42 132.81 56.77
2;<F? 11.16 ,OG<?L I@ &IOLM 5ILE?> .?L 5??E <S 4IFOHN??L 2SJ?
(#RJ?=N?>) 3DA P=>HA ?KJP=EJO ?RJ?=N?> (E) R=HQAO (@=P=).
'NQ DW@LOKD, SGD B@KBTK@SHNM ENQ SGD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBX ENQ SGD SNO KDES BDKK HR
E =
=
(255)(298)
839
= 90.57
620 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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2
= 12.99 (B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ)
4
2
:< = (3 BNKTLMR k 1)(3 QNVR k 1) = (2)(2) = 4
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 11.7
-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD=)(]
2
> 12.99) = 0.0113
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: 4HMBD MN V HR FHUDM, @RRTLD V = 0.05. F-U@KTD = 0.0113. V > F-U@KTD.
0
. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGD E@BSNQR @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
MTLADQ NE GNTQR UNKTMSDDQDC @MC SGD SXOD NE UNKTMSDDQ @QD CDODMCDMS NM NMD @MNSGDQ.
'NQ SGD DW@LOKD HM 2;<F? 11.15, HE SGDQD G@C ADDM @MNSGDQ SXOD NE UNKTMSDDQ, SDDM@FDQR, VG@S VNTKC SGD
CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL AD
1QDRR SGD #A*(- JDX @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN ED*. 1QDRR 1:0A1. 1QDRR 3 E$*E( 3 E$*E(. &MSDQ SGD
S@AKD U@KTDR AX QNV EQNL 2;<F? 11.15. 1QDRR E$*E( @ESDQ D@BG. 1QDRR 2>6 '+*. 1QDRR )*A* @MC
@QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). "QQNV CNVM SN C:M2-*E)*. 1QDRR E$*E(. :NT RGNTKC RDD %4C7BF76:0A1 3>6
EH@75D76:0B1. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7. 1QDRR E$*E(. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR 12.9909 @MC SGD F-U@KTD
= 0.0113. %N SGD OQNBDCTQD @ RDBNMC SHLD, ATS @QQNV CNVM SN DB3G HMRSD@C NE 53<5E<3D7.
11.6 5GD #TQD@T NE -@ANQ 4S@SHRSHBR F@SGDQR C@S@ @ANTS DLOKNXLDMS HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. " R@LOKD HR S@JDM SN
B@KBTK@SD SGD MTLADQ NE 6.4. BHSHYDMR VNQJHMF HM NMD NE RDUDQ@K HMCTRSQX RDBSNQR NUDQ SHLD. 2;<F? 11.17 RGNVR SGD
QDRTKSR:
'H>OMNLS 1?=NIL 2000 2010 2020 2IN;F
-KJ=CNE?QHPQNA S=CA =J@ O=H=NU 13,243 13,044 15,018 41,305
&KK@O-LNK@Q?EJC, AT?HQ@EJC =CNE?QHPQNA 2,457 1,771 1,950 6,178
2ANRE?AO-LNKRE@EJC 10,786 11,273 13,068 35,127
CNE?QHPQNA, BKNAOPNU, BEODEJC, =J@ DQJPEJC 240 214 201 655
2;<F? 11.17
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 621
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'H>OMNLS 1?=NIL 2000 2010 2020 2IN;F
-KJ=CNE?QHPQNA OAHB-AILHKUA@ =J@ QJL=E@ B=IEHU SKNGAN 931 894 972 2,797
2A?KJ@=NU S=CA =J@ O=H=NU FK>O EJ =CNE?QHPQNA =J@
LNER=PA DKQOADKH@ EJ@QOPNEAO
14 11 11 36
2A?KJ@=NU FK>O =O = OAHB-AILHKUA@ KN QJL=E@ B=IEHU
SKNGAN
196 144 152 492
3KP=H 27,867 27,351 31,372 86,590
2;<F? 11.17
8D V@MS SN JMNV HE SGD BG@MFD HM SGD MTLADQ NE INAR HR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD BG@MFD HM XD@QR. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC
@KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @MC SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL.
622 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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$T=ILHA 11.7
%D "MY@ $NKKDFD HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM @MWHDSX KDUDK @MC SGD MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK. "
Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 400 RSTCDMSR SNNJ @ SDRS SG@S LD@RTQDC @MWHDSX KDUDK @MC MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK. 2;<F?
11.18 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR. %D "MY@ $NKKDFD V@MSR SN JMNV HE @MWHDSX KDUDK @MC MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK @QD
HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
,??> NI 1O==??> CH
1=BIIF
&CAB
AHRC?NS
+?>-
BCAB
AHRC?NS
+?>COG
AHRC?NS
+?>-
FIQ
AHRC?NS
*IQ
AHRC?NS
0IQ
2IN;F
&CAB ,??> 35 42 53 15 10 155
+?>COG ,??> 18 48 63 33 31 193
*IQ ,??> 4 5 11 15 17 52
!IFOGH 2IN;F 57 95 127 63 58 400
2;<F? 11.18 ,??> NI 1O==??> CH 1=BIIF PM. AHRC?NS *?P?F
@. )NV L@MX GHFG @MWHDSX KDUDK RSTCDMSR @QD DWODBSDC SN G@UD @ GHFG MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK
1IFONCIH 11.7
@. 5GD BNKTLM SNS@K ENQ @ GHFG @MWHDSX KDUDK HR 57. 5GD QNV SNS@K ENQ GHFG MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK HR 155. 5GD
R@LOKD RHYD NQ SNS@K RTQUDXDC HR 400.
E =
total surveyed
=
155 57
400
= 22.09
5GD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN G@UD @ GHFG @MWHDSX KDUDK @MC @ GHFG MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK HR @ANTS
22.
A. *E SGD SVN U@QH@AKDR @QD HMCDODMCDMS, GNV L@MX RSTCDMSR CN XNT DWODBS SN G@UD @ KNV MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK
@MC @ LDC-KNV KDUDK NE @MWHDSX
1IFONCIH 11.7
>. 3DA ?KHQIJ PKP=H BKN = IA@-HKS =JTEAPU HARAH EO 63. 3DA NKS PKP=H BKN = HKS JAA@ PK OQ??AA@ EJ O?DKKH
EO 52. 3DA O=ILHA OEVA KN PKP=H OQNRAUA@ EO 400.
B. E =
total surveyed
= ????????
1IFONCIH 11.7
?. E =
total surveyed
= 8.19
C. 5GD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR VGN G@UD @ LDC-KNV @MWHDSX KDUDK @MC @ KNV MDDC SN RTBBDDC HM RBGNNK HR
@ANTS ????????.
1IFONCIH 11.7
@. 8
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 623
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11.7 3DEDQ A@BJ SN SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM 2LS 'N 1.6. )NV L@MX RDQUHBD OQNUHCHMF INAR @QD SGDQD DWODBSDC SN AD HM 2020
)NV L@MX MNM@FQHBTKSTQD V@FD @MC R@K@QX INAR @QD SGDQD DWODBSDC SN AD HM 2020
11.4 U 2?MN @IL &IGIA?H?CNS
5GD FNNCMDRRkNEkEHS SDRS B@M AD TRDC SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ @ ONOTK@SHNM EHSR @ FHUDM CHRSQHATSHNM, ATS HS VHKK MNS RTEEHBD SN CDBHCD
VGDSGDQ SVN ONOTK@SHNMR ENKKNV SGD R@LD TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM. " CHEEDQDMS SDRS, B@KKDC SGD I:HI ;DG =DBD<:C:>IN, B@M AD
TRDC SN CQ@V @ BNMBKTRHNM @ANTS VGDSGDQ SVN ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM. 5N B@KBTK@SD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ @ SDRS
ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX, ENKKNV SGD R@LD OQNBDCTQD @R VHSG SGD SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD.
,-2#
&SJINB?M?M
!
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR @QD SGD R@LD.
!
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR @QD MNS SGD R@LD.
2?MN 1N;NCMNC=
6RD @
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB. *S HR BNLOTSDC HM SGD R@LD V@X @R SGD SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD.
"?AL??M I@ $L??>IG ((*)
:< = MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR - 1
0?KOCL?G?HNM
"KK U@KTDR HM SGD S@AKD LTRS AD FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN EHUD.
624 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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!IGGIH 3M?M
$NLO@QHMF SVN ONOTK@SHNMR. 'NQ DW@LOKD: LDM UR. VNLDM, ADENQD UR. @ESDQ, D@RS UR. VDRS. 5GD U@QH@AKD HR B@SDFNQHB@K
VHSG LNQD SG@M SVN ONRRHAKD QDRONMRD U@KTDR.
$T=ILHA 11.8
%N L@KD @MC EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE KHUHMF @QQ@MFDLDMSR 6RD @ KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 0.05. 4TOONRD SG@S 250 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC L@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR @MC 300 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC
EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC @ANTS SGDHQ KHUHMF @QQ@MFDLDMSR: CNQLHSNQX, @O@QSLDMS, VHSG O@QDMSR, NSGDQ.
5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.18. %N L@KD @MC EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE KHUHMF
@QQ@MFDLDMSR
"ILGCNILS AJ;LNG?HN 5CNB .;L?HNM -NB?L
+;F?M 72 84 49 45
$?G;F?M 91 86 88 35
2;<F? 11.19 "CMNLC<ONCIH I@ *CPCHA ALL;A?G?HNM @IL !IFF?A? +;F?M ;H>
!IFF?A? $?G;F?M
1IFONCIH 11.8
!
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE KHUHMF @QQ@MFDLDMSR ENQ L@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR HR SGD R@LD @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE KHUHMF
@QQ@MFDLDMSR ENQ EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR.
!
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE KHUHMF @QQ@MFDLDMSR ENQ L@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR HR MNS SGD R@LD @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE KHUHMF
@QQ@MFDLDMSR ENQ EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR.
!:<G::H D; #G::9DB (df):
:< = MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR k 1 = 4 k 1 = 3
3
2
2
2
>10.1287) = 0.0175
1QDRR SGD #A*(- JDX @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN ED*. 1QDRR 1:0A1. 1QDRR 2 E$*E( 4 E$*E(. &MSDQ SGD S@AKD
U@KTDR AX QNV. 1QDRR E$*E( @ESDQ D@BG. 1QDRR 2>6 '+*. 1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). "QQNV
CNVM SN C:M2-*E)*. 1QDRR E$*E(. :NT RGNTKC RDD %4C7BF76:0A1 3>6 EH@75D76:0B1. "QQNV
CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7. 1QDRR E$*E(. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR 10.1287 @MC SGD F-U@KTD = 0.0175. %N SGD OQNBDCTQD
@ RDBNMC SHLD ATS @QQNV CNVM SN DB3G HMRSD@C NE 53<5E<3D7.
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: 4HMBD MN V HR FHUDM, @RRTLD V = 0.05. F-U@KTD = 0.0175. V > F-U@KTD.
0
. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD MNS SGD R@LD.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
CHRSQHATSHNMR NE KHUHMF @QQ@MFDLDMSR ENQ L@KD @MC EDL@KD BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR @QD MNS SGD R@LD.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 625
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/NSHBD SG@S SGD BNMBKTRHNM HR NMKX SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD MNS SGD R@LD. 8D B@MMNS TRD SGD SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX
SN CQ@V @MX BNMBKTRHNMR @ANTS GNV SGDX CHEEDQ.
11.8 %N E@LHKHDR @MC RHMFKDR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE B@QR 6RD @ KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 0.05. 4TOONRD SG@S 100
Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC E@LHKHDR @MC 200 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC RHMFKDR VDQD @RJDC VG@S SXOD NE B@Q SGDX CQNUD: RONQS, RDC@M,
G@SBGA@BJ, SQTBJ, U@M/467. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.20. %N E@LHKHDR @MC RHMFKDR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM
NE B@QR 5DRS @S @ KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 0.05.
1JILN 1?>;H &;N=B<;=E 2LO=E 4;H/134
%=IEHU 5 15 35 17 28
2EJCHA 45 65 37 46 7
2;<F? 11.20
$T=ILHA 11.9
#NSG ADENQD @MC @ESDQ @ QDBDMS D@QSGPT@JD, RTQUDXR VDQD BNMCTBSDC @RJHMF UNSDQR VGHBG NE SGD SGQDD B@MCHC@SDR
SGDX OK@MMDC NM UNSHMF ENQ HM SGD TOBNLHMF BHSX BNTMBHK DKDBSHNM. )@R SGDQD ADDM @ BG@MFD RHMBD SGD D@QSGPT@JD
6RD @ KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 0.05. 2;<F? 11.20 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX. )@R SGDQD ADDM @ BG@MFD HM SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM NE UNSDQ OQDEDQDMBDR RHMBD SGD D@QSGPT@JD
.?L?T !BOHA 1N?P?HM
?@IL? 167 128 135
A@N?L 214 197 225
2;<F? 11.21
1IFONCIH 11.9
!
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE UNSDQ OQDEDQDMBDR V@R SGD R@LD ADENQD @MC @ESDQ SGD D@QSGPT@JD.
!
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE UNSDQ OQDEDQDMBDR V@R MNS SGD R@LD ADENQD @MC @ESDQ SGD D@QSGPT@JD.
!:<G::H D; #G::9DB (df):
:< = MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR k 1 = 3 k 1 = 2
2
2
2
626 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD=)(]
2
> 3.2603) = 0.1959
1QDRR SGD #A*(- JDX @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN ED*. 1QDRR 1:0A1. 1QDRR 2 E$*E( 3 E$*E(. &MSDQ SGD S@AKD
U@KTDR AX QNV. 1QDRR E$*E( @ESDQ D@BG. 1QDRR 2>6 '+*. 1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). "QQNV
CNVM SN C:M2-*E)*. 1QDRR E$*E(. :NT RGNTKC RDD %4C7BF76:0A1 3>6 EH@75D76:0B1. "QQNV
CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7. 1QDRR E$*E(. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR 3.2603 @MC SGD F-U@KTD = 0.1959. %N SGD OQNBDCTQD
@ RDBNMC SHLD ATS @QQNV CNVM SN DB3G HMRSD@C NE 53<5E<3D7.
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: V = 0.05 @MC SGD F-U@KTD = 0.1959. V < F-U@KTD.
E
.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM NE UNSDQ OQDEDQDMBDR V@R MNS SGD R@LD ADENQD @MC @ESDQ SGD D@QSGPT@JD.
11.9 *UX -D@FTD RBGNNKR QDBDHUD L@MX @OOKHB@SHNMR, ATS NMKX RNLD B@M AD @BBDOSDC. "S SGD RBGNNKR KHRSDC HM
2;<F? 11.22, SVN SXODR NE @OOKHB@SHNMR @QD @BBDOSDC: QDFTK@Q @MC D@QKX CDBHRHNM.
AJJFC=;NCIH 2SJ? A==?JN?> LIQH !IFOG<C; !ILH?FF ";LNGIONB .?HH 7;F?
1ACQH=N 2,115 1,792 5,306 1,734 2,685 1,245
$=NHU #A?EOEKJ 577 627 1,228 444 1,195 761
2;<F? 11.22
8D V@MS SN JMNV HE SGD MTLADQ NE QDFTK@Q @OOKHB@SHNMR @BBDOSDC ENKKNVR SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM @R SGD MTLADQ NE D@QKX
@OOKHB@SHNMR @BBDOSDC. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR, SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL @MC SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB, RJDSBG SGD
FQ@OG NE SGD F-U@KTD, @MC CQ@V @ BNMBKTRHNM @ANTS SGD SDRS NE GNLNFDMDHSX.
11.5 U !IGJ;LCMIH 1OGG;LS I@ NB? !BC-1KO;L? 2?MNM
%II>H?MM-I@-$CN, 'H>?J?H>?H=? ;H> &IGIA?H?CNS
:NT G@UD RDDM SGD ]
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB TRDC HM SGQDD CHEEDQDMS BHQBTLRS@MBDR. 5GD ENKKNVHMF ATKKDSDC KHRS HR @ RTLL@QX SG@S VHKK
GDKO XNT CDBHCD VGHBG ]
2
SDRS HR SGD @OOQNOQH@SD NMD SN TRD.
c $DD9C:HH-D;-#>I: 6RD SGD FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ @ ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM "EHSR" @
JMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM. *M SGHR B@RD SGDQD VHKK AD @ RHMFKD PT@KHS@SHUD RTQUDX PTDRSHNM NQ @ RHMFKD NTSBNLD NE @M DWODQHLDMS
EQNL @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM. (NNCMDRR-NE-'HS HR SXOHB@KKX TRDC SN RDD HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR TMHENQL (@KK NTSBNLDR NBBTQ
VHSG DPT@K EQDPTDMBX), SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K, NQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR SGD R@LD @R @MNSGDQ ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @ JMNVM
CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
!
0
: 5GD ONOTK@SHNM EHSR SGD FHUDM CHRSQHATSHNM.
!
7
: 5GD ONOTK@SHNM CNDR MNS EHS SGD FHUDM CHRSQHATSHNM.
c &C9:E:C9:C8:: 6RD SGD SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ SVN U@QH@AKDR (E@BSNQR) @QD HMCDODMCDMS NQ CDODMCDMS.
*M SGHR B@RD SGDQD VHKK AD SVN PT@KHS@SHUD RTQUDX PTDRSHNMR NQ DWODQHLDMSR @MC @ BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD VHKK AD BNMRSQTBSDC.
5GD FN@K HR SN RDD HE SGD SVN U@QH@AKDR @QD TMQDK@SDC (HMCDODMCDMS) NQ QDK@SDC (CDODMCDMS). 5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 627
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GXONSGDRDR @QD:
!
0
: 5GD SVN U@QH@AKDR (E@BSNQR) @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
!
7
: 5GD SVN U@QH@AKDR (E@BSNQR) @QD CDODMCDMS.
c %DBD<:C:>IN: 6RD SGD SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX SN CDBHCD HE SVN ONOTK@SHNMR VHSG TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNMR G@UD SGD R@LD
CHRSQHATSHNM @R D@BG NSGDQ. *M SGHR B@RD SGDQD VHKK AD @ RHMFKD PT@KHS@SHUD RTQUDX PTDRSHNM NQ DWODQHLDMS FHUDM SN SVN
CHEEDQDMS ONOTK@SHNMR. 5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR @QD:
!
0
: 5GD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR ENKKNV SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM.
!
7
: 5GD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD CHEEDQDMS CHRSQHATSHNMR.
11.6 U 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
" I:HI D; 6 H>C<A: K6G>6C8: @RRTLDR SG@S SGD TMCDQKXHMF CHRSQHATSHNM HR CDGB6A. 5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR @QD RS@SDC
HM SDQLR NE SGD EDEJA6I>DC K6G>6C8: (NQ ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM). 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR:
n - 1
s
2
2
VGDQD:
c D = SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@
c I
2
= R@LOKD U@QH@MBD
c \
2
= ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD
:NT L@X SGHMJ NE I @R SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD HM SGHR SDRS. 5GD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HR :< = D - 1. A I:HI D; 6
H>C<A: K6G>6C8: B6N 7: G><=I-I6>A:9, A:;I-I6>A:9, DG ILD-I6>A:9. #R;GJF? 11.10 VHKK RGNV XNT GNV SN RDS TO SGD MTKK @MC
@KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR. 5GD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR BNMS@HM RS@SDLDMSR @ANTS SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD.
$T=ILHA 11.10
.@SG HMRSQTBSNQR @QD MNS NMKX HMSDQDRSDC HM GNV SGDHQ RSTCDMSR CN NM DW@LR, NM @UDQ@FD, ATS GNV SGD DW@L RBNQDR
U@QX. 5N L@MX HMRSQTBSNQR, SGD U@QH@MBD (NQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM) L@X AD LNQD HLONQS@MS SG@M SGD @UDQ@FD.
4TOONRD @ L@SG HMRSQTBSNQ ADKHDUDR SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ GHR EHM@K DW@L HR EHUD ONHMSR. 0MD NE GHR
ADRS RSTCDMSR SGHMJR NSGDQVHRD. 5GD RSTCDMS BK@HLR SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR LNQD SG@M EHUD ONHMSR. *E SGD
RSTCDMS VDQD SN BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS, VG@S VNTKC SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRDR AD
1IFONCIH 11.10
&UDM SGNTFG VD @QD FHUDM SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, VD B@M RDS TO SGD SDRS TRHMF SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD
@R ENKKNVR.
c !
0
: \
2
= 5
2
c !
7
: \
2
> 5
2
628 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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11.10 " 4$6#" HMRSQTBSNQ V@MSR SN QDBNQC SGD BNKKDBSHUD CDOSGR D@BG NE GHR RSTCDMSR CHUDR CTQHMF SGDHQ BGDBJNTS.
)D HR HMSDQDRSDC HM GNV SGD CDOSGR U@QX, DUDM SGNTFG DUDQXNMD RGNTKC G@UD ADDM @S SGD R@LD CDOSG. )D ADKHDUDR SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR SGQDD EDDS. )HR @RRHRS@MS SGHMJR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR KDRR SG@M SGQDD EDDS. *E SGD HMRSQTBSNQ VDQD
SN BNMCTBS @ SDRS, VG@S VNTKC SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR AD
$T=ILHA 11.11
8HSG HMCHUHCT@K KHMDR @S HSR U@QHNTR VHMCNVR, @ ONRS NEEHBD EHMCR SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ MNQL@KKX
CHRSQHATSDC V@HSHMF SHLDR ENQ BTRSNLDQR NM 'QHC@X @ESDQMNNM HR 7.2 LHMTSDR. 5GD ONRS NEEHBD DWODQHLDMSR VHSG @
RHMFKD, L@HM V@HSHMF KHMD @MC EHMCR SG@S ENQ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 25 BTRSNLDQR, SGD V@HSHMF SHLDR ENQ BTRSNLDQR
G@UD @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 3.5 LHMTSDR.
8HSG @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 5%, SDRS SGD BK@HL SG@S 6 H>C<A: A>C: 86JH:H ADL:G K6G>6I>DC 6BDC< L6>I>CB:H (H=DGI:G L6>I>CB:H) ;DG 8JHIDB:GH.
1IFONCIH 11.11
4HMBD SGD BK@HL HR SG@S @ RHMFKD KHMD B@TRDR KDRR U@QH@SHNM, SGHR HR @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD U@QH@MBD. 5GD O@Q@LDSDQ HR SGD
ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD, \
2
, NQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, \.
/6C9DB 36G>67A:: 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I, HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD. -DS I = RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ
SGD V@HSHMF SHLDR.
c !
0
: \
2
= 7.2
2
c !
7
: \
2
< 7.2
2
5GD VNQC "A:HH" SDKKR XNT SGHR HR @ KDES-S@HKDC SDRS.
24
2
, VGDQD:
c D = SGD MTLADQ NE BTRSNLDQR R@LOKDC
c :< = D k 1 = 25 k 1 = 24
6A8JA6I: I=: I:HI HI6I>HI>8:
2
=
(n 1)s
2
2
=
(25 1)(3.5)
2
7.2
2
= 5.67
VGDQD D = 25, I = 3.5, @MC \ = 7.2.
$G6E=:
$CAOL? 11.8
-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD = ) ( ]
2
< 5.67) = 0.000042
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ::
V = 0.05; F-U@KTD = 0.000042; V > F-U@KTD
0
. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S XNT QDIDBS \
2
= 7.2
2
. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, XNT CN
MNS SGHMJ SGD U@QH@SHNM HM V@HSHMF SHLDR HR 7.2 LHMTSDR; XNT SGHMJ SGD U@QH@SHNM HM V@HSHMF SHLDR HR KDRR.
DC8AJH>DC: "S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S @
RHMFKD KHMD B@TRDR @ KNVDQ U@QH@SHNM @LNMF SGD V@HSHMF SHLDR DG VHSG @ RHMFKD KHMD, SGD BTRSNLDQ V@HSHMF SHLDR
U@QX KDRR SG@M 7.2 LHMTSDR.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 629
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*M 2>6 D)*(, TRD 7:M2568. 5GD RXMS@W HR (<?G7B, E@@7B, 68) ENQ SGD O@Q@LDSDQ KHRS. 'NQ
#R;GJF? 11.11, M2568(-1E99,5.67,24). 5GD F-U@KTD = 0.000042.
11.11 5GD '$$ BNMCTBSR AQN@CA@MC RODDC SDRSR SN LD@RTQD GNV LTBG C@S@ ODQ RDBNMC O@RRDR ADSVDDM @ BNMRTLDQnR
BNLOTSDQ @MC SGD HMSDQMDS. "R NE "TFTRS NE 2012, SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE *MSDQMDS RODDCR @BQNRR *MSDQMDS 4DQUHBD
1QNUHCDQR (*41R) V@R 12.2 ODQBDMS. 4TOONRD @ R@LOKD NE 15 *41R @QD S@JDM, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 13.2. "M
@M@KXRS BK@HLR SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE RODDCR HR LNQD SG@M VG@S V@R QDONQSDC. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD
GXONSGDRDR, BNLOTSD SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL, SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB, RJDSBG SGD FQ@OG NE SGD F-U@KTD, @MC CQ@V @ BNMBKTRHNM.
5DRS @S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
630 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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11.1 *;< 1: !BC-1KO;L? %II>H?MM-I@-$CN
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK DU@KT@SD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGDX EHS DHSGDQ SGD TMHENQL NQ DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNMR.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
(N SN XNTQ KNB@K RTODQL@QJDS. "RJ 30 ODNOKD @R SGDX KD@UD ENQ SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NM SGDHQ FQNBDQX QDBDHOSR. (0Q, @RJ
SGQDD B@RGHDQR ENQ SGD K@RS SDM @LNTMSR. #D RTQD SN HMBKTCD SGD DWOQDRR K@MD, HE HS HR NODM.)
,-2#
:NT L@X MDDC SN BNLAHMD SVN B@SDFNQHDR RN SG@S D@BG BDKK G@R @M DWODBSDC U@KTD NE @S KD@RS EHUD.
1. 3DBNQC SGD U@KTDR.
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<<
2;<F? 11.23
2. $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD C@S@. .@JD EHUD SN RHW HMSDQU@KR. 4JDSBG SGD FQ@OG TRHMF @ QTKDQ @MC ODMBHK. 4B@KD SGD
@WDR.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 631
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$CAOL? 11.9
=. x
= ????????
>. I = ????????
?. I
2
= ????????
5DRS SN RDD HE FQNBDQX QDBDHOSR ENKKNV SGD TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM.
1. 6RHMF XNTQ KNVDRS @MC GHFGDRS U@KTDR, 1 ] . (???????, ???????)
2. %HUHCD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HMSN EHESGR.
=. KNVDRS U@KTD = ?????????
>. 20
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ?????????
?. 40
SG
@. 60
SG
A. 80
SG
B. GHFGDRS U@KTD = ?????????
4. 'NQ D@BG EHESG, BNTMS SGD NARDQUDC MTLADQ NE QDBDHOSR @MC QDBNQC HS. 5GDM CDSDQLHMD SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE
QDBDHOSR @MC QDBNQC SG@S.
$C@NB -<M?LP?> #RJ?=N?>
1
OP
2
J@
3
N@
4
PD
5
PD
2;<F? 11.24
5. !
0
: ????????
6. !
7
: ????????
7. 8G@S CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC XNT TRD ENQ @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS
632 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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8. 8GX CHC XNT BGNNRD SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM
11. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD N-@WHR. 4G@CD SGD @QD@ BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
$CAOL? 11.10
12. 4S@SD XNTQ CDBHRHNM.
13. 4S@SD XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.
5DRS SN RDD HE FQNBDQX QDBDHOSR ENKKNV SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ
1
x
.
1. 6RHMF
1
x
@R SGD CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ, 1 ] ENF(?????????).

=. KNVDRS U@KTD = ????????
>. EHQRS PT@QSHKD = ????????
?. 37
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ????????
@. LDCH@M = ????????
A. 63
QC
ODQBDMSHKD = ????????
B. 3
QC
PT@QSHKD = ????????
C. GHFGDRS U@KTD = ????????
3. 'NQ D@BG BDKK, BNTMS SGD NARDQUDC MTLADQ NE QDBDHOSR @MC QDBNQC HS. 5GDM CDSDQLHMD SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE
QDBDHOSR @MC QDBNQC SG@S.
!?FF -<M?LP?> #RJ?=N?>
1
OP
2
J@
3
N@
4
PD
5
PD
2;<F? 11.25
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 633
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!?FF -<M?LP?> #RJ?=N?>
6
PD
2;<F? 11.25
4. !
0
: ????????
5. !
7
: ????????
$CAOL? 11.11
1. %HC XNTQ C@S@ EHS DHSGDQ CHRSQHATSHNM *E RN, VGHBG
2. *M FDMDQ@K, CN XNT SGHMJ HSnR KHJDKX SG@S C@S@ BNTKC EHS LNQD SG@M NMD CHRSQHATSHNM *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, DWOK@HM
VGX NQ VGX MNS.
634 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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11.2 *;< 2: !BC-1KO;L? 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK DU@KT@SD HE SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM E@UNQHSD SXOD NE RM@BJ @MC FDMCDQ.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
1. 6RHMF XNTQ BK@RR @R @ R@LOKD, BNLOKDSD SGD ENKKNVHMF BG@QS. "RJ D@BG NSGDQ VG@S XNTQ E@UNQHSD RM@BJ HR, SGDM SNS@K
SGD QDRTKSR.
,-2#
:NT L@X MDDC SN BNLAHMD SVN ENNC B@SDFNQHDR RN SG@S D@BG BDKK G@R @M DWODBSDC U@KTD NE @S KD@RS EHUD.
MQ??NM (=;H>S & <;E?>
AII>M)
C=?
=L?;G
=BCJM &
JL?NT?FM
@LOCNM &
P?A?N;<F?M
2IN;F
I=HA
BAI=HA
3KP=H
2;<F? 11.26 $;PILCN? NSJ? I@ MH;=E
2. -NNJHMF @S 2;<F? 11.26, CNDR HS @OOD@Q SN XNT SG@S SGDQD HR @ CDODMCDMBD ADSVDDM FDMCDQ @MC E@UNQHSD SXOD NE
RM@BJ ENNC 8GX NQ VGX MNS
&SJINB?MCM 2?MN
$NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD E@BSNQR @QD HMCDODMCDMS:
1. !
0
: ????????
2. !
7
: ????????
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 635
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$CAOL? 11.12
1. *R SGD BNMBKTRHNM NE XNTQ RSTCX SGD R@LD @R NQ CHEEDQDMS EQNL XNTQ @MRVDQ SN @MRVDQ SN PTDRSHNM SVN TMCDQ
"!IFF?=N NB? ";N;"
2. 8GX CN XNT SGHMJ SG@S NBBTQQDC
636 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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!IHNCHA?H=S 2;<F?
)#7 2#0+1
@ S@AKD SG@S CHROK@XR R@LOKD U@KTDR ENQ SVN CHEEDQDMS E@BSNQR SG@S L@X AD CDODMCDMS NQ BNMSHMFDMS
NM NMD @MNSGDQ; HS E@BHKHS@SDR CDSDQLHMHMF BNMCHSHNM@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR.
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
11.1 $;=NM A<ION NB? !BC-1KO;L? "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM HR @ TRDETK SNNK ENQ @RRDRRLDMS HM @ RDQHDR NE OQNAKDL B@SDFNQHDR. 5GDRD OQNAKDL B@SDFNQHDR
HMBKTCD OQHL@QHKX (H) VGDSGDQ @ C@S@ RDS EHSR @ O@QSHBTK@Q CHRSQHATSHNM, (HH) VGDSGDQ SGD CHRSQHATSHNMR NE SVN ONOTK@SHNMR @QD SGD
R@LD, (HHH) VGDSGDQ SVN DUDMSR LHFGS AD HMCDODMCDMS, @MC (HU) VGDSGDQ SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMS U@QH@AHKHSX SG@M DWODBSDC VHSGHM @
ONOTK@SHNM.
"M HLONQS@MS O@Q@LDSDQ HM @ BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL :< HM @ FHUDM OQNAKDL. 5GD Q@MCNL
U@QH@AKD HM SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGD RTL NE RPT@QDR NE :< RS@MC@QC MNQL@K U@QH@AKDR, VGHBG LTRS AD HMCDODMCDMS.
5GD JDX BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM @KRN CDODMC CHQDBSKX NM SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL.
5GD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM BTQUD HR RJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS, @MC HSR RG@OD CDODMCR NM SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL :<. 'NQ :<
> 90, SGD BTQUD @OOQNWHL@SDR SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5DRS RS@SHRSHBR A@RDC NM SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM @QD @KV@XR FQD@SDQ
SG@M NQ DPT@K SN YDQN. 4TBG @OOKHB@SHNM SDRSR @QD @KLNRS @KV@XR QHFGS-S@HKDC SDRSR.
11.2 %II>H?MM-I@-$CN 2?MN
5N @RRDRR VGDSGDQ @ C@S@ RDS EHSR @ RODBHEHB CHRSQHATSHNM, XNT B@M @OOKX SGD FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS GXONSGDRHR SDRS SG@S TRDR SGD
BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR ENQ SGHR SDRS RS@SDR SG@S SGD C@S@ BNLD EQNL SGD @RRTLDC CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD SDRS
BNLO@QDR NARDQUDC U@KTDR @F@HMRS SGD U@KTDR XNT VNTKC DWODBS SN G@UD HE XNTQ C@S@ ENKKNVDC SGD @RRTLDC CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD
SDRS HR @KLNRS @KV@XR QHFGS-S@HKDC. &@BG NARDQU@SHNM NQ BDKK B@SDFNQX LTRS G@UD @M DWODBSDC U@KTD NE @S KD@RS EHUD.
11.3 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
5N @RRDRR VGDSGDQ SVN E@BSNQR @QD HMCDODMCDMS NQ MNS, XNT B@M @OOKX SGD SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD SG@S TRDR SGD BGH-RPT@QD
CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR ENQ SGHR SDRS RS@SDR SG@S SGD SVN E@BSNQR @QD HMCDODMCDMS. 5GD SDRS BNLO@QDR NARDQUDC U@KTDR
SN DWODBSDC U@KTDR. 5GD SDRS HR QHFGS-S@HKDC. &@BG NARDQU@SHNM NQ BDKK B@SDFNQX LTRS G@UD @M DWODBSDC U@KTD NE @S KD@RS 5.
11.4 2?MN @IL &IGIA?H?CNS
5N @RRDRR VGDSGDQ SVN C@S@ RDSR @QD CDQHUDC EQNL SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNMlVGHBG MDDC MNS AD JMNVM, XNT B@M @OOKX SGD SDRS
ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX SG@S TRDR SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR ENQ SGHR SDRS RS@SDR SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNMR NE SGD SVN
C@S@ RDSR BNLD EQNL SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD SDRS BNLO@QDR SGD NARDQUDC U@KTDR @F@HMRS SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR HE SGD SVN
ONOTK@SHNMR ENKKNVDC SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD SDRS HR QHFGS-S@HKDC. &@BG NARDQU@SHNM NQ BDKK B@SDFNQX LTRS G@UD @M DWODBSDC
U@KTD NE @S KD@RS EHUD.
11.5 !IGJ;LCMIH 1OGG;LS I@ NB? !BC-1KO;L? 2?MNM %II>H?MM-I@-$CN, 'H>?J?H>?H=? ;H>
&IGIA?H?CNS
5GD FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS HR SXOHB@KKX TRDC SN CDSDQLHMD HE C@S@ EHSR @ O@QSHBTK@Q CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD L@JDR
TRD NE @ BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD SN CDSDQLHMD SGD HMCDODMCDMBD NE SVN E@BSNQR. 5GD SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX CDSDQLHMDR VGDSGDQ SVN
ONOTK@SHNMR BNLD EQNL SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM, DUDM HE SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM HR TMJMNVM.
11.6 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
5N SDRS U@QH@AHKHSX, TRD SGD BGH-RPT@QD SDRS NE @ RHMFKD U@QH@MBD. 5GD SDRS L@X AD KDES-, QHFGS-, NQ SVN-S@HKDC, @MC HSR GXONSGDRDR
@QD @KV@XR DWOQDRRDC HM SDQLR NE SGD U@QH@MBD (NQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM).
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
]
2
= (3
1
)
2
+ (3
2
)
2
+ r(3
:<
)
2
BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM Q@MCNL
U@QH@AKD
Z
]
2
= :< BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM ONOTK@SHNM LD@M
2
= 2
d f
$GH-4PT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC

CDUH@SHNM
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 637
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(O E)
2
E
FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS RS@SHRSHB VGDQD:
(: NARDQUDC U@KTDR
E: DWODBSDC U@KTDR
A: MTLADQ NE CHEEDQDMS C@S@ BDKKR NQ B@SDFNQHDR
:< = A u 1 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
11.3 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
3AOP KB (J@ALAJ@AJ?A
c 5GD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HR DPT@K SN (MTLADQ
NE BNKTLMR - 1)(MTLADQ NE QNVR - 1).
c 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR
(i j)
(O E)
2
E
VGDQD ( = NARDQUDC
U@KTDR, E = DWODBSDC U@KTDR, ? = SGD MTLADQ NE QNVR HM
SGD S@AKD, @MC @ = SGD MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR HM SGD S@AKD.
c *E SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD, SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ
E =
total surveyed
.
i j
(O E)
2
E
)NLNFDMDHSX SDRS RS@SHRSHB VGDQD: ( =
NARDQUDC U@KTDR
E = DWODBSDC U@KTDR
? = MTLADQ NE QNVR HM C@S@ BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD
@ = MTLADQ NE BNKTLMR HM C@S@ BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD
:< = (? u1)(@ u1) %DFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
11.6 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
2
=
(n 1) s
2
2
5DRS NE @ RHMFKD U@QH@MBD RS@SHRSHB
VGDQD:
D: R@LOKD RHYD
I: R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
\: ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
:< = D k 1 %DFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
3AOP KB = 2EJCHA 5=NE=J?A
c 6RD SGD SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD U@QH@SHNM.
c 5GD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HR SGD MTLADQ NE R@LOKDR k 1.
c 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR
(n 1) s
2
2
, VGDQD D = SGD SNS@K
MTLADQ NE C@S@, I
2
= R@LOKD U@QH@MBD, @MC \
2
=
ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD.
c 5GD SDRS L@X AD KDES-, QHFGS-, NQ SVN-S@HKDC.
.0A!2'!#
1. *E SGD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ @ BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM HR 25, VG@S HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM
2. *E :< > 90, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR ?????????????. *E :< = 15, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR ????????????????.
3. 8GDM CNDR SGD BGH-RPT@QD BTQUD @OOQNWHL@SD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
4. 8GDQD HR Z KNB@SDC NM @ BGH-RPT@QD BTQUD
5. *R HS LNQD KHJDKX SGD :< HR 90, 20, NQ SVN HM SGD FQ@OG
$CAOL? 11.13
638 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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D;J;HC?D; J>; 7FFHEFH?7J; J;IJ JE 8; KI;: ?D J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I.
6. "M @QBGDNKNFHRS HR B@KBTK@SHMF SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD EQDPTDMBX NE SGD MTLADQ NE @QSHE@BSR RGD EHMCR HM @ CHF RHSD. #@RDC NM
OQDUHNTR CHFR, SGD @QBGDNKNFHRS BQD@SDR @M DWODBSDC CHRSQHATSHNM AQNJDM CNVM AX FQHC RDBSHNMR HM SGD CHF RHSD. 0MBD SGD RHSD
G@R ADDM ETKKX DWB@U@SDC, RGD BNLO@QDR SGD @BST@K MTLADQ NE @QSHE@BSR ENTMC HM D@BG FQHC RDBSHNM SN RDD HE GDQ DWODBS@SHNM
V@R @BBTQ@SD.
7. "M DBNMNLHRS HR CDQHUHMF @ LNCDK SN OQDCHBS NTSBNLDR NM SGD RSNBJ L@QJDS. )D BQD@SDR @ KHRS NE DWODBSDC ONHMSR NM SGD
RSNBJ L@QJDS HMCDW ENQ SGD MDWS SVN VDDJR. "S SGD BKNRD NE D@BG C@XnR SQ@CHMF, GD QDBNQCR SGD @BST@K ONHMSR NM SGD HMCDW. )D
V@MSR SN RDD GNV VDKK GHR LNCDK L@SBGDC VG@S @BST@KKX G@OODMDC.
8. " ODQRNM@K SQ@HMDQ HR OTSSHMF SNFDSGDQ @ VDHFGS-KHESHMF OQNFQ@L ENQ GDQ BKHDMSR. 'NQ @ 90-C@X OQNFQ@L, RGD DWODBSR D@BG
BKHDMS SN KHES @ RODBHEHB L@WHLTL VDHFGS D@BG VDDJ. "R RGD FNDR @KNMF, RGD QDBNQCR SGD @BST@K L@WHLTL VDHFGSR GDQ BKHDMSR
KHESDC. 4GD V@MSR SN JMNV GNV VDKK GDQ DWODBS@SHNMR LDS VHSG VG@S V@R NARDQUDC.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: " SD@BGDQ OQDCHBSR SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE FQ@CDR NM
SGD EHM@K DW@L VHKK AD HM 2;<F? 11.27.
%L;>? .LIJILNCIH
0.25
! 0.30
" 0.35
# 0.10
2;<F? 11.27
5GD @BST@K CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ @ BK@RR NE 20 HR HM 2;<F? 11.28.
%L;>? $L?KO?H=S
7
! 7
" 5
# 1
2;<F? 11.28
9. d f = ??????
11. ]
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB = ??????
12. F-U@KTD = ??????
13. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VG@S B@M XNT BNMBKTCD
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 639
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ D?D; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD QD@K. 5GD BTLTK@SHUD MTLADQ NE
"*%4 B@RDR QDONQSDC ENQ 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX HR AQNJDM CNVM AX DSGMHBHSX @R HM 2;<F? 11.29.
#NBHC=CNS ,OG<?L I@ !;M?M
6DEPA 2,229
'EOL=JE? 1,157
!H=?G/BNE?=J-IANE?=J 457
OE=J, /=?EBE? (OH=J@AN 232
3KP=H = 4,075
2;<F? 11.29
5GD ODQBDMS@FD NE D@BG DSGMHB FQNTO HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX HR @R HM 2;<F? 11.30.
#NBHC=CNS
.?L=?HN;A? I@ NIN;F =IOHNS
JIJOF;NCIH
,OG<?L ?RJ?=N?> (LIOH> NI NQI
>?=CG;F JF;=?M)
5BCN? 42.9% 3,464.18
&CMJ;HC= 26.7%
F;=E/A@LC=;H-
AG?LC=;H
2.6%
AMC;H, .;=C@C=
'MF;H>?L
27.8%
3KP=H = 100%
2;<F? 11.30
14. *E SGD DSGMHBHSHDR NE "*%4 UHBSHLR ENKKNVDC SGD DSGMHBHSHDR NE SGD SNS@K BNTMSX ONOTK@SHNM, EHKK HM SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE
B@RDR ODQ DSGMHB FQNTO.
);H<EHC 7 =EE:D;II-E<-<?J J;IJ JE :;J;HC?D; M>;J>;H J>; E99KHH;D9; E< A"D, 97I;I <EBBEMI J>; ;J>D?9?J?;I E< J>; =;D;H7B
FEFKB7J?ED E< ,7DJ7 CB7H7 CEKDJO.
15. !
0
: ???????
16. !
7
: ???????
18. CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL = ???????
19. ]
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB = ???????
20. F-U@KTD = ???????
21. (Q@OG SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. .@QJ SGD LD@M @MC SDRS RS@SHRSHB. 4G@CD HM SGD QDFHNM
640 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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$CAOL? 11.14
-DS V = 0.05
%DBHRHNM: ????????????????
3D@RNM ENQ SGD %DBHRHNM: ????????????????
$NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR): ????????????????
22. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD O@SSDQM NE "*%4 B@RDR HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX BNQQDRONMCR SN SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE DSGMHB FQNTOR HM
SGHR BNTMSX 8GX NQ VGX MNS
11.3 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
D;J;HC?D; J>; 7FFHEFH?7J; J;IJ JE 8; KI;: ?D J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I.
23. " OG@QL@BDTSHB@K BNLO@MX HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM @FD @MC OQDRDMS@SHNM NE RXLOSNLR ENQ @ BNLLNM
UHQ@K HMEDBSHNM. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD HR S@JDM NE 500 ODNOKD VHSG SGD HMEDBSHNM @BQNRR CHEEDQDMS @FD FQNTOR.
24. 5GD NVMDQ NE @ A@RDA@KK SD@L HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM OK@XDQ R@K@QHDR @MC SD@L VHMMHMF ODQBDMS@FD. )D
S@JDR @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 OK@XDQR EQNL CHEEDQDMS NQF@MHY@SHNMR.
25. " L@Q@SGNM QTMMDQ HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD AQ@MC NE RGNDR QTMMDQR VD@Q @MC SGDHQ QTM SHLDR. 4GD
S@JDR @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 50 QTMMDQR @MC QDBNQCR SGDHQ QTM SHLDR @R VDKK @R SGD AQ@MC NE RGNDR SGDX VDQD VD@QHMF.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: 5Q@MRHS 3@HKQN@CR HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM
SQ@UDK CHRS@MBD @MC SGD SHBJDS BK@RR OTQBG@RDC. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 200 O@RRDMFDQR HR S@JDM. 2;<F? 11.31 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR.
5GD Q@HKQN@C V@MSR SN JMNV HE @ O@RRDMFDQnR BGNHBD HM SHBJDS BK@RR HR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD CHRS@MBD SGDX LTRS SQ@UDK.
2L;P?FCHA "CMN;H=? 2BCL> =F;MM 1?=IH> =F;MM $CLMN =F;MM 2IN;F
1_100 IEHAO 21 14 6 41
101_200 IEHAO 18 16 8 42
201_300 IEHAO 16 17 15 48
301_400 IEHAO 12 14 21 47
401_500 IEHAO 6 6 10 22
3KP=H 73 67 60 200
2;<F? 11.31
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 641
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26. 4S@SD SGD GXONSGDRDR.
!
0
: ???????
!
7
: ???????
27. :< = ???????
28. )NV L@MX O@RRDMFDQR @QD DWODBSDC SN SQ@UDK ADSVDDM 201 @MC 300 LHKDR @MC OTQBG@RD RDBNMC-BK@RR SHBJDSR
29. )NV L@MX O@RRDMFDQR @QD DWODBSDC SN SQ@UDK ADSVDDM 401 @MC 500 LHKDR @MC OTQBG@RD EHQRS-BK@RR SHBJDSR
32. 8G@S B@M XNT BNMBKTCD @S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I: "M @QSHBKD HM SGD /DV &MFK@MC +NTQM@K NE .DCHBHMD,
CHRBTRRDC @ RSTCX NM RLNJDQR HM $@KHENQMH@ @MC )@V@HH. *M NMD O@QS NE SGD QDONQS, SGD RDKE-QDONQSDC DSGMHBHSX @MC RLNJHMF
KDUDKR ODQ C@X VDQD FHUDM. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF @S LNRS SDM BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 9,886 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 2,745
/@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 12,831 -@SHMNR, 8,378 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR @MC 7,650 VGHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF 11 SN 20 BHF@QDSSDR
ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 6,514 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 3,062 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 4,932 -@SHMNR, 10,680 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC
9,877 VGHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF 21 SN 30 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ C@X, SGDQD VDQD 1,671 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 1,419 /@SHUD
)@V@HH@MR, 1,406 -@SHMNR, 4,715 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 6,062 VGHSDR. 0E SGD ODNOKD RLNJHMF @S KD@RS 31 BHF@QDSSDR ODQ
C@X, SGDQD VDQD 759 "EQHB@M "LDQHB@MR, 788 /@SHUD )@V@HH@MR, 800 -@SHMNR, 2,305 +@O@MDRD "LDQHB@MR, @MC 3,970 VGHSDR.
1GIECHA *?P?F
.?L ";S
A@LC=;H
AG?LC=;H
,;NCP?
&;Q;CC;H
*;NCHI
(;J;H?M?
AG?LC=;HM
5BCN? 2-2A*1
1-10
11-20
21-30
31+
2-2A*1
2;<F? 11.32 1GIECHA *?P?FM <S #NBHC=CNS (-<M?LP?>)
34. 4S@SD SGD GXONSGDRDR.
!
0
: ???????
!
7
: ???????
35. &MSDQ DWODBSDC U@KTDR HM 2;<F? 11.32. 3NTMC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
$@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF U@KTDR:
36. :< = ???????
37.
2
SDRS RS@SHRSHB = ??????
38. F-U@KTD = ??????
39. *R SGHR @ QHFGS-S@HKDC, KDES-S@HKDC, NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS &WOK@HM VGX.
40. (Q@OG SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. .@QJ SGD LD@M @MC SDRS RS@SHRSHB. 4G@CD HM SGD QDFHNM
642 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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$CAOL? 11.15
4S@SD SGD CDBHRHNM @MC BNMBKTRHNM (HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD) ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF OQDBNMBDHUDC KDUDKR NE V.
41. V = 0.05
=. %DBHRHNM: ???????????????????
>. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD CDBHRHNM: ???????????????????
?. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD): ???????????????????
42. V = 0.01
=. %DBHRHNM: ???????????????????
>. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD CDBHRHNM: ???????????????????
?. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD): ???????????????????
43. " L@SG SD@BGDQ V@MSR SN RDD HE SVN NE GDQ BK@RRDR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SDRS RBNQDR. 8G@S SDRS RGNTKC RGD TRD
44. 8G@S @QD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR ENQ #R?L=CM? 11.43
45. " L@QJDS QDRD@QBGDQ V@MSR SN RDD HE SVN CHEEDQDMS RSNQDR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE R@KDR SGQNTFGNTS SGD XD@Q. 8G@S
SXOD NE SDRS RGNTKC GD TRD
46. " LDSDNQNKNFHRS V@MSR SN JMNV HE &@RS @MC 8DRS "TRSQ@KH@ G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE RSNQLR. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS RGNTKC
RGD TRD
47. 8G@S BNMCHSHNM LTRS AD LDS SN TRD SGD SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: %N OQHU@SD OQ@BSHBD CNBSNQR @MC GNROHS@K CNBSNQR G@UD SGD
R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM NE VNQJHMF GNTQR 4TOONRD SG@S @ R@LOKD NE 100 OQHU@SD OQ@BSHBD CNBSNQR @MC 150 GNROHS@K CNBSNQR @QD
RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL @MC @RJDC @ANTS SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR @ VDDJ SGDX VNQJ. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.33.
20X30 30X40 40X50 50X60
/NER=PA /N=?PE?A 16 40 38 6
'KOLEP=H 8 44 59 39
2;<F? 11.33
49. :< = ???????
52. 8G@S B@M XNT BNMBKTCD @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 643
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&IGIA?H?CNS
53. 8GHBG SDRS CN XNT TRD SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ @M NARDQUDC CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGD R@LD @R @M DWODBSDC CHRSQHATSHNM
54. 8G@S HR SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR ENQ SGD SXOD NE SDRS EQNL #R?L=CM? 11.53
55. 8GHBG SDRS VNTKC XNT TRD SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ SVN E@BSNQR G@UD @ QDK@SHNMRGHO
56. 8GHBG SDRS VNTKC XNT TRD SN CDBHCD HE SVN ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM
57. )NV @QD SDRSR NE HMCDODMCDMBD RHLHK@Q SN SDRSR ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX
58. )NV @QD SDRSR NE HMCDODMCDMBD CHEEDQDMS EQNL SDRSR ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX
11.6 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: "M @QBGDQnR RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ GHR GHSR HR RHW (C@S@ HR
LD@RTQDC HM CHRS@MBD EQNL SGD BDMSDQ NE SGD S@QFDS). "M NARDQUDQ BK@HLR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR KDRR.
59. 8G@S SXOD NE SDRS RGNTKC AD TRDC
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE GDHFGSR ENQ RSTCDMSR HM @ RBGNNK
HR 0.81. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 50 RSTCDMSR HR S@JDM, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE GDHFGSR NE SGD R@LOKD HR 0.96. " QDRD@QBGDQ
HM BG@QFD NE SGD RSTCX ADKHDUDR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE GDHFGSR ENQ SGD RBGNNK HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 0.81.
64. :< = ????????
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD @UDQ@FD V@HSHMF SHLD HM @ CNBSNQnR NEEHBD U@QHDR. 5GD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE V@HSHMF SHLDR HM @ CNBSNQnR NEEHBD HR 3.4 LHMTSDR. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 30 O@SHDMSR HM SGD CNBSNQnR NEEHBD
G@R @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE V@HSHMF SHLDR NE 4.1 LHMTSDR. 0MD CNBSNQ ADKHDUDR SGD U@QH@MBD NE V@HSHMF SHLDR HR FQD@SDQ SG@M
NQHFHM@KKX SGNTFGS.
68. 8G@S B@M XNT BNMBKTCD @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK
&-+#5-0)
D;9?:; M>;J>;H J>; <EBBEM?D= IJ7J;C;DJI 7H; JHK; EH <7BI;.
69. "R SGD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HMBQD@RDR, SGD FQ@OG NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM KNNJR LNQD @MC LNQD
RXLLDSQHB@K.
70. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM HR SVHBD SGD LD@M.
71. 5GD LD@M @MC SGD LDCH@M NE SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM @QD SGD R@LD HE :< = 24.
FEH ;79> FHE8B;C, KI; 7 IEBKJ?ED I>;;J JE IEBL; J>; >OFEJ>;I?I J;IJ FHE8B;C. E JE J>; A33)1(-: (,663://'1:.24+/
'216)16/047157//%6)56/) . FEH J>; 9>?-IGK7H; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J. +EKD: ;NF;9J;: <H;GK;D9O JE JME :;9?C7B FB79;I.
72. " RHW-RHCDC CHD HR QNKKDC 120 SHLDR. 'HKK HM SGD DWODBSDC EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM. 5GDM, BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD
HE SGD CHD HR E@HQ. 5GD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 11.34 @QD SGD QDRTKS NE SGD 120 QNKKR.
644 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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$;=? 4;FO? $L?KO?H=S #RJ?=N?> $L?KO?H=S
1 15
2 29
3 16
4 15
5 30
6 15
2;<F? 11.34
73. 5GD L@QHS@K RS@STR CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD 6.4. L@KD ONOTK@SHNM, @FDR 15 @MC NKCDQ, HR @R RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.35.
+;LCN;F 1N;NOM .?L=?HN #RJ?=N?> $L?KO?H=S
JARAN I=NNEA@ 31.3
I=NNEA@ 56.1
SE@KSA@ 2.5
@ERKN?A@/OAL=N=PA@ 10.1
2;<F? 11.35
4TOONRD SG@S @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 400 6.4. XNTMF @CTKS L@KDR, 18 SN 24 XD@QR NKC, XHDKCDC SGD ENKKNVHMF EQDPTDMBX
CHRSQHATSHNM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGHR @FD FQNTO NE L@KDR EHSR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD 6.4. @CTKS ONOTK@SHNM. $@KBTK@SD
SGD EQDPTDMBX NMD VNTKC DWODBS VGDM RTQUDXHMF 400 ODNOKD. 'HKK HM 2;<F? 11.36, QNTMCHMF SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
+;LCN;F 1N;NOM $L?KO?H=S
JARAN I=NNEA@ 140
I=NNEA@ 238
SE@KSA@ 2
@ERKN?A@/OAL=N=PA@ 20
2;<F? 11.36
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD BNKTLMR HM 2;<F? 11.37 BNMS@HM SGD 3@BD/&SGMHBHSX NE
6.4. 1TAKHB 4BGNNKR ENQ @ QDBDMS XD@Q, SGD ODQBDMS@FDR ENQ SGD "CU@MBDC 1K@BDLDMS &W@LHMDD 1NOTK@SHNM ENQ SG@S BK@RR, @MC
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 645
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SGD 0UDQ@KK 4STCDMS 1NOTK@SHNM. 4TOONRD SGD QHFGS BNKTLM BNMS@HMR SGD QDRTKS NE @ RTQUDX NE 1,000 KNB@K RSTCDMSR EQNL SG@S
XD@Q VGN SNNJ @M "1 &W@L.
0;=?/#NBHC=CNS
A. #R;GCH??
.IJOF;NCIH
-P?L;FF 1NO>?HN
.IJOF;NCIH
1OLP?S
$L?KO?H=S
OE=J, OE=J IANE?=J, KN /=?EBE?
(OH=J@AN
10.2% 5.4% 113
!H=?G KN BNE?=J-IANE?=J 8.2% 14.5% 94
'EOL=JE? KN +=PEJK 15.5% 15.9% 136
IANE?=J (J@E=J KN H=OG= -=PERA 0.6% 1.2% 10
6DEPA 59.4% 61.6% 604
-KP NALKNPA@/KPDAN 6.1% 1.4% 43
2;<F? 11.37
74. 1DQENQL @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD KNB@K QDRTKSR ENKKNV SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD 6.4. NUDQ@KK RSTCDMS
ONOTK@SHNM A@RDC NM DSGMHBHSX.
75. 1DQENQL @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD KNB@K QDRTKSR ENKKNV SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 6.4. "1 DW@LHMDD
ONOTK@SHNM, A@RDC NM DSGMHBHSX.
76. 5GD $HSX NE 4NTSG -@JD 5@GND, $", G@R @M "RH@M ONOTK@SHNM NE 1,419 ODNOKD, NTS NE @ SNS@K ONOTK@SHNM NE 23,609.
4TOONRD SG@S @ RTQUDX NE 1,419 RDKE-QDONQSDC "RH@MR HM SGD .@MG@SS@M, /:, @QD@ XHDKCDC SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 11.38. $NMCTBS @
FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD RDKE-QDONQSDC RTA-FQNTOR NE "RH@MR HM SGD .@MG@SS@M @QD@ EHS SG@S NE SGD -@JD 5@GND
@QD@.
0;=? *;E? 2;BI? $L?KO?H=S +;HB;NN;H $L?KO?H=S
OE=J (J@E=J 131 174
"DEJAOA 118 557
%EHELEJK 1,045 518
)=L=JAOA 80 54
*KNA=J 12 29
5EAPJ=IAOA 9 21
.PDAN 24 66
2;<F? 11.38
646 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 6$-" BNMCTBSDC @ RTQUDX NE LNQD SG@M 263,000 BNKKDFD
EQDRGLDM EQNL 385 BNKKDFDR HM E@KK 2005. 5GD QDRTKSR NE RSTCDMSR' DWODBSDC L@INQR AX FDMCDQ VDQD QDONQSDC HM ->; C>HED?9B;
E< !?=>;H E:K97J?ED (2/2/2006). 4TOONRD @ RTQUDX NE 5,000 FQ@CT@SHMF EDL@KDR @MC 5,000 FQ@CT@SHMF L@KDR V@R CNMD @R @
ENKKNV-TO K@RS XD@Q SN CDSDQLHMD VG@S SGDHQ @BST@K L@INQR VDQD. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM SGD S@AKDR ENQ #R?L=CM? 11.77 @MC
#R?L=CM? 11.78. 5GD RDBNMC BNKTLM HM D@BG S@AKD CNDR MNS @CC SN 100% ADB@TRD NE QNTMCHMF.
77. $NMCTBS @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @BST@K BNKKDFD L@INQR NE FQ@CT@SHMF EDL@KDR EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDHQ
DWODBSDC L@INQR.
+;DIL 5IG?H - #RJ?=N?> +;DIL 5IG?H - A=NO;F +;DIL
NPO & 'QI=JEPEAO 14.0% 670
!EKHKCE?=H 2?EAJ?AO 8.4% 410
!QOEJAOO 13.1% 685
$@Q?=PEKJ 13.0% 650
$JCEJAANEJC 2.6% 145
/DUOE?=H 2?EAJ?AO 2.6% 125
/NKBAOOEKJ=H 18.9% 975
2K?E=H 2?EAJ?AO 13.0% 605
3A?DJE?=H 0.4% 15
.PDAN 5.8% 300
4J@A?E@A@ 8.0% 420
2;<F? 11.39
78. $NMCTBS @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @BST@K BNKKDFD L@INQR NE FQ@CT@SHMF L@KDR EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDHQ
DWODBSDC L@INQR.
+;DIL +?H - #RJ?=N?> +;DIL +?H - A=NO;F +;DIL
NPO & 'QI=JEPEAO 11.0% 600
!EKHKCE?=H 2?EAJ?AO 6.7% 330
!QOEJAOO 22.7% 1130
$@Q?=PEKJ 5.8% 305
2;<F? 11.40
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 647
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+;DIL +?H - #RJ?=N?> +;DIL +?H - A=NO;F +;DIL
$JCEJAANEJC 15.6% 800
/DUOE?=H 2?EAJ?AO 3.6% 175
/NKBAOOEKJ=H 9.3% 460
2K?E=H 2?EAJ?AO 7.6% 370
3A?DJE?=H 1.8% 90
.PDAN 8.2% 400
4J@A?E@A@ 6.6% 340
2;<F? 11.40
+;7: J>; IJ7J;C;DJ 7D: :;9?:; M>;J>;H ?J ?I JHK; EH <7BI;.
79. *M @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS, SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR @QD SGD U@KTDR VD VNTKC DWODBS HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VDQD SQTD.
80. *M FDMDQ@K, HE SGD NARDQUDC U@KTDR @MC DWODBSDC U@KTDR NE @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS @QD MNS BKNRD SNFDSGDQ, SGDM SGD SDRS
RS@SHRSHB B@M FDS UDQX K@QFD @MC NM @ FQ@OG VHKK AD V@X NTS HM SGD QHFGS S@HK.
81. 6RD @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE GHFG RBGNNK OQHMBHO@KR ADKHDUD SG@S RSTCDMSR @QD @ARDMS DPT@KKX CTQHMF SGD VDDJ
NQ MNS.
82. 5GD SDRS SN TRD SN CDSDQLHMD HE @ RHW-RHCDC CHD HR E@HQ HR @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS.
83. *M @ FNNCMDRR-NE EHS SDRS, HE SGD F-U@KTD HR 0.0113, HM FDMDQ@K, CN MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
84. " R@LOKD NE 212 BNLLDQBH@K ATRHMDRRDR V@R RTQUDXDC ENQ QDBXBKHMF 1 BNLLNCHSX; @ BNLLNCHSX GDQD LD@MR @MX NMD
SXOD NE QDBXBK@AKD L@SDQH@K RTBG @R OK@RSHB NQ @KTLHMTL. 2;<F? 11.41 RGNVR SGD ATRHMDRR B@SDFNQHDR HM SGD RTQUDX, SGD
R@LOKD RHYD NE D@BG B@SDFNQX, @MC SGD MTLADQ NE ATRHMDRRDR HM D@BG B@SDFNQX SG@S QDBXBKD NMD BNLLNCHSX. #@RDC NM SGD
RSTCX, NM @UDQ@FD G@KE NE SGD ATRHMDRRDR VDQD DWODBSDC SN AD QDBXBKHMF NMD BNLLNCHSX. "R @ QDRTKS, SGD K@RS BNKTLM RGNVR
SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE ATRHMDRRDR HM D@BG B@SDFNQX SG@S QDBXBKD NMD BNLLNCHSX. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, ODQENQL
@ GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD NARDQUDC MTLADQ NE ATRHMDRRDR SG@S QDBXBKD NMD BNLLNCHSX ENKKNVR SGD TMHENQL
CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR.
OMCH?MM
2SJ?
,OG<?L
CH =F;MM
-<M?LP?> ,OG<?L NB;N L?=S=F?
IH? =IGGI>CNS
#RJ?=N?> HOG<?L NB;N L?=S=F?
IH? =IGGI>CNS
.BBE?A 35 19 17.5
1AP=EH/
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48 27 24
%KK@/
1AOP=QN=JPO
53 35 26.5
,=JQB=?PQNEJC/
,A@E?=H
52 21 26
2;<F? 11.41
648 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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OMCH?MM
2SJ?
,OG<?L
CH =F;MM
-<M?LP?> ,OG<?L NB;N L?=S=F?
IH? =IGGI>CNS
#RJ?=N?> HOG<?L NB;N L?=S=F?
IH? =IGGI>CNS
'KPAH/,ETA@ 24 9 12
2;<F? 11.41
85. 2;<F? 11.42 BNMS@HMR HMENQL@SHNM EQNL @ RTQUDX @LNMF 499 O@QSHBHO@MSR BK@RRHEHDC @BBNQCHMF SN SGDHQ @FD FQNTOR. 5GD
RDBNMC BNKTLM RGNVR SGD ODQBDMS@FD NE NADRD ODNOKD ODQ @FD BK@RR @LNMF SGD RSTCX O@QSHBHO@MSR. 5GD K@RS BNKTLM BNLDR
EQNL @ CHEEDQDMS RSTCX @S SGD M@SHNM@K KDUDK SG@S RGNVR SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF ODQBDMS@FDR NE NADRD ODNOKD HM SGD R@LD @FD
BK@RRDR HM SGD 64". 1DQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD RTQUDX O@QSHBHO@MSR @QD
@ QDOQDRDMS@SHUD R@LOKD NE SGD 64" NADRD ONOTK@SHNM.
AA? !F;MM (7?;LM) -<?M? (.?L=?HN;A?) #RJ?=N?> 31A ;P?L;A? (.?L=?HN;A?)
20_30 75.0 32.6
31_40 26.5 32.6
41_50 13.6 36.6
51_60 21.9 36.6
61_70 21.0 39.7
2;<F? 11.42
11.3 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
FEH ;79> FHE8B;C, KI; 7 IEBKJ?ED I>;;J JE IEBL; J>; >OFEJ>;I?I J;IJ FHE8B;C. E JE J>; A33)1(-: (,663://'1:.24+/
'216)16/047157//%6)56/) <EH J>; 9>?-IGK7H; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J. +EKD: ;NF;9J;: <H;GK;D9O JE JME :;9?C7B FB79;I.
86. " QDBDMS CDA@SD @ANTS VGDQD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR RJHDQR ADKHDUD SGD RJHHMF HR ADRS OQNLOSDC SGD ENKKNVHMF RTQUDX. 5DRS
SN RDD HE SGD ADRS RJH @QD@ HR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD KDUDK NE SGD RJHDQ.
3.1. 1EC AL?; ?ACHH?L 'HN?LG?>C;N? A>P;H=?>
3=DKA 20 30 40
4P=D 10 30 60
"KHKN=@K 10 40 50
2;<F? 11.43
87. $@Q L@MTE@BSTQDQR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD RHYD NE B@Q @M HMCHUHCT@K CQHUDR @MC SGD
MTLADQ NE ODNOKD HM SGD CQHUDQnR E@LHKX (SG@S HR, VGDSGDQ B@Q RHYD @MC E@LHKX RHYD @QD HMCDODMCDMS). 5N SDRS SGHR, RTOONRD SG@S
800 B@Q NVMDQR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC VHSG SGD QDRTKSR HM 2;<F? 11.44. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 649
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$;GCFS 1CT? 1O< & !IGJ;=N +C>-MCT? $OFF-MCT? 4;H & 2LO=E
1 20 35 40 35
2 20 50 70 80
3_4 20 50 100 90
5+ 20 30 70 70
2;<F? 11.44
88. $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR L@X AD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDHQ L@INQR G@UD @MX DEEDBS NM RS@QSHMF R@K@QHDR @ESDQ FQ@CT@SHNM.
4TOONRD SG@S 300 QDBDMS FQ@CT@SDR VDQD RTQUDXDC @R SN SGDHQ L@INQR HM BNKKDFD @MC SGDHQ RS@QSHMF R@K@QHDR @ESDQ FQ@CT@SHNM.
2;<F? 11.45 RGNVR SGD C@S@. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD.
+;DIL < $50,000 $50,000 X $68,999 $69,000 +
$JCHEOD 5 20 5
$JCEJAANEJC 10 30 60
-QNOEJC 10 15 15
!QOEJAOO 10 20 30
/OU?DKHKCU 20 30 20
2;<F? 11.45
89. 4NLD SQ@UDK @FDMSR BK@HL SG@S GNMDXLNNM GNS RONSR U@QX @BBNQCHMF SN @FD NE SGD AQHCD. 4TOONRD SG@S 280 QDBDMS AQHCDR
VDQD HMSDQUHDVDC @R SN VGDQD SGDX RODMS SGDHQ GNMDXLNNMR. 5GD HMENQL@SHNM HR FHUDM HM 2;<F? 11.46. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE
HMCDODMCDMBD.
*I=;NCIH 20X29 30X39 40X49 50 ;H> IP?L
-E=C=N= %=HHO 15 25 25 20
/K?KJKO 15 25 25 10
$QNKLA 10 25 15 5
5ENCEJ (OH=J@O 20 25 15 5
2;<F? 11.46
90. " L@M@FDQ NE @ RONQSR BKTA JDDOR HMENQL@SHNM BNMBDQMHMF SGD L@HM RONQS HM VGHBG LDLADQR O@QSHBHO@SD @MC SGDHQ @FDR.
5N SDRS VGDSGDQ SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD @FD NE @ LDLADQ @MC GHR NQ GDQ BGNHBD NE RONQS, 643 LDLADQR NE SGD
RONQSR BKTA @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD.
650 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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1JILN 18 - 25 26 - 30 31 - 40 41 ;H> IP?L
N=?MQAP>=HH 42 58 30 46
PAJJEO 58 76 38 65
OSEIIEJC 72 60 65 33
2;<F? 11.47
91. " L@INQ ENNC L@MTE@BSTQDQ HR BNMBDQMDC SG@S SGD R@KDR ENQ HSR RJHMMX EQDMBG EQHDR G@UD ADDM CDBQD@RHMF. "R @ O@QS NE @
ED@RHAHKHSX RSTCX, SGD BNLO@MX BNMCTBSR QDRD@QBG HMSN SGD SXODR NE EQHDR RNKC @BQNRR SGD BNTMSQX SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD SXOD NE
EQHDR RNKC HR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD @QD@ NE SGD BNTMSQX. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD RSTCX @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.48. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE
HMCDODMCDMBD.
2SJ? I@ $LC?M ,ILNB?;MN 1IONB !?HNL;F 5?MN
OGEJJU BNEAO 70 50 20 25
?QNHU BNEAO 100 60 15 30
OPA=G BNEAO 20 40 10 10
2;<F? 11.48
92. "BBNQCHMF SN %@M -DM@QC, @M HMCDODMCDMS HMRTQ@MBD @FDMS HM SGD #TEE@KN, /.:. @QD@, SGD ENKKNVHMF HR @ AQD@JCNVM NE
SGD @LNTMS NE KHED HMRTQ@MBD OTQBG@RDC AX L@KDR HM SGD ENKKNVHMF @FD FQNTOR. )D HR HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD @FD NE SGD L@KD
@MC SGD @LNTMS NE KHED HMRTQ@MBD OTQBG@RDC @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR. $NMCTBS @ SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD.
AA? I@ +;F?M ,IH? < $200,000 $200,000X$400,000 $401,001X$1,000,000 $1,000,001+
20_29 40 15 40 0 5
30_39 35 5 20 20 10
40_49 20 0 30 0 30
50+ 40 30 15 15 10
2;<F? 11.49
93. 4TOONRD SG@S 600 SGHQSX-XD@Q-NKCR VDQD RTQUDXDC SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD KDUDK
NE DCTB@SHNM @M HMCHUHCT@K G@R @MC R@K@QX. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 651
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AHHO;F 1;F;LS
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AL;>O;N?
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AL;>O;N?
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AL;>O;N?
+;MN?LM IL
>I=NIL;N?
< $30,000 15 25 10 5
$30,000_$40,000 20 40 70 30
$40,000_$50,000 10 20 40 55
$50,000_$60,000 5 10 20 60
$60,000+ 0 5 10 150
2;<F? 11.50
+;7: J>; IJ7J;C;DJ 7D: :;9?:; M>;J>;H ?J ?I JHK; EH <7BI;.
94. 5GD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD HR DPT@K SN SGD R@LOKD RHYD LHMTR NMD.
95. 5GD SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD TRDR S@AKDR NE NARDQUDC @MC DWODBSDC C@S@ U@KTDR.
96. 5GD SDRS SN TRD VGDM CDSDQLHMHMF HE SGD BNKKDFD NQ TMHUDQRHSX @ RSTCDMS BGNNRDR SN @SSDMC HR QDK@SDC SN GHR NQ GDQ
RNBHNDBNMNLHB RS@STR HR @ SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD.
97. *M @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD, SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ HR DPT@K SN SGD QNV SNS@K LTKSHOKHDC AX SGD BNKTLM SNS@K CHUHCDC AX SGD
SNS@K RTQUDXDC.
98. "M HBD BQD@L L@JDQ ODQENQLR @ M@SHNMVHCD RTQUDX @ANTS E@UNQHSD EK@UNQR NE HBD BQD@L HM CHEEDQDMS FDNFQ@OGHB @QD@R
NE SGD 6.4. #@RDC NM 2;<F? 11.51, CN SGD MTLADQR RTFFDRS SG@S FDNFQ@OGHB KNB@SHNM HR HMCDODMCDMS NE E@UNQHSD HBD BQD@L
EK@UNQR 5DRS @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
3.1. L?ACIH/
$F;PIL
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6AOP 12 21 22 19 15 8 97
,E@SAOP 10 32 22 11 15 6 96
$=OP 8 31 27 8 15 7 96
2KQPD 15 28 30 8 15 6 102
"KHQIJ
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45 112 101 46 60 27 391
2;<F? 11.51
99. 2;<F? 11.52 OQNUHCDR @ QDBDMS RTQUDX NE SGD XNTMFDRS NMKHMD DMSQDOQDMDTQR VGNRD MDS VNQSG HR DRSHL@SDC @S NMD
LHKKHNM CNKK@QR NQ LNQD. 5GDHQ @FDR Q@MFD EQNL 17 SN 30. &@BG BDKK HM SGD S@AKD HKKTRSQ@SDR SGD MTLADQ NE DMSQDOQDMDTQR
VGN BNQQDRONMC SN SGD RODBHEHB @FD FQNTO @MC SGDHQ MDS VNQSG. "QD SGD @FDR @MC MDS VNQSG HMCDODMCDMS 1DQENQL @ SDRS NE
HMCDODMCDMBD @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
652 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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AA? %LIOJ9 ,?N 5ILNB 4;FO? (CH GCFFCIHM I@ 31 >IFF;LM) 1X5 6X24 ]25 0IQ 2IN;F
17_25 8 7 5 20
26_30 6 5 9 20
"KHQIJ 3KP=H 14 12 14 40
2;<F? 11.52
100. " 2013 ONKK HM $@KHENQMH@ RTQUDXDC ODNOKD @ANTS S@WHMF RTF@Q-RVDDSDMDC ADUDQ@FDR. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD OQDRDMSDC HM 2;<F?
11.53, @MC @QD BK@RRHEHDC AX DSGMHB FQNTO @MC QDRONMRD SXOD. "QD SGD ONKK QDRONMRDR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD O@QSHBHO@MSRn DSGMHB
FQNTO $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
-JCHCIH/
#NBHC=CNS
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AG?LC=;H
5BCN?/,IH-
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C=EJOP P=T 48 433 41 160 628
(J %=RKN KB P=T 54 234 24 147 459
-K KLEJEKJ 16 43 16 19 84
"KHQIJ 3KP=H 118 710 71 272 1171
2;<F? 11.53
FEH ;79> MEH: FHE8B;C, KI; 7 IEBKJ?ED I>;;J JE IEBL; J>; >OFEJ>;I?I J;IJ FHE8B;C. E JE J>; A33)1(-: (,663://'1:.24+/
'216)16/047157//%6)56/) <EH J>; 9>?-IGK7H; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J. +EKD: ;NF;9J;: <H;GK;D9O JE JME :;9?C7B FB79;I.
101. " ORXBGNKNFHRS HR HMSDQDRSDC HM SDRSHMF VGDSGDQ SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE ODQRNM@KHSX SXODR ENQ ATRHMDRR
L@INQR @MC RNBH@K RBHDMBD L@INQR. 5GD QDRTKSR NE SGD RSTCX @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.54. $NMCTBS @ SDRS NE GNLNFDMDHSX. 5DRS
@S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
-J?H !IHM=C?HNCIOM #RNLIP?LN AAL??;<F? ,?OLINC=
OMCH?MM 41 52 46 61 58
1I=C;F 1=C?H=? 72 75 63 80 65
2;<F? 11.54
102. %N LDM @MC VNLDM RDKDBS CHEEDQDMS AQD@JE@RSR 5GD AQD@JE@RSR NQCDQDC AX Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC LDM @MC VNLDM @S @
ONOTK@Q AQD@JE@RS OK@BD HR RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.55. $NMCTBS @ SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX @S @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
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$L?H=B 2I;MN .;H=;E?M 5;@@F?M -G?F?NN?M
+?H 47 35 28 53
5IG?H 65 59 55 60
2;<F? 11.55
103. " EHRGDQL@M HR HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE EHRG B@TFGS HM (QDDM 7@KKDX -@JD HR SGD R@LD @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM
NE EHRG B@TFGS HM &BGN -@JD. 0E SGD 191 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC EHRG B@TFGS HM (QDDM 7@KKDX -@JD, 105 VDQD Q@HMANV SQNTS, 27
VDQD NSGDQ SQNTS, 35 VDQD A@RR, @MC 24 VDQD B@SEHRG. 0E SGD 293 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC EHRG B@TFGS HM &BGN -@JD, 115 VDQD
Q@HMANV SQNTS, 58 VDQD NSGDQ SQNTS, 67 VDQD A@RR, @MC 53 VDQD B@SEHRG. 1DQENQL @ SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX @S @ 5% KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD.
104. *M 2007, SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR G@C 1.5 LHKKHNM GNLDRBGNNKDC RSTCDMSR, @BBNQCHMF SN SGD 6.4. /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ &CTB@SHNM
4S@SHRSHBR. *M 2;<F? 11.56 XNT B@M RDD SG@S O@QDMSR CDBHCD SN GNLDRBGNNK SGDHQ BGHKCQDM ENQ CHEEDQDMS QD@RNMR, @MC RNLD
QD@RNMR @QD Q@MJDC AX O@QDMSR @R LNQD HLONQS@MS SG@M NSGDQR. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD RTQUDX QDRTKSR RGNVM HM SGD S@AKD, HR SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM NE @OOKHB@AKD QD@RNMR SGD R@LD @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD LNRS HLONQS@MS QD@RNM 1QNUHCD XNTQ @RRDRRLDMS @S SGD
5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK. %HC XNT DWODBS SGD QDRTKS XNT NAS@HMDC
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=?=@AIE? EJOPNQ?PEKJ =P
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1,096 258 1,354
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984 99 1,083
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BEJ=J?AO, PN=RAH, B=IEHU
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2;<F? 11.56
105. 8GDM KNNJHMF @S DMDQFX BNMRTLOSHNM, VD @QD NESDM HMSDQDRSDC HM CDSDBSHMF SQDMCR NUDQ SHLD @MC GNV SGDX BNQQDK@SD
@LNMF CHEEDQDMS BNTMSQHDR. 5GD HMENQL@SHNM HM 2;<F? 11.57 RGNVR SGD @UDQ@FD DMDQFX TRD (HM TMHSR NE JF NE NHK DPTHU@KDMS
654 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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ODQ B@OHS@) HM SGD 64" @MC SGD INHMS &TQNOD@M 6MHNM BNTMSQHDR (&6) ENQ SGD RHW-XD@Q ODQHNC 2005 SN 2010. %N SGD DMDQFX TRD
U@KTDR HM SGDRD SVN @QD@R BNLD EQNL SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM 1DQENQL SGD @M@KXRHR @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
7?;L #OLIJ?;H 3HCIH 3HCN?> 1N;N?M 0IQ 2IN;F
2010 3,413 7,164 10,557
2009 3,302 7,057 10,359
2008 3,505 7,488 10,993
2007 3,537 7,758 11,295
2006 3,595 7,697 11,292
2005 3,613 7,847 11,460
"KHQIJ 3KP=H 45,011 20,965 65,976
2;<F? 11.57
106. 5GD *MRTQ@MBD *MRSHSTSD ENQ )HFGV@X 4@EDSX BNKKDBSR R@EDSX HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS @KK SXODR NE B@QR DUDQX XD@Q, @MC OTAKHRGDR
@ QDONQS NE 5NO 4@EDSX 1HBJR @LNMF @KK B@QR, L@JDR, @MC LNCDKR. 2;<F? 11.58 OQDRDMSR SGD MTLADQ NE 5NO 4@EDSX 1HBJR HM
RHW B@Q B@SDFNQHDR ENQ SGD SVN XD@QR 2009 @MC 2013. "M@KXYD SGD S@AKD C@S@ SN BNMBKTCD VGDSGDQ SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE B@QR SG@S
D@QMDC SGD 5NO 4@EDSX 1HBJR R@EDSX @V@QC G@R QDL@HMDC SGD R@LD ADSVDDM 2009 @MC 2013. %DQHUD XNTQ QDRTKSR @S SGD 5%
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
7?;L 9 !;L
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+C>-
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134
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2013 31 30 19 11 29 4 124
!IFOGH 2IN;F 43 52 29 21 56 10 211
2;<F? 11.58
&IGIA?H?CNS
'216)16/9+2621//%6)56/#047157) <EH J>; 9>?-IGK7H; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J. +EKD: ;NF;9J;: <H;GK;D9O JE JME :;9?C7B FB79;I.
107. *R SGDQD @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR @MC SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE TMHUDQRHSX
RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR HM VG@S SDBGMNKNFX SGDX TRD NM SGDHQ GNLDVNQJ 0E RNLD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR,
43 TRDC @ BNLOTSDQ, 102 TRDC @ B@KBTK@SNQ VHSG ATHKS HM RS@SHRSHBR ETMBSHNMR, @MC 65 TRDC @ S@AKD EQNL SGD SDWSANNJ. 0E RNLD
Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC TMHUDQRHSX RSTCDMSR, 28 TRDC @ BNLOTSDQ, 33 TRDC @ B@KBTK@SNQ VHSG ATHKS HM RS@SHRSHBR ETMBSHNMR, @MC 40
TRDC @ S@AKD EQNL SGD SDWSANNJ. $NMCTBS @M @OOQNOQH@SD GXONSGDRHR SDRS TRHMF @ 0.05 KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
3D@C SGD RS@SDLDMS @MC CDBHCD VGDSGDQ HS HR SQTD NQ E@KRD.
108. *E :< = 2, SGD BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM G@R @ RG@OD SG@S QDLHMCR TR NE SGD DWONMDMSH@K.
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 655
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11.6 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD @M @HQKHMD BK@HLR SG@S HSR EKHFGSR @QD BNMRHRSDMSKX
NM SHLD VHSG @M @UDQ@FD CDK@X NE @S LNRS 15 LHMTSDR. *S BK@HLR SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD CDK@X HR RN BNMRHRSDMS SG@S SGD U@QH@MBD HR MN
LNQD SG@M 150 LHMTSDR. %NTASHMF SGD BNMRHRSDMBX O@QS NE SGD BK@HL, @ CHRFQTMSKDC SQ@UDKDQ B@KBTK@SDR SGD CDK@XR ENQ GHR MDWS
25 EKHFGSR. 5GD @UDQ@FD CDK@X ENQ SGNRD 25 EKHFGSR HR 22 LHMTSDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15 LHMTSDR.
109. *R SGD SQ@UDKDQ CHROTSHMF SGD BK@HL @ANTS SGD @UDQ@FD NQ @ANTS SGD U@QH@MBD
110. " R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15 LHMTSDR HR SGD R@LD @R @ R@LOKD U@QH@MBD NE ?????????? LHMTSDR.
112. !
0
: ??????????
113. :< = ????????
114. BGH-RPT@QD SDRS RS@SHRSHB = ????????
115. F-U@KTD = ????????
116. (Q@OG SGD RHST@SHNM. -@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR. .@QJ SGD LD@M @MC SDRS RS@SHRSHB. 4G@CD SGD F-U@KTD.
117. -DS V = 0.05
%DBHRHNM: ????????
$NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD.): ????????
118. )NV CHC XNT JMNV SN SDRS SGD U@QH@MBD HMRSD@C NE SGD LD@M
119. *E @M @CCHSHNM@K SDRS VDQD CNMD NM SGD BK@HL NE SGD @UDQ@FD CDK@X, VGHBG CHRSQHATSHNM VNTKC XNT TRD
120. *E @M @CCHSHNM@K SDRS VDQD CNMD NM SGD BK@HL NE SGD @UDQ@FD CDK@X, ATS 45 EKHFGSR VDQD RTQUDXDC, VGHBG CHRSQHATSHNM
VNTKC XNT TRD
'216)16/9+2621//%6)56/#047157) <EH J>; 9>?-IGK7H; IEBKJ?ED I>;;J. +EKD: ;NF;9J;: <H;GK;D9O JE JME :;9?C7B FB79;I.
121. "OK@MS L@M@FDQ HR BNMBDQMDC GDQ DPTHOLDMS L@X MDDC QDB@KHAQ@SHMF. *S RDDLR SG@S SGD @BST@K VDHFGS NE SGD 15 NY. BDQD@K
ANWDR HS EHKKR G@R ADDM EKTBST@SHMF. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM RGNTKC AD @S LNRS 0.5 NY. *M NQCDQ SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD L@BGHMD
MDDCR SN AD QDB@KHAQ@SDC, 84 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ANWDR NE BDQD@K EQNL SGD MDWS C@XnR OQNCTBSHNM VDQD VDHFGDC. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE SGD 84 ANWDR V@R 0.54. %NDR SGD L@BGHMD MDDC SN AD QDB@KHAQ@SDC
122. $NMRTLDQR L@X AD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD BNRS NE @ O@QSHBTK@Q B@KBTK@SNQ U@QHDR EQNL RSNQD SN RSNQD. #@RDC NM
RTQUDXHMF 43 RSNQDR, VGHBG XHDKCDC @ R@LOKD LD@M NE $84 @MC @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $12, SDRS SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR FQD@SDQ SG@M $15.
123. *R@ADKK@, @M @BBNLOKHRGDC B6N ID BG:6@:GH QTMMDQ, BK@HLR SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ GDQ SHLD SN QTM SGD 7.5 LHKD
Q@BD HR @S LNRS SGQDD LHMTSDR. 5N SDRS GDQ BK@HL, 3TOHMCDQ KNNJR TO EHUD NE GDQ Q@BD SHLDR. 5GDX @QD 55 LHMTSDR, 61 LHMTSDR,
58 LHMTSDR, 63 LHMTSDR, @MC 57 LHMTSDR.
124. "HQKHMD BNLO@MHDR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD BNMRHRSDMBX NE SGD MTLADQ NE A@AHDR NM D@BG EKHFGS, RN SG@S SGDX G@UD @CDPT@SD
R@EDSX DPTHOLDMS. 5GDX @QD @KRN HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD U@QH@SHNM NE SGD MTLADQ NE A@AHDR. 4TOONRD SG@S @M @HQKHMD DWDBTSHUD
ADKHDUDR SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE A@AHDR NM EKHFGSR HR RHW VHSG @ U@QH@MBD NE MHMD @S LNRS. 5GD @HQKHMD BNMCTBSR @ RTQUDX. 5GD
QDRTKSR NE SGD 18 EKHFGSR RTQUDXDC FHUD @ R@LOKD @UDQ@FD NE 6.4 VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 3.9. $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR
SDRS NE SGD @HQKHMD DWDBTSHUDnR ADKHDE.
125. 5GD MTLADQ NE AHQSGR ODQ VNL@M HM $GHM@ HR 1.6 CNVM EQNL 5.91 HM 1966. 5GHR EDQSHKHSX Q@SD G@R ADDM @SSQHATSDC SN SGD
K@V O@RRDC HM 1979 QDRSQHBSHMF AHQSGR SN NMD ODQ VNL@M. 4TOONRD SG@S @ FQNTO NE RSTCDMSR RSTCHDC VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE AHQSGR ODQ VNL@M V@R FQD@SDQ SG@M 0.75. 5GDX @RJDC 50 VNLDM @BQNRR $GHM@ SGD MTLADQ NE AHQSGR SGDX G@C G@C.
5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 11.59. %NDR SGD RSTCDMSRn RTQUDX HMCHB@SD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 0.75
# I@ <CLNBM $L?KO?H=S
0 5
1 30
2 10
2;<F? 11.59
656 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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3 5
2;<F? 11.59
126. "BBNQCHMF SN @M @UHC @PT@QHRS, SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE EHRG HM @ 20kF@KKNM S@MJ HR 10, VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN.
)HR EQHDMC, @KRN @M @PT@QHRS, CNDR MNS ADKHDUD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR SVN. 4GD BNTMSR SGD MTLADQ NE EHRG HM 15 NSGDQ
20kF@KKNM S@MJR. #@RDC NM SGD QDRTKSR SG@S ENKKNV, CN XNT SGHMJ SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SVN %@S@: 11;
10; 9; 10; 10; 11; 11; 10; 12; 9; 7; 9; 11; 10; 11
127. 5GD L@M@FDQ NE "'QDMBGHDR" HR BNMBDQMDC SG@S O@SQNMR @QD MNS BNMRHRSDMSKX QDBDHUHMF SGD R@LD @LNTMS NE 'QDMBG EQHDR
VHSG D@BG NQCDQ. 5GD BGDE BK@HLR SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ @ SDMkNTMBD NQCDQ NE EQHDR HR @S LNRS 1.5 NY., ATS SGD L@M@FDQ
SGHMJR SG@S HS L@X AD GHFGDQ. )D Q@MCNLKX VDHFGR 49 NQCDQR NE EQHDR, VGHBG XHDKCR @ LD@M NE 11 NY. @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE SVN NY.
128. :NT V@MS SN ATX @ RODBHEHB BNLOTSDQ. " R@KDR QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD L@MTE@BSTQDQ BK@HLR SG@S QDS@HK RSNQDR RDKK SGHR
BNLOTSDQ @S @M @UDQ@FD OQHBD NE $1,249 VHSG @ UDQX M@QQNV RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $25. :NT EHMC @ VDARHSD SG@S G@R @
OQHBD BNLO@QHRNM ENQ SGD R@LD BNLOTSDQ @S @ RDQHDR NE RSNQDR @R ENKKNVR: $1,299; $1,229.99; $1,193.08; $1,279; $1,224.95;
$1,229.99; $1,269.95; $1,249. $@M XNT @QFTD SG@S OQHBHMF G@R @ K@QFDQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SG@M BK@HLDC AX SGD L@MTE@BSTQDQ
6RD SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK. "R @ ONSDMSH@K ATXDQ, VG@S VNTKC AD SGD OQ@BSHB@K BNMBKTRHNM EQNL XNTQ @M@KXRHR
129. " BNLO@MX O@BJ@FDR @OOKDR AX VDHFGS. 0MD NE SGD VDHFGS FQ@CDR HR $K@RR " @OOKDR. $K@RR " @OOKDR G@UD @ LD@M
VDHFGS NE 150 F, @MC SGDQD HR @ L@WHLTL @KKNVDC VDHFGS SNKDQ@MBD NE 5% @ANUD NQ ADKNV SGD LD@M ENQ @OOKDR HM SGD R@LD
BNMRTLDQ O@BJ@FD. " A@SBG NE @OOKDR HR RDKDBSDC SN AD HMBKTCDC HM @ $K@RR " @OOKD O@BJ@FD. (HUDM SGD ENKKNVHMF @OOKD
VDHFGSR NE SGD A@SBG, CNDR SGD EQTHS BNLOKX VHSG SGD $K@RR " FQ@CD VDHFGS SNKDQ@MBD QDPTHQDLDMSR. $NMCTBS @M @OOQNOQH@SD
GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
(@) @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK
(A) @S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK
8DHFGSR HM RDKDBSDC @OOKD A@SBG (HM FQ@LR): 158; 167; 149; 169; 164; 139; 154; 150; 157; 171; 152; 161; 141; 166; 172;
0',%',% '2 2-%#2&#0 : &-+#5-0)
130.
=. &WOK@HM VGX @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS @MC @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD @QD FDMDQ@KKX QHFGS-S@HKDC SDRSR.
>. *E XNT CHC @ KDES-S@HKDC SDRS, VG@S VNTKC XNT AD SDRSHMF
0#$#0#,!#1
%@S@ EQNL )7H7:; &7=7P?D;.
o)*7/"*%4 &OHCDLHNKNFX 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX.p4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX 1TAKHB )D@KSG %DO@QSLDMS, .@X 2011.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T
%@S@ EQNL SGD $NKKDFD #N@QC. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BNKKDFDAN@QC.BNL.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T, $TQQDMS 1NOTK@SHNM 3DONQSR.
.@, :., &.3. #DQSNMD, &.+. 4S@MDJ ***, (.8. 3DDC, +.3. )DADQS, /.-. $NGDM, 1.". .DQQH@L, *.4. 0BJDMD, o"RRNBH@SHNM
ADSVDDM &@SHMF 1@SSDQMR @MC 0ADRHSX HM @ 'QDD-KHUHMF 64 "CTKS 1NOTK@SHNM.p AC;H?97D #EKHD7B E< EF?:;C?EBE=O UNKTLD
158, MN. 1, O@FDR 85-92.
0FCDM, $XMSGH@ -., .@QF@QDS %. $@QQNKK, #QH@M ,. ,HS, ,@SGDQHMD .. 'KDF@K, o1QDU@KDMBD NE 0ADRHSX HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR,
2009k2010.p /$)4 %@S@ #QHDE MN. 82, +@MT@QX 2012. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BCB.FNU/MBGR/C@S@/C@S@AQHDER/CA82.OCE
(@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013).
4SDUDMR, #@QA@Q@ +., o.TKSH-E@LHKX @MC $NLLDQBH@K 4NKHC 8@RSD @MC 3DBXBKHMF 4TQUDX.p "QKHMFSNM $NTMS, 7". "U@HK@AKD
NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.@QKHMFSNMU@.TR/CDO@QSLDMSR/&MUHQNMLDMS@K4DQUHBDR/48/EHKD84429.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 24,2013).
11.3 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
%H$@LHKN, .@QJ, .DQUHM 'HDKC, o.NRS $@KHENQMH@MR 4DD @ %HQDBS -HMJ@FD ADSVDDM 0ADRHSX @MC 4TF@QX 4NC@R. 5VN HM
5GQDD 7NSDQR 4TOONQS 5@WHMF 4TF@Q-4VDDSDMDC #DUDQ@FDR *E 1QNBDDCR @QD 5HDC SN *LOQNUHMF 4BGNNK /TSQHSHNM @MC 1GXRHB@K
"BSHUHSX 1QNFQ@LR.p 5GD 'HDKC 1NKK, QDKD@RDC 'DA. 14, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://EHDKC.BNL/EHDKCONKKNMKHMD/RTARBQHADQR/
3KR2436.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013).
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)@QQHR *MSDQ@BSHUD, o'@UNQHSD 'K@UNQ NE *BD $QD@L.p "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.RS@SHRSHBAQ@HM.BNL/E@UNQHSD-EK@UNQ-NE-HBD-
BQD@L (@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013)
o:NTMFDRS 0MKHMD &MSQDOQDMDTQR -HRS.p "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.RS@SHRSHBAQ@HM.BNL/XNTMFDRS-NMKHMD-DMSQDOQDMDTQ-KHRS
(@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD *MRTQ@MBD *MRSHSTSD ENQ )HFGV@X 4@EDSX, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S VVV.HHGR.NQF/HHGR/Q@SHMFR (@BBDRRDC .@X
24, 2013).
o&MDQFX TRD (JF NE NHK DPTHU@KDMS ODQ B@OHS@).p 5GD 8NQKC #@MJ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://C@S@.VNQKCA@MJ.NQF/
HMCHB@SNQ/&(.64&.1$"1.,(.0&/BNTMSQHDR (@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013).
o1@QDMS @MC '@LHKX *MUNKUDLDMS 4TQUDX NE 2007 /@SHNM@K )NTRDGNKC &CTB@SHNM 4TQUDX 1QNFQ@L (/)&4),p 6.4.
%DO@QSLDMS NE &CTB@SHNM, /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ &CTB@SHNM 4S@SHRSHBR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://MBDR.DC.FNU/OTARD@QBG/
OTARHMEN.@ROOTAHC=2009030 (@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013).
o1@QDMS @MC '@LHKX *MUNKUDLDMS 4TQUDX NE 2007 /@SHNM@K )NTRDGNKC &CTB@SHNM 4TQUDX 1QNFQ@L (/)&4),p 6.4.
%DO@QSLDMS NE &CTB@SHNM, /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ &CTB@SHNM 4S@SHRSHBR. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://MBDR.DC.FNU/OTAR2009/
2009030?RTO.OCE (@BBDRRDC .@X 24, 2013).
11.6 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
o"OOKD*MRHCDQ 1QHBD (THCDR.p "OOKD *MRHCDQ, 2013. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://@OOKDHMRHCDQ.BNL/L@B?OQHBD?FTHCD (@BBDRRDC
.@X 14, 2013).
%@S@ EQNL SGD 8NQKC #@MJ, +TMD 5, 2012.
1-*32'-,1
1 LD@M = 25 @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 7.0711
3 VGDM SGD MTLADQ NE CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 90
5 :< = 2
7 @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS
9 3
11 2.04
13 8D CDBKHMD SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GDQD HR MNS DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN RTFFDRS SG@S SGD NARDQUDC SDRS RBNQDR @QD
RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD DWODBSDC SDRS RBNQDR.
15 !
0
: SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE "*%4 B@RDR ENKKNVR SGD DSGMHBHSHDR NE SGD FDMDQ@K ONOTK@SHNM NE 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX.
17 QHFGS-S@HKDC
19 88,621
21 (Q@OG: $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 3D@RNM ENQ SGD %DBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
$NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD NTS HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR): 5GD L@JD-TO NE "*%4 B@RDR CNDR MNS EHS SGD DSGMHBHSHDR NE SGD FDMDQ@K
ONOTK@SHNM NE 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX.
23 @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD
25 @ SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD
27 8
29 6.6
31 0.0435
33
658 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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0BD@>C< ):K:A
-:G !6N
A;G>86C
AB:G>86C
+6I>K:
%6L6>>6C
)6I>CD
'6E6C:H:
AB:G>86CH
4=>I: 1DI6AH
1-10 9,886 2,745 12,831 8,378 7,650 41,490
11-20 6,514 3,062 4,932 10,680 9,877 35,065
21-30 1,671 1,419 1,406 4,715 6,062 15,273
31+ 759 788 800 2,305 3,970 8,622
1DI6AH 18,830 8,014 19,969 26,078 27,559 10,0450
167A: 11.60
35
0BD@>C< ):K:A -:G
!6N
A;G>86C
AB:G>86C
+6I>K:
%6L6>>6C
)6I>CD
'6E6C:H:
AB:G>86CH
4=>I:
1-10 7777.57 3310.11 8248.02 10771.29 11383.01
11-20 6573.16 2797.52 6970.76 9103.29 9620.27
21-30 2863.02 1218.49 3036.20 3965.05 4190.23
31+ 1616.25 687.87 1714.01 2238.37 2365.49
167A: 11.61
37 10,301.8
39 QHFGS
41
@. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
A. F-U@KTD < @KOG@
B. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S RLNJHMF KDUDK HR CDODMCDMS NM DSGMHB FQNTO.
43 SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX
45 SDRS ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX
47 "KK U@KTDR HM SGD S@AKD LTRS AD FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN EHUD.
49 3
51 0.00005
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 659
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53 @ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS SDRS
55 @ SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD
57 "MRVDQR VHKK U@QX. 4@LOKD @MRVDQ: 5DRSR NE HMCDODMCDMBD @MC SDRSR ENQ GNLNFDMDHSX ANSG B@KBTK@SD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB SGD
R@LD V@X
(i j)
(O - E)
2
E
. *M @CCHSHNM, @KK U@KTDR LTRS AD FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN EHUD.
59 @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD U@QH@MBD
61 @ KDES-S@HKDC SDRS
63 !
0
: \
2
= 0.81
2
; !
7
: \
2
> 0.81
2
65 @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD U@QH@MBD
67 0.0542
69 SQTD
71 E@KRD
73
*6G>I6A 0I6IJH -:G8:CI "ME:8I:9 #G:FJ:C8N
MDUDQ L@QQHDC 31.3 125.2
L@QQHDC 56.1 224.4
VHCNVDC 2.5 10
CHUNQBDC/RDO@Q@SDC 10.1 40.4
167A: 11.62
@. 5GD C@S@ EHSR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
A. 5GD C@S@ CNDR MNS EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
B. 3
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 3
D. 19.27
E. 0.0002
G. H. "KOG@ = 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS MTKK
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: %@S@ CNDR MNS EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
75
@. !
0
: 5GD KNB@K QDRTKSR ENKKNV SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD 6.4. "1 DW@LHMDD ONOTK@SHNM
A. !
7
: 5GD KNB@K QDRTKSR CN MNS ENKKNV SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD 6.4. "1 DW@LHMDD ONOTK@SHNM
B. :< = 5
D. BGH-RPT@QD SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 13.4
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0199
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM. G.
660 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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H. "KOG@ = 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS MTKK VGDM 7 = 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: -NB@K C@S@ CN MNS EHS SGD "1 &W@LHMDD %HRSQHATSHNM.
U. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS MTKK VGDM 7 = 0.01
UH. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S KNB@K C@S@ CN MNS ENKKNV SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD 6.4.
"1 DW@LHMDD CHRSQHATSHNM.
77
@. !
0
: 5GD @BST@K BNKKDFD L@INQR NE FQ@CT@SHMF EDL@KDR EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDHQ DWODBSDC L@INQR
A. !
7
: 5GD @BST@K BNKKDFD L@INQR NE FQ@CT@SHMF EDL@KDR CN MNS EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDHQ DWODBSDC L@INQR
B. :< = 10
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 11.48
E. F-U@KTD = 0.3211
G. H. "KOG@ = 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS MTKK VGDM 7 = 0.05 @MC 7 = 0.01
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE @BST@K BNKKDFD L@INQR NE FQ@CT@SHMF
EDL@KDR EHSR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDHQ DWODBSDC L@INQR.
79 SQTD
81 SQTD
83 E@KRD
85
@. !
0
: 4TQUDXDC NADRD EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE DWODBSDC NADRD
A. !
7
: 4TQUDXDC NADRD CN MNS EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE DWODBSDC NADRD
B. :< = 4
E. F-U@KTD = 0
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD
RTQUDXDC NADRD CN MNS EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE DWODBSDC NADRD.
87
@. !
0
: $@Q RHYD HR HMCDODMCDMS NE E@LHKX RHYD.
A. !
7
: $@Q RHYD HR CDODMCDMS NM E@LHKX RHYD.
B. :< = 9
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0706
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S B@Q RHYD @MC E@LHKX RHYD
@QD CDODMCDMS.
89
@. !
0
: )NMDXLNNM KNB@SHNMR @QD HMCDODMCDMS NE AQHCDnR @FD.
A. !
7
: )NMDXLNNM KNB@SHNMR @QD CDODMCDMS NM AQHCDnR @FD.
B. :< = 9
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 661
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E. F-U@KTD = 0.0734
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S GNMDXLNNM KNB@SHNM @MC
AQHCD @FD @QD CDODMCDMS.
91
@. !
0
: 5GD SXODR NE EQHDR RNKC @QD HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD KNB@SHNM.
A. !
7
: 5GD SXODR NE EQHDR RNKC @QD CDODMCDMS NM SGD KNB@SHNM.
B. :< = 6
D. SDRS RS@SHRSHB =18.8369
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0044
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SG@S SXODR NE EQHDR @MC KNB@SHNM @QD
CDODMCDMS.
93
@. !
0
: 4@K@QX HR HMCDODMCDMS NE KDUDK NE DCTB@SHNM.
A. !
7
: 4@K@QX HR CDODMCDMS NM KDUDK NE DCTB@SHNM.
B. :< = 12
E. F-U@KTD = 0
G. "KOG@: 0.05
%DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD < @KOG@
$NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S R@K@QX @MC KDUDK NE DCTB@SHNM @QD
CDODMCDMS.
95 SQTD
97 SQTD
99
@. !
0
: "FD HR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD XNTMFDRS NMKHMD DMSQDOQDMDTQRn MDS VNQSG.
A. !
7
: "FD HR CDODMCDMS NM SGD MDS VNQSG NE SGD XNTMFDRS NMKHMD DMSQDOQDMDTQR.
B. :< = 2
E. F-U@KTD 0.4144
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S @FD @MC MDS VNQSG ENQ SGD
XNTMFDRS NMKHMD DMSQDOQDMDTQR @QD CDODMCDMS.
101
@. !
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ ODQRNM@KHSX SXODR HR SGD R@LD ENQ ANSG L@INQR
A. !
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ ODQRNM@KHSX SXODR HR MNS SGD R@LD ENQ ANSG L@INQR
B. :< = 4
C. BGH-RPT@QD VHSG :< = 4
662 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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E. F-U@KTD = 0.5568
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE ODQRNM@KHSX SXODR HR CHEEDQDMS ENQ
ATRHMDRR @MC RNBH@K RBHDMBD L@INQR.
103
@. !
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ EHRG B@TFGS HR SGD R@LD HM (QDDM 7@KKDX -@JD @MC HM &BGN -@JD.
A. !
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ EHRG B@TFGS HR MNS SGD R@LD HM (QDDM 7@KKDX -@JD @MC HM &BGN -@JD.
B. 3
D. 11.75
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0083
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE EHRG B@TFGS HR CHEEDQDMS HM (QDDM 7@KKDX -@JD
@MC HM &BGN -@JD
105
@. !
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE @UDQ@FD DMDQFX TRD HM SGD 64" HR SGD R@LD @R HM &TQNOD ADSVDDM 2005 @MC 2010.
A. !
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE @UDQ@FD DMDQFX TRD HM SGD 64" HR MNS SGD R@LD @R HM &TQNOD ADSVDDM 2005 @MC 2010.
B. :< = 4
E. F-U@KTD = 0.7395
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD DMDQFX TRD
U@KTDR HM SGD 64 @MC &6 @QD MNS CDQHUDC EQNL CHEEDQDMS CHRSQHATSHNMR ENQ SGD ODQHNC EQNL 2005 SN 2010.
107
@. !
0
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SDBGMNKNFX TRD HR SGD R@LD ENQ BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR @MC TMHUDQRHSX RSTCDMSR.
A. !
7
: 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SDBGMNKNFX TRD HR MNS SGD R@LD ENQ BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR @MC TMHUDQRHSX RSTCDMSR.
B. 2
D. 7.05
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0294
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SDBGMNKNFX TRD ENQ RS@SHRSHBR
GNLDVNQJ HR MNS SGD R@LD ENQ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR @S BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFDR @MC @S TMHUDQRHSHDR.
110 225
112 !
0
: \
2
x 150
114 36
118 5GD BK@HL HR SG@S SGD U@QH@MBD HR MN LNQD SG@M 150 LHMTSDR.
120 @ 4STCDMS'R J- NQ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM
"'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.- 663
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122
@. !
0
: \ = 15
A. !
7
: \ > 15
B. :< = 42
E. F-U@KTD = 0.9663
G. H. "KOG@ = 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 15.
124
@. !
0
: \ x 3
A. !
7
: \ > 3
B. :< = 17
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0371
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGQDD.
126
@. !
0
: \ = 2
A. !
7
: \ w 2
B. :< = 14
C. BGH-RPT@QD CHRSHQHATSHNM VHSG :< = 14
D. BGH-RPT@QD SDRS RS@SHRSHB = 5.2094
E. F-U@KTD = 0.0346
G. H. "KOG@ = 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR CHEEDQDMS SG@M 2.
128 5GD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR $34.29. !
0
: \
2
= 25
2
!
7
: \
2
> 25
2
:< = D k 1 = 7.
SDRS RS@SHRSHB: x
2
= x
7
2
=
(n 1)s
2
25
2
=
(8 1)(34.29)
2
25
2
= 13.169 ;
F-U@KTD: P
x
7
2
> 13.169
= 1 P
x
7
2
13.169
= 0.0681
"KOG@: 0.05
%DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: F-U@KTD > @KOG@
$NMBKTRHNM: "S SGD 5% KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD U@QH@MBD HR LNQD SG@M 625.
130
@. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR @KV@XR ONRHSHUD @MC HE SGD DWODBSDC @MC NARDQUDC U@KTDR @QD MNS BKNRD SNFDSGDQ, SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR
K@QFD @MC SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR VHKK AD QDIDBSDC.
A. 5DRSHMF SN RDD HE SGD C@S@ EHSR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM oSNN VDKKp NQ HR SNN ODQEDBS.
664 "'/3$1 11 W 3'$ "'(-2041$ #(231(!43(.-
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12 U *',#A0 0#%0#11'-,
A," !-00#*A2'-,
$CAOL? 12.1 +EJA=N NACNAOOEKJ =J@ ?KNNAH=PEKJ ?=J DAHL UKQ @APANIEJA EB =J =QPK IA?D=JE?Ò O=H=NU EO NAH=PA@ PK DEO
SKNG ATLANEAJ?A. (?NA@EP: )KODQ= 1KPDD==O)
'HNLI>O=NCIH
!B;JN?L -<D?=NCP?M
c %HRBTRR A@RHB HCD@R NE KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM @MC BNQQDK@SHNM.
c $QD@SD @MC HMSDQOQDS @ KHMD NE ADRS EHS.
c $@KBTK@SD @MC HMSDQOQDS SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS.
c $@KBTK@SD @MC HMSDQOQDS NTSKHDQR.
1QNEDRRHNM@KR NESDM V@MS SN JMNV GNV SVN NQ LNQD MTLDQHB U@QH@AKDR @QD QDK@SDC. 'NQ DW@LOKD, HR SGDQD @ QDK@SHNMRGHO
ADSVDDM SGD FQ@CD NM SGD RDBNMC L@SG DW@L @ RSTCDMS S@JDR @MC SGD FQ@CD NM SGD EHM@K DW@L *E SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO, VG@S
HR SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO @MC GNV RSQNMF HR HS
*M @MNSGDQ DW@LOKD, XNTQ HMBNLD L@X AD CDSDQLHMDC AX XNTQ DCTB@SHNM, XNTQ OQNEDRRHNM, XNTQ XD@QR NE DWODQHDMBD, @MC
XNTQ @AHKHSX. 5GD @LNTMS XNT O@X @ QDO@HQ ODQRNM ENQ K@ANQ HR NESDM CDSDQLHMDC AX @M HMHSH@K @LNTMS OKTR @M GNTQKX EDD.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 665
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5GD SXOD NE C@S@ CDRBQHADC HM SGD DW@LOKDR HR 7>K6G>6I: C@S@ l "AH" ENQ SVN U@QH@AKDR. *M QD@KHSX, RS@SHRSHBH@MR TRD
BJAI>K6G>6I: C@S@, LD@MHMF L@MX U@QH@AKDR.
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ, XNT VHKK AD RSTCXHMF SGD RHLOKDRS ENQL NE QDFQDRRHNM, "KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM" VHSG NMD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD
(N). 5GHR HMUNKUDR C@S@ SG@S EHSR @ KHMD HM SVN CHLDMRHNMR. :NT VHKK @KRN RSTCX BNQQDK@SHNM VGHBG LD@RTQDR GNV RSQNMF SGD
QDK@SHNMRGHO HR.
12.1 U *CH?;L #KO;NCIHM
-HMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM ENQ SVN U@QH@AKDR HR A@RDC NM @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM VHSG NMD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD. 5GD DPT@SHNM G@R SGD ENQL:
y = a + bx
VGDQD 7 @MC 8 @QD BNMRS@MS MTLADQR.
5GD U@QH@AKD & >H I=: >C9:E:C9:CI K6G>67A:, 6C9 ' >H I=: 9:E:C9:CI K6G>67A:. 5XOHB@KKX, XNT BGNNRD @ U@KTD SN
RTARSHSTSD ENQ SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC SGDM RNKUD ENQ SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
$T=ILHA 12.1
5GD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKDR @QD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNMR.
y = 3 + 2x
y = 0.01 + 1.2x
12.1 *R SGD ENKKNVHMF @M DW@LOKD NE @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM
O = k0.125 k 3.5N
5GD FQ@OG NE @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM NE SGD ENQL O = 7 + 8N HR @ HIG6><=I A>C:. "MX KHMD SG@S HR MNS UDQSHB@K B@M AD CDRBQHADC
AX SGHR DPT@SHNM.
$T=ILHA 12.2
(Q@OG SGD DPT@SHNM O = k1 + 2N.
$CAOL? 12.2
666 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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12.2 *R SGD ENKKNVHMF @M DW@LOKD NE @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
$CAOL? 12.3
$T=ILHA 12.3
"@QNM'R 8NQC 1QNBDRRHMF 4DQUHBD ("814) CNDR VNQC OQNBDRRHMF. 5GD Q@SD ENQ RDQUHBDR HR $32 ODQ GNTQ OKTR @
$31.50 NMD-SHLD BG@QFD. 5GD SNS@K BNRS SN @ BTRSNLDQ CDODMCR NM SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR HS S@JDR SN BNLOKDSD SGD INA.
'HMC SGD DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD IDI6A 8DHI HM SDQLR NE SGD CJB7:G D; =DJGH QDPTHQDC SN BNLOKDSD SGD INA.
1IFONCIH 12.3
-DS N = SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR HS S@JDR SN FDS SGD INA CNMD.
-DS O = SGD SNS@K BNRS SN SGD BTRSNLDQ.
5GD $31.50 HR @ EHWDC BNRS. *E HS S@JDR N GNTQR SN BNLOKDSD SGD INA, SGDM (32)(N) HR SGD BNRS NE SGD VNQC
OQNBDRRHMF NMKX. 5GD SNS@K BNRS HR: O = 31.50 + 32N
12.3 &LL@nR &WSQDLD 4ONQSR GHQDR G@MF-FKHCHMF HMRSQTBSNQR @MC O@XR SGDL @ EDD NE $50 ODQ BK@RR @R VDKK @R $20 ODQ
RSTCDMS HM SGD BK@RR. 5GD SNS@K BNRS &LL@ O@XR CDODMCR NM SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR HM @ BK@RR. 'HMC SGD DPT@SHNM SG@S
DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K BNRS HM SDQLR NE SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR HM @ BK@RR.
1FIJ? ;H> #-'HN?L=?JN I@ ; *CH?;L #KO;NCIH
'NQ SGD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM O = 7 + 8N, 8 = RKNOD @MC 7 = O-HMSDQBDOS. 'QNL@KFDAQ@ QDB@KK SG@S SGD RKNOD HR @ MTLADQ SG@S CDRBQHADR
SGD RSDDOMDRR NE @ KHMD, @MC SGD O-HMSDQBDOS HR SGD O BNNQCHM@SD NE SGD ONHMS (0, 7) VGDQD SGD KHMD BQNRRDR SGD O-@WHR.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 667
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$CAOL? 12.4 3DNAA LKOOE>HA CN=LDO KB 0 = a + b/. (=) (B b > 0, PDA HEJA OHKLAO QLS=N@ PK PDA NECDP. (>) (B b = 0, PDA HEJA
EO DKNEVKJP=H. (?) (B b < 0, PDA HEJA OHKLAO @KSJS=N@ PK PDA NECDP.
$T=ILHA 12.4
4UDSK@M@ STSNQR SN L@JD DWSQ@ LNMDX ENQ BNKKDFD. 'NQ D@BG STSNQHMF RDRRHNM, RGD BG@QFDR @ NMD-SHLD EDD NE $25
OKTR $15 ODQ GNTQ NE STSNQHMF. " KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NE LNMDX 4UDSK@M@ D@QMR ENQ D@BG
RDRRHNM RGD STSNQR HR O = 25 + 15N.
8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR 8G@S HR SGD O-HMSDQBDOS @MC VG@S HR SGD RKNOD *MSDQOQDS SGDL
TRHMF BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
1IFONCIH 12.4
5GD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD (N) HR SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR 4UDSK@M@ STSNQR D@BG RDRRHNM. 5GD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD (O) HR
SGD @LNTMS, HM CNKK@QR, 4UDSK@M@ D@QMR ENQ D@BG RDRRHNM.
5GD O-HMSDQBDOS HR 25 (7 = 25). "S SGD RS@QS NE SGD STSNQHMF RDRRHNM, 4UDSK@M@ BG@QFDR @ NMD-SHLD EDD NE $25
(SGHR HR VGDM N = 0). 5GD RKNOD HR 15 (8 = 15). 'NQ D@BG RDRRHNM, 4UDSK@M@ D@QMR $15 ENQ D@BG GNTQ RGD STSNQR.
12.4 &SG@M QDO@HQR GNTRDGNKC @OOKH@MBDR KHJD CHRGV@RGDQR @MC QDEQHFDQ@SNQR. 'NQ D@BG UHRHS, GD BG@QFDR $25 OKTR $20
ODQ GNTQ NE VNQJ. " KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NE LNMDX &SG@M D@QMR ODQ UHRHS HR O = 25 + 20N.
8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR 8G@S HR SGD O-HMSDQBDOS @MC VG@S HR SGD RKNOD *MSDQOQDS SGDL TRHMF
BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
668 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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12.2 U 1=;NN?L .FINM
#DENQD VD S@JD TO SGD CHRBTRRHNM NE KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM @MC BNQQDK@SHNM, VD MDDC SN DW@LHMD @ V@X SN CHROK@X SGD QDK@SHNM
ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR N @MC O. 5GD LNRS BNLLNM @MC D@RHDRS V@X HR @ H86II:G EADI. 5GD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKD HKKTRSQ@SDR @
RB@SSDQ OKNS.
$T=ILHA 12.5
*M &TQNOD @MC "RH@, L-BNLLDQBD HR ONOTK@Q. .-BNLLDQBD TRDQR G@UD RODBH@K LNAHKD OGNMDR SG@S VNQJ KHJD
DKDBSQNMHB V@KKDSR @R VDKK @R OQNUHCD OGNMD @MC *MSDQMDS RDQUHBDR. 6RDQR B@M CN DUDQXSGHMF EQNLO@XHMF ENQ O@QJHMF
SN ATXHMF @ 57 RDS NQ RNC@ EQNL @ L@BGHMD SN A@MJHMF SN BGDBJHMF RONQSR RBNQDR NM SGD *MSDQMDS. 'NQ SGD XD@QR
2000 SGQNTFG 2004, V@R SGDQD @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD XD@Q @MC SGD MTLADQ NE L-BNLLDQBD TRDQR $NMRSQTBS @
RB@SSDQ OKNS. -DS N = SGD XD@Q @MC KDS O = SGD MTLADQ NE L-BNLLDQBD TRDQR, HM LHKKHNMR.
x (S?;L) y (# I@ OM?LM)
2000 0.5
2002 20.0
2003 33.0
2004 47.0
2;<F? 12.1
(@) 3=>HA ODKSEJC PDA JQI>AN KB
I-?KIIAN?A QOANO (EJ IEHHEKJO) >U
UA=N.
(A) 2?=PPAN LHKP ODKSEJC PDA JQI>AN KB I-?KIIAN?A QOANO (EJ IEHHEKJO)
>U UA=N.
$CAOL? 12.5
5N BQD@SD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS:
1. &MSDQ XNTQ 9 C@S@ HMSN KHRS -1 @MC XNTQ : C@S@ HMSN KHRS -2.
2. 1QDRR 2MC 45"51-05 &/5&3 SN TRD 1KNS 1. 0M SGD HMOTS RBQDDM ENQ 1-05 1, GHFGKHFGS 0M @MC OQDRR &/5&3.
(.@JD RTQD SGD NSGDQ OKNSR @QD 0''.)
3. 'NQ 5:1&: GHFGKHFGS SGD UDQX EHQRS HBNM, VGHBG HR SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS, @MC OQDRR &/5&3.
4. 'NQ 9KHRS:, DMSDQ -1 &/5&3 @MC ENQ :KHRS: -2 &/5&3.
5. 'NQ .@QJ: HS CNDR MNS L@SSDQ VGHBG RXLANK XNT GHFGKHFGS, ATS SGD RPT@QD HR SGD D@RHDRS SN RDD. 1QDRR &/5&3.
6. .@JD RTQD SGDQD @QD MN NSGDQ DPT@SHNMR SG@S BNTKC AD OKNSSDC. 1QDRR : = @MC BKD@Q @MX DPT@SHNMR NTS.
7. 1QDRR SGD ;00. JDX @MC SGDM SGD MTLADQ 9 (ENQ LDMT HSDL ";NNL4S@S") ; SGD B@KBTK@SNQ VHKK EHS SGD VHMCNV SN
SGD C@S@. :NT B@M OQDRR 8*/%08 SN RDD SGD RB@KHMF NE SGD @WDR.
12.5 "LDKH@ OK@XR A@RJDSA@KK ENQ GDQ GHFG RBGNNK. 4GD V@MSR SN HLOQNUD SN OK@X @S SGD BNKKDFD KDUDK. 4GD MNSHBDR SG@S
SGD MTLADQ NE ONHMSR RGD RBNQDR HM @ F@LD FNDR TO HM QDRONMRD SN SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR RGD OQ@BSHBDR GDQ ITLO RGNS D@BG
VDDJ. 4GD QDBNQCR SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@:
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 669
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" (BIOLM JL;=NC=CHA DOGJ MBIN) # (JICHNM M=IL?> CH ; A;G?)
5 15
7 22
9 28
10 31
11 33
12 36
2;<F? 12.2
$NMRSQTBS @ RB@SSDQ OKNS @MC RS@SD HE VG@S "LDKH@ SGHMJR @OOD@QR SN AD SQTD.
" RB@SSDQ OKNS RGNVR SGD 9>G:8I>DC NE @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR. " BKD@Q CHQDBSHNM G@OODMR VGDM SGDQD HR
DHSGDQ:
c )HFG U@KTDR NE NMD U@QH@AKD NBBTQQHMF VHSG GHFG U@KTDR NE SGD NSGDQ U@QH@AKD NQ KNV U@KTDR NE NMD U@QH@AKD NBBTQQHMF
VHSG KNV U@KTDR NE SGD NSGDQ U@QH@AKD.
c )HFG U@KTDR NE NMD U@QH@AKD NBBTQQHMF VHSG KNV U@KTDR NE SGD NSGDQ U@QH@AKD.
:NT B@M CDSDQLHMD SGD HIG:C<I= NE SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO AX KNNJHMF @S SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS @MC RDDHMF GNV BKNRD SGD ONHMSR @QD
SN @ KHMD, @ ONVDQ ETMBSHNM, @M DWONMDMSH@K ETMBSHNM, NQ SN RNLD NSGDQ SXOD NE ETMBSHNM. 'NQ @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO SGDQD HR @M
DWBDOSHNM. $NMRHCDQ @ RB@SSDQ OKNS VGDQD @KK SGD ONHMSR E@KK NM @ GNQHYNMS@K KHMD OQNUHCHMF @ "ODQEDBS EHS." 5GD GNQHYNMS@K KHMD
VNTKC HM E@BS RGNV MN QDK@SHNMRGHO.
8GDM XNT KNNJ @S @ RB@SSDQOKNS, XNT V@MS SN MNSHBD SGD DK:G6AA E6II:GC @MC @MX 9:K>6I>DCH EQNL SGD O@SSDQM. 5GD
ENKKNVHMF RB@SSDQOKNS DW@LOKDR HKKTRSQ@SD SGDRD BNMBDOSR.
$CAOL? 12.6
$CAOL? 12.7
670 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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$CAOL? 12.8
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ, VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM RB@SSDQ OKNSR SG@S RGNV @ KHMD@Q O@SSDQM. -HMD@Q O@SSDQMR @QD PTHSD BNLLNM. 5GD
KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO HR RSQNMF HE SGD ONHMSR @QD BKNRD SN @ RSQ@HFGS KHMD, DWBDOS HM SGD B@RD NE @ GNQHYNMS@K KHMD VGDQD SGDQD HR
MN QDK@SHNMRGHO. *E VD SGHMJ SG@S SGD ONHMSR RGNV @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO, VD VNTKC KHJD SN CQ@V @ KHMD NM SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS. 5GHR
KHMD B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC SGQNTFG @ OQNBDRR B@KKDC A>C:6G G:<G:HH>DC. )NVDUDQ, VD NMKX B@KBTK@SD @ QDFQDRRHNM KHMD HE NMD NE SGD
U@QH@AKDR GDKOR SN DWOK@HM NQ OQDCHBS SGD NSGDQ U@QH@AKD. *E N HR SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC O SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, SGDM
VD B@M TRD @ QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SN OQDCHBS O ENQ @ FHUDM U@KTD NE N
12.3 U 2B? 0?AL?MMCIH #KO;NCIH
%@S@ Q@QDKX EHS @ RSQ@HFGS KHMD DW@BSKX. 6RT@KKX, XNT LTRS AD R@SHREHDC VHSG QNTFG OQDCHBSHNMR. 5XOHB@KKX, XNT G@UD @ RDS NE C@S@
VGNRD RB@SSDQ OKNS @OOD@QR SN ";>I" @ RSQ@HFGS KHMD. 5GHR HR B@KKDC @ )>C: D; B:HI #>I DG ):6HI-0FJ6G:H )>C:.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 671
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*E XNT JMNV @ ODQRNM'R OHMJX (RL@KKDRS) EHMFDQ KDMFSG, CN XNT SGHMJ XNT BNTKC OQDCHBS SG@S ODQRNM'R GDHFGS $NKKDBS C@S@
EQNL XNTQ BK@RR (OHMJX EHMFDQ KDMFSG, HM HMBGDR). 5GD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, N, HR OHMJX EHMFDQ KDMFSG @MC SGD CDODMCDMS
U@QH@AKD, O, HR GDHFGS. 'NQ D@BG RDS NE C@S@, OKNS SGD ONHMSR NM FQ@OG O@ODQ. .@JD XNTQ FQ@OG AHF DMNTFG @MC JH: 6 GJA:G.
5GDM "AX DXD" CQ@V @ KHMD SG@S @OOD@QR SN "EHS" SGD C@S@. 'NQ XNTQ KHMD, OHBJ SVN BNMUDMHDMS ONHMSR @MC TRD SGDL SN EHMC
SGD RKNOD NE SGD KHMD. 'HMC SGD O-HMSDQBDOS NE SGD KHMD AX DWSDMCHMF XNTQ KHMD RN HS BQNRRDR SGD O-@WHR. 6RHMF SGD RKNODR @MC
SGD O-HMSDQBDOSR, VQHSD XNTQ DPT@SHNM NE "ADRS EHS." %N XNT SGHMJ DUDQXNMD VHKK G@UD SGD R@LD DPT@SHNM 8GX NQ VGX
MNS "BBNQCHMF SN XNTQ DPT@SHNM, VG@S HR SGD OQDCHBSDC GDHFGS ENQ @ OHMJX KDMFSG NE 2.5 HMBGDR
$T=ILHA 12.6
" Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 11 RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR OQNCTBDC SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@, VGDQD N HR SGD SGHQC DW@L RBNQD NTS NE 80,
@MC O HR SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD NTS NE 200. $@M XNT OQDCHBS SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD NE @ Q@MCNL RSTCDMS HE XNT JMNV
SGD SGHQC DW@L RBNQD
R (NBCL>
?R;G
M=IL?)
S (@CH;F
?R;G
M=IL?)
65 175
67 133
71 185
71 163
66 126
75 198
67 153
70 163
71 159
69 151
69 159
2;<F? 12.3
(@) 3=>HA ODKSEJC PDA O?KNAO KJ
PDA BEJ=H AT=I >=OA@ KJ O?KNAO
BNKI PDA PDEN@ AT=I.
(A) 2?=PPAN LHKP ODKSEJC PDA O?KNAO KJ PDA BEJ=H AT=I >=OA@ KJ O?KNAO
BNKI PDA PDEN@ AT=I.
$CAOL? 12.9
672 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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12.6 4$6#" CHUDQR G@UD L@WHLTL CHUD SHLDR SGDX B@MMNS DWBDDC VGDM FNHMF SN CHEEDQDMS CDOSGR. 5GD C@S@
HM 2;<F? 12.4 RGNV CHEEDQDMS CDOSGR VHSG SGD L@WHLTL CHUD SHLDR HM LHMTSDR. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN EHMC SGD KD@RS
RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD @MC OQDCHBS SGD L@WHLTL CHUD SHLD ENQ 110 EDDS.
" (>?JNB CH @??N) # (G;RCGOG >CP? NCG?)
50 80
60 55
70 45
80 35
90 25
100 22
2;<F? 12.4
5GD SGHQC DW@L RBNQD, N, HR SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD, O, HR SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD. 8D VHKK OKNS
@ QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SG@S ADRS "EHSR" SGD C@S@. *E D@BG NE XNT VDQD SN EHS @ KHMD "AX DXD," XNT VNTKC CQ@V CHEEDQDMS KHMDR. 8D B@M
TRD VG@S HR B@KKDC @ A:6HI-HFJ6G:H G:<G:HH>DC A>C: SN NAS@HM SGD ADRS EHS KHMD.
$NMRHCDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF CH@FQ@L. &@BG ONHMS NE C@S@ HR NE SGD SGD ENQL (N, O) @MC D@BG ONHMS NESGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS TRHMF
KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM G@R SGD ENQL (N, S).
5GD S HR QD@C "' =6I" @MC HR SGD :HI>B6I:9 K6AJ: D; '. *S HR SGD U@KTD NE O NAS@HMDC TRHMF SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. *S HR MNS
FDMDQ@KKX DPT@K SN O EQNL C@S@.
$CAOL? 12.10
5GD SDQL O
0
k S
0
= X
0
HR B@KKDC SGD ":GGDG" DG G:H>9J6A. *S HR MNS @M DQQNQ HM SGD RDMRD NE @ LHRS@JD. 5GD 67HDAJI: K6AJ:
D; 6 G:H>9J6A LD@RTQDR SGD UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD ADSVDDM SGD @BST@K U@KTD NE O @MC SGD DRSHL@SDC U@KTD NE O. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, HS
LD@RTQDR SGD UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD ADSVDDM SGD @BST@K C@S@ ONHMS @MC SGD OQDCHBSDC ONHMS NM SGD KHMD.
*E SGD NARDQUDC C@S@ ONHMS KHDR @ANUD SGD KHMD, SGD QDRHCT@K HR ONRHSHUD, @MC SGD KHMD TMCDQDRSHL@SDR SGD @BST@K C@S@ U@KTD
ENQ O. *E SGD NARDQUDC C@S@ ONHMS KHDR ADKNV SGD KHMD, SGD QDRHCT@K HR MDF@SHUD, @MC SGD KHMD NUDQDRSHL@SDR SG@S @BST@K C@S@ U@KTD
ENQ O.
*M SGD CH@FQ@L HM $CAOL? 12.10, O
0
k S
0
= h
0
HR SGD QDRHCT@K ENQ SGD ONHMS RGNVM. )DQD SGD ONHMS KHDR @ANUD SGD KHMD @MC
SGD QDRHCT@K HR ONRHSHUD.
X = SGD (QDDJ KDSSDQ :EH>ADC
'NQ D@BG C@S@ ONHMS, XNT B@M B@KBTK@SD SGD QDRHCT@KR NQ DQQNQR, O
H
- S
H
= X
H
ENQ ? = 1, 2, 3, ..., 11.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 673
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&@BG [X[ HR @ UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD.
'NQ SGD DW@LOKD @ANTS SGD SGHQC DW@L RBNQDR @MC SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQDR ENQ SGD 11 RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR, SGDQD @QD 11 C@S@
ONHMSR. 5GDQDENQD, SGDQD @QD 11 X U@KTDR. *E XNTRPT@QD D@BG h @MC @CC, XNT FDS
(
1
)
2
+ (
2
)
2
+ ... + (
11
)
2
=
i = 1
11
2
5GHR HR B@KKDC SGD 0JB D; 0FJ6G:9 "GGDGH (00").
6RHMF B@KBTKTR, XNT B@M CDSDQLHMD SGD U@KTDR NE 7 @MC 8 SG@S L@JD SGD 00" @ LHMHLTL. 8GDM XNT L@JD SGD 00" @
LHMHLTL, XNT G@UD CDSDQLHMDC SGD ONHMSR SG@S @QD NM SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS. *S STQMR NTS SG@S SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS G@R SGD DPT@SHNM:
y
^
= a + bx
VGDQD a = y
b x
@MC b =
(x x
)(y y
)
(x x
)
2
.
5GD R@LOKD LD@MR NE SGD N U@KTDR @MC SGD O U@KTDR @QD x
@MC y
, QDRODBSHUDKX. 5GD ADRS EHS KHMD @KV@XR O@RRDR SGQNTFG

SGD ONHMS ( x
, y
) .
5GD RKNOD 8 B@M AD VQHSSDM @R b = r
s
y
s
x
VGDQD I
O
= SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD O U@KTDR @MC I
N
= SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE SGD N U@KTDR. H HR SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, VGHBG HR CHRBTRRDC HM SGD MDWS RDBSHNM.
*?;MN 1KO;L?M !LCN?LC; @IL ?MN $CN
5GD OQNBDRR NE EHSSHMF SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD HR B@KKDC A>C:6G G:<G:HH>DC. 5GD HCD@ ADGHMC EHMCHMF SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD HR A@RDC NM SGD
@RRTLOSHNM SG@S SGD C@S@ @QD RB@SSDQDC @ANTS @ RSQ@HFGS KHMD. 5GD BQHSDQH@ ENQ SGD ADRS EHS KHMD HR SG@S SGD RTL NE SGD RPT@QDC
DQQNQR (44&) HR LHMHLHYDC, SG@S HR, L@CD @R RL@KK @R ONRRHAKD. "MX NSGDQ KHMD XNT LHFGS BGNNRD VNTKC G@UD @ GHFGDQ 44&
SG@M SGD ADRS EHS KHMD. 5GHR ADRS EHS KHMD HR B@KKDC SGD A:6HI-HFJ6G:H G:<G:HH>DC A>C: .
,-2#
$NLOTSDQ ROQD@CRGDDSR, RS@SHRSHB@K RNESV@QD, @MC L@MX B@KBTK@SNQR B@M PTHBJKX B@KBTK@SD SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD @MC
BQD@SD SGD FQ@OGR. 5GD B@KBTK@SHNMR SDMC SN AD SDCHNTR HE CNMD AX G@MC. *MRSQTBSHNMR SN TRD SGD 5*-83, 5*-83+, @MC
5*-84+ B@KBTK@SNQR SN EHMC SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD @MC BQD@SD @ RB@SSDQOKNS @QD RGNVM @S SGD DMC NE SGHR RDBSHNM.
2&'0" #6A+ PM $',A* #6A+ #6A+.*#:
5GD FQ@OG NE SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS ENQ SGD SGHQC-DW@L/EHM@K-DW@L DW@LOKD HR @R ENKKNVR:
$CAOL? 12.11
5GD KD@RS RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD (ADRS-EHS KHMD) ENQ SGD SGHQC-DW@L/EHM@K-DW@L DW@LOKD G@R SGD DPT@SHNM:
y
^
= 173.51 + 4.83x
674 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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3DLDLADQ, HS HR @KV@XR HLONQS@MS SN OKNS @ RB@SSDQ CH@FQ@L EHQRS. *E SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS HMCHB@SDR SG@S SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q
QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR, SGDM HS HR QD@RNM@AKD SN TRD @ ADRS EHS KHMD SN L@JD OQDCHBSHNMR ENQ O FHUDM N VHSGHM
SGD CNL@HM NE N-U@KTDR HM SGD R@LOKD C@S@, 7JI CDI C:8:HH6G>AN ;DG &-K6AJ:H DJIH>9: I=6I 9DB6>C. :NT BNTKC TRD SGD
KHMD SN OQDCHBS SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD ENQ @ RSTCDMS VGN D@QMDC @ FQ@CD NE 73 NM SGD SGHQC DW@L. :NT RGNTKC /05 TRD SGD
KHMD SN OQDCHBS SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD ENQ @ RSTCDMS VGN D@QMDC @ FQ@CD NE 50 NM SGD SGHQC DW@L, ADB@TRD 50 HR MNS VHSGHM
SGD CNL@HM NE SGD N-U@KTDR HM SGD R@LOKD C@S@, VGHBG @QD ADSVDDM 65 @MC 75.
3,"#012A,"',% 1*-.#
5GD RKNOD NE SGD KHMD, 8, CDRBQHADR GNV BG@MFDR HM SGD U@QH@AKDR @QD QDK@SDC. *S HR HLONQS@MS SN HMSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD NE SGD KHMD
HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD RHST@SHNM QDOQDRDMSDC AX SGD C@S@. :NT RGNTKC AD @AKD SN VQHSD @ RDMSDMBD HMSDQOQDSHMF SGD RKNOD HM OK@HM
&MFKHRG.
&+1"/-/"1A1&,+ ,# 1%" 0),-": 5GD RKNOD NE SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD SDKKR TR GNV SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD (O) BG@MFDR
ENQ DUDQX NMD TMHS HMBQD@RD HM SGD HMCDODMCDMS (N) U@QH@AKD, NM @UDQ@FD.
2&'0" #6A+ PM $',A* #6A+ #6A+.*#
4KNOD: 5GD RKNOD NE SGD KHMD HR 8 = 4.83.
*MSDQOQDS@SHNM: 'NQ @ NMD-ONHMS HMBQD@RD HM SGD RBNQD NM SGD SGHQC DW@L, SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD HMBQD@RDR AX 4.83 ONHMSR, NM
@UDQ@FD.
6RHMF SGD -HMD@Q 3DFQDRRHNM 5 5DRS: -HM3DF55DRS
1. *M SGD 45"5 KHRS DCHSNQ, DMSDQ SGD 9 C@S@ HM KHRS -1 @MC SGD : C@S@ HM KHRS -2, O@HQDC RN SG@S SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF (N,O)
U@KTDR @QD MDWS SN D@BG NSGDQ HM SGD KHRSR. (*E @ O@QSHBTK@Q O@HQ NE U@KTDR HR QDOD@SDC, DMSDQ HS @R L@MX SHLDR @R HS
@OOD@QR HM SGD C@S@.)
2. 0M SGD 45"5 5&454 LDMT, RBQNKK CNVM VHSG SGD BTQRNQ SN RDKDBS SGD -HM3DF55DRS. (#D B@QDETK SN RDKDBS
-HM3DF55DRS, @R RNLD B@KBTK@SNQR L@X @KRN G@UD @ CHEEDQDMS HSDL B@KKDC -HM3DF5*MS.)
3. 0M SGD -HM3DF55DRS HMOTS RBQDDM DMSDQ: 9KHRS: -1 ; :KHRS: -2 ; 'QDP: 1
4. 0M SGD MDWS KHMD, @S SGD OQNLOS W NQ [, GHFGKHFGS "w 0" @MC OQDRR &/5&3
5. -D@UD SGD KHMD ENQ "3DF&P:" AK@MJ
6. )HFGKHFGS $@KBTK@SD @MC OQDRR &/5&3.
$CAOL? 12.12
5GD NTSOTS RBQDDM BNMS@HMR @ KNS NE HMENQL@SHNM. 'NQ MNV VD VHKK ENBTR NM @ EDV HSDLR EQNL SGD NTSOTS, @MC VHKK QDSTQM
K@SDQ SN SGD NSGDQ HSDLR.
5GD RDBNMC KHMD R@XR O = 7 + 8N. 4BQNKK CNVM SN EHMC SGD U@KTDR 7 = k173.513, @MC 8 = 4.8273; SGD DPT@SHNM NE SGD ADRS
EHS KHMD HR S = k173.51 + 4.83N
5GD SVN HSDLR @S SGD ANSSNL @QD H
2
= 0.43969 @MC H = 0.663. 'NQ MNV, ITRS MNSD VGDQD SN EHMC SGDRD U@KTDR; VD VHKK
CHRBTRR SGDL HM SGD MDWS SVN RDBSHNMR.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 675
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(Q@OGHMF SGD 4B@SSDQOKNS @MC 3DFQDRRHNM -HMD
1. 8D @QD @RRTLHMF XNTQ 9 C@S@ HR @KQD@CX DMSDQDC HM KHRS -1 @MC XNTQ : C@S@ HR HM KHRS -2
2. 1QDRR 2MC 45"51-05 &/5&3 SN TRD 1KNS 1
3. 0M SGD HMOTS RBQDDM ENQ 1-05 1, GHFGKHFGS ,C, @MC OQDRR &/5&3
4. 'NQ 5:1&: GHFGKHFGS SGD UDQX EHQRS HBNM VGHBG HR SGD RB@SSDQOKNS @MC OQDRR &/5&3
5. *MCHB@SD 9KHRS: -1 @MC :KHRS: -2
6. 'NQ .@QJ: HS CNDR MNS L@SSDQ VGHBG RXLANK XNT GHFGKHFGS.
7. 1QDRR SGD ;00. JDX @MC SGDM SGD MTLADQ 9 (ENQ LDMT HSDL ";NNL4S@S") ; SGD B@KBTK@SNQ VHKK EHS SGD VHMCNV SN
SGD C@S@
8. 5N FQ@OG SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD, OQDRR SGD ":=" JDX @MC SXOD SGD DPT@SHNM k173.5 + 4.839 HMSN DPT@SHNM :1. (5GD 9 JDX
HR HLLDCH@SDKX KDES NE SGD 45"5 JDX). 1QDRR ;00. 9 @F@HM SN FQ@OG HS.
9. 0OSHNM@K: *E XNT V@MS SN BG@MFD SGD UHDVHMF VHMCNV, OQDRR SGD 8*/%08JDX. &MSDQ XNTQ CDRHQDC VHMCNV TRHMF
9LHM, 9L@W, :LHM, :L@W
,-2#
"MNSGDQ V@X SN FQ@OG SGD KHMD @ESDQ XNT BQD@SD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS HR SN TRD -HM3DF55DRS.
1. .@JD RTQD XNT G@UD CNMD SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS. $GDBJ HS NM XNTQ RBQDDM.
2. (N SN -HM3DF55DRS @MC DMSDQ SGD KHRSR.
3. "S 3DF&P: OQDRR 7"34 @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN :-7"34. 1QDRR 1 ENQ 1:'TMBSHNM. 1QDRR 1 ENQ 1::1. 5GDM @QQNV CNVM
SN $@KBTK@SD @MC CN SGD B@KBTK@SHNM ENQ SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS.
4. 1QDRR : = (XNT VHKK RDD SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM).
5. 1QDRR (3"1). 5GD KHMD VHKK AD CQ@VM."
2B? !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN 4
#DRHCDR KNNJHMF @S SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS @MC RDDHMF SG@S @ KHMD RDDLR QD@RNM@AKD, GNV B@M XNT SDKK HE SGD KHMD HR @ FNNC OQDCHBSNQ
6RD SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS @R @MNSGDQ HMCHB@SNQ (ADRHCDR SGD RB@SSDQOKNS) NE SGD RSQDMFSG NE SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC
O.
5GD 8DGG:A6I>DC 8D:;;>8>:CI, #, CDUDKNODC AX ,@QK 1D@QRNM HM SGD D@QKX 1900R, HR MTLDQHB@K @MC OQNUHCDR @ LD@RTQD NE
RSQDMFSG @MC CHQDBSHNM NE SGD KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM ADSVDDM SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD N @MC SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD O.
5GD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR B@KBTK@SDC @R
r =
n(xy) (x)(y)
nx
2
(x)
2
ny
2
(y)
2
VGDQD D = SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@ ONHMSR.

*E XNT RTRODBS @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O, SGDM H B@M LD@RTQD GNV RSQNMF SGD KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO HR.
5B;N NB? 4A*3# I@ 4 N?FFM OM:
c 5GD U@KTD NE H HR @KV@XR ADSVDDM k1 @MC +1: k1 x H x 1.
c 5GD RHYD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM H HMCHB@SDR SGD RSQDMFSG NE SGD KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O. 7@KTDR NE H BKNRD SN k1 NQ
SN +1 HMCHB@SD @ RSQNMFDQ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O.
c *E H = 0 SGDQD HR @ARNKTSDKX MN KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O (CD A>C:6G 8DGG:A6I>DC).
c *E H = 1, SGDQD HR ODQEDBS ONRHSHUD BNQQDK@SHNM. *E H = k1, SGDQD HR ODQEDBS MDF@SHUDBNQQDK@SHNM. *M ANSG SGDRD B@RDR, @KK NE
SGD NQHFHM@K C@S@ ONHMSR KHD NM @ RSQ@HFGS KHMD. 0E BNTQRD,HM SGD QD@K VNQKC, SGHR VHKK MNS FDMDQ@KKX G@OODM.
5B;N NB? 1'%, I@ 4 N?FFM OM
c " ONRHSHUD U@KTD NE H LD@MR SG@S VGDM N HMBQD@RDR, O SDMCR SN HMBQD@RD @MC VGDM N CDBQD@RDR, O SDMCR SN CDBQD@RD
(EDH>I>K: 8DGG:A6I>DC).
c " MDF@SHUD U@KTD NE H LD@MR SG@S VGDM N HMBQD@RDR, O SDMCR SN CDBQD@RD @MC VGDM N CDBQD@RDR, O SDMCR SN HMBQD@RD
(C:<6I>K: 8DGG:A6I>DC).
c 5GD RHFM NE H HR SGD R@LD @R SGD RHFM NE SGD RKNOD, 8, NE SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD.
,-2#
4SQNMF BNQQDK@SHNM CNDR MNS RTFFDRS SG@S N B@TRDR O NQ O B@TRDR N. 8D R@X "8DGG:A6I>DC 9D:H CDI >BEAN 86JH6I>DC."
676 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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$CAOL? 12.13 (=) O?=PPAN LHKP ODKSEJC @=P= SEPD = LKOEPERA ?KNNAH=PEKJ. 0 < * < 1 (>) O?=PPAN LHKP ODKSEJC @=P= SEPD
= JAC=PERA ?KNNAH=PEKJ. _1 < * < 0 (?) O?=PPAN LHKP ODKSEJC @=P= SEPD VANK ?KNNAH=PEKJ. * = 0
5GD ENQLTK@ ENQ H KNNJR ENQLHC@AKD. )NVDUDQ, BNLOTSDQ ROQD@CRGDDSR, RS@SHRSHB@K RNESV@QD, @MC L@MX B@KBTK@SNQR B@M
PTHBJKX B@KBTK@SD H. 5GD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS H HR SGD ANSSNL HSDL HM SGD NTSOTS RBQDDMR ENQ SGD -HM3DF55DRS NM SGD 5*-83,
5*-83+, NQ 5*-84+ B@KBTK@SNQ (RDD OQDUHNTR RDBSHNM ENQ HMRSQTBSHNMR).
2B? !I?@@C=C?HN I@ "?N?LGCH;NCIH
1=: K6G>67A: #
2
>H 86AA:9 I=: 8D:;;>8>:CI D; 9:I:GB>C6I>DC @MC HR SGD RPT@QD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, ATS HR TRT@KKX
RS@SDC @R @ ODQBDMS, Q@SGDQ SG@M HM CDBHL@K ENQL. *S G@R @M HMSDQOQDS@SHNM HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD C@S@:
c r
2
, VGDM DWOQDRRDC @R @ ODQBDMS, QDOQDRDMSR SGD ODQBDMS NE U@QH@SHNM HM SGD CDODMCDMS (OQDCHBSDC) U@QH@AKD O SG@S B@M
AD DWOK@HMDC AX U@QH@SHNM HM SGD HMCDODMCDMS (DWOK@M@SNQX) U@QH@AKD N TRHMF SGD QDFQDRRHNM (ADRS-EHS) KHMD.
c 1 k r
2
, VGDM DWOQDRRDC @R @ ODQBDMS@FD, QDOQDRDMSR SGD ODQBDMS NE U@QH@SHNM HM O SG@S HR /05 DWOK@HMDC AX U@QH@SHNM HM
N TRHMF SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. 5GHR B@M AD RDDM @R SGD RB@SSDQHMF NE SGD NARDQUDC C@S@ ONHMSR @ANTS SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD.
$NMRHCDQ SGD NBCL> ?R;G/@CH;F ?R;G ?R;GJF? (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17092/F;N?MN/#?F?G?HN-22)
HMSQNCTBDC HM SGD OQDUHNTR RDBSHNM
c 5GD KHMD NE ADRS EHS HR: S = k173.51 + 4.83W
c 5GD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR H = 0.6631
c 5GD BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM HR H
2
= 0.6631
2
= 0.4397
c &CI:GEG:I6I>DC D; #
2
>C I=: 8DCI:MI D; I=>H :M6BEA::
c "OOQNWHL@SDKX 44% NE SGD U@QH@SHNM (0.4397 HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX 0.44) HM SGD EHM@K-DW@L FQ@CDR B@M AD DWOK@HMDC AX SGD
U@QH@SHNM HM SGD FQ@CDR NM SGD SGHQC DW@L, TRHMF SGD ADRS-EHS QDFQDRRHNM KHMD.
c 5GDQDENQD, @OOQNWHL@SDKX 56%NE SGD U@QH@SHNM (1 k 0.44 = 0.56) HM SGD EHM@K DW@L FQ@CDR B@M /05 AD DWOK@HMDC AX SGD
U@QH@SHNM HM SGD FQ@CDR NM SGD SGHQC DW@L, TRHMF SGD ADRS-EHS QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. (5GHR HR RDDM @R SGD RB@SSDQHMF NE SGD ONHMSR
@ANTS SGD KHMD.)
12.4 U 2?MNCHA NB? 1CAHC@C=;H=? I@ NB? !ILL?F;NCIH
!I?@@C=C?HN
5GD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, H, SDKKR TR @ANTS SGD RSQDMFSG @MC CHQDBSHNM NE SGD KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O. )NVDUDQ,
SGD QDKH@AHKHSX NE SGD KHMD@Q LNCDK @KRN CDODMCR NM GNV L@MX NARDQUDC C@S@ ONHMSR @QD HM SGD R@LOKD. 8D MDDC SN KNNJ @S
ANSG SGD U@KTD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS H @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD D, SNFDSGDQ.
8D ODQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE SGD "H><C>;>86C8: D; I=: 8DGG:A6I>DC 8D:;;>8>:CI" SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ SGD KHMD@Q
QDK@SHNMRGHO HM SGD R@LOKD C@S@ HR RSQNMF DMNTFG SN TRD SN LNCDK SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
5GD R@LOKD C@S@ @QD TRDC SN BNLOTSD H, SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS ENQ SGD R@LOKD. *E VD G@C C@S@ ENQ SGD DMSHQD
ONOTK@SHNM, VD BNTKC EHMC SGD ONOTK@SHNM BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. #TS ADB@TRD VD G@UD NMKX G@UD R@LOKD C@S@, VD B@MMNS
B@KBTK@SD SGD ONOTK@SHNM BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. 5GD R@LOKD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, H, HR NTQ DRSHL@SD NE SGD TMJMNVM
ONOTK@SHNM BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS.
3DA OUI>KH BKN PDA LKLQH=PEKJ ?KNNAH=PEKJ ?KABBE?EAJP EO 5, PDA &NAAG HAPPAN "NDK."
5 = LKLQH=PEKJ ?KNNAH=PEKJ ?KABBE?EAJP (QJGJKSJ)
* = O=ILHA ?KNNAH=PEKJ ?KABBE?EAJP (GJKSJ; ?=H?QH=PA@ BNKI O=ILHA @=P=)
5GD GXONSGDRHR SDRS KDSR TR CDBHCD VGDSGDQ SGD U@KTD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS [ HR "BKNRD SN YDQN" NQ
"RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL YDQN". 8D CDBHCD SGHR A@RDC NM SGD R@LOKD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS H @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD D.
'@ NB? N?MN =IH=FO>?M NB;N NB? =ILL?F;NCIH =I?@@C=C?HN CM MCAHC@C=;HNFS >C@@?L?HN @LIG T?LI, Q? M;S NB;N NB?
=ILL?F;NCIH =I?@@C=C?HN CM "MCAHC@C=;HN."
c $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O
ADB@TRD SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL YDQN.
c 8G@S SGD BNMBKTRHNM LD@MR: 5GDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O. 8D B@M TRD SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD
SN LNCDK SGD KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 677
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'@ NB? N?MN =IH=FO>?M NB;N NB? =ILL?F;NCIH =I?@@C=C?HN CM HIN MCAHC@C=;HNFS >C@@?L?HN @LIG T?LI (CN CM =FIM? NI
T?LI), Q? M;S NB;N =ILL?F;NCIH =I?@@C=C?HN CM "HIN MCAHC@C=;HN".
c $NMBKTRHNM: "5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O
ADB@TRD SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR MNS RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL YDQN."
c 8G@S SGD BNMBKTRHNM LD@MR: 5GDQD HR MNS @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O. 5GDQDENQD, VD $"//05
TRD SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SN LNCDK @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
,-2#
c *E H HR RHFMHEHB@MS @MC SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS RGNVR @ KHMD@Q SQDMC, SGD KHMD B@M AD TRDC SN OQDCHBS SGD U@KTD NE O ENQ U@KTDR
NE N SG@S @QD VHSGHM SGD CNL@HM NE NARDQUDC N U@KTDR.
c *E H HR MNS RHFMHEHB@MS 03 HE SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS CNDR MNS RGNV @ KHMD@Q SQDMC, SGD KHMD RGNTKC MNS AD TRDC ENQ OQDCHBSHNM.
c *E H HR RHFMHEHB@MS @MC HE SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS RGNVR @ KHMD@Q SQDMC, SGD KHMD L@X /05 AD @OOQNOQH@SD NQ QDKH@AKD ENQ
OQDCHBSHNM 0654*%& SGD CNL@HM NE NARDQUDC N U@KTDR HM SGD C@S@.
.#0$-0+',% 2&# &7.-2&#1'1 2#12
c +JAA %NEDI=:H>H: H
0
: / = 0
c AAI:GC6I: %NEDI=:H>H: H
a
: / T 0
5&A2 2&# &7.-2&#1#1 +#A, ', 5-0"1:
c +JAA %NEDI=:H>H H
0
: 5GD ONOTK@SHNM BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS *4 /05 RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL YDQN. 5GDQD *4 /05
@ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO(BNQQDK@SHNM) ADSVDDM N @MC O HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
c AAI:GC6I: %NEDI=:H>H H
a
: 5GD ONOTK@SHNM BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS *4 RHFMHEHB@MSKX %*''&3&/5 '30.YDQN. 5GDQD *4
" 4*(/*'*$"/5 -*/&"3 3&-"5*0/4)*1 (BNQQDK@SHNM) ADSVDDM N @MC O HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
"0A5',% A !-,!*31'-,:
5GDQD @QD SVN LDSGNCR NE L@JHMF SGD CDBHRHNM. 5GD SVN LDSGNCR @QD DPTHU@KDMS @MC FHUD SGD R@LD QDRTKS.
c *:I=D9 1: 2H>C< I=: !-K6AJ:
c *:I=D9 2: 2H>C< 6 I67A: D; 8G>I>86A K6AJ:H
*M SGHR BG@OSDQ NE SGHR SDWSANNJ, VD VHKK @KV@XR TRD @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 5%, V = 0.05
,-2#
6RHMF SGD F-U@KTD LDSGNC, XNT BNTKC BGNNRD @MX @OOQNOQH@SD RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK XNT V@MS; XNT @QD MNS KHLHSDC SN TRHMF
V = 0.05. #TS SGD S@AKD NE BQHSHB@K U@KTDR OQNUHCDC HM SGHR SDWSANNJ @RRTLDR SG@S VD @QD TRHMF @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 5%,
V = 0.05. (*E VD V@MSDC SN TRD @ CHEEDQDMS RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK SG@M 5% VHSG SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD LDSGNC, VD VNTKC MDDC
CHEEDQDMS S@AKDR NE BQHSHB@K U@KTDR SG@S @QD MNS OQNUHCDC HM SGHR SDWSANNJ.)
+#2&-" 1: 3MCHA ; 3-P;FO? NI G;E? ; >?=CMCIH
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD TRHMF -HM3DF55&45:
0M SGD -HM3DF55&45 HMOTS RBQDDM, NM SGD KHMD OQNLOS ENQ W NQ [, GHFGKHFGS "T 0"
5GD NTSOTS RBQDDM RGNVR SGD O-U@KTD NM SGD KHMD SG@S QD@CR "O =".
(.NRS BNLOTSDQ RS@SHRSHB@K RNESV@QD B@M B@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD.)
(B PDA (-R=HQA EO HAOO PD=J PDA OECJEBE?=J?A HARAH (3 = 0.05):
c %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
c $NMBKTRHNM: "5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O
ADB@TRD SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL YDQN."
(B PDA (-R=HQA EO -.3 HAOO PD=J PDA OECJEBE?=J?A HARAH (3 = 0.05)
c %DBHRHNM: %0 /05 3&+&$5 SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
c $NMBKTRHNM: "5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O
ADB@TRD SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR /05 RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL YDQN."
8KQ SEHH QOA PA?DJKHKCU PK ?=H?QH=PA PDA (-R=HQA. 3DA BKHHKSEJC @AO?NE>AO PDA ?=H?QH=PEKJO PK ?KILQPA PDA PAOP
OP=PEOPE?O =J@ PDA (-R=HQA:
3DA (-R=HQA EO ?=H?QH=PA@ QOEJC = ,-@EOPNE>QPEKJ SEPD & - 2 @ACNAAO KB BNAA@KI.
678 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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3DA BKNIQH= BKN PDA PAOP OP=PEOPE? EO t =
r n 2
1 r
2
. 3DA R=HQA KB PDA PAOP OP=PEOPE?, ,, EO ODKSJ EJ PDA ?KILQPAN KN
?=H?QH=PKN KQPLQP =HKJC SEPD PDA (-R=HQA. 3DA PAOP OP=PEOPE? , D=O PDA O=IA OECJ =O PDA ?KNNAH=PEKJ ?KABBE?EAJP *.
3DA (-R=HQA EO PDA ?KI>EJA@ =NA= EJ >KPD P=EHO.
"M @KSDQM@SHUD V@X SN B@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD (E) FHUDM AX -HM3DF55DRS HR SGD BNLL@MC 2*SBCE(@AR(S),10>99, M-2) HM 2MC
%*453.
3'(1#-$7, RO %(-+-$7, $7,/+$: (-R=HQA IAPDK@
c $NMRHCDQ SGD NBCL> ?R;G/@CH;F ?R;G ?R;GJF? (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17092/F;N?MN/#?F?G?HN-22) .
c 5GD KHMD NE ADRS EHS HR: d = -173.51 + 4.83N VHSG H = 0.6631 @MC SGDQD @QD D = 11 C@S@ ONHMSR.
c $@M SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD AD TRDC ENQ OQDCHBSHNM $>K:C 6 I=>G9 :M6B H8DG: (& K6AJ:), 86C L: JH: I=: A>C: ID EG:9>8I
I=: ;>C6A :M6B H8DG: (EG:9>8I:9 ' K6AJ:)?
!
0
: [ = 0
!
7
: [ w 0
V = 0.05
c 5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.026 (EQNL -HM3DF55DRS NM XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ EQNL BNLOTSDQ RNESV@QD).
c 5GD F-U@KTD, 0.026, HR KDRR SG@M SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE V = 0.05.
c %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD /TKK )XONSGDRHR !
0
c $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD SGHQC
DW@L RBNQD (N) @MC SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD (O) ADB@TRD SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL YDQN.
B:86JH: # >H H><C>;>86CI 6C9 I=: H86II:G EADI H=DLH 6 A>C:6G IG:C9, I=: G:<G:HH>DC A>C: 86C 7: JH:9 ID EG:9>8I ;>C6A
:M6B H8DG:H.
+#2&-" 2: 3MCHA ; N;<F? I@ !LCNC=;F 4;FO?M NI G;E? ; >?=CMCIH
5GD 95% !LCNC=;F 4;FO?M I@ NB? 1;GJF? !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN 2;<F? (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17098/
F;N?MN/) B@M AD TRDC SN FHUD XNT @ FNNC HCD@ NE VGDSGDQ SGD BNLOTSDC U@KTD NE r >H H><C>;>86CI DG CDI. $NLO@QD H SN
SGD @OOQNOQH@SD BQHSHB@K U@KTD HM SGD S@AKD. *E H HR MNS ADSVDDM SGD ONRHSHUD @MC MDF@SHUD BQHSHB@K U@KTDR, SGDM SGD BNQQDK@SHNM
BNDEEHBHDMS HR RHFMHEHB@MS. *E H HR RHFMHEHB@MS, SGDM XNT L@X V@MS SN TRD SGD KHMD ENQ OQDCHBSHNM.
$T=ILHA 12.7
4TOONRD XNT BNLOTSDC H = 0.801 TRHMF D = 10 C@S@ ONHMSR.:< = D - 2 = 10 - 2 = 8. 5GD BQHSHB@K U@KTDR @RRNBH@SDC
VHSG :< = 8 @QD -0.632 @MC + 0.632. *E H < MDF@SHUD BQHSHB@K U@KTD NQ H > ONRHSHUD BQHSHB@K U@KTD, SGDM H HRRHFMHEHB@MS.
4HMBD H = 0.801 @MC 0.801 > 0.632, H HR RHFMHEHB@MS @MC SGD KHMD L@X AD TRDCENQ OQDCHBSHNM. *E XNT UHDVSGHR DW@LOKD
NM @ MTLADQ KHMD, HS VHKK GDKO XNT.
$CAOL? 12.14 * EO JKP OECJEBE?=JP >APSAAJ -0.632 =J@ +0.632. * = 0.801 > +0.632. 3DANABKNA, * EO OECJEBE?=JP.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 679
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12.7 'NQ @ FHUDM KHMD NE ADRS EHS, XNT BNLOTSDC SG@S H = 0.6501 TRHMF D = 12 C@S@ ONHMSR @MC SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD HR 0.576.
$@M SGD KHMD AD TRDC ENQ OQDCHBSHNM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
$T=ILHA 12.8
4TOONRD XNT BNLOTSDC H = k0.624 VHSG 14 C@S@ ONHMSR. :< = 14 k 2 = 12. 5GD BQHSHB@K U@KTDR @QD k0.532 @MC 0.532.
4HMBD k0.624 < k0.532, H HR RHFMHEHB@MS @MC SGD KHMD B@M AD TRDC ENQ OQDCHBSHNM
$CAOL? 12.15 N = _0.624-0.532. 3DANABKNA, * EO OECJEBE?=JP.
12.8 'NQ @ FHUDM KHMD NE ADRS EHS, XNT BNLOTSD SG@S H = 0.5204 TRHMF D = 9 C@S@ ONHMSR, @MC SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD HR 0.666.
$@M SGD KHMD AD TRDC ENQ OQDCHBSHNM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
$T=ILHA 12.9
4TOONRD XNT BNLOTSDC H = 0.776 @MC D = 6. :< = 6 k 2 = 4. 5GD BQHSHB@K U@KTDR @QD k0.811 @MC 0.811. 4HMBD k0.811
< 0.776 < 0.811, H HR MNS RHFMHEHB@MS, @MC SGD KHMD RGNTKC MNS AD TRDC ENQ OQDCHBSHNM.
$CAOL? 12.16 -0.811 < * = 0.776 < 0.811. 3DANABKNA, * EO JKP OECJEBE?=JP.
12.9 'NQ @ FHUDM KHMD NE ADRS EHS, XNT BNLOTSD SG@S H = k0.7204 TRHMF D = 8 C@S@ ONHMSR, @MC SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD HR =
0.707. $@M SGD KHMD AD TRDC ENQ OQDCHBSHNM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
2&'0"-#6A+ PM $',A*-#6A+ #6A+.*#: =LCNC=;F P;FO? G?NBI>
$NMRHCDQ SGD NBCL> ?R;G/@CH;F ?R;G ?R;GJF? (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17092/F;N?MN/#?F?G?HN-22) . 5GD KHMD NE
ADRS EHS HR: S = k173.51+4.83N VHSG H = 0.6631 @MC SGDQD @QD D = 11 C@S@ ONHMSR. $@M SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD AD TRDC ENQ OQDCHBSHNM
$>K:C 6 I=>G9-:M6B H8DG: (& K6AJ:), 86C L: JH: I=: A>C: ID EG:9>8I I=: ;>C6A :M6B H8DG: (EG:9>8I:9 ' K6AJ:)?
H
0
: 5 = 0
H
a
: 5 f 0
3 = 0.05
c 6RD SGD "95% $QHSHB@K 7@KTD" S@AKD ENQ H VHSG :< = D k 2 = 11 k 2 = 9.
c 5GD BQHSHB@K U@KTDR @QD k0.602 @MC +0.602
c 4HMBD 0.6631 > 0.602, H HR RHFMHEHB@MS.
c %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
680 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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c $NMBKTRHNM:5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD SGHQC
DW@L RBNQD (N) @MC SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD (O) ADB@TRD SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL YDQN.
B:86JH: # >H H><C>;>86CI 6C9 I=: H86II:G EADI H=DLH 6 A>C:6G IG:C9, I=: G:<G:HH>DC A>C: 86C 7: JH:9 ID EG:9>8I ;>C6A
:M6B H8DG:H.
$T=ILHA 12.10
4TOONRD XNT BNLOTSDC SGD ENKKNVHMF BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMSR. 6RHMF SGD S@AKD @S SGD DMC NE SGD BG@OSDQ, CDSDQLHMD
HE H HR RHFMHEHB@MS @MC SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS @RRNBH@SDC VHSG D@BG H B@M AD TRDC SN OQDCHBS @ O U@KTD. *E HS GDKOR, CQ@V @
MTLADQ KHMD.
=. H = k0.567 @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD, D, HR 19. 5GD :< = D k 2 = 17. 5GD BQHSHB@K U@KTD HR k0.456. k0.567 < k0.456
RN H HR RHFMHEHB@MS.
>. H = 0.708 @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD, D, HR MHMD. 5GD :< = D k 2 = 7. 5GD BQHSHB@K U@KTD HR 0.666. 0.708 > 0.666 RN H HR
RHFMHEHB@MS.
?. H = 0.134 @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD, D, HR 14. 5GD :< = 14 k 2 = 12. 5GD BQHSHB@K U@KTD HR 0.532. 0.134 HR ADSVDDM
k0.532 @MC 0.532 RN H HR MNS RHFMHEHB@MS.
@. H = 0 @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD, D, HR EHUD. /N L@SSDQ VG@S SGD CER @QD, H = 0 HR ADSVDDM SGD SVN BQHSHB@K U@KTDR RN H
HR MNS RHFMHEHB@MS.
12.10 'NQ @ FHUDM KHMD NE ADRS EHS, XNT BNLOTSD SG@S H = 0 TRHMF D = 100 C@S@ ONHMSR. $@M SGD KHMD AD TRDC ENQ OQDCHBSHNM
8GX NQ VGX MNS
AMMOGJNCIHM CH 2?MNCHA NB? 1CAHC@C=;H=? I@ NB? !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN
5DRSHMF SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS QDPTHQDR SG@S BDQS@HM @RRTLOSHNMR @ANTS SGD C@S@ @QD R@SHREHDC. 5GD
OQDLHRD NE SGHR SDRS HR SG@S SGD C@S@ @QD @ R@LOKD NE NARDQUDC ONHMSR S@JDM EQNL @ K@QFDQ ONOTK@SHNM. 8D G@UD MNS DW@LHMDC
SGD DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM ADB@TRD HS HR MNS ONRRHAKD NQ ED@RHAKD SN CN RN. 8D @QD DW@LHMHMF SGD R@LOKD SN CQ@V @ BNMBKTRHNM @ANTS
VGDSGDQ SGD KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO SG@S VD RDD ADSVDDM N @MC O HM SGD R@LOKD C@S@ OQNUHCDR RSQNMF DMNTFG DUHCDMBD RN SG@S VD
B@M BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
5GD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD DPT@SHNM SG@S VD B@KBTK@SD EQNLSGD R@LOKD C@S@ FHUDR SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD ENQ NTQ O@QSHBTK@Q R@LOKD. 8D
V@MS SN TRD SGHR ADRS-EHS KHMD ENQ SGD R@LOKD @R @M DRSHL@SD NE SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM. &W@LHMHMF SGD RB@SSDQOKNS
@MC SDRSHMF SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS GDKOR TR CDSDQLHMD HE HS HR @OOQNOQH@SD SN CN SGHR.
3DA =OOQILPEKJO QJ@ANHUEJC PDA PAOP KB OECJEBE?=J?A =NA:
c 5GDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM SG@S LNCDKR SGD @UDQ@FD U@KTD NE O ENQ U@QXHMF U@KTDR NE N. *M NSGDQ
VNQCR, SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD NE O ENQ D@BG O@QSHBTK@Q U@KTD KHDR NM @ RSQ@HFGS KHMD HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM. (8D CN MNS JMNV SGD
DPT@SHNM ENQ SGD KHMD ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 0TQ QDFQDRRHNM KHMD EQNL SGD R@LOKD HR NTQ ADRS DRSHL@SD NE SGHR KHMD HM SGD
ONOTK@SHNM.)
c 5GD O U@KTDR ENQ @MX O@QSHBTK@Q N U@KTD @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC @ANTS SGD KHMD. 5GHR HLOKHDR SG@S SGDQD @QD LNQD O U@KTDR
RB@SSDQDC BKNRDQ SN SGD KHMD SG@M @QD RB@SSDQDC E@QSGDQ @V@X. "RRTLOSHNM (1) HLOKHDR SG@S SGDRD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD
BDMSDQDC NM SGD KHMD: SGD LD@MR NE SGDRD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR NE O U@KTDR KHD NM SGD KHMD.
c 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM O U@KTDR @ANTS SGD KHMD @QD DPT@K ENQ D@BG U@KTD NE N. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, D@BG NE
SGDRD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR NE O U@KTDR G@R SGD R@LD RG@OD @MC ROQD@C @ANTS SGD KHMD.
c 5GD QDRHCT@K DQQNQR @QD LTST@KKX HMCDODMCDMS (MN O@SSDQM).
c 5GD C@S@ @QD OQNCTBDC EQNL @ VDKK-CDRHFMDC, Q@MCNL R@LOKD NQ Q@MCNLHYDC DWODQHLDMS.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 681
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$CAOL? 12.17 3DA 0 R=HQAO BKN A=?D / R=HQA =NA JKNI=HHU @EOPNE>QPA@ =>KQP PDA HEJA SEPD PDA O=IA OP=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJ.
%KN A=?D / R=HQA, PDA IA=J KB PDA 0 R=HQAO HEAO KJ PDA NACNAOOEKJ HEJA. ,KNA 0 R=HQAO HEA JA=N PDA HEJA PD=J =NA O?=PPANA@
BQNPDAN =S=U BNKI PDA HEJA.
12.5 U .L?>C=NCIH
3DB@KK SGD NBCL> ?R;G/@CH;F ?R;G ?R;GJF? (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17092/F;N?MN/#?F?G?HN-22) .
8D DW@LHMDC SGD RB@SSDQOKNS @MC RGNVDC SG@S SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR RHFMHEHB@MS. 8D ENTMC SGD DPT@SHNM NE SGD
ADRS-EHS KHMD ENQ SGD EHM@K DW@L FQ@CD @R @ ETMBSHNM NE SGD FQ@CD NM SGD SGHQC-DW@L. 8D B@M MNV TRD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR
QDFQDRRHNM KHMD ENQ OQDCHBSHNM.
4TOONRD XNT V@MS SN DRSHL@SD, NQ OQDCHBS, SGD LD@M EHM@K DW@L RBNQD NE RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR VGN QDBDHUDC 73 NM SGD SGHQC
DW@L. 5GD DW@L RBNQDR (&-K6AJ:H) Q@MFD EQNL 65 SN 75. 0>C8: 73 >H 7:IL::C I=: &-K6AJ:H 65 6C9 75, RTARSHSTSD N = 73 HMSN
SGD DPT@SHNM. 5GDM:
y
^
= 173.51 + 4.83(73) = 179.08
8D OQDCHBS SG@S RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMSR VGN D@QM @ FQ@CD NE 73 NM SGD SGHQC DW@L VHKK D@QM @ FQ@CD NE 179.08 NM SGD EHM@K
DW@L, NM @UDQ@FD.
$T=ILHA 12.11
3DB@KK SGD NBCL> ?R;G/@CH;F ?R;G ?R;GJF? (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17092/F;N?MN/#?F?G?HN-22) .
@. 8G@S VNTKC XNT OQDCHBS SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD SN AD ENQ @ RSTCDMS VGN RBNQDC @ 66 NM SGD SGHQC DW@L
1IFONCIH 12.11
=. 145.27
A. 8G@S VNTKC XNT OQDCHBS SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD SN AD ENQ @ RSTCDMS VGN RBNQDC @ 90 NM SGD SGHQC DW@L
1IFONCIH 12.11
682 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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>. 3DA / R=HQAO EJ PDA @=P= =NA >APSAAJ 65 =J@ 75. -EJAPU EO KQPOE@A KB PDA @KI=EJ KB PDA K>OANRA@ /
R=HQAO EJ PDA @=P= (EJ@ALAJ@AJP R=NE=>HA), OK UKQ ?=JJKP NAHE=>HU LNA@E?P PDA BEJ=H AT=I O?KNA BKN PDEO
OPQ@AJP. ($RAJ PDKQCD EP EO LKOOE>HA PK AJPAN 90 EJPK PDA AMQ=PEKJ BKN / =J@ ?=H?QH=PA = ?KNNAOLKJ@EJC 0
R=HQA, PDA 0 R=HQA PD=P UKQ CAP SEHH JKP >A NAHE=>HA.)
3K QJ@ANOP=J@ NA=HHU DKS QJNAHE=>HA PDA LNA@E?PEKJ ?=J >A KQPOE@A KB PDA K>OANRA@ / R=HQAO K>OANRA@ EJ
PDA @=P=, I=GA PDA OQ>OPEPQPEKJ / = 90 EJPK PDA AMQ=PEKJ.
y
^
= 173.51 + 4.83
90
= 261.19
3DA BEJ=H-AT=I O?KNA EO LNA@E?PA@ PK >A 261.19. 3DA H=NCAOP PDA BEJ=H-AT=I O?KNA ?=J >A EO 200.
,-2#
5GD OQNBDRR NE OQDCHBSHMF HMRHCD NE SGD NARDQUDC N U@KTDR NARDQUDC HM SGD C@S@ HR B@KKDC >CI:GEDA6I>DC. 5GD
OQNBDRR NE OQDCHBSHMF NTSRHCD NE SGD NARDQUDC N U@KTDR NARDQUDC HM SGD C@S@ HR B@KKDC :MIG6EDA6I>DC.
12.11 %@S@ @QD BNKKDBSDC NM SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR ODQ VDDJ OQ@BSHBHMF @ LTRHB@K HMRSQTLDMS
@MC RBNQDR NM @ L@SG SDRS. 5GD KHMD NE ADRS EHS HR @R ENKKNVR:
S = 72.5 + 2.8N
8G@S VNTKC XNT OQDCHBS SGD RBNQD NM @ L@SG SDRS VNTKC AD ENQ @ RSTCDMS VGN OQ@BSHBDR @ LTRHB@K HMRSQTLDMS ENQ EHUD
GNTQR @ VDDJ
12.6 U -ONFC?LM
*M RNLD C@S@ RDSR, SGDQD @QD U@KTDR (D7H:GK:9 96I6 ED>CIH) B@KKDC DJIA>:GH. ,JIA>:GH 6G: D7H:GK:9 96I6 ED>CIH I=6I 6G: ;6G
;GDB I=: A:6HI HFJ6G:H A>C:. 5GDX G@UD K@QFD "DQQNQR", VGDQD SGD "DQQNQ" NQ QDRHCT@K HR SGD UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD EQNL SGD KHMD SN
SGD ONHMS.
0TSKHDQR MDDC SN AD DW@LHMDC BKNRDKX. 4NLDSHLDR, ENQ RNLD QD@RNM NQ @MNSGDQ, SGDX RGNTKC MNS AD HMBKTCDC HM SGD
@M@KXRHR NE SGD C@S@. *S HR ONRRHAKD SG@S @M NTSKHDQ HR @ QDRTKS NE DQQNMDNTR C@S@. 0SGDQ SHLDR, @M NTSKHDQ L@X GNKC U@KT@AKD
HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS SGD ONOTK@SHNM TMCDQ RSTCX @MC RGNTKC QDL@HM HMBKTCDC HM SGD C@S@. 5GD JDX HR SN DW@LHMD B@QDETKKX VG@S
B@TRDR @ C@S@ ONHMS SN AD @M NTSKHDQ.
#DRHCDR NTSKHDQR, @ R@LOKD L@X BNMS@HM NMD NQ @ EDV ONHMSR SG@S @QD B@KKDC >C;AJ:CI>6A ED>CIH. *MEKTDMSH@K ONHMSR @QD
NARDQUDC C@S@ ONHMSR SG@S @QD E@Q EQNL SGD NSGDQ NARDQUDC C@S@ ONHMSR HM SGD GNQHYNMS@K CHQDBSHNM. 5GDRD ONHMSR L@X G@UD @
AHF DEEDBS NM SGD RKNOD NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. 5N ADFHM SN HCDMSHEX @M HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS, XNT B@M QDLNUD HS EQNL SGD C@S@ RDS
@MC RDD HE SGD RKNOD NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD HR BG@MFDC RHFMHEHB@MSKX.
$NLOTSDQR @MC L@MX B@KBTK@SNQR B@M AD TRDC SN HCDMSHEX NTSKHDQR EQNLSGD C@S@. $NLOTSDQ NTSOTS ENQ QDFQDRRHNM @M@KXRHR
VHKK NESDM HCDMSHEX ANSG NTSKHDQR @MC HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMSR RN SG@S XNT B@M DW@LHMD SGDL.
'>?HNC@SCHA -ONFC?LM
8D BNTKC FTDRR @S NTSKHDQR AX KNNJHMF @S @ FQ@OG NE SGD RB@SSDQOKNS @MC ADRS EHS-KHMD. )NVDUDQ, VD VNTKC KHJD RNLD FTHCDKHMD
@R SN GNV E@Q @V@X @ ONHMS MDDCR SN AD HM NQCDQ SN AD BNMRHCDQDC @M NTSKHDQ. AH 6 GDJ<= GJA: D; I=JB7, L: 86C ;A6< 6CN
ED>CI I=6I >H AD86I:9 ;JGI=:G I=6C ILD HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DCH 67DK: DG 7:ADL I=: 7:HI-;>I A>C: 6H 6C DJIA>:G. 5GD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM TRDC HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR NQ DQQNQR.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 683
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8D B@M CN SGHR UHRT@KKX HM SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS AX CQ@VHMF @M DWSQ@ O@HQ NE KHMDR SG@S @QD SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD @MC
ADKNV SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD. "MX C@S@ ONHMSR SG@S @QD NTSRHCD SGHR DWSQ@ O@HQ NE KHMDR @QD EK@FFDC @R ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR. 0Q VD B@M CN
SGHR MTLDQHB@KKX AX B@KBTK@SHMF D@BG QDRHCT@K @MC BNLO@QHMF HS SN SVHBD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 0M SGD 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84+,
SGD FQ@OGHB@K @OOQN@BG HR D@RHDQ. 5GD FQ@OGHB@K OQNBDCTQD HR RGNVM EHQRS, ENKKNVDC AX SGD MTLDQHB@K B@KBTK@SHNMR. :NT VNTKC
FDMDQ@KKX MDDC SN TRD NMKX NMD NE SGDRD LDSGNCR.
$T=ILHA 12.12
*M SGD NBCL> ?R;G/@CH;F ?R;G ?R;GJF? (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17092/F;N?MN/#?F?G?HN-22) , XNT B@M
CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR @M NTSKHDQ NQ MNS. *E SGDQD HR @M NTSKHDQ, @R @M DWDQBHRD, CDKDSD HS @MC EHS SGD QDL@HMHMF C@S@ SN
@ MDV KHMD. 'NQ SGHR DW@LOKD, SGD MDV KHMD NTFGS SN EHS SGD QDL@HMHMF C@S@ ADSSDQ. 5GHR LD@MR SGD 00" RGNTKC AD
RL@KKDQ @MC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS NTFGS SN AD BKNRDQ SN 1 NQ k1.
1IFONCIH 12.12
%L;JBC=;F '>?HNC@C=;NCIH I@ -ONFC?LM
8HSG SGD 5*-83, 83+, 84+ FQ@OGHMF B@KBTK@SNQR, HS HR D@RX SN HCDMSHEX SGD NTSKHDQR FQ@OGHB@KKX @MC UHRT@KKX. *E
VD VDQD SN LD@RTQD SGD UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD EQNL @MX C@S@ ONHMS SN SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF ONHMS NM SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS @MC
SG@S CHRS@MBD VDQD DPT@K SN 2I NQ LNQD, SGDM VD VNTKC BNMRHCDQ SGD C@S@ ONHMS SN AD "SNN E@Q" EQNL SGD KHMD NE ADRS
EHS. 8D MDDC SN EHMC @MC FQ@OG SGD KHMDR SG@S @QD SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV @MC @ANUD SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. "MX
ONHMSR SG@S @QD NTSRHCD SGDRD SVN KHMDR @QD NTSKHDQR. 8D VHKK B@KK SGDRD KHMDR :2 @MC :3:
"R VD CHC VHSG SGD DPT@SHNM NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD @MC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, VD VHKK TRD SDBGMNKNFX SN
B@KBTK@SD SGHR RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ TR. 6RHMF SGD )>C/:<11:HI VHSG SGHR C@S@, RBQNKK CNVM SGQNTFG SGD NTSOTS
RBQDDMR SN EHMC $ = 16.412.
-HMD :2 = k173.5 + 4.83N k2(16.4) @MC KHMD :3 = k173.5 + 4.83N + 2(16.4)
VGDQD S = k173.5 + 4.83N HR SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS. :2 @MC :3 G@UD SGD R@LD RKNOD @R SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS.
(Q@OG SGD RB@SSDQOKNS VHSG SGD ADRS EHS KHMD HM DPT@SHNM :1, SGDM DMSDQ SGD SVN DWSQ@ KHMDR @R :2 @MC :3 HM SGD
":="DPT@SHNM DCHSNQ @MC OQDRR ;00. 9. :NT VHKK EHMC SG@S SGD NMKX C@S@ ONHMS SG@S HR MNS ADSVDDM KHMDR :2 @MC
:3 HR SGD ONHMS N = 65, O = 175. 0M SGD B@KBTK@SNQ RBQDDM HS HR ITRS A@QDKX NTSRHCD SGDRD KHMDR. 5GD NTSKHDQ HR SGD
RSTCDMS VGN G@C @ FQ@CD NE 65 NM SGD SGHQC DW@L @MC 175 NM SGD EHM@K DW@L; SGHR ONHMS HR ETQSGDQ SG@M SVN RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNMR @V@X EQNL SGD ADRS-EHS KHMD.
4NLDSHLDR @ ONHMS HR RN BKNRD SN SGD KHMDR TRDC SN EK@F NTSKHDQR NM SGD FQ@OG SG@S HS HR CHEEHBTKS SN SDKK HE SGD
ONHMS HR ADSVDDM NQ NTSRHCD SGD KHMDR. 0M @ BNLOTSDQ, DMK@QFHMF SGD FQ@OG L@X GDKO; NM @ RL@KK B@KBTK@SNQ RBQDDM,
YNNLHMF HM L@X L@JD SGD FQ@OG BKD@QDQ. /NSD SG@S VGDM SGD FQ@OG CNDR MNS FHUD @ BKD@Q DMNTFG OHBSTQD, XNT B@M
TRD SGD MTLDQHB@K BNLO@QHRNMR SN HCDMSHEX NTSKHDQR.
$CAOL? 12.18
684 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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12.12 *CDMSHEX SGD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQ HM SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR NQ DQQNQR HR
@OOQNWHL@SDKX 8.6.
$CAOL? 12.19
,OG?LC=;F '>?HNC@C=;NCIH I@ -ONFC?LM
*M 2;<F? 12.5, SGD EHQRS SVN BNKTLMR @QD SGD SGHQC-DW@L@MC EHM@K-DW@LC@S@. 5GD SGHQC BNKTLM RGNVR SGD OQDCHBSDC S U@KTDR
B@KBTK@SDC EQNL SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS: S = k173.5 + 4.83N. 5GD QDRHCT@KR, NQ DQQNQR, G@UD ADDM B@KBTK@SDC HM SGD ENTQSG BNKTLM
NE SGD S@AKD: NARDQUDC O U@KTDuOQDCHBSDC X U@KTD = O u S.
I HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE @KK SGD O u S = X U@KTDR VGDQD D = SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE C@S@ ONHMSR. *E D@BG QDRHCT@K HR
B@KBTK@SDC @MC RPT@QDC, @MC SGD QDRTKSR @QD @CCDC, VD FDS SGD 44&. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR HR B@KBTK@SDC EQNL
SGD 44& @R:
s =
SSE
n 2
,-2#
8D CHUHCD AX (D k 2) ADB@TRD SGD QDFQDRRHNM LNCDK HMUNKUDR SVN DRSHL@SDR.
3@SGDQ SG@M B@KBTK@SD SGD U@KTD NE I NTQRDKUDR, VD B@M EHMC I TRHMF SGD BNLOTSDQ NQ B@KBTK@SNQ. 'NQ SGHR DW@LOKD, SGD
B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM -HM3DF55DRS ENTMC I = 16.4 @R SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR 35; k17; 16; k6; k19; 9; 3; k1;
k10; k9; k1.
: ; = ; X =
65 175 140 175 _ 140 = 35
67 133 150 133 _ 150= _17
71 185 169 185 _ 169 = 16
2;<F? 12.5
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 685
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: ; = ; X =
71 163 169 163 _ 169 = _6
66 126 145 126 _ 145 = _19
75 198 189 198 _ 189 = 9
67 153 150 153 _ 150 = 3
70 163 164 163 _ 164 = _1
71 159 169 159 _ 169 = _10
69 151 160 151 _ 160 = _9
69 159 160 159 _ 160 = _1
2;<F? 12.5
8D @QD KNNJHMF ENQ @KK C@S@ ONHMSR ENQ VGHBG SGD QDRHCT@K HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 2I = 2(16.4) = 32.8 NQ KDRR SG@M k32.8. $NLO@QD
SGDRD U@KTDR SN SGD QDRHCT@KR HM BNKTLM ENTQ NE SGD S@AKD. 5GD NMKX RTBG C@S@ ONHMS HR SGD RSTCDMS VGN G@C @ FQ@CD NE 65 NM
SGD SGHQC DW@L @MC 175 NM SGD EHM@K DW@L; SGD QDRHCT@K ENQ SGHR RSTCDMS HR 35.
&IQ >I?M NB? IONFC?L ;@@?=N NB? <?MN @CN FCH??
/TLDQHB@KKX @MC FQ@OGHB@KKX, VD G@UD HCDMSHEHDC SGD ONHMS (65, 175) @R @M NTSKHDQ. 8D RGNTKC QD-DW@LHMD SGD C@S@ ENQ SGHR
ONHMS SN RDD HE SGDQD @QD @MX OQNAKDLR VHSG SGD C@S@. *E SGDQD HR @M DQQNQ, VD RGNTKC EHW SGD DQQNQ HE ONRRHAKD, NQ CDKDSD SGD C@S@.
*E SGD C@S@ HR BNQQDBS, VD VNTKC KD@UD HS HM SGD C@S@ RDS. 'NQ SGHR OQNAKDL, VD VHKK RTOONRD SG@S VD DW@LHMDC SGD C@S@ @MC
ENTMC SG@S SGHR NTSKHDQ C@S@ V@R @M DQQNQ. 5GDQDENQD VD VHKK BNMSHMTD NM @MC CDKDSD SGD NTSKHDQ, RN SG@S VD B@M DWOKNQD GNV HS
@EEDBSR SGD QDRTKSR, @R @ KD@QMHMF DWODQHDMBD.
!IGJON? ; H?Q <?MN-@CN FCH? ;H> =ILL?F;NCIH =I?@@C=C?HN OMCHA NB? N?H L?G;CHCHA JICHNM:
0M SGD 5*-83, 5*-83+, 5*-84+ B@KBTK@SNQR, CDKDSD SGD NTSKHDQ EQNL -1 @MC -2. 6RHMF SGD -HM3DF55DRS, SGD MDV KHMD NE
ADRS EHS @MC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS @QD:
S = k355.19 + 7.39N @MC H = 0.9121
5GD MDV KHMD VHSG H = 0.9121 HR @ RSQNMFDQ BNQQDK@SHNM SG@M SGD NQHFHM@K (H = 0.6631) ADB@TRD H = 0.9121 HR BKNRDQ SN NMD.
5GHR LD@MR SG@S SGD MDV KHMD HR @ ADSSDQ EHS SN SGD SDM QDL@HMHMF C@S@ U@KTDR. 5GD KHMD B@M ADSSDQ OQDCHBS SGD EHM@K DW@L RBNQD
FHUDM SGD SGHQC DW@L RBNQD.
,OG?LC=;F '>?HNC@C=;NCIH I@ -ONFC?LM: !;F=OF;NCHA 5 ;H> $CH>CHA -ONFC?LM
+;HO;FFS
*E XNT CN MNS G@UD SGD ETMBSHNM -HM3DF55DRS, SGDM XNT B@M B@KBTK@SD SGD NTSKHDQ HM SGD EHQRS DW@LOKD AX CNHMF SGD ENKKNVHMF.
'HQRS, HFJ6G: :68= P' R *P
5GD RPT@QDR @QD 35
2
; 17
2
; 16
2
; 6
2
; 19
2
; 9
2
; 3
2
; 1
2
; 10
2
; 9
2
; 1
2
1=:C, 699 (HJB) 6AA I=: P' R *P HFJ6G:9 I:GBH TRHMF SGD ENQLTK@
i = 1
11

|
y
i
y
^
i
|
2
=
i = 1
11
i
2
(3DB@KK SG@S O
H
k S
H
= X
H
.)
= 35
2
+ 17
2
+ 16
2
+ 6
2
+ 19
2
+ 9
2
+ 3
2
+ 1
2
+ 10
2
+ 9
2
+ 1
2
= 2440 = 00". 5GD QDRTKS, 00" HR SGD 4TL NE 4PT@QDC &QQNQR.
+:MI, 86A8JA6I: $, I=: HI6C96G9 9:K>6I>DC D; 6AA I=: ' R * = - K6AJ:H L=:G: n = I=: IDI6A CJB7:G D; 96I6 ED>CIH.
5GD B@KBTK@SHNM HR s =
SSE
n 2
.
686 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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'NQ SGD SGHQC DW@L/EHM@K DW@L OQNAKDL, s =
2440
11 2
= 16.47 .
/DWS, LTKSHOKX I AX 1.9:
(1.9)(16.47) = 31.29
31.29 HR @KLNRS 2 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @V@X EQNL SGD LD@M NE SGD O k S U@KTDR.
*E VD VDQD SN LD@RTQD SGD UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD EQNL @MX C@S@ ONHMS SN SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF ONHMS NM SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS @MC
SG@S CHRS@MBD HR @S KD@RS 1.9I, SGDM VD VNTKC BNMRHCDQ SGD C@S@ ONHMS SN AD "SNN E@Q" EQNL SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS. 8D B@KK SG@S ONHMS
@ EDI:CI>6A DJIA>:G.
'NQ SGD DW@LOKD, HE @MX NE SGD [O k S[ U@KTDR @QD 6I A:6HI 31.29, SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF (N, O) C@S@ ONHMS HR @ ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQ.
'NQ SGD SGHQC DW@L/EHM@K DW@L OQNAKDL, @KK SGD [O k S['R @QD KDRR SG@M 31.29 DWBDOS ENQ SGD EHQRS NMD VGHBG HR 35.
35 > 31.29 5G@S HR, [O k S[ y (1.9)(R)
5GD ONHMS VGHBG BNQQDRONMCR SN [O k S[ = 35 HR (65, 175). 1=:G:;DG:, I=: 96I6 ED>CI (65,175) >H 6 EDI:CI>6A DJIA>:G. 'NQ
SGHR DW@LOKD, VD VHKK CDKDSD HS. (3DLDLADQ, VD CN MNS @KV@XR CDKDSD @M NTSKHDQ.)
,-2#
8GDM NTSKHDQR @QD CDKDSDC, SGD QDRD@QBGDQ RGNTKC DHSGDQ QDBNQC SG@S C@S@ V@R CDKDSDC, @MC VGX, NQ SGD QDRD@QBGDQ RGNTKC
OQNUHCD QDRTKSR ANSG VHSG @MC VHSGNTS SGD CDKDSDC C@S@. *E C@S@ HR DQQNMDNTR @MC SGD BNQQDBS U@KTDR @QD JMNVM (D.F.,
RSTCDMS NMD @BST@KKX RBNQDC @ 70 HMRSD@C NE @ 65), SGDM SGHR BNQQDBSHNM B@M AD L@CD SN SGD C@S@.
5GD MDWS RSDO HR SN BNLOTSD @ MDV ADRS-EHS KHMD TRHMF SGD SDM QDL@HMHMF ONHMSR. 5GD MDV KHMD NE ADRS EHS @MC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM
BNDEEHBHDMS @QD:
S = k355.19 + 7.39N @MC H = 0.9121
$T=ILHA 12.13
6RHMF SGHR MDV KHMD NE ADRS EHS (A@RDC NM SGD QDL@HMHMF SDM C@S@ ONHMSR HM SGD NBCL> ?R;G/@CH;F ?R;G ?R;GJF?
(BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17092/F;N?MN/##?F?G?HN-22) ), VG@S VNTKC @ RSTCDMS VGN QDBDHUDR @ 73 NM SGD
SGHQC DW@L DWODBS SN QDBDHUD NM SGD EHM@K DW@L *R SGHR SGD R@LD @R SGD OQDCHBSHNM L@CD TRHMF SGD NQHFHM@K KHMD
1IFONCIH 12.13
4OEJC PDA JAS HEJA KB >AOP BEP, 2 = _355.19 + 7.39(73) = 184.28. OPQ@AJP SDK O?KNA@ 73 LKEJPO KJ PDA
PDEN@ AT=I SKQH@ ATLA?P PK A=NJ 184 LKEJPO KJ PDA BEJ=H AT=I.
3DA KNECEJ=H HEJA LNA@E?PA@ 2 = _173.51 + 4.83(73) = 179.08 OK PDA LNA@E?PEKJ QOEJC PDA JAS HEJA SEPD
PDA KQPHEAN AHEIEJ=PA@ @EBBANO BNKI PDA KNECEJ=H LNA@E?PEKJ.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 687
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12.13 5GD C@S@ ONHMSR ENQ SGD FQ@OG EQNL SGD NBCL> ?R;G/@CH;F ?R;G ?R;GJF? (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/
G17092/F;N?MN/##?F?G?HN-22) @QD @R ENKKNVR: (1, 5), (2, 7), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12), (4, 13), (5, 18), (6, 19), (7, 12),
@MC (7, 21). 3DLNUD SGD NTSKHDQ @MC QDB@KBTK@SD SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS. 'HMC SGD U@KTD NE S VGDM N = 10.
688 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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$T=ILHA 12.14
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 689
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5GD $NMRTLDQ 1QHBD *MCDW ($1*) LD@RTQDR SGD @UDQ@FD BG@MFD NUDQ SHLD HM SGD OQHBDR O@HC AX TQA@M BNMRTLDQR
ENQ BNMRTLDQ FNNCR @MC RDQUHBDR. 5GD $1* @EEDBSR MD@QKX @KK "LDQHB@MR ADB@TRD NE SGD L@MX V@XR HS HR TRDC.
0MD NE HSR AHFFDRS TRDR HR @R @ LD@RTQD NE HMEK@SHNM. #X OQNUHCHMF HMENQL@SHNM @ANTS OQHBD BG@MFDR HM SGD /@SHNM'R
DBNMNLX SN FNUDQMLDMS, ATRHMDRR, @MC K@ANQ, SGD $1* GDKOR SGDL SN L@JD DBNMNLHB CDBHRHNMR. 5GD 1QDRHCDMS,
$NMFQDRR, @MC SGD 'DCDQ@K 3DRDQUD #N@QC TRD SGD $1*'R SQDMCR SN ENQLTK@SD LNMDS@QX @MC EHRB@K ONKHBHDR. *M SGD
ENKKNVHMF S@AKD, N HR SGD XD@Q @MC O HR SGD $1*.
: ; : ;
1915 10.1 1969 36.7
1926 17.7 1975 49.3
1935 13.7 1979 72.6
1940 14.7 1980 82.4
1947 24.1 1986 109.6
1952 26.5 1991 130.7
1964 31.0 1999 166.6
2;<F? 12.6 ";N;
690 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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=. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQOKNS NE SGD C@S@.
>. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD. 8QHSD SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL S = 7 + 8N.
?. %Q@V SGD KHMD NM SGD RB@SSDQOKNS.
@. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
A. 8G@S HR SGD @UDQ@FD $1* ENQ SGD XD@Q 1990
1IFONCIH 12.14
=. 4DD $CAOL? 12.19.
>. S = k3204 + 1.662N HR SGD DPT@SHNM NE SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS.
?. H = 0.8694
@. 5GD MTLADQ NE C@S@ ONHMSR HR D = 14. 6RD SGD 95%$QHSHB@K 7@KTDR NE SGD 4@LOKD $NQQDK@SHNM $NDEEHBHDMS S@AKD
@S SGD DMC NE $G@OSDQ 12. D k 2 = 12. 5GD BNQQDRONMCHMF BQHSHB@K U@KTD HR 0.532. 4HMBD 0.8694 > 0.532, H HR
RHFMHEHB@MS.
S = k3204 + 1.662(1990) = 103.4 $1*
A. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ -HM3DF55DRS, VD EHMC SG@S I = 25.4 ; FQ@OGHMF SGD KHMDR :2 = k3204 + 1.6629 k 2(25.4)
@MC :3 = k3204 + 1.6629 + 2(25.4) RGNVR SG@S MN C@S@ U@KTDR @QD NTSRHCD SGNRD KHMDR, HCDMSHEXHMF MN NTSKHDQR.
(/NSD SG@S SGD XD@Q 1999 V@R UDQX BKNRD SN SGD TOODQ KHMD, ATS RSHKK HMRHCD HS.)
$CAOL? 12.20
,-2#
*M SGD DW@LOKD, MNSHBD SGD O@SSDQM NE SGD ONHMSR BNLO@QDC SN SGD KHMD. "KSGNTFG SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR
RHFMHEHB@MS, SGD O@SSDQM HM SGD RB@SSDQOKNS HMCHB@SDR SG@S @ BTQUD VNTKC AD @ LNQD @OOQNOQH@SD LNCDK SN TRD SG@M
@ KHMD. *M SGHR DW@LOKD, @ RS@SHRSHBH@M RGNTKC OQDEDQ SN TRD NSGDQ LDSGNCR SN EHS @ BTQUD SN SGHR C@S@, Q@SGDQ SG@M
LNCDK SGD C@S@ VHSG SGD KHMD VD ENTMC. *M @CCHSHNM SN CNHMF SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR, HS HR @KV@XR HLONQS@MS SN KNNJ @S
SGD RB@SSDQOKNS VGDM CDBHCHMF VGDSGDQ @ KHMD@Q LNCDK HR @OOQNOQH@SD.
*E XNT @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM RDDHMF LNQD XD@QR NE C@S@, UHRHS SGD #TQD@T NE -@ANQ 4S@SHRSHBR $1* VDARHSD
ESO://ESO.AKR.FNU/OTA/RODBH@K.QDPTDRSR/BOH/BOH@H.SWS; NTQ C@S@ HR S@JDM EQNLSGD BNKTLM DMSHSKDC ""MMT@K "UF." (SGHQC
BNKTLM EQNL SGD QHFGS). 'NQ DW@LOKD XNT BNTKC @CC LNQD BTQQDMS XD@QR NE C@S@. 5QX @CCHMF SGD LNQD QDBDMS XD@QR:
2004: $1* = 188.9; 2008: $1* = 215.3; 2011: $1* = 224.9. 4DD GNV HS @EEDBSR SGD LNCDK. ($GDBJ: S = k4436 +
2.295N; H = 0.9018. *R H RHFMHEHB@MS *R SGD EHS ADSSDQ VHSG SGD @CCHSHNM NE SGD MDV ONHMSR)
12.14 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD RGNVR DBNMNLHB CDUDKNOLDMS LD@RTQDC HM ODQ B@OHS@ HMBNLD 1$*/$.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 691
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7?;L .!',! 7?;L .!',!
1870 340 1920 1050
1880 499 1930 1170
1890 592 1940 1364
1900 757 1950 1836
1910 927 1960 2132
2;<F? 12.7
=. 8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR
>. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS.
?. 6RD QDFQDRRHNM SN EHMC SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS @MC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS.
@. *MSDQOQDS SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS.
A. *R SGDQD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR
B. 'HMC SGD BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM @MC HMSDQOQDS HS.
C. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM 8G@S CNDR HS LD@M
D. 6RD SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS SN DRSHL@SD 1$*/$ ENQ 1900, ENQ 2000.
E. %DSDQLHMD HE SGDQD @QD @MX NTSKHDQR.
95% !LCNC=;F 4;FO?M I@ NB? 1;GJF? !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN 2;<F?
"?AL??M I@ $L??>IG: 1 X 2 !LCNC=;F 4;FO?M: (+ ;H> X)
1 0.997
2 0.950
3 0.878
4 0.811
5 0.754
6 0.707
7 0.666
8 0.632
2;<F? 12.8
692 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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9 0.602
10 0.576
11 0.555
12 0.532
13 0.514
14 0.497
15 0.482
16 0.468
17 0.456
18 0.444
19 0.433
20 0.423
21 0.413
22 0.404
23 0.396
24 0.388
25 0.381
26 0.374
27 0.367
28 0.361
29 0.355
2;<F? 12.8
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 693
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30 0.349
40 0.304
50 0.273
60 0.250
70 0.232
80 0.217
90 0.205
100 0.195
2;<F? 12.8
694 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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12.1 0?AL?MMCIH ("CMN;H=? @LIG 1=BIIF)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK B@KBTK@SD @MC BNMRSQTBS SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK DU@KT@SD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR SN CDSDQLHMD HE SG@S QDK@SHNMRGHO HR RHFMHEHB@MS.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
6RD DHFGS LDLADQR NE XNTQ BK@RR ENQ SGD R@LOKD. $NKKDBS AHU@QH@SD C@S@ (CHRS@MBD @M HMCHUHCT@K KHUDR EQNL RBGNNK,
SGD BNRS NE RTOOKHDR ENQ SGD BTQQDMS SDQL).
"CMN;H=? @LIG M=BIIF !IMN I@ MOJJFC?M NBCM N?LG
2;<F? 12.9
2. 8GHBG U@QH@AKD RGNTKC AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC VGHBG RGNTKC AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD 8GX
3. (Q@OG oCHRS@MBDp UR. oBNRS.p 1KNS SGD ONHMSR NM SGD FQ@OG. -@ADK ANSG @WDR VHSG VNQCR. 4B@KD ANSG @WDR.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 695
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$CAOL? 12.21
AH;FST? NB? ";N;
&MSDQ XNTQ C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ. 8QHSD SGD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM, QNTMCHMF SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
=. 7 = ??????
>. 8 = ??????
?. BNQQDK@SHNM = ??????
@. D = ??????
A. DPT@SHNM: S = ??????
B. *R SGD BNQQDK@SHNM RHFMHEHB@MS 8GX NQ VGX MNS ("MRVDQ HM NMD SN SGQDD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.)
2. 4TOOKX @M @MRVDQ ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF RDM@QHNR:
=. 'NQ @ ODQRNM VGN KHUDR DHFGS LHKDR EQNL B@LOTR, OQDCHBS SGD SNS@K BNRS NE RTOOKHDR SGHR SDQL:
>. 'NQ @ ODQRNM VGN KHUDR DHFGSX LHKDR EQNL B@LOTR, OQDCHBS SGD SNS@K BNRS NE RTOOKHDR SGHR SDQL:
3. 0AS@HM SGD FQ@OG NM XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ. 4JDSBG SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD.
$CAOL? 12.22
1. "MRVDQ D@BG PTDRSHNM HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
=. %NDR SGD KHMD RDDL SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX
>. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNQQDK@SHNM HLOKX @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD CHRS@MBD @MC SGD BNRS
2. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR *E RN, VGHBG ONHMS HR @M NTSKHDQ
3. 4GNTKC SGD NTSKHDQ, HE HS DWHRSR, AD QDLNUDC 8GX NQ VGX MNS
696 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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12.2 0?AL?MMCIH (2?RN<IIE !IMN)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
4TQUDX SDM SDWSANNJR. $NKKDBS AHU@QH@SD C@S@ (MTLADQ NE O@FDR HM @ SDWSANNJ, SGD BNRS NE SGD SDWSANNJ).
,OG<?L I@ J;A?M !IMN I@ N?RN<IIE
2;<F? 12.10
3. (Q@OG oO@FDRp UR. oBNRS.p 1KNS SGD ONHMSR NM SGD FQ@OG HM "AH;FST? NB? ";N;". -@ADK ANSG @WDR VHSG VNQCR.
4B@KD ANSG @WDR.
AH;FST? NB? ";N;
&MSDQ XNTQ C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ. 8QHSD SGD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM, QNTMCHMF SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
=. 7 = ??????
>. 8 = ??????
@. D = ??????
A. DPT@SHNM: O = ??????
B. *R SGD BNQQDK@SHNM RHFMHEHB@MS 8GX NQ VGX MNS ("MRVDQ HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.)
2. 4TOOKX @M @MRVDQ ENQ SGD ENKKNVHMF RDM@QHNR:
=. 'NQ @ SDWSANNJ VHSG 400 O@FDR, OQDCHBS SGD BNRS.
>. 'NQ @ SDWSANNJ VHSG 600 O@FDR, OQDCHBS SGD BNRS.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 697
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3. 0AS@HM SGD FQ@OG NM XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ. 4JDSBG SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD.
$CAOL? 12.23
=. %NDR SGD KHMD RDDL SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX
>. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNQQDK@SHNM HLOKX @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR @MC SGD BNRS
2. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR *E RN, VGHBG ONHMS(R) HR @M NTSKHDQ
3. 4GNTKC SGD NTSKHDQ, HE HS DWHRSR, AD QDLNUDC 8GX NQ VGX MNS
698 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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12.3 0?AL?MMCIH ($O?F #@@C=C?H=S)
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
6RD SGD LNRS QDBDMS "OQHK HRRTD NE $NMRTLDQ 3DONQSR. *S VHKK FHUD SGD SNS@K ETDK DEEHBHDMBX (HM LHKDR ODQ F@KKNM) @MC
VDHFGS (HM ONTMCR) NE MDV LNCDK B@QR VHSG @TSNL@SHB SQ@MRLHRRHNMR. 8D VHKK TRD SGHR C@S@ SN CDSDQLHMD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO,
HE @MX, ADSVDDM SGD ETDK DEEHBHDMBX NE @ B@Q @MC HSR VDHFGS.
1. 6RHMF XNTQ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ, Q@MCNLKX RDKDBS 20 B@QR EQNL SGD KHRS @MC QDBNQC SGDHQ VDHFGSR @MC ETDK
DEEHBHDMBX HMSN 2;<F? 12.11.
5?CABN $O?F #@@C=C?H=S
2;<F? 12.11
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 699
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5?CABN $O?F #@@C=C?H=S
2;<F? 12.11
3. #X G@MC, CN @ RB@SSDQOKNS NE oVDHFGSp UR. oETDK DEEHBHDMBXp. 1KNS SGD ONHMSR NM FQ@OG O@ODQ. -@ADK ANSG @WDR VHSG
VNQCR. 4B@KD ANSG @WDR @BBTQ@SDKX.
$CAOL? 12.24
AH;FST? NB? ";N;
&MSDQ XNTQ C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ. 8QHSD SGD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM, QNTMCHMF SN 4 CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
=. 7 = ??????
>. 8 = ??????
@. D = ??????
A. DPT@SHNM: S = ??????
2. 0AS@HM SGD FQ@OG NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD NM XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ. 4JDSBG SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD NM SGD R@LD @WDR @R XNTQ
RB@SSDQ OKNS.
1. *R SGD BNQQDK@SHNM RHFMHEHB@MS &WOK@HM GNV XNT CDSDQLHMDC SGHR HM BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
2. *R SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO @ ONRHSHUD NMD NQ @ MDF@SHUD NMD &WOK@HM GNV XNT B@M SDKK @MC VG@S SGHR LD@MR HM SDQLR NE
VDHFGS @MC ETDK DEEHBHDMBX.
3. *M NMD NQ SVN BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, VG@S HR SGD OQ@BSHB@K HMSDQOQDS@SHNM NE SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD HM SDQLR
NE ETDK DEEHBHDMBX @MC VDHFGS
700 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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4. 'NQ @ B@Q SG@S VDHFGR 4,000 ONTMCR, OQDCHBS HSR ETDK DEEHBHDMBX. *MBKTCD TMHSR.
5. $@M VD OQDCHBS SGD ETDK DEEHBHDMBX NE @ B@Q SG@S VDHFGR 10,000 ONTMCR TRHMF SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD &WOK@HM VGX
NQ VGX MNS.
=. %NDR SGD KHMD RDDL SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
>. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNQQDK@SHNM HLOKX @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM ETDK DEEHBHDMBX @MC VDHFGS NE @ B@Q *R SGHR
VG@S XNT DWODBSDC
7. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR *E RN, VGHBG ONHMS HR @M NTSKHDQ
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 701
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!I?@@C=C?HN I@ !ILL?F;NCIH
-ONFC?L
)#7 2#0+1
@ LD@RTQD CDUDKNODC AX ,@QK 1D@QRNM (D@QKX 1900R) SG@S FHUDR SGD RSQDMFSG NE @RRNBH@SHNM
ADSVDDM SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD; SGD ENQLTK@ HR:
r =
n xy ( x)( y)
[n x
2
( x)
2
][n y
2
( y)
2
]
VGDQD D HR SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@ ONHMSR. 5GD BNDEEHBHDMS B@MMNS AD LNQD SGDM 1 @MC KDRR SGDM k1. 5GD BKNRDQ SGD
BNDEEHBHDMS HR SN a1, SGD RSQNMFDQ SGD DUHCDMBD NE @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O.
@M NARDQU@SHNM SG@S CNDR MNS EHS SGD QDRS NE SGD C@S@
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
12.1 *CH?;L #KO;NCIHM
5GD LNRS A@RHB SXOD NE @RRNBH@SHNM HR @ KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM. 5GHR SXOD NE QDK@SHNMRGHO B@M AD CDEHMDC @KFDAQ@HB@KKX AX SGD
DPT@SHNMR TRDC, MTLDQHB@KKX VHSG @BST@K NQ OQDCHBSDC C@S@ U@KTDR, NQ FQ@OGHB@KKX EQNL @ OKNSSDC BTQUD. (-HMDR @QD BK@RRHEHDC
@R RSQ@HFGS BTQUDR.) "KFDAQ@HB@KKX, @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM SXOHB@KKX S@JDR SGD ENQL ' = m& + b, VGDQD m @MC b @QD BNMRS@MSR, & HR
SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, ' HR SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD. *M @ RS@SHRSHB@K BNMSDWS, @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM HR VQHSSDM HM SGD ENQL ' = a +
b&, VGDQD a @MC b @QD SGD BNMRS@MSR. 5GHR ENQL HR TRDC SN GDKO QD@CDQR CHRSHMFTHRG SGD RS@SHRSHB@K BNMSDWS EQNL SGD @KFDAQ@HB
BNMSDWS. *M SGD DPT@SHNM O = 7 + 8N, SGD BNMRS@MS 8 SG@S LTKSHOKHDR SGD & U@QH@AKD (8 HR B@KKDC @ BNDEEHBHDMS) HR B@KKDC @R SGD
HADE:. 5GD RKNOD CDRBQHADR SGD Q@SD NE BG@MFD ADSVDDM SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR; HM NSGDQ VNQCR, SGD Q@SD NE
BG@MFD CDRBQHADR SGD BG@MFD SG@S NBBTQR HM SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD HR BG@MFDC. *M SGD DPT@SHNM
O = 7 + 8N, SGD BNMRS@MS @ HR B@KKDC @R SGD O-HMSDQBDOS. (Q@OGHB@KKX, SGD O-HMSDQBDOS HR SGD O BNNQCHM@SD NE SGD ONHMS VGDQD SGD
FQ@OG NE SGD KHMD BQNRRDR SGD O @WHR. "S SGHR ONHMS N = 0.
5GD HADE: D; 6 A>C: HR @ U@KTD SG@S CDRBQHADR SGD Q@SD NE BG@MFD ADSVDDM SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR. 5GD
HADE: SDKKR TR GNV SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD (O) BG@MFDR ENQ DUDQX NMD TMHS HMBQD@RD HM SGD HMCDODMCDMS (N) U@QH@AKD, NM @UDQ@FD.
5GD '->CI:G8:EI HR TRDC SN CDRBQHAD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD VGDM SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD DPT@KR YDQN. (Q@OGHB@KKX, SGD RKNOD
HR QDOQDRDMSDC AX SGQDD KHMD SXODR HM DKDLDMS@QX RS@SHRSHBR.
12.2 1=;NN?L .FINM
4B@SSDQ OKNSR @QD O@QSHBTK@QKX GDKOETK FQ@OGR VGDM VD V@MS SN RDD HE SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO @LNMF C@S@ ONHMSR.
5GDX HMCHB@SD ANSG SGD CHQDBSHNM NE SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD N U@QH@AKDR @MC SGD O U@QH@AKDR, @MC SGD RSQDMFSG NE SGD
QDK@SHNMRGHO. 8D B@KBTK@SD SGD RSQDMFSG NE SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM @M HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC @ CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD TRHMF
KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM.
12.3 2B? 0?AL?MMCIH #KO;NCIH
" QDFQDRRHNM KHMD, NQ @ KHMD NE ADRS EHS, B@M AD CQ@VM NM @ RB@SSDQ OKNS @MC TRDC SN OQDCHBS NTSBNLDR ENQ SGD N @MC O U@QH@AKDR
HM @ FHUDM C@S@ RDS NQ R@LOKD C@S@. 5GDQD @QD RDUDQ@K V@XR SN EHMC @ QDFQDRRHNM KHMD, ATS TRT@KKX SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM
KHMD HR TRDC ADB@TRD HS BQD@SDR @ TMHENQL KHMD. 3DRHCT@KR, @KRN B@KKDC oDQQNQR,p LD@RTQD SGD CHRS@MBD EQNL SGD @BST@K U@KTD NE O
@MC SGD DRSHL@SDC U@KTD NE O. 5GD 4TL NE 4PT@QDC &QQNQR, VGDM RDS SN HSR LHMHLTL, B@KBTK@SDR SGD ONHMSR NM SGD KHMD NE ADRS
EHS. 3DFQDRRHNM KHMDR B@M AD TRDC SN OQDCHBS U@KTDR VHSGHM SGD FHUDM RDS NE C@S@, ATS RGNTKC MNS AD TRDC SN L@JD OQDCHBSHNMR
ENQ U@KTDR NTSRHCD SGD RDS NE C@S@.
5GD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS H LD@RTQDR SGD RSQDMFSG NE SGD KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM ADSVDDM N @MC O. 5GD U@QH@AKD H G@R SN AD
ADSVDDM k1 @MC +1. 8GDM H HR ONRHSHUD, SGD N @MC O VHKK SDMC SN HMBQD@RD @MC CDBQD@RD SNFDSGDQ. 8GDM H HR MDF@SHUD, N VHKK
HMBQD@RD @MC O VHKK CDBQD@RD, NQ SGD NOONRHSD, N VHKK CDBQD@RD @MC O VHKK HMBQD@RD. 5GD BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM H
2
, HR
DPT@K SN SGD RPT@QD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. 8GDM DWOQDRRDC @R @ ODQBDMS, H
2
QDOQDRDMSR SGD ODQBDMS NE U@QH@SHNM HM SGD
CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD O SG@S B@M AD DWOK@HMDC AX U@QH@SHNM HM SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD N TRHMF SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD.
12.4 2?MNCHA NB? 1CAHC@C=;H=? I@ NB? !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN
-HMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM HR @ OQNBDCTQD ENQ EHSSHMF @ RSQ@HFGS KHMD NE SGD ENQL S = 7 + 8N SN C@S@. 5GD BNMCHSHNMR ENQ QDFQDRRHNM @QD:
c )>C:6G *M SGD ONOTK@SHNM, SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO SG@S LNCDKR SGD @UDQ@FD U@KTD NE O ENQ CHEEDQDMS U@KTDR NE N.
c &C9:E:C9:CI 5GD QDRHCT@KR @QD @RRTLDC SN AD HMCDODMCDMS.
702 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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c +DGB6A 5GD O U@KTDR @QD CHRSQHATSDC MNQL@KKX ENQ @MX U@KTD NE N.
c "FJ6A K6G>6C8: 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD O U@KTDR HR DPT@K ENQ D@BG N U@KTD.
c /6C9DB 5GD C@S@ @QD OQNCTBDC EQNL @ VDKK-CDRHFMDC Q@MCNL R@LOKD NQ Q@MCNLHYDC DWODQHLDMS.
5GD RKNOD b @MC HMSDQBDOS a NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD DRSHL@SD SGD RKNOD W @MC HMSDQBDOS V NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM (SQTD)
QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. 5N DRSHL@SD SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE O, \, TRD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR, I.
s =
SEE
n 2
. 5GD U@QH@AKD [ (QGN) HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. 5N SDRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR !
0
: [ = >OFEJ>;I?P;:
L7BK;, TRD @ KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM S-SDRS. 5GD LNRS BNLLNM MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR !
0
: [ = 0 VGHBG HMCHB@SDR SGDQD HR MN KHMD@Q
QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM. 5GD 5*-83, 83+, 84, 84+ B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM -HM3DF55DRS B@M ODQENQL SGHR
SDRS (45"54 5&454 -HM3DF55DRS).
12.5 .L?>C=NCIH
"ESDQ CDSDQLHMHMF SGD OQDRDMBD NE @ RSQNMF BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS @MC B@KBTK@SHMF SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS, XNT B@M TRD SGD KD@RS
RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SN L@JD OQDCHBSHNMR @ANTS XNTQ C@S@.
12.6 -ONFC?LM
5N CDSDQLHMD HE @ ONHMS HR @M NTSKHDQ, CN NMD NE SGD ENKKNVHMF:
1. (JLQP PDA BKHHKSEJC AMQ=PEKJO EJPK PDA 3( 83, 83+,84, 84+:
y
1
= a + bx
y
2
= (2s)a + bx
y
3
= (2s)a + bx
VGDQD R HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR
*E @MX ONHMS HR @ANUD X
2
NQ ADKNV X
3
SGDM SGD ONHMS HR BNMRHCDQDC SN AD @M NTSKHDQ.
2. 6RD SGD QDRHCT@KR @MC BNLO@QD SGDHQ @ARNKTSD U@KTDR SN 1.9I VGDQD I HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR. *E SGD
@ARNKTSD U@KTD NE @MX QDRHCT@K HR FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 1.9I, SGDM SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF ONHMS HR @M NTSKHDQ.
3. /NSD: 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM -HM3DF55DRS (45"54 5&454 -HM3DF55DRS) B@KBTK@SDR I.
5N CDSDQLHMD HE @ ONHMS HR @M HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS, FQ@OG SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD VHSG SGD ONHMS HMBKTCDC, SGDM FQ@OG SGD KD@RS-
RPT@QDR KHMD VHSG SGD ONHMS DWBKTCDC. *E SGD FQ@OG BG@MFDR AX @ BNMRHCDQ@AKD @LNTMS, SGD ONHMS HR HMEKTDMSH@K.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
O = 7 + 8N VGDQD 7 HR SGD O-HMSDQBDOS @MC 8 HR SGD RKNOD. 5GD
U@QH@AKD N HR SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC O HR SGD CDODMCDMS
U@QH@AKD.
12.4 2?MNCHA NB? 1CAHC@C=;H=? I@ NB? !ILL?F;NCIH
!I?@@C=C?HN
-D@RS 4PT@QDR -HMD NQ -HMD NE #DRS 'HS:
y
^
= a + bx
VGDQD
7 = O-HMSDQBDOS
8 = RKNOD
4S@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR:
s =
SEE
n 2
.
VGDQD
44& = RTL NE RPT@QDC DQQNQR
D = SGD MTLADQ NE C@S@ ONHMSR
.0A!2'!#
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. " U@B@SHNM QDRNQS QDMSR 4$6#" DPTHOLDMS SN BDQSHEHDC
CHUDQR. 5GD QDRNQS BG@QFDR @M TO-EQNMS EDD NE $25 @MC @MNSGDQ EDD NE $12.50 @M GNTQ.
1. 8G@S @QD SGD CDODMCDMS @MC HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR
2. 'HMC SGD DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K EDD HM SDQLR NE SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR SGD DPTHOLDMS HR QDMSDC.
3. (Q@OG SGD DPT@SHNM EQNL #R?L=CM? 12.2.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 703
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. " BQDCHS B@QC BNLO@MX BG@QFDR $10 VGDM @ O@XLDMS HR K@SD,
@MC $5 @ C@X D@BG C@X SGD O@XLDMS QDL@HMR TMO@HC.
4. 'HMC SGD DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K EDD HM SDQLR NE SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR SGD O@XLDMS HR K@SD.
5. (Q@OG SGD DPT@SHNM EQNL #R?L=CM? 12.4.
6. *R SGD DPT@SHNM O = 10 + 5N k 3N
2
KHMD@Q 8GX NQ VGX MNS
7. 8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF DPT@SHNMR @QD KHMD@Q
@. O = 6N + 8
A. O + 7 = 3N
B. O k N = 8N
2
C. 4O = 8
8. %NDR SGD FQ@OG RGNV @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
$CAOL? 12.25
2;<F? 12.12 BNMS@HMR QD@K C@S@ ENQ SGD EHQRS SVN CDB@CDR NE "*%4 QDONQSHMF.
7?;L # A'"1 =;M?M >C;AHIM?> # A'"1 >?;NBM
/NA-1981 91 29
1981 319 121
1982 1,170 453
1983 3,076 1,482
1984 6,240 3,466
1985 11,776 6,878
1986 19,032 11,987
1987 28,564 16,162
2;<F? 12.12 A>OFNM ;H> A>IF?M=?HNM IHFS, 3HCN?> 1N;N?M
704 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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1988 35,447 20,868
1989 42,674 27,591
1990 48,634 31,335
1991 59,660 36,560
1992 78,530 41,055
1993 78,834 44,730
1994 71,874 49,095
1995 68,505 49,456
1996 59,347 38,510
1997 47,149 20,736
1998 38,393 19,005
1999 25,174 18,454
2000 25,522 17,347
2001 25,643 17,402
2002 26,464 16,371
2IN;F 802,118 489,093
9. 6RD SGD BNKTLMR "XD@Q" @MC "# "*%4 B@RDR CH@FMNRDC. 8GX HR oXD@Qp SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC o# "*%4 B@RDR
CH@FMNRDC.p SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD (HMRSD@C NE SGD QDUDQRD)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. " RODBH@KSX BKD@MHMF BNLO@MX BG@QFDR @M DPTHOLDMS EDD
@MC @M GNTQKX K@ANQ EDD. " KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NE SGD EDD SGD BNLO@MX BG@QFDR ENQ D@BG RDRRHNM
HR O = 50 + 100N.
10. 8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR
11. 8G@S HR SGD O-HMSDQBDOS @MC VG@S HR SGD RKNOD *MSDQOQDS SGDL TRHMF BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; GK;IJ?EDI. %TD SN DQNRHNM, @ QHUDQ RGNQDKHMD HR KNRHMF RDUDQ@K SGNTR@MC
ONTMCR NE RNHK D@BG XD@Q. " KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM SG@S DWOQDRRDR SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NE RNHK KNRS ODQ XD@Q HR O = 12,000N.
12. 8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR
13. )NV L@MX ONTMCR NE RNHK CNDR SGD RGNQDKHMD KNRD HM @ XD@Q
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 705
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14. 8G@S HR SGD O-HMSDQBDOS *MSDQOQDS HSR LD@MHMF.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD OQHBD NE @ RHMFKD HRRTD NE RSNBJ B@M EKTBST@SD SGQNTFGNTS
SGD C@X. " KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM SG@S QDOQDRDMSR SGD OQHBD NE RSNBJ ENQ 4GHOLDMS &WOQDRR HR O = 15 k 1.5N VGDQD N HR SGD MTLADQ NE
GNTQR O@RRDC HM @M DHFGS-GNTQ C@X NE SQ@CHMF.
15. 8G@S @QD SGD RKNOD @MC O-HMSDQBDOS *MSDQOQDS SGDHQ LD@MHMF.
16. *E XNT NVMDC SGHR RSNBJ, VNTKC XNT V@MS @ ONRHSHUD NQ MDF@SHUD RKNOD 8GX
12.2 1=;NN?L .FINM
17. %NDR SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS @OOD@Q KHMD@Q 4SQNMF NQ VD@J 1NRHSHUD NQ MDF@SHUD
$CAOL? 12.26
$CAOL? 12.27
706 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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$CAOL? 12.28
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE SDM OQNEDRRHNM@K @SGKDSDR OQNCTBDC SGD
ENKKNVHMF C@S@ VGDQD N HR SGD MTLADQ NE DMCNQRDLDMSR SGD OK@XDQ G@R @MC O HR SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX L@CD (HM LHKKHNMR NE
CNKK@QR).
: ; : ;
0 2 5 12
3 8 4 9
2 7 3 9
1 3 0 3
5 13 4 10
2;<F? 12.13
20. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
21. 6RD QDFQDRRHNM SN EHMC SGD DPT@SHNM ENQ SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS.
22. %Q@V SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS NM SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS.
23. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS 8G@S CNDR HS QDOQDRDMS
24. 8G@S HR SGD O-HMSDQBDOS NE SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS 8G@S CNDR HS QDOQDRDMS
25. 8G@S CNDR @M H U@KTD NE YDQN LD@M
26. 8GDM D = 2 @MC H = 1, @QD SGD C@S@ RHFMHEHB@MS &WOK@HM.
27. 8GDM D = 100 @MC H = -0.89, HR SGDQD @ RHFMHEHB@MS BNQQDK@SHNM &WOK@HM.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 707
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28. 8GDM SDRSHMF SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, VG@S HR SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
29. 8GDM SDRSHMF SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, VG@S HR SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR
30. *E SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD HR 0.05 @MC SGD F-U@KTD HR 0.04, VG@S BNMBKTRHNM B@M XNT CQ@V
12.5 .L?>C=NCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. "M DKDBSQNMHBR QDS@HKDQ TRDC QDFQDRRHNM SN EHMC @ RHLOKD
LNCDK SN OQDCHBS R@KDR FQNVSG HM SGD EHQRS PT@QSDQ NE SGD MDV XD@Q (+@MT@QX SGQNTFG .@QBG). 5GD LNCDK HR FNNC ENQ 90 C@XR,
VGDQD N HR SGD C@X. 5GD LNCDK B@M AD VQHSSDM @R ENKKNVR:
S = 101.32 + 2.48N VGDQD S HR HM SGNTR@MCR NE CNKK@QR.
31. 8G@S VNTKC XNT OQDCHBS SGD R@KDR SN AD NM C@X 60
32. 8G@S VNTKC XNT OQDCHBS SGD R@KDR SN AD NM C@X 90
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. " K@MCRB@OHMF BNLO@MX HR GHQDC SN LNV SGD FQ@RR ENQ
RDUDQ@K K@QFD OQNODQSHDR. 5GD SNS@K @QD@ NE SGD OQNODQSHDR BNLAHMDC HR 1,345 @BQDR. 5GD Q@SD @S VGHBG NMD ODQRNM B@M LNV HR
@R ENKKNVR:
S = 1350 k 1.2N VGDQD N HR SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR @MC S QDOQDRDMSR SGD MTLADQ NE @BQDR KDES SN LNV.
33. )NV L@MX @BQDR VHKK AD KDES SN LNV @ESDQ 20 GNTQR NE VNQJ
34. )NV L@MX @BQDR VHKK AD KDES SN LNV @ESDQ 100 GNTQR NE VNQJ
35. )NV L@MX GNTQR VHKK HS S@JD SN LNV @KK NE SGD K@VMR (8GDM HR S = 0)
2;<F? 12.14 BNMS@HMR QD@K C@S@ ENQ SGD EHQRS SVN CDB@CDR NE "*%4 QDONQSHMF.
7?;L # A'"1 =;M?M >C;AHIM?> # A'"1 >?;NBM
/NA-1981 91 29
1981 319 121
1982 1,170 453
1983 3,076 1,482
1984 6,240 3,466
1985 11,776 6,878
1986 19,032 11,987
1987 28,564 16,162
1988 35,447 20,868
1989 42,674 27,591
1990 48,634 31,335
708 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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1991 59,660 36,560
1992 78,530 41,055
1993 78,834 44,730
1994 71,874 49,095
1995 68,505 49,456
1996 59,347 38,510
1997 47,149 20,736
1998 38,393 19,005
1999 25,174 18,454
2000 25,522 17,347
2001 25,643 17,402
2002 26,464 16,371
2IN;F 802,118 489,093
36. (Q@OG oXD@Qp UDQRTR o# "*%4 B@RDR CH@FMNRDCp (OKNS SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS). %N MNS HMBKTCD OQD-1981 C@S@.
37. 1DQENQL KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM. 8G@S HR SGD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM 3NTMC SN SGD MD@QDRS VGNKD MTLADQ.
38. 8QHSD SGD DPT@SHNMR:
=. -HMD@Q DPT@SHNM: ??????????
>. 7 = ????????
?. 8 = ????????
@. H = ????????
A. D = ????????
39. 4NKUD.
=. 8GDM N = 1985, S = ?????
>. 8GDM N = 1990, S =?????
?. 8GDM N = 1970, S =?????? 8GX CNDRMnS SGHR @MRVDQ L@JD RDMRD
40. %NDR SGD KHMD RDDL SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
41. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNQQDK@SHNM HLOKX @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SHLD (XD@QR) @MC SGD MTLADQ NE CH@FMNRDC "*%4 B@RDR
QDONQSDC HM SGD 6.4.
42. 1KNS SGD SVN FHUDM ONHMSR NM SGD ENKKNVHMF FQ@OG. 5GDM, BNMMDBS SGD SVN ONHMSR SN ENQL SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 709
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$CAOL? 12.29
0AS@HM SGD FQ@OG NM XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ.
43. 8QHSD SGD DPT@SHNM: S= ????????????
44. )@MC CQ@V @ RLNNSG BTQUD NM SGD FQ@OG SG@S RGNVR SGD EKNV NE SGD C@S@.
45. %NDR SGD KHMD RDDL SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
46. %N XNT SGHMJ @ KHMD@Q EHS HR ADRS 8GX NQ VGX MNS
47. 8G@S CNDR SGD BNQQDK@SHNM HLOKX @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SHLD (XD@QR) @MC SGD MTLADQ NE CH@FMNRDC "*%4 B@RDR
QDONQSDC HM SGD 6.4.
48. (Q@OG oXD@Qp UR. o# "*%4 B@RDR CH@FMNRDC.p %N MNS HMBKTCD OQD-1981. -@ADK ANSG @WDR VHSG VNQCR. 4B@KD ANSG @WDR.
49. &MSDQ XNTQ C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ. 5GD OQD-1981 C@S@ RGNTKC MNS AD HMBKTCDC. 8GX HR SG@S RN
8QHSD SGD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM, QNTMCHMF SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR:
=. 7 = ?????
>. 8 = ?????
?. BNQQDK@SHNM = ?????
@. D = ?????
12.6 -ONFC?LM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD RB@SSDQ OKNS RGNVR SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM GNTQR RODMS
RSTCXHMF @MC DW@L RBNQDR. 5GD KHMD RGNVM HR SGD B@KBTK@SDC KHMD NE ADRS EHS. 5GD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR 0.69.
$CAOL? 12.30
51. %N SGDQD @OOD@Q SN AD @MX NTSKHDQR
52. " ONHMS HR QDLNUDC, @MC SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS HR QDB@KBTK@SDC. 5GD MDV BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR 0.98. %NDR SGD ONHMS @OOD@Q
SN G@UD ADDM @M NTSKHDQ 8GX
710 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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53. 8G@S DEEDBS CHC SGD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQ G@UD NM SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS
54. "QD XNT LNQD NQ KDRR BNMEHCDMS HM SGD OQDCHBSHUD @AHKHSX NE SGD MDV KHMD NE ADRS EHS
55. 5GD 4TL NE 4PT@QDC &QQNQR ENQ @ C@S@ RDS NE 18 MTLADQR HR 49. 8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
56. 5GD 4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM ENQ SGD 4TL NE 4PT@QDC &QQNQR ENQ @ C@S@ RDS HR 9.8. 8G@S HR SGD BTSNEE ENQ SGD UDQSHB@K CHRS@MBD
SG@S @ ONHMS B@M AD EQNL SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS SN AD BNMRHCDQDC @M NTSKHDQ
&-+#5-0)
57. 'NQ D@BG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF RHST@SHNMR, RS@SD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
=. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE DKCDQKX CQHUDQR @QD HMUNKUDC HM LNQD LNSNQ UDGHBKD E@S@KHSHDR SG@M NSGDQ CQHUDQR.
5GD MTLADQ NE E@S@KHSHDR ODQ 100,000 CQHUDQR HR BNLO@QDC SN SGD @FD NE CQHUDQR.
>. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD VDDJKX FQNBDQX AHKK BG@MFDR A@RDC NM SGD MTLADQ NE E@LHKX LDLADQR.
?. *MRTQ@MBD BNLO@MHDR A@RD KHED HMRTQ@MBD OQDLHTLR O@QSH@KKX NM SGD @FD NE SGD @OOKHB@MS.
@. 6SHKHSX AHKKR U@QX @BBNQCHMF SN ONVDQ BNMRTLOSHNM.
A. " RSTCX HR CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD HE @ GHFGDQ DCTB@SHNM QDCTBDR SGD BQHLD Q@SD HM @ ONOTK@SHNM.
58. 1HDBD-Q@SD RXRSDLR @QD VHCDKX CDA@SDC HMBDMSHUD O@XLDMS OK@MR. *M @ QDBDMS RSTCX NE KN@M NEEHBDQ DEEDBSHUDMDRR, SGD
ENKKNVHMF OHDBD-Q@SD RXRSDL V@R DW@LHMDC:
% KB
CK=H
NA=?DA@
<
80
80 100 120
(J?AJPERA
J/
=
$4,000 SEPD =J
=@@EPEKJ=H $125 =@@A@
LAN LAN?AJP=CA LKEJP
BNKI 81_99%
$6,500 SEPD =J =@@EPEKJ=H
$125 =@@A@ LAN
LAN?AJP=CA LKEJP BNKI
101_119%
$9,500 SEPD =J =@@EPEKJ=H
$125 =@@A@ LAN
LAN?AJP=CA LKEJP OP=NPEJC
=P 121%
2;<F? 12.15
*E @ KN@M NEEHBDQ L@JDR 95% NE GHR NQ GDQ FN@K, VQHSD SGD KHMD@Q ETMBSHNM SG@S @OOKHDR A@RDC NM SGD HMBDMSHUD OK@M S@AKD. *M
BNMSDWS, DWOK@HM SGD O-HMSDQBDOS @MC RKNOD.
12.2 1=;NN?L .FINM
59. 5GD (QNRR %NLDRSHB 1QNCTBS 1TQBG@RHMF 1NVDQ 1@QHSX HR @M HMCHB@SHNM NE @ BNTMSQXnR BTQQDMBX U@KTD BNLO@QDC SN
@MNSGDQ BNTMSQX. 2;<F? 12.16 RGNVR SGD (%1 111 NE $TA@ @R BNLO@QDC SN 64 CNKK@QR. $NMRSQTBS @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
7?;L !O<;YM ... 7?;L !O<;YM ...
1999 1,700 2006 4,000
2000 1,700 2007 11,000
2002 2,300 2008 9,500
2003 2,900 2009 9,700
2004 3,000 2010 9,900
2;<F? 12.16
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 711
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7?;L !O<;YM ... 7?;L !O<;YM ...
2005 3,500
2;<F? 12.16
60. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD RGNVR SGD ONUDQSX Q@SDR @MC BDKK OGNMD TR@FD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR. $NMRSQTBS @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD
C@S@
7?;L .IP?LNS 0;N? !?FFOF;L 3M;A? J?L !;JCN;
2003 12.7 54.67
2005 12.6 74.19
2007 12 84.86
2009 12 90.82
2;<F? 12.17
61. %NDR SGD GHFGDQ BNRS NE STHSHNM SQ@MRK@SD HMSN GHFGDQ-O@XHMF INAR 5GD S@AKD KHRSR SGD SNO SDM BNKKDFDR A@RDC NM LHC-B@QDDQ
R@K@QX @MC SGD @RRNBH@SDC XD@QKX STHSHNM BNRSR. $NMRSQTBS @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
1=BIIF +C>-!;L??L 1;F;LS (CH NBIOM;H>M) 7?;LFS 2OCNCIH
/NEJ?APKJ 137 28,540
'=NRAU ,Q@@ 135 40,133
"=H3A?D 127 39,900
42 -=R=H ?=@AIU 122 0
6AOP /KEJP 120 0
,(3 118 42,050
+ADECD 4JERANOEPU 118 43,220
-84-/KHU 117 39,565
!=>OKJ "KHHACA 117 40,400
2P=JBKN@ 114 54,506
2;<F? 12.18
712 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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63. *E SGDQD @QD 15 C@S@ ONHMSR HM @ RDS NE C@S@, VG@S HR SGD MTLADQ NE CDFQDD NE EQDDCNL
64. 8G@S HR SGD OQNBDRR SGQNTFG VGHBG VD B@M B@KBTK@SD @ KHMD SG@S FNDR SGQNTFG @ RB@SSDQ OKNS VHSG @ KHMD@Q O@SSDQM
65. &WOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR VGDM @ BNQQDK@SHNM G@R @M H
2
NE 0.72.
66. $@M @ BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM AD MDF@SHUD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
68. *E SGDQD @QD 15 C@S@ ONHMSR HM @ RDS NE C@S@, VG@S HR SGD MTLADQ NE CDFQDD NE EQDDCNL
12.5 .L?>C=NCIH
69. 3DBDMSKX, SGD @MMT@K MTLADQ NE CQHUDQ CD@SGR ODQ 100,000 ENQ SGD RDKDBSDC @FD FQNTOR V@R @R ENKKNVR:
AA? ,OG<?L I@ "LCP?L "?;NBM J?L 100,000
17.5 38
22 36
29.5 24
44.5 20
64.5 18
80 28
2;<F? 12.19
=. 'NQ D@BG @FD FQNTO, OHBJ SGD LHCONHMS NE SGD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD N U@KTD. ('NQ SGD 75+ FQNTO, TRD 80.)
>. 6RHMF o@FDRp @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC o/TLADQ NE CQHUDQ CD@SGR ODQ 100,000p @R SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD,
L@JD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
?. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR (ADRSkEHS) KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
A. 1QDCHBS SGD MTLADQ NE CD@SGR ENQ @FDR 40 @MC 60.
B. #@RDC NM SGD FHUDM C@S@, HR SGDQD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM @FD NE @ CQHUDQ @MC CQHUDQ E@S@KHSX Q@SD
C. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
70. 2;<F? 12.20 RGNVR SGD KHED DWODBS@MBX ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K ANQM HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR HM BDQS@HM XD@QR.
7?;L I@ CLNB *C@? #RJ?=N;H=S
1930 59.7
1940 62.9
2;<F? 12.20
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 713
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7?;L I@ CLNB *C@? #RJ?=N;H=S
1950 70.2
1965 69.7
1973 71.4
1982 74.5
1987 75
1992 75.7
2010 78.7
2;<F? 12.20
=. %DBHCD VGHBG U@QH@AKD RGNTKC AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC VGHBG RGNTKC AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
>. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD NQCDQDC O@HQR.
?. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
A. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC KHED DWODBS@MBX ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K ANQM HM 1950 @MC ENQ NMD ANQM HM 1982.
B. 8GX @QDMnS SGD @MRVDQR SN O@QS D SGD R@LD @R SGD U@KTDR HM 2;<F? 12.20 SG@S BNQQDRONMC SN SGNRD XD@QR
C. 6RD SGD SVN ONHMSR HM O@QS D SN OKNS SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD NM XNTQ FQ@OG EQNL O@QS A.
D. #@RDC NM SGD C@S@, HR SGDQD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD XD@Q NE AHQSG @MC KHED DWODBS@MBX
E. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@
F. 6RHMF SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD, EHMC SGD DRSHL@SDC KHED DWODBS@MBX ENQ @M HMCHUHCT@K ANQM HM 1850. %NDR SGD KD@RS
RPT@QDR KHMD FHUD @M @BBTQ@SD DRSHL@SD ENQ SG@S XD@Q &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
G. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
71. 5GD L@WHLTL CHRBNTMS U@KTD NE SGD &MSDQS@HMLDMS_ B@QC ENQ SGD o'HMD %HMHMFp RDBSHNM, &CHSHNM SDM, ENQ U@QHNTR O@FDR
HR FHUDM HM 2;<F? 12.21
.;A? HOG<?L +;RCGOG P;FO? ($)
4 16
14 19
25 15
32 17
43 19
57 15
2;<F? 12.21
714 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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.;A? HOG<?L +;RCGOG P;FO? ($)
72 16
85 15
90 17
2;<F? 12.21
>. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD NQCDQDC O@HQR.
?. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
A. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC L@WHLTL U@KTDR ENQ SGD QDRS@TQ@MSR NM O@FD SDM @MC NM O@FD 70.
B. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD QDRS@TQ@MSR FHUHMF SGD L@WHLTL U@KTD @QD OK@BDC HM SGD ADFHMMHMF NE SGD o'HMD %HMHMFp
RDBSHNM )NV CHC XNT @QQHUD @S XNTQ @MRVDQ
C. 4TOONRD SG@S SGDQD VDQD 200 O@FDR NE QDRS@TQ@MSR. 8G@S CN XNT DRSHL@SD SN AD SGD L@WHLTL U@KTD ENQ @ QDRS@TQ@MS
KHRSDC NM O@FD 200
D. *R SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD U@KHC ENQ O@FD 200 8GX NQ VGX MNS
E. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
72. 2;<F? 12.22 FHUDR SGD FNKC LDC@K SHLDR ENQ DUDQX NSGDQ 4TLLDQ 0KXLOHBR ENQ SGD VNLDMnR 100-LDSDQ EQDDRSXKD
(RVHLLHMF).
7?;L 2CG? (M?=IH>M)
1912 82.2
1924 72.4
1932 66.8
1952 66.8
1960 61.2
1968 60.0
1976 55.65
1984 55.92
1992 54.64
2000 53.8
2;<F? 12.22
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 715
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7?;L 2CG? (M?=IH>M)
2008 53.1
2;<F? 12.22
>. %Q@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
?. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N.
A. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R SGD CDBQD@RD HM SHLDR RHFMHEHB@MS
B. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC FNKC LDC@K SHLD ENQ 1932. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC SHLD ENQ 1984.
C. 8GX @QD SGD @MRVDQR EQNL O@QS E CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD BG@QS U@KTDR
D. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S @ KHMD HR SGD ADRS V@X SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
E. 6RD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD SN DRSHL@SD SGD FNKC LDC@K SHLD ENQ SGD MDWS 4TLLDQ 0KXLOHBR. %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S XNTQ
@MRVDQ HR QD@RNM@AKD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
73.
1N;N?
# F?NN?LM CH
H;G?
7?;L ?HN?L?> NB?
3HCIH
0;HE @IL ?HN?LCHA NB?
3HCIH
AL?; (MKO;L?
GCF?M)
H=>=I= 7 1819 22 52,423
"KHKN=@K 8 1876 38 104,100
'=S=EE 6 1959 50 10,932
(KS= 4 1846 29 56,276
,=NUH=J@ 8 1788 7 12,407
,EOOKQNE 8 1821 24 69,709
-AS )ANOAU 9 1787 3 8,722
.DEK 4 1803 17 44,828
2KQPD
"=NKHEJ=
13 1788 8 32,008
4P=D 4 1896 45 84,904
6EO?KJOEJ 9 1848 30 65,499
2;<F? 12.23
8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR HM @ RS@SD M@LD CDODMCR TONM SGD XD@Q SGD RS@SD DMSDQDC SGD 6MHNM.
716 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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@. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N.
A. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. 8G@S CNDR HS HLOKX @ANTS SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO
B. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR (SN SGD MD@QDRS HMSDFDQ) @ RS@SD VNTKC G@UD HE HS DMSDQDC SGD 6MHNM HM 1900.
'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR @ RS@SD VNTKC G@UD HE HS DMSDQDC SGD 6MHNM HM 1940.
C. %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S @ KHMD HR SGD ADRS V@X SN EHS SGD C@S@ 8GX NQ VGX MNS
D. 6RD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD SN DRSHL@SD SGD MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR @ MDV RS@SD SG@S DMSDQR SGD 6MHNM SGHR XD@Q VNTKC G@UD.
$@M SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD AD TRDC SN OQDCHBS HS 8GX NQ VGX MNS
12.6 -ONFC?LM
74. 5GD GDHFGS (RHCDV@KJ SN QNNE) NE MNS@AKD S@KK ATHKCHMFR HM "LDQHB@ HR BNLO@QDC SN SGD MTLADQ NE RSNQHDR NE SGD ATHKCHMF
(ADFHMMHMF @S RSQDDS KDUDK).
&?CABN (CH @??N) 1NILC?M
1,050 57
428 28
362 26
529 40
790 60
401 22
380 38
1,454 110
1,127 100
700 46
2;<F? 12.24
=. 6RHMF oRSNQHDRp @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC oGDHFGSp @R SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, L@JD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
>. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR
?. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
A. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC GDHFGSR ENQ 32 RSNQHDR @MC ENQ 94 RSNQHDR.
B. #@RDC NM SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 12.24, HR SGDQD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQ NE RSNQHDR HM S@KK ATHKCHMFR
@MC SGD GDHFGS NE SGD ATHKCHMFR
C. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@ *E RN, VGHBG ONHMS(R)
D. 8G@S HR SGD DRSHL@SDC GDHFGS NE @ ATHKCHMF VHSG RHW RSNQHDR %NDR SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD FHUD @M @BBTQ@SD DRSHL@SD
NE GDHFGS &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
E. #@RDC NM SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD, @CCHMF @M DWSQ@ RSNQX HR OQDCHBSDC SN @CC @ANTS GNV L@MX EDDS SN @ ATHKCHMF
F. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
75. 0QMHSGNKNFHRSR, RBHDMSHRSR VGN RSTCX AHQCR, S@F RO@QQNV G@VJR HM 13 CHEEDQDMS BNKNMHDR SN RSTCX SGDHQ ONOTK@SHNM. 5GDX
F@SGDQ C@S@ ENQ SGD ODQBDMS NE MDV RO@QQNV G@VJR HM D@BG BNKNMX @MC SGD ODQBDMS NE SGNRD SG@S G@UD QDSTQMDC EQNLLHFQ@SHNM.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 717
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-:G8:CI G:IJGC:74; 66; 81; 52; 73; 62; 52; 45; 62; 46; 60; 46; 38
-:G8:CI C:L:5; 6; 8; 11; 12; 15; 16; 17; 18; 18; 19; 20; 20
=. &MSDQ SGD C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ @MC L@JD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS.
>. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQnR QDFQDRRHNM ETMBSHNM SN EHMC SGD DPT@SHNM NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. "CC SGHR SN XNTQ
RB@SSDQ OKNS EQNL O@QS @.
?. &WOK@HM HM VNQCR VG@S SGD RKNOD @MC X-HMSDQBDOS NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SDKK TR.
@. )NV VDKK CNDR SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD EHS SGD C@S@ &WOK@HM XNTQ QDRONMRD.
A. 8GHBG ONHMS G@R SGD K@QFDRS QDRHCT@K &WOK@HM VG@S SGD QDRHCT@K LD@MR HM BNMSDWS. *R SGHR ONHMS @M NTSKHDQ "M
HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS &WOK@HM.
B. "M DBNKNFHRS V@MSR SN OQDCHBS GNV L@MX AHQCR VHKK INHM @MNSGDQ BNKNMX NE RO@QQNV G@VJR SN VGHBG 70% NE SGD
@CTKSR EQNL SGD OQDUHNTR XD@Q G@UD QDSTQMDC. 8G@S HR SGD OQDCHBSHNM
76. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD RGNVR C@S@ NM @UDQ@FD ODQ B@OHS@ VHMD BNMRTLOSHNM @MC GD@QS CHRD@RD Q@SD HM @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE
10 BNTMSQHDR.
7?;LFS QCH?
=IHMOGJNCIH CH
FCN?LM
2.5 3.9 2.9 2.4 2.9 0.8 9.1 2.7 0.8 0.7
"?;NB @LIG B?;LN
>CM?;M?M
221 167 131 191 220 297 71 172 211 300
2;<F? 12.25
B. %N SGD C@S@ OQNUHCD BNMUHMBHMF DUHCDMBD SG@S SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD @LNTMS NE @KBNGNK
BNMRTLDC @MC SGD GD@QS CHRD@RD CD@SG Q@SD $@QQX NTS @M @OOQNOQH@SD SDRS @S @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 0.05 SN GDKO
@MRVDQ SGHR PTDRSHNM.
77. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD BNMRHRSR NE NMD RSTCDMS @SGKDSDnR SHLD (HM LHMTSDR) SN RVHL 2000 X@QCR @MC SGD RSTCDMSnR GD@QS Q@SD
(AD@SR ODQ LHMTSD) @ESDQ RVHLLHMF NM @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 10 C@XR:
1QCG 2CG? &?;LN 0;N?
34.12 144
35.72 152
34.72 124
34.05 140
34.13 152
35.73 146
2;<F? 12.26
718 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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1QCG 2CG? &?;LN 0;N?
36.17 128
35.57 136
35.37 144
35.57 148
2;<F? 12.26
78. " QDRD@QBGDQ HR HMUDRSHF@SHMF VGDSGDQ MNM-VGHSD LHMNQHSHDR BNLLHS @ CHROQNONQSHNM@SD MTLADQ NE GNLHBHCDR. )D TRDR
CDLNFQ@OGHB C@S@ EQNL %DSQNHS, .* SN BNLO@QD GNLHBHCD Q@SDR @MC SGD MTLADQ NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM SG@S @QD VGHSD L@KDR.
5BCN? +;F?M &IGC=C>? L;N? J?L 100,000 J?IJF?
558,724 8.6
538,584 8.9
519,171 8.52
500,457 8.89
482,418 13.07
465,029 14.57
448,267 21.36
432,109 28.03
416,533 31.49
401,518 37.39
387,046 46.26
2;<F? 12.27
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 719
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5BCN? +;F?M &IGC=C>? L;N? J?L 100,000 J?IJF?
373,095 47.24
359,647 52.33
2;<F? 12.27
=. 6RD XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ SN BNMRSQTBS @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@. 8G@S RGNTKC SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD AD 8GX
RB@SSDQ OKNS.
?. %HRBTRR VG@S SGD ENKKNVHMF LD@M HM BNMSDWS.
E. 5GD RKNOD NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM
EE. 5GD X-HMSDQBDOS NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM
EEE. 5GD BNQQDK@SHNM Q
ER. 5GD BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM Q2.
@. %N SGD C@S@ OQNUHCD BNMUHMBHMF DUHCDMBD SG@S SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQ NE VGHSD L@KDR HM
SGD ONOTK@SHNM @MC SGD GNLHBHCD Q@SD $@QQX NTS @M @OOQNOQH@SD SDRS @S @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 0.05 SN GDKO @MRVDQ
SGHR PTDRSHNM.
79.
1=BIIF +C>-!;L??L 1;F;LS (CH NBIOM;H>M) 7?;LFS 2OCNCIH
/NEJ?APKJ 137 28,540
'=NRAU ,Q@@ 135 40,133
"=H3A?D 127 39,900
42 -=R=H ?=@AIU 122 0
6AOP /KEJP 120 0
,(3 118 42,050
+ADECD 4JERANOEPU 118 43,220
-84-/KHU 117 39,565
!=>OKJ "KHHACA 117 40,400
2P=JBKN@ 114 54,506
2;<F? 12.28
6RHMF SGD C@S@ SN CDSDQLHMD SGD KHMD@Q-QDFQDRRHNM KHMD DPT@SHNM VHSG SGD NTSKHDQR QDLNUDC. *R SGDQD @ KHMD@Q BNQQDK@SHNM ENQ SGD
C@S@ RDS VHSG NTSKHDQR QDLNUDC +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ.
LCHA 'N 2IA?NB?L
94. 5GD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD HM @ E@LHKX SG@S QDBDHUDC VDKE@QD ENQ U@QHNTR XD@QR HR FHUDM HM 2;<F? 12.29.
720 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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7?;L 5?F@;L? @;GCFS MCT?
1969 4.0
1973 3.6
1975 3.2
1979 3.0
1983 3.0
1988 3.0
1991 2.9
2;<F? 12.29
=. 6RHMF oXD@Qp @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC oVDKE@QD E@LHKX RHYDp @R SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, CQ@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS
NE SGD C@S@.
>. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
?. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
@. 1HBJ SVN XD@QR ADSVDDM 1969 @MC 1991 @MC EHMC SGD DRSHL@SDC VDKE@QD E@LHKX RHYDR.
A. #@RDC NM SGD C@S@ HM 2;<F? 12.29, HR SGDQD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD XD@Q @MC SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE
ODNOKD HM @ VDKE@QD E@LHKX
B. 6RHMF SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD, DRSHL@SD SGD VDKE@QD E@LHKX RHYDR ENQ 1960 @MC 1995. %NDR SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD FHUD
@M @BBTQ@SD DRSHL@SD ENQ SGNRD XD@QR &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
C. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@
D. 8G@S HR SGD DRSHL@SDC @UDQ@FD VDKE@QD E@LHKX RHYD ENQ 1986 %NDR SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD FHUD @M @BBTQ@SD DRSHL@SD
ENQ SG@S XD@Q &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
E. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
81. 5GD ODQBDMS NE EDL@KD V@FD @MC R@K@QX VNQJDQR VGN @QD O@HC GNTQKX Q@SDR HR FHUDM HM 2;<F? 12.30 ENQ SGD XD@QR 1979
SN 1992.
7?;L .?L=?HN I@ QILE?LM J;C> BIOLFS L;N?M
1979 61.2
1980 60.7
1981 61.3
1982 61.3
1983 61.8
1984 61.7
2;<F? 12.30
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 721
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7?;L .?L=?HN I@ QILE?LM J;C> BIOLFS L;N?M
1985 61.8
1986 62.0
1987 62.7
1990 62.8
1992 62.9
2;<F? 12.30
=. 6RHMF oXD@Qp @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC oODQBDMSp @R SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, CQ@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
>. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
A. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC ODQBDMSR ENQ 1991 @MC 1988.
B. #@RDC NM SGD C@S@, HR SGDQD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD XD@Q @MC SGD ODQBDMS NE EDL@KD V@FD @MC R@K@QX D@QMDQR
VGN @QD O@HC GNTQKX Q@SDR
C. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@
D. 8G@S HR SGD DRSHL@SDC ODQBDMS ENQ SGD XD@Q 2050 %NDR SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD FHUD @M @BBTQ@SD DRSHL@SD ENQ SG@S
XD@Q &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD BNRS NE @ KD@CHMF KHPTHC K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS HM CHEEDQDMS
RHYDR HR FHUDM HM 2;<F? 12.31.
1CT? (IOH=?M) !IMN ($) !IMN J?L IOH=?
16 3.99
32 4.99
64 5.99
200 10.99
2;<F? 12.31
96.
=. 6RHMF oRHYDp @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC oBNRSp @R SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, CQ@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS.
>. %NDR HS @OOD@Q EQNL HMRODBSHNM SG@S SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
A. *E SGD K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS VDQD RNKC HM @ 40-NTMBD RHYD, EHMC SGD DRSHL@SDC BNRS.
B. *E SGD K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS VDQD RNKC HM @ 90-NTMBD RHYD, EHMC SGD DRSHL@SDC BNRS.
D. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD FHUDM C@S@
E. *R SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD U@KHC ENQ OQDCHBSHMF VG@S @ 300-NTMBD RHYD NE SGD K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS VNTKC XNT BNRS 8GX
NQ VGX MNS
722 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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F. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
83.
=. $NLOKDSD 2;<F? 12.31 ENQ SGD BNRS ODQ NTMBD NE SGD CHEEDQDMS RHYDR.
>. 6RHMF oRHYDp @R SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC oBNRS ODQ NTMBDp @R SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, CQ@V @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE
SGD C@S@.
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N
A. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. *R HS RHFMHEHB@MS
B. *E SGD K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS VDQD RNKC HM @ 40-NTMBD RHYD, EHMC SGD DRSHL@SDC BNRS ODQ NTMBD.
C. *E SGD K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS VDQD RNKC HM @ 90-NTMBD RHYD, EHMC SGD DRSHL@SDC BNRS ODQ NTMBD.
E. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD SGD C@S@
F. *R SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD U@KHC ENQ OQDCHBSHMF VG@S @ 300-NTMBD RHYD NE SGD K@TMCQX CDSDQFDMS VNTKC BNRS ODQ NTMBD
8GX NQ VGX MNS
G. 8G@S HR SGD RKNOD NE SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR (ADRS-EHS) KHMD *MSDQOQDS SGD RKNOD.
98. "BBNQCHMF SN @ EKXDQ AX @ 1QTCDMSH@K *MRTQ@MBD $NLO@MX QDOQDRDMS@SHUD, SGD BNRSR NE @OOQNWHL@SD OQNA@SD EDDR @MC S@WDR
ENQ RDKDBSDC MDS S@W@AKD DRS@SDR @QD @R ENKKNVR:
,?N 2;R;<F? #MN;N? ($) AJJLIRCG;N? .LI<;N? $??M ;H> 2;R?M ($)
600,000 30,000
750,000 92,500
1,000,000 203,000
1,500,000 438,000
2,000,000 688,000
2,500,000 1,037,000
3,000,000 1,350,000
2;<F? 12.32
@. $@KBTK@SD SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD. 1TS SGD DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL NE: S = 7 + 8N.
B. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC SNS@K BNRS ENQ @ MDWS S@W@AKD DRS@SD NE $1,000,000. 'HMC SGD BNRS ENQ $2,500,000.
D. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGD C@S@
E. #@RDC NM SGDRD QDRTKSR, VG@S VNTKC AD SGD OQNA@SD EDDR @MC S@WDR ENQ @M DRS@SD SG@S CNDR MNS G@UD @MX @RRDSR
85. 5GD ENKKNVHMF @QD @CUDQSHRDC R@KD OQHBDR NE BNKNQ SDKDUHRHNMR @S "MCDQRNMnR.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 723
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1CT? (CH=B?M) 1;F? .LC=? ($)
9 147
20 197
27 297
31 447
35 1177
40 2177
60 2497
2;<F? 12.33
B. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC R@KD OQHBD ENQ @ 32 HMBG SDKDUHRHNM. 'HMC SGD BNRS ENQ @ 50 HMBG SDKDUHRHNM.
100. 2;<F? 12.34 RGNVR SGD @UDQ@FD GDHFGSR ENQ "LDQHB@M ANX R HM 1990.
AA? (S?;LM) &?CABN (=G)
>ENPD 50.8
2 83.8
3 91.4
5 106.6
7 119.3
10 137.1
14 157.5
2;<F? 12.34
724 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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B. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC @UDQ@FD GDHFGS ENQ @ NMD-XD@Q-NKC. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC @UDQ@FD GDHFGS ENQ @M DKDUDM-XD@Q-NKC.
E. 6RD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD SN DRSHL@SD SGD @UDQ@FD GDHFGS ENQ @ RHWSX-SVN-XD@Q-NKC L@M. %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S XNTQ
@MRVDQ HR QD@RNM@AKD 8GX NQ VGX MNS
87.
1N;N?
# F?NN?LM CH
H;G?
7?;L ?HN?L?> NB?
3HCIH
0;HEM @IL ?HN?LCHA NB?
3HCIH
AL?; (MKO;L?
GCF?M)
H=>=I= 7 1819 22 52,423
"KHKN=@K 8 1876 38 104,100
'=S=EE 6 1959 50 10,932
(KS= 4 1846 29 56,276
,=NUH=J@ 8 1788 7 12,407
,EOOKQNE 8 1821 24 69,709
-AS )ANOAU 9 1787 3 8,722
.DEK 4 1803 17 44,828
2KQPD
"=NKHEJ=
13 1788 8 32,008
4P=D 4 1896 45 84,904
6EO?KJOEJ 9 1848 30 65,499
2;<F? 12.35
8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGDQD HR @ QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD Q@MJHMF NE @ RS@SD @MC SGD @QD@ NE SGD RS@SD.
=. 8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR
>. 8G@S CN XNT SGHMJ SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS VHKK KNNJ KHJD .@JD @ RB@SSDQ OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
A. 'HMC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. 8G@S CNDR HS HLOKX @ANTS SGD RHFMHEHB@MBD NE SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO
B. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC @QD@R ENQ "K@A@L@ @MC ENQ $NKNQ@CN. "QD SGDX BKNRD SN SGD @BST@K @QD@R
C. 6RD SGD SVN ONHMSR HM O@QS E SN OKNS SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD NM XNTQ FQ@OG EQNL O@QS A.
E. "QD SGDQD @MX NTSKHDQR
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 725
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F. 6RD SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD SN DRSHL@SD SGD @QD@ NE @ MDV RS@SD SG@S DMSDQR SGD 6MHNM. $@M SGD KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD AD
TRDC SN OQDCHBS HS 8GX NQ VGX MNS
G. %DKDSD o)@V@HHp @MC RTARSHSTSD o"K@RJ@p ENQ HS. "K@RJ@ HR SGD ENQSX-MHMSG, RS@SD VHSG @M @QD@ NE 656,424 RPT@QD
LHKDR.
H. $@KBTK@SD SGD MDV KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD.
I. 'HMC SGD DRSHL@SDC @QD@ ENQ "K@A@L@. *R HS BKNRDQ SN SGD @BST@K @QD@ VHSG SGHR MDV KD@RS-RPT@QDR KHMD NQ VHSG SGD
OQDUHNTR NMD SG@S HMBKTCDC )@V@HH 8GX CN XNT SGHMJ SG@SnR SGD B@RD
J. %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S, HM FDMDQ@K, MDVDQ RS@SDR @QD K@QFDQ SG@M SGD NQHFHM@K RS@SDR
0#$#0#,!#1
%@S@ EQNL SGD $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM.
%@S@ EQNL SGD /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ )*7, 45%, @MC 5# 1QDUDMSHNM.
12.5 .L?>C=NCIH
%@S@ EQNL SGD $DMSDQR ENQ %HRD@RD $NMSQNK @MC 1QDUDMSHNM.
%@S@ EQNL SGD /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ )*7, 45%, @MC 5# 1QDUDMSHNM.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR $DMRTR #TQD@T. "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://VVV.BDMRTR.FNU/BNLODMCH@/RS@S@A/B@SR/
SQ@MRONQS@SHNM/LNSNQ?UDGHBKD?@BBHCDMSR?@MC?E@S@KHSHDR.GSLK
%@S@ EQNL SGD /@SHNM@K $DMSDQ ENQ )D@KSG 4S@SHRSHBR.
12.6 -ONFC?LM
%@S@ EQNL SGD )NTRD 8@XR @MC .D@MR $NLLHSSDD, SGD )D@KSG @MC )TL@M 4DQUHBDR %DO@QSLDMS.
%@S@ EQNL .HBQNRNES #NNJRGDKE.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE -@ANQ, SGD #TQD@T NE -@ANQ 4S@SHRSHBR.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 1GXRHBH@MnR )@MCANNJ, 1990.
%@S@ EQNL SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR %DO@QSLDMS NE -@ANQ, SGD #TQD@T NE -@ANQ 4S@SHRSHBR.
1-*32'-,1
1 CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: EDD @LNTMS; HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: SHLD
3
$CAOL? 12.31
5
726 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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$CAOL? 12.32
7 O = 6N + 8, 4O = 8, @MC O + 7 = 3N @QD @KK KHMD@Q DPT@SHNMR.
9 5GD MTLADQ NE "*%4 B@RDR CDODMCR NM SGD XD@Q. 5GDQDENQD, XD@Q ADBNLDR SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC SGD MTLADQ NE
"*%4 B@RDR HR SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
11 5GD O-HMSDQBDOS HR 50 (7 = 50). "S SGD RS@QS NE SGD BKD@MHMF, SGD BNLO@MX BG@QFDR @ NMD-SHLD EDD NE $50 (SGHR HR VGDM N =
0). 5GD RKNOD HR 100 (8 = 100). 'NQ D@BG RDRRHNM, SGD BNLO@MX BG@QFDR $100 ENQ D@BG GNTQ SGDX BKD@M.
13 12,000 ONTMCR NE RNHK
15 5GD RKNOD HR k1.5 (8 = k1.5). 5GHR LD@MR SGD RSNBJ HR KNRHMF U@KTD @S @ Q@SD NE $1.50 ODQ GNTQ. 5GD O-HMSDQBDOS HR $15 (7 =
15). 5GHR LD@MR SGD OQHBD NE RSNBJ ADENQD SGD SQ@CHMF C@X V@R $15.
17 5GD C@S@ @OOD@Q SN AD KHMD@Q VHSG @ RSQNMF, ONRHSHUD BNQQDK@SHNM.
19 5GD C@S@ @OOD@Q SN G@UD MN BNQQDK@SHNM.
21 S = 2.23 + 1.99N
23 5GD RKNOD HR 1.99 (8 = 1.99). *S LD@MR SG@S ENQ DUDQX DMCNQRDLDMS CD@K @ OQNEDRRHNM@K OK@XDQ FDSR, GD FDSR @M @UDQ@FD NE
@MNSGDQ $1.99 LHKKHNM HM O@X D@BG XD@Q.
25 *S LD@MR SG@S SGDQD HR MN BNQQDK@SHNM ADSVDDM SGD C@S@ RDSR.
27 :DR, SGDQD @QD DMNTFG C@S@ ONHMSR @MC SGD U@KTD NE Q HR RSQNMF DMNTFG SN RGNV SG@S SGDQD HR @ RSQNMF MDF@SHUD BNQQDK@SHNM
ADSVDDM SGD C@S@ RDSR.
29 !
7
: [ w 0
31 $250,120
33 1,326 @BQDR
35 1,125 GNTQR, NQ VGDM N = 1,125
39
@. 8GDM N = 1985, S = 25,52
A. 8GDM N = 1990, S = 34,275
B. 8GDM N = 1970, S = k725 8GX CNDRMnS SGHR @MRVDQ L@JD RDMRD 5GD Q@MFD NE N U@KTDR V@R 1981 SN 2002; SGD XD@Q
1970 HR MNS HM SGHR Q@MFD. 5GD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM CNDR MNS @OOKX, ADB@TRD OQDCHBSHMF ENQ SGD XD@Q 1970 HR DWSQ@ONK@SHNM,
VGHBG QDPTHQDR @ CHEEDQDMS OQNBDRR. "KRN, @ MDF@SHUD MTLADQ CNDR MNS L@JD RDMRD HM SGHR BNMSDWS, VGDQD VD @QD
OQDCHBSHMF "*%4 B@RDR CH@FMNRDC.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 727
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41 "KRN, SGD BNQQDK@SHNM H = 0.4526. *E H HR BNLO@QDC SN SGD U@KTD HM SGD 95% $QHSHB@K 7@KTDR NE SGD 4@LOKD $NQQDK@SHNM
$NDEEHBHDMS 5@AKD, ADB@TRD H > 0.423, H HR RHFMHEHB@MS, @MC XNT VNTKC SGHMJ SG@S SGD KHMD BNTKC AD TRDC ENQ OQDCHBSHNM. #TS SGD
RB@SSDQ OKNS HMCHB@SDR NSGDQVHRD.
43 y
^
= 3,448,225 + 1750N
45 5GDQD V@R @M HMBQD@RD HM "*%4 B@RDR CH@FMNRDC TMSHK 1993. 'QNL 1993 SGQNTFG 2002, SGD MTLADQ NE "*%4 B@RDR
CH@FMNRDC CDBKHMDC D@BG XD@Q. *S HR MNS @OOQNOQH@SD SN TRD @ KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM KHMD SN EHS SN SGD C@S@.
47 4HMBD SGDQD HR MN KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM ADSVDDM XD@Q @MC # NE "*%4 B@RDR CH@FMNRDC, HS HR MNS @OOQNOQH@SD SN B@KBTK@SD @
KHMD@Q BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS. 8GDM SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM @MC HS HR @OOQNOQH@SD SN B@KBTK@SD @ BNQQDK@SHNM, VD B@MMNS
R@X SG@S NMD U@QH@AKD oB@TRDRp SGD NSGDQ U@QH@AKD.
49 8D CNMnS JMNV HE SGD OQD-1981 C@S@ V@R BNKKDBSDC EQNL @ RHMFKD XD@Q. 4N VD CNMnS G@UD @M @BBTQ@SD N U@KTD ENQ SGHR
EHFTQD. 3DFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM: S (#"*%4 $@RDR) = k3,448,225 + 1749.777 (XD@Q)
D:;;>8>:CIH
*MSDQBDOS k3,448,225
1 7@QH@AKD 1 1,749.777
167A: 12.36
51 :DR, SGDQD @OOD@QR SN AD @M NTSKHDQ @S (6, 58).
53 5GD ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQ EK@SSDMDC SGD RKNOD NE SGD KHMD NE ADRS EHS ADB@TRD HS V@R ADKNV SGD C@S@ RDS. *S L@CD SGD KHMD NE ADRS
EHS KDRR @BBTQ@SD HR @ OQDCHBSNQ ENQ SGD C@S@.
55 I = 1.75
57
@. HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: @FD; CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: E@S@KHSHDR
A. HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: # NE E@LHKX LDLADQR; CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: FQNBDQX AHKK
B. HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: @FD NE @OOKHB@MS; CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: HMRTQ@MBD OQDLHTL
C. HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: ONVDQ BNMRTLOSHNM; CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: TSHKHSX
D. HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: GHFGDQ DCTB@SHNM (XD@QR); CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD: BQHLD Q@SDR
61 'NQ FQ@OG: BGDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM. /NSD SG@S STHSHNM HR SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC R@K@QX HR SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
63 13
65 *S LD@MR SG@S 72% NE SGD U@QH@SHNM HM SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD (O) B@M AD DWOK@HMDC AX SGD U@QH@SHNM HM SGD HMCDODMCDMS
U@QH@AKD (N).
67 8D CN MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q
QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM N @MC O ADB@TRD SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR MNS RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS EQNL YDQN.
69
728 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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@.
A<: +JB7:G D; !G>K:G !:6I=H E:G 100,000
16k19 38
20k24 36
25k34 24
35k54 20
55k74 18
75+ 28
167A: 12.37
B. S = 35.5818045 k 0.19182491N
C. H = k0.57874
'NQ ENTQ :< @MC @KOG@ = 0.05, SGD -HM3DF55DRS FHUDR F-U@KTD = 0.2288 RN VD CN MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR; SGDQD HR
MNS @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM CD@SGR @MC @FD.
6RHMF SGD S@AKD NE BQHSHB@K U@KTDR ENQ SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, VHSG ENTQ :<, SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD HR 0.811. 5GD BNQQDK@SHNM
BNDEEHBHDMS H = k0.57874 HR MNS KDRR SG@M k0.811, RN VD CN MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
D. HE @FD = 40, S (CD@SGR) = 35.5818045 k 0.19182491(40) = 27.9
HE @FD = 60, S (CD@SGR) = 35.5818045 k 0.19182491(60) = 24.1
E. 'NQ DMSHQD C@S@RDS, SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ENQ SGD @FDR TO SN @FD 74. 5GD NKCDRS @FD FQNTO RGNVR @M HMBQD@RD HM
CD@SGR EQNL SGD OQHNQ FQNTO, VGHBG HR MNS BNMRHRSDMS VHSG SGD XNTMFDQ @FDR.
F. RKNOD = k0.19182491
71
@. 8D VNMCDQ HE SGD ADSSDQ CHRBNTMSR @OOD@Q D@QKHDQ HM SGD ANNJ RN VD RDKDBS O@FD @R 1 @MC CHRBNTMS @R 2.
B. S = 17.21757 k 0.01412N
C. H = k 0.2752
'NQ RDUDM :< @MC @KOG@ = 0.05, TRHMF -HM3DF55DRS F-U@KTD = 0.4736 RN VD CN MNS QDIDBS; SGDQD HR @ MNS @ RHFMHEHB@MS
KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM O@FD @MC CHRBNTMS.
6RHMF SGD S@AKD NE BQHSHB@K U@KTDR ENQ SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, VHSG RDUDM :<, SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD HR 0.666. 5GD
BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS N? = k0.2752 HR MNS KDRR SG@M 0.666 RN VD CN MNS QDIDBS.
D. O@FD 10: 17.08 O@FD 70: 16.23
E. 5GDQD HR MNS @ RHFMHEHB@MS KHMD@Q BNQQDK@SHNM RN HS @OOD@QR SGDQD HR MN QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD O@FD @MC SGD @LNTMS NE
SGD CHRBNTMS.
F. O@FD 200: 14.39
G. /N, TRHMF SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM SN OQDCHBS ENQ O@FD 200 HR DWSQ@ONK@SHNM.
H. RKNOD = k0.01412
"R SGD O@FD MTLADQ HMBQD@RDR AX NMD O@FD, SGD CHRBNTMS CDBQD@RDR AX $0.01412
73
@. :D@Q HR SGD HMCDODMCDMS NQ N U@QH@AKD; SGD MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR HR SGD CDODMCDMS NQ O U@QH@AKD.
B. MN
C. S = 47.03 k 0.0216N
D. k0.4280
E. 6; 5
F. /N, SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO CNDR MNS @OOD@Q SN AD KHMD@Q; SGD BNQQDK@SHNM HR MNS RHFMHEHB@MS.
"'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.- 729
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G. BTQQDMS XD@Q: 2013: 3.55 NQ ENTQ KDSSDQR; SGHR HR MNS @M @OOQNOQH@SD TRD NE SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD. *S HR DWSQ@ONK@SHNM.
75 @. @MC A. $GDBJ RSTCDMSnR RNKTSHNM. B. 5GD RKNOD NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD HR -0.3179 VHSG @ X-HMSDQBDOS NE 32.966. *M BNMSDWS,
SGD X-HMSDQBDOS HMCHB@SDR SG@S VGDM SGDQD @QD MN QDSTQMHMF RO@QQNV G@VJR, SGDQD VHKK AD @KLNRS 31% MDV RO@QQNV G@VJR,
VGHBG CNDRMnS L@JD RDMRD RHMBD HE SGDQD @QD MN QDSTQMHMF AHQCR, SGDM SGD MDV ODQBDMS@FD VNTKC G@UD SN AD 100% (SGHR
HR @M DW@LOKD NE VGX VD CN MNS DWSQ@ONK@SD). 5GD RKNOD SDKKR TR SG@S ENQ D@BG ODQBDMS@FD HMBQD@RD HM QDSTQMHMF AHQCR, SGD
ODQBDMS@FD NE MDV AHQCR HM SGD BNKNMX CDBQD@RDR AX 0.3179%. C. *E VD DW@LHMD Q2, VD RDD SG@S NMKX 50.238%NE SGD U@QH@SHNM
HM SGD ODQBDMS NE MDV AHQCR HR DWOK@HMDC AX SGD LNCDK @MC SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS, Q = 0.71 NMKX HMCHB@SDR @ RNLDVG@S
RSQNMF BNQQDK@SHNM ADSVDDM QDSTQMHMF @MC MDV ODQBDMS@FDR. D. 5GD NQCDQDC O@HQ (66, 6) FDMDQ@SDR SGD K@QFDRS QDRHCT@K NE 6.0.
5GHR LD@MR SG@S VGDM SGD NARDQUDC QDSTQM ODQBDMS@FD HR 66%, NTQ NARDQUDC MDV ODQBDMS@FD, 6%, HR @KLNRS 6% KDRR SG@M
SGD OQDCHBSDC MDV U@KTD NE 11.98%. *E VD QDLNUD SGHR C@S@ O@HQ, VD RDD NMKX @M @CITRSDC RKNOD NE -0.2723 @MC @M @CITRSDC
HMSDQBDOS NE 30.606. *M NSGDQ VNQCR, DUDM SGNTFG SGHR C@S@ FDMDQ@SDR SGD K@QFDRS QDRHCT@K, HS HR MNS @M NTSKHDQ, MNQ HR SGD C@S@
O@HQ @M HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS. E. *E SGDQD @QD 70% QDSTQMHMF AHQCR, VD VNTKC DWODBS SN RDD X = -0.2723(70) + 30.606 = 0.115 NQ
11.5% MDV AHQCR HM SGD BNKNMX.
77
B. 8D G@UD @ RKNOD NE k1.4946 VHSG @ O-HMSDQBDOS NE 193.88. 5GD RKNOD, HM BNMSDWS, HMCHB@SDR SG@S ENQ D@BG @CCHSHNM@K LHMTSD
@CCDC SN SGD RVHL SHLD, SGD GD@QS Q@SD VHKK CDBQD@RD AX 1.5 AD@SR ODQ LHMTSD. *E SGD RSTCDMS HR MNS RVHLLHMF @S @KK,
SGD O-HMSDQBDOS HMCHB@SDR SG@S GHR GD@QS Q@SD VHKK AD 193.88 AD@SR ODQ LHMTSD. 8GHKD SGD RKNOD G@R LD@MHMF (SGD KNMFDQ HS
S@JDR SN RVHL 2,000 LDSDQR, SGD KDRR DEENQS SGD GD@QS OTSR NTS), SGD O-HMSDQBDOS CNDR MNS L@JD RDMRD. *E SGD @SGKDSD HR MNS
RVHLLHMF (QDRSHMF), SGDM GHR GD@QS Q@SD RGNTKC AD UDQX KNV.
C. 4HMBD NMKX 1.5% NE SGD GD@QS Q@SD U@QH@SHNM HR DWOK@HMDC AX SGHR QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM, VD LTRS BNMBKTCD SG@S SGHR
@RRNBH@SHNM HR MNS DWOK@HMDC VHSG @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO.
D. 5GD ONHMS (34.72, 124) FDMDQ@SDR SGD K@QFDRS QDRHCT@K NE k11.82. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S NTQ NARDQUDC GD@QS Q@SD HR @KLNRS 12
AD@SR KDRR SG@M NTQ OQDCHBSDC Q@SD NE 136 AD@SR ODQ LHMTSD. 8GDM SGHR ONHMS HR QDLNUDC, SGD RKNOD ADBNLDR 1.6914 VHSG
SGD X-HMSDQBDOS BG@MFHMF SN 83.694. 8GHKD SGD KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM HR RSHKK UDQX VD@J, VD RDD SG@S SGD QDLNUDC C@S@ O@HQ
B@M AD BNMRHCDQDC @M HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS HM SGD RDMRD SG@S SGD O-HMSDQBDOS ADBNLDR LNQD LD@MHMFETK.
79 *E VD QDLNUD SGD SVN RDQUHBD @B@CDLHDR (SGD STHSHNM HR $0.00), VD BNMRSQTBS @ MDV QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM NE O = k0.0009W
+ 160 VHSG @ BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS NE 0.71397 @MC @ BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM NE 0.50976. 5GHR @KKNVR TR SN R@X SGDQD HR
@ E@HQKX RSQNMF KHMD@Q @RRNBH@SHNM ADSVDDM STHSHNM BNRSR @MC R@K@QHDR HE SGD RDQUHBD @B@CDLHDR @QD QDLNUDC EQNL SGD C@S@ RDS.
81
A. XDR
B. S = u266.8863+0.1656W
C. 0.9448; :DR
D. 62.8233; 62.3265
E. XDR
F. XDR; (1987, 62.7)
G. 72.5937; MN
H. RKNOD = 0.1656.
"R SGD XD@Q HMBQD@RDR AX NMD, SGD ODQBDMS NE VNQJDQR O@HC GNTQKX Q@SDR SDMCR SN HMBQD@RD AX 0.1656.
730 "'/3$1 12 W +(-$1 1$&1$22(.- -# ".11$+3(.-
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16 3.99 24.94
32 4.99 15.59
64 5.99 9.36
200 10.99 5.50
167A: 12.38
B. 5GDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ENQ SGD RHYDR 16 SGQNTFG 64, ATS SG@S KHMD@Q SQDMC CNDR MNS BNMSHMTD SN SGD 200-NY RHYD.
C. S = 20.2368 k 0.0819W
D. H = k0.8086
E. 40-NY: 16.96 BDMSR/NY
F. 90-NY: 12.87 BDMSR/NY
G. 5GD QDK@SHNMRGHO HR MNS KHMD@Q; SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD HR MNS @OOQNOQH@SD.
H. MN NTSKHDQR
I. /N, XNT VNTKC AD DWSQ@ONK@SHMF. 5GD 300-NY RHYD HR NTSRHCD SGD Q@MFD NE N.
J. RKNOD = k0.08194; ENQ D@BG @CCHSHNM@K NTMBD HM RHYD, SGD BNRS ODQ NTMBD CDBQD@RDR AX 0.082 BDMSR.
85
@. 4HYD HR N, SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD, OQHBD HR O, SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
B. 5GD QDK@SHNMRGHO CNDR MNS @OOD@Q SN AD KHMD@Q.
C. S = k745.252 + 54.75569N
D. H = 0.8944, XDR HS HR RHFMHEHB@MS
E. 32-HMBG: $1006.93, 50-HMBG: $1992.53
F. /N, SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO CNDR MNS @OOD@Q SN AD KHMD@Q. )NVDUDQ, H HR RHFMHEHB@MS.
G. XDR, SGD 60-HMBG 57
H. 'NQ D@BG @CCHSHNM@K HMBG, SGD OQHBD HMBQD@RDR AX $54.76
87
@. -DS Q@MJ AD SGD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD @MC @QD@ AD SGD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD.
B. 5GDQD @OOD@QR SN AD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO, VHSG NMD NTSKHDQ.
C. S (@QD@) = 24177.06 + 1010.478N
D. H = 0.50047, H HR MNS RHFMHEHB@MS RN SGDQD HR MN QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD U@QH@AKDR.
E. "K@A@L@: 46407.576 $NKNQ@CN: 62575.224
F. "K@A@L@ DRSHL@SD HR BKNRDQ SG@M $NKNQ@CN DRSHL@SD.
G. *E SGD NTSKHDQ HR QDLNUDC, SGDQD HR @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO.
H. 5GDQD HR NMD NTSKHDQ ()@V@HH).
I. Q@MJ 51: 75711.4; MN
J.
AA676B6 7 1819 22 52,423
$NKNQ@CN 8 1876 38 104,100
167A: 12.39
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AA676B6 7 1819 22 52,423
"K@RJ@ 6 1959 51 656,424
*NV@ 4 1846 29 56,276
.@QXK@MC 8 1788 7 12,407
.HRRNTQH 8 1821 24 69,709
/DV +DQRDX 9 1787 3 8,722
0GHN 4 1803 17 44,828
4NTSG $@QNKHM@ 13 1788 8 32,008
6S@G 4 1896 45 84,904
8HRBNMRHM 9 1848 30 65,499
167A: 12.39
K. S = k87065.3 + 7828.532W
L. "K@A@L@: 85,162.404; SGD OQHNQ DRSHL@SD V@R BKNRDQ. "K@RJ@ HR @M NTSKHDQ.
M. XDR, VHSG SGD DWBDOSHNM NE )@V@HH
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,-2#
5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR R@XR SG@S @KK SGD FQNTO ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR @QD DPT@K. 5GD GXONSGDRHR NE DPT@K LD@MR HLOKHDR SG@S
SGD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD SGD R@LD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, ADB@TRD HS HR @RRTLDC SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNMR @QD MNQL@K @MC SG@S SGDX
G@UD DPT@K U@QH@MBDR.
F-0;NCI IL F 1N;NCMNC=
F =
MS
between
MS
within
*E &,
ADSVDDM
@MC &,
VHSGHM
DRSHL@SD SGD R@LD U@KTD (ENKKNVHMF SGD ADKHDE SG@S !
0
HR SQTD), SGDM SGD F-Q@SHN RGNTKC AD
@OOQNWHL@SDKX DPT@K SN NMD. .NRSKX, ITRS R@LOKHMF DQQNQR VNTKC BNMSQHATSD SN U@QH@SHNMR @V@X EQNL NMD. "R HS STQMR NTS,
&,
ADSVDDM
BNMRHRSR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD OKTR @ U@QH@MBD OQNCTBDC EQNL SGD CHEEDQDMBDR ADSVDDM SGD R@LOKDR. &,
VHSGHM
HR @M DRSHL@SD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD. 4HMBD U@QH@MBDR @QD @KV@XR ONRHSHUD, HE SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR E@KRD, &,
ADSVDDM
VHKK
FDMDQ@KKX AD K@QFDQ SG@M &,
VHSGHM
.5GDM SGD F-Q@SHN VHKK AD K@QFDQ SG@M NMD. )NVDUDQ, HE SGD ONOTK@SHNM DEEDBS HR RL@KK, HS HR
MNS TMKHJDKX SG@S &,
VHSGHM
VHKK AD K@QFDQ HM @ FHUDM R@LOKD.
5GD ENQDFNHMF B@KBTK@SHNMR VDQD CNMD VHSG FQNTOR NE CHEEDQDMS RHYDR. *E SGD FQNTOR @QD SGD R@LD RHYD, SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR
RHLOKHEX RNLDVG@S @MC SGD F-Q@SHN B@M AD VQHSSDM @R:
F-0;NCI $ILGOF; QB?H NB? ALIOJM ;L? NB? M;G? MCT?
F =
n s
x
2
s
2
pooled
SDANA ...
c D = SGD R@LOKD RHYD
c :<
MTLDQ@SNQ
= A k 1
c :<
CDMNLHM@SNQ
= D k A
c I
2
ONNKDC = SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD U@QH@MBDR (ONNKDC U@QH@MBD)
c s
x
2
= SGD U@QH@MBD NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR
%@S@ @QD SXOHB@KKX OTS HMSN @ S@AKD ENQ D@RX UHDVHMF. 0MD-8@X "/07" QDRTKSR @QD NESDM CHROK@XDC HM SGHR L@MMDQ AX
BNLOTSDQ RNESV@QD.
736 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
D
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1IOL=? I@
4;LC;NCIH
1OG I@
1KO;L?M (SS)
"?AL??M I@
$L??>IG ((*)
+?;H 1KO;L? (MS) F
%=?PKN
(!APSAAJ)
SS(%=?PKN) # _ 1
MS(%=?PKN) =
SS(%=?PKN)/(# _ 1)
F =
MS(%=?PKN)/MS($NNKN)
$NNKN
(6EPDEJ)
SS($NNKN) & _ #
MS($NNKN) =
SS($NNKN)/(& _ #)
3KP=H SS(3KP=H) & _ 1
2;<F? 13.1
$T=ILHA 13.1
5GQDD CHEEDQDMS CHDS OK@MR @QD SN AD SDRSDC ENQ LD@M VDHFGS KNRR. 5GD DMSQHDR HM SGD S@AKD @QD SGD VDHFGS KNRRDR ENQ
SGD CHEEDQDMS OK@MR. 5GD NMD-V@X "/07" QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 13.2.
.F;H 1: 1
1
= 4 .F;H 2: 1
2
= 3 .F;H 3: 1
3
= 3
5 3.5 8
4.5 7 4
4 3.5
3 4.5
2;<F? 13.2
I
1
= 16.5, I
2
=15, I
3
= 15.7
'NKKNVHMF @QD SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR MDDCDC SN EHKK HM SGD NMD-V@X "/07" S@AKD. 5GD S@AKD HR TRDC SN BNMCTBS @
GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
SS(between) =
(s
j
)
2
n
j
s
j
2
n
=
s
1
2
4
+
s
2
2
3
+
s
3
2
3

(s
1
+ s
2
+ s
3
)
2
10
VGDQD D
1
= 4, D
2
= 3, D
3
= 3 @MC D = D
1
+ D
2
+ D
3
= 10
=
(16.5)
2
4
+
(15)
2
3
+
(5.5)
2
3

(16.5 + 15 + 15.5)
2
10
SS(between) = 2.2458
S(total) = x
2
2
n
=

5
2
+ 4.5
2
+ 4
2
+ 3
2
+ 3.5
2
+ 7
2
+ 4.5
2
+ 8
2
+ 4
2
+ 3.5
2
(5 + 4.5 + 4 + 3 + 3.5 + 7 + 4.5 + 8 + 4 + 3.5)

2
10
= 244
47
2
10
= 244 220.9
SS(total) = 23.1
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 737
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SS(within) = SS(total) SS(between)
= 23.1 2.2458
SS(within) = 20.8542
0MD-8@X "/07" 5@AKD: 5GD ENQLTK@R ENQ ,,(5NS@K), ,,('@BSNQ) = ,,(#DSVDDM) @MC ,,(&QQNQ) = ,,(8HSGHM)
@R RGNVM OQDUHNTRKX. 5GD R@LD HMENQL@SHNM HR OQNUHCDC AX SGD 5* B@KBTK@SNQ GXONSGDRHR SDRS ETMBSHNM "/07"
HM 45"5 5&454 (RXMS@W HR "/07"(-1, -2, -3) VGDQD -1, -2, -3 G@UD SGD C@S@ EQNL 1K@M 1, 1K@M 2, 1K@M 3
QDRODBSHUDKX).
1IOL=? I@
4;LC;NCIH
1OG I@
1KO;L?M (SS)
"?AL??M I@
$L??>IG ((*)
+?;H 1KO;L?
(MS)
F
%=?PKN
(!APSAAJ)
SS(%=?PKN)
=
SS(!APSAAJ)
= 2.2458
# _ 1
= 3 CNKQLO _ 1
= 2
MS(%=?PKN)
=
SS(%=?PKN)/(#
_ 1)
= 2.2458/2
= 1.1229
F =
MS(%=?PKN)/MS($NNKN)
= 1.1229/2.9792
= 0.3769
$NNKN
(6EPDEJ)
SS($NNKN)
= SS(6EPDEJ)
= 20.8542
& _ #
= 10 PKP=H @=P= _
3 CNKQLO
= 7
MS($NNKN)
=
SS($NNKN)/(&
_ #)
= 20.8542/7
= 2.9792
3KP=H
SS(3KP=H)
= 2.2458 +
20.8542
= 23.1
& _ 1
= 10 PKP=H @=P= _
1
= 9
2;<F? 13.3
13.1 "R O@QS NE @M DWODQHLDMS SN RDD GNV CHEEDQDMS SXODR NE RNHK BNUDQ VNTKC @EEDBS RKHBHMF SNL@SN OQNCTBSHNM,
.@QHRS $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR FQDV SNL@SN OK@MSR TMCDQ CHEEDQDMS RNHK BNUDQ BNMCHSHNMR. (QNTOR NE SGQDD OK@MSR D@BG G@C NMD
NE SGD ENKKNVHMF SQD@SLDMSR
c A@QD RNHK
c @ BNLLDQBH@K FQNTMC BNUDQ
c AK@BJ OK@RSHB
c RSQ@V
c BNLONRS
"KK OK@MSR FQDV TMCDQ SGD R@LD BNMCHSHNMR @MC VDQD SGD R@LD U@QHDSX. 4STCDMSR QDBNQCDC SGD VDHFGS (HM FQ@LR) NE
SNL@SNDR OQNCTBDC AX D@BG NE SGD D = 15 OK@MSR:
738 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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;L?: 1
1
= 3 %LIOH> !IP?L: 1
2
= 3 .F;MNC=: 1
3
= 3 1NL;Q: 1
4
= 3 !IGJIMN: 1
5
= 3
2,625 5,348 6,583 7,285 6,277
2,997 5,682 8,560 6,897 7,818
4,915 5,482 3,830 9,230 8,677
2;<F? 13.4
$QD@SD SGD NMD-V@X "/07" S@AKD.
1=: DC:-L6N A+,3A =NEDI=:H>H I:HI >H 6AL6NH G><=I-I6>A:9 ADB@TRD K@QFDQ F-U@KTDR @QD V@X NTS HM SGD QHFGS S@HK NE
SGD F-CHRSQHATSHNM BTQUD @MC SDMC SN L@JD TR QDIDBS !
0
.
,IN;NCIH
5GD MNS@SHNM ENQ SGD F CHRSQHATSHNM HR F ] F
:<(DKC),:<(:;DEC)
VGDQD :<(DKC) = :<
ADSVDDM
@MC :<(:;DEC) = :<
VHSGHM
5GD LD@M ENQ SGD F CHRSQHATSHNM HR =
d f (num)
d f (denom) 1
13.3 U $;=NM A<ION NB? $ "CMNLC<ONCIH
%:G: 6G: HDB: ;68IH 67DJI I=: F 9>HIG>7JI>DC.
1. 5GD BTQUD HR MNS RXLLDSQHB@K ATS RJDVDC SN SGD QHFGS.
2. 5GDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMS BTQUD ENQ D@BG RDS NE :<R.
3. 5GD F RS@SHRSHB HR FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN YDQN.
4. "R SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGD MTLDQ@SNQ @MC ENQ SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ FDS K@QFDQ, SGD BTQUD @OOQNWHL@SDR SGD MNQL@K.
5. 0SGDQ TRDR ENQ SGD F CHRSQHATSHNM HMBKTCD BNLO@QHMF SVN U@QH@MBDR @MC SVN-V@X "M@KXRHR NE 7@QH@MBD. 5VN-8@X
"M@KXRHR HR ADXNMC SGD RBNOD NE SGHR BG@OSDQ.
$CAOL? 13.3
$T=ILHA 13.2
-DSnR QDSTQM SN SGD RKHBHMF SNL@SN DWDQBHRD HM G10178 (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G10178/F;N?MN/) . 5GD LD@MR
NE SGD SNL@SN XHDKCR TMCDQ SGD EHUD LTKBGHMF BNMCHSHNMR @QD QDOQDRDMSDC AX Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
, Z
4
, Z
5
. 8D VHKK BNMCTBS @
GXONSGDRHR SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE @KK LD@MR @QD SGD R@LD NQ @S KD@RS NMD HR CHEEDQDMS. 6RHMF @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 5%,
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 739
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SDRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGDQD HR MN CHEEDQDMBD HM LD@M XHDKCR @LNMF SGD EHUD FQNTOR @F@HMRS SGD @KSDQM@SHUD
GXONSGDRHR SG@S @S KD@RS NMD LD@M HR CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD QDRS.
1IFONCIH 13.2
!
0
: Z
1
= Z
2
= Z
3
= Z
4
= Z
5
!
7
: Z
?
f Z
@
RNLD ? f @
5GD NMD-V@X "/07" QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 13.4
1IOL=? I@
4;LC;NCIH
1OG I@
1KO;L?M
(SS)
"?AL??M
I@
$L??>IG
((*)
+?;H 1KO;L? (MS) F
%=?PKN
(!APSAAJ)
36,648,561
5 _ 1 =
4
36,648,561
4
= 9,162,140
9,162,140
2,044,672.6
= 4.4810
$NNKN
(6EPDEJ)
20,446,726
15 _ 5 =
10
20,446,726
10
= 2,044,672.6
3KP=H 57,095,287
15 _ 1 =
14
2;<F? 13.5
!>HIG>7JI>DC ;DG I=: I:HI: F
4,10
:<(DKC) = 5 k 1 = 4
:<(:;DEC) = 15 k 5 = 10
1:HI HI6I>HI>8: F = 4.4810
$CAOL? 13.4
-GD767>A>IN 0I6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD = )(F > 4.481) = 0.0248.
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: V = 0.05, F-U@KTD = 0.0248
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V > F-U@KTD, VD QDIDBS !
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VD G@UD QD@RNM@AKX RSQNMF DUHCDMBD SG@S CHEEDQDMBDR HM LD@M
XHDKCR ENQ RKHBHMF SNL@SN OK@MSR FQNVM TMCDQ CHEEDQDMS LTKBGHMF BNMCHSHNMR @QD TMKHJDKX SN AD CTD SN BG@MBD @KNMD.
8D L@X BNMBKTCD SG@S @S KD@RS RNLD NE LTKBGDR KDC SN CHEEDQDMS LD@M XHDKCR.
740 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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5N EHMC SGDRD QDRTKSR NM SGD B@KBTK@SNQ:
1QDRR 45"5. 1QDRR 1:&%*5. 1TS SGD C@S@ HMSN SGD KHRSR %
1
, %
2
, %
3
, %
4
, %
5
.
1QDRR 45"5, @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN 5&454, @MC @QQNV CNVM SN "/07". 1QDRR &/5&3, @MC SGDM DMSDQ %
1
,
%
2
, %
3
, %
4
, %
5
). 1QDRR &/5&3. :NT VHKK RDD SG@S SGD U@KTDR HM SGD ENQDFNHMF "/07"S@AKD @QD D@RHKX OQNCTBDC
AX SGD B@KBTK@SNQ, HMBKTCHMF SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB @MC SGD F-U@KTD NE SGD SDRS.
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ CHROK@XR:
F = 4.4810
F = 0.0248 (F-U@KTD)
'@BSNQ
:< = 4
,, = 36648560.9
&, = 9162140.23
&QQNQ
:< = 10
,, = 20446726
&, = 2044672.6
13.2 .34", NQ ,J7F>OBE9E99KI 7KH;KI, B@M B@TRD @ RDQHNTR A@BSDQH@K HMEDBSHNMR HM GNROHS@K O@SHDMSR. 2;<F? 13.6 RGNVR
U@QHNTR BNKNMX BNTMSR EQNL CHEEDQDMS O@SHDMSR VGN L@X NQ L@X MNS G@UD .34".
!IH= = 0.6 !IH= = 0.8 !IH= = 1.0 !IH= = 1.2 !IH= = 1.4
9 16 22 30 27
66 93 147 199 168
98 82 120 148 132
2;<F? 13.6
1KNS NE SGD C@S@ ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMS BNMBDMSQ@SHNMR:
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 741
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$CAOL? 13.5
5DRS VGDSGDQ SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE BNKNMHDR @QD SGD R@LD NQ @QD CHEEDQDMS. $NMRSQTBS SGD "/07" S@AKD (AX G@MC NQ
AX TRHMF @ 5*-83, 83+, NQ 84+ B@KBTK@SNQ), EHMC SGD F-U@KTD, @MC RS@SD XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM. 6RD @ 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
742 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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$T=ILHA 13.3
'NTQ RNQNQHSHDR SNNJ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE RHRSDQR QDF@QCHMF SGDHQ FQ@CD LD@MR ENQ SGD O@RS SDQL. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD
RGNVM HM 2;<F? 13.7.
1ILILCNS 1 1ILILCNS 2 1ILILCNS 3 1ILILCNS 4
2.17 2.63 2.63 3.79
1.85 1.77 3.78 3.45
2.83 3.25 4.00 3.08
1.69 1.86 2.55 2.26
3.33 2.21 2.45 3.18
2;<F? 13.7 +#A, %0A"#1 $-0 $-30 1-0-0'2'#1
6RHMF @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 1%, HR SGDQD @ CHEEDQDMBD HM LD@M FQ@CDR @LNMF SGD RNQNQHSHDR
1IFONCIH 13.3
-DS Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
, Z
4
AD SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR NE SGD RNQNQHSHDR. 3DLDLADQ SG@S SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR BK@HLR SG@S SGD
RNQNQHSX FQNTOR @QD EQNL SGD R@LD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR R@XR SG@S @S KD@RS SVN NE SGD
RNQNQHSX FQNTOR BNLD EQNL ONOTK@SHNMR VHSG CHEEDQDMS MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. /NSHBD SG@S SGD ENTQ R@LOKD RHYDR @QD
D@BG EHUD.
,-2#
5GHR HR @M DW@LOKD NE @ 76A6C8:9 9:H><C, ADB@TRD D@BG E@BSNQ (H.D., RNQNQHSX) G@R SGD R@LD MTLADQ NE
NARDQU@SHNMR.
!
0
: Z
1
= Z
2
= Z
3
= Z
4
!
7
: /NS @KK NE SGD LD@MR Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
, Z
4
@QD DPT@K.
3,16
VGDQD A = 4 FQNTOR @MC D = 20 R@LOKDR HM SNS@K
:<(DKC)= A k 1 = 4 k 1 = 3
:<(:;DEC) = D k A = 20 k 4 = 16
6A8JA6I: I=: I:HI HI6I>HI>8: F = 2.23
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 743
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$G6E=:
$CAOL? 13.6
-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD = )(F > 2.23) = 0.1241
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: V = 0.01
F-U@KTD = 0.1241
V < F-U@KTD
*6@: 6 9:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V < F-U@KTD, XNT B@MMNS QDIDBS !
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: 5GDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD @LNMF SGD LD@M FQ@CDR
ENQ SGD RNQNQHSHDR.
1TS SGD C@S@ HMSN KHRSR -
1
, -
2
, -
3
, @MC -
4
. 1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). "QQNV CNVM SN F:A$%,A.
1QDRR E$*E( @MC &MSDQ ("1,"2,"3,"4).
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ CHROK@XR SGD ' RS@SHRSHB, SGD F-U@KTD @MC SGD U@KTDR ENQ SGD NMD-V@X "/07" S@AKD:
F = 2.2303
F = 0.1241 (F-U@KTD)
'@BSNQ
:< = 3
,, = 2.88732
&, = 0.96244
&QQNQ
:< = 16
,, = 6.9044
&, = 0.431525
744 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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13.3 'NTQ RONQSR SD@LR SNNJ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE OK@XDQR QDF@QCHMF SGDHQ (1"R ENQ SGD K@RS XD@Q. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM
HM 2;<F? 13.8.
;ME?N<;FF ;M?<;FF &I=E?S *;=LIMM?
3.6 2.1 4.0 2.0
2.9 2.6 2.0 3.6
2.5 3.9 2.6 3.9
3.3 3.1 3.2 2.7
3.8 3.4 3.2 2.5
2;<F? 13.8 %.AM $-0 $-30 1.-021 2#A+1
6RD @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 5%, @MC CDSDQLHMD HE SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM (1" @LNMF SGD SD@LR.
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 745
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$T=ILHA 13.4
" ENTQSG FQ@CD BK@RR HR RSTCXHMF SGD DMUHQNMLDMS. 0MD NE SGD @RRHFMLDMSR HR SN FQNV AD@M OK@MSR HM CHEEDQDMS RNHKR.
5NLLX BGNRD SN FQNV GHR AD@M OK@MSR HM RNHK ENTMC NTSRHCD GHR BK@RRQNNL LHWDC VHSG CQXDQ KHMS. 5@Q@ BGNRD SN
FQNV GDQ AD@M OK@MSR HM ONSSHMF RNHK ANTFGS @S SGD KNB@K MTQRDQX. /HBJ BGNRD SN FQNV GHR AD@M OK@MSR HM RNHK EQNL
GHR LNSGDQ'R F@QCDM. /N BGDLHB@KR VDQD TRDC NM SGD OK@MSR, NMKX V@SDQ. 5GDX VDQD FQNVM HMRHCD SGD BK@RRQNNL
MDWS SN @ K@QFD VHMCNV. &@BG BGHKC FQDV EHUD OK@MSR. "S SGD DMC NE SGD FQNVHMF ODQHNC, D@BG OK@MS V@R LD@RTQDC,
OQNCTBHMF SGD C@S@ (HM HMBGDR) HM 2;<F? 13.9.
2IGGS'M .F;HNM 2;L;'M .F;HNM ,C=E'M .F;HNM
24 25 23
21 31 27
23 23 22
30 20 30
23 28 20
2;<F? 13.9
%NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD SGQDD LDCH@ HM VGHBG SGD AD@M OK@MSR VDQD FQNVM OQNCTBD SGD R@LD LD@M GDHFGS 5DRS @S @
1IFONCIH 13.4
5GHR SHLD, VD VHKK ODQENQL SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR SG@S KD@C SN SGD F' RS@SHRSHB. /NSHBD SG@S D@BG FQNTO G@R SGD R@LD
MTLADQ NE OK@MSR, RN VD VHKK TRD SGD ENQLTK@ F' =
n s
x
2
s
2
pooled
.
'HQRS, B@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC R@LOKD U@QH@MBD NE D@BG FQNTO.
2IGGS'M .F;HNM 2;L;'M .F;HNM ,C=E'M .F;HNM
1;GJF? +?;H 24.2 25.4 24.4
1;GJF? 4;LC;H=? 11.7 18.3 16.3
2;<F? 13.10
/DWS, B@KBTK@SD SGD U@QH@MBD NE SGD SGQDD FQNTO LD@MR ($@KBTK@SD SGD U@QH@MBD NE 24.2, 25.4, @MC 24.4).
36G>6C8: D; I=: <GDJE B:6CH = 0.413 = s
x
2
5GDM &,
8;JM;;D
= ns
x
2
= (5)(0.413) VGDQD D = 5 HR SGD R@LOKD RHYD (MTLADQ NE OK@MSR D@BG BGHKC FQDV).
$@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M NE SGD SGQDD R@LOKD U@QH@MBDR ($@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M NE 11.7, 18.3, @MC 16.3). *:6C D; I=:
H6BEA: K6G>6C8:H = 15.433 = $
2
!led
5GDM &,
M?J>?D
= I
2
FEEB;:
= 15.433.
5GD F RS@SHRSHB (NQ F Q@SHN) HR F =
MS
between
MS
within
=
ns
x
2
s
2
pooled
=
(5)(0.413)
15.433
= 0.134
746 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
D
R
A
F
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:

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5GD :<I ENQ SGD MTLDQ@SNQ = SGD MTLADQ NE FQNTOR k 1 = 3 k 1 = 2.
5GD : 0.134) = 0.8759.
!:8>H>DC: 4HMBD V = 0.03 @MC SGD F-U@KTD = 0.8759, CN MNS QDIDBS !
0
. (8GX)
DC8AJH>DC: 8HSG @ 3%KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNLSGD R@LOKD C@S@, SGD DUHCDMBD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS SN BNMBKTCD
SG@S SGD LD@M GDHFGSR NE SGD AD@M OK@MSR @QD CHEEDQDMS.
5N B@KBTK@SD SGD F-U@KTD:
*1QDRR 2>6 D)*(
*"QQNV CNVM SN F568(@MC OQDRR E$*E(.
*&MSDQ 0.134, E99, 2, 12)
*1QDRR E$*E(
5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.8759.
13.4 "MNSGDQ ENTQSG FQ@CDQ @KRN FQDV AD@M OK@MSR, ATS SGHR SHLD HM @ IDKKX-KHJD L@RR. 5GD GDHFGSR VDQD (HM HMBGDR) 24,
28, 25, 30, @MC 32. %N @ NMD-V@X "/07" SDRS NM SGD ENTQ FQNTOR. "QD SGD GDHFGSR NE SGD AD@M OK@MSR CHEEDQDMS 6RD SGD
R@LD LDSGNC @R RGNVM HM #R;GJF? 13.4.
'QNLSGD BK@RR, BQD@SD ENTQ FQNTOR NE SGD R@LD RHYD @R ENKKNVR: LDM TMCDQ 22, LDM @S KD@RS 22, VNLDM TMCDQ 22, VNLDM
@S KD@RS 22. )@UD D@BG LDLADQ NE D@BG FQNTO QDBNQC SGD MTLADQ NE RS@SDR HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR GD NQ RGD G@R UHRHSDC.
3TM @M "/07" SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE RS@SDR UHRHSDC HM SGD ENTQ FQNTOR @QD SGD R@LD. 5DRS @S @ 1%
KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD. 6RD NMD NE SGD MIFONCIH MB??NM (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G47153/F;N?MN/) .
13.4 U 2?MN I@ 2QI 4;LC;H=?M
"MNSGDQ NE SGD TRDR NE SGD F CHRSQHATSHNM HR SDRSHMF SVN U@QH@MBDR. *S HR NESDM CDRHQ@AKD SN BNLO@QD SVN U@QH@MBDR Q@SGDQ
SG@M SVN @UDQ@FDR. 'NQ HMRS@MBD, BNKKDFD @CLHMHRSQ@SNQR VNTKC KHJD SVN BNKKDFD OQNEDRRNQR FQ@CHMF DW@LR SN G@UD SGD R@LD
U@QH@SHNM HM SGDHQ FQ@CHMF. *M NQCDQ ENQ @ KHC SN EHS @ BNMS@HMDQ, SGD U@QH@SHNM HM SGD KHC @MC SGD BNMS@HMDQ RGNTKC AD SGD R@LD. "
RTODQL@QJDS LHFGS AD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD U@QH@AHKHSX NE BGDBJ-NTS SHLDR ENQ SVN BGDBJDQR.
*M NQCDQ SN ODQENQL @ F SDRS NE SVN U@QH@MBDR, HS HR HLONQS@MS SG@S SGD ENKKNVHMF @QD SQTD:
1. 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR EQNL VGHBG SGD SVN R@LOKDR @QD CQ@VM @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
2. 5GD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR @QD HMCDODMCDMS NE D@BG NSGDQ.
6MKHJD LNRS NSGDQ SDRSR HM SGHR ANNJ, SGD F SDRS ENQ DPT@KHSX NE SVN U@QH@MBDR HR UDQX RDMRHSHUD SN CDUH@SHNMR EQNL
MNQL@KHSX. *E SGD SVN CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD MNS MNQL@K, SGD SDRS B@M FHUD GHFGDQ F-U@KTDR SG@M HS RGNTKC, NQ KNVDQ NMDR, HM V@XR
SG@S @QD TMOQDCHBS@AKD. .@MX SDWSR RTFFDRS SG@S RSTCDMSR MNS TRD SGHR SDRS @S @KK, ATS HM SGD HMSDQDRS NE BNLOKDSDMDRR VD HMBKTCD
HS GDQD.
4TOONRD VD R@LOKD Q@MCNLKX EQNL SVN HMCDODMCDMS MNQL@K ONOTK@SHNMR. -DS
1
2
@MC
2
2
AD SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBDR
@MC s
1
2
@MC s
2
2
AD SGD R@LOKD U@QH@MBDR. -DS SGD R@LOKD RHYDR AD D
1
@MC D
2
. 4HMBD VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM BNLO@QHMF SGD SVN
R@LOKD U@QH@MBDR, VD TRD SGD F Q@SHN:
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 747
D
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s
i
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n
F =
(s
1
)
2
(
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
(
2
)
2
F G@R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM F ] F(D

1
k 1, D
2
k 1)
VGDQD D
1
k 1 @QD SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGD MTLDQ@SNQ @MC D
2
k 1 @QD SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ.
*E SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR
1
2
=
2
2
, SGDM SGD F 3@SHN ADBNLDR F =
(s
1
)
2
(
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
(
2
)
2
=
(s
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
.
,-2#
5GD F Q@SHN BNTKC @KRN AD
(s
2
)
2
(s
1
)
2
. *S CDODMCR NM !
7
@MC NM VGHBG R@LOKD U@QH@MBD HR K@QFDQ.
*E SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD DPT@K U@QH@MBDR, SGDM s
1
2
@MC s
2
2
@QD BKNRD HM U@KTD @MC F =
(s
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
HR BKNRD SN NMD. #TS HE
SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBDR @QD UDQX CHEEDQDMS, s
1
2
@MC s
2
2
SDMC SN AD UDQX CHEEDQDMS, SNN. $GNNRHMF s
1
2
@R SGD K@QFDQ R@LOKD
U@QH@MBD B@TRDR SGD Q@SHN
(s
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
SN AD FQD@SDQ SG@M NMD. *E s
1
2
@MC s
2
2
@QD E@Q @O@QS, SGDM F =
(s
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
HR @ K@QFD MTLADQ.
5GDQDENQD, HE F HR BKNRD SN NMD, SGD DUHCDMBD E@UNQR SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR (SGD SVN ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBDR @QD DPT@K). #TS HE
F HR LTBG K@QFDQ SG@M NMD, SGDM SGD DUHCDMBD HR @F@HMRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. A I:HI D; ILD K6G>6C8:H B6N 7: A:;I, G><=I, DG
ILD-I6>A:9.
$T=ILHA 13.5
5VN BNKKDFD HMRSQTBSNQR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDQD HR @MX U@QH@SHNM HM SGD V@X SGDX FQ@CD L@SG DW@LR.
5GDX D@BG FQ@CD SGD R@LD RDS NE 30 DW@LR. 5GD EHQRS HMRSQTBSNQ'R FQ@CDR G@UD @ U@QH@MBD NE 52.3. 5GD RDBNMC
HMRSQTBSNQ'R FQ@CDR G@UD @ U@QH@MBD NE 89.9. 5DRS SGD BK@HL SG@S SGD EHQRS HMRSQTBSNQ'R U@QH@MBD HR RL@KKDQ. (*M LNRS
BNKKDFDR, HS HR CDRHQ@AKD ENQ SGD U@QH@MBDR NE DW@L FQ@CDR SN AD MD@QKX SGD R@LD @LNMF HMRSQTBSNQR.) 5GD KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD HR 10%.
1IFONCIH 13.5
-DS 1 @MC 2 AD SGD RTARBQHOSR SG@S HMCHB@SD SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC HMRSQTBSNQ, QDRODBSHUDKX.
D
1
= D
2
= 30.
!
0
:
1
2
=
2
2
@MC !
7
:
1
2
<
2
2
6A8JA6I: I=: I:HI HI6I>HI>8: #X SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR (
1
2
=
2
2
) , SGD F RS@SHRSHB HR:
F =
(s
1
)
2
(
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
(
2
)
2
=
(s
1
)
2
(s
2
)
2
=
52.3
89.9
= 0.5818
29,29
VGDQD D
1
k 1 = 29 @MC D
2
k 1 = 29.
$G6E=: 1=>H I:HI >H A:;I I6>A:9.
748 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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%Q@V SGD FQ@OG K@ADKHMF @MC RG@CHMF @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
$CAOL? 13.7
-GD767>A>IN HI6I:B:CI: F-U@KTD = )(F < 0.5818) = 0.0753
DBE6G: + 6C9 I=: !-K6AJ:: V = 0.10 V > F-U@KTD.
0
.
DC8AJH>DC: 8HSG @ 10% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, EQNL SGD C@S@, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S
SGD U@QH@MBD HM FQ@CDR ENQ SGD EHQRS HMRSQTBSNQ HR RL@KKDQ.
1QDRR )*A* @MC @QQNV NUDQ SN *E)*). "QQNV CNVM SN D:2-)3=@F*7CD. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV SN )D3DC
@MC OQDRR E$*E(. 'NQ )H1, >1, )H2, @MC >2, DMSDQ (52.3) , 30, (89.9) , @MC 30. 1QDRR E$*E( @ESDQ
D@BG. "QQNV SN L1: @MC <L2. 1QDRR E$*E(. "QQNV CNVM SN C3<5E<3D7 @MC OQDRR E$*E(. F = 0.5818
@MC F-U@KTD = 0.0753. %N SGD OQNBDCTQD @F@HM @MC SQX DB3G HMRSD@C NE C3<5E<3D7.
13.5 5GD /DV:NQJ $GNQ@K 4NBHDSX CHUHCDR L@KD RHMFDQR TO HMSN ENTQ B@SDFNQHDR EQNLGHFGDRS UNHBDR SN KNVDRS: 5DMNQ1,
5DMNQ2, #@RR1, #@RR2. *M SGD S@AKD @QD GDHFGSR NE SGD LDM HM SGD 5DMNQ1 @MC #@RR2 FQNTOR. 0MD RTRODBSR SG@S S@KKDQ LDM
VHKK G@UD KNVDQ UNHBDR, @MC SG@S SGD U@QH@MBD NE GDHFGS L@X FN TO VHSG SGD KNVDQ UNHBDR @R VDKK. %N VD G@UD FNNC
DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD U@QH@MBD NE SGD GDHFGSR NE RHMFDQR HM D@BG NE SGDRD SVN FQNTOR (5DMNQ1 @MC #@RR2) @QD CHEEDQDMS
2?HIL1 ;MM2 2?HIL 1 ;MM 2 2?HIL 1 ;MM 2
69 72 67 72 68 67
72 75 70 74 67 70
71 67 65 70 64 70
66 75 72 66 69
76 74 70 68 72
2;<F? 13.11
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 749
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2?HIL1 ;MM2 2?HIL 1 ;MM 2 2?HIL 1 ;MM 2
74 72 68 75 71
71 72 64 68 74
66 74 73 70 75
68 72 66 72
2;<F? 13.11
750 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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13.1 -H?-5;S A,-4A
$K@RR 5HLD:
/@LDR:
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNMCTBS @ RHLOKD NMD-V@X "/07" SDRS HMUNKUHMF SGQDD U@QH@AKDR.
!IFF?=N NB? ";N;
1. 3DBNQC SGD OQHBD ODQ ONTMC NE DHFGS EQTHSR, DHFGS UDFDS@AKDR, @MC DHFGS AQD@CR HM XNTQ KNB@K RTODQL@QJDS.
$LOCNM 4?A?N;<F?M L?;>M
2;<F? 13.12
2. &WOK@HM GNV XNT BNTKC SQX SN BNKKDBS SGD C@S@ Q@MCNLKX.
AH;FST? NB? ";N; ;H> !IH>O=N ; &SJINB?MCM 2?MN
1. $NLOTSD SGD ENKKNVHMF:
=. 'QTHS:
E. x
= ??????
EE. s
x
= ??????
EEE. D = ??????
>. 7DFDS@AKDR:
E. x
= ??????
EE. s
x
= ??????
EEE. D = ??????
?. #QD@C:
E. x
= ??????
EE. s
x
= ??????
EEE. D = ??????
2. 'HMC SGD ENKKNVHMF:
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 751
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=. :<(DKC) = ??????
>. :<(:;DEC) = ??????
3. 4S@SD SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS.
4. 5DRS RS@SHRSHB: F = ??????
5. 4JDSBG @ FQ@OG NE SGHR RHST@SHNM. $-&"3-:, K@ADK @MC RB@KD SGD GNQHYNMS@K @WHR @MC RG@CD SGD QDFHNM(R)
6. F-U@KTD = ??????
7. 5DRS @S V = 0.05. 4S@SD XNTQ CDBHRHNM @MC BNMBKTRHNM.
8. =. %DBHRHNM: 8GX CHC XNT L@JD SGHR CDBHRHNM
>. $NMBKTRHNM (VQHSD @ BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBD).
?. #@RDC NM SGD QDRTKSR NE XNTQ RSTCX, HR SGDQD @ MDDC SN HMUDRSHF@SD @MX NE SGD ENNC FQNTORn OQHBDR 8GX NQ VGX
MNS
752 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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AH;FSMCM I@ 4;LC;H=?
-H?-5;S A,-4A
4;LC;H=?
)#7 2#0+1
@KRN QDEDQQDC SN @R "/07", HR @ LDSGNC NE SDRSHMF VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD LD@MR NE SGQDD NQ LNQD
ONOTK@SHNMR @QD DPT@K. 5GD LDSGNC HR @OOKHB@AKD HE:
c @KK ONOTK@SHNMR NE HMSDQDRS @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
c SGD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD DPT@K RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
c R@LOKDR (MNS MDBDRR@QHKX NE SGD R@LD RHYD) @QD Q@MCNLKX @MC HMCDODMCDMSKX RDKDBSDC EQNL D@BG ONOTK@SHNM.
5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ @M@KXRHR NE U@QH@MBD HR SGD F-Q@SHN.
@ LDSGNC NE SDRSHMF VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD LD@MR NE SGQDD NQ LNQD ONOTK@SHNMR @QD DPT@K; SGD LDSGNC HR
@OOKHB@AKD HE:
c @KK ONOTK@SHNMR NE HMSDQDRS @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
c SGD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD DPT@K RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
c R@LOKDR (MNS MDBDRR@QHKX NE SGD R@LD RHYD) @QD Q@MCNLKX @MC HMCDODMCDMSKX RDKDBSDC EQNL D@BG ONOTK@SHNM.
5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB ENQ @M@KXRHR NE U@QH@MBD HR SGD F-Q@SHN.
LD@M NE SGD RPT@QDC CDUH@SHNMR EQNL SGD LD@M; SGD RPT@QD NE SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM. 'NQ @ RDS NE C@S@, @
CDUH@SHNM B@M AD QDOQDRDMSDC @R N k x
VGDQD N HR @ U@KTD NE SGD C@S@ @MC x
HR SGD R@LOKD LD@M. 5GD R@LOKD

U@QH@MBD HR DPT@K SN SGD RTL NE SGD RPT@QDR NE SGD CDUH@SHNMR CHUHCDC AX SGD CHEEDQDMBD NE SGD R@LOKD RHYD @MC NMD.
!&A.2#0 0#4'#5
13.1 -H?-5;S A,-4A
"M@KXRHR NE U@QH@MBD DWSDMCR SGD BNLO@QHRNM NE SVN FQNTOR SN RDUDQ@K, D@BG @ KDUDK NE @ B@SDFNQHB@K U@QH@AKD (E@BSNQ).
4@LOKDR EQNL D@BG FQNTO @QD HMCDODMCDMS, @MC LTRS AD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC EQNL MNQL@K ONOTK@SHNMR VHSG DPT@K U@QH@MBDR.
8D SDRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR NE DPT@K LD@MR NE SGD QDRONMRD HM DUDQX FQNTO UDQRTR SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR NE NMD NQ LNQD
FQNTO LD@MR ADHMF CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD NSGDQR. " NMD-V@X "/07" GXONSGDRHR SDRS CDSDQLHMDR HE RDUDQ@K ONOTK@SHNM LD@MR
@QD DPT@K. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR SGD F CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG SVN CHEEDQDMS CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL.
OOQILPEKJO:
1. &@BG ONOTK@SHNM EQNL VGHBG @ R@LOKD HR S@JDM HR @RRTLDC SN AD MNQL@K.
2. "KK R@LOKDR @QD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @MC HMCDODMCDMS.
3. 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR @QD @RRTLDC SN G@UD DPT@K RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR (NQ U@QH@MBDR).
13.2 2B? $ "CMNLC<ONCIH ;H> NB? $-0;NCI
"M@KXRHR NE U@QH@MBD BNLO@QDR SGD LD@MR NE @ QDRONMRD U@QH@AKD ENQ RDUDQ@K FQNTOR. "/07" BNLO@QDR SGD U@QH@SHNM VHSGHM
D@BG FQNTO SN SGD U@QH@SHNM NE SGD LD@M NE D@BG FQNTO. 5GD Q@SHN NE SGDRD SVN HR SGD F RS@SHRSHB EQNL @M F CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG
(MTLADQ NE FQNTOR k 1) @R SGD MTLDQ@SNQ CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL @MC (MTLADQ NE NARDQU@SHNMR k MTLADQ NE FQNTOR) @R SGD
CDMNLHM@SNQ CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL. 5GDRD RS@SHRSHBR @QD RTLL@QHYDC HM SGD "/07" S@AKD.
13.3 $;=NM A<ION NB? $ "CMNLC<ONCIH
5GD FQ@OG NE SGD F CHRSQHATSHNM HR @KV@XR ONRHSHUD @MC RJDVDC QHFGS, SGNTFG SGD RG@OD B@M AD LNTMCDC NQ DWONMDMSH@K
CDODMCHMF NM SGD BNLAHM@SHNM NE MTLDQ@SNQ @MC CDMNLHM@SNQ CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL. 5GD F RS@SHRSHB HR SGD Q@SHN NE @ LD@RTQD
NE SGD U@QH@SHNM HM SGD FQNTO LD@MR SN @ RHLHK@Q LD@RTQD NE SGD U@QH@SHNM VHSGHM SGD FQNTOR. *E SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR BNQQDBS,
SGDM SGD MTLDQ@SNQ RGNTKC AD RL@KK BNLO@QDC SN SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ. " RL@KK F RS@SHRSHB VHKK QDRTKS, @MC SGD @QD@ TMCDQ SGD F
BTQUD SN SGD QHFGS VHKK AD K@QFD, QDOQDRDMSHMF @ K@QFD F-U@KTD. 8GDM SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR NE DPT@K FQNTO LD@MR HR HMBNQQDBS,
SGDM SGD MTLDQ@SNQ RGNTKC AD K@QFD BNLO@QDC SN SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ, FHUHMF @ K@QFD F RS@SHRSHB @MC @ RL@KK @QD@ (RL@KK F-U@KTD)
SN SGD QHFGS NE SGD RS@SHRSHB TMCDQ SGD F BTQUD.
8GDM SGD C@S@ G@UD TMDPT@K FQNTO RHYDR (TMA@K@MBDC C@S@), SGDM SDBGMHPTDR EQNL 1?=NCIH 13.2 MDDC SN AD TRDC ENQ
G@MC B@KBTK@SHNMR. *M SGD B@RD NE A@K@MBDC C@S@ (SGD FQNTOR @QD SGD R@LD RHYD) GNVDUDQ, RHLOKHEHDC B@KBTK@SHNMR A@RDC NM
FQNTO LD@MR @MC U@QH@MBDR L@X AD TRDC. *M OQ@BSHBD, NE BNTQRD, RNESV@QD HR TRT@KKX DLOKNXDC HM SGD @M@KXRHR. "R HM @MX
@M@KXRHR, FQ@OGR NE U@QHNTR RNQSR RGNTKC AD TRDC HM BNMITMBSHNM VHSG MTLDQHB@K SDBGMHPTDR. "KV@XR KNNJ NE XNTQ C@S@!
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 753
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13.4 2?MN I@ 2QI 4;LC;H=?M
5GD F SDRS ENQ SGD DPT@KHSX NE SVN U@QH@MBDR QDRSR GD@UHKX NM SGD @RRTLOSHNM NE MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 5GD SDRS HR TMQDKH@AKD HE
SGHR @RRTLOSHNM HR MNS LDS. *E ANSG CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD MNQL@K, SGDM SGD Q@SHN NE SGD SVN R@LOKD U@QH@MBDR HR CHRSQHATSDC @R @M F
RS@SHRSHB, VHSG MTLDQ@SNQ @MC CDMNLHM@SNQ CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL SG@S @QD NMD KDRR SG@M SGD R@LOKDR RHYDR NE SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF
SVN FQNTOR. " I:HI D; ILD K6G>6C8:H GXONSGDRHR SDRS CDSDQLHMDR HE SVN U@QH@MBDR @QD SGD R@LD. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD
GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR SGD F CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG SVN CHEEDQDMS CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL.
OOQILPEKJO:
1. 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR EQNL VGHBG SGD SVN R@LOKDR @QD CQ@VM @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
2. 5GD SVN ONOTK@SHNMR @QD HMCDODMCDMS NE D@BG NSGDQ.
$-0+3*A 0#4'#5
SS
between
=

(s
j
)
2
n
j
s
j
2
n
SS
total
= x
2
2
n
SS
within
= SS
total
SS
between
:<
ADSVDDM
= :<(DKC) = A k 1
:<
VHSGHM
= :<(:;DEC) = D k A
&,
ADSVDDM
=
SS
between
d f
between
&,
VHSGHM
=
SS
within
d f
within
F =
MS
between
MS
within
F Q@SHN VGDM SGD FQNTOR @QD SGD R@LD RHYD: F =
ns
x
2
s
2
pooled
.D@M NE SGD F CHRSQHATSHNM: R =
d f (num)
d f (denom) 1
VGDQD:
c A = SGD MTLADQ NE FQNTOR
c D
@
= SGD RHYD NE SGD @
J>
FQNTO
c I
@
= SGD RTL NE SGD U@KTDR HM SGD @
J>
FQNTO
c D = SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE @KK U@KTDR (NARDQU@SHNMR)
BNLAHMDC
c N = NMD U@KTD (NMD NARDQU@SHNM) EQNL SGD C@S@
c s
x
2
= SGD U@QH@MBD NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR
c s
2
pooled
= SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD U@QH@MBDR (ONNKDC
U@QH@MBD)
13.4 2?MN I@ 2QI 4;LC;H=?M
F G@R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM F ] F(D
1
k 1, D
2
k 1)
F =
s
1
2
1
2
s
2
2
2
2
*E \
1
= \
2
, SGDM F =
s
1
2
s
2
2
.0A!2'!#
13.1 -H?-5;S A,-4A
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GDQD @QD EHUD A@RHB @RRTLOSHNMR SG@S LTRS AD ETKEHKKDC HM
NQCDQ SN ODQENQL @ NMD-V@X "/07" SDRS. 8G@S @QD SGDX
1. 8QHSD NMD @RRTLOSHNM.
2. 8QHSD @MNSGDQ @RRTLOSHNM.
3. 8QHSD @ SGHQC @RRTLOSHNM.
4. 8QHSD @ ENTQSG @RRTLOSHNM.
5. 8QHSD SGD EHM@K @RRTLOSHNM.
6. 4S@SD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR ENQ @ NMD-V@X "/07" SDRS HE SGDQD @QD ENTQ FQNTOR.
7. 4S@SD SGD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR ENQ @ NMD-V@X "/07" SDRS HE SGDQD @QD SGQDD FQNTOR.
8. 8GDM CN XNT TRD @M "/07" SDRS
754 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I. (QNTOR NE LDM EQNL SGQDD CHEEDQDMS @QD@R NE SGD BNTMSQX
@QD SN AD SDRSDC ENQ LD@M VDHFGS. 5GD DMSQHDR HM SGD S@AKD @QD SGD VDHFGSR ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMS FQNTOR. 5GD NMD-V@X "/07"
QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 13.13.
%LIOJ 1 %LIOJ 2 %LIOJ 3
216 202 170
198 213 165
240 284 182
187 228 197
176 210 201
2;<F? 13.13
9. 8G@S HR SGD 4TL NE 4PT@QDR '@BSNQ
10. 8G@S HR SGD 4TL NE 4PT@QDR &QQNQ
11. 8G@S HR SGD :< ENQ SGD MTLDQ@SNQ
12. 8G@S HR SGD :< ENQ SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ
13. 8G@S HR SGD .D@M 4PT@QD '@BSNQ
14. 8G@S HR SGD .D@M 4PT@QD &QQNQ
15. 8G@S HR SGD F RS@SHRSHB
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ ;?=>J ;N;H9?I;I. (HQKR EQNL ENTQ CHEEDQDMS RNBBDQ SD@LR @QD SN AD SDRSDC ENQ
LD@M FN@KR RBNQDC ODQ F@LD. 5GD DMSQHDR HM SGD S@AKD @QD SGD FN@KR ODQ F@LD ENQ SGD CHEEDQDMS SD@LR. 5GD NMD-V@X "/07"
QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 13.14.
2?;G 1 2?;G 2 2?;G 3 2?;G 4
1 2 0 3
2 3 1 4
0 2 1 4
3 4 0 3
2 4 0 2
2;<F? 13.14
16. 8G@S HR ,,
8;JM;;D
17. 8G@S HR SGD :< ENQ SGD MTLDQ@SNQ

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18. 8G@S HR &,
8;JM;;D
19. 8G@S HR ,,
M?J>?D
20. 8G@S HR SGD :< ENQ SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ

21. 8G@S HR &,
M?J>?D

23. +TCFHMF AX SGD F RS@SHRSHB, CN XNT SGHMJ HS HR KHJDKX NQ TMKHJDKX SG@S XNT VHKK QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
24. "M F RS@SHRSHB B@M G@UD VG@S U@KTDR
25. 8G@S G@OODMR SN SGD BTQUDR @R SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGD MTLDQ@SNQ @MC SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ FDS K@QFDQ
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;. 'NTQ A@RJDSA@KK SD@LR SNNJ @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE OK@XDQR
QDF@QCHMF GNV GHFG D@BG OK@XDQ B@M ITLO (HM HMBGDR). 5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 13.15.
2?;G 1 2?;G 2 2?;G 3 2?;G 4 2?;G 5
36 32 48 38 41
42 35 50 44 39
51 38 39 46 40
2;<F? 13.15
26. 8G@S HR SGD :<(DKC)
27. 8G@S HR SGD :<(:;DEC)
28. 8G@S @QD SGD 4TL NE 4PT@QDR @MC .D@M 4PT@QDR '@BSNQR
29. 8G@S @QD SGD 4TL NE 4PT@QDR @MC .D@M 4PT@QDR &QQNQR
32. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, HR SGDQD @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M ITLO GDHFGSR @LNMF SGD SD@LR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I. " UHCDN F@LD CDUDKNODQ HR SDRSHMF @ MDV F@LD NM SGQDD
CHEEDQDMS FQNTOR. &@BG FQNTO QDOQDRDMSR @ CHEEDQDMS S@QFDS L@QJDS ENQ SGD F@LD. 5GD CDUDKNODQ BNKKDBSR RBNQDR EQNL @ Q@MCNL
R@LOKD EQNL D@BG FQNTO. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 13.16
%LIOJ A %LIOJ %LIOJ !
101 151 101
108 149 109
98 160 198
107 112 186
111 126 160
2;<F? 13.16
756 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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33. 8G@S HR SGD :<(DKC)
34. 8G@S HR SGD :<(:;DEC)
35. 8G@S @QD SGD ,,
8;JM;;D
@MC &,
8;JM;;D
36. 8G@S @QD SGD ,,

M?J>?D
@MC &,
M?J>?D
37. 8G@S HR SGD F 4S@SHRSHB

39. "S SGD 10% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, @QD SGD RBNQDR @LNMF SGD CHEEDQDMS FQNTOR CHEEDQDMS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 4TOONRD @ FQNTO HR HMSDQDRSDC HM CDSDQLHMHMF VGDSGDQ
SDDM@FDQR NAS@HM SGDHQ CQHUDQR KHBDMRDR @S @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD @UDQ@FD @FD @BQNRR SGD BNTMSQX. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD ENKKNVHMF
C@S@ @QD Q@MCNLKX BNKKDBSDC EQNL EHUD SDDM@FDQR HM D@BG QDFHNM NE SGD BNTMSQX. 5GD MTLADQR QDOQDRDMS SGD @FD @S VGHBG
SDDM@FDQR NAS@HMDC SGDHQ CQHUDQR KHBDMRDR.
,ILNB?;MN 1IONB 5?MN !?HNL;F #;MN
16.3 16.9 16.4 16.2 17.1
16.1 16.5 16.5 16.6 17.2
16.4 16.4 16.6 16.5 16.6
16.5 16.2 16.1 16.4 16.8
x
= <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<

s
2
= <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<
2;<F? 13.17
&MSDQ SGD C@S@ HMSN XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ NQ BNLOTSDQ.
40. F-U@KTD = ??????
,J7J; J>; :;9?I?EDI 7D: 9ED9BKI?EDI (?D 9ECFB;J; I;DJ;D9;I) <EH J>; <EBBEM?D= FH;9ED9;?L;: B;L;BI E< V.
41. V = 0.05
@. %DBHRHNM: ????????????????????????????
A. $NMBKTRHNM: ????????????????????????????
42. V = 0.01
@. %DBHRHNM: ????????????????????????????
A. $NMBKTRHNM: ????????????????????????????
13.4 2?MN I@ 2QI 4;LC;H=?M
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GDQD @QD SVN @RRTLOSHNMR SG@S LTRS AD SQTD HM NQCDQ SN
ODQENQL @M F SDRS NE SVN U@QH@MBDR.
43. /@LD NMD @RRTLOSHNM SG@S LTRS AD SQTD.
44. 8G@S HR SGD NSGDQ @RRTLOSHNM SG@S LTRS AD SQTD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. 5VN BNVNQJDQR BNLLTSD EQNL SGD R@LD ATHKCHMF. 5GDX @QD
HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDQD HR @MX U@QH@SHNM HM SGD SHLD HS S@JDR SGDL SN CQHUD SN VNQJ. 5GDX D@BG QDBNQC SGDHQ SHLDR
ENQ 20 BNLLTSDR. 5GD EHQRS VNQJDQnR SHLDR G@UD @ U@QH@MBD NE 12.1. 5GD RDBNMC VNQJDQnR SHLDR G@UD @ U@QH@MBD NE 16.9. 5GD
EHQRS VNQJDQ SGHMJR SG@S GD HR LNQD BNMRHRSDMS VHSG GHR BNLLTSD SHLDR @MC SG@S GHR BNLLTSD SHLD HR RGNQSDQ. 5DRS SGD BK@HL @S
SGD 10% KDUDK.
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46. 8G@S HR I
1
HM SGHR OQNAKDL
47. 8G@S HR I
2
HM SGHR OQNAKDL
48. 8G@S HR D
51. *R SGD BK@HL @BBTQ@SD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. 5VN RSTCDMSR @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDQD HR
U@QH@SHNM HM SGDHQ SDRS RBNQDR ENQ L@SG BK@RR. 5GDQD @QD 15 SNS@K L@SG SDRSR SGDX G@UD S@JDM RN E@Q. 5GD EHQRS RSTCDMSnR FQ@CDR
G@UD @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 38.1. 5GD RDBNMC RSTCDMSnR FQ@CDR G@UD @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 22.5. 5GD RDBNMC RSTCDMS SGHMJR
GHR RBNQDR @QD KNVDQ.
55. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, CN VD QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 5VN BXBKHRSR @QD BNLO@QHMF SGD U@QH@MBDR NE SGDHQ NUDQ@KK
O@BDR FNHMF TOGHKK. &@BG BXBKHRS QDBNQCR GHR NQ GDQ RODDCR FNHMF TO 35 GHKKR. 5GD EHQRS BXBKHRS G@R @ U@QH@MBD NE 23.8 @MC SGD
RDBNMC BXBKHRS G@R @ U@QH@MBD NE 32.1. 5GD BXBKHRSR V@MS SN RDD HE SGDHQ U@QH@MBDR @QD SGD R@LD NQ CHEEDQDMS.
58. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VG@S B@M VD R@X @ANTS SGD BXBKHRSRn U@QH@MBDR
&-+#5-0)
13.1 -H?-5;S A,-4A
59. 5GQDD CHEEDQDMS SQ@EEHB QNTSDR @QD SDRSDC ENQ LD@M CQHUHMF SHLD. 5GD DMSQHDR HM SGD S@AKD @QD SGD CQHUHMF SHLDR HM LHMTSDR
NM SGD SGQDD CHEEDQDMS QNTSDR. 5GD NMD-V@X "/07" QDRTKSR @QD RGNVM HM 2;<F? 13.18.
0ION? 1 0ION? 2 0ION? 3
30 27 16
32 29 41
27 28 22
35 36 31
2;<F? 13.18
4S@SD ,,
ADSVDDM
, ,,
VHSGHM
, @MC SGD F RS@SHRSHB.
60. 4TOONRD @ FQNTO HR HMSDQDRSDC HM CDSDQLHMHMF VGDSGDQ SDDM@FDQR NAS@HM SGDHQ CQHUDQR KHBDMRDR @S @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD
@UDQ@FD @FD @BQNRR SGD BNTMSQX. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ @QD Q@MCNLKX BNKKDBSDC EQNL EHUD SDDM@FDQR HM D@BG QDFHNM
NE SGD BNTMSQX. 5GD MTLADQR QDOQDRDMS SGD @FD @S VGHBG SDDM@FDQR NAS@HMDC SGDHQ CQHUDQR KHBDMRDR.
758 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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16.3 16.9 16.4 16.2 17.1
16.1 16.5 16.5 16.6 17.2
16.4 16.4 16.6 16.5 16.6
16.5 16.2 16.1 16.4 16.8
x
= <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<

s
2
= <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<
2;<F? 13.19
4S@SD SGD GXONSGDRDR.
!
0
: ????????????
!
7
: ????????????
61. .I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 4TOONRD @ FQNTO HR HMSDQDRSDC HM CDSDQLHMHMF VGDSGDQ
SDDM@FDQR NAS@HM SGDHQ CQHUDQR KHBDMRDR @S @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD @UDQ@FD @FD @BQNRR SGD BNTMSQX. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD ENKKNVHMF
C@S@ @QD Q@MCNLKX BNKKDBSDC EQNL EHUD SDDM@FDQR HM D@BG QDFHNM NE SGD BNTMSQX. 5GD MTLADQR QDOQDRDMS SGD @FD @S VGHBG
SDDM@FDQR NAS@HMDC SGDHQ CQHUDQR KHBDMRDR.
16.3 16.9 16.4 16.2 17.1
16.1 16.5 16.5 16.6 17.2
16.4 16.4 16.6 16.5 16.6
16.5 16.2 16.1 16.4 16.8
x
= <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<

s
2
= <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<< <<<<<<<<
2;<F? 13.20
62. CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL k MTLDQ@SNQ: :<(DKC) = ?????????
63. CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL k CDMNLHM@SNQ: :<(:;DEC) = ????????
64. F RS@SHRSHB = ????????
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"'0#!2'-,1
6RD @ RNKTSHNM RGDDS SN BNMCTBS SGD ENKKNVHMF GXONSGDRHR SDRSR. 5GD RNKTSHNM RGDDS B@M AD ENTMC HM NB? 2;<F? I@
!IHN?HNM 14. AJJ?H>CR.
65. 5GQDD RSTCDMSR, -HMC@, 5T@M, @MC +@UHDQ, @QD FHUDM EHUD K@ANQ@SNQX Q@SR D@BG ENQ @ MTSQHSHNM@K DWODQHLDMS. &@BG Q@S'R
VDHFGS HR QDBNQCDC HM FQ@LR. -HMC@ EDDCR GDQ Q@SR 'NQLTK@ ", 5T@M EDDCR GHR Q@SR 'NQLTK@ #, @MC +@UHDQ EDDCR GHR Q@SR
'NQLTK@ $. "S SGD DMC NE @ RODBHEHDC SHLD ODQHNC, D@BG Q@S HR VDHFGDC @F@HM, @MC SGD MDS F@HM HM FQ@LR HR QDBNQCDC. 6RHMF @
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 10%, SDRS SGD GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD SGQDD ENQLTK@R OQNCTBD SGD R@LD LD@M VDHFGS F@HM.
*CH>;'M L;NM 2O;H'M L;NM (;PC?L'M L;NM
43.5 47.0 51.2
39.4 40.5 40.9
41.3 38.9 37.9
46.0 46.3 45.0
38.2 44.2 48.6
2;<F? 13.21 5?CABNM I@ 1NO>?HN *;< 0;NM
66. " FQ@RRQNNSR FQNTO NOONRDC SN @ OQNONRDC HMBQD@RD HM SGD F@R S@W BK@HLDC SG@S SGD HMBQD@RD VNTKC GTQS VNQJHMF-BK@RR
ODNOKD SGD LNRS, RHMBD SGDX BNLLTSD SGD E@QSGDRS SN VNQJ. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD FQNTO Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC 24 HMCHUHCT@KR @MC
@RJDC SGDL SGDHQ C@HKX NMD-V@X BNLLTSHMF LHKD@FD. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD HM 2;<F? 13.22. 6RHMF @ 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SDRS
SGD GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD SGQDD LD@M BNLLTSHMF LHKD@FDR @QD SGD R@LD.
QILECHA-=F;MM JLI@?MMCIH;F (GC>>F? CH=IG?M) JLI@?MMCIH;F (Q?;FNBS)
17.8 16.5 8.5
26.7 17.4 6.3
49.4 22.0 4.6
9.4 7.4 12.6
65.4 9.4 11.0
47.1 2.1 28.6
19.5 6.4 15.4
2;<F? 13.22
760 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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51.2 13.9 9.3
2;<F? 13.22
67. &W@LHMD SGD RDUDM OQ@BSHBD K@OR EQNL 2?LLC 4IA?F'M *IA <IIE. %DSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ SGD LD@M K@O SHLD HR RS@SHRSHB@KKX
SGD R@LD ENQ SGD RDUDM OQ@BSHBD K@OR, NQ HE SGDQD HR @S KD@RS NMD K@O SG@S G@R @ CHEEDQDMS LD@M SHLD EQNL SGD NSGDQR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 2;<F? 13.23 KHRSR SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR HM ENTQ CHEEDQDMS
SXODR NE L@F@YHMDR.
BIG? >?=IL;NCHA H?QM B?;FNB =IGJON?L
172 87 82 104
286 94 153 136
163 123 87 98
205 106 103 207
197 101 96 146
2;<F? 13.23
68. 6RHMF @ RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 5%, SDRS SGD GXONSGDRHR SG@S SGD ENTQ L@F@YHMD SXODR G@UD SGD R@LD LD@M KDMFSG.
69. &KHLHM@SD NMD L@F@YHMD SXOD SG@S XNT MNV EDDK G@R @ LD@M KDMFSG CHEEDQDMS EQNL SGD NSGDQR. 3DCN SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS,
SDRSHMF SG@S SGD QDL@HMHMF SGQDD LD@MR @QD RS@SHRSHB@KKX SGD R@LD. 6RD @ MDV RNKTSHNM RGDDS. #@RDC NM SGHR SDRS, @QD SGD LD@M
KDMFSGR ENQ SGD QDL@HMHMF SGQDD L@F@YHMDR RS@SHRSHB@KKX SGD R@LD
70. " QDRD@QBGDQ V@MSR SN JMNV HE SGD LD@M SHLDR (HM LHMTSDR) SG@S ODNOKD V@SBG SGDHQ E@UNQHSD MDVR RS@SHNM @QD SGD R@LD.
4TOONRD SG@S 2;<F? 13.24 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR NE @ RSTCX.
!,, $-6 *I=;F
45 15 72
12 43 37
18 68 56
38 50 60
23 31 51
35 22
2;<F? 13.24
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 761
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"RRTLD SG@S @KK CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD MNQL@K, SGD ENTQ ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @QD @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD R@LD, @MC SGD C@S@
VDQD BNKKDBSDC HMCDODMCDMSKX @MC Q@MCNLKX. 6RD @ KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 0.05.
71. "QD SGD LD@MR ENQ SGD EHM@K DW@LR SGD R@LD ENQ @KK RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR CDKHUDQX SXODR 2;<F? 13.25 RGNVR SGD RBNQDR NM EHM@K
DW@LR EQNL RDUDQ@K Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BK@RRDR SG@S TRDC SGD CHEEDQDMS CDKHUDQX SXODR.
-HFCH? &S<LC> $;=?-NI-$;=?
72 83 80
84 73 78
77 84 84
80 81 81
81 86
79
82
2;<F? 13.25
72. "QD SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE SHLDR @ LNMSG @ ODQRNM D@SR NTS SGD R@LD ENQ VGHSDR, AK@BJR, )HRO@MHBR @MC "RH@MR 4TOONRD
SG@S 2;<F? 13.26 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR NE @ RSTCX.
5BCN? F;=E &CMJ;HC= AMC;H
6 4 7 8
8 1 3 3
2 5 5 5
4 2 4 1
6 6 7
2;<F? 13.26
73. "QD SGD LD@M MTLADQR NE C@HKX UHRHSNQR SN @ RJH QDRNQS SGD R@LD ENQ SGD SGQDD SXODR NE RMNV BNMCHSHNMR 4TOONRD SG@S
2;<F? 13.27 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR NE @ RSTCX.
762 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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.IQ>?L +;=BCH? +;>? &;L> .;=E?>
1,210 2,107 2,846
1,080 1,149 1,638
1,537 862 2,019
941 1,870 1,178
1,528 2,233
1,382
2;<F? 13.27
74. 4@MI@X L@CD HCDMSHB@K O@ODQ @HQOK@MDR NTS NE SGQDD CHEEDQDMS VDHFGSR NE O@ODQ, KHFGS, LDCHTL @MC GD@UX. )D L@CD ENTQ
@HQOK@MDR EQNL D@BG NE SGD VDHFGSR, @MC K@TMBGDC SGDL GHLRDKE @BQNRR SGD QNNL. )DQD @QD SGD CHRS@MBDR (HM LDSDQR) SG@S GHR
OK@MDR EKDV.
.;J?L 2SJ?/2LC;F 2LC;F 1 2LC;F 2 2LC;F 3 2LC;F 4
'A=RU 5.1 IAPANO 3.1 IAPANO 4.7 IAPANO 5.3 IAPANO
,A@EQI 4 IAPANO 3.5 IAPANO 4.5 IAPANO 6.1 IAPANO
+ECDP 3.1 IAPANO 3.3 IAPANO 2.1 IAPANO 1.9 IAPANO
2;<F? 13.28
$CAOL? 13.8
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 763
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=. 5@JD @ KNNJ @S SGD C@S@ HM SGD FQ@OG. -NNJ @S SGD ROQD@C NE C@S@ ENQ D@BG FQNTO (KHFGS, LDCHTL, GD@UX). %NDR HS
RDDL QD@RNM@AKD SN @RRTLD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG SGD R@LD U@QH@MBD ENQ D@BG FQNTO :DR NQ /N.
>. 8GX HR SGHR @ A@K@MBDC CDRHFM
?. $@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ D@BG FQNTO.
@. %NDR SGD VDHFGS NE SGD O@ODQ G@UD @M DEEDBS NM GNV E@Q SGD OK@MD VHKK SQ@UDK 6RD @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD.
$NLOKDSD SGD SDRS TRHMF SGD LDSGNC RGNVM HM SGD AD@M OK@MS DW@LOKD HM #R;GJF? 13.4.
i U@QH@MBD NE SGD FQNTO LD@MR ??????????
i &,
8;JM;;D
= ???????????
i LD@M NE SGD SGQDD R@LOKD U@QH@MBDR ???????????
i &,
M?J>?D
= ?????????????
i F RS@SHRSHB = ????????????
i :<(DKC) = ??????????, :<(:;DEC) = ???????????
i MTLADQ NE FQNTOR ???????
i MTLADQ NE NARDQU@SHNMR ???????
i F-U@KTD = ?????????? ()(F > ???????) = ??????????)
i (Q@OG SGD F-U@KTD.
i CDBHRHNM: ???????????????????????
i BNMBKTRHNM: ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
75. %%5 HR @ ODRSHBHCD SG@S G@R ADDM A@MMDC EQNL TRD HM SGD 6MHSDC 4S@SDR @MC LNRS NSGDQ @QD@R NE SGD VNQKC. *S HR PTHSD
DEEDBSHUD, ATS ODQRHRSDC HM SGD DMUHQNMLDMS @MC NUDQ SHLD ADB@LD RDDM @R G@QLETK SN GHFGDQ-KDUDK NQF@MHRLR. '@LNTRKX, DFF
RGDKKR NE D@FKDR @MC NSGDQ Q@OSNQR VDQD ADKHDUDC SN AD SGHMMDQ @MC OQNMD SN AQD@J@FD HM SGD MDRS ADB@TRD NE HMFDRSHNM NE %%5
HM SGD ENNC BG@HM NE SGD AHQCR.
"M DWODQHLDMS V@R BNMCTBSDC NM SGD MTLADQ NE DFFR (EDBTMCHSX) K@HC AX EDL@KD EQTHS EKHDR. 5GDQD @QD SGQDD FQNTOR NE EKHDR.
0MD FQNTO V@R AQDC SN AD QDRHRS@MS SN %%5 (SGD 34 FQNTO). "MNSGDQ V@R AQDC SN AD DRODBH@KKX RTRBDOSHAKD SN %%5 (44).
'HM@KKX SGDQD V@R @ BNMSQNK KHMD NE MNM-RDKDBSDC NQ SXOHB@K EQTHSEKHDR (/4). )DQD @QD SGD C@S@:
01 11 ,1 01 11 ,1
12.8 38.4 35.4 22.4 23.1 22.6
21.6 32.9 27.4 27.5 29.4 40.4
14.8 48.5 19.3 20.3 16 34.4
23.1 20.9 41.8 38.7 20.1 30.4
34.6 11.6 20.3 26.4 23.3 14.9
19.7 22.3 37.6 23.7 22.9 51.8
22.6 30.2 36.9 26.1 22.5 33.8
29.6 33.4 37.3 29.5 15.1 37.9
16.4 26.7 28.2 38.6 31 29.5
20.3 39 23.4 44.4 16.9 42.4
29.3 12.8 33.7 23.2 16.1 36.6
2;<F? 13.29
764 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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01 11 ,1 01 11 ,1
14.9 14.6 29.2 23.6 10.8 47.4
27.3 12.2 41.7
2;<F? 13.29
5GD U@KTDR @QD SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE DFFR K@HC C@HKX ENQ D@BG NE 75 EKHDR (25 HM D@BG FQNTO) NUDQ SGD EHQRS 14 C@XR NE SGDHQ
KHUDR. 6RHMF @ 1% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, @QD SGD LD@M Q@SDR NE DFF RDKDBSHNM ENQ SGD SGQDD RSQ@HMR NE EQTHSEKX CHEEDQDMS *E RN,
HM VG@S V@X 4ODBHEHB@KKX, SGD QDRD@QBGDQR VDQD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD RDKDBSHUDKX AQDC RSQ@HMR VDQD CHEEDQDMS EQNL
SGD MNMRDKDBSDC KHMD, @MC VGDSGDQ SGD SVN RDKDBSDC KHMDR VDQD CHEEDQDMS EQNL D@BG NSGDQ.
)DQD HR @ BG@QS NE SGD SGQDD FQNTOR:
$CAOL? 13.9
76. 5GD C@S@ RGNVM HR SGD QDBNQCDC ANCX SDLODQ@STQDR NE 130 RTAIDBSR @R DRSHL@SDC EQNL @U@HK@AKD GHRSNFQ@LR.
5Q@CHSHNM@KKX VD @QD S@TFGS SG@S SGD MNQL@K GTL@M ANCX SDLODQ@STQD HR 98.6 '. 5GHR HR MNS PTHSD BNQQDBS ENQ DUDQXNMD. "QD
SGD LD@M SDLODQ@STQDR @LNMF SGD ENTQ FQNTOR CHEEDQDMS
$@KBTK@SD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR ENQ SGD LD@M ANCX SDLODQ@STQD HM D@BG FQNTO @MC BNLLDMS @ANTS SGD BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@KR.
$* $& +* +& $* $& +* +&
96.4 96.8 96.3 96.9 98.4 98.6 98.1 98.6
96.7 97.7 96.7 97 98.7 98.6 98.1 98.6
97.2 97.8 97.1 97.1 98.7 98.6 98.2 98.7
97.2 97.9 97.2 97.1 98.7 98.7 98.2 98.8
97.4 98 97.3 97.4 98.7 98.7 98.2 98.8
97.6 98 97.4 97.5 98.8 98.8 98.2 98.8
2;<F? 13.30
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 765
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$* $& +* +& $* $& +* +&
97.7 98 97.4 97.6 98.8 98.8 98.3 98.9
97.8 98 97.4 97.7 98.8 98.8 98.4 99
97.8 98.1 97.5 97.8 98.8 98.9 98.4 99
97.9 98.3 97.6 97.9 99.2 99 98.5 99
97.9 98.3 97.6 98 99.3 99 98.5 99.2
98 98.3 97.8 98 99.1 98.6 99.5
98.2 98.4 97.8 98 99.1 98.6
98.2 98.4 97.8 98.3 99.2 98.7
98.2 98.4 97.9 98.4 99.4 99.1
98.2 98.4 98 98.4 99.9 99.3
98.2 98.5 98 98.6 100 99.4
98.2 98.6 98 98.6 100.8
2;<F? 13.30
13.4 2?MN I@ 2QI 4;LC;H=?M
77. 5GQDD RSTCDMSR, -HMC@, 5T@M, @MC +@UHDQ, @QD FHUDM EHUD K@ANQ@SNQX Q@SR D@BG ENQ @ MTSQHSHNM@K DWODQHLDMS. &@BG Q@SnR
VDHFGS HR QDBNQCDC HM FQ@LR. -HMC@ EDDCR GDQ Q@SR 'NQLTK@ ", 5T@M EDDCR GHR Q@SR 'NQLTK@ #, @MC +@UHDQ EDDCR GHR Q@SR
'NQLTK@ $. "S SGD DMC NE @ RODBHEHDC SHLD ODQHNC, D@BG Q@S HR VDHFGDC @F@HM @MC SGD MDS F@HM HM FQ@LR HR QDBNQCDC.
*CH>;'M L;NM 2O;H'M L;NM (;PC?L'M L;NM
43.5 47.0 51.2
39.4 40.5 40.9
41.3 38.9 37.9
46.0 46.3 45.0
38.2 44.2 48.6
2;<F? 13.31
766 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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%DSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD U@QH@MBD HM VDHFGS F@HM HR RS@SHRSHB@KKX SGD R@LD @LNMF +@UHDQnR @MC -HMC@nR Q@SR. 5DRS @S @
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK NE 10%.
78. " FQ@RRQNNSR FQNTO NOONRDC SN @ OQNONRDC HMBQD@RD HM SGD F@R S@W BK@HLDC SG@S SGD HMBQD@RD VNTKC GTQS VNQJHMF-BK@RR
ODNOKD SGD LNRS, RHMBD SGDX BNLLTSD SGD E@QSGDRS SN VNQJ. 4TOONRD SG@S SGD FQNTO Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC 24 HMCHUHCT@KR @MC
@RJDC SGDL SGDHQ C@HKX NMD-V@X BNLLTSHMF LHKD@FD. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD @R ENKKNVR.
17.8 16.5 8.5
26.7 17.4 6.3
49.4 22.0 4.6
9.4 7.4 12.6
65.4 9.4 11.0
47.1 2.1 28.6
19.5 6.4 15.4
51.2 13.9 9.3
2;<F? 13.32
%DSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD U@QH@MBD HM LHKD@FD CQHUDM HR RS@SHRSHB@KKX SGD R@LD @LNMF SGD VNQJHMF BK@RR @MC OQNEDRRHNM@K
(LHCCKD HMBNLD) FQNTOR. 6RD @ 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
79. /:;:G ID I=: 96I6 ;GDB2?LLC 4IA?FYM *IA IIE (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G17132/F;N?MN/) .
&W@LHMD OQ@BSHBD K@OR 3 @MC 4. %DSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD U@QH@MBD HM K@O SHLD HR RS@SHRSHB@KKX SGD R@LD ENQ SGNRD OQ@BSHBD
K@OR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD KHRSR SGD MTLADQ NE O@FDR HM ENTQ
CHEEDQDMS SXODR NE L@F@YHMDR.
BIG? >?=IL;NCHA H?QM B?;FNB =IGJON?L
172 87 82 104
286 94 153 136
163 123 87 98
205 106 103 207
197 101 96 146
2;<F? 13.33
80. 8GHBG SVN L@F@YHMD SXODR CN XNT SGHMJ G@UD SGD R@LD U@QH@MBD HM KDMFSG
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 767
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81. 8GHBG SVN L@F@YHMD SXODR CN XNT SGHMJ G@UD CHEEDQDMS U@QH@MBDR HM KDMFSG
82. *R SGD U@QH@MBD ENQ SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX, HM CNKK@QR, SG@S RGNOODQR RODMC NM 4@STQC@XR @S SGD L@KK SGD R@LD @R SGD U@QH@MBD
ENQ SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX SG@S RGNOODQR RODMC NM 4TMC@XR @S SGD L@KK 4TOONRD SG@S SGD 2;<F? 13.34 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR NE @
RSTCX.
1;NOL>;S 1OH>;S 1;NOL>;S 1OH>;S
75 44 62 137
18 58 0 82
150 61 124 39
94 19 50 127
62 99 31 141
73 60 118 73
89
2;<F? 13.34
83. "QD SGD U@QH@MBDR ENQ HMBNLDR NM SGD &@RS $N@RS @MC SGD 8DRS $N@RS SGD R@LD 4TOONRD SG@S 2;<F? 13.35 RGNVR
SGD QDRTKSR NE @ RSTCX. *MBNLD HR RGNVM HM SGNTR@MCR NE CNKK@QR. "RRTLD SG@S ANSG CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD MNQL@K. 6RD @ KDUDK NE
RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 0.05.
#;MN 5?MN
38 71
47 126
30 42
82 51
75 44
52 90
115 88
67
2;<F? 13.35
768 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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84. 5GHQSX LDM HM BNKKDFD VDQD S@TFGS @ LDSGNC NE EHMFDQ S@OOHMF. 5GDX VDQD Q@MCNLKX @RRHFMDC SN SGQDD FQNTOR NE SDM,
VHSG D@BG QDBDHUHMF NMD NE SGQDD CNRDR NE B@EEDHMD: 0 LF, 100 LF, 200 LF. 5GHR HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX SGD @LNTMS HM MN, NMD, NQ
SVN BTOR NE BNEEDD. 5VN GNTQR @ESDQ HMFDRSHMF SGD B@EEDHMD, SGD LDM G@C SGD Q@SD NE EHMFDQ S@OOHMF ODQ LHMTSD QDBNQCDC. 5GD
DWODQHLDMS V@R CNTAKD AKHMC, RN MDHSGDQ SGD QDBNQCDQR MNQ SGD RSTCDMSR JMDV VGHBG FQNTO SGDX VDQD HM. %NDR B@EEDHMD @EEDBS
SGD Q@SD NE S@OOHMF, @MC HE RN GNV
)DQD @QD SGD C@S@:
0 GA 100 GA 200 GA 0 GA 100 GA 200 GA
242 248 246 245 246 248
244 245 250 248 247 252
247 248 248 248 250 250
242 247 246 244 246 248
246 243 245 242 244 250
2;<F? 13.36
85. ,HMF .@MTDK *, ,NLMDMTR QTKDC SGD #XY@MSHMD &LOHQD EQNL $NMRS@MSHMNOKD (*RS@MATK) CTQHMF SGD XD@QR 1145 SN 1180
".%. 5GD DLOHQD V@R UDQX ONVDQETK CTQHMF GHR QDHFM, ATS CDBKHMDC RHFMHEHB@MSKX @ESDQV@QCR. $NHMR LHMSDC CTQHMF GHR DQ@
VDQD ENTMC HM $XOQTR, @M HRK@MC HM SGD D@RSDQM .DCHSDQQ@MD@M 4D@. /HMD BNHMR VDQD EQNL GHR EHQRS BNHM@FD, RDUDM EQNL SGD
RDBNMC, ENTQ EQNL SGD SGHQC, @MC RDUDM EQNL @ ENTQSG. 5GDRD RO@MMDC LNRS NE GHR QDHFM. 8D G@UD C@S@ NM SGD RHKUDQ BNMSDMS
NE SGD BNHMR:
$CLMN !ICH;A? 1?=IH> !ICH;A? 2BCL> !ICH;A? $IOLNB !ICH;A?
5.9 6.9 4.9 5.3
6.8 9.0 5.5 5.6
6.4 6.6 4.6 5.5
7.0 8.1 4.5 5.1
6.6 9.3 6.2
7.7 9.2 5.8
7.2 8.6 5.8
6.9
6.2
2;<F? 13.37
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 769
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%HC SGD RHKUDQ BNMSDMS NE SGD BNHMR BG@MFD NUDQ SGD BNTQRD NE .@MTDKnR QDHFM
)DQD @QD SGD LD@MR @MC U@QH@MBDR NE D@BG BNHM@FD. 5GD C@S@ @QD TMA@K@MBDC.
$CLMN 1?=IH> 2BCL> $IOLNB
,A=J 6.7444 8.2429 4.875 5.6143
5=NE=J?A 0.2953 1.2095 0.2025 0.1314
2;<F? 13.38
86. 5GD "LDQHB@M -D@FTD @MC SGD /@SHNM@K -D@FTD NE .@INQ -D@FTD #@RDA@KK @QD D@BG CHUHCDC HMSN SGQDD CHUHRHNMR: &@RS,
$DMSQ@K, @MC 8DRS. .@MX XD@QR, E@MR S@KJ @ANTS RNLD CHUHRHNMR ADHMF RSQNMFDQ (G@UHMF ADSSDQ SD@LR) SG@M NSGDQ CHUHRHNMR.
5GHR L@X G@UD BNMRDPTDMBDR ENQ SGD ONRSRD@RNM. 'NQ HMRS@MBD, HM 2012 5@LO@ #@X VNM 90 F@LDR @MC CHC MNS OK@X HM SGD
ONRSRD@RNM, VGHKD %DSQNHS VNM NMKX 88 @MC CHC OK@X HM SGD ONRSRD@RNM. 5GHR L@X G@UD ADDM @M NCCHSX, ATS HR SGDQD FNNC
DUHCDMBD SG@S HM SGD 2012 RD@RNM, SGD "LDQHB@M -D@FTD CHUHRHNMR VDQD RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS HM NUDQ@KK QDBNQCR 6RD SGD
ENKKNVHMF C@S@ SN SDRS VGDSGDQ SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE VHMR ODQ SD@L HM SGD SGQDD "LDQHB@M -D@FTD CHUHRHNMR VDQD SGD R@LD NQ
MNS. /NSD SG@S SGD C@S@ @QD MNS A@K@MBDC, @R SVN CHUHRHNMR G@C EHUD SD@LR, VGHKD NMD G@C NMKX ENTQ.
"CPCMCIH 2?;G 5CHM
$=OP -8 8=JGAAO 95
$=OP !=HPEIKNA 93
$=OP 3=IL= !=U 90
$=OP 3KNKJPK 73
$=OP !KOPKJ 69
2;<F? 13.39
"CPCMCIH 2?;G 5CHM
"AJPN=H #APNKEP 88
"AJPN=H "DE?=CK 2KT 85
"AJPN=H *=JO=O "EPU 72
"AJPN=H "HARAH=J@ 68
"AJPN=H ,EJJAOKP= 66
2;<F? 13.40
770 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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"CPCMCIH 2?;G 5CHM
6AOP .=GH=J@ 94
6AOP 3AT=O 93
6AOP + JCAHO 89
6AOP 2A=PPHA 75
2;<F? 13.41
0#$#0#,!#1
5NL@SN %@S@, .@QHRS $NKKDFD 4BGNNK NE 4BHDMBD (TMOTAKHRGDC RSTCDMS QDRD@QBG)
%@S@ EQNL @ ENTQSG FQ@CD BK@RRQNNL HM 1994 HM @ OQHU@SD , k 12 RBGNNK HM 4@M +NRD, $".
)@MC, %.+., '. %@KX, ".%. -TMM, ,.+. .B$NMV@X, @MC &. 0RSQNVRJH. A !7D:8EEA E< ,C7BB D7J7I;JI: D7J7 <EH FHK?J<BO
F;9KD:?JO. -NMCNM: $G@OL@M & )@KK, 1994.
)@MC, %.+., '. %@KX, ".%. -TMM, ,.+. .B$NMV@X, @MC &. 0RSQNVRJH. A !7D:8EEA E< ,C7BB D7J7I;JI. -NMCNM: $G@OL@M &
)@KK, 1994, OF. 50.
)@MC, %.+., '. %@KX, ".%. -TMM, ,.+. .B$NMV@X, @MC &. 0RSQNVRJH. " )@MCANNJ NE 4L@KK %@S@RDSR. -NMCNM: $G@OL@M &
)@KK, 1994, OF. 118.
o.-# 4S@MCHMFR k 2012.p "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DROM.FN.BNL/LKA/RS@MCHMFR/?/XD@Q/2012.
.@BJNVH@J, 1. "., 8@RRDQL@M, 4. 4., @MC -DUHMD, .. .. (1992), "" $QHSHB@K "OOQ@HR@K NE 98.6 %DFQDDR ', SGD 6OODQ -HLHS NE
SGD /NQL@K #NCX 5DLODQ@STQD, @MC 0SGDQ -DF@BHDR NE $@QK 3DHMGNKC "TFTRS 8TMCDQKHBG," #EKHD7B E< J>; AC;H?97D &;:?97B
AIIE9?7J?ED, 268, 1578-1580.
13.4 2?MN I@ 2QI 4;LC;H=?M
o.-# 7R. %HUHRHNM 4S@MCHMFR k 2012.p "U@HK@AKD NMKHMD @S GSSO://DROM.FN.BNL/LKA/RS@MCHMFR/?/XD@Q/2012/SXOD/UR-CHUHRHNM/
NQCDQ/SQTD.
1-*32'-,1
1 &@BG ONOTK@SHNM EQNL VGHBG @ R@LOKD HR S@JDM HR @RRTLDC SN AD MNQL@K.
3 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR @QD @RRTLDC SN G@UD DPT@K RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR (NQ U@QH@MBDR).
5 5GD QDRONMRD HR @ MTLDQHB@K U@KTD.
7 !
7
: "S KD@RS SVN NE SGD FQNTO LD@MR Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
@QD MNS DPT@K.
9 4,939.2
11 2
13 2,469.6
15 3.7416
17 3
19 13.2
21 0.825
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 771
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23 #DB@TRD @ NMD-V@X "/07" SDRS HR @KV@XR QHFGS-S@HKDC, @ GHFG F RS@SHRSHB BNQQDRONMCR SN @ KNV F-U@KTD, RN HS HR KHJDKX SG@S
VD VHKK QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
25 5GD BTQUDR @OOQNWHL@SD SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
27 SDM
29 ,, = 237.33; &, = 23.73
31 0.1614
33 SVN
35 ,, = 5,700.4; &, = 2,850.2
37 3.6101
39 :DR, SGDQD HR DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN RGNV SG@S SGD RBNQDR @LNMF SGD FQNTOR @QD RS@SHRSHB@KKX RHFMHEHB@MS @S SGD 10% KDUDK.
43 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR EQNL VGHBG SGD SVN R@LOKDR @QD CQ@VM @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC.
45 !
0
: j
1
= j
2
!
7
: j
1
< j
2
NQ !
0
:
1
2
=
2
2
!
7
:
1
2
<
2
2
47 4.11
49 0.7159
51 /N, @S SGD 10% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD, VD CN MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR @MC RS@SD SG@S SGD C@S@ CN MNS RGNV SG@S SGD
U@QH@SHNM HM CQHUD SHLDR ENQ SGD EHQRS VNQJDQ HR KDRR SG@M SGD U@QH@SHNM HM CQHUD SHLDR ENQ SGD RDBNMC VNQJDQ.
53 2.8674
55 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GDQD HR DMNTFG DUHCDMBD SN R@X SG@S SGD U@QH@MBD NE SGD FQ@CDR ENQ SGD EHQRS RSTCDMS HR GHFGDQ
SG@M SGD U@QH@MBD HM SGD FQ@CDR ENQ SGD RDBNMC RSTCDMS.
57 0.7414
59 ,,
ADSVDDM
= 26
,,
VHSGHM
= 441
F = 0.2653
61 !
0
: R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= R
4
= R
5
!V: "S KD@RS @MX SVN NE SGD FQNTO LD@MR R
1
, R
2
, r, R
5
@QD MNS DPT@K.
63 :<(:;DEC) = 15
65
@. !
0
: R
%
= R
-
= R
#
A. @S KD@RS @MX SVN NE SGD LD@MR @QD CHEEDQDMS
B. :<(DKC) = 2; :<(:;DEC) = 12
C. F CHRSQHATSHNM
D. 0.67
E. 0.5305
G. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS MTKK GXONSGDRHR; $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@MR @QD
CHEEDQDMS.
67
@. !
0
: R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= R
4
= R
5
= R
6
= R
7
A. "S KD@RS SVN LD@M K@O SHLDR @QD CHEEDQDMS.
B. :<(DKC) = 6; :<(:;DEC) = 98
C. F CHRSQHATSHNM
D. 1.69
E. 0.1319
772 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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G. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS MTKK GXONSGDRHR; $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M K@O SHLDR
@QD CHEEDQDMS.
69
@. !
7
: R
C
= R
M
= R
G
A. "S KD@RS @MX SVN NE SGD L@F@YHMDR G@UD CHEEDQDMS LD@M KDMFSGR.
B. :<(DKC) = 2, :<(:;DEC) = 12
C. F CHRSQHASTHNM
D. F = 15.28
E. F-U@KTD = 0.001
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HH. %DBHRHNM: 3DIDBS SGD /TKK )XONSGDRHR.
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M KDMFSGR NE SGD L@F@YHMDR @QD CHEEDQDMS.
71
@. !
0
: Z
E
= Z
>
= Z
<
A. "S KD@RS SVN NE SGD LD@MR @QD CHEEDQDMS.
B. :<(D) = 2, :<(:) = 13
C. F
2,13
D. 0.64
E. 0.5437
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GD LD@M RBNQDR NE CHEEDQDMS BK@RR CDKHUDQX @QD MNS CHEEDQDMS.
73
@. !
0
: Z
F
= Z
C
= Z
>
A. "S KD@RS @MX SVN NE SGD LD@MR @QD CHEEDQDMS.
B. :<(D) = 2, :<(:) = 12
C. F
2,12
D. 3.13
E. 0.0807
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M MTLADQR NE C@HKX UHRHSNQR @QD CHEEDQDMS.
75 5GD C@S@ @OOD@Q MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC EQNL SGD BG@QS @MC NE RHLHK@Q ROQD@C. 5GDQD CN MNS @OOD@Q SN AD @MX RDQHNTR
NTSKHDQR, RN VD L@X OQNBDDC VHSG NTQ "/07" B@KBTK@SHNMR, SN RDD HE VD G@UD FNNC DUHCDMBD NE @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD
SGQDD FQNTOR. !
0
: Z
1
= Z
2
= Z
3
; !
@
: Z
H
w Z
I
RNLD ? w @. %DEHMD Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
, @R SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M MTLADQ NE DFFR K@HC AX SGD
SGQDD FQNTOR NE EQTHS EKHDR. F RS@SHRSHB = 8.6657; F-U@KTD = 0.0004
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 773
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$CAOL? 13.10
!:8>H>DC: 4HMBD SGD F-U@KTD HR KDRR SG@M SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD NE 0.01, VD QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. DC8AJH>DC: 8D
G@UD FNNC DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE DFFR K@HC CTQHMF SGD EHQRS 14 C@XR NE KHED ENQ SGDRD SGQDD RSQ@HMR NE EQTHSEKHDR @QD
CHEEDQDMS. *MSDQDRSHMFKX, HE XNT ODQENQL @ SVN R@LOKD J-SDRS SN BNLO@QD SGD 34 @MC /4 FQNTOR SGDX @QD RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS
(F = 0.0013). 4HLHK@QKX, 44 @MC /4 @QD RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS (F = 0.0006). )NVDUDQ, SGD SVN RDKDBSDC FQNTOR, 34 @MC 44
@QD DEJ RHFMHEHB@MSKX CHEEDQDMS (F = 0.5176). 5GTR VD @OOD@Q SN G@UD FNNC DUHCDMBD SG@S RDKDBSHNM DHSGDQ ENQ QDRHRS@MBD NQ
ENQ RTRBDOSHAHKHSX HMUNKUDR @ QDCTBDC Q@SD NE DFF OQNCTBSHNM (ENQ SGDRD RODBHEHB RSQ@HMR) @R BNLO@QDC SN EKHDR SG@S VDQD MNS
RDKDBSDC ENQ QDRHRS@MBD NQ RTRBDOSHAHKHSX SN %%5. )DQD, FDMDSHB RDKDBSHNM G@R @OO@QDMSKX HMUNKUDC @ KNRR NE EDBTMCHSX.
77
@. H
0
:
1
2
=
2
2
A. H
a
:
1
2

1
2
B. :<(DKC) = 4; :<(:;DEC) = 4
C. F
4, 4
D. 3.00
E. 2(0.1563) = 0.3126. 6RHMF SGD 5*-83+/84+ ETMBSHNM 2-4@LO'SDRS, XNT FDS SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB @R 2.9986 @MC F-U@KTD
CHQDBSKX @R 0.3127. *E XNT HMOTS SGD KHRSR HM @ CHEEDQDMS NQCDQ, XNT FDS @ SDRS RS@SHRSHB NE 0.3335 ATS SGD F-U@KTD HR SGD R@LD
ADB@TRD SGHR HR @ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS.
F. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'S RNKTSHNM.
G. %DBHRHNM: %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR; $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD U@QH@MBDR
@QD CHEEDQDMS.
79
@. !
0
:
1
2
=
2
2
A. !
7
:
1
2
w
1
2
B. :<(D) = 19, :<(:) = 19
C. F
19,19
D. 1.13
E. 0.786
G. H. "KOG@:0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD U@QH@MBDR @QD CHEEDQDMS.
81 5GD @MRVDQR L@X U@QX. 4@LOKD @MRVDQ: )NLD CDBNQ@SHMF L@F@YHMDR @MC MDVR L@F@YHMDR G@UD CHEEDQDMS U@QH@MBDR.
83
774 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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@. !
0
: =
1
2
=
2
2
A. !
7
:
1
2
w
1
2
B. :<(D) = 7, :<(:) = 6
C. F
7,6
D. 0.8117
E. 0.7825
G. H. "KOG@: 0.05
HU. $NMBKTRHNM: 5GDQD HR MNS RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD U@QH@MBDR @QD CHEEDQDMS.
85 )DQD HR @ RSQHO BG@QS NE SGD RHKUDQ BNMSDMS NE SGD BNHMR:
$CAOL? 13.11
8GHKD SGDQD @QD CHEEDQDMBDR HM ROQD@C, HS HR MNS TMQD@RNM@AKD SN TRD "/07" SDBGMHPTDR. )DQD HR SGD BNLOKDSDC "/07"
S@AKD:
0DJG8: D; 36G>6I>DC 0JB D; 0FJ6G:H (SS) !:<G::H D; #G::9DB ((*) *:6C 0FJ6G: (MS) F
'@BSNQ (#DSVDDM) 37.748 4 k 1 = 3 12.5825 26.272
&QQNQ (8HSGHM) 11.015 27 k 4 = 23 0.4789
5NS@K 48.763 27 k 1 = 26
167A: 13.42
)(F > 26.272) = 0; 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR ENQ @MX @KOG@. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD LD@M RHKUDQ
BNMSDMS @LNMF SGD ENTQ BNHM@FDR @QD CHEEDQDMS. 'QNL SGD RSQHO BG@QS, HS @OOD@QR SG@S SGD EHQRS @MC RDBNMC BNHM@FDR G@C GHFGDQ
RHKUDQ BNMSDMSR SG@M SGD SGHQC @MC ENTQSG.
86 )DQD HR @ RSQHOBG@QS NE SGD MTLADQ NE VHMR ENQ SGD 14 SD@LR HM SGD "- ENQ SGD 2012 RD@RNM.
"'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5 775
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$CAOL? 13.12
8GHKD SGD ROQD@C RDDLR RHLHK@Q, SGDQD L@X AD RNLD PTDRSHNM @ANTS SGD MNQL@KHSX NE SGD C@S@, FHUDM SGD VHCD F@OR HM SGD
LHCCKD MD@Q SGD 0.500 L@QJ NE 82 F@LDR (SD@LR OK@X 162 F@LDR D@BG RD@RNM HM .-#). )NVDUDQ, NMD-V@X "/07" HR
QNATRS. )DQD HR SGD "/07" S@AKD ENQ SGD C@S@:
0DJG8: D; 36G>6I>DC 0JB D; 0FJ6G:H (SS) !:<G::H D; #G::9DB ((*) *:6C 0FJ6G: (MS) F
'@BSNQ (#DSVDDM) 344.16 3 k 1 = 2 172.08 26.272
&QQNQ (8HSGHM) 1,219.55 14 k 3 = 11 110.87 1.5521
5NS@K 1,563.71 14 k 1 = 13
167A: 13.43
)(F > 1.5521) = 0.2548
4HMBD SGD F-U@KTD HR RN K@QFD, SGDQD HR MNS FNNC DUHCDMBD @F@HMRS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR NE DPT@K LD@MR. 8D CDBKHMD SN QDIDBS SGD
MTKK GXONSGDRHR. 5GTR, ENQ 2012, SGDQD HR MNS @MX G@UD @MX FNNC DUHCDMBD NE @ RHFMHEHB@MS CHEEDQDMBD HM LD@M MTLADQ NE VHMR
ADSVDDM SGD CHUHRHNMR NE SGD "LDQHB@M -D@FTD.
776 "'/3$1 13 W % #(231(!43(.- -# .-$-68 -.5
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14 U A..#,"'6 A
5GDRD QDUHDV DWDQBHRDR @QD CDRHFMDC SN OQNUHCD DWSQ@ OQ@BSHBD NM BNMBDOSR KD@QMDC ADENQD @ O@QSHBTK@Q BG@OSDQ. 'NQ DW@LOKD,
SGD QDUHDV DWDQBHRDR ENQ $G@OSDQ 3, BNUDQ L@SDQH@K KD@QMDC HM BG@OSDQR 1 @MC 2.
!B;JN?L 3
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I: *M @ RTQUDX NE 100 RSNBJR NM /"4%"2, SGD @UDQ@FD ODQBDMS
HMBQD@RD ENQ SGD O@RS XD@Q V@R 9% ENQ /"4%"2 RSNBJR.
$TAN?EOA 14.1
5GD o@UDQ@FD HMBQD@RDp ENQ @KK /"4%"2 RSNBJR HR SGD:
=. ONOTK@SHNM
>. RS@SHRSHB
?. O@Q@LDSDQ
@. R@LOKD
A. U@QH@AKD
$TAN?EOA 14.2
"KK NE SGD /"4%"2 RSNBJR @QD SGD:
=. ONOTK@SHNM
>. RS@SHRSHBR
?. O@Q@LDSDQ
@. R@LOKD
A. U@QH@AKD
$TAN?EOA 14.3
/HMD ODQBDMS HR SGD:
=. ONOTK@SHNM
>. RS@SHRSHBR
?. O@Q@LDSDQ
@. R@LOKD
A. U@QH@AKD
$TAN?EOA 14.4
5GD 100 /"4%"2 RSNBJR HM SGD RTQUDX @QD SGD:
=. ONOTK@SHNM
>. RS@SHRSHB
?. O@Q@LDSDQ
@. R@LOKD
A. U@QH@AKD
$TAN?EOA 14.5
5GD ODQBDMS HMBQD@RD ENQ NMD RSNBJ HM SGD RTQUDX HR SGD:
=. ONOTK@SHNM
>. RS@SHRSHB
?. O@Q@LDSDQ
@. R@LOKD
A. U@QH@AKD
$TAN?EOA 14.6
8NTKC SGD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC AX PT@KHS@SHUD, PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD, NQ PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GHQSX ODNOKD RODMS SVN VDDJR @QNTMC .@QCH (Q@R HM
/DV 0QKD@MR. 5GDHQ SVN-VDDJ VDHFGS F@HM HR ADKNV. (/NSD: @ KNRR HR RGNVM AX @ MDF@SHUD VDHFGS F@HM.)
"'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7 777
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5?CABN %;CH $L?KO?H=S
_2 3
_1 5
0 2
1 4
4 13
6 2
11 1
2;<F? 14.1
$TAN?EOA 14.7
$@KBTK@SD SGD ENKKNVHMF U@KTDR:
=. SGD @UDQ@FD VDHFGS F@HM ENQ SGD SVN VDDJR
>. SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
?. SGD EHQRS, RDBNMC, @MC SGHQC PT@QSHKDR
$TAN?EOA 14.8
$NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L @MC ANW OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
!B;JN?L 4
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: " QDBDMS ONKK BNMBDQMHMF BQDCHS B@QCR ENTMC SG@S 35 ODQBDMS
NE QDRONMCDMSR TRD @ BQDCHS B@QC SG@S FHUDR SGDL @ LHKD NE @HQ SQ@UDK ENQ DUDQX CNKK@Q SGDX BG@QFD. 5GHQSX ODQBDMS NE SGD
QDRONMCDMSR BG@QFD LNQD SG@M $2,000 ODQ LNMSG. 0E SGNRD QDRONMCDMSR VGN BG@QFD LNQD SG@M $2,000, 80 ODQBDMS TRD @ BQDCHS
B@QC SG@S FHUDR SGDL @ LHKD NE @HQ SQ@UDK ENQ DUDQX CNKK@Q SGDX BG@QFD.
$TAN?EOA 14.9
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC QDRONMCDMS VHKK RODMC LNQD SG@M $2,000 "/% TRD @ BQDCHS B@QC SG@S FHUDR
SGDL @ LHKD NE @HQ SQ@UDK ENQ DUDQX CNKK@Q SGDX BG@QFD
=. (0.30)(0.35)
>. (0.80)(0.35)
?. (0.80)(0.30)
@. (0.80)
$TAN?EOA 14.10
"QD TRHMF @ BQDCHS B@QC SG@S FHUDR @ LHKD NE @HQ SQ@UDK ENQ D@BG CNKK@Q RODMS "/% BG@QFHMF LNQD SG@M $2,000 ODQ LNMSG
HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR
=. :DR
>. /N, @MC SGDX @QD MNS LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DHSGDQ.
?. /N, ATS SGDX @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD.
@. /NS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM FHUDM SN CDSDQLHMD SGD @MRVDQ
$TAN?EOA 14.11
" RNBHNKNFHRS V@MSR SN JMNV SGD NOHMHNMR NE DLOKNXDC @CTKS VNLDM @ANTS FNUDQMLDMS ETMCHMF ENQ C@X B@QD. 4GD NAS@HMR
@ KHRS NE 520 LDLADQR NE @ KNB@K ATRHMDRR @MC OQNEDRRHNM@K VNLDMnR BKTA @MC L@HKR @ PTDRSHNMM@HQD SN 100 NE SGDRD VNLDM
RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL. 4HWSX-DHFGS PTDRSHNMM@HQDR @QD QDSTQMDC. 8G@S HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM HM SGHR RSTCX
=. @KK DLOKNXDC @CTKS VNLDM
778 "'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7
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>. @KK SGD LDLADQR NE @ KNB@K ATRHMDRR @MC OQNEDRRHNM@K VNLDMnR BKTA
?. SGD 100 VNLDM VGN QDBDHUDC SGD PTDRSHNMM@HQD
@. @KK DLOKNXDC VNLDM VHSG BGHKCQDM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD MDWS SVN PTDRSHNMR QDEDQ SN SGD ENKKNVHMF: "M
@QSHBKD EQNL 5GD 4@M +NRD .DQBTQX /DVR V@R BNMBDQMDC VHSG SGD Q@BH@K LHW NE SGD 1500 RSTCDMSR @S 1QNRODBS )HFG 4BGNNK
HM 4@Q@SNF@, $". 5GD S@AKD RTLL@QHYDR SGD QDRTKSR. (.@KD @MC EDL@KD U@KTDR @QD @OOQNWHL@SD.) 4TOONRD NMD 1QNRODBS )HFG
4BGNNK RSTCDMS HR Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
%?H>?L/#NBHC= ALIOJ 5BCN? AMC;H &CMJ;HC= F;=E AG?LC=;H 'H>C;H
,=HA 400 468 115 35 16
%AI=HA 440 132 140 40 14
2;<F? 14.2
$TAN?EOA 14.12
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR "RH@M NQ .@KD.
$TAN?EOA 14.13
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS HR #K@BJ FHUDM SG@S SGD RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD.
$TAN?EOA 14.14
" R@LOKD NE ONTMCR KNRS, HM @ BDQS@HM LNMSG, AX HMCHUHCT@K LDLADQR NE @ VDHFGS QDCTBHMF BKHMHB OQNCTBDC SGD ENKKNVHMF
RS@SHRSHBR:
c .D@M = 5 KAR.
c .DCH@M = 4.5 KAR.
c .NCD = 4 KAR.
c 4S@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 3.8 KAR.
c 'HQRS PT@QSHKD = 2 KAR.
c 5GHQC PT@QSHKD = 8.5 KAR.
5GD BNQQDBS RS@SDLDMS HR:
=. 0MD ENTQSG NE SGD LDLADQR KNRS DW@BSKX SVN ONTMCR.
>. 5GD LHCCKD EHESX ODQBDMS NE SGD LDLADQR KNRS EQNL SVN SN 8.5 KAR.
?. .NRS ODNOKD KNRS 3.5 SN 4.5 KAR.
@. "KK NE SGD BGNHBDR @ANUD @QD BNQQDBS.
$TAN?EOA 14.15
8G@S CNDR HS LD@M VGDM @ C@S@ RDS G@R @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM DPT@K SN YDQN
=. "KK U@KTDR NE SGD C@S@ @OOD@Q VHSG SGD R@LD EQDPTDMBX.
>. 5GD LD@M NE SGD C@S@ HR @KRN YDQN.
?. "KK NE SGD C@S@ G@UD SGD R@LD U@KTD.
@. 5GDQD @QD MN C@S@ SN ADFHM VHSG.
$TAN?EOA 14.16
5GD RS@SDLDMS SG@S CDRBQHAD SGD HKKTRSQ@SHNM HR:
$CAOL? 14.1
=. SGD LD@M HR DPT@K SN SGD LDCH@M.
>. 5GDQD HR MN EHQRS PT@QSHKD.
?. 5GD KNVDRS C@S@ U@KTD HR SGD LDCH@M.
"'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7 779
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$TAN?EOA 14.17
"BBNQCHMF SN @ QDBDMS @QSHBKD HM SGD ,7D #EI; &;H9KHO ';MI SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE A@AHDR ANQM VHSG RHFMHEHB@MS GD@QHMF KNRR
(CD@EMDRR) HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX 2 ODQ 1000 A@AHDR HM @ GD@KSGX A@AX MTQRDQX. 5GD MTLADQ BKHLAR SN @M @UDQ@FD NE 30 ODQ 1000
A@AHDR HM @M HMSDMRHUD B@QD MTQRDQX. 4TOONRD SG@S 1,000 A@AHDR EQNL GD@KSGX A@AX MTQRDQHDR VDQD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC. 'HMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S DW@BSKX SVN A@AHDR VDQD ANQM CD@E.
$TAN?EOA 14.18
" oEQHDMCp NEEDQR XNT SGD ENKKNVHMF oCD@K.p 'NQ @ $10 EDD, XNT L@X OHBJ @M DMUDKNOD EQNL @ ANW BNMS@HMHMF 100 RDDLHMFKX
HCDMSHB@K DMUDKNODR. )NVDUDQ, D@BG DMUDKNOD BNMS@HMR @ BNTONM ENQ @ EQDD FHES.
c 5DM NE SGD BNTONMR @QD ENQ @ EQDD FHES VNQSG $6.
c &HFGSX NE SGD BNTONMR @QD ENQ @ EQDD FHES VNQSG $8.
c 4HW NE SGD BNTONMR @QD ENQ @ EQDD FHES VNQSG $12.
c 'NTQ NE SGD BNTONMR @QD ENQ @ EQDD FHES VNQSG $40.
#@RDC TONM SGD EHM@MBH@K F@HM NQ KNRR NUDQ SGD KNMF QTM, RGNTKC XNT OK@X SGD F@LD
=. :DR, * DWODBS SN BNLD NTS @GD@C HM LNMDX.
>. /N, * DWODBS SN BNLD NTS ADGHMC HM LNMDX.
?. *S CNDRMnS L@SSDQ. * DWODBS SN AQD@J DUDM.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I: 3DBDMSKX, @ MTQRD BNLLDMSDC SG@S VGDM @ O@SHDMS B@KKR
SGD LDCHB@K @CUHBD KHMD BK@HLHMF SN G@UD SGD EKT, SGD BG@MBD SG@S GD/RGD SQTKX G@R SGD EKT (@MC MNS ITRS @ M@RSX BNKC) HR NMKX
@ANTS 4%. 0E SGD MDWS 25 O@SHDMSR B@KKHMF HM BK@HLHMF SN G@UD SGD EKT, VD @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM GNV L@MX @BST@KKX G@UD SGD EKT.
$TAN?EOA 14.19
%DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD @MC KHRS HSR ONRRHAKD U@KTDR.
$TAN?EOA 14.20
4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
$TAN?EOA 14.21
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS ENTQ NE SGD 25 O@SHDMSR @BST@KKX G@UD SGD EKT.
$TAN?EOA 14.22
0M @UDQ@FD, ENQ DUDQX 25 O@SHDMSR B@KKHMF HM, GNV L@MX CN XNT DWODBS SN G@UD SGD EKT
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: %HEEDQDMS SXODR NE VQHSHMF B@M RNLDSHLDR AD
CHRSHMFTHRGDC AX SGD MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR HM SGD VNQCR TRDC. " RSTCDMS HMSDQDRSDC HM SGHR E@BS V@MSR SN RSTCX SGD MTLADQ NE
KDSSDQR NE VNQCR TRDC AX 5NL $K@MBX HM GHR MNUDKR. 4GD NODMR @ $K@MBX MNUDK @S Q@MCNL @MC QDBNQCR SGD MTLADQ NE KDSSDQR
NE SGD EHQRS 250 VNQCR NM SGD O@FD.
$TAN?EOA 14.23
8G@S JHMC NE C@S@ V@R BNKKDBSDC
=. PT@KHS@SHUD
>. PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
?. PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD
$TAN?EOA 14.24
8G@S HR SGD ONOTK@SHNM TMCDQ RSTCX
!B;JN?L 5
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I: "QDBDMS RSTCX NE LNSGDQR NE ITMHNQ GHFG RBGNNK BGHKCQDM HM
4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX QDONQSDC SG@S 76% NE SGD LNSGDQR @QD DLOKNXDC HM O@HC ONRHSHNMR. 0E SGNRD LNSGDQR VGN @QD DLOKNXDC,
64%VNQJ ETKK-SHLD (NUDQ 35 GNTQR ODQ VDDJ), @MC 36%VNQJ O@QS-SHLD. )NVDUDQ, NTS NE @KK NE SGD LNSGDQR HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM,
49%VNQJ ETKK-SHLD. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM TMCDQ RSTCX HR L@CD TO NE LNSGDQR NE ITMHNQ GHFG RBGNNK BGHKCQDM HM 4@MS@ $K@Q@ $NTMSX.
-DS & = DLOKNXDC @MC ' = ETKK-SHLD DLOKNXLDMS.
780 "'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7
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$TAN?EOA 14.25
=. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMS NE @KK LNSGDQR HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM SG@S @QD /05 DLOKNXDC.
>. 'HMC SGD ODQBDMS NE LNSGDQR HM SGD ONOTK@SHNM SG@S @QD DLOKNXDC O@QS-SHLD.
$TAN?EOA 14.26
5GD oSXOD NE DLOKNXLDMSp HR BNMRHCDQDC SN AD VG@S SXOD NE C@S@
$TAN?EOA 14.27
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC LNSGDQ VNQJR O@QS-SHLD FHUDM SG@S RGD HR DLOKNXDC.
$TAN?EOA 14.28
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ODQRNM EQNL SGD ONOTK@SHNM VHKK AD DLOKNXDC NQ VNQJ ETKK-SHLD.
$TAN?EOA 14.29
#DHMF DLOKNXDC @MC VNQJHMF O@QS-SHLD:
=. LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
>. HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR 8GX NQ VGX MNS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= 7::?J?ED7B ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 8D Q@MCNLKX OHBJ SDM LNSGDQR EQNL SGD
@ANUD ONOTK@SHNM. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE SGD LNSGDQR SG@S @QD DLOKNXDC. -DS 1 = MTLADQ NE LNSGDQR SG@S @QD
DLOKNXDC.
$TAN?EOA 14.30
4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
$TAN?EOA 14.31
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS RHW @QD DLOKNXDC.
$TAN?EOA 14.32
8D DWODBS SGD RS@SHRSHBR CHRBTRRHNM AN@QC SN G@UD, NM @UDQ@FD, 14 PTDRSHNMR ONRSDC SN HS ODQ VDDJ. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD
MTLADQ NE PTDRSHNMR ONRSDC SN HS ODQ C@X.
=. %DEHMD 1.
>. 8G@S @QD SGD U@KTDR SG@S SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD L@X S@JD NM
?. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
@. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S EQNL SDM SN 14 (HMBKTRHUD) PTDRSHNMR @QD ONRSDC SN SGD KHRSRDQU NM @ Q@MCNLKX OHBJDC C@X.
$TAN?EOA 14.33
" ODQRNM HMUDRSR $1,000 HMSN RSNBJ NE @ BNLO@MX SG@S GNODR SN FN OTAKHB HM NMD XD@Q. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNM VHKK
KNRD @KK GHR LNMDX @ESDQ NMD XD@Q (H.D. GHR RSNBJ VHKK AD VNQSGKDRR) HR 35%. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNMnR RSNBJ VHKK RSHKK
G@UD @ U@KTD NE $1,000 @ESDQ NMD XD@Q (H.D. MN OQNEHS @MC MN KNRR) HR 60%. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNMnR RSNBJ VHKK HMBQD@RD
HM U@KTD AX $10,000 @ESDQ NMD XD@Q (H.D. VHKK AD VNQSG $11,000) HR 5%. 'HMC SGD DWODBSDC OQNEHS @ESDQ NMD XD@Q.
$TAN?EOA 14.34
3@BGDKnR OH@MN BNRS $3,000. 5GD @UDQ@FD BNRS ENQ @ OH@MN HR $4,000 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $2,500. #DBB@nR FTHS@Q BNRS
$550. 5GD @UDQ@FD BNRS ENQ @ FTHS@Q HR $500 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $200. .@SSnR CQTLR BNRS $600. 5GD @UDQ@FD BNRS ENQ
CQTLR HR $700 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $100. 8GNRD BNRS V@R KNVDRS VGDM BNLO@QDC SN GHR NQ GDQ NVM HMRSQTLDMS
$TAN?EOA 14.35
$CAOL? 14.2
&WOK@HM VGX D@BG RS@SDLDMS HR DHSGDQ SQTD NQ E@KRD FHUDM SGD ANW OKNS HM $CAOL? 14.2.
=. 5VDMSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD C@S@ QD @S LNRS EHUD.
"'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7 781
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>. 5GDQD HR SGD R@LD @LNTMS NE C@S@ EQNL 4k5 @R SGDQD HR EQNL 5k7.
?. 5GDQD @QD MN C@S@ U@KTDR NE SGQDD.
@. 'HESX ODQBDMS NE SGD C@S@ @QD ENTQ.
.I?D= J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 64 E@BTKSX LDLADQR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE B@QR
SGDX NVMDC (HMBKTCHMF RONTRD @MC BGHKCQDMnR B@QR). 5GD QDRTKSR @QD FHUDM HM SGD ENKKNVHMF FQ@OG:
$CAOL? 14.3
$TAN?EOA 14.36
'HMC SGD @OOQNWHL@SD MTLADQ NE QDRONMRDR SG@S VDQD SGQDD.
$TAN?EOA 14.37
'HMC SGD EHQRS, RDBNMC @MC SGHQC PT@QSHKDR. 6RD SGDL SN BNMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 2;<F? 14.3 RGNVR C@S@ F@SGDQDC EQNL 15 FHQKR NM
SGD 4MNV -DNO@QC RNBBDQ SD@L VGDM SGDX VDQD @RJDC GNV SGDX KHJDC SN VD@Q SGDHQ G@HQ. 4TOONRDC NMD FHQK EQNL SGD SD@L HR
Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
&;CL 1NSF?/&;CL !IFIL FIH> LIQH F;=E
/KJUP=EH 3 2 5
/H=EJ 2 2 1
2;<F? 14.3
$TAN?EOA 14.38
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD FHQK G@R AK@BJ G@HQ (*7&/ SG@S RGD VD@QR @ ONMXS@HK.
$TAN?EOA 14.39
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD FHQK VD@QR GDQ G@HQ OK@HM 03 G@R AQNVM G@HQ.
$TAN?EOA 14.40
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD FHQK G@R AKNMC G@HQ "/% SG@S RGD VD@QR GDQ G@HQ OK@HM.
782 "'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 1 ] .(3, 13)
$TAN?EOA 14.41
&WOK@HM VGHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF @QD E@KRD @MC VGHBG @QD SQTD.
=. <(N) =
1
10
, 3 x N x 13
>. 5GDQD HR MN LNCD
?. 5GD LDCH@M HR KDRR SG@M SGD LD@M.
@. )(N > 10) = )(N x 6)
$TAN?EOA 14.42
$@KBTK@SD:
=. SGD LD@M.
>. SGD LDCH@M.
?. SGD 65
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
$CAOL? 14.4
$TAN?EOA 14.43
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF HR SQTD ENQ SGD ANW OKNS HM #R?L=CM? 14.42
=. 5VDMSX-EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD C@S@ @QD @S LNRS EHUD.
>. 5GDQD HR @ANTS SGD R@LD @LNTMS NE C@S@ EQNL 4k5 @R SGDQD HR EQNL 5k7.
?. 5GDQD @QD MN C@S@ U@KTDR NE SGQDD.
@. 'HESX ODQBDMS NE SGD C@S@ @QD ENTQ.
$TAN?EOA 14.44
*E )([!) = )(), SGDM VGHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF HR BNQQDBS
=. @MC ! @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR.
>. )() = )(!)
?. ,MNVHMF SG@S ! G@R NBBTQQDC VHKK @EEDBS SGD BG@MBD SG@S VHKK G@OODM.
@. @MC ! @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
$TAN?EOA 14.45
*E )(#) = 0.3, )($) = 0.63, @MC # @MC $ @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR, SGDM DWOK@HM VGHBG @QD BNQQDBS @MC VGHBG @QD HMBNQQDBS.
=. )(# "/% $) = 0
>. )(# 03 $) = 0.9
?. )(# 03 $) = 0.72
@. )(#) w )(#[$)
$TAN?EOA 14.46
0M @UDQ@FD, EHUD RSTCDMSR EQNL D@BG GHFG RBGNNK BK@RR FDS ETKK RBGNK@QRGHOR SN ENTQ-XD@Q BNKKDFDR. "RRTLD SG@S LNRS GHFG
RBGNNK BK@RRDR G@UD @ANTS 500 RSTCDMSR. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR EQNL @ GHFG RBGNNK BK@RR SG@S FDS ETKK RBGNK@QRGHOR SN
ENTQ-XD@Q RBGNNKR. 8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1
=. )(5)
>. B(500, 5)
?. ENF

1
5
@. N
5,
(0.01)(0.99)
500
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!B;JN?L 7
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 3HBG@QCnR 'TQMHSTQD $NLO@MX CDKHUDQR ETQMHSTQD EQNL
10 "... SN 2 1... BNMSHMTNTRKX @MC TMHENQLKX. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM GNV KNMF (HM GNTQR) O@RS SGD 10 "... RS@QS SHLD SG@S
HMCHUHCT@KR V@HS ENQ SGDHQ CDKHUDQX.
$TAN?EOA 14.47
1 ] ?????????
=. .(0, 4)
>. .(10, 20)
?. ENF(2)
@. '(2, 1)
$TAN?EOA 14.48
5GD @UDQ@FD V@HS SHLD HR:
=. 1 GNTQ.
>. 2 GNTQR.
?. 2.5 GNTQR.
@. 4 GNTQR.
$TAN?EOA 14.49
4TOONRD SG@S HS HR MNV O@RS MNNM NM @ CDKHUDQX C@X. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ ODQRNM LTRS V@HS @S KD@RS 1.5 LNQD GNTQR HR:
=.
1
4
>.
1
2
?.
3
4
@.
3
8
$TAN?EOA 14.50
(HUDM: 1 ] ENF

1
3
=. 'HMC )(N > 1).

>. $@KBTK@SD SGD LHMHLTL U@KTD ENQ SGD TOODQ PT@QSHKD.
?. 'HMC )

x =
1
3
$TAN?EOA 14.51
c 40% NE ETKK-SHLD RSTCDMSR SNNJ 4 XD@QR SN FQ@CT@SD
5GD DWODBSDC SHLD ENQ ETKK-SHLD RSTCDMSR SN FQ@CT@SD HR:
=. 4 XD@QR
>. 4.5 XD@QR
?. 5 XD@QR
@. 5.5 XD@QR
$TAN?EOA 14.52
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF CHRSQHATSHNMR HR CDRBQHADC AX SGD ENKKNVHMF DW@LOKD
.@MX ODNOKD B@M QTM @ RGNQS CHRS@MBD NE TMCDQ SVN LHKDR, ATS @R SGD CHRS@MBD HMBQD@RDR, EDVDQ ODNOKD B@M QTM SG@S E@Q.
=. AHMNLH@K
>. TMHENQL
?. DWONMDMSH@K
@. MNQL@K
$TAN?EOA 14.53
784 "'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7
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5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD SN AQTRG NMDnR SDDSG HR FDMDQ@KKX SGNTFGS SN AD DWONMDMSH@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE
3
4
LHMTSDR. 'HMC
SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC ODQRNM AQTRGDR GHR NQ GDQ SDDSG KDRR SG@M
3
4
LHMTSDR.
=. 0.5
>.
3
4
?. 0.43
@. 0.63
$TAN?EOA 14.54
8GHBG CHRSQHATSHNM @BBTQ@SDKX CDRBQHADR SGD ENKKNVHMF RHST@SHNM
5GD BG@MBD SG@S @ SDDM@FD ANX QDFTK@QKX FHUDR GHR LNSGDQ @ JHRR FNNCMHFGS HR @ANTS 20%. 'NTQSDDM SDDM@FD ANXR @QD
Q@MCNLKX RTQUDXDC. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE SDDM@FD ANXR SG@S QDFTK@QKX FHUD SGDHQ LNSGDQ @ JHRR FNNCMHFGS.
=. B(14,0.20)
>. )(2.8)
?. '(2.8,2.24)
@. ENF

1
0.20
$TAN?EOA 14.55
" 2008 QDONQS NM SDBGMNKNFX TRD RS@SDR SG@S @OOQNWHL@SDKX 20% NE 6.4. GNTRDGNKCR G@UD MDUDQ RDMS @M D-L@HK. 4TOONRD
SG@S VD RDKDBS @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE ENTQSDDM 6.4. GNTRDGNKCR. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE GNTRDGNKCR HM @ 2008 R@LOKD NE 14
GNTRDGNKCR SG@S G@UD MDUDQ RDMS @M DL@HK
=. B(14,0.20)
>. )(2.8)
?. '(2.8,2.24)
@. ENF

1
0.20
!B;JN?L 8
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD SG@S @ R@LOKD NE 15 Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM ODNOKD VDQD
OTS NM @ RODBH@K VDHFGS KNRR CHDS. 5GD @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KNRS, HM ONTMCR, ENKKNVR @M TMJMNVM CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG LD@M DPT@K
SN 12 ONTMCR @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM DPT@K SN SGQDD ONTMCR. "RRTLD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD VDHFGS KNRR HR MNQL@K.
$TAN?EOA 14.56
5N EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KNRS AX 15 ODNOKD HR MN LNQD SG@M 14 ONTMCR, SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD
RGNTKC AD:
=. MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN KNRS VDHFGS NM SGD RODBH@K VDHFGS KNRR CHDS.
>. SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN VDQD NM SGD CHDS.
?. SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KNRS AX 15 ODNOKD NM SGD RODBH@K VDHFGS KNRR CHDS.
@. SGD SNS@K @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KNRS AX 15 ODNOKD NM SGD RODBH@K VDHFGS KNRR CHDS.
$TAN?EOA 14.57
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX @RJDC ENQ HM SGD #R?L=CM? 14.56.
$TAN?EOA 14.58
'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD ENQ SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KNRS AX 15 ODNOKD.
.I?D= J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD SHLD NE NBBTQQDMBD NE SGD EHQRS @BBHCDMS CTQHMF
QTRG-GNTQ SQ@EEHB @S @ L@INQ HMSDQRDBSHNM HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC ADSVDDM SGD SGQDD GNTQ HMSDQU@K 4 O.L. SN 7 O.L. -DS 1 = SGD
@LNTMS NE SHLD (GNTQR) HS S@JDR ENQ SGD EHQRS @BBHCDMS SN NBBTQ.
$TAN?EOA 14.59
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SHLD NE NBBTQQDMBD HR VHSGHM SGD EHQRS G@KE-GNTQ NQ SGD K@RS GNTQ NE SGD ODQHNC EQNL 4 SN 7
O.L.
=. B@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC EQNL SGD HMENQL@SHNM FHUDM
>.
1
6
"'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7 785
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$TAN?EOA 14.60
5GD 20
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NBBTQR @ESDQ GNV L@MX GNTQR
=. 0.20
>. 0.60
?. 0.50
@. 1
$TAN?EOA 14.61
"RRTLD 3@LNM G@R JDOS SQ@BJ NE SGD SHLDR ENQ SGD EHQRS @BBHCDMSR SN NBBTQ ENQ 40 CHEEDQDMS C@XR. -DS C = SGD SNS@K BTLTK@SHUD
SHLD. 5GDM C ENKKNVR VGHBG CHRSQHATSHNM
=. .(0,3)
>. ENF(13)
?. '(60, 5.477)
@. '(1.5, 0.01875)
$TAN?EOA 14.62
6RHMF SGD HMENQL@SHNM HM #R?L=CM? 14.61, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD SNS@K SHLD ENQ @KK EHQRS @BBHCDMSR SN NBBTQ HR LNQD SG@M
43 GNTQR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ O@QDMS LTRS V@HS ENQ GHR BGHKCQDM
SN BKD@M SGDHQ QNNLR HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC HM SGD SHLD HMSDQU@K EQNL NMD SN 15 C@XR.
$TAN?EOA 14.63
)NV KNMF LTRS @ O@QDMS DWODBS SN V@HS ENQ GHR BGHKCQDM SN BKD@M SGDHQ QNNLR
=. DHFGS C@XR
>. SGQDD C@XR
?. 14 C@XR
@. RHW C@XR
$TAN?EOA 14.64
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ O@QDMS VHKK V@HS LNQD SG@M RHW C@XR FHUDM SG@S SGD O@QDMS G@R @KQD@CX V@HSDC LNQD SG@M SGQDD
C@XR
=. 0.5174
>. 0.0174
?. 0.7500
@. 0.2143
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 5VDMSX ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR @S @ KNB@K BNLLTMHSX
BNKKDFD KHUD HM VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE SGD B@LOTR. 5GHQSX ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR @S SGD R@LD BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD QDBDHUD RNLD
JHMC NE EHM@MBH@K @HC. 0E SGNRD VGN KHUD VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE SGD B@LOTR, 75% QDBDHUD RNLD JHMC NE EHM@MBH@K @HC.
$TAN?EOA 14.65
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM RSTCDMS @S SGD KNB@K BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD CNDR MNS KHUD VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE SGD
B@LOTR.
=. 80%
>. 20%
?. 30%
@. B@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC
$TAN?EOA 14.66
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM RSTCDMS @S SGD KNB@K BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD KHUDR VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE SGD B@LOTR NQ
QDBDHUDR RNLD JHMC NE EHM@MBH@K @HC.
=. 50%
>. 35%
?. 27.5%
786 "'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7
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@. 75%
$TAN?EOA 14.67
"QD KHUHMF HM RSTCDMS GNTRHMF VHSGHM EHUD LHKDR NE SGD B@LOTR @MC QDBDHUHMF RNLD JHMC NE EHM@MBH@K @HC LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
=. XDR
>. MN
?. B@MMNS AD CDSDQLHMDC
$TAN?EOA 14.68
5GD HMSDQDRS Q@SD BG@QFDC NM SGD EHM@MBH@K @HC HR ??????? C@S@.
=. PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD
>. PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
?. PT@KHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD
@. PT@KHS@SHUD
$TAN?EOA 14.69
5GD ENKKNVHMF HMENQL@SHNM HR @ANTS SGD RSTCDMSR VGN QDBDHUD EHM@MBH@K @HC @S SGD KNB@K BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD.
c 1RS PT@QSHKD = $250
c 2MC PT@QSHKD = $700
c 3QC PT@QSHKD = $1200
5GDRD @LNTMSR @QD ENQ SGD RBGNNK XD@Q. *E @ R@LOKD NE 200 RSTCDMSR HR S@JDM, GNV L@MX @QD DWODBSDC SN QDBDHUD $250 NQ
LNQD
=. 50
>. 250
?. 150
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: )(A) = 0.2, )(B) = 0.3; A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
$TAN?EOA 14.70
)(A "/% B) = ??????
=. 0.5
>. 0.6
?. 0
@. 0.06
$TAN?EOA 14.71
)(A 03 B) = ???????
=. 0.56
>. 0.5
?. 0.44
@. 1
$TAN?EOA 14.72
*E ! @MC D @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR, )(!) = 0.25, )(D) = 0.15, SGDM )(![D).
=. 1
>. 0
?. 0.40
@. 0.0375
!B;JN?L 9
$TAN?EOA 14.73
3DADBB@ @MC .@SS @QD 14 XD@Q NKC SVHMR. .@SSnR GDHFGS HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M ENQ 14 XD@Q NKC ANXRn
GDHFGS. 3DADBB@nR GDHFGS HR 0.10 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M ENQ 14 XD@Q NKC FHQKRn GDHFGS. *MSDQOQDS SGHR.
=. .@SS HR 2.1 HMBGDR RGNQSDQ SG@M 3DADBB@.
>. 3DADBB@ HR UDQX S@KK BNLO@QDC SN NSGDQ 14 XD@Q NKC FHQKR.
?. 3DADBB@ HR S@KKDQ SG@M .@SS.
@. .@SS HR RGNQSDQ SG@M SGD @UDQ@FD 14 XD@Q NKC ANX.
"'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7 787
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$TAN?EOA 14.74
$NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGD *10 C@S@ (RDD 2;<F? I@ !IHN?HNM (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G47129/1.1/#QA2612) , 14.
"OODMCHW, ";N; 1?NM (BNNJ://=HR.ILA/=IHN?HN/G47132/F;N?MN/#QA2613) ).
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: /HMDSX GNLDNVMDQR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE DRSHL@SDR
SGDX NAS@HMDC ADENQD G@UHMF SGDHQ GNLDR ETLHF@SDC. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE DRSHL@SDR.
R 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
1 0.3
2 0.2
4 0.4
5 0.1
2;<F? 14.4
$TAN?EOA 14.75
$NLOKDSD SGD BTLTK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX BNKTLM.
$TAN?EOA 14.76
$@KBTK@SD SGD R@LOKD LD@M (@), SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM (A) @MC SGD ODQBDMS NE SGD DRSHL@SDR SG@S E@KK @S NQ ADKNV ENTQ
(B).
$TAN?EOA 14.77
$@KBTK@SD SGD LDCH@M, &, SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD, *
1
, SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD, *
3
. 5GDM BNMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE SGD C@S@.
$TAN?EOA 14.78
5GD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD C@S@ @QD ADSVDDM ????? @MC ?????.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 4DUDMSX 5
SG
@MC 6
SG
FQ@CDQR VDQD @RJDC SGDHQ E@UNQHSD
CHMMDQ.
.CTT; &;G<OLA?LM 1J;AB?NNC $LC?> MBLCGJ
5PD CN=@AN 15 6 9 0
6PD CN=@AN 15 7 10 8
2;<F? 14.5
$TAN?EOA 14.79
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM BGHKC HR HM SGD 6SG FQ@CD @MC OQDEDQR EQHDC RGQHLO.
=.
32
70
>.
8
32
?.
8
8
@.
8
70
788 "'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7
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$TAN?EOA 14.80
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BGHKC CNDR MNS OQDEDQ OHYY@.
=.
30
70
>.
30
40
?.
40
70
@. 1
$TAN?EOA 14.81
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX @ BGHKC HR HM SGD 5
SG
FQ@CD FHUDM SG@S SGD BGHKC OQDEDQR RO@FGDSSH.
=.
9
19
>.
9
70
?.
9
30
@.
19
70
$TAN?EOA 14.82
" R@LOKD NE BNMUDMHDMBD HR @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD.
=. SQTD
>. E@KRD
$TAN?EOA 14.83
" RS@SHRSHB HR @ MTLADQ SG@S HR @ OQNODQSX NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
=. SQTD
>. E@KRD
$TAN?EOA 14.84
:NT RGNTKC @KV@XR SGQNV NTS @MX C@S@ SG@S @QD NTSKHDQR.
=. SQTD
>. E@KRD
$TAN?EOA 14.85
-DD A@JDR OHDR ENQ @ RL@KK QDRS@TQ@MS HM 'DKSNM, $". 4GD FDMDQ@KKX A@JDR 20 OHDR HM @ C@X, NM @UDQ@FD. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD
MTLADQ NE OHDR RGD A@JDR D@BG C@X.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S -DD A@JDR LNQD SG@M 25 OHDR HM @MX FHUDM C@X.
$TAN?EOA 14.86
4HW CHEEDQDMS AQ@MCR NE *S@KH@M R@K@C CQDRRHMF VDQD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC @S @ RTODQL@QJDS. 5GD FQ@LR NE E@S ODQ RDQUHMF @QD 7, 7,
9, 6, 8, 5. "RRTLD SG@S SGD TMCDQKXHMF CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNQL@K. $@KBTK@SD @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M
FQ@LR NE E@S ODQ RDQUHMF NE *S@KH@M R@K@C CQDRRHMF RNKC HM RTODQL@QJDSR.
$TAN?EOA 14.87
(HUDM: TMHENQL, DWONMDMSH@K, MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. .@SBG D@BG SN @ RS@SDLDMS ADKNV.
=. LD@M = LDCH@M w LNCD
>. LD@M > LDCH@M > LNCD
?. LD@M = LDCH@M = LNCD
!B;JN?L 10
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: *M @ RTQUDX @S ,HQJVNNC 4JH 3DRNQS SGD ENKKNVHMF
HMENQL@SHNM V@R QDBNQCDC:
"'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7 789
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0X10 11X20 21X40 40+
2GE 10 12 30 8
2JKS>K=N@ 6 17 12 5
2;<F? 14.6
4TOONRD SG@S NMD ODQRNM EQNL 2;<F? 14.6 V@R Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
$TAN?EOA 14.88
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNM V@R @ RJHDQ NQ V@R @FD 11k20.
$TAN?EOA 14.89
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNM V@R @ RMNVAN@QCDQ FHUDM GD NQ RGD V@R @FD 21k40.
$TAN?EOA 14.90
&WOK@HM VGHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF @QD SQTD @MC VGHBG @QD E@KRD.
=. 4ONQS @MC @FD @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
>. 4JH @MC @FD 11k20 @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR.
?. )(4JH "/% @FD 21k40) < )(4JH[@FD 21k40)
@. )(4MNVAN@QC 03 @FD 0k10) < )(4MNVAN@QC[@FD 0k10)
$TAN?EOA 14.91
5GD @UDQ@FD KDMFSG NE SHLD @ ODQRNM VHSG @ AQNJDM KDF VD@QR @ B@RS HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX RHW VDDJR. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR
@ANTS SGQDD VDDJR. 5GHQSX ODNOKD VGN G@C QDBDMSKX GD@KDC EQNL AQNJDM KDFR VDQD HMSDQUHDVDC. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SG@S
LNRS @BBTQ@SDKX QDEKDBSR SNS@K SHLD SN GD@K ENQ SGD SGHQSX ODNOKD.
$TAN?EOA 14.92
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1 HR TMHENQL. 8G@S B@M VD R@X ENQ BDQS@HM @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X
VGDM D = 1
=. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X
HR RSHKK TMHENQL VHSG SGD R@LD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
>. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X
HR MNQL@K VHSG SGD CHEEDQDMS LD@M @MC @ CHEEDQDMS RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
?. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X
HR MNQL@K VHSG SGD R@LD LD@M ATS @ K@QFDQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SG@M SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
@. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X
HR MNQL@K VHSG SGD R@LD LD@M ATS @ RL@KKDQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SG@M SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
$TAN?EOA 14.93
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1 HR TMHENQL. 8G@S B@M VD R@X ENQ BDQS@HM @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X VGDM D = 50
=. CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X HR RSHKK TMHENQL VHSG SGD R@LD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
>. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X HR MNQL@K VHSG SGD R@LD LD@M ATS @ K@QFDQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
?. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X HR MNQL@K VHSG @ K@QFDQ LD@M @MC @ K@QFDQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SG@M SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
@. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X HR MNQL@K VHSG SGD R@LD LD@M ATS @ RL@KKDQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SG@M SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: " FQNTO NE RSTCDMSR LD@RTQDC SGD KDMFSGR NE @KK SGD
B@QQNSR HM @ EHUD-ONTMC A@F NE A@AX B@QQNSR. 5GDX B@KBTK@SDC SGD @UDQ@FD KDMFSG NE A@AX B@QQNSR SN AD 2.0 HMBGDR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.25 HMBGDR. 4TOONRD VD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 16 EHUD-ONTMC A@FR NE A@AX B@QQNSR.
$TAN?EOA 14.94
4S@SD SGD @OOQNWHL@SD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X
, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD @UDQ@FD KDMFSGR NE A@AX B@QQNSR HM 16 EHUD-ONTMC A@FR. X
] ??????
790 "'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7
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$TAN?EOA 14.95
&WOK@HM VGX VD B@MMNS EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD HMCHUHCT@K Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM B@QQNS HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 2.25 HMBGDR.
$TAN?EOA 14.96
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S x
HR ADSVDDM SVN @MC 2.25 HMBGDR.

.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: "S SGD ADFHMMHMF NE SGD SDQL, SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD @
RSTCDMS V@HSR HM KHMD @S SGD B@LOTR RSNQD HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE EHUD LHMTSDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN
LHMTSDR.
$TAN?EOA 14.97
'HMC SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE V@HSHMF SHLD HM LHMTSDR.
$TAN?EOA 14.98
'HMC SGD LDCH@M V@HSHMF SHLD ENQ NMD RSTCDMS.
$TAN?EOA 14.99
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD V@HSHMF SHLD ENQ 40 RSTCDMSR HR @S KD@RS 4.5 LHMTSDR.
1?=NCIH 11
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD SG@S SGD SHLD SG@S NVMDQR JDDO SGDHQ B@QR
(OTQBG@RDC MDV) HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE RDUDM XD@QR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN XD@QR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC
HM GNV KNMF @M HMCHUHCT@K JDDOR GHR B@Q (OTQBG@RDC MDV). 0TQ ONOTK@SHNM HR ODNOKD VGN ATX SGDHQ B@QR MDV.
$TAN?EOA 14.100
4HWSX ODQBDMS NE HMCHUHCT@KR JDDO SGDHQ B@QR 6I BDHI GNV L@MX XD@QR
$TAN?EOA 14.101
4TOONRD SG@S VD Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX NMD ODQRNM. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S ODQRNM JDDOR GHR NQ GDQ B@Q A:HH I=6C 2.5 XD@QR.
$TAN?EOA 14.102
*E VD @QD SN OHBJ HMCHUHCT@KR SDM @S @ SHLD, EHMC SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD B:6C B@Q KDMFSG NVMDQRGHO.
$TAN?EOA 14.103
*E VD @QD SN OHBJ SDM HMCHUHCT@KR, EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD HJB NE SGDHQ NVMDQRGHO SHLD HR LNQD SG@M 55 XD@QR.
$TAN?EOA 14.104
'NQ VGHBG CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGD LDCH@M MNS DPT@K SN SGD LD@M
=. 6MHENQL
>. &WONMDMSH@K
?. /NQL@K
@. 4STCDMS J
$TAN?EOA 14.105
$NLO@QD SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN SGD 4STCDMSnR J-CHRSQHATSHNM, BDMSDQDC @S YDQN. &WOK@HM VGHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF
@QD SQTD @MC VGHBG @QD E@KRD.
=. "R SGD MTLADQ RTQUDXDC HMBQD@RDR, SGD @QD@ SN SGD KDES NE k1 ENQ SGD 4STCDMSnR J-CHRSQHATSHNM @OOQN@BGDR SGD @QD@ ENQ SGD
RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
>. "R SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL CDBQD@RD, SGD FQ@OG NE SGD 4STCDMSnR J-CHRSQHATSHNM KNNJR LNQD KHJD SGD FQ@OG NE SGD RS@MC@QC
?. *E SGD MTLADQ RTQUDXDC HR 15, SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM RGNTKC MDUDQ AD TRDC.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I: 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD BGDBJHMF @BBNTMS A@K@MBD NE
SVDMSX-XD@Q-NKC BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 16 SVDMSX-XD@Q-NKC BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR. 8D NAS@HM @ R@LOKD LD@M NE
$640 @MC @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $150. -DS 1 = BGDBJHMF @BBNTMS A@K@MBD NE @M HMCHUHCT@K SVDMSX XD@Q NKC BNKKDFD
RSTCDMS.
"'/3$1 14 W //$-#(7 791
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$TAN?EOA 14.106
&WOK@HM VGX VD B@MMNS CDSDQLHMD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
$TAN?EOA 14.107
*E XNT VDQD SN BQD@SD @ BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K NQ ODQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M BGDBJHMF @BBNTMS A@K@MBD
NE SVDMSX-XD@Q-NKC BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR, VG@S CHRSQHATSHNM VNTKC XNT TRD
$TAN?EOA 14.108
'HMC SGD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD LD@M BGDBJHMF @BBNTMS A@K@MBD NE @ SVDMSX-XD@Q-NKC BNKKDFD RSTCDMS.
$TAN?EOA 14.109
8G@S SXOD NE C@S@ HR SGD A@K@MBD NE SGD BGDBJHMF @BBNTMS BNMRHCDQDC SN AD
$TAN?EOA 14.110
8G@S SXOD NE C@S@ HR SGD MTLADQ NE SVDMSX-XD@Q-NKCR BNMRHCDQDC SN AD
$TAN?EOA 14.111
0M @UDQ@FD, @ ATRX DLDQFDMBX QNNL FDSR @ O@SHDMS VHSG @ RGNSFTM VNTMC @ANTS NMBD ODQ VDDJ. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD
MTLADQ NE O@SHDMSR VHSG @ RGNSFTM VNTMC SGD DLDQFDMBX QNNL FDSR ODQ 28 C@XR.
=. %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1.
>. 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
?. 'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD DLDQFDMBX QNNL FDSR MN O@SHDMSR VHSG RGNSFTM VNTMCR HM SGD MDWS 28 C@XR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ BDQS@HM RKNS L@BGHMD VHKK O@X
A@BJ LNMDX VGDM @ PT@QSDQ HR HMRDQSDC HR 0.30. "RRTLD SG@S D@BG OK@X NE SGD RKNS L@BGHMD HR HMCDODMCDMS EQNL D@BG NSGDQ. "
ODQRNM OTSR HM 15 PT@QSDQR ENQ 15 OK@XR.
$TAN?EOA 14.112
*R SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE OK@XR NE SGD RKNS L@BGHMD SG@S VHKK O@X A@BJ LNMDX FQD@SDQ SG@M, KDRR SG@M NQ SGD R@LD @R SGD
LDCH@M &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ.
$TAN?EOA 14.113
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$TAN?EOA 14.114
" F@LD HR OK@XDC VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF QTKDR:
c HS BNRSR $10 SN DMSDQ.
c @ E@HQ BNHM HR SNRRDC ENTQ SHLDR.
c HE XNT CN MNS FDS ENTQ GD@CR NQ ENTQ S@HKR, XNT KNRD XNTQ $10.
c HE XNT FDS ENTQ GD@CR NQ ENTQ S@HKR, XNT FDS A@BJ XNTQ $10, OKTR $30 LNQD.
0UDQ SGD KNMF QTM NE OK@XHMF SGHR F@LD, VG@S @QD XNTQ DWODBSDC D@QMHMFR
$TAN?EOA 14.115
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c 5GD LD@M FQ@CD NM @ L@SG DW@L HM #DBB@nR BK@RR V@R 47, VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN. #DBB@ D@QMDC @ 51.
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=. 4S@SD @M @OOQNOQH@SD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
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AKDDCHMF OQNETRDKX. 5GD O@SHDMS HR @KRN BNMRHCDQDC SN AD @ GHFG QHRJ ENQ BNMSQ@BSHMF "*%4. "RRTLD SG@S SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR
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$TAN?EOA 14.120
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MDV RSTCX HR SN AD CNMD. *S HR CDRHQDC SN AD @BBTQ@SD SN VHSGHM 2%NE SGD 95%BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK. 8G@S HR SGD LHMHLTLMTLADQ
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8G@S OQNONQSHNM NE MTQRDR G@UD SDM NQ EDVDQ XD@QR NE DWODQHDMBD
$TAN?EOA 15.12
%DRBQHAD GNV XNT LHFGS CQ@V @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 30 RSTCDMSR EQNL @ KDBSTQD BK@RR NE 200 RSTCDMSR.
$TAN?EOA 15.13
%DRBQHAD GNV XNT LHFGS CQ@V @ RSQ@SHEHDC R@LOKD NE RSTCDMSR EQNL@ BNKKDFD, VGDQD SGD RSQ@S@ @QD SGD RSTCDMSRn BK@RR RS@MCHMF
(EQDRGL@M, RNOGNLNQD, ITMHNQ, NQ RDMHNQ).
$TAN?EOA 15.14
" L@M@FDQ V@MSR SN CQ@V @ R@LOKD, VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS, NE 30 DLOKNXDDR EQNL @ VNQJENQBD NE 150. %DRBQHAD GNV SGD
BG@MBD NE ADHMF RDKDBSDC VHKK BG@MFD NUDQ SGD BNTQRD NE CQ@VHMF SGD R@LOKD.
$TAN?EOA 15.15
5GD L@M@FDQ NE @ CDO@QSLDMS RSNQD CDBHCDR SN LD@RTQD DLOKNXDD R@SHRE@BSHNM AX RDKDBSHMF ENTQ CDO@QSLDMSR @S Q@MCNL, @MC
BNMCTBSHMF HMSDQUHDVR VHSG @KK SGD DLOKNXDDR HM SGNRD ENTQ CDO@QSLDMSR. 8G@S SXOD NE RTQUDX CDRHFM HR SGHR
=. BKTRSDQ
800 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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>. RSQ@SHEHDC
?. RHLOKD Q@MCNL
@. RXRSDL@SHB
$TAN?EOA 15.16
" ONOTK@Q "LDQHB@M SDKDUHRHNM RONQSR OQNFQ@L BNMCTBSR @ ONKK NE UHDVDQR SN RDD VGHBG SD@L SGDX ADKHDUD VHKK VHM SGD /'-
(/@SHNM@K 'NNSA@KK -D@FTD) BG@LOHNMRGHO SGHR XD@Q. 7HDVDQR UNSD AX B@KKHMF @ MTLADQ CHROK@XDC NM SGD SDKDUHRHNM RBQDDM @MC
SDKKHMF SGD NODQ@SNQ VGHBG SD@L SGDX SGHMJ VHKK VHM. %N XNT SGHMJ SG@S SGNRD VGN O@QSHBHO@SD HM SGHR ONKK @QD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD
NE @KK ENNSA@KK E@MR HM "LDQHB@
$TAN?EOA 15.17
5VN QDRD@QBGDQR RSTCXHMF U@BBHM@SHNM Q@SDR HMCDODMCDMSKX CQ@V R@LOKDR NE 50 BGHKCQDM, @FDR 3k18 LNMSGR, EQNL @ K@QFD
TQA@M @QD@, @MC CDSDQLHMD HE SGDX @QD TO SN C@SD NM SGDHQ U@BBHM@SHNMR. 0MD QDRD@QBGDQ EHMCR SG@S 84 ODQBDMS NE SGD BGHKCQDM HM
GDQ R@LOKD @QD TO SN C@SD, @MC SGD NSGDQ EHMCR SG@S 86 ODQBDMS HM GHR R@LOKD @QD TO SN C@SD. "RRTLHMF ANSG ENKKNVDC OQNODQ
R@LOKHMF OQNBDCTQDR @MC CHC SGDHQ B@KBTK@SHNMR BNQQDBSKX, VG@S HR @ KHJDKX DWOK@M@SHNM ENQ SGHR CHRBQDO@MBX
$TAN?EOA 15.18
" GHFG RBGNNK HMBQD@RDC SGD KDMFSG NE SGD RBGNNK C@X EQNL 6.5 SN 7.5 GNTQR. 4STCDMSR VGN VHRGDC SN @SSDMC SGHR GHFG RBGNNK
VDQD QDPTHQDC SN RHFM BNMSQ@BSR OKDCFHMF SN OTS ENQSG SGDHQ ADRS DEENQS NM SGDHQ RBGNNK VNQJ @MC SN NADX SGD RBGNNK QTKDR; HE
SGDX CHC MNS VHRG SN CN RN, SGDX BNTKC @SSDMC @MNSGDQ GHFG RBGNNK HM SGD CHRSQHBS. "S SGD DMC NE NMD XD@Q, RSTCDMS ODQENQL@MBD
NM RS@SDVHCD SDRSR G@C HMBQD@RDC AX SDM ODQBDMS@FD ONHMSR NUDQ SGD OQDUHNTR XD@Q. %NDR SGHR HLOQNUDLDMS OQNUD SG@S @ KNMFDQ
RBGNNK C@X HLOQNUDR RSTCDMS @BGHDUDLDMS
$TAN?EOA 15.19
:NT QD@C @ MDVRO@ODQ @QSHBKD QDONQSHMF SG@S D@SHMF @KLNMCR KD@CR SN HMBQD@RDC KHED R@SHRE@BSHNM. 5GD RSTCX V@R BNMCTBSDC AX
SGD "KLNMC (QNVDQR "RRNBH@SHNM, @MC V@R A@RDC NM @ Q@MCNLHYDC RTQUDX @RJHMF ODNOKD @ANTS SGDHQ BNMRTLOSHNM NE U@QHNTR
ENNCR, HMBKTCHMF @KLNMCR, @MC @KRN @ANTS SGDHQ R@SHRE@BSHNM VHSG CHEEDQDMS @RODBSR NE SGDHQ KHED. %NDR @MXSGHMF @ANTS SGHR ONKK
KD@C XNT SN PTDRSHNM HSR BNMBKTRHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.20
8GX HR MNM-QDRONMRD @ OQNAKDL HM RTQUDXR
1.3: $L?KO?H=S, $L?KO?H=S 2;<F?M, ;H> *?P?FM I@ +?;MOL?G?HN
$TAN?EOA 15.21
$NLOTSD SGD LD@M NE SGD ENKKNVHMF MTLADQR, @MC QDONQS XNTQ @MRVDQ TRHMF NMD LNQD CDBHL@K OK@BD SG@M HR OQDRDMS HM SGD
NQHFHM@K C@S@:
14, 5, 18, 23, 6
1.4: #RJ?LCG?HN;F "?MCAH ;H> #NBC=M
$TAN?EOA 15.22
" ORXBGNKNFHRS HR HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD RHYD NE S@AKDV@QD (ANVKR, OK@SDR, DSB.) HMEKTDMBDR GNV LTBG BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR D@S.
)D Q@MCNLKX @RRHFMR 100 BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR SN NMD NE SVN FQNTOR: SGD EHQRS HR RDQUDC @ LD@K TRHMF MNQL@K-RHYDC S@AKDV@QD,
VGHKD SGD RDBNMC HR RDQUDC SGD R@LD LD@K, ATS TRHMF S@AKDV@QD SG@S HS 20 ODQBDMS RL@KKDQ SG@M MNQL@K. )D QDBNQCR GNV LTBG
ENNC HR BNMRTLDC AX D@BG FQNTO. *CDMSHEX SGD ENKKNVHMF BNLONMDMSR NE SGHR RSTCX.
=. ONOTK@SHNM
>. R@LOKD
?. DWODQHLDMS@K TMHSR
@. DWOK@M@SNQX U@QH@AKD
A. SQD@SLDMS
B. QDRONMRD U@QH@AKD
$TAN?EOA 15.23
" QDRD@QBGDQ @M@KXYDR SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD 4"5 (4BGNK@RSHB "OSHSTCD 5DRS) NUDQ @ EHUD-XD@Q ODQHNC @MC EHMCR SG@S L@KD RSTCDMSR
NM @UDQ@FD RBNQD GHFGDQ NM SGD L@SG RDBSHNM, @MC EDL@KD RSTCDMSR NM @UDQ@FD RBNQD GHFGDQ NM SGD UDQA@K RDBSHNM. 4GD
BNMBKTCDR SG@S SGDRD NARDQUDC CHEEDQDMBDR HM SDRS ODQENQL@MBD @QD CTD SN FDMDSHB E@BSNQR. &WOK@HM GNVKTQJHMF U@QH@AKDR BNTKC
NEEDQ @M @KSDQM@SHUD DWOK@M@SHNM ENQ SGD NARDQUDC CHEEDQDMBDR HM SDRS RBNQDR.
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 801
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$TAN?EOA 15.24
&WOK@HM VGX HS VNTKC MNS AD ONRRHAKD SN TRD Q@MCNL @RRHFMLDMS SN RSTCX SGD GD@KSG DEEDBSR NE RLNJHMF.
$TAN?EOA 15.25
" OQNEDRRNQ BNMCTBSR @ SDKDOGNMD RTQUDX NE @ BHSXnR ONOTK@SHNM AX CQ@VHMF @ R@LOKD NE MTLADQR EQNL SGD OGNMD ANNJ @MC
G@UHMF GDQ RSTCDMS @RRHRS@MSR B@KK D@BG NE SGD RDKDBSDC MTLADQR NMBD SN @CLHMHRSDQ SGD RTQUDX. 8G@S @QD RNLD RNTQBDR NE AH@R
VHSG SGHR RTQUDX
$TAN?EOA 15.26
" OQNEDRRNQ NEEDQR DWSQ@ BQDCHS SN RSTCDMSR VGN S@JD O@QS HM GDQ QDRD@QBG RSTCHDR. 8G@S HR @M DSGHB@K OQNAKDLVHSG SGHR LDSGNC
NE QDBQTHSHMF RTAIDBSR
2.1: 1N?G-;H> *?;@ %L;JBM (1N?GJFINM), *CH? %L;JBM, ;H> ;L %L;JBM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD LHCSDQL FQ@CDR NM @ BGDLHRSQX DW@L, FQ@CDC NM @
RB@KD NE 0 SN 100, VDQD:
62, 64, 65, 65, 68, 70, 72, 72, 74, 75, 75, 75, 76,78, 78, 81, 83, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 95, 98, 98, 100, 100, 740
$TAN?EOA 15.27
%N XNT RDD @MX NTSKHDQR HM SGHR C@S@ *E RN, GNV VNTKC XNT @CCQDRR SGD RHST@SHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.28
$NMRSQTBS @ RSDL OKNS ENQ SGHR C@S@, TRHMF NMKX SGD U@KTDR HM SGD Q@MFD 0k100.
$TAN?EOA 15.29
%DRBQHAD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE DW@L RBNQDR.
2.2: &CMNIAL;GM, $L?KO?H=S .IFSAIHM, ;H> 2CG? 1?LC?M %L;JBM
$TAN?EOA 15.30
*M @ BK@RR NE 35 RSTCDMSR, RDUDM RSTCDMSR QDBDHUDC RBNQDR HM SGD 70k79 Q@MFD. 8G@S HR SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX NE RBNQDR HM SGHR
Q@MFD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. :NT BNMCTBS @ ONKK NE 30 RSTCDMSR SN RDD GNV L@MX BK@RRDR
SGDX @QD S@JHMF SGHR SDQL. :NTQ QDRTKSR @QD:
1; 1; 1; 1
2; 2; 2; 2; 2
3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3; 3
4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4; 4
5; 5; 5; 5
$TAN?EOA 15.31
:NT CDBHCD SN BNMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE SGHR C@S@. 8G@S VHKK AD SGD Q@MFD NE XNTQ EHQRS A@Q, @MC VG@S VHKK AD SGD BDMSQ@K ONHMS
$TAN?EOA 15.32
8G@S VHKK AD SGD VHCSGR @MC BDMSQ@K ONHMSR NE SGD NSGDQ A@QR
$TAN?EOA 15.33
8GHBG A@Q HM SGHR GHRSNFQ@L VHKK AD SGD S@KKDRS, @MC VG@S VHKK AD HSR GDHFGS
$TAN?EOA 15.34
:NT FDS C@S@ EQNL SGD 6.4. $DMRTR #TQD@T NM SGD LDCH@M GNTRDGNKC HMBNLD ENQ XNTQ BHSX, @MC CDBHCD SN CHROK@X HS
FQ@OGHB@KKX. 8GHBG HR SGD ADSSDQ BGNHBD ENQ SGHR C@S@, @ A@Q FQ@OG NQ @ GHRSNFQ@L
$TAN?EOA 15.35
:NT BNKKDBS C@S@ NM SGD BNKNQ NE B@QR CQHUDM AX RSTCDMSR HM XNTQ RS@SHRSHBR BK@RR, @MC V@MS SN CHROK@X SGHR HMENQL@SHNM
FQ@OGHB@KKX. 8GHBG HR SGD ADSSDQ BGNHBD ENQ SGHR C@S@, @ A@Q FQ@OG NQ @ GHRSNFQ@L
802 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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2.3: +?;MOL?M I@ NB? *I=;NCIH I@ NB? ";N;
$TAN?EOA 15.36
:NTQ C@TFGSDQ AQHMFR GNLD SDRS RBNQDR RGNVHMF SG@S RGD RBNQDC HM SGD 80
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HM L@SG @MC SGD 76
SG
ODQBDMSHKD HM
QD@CHMF ENQ GDQ FQ@CD. *MSDQOQDS SGDRD RBNQDR.
$TAN?EOA 15.37
:NT G@UD SN V@HS 90 LHMTSDR HM SGD DLDQFDMBX QNNL NE @ GNROHS@K ADENQD XNT B@M RDD @ CNBSNQ. :NT KD@QM SG@S XNTQ V@HS SHLD
V@R HM SGD 82
MC
ODQBDMSHKD NE @KK V@HS SHLDR. &WOK@HM VG@S SGHR LD@MR, @MC VGDSGDQ XNT SGHMJ HS HR FNNC NQ A@C.
2.4: IR .FINM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 1; 1; 2; 3; 4; 4; 5; 5; 6; 7; 7; 8; 9
$TAN?EOA 15.38
8G@S HR SGD LDCH@M ENQ SGHR C@S@
$TAN?EOA 15.39
8G@S HR SGD EHQRS PT@QSHKD ENQ SGHR C@S@
$TAN?EOA 15.40
8G@S HR SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD ENQ SGHR C@S@
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. 5GHR ANW OKNS QDOQDRDMSR RBNQDR NM SGD EHM@K DW@L ENQ
@ OGXRHBR BK@RR.
$CAOL? 15.1
$TAN?EOA 15.41
8G@S HR SGD LDCH@M ENQ SGHR C@S@, @MC GNV CN XNT JMNV
$TAN?EOA 15.42
8G@S @QD SGD EHQRS @MC SGHQC PT@QSHKDR ENQ SGHR C@S@, @MC GNV CN XNT JMNV
$TAN?EOA 15.43
8G@S HR SGD HMSDQPT@QSHKD Q@MFD ENQ SGHR C@S@
$TAN?EOA 15.44
8G@S HR SGD Q@MFD ENQ SGHR C@S@
2.5: +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
$TAN?EOA 15.45
*M @ L@Q@SGNM, SGD LDCH@M EHMHRGHMF SHLD V@R 3:35:04 (SGQDD GNTQR, 35 LHMTSDR, @MC ENTQ RDBNMCR). :NT EHMHRGDC HM 3:34:10.
*MSDQOQDS SGD LD@MHMF NE SGD LDCH@M SHLD, @MC CHRBTRR XNTQ SHLD HM QDK@SHNM SN HS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD U@KTD, HM SGNTR@MCR NE CNKK@QR, ENQ GNTRDR NM @ AKNBJ,
@QD: 45; 47; 47.5; 51; 53.5; 125.
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 803
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$TAN?EOA 15.46
$@KBTK@SD SGD LD@M ENQ SGHR C@S@.
$TAN?EOA 15.47
$@KBTK@SD SGD LDCH@M ENQ SGHR C@S@.
$TAN?EOA 15.48
8GHBG CN XNT SGHMJ ADSSDQ QDEKDBSR SGD @UDQ@FD U@KTD NE SGD GNLDR NM SGHR AKNBJ
2.6: 1E?QH?MM ;H> NB? +?;H, +?>C;H, ;H> +I>?
$TAN?EOA 15.49
*M @ KDES-RJDVDC CHRSQHATSHNM, VGHBG HR FQD@SDQ
=. SGD LD@M
>. SGD LDCH@
?. SGD LNCD
$TAN?EOA 15.50
*M @ QHFGS-RJDVDC CHRSQHATSHNM, VGHBG HR FQD@SDQ
=. SGD LD@M
>. SGD LDCH@M
?. SGD LNCD
$TAN?EOA 15.51
*M @ RXLLDSQHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM VG@S VHKK AD SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO @LNMF SGD LD@M, LDCH@M, @MC LNCD
2.7: +?;MOL?M I@ NB? 1JL?;> I@ NB? ";N;
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. 10; 11; 15; 15; 17; 22
$TAN?EOA 15.52
$NLOTSD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGHR C@S@; TRD SGD R@LOKD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM.
$TAN?EOA 15.53
8G@S MTLADQ HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M NE SGHR C@S@
$TAN?EOA 15.54
&WOQDRR SGD MTLADQ 13.7 HM SDQLR NE SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGHR C@S@.
$TAN?EOA 15.55
*M @ AHNKNFX BK@RR, SGD RBNQDR NM SGD EHM@K DW@L VDQD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC, VHSG @ LD@M NE 85, @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE
EHUD. 4TR@M FNS @ EHM@K DW@L RBNQD NE 95. &WOQDRR GDQ DW@L QDRTKS @R @ P-RBNQD, @MC HMSDQOQDS HSR LD@MHMF.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. :NT G@UD @ I@Q ETKK NE L@QAKDR: 50 @QD QDC, 25 @QD AKTD,
@MC 15 @QD XDKKNV. "RRTLD XNT CQ@V NMD L@QAKD @S Q@MCNL ENQ D@BG SQH@K, @MC QDOK@BD HS ADENQD SGD MDWS SQH@K.
-DS )(+) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE CQ@VHMF @ QDC L@QAKD.
-DS )(B) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE CQ@VHMF @ AKTD L@QAKD.
-DS )(2) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE CQ@VHMF @ XDKKNV L@QAKD.
3.1: 2?LGCHIFIAS
$TAN?EOA 15.56
'HMC )(B).
$TAN?EOA 15.57
8GHBG HR LNQD KHJDKX, CQ@VHMF @ QDC L@QAKD NQ @ XDKKNV L@QAKD +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD ENKKNVHMF @QD OQNA@AHKHSHDR CDRBQHAHMF @ FQNTO NE BNKKDFD
RSTCDMSR.
804 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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-DS )(&) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS HR L@KD
-DS )(F) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS HR EDL@KD
-DS )(E) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SGD RSTCDMS HR L@INQHMF HM DCTB@SHNM
-DS )(,) = SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SGD RSTCDMS HR L@INQHMF HM RBHDMBD
$TAN?EOA 15.58
8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ RSTCDMS, RDKDBSDC @S Q@MCNL, HR ANSG EDL@KD @MC @ RBHDMBD L@INQ.
$TAN?EOA 15.59
8QHSD SGD RXLANKR ENQ SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RSTCDMS HR @M DCTB@SHNM L@INQ, FHUDM SG@S SGD RSTCDMS HR L@KD.
3.2: 'H>?J?H>?HN ;H> +ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
$TAN?EOA 15.60
&UDMSR A @MC B @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
*E )(A) = 0.3 @MC )(B) = 0.5, EHMC )(A "/% B).
$TAN?EOA 15.61
C @MC D @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR.
*E )(C) = 0.18 @MC )(D) = 0.03, EHMC )(C 03 D).
3.3: 2QI ;MC= 0OF?M I@ .LI<;<CFCNS
$TAN?EOA 15.62
*M @ GHFG RBGNNK FQ@CT@SHMF BK@RR NE 300, 200 RSTCDMSR @QD FNHMF SN BNKKDFD, 40 @QD OK@MMHMF SN VNQJ ETKK-SHLD, @MC 80 @QD
S@JHMF @ F@O XD@Q. "QD SGDRD DUDMSR LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. "M @QBGDQ GHSR SGD BDMSDQ NE SGD S@QFDS (SGD ATKKRDXD) 70
ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD. )NVDUDQ, RGD HR @ RSQD@J RGNNSDQ, @MC HE RGD GHSR SGD BDMSDQ NM NMD RGNS, GDQ OQNA@AHKHSX NE GHSSHMF HS NM
SGD RGNS HLLDCH@SDKX ENKKNVHMF HR 0.85. 8QHSSDM HM OQNA@AHKHSX MNS@SHNM:
)(A) = )(B) = )(GHSSHMF SGD BDMSDQ NM NMD RGNS) = 0.70
)(B[A) = 1(GHSSHMF SGD BDMSDQ NM @ RDBNMC RGNS, FHUDM SG@S RGD GHS HS NM SGD EHQRS) = 0.85
$TAN?EOA 15.63
$@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RGD VHKK GHS SGD BDMSDQ NE SGD S@QFDS NM SVN BNMRDBTSHUD RGNSR.
$TAN?EOA 15.64
"QD )(A) @MC )(B) HMCDODMCDMS HM SGHR DW@LOKD
3.4: !IHNCHA?H=S 2;<F?M
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD ENKKNVHMF BNMSHMFDMBX S@AKD CHROK@XR SGD MTLADQ NE
RSTCDMSR VGN QDONQS RSTCXHMF @S KD@RS 15 GNTQR ODQ VDDJ, @MC GNV L@MX L@CD SGD GNMNQ QNKK HM SGD O@RS RDLDRSDQ.
&IHIL LIFF ,I BIHIL LIFF 2IN;F
2PQ@U =P HA=OP 15 DKQNO/SAAG 200
2PQ@U HAOO PD=J 15 DKQNO/SAAG 125 193
3KP=H 1,000
2;<F? 15.2
$TAN?EOA 15.65
$NLOKDSD SGD S@AKD
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 805
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$TAN?EOA 15.66
'HMC )(GNMNQ QNKK[RSTCX @S KD@RS 15 GNTQR ODQ VDDJ).
$TAN?EOA 15.67
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX @ RSTCDMS RSTCHDR KDRR SG@M 15 GNTQR ODQ VDDJ
$TAN?EOA 15.68
"QD SGD DUDMSR oRSTCX @S KD@RS 15 GNTQR ODQ VDDJp @MC oL@JDR SGD GNMNQ QNKKp HMCDODMCDMS +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ MTLDQHB@KKX.
3.5: 2L?? ;H> 4?HH "C;AL;GM
$TAN?EOA 15.69
"S @ GHFG RBGNNK, RNLD RSTCDMSR OK@X NM SGD SDMMHR SD@L, RNLD OK@X NM SGD RNBBDQ SD@L, ATS MDHSGDQ OK@XR ANSG SDMMHR @MC
RNBBDQ. %Q@V @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L HKKTRSQ@SHMF SGHR.
$TAN?EOA 15.70
"S @ GHFG RBGNNK, RNLD RSTCDMSR OK@X SDMMHR, RNLD OK@X RNBBDQ, @MC RNLD OK@X ANSG. %Q@V @ 7DMM CH@FQ@L HKKTRSQ@SHMF SGHR.
15.2 U .L;=NC=? 2?MN 2
4.1: .LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH (."$) @IL ; "CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. :NT BNMCTBS @ RTQUDX @LNMF @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE RSTCDMSR
@S @ O@QSHBTK@Q TMHUDQRHSX. 5GD C@S@ BNKKDBSDC HMBKTCDR SGDHQ L@INQ, SGD MTLADQ NE BK@RRDR SGDX SNNJ SGD OQDUHNTR RDLDRSDQ, @MC
@LNTMS NE LNMDX SGDX RODMS NM ANNJR OTQBG@RDC ENQ BK@RRDR HM SGD OQDUHNTR RDLDRSDQ.
$TAN?EOA 15.71
*E 1 = RSTCDMSnR L@INQ, SGDM VG@S HR SGD CNL@HM NE 1
$TAN?EOA 15.72
*E 2 = SGD MTLADQ NE BK@RRDR S@JDM HM SGD OQDUHNTR RDLDRSDQ, VG@S HR SGD CNL@HM NE 2
$TAN?EOA 15.73
*E 3 = SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX RODMS NM ANNJR HM SGD OQDUHNTR RDLDRSDQ, VG@S HR SGD CNL@HM NE 3
$TAN?EOA 15.74
8GX @QD 1, 2, @MC 3 HM SGD OQDUHNTR DW@LOKD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR
$TAN?EOA 15.75
"ESDQ BNKKDBSHMF C@S@, XNT EHMC SG@S ENQ NMD B@RD, P = k7. *R SGHR @ ONRRHAKD U@KTD ENQ 3
$TAN?EOA 15.76
8G@S @QD SGD SVN DRRDMSH@K BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ CHRBQDSD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM
.I; J>?I :?I9H;J; FHE878?B?JO :?IJH?8KJ?ED H;FH;I;DJ;: ?D J>?I J78B; JE 7DIM;H J>; <EBBEM?D= I?N GK;IJ?EDI. 5GD TMHUDQRHSX
KHAQ@QX QDBNQCR SGD MTLADQ NE ANNJR BGDBJDC NTS AX D@BG O@SQNM NUDQ SGD BNTQRD NE NMD C@X, VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF QDRTKS:
: P(:)
0 0.20
1 0.45
2;<F? 15.3
806 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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2 0.20
3 0.10
4 0.05
2;<F? 15.3
$TAN?EOA 15.77
%DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 ENQ SGHR DW@LOKD.
$TAN?EOA 15.78
8G@S HR )(N > 2)
$TAN?EOA 15.79
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ O@SQNM VHKK BGDBJ NTS @S KD@RS NMD ANNJ
$TAN?EOA 15.80
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX @ O@SQNM VHKK S@JD NTS MN LNQD SG@M SGQDD ANNJR
$TAN?EOA 15.81
*E SGD S@AKD KHRSDC )(N) @R 0.15, GNV VNTKC XNT JMNV SG@S SGDQD V@R @ LHRS@JD
$TAN?EOA 15.82
8G@S HR SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQ NE ANNJR S@JDM NTS AX @ O@SQNM
4.2: +?;H IL #RJ?=N?> 4;FO? ;H> 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. 5GQDD INAR @QD NODM HM @ BNLO@MX: NMD HM SGD @BBNTMSHMF
CDO@QSLDMS, NMD HM SGD GTL@M QDRNTQBDR CDO@QSLDMS, @MC NMD HM SGD R@KDR CDO@QSLDMS. 5GD @BBNTMSHMF INA QDBDHUDR 30
@OOKHB@MSR, @MC SGD GTL@M QDRNTQBDR @MC R@KDR CDO@QSLDMS 60 @OOKHB@MSR.
$TAN?EOA 15.83
*E 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE @OOKHB@SHNMR ENQ @ INA, TRD SGHR HMENQL@SHNM SN EHKK HM 2;<F? 15.4.
: P(:) :P(:)
2;<F? 15.4
$TAN?EOA 15.84
8G@S HR SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE @OOKHB@MSR
$TAN?EOA 15.85
8G@S HR SGD 1%' ENQ 1
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 807
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$TAN?EOA 15.86
"CC @ ENTQSG BNKTLM SN SGD S@AKD, ENQ (N k Z)
2
)(N).
$TAN?EOA 15.87
8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1
4.3: CHIGC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
$TAN?EOA 15.88
*M @ AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS, HE F = 0.65, VG@S CNDR G DPT@K
$TAN?EOA 15.89
8G@S @QD SGD QDPTHQDC BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS
$TAN?EOA 15.90
+ND BNMCTBSR @M DWODQHLDMS SN RDD GNV L@MX SHLDR GD G@R SN EKHO @ BNHM ADENQD GD FDSR ENTQ GD@CR HM @ QNV. %NDR SGHR PT@KHEX
@R @ AHMNLH@K DWODQHLDMS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. *M @ O@QSHBTK@QKX BNLLTMHSX, 65 ODQBDMS NE GNTRDGNKCR
HMBKTCD @S KD@RS NMD ODQRNM VGN G@R FQ@CT@SDC EQNL BNKKDFD. :NT Q@MCNLKX R@LOKD 100 GNTRDGNKCR HM SGHR BNLLTMHSX. -DS
1 = SGD MTLADQ NE GNTRDGNKCR HMBKTCHMF @S KD@RS NMD BNKKDFD FQ@CT@SD.
$TAN?EOA 15.91
%DRBQHAD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
$TAN?EOA 15.92
8G@S HR SGD LD@M NE 1
$TAN?EOA 15.93
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. +ND HR SGD RS@Q NE GHR RBGNNKnR A@RDA@KK SD@L. )HR A@SSHMF
@UDQ@FD HR 0.400, LD@MHMF SG@S ENQ DUDQX SDM SHLDR GD BNLDR SN A@S (@M @S-A@S), ENTQ NE SGNRD SHLDR GD FDSR @ GHS. :NT CDBHCD
SN SQ@BJ GHR A@SSHMF ODQENQL@MBD GHR MDWS 20 @S-A@SR.
$TAN?EOA 15.94
%DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HM SGHR DWODQHLDMS.
$TAN?EOA 15.95
"RRTLHMF +NDnR OQNA@AHKHSX NE FDSSHMF @ GHS HR HMCDODMCDMS @MC HCDMSHB@K @BQNRR @KK 20 @S-A@SR, CDRBQHAD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1.
$TAN?EOA 15.96
(HUDM SGHR HMENQL@SHNM, VG@S MTLADQ NE GHSR CN XNT OQDCHBS +ND VHKK FDS
$TAN?EOA 15.97
4.4: %?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
$TAN?EOA 15.98
8G@S @QD SGD SGQDD L@INQ BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE @ FDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS
$TAN?EOA 15.99
:NT CDBHCD SN BNMCTBS @ FDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS AX EKHOOHMF @ BNHM TMSHK HS BNLDR TO GD@CR. 5GHR S@JDR EHUD SQH@KR. 3DOQDRDMS
SGD NTSBNLDR NE SGHR SQH@K, TRHMF ) ENQ GD@CR @MC - ENQ S@HKR.
$TAN?EOA 15.100
808 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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:NT @QD BNMCTBSHMF @ FDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS AX CQ@VHMF B@QCR EQNL@ MNQL@K 52-B@QC O@BJ, VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS, TMSHK XNT CQ@V
SGD 2TDDM NE )D@QSR. 8G@S HR SGD CNL@HM NE 1 ENQ SGHR DWODQHLDMS
$TAN?EOA 15.101
:NT @QD BNMCTBSHMF @ FDNLDSQHB DWODQHLDMS AX CQ@VHMF B@QCR EQNL @ MNQL@K 52-B@QC CDBJ, VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS, TMSHK XNT
CQ@V @ QDC B@QC. 8G@S HR SGD CNL@HM NE 1 ENQ SGHR DWODQHLDMS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. *M @ O@QSHBTK@Q TMHUDQRHSX, 27 ODQBDMS NE RSTCDMSR @QD
DMFHMDDQHMF L@INQR. :NT CDBHCD SN RDKDBS RSTCDMSR @S Q@MCNL TMSHK XNT BGNNRD NMD SG@S HR @M DMFHMDDQHMF L@INQ. -DS 1 = SGD
MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR XNT RDKDBS TMSHK XNT EHMC NMD SG@S HR @M DMFHMDDQHMF L@INQ.
$TAN?EOA 15.102
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1
$TAN?EOA 15.103
8G@S HR SGD LD@M NE 1
$TAN?EOA 15.104
4.5: &SJ?LA?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
$TAN?EOA 15.105
:NT CQ@V @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE SDM RSTCDMSR SN O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ RTQUDX, EQNL @ FQNTO NE 30, BNMRHRSHMF NE 16 ANXR @MC 14 FHQKR.
:NT @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S RDUDM NE SGD RSTCDMSR BGNRDM VHKK AD ANXR. %NDR SGHR PT@KHEX @R @ GXODQFDNLDSQHB
DWODQHLDMS -HRS SGD BNMCHSHNMR @MC VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGDX @QD LDS.
$TAN?EOA 15.106
:NT CQ@V EHUD B@QCR, VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS, EQNL@ MNQL@K 52-B@QC CDBJ NE OK@XHMF B@QCR, @MC @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD OQNA@AHKHSX
SG@S SVN NE SGD B@QCR @QD RO@CDR. 8G@S @QD SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS, RHYD NE SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS, @MC R@LOKD RHYD ENQ SGHR
DW@LOKD
4.6: .ICMMIH "CMNLC<ONCIH
$TAN?EOA 15.107
8G@S @QD SGD JDX BG@Q@BSDQHRSHBR NE SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD MTLADQ NE CQHUDQR SN @QQHUD @S @ SNKK ANNSG HM @M GNTQ
B@M AD LNCDKDC AX SGD 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM.
$TAN?EOA 15.108
*E 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE CQHUDQR, @MC SGD @UDQ@FD MTLADQR NE CQHUDQR ODQ GNTQ HR ENTQ, GNV VNTKC XNT DWOQDRR SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.109
8G@S HR SGD CNL@HM NE 1
$TAN?EOA 15.110
8G@S @QD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1
5.1: !IHNCHOIOM .LI<;<CFCNS $OH=NCIHM
$TAN?EOA 15.111
:NT BNMCTBS @ RTQUDX NE RSTCDMSR SN RDD GNV L@MX ANNJR SGDX OTQBG@RDC SGD OQDUHNTR RDLDRSDQ, SGD SNS@K @LNTMS SGDX O@HC
ENQ SGNRD ANNJR, SGD MTLADQ SGDX RNKC @ESDQ SGD RDLDRSDQ V@R NUDQ, @MC SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX SGDX QDBDHUDC ENQ SGD ANNJR
SGDX RNKC. 8GHBG U@QH@AKDR HM SGHR RTQUDX @QD CHRBQDSD, @MC VGHBG @QD BNMSHMTNTR
$TAN?EOA 15.112
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 809
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8HSG BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR, VD MDUDQ B@KBTK@SD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 1 G@R @ O@QSHBTK@Q U@KTD, ATS @KV@XR ROD@J HM
SDQLR NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S 1 G@R @ U@KTD VHSGHM @ O@QSHBTK@Q Q@MFD. 8GX HR SGHR
$TAN?EOA 15.113
'NQ @ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, VGX @QD )(N < 9) @MC )(N x 9) DPTHU@KDMS RS@SDLDMSR
$TAN?EOA 15.114
'NQ @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX ETMBSHNM, )(N < 5) = 0.35. 8G@S HR )(N > 5), @MC GNV CN XNT JMNV
$TAN?EOA 15.115
%DRBQHAD GNV XNT VNTKC CQ@V SGD BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM CDRBQHADC AX SGD ETMBSHNM f (x) =
1
10
ENQ
0 x 10 . 8G@S SXOD NE @ CHRSQHATSHNM HR SGHR
$TAN?EOA 15.116
'NQ SGD BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM CDRBQHADC AX SGD ETMBSHNM f (x) =
1
10
ENQ 0 x 10 , VG@S HR SGD )(0 < N < 4)
5.2: 2B? 3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
$TAN?EOA 15.117
'NQ SGD BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM CDRBQHADC AX SGD ETMBSHNM f (x) =
1
10
ENQ 0 x 10 , VG@S HR SGD )(2 < N < 5)
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD MTLADQ NE LHMTSDR SG@S @ O@SHDMS V@HSR @S @ LDCHB@K
BKHMHB SN RDD @ CNBSNQ HR QDOQDRDMSDC AX @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM ADSVDDM YDQN @MC 30 LHMTSDR, HMBKTRHUD.
$TAN?EOA 15.118
*E 1 DPT@KR SGD MTLADQ NE LHMTSDR @ ODQRNM V@HSR, VG@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1
$TAN?EOA 15.119
8QHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM ENQ SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM.
$TAN?EOA 15.120
8G@S HR SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ V@HSHMF SHLD
$TAN?EOA 15.121
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ O@SHDMS V@HSR KDRR SG@M SDM LHMTSDR
5.3: 2B? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
$TAN?EOA 15.122
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD U@QH@AKD 1, QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD @UDQ@FD SHLD SN E@HKTQD ENQ @M @TSNLNAHKD A@SSDQX, B@M AD VQHSSDM @R: 1 ]
ENF(C). %DRBQHAD SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM HM VNQCR.
$TAN?EOA 15.123
*E SGD U@KTD NE C ENQ @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM HR SDM, VG@S @QD SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGD CHRSQHATSHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.124
8QHSD SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM ENQ @ U@QH@AKD CHRSQHATSDC @R: 1 ] ENF(0.2).
6.1: 2B? 1N;H>;L> ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
$TAN?EOA 15.125
5Q@MRK@SD SGHR RS@SDLDMS @ANTS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 HMSN VNQCR: 1 ] (100, 15).
$TAN?EOA 15.126
810 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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*E SGD U@QH@AKD 1 G@R SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, DWOQDRR SGHR RXLANKHB@KKX.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED <EH J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD 8NQKC )D@KSG 0QF@MHY@SHNM, CHRSQHATSHNM NE GDHFGS
HM BDMSHLDSDQR ENQ FHQKR @FDC EHUD XD@QR @MC MN LNMSGR G@R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM: 1 ] '(109, 4.5).
$TAN?EOA 15.127
8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD ENQ @ GDHFGS NE 112 HMBGDR
$TAN?EOA 15.128
8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD ENQ @ GDHFGS NE 100 BDMSHLDSDQR
$TAN?EOA 15.129
'HMC SGD P-RBNQD ENQ @ GDHFGS NE 105 BDMSHLDSDQR @MC DWOK@HM VG@S SG@S LD@MR *M SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM.
$TAN?EOA 15.130
8G@S GDHFGS BNQQDRONMCR SN @ P-RBNQD NE 1.5 HM SGHR ONOTK@SHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.131
6RHMF SGD DLOHQHB@K QTKD, VD DWODBS @ANTS 68 ODQBDMS NE SGD U@KTDR HM @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM SN KHD VHSGHM NMD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM @ANUD NQ ADKNV SGD LD@M. 8G@S CNDR SGHR LD@M, HM SDQLR NE @ RODBHEHB Q@MFD NE U@KTDR, ENQ SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.132
6RHMF SGD DLOHQHB@K QTKD, @ANTS VG@S ODQBDMS NE GDHFGSR HM SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM CN XNT DWODBS SN AD ADSVDDM 95.5 BL @MC 122.5
BL
6.2: 3MCHA NB? ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD CHRSQHATSNQ NE KNSSN SHBJDSR BK@HLR SG@S 20 ODQBDMS NE SGD
SHBJDSR @QD VHMMDQR. :NT CQ@V @ R@LOKD NE 500 SHBJDSR SN SDRS SGHR OQNONRHSHNM.
$TAN?EOA 15.133
$@M XNT TRD SGD MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K ENQ XNTQ B@KBTK@SHNMR 8GX NQ VGX MNS.
$TAN?EOA 15.134
8G@S @QD SGD DWODBSDC LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ XNTQ R@LOKD, @RRTLHMF SGD CHRSQHATSNQnR BK@HL HR SQTD
$TAN?EOA 15.135
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S XNTQ R@LOKD VHKK G@UD @ LD@M FQD@SDQ SG@M 100
$TAN?EOA 15.136
*E SGD P-RBNQD ENQ XNTQ R@LOKD QDRTKS HR k2.00, DWOK@HM VG@S SGHR LD@MR, TRHMF SGD DLOHQHB@K QTKD.
7.1: 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1;GJF? +?;HM (AP?L;A?M)
$TAN?EOA 15.137
8G@S CNDR SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL RS@SD VHSG QDF@QC SN SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE R@LOKD LD@MR
$TAN?EOA 15.138
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM NE QDRTKSR EQNL EKHOOHMF @ E@HQ BNHM HR TMHENQL: GD@CR @MC S@HKR @QD DPT@KKX KHJDKX NM @MX EKHO, @MC NUDQ @
K@QFD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR, XNT DWODBS @ANTS SGD R@LD MTLADQ NE GD@CR @MC S@HKR. :DS HE XNT BNMCTBS @ RSTCX AX EKHOOHMF 30
BNHMR @MC QDBNQCHMF SGD MTLADQ NE GD@CR, @MC QDOD@S SGHR 100 SHLDR, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE GD@CR VHKK AD
@OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K. )NV HR SGHR ONRRHAKD
$TAN?EOA 15.139
5GD LD@M NE @ MNQL@KKX-CHRSQHATSDC ONOTK@SHNM HR 50, @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR ENTQ. *E XNT CQ@V 100 R@LOKDR NE RHYD 40
EQNL SGHR ONOTK@SHNM, CDRBQHAD VG@S XNT VNTKC DWODBS SN RDD HM SDQLR NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@M.
$TAN?EOA 15.140
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 811
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1 HR @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD VHSG @ LD@M NE 25 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN. 8QHSD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD R@LOKD LD@M NE
R@LOKDR NE RHYD 100 CQ@VM EQNL SGHR ONOTK@SHNM.
$TAN?EOA 15.141
:NTQ EQHDMC HR CNHMF @M DWODQHLDMS CQ@VHMF R@LOKDR NE RHYD 50 EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE 117 @MC @ RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE 16. 5GHR R@LOKD RHYD HR K@QFD DMNTFG SN @KKNV TRD NE SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL, RN GD R@XR SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE R@LOKD LD@MR VHKK @KRN AD 16. &WOK@HM VGX SGHR HR VQNMF, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD BNQQDBS U@KTD.
$TAN?EOA 15.142
:NT @QD QD@CHMF @ QDRD@QBG @QSHBKD SG@S QDEDQR SN oSGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M.p 8G@S CNDR SGHR LD@M, @MC GNV HR HS
B@KBTK@SDC
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I. :NT QDOD@SDCKX CQ@V R@LOKDR NE D = 100 EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM
VHSG @ LD@M NE 75 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 4.5.
$TAN?EOA 15.143
8G@S HR SGD DWODBSDC CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR
$TAN?EOA 15.144
0MD NE XNTQ EQHDMCR SQHDR SN BNMUHMBD XNT SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M RGNTKC AD 4.5. &WOK@HM VG@S DQQNQ XNTQ EQHDMC
L@CD.
$TAN?EOA 15.145
8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD ENQ @ R@LOKD LD@M NE 76
$TAN?EOA 15.146
8G@S HR SGD P-RBNQD ENQ @ R@LOKD LD@M NE 74.7
$TAN?EOA 15.147
8G@S R@LOKD LD@M BNQQDRONMCR SN @ P-RBNQD NE 1.5
$TAN?EOA 15.148
*E XNT CDBQD@RD SGD R@LOKD RHYD SN 50, VHKK SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M AD RL@KKDQ NQ K@QFDQ 8G@S VNTKC AD HSR U@KTD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME GK;IJ?EDI. 8D TRD SGD DLOHQHB@K QTKD SN @M@KXYD C@S@ ENQ R@LOKDR
NE RHYD 60 CQ@VM EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE 70 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 9.
$TAN?EOA 15.149
8G@S Q@MFD NE U@KTDR VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN HMBKTCD 68 ODQBDMS NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR
$TAN?EOA 15.150
*E XNT HMBQD@RDC SGD R@LOKD RHYD SN 100, VG@S Q@MFD VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN BNMS@HM 68 ODQBDMS NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR, @OOKXHMF
SGD DLOHQHB@K QTKD
7.2: 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1OGM
$TAN?EOA 15.151
)NV CNDR SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL @OOKX SN RTLR NE Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR
$TAN?EOA 15.152
&WOK@HM GNV SGD QTKDR @OOKXHMF SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL SN R@LOKD LD@MR, @MC SN RTLR NE @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, @QD RHLHK@Q.
$TAN?EOA 15.153
*E XNT QDOD@SDCKX CQ@V R@LOKDR NE RHYD 50 EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE 80 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE ENTQ, @MC
B@KBTK@SD SGD RTL NE D@BG R@LOKD, VG@S HR SGD DWODBSDC CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDRD RTLR
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. :NT CQ@V NMD R@LOKD NE RHYD 40 EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @
LD@M NE 125 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE RDUDM.
812 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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$TAN?EOA 15.154
$NLOTSD SGD RTL. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD RTL ENQ XNTQ R@LOKD VHKK AD KDRR SG@M 5,000
$TAN?EOA 15.155
*E XNT CQDV R@LOKDR NE SGHR RHYD QDOD@SDCKX, BNLOTSHMF SGD RTLD@BG SHLD, VG@S Q@MFD NE U@KTDR VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN BNMS@HM
95 ODQBDMS NE SGD R@LOKD RTLR
$TAN?EOA 15.156
8G@S U@KTD HR NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ADKNV SGD LD@M
$TAN?EOA 15.157
8G@S U@KTD BNQQDRONMCR SN @ P-RBNQD NE 2.2
7.3: 3MCHA NB? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
$TAN?EOA 15.158
8G@S CNDR SGD K@V NE K@QFD MTLADQR R@X @ANTS SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M
$TAN?EOA 15.159
"OOKXHMF SGD K@V NE K@QFD MTLADQR, VGHBG R@LOKD LD@M VNTKC DWODBS SN AD BKNRDQ SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, @ R@LOKD NE RHYD
SDM NQ @ R@LOKD NE RHYD 100
.I; J>?I ?D<EHC7J?ED <EH J>; D;NJ J>H;; GK;IJ?EDI. " L@MTE@BSTQDQ L@JDR RBQDVR VHSG @ LD@M CH@LDSDQ NE 0.15 BL
(BDMSHLDSDQR) @MC @ Q@MFD NE 0.10 BL SN 0.20 BL; VHSGHM SG@S Q@MFD, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR TMHENQL.
$TAN?EOA 15.160
*E 1 = SGD CH@LDSDQ NE NMD RBQDV, VG@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE 1
$TAN?EOA 15.161
4TOONRD XNT QDOD@SDCKX CQ@V R@LOKDR NE RHYD 100 @MC B@KBTK@SD SGDHQ LD@M. "OOKXHMF SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL, VG@S HR SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDRD R@LOKD LD@MR
$TAN?EOA 15.162
4TOONRD XNT QDOD@SDCKX CQ@V R@LOKDR NE 60 @MC B@KBTK@SD SGDHQ RTL. "OOKXHMF SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL, VG@S HR SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGDRD R@LOKD RTLR
15.3 U .L;=NC=? 2?MN 3
8.1: !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L>
"?PC;NCIH )HIQH, ,ILG;F
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I;L;D ;N;H9?I;I. :NT CQ@V @ R@LOKD NE RHYD 30 EQNL @ MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC
ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE ENTQ.
$TAN?EOA 15.163
8G@S HR SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD R@LOKD LD@M HM SGHR RBDM@QHN, QNTMCDC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR
$TAN?EOA 15.164
8G@S HR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@M
$TAN?EOA 15.165
*E XNT V@MS SN BNMRSQTBS @ SVN-RHCDC 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, GNV LTBG OQNA@AHKHSX VHKK AD HM D@BG S@HK NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.166
8G@S HR SGD @OOQNOQH@SD P-RBNQD @MC DQQNQ ANTMC NQ L@QFHM NE DQQNQ (EB&) ENQ @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGHR C@S@
$TAN?EOA 15.167
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 813
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3NTMCHMF SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR, VG@S HR SGD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HE SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR 41
$TAN?EOA 15.168
8G@S HR SGD 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HE SGD R@LOKD LD@M HR 41 3NTMC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR
$TAN?EOA 15.169
4TOONRD SGD R@LOKD RHYD HM SGHR RSTCX G@C ADDM 50, Q@SGDQ SG@M 30. 8G@S VNTKC SGD 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K AD HE SGD R@LOKD
LD@M HR 41 3NTMC XNTQ @MRVDQ SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
$TAN?EOA 15.170
'NQ @MX FHUDM C@S@ RDS @MC R@LOKHMF RHST@SHNM, VGHBG VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN AD VHCDQ: @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K NQ @ 99%
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
8.2: !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
3HEHIQH, 1NO>?HNYM 6
$TAN?EOA 15.171
$NLO@QHMF FQ@OGR NE SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM (P-CHRSQHATSHNM) @MC @ J-CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG 15 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL (:<),
GNV CN SGDX CHEEDQ
$TAN?EOA 15.172
$NLO@QHMF FQ@OGR NE SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM (P-CHRSQHATSHNM) @MC @ J-CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG 15 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL (:<),
GNV @QD SGDX RHLHK@Q
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. #NCX SDLODQ@STQD HR JMNVM SN AD CHRSQHATSDC MNQL@KKX
@LNMF GD@KSGX @CTKSR. #DB@TRD XNT CN MNS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, XNT TRD SGD S-CHRSQHATSHNM SN RSTCX ANCX
SDLODQ@STQD. :NT BNKKDBS C@S@ EQNL @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 20 GD@KSGX @CTKSR @MC EHMC SG@S XNTQ R@LOKD SDLODQ@STQDR G@UD @
LD@M NE 98.4 @MC @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.3 (ANSG HM CDFQDDR '@GQDMGDHS).
$TAN?EOA 15.173
8G@S HR SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL (:<) ENQ SGHR RSTCX
$TAN?EOA 15.174
'NQ @ SVN-S@HKDC 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, VG@S HR SGD @OOQNOQH@SD J-U@KTD SN TRD HM SGD ENQLTK@
$TAN?EOA 15.175
8G@S HR SGD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
$TAN?EOA 15.176
8G@S HR SGD 99% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K 3NTMC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
$TAN?EOA 15.177
4TOONRD XNTQ R@LOKD RHYD G@C ADDM 30 Q@SGDQ SG@M 20. 8G@S VNTKC SGD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K AD SGDM 3NTMC SN SVN
CDBHL@K OK@BDR
8.3: !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIH
.I; J>?I ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. :NT BNMCTBS @ ONKK NE 500 Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC BHSX QDRHCDMSR, @RJHMF
SGDL HE SGDX NVM @M @TSNLNAHKD. 280 R@X SGDX CN NVM @M @TSNLNAHKD, @MC 220 R@X SGDX CN MNS.
$TAN?EOA 15.178
'HMC SGD R@LOKD OQNONQSHNM @MC R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGHR C@S@.
$TAN?EOA 15.179
8G@S HR SGD 95% SVN-RHCDC BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K 3NTMC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
$TAN?EOA 15.180
$@KBTK@SD SGD 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. 3NTMC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
814 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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$TAN?EOA 15.181
$@KBTK@SD SGD 99% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K. 3NTMC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. :NT @QD OK@MMHMF SN BNMCTBS @ ONKK NE BNLLTMHSX
LDLADQR @FD 65 @MC NKCDQ, SN CDSDQLHMD GNV L@MX NVM LNAHKD OGNMDR. :NT V@MS SN OQNCTBD @M DRSHL@SD VGNRD 95%
BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K VHKK AD VHSGHM ENTQ ODQBDMS@FD ONHMSR (OKTR NQ LHMTR) SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM. 6RD @M DRSHL@SDC
ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE 0.5.
$TAN?EOA 15.182
8G@S R@LOKD RHYD CN XNT MDDC
$TAN?EOA 15.183
4TOONRD XNT JMDV EQNL OQHNQ QDRD@QBG SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM V@R 0.6. 8G@S R@LOKD RHYD VNTKC XNT MDDC
$TAN?EOA 15.184
4TOONRD XNT V@MSDC @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K VHSGHM SGQDD ODQBDMS@FD ONHMSR NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM. "RRTLD SGD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM HR 0.5. 8G@S R@LOKD RHYD CN XNT MDDC
9.1: ,OFF ;H> AFN?LH;N? &SJINB?M?M
$TAN?EOA 15.185
*M XNTQ RS@SD, 58 ODQBDMS NE QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR HM @ BNLLTMHSX @QD QDFHRSDQDC @R 3DOTAKHB@MR. :NT V@MS SN BNMCTBS @ RSTCX SN
RDD HE SGHR @KRN GNKCR TO HM XNTQ BNLLTMHSX. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR SN SDRS SGHR.
$TAN?EOA 15.186
:NT ADKHDUD SG@S @S KD@RS 58 ODQBDMS NE QDFHRSDQDC UNSDQR HM @ BNLLTMHSX @QD QDFHRSDQDC @R 3DOTAKHB@MR. 4S@SD SGD MTKK @MC
@KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR SN SDRS SGHR.
$TAN?EOA 15.187
5GD LD@M GNTRDGNKC U@KTD HM @ BHSX HR $268,000. :NT ADKHDUD SG@S SGD LD@M GNTRDGNKC U@KTD HM @ O@QSHBTK@Q MDHFGANQGNNC HR
KNVDQ SG@M SGD BHSX @UDQ@FD. 8QHSD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR SN SDRS SGHR.
$TAN?EOA 15.188
4S@SD SGD @OOQNOQH@SD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR SN SGHR MTKK GXONSGDRHR: !
0
: Z = 107
$TAN?EOA 15.189
4S@SD SGD @OOQNOQH@SD @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR SN SGHR MTKK GXONSGDRHR: !
0
: F < 0.25
9.2: -ON=IG?M ;H> NB? 2SJ? ' ;H> 2SJ? '' #LLILM
$TAN?EOA 15.190
*E XNT QDIDBS !
0
VGDM !
0
HR BNQQDBS, VG@S SXOD NE DQQNQ HR SGHR
$TAN?EOA 15.191
*E XNT E@HK SN QDIDBS !
0
VGDM !
0
HR E@KRD, VG@S SXOD NE DQQNQ HR SGHR
$TAN?EOA 15.192
8G@S HR SGD QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD 5XOD ** DQQNQ @MC SGD ONVDQ NE @ SDRS
$TAN?EOA 15.193
" MDV AKNNC SDRS HR ADHMF CDUDKNODC SN RBQDDM O@SHDMSR ENQ B@MBDQ. 1NRHSHUD QDRTKSR @QD ENKKNVDC TO AX @ LNQD @BBTQ@SD (@MC
DWODMRHUD) SDRS. *S HR @RRTLDC SG@S SGD O@SHDMS CNDR MNS G@UD B@MBDQ. %DRBQHAD SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, SGD 5XOD * @MC 5XOD **
DQQNQR ENQ SGHR RHST@SHNM, @MC DWOK@HM VGHBG SXOD NE DQQNQ HR LNQD RDQHNTR.
$TAN?EOA 15.194
&WOK@HM HM VNQCR VG@S HS LD@MR SG@S @ RBQDDMHMF SDRS ENQ 5# G@R @M V KDUDK NE 0.10. 5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SG@S SGD O@SHDMS
CNDR MNS G@UD 5#.
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 815
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$TAN?EOA 15.195
&WOK@HM HM VNQCR VG@S HS LD@MR SG@S @ RBQDDMHMF SDRS ENQ 5# G@R @ W KDUDK NE 0.20. 5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SG@S SGD O@SHDMS CNDR
MNS G@UD 5#.
$TAN?EOA 15.196
&WOK@HM HM VNQCR VG@S HS LD@MR SG@S @ RBQDDMHMF SDRS ENQ 5# G@R @ ONVDQ NE 0.80.
9.3: "CMNLC<ONCIH ,??>?> @IL &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA
$TAN?EOA 15.197
*E XNT @QD BNMCTBSHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, @MC XNT CN MNS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD, VG@S SDRS
VHKK XNT TRD HE SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR 10 @MC SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR MNQL@K
$TAN?EOA 15.198
*E XNT @QD BNMCTBSHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, @MC XNT JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@QH@MBD, VG@S SDRS VHKK
XNT TRD
$TAN?EOA 15.199
*E XNT @QD BNMCTBSHMF @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM, VHSG DF @MC DG FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN EHUD, VG@S
SDRS VHKK XNT TRD, @MC VHSG VG@S O@Q@LDSDQR
$TAN?EOA 15.200
1TAKHRGDC HMENQL@SHNM HMCHB@SDR SG@S, NM @UDQ@FD, BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR RODMC KDRR SG@M 20 GNTQR RSTCXHMF ODQ VDDJ. :NT CQ@V @
R@LOKD NE 25 RSTCDMSR EQNL XNTQ BNKKDFD, @MC EHMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M SN AD 18.5 GNTQR, VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.5 GNTQR.
8G@S CHRSQHATSHNM VHKK XNT TRD SN SDRS VGDSGDQ RSTCX G@AHSR @S XNTQ BNKKDFD @QD SGD R@LD @R SGD M@SHNM@K @UDQ@FD, @MC VGX
$TAN?EOA 15.201
" OTAKHRGDC RSTCX R@XR SG@S 95 ODQBDMS NE "LDQHB@M BGHKCQDM @QD U@BBHM@SDC @F@HMRS LD@RKDR, VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE
1.5 ODQBDMS. :NT CQ@V @ R@LOKD NE 100 BGHKCQDM EQNL XNTQ BNLLTMHSX @MC BGDBJ SGDHQ U@BBHM@SHNM QDBNQCR, SN RDD HE SGD
U@BBHM@SHNM Q@SD HM XNTQ BNLLTMHSX HR SGD R@LD @R SGD M@SHNM@K @UDQ@FD. 8G@S CHRSQHATSHNM VHKK XNT TRD ENQ SGHR SDRS, @MC
VGX
9.4: 0;L? #P?HNM, NB? 1;GJF?, "?=CMCIH, ;H> !IH=FOMCIH
$TAN?EOA 15.202
:NT @QD BNMCTBSHMF @ RSTCX VHSG @M g KDUDK NE 0.05. *E XNT FDS @ QDRTKS VHSG @ O-U@KTD NE 0.07, VG@S VHKK AD XNTQ CDBHRHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.203
:NT @QD BNMCTBSHMF @ RSTCX VHSG V = 0.01. *E XNT FDS @ QDRTKS VHSG @ F-U@KTD NE 0.006, VG@S VHKK AD XNTQ CDBHRHNM
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. "BBNQCHMF SN SGD 8NQKC )D@KSG 0QF@MHY@SHNM, SGD @UDQ@FD
GDHFGS NE @ NMD-XD@Q-NKC BGHKC HR 29p. :NT ADKHDUD BGHKCQDM VHSG @ O@QSHBTK@Q CHRD@RD @QD RL@KKDQ SG@M @UDQ@FD, RN XNT CQ@V @
R@LOKD NE 20 BGHKCQDM VHSG SGHR CHRD@RD @MC EHMC @ LD@M GDHFGS NE 27.5p @MC @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.5p.
$TAN?EOA 15.204
8G@S @QD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR ENQ SGHR RSTCX
$TAN?EOA 15.205
8G@S CHRSQHATSHNM VHKK XNT TRD SN SDRS XNTQ GXONSGDRHR, @MC VGX
$TAN?EOA 15.206
8G@S HR SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB @MC SGD F-U@KTD
$TAN?EOA 15.207
#@RDC NM XNTQ R@LOKD QDRTKSR, VG@S HR XNTQ CDBHRHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.208
4TOONRD SGD LD@M ENQ XNTQ R@LOKD V@R 25.0. 3DCN SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR @MC CDRBQHAD VG@S XNTQ CDBHRHNM VNTKC AD.
816 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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9.5: A>>CNCIH;F 'H@ILG;NCIH ;H> $OFF &SJINB?MCM 2?MN #R;GJF?M
$TAN?EOA 15.209
:NT BNMCTBS @ RSTCX TRHMF g = 0.05. 8G@S HR SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD ENQ SGHR RSTCX
$TAN?EOA 15.210
:NT BNMCTBS @ RSTCX, A@RDC NM @ R@LOKD CQ@VM EQNL @ MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @ JMNVM U@QH@MBD, VHSG SGD
ENKKNVHMF GXONSGDRDR:
!
0
: Z = 35.5
!
7
: Z w 35.5
8HKK XNT BNMCTBS @ NMD-S@HKDC NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
$TAN?EOA 15.211
:NT BNMCTBS @ RSTCX, A@RDC NM @ R@LOKD CQ@VM EQNL @ MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC ONOTK@SHNM VHSG @ JMNVM U@QH@MBD, VHSG SGD
ENKKNVHMF GXONSGDRDR:
!
0
: Z y 35.5
!
7
: Z < 35.5
8HKK XNT BNMCTBS @ NMD-S@HKDC NQ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. /@SHNM@KKX, 80 ODQBDMS NE @CTKSR NVM @M @TSNLNAHKD. :NT
@QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD R@LD OQNONQSHNM HM XNTQ BNLLTMHSX NVM B@QR. :NT CQ@V @ R@LOKD NE 100 @MC EHMC SG@S 75
ODQBDMS NVM B@QR.
$TAN?EOA 15.212
$TAN?EOA 15.213
8G@S SDRS VHKK XNT TRD, @MC VGX
10.1: !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB 3HEHIQH
.IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIHM
$TAN?EOA 15.214
:NT BNMCTBS @ ONKK NE ONKHSHB@K NOHMHNMR, HMSDQUHDVHMF ANSG LDLADQR NE 50 L@QQHDC BNTOKDR. "QD SGD FQNTOR HM SGHR RSTCX
HMCDODMCDMS NQ L@SBGDC
$TAN?EOA 15.215
:NT @QD SDRSHMF @ MDV CQTF SN SQD@S HMRNLMH@. :NT Q@MCNLKX @RRHFM 80 UNKTMSDDQ RTAIDBSR SN DHSGDQ SGD DWODQHLDMS@K (MDV
CQTF) NQ BNMSQNK (RS@MC@QC SQD@SLDMS) BNMCHSHNMR. "QD SGD FQNTOR HM SGHR RSTCX HMCDODMCDMS NQ L@SBGDC
$TAN?EOA 15.216
:NT @QD HMUDRSHF@SHMF SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE @ MDV L@SG SDWSANNJ ENQ GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR. :NT @CLHMHRSDQ @ OQDSDRS SN @ FQNTO
NE RSTCDMSR @S SGD ADFHMMHMF NE SGD RDLDRSDQ, @MC @ ONRSSDRS @S SGD DMC NE @ XD@QnR HMRSQTBSHNM TRHMF SGHR SDWSANNJ, @MC BNLO@QD
SGD QDRTKSR. "QD SGD FQNTOR HM SGHR RSTCX HMCDODMCDMS NQ L@SBGDC
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. :NT @QD BNMCTBSHMF @ RSTCX NE SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM SHLD @S
SVN BNKKDFDR ENQ TMCDQFQ@CT@SD CDFQDD BNLOKDSHNM. "S $NKKDFD ", RSTCDMSR S@JD @M @UDQ@FD NE 4.8 XD@QR SN BNLOKDSD @M
TMCDQFQ@CT@SD CDFQDD, VGHKD @S $NKKDFD #, SGDX S@JD @M @UDQ@FD NE 4.2 XD@QR. 5GD ONNKDC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ SGHR C@S@ HR
1.6 XD@QR
$TAN?EOA 15.217
$@KBTK@SD $NGDMnR : @MC HMSDQOQDS HS.
$TAN?EOA 15.218
4TOONRD SGD LD@M SHLD SN D@QM @M TMCDQFQ@CT@SD CDFQDD @S $NKKDFD " V@R 5.2 XD@QR. $@KBTK@SD SGD DEEDBS RHYD @MC HMSDQOQDS
HS.
$TAN?EOA 15.219
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 817
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:NT BNMCTBS @M HMCDODMCDMS-R@LOKDR S-SDRS VHSG R@LOKD RHYD SDM HM D@BG NE SVN FQNTOR. *E XNT @QD BNMCTBSHMF @ SVN-S@HKDC
GXONSGDRHR SDRS VHSG g = 0.01, VG@S O-U@KTDR VHKK B@TRD XNT SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
$TAN?EOA 15.220
:NT BNMCTBS @M HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKDR J-SDRS VHSG R@LOKD RHYD 15 HM D@BG FQNTO, VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF GXONSGDRDR:
!
0
: Z y 110
!
7
: Z < 110
*E V = 0.05, VG@S J-U@KTDR VHKK B@TRD XNT SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
10.2: !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB )HIQH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I. $NKKDFD RSTCDMSR HM SGD RBHDMBDR NESDM BNLOK@HM SG@S SGDX
LTRS RODMC LNQD NM SDWSANNJR D@BG RDLDRSDQ SG@M RSTCDMSR HM SGD GTL@MHSHDR. 5N SDRS SGHR, XNT CQ@V Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE
50 RBHDMBD @MC 50 GTL@MHSHDR RSTCDMSR EQNL XNTQ BNKKDFD, @MC QDBNQC GNV LTBG D@BG RODMS K@RS RDLDRSDQ NM SDWSANNJR.
$NMRHCDQ SGD RBHDMBD RSTCDMSR SN AD FQNTO NMD, @MC SGD GTL@MHSHDR RSTCDMSR SN AD FQNTO SVN.
$TAN?EOA 15.221
8G@S HR SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ SGHR RSTCX
$TAN?EOA 15.222
$TAN?EOA 15.223
*E SGD 50 RBHDMBD RSTCDMSR RODMS @M @UDQ@FD NE $530 VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $20 @MC SGD 50 GTL@MHSHDR RSTCDMSR
RODMS @M @UDQ@FD NE $380 VHSG @ R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE $15, VNTKC XNT MNS QDIDBS NQ QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR 6RD
@M @KOG@ KDUDK NE 0.05. 8G@S HR XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.224
8G@S VNTKC AD XNTQ CDBHRHNM, HE XNT VDQD TRHMF V = 0.01
10.3: !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIHM
.I; J>; ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ I?N ;N;H9?I;I. :NT V@MS SN JMNV HE OQNONQSHNM NE GNLDR VHSG B@AKD SDKDUHRHNM RDQUHBD
CHEEDQR ADSVDDM $NLLTMHSX " @MC $NLLTMHSX #. 5N SDRS SGHR, XNT CQ@V @ Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 ENQ D@BG @MC QDBNQC
VGDSGDQ SGDX G@UD B@AKD RDQUHBD.
$TAN?EOA 15.225
$TAN?EOA 15.226
*E 65 GNTRDGNKCR HM $NLLTMHSX " G@UD B@AKD RDQUHBD, @MC 78 GNTRDGNKCR HM BNLLTMHSX #, VG@S HR SGD ONNKDC OQNONQSHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.227
"S V = 0.03, VHKK XNT QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR 8G@S HR XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM 65 GNTRDGNKCR HM $NLLTMHSX " G@UD B@AKD
RDQUHBD, @MC 78 GNTRDGNKCR HM BNLLTMHSX #. 100 GNTRDGNKCR HM D@BG BNLLTMHSX VDQD RTQUDXDC.
$TAN?EOA 15.228
6RHMF @M @KOG@ U@KTD NE 0.01, VNTKC XNT QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR 8G@S HR XNTQ BNMBKTRHNM 65 GNTRDGNKCR HM $NLLTMHSX
" G@UD B@AKD RDQUHBD, @MC 78 GNTRDGNKCR HM BNLLTMHSX #. 100 GNTRDGNKCR HM D@BG BNLLTMHSX VDQD RTQUDXDC.
10.4: +;N=B?> IL .;CL?> 1;GJF?M
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <?L; ;N;H9?I;I. :NT @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ @ O@QSHBTK@Q DWDQBHRD OQNFQ@L
GDKOR ODNOKD KNRD VDHFGS. :NT BNMCTBS @ RSTCX HM VGHBG XNT VDHFG SGD O@QSHBHO@MSR @S SGD RS@QS NE SGD RSTCX, @MC @F@HM @S SGD
BNMBKTRHNM, @ESDQ SGDX G@UD O@QSHBHO@SDC HM SGD DWDQBHRD OQNFQ@L ENQ RHW LNMSGR. :NT BNLO@QD SGD QDRTKSR TRHMF @ L@SBGDC-
O@HQR S-SDRS, HM VGHBG SGD C@S@ HR ZVDHFGS @S BNMBKTRHNM k VDHFGS @S RS@QS\. :NT ADKHDUD SG@S, NM @UDQ@FD, SGD O@QSHBHO@MSR VHKK
G@UD KNRS VDHFGS @ESDQ RHW LNMSGR NM SGD DWDQBHRD OQNFQ@L.
818 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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$TAN?EOA 15.229
$TAN?EOA 15.230
$@KBTK@SD SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB, @RRTLHMF SG@S x
d
= k5, I
:
= 6, @MC D = 30 (O@HQR).
$TAN?EOA 15.231
8G@S @QD SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGHR RS@SHRSHB
$TAN?EOA 15.232
6RHMF V = 0.05, VG@S HR XNTQ CDBHRHNM QDF@QCHMF SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE SGHR OQNFQ@L HM B@TRHMF VDHFGS KNRR 8G@S HR SGD
BNMBKTRHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.233
8G@S VNTKC HS LD@M HE SGD J-RS@SHRSHB G@C ADDM 4.56, @MC VG@S VNTKC G@UD ADDM XNTQ CDBHRHNM HM SG@S B@RD
11.1: $;=NM A<ION NB? !BC-1KO;L? "CMNLC<ONCIH
$TAN?EOA 15.234
8G@S HR SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ENQ @ BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG 20 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
11.2: %II>H?MM-I@-$CN 2?MN
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. /@SHNM@KKX, @ANTS 66 ODQBDMS NE GHFG RBGNNK FQ@CT@SDR DMQNKK
HM GHFGDQ DCTB@SHNM. :NT ODQENQL@ BGH-RPT@QD FNNCMDRR NE EHS SDRS SN RDD HE SGHR R@LD OQNONQSHNM @OOKHDR SN XNTQ GHFG RBGNNKnR
LNRS QDBDMS FQ@CT@SHMF BK@RR NE 200. :NTQ MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SG@S SGD M@SHNM@K CHRSQHATSHNM @KRN @OOKHDR SN XNTQ GHFG RBGNNK.
$TAN?EOA 15.235
8G@S @QD SGD DWODBSDC MTLADQR NE RSTCDMSR EQNL XNTQ GHFG RBGNNK FQ@CT@SHMF BK@RR DMQNKKDC @MC MNS DMQNKKDC HM GHFGDQ
DCTB@SHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.236
'HKK NTS SGD QDRS NE SGHR S@AKD.
-<M?LP?> (O) #RJ?=N?> (E) O X E (O X E)2
(O E)
2
z
$JNKHHA@ 145
-KP AJNKHHA@ 55
2;<F? 15.5
$TAN?EOA 15.237
8G@S @QD SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGHR BGH-RPT@QD SDRS
$TAN?EOA 15.238
8G@S HR SGD BGH-RPT@QD SDRS RS@SHRSHB @MC SGD F-U@KTD. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VG@S CN XNT BNMBKTCD
$TAN?EOA 15.239
'NQ @ BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG 92 CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL, SGD BTQUD ?????????????.
$TAN?EOA 15.240
'NQ @ BGH-RPT@QD CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG EHUD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL, SGD BTQUD HR ??????????????.
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 819
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11.3: 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. :NT @QD BNMRHCDQHMF BNMCTBSHMF @ BGH-RPT@QD SDRS NE
HMCDODMCDMBD ENQ SGD C@S@ HM SGHR S@AKD, VGHBG CHROK@XR C@S@ @ANTS BDKK OGNMD NVMDQRGHO ENQ EQDRGL@M @MC RDMHNQR @S @ GHFG
RBGNNK. :NTQ MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SG@S BDKK OGNMD NVMDQRGHO HR HMCDODMCDMS NE BK@RR RS@MCHMF.
$TAN?EOA 15.241
$NLOTSD SGD DWODBSDC U@KTDR ENQ SGD BDKKR.
!?FF = 7?M !?FF = ,I
%NAODI=J 100 150
2AJEKN 200 50
2;<F? 15.6
$TAN?EOA 15.242
$NLOTSD
(O E)
2
z
ENQ D@BG BDKK, VGDQD ( = NARDQUDC @MC E = DWODBSDC.
$TAN?EOA 15.243
8G@S HR SGD BGH-RPT@QD RS@SHRSHB @MC CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGHR RSTCX
$TAN?EOA 15.244
"S SGD V = 0.5 RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, VG@S HR XNTQ CDBHRHNM QDF@QCHMF SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
11.4: 2?MN I@ &IGIA?H?CNS
$TAN?EOA 15.245
:NT BNMCTBS @ BGH-RPT@QD SDRS NE GNLNFDMDHSX ENQ C@S@ HM @ EHUD AX SVN S@AKD. 8G@S HR SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGHR SDRS
11.5: !IGJ;LCMIH 1OGG;LS I@ NB? !BC-1KO;L? 2?MNM: %II>H?MM-I@-$CN,
'H>?J?H>?H=? ;H> &IGIA?H?CNS
$TAN?EOA 15.246
" 2013 ONKK HM SGD 4S@SD NE $@KHENQMH@ RTQUDXDC ODNOKD @ANTS S@WHMF RTF@Q-RVDDSDMDC ADUDQ@FDR. 5GD QDRTKSR @QD OQDRDMSDC
HM SGD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD, @MC @QD BK@RRHEHDC AX DSGMHB FQNTO @MC QDRONMRD SXOD. "QD SGD ONKK QDRONMRDR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD
O@QSHBHO@MSRn DSGMHB FQNTO $NMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS @S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK.
#NBHC= %LIOJ 9 0?MJIHM? 2SJ? $;PIL -JJIM? ,I -JCHCIH 0IQ 2IN;F
6DEPA / -KJ-'EOL=JE? 234 433 43 710
+=PEJK 147 106 19 272
BNE?=J IANE?=J 24 41 6 71
OE=J IANE?=J 54 48 16 118
2;<F? 15.7
820 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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#NBHC= %LIOJ 9 0?MJIHM? 2SJ? $;PIL -JJIM? ,I -JCHCIH 0IQ 2IN;F
!IFOGH 2IN;F 459 628 84 1171
2;<F? 15.7
$TAN?EOA 15.247
*M @ SDRS NE GNLNFDMDHSX, VG@S LTRS AD SQTD @ANTS SGD DWODBSDC U@KTD NE D@BG BDKK
$TAN?EOA 15.248
4S@SDC HM FDMDQ@K SDQLR, VG@S @QD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR ENQ SGD BGH-RPT@QD SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD
$TAN?EOA 15.249
4S@SDC HM FDMDQ@K SDQLR, VG@S @QD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR ENQ SGD BGH-RPT@QD SDRS NE GNLNFDMDHSX
11.6: 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
$TAN?EOA 15.250
" K@A SDRS BK@HLR SN G@UD @ U@QH@MBD NE MN LNQD SG@M EHUD. :NT ADKHDUD SGD U@QH@MBD HR FQD@SDQ. 8G@S @QD SGD MTKK @MC
@KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRHR SN SDRS SGHR
15.4 U .L;=NC=? 2?MN 4
$TAN?EOA 15.251
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF DPT@SHNMR HR/@QD KHMD@Q
=. O = k3N
>. O = 0.2 + 0.74N
?. O = k9.4 k 2N
@. " @MC #
A. ", #, @MC $
$TAN?EOA 15.252
5N BNLOKDSD @ O@HMSHMF INA QDPTHQDR ENTQ GNTQR RDSTO SHLD OKTR NMD GNTQ ODQ 1,000 RPT@QD EDDS. )NV VNTKC XNT DWOQDRR SGHR
HMENQL@SHNM HM @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.253
" RS@SHRSHBR HMRSQTBSNQ HR O@HC @ ODQ-BK@RR EDD NE $2,000 OKTR $100 ENQ D@BG RSTCDMS HM SGD BK@RR. )NV VNTKC XNT DWOQDRR SGHR
HMENQL@SHNM HM @ KHMD@Q DPT@SHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.254
" STSNQHMF RBGNNK QDPTHQDR RSTCDMSR SN O@X @ NMD-SHLD DMQNKKLDMS EDD NE $500 OKTR STHSHNM NE $3,000 ODQ XD@Q. &WOQDRR SGHR
HMENQL@SHNM HM @M DPT@SHNM.
12.2: 1FIJ? ;H> #-CHN?L=?JN I@ ; *CH?;L #KO;NCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. 'NQ SGD K@ANQ BNRSR NE CNHMF QDO@HQR, @M @TSN LDBG@MHB
BG@QFDR @ EK@S EDD NE $75 ODQ B@Q, OKTR @M GNTQKX Q@SD NE $55.
$TAN?EOA 15.255
8G@S @QD SGD HMCDODMCDMS @MC CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKDR ENQ SGHR RHST@SHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.256
8QHSD SGD DPT@SHNM @MC HCDMSHEX SGD RKNOD @MC HMSDQBDOS.
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 821
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$TAN?EOA 15.257
8G@S HR SGD K@ANQ BG@QFD ENQ @ INA SG@S S@JDR 3.5 GNTQR SN BNLOKDSD
$TAN?EOA 15.258
0MD INA S@JDR 2.4 GNTQR SN BNLOKDSD, VGHKD @MNSGDQ S@JDR 6.3 GNTQR. 8G@S HR SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM K@ANQ BNRSR ENQ SGDRD SVN INAR
12.3: 1=;NN?L .FINM
$TAN?EOA 15.259
%DRBQHAD SGD O@SSDQM HM SGHR RB@SSDQ OKNS, @MC CDBHCD VGDSGDQ SGD 1 @MC 2 U@QH@AKDR VNTKC AD FNNC B@MCHC@SDR ENQ KHMD@Q
QDFQDRRHNM.
$CAOL? 15.2
$TAN?EOA 15.260
QDFQDRRHNM.
$CAOL? 15.3
$TAN?EOA 15.261
822 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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QDFQDRRHNM.
$CAOL? 15.4
$TAN?EOA 15.262
QDFQDRRHNM.
$CAOL? 15.5
12.4: 2B? 0?AL?MMCIH #KO;NCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ <EKH ;N;H9?I;I. )DHFGS (HM HMBGDR) @MC VDHFGS (*M ONTMCR) HM @ R@LOKD NE
BNKKDFD EQDRGL@M LDM G@UD @ KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO VHSG SGD ENKKNVHMF RTLL@QX RS@SHRSHBR:
x
= 68.4
y
=141.6
I
N
= 4.0
I
O
= 9.6
H = 0.73
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 823
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-DS 2 = VDHFGS @MC 1 = GDHFGS, @MC VQHSD SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM HM SGD ENQL:
y
^
= a + bx
$TAN?EOA 15.263
8G@S HR SGD U@KTD NE SGD RKNOD
$TAN?EOA 15.264
8G@S HR SGD U@KTD NE SGD O HMSDQBDOS
$TAN?EOA 15.265
8QHSD SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM OQDCHBSHMF VDHFGS EQNL GDHFGS HM SGHR C@S@ RDS, @MC B@KBTK@SD SGD OQDCHBSDC VDHFGS ENQ RNLDNMD
68 HMBGDR S@KK.
12.5: !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN ;H> !I?@@C=C?HN I@ "?N?LGCH;NCIH
$TAN?EOA 15.266
5GD BNQQDK@SHNM ADSVDDM ANCX VDHFGS @MC ETDK DEEHBHDMBX (LD@RTQDC @R LHKDR ODQ F@KKNM) ENQ @ R@LOKD NE 2,012 LNCDK B@QR HR
k0.56. $@KBTK@SD SGD BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM ENQ SGHR C@S@ @MC DWOK@HM VG@S HS LD@MR.
$TAN?EOA 15.267
5GD BNQQDK@SHNM ADSVDDM GHFG RBGNNK (1" @MC EQDRGL@M BNKKDFD (1" ENQ @ R@LOKD NE 200 TMHUDQRHSX RSTCDMSR HR 0.32. )NV
LTBG U@QH@SHNM HM EQDRGL@M BNKKDFD (1" HR MNS DWOK@HMDC AX GHFG RBGNNK (1"
$TAN?EOA 15.268
3NTMCDC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR VG@S BNQQDK@SHNM ADSVDDM SVN U@QH@AKDR HR MDBDRR@QX SN G@UD @ BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM
NE @S KD@RS 0.50
12.6: 2?MNCHA NB? 1CAHC@C=;H=? I@ NB? !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN
$TAN?EOA 15.269
8QHSD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR ENQ @ RSTCX SN CDSDQLHMD HE SVN U@QH@AKDR @QD RHFMHEHB@MSKX BNQQDK@SDC.
$TAN?EOA 15.270
*M @ R@LOKD NE 30 B@RDR, SVN U@QH@AKDR G@UD @ BNQQDK@SHNM NE 0.33. %N @ J-SDRS SN RDD HE SGHR QDRTKS HR RHFMHEHB@MS @S SGD V = 0.05
KDUDK. 6RD SGD ENQLTK@:
t =
r n 2
1 r
2
$TAN?EOA 15.271
*M @ R@LOKD NE 25 B@RDR, SVN U@QH@AKDR G@UD @ BNQQDK@SHNM NE 0.45. %N @ J-SDRS SN RDD HE SGHR QDRTKS HR RHFMHEHB@MS @S SGD V = 0.05
KDUDK. 6RD SGD ENQLTK@:
t =
r n 2
1 r
2
12.7: .L?>C=NCIH
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I. " RSTCX QDK@SHMF SGD FQ@LR NE ONS@RRHTL (2) SN SGD FQ@LR NE
EHADQ (1) ODQ RDQUHMF HM DMQHBGDC EKNTQ OQNCTBSR (AQD@C, QNKKR, DSB.) OQNCTBDC SGD DPT@SHNM:
y
^
= 25 + 16x
$TAN?EOA 15.272
'NQ @ OQNCTBS VHSG EHUD FQ@LR NE EHADQ ODQ RDQUHMF, VG@S @QD SGD DWODBSDC FQ@LR NE ONS@RRHTL ODQ RDQUHMF
$TAN?EOA 15.273
$NLO@QHMF SVN OQNCTBSR, NMD VHSG SGQDD FQ@LR NE EHADQ ODQ RDQUHMF @MC NMD VHSG RHW FQ@LR NE EHADQ ODQ RDQUHMF, VG@S HR SGD
DWODBSDC CHEEDQDMBD HM FQ@LR NE ONS@RRHTL ODQ RDQUHMF
824 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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12.8: -ONFC?LM
$TAN?EOA 15.274
*M SGD BNMSDWS NE QDFQDRRHNM @M@KXRHR, VG@S HR SGD CDEHMHSHNM NE @M NTSKHDQ, @MC VG@S HR @ QTKD NE SGTLA SN DU@KT@SD HE @ FHUDM
U@KTD HM @ C@S@ RDS HR @M NTSKHDQ
$TAN?EOA 15.275
*M SGD BNMSDWS NE QDFQDRRHNM @M@KXRHR, VG@S HR SGD CDEHMHSHNM NE @M HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS, @MC GNV CNDR @M HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS CHEEDQ
EQNL @M NTSKHDQ
$TAN?EOA 15.276
5GD KD@RS RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD ENQ @ C@S@ RDS HR y
^
= 5 + 0.3x @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR HR 0.4. %NDR @
B@RD VHSG SGD U@KTDR N = 2, O = 6.2 PT@KHEX @R @M NTSKHDQ
$TAN?EOA 15.277
5GD KD@RS RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD ENQ @ C@S@ RDS HR y
^
= 2.3 0.1x @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD QDRHCT@KR HR 0.13. %NDR
@ B@RD VHSG SGD U@KTDR N = 4.1, O = 2.34 PT@KHEX @R @M NTSKHDQ
13.1: -H?-5;S A,-4A
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8G@S @QD SGD EHUD A@RHB @RRTLOSHNMR SN AD LDS HE XNT V@MS SN CN @ NMD-V@X "/07"
$TAN?EOA 15.279
:NT @QD BNMCTBSHMF @ NMD-V@X "/07" BNLO@QHMF SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE ENTQ CQTFR HM KNVDQHMF AKNNC OQDRRTQD HM
GXODQSDMRHUD O@SHDMSR. 8G@S @QD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR ENQ SGHR RSTCX
$TAN?EOA 15.280
8G@S HR SGD OQHL@QX CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKDR J-SDRS @MC NMD-V@X "/07"
$TAN?EOA 15.281
:NT @QD BNLO@QHMF SGD QDRTKSR NE SGQDD LDSGNCR NE SD@BGHMF FDNLDSQX SN GHFG RBGNNK RSTCDMSR. 5GD EHM@K DW@L RBNQDR 1
1
, 1
2
,
1
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, ENQ SGD R@LOKDR S@TFGS AX SGD CHEEDQDMS LDSGNCR G@UD SGD ENKKNVHMF CHRSQHATSHNMR:
1
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1
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&@BG R@LOKD HMBKTCDR 100 RSTCDMSR, @MC SGD EHM@K DW@LRBNQDR G@UD @ Q@MFD NE 0k100. "RRTLHMF SGD R@LOKDR @QD HMCDODMCDMS
@MC Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC, G@UD SGD QDPTHQDLDMSR ENQ BNMCTBSHMF @ NMD-V@X "/07" ADDM LDS &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS ENQ
D@BG @RRTLOSHNM.
$TAN?EOA 15.282
:NT BNMCTBS @ RSTCX BNLO@QHMF SGD DEEDBSHUDMDRR NE ENTQ SXODR NE EDQSHKHYDQ SN HMBQD@RD BQNO XHDKC NM VGD@S E@QLR. 8GDM
DW@LHMHMF SGD R@LOKD QDRTKSR, XNT EHMC SG@S SVN NE SGD R@LOKDR G@UD @M @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, @MC SVN G@UD @M
@OOQNWHL@SDKX TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM. *R SGHR @ UHNK@SHNM NE SGD @RRTLOSHNMR ENQ BNMCTBSHMF @ NMD-V@X "/07"
13.2: 2B? F "CMNLC<ONCIH
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RTOOKDLDMSR ENQ B@SSKD SN SDRS SGDHQ DEEDBSHUDMDRR HM OQNCTBHMF VDHFGS F@HM @LNMF B@KUDR VGNRD EDDC HMBKTCDR NMD NE SGD
RTOOKDLDMSR. :NT G@UD ENTQ FQNTOR NE 30 B@KUDR (NMD HR @ BNMSQNK FQNTO QDBDHUHMF SGD TRT@K EDDC, ATS MN RTOOKDLDMS). :NT
VHKK BNMCTBS @ NMD-V@X "/07" @ESDQ NMD XD@Q SN RDD HE SGDQD @QD CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M VDHFGS ENQ SGD ENTQ FQNTOR.
$TAN?EOA 15.283
8G@S HR ,,
M?J>?D
HM SGHR DWODQHLDMS, @MC VG@S CNDR HS LD@M
$TAN?EOA 15.284
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8;JM;;D
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= 374.5 @MC ,,
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AD K@QFDQ NQ RL@KKDQ
13.3: $;=NM A<ION NB? F "CMNLC<ONCIH
$TAN?EOA 15.290
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF MTLADQR @QD ONRRHAKD F 4S@SHRSHBR
=. 2.47
>. 5.95
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@. 7.28
A. 0.97
$TAN?EOA 15.291
)HRSNFQ@LR F1 @MC F2 ADKNV CHROK@X SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE B@RDR EQNLR@LOKDR EQNLSVN ONOTK@SHNMR, NMD CHRSQHATSDC F
3,15
@MC
NMD CHRSQHATSDC F
5,500
. 8GHBG R@LOKD B@LD EQNL VGHBG ONOTK@SHNM
$CAOL? 15.6
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5GD F 4S@SHRSHB EQNL @M DWODQHLDMS VHSG A = 3 @MC D = 50 HR 3.67. "S V = 0.05, VHKK XNT QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
$TAN?EOA 15.293
5GD F 4S@SHRSHB EQNL @M DWODQHLDMS VHSG A = 4 @MC D = 100 HR 4.72. "S V = 0.01, VHKK XNT QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR
13.4: 2?MN I@ 2QI 4;LC;H=?M
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8G@S @RRTLOSHNMR LTRS AD LDS SN ODQENQL SGD F SDRS NE SVN U@QH@MBDR
$TAN?EOA 15.295
:NT ADKHDUD SGDQD HR FQD@SDQ U@QH@MBD HM FQ@CDR FHUDM AX SGD L@SG CDO@QSLDMS @S XNTQ TMHUDQRHSX SG@M HM SGD &MFKHRG
CDO@QSLDMS. :NT BNKKDBS @KK SGD FQ@CDR ENQ TMCDQFQ@CT@SD BK@RRDR HM SGD SVN CDO@QSLDMSR ENQ @ RDLDRSDQ, @MC BNLOTSD SGD
U@QH@MBD NE D@BG, @MC BNMCTBS @M F SDRS NE SVN U@QH@MBDR. 8G@S @QD SGD MTKK @MC @KSDQM@SHUD GXONSGDRDR ENQ SGHR RSTCX
15.5 U .L;=NC=? $CH;F #R;G 1
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MTLADQR 1k12 @QD OQHMSDC NM SGD RHCDR NE D@BG CHD).
c -DS &UDMS A = ANSG CHBD RGNV @M DUDM MTLADQ.
c -DS &UDMS B = ANSG CHBD RGNV @ MTLADQ LNQD SG@M DHFGS
$TAN?EOA 15.296
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>. HMCDODMCDMS.
?. LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD @MC HMCDODMCDMS.
$TAN?EOA 15.297
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=.
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8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF @QD 536& VGDM VD ODQENQL @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS NM L@SBGDC NQ O@HQDC R@LOKDR
=. 4@LOKD RHYDR @QD @KLNRS MDUDQ RL@KK.
>. 5VN LD@RTQDLDMSR @QD CQ@VM EQNL SGD R@LD O@HQ NE HMCHUHCT@KR NQ NAIDBSR.
?. 5VN R@LOKD LD@MR @QD BNLO@QDC SN D@BG NSGDQ.
@. "MRVDQ BGNHBDR A @MC B @QD ANSG SQTD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 0MD GTMCQDC DHFGSDDM RSTCDMSR VDQD @RJDC VG@S SXOD NE
BNKNQ SGDHQ ADCQNNLR VDQD O@HMSDC: KHFGS BNKNQR, C@QJ BNKNQR, NQ UHAQ@MS BNKNQR. 5GD QDRTKSR VDQD S@ATK@SDC @BBNQCHMF SN
FDMCDQ.
*CABN =IFILM ";LE =IFILM 4C<L;HN =IFILM
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'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM RSTCDMS HR L@KD NQ G@R @ ADCQNNL O@HMSDC VHSG KHFGS BNKNQR.
=.
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118
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AD QDLHMCDC SN CN GHR NQ GDQ BGNQDR D@BG VDDJ. " RTQUDX NE 40 LNSGDQR V@R BNMCTBSDC. 2;<F? 15.9 RGNVR SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD
RTQUDX.
828 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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=. 8
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=. 15
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HM SGD %D "MY@ O@QJHMF F@Q@FD @QD O@QJDC BQNNJDCKX. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 22 B@QR. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD MTLADQ NE B@QR
SG@S @QD O@QJDC BQNNJDCKX.
$TAN?EOA 15.303
'NQ DUDQX 22 B@QR, GNV L@MX VNTKC XNT DWODBS SN AD O@QJDC BQNNJDCKX, NM @UDQ@FD
=. 8.25
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$TAN?EOA 15.304
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS SDM NE SGD 22 B@QR @QD O@QJDC BQNNJDCKX.
=. 0.1263
>. 0.1607
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6RHMF @ R@LOKD NE 15 4S@MENQC-#HMDS *2 RBNQDR, VD VHRG SN BNMCTBS @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS. 0TQ BK@HL HR SG@S SGD LD@M *2 RBNQD
NM SGD 4S@MENQC-#HMDS *2 SDRS HR LNQD SG@M 100. *S HR JMNVM SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE @KK 4S@MENQC-#HMDS *2 RBNQDR HR 15
ONHMSR. 5GD BNQQDBS CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR:
=. #HMNLH@K
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.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: %D "MY@ $NKKDFD JDDOR RS@SHRSHBR NM SGD O@RR Q@SD NE
RSTCDMSR VGN DMQNKK HM L@SG BK@RRDR. *M @ R@LOKD NE 1,795 RSTCDMSR DMQNKKDC HM .@SG 1" (1RS PT@QSDQ B@KBTKTR), 1,428 O@RRDC
SGD BNTQRD. *M @ R@LOKD NE 856 RSTCDMSR DMQNKKDC HM .@SG 1# (2MC PT@QSDQ B@KBTKTR), 662 O@RRDC. *M FDMDQ@K, @QD SGD O@RR Q@SDR
NE .@SG 1" @MC .@SG 1# RS@SHRSHB@KKX SGD R@LD -DS " = SGD RTARBQHOS ENQ .@SG 1" @MC # = SGD RTARBQHOS ENQ .@SG 1#.
$TAN?EOA 15.306
*E XNT VDQD SN BNMCTBS @M @OOQNOQH@SD GXONSGDRHR SDRS, SGD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR VNTKC AD:
=. !
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5GD 5XOD * DQQNQ HR SN:
=. BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD O@RR Q@SD ENQ .@SG 1" HR SGD R@LD @R SGD O@RR Q@SD ENQ .@SG 1# VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD O@RR Q@SDR @QD
CHEEDQDMS.
>. BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD O@RR Q@SD ENQ .@SG 1" HR CHEEDQDMS SG@M SGD O@RR Q@SD ENQ .@SG 1# VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD O@RR Q@SDR @QD SGD
R@LD.
?. BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD O@RR Q@SD ENQ .@SG 1" HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD O@RR Q@SD ENQ .@SG 1# VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD O@RR Q@SD ENQ .@SG
1" HR KDRR SG@M SGD O@RR Q@SD ENQ .@SG 1#.
@. BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD O@RR Q@SD ENQ .@SG 1" HR SGD R@LD @R SGD O@RR Q@SD ENQ .@SG 1# VGDM, HM E@BS, SGDX @QD SGD R@LD.
$TAN?EOA 15.308
5GD BNQQDBS CDBHRHNM HR SN:
=. QDIDBS !
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$TAN?EOA 15.309
,H@, "KDI@MCQ@, @MC *QHR @QD QTMMDQR NM SGD SQ@BJ SD@LR @S SGQDD CHEEDQDMS RBGNNKR. 5GDHQ QTMMHMF SHLDR, HM LHMTSDR, @MC SGD
RS@SHRSHBR ENQ SGD SQ@BJ SD@LR @S SGDHQ QDRODBSHUD RBGNNKR, ENQ @ NMD LHKD QTM, @QD FHUDM HM SGD S@AKD ADKNV:
0OHHCHA 2CG? 1=BIIF AP?L;A? 0OHHCHA 2CG? 1=BIIF 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
*E= 4.9 5.2 0.15
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8GHBG RSTCDMS HR SGD #&45 VGDM BNLO@QDC SN SGD NSGDQ QTMMDQR @S GDQ RBGNNK
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-SC. 8HMSDQ B@S@KNF: $212, $292, $278, $199, $280, $236
"RRTLD SGD TMCDQKXHMF RVD@SDQ OQHBD ONOTK@SHNM HR @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K. 5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SG@S SGD LD@M OQHBD NE
@CTKS RJH RVD@SDQR EQNL (NQRTBG -SC. HR @S KD@RS $275.
$TAN?EOA 15.310
5GD BNQQDBS CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD ENQ SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS HR:
=. /NQL@K
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>. HR KDES-S@HKDC.
?. HR QHFGS-S@HKDC.
@. G@R MN S@HKR.
$TAN?EOA 15.312
4@Q@, @ RS@SHRSHBR RSTCDMS, V@MSDC SN CDSDQLHMD SGD LD@M MTLADQ NE ANNJR SG@S BNKKDFD OQNEDRRNQR G@UD HM SGDHQ NEEHBD. 4GD
Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC SVN ATHKCHMFR NM B@LOTR @MC @RJDC D@BG OQNEDRRNQ HM SGD RDKDBSDC ATHKCHMFR GNV L@MX ANNJR @QD HM GHR
NQ GDQ NEEHBD. 4@Q@ RTQUDXDC 25 OQNEDRRNQR. 5GD SXOD NE R@LOKHMF RDKDBSDC HR
=. RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF.
>. RXRSDL@SHB R@LOKHMF.
?. BKTRSDQ R@LOKHMF.
@. RSQ@SHEHDC R@LOKHMF.
$TAN?EOA 15.313
" BKNSGHMF RSNQD VNTKC TRD VGHBG LD@RTQD NE SGD BDMSDQ NE C@S@ VGDM OK@BHMF NQCDQR ENQ SGD SXOHB@K "LHCCKD" BTRSNLDQ
=. LD@M
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*M @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS, SGD F-U@KTD HR
=. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M NTSBNLD NE SGD C@S@ VHKK G@OODM OTQDKX AX BG@MBD VGDM SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD.
>. B@KKDC SGD OQDBNMBDHUDC @KOG@.
?. BNLO@QDC SN ADS@ SN CDBHCD VGDSGDQ SN QDIDBS NQ MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
@. "MRVDQ BGNHBDR " @MC # @QD ANSG SQTD.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: " BNLLTMHSX BNKKDFD NEEDQR BK@RRDR 6 C@XR @ VDDJ:
.NMC@X SGQNTFG 4@STQC@X. .@QH@ BNMCTBSDC @ RSTCX NE SGD RSTCDMSR HM GDQ BK@RRDR SN CDSDQLHMD GNV L@MX C@XR ODQ VDDJ
SGD RSTCDMSR VGN @QD HM GDQ BK@RRDR BNLD SN B@LOTR ENQ BK@RRDR. *M D@BG NE GDQ 5 BK@RRDR RGD Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC 10 RSTCDMSR
@MC @RJDC SGDL GNV L@MX C@XR SGDX BNLD SN B@LOTR ENQ BK@RRDR. &@BG NE GDQ BK@RRDR @QD SGD R@LD RHYD. 5GD QDRTKSR NE GDQ
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5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K @ANUD LD@MR:
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>. 8D @QD 95% BNMEHCDMS SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M MTLADQ NE CDODMCDMSR E@KKR HM SGD HMSDQU@K.
?. #NSG NE SGD @ANUD @MRVDQ BGNHBDR @QD BNQQDBS.
@. /NMD NE SGD @ANUD.
$TAN?EOA 15.320
1 ] .(4, 10). 'HMC SGD 30
SG
ODQBDMSHKD.
=. 0.3000
>. 3
?. 5.8
@. 6.1
$TAN?EOA 15.321
*E 1 ] ENO(0.8), SGDM )(N < Z) = ??????????
=. 0.3679
>. 0.4727
?. 0.6321
$TAN?EOA 15.322
5GD KHEDSHLD NE @ BNLOTSDQ BHQBTHS AN@QC HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE 2,500 GNTQR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 60
GNTQR. 8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM AN@QC VHKK K@RS @S LNRS 2,560 GNTQR
=. 0.8413
>. 0.1587
?. 0.3461
@. 0.6539
$TAN?EOA 15.323
"RTQUDX NE 123 QDRDQUHRSR B@KKDC SN @BSHUD CTSX @R @ QDRTKS NE SGD 4DOSDLADQ 11, 2001, @SS@BJR V@R BNMCTBSDC SN CDSDQLHMD SGD
OQNONQSHNM SG@S VDQD L@QQHDC. &HFGSX-RHW QDONQSDC ADHMF L@QQHDC. $NMRSQTBS @ 98%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ SGD SQTD ONOTK@SHNM
OQNONQSHNM NE QDRDQUHRSR B@KKDC SN @BSHUD CTSX SG@S @QD L@QQHDC.
=. (0.6030, 0.7954)
>. (0.6181, 0.7802)
?. (0.5927, 0.8057)
@. (0.6312, 0.7672)
$TAN?EOA 15.324
8HMMHMF SHLDR HM 26 LHKD L@Q@SGNMR QTM AX VNQKC BK@RR QTMMDQR @UDQ@FD 145 LHMTSDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 14
LHMTSDR. " R@LOKD NE SGD K@RS SDM L@Q@SGNM VHMMHMF SHLDR HR BNKKDBSDC. -DS N = LD@M VHMMHMF SHLDR ENQ SDM L@Q@SGNMR. 5GD
CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ N HR:
=. N
145,
14
10
>. N(145,14)
?. t
9
@. t
10
$TAN?EOA 15.325
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 833
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4TOONRD SG@S 1GH #DS@ ,@OO@ GNMNQR SGD SNO NMD ODQBDMS NE BNKKDFD @MC TMHUDQRHSX RDMHNQR. "RRTLD SG@S FQ@CD ONHMS LD@MR
((1") @S @ BDQS@HM BNKKDFD @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ 2.5 LD@M @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 0.5. 8G@S VNTKC AD SGD
LHMHLTL (1" MDDCDC SN ADBNLD @ LDLADQ NE 1GH #DS@ ,@OO@ @S SG@S BNKKDFD
=. 3.99
>. 1.34
?. 3.00
@. 3.66
$TAN?EOA 15.326
5GD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD KHUHMF NM "LDQHB@M E@QLR G@R CDBKHMDC RSD@CHKX CTQHMF SGD 20
SG
BDMSTQX. )DQD @QD C@S@ NM SGD E@QL
ONOTK@SHNM (HM LHKKHNMR NE ODQRNMR) EQNL 1935 SN 1980.
7?;L 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980
.IJOF;NCIH 32.1 30.5 24.4 23.0 19.1 15.6 12.4 9.7 8.9 7.2
2;<F? 15.13
5GD KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM HR y
^
= 1166.93 k 0.5868N. 8G@S V@R SGD DWODBSDC E@QL ONOTK@SHNM (HM LHKKHNMR NE ODQRNMR)
ENQ 1980
=. 7.2
>. 5.1
?. 6.0
@. 8.0
$TAN?EOA 15.327
*M KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM, VGHBG HR SGD ADRS ONRRHAKD ,,E
=. 13.46
>. 18.22
?. 24.05
@. 16.33
$TAN?EOA 15.328
*M QDFQDRRHNM @M@KXRHR, HE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS HR BKNRD SN NMD VG@S B@M AD R@HC @ANTS SGD ADRS EHS KHMD
=. *S HR @ GNQHYNMS@K KHMD. 5GDQDENQD, VD B@M MNS TRD HS.
>. 5GDQD HR @ RSQNMF KHMD@Q O@SSDQM. 5GDQDENQD, HS HR LNRS KHJDKX @ FNNC LNCDK SN AD TRDC.
?. 5GD BNDEEHBHDMS BNQQDK@SHNM HR BKNRD SN SGD KHLHS. 5GDQDENQD, HS HR G@QC SN L@JD @ CDBHRHNM.
@. 8D CN MNS G@UD SGD DPT@SHNM. 5GDQDENQD, VD B@MMNS R@X @MXSGHMF @ANTS HS.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: " RSTCX NE SGD B@QDDQ OK@MR NE XNTMF VNLDM @MC LDM RDMS
PTDRSHNMM@HQDR SN @KK 722 LDLADQR NE SGD RDMHNQ BK@RR HM SGD $NKKDFD NE #TRHMDRR "CLHMHRSQ@SHNM @S SGD 6MHUDQRHSX NE *KKHMNHR.
0MD PTDRSHNM @RJDC VGHBG L@INQ VHSGHM SGD ATRHMDRR OQNFQ@L SGD RSTCDMS G@C BGNRDM. )DQD @QD SGD C@S@ EQNL SGD RSTCDMSR
VGN QDRONMCDC.
$?G;F? +;F?
A==IOHNCHA 68 56
A>GCHCMNL;NCIH 91 40
2;<F? 15.14 #KAO PDA @=P= OQCCAOP PD=P
PDANA EO = NAH=PEKJODEL >APSAAJ PDA
CAJ@AN KB OPQ@AJPO =J@ PDAEN ?DKE?A KB
I=FKN?
834 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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#=IHIGC=M 5 6
$CH;H=? 61 59
2;<F? 15.14 #KAO PDA @=P= OQCCAOP PD=P
PDANA EO = NAH=PEKJODEL >APSAAJ PDA
CAJ@AN KB OPQ@AJPO =J@ PDAEN ?DKE?A KB
I=FKN?
$TAN?EOA 15.329
5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ SGD SDRS HR:
=. Chi
2
8
.
>. Chi
2
3
.
?. t
721
.
@. N(0, 1) .
$TAN?EOA 15.330
5GD DWODBSDC MTLADQ NE EDL@KD VGN BGNNRD EHM@MBD HR:
=. 37.
>. 61.
?. 60.
@. 70.
$TAN?EOA 15.331
5GD F-U@KTD HR 0.0127 @MC SGD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD HR 0.05. 5GD BNMBKTRHNM SN SGD SDRS HR:
=. SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD BGNHBD NE L@INQ @MC SGD FDMCDQ NE SGD RSTCDMS @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS NE
D@BG NSGDQ.
>. SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD BGNHBD NE L@INQ @MC SGD FDMCDQ NE SGD RSTCDMS @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS NE
D@BG NSGDQ.
?. SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S RSTCDMSR EHMC DBNMNLHBR UDQX G@QC.
@. SGDQD HR HM RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S LNQD EDL@KDR OQDEDQ @CLHMHRSQ@SHNM SG@M L@KDR.
$TAN?EOA 15.332
"M @FDMBX QDONQSDC SG@S SGD VNQJ ENQBD M@SHNMVHCD HR BNLONRDC NE 10% OQNEDRRHNM@K, 10% BKDQHB@K, 30% RJHKKDC, 15%
RDQUHBD, @MC 35% RDLHRJHKKDC K@ANQDQR. " Q@MCNL R@LOKD NE 100 4@M +NRD QDRHCDMSR HMCHB@SDC 15 OQNEDRRHNM@K, 15 BKDQHB@K,
40 RJHKKDC, 10 RDQUHBD, @MC 20 RDLHRJHKKDC K@ANQDQR. "S V = 0.10 CNDR SGD VNQJ ENQBD HM 4@M +NRD @OOD@Q SN AD BNMRHRSDMS VHSG
SGD @FDMBX QDONQS ENQ SGD M@SHNM 8GHBG JHMC NE SDRS HR HS
=. $GH
2
FNNCMDRR NE EHS
>. $GH
2
SDRS NE HMCDODMCDMBD
?. *MCDODMCDMS FQNTOR OQNONQSHNMR
@. 6M@AKD SN CDSDQLHMD
15.6 U .L;=NC=? $CH;F #R;G 2
$TAN?EOA 15.333
" RSTCX V@R CNMD SN CDSDQLHMD SGD OQNONQSHNM NE SDDM@FDQR SG@S NVM @ B@Q. 5GD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM NE SDDM@FDQR SG@S NVM
@ B@Q HR SGD:
=. RS@SHRSHB.
>. O@Q@LDSDQ.
?. ONOTK@SHNM.
@. U@QH@AKD.
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P;FO? @L?KO?H=S
0 1
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2 7
3 9
6 4
2;<F? 15.15
$TAN?EOA 15.334
5GD ANW OKNS ENQ SGD C@S@ HR:
$CAOL? 15.8
$TAN?EOA 15.335
*E RHW VDQD @CCDC SN D@BG U@KTD NE SGD C@S@ HM SGD S@AKD, SGD 15
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE SGD MDV KHRS NE U@KTDR HR:
=. RHW
>. NMD
?. RDUDM
@. DHFGS
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD SG@S SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ CQNTFGS HM @MX HMCDODMCDMS
XD@Q HR 20%. 0TS NE SGNRD XD@QR HM VGHBG @ CQNTFGS NBBTQR, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE V@SDQ Q@SHNMHMF HR SDM ODQBDMS. )NVDUDQ, HM @MX
XD@Q, SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE V@SDQ Q@SHNMHMF HR EHUD ODQBDMS.
$TAN?EOA 15.336
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX NE ANSG @ CQNTFGS @MC V@SDQ Q@SHNMHMF NBBTQQHMF
836 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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=. 0.05
>. 0.01
?. 0.02
@. 0.30
$TAN?EOA 15.337
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF HR SQTD
=. %QNTFGS @MC V@SDQ Q@SHNMHMF @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
>. %QNTFGS @MC V@SDQ Q@SHNMHMF @QD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DUDMSR.
?. /NMD NE SGD @ANUD
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: 4TOONRD SG@S @ RTQUDX XHDKCDC SGD ENKKNVHMF C@S@:
A?H>?L ;JJF? JOGJECH J?=;H
BAI=HA 40 10 30
I=HA 20 30 10
2;<F? 15.16 $;PILCN? .C?
$TAN?EOA 15.338
4TOONRD SG@S NMD HMCHUHCT@K HR Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD ODQRNMnR E@UNQHSD OHD HR @OOKD NQ SGD ODQRNM HR L@KD
HR ?????.
=.
40
60
>.
60
140
?.
120
140
@.
100
140
$TAN?EOA 15.339
4TOONRD !
0
HR: '@UNQHSD OHD @MC FDMCDQ @QD HMCDODMCDMS. 5GD F-U@KTD HR ??????.
=. v 0
>. 1
?. 0.05
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ JME ;N;H9?I;I: -DSnR R@X SG@S SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M @CTKS V@SBGDR SGD MDVR
@S KD@RS NMBD ODQ VDDJ HR 0.60. 8D Q@MCNLKX RTQUDX 14 ODNOKD. 0E HMSDQDRS HR SGD MTLADQ NE ODNOKD VGN V@SBG SGD MDVR @S
KD@RS NMBD ODQ VDDJ.
$TAN?EOA 15.340
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR HR '"-4&
=. 1 ] B(14 0.60)
>. 5GD U@KTDR ENQ N @QD: Z1 ,2 ,3 ,... ,14\.
?. Z = 8.4
@. )(1 = 5) = 0.0408
$TAN?EOA 15.341
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @S KD@RS RHW @CTKSR V@SBG SGD MDVR @S KD@RS NMBD ODQ VDDJ.
=.
6
14
>. 0.8499
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 837
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@. 0.6429
$TAN?EOA 15.342
5GD ENKKNVHMF GHRSNFQ@L HR LNRS KHJDKX SN AD @ QDRTKS NE R@LOKHMF EQNL VGHBG CHRSQHATSHNM
$CAOL? 15.9
=. BGH-RPT@QD VHSG :< = 6
>. DWONMDMSH@K
?. TMHENQL
@. AHMNLH@K
$TAN?EOA 15.343
5GD @FDR NE B@LOTR C@X @MC DUDMHMF RSTCDMSR HR JMNVM SN AD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC. " R@LOKD NE RHW B@LOTR C@X @MC DUDMHMF
RSTCDMSR QDONQSDC SGDHQ @FDR (HM XD@QR) @R: Z18, 35, 27, 45, 20, 20\. 8G@S HR SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGD 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
NE SGD SQTD @UDQ@FD @FD
=. 11.2
>. 22.3
?. 17.5
@. 8.7
$TAN?EOA 15.344
*E @ MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD G@R R = 0 @MC \ = 1, SGDM 97.5% NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM U@KTDR KHD @ANUD:
=. k1.96.
>. 1.96.
?. 1.
@. k1.
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I. 5GD @LNTMS NE LNMDX @ BTRSNLDQ RODMCR HM NMD SQHO SN SGD
RTODQL@QJDS HR JMNVM SN G@UD @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM. 4TOONRD SGD @UDQ@FD @LNTMS NE LNMDX @ BTRSNLDQ RODMCR HM NMD
SQHO SN SGD RTODQL@QJDS HR $72.
$TAN?EOA 15.345
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S NMD BTRSNLDQ RODMCR KDRR SG@M $72 HM NMD SQHO SN SGD RTODQL@QJDS
=. 0.6321
>. 0.5000
838 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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@. 1
$TAN?EOA 15.346
)NV LTBG LNMDX @KSNFDSGDQ VNTKC XNT DWODBS SGD MDWS EHUD BTRSNLDQR SN RODMC HM NMD SQHO SN SGD RTODQL@QJDS (HM CNKK@QR)
=. 72
>.
72
2
5
?. 5184
@. 360
$TAN?EOA 15.347
*E XNT V@MS SN EHMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE LNMDX 50 BTRSNLDQR RODMC HM NMD SQHO SN SGD RTODQL@QJDS HR KDRR
SG@M $60, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM SN TRD HR:
=. '(72, 72)
>. N
72,
72
50
?. ENF(72)
@. Exp
1
72
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: 5GD @LNTMS NE SHLD HS S@JDR @ ENTQSG FQ@CDQ SN B@QQX NTS
SGD SQ@RG HR TMHENQLKX CHRSQHATSDC HM SGD HMSDQU@K EQNL NMD SN SDM LHMTSDR.
$TAN?EOA 15.348
8G@S HR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM ENTQSG FQ@CDQ S@JDR LNQD SG@M RDUDM LHMTSDR SN S@JD NTS SGD SQ@RG
=.
3
9
>.
7
9
?.
3
10
@.
7
10
$TAN?EOA 15.349
8GHBG FQ@OG ADRS RGNVR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @ Q@MCNLKX BGNRDM ENTQSG FQ@CDQ S@JDR LNQD SG@M RHW LHMTSDR SN S@JD NTS SGD
SQ@RG FHUDM SG@S GD NQ RGD G@R @KQD@CX S@JDM LNQD SG@M SGQDD LHMTSDR
$CAOL? 15.10
$TAN?EOA 15.350
8D RGNTKC DWODBS @ ENTQSG FQ@CDQ SN S@JD GNV L@MX LHMTSDR SN S@JD NTS SGD SQ@RG
=. 4.5
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@. 10
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: "S SGD ADFHMMHMF NE SGD PT@QSDQ, SGD @LNTMS NE SHLD @
RSTCDMS V@HSR HM KHMD @S SGD B@LOTR B@EDSDQH@ HR MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC VHSG @ LD@M NE EHUD LHMTSDR @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE
1.5 LHMTSDR.
$TAN?EOA 15.351
8G@S HR SGD 90
SG
ODQBDMSHKD NE V@HSHMF SHLDR (HM LHMTSDR)
=. 1.28
>. 90
?. 7.47
@. 6.92
$TAN?EOA 15.352
5GD LDCH@M V@HSHMF SHLD (HM LHMTSDR) ENQ NMD RSTCDMS HR:
=. 5.
>. 50.
?. 2.5.
@. 1.5.
$TAN?EOA 15.353
'HMC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD V@HS SHLD ENQ SDM RSTCDMSR HR @S LNRS 5.5 LHMTSDR.
=. 0.6301
>. 0.8541
?. 0.3694
@. 0.1459
$TAN?EOA 15.354
" R@LOKD NE 80 RNESV@QD DMFHMDDQR HM 4HKHBNM 7@KKDX HR S@JDM @MC HS HR ENTMC SG@S 20% NE SGDL D@QM @OOQNWHL@SDKX $50,000
ODQ XD@Q. " ONHMS DRSHL@SD ENQ SGD SQTD OQNONQSHNM NE DMFHMDDQR HM 4HKHBNM 7@KKDX VGN D@QM $50,000 ODQ XD@Q HR:
=. 16.
>. 0.2.
?. 1.
@. 0.95.
$TAN?EOA 15.355
*E )(3 . 0.1587.
?. 0.8413.
@. 1.
$TAN?EOA 15.356
" OQNEDRRNQ SDRSDC 35 RSTCDMSR SN CDSDQLHMD SGDHQ DMSDQHMF RJHKKR. "S SGD DMC NE SGD SDQL, @ESDQ BNLOKDSHMF SGD BNTQRD, SGD
R@LD SDRS V@R @CLHMHRSDQDC SN SGD R@LD 35 RSTCDMSR SN RSTCX SGDHQ HLOQNUDLDMS. 5GHR VNTKC AD @ SDRS NE:
=. HMCDODMCDMS FQNTOR.
>. SVN OQNONQSHNMR.
?. L@SBGDC O@HQR, CDODMCDMS FQNTOR.
@. DWBKTRHUD FQNTOR.
$TAN?EOA 15.357
" L@SG DW@L V@R FHUDM SN @KK SGD SGHQC FQ@CD BGHKCQDM @SSDMCHMF "#$ 4BGNNK. 5VN Q@MCNL R@LOKDR NE RBNQDR VDQD S@JDM.
840 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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ISM 55 82 5
%CLFM 60 86 7
2;<F? 15.17
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF BNQQDBSKX CDRBQHADR SGD QDRTKSR NE @ GXONSGDRHR SDRS NE SGD BK@HL, o5GDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM
SGD LD@M RBNQDR NAS@HMDC AX SGHQC FQ@CD FHQKR @MC ANXR @S SGD 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBDp
=. %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M RBNQDR.
>. %N MNS QDIDBS !
0
. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M RBNQDR.
?. 3DIDBS !
0
. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR MN CHEEDQDMBD HM SGD LD@M RBNQDR.
@. 3DIDBS !
0
$TAN?EOA 15.358
*M @ RTQUDX NE 80 L@KDR, 45 G@C OK@XDC @M NQF@MHYDC RONQS FQNVHMF TO. 0E SGD 70 EDL@KDR RTQUDXDC, 25 G@C OK@XDC @M
NQF@MHYDC RONQS FQNVHMF TO. 8D @QD HMSDQDRSDC HM VGDSGDQ SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ L@KDR HR GHFGDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ EDL@KDR.
5GD BNQQDBS BNMBKTRHNM HR SG@S:
=. SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS HMENQL@SHNM SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ L@KDR HR SGD R@LD @R SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ EDL@KDR.
>. SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS HMENQL@SHNM SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ L@KDR HR MNS SGD R@LD @R SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ EDL@KDR.
?. SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ L@KDR HR GHFGDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ EDL@KDR.
@. MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM SN L@JD @ BNMBKTRHNM.
$TAN?EOA 15.359
'QNL O@RS DWODQHDMBD, @ RS@SHRSHBR SD@BGDQ G@R ENTMC SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD RBNQD NM @ LHCSDQL HR 81 VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE
5.2. 5GHR SDQL, @ BK@RR NE 49 RSTCDMSR G@C @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 5 NM SGD LHCSDQL. %N SGD C@S@ HMCHB@SD SG@S VD RGNTKC QDIDBS
SGD SD@BGDQnR BK@HL SG@S SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR 5.2 6RD V = 0.05.
=. :DR
>. /N
?. /NS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM FHUDM SN RNKUD SGD OQNAKDL
$TAN?EOA 15.360
5GQDD KN@CHMF L@BGHMDR @QD ADHMF BNLO@QDC. 5DM R@LOKDR VDQD S@JDM ENQ D@BG L@BGHMD. .@BGHMD * SNNJ @M @UDQ@FD NE
31 LHMTSDR SN KN@C O@BJ@FDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SVN LHMTSDR. .@BGHMD ** SNNJ @M @UDQ@FD NE 28 LHMTSDR SN KN@C
O@BJ@FDR VHSG @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 1.5 LHMTSDR. .@BGHMD *** SNNJ @M @UDQ@FD NE 29 LHMTSDR SN KN@C O@BJ@FDR VHSG @
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE NMD LHMTSD. 'HMC SGD F-U@KTD VGDM SDRSHMF SG@S SGD @UDQ@FD KN@CHMF SHLDR @QD SGD R@LD.
=. F-U@KTD HR BKNRD SN YDQN
>. F-U@KTD HR BKNRD SN NMD
?. MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM FHUDM SN RNKUD SGD OQNAKDL
.I; J>; <EBBEM?D= ?D<EHC7J?ED JE 7DIM;H J>; D;NJ J>H;; ;N;H9?I;I: " BNQONQ@SHNM G@R NEEHBDR HM CHEEDQDMS O@QSR NE SGD BNTMSQX.
*S G@R F@SGDQDC SGD ENKKNVHMF HMENQL@SHNM BNMBDQMHMF SGD MTLADQ NE A@SGQNNLR @MC SGD MTLADQ NE DLOKNXDDR @S RDUDM RHSDR:
,OG<?L I@ ?GJFIS??M : 650 730 810 900 102 107 1150
,OG<?L I@ <;NBLIIGM ; 40 50 54 61 82 110 121
2;<F? 15.18
$TAN?EOA 15.361
*R SGD BNQQDK@SHNM ADSVDDM SGD MTLADQ NE DLOKNXDDR @MC SGD MTLADQ NE A@SGQNNLR RHFMHEHB@MS
=. :DR
>. /N
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 841
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?. /NS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM SN @MRVDQ PTDRSHNM
$TAN?EOA 15.362
5GD KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM HR:
=. S = 0.0094 u 79.96N
>. S = 79.96 + 0.0094N
?. S = 79.96 u 0.0094N
@. S = u 0.0094 + 79.96N
$TAN?EOA 15.363
*E @ RHSD G@R 1,150 DLOKNXDDR, @OOQNWHL@SDKX GNV L@MX A@SGQNNLR RGNTKC HS G@UD
=. 69
>. 91
?. 91,954
@. 8D RGNTKC MNS AD DRSHL@SHMF GDQD.
$TAN?EOA 15.364
4TOONRD SG@S @ R@LOKD NE RHYD SDM V@R BNKKDBSDC, VHSG x
= 4.4 @MC I = 1.4. !

0
: \
2
= 1.6 UR. !
7
: \
2
w 1.6. 8GHBG FQ@OG ADRS
CDRBQHADR SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD SDRS
$CAOL? 15.11
$TAN?EOA 15.365
4HWSX-ENTQ A@BJO@BJDQR VDQD @RJDC SGD MTLADQ NE C@XR RHMBD SGDHQ K@SDRS A@BJO@BJHMF SQHO. 5GD MTLADQ NE C@XR HR FHUDM HM
2;<F? 15.19:
# I@ >;SM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
$L?KO?H=S 5 9 6 12 7 10 5 10
2;<F? 15.19
$NMCTBS @M @OOQNOQH@SD SDRS SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR TMHENQL.
=. 5GD F-U@KTD HR > 0.10. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS HMENQL@SHNM SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNS TMHENQL.
>. 5GD F-U@KTD HR < 0.01. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS HMENQL@SHNM SN BNMBKTCD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNS TMHENQL.
?. 5GD F-U@KTD HR ADSVDDM 0.01 @MC 0.10, ATS VHSGNTS @KOG@ (V) SGDQD HR MNS DMNTFG HMENQL@SHNM
@. 5GDQD HR MN RTBG SDRS SG@S B@M AD BNMCTBSDC.
$TAN?EOA 15.366
8GHBG NE SGD ENKKNVHMF RS@SDLDMSR HR SQTD VGDM TRHMF NMD-V@X "/07"
=. 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR EQNL VGHBG SGD R@LOKDR @QD RDKDBSDC G@UD CHEEDQDMS CHRSQHATSHNMR.
842 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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>. 5GD R@LOKD RHYDR @QD K@QFD.
?. 5GD SDRS HR SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD CHEEDQDMS FQNTOR G@UD SGD R@LD LD@MR.
@. 5GDQD HR @ BNQQDK@SHNM ADSVDDM SGD E@BSNQR NE SGD DWODQHLDMS.
1-*32'-,1
"'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 ! 843
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844 "'/3$1 15 W //$-#(7 !
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16 U A..#,"'6 !
*;J 2CG?M
5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKDR OQNUHCD K@O SHLDR EQNL 5DQQH 7NFDK'R KNF ANNJ. 5HLDR @QD QDBNQCDC HM RDBNMCR ENQ 2.5-LHKD K@OR
BNLOKDSDC HM @ RDQHDR NE Q@BDR @MC OQ@BSHBD QTMR.
*;J 1 *;J 2 *;J 3 *;J 4 *;J 5 *;J 6 *;J 7
0;=? 1 135 130 131 132 130 131 133
0;=? 2 134 131 131 129 128 128 129
0;=? 3 129 128 127 127 130 127 129
0;=? 4 125 125 126 125 124 125 125
0;=? 5 133 132 132 132 131 130 132
0;=? 6 130 130 130 129 129 130 129
0;=? 7 132 131 133 131 134 134 131
0;=? 8 127 128 127 130 128 126 128
0;=? 9 132 130 127 128 126 127 124
0;=? 10 135 131 131 132 130 131 130
0;=? 11 132 131 132 131 130 129 129
0;=? 12 134 130 130 130 131 130 130
0;=? 13 128 127 128 128 128 129 128
0;=? 14 132 131 131 131 132 130 130
0;=? 15 136 129 129 129 129 129 129
0;=? 16 129 129 129 128 128 129 129
0;=? 17 134 131 132 131 132 132 132
2;<F? 16.1 0;=? *;J 2CG?M (CH M?=IH>M)
"'/3$1 16 W //$-#(7 " 845
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*;J 1 *;J 2 *;J 3 *;J 4 *;J 5 *;J 6 *;J 7
0;=? 18 129 129 130 130 133 133 127
0;=? 19 130 129 129 129 129 129 128
0;=? 20 131 128 130 128 129 130 130
2;<F? 16.1 0;=? *;J 2CG?M (CH M?=IH>M)
*;J 1 *;J 2 *;J 3 *;J 4 *;J 5 *;J 6 *;J 7
.L;=NC=? 1 142 143 180 137 134 134 172
.L;=NC=? 2 140 135 134 133 128 128 131
.L;=NC=? 3 130 133 130 128 135 133 133
.L;=NC=? 4 141 136 137 136 136 136 145
.L;=NC=? 5 140 138 136 137 135 134 134
.L;=NC=? 6 142 142 139 138 129 129 127
.L;=NC=? 7 139 137 135 135 137 134 135
.L;=NC=? 8 143 136 134 133 134 133 132
.L;=NC=? 9 135 134 133 133 132 132 133
.L;=NC=? 10 131 130 128 129 127 128 127
.L;=NC=? 11 143 139 139 138 138 137 138
.L;=NC=? 12 132 133 131 129 128 127 126
.L;=NC=? 13 149 144 144 139 138 138 137
.L;=NC=? 14 133 132 137 133 134 130 131
.L;=NC=? 15 138 136 133 133 132 131 131
2;<F? 16.2 .L;=NC=? *;J 2CG?M (CH M?=IH>M)
846 "'/3$1 16 W //$-#(7 "
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1NI=E .LC=?M
5GD ENKKNVHMF S@AKD KHRSR HMHSH@K OTAKHB NEEDQHMF (*10) RSNBJ OQHBDR ENQ @KK 1999 RSNBJR SG@S @S KD@RS CNTAKDC HM U@KTD CTQHMF
SGD EHQRS C@X NE SQ@CHMF.
$17.00 $23.00 $14.00 $16.00 $12.00 $26.00
$20.00 $22.00 $14.00 $15.00 $22.00 $18.00
$18.00 $21.00 $21.00 $19.00 $15.00 $21.00
$18.00 $17.00 $15.00 $25.00 $14.00 $30.00
$16.00 $10.00 $20.00 $12.00 $16.00 $17.44
$16.00 $14.00 $15.00 $20.00 $20.00 $16.00
$17.00 $16.00 $15.00 $15.00 $19.00 $48.00
$16.00 $18.00 $9.00 $18.00 $18.00 $20.00
$8.00 $20.00 $17.00 $14.00 $11.00 $16.00
$19.00 $15.00 $21.00 $12.00 $8.00 $16.00
$13.00 $14.00 $15.00 $14.00 $13.41 $28.00
$21.00 $17.00 $28.00 $17.00 $19.00 $16.00
$17.00 $19.00 $18.00 $17.00 $15.00
$14.00 $21.00 $12.00 $18.00 $24.00
$15.00 $23.00 $14.00 $16.00 $12.00
$24.00 $20.00 $14.00 $14.00 $15.00
$14.00 $19.00 $16.00 $38.00 $20.00
$24.00 $16.00 $8.00 $18.00 $17.00
$16.00 $15.00 $7.00 $19.00 $12.00
$8.00 $23.00 $12.00 $18.00 $20.00
2;<F? 16.3 '.- -@@?L .LC=?M
"'/3$1 16 W //$-#(7 " 847
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$21.00 $34.00 $16.00 $26.00 $14.00
2;<F? 16.3 '.- -@@?L .LC=?M
0?@?L?H=?M
%@S@ BNLOHKDC AX +@X 3. 3HSSDQ NE 6MHUDQRHSX NE 'KNQHC@ TRHMF C@S@ EQNL ,;9KH?J?;I D7J7 CE. @MC BBEEC8;H=.
1-*32'-,1
848 "'/3$1 16 W //$-#(7 "
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17 U A..#,"'6 "
17.1 U %LIOJ .LID?=N: 3HCP;LC;N? ";N;
1NO>?HN *?;LHCHA -<D?=NCP?M
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDRHFM @MC B@QQX NTS @ RTQUDX.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK @M@KXYD @MC FQ@OGHB@KKX CHROK@X SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD RTQUDX.
'HMNLO=NCIHM
"R XNT BNLOKDSD D@BG S@RJ ADKNV, BGDBJ HS NEE. "MRVDQ @KK PTDRSHNMR HM XNTQ RTLL@QX.
???? %DBHCD VG@S C@S@ XNT @QD FNHMF SN RSTCX.
#6A+.*#1
)DQD @QD SVN DW@LOKDR, ATS XNT L@X +,1 TRD SGDL: MTLADQ NE .&.'R ODQ A@F, MTLADQ NE ODMBHKR RSTCDMSR G@UD HM
SGDHQ A@BJO@BJR.
???? "QD XNTQ C@S@ CHRBQDSD NQ BNMSHMTNTR )NV CN XNT JMNV
???? %DBHCD GNV XNT @QD FNHMF SN BNKKDBS SGD C@S@ (ENQ HMRS@MBD, ATX 30 A@FR NE .&.'R; BNKKDBS C@S@ EQNL SGD 8NQKC 8HCD
8DA).
???? %DRBQHAD XNTQ R@LOKHMF SDBGMHPTD HM CDS@HK. 6RD BKTRSDQ, RSQ@SHEHDC, RXRSDL@SHB, NQ RHLOKD Q@MCNL (TRHMF @ Q@MCNL
MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ) R@LOKHMF. %N MNS TRD BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF. 8GHBG LDSGNC CHC XNT TRD 8GX CHC XNT OHBJ SG@S LDSGNC
???? $NMCTBS XNTQ RTQUDX. 5DJG 96I6 H>O: BJHI 7: 6I A:6HI 30.
???? 4TLL@QHYD XNTQ C@S@ HM @ BG@QS VHSG BNKTLMR RGNVHMF 96I6 K6AJ:, ;G:FJ:C8N, G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N 6C9 8JBJA6I>K:
G:A6I>K: ;G:FJ:C8N.
"MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF (QNTMCDC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR):
=. x
= ?????
>. I = ?????
?. 'HQRS PT@QSHKD = ?????
@. .DCH@M = ?????
A. 70
SG
ODQBDMSHKD = ?????
???? 8G@S U@KTD HR SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD LD@M
???? 8G@S U@KTD HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M
???? $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L CHROK@XHMF XNTQ C@S@.
???? *M BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR, CDRBQHAD SGD RG@OD NE XNTQ FQ@OG.
???? %N XNT MNSHBD @MX ONSDMSH@K NTSKHDQR *E RN, VG@S U@KTDR @QD SGDX 4GNV XNTQ VNQJ HM GNV XNT TRDC SGD ONSDMSH@K
NTSKHDQ ENQLTK@ SN CDSDQLHMD VGDSGDQ NQ MNS SGD U@KTDR LHFGS AD NTSKHDQR.
???? $NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS CHROK@XHMF XNTQ C@S@.
???? %NDR SGD LHCCKD 50% NE SGD C@S@ @OOD@Q SN AD BNMBDMSQ@SDC SNFDSGDQ NQ ROQD@C @O@QS &WOK@HM GNV XNT CDSDQLHMDC
SGHR.
???? -NNJHMF @S ANSG SGD GHRSNFQ@L @MC SGD ANW OKNS, CHRBTRR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE XNTQ C@S@.
AMMCAHG?HN !B?=EFCMN
:NT MDDC SN STQM HM SGD ENKKNVHMF SXODC @MC RS@OKDC O@BJDS, VHSG O@FDR HM SGD ENKKNVHMF NQCDQ:
:::: !IP?L MB??N: J=IA, ?H=OO PEIA, =J@ J=IA KB UKQN OPQ@U
:::: 1OGG;LS J;A?: 3DEO ODKQH@ ?KJP=EJ L=N=CN=LDO SNEPPAJ SEPD ?KILHAPA OAJPAJ?AO. (P ODKQH@ EJ?HQ@A
=JOSANO PK =HH PDA MQAOPEKJO =>KRA. (P ODKQH@ =HOK EJ?HQ@A OP=PAIAJPO @AO?NE>EJC PDA LKLQH=PEKJ QJ@AN OPQ@U, PDA
O=ILHA, = L=N=IAPAN KN L=N=IAPANO >AEJC OPQ@EA@, =J@ PDA OP=PEOPE? KN OP=PEOPE?O LNK@Q?A@.
:::: 30* BKN @=P=, EB UKQN @=P= =NA BNKI PDA 6KNH@ 6E@A 6A>
:::: !B;LN I@ >;N;, @L?KO?H=S, L?F;NCP? @L?KO?H=S, ;H> =OGOF;NCP? L?F;NCP? @L?KO?H=S
"'/3$1 17 W //$-#(7 # 849
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:::: .;A?(M) I@ AL;JBM: DEOPKCN=I =J@ >KT LHKP
17.2 U %LIOJ .LID?=N: !IHNCHOIOM "CMNLC<ONCIHM ;H>
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNKKDBS @ R@LOKD NE BNMSHMTNTR C@S@.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK @SSDLOS SN EHS SGD C@S@ R@LOKD SN U@QHNTR CHRSQHATSHNM LNCDKR.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK U@KHC@SD SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL.
'HMNLO=NCIHM
"R XNT BNLOKDSD D@BG S@RJ ADKNV, BGDBJ HS NEE. "MRVDQ @KK PTDRSHNMR HM XNTQ RTLL@QX.
.;LN ': 1;GJFCHA
???? %DBHCD VG@S 8DCI>CJDJH C@S@ XNT @QD FNHMF SN RSTCX. ()DQD @QD SVN DW@LOKDR, ATS XNT L@X /05 TRD SGDL: SGD @LNTMS
NE LNMDX @ RSTCDMS RODMS NM BNKKDFD RTOOKHDR SGHR SDQL, NQ SGD KDMFSG NE SHLD CHRS@MBD SDKDOGNMD B@KK K@RSR.)
???? %DRBQHAD XNTQ R@LOKHMF SDBGMHPTD HM CDS@HK. 6RD BKTRSDQ, RSQ@SHEHDC, RXRSDL@SHB, NQ RHLOKD Q@MCNL (TRHMF @ Q@MCNL
MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ) R@LOKHMF. %N MNS TRD BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF. 8G@S LDSGNC CHC XNT TRD 8GX CHC XNT OHBJ SG@S LDSGNC
???? $NMCTBS XNTQ RTQUDX. (@SGDQ 6I A:6HI 150 E>:8:H D; 8DCI>CJDJH, FJ6CI>I6I>K: 96I6.
???? %DEHMD (HM VNQCR) SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ XNTQ C@S@. 1 = ???????
???? $QD@SD SVN KHRSR NE XNTQ C@S@: (1) TMNQCDQDC C@S@, (2) HM NQCDQ NE RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS.
???? 'HMC SGD R@LOKD LD@M @MC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM (QNTMCDC SN SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR).
=. x
= ??????
>. I = ??????
???? $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L NE XNTQ C@S@ BNMS@HMHMF EHUD SN SDM HMSDQU@KR NE DPT@K VHCSG. 5GD GHRSNFQ@L RGNTKC AD @
QDOQDRDMS@SHUD CHROK@X NE XNTQ C@S@. -@ADK @MC RB@KD HS.
.;LN '': .IMMC<F? "CMNLC<ONCIHM
???? 4TOONRD SG@S 1 ENKKNVDC SGD ENKKNVHMF SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. 4DS TO D@BG CHRSQHATSHNM TRHMF SGD @OOQNOQH@SD
HMENQL@SHNM EQNL XNTQ C@S@.
???? 6MHENQL: 1 ] . ???????????? 6RD SGD KNVDRS @MC GHFGDRS U@KTDR @R 7 @MC 8.
???? /NQL@K: 1 ] ' ???????????? 6RD x
SN DRSHL@SD ENQ Z @MC I SN DRSHL@SD ENQ \.

???? *JHI XNTQ C@S@ EHS NMD NE SGD @ANUD CHRSQHATSHNMR &WOK@HM VGX NQ VGX MNS.
???? DJA9 SGD C@S@ EHS SVN NQ SGQDD NE SGD OQDUHNTR CHRSQHATSHNMR (@S SGD R@LD SHLD) &WOK@HM.
???? $@KBTK@SD SGD U@KTD A(@M 1 U@KTD) SG@S HR 1.75 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD R@LOKD LD@M. A = ????????? (QNTMCDC SN
SVN CDBHL@K OK@BDR) /NSD: A = x
+ (1.75)I
???? %DSDQLHMD SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR (+F) QNTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
,-2#
RF =
frequency
=. +F(1 < A) = ??????
>. +F(1 > A) = ??????
?. +F(1 = A) = ??????
,-2#
:NT RGNTKC G@UD NMD O@FD ENQ SGD TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM, NMD O@FD ENQ SGD DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM, @MC NMD O@FD ENQ SGD
850 "'/3$1 17 W //$-#(7 #
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???? 4S@SD SGD CHRSQHATSHNM: 1 ] ?????????
???? %Q@V @ FQ@OG ENQ D@BG NE SGD SGQDD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNMR. -@ADK SGD @WDR @MC L@QJ SGDL @OOQNOQH@SDKX.
???? 'HMC SGD ENKKNVHMF SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR (QNTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR).
=. )(1 < A) = ??????
>. )(1 > A) = ??????
?. )(1 = A) = ??????
???? $NLO@QD SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR SN SGD BNQQDRONMCHMF OQNA@AHKHSHDR. "QD SGD U@KTDR BKNRD
???? %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD C@S@ EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM VDKK +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ AX BNLO@QHMF SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR SN SGD QDK@SHUD
EQDPTDMBHDR, @MC SGD GHRSNFQ@LR SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K FQ@OGR.
.;LN ''': !*2 #RJ?LCG?HNM
?????? 'QNL XNTQ NQHFHM@K C@S@ (ADENQD NQCDQHMF), TRD @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ SN OHBJ 40 R@LOKDR NE RHYD EHUD. 'NQ D@BG
R@LOKD, B@KBTK@SD SGD @UDQ@FD.
?????? 0M @ RDO@Q@SD O@FD, @SS@BGDC SN SGD RTLL@QX, HMBKTCD SGD 40 R@LOKDR NE RHYD EHUD, @KNMF VHSG SGD 40 R@LOKD @UDQ@FDR.
?????? -HRS SGD 40 @UDQ@FDR HM NQCDQ EQNL RL@KKDRS SN K@QFDRS.
?????? %DEHMD SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, X
, HM VNQCR. X
= ???????????????
?????? 4S@SD SGD @OOQNWHL@SD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE X
. X
] ??????????????
?????? #@RD SGHR NM SGD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM EQNL XNTQ NQHFHM@K C@S@.
?????? $NMRSQTBS @ GHRSNFQ@L CHROK@XHMF XNTQ C@S@. 6RD EHUD SN RHW HMSDQU@KR NE DPT@K VHCSG. -@ADK @MC RB@KD HS.
$@KBTK@SD SGD U@KTD k
(@M X
U@KTD) SG@S HR 1.75 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD R@LOKD LD@M. k
= ????? (QNTMCDC SN SVN

CDBHL@K OK@BDR)
%DSDQLHMD SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR (+F) QNTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR.
=. +F( X
< k
) = ???????
>. +F( X
> k
) = ???????
?. +F( X
= k
) = ???????
'HMC SGD ENKKNVHMF SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR (QNTMCDC SN ENTQ CDBHL@K OK@BDR).
=. )( X
< k
) = ???????
>. )( X
> k
) = ???????
?. )( X
= k
) = ???????
?????? %Q@V SGD FQ@OG NE SGD SGDNQDSHB@K CHRSQHATSHNM NE X .
?????? $NLO@QD SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR SN SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR. "QD SGD U@KTDR BKNRD
?????? %NDR HS @OOD@Q SG@S SGD C@S@ NE @UDQ@FDR EHS SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE X
VDKK +TRSHEX XNTQ @MRVDQ AX BNLO@QHMF SGD

OQNA@AHKHSHDR SN SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR, @MC SGD GHRSNFQ@L SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K FQ@OG.
*M SGQDD SN EHUD BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR ENQ D@BG, @MRVDQ SGD ENKKNVHMF PTDRSHNMR. (HUD SGNTFGSETK DWOK@M@SHNMR.
?????? *M RTLL@QX, CN XNTQ NQHFHM@K C@S@ RDDL SN EHS SGD TMHENQL, DWONMDMSH@K, NQ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNMR "MRVDQ VGX NQ
VGX MNS ENQ D@BG CHRSQHATSHNM. *E SGD C@S@ CN MNS EHS @MX NE SGNRD CHRSQHATSHNMR, DWOK@HM VGX.
?????? 8G@S G@OODMDC SN SGD RG@OD @MC CHRSQHATSHNM VGDM XNT @UDQ@FDC XNTQ C@S@ &C I=:DGN, VG@S RGNTKC G@UD G@OODMDC
*M SGDNQX, VNTKC oHSp @KV@XR G@OODM 8GX NQ VGX MNS
?????? 8DQD SGD QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBHDR BNLO@QDC SN SGD SGDNQDSHB@K OQNA@AHKHSHDR BKNRDQ VGDM BNLO@QHMF SGD X NQ X
CHRSQHATSHNMR &WOK@HM XNTQ @MRVDQ.

:NT MDDC SN STQM HM SGD ENKKNVHMF SXODC @MC RS@OKDC O@BJDS, VHSG O@FDR HM SGD ENKKNVHMF NQCDQ:
???? DK:G H=::I: M@LD, BK@RR SHLD, @MC M@LD NE XNTQ RSTCX
???? 0JBB6GN E6<:H: 5GDRD RGNTKC BNMS@HM RDUDQ@K O@Q@FQ@OGR VQHSSDM VHSG BNLOKDSD RDMSDMBDR SG@S CDRBQHAD SGD
DWODQHLDMS, HMBKTCHMF VG@S XNT RSTCHDC @MC XNTQ R@LOKHMF SDBGMHPTD, @R VDKK @R @MRVDQR SN @KK NE SGD PTDRSHNMR OQDUHNTRKX
@RJDC PTDRSHNMR
???? 2/) ENQ C@S@, HE XNTQ C@S@ @QD EQNL SGD 8NQKC 8HCD 8DA
???? -6<:H, DC: ;DG :68= I=:DG:I>86A 9>HIG>7JI>DC, VHSG SGD CHRSQHATSHNM RS@SDC, SGD FQ@OG, @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSX PTDRSHNMR
@MRVDQDC
???? -6<:H D; I=: 96I6 G:FJ:HI:9
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17.3 U .;LNH?L .LID?=N: &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA-ALNC=F?
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK HCDMSHEX @ GXONSGDRHR SDRSHMF OQNAKDL HM OQHMS.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK BNMCTBS @ RTQUDX SN UDQHEX NQ CHROTSD SGD QDRTKSR NE SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK RTLL@QHYD SGD @QSHBKD, @M@KXRHR, @MC BNMBKTRHNMR HM @ QDONQS.
'HMNLO=NCIHM
"R XNT BNLOKDSD D@BG S@RJ, BGDBJ HS NEE. "MRVDQ @KK PTDRSHNMR HM XNTQ RTLL@QX.
????#>C9 6C 6GI>8A: HM @ MDVRO@ODQ, L@F@YHMD, NQ NM SGD HMSDQMDS VGHBG L@JDR @ BK@HL @ANTS ,+" ONOTK@SHNM LD@M NQ
,+" ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM. 5GD BK@HL L@X AD A@RDC TONM @ RTQUDX SG@S SGD @QSHBKD V@R QDONQSHMF NM. %DBHCD VGDSGDQ SGHR
BK@HL HR SGD MTKK NQ @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR.
????DEN DG EG>CI DJI I=: 6GI>8A: @MC HMBKTCD @ BNOX HM XNTQ OQNIDBS, @KNMF VHSG SGD RNTQBD.
????0I6I: =DL NDJ L>AA 8DAA:8I NDJG 96I6. ($NMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF HR MNS @BBDOS@AKD.)
????DC9J8I NDJG HJGK:N. 5DJ BJHI =6K: BDG: I=6C 50 G:HEDCH:H >C NDJG H6BEA:. 8GDM XNT G@MC HM XNTQ EHM@K OQNIDBS,
@SS@BG SGD S@KKX RGDDS NQ SGD O@BJDS NE PTDRSHNMM@HQDR SG@S XNT TRDC SN BNKKDBS C@S@. :NTQ C@S@ LTRS AD QD@K.
????0I6I: I=: HI6I>HI>8H SG@S @QD @ QDRTKS NE XNTQ C@S@ BNKKDBSHNM: R@LOKD RHYD, R@LOKD LD@M, @MC R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM,
03 R@LOKD RHYD @MC MTLADQ NE RTBBDRRDR.
????*6@: ILD 8DE>:H D; I=: 6EEGDEG>6I: HDAJI>DC H=::I.
????/:8DG9 I=: =NEDI=:H>H I:HI NM SGD RNKTSHNM RGDDS, A@RDC NM XNTQ DWODQHLDMS. !D 6 !/A#1 HDAJI>DC EHQRS NM NMD NE
SGD RNKTSHNM RGDDSR @MC BGDBJ HS NUDQ B@QDETKKX. )@UD @ BK@RRL@SD BGDBJ XNTQ RNKTSHNM SN RDD HE HS HR CNMD BNQQDBSKX. .@JD XNTQ
CDBHRHNM TRHMF @ 5% KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD. *MBKTCD SGD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K NM SGD RNKTSHNM RGDDS.
????G:6I: 6 <G6E= I=6I >AAJHIG6I:H NDJG 96I6. 5GHR L@X AD @ OHD NQ A@Q FQ@OG NQ L@X AD @ GHRSNFQ@L NQ ANW OKNS,
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>. 4S@SDLDMS NE SGD BK@HL L@CD HM SGD @QSHBKD (NMD NE SGD GXONSGDRDR).
?. %DS@HKDC CDRBQHOSHNM NE GNV, VGDQD, @MC VGDM XNT BNKKDBSDC SGD C@S@, HMBKTCHMF SGD R@LOKHMF SDBGMHPTD; CHC XNT
TRD BKTRSDQ, RSQ@SHEHDC, RXRSDL@SHB, NQ RHLOKD Q@MCNL R@LOKHMF (TRHMF @ Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ) "R OQDUHNTRKX
LDMSHNMDC, BNMUDMHDMBD R@LOKHMF HR MNS @BBDOS@AKD.
@. $NMBKTRHNM @ANTS SGD @QSHBKD BK@HL HM KHFGS NE XNTQ GXONSGDRHR SDRS; SGHR HR SGD BNMBKTRHNM NE XNTQ GXONSGDRHR SDRS, RS@SDC
HM VNQCR, HM SGD BNMSDWS NE SGD RHST@SHNM HM XNTQ OQNIDBS HM RDMSDMBD ENQL, @R HE XNT VDQD VQHSHMF SGHR BNMBKTRHNM ENQ @
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c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK @SSDLOS SN EHS SGD C@S@ SN @ KHMD@Q LNCDK.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK CDSDQLHMD SGD @OOQNOQH@SDMDRR NE KHMD@Q EHS NE SGD LNCDK.
c 5GD RSTCDMS VHKK @M@KXYD @MC FQ@OG TMHU@QH@SD C@S@.
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2. $GDBJ XNTQ BNTQRD B@KDMC@Q ENQ HMSDQLDCH@SD @MC EHM@K CTD C@SDR.
3. (Q@OGR L@X AD BNMRSQTBSDC AX G@MC NQ AX BNLOTSDQ, TMKDRR XNTQ HMRSQTBSNQ HMENQLR XNT NSGDQVHRD. "KK FQ@OGR LTRS AD
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4. "KK NSGDQ QDRONMRDR LTRS AD CNMD NM SGD BNLOTSDQ.
5. /D@SMDRR @MC PT@KHSX NE DWOK@M@SHNMR @QD TRDC SN CDSDQLHMD XNTQ EHM@K FQ@CD.
.;LN ': CP;LC;N? ";N;
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????0M XNTQ RB@SSDQ OKNS, HM @ CHEEDQDMS BNKNQ, BNMRSQTBS SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR KHMD.
????*R SGD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS RHFMHEHB@MS &WOK@HM @MC RGNV GNV XNT CDSDQLHMDC SGHR.
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?????4TLL@QHYD XNTQ C@S@ HM @ BG@QS VHSG BNKTLMR RGNVHMF C@S@ U@KTD, EQDPTDMBX, QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX, @MC BTLTK@SHUD
QDK@SHUD EQDPTDMBX.
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=. 4@LOKD LD@M = ??????
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A. .DCH@M = ??????
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D. 7@KTD SG@S HR 1.5 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M = ??????
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39.5-49.5, . . .
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LHFGS AD NTSKHDQR.
?????$NMRSQTBS @ ANW OKNS NE XNTQ C@S@.
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?????-NNJHMF @S ANSG SGD GHRSNFQ@L "/% SGD ANW OKNS, CHRBTRR SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE XNTQ C@S@. 'NQ DW@LOKD: GNV CNDR SGD
ROQD@C NE SGD LHCCKD 50% NE XNTQ C@S@ BNLO@QD SN SGD ROQD@C NE SGD QDRS NE SGD C@S@ QDOQDRDMSDC HM SGD ANW OKNS; GNV CNDR
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-@ADK SGD ONHMS DRSHL@SD @MC SGD KNVDQ @MC TOODQ ANTMCR NE SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K.
$CAOL? 18.2
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$CAOL? 18.4
D. *MCHB@SD SGD BNQQDBS CDBHRHNM (oQDIDBSp NQ oCN MNS QDIDBSp SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR) @MC VQHSD @OOQNOQH@SD BNMBKTRHNMR, TRHMF
8DBEA:I: H:CI:C8:H.
E. "KOG@: ???????
EE. %DBHRHNM: ???????
EEE. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: ???????
ER. $NMBKTRHNM: ???????
18.4 U $ "CMNLC<ONCIH ;H> -H?-5;S A,-4A
$K@RR 5HLD: ??????????????????????????
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: ???????
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: ???????
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B. 8G@S HR SGD F-U@KTD
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SGD QDFHNM(R) BNQQDRONMCHMF SN SGD F-U@KTD.
$CAOL? 18.5
D. *MCHB@SD SGD BNQQDBS CDBHRHNM (oQDIDBSp NQ oCN MNS QDIDBSp SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR) @MC VQHSD @OOQNOQH@SD BNMBKTRHNMR, TRHMF
8DBEA:I: H:CI:C8:H.
=. "KOG@: ???????
>. %DBHRHNM: ???????
?. 3D@RNM ENQ CDBHRHNM: ???????
@. $NMBKTRHNM: ???????
1-*32'-,1
"'/3$1 18 W //$-#(7 $ 857
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858 "'/3$1 18 W //$-#(7 $
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19 U A..#,"'6 $
19.1 U #HAFCMB .BL;M?M 5LCNN?H +;NB?G;NC=;FFS
5B?H NB? #HAFCMB M;SM: 'HN?LJL?N NBCM ;M:
X EO =P HA=OP 4. X h 4
3DA IEJEIQI KB X EO 4. X h 4
X EO JK HAOO PD=J 4. X h 4
X EO CNA=PAN PD=J KN AMQ=H PK 4. X h 4
X EO =P IKOP 4. X g 4
3DA I=TEIQI KB X EO 4. X g 4
X EO JK IKNA PD=J 4. X g 4
X EO HAOO PD=J KN AMQ=H PK 4. X g 4
X @KAO JKP AT?AA@ 4. X g 4
X EO CNA=PAN PD=J 4. X > 4
X EO IKNA PD=J 4. X > 4
X AT?AA@O 4. X > 4
X EO HAOO PD=J 4. X < 4
3DANA =NA BASAN X PD=J 4. X < 4
X EO 4. X = 4
X EO AMQ=H PK 4. X = 4
X EO PDA O=IA =O 4. X = 4
2;<F? 19.1
"'/3$1 19 W //$-#(7 % 859
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5B?H NB? #HAFCMB M;SM: 'HN?LJL?N NBCM ;M:
X EO JKP 4. X f 4
X EO JKP AMQ=H PK 4. X f 4
X EO JKP PDA O=IA =O 4. X f 4
X EO @EBBANAJP PD=J 4. X f 4
2;<F? 19.1
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2=ILHEJC =J@ #=P=

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2=ILHEJC =J@ #=P=

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#AO?NELPERA 2P=PEOPE?O Q
1 0Q=NPEHA KJA PDA BENOP MQ=NPEHA
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3 0Q=NPEHA PDNAA PDA PDEN@ MQ=NPEHA
#AO?NELPERA 2P=PEOPE?O IQR EJPANMQ=NPEHA N=JCA Q
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#AO?NELPERA 2P=PEOPE?O O +
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#AO?NELPERA 2P=PEOPE?O ?=LEP=H OECI= OQI
2;<F? 19.2 1SG<IFM ;H> NB?CL +?;HCHAM
860 "'/3$1 19 W //$-#(7 %
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/NK>=>EHEPU 3KLE?O
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"'/3$1 19 W //$-#(7 % 861
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#EO?NAPA 1=J@KI
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862 "'/3$1 19 W //$-#(7 %
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3DA -KNI=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ Z OP=J@=N@ JKNI=H @EOP. O=IA
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"KJBE@AJ?A (JPANR=HO EBM ANNKN >KQJ@ BKN = IA=J O=IA
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ANNKN >KQJ@ BKN =
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"'/3$1 19 W //$-#(7 % 863
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"KJBE@AJ?A (JPANR=HO q ; q
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X ~ B(n, p)
P(X = x) =

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X ~ H(r, b, n)
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X ~ U(a, b)
f (X) =
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"'/3$1 19 W //$-#(7 % 865
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$ILGOF; 9: ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
X ~ N(,
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1
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X ~ t
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X ~
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$ILGOF; 13: $ "CMNLC<ONCIH
X ~ F
d f (n), d f (d)
d f (n) = CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGD MTLDQ@SNQ
d f (d) = CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL ENQ SGD CDMNLHM@SNQ
f (x) =
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u
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v
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1-*32'-,1
866 "'/3$1 19 W //$-#(7 %
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20 U A..#,"'6 %
/OC=E 2CJM
*?A?H>
c QDOQDRDMSR @ ATSSNM OQDRR
c 0 1 QDOQDRDMSR XDKKNV BNLL@MC NQ FQDDM KDSSDQ ADGHMC @ JDX
c < > QDOQDRDMSR HSDLR NM SGD RBQDDM
2I ;>DOMN NB? =IHNL;MN
1QDRR , SGDM GNKC SN HMBQD@RD SGD BNMSQ@RS NQ SN CDBQD@RD SGD BNMSQ@RS.
2I =;JCN;FCT? F?NN?LM ;H> QIL>M
1QDRR SN FDS NMD B@OHS@K KDSSDQ, NQ OQDRR , SGDM SN RDS @KK ATSSNM OQDRRDR SN B@OHS@K
KDSSDQR. :NT B@M QDSTQM SN SGD SNO-KDUDK ATSSNM U@KTDR AX OQDRRHMF @F@HM.
2I =ILL?=N ; GCMN;E?
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2I QLCN? CH M=C?HNC@C= HIN;NCIH
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c 4.321 & 4 = 4.32110
4
c 4.321 & k4 = 4.32110
4
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1. 1QDRR @OOQNOQH@SD MTLADQ NQ KDSSDQ.
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3. 1QDRR SN RDKDBS HSDL SN SQ@MREDQ.
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BDI= 86A8JA6IDGH: *MRDQS XNTQ QDRODBSHUD DMC NE SGD KHMJ B@AKD B@AKD #NSG B@KBTK@SNQR: OQDRR , SGDM 0'+*1
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8. 4DKDBS <1:E6;D . . .>
9. &MSDQ C@S@. %@S@ U@KTDR FN HMSN 0"11. (:NT L@X MDDC SN @QQNV NUDQ SN 0"11).
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, ,
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10. *M 0"21, DMSDQ SGD EQDPTDMBHDR ENQ D@BG C@S@ U@KTD HM 0"11.
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,-2#
8D VHKK @RRTLD SG@S SGD C@S@ HR @KQD@CX DMSDQDC.
8D VHKK BNMRSQTBS SVN GHRSNFQ@LR VHSG SGD ATHKS-HM 45"51-05 @OOKHB@SHNM. 5GD EHQRS V@X VHKK TRD SGD CDE@TKS ;00.. 5GD
RDBNMC V@X VHKK HMUNKUD BTRSNLHYHMF @ MDV FQ@OG.
1. "BBDRR FQ@OGHMF LNCD.
, 0)*A* &"%*1
2. 4DKDBS <1:@<?D 1> SN @BBDRR OKNSSHMF - EHQRS FQ@OG.
3. 6RD SGD @QQNVR M@UHF@SD FN SN <%$> SN STQM NM 1KNS 1.
<%$> ,
4. 6RD SGD @QQNVR SN FN SN SGD GHRSNFQ@L OHBSTQD @MC RDKDBS SGD GHRSNFQ@L.
5. 6RD SGD @QQNVR SN M@UHF@SD SN <-<;CD>.
"'/3$1 20 W //$-#(7 & 869
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6. *E "-1" HR MNS RDKDBSDC, RDKDBS HS.
, 0"11 ,
7. 6RD SGD @QQNVR SN M@UHF@SD SN <FB7A>.
8. "RRHFM SGD EQDPTDMBHDR SN 0"21.
, 0"21 ,
9. (N A@BJ SN @BBDRR NSGDQ FQ@OGR.
, 0)*A* &"%*1
10. 6RD SGD @QQNVR SN STQM NEE SGD QDL@HMHMF OKNSR.
11. B: HJG: ID 9:H:A:8I DG 8A:6G 6AA :FJ6I>DCH 7:;DG: <G6E=>C<.
2I >?M?F?=N ?KO;NCIHM:
1. "BBDRR SGD KHRS NE DPT@SHNMR.
2. 4DKDBS D@BG DPT@K RHFM (=).
3. $NMSHMTD, TMSHK @KK DPT@SHNMR @QD CDRDKDBSDC.
2I =F?;L ?KO;NCIHM:
1. "BBDRR SGD KHRS NE DPT@SHNMR.
2. 6RD SGD @QQNV JDXR SN M@UHF@SD SN SGD QHFGS NE D@BG DPT@K RHFM (=) @MC BKD@Q SGDL.
3. 3DOD@S TMSHK @KK DPT@SHNMR @QD CDKDSDC.
2I >L;Q >?@;OFN BCMNIAL;G:
1. "BBDRR SGD ;00. LDMT.
2. 4DKDBS <9:/??=)D3D>.
3. 5GD GHRSNFQ@L VHKK RGNV VHSG @ VHMCNV @TSNL@SHB@KKX RDS.
2I >L;Q =OMNIG BCMNIAL;G:
1. "BBDRR VHMCNV LNCD SN RDS SGD FQ@OG O@Q@LDSDQR.
2. i X
min
= 2.5
i X
max
= 3.5
i X
scl
= 1 (VHCSG NE A@QR)
i Y
min
= 0
i Y
max
= 10
i Y
scl
= 1 (RO@BHMF NE SHBJ L@QJR NM O-@WHR)
i X
res
= 1
870 "'/3$1 20 W //$-#(7 &
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3. "BBDRR FQ@OGHMF LNCD SN RDD SGD GHRSNFQ@L.
2I >L;Q <IR JFINM:
, 0)*A* &"%*1
2. 4DKDBS <1:&<?D 1> SN @BBDRR SGD EHQRS FQ@OG.
3. 6RD SGD @QQNVR SN RDKDBS <%$> @MC STQM NM 1KNS 1.
4. 6RD SGD @QQNVR SN RDKDBS SGD ANW OKNS OHBSTQD @MC DM@AKD HS.
5. 6RD SGD @QQNVR SN M@UHF@SD SN <-<;CD>.
6. *E "-1" HR MNS RDKDBSDC, RDKDBS HS.
, 0"11 ,
7. 6RD SGD @QQNVR SN M@UHF@SD SN <FB7A>.
8. *MCHB@SD SG@S SGD EQDPTDMBHDR @QD HM 0"21.
, 0"21 ,
, 0)*A* &"%*1
10. B: HJG: ID 9:H:A:8I DG 8A:6G 6AA :FJ6I>DCH 7:;DG: <G6E=>C< TRHMF SGD LDSGNC LDMSHNMDC @ANUD.
11. 7HDV SGD ANW OKNS.
, 0)*A* &"%*1
*CH?;L 0?AL?MMCIH
1;GJF? ";N;
5GD ENKKNVHMF C@S@ HR QD@K. 5GD ODQBDMS NE CDBK@QDC DSGMHB LHMNQHSX RSTCDMSR @S %D "MY@ $NKKDFD ENQ RDKDBSDC XD@QR EQNL
1970k1995 V@R:
7?;L 1NO>?HN #NBHC= +CHILCNS .?L=?HN;A?
1970 14.13
1973 12.27
1976 14.08
2;<F? 20.2 3DA EJ@ALAJ@AJP R=NE=>HA EO "8A=N," SDEHA
PDA EJ@ALAJ@AJP R=NE=>HA EO "2PQ@AJP $PDJE? ,EJKNEPU
/AN?AJP."
"'/3$1 20 W //$-#(7 & 871
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7?;L 1NO>?HN #NBHC= +CHILCNS .?L=?HN;A?
1979 18.16
1982 27.64
1983 28.72
1986 31.86
1989 33.14
1992 45.37
1995 53.1
2;<F? 20.2 3DA EJ@ALAJ@AJP R=NE=>HA EO "8A=N," SDEHA
PDA EJ@ALAJ@AJP R=NE=>HA EO "2PQ@AJP $PDJE? ,EJKNEPU
/AN?AJP."
$CAOL? 20.1 1NO>?HN #NBHC= +CHILCNS .?L=?HN;A? !U D=J@, RANEBU PDA O?=PPANLHKP =>KRA.
,-2#
5GD 5*-83 G@R @ ATHKS-HM KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM ED@STQD, VGHBG @KKNVR SGD C@S@ SN AD DCHSDC.5GD N-U@KTDR VHKK AD HM 0"11; SGD
O-U@KTDR HM 0"21.
2I ?HN?L >;N; ;H> >I FCH?;L L?AL?MMCIH:
1. 0/ 5TQMR B@KBTK@SNQ NM.
2. #DENQD @BBDRRHMF SGHR OQNFQ@L, AD RTQD SN STQM NEE @KK OKNSR.
872 "'/3$1 20 W //$-#(7 &
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i "BBDRR FQ@OGHMF LNCD.
, 0)*A* &"%*1
i 5TQM NEE @KK OKNSR.
,
3. 3NTMC SN SGQDD CDBHL@K OK@BDR. 5N CN RN:
i "BBDRR SGD LNCD LDMT.
, 0)*A* &"%*1
i /@UHF@SD SN <F<?3D> @MC SGDM SN SGD QHFGS SN <3>.
i "KK MTLADQR VHKK AD QNTMCDC SN SGQDD CDBHL@K OK@BDR TMSHK BG@MFDC.
4. &MSDQ RS@SHRSHBR LNCD @MC BKD@Q KHRSR 0"11 @MC 0"21, @R CDRBQHAD OQDUHNTRKX.
,
5. &MSDQ DCHSHMF LNCD SN HMRDQS U@KTDR ENQ N @MC O.
,
6. &MSDQ D@BG U@KTD. 1QDRR SN BNMSHMTD.
2I >CMJF;S NB? =ILL?F;NCIH =I?@@C=C?HN:
1. "BBDRR SGD B@S@KNF.
, 0CA*A"%G1
2. "QQNV CNVM @MC RDKDBS <D;39>?CD;5%>>
... , ,
3. r @MC r
2
VHKK AD CHROK@XDC CTQHMF QDFQDRRHNM B@KBTK@SHNMR.
4. "BBDRR KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM.
5. 4DKDBS SGD ENQL NE O = 7 + 8N.
,
5GD CHROK@X VHKK RGNV:
*CH0?A
c O = 7 + 8N
c 7 = k3176.909
c 8 = 1.617
c H = 2 0.924
c H = 0.961
5GHR LD@MR SGD -HMD NE #DRS 'HS (-D@RS 4PT@QDR -HMD) HR:
c O = k3176.909 + 1.617N
c 1DQBDMS = k3176.909 + 1.617 (XD@Q #)
"'/3$1 20 W //$-#(7 & 873
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5GD BNQQDK@SHNM BNDEEHBHDMS H = 0.961
2I M?? NB? M=;NN?L JFIN:
, 0)*A* &"%*1
2. 4DKDBS <1:@<?D 1> 5N @BBDRR OKNSSHMF - EHQRS FQ@OG.
3. /@UHF@SD @MC RDKDBS <%$> SN STQM NM 1KNS 1.
<%$>
4. /@UHF@SD SN SGD EHQRS OHBSTQD.
5. 4DKDBS SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS.
6. /@UHF@SD SN <-<;CD>.
7. *E 0"11 HR MNS RDKDBSDC, OQDRR , 0"11 SN RDKDBS HS.
8. $NMEHQL SG@S SGD C@S@ U@KTDR @QD HM 0"11.
<%$>
9. /@UHF@SD SN <.<;CD>.
10. 4DKDBS SG@S SGD EQDPTDMBHDR @QD HM 0"21.
, 0"21 ,
, 0)*A* &"%*1
12. 6RD SGD @QQNVR SN STQM NEE SGD QDL@HMHMF OKNSR.
13. "BBDRR VHMCNV LNCD SN RDS SGD FQ@OG O@Q@LDSDQR.
i X
min
= 1970
i X
max
= 2000
i X
scl
= 10 (RO@BHMF NE SHBJ L@QJR NM N-@WHR)
i Y
min
= 0.05
i Y
max
= 60
i Y
scl
= 10 (RO@BHMF NE SHBJ L@QJR NM O-@WHR)
i X
res
= 1
14. #D RTQD SN CDRDKDBS NQ BKD@Q @KK DPT@SHNMR ADENQD FQ@OGHMF, TRHMF SGD HMRSQTBSHNMR @ANUD.
15. 1QDRR SGD FQ@OG ATSSNM SN RDD SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS.
2I M?? NB? L?AL?MMCIH AL;JB:
1. "BBDRR SGD DPT@SHNM LDMT. 5GD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM VHKK AD OTS HMSN :1.
874 "'/3$1 20 W //$-#(7 &
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2. "BBDRR SGD U@QR LDMT @MC M@UHF@SD SN <5: )D3D;CD;5C>.
,
3. /@UHF@SD SN <E'>.
4. <1: (79E'> BNMS@HMR SGD QDFQDRRHNM DPT@SHNM VGHBG VHKK AD DMSDQDC HM :1.
5. 1QDRR SGD FQ@OGHMF LNCD ATSSNM. 5GD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD VHKK AD RTODQHLONRDC NUDQ SGD RB@SSDQ OKNS.
2I M?? NB? L?MC>O;FM ;H> OM? NB?G NI =;F=OF;N? NB? =LCNC=;F JICHN @IL ;H IONFC?L:
1. "BBDRR SGD KHRS. 3&4*% VHKK AD @M HSDL NM SGD LDMT. /@UHF@SD SN HS.
, 0")*1, <(E)D>
2. $NMEHQL SVHBD SN UHDV SGD KHRS NE QDRHCT@KR. 6RD SGD @QQNVR SN RDKDBS SGDL.
,
3. 5GD BQHSHB@K ONHMS ENQ @M NTSKHDQ HR: 1.9V
SSE
n 2
VGDQD:
i n = MTLADQ NE O@HQR NE C@S@
i SSE = RTL NE SGD RPT@QDC DQQNQR
i
residual
2
4. 4SNQD SGD QDRHCT@KR HM 0"31.

, , 0"31 ,
5. $@KBTK@SD SGD
(residual)
2
n 2
. /NSD SG@S n 2 = 8
, 0"31 , , ,
6. 4SNQD SGHR U@KTD HM 0"41.
, , 0"41 ,
7. $@KBTK@SD SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD TRHMF SGD DPT@SHNM @ANUD.
, , , , , 0,1 , , 0")*1
, , , , 0"41 , , ,
8. 7DQHEX SG@S SGD B@KBTK@SNQ CHROK@XR: 7.642669563. 5GHR HR SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD.
9. $NLO@QD SGD @ARNKTSD U@KTD NE D@BG QDRHCT@K U@KTD HM 0"31 SN 7.64. *E SGD @ARNKTSD U@KTD HR FQD@SDQ SG@M 7.64, SGDM SGD
(W, X) BNQQDRONMCHMF ONHMS HR @M NTSKHDQ. *M SGHR B@RD, MNMD NE SGD ONHMSR HR @M NTSKHDQ.
2I I<N;CH ?MNCG;N?M I@ ; @IL P;LCIOM :-P;FO?M:
5GDQD @QD U@QHNTR V@XR SN CDSDQLHMD DRSHL@SDR ENQ "O." 0MD V@X HR SN RTARSHSTSD U@KTDR ENQ "N" HM SGD DPT@SHNM. "MNSGDQ
V@X HR SN TRD SGD NM SGD FQ@OG NE SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD.
2'-83, 83+, 84, 84+ CHMNLO=NCIHM @IL >CMNLC<ONCIHM ;H> N?MNM
"CMNLC<ONCIHM
"BBDRR D)*( (ENQ "%HRSQHATSHNMR").
"'/3$1 20 W //$-#(7 & 875
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'NQ SDBGMHB@K @RRHRS@MBD, UHRHS SGD 5DW@R *MRSQTLDMSR VDARHSD @S BNNJ://QQQ.NC.=IG (BNNJ://QQQ.NC.=IG) @MC DMSDQ
XNTQ B@KBTK@SNQ LNCDK HMSN SGD "RD@QBG" ANW.
c 4;>?=@68(n,p,x) BNQQDRONMCR SN )(1 = N)
c 4;>?=568(n,p,x) BNQQDRONMCR SN )(9 x W)
c 5N RDD @ KHRS NE @KK OQNA@AHKHSHDR ENQ N: 0, 1, . . . , D, KD@UD NEE SGD "x" O@Q@LDSDQ.
.ICMMIH "CMNLC<ONCIH
c @?;CC?>@68(J,x) BNQQDRONMCR SN )(1 = N)
c @?;CC?>568(J,x) BNQQDRONMCR SN )(1 x N)
!IHNCHOIOM "CMNLC<ONCIHM (A?H?L;F)
c TRDR SGD U@KTD k1&&99 ENQ KDES ANTMC
c + TRDR SGD U@KTD 1&&99 ENQ QHFGS ANTMC
,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
c >?B=3<@68(x,,) XHDKCR @ OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM U@KTD (NMKX TRDETK SN OKNS SGD MNQL@K BTQUD, HM VGHBG B@RD
"x" HR SGD U@QH@AKD)
c >?B=3<568(<78D 4?E>6, B;9:D 4?E>6, , ) BNQQDRONMCR SN )(KDES ANTMC < 1 < QHFGS ANTMC)
c >?B=3<568(<78D 4?E>6, B;9:D 4?E>6) BNQQDRONMCR SN )(KDES ANTMC < 3 < QHFGS ANTMC) k RS@MC@QC MNQL@K
c ;>F$?B=(p,,) XHDKCR SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD, A: )(1 < A) = F
c ;>F$?B=(p) XHDKCR SGD BQHSHB@K U@KTD, A: )(3 < A) = F ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC MNQL@K
1NO>?HN'M 6-"CMNLC<ONCIH
c D@68(x,df) XHDKCR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM U@KTD (NMKX TRDETK SN OKNS SGD RSTCDMS-J BTQUD, HM VGHBG B@RD "x"
HR SGD U@QH@AKD)
c D568(<78D 4?E>6, B;9:D 4?E>6, df) BNQQDRONMCR SN )(KDES ANTMC < J < QHFGS ANTMC)
!BC-MKO;L? "CMNLC<ONCIH
c I
2
@68(x,df) XHDKCR SGD OQNA@AHKHSX CDMRHSX ETMBSHNM U@KTD (NMKX TRDETK SN OKNS SGD BGH
2
BTQUD, HM VGHBG B@RD "x" HR
SGD U@QH@AKD)
c I
2
568(<78D 4?E>6, B;9:D 4?E>6, df) BNQQDRONMCR SN )(KDES ANTMC 6,B;9:D 4?E>6,dfnum,dfdenom) BNQQDRONMCR SN )(KDES ANTMC < F < QHFGS ANTMC)
2?MNM ;H> !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;FM
"BBDRR )*A* @MC *E)*).
'NQ SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@KR @MC GXONSGDRHR SDRSR, XNT L@X DMSDQ SGD C@S@ HMSN SGD @OOQNOQH@SD KHRSR @MC OQDRR DA*A
SN G@UD SGD B@KBTK@SNQ EHMC SGD R@LOKD LD@MR @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR. 0Q, XNT L@X DMSDQ SGD R@LOKD LD@MR @MC R@LOKD
RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR CHQDBSKX AX OQDRRHMF )*A* NMBD HM SGD @OOQNOQH@SD SDRSR.
!IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;FM
c />D7BF3< HR SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ LD@M VGDM j HR JMNVM.
c *>D7BF3< HR SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ LD@M VGDM j HR TMJMNVM; I DRSHL@SDR j.
c 1-&B?@/>D HR SGD BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K ENQ OQNONQSHNM.
,-2#
5GD BNMEHCDMBD KDUDKR RGNTKC AD FHUDM @R ODQBDMSR (DW. DMSDQ "95" NQ ".95" ENQ @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD KDUDK).
&SJINB?MCM 2?MNM
c /-*7CD HR SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ RHMFKD LD@M VGDM j HR JMNVM.
c *-*7CD HR SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ RHMFKD LD@M VGDM j HR TMJMNVM; I DRSHL@SDR j.
c 2-)3=@/*7CD HR SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ SVN HMCDODMCDMS LD@MR VGDM ANSG j'R @QD JMNVM.
c 2-)3=@**7CD HR SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ SVN HMCDODMCDMS LD@MR VGDM ANSG j'R @QD TMJMNVM.
c 1-&B?@/*7CD HR SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ RHMFKD OQNONQSHNM.
c 2-&B?@/*7CD HR SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ SVN OQNONQSHNMR.
c I
2
-*7CD HR SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ HMCDODMCDMBD.
c I
2
G%F-*7CD HR SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS (5*-84+ NMKX).
c ";>(79**E)* HR SGD GXONSGDRHR SDRS ENQ -HMD@Q 3DFQDRRHNM (5*-84+ NMKX).
876 "'/3$1 20 W //$-#(7 &
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,-2#
*MOTS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR U@KTD HM SGD QNV ADKNV ">@D." 'NQ @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD LD@M, "KN" QDOQDRDMSR SGD MTKK
GXONSGDRHR. 'NQ @ SDRS NE @ RHMFKD OQNONQSHNM, "@N" QDOQDRDMSR SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. &MSDQ SGD @KSDQM@SD GXONSGDRHR NM SGD
ANSSNL QNV.
1-*32'-,1
"'/3$1 20 W //$-#(7 & 877
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878 "'/3$1 20 W //$-#(7 &
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21 U A..#,"'6 &
21.1 U 0?PC?Q #R?L=CM?M
!B;JN?L 3
1. B. O@Q@LDSDQ
2. @. ONOTK@SHNM
3. A. RS@SHRSHB
4. C. R@LOKD
5. D. U@QH@AKD
6. PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
7.
=. 2.27
>. 3.04
?. k1, 4, 4
!B;JN?L 4
9. B. (0.80)(0.30)
10. A. /N, @MC SGDX @QD MNS LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD DHSGDQ.
11. @. @KK DLOKNXDC @CTKS VNLDM
12. 0.5773
13. 0.0522
14. A. 5GD LHCCKD EHESX ODQBDMS NE SGD LDLADQR KNRS EQNL 2 SN 8.5 KAR.
15. B. "KK NE SGD C@S@ G@UD SGD R@LD U@KTD.
16. B. 5GD KNVDRS C@S@ U@KTD HR SGD LDCH@M.
17. 0.279
18. A. /N, * DWODBS SN BNLD NTS ADGHMC HM LNMDX.
19. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE O@SHDMSR B@KKHMF HM BK@HLHMF SN G@UD SGD EKT, VGN @BST@KKX G@UD SGD EKT.
1 = 0, 1, 2, r25
20. B(25, 0.04)
21. 0.0165
22. 1
23. B. PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD
24. @KK VNQCR TRDC AX 5NL $K@MBX HM GHR MNUDKR
!B;JN?L 5
25.
=. 24%
>. 27%
26. PT@KHS@SHUD
27. 0.36
28. 0.7636
29.
=. /N
>. /N
30. B(10, 0.76)
31. 0.9330
32.
=. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE PTDRSHNMR ONRSDC SN SGD RS@SHRSHBR KHRSRDQU ODQ C@X.
>. 1 = 0, 1, 2,r
?. 1 ] )(2)
@. 0
33. $150
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 879
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34. .@SS
35.
=. E@KRD
>. SQTD
?. E@KRD
@. E@KRD
36. 16
37. EHQRS PT@QSHKD: 2
RDBNMC PT@QSHKD: 2
SGHQC PT@QSHKD: 3
38. 0.5
39.
7
15
40.
2
15
!B;JN?L 6
41.
=. SQTD
>. SQTD
?. '@KRD k SGD LDCH@M @MC SGD LD@M @QD SGD R@LD ENQ SGHR RXLLDSQHB CHRSQHATSHNM.
@. SQTD
42.
=. 8
>. 8
?. )(N < A) = 0.65 = (A k 3)

1
10
. A = 9.5
43.
=. '@KRD k
3
4
NE SGD C@S@ @QD @S LNRS EHUD.
>. 5QTD k D@BG PT@QSHKD G@R 25% NE SGD C@S@.
?. '@KRD k SG@S HR TMJMNVM.
@. '@KRD k 50% NE SGD C@S@ @QD ENTQ NQ KDRR.
44. C. @MC ! @QD HMCDODMCDMS DUDMSR.
45.
=. '@KRD k # @MC $ @QD HMCDODMCDMS RN SGDX @QD MNS LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD VGHBG VNTKC HLOKX CDODMCDMBX (LD@MHMF )(#
"/% $) HR MNS 0).
>. '@KRD k RDD @MRVDQ B.
?. 5QTD k )(# 03 $) = )(#) + )($) k )(# "/% $) = )(#) + )($) k )(#))($) = 0.3 + 0.6 k (0.3)(0.6) = 0.72. /NSD SGD )(#
"/% $) = )(#))($) ADB@TRD # @MC $ @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
@. '@KRD k # @MC $ @QD HMCDODMCDMS RN )(#) = )(#[$)
46. @. )(5)
!B;JN?L 7
47. @. .(0, 4)
48. A. 2 GNTQ
49. @.
1
4
50.
=. 0.7165
>. 4.16
?. 0
51. B. 5 XD@QR
52. B. DWONMDMSH@K
53. 0.63
54. B(14, 0.20)
55. B(14, 0.20)
!B;JN?L 8
56. B. SGD LD@M @LNTMS NE VDHFGS KNRS AX 15 ODNOKD NM SGD RODBH@K VDHFGS KNRR CHDS.
57. 0.9951
880 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
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58. 12.99
59. B.
1
2
60. A. 0.60
61. B. '(60, 5.477)
62. 0.9990
63. @. DHFGS C@XR
64. B. 0.7500
65. @. 80%
66. A. 35%
67. A. MN
68. A. PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR
69. B. 150
70. C. 0.06
71. B. 0.44
72. A. 0
!B;JN?L 9
73. C. .@SS HR RGNQSDQ SG@M SGD @UDQ@FD 14 XD@Q NKC ANX.
75.
: 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
1 0.3 0.3
2 0.2 0.2
4 0.4 0.4
5 0.1 0.1
2;<F? 21.1
76.
=. 2.8
>. 1.48
?. 90%
77. & = 3; *
1
= 1; *
3
= 4
78. 1 @MC 4
79. C.
8
70
80. B.
40
70
81. @.
9
19
82. A. E@KRD
83. A. E@KRD
84. A. E@KRD
85.
=. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE OHDR -DD A@JDR DUDQX C@X.
>. )(20)
?. 0.1122
86. $*: (5.25, 8.48)
87.
=. TMHENQL
>. DWONMDMSH@K
?. MNQL@K
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 881
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!B;JN?L 10
88.
77
100
89.
12
42
90.
=. E@KRD
>. E@KRD
?. SQTD
@. E@KRD
91. '(180, 16.43)
92. @. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X
HR RSHKK TMHENQL VHSG SGD R@LD LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @R SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ 1.
93. B. 5GD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ X HR MNQL@K VHSG @ K@QFDQ LD@M @MC @ K@QFDQ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM SG@M SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ENQ
1.
94. N
2,
0.25
16

96. 0.5000
97. 7.6
98. 5
99. 0.9431
!B;JN?L 11
100. 7.5
101. 0.0122
102. '(7, 0.63)
103. 0.9911
104. A. &WONMDMSH@K
105.
=. SQTD
>. E@KRD
?. E@KRD
107. 4STCDMSnR J VHSG :< = 15
108. (560.07, 719.93)
109. PT@MSHS@SHUD BNMSHMTNTR C@S@
110. PT@MSHS@SHUD CHRBQDSD C@S@
111.
=. 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE O@SHDMSR VHSG @ RGNSFTM VNTMC SGD DLDQFDMBX QNNL FDSR ODQ 28 C@XR
>. )(4)
?. 0.0183
112. FQD@SDQ SG@M
113. /N; )(N = 8) = 0.0348
114. :NT VHKK KNRD $5.
115. #DBB@
116. 14
117. 4@LOKD LD@M = 3.2
4@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM = 1.85
.DCH@M = 3
*
1
= 2
*
3
= 5
"*+ = 3
118. C. P = k1.19
D. 0.1171
E. %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
119. 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD O@SHDMS CNDR G@UD SGD )*7 UHQTR VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD O@SHDMS CNDR MNS.
120. B. P = 2.21; F = 0.0136
D. 8D BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE $@KHENQMH@M OQNEDRRHNM@KR SG@S VD@Q ID@MR SN VNQJ HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM NE
882 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
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MNM-$@KHENQMH@M OQNEDRRHNM@KR VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR MNS FQD@SDQ.
E. 8D B@MMNS BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE $@KHENQMH@M OQNEDRRHNM@KR SG@S VD@Q ID@MR SN VNQJ HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM
NE MNM-$@KHENQMH@M OQNEDRRHNM@KR VGDM, HM E@BS, HS HR FQD@SDQ.
121. B. CDODMCDMS LD@MR
122. J
5
!B;JN?L 12
123. (0.0424, 0.0770)
124. 2,401
125. $GDBJ RSTCDMS'R RNKTSHNM.
126. 0.6321
127. $360
128. N
72,
72
5
!B;JN?L 13
129. 0.02
130. 0.40
131.
100
140
132.
10
60
133. F-U@KTD = 0; 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR; BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDX @QD CDODMCDMS DUDMSR
134. 8.4
135. B(14, 0.60)
136. C. #HMNLH@K
137. 0.3669
138. F-U@KTD = 0.0006; QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR; BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD @UDQ@FDR @QD MNS DPT@K
139. F-U@KTD = 0; QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR; BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM NE L@KDR HR GHFGDQ
140. .HMHLHYD V @MC W
141.
=. /N
>. :DR, )(& "/% 30+) = 0
142.
12
38
143. /N; F-U@KTD = 0
144. @. TMHENQL
21.2 U .L;=NC=? 2?MN 1
1.1: "?@CHCNCIHM I@ 1N;NCMNC=M, .LI<;<CFCNS, ;H> )?S 2?LGM
1.
=. ONOTK@SHNM: @KK SGD RGNOOHMF UHRHSR AX @KK SGD RSNQDnR BTRSNLDQR
>. R@LOKD: SGD 1,000 UHRHSR CQ@VM ENQ SGD RSTCX
?. O@Q@LDSDQ: SGD @UDQ@FD DWODMCHSTQD NM OQNCTBD ODQ UHRHS AX @KK SGD RSNQDnR BTRSNLDQR
@. RS@SHRSHB: SGD @UDQ@FD DWODMCHSTQD NM OQNCTBD ODQ UHRHS AX SGD R@LOKD NE 1,000
A. U@QH@AKD: SGD DWODMCHSTQD NM OQNCTBD ENQ D@BG UHRHS
B. C@S@: SGD CNKK@Q @LNTMSR RODMS NM OQNCTBD; ENQ HMRS@MBD, $15.40, $11.53, DSB
2. B
3. C
1.2: ";N;, 1;GJFCHA, ;H> 4;LC;NCIH CH ";N; ;H> 1;GJFCHA
4. C
5. B
4@LOKD "MRVDQ: "MX RNKTSHNM HM VGHBG XNT TRD C@S@ EQNL SGD DMSHQD ONOTK@SHNM HR @BBDOS@AKD. 'NQ HMRS@MBD, @ OQNEDRRNQ
LHFGS B@KBTK@SD SGD @UDQ@FD DW@L RBNQD ENQ GDQ BK@RR: ADB@TRD SGD RBNQDR NE @KK LDLADQR NE SGD BK@RR VDQD TRDC HM SGD
B@KBTK@SHNM, SGD @UDQ@FD HR @ O@Q@LDSDQ.
7. A
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 883
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8. @
9.
# I@ S?;LM $L?KO?H=S 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S !OGOF;NCP? 0?F;NCP? $L?KO?H=S
< 5 25 0.25 0.25
5_10 30 0.30 0.55
> 10 45 0.45 1.00
2;<F? 21.2
10. 0.75
11. 0.55
4@LOKD "MRVDQ: 0MD ONRRHAHKHSX HR SN NAS@HM SGD BK@RR QNRSDQ @MC @RRHFM D@BG RSTCDMS @ MTLADQ EQNL 1 SN 200. 5GDM TRD @
Q@MCNL MTLADQ FDMDQ@SNQ NQ S@AKD NE Q@MCNL MTLADQ SN FDMDQ@SD 30 MTLADQR ADSVDDM 1 @MC 200, @MC RDKDBS SGD RSTCDMSR
L@SBGHMF SGD Q@MCNL MTLADQR. *S VNTKC @KRN AD @BBDOS@AKD SN VQHSD D@BG RSTCDMSnR M@LD NM @ B@QC, RGTEEKD SGDL HM @ ANW,
@MC CQ@V 30 M@LDR @S Q@MCNL.
13. 0MD ONRRHAHKHSX VNTKC AD SN NAS@HM @ QNRSDQ NE RSTCDMSR DMQNKKDC HM SGD BNKKDFD, HMBKTCHMF SGD BK@RR RS@MCHMF ENQ D@BG
RSTCDMS. 5GDM XNT VNTKC CQ@V @ OQNONQSHNM@SD Q@MCNL R@LOKD EQNL VHSGHM D@BG BK@RR (ENQ HMRS@MBD, HE 30 ODQBDMS NE SGD
RSTCDMSR HM SGD BNKKDFD @QD EQDRGL@M, SGDM 30 ODQBDMS NE XNTQ R@LOKD VNTKC AD CQ@VM EQNL SGD EQDRGL@M BK@RR).
14. 'NQ SGD EHQRS ODQRNM OHBJDC, SGD BG@MBD NE @MX HMCHUHCT@K ADHMF RDKDBSDC HR NMD HM 150. 'NQ SGD RDBNMC ODQRNM, HS HR
NMD HM 149, ENQ SGD SGHQC HS HR NMD HM 148, @MC RN NM. 'NQ SGD 30SG ODQRNM RDKDBSDC, SGD BG@MBD NE RDKDBSHNM HR NMD HM 121.
15. @
16. /N. 5GDQD @QD @S KD@RS SVN BG@MBDR ENQ AH@R. 'HQRS, SGD UHDVDQR NE SGHR O@QSHBTK@Q OQNFQ@L L@X MNS AD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD
NE "LDQHB@M ENNSA@KK E@MR @R @ VGNKD. 4DBNMC, SGD R@LOKD VHKK AD RDKE-RDKDBSDC, ADB@TRD ODNOKD G@UD SN L@JD @ OGNMD B@KK
HM NQCDQ SN S@JD O@QS, @MC SGNRD ODNOKD @QD OQNA@AKX MNS QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD "LDQHB@M ENNSA@KK E@M ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD.
17. 5GDRD QDRTKSR (84 ODQBDMS HM NMD R@LOKD, 86 ODQBDMS HM SGD NSGDQ) @QD OQNA@AKX CTD SN R@LOKHMF U@QH@AHKHSX. &@BG
QDRD@QBGDQ CQDV @ CHEEDQDMS R@LOKD NE BGHKCQDM, @MC XNT VNTKC MNS DWODBS SGDL SN FDS DW@BSKX SGD R@LD QDRTKS, @KSGNTFG XNT
VNTKC DWODBS SGD QDRTKSR SN AD RHLHK@Q, @R SGDX @QD HM SGHR B@RD.
18. /N. 5GD HLOQNUDLDMS BNTKC @KRN AD CTD SN RDKE-RDKDBSHNM: NMKX LNSHU@SDC RSTCDMSR VDQD VHKKHMF SN RHFM SGD BNMSQ@BS,
@MC SGDX VNTKC G@UD CNMD VDKK DUDM HM @ RBGNNK VHSG 6.5 GNTQ C@XR. #DB@TRD ANSG BG@MFDR VDQD HLOKDLDMSDC @S SGD R@LD
SHLD, HS HR MNS ONRRHAKD SN RDO@Q@SD NTS SGDHQ HMEKTDMBD.
19. "S KD@RS SVN @RODBSR NE SGHR ONKK @QD SQNTAKDRNLD. 5GD EHQRS HR SG@S HS V@R BNMCTBSDC AX @ FQNTO VGN VNTKC ADMDEHS AX
SGD QDRTKSl@KLNMC R@KDR @QD KHJDKX SN HMBQD@RD HE ODNOKD ADKHDUD SG@S D@SHMF @KLNMCR VHKK L@JD SGDL G@OOHDQ. 5GD RDBNMC HR
SG@S SGHR ONKK ENTMC SG@S @KLNMC BNMRTLOSHNM @MC KHED R@SHRE@BSHNM @QD BNQQDK@SDC, ATS CNDR MNS DRS@AKHRG SG@S D@SHMF @KLNMCR
B@TRDR R@SHRE@BSHNM. *S HR DPT@KKX ONRRHAKD, ENQ HMRS@MBD, SG@S ODNOKD VHSG GHFGDQ HMBNLDR @QD LNQD KHJDKX SN D@S @KLNMCR, @MC
@QD @KRN LNQD R@SHREHDC VHSG SGDHQ KHUDR.
20. :NT V@MS SGD R@LOKD NE ODNOKD VGN S@JD O@QS HM @ RTQUDX SN AD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM EQNL VGHBG SGDX
@QD CQ@VM. 1DNOKD VGN QDETRD SN S@JD O@QS HM @ RTQUDX NESDM G@UD CHEEDQDMS UHDVR SG@M SGNRD VGN CN O@QSHBHO@SD, @MC RN DUDM
@ Q@MCNL R@LOKD L@X OQNCTBD AH@RDC QDRTKSR HE @ K@QFD ODQBDMS@FD NE SGNRD RDKDBSDC QDETRD SN O@QSHBHO@SD HM @ RTQUDX.
1.3: $L?KO?H=S, $L?KO?H=S 2;<F?M, ;H> *?P?FM I@ +?;MOL?G?HN
21. 13.2
1.4: #RJ?LCG?HN;F "?MCAH ;H> #NBC=M
22.
=. ONOTK@SHNM: @KK BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR
>. R@LOKD: SGD 100 BNKKDFD RSTCDMSR HM SGD RSTCX
?. DWODQHLDMS@K TMHSR: D@BG HMCHUHCT@K BNKKDFD RSTCDMS VGN O@QSHBHO@SDC
@. DWOK@M@SNQX U@QH@AKD: SGD RHYD NE SGD S@AKDV@QD
A. SQD@SLDMS: S@AKDV@QD SG@S HR 20 ODQBDMS RL@KKDQ SG@M MNQL@K
B. QDRONMRD U@QH@AKD: SGD @LNTMS NE ENNC D@SDM
23. 5GDQD @QD L@MX KTQJHMF U@QH@AKDR SG@S BNTKC HMEKTDMBD SGD NARDQUDC CHEEDQDMBDR HM SDRS RBNQDR. 1DQG@OR SGD ANXR,
NM @UDQ@FD, G@UD S@JDM LNQD L@SG BNTQRDR SG@M SGD FHQKR, @MC SGD FHQKR G@UD S@JDM LNQD &MFKHRG BK@RRDR SG@M SGD ANXR.
1DQG@OR SGD ANXR G@UD ADDM DMBNTQ@FDC AX SGDHQ E@LHKHDR @MC SD@BGDQR SN OQDO@QD ENQ @ B@QDDQ HM L@SG @MC RBHDMBD, @MC SGTR
884 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
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G@UD OTS LNQD DEENQS HMSN RSTCXHMF L@SG, VGHKD SGD FHQKR G@UD ADDM DMBNTQ@FDC SN OQDO@QD ENQ EHDKCR KHJD BNLLTMHB@SHNM
@MC ORXBGNKNFX SG@S @QD LNQD ENBTRDC NM K@MFT@FD TRD. " RSTCX CDRHFM VNTKC G@UD SN BNMSQNK ENQ SGDRD @MC NSGDQ ONSDMSH@K
KTQJHMF U@QH@AKDR (@MXSGHMF SG@S BNTKC DWOK@HM SGD NARDQUDC CHEEDQDMBD HM SDRS RBNQDR, NSGDQ SG@M SGD FDMDSHB DWOK@M@SHNM) HM
NQCDQ SN CQ@V @ RBHDMSHEHB@KKX RNTMC BNMBKTRHNM @ANTS FDMDSHB CHEEDQDMBDR.
24. 5N TRD Q@MCNL @RRHFMLDMS, XNT VNTKC G@UD SN AD @AKD SN @RRHFM ODNOKD SN DHSGDQ RLNJD NQ MNS RLNJD. #DB@TRD
RLNJHMF G@R L@MX G@QLETK DEEDBSR, SGHR VNTKC MNS AD @M DSGHB@K DWODQHLDMS. *MRSD@C, VD RSTCX ODNOKD VGN G@UD BGNRDM SN
RLNJD, @MC BNLO@QD SGDL SN NSGDQR VGN G@UD BGNRDM MNS SN RLNJD, @MC SQX SN BNMSQNK ENQ SGD NSGDQ V@XR SGNRD SVN FQNTOR
L@X CHEEDQ (KTQJHMF U@QH@AKDR).
25. 4NTQBDR NE AH@R HMBKTCD SGD E@BS SG@S MNS DUDQXNMD G@R @ SDKDOGNMD, SG@S BDKK OGNMD MTLADQR @QD NESDM MNS KHRSDC HM
OTAKHRGDC CHQDBSNQHDR, @MC SG@S @M HMCHUHCT@K LHFGS MNS AD @S GNLD @S SGD SHLD NE SGD OGNMD B@KK; @KK SGDRD E@BSNQR L@JD HS
KHJDKX SG@S SGD QDRONMCDMSR SN SGD RTQUDX VHKK MNS AD QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD.
26. 3DRD@QBG RTAIDBSR RGNTKC MNS AD BNDQBDC HMSN O@QSHBHO@SHNM, @MC NEEDQHMF DWSQ@ BQDCHS HM DWBG@MFD ENQ O@QSHBHO@SHNM
BNTKC AD BNMRSQTDC @R BNDQBHNM. *M @CCHSHNM, SGHR LDSGNC VHKK QDRTKS HM @ UNKTMSDDQ R@LOKD, VGHBG B@MMNS AD @RRTLDC SN AD
QDOQDRDMS@SHUD NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM @R @ VGNKD.
2.1: 1N?G-;H> *?;@ %L;JBM (1N?GJFINM), *CH? %L;JBM, ;H> ;L %L;JBM
27. 5GD U@KTD 740 HR @M NTSKHDQ, ADB@TRD SGD DW@LR VDQD FQ@CDC NM @ RB@KD NE 0 SN 100, @MC 740 HR E@Q NTSRHCD SG@S Q@MFD.
*S L@X AD @ C@S@ DMSQX DQQNQ, VHSG SGD @BST@K RBNQD ADHMF 74, RN SGD OQNEDRRNQ RGNTKC BGDBJ SG@S DW@L @F@HM SN RDD VG@S SGD
@BST@K RBNQD V@R.
28.
1N?G *?;@
6 2 4 5 5 8
7 0 2 2 4 5 5 5 6 8 8
8 1 3 3 4 5 7 8
9 2 5 8 8
10 0 0
2;<F? 21.3
29. .NRS RBNQDR NM SGHR DW@L VDQD HM SGD Q@MFD NE 70k89, VHSG @ EDV RBNQHMF HM SGD 60k69 Q@MFD, @MC @ EDV HM SGD
90k100 Q@MFD.
2.2: &CMNIAL;GM, $L?KO?H=S .IFSAIHM, ;H> 2CG? 1?LC?M %L;JBM
30. RF =
7
35
= 0.2
31. 5GD Q@MFD VHKK AD 0.5k1.5, @MC SGD BDMSQ@K ONHMS VHKK AD 1.
32. 3@MFD 1.5k2.5, BDMSQ@K ONHMS 2; Q@MFD 2.5k3.5, BDMSQ@K ONHMS 3; Q@MFD 3.5k4.5, BDMSQ@K ONHMS 4; Q@MFD 4.5k5.5., BDMSQ@K
ONHMS 5.
33. 5GD A@Q EQNL 3.5 SN 4.5, VHSG @ BDMSQ@K ONHMS NE 4, VHKK AD S@KKDRS; HSR GDHFGS VHKK AD MHMD, ADB@TRD SGDQD @QD MHMD
RSTCDMSR S@JHMF ENTQ BNTQRDR.
34. 5GD GHRSNFQ@L HR @ ADSSDQ BGNHBD, ADB@TRD HMBNLD HR @ BNMSHMTNTR U@QH@AKD.
35. " A@Q FQ@OG HR SGD ADSSDQ BGNHBD, ADB@TRD SGHR C@S@ HR B@SDFNQHB@K Q@SGDQ SG@M BNMSHMTNTR.
2.3: +?;MOL?M I@ NB? *I=;NCIH I@ NB? ";N;
36. :NTQ C@TFGSDQ RBNQDC ADSSDQ SG@M 80 ODQBDMS NE SGD RSTCDMSR HM GDQ FQ@CD NM L@SG @MC ADSSDQ SG@M 76 ODQBDMS NE SGD
RSTCDMSR HM QD@CHMF. #NSG RBNQDR @QD UDQX FNNC, @MC OK@BD GDQ HM SGD TOODQ PT@QSHKD, ATS GDQ L@SG RBNQD HR RKHFGSKX ADSSDQ HM
QDK@SHNM SN GDQ ODDQR SG@M GDQ QD@CHMF RBNQD.
37. :NT G@C @M TMTRT@KKX KNMF V@HS SHLD, VGHBG HR A@C: 82 ODQBDMS NE O@SHDMSR G@C @ RGNQSDQ V@HS SHLD SG@M XNT, @MC
NMKX 18 ODQBDMS G@C @ KNMFDQ V@HS SHLD.
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 885
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2.4: IR .FINM
38. 5
39. 3
40. 7
41. 5GD LDCH@M HR 86, @R QDOQDRDMSDC AX SGD UDQSHB@K KHMD HM SGD ANW.
42. 5GD EHQRS PT@QSHKD HR 80, @MC SGD SGHQC PT@QSHKD HR 92, @R QDOQDRDMSDC AX SGD KDES @MC QHFGS ANTMC@QHDR NE SGD ANW.
43. "*+ = 92 k 80 = 12
44. 3@MFD = 100 k 75 = 25
2.5: +?;MOL?M I@ NB? !?HN?L I@ NB? ";N;
45. )@KE SGD QTMMDQR VGN EHMHRGDC SGD L@Q@SGNM Q@M @ SHLD E@RSDQ SG@M 3:35:04, @MC G@KE Q@M @ SHLD RKNVDQ SG@M 3:35:04. :NTQ
SHLD HR E@RSDQ SG@M SGD LDCH@M SHLD, RN XNT CHC ADSSDQ SG@M LNQD SG@M G@KE NE SGD QTMMDQR HM SGHR Q@BD.
46. 61.5, NQ $61,500
47. 49.25 NQ $49,250
48. 5GD LDCH@M, ADB@TRD SGD LD@M HR CHRSNQSDC AX SGD GHFG U@KTD NE NMD GNTRD.
2.6: 1E?QH?MM ;H> NB? +?;H, +?>C;H, ;H> +I>?
49. B
50. @
51. 5GDX VHKK @KK AD E@HQKX BKNRD SN D@BG NSGDQ.
2.7: +?;MOL?M I@ NB? 1JL?;> I@ NB? ";N;
52. .D@M: 15
4S@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM: 4.3
=
10 + 11 + 15 + 15 + 17 + 22
6
= 18
s =

x x

2
n 1
=
94
5
= 4.3
53. 18 + (2)(4.3) = 26.6
54. 13.7 HR NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM ADKNV SGD LD@M NE SGHR C@S@, ADB@TRD 18 k 4.3 = 13.7
55. z =
95 85
5
= 2.0
4TR@MnR P-RBNQD V@R 2.0, LD@MHMF RGD RBNQDC SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD SGD BK@RR LD@M ENQ SGD EHM@K DW@L.
3.1: 2?LGCHIFIAS
56. P(B) =
25
90
= 0.28
57. %Q@VHMF @ QDC L@QAKD HR LNQD KHJDKX.
P(R) =
50
80
= 0.62
P(Y) =
15
80
= 0.19
58. )(F "/% ,)
59. )(E[&)
3.2: 'H>?J?H>?HN ;H> +ONO;FFS #R=FOMCP? #P?HNM
60. )(A "/% B) = (0.3)(0.5) = 0.15
61. )(C 03 D) = 0.18 + 0.03 = 0.21
3.3: 2QI ;MC= 0OF?M I@ .LI<;<CFCNS
62. /N, SGDX B@MMNS AD LTST@KKX DWBKTRHUD, ADB@TRD SGDX @CC TO SN LNQD SG@M 300. 5GDQDENQD, RNLD RSTCDMSR LTRS EHS HMSN
SVN NQ LNQD B@SDFNQHDR (D.F., ANSG FNHMF SN BNKKDFD @MC VNQJHMF ETKK SHLD).
63. )(A @MC B) = ()(B[A))()(A)) = (0.85)(0.70) = 0.595
64. /N. *E SGDX VDQD HMCDODMCDMS, )(B) VNTKC AD SGD R@LD @R )(B[A). 8D JMNV SGHR HR MNS SGD B@RD, ADB@TRD )(B) =
0.70 @MC )(B[A) = 0.85.
886 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
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3.4: !IHNCHA?H=S 2;<F?M
65.
&IHIL LIFF ,I BIHIL LIFF 2IN;F
2PQ@U =P HA=OP 15 DKQNO/SAAG 482 200 682
2PQ@U HAOO PD=J 15 DKQNO/SAAG 125 193 318
3KP=H 607 393 1,000
2;<F? 21.4
66. P(honor roll|study at least 15 hours word per week) =
482
1000
= 0.482
67. P(studies less than 15 hours word per week) =
125 + 193
1000
= 0.318
68. -DS )(,) = RSTCX @S KD@RS 15 GNTQR ODQ VDDJ
-DS )(!) = L@JDR SGD GNMNQ QNKK
'QNL SGD S@AKD, )(,) = 0.682, )(!) = 0.607, @MC )(, "/% !) =0.482.
*E )(,) @MC )(!) VDQD HMCDODMCDMS, SGDM )(, "/% !) VNTKC DPT@K ()(,))()(!)).
)NVDUDQ, ()(,))()(!)) = (0.682)(0.607) = 0.414, VGHKD )(, "/% !) = 0.482.
5GDQDENQD, )(,) @MC )(!) @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
3.5: 2L?? ;H> 4?HH "C;AL;GM
69.
$CAOL? 21.1
70.
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 887
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$CAOL? 21.2
21.3 U .L;=NC=? 2?MN 2
.LI<;<CFCNS "CMNLC<ONCIH $OH=NCIH (."$) @IL ; "CM=L?N? 0;H>IG 4;LC;<F?
71. 5GD CNL@HM NE 1 = Z&MFKHRG, .@SGDL@SHBR,r.=, H.D., @ KHRS NE @KK SGD L@INQR NEEDQDC @S SGD TMHUDQRHSX, OKTR oTMCDBK@QDC.p
72. 5GD CNL@HM NE 2 = Z0, 1, 2, r\, H.D., SGD HMSDFDQR EQNL 0 SN SGD TOODQ KHLHS NE BK@RRDR @KKNVDC AX SGD TMHUDQRHSX.
73. 5GD CNL@HM NE 3 = @MX @LNTMS NE LNMDX EQNL 0 TOV@QCR.
74. #DB@TRD SGDX B@M S@JD @MX U@KTD VHSGHM SGDHQ CNL@HM, @MC SGDHQ U@KTD ENQ @MX O@QSHBTK@Q B@RD HR MNS JMNVM TMSHK SGD
RTQUDX HR BNLOKDSDC.
75. /N, ADB@TRD SGD CNL@HM NE 3 HMBKTCDR NMKX ONRHSHUD MTLADQR (XNT B@MnS RODMC @ MDF@SHUD @LNTMS NE LNMDX).
1NRRHAKX SGD U@KTD k7 HR @ C@S@ DMSQX DQQNQ, NQ @ RODBH@K BNCD SN HMCHB@SDC SG@S SGD RSTCDMS CHC MNS @MRVDQ SGD PTDRSHNM.
76. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSHDR LTRS RTL SN 1.0, @MC SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR NE D@BG DUDMS LTRS AD ADSVDDM 0 @MC 1, HMBKTRHUD.
77. -DS 1 = SGD MTLADQ NE ANNJR BGDBJDC NTS AX @ O@SQNM.
78. )(N > 2) = 0.10 + 0.05 = 0.15
79. )(N y 0) = 1 k 0.20 = 0.80
80. )(N x 3) = 1 k 0.05 = 0.95
81. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSHDR VNTKC RTL SN 1.10, @MC SGD SNS@K OQNA@AHKHSX HM @ CHRSQHATSHNM LTRS @KV@XR DPT@K 1.0.
82. x
= 0(0.20) + 1(0.45) + 2(0.20) + 3(0.10) + 4(0.05) = 1.35

+?;H IL #RJ?=N?> 4;FO? ;H> 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
83.
: P(:) :P(:)
30 0.33 9.90
40 0.33 13.20
60 0.33 19.80
2;<F? 21.5
84. x
= 9.90 + 13.20 + 19.80 = 42.90

85. )(N = 30) = 0.33
)(N = 40) = 0.33
)(N = 60) = 0.33
86.
888 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
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: P(:) :P(:)
(: X >)
2
P(:)
30 0.33 9.90
(30 _ 42.90)
2
(0.33) = 54.91
40 0.33 13.20
(40 _ 42.90)
2
(0.33) = 2.78
60 0.33 19.90
(60 _ 42.90)
2
(0.33) = 96.49
2;<F? 21.6
87.
x
= 54.91 + 2.78 + 96.49 = 12.42
88.G = 1 k 0.65 = 0.35
89.
1. 5GDQD @QD @ EHWDC MTLADQ NE SQH@KR.
2. 5GDQD @QD NMKX SVN ONRRHAKD NTSBNLDR, @MC SGDX @CC TO SN 1.
3. 5GD SQH@KR @QD HMCDODMCDMS @MC BNMCTBSDC TMCDQ HCDMSHB@K BNMCHSHNMR.
90. /N, ADB@TRD SGDQD @QD MNS @ EHWDC MTLADQ NE SQH@KR
91. 1 ] B(100, 0.65)
92. Z = DF = 100(0.65) = 65
93.
x
= npq = 100(0.65)(0.35) = 4.77
94. 1 = +ND FDSR @ GHS HM NMD @S-A@S (HM NMD NBB@RHNM NE GHR BNLHMF SN A@S)
95. 1 ] B(20, 0.4)
96. Z = DF = 20(0.4) = 8
97.
x
= npq = 20(0.40)(0.60) = 2.19
4.4: %?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
98.
1. " RDQHDR NE #DQMNTKKH SQH@KR @QD BNMCTBSDC TMSHK NMD HR @ RTBBDRR, @MC SGDM SGD DWODQHLDMS RSNOR.
2. "S KD@RS NMD SQH@K HR BNMCTBSDC, ATS SGDQD HR MN TOODQ KHLHS SN SGD MTLADQ NE SQH@KR.
3. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE RTBBDRR NQ E@HKTQD HR SGD R@LD ENQ D@BG SQH@K.
99. - - - - !
100. 5GD CNL@HM NE 1 = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, r.M\. #DB@TRD XNT @QD CQ@VHMF VHSG QDOK@BDLDMS, SGDQD HR MN TOODQ ANTMC SN
SGD MTLADQ NE CQ@VR SG@S L@X AD MDBDRR@QX.
101. 5GD CNL@HM NE 1 = Z1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8., 9, 10, 11, 12r27\. #DB@TRD XNT @QD CQ@VHMF VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS, @MC
26 NE SGD 52 B@QCR @QD QDC, XNT G@UD SN CQ@V @ QDC B@QC VHSGHM SGD EHQRS 17 CQ@VR.
102. 1 ] (0.24)
103. =
1
p
=
1
0.27
= 3.70
104. =
1 p
p
2
=
1 0.27
0.27
2
= 3.16
4.5: &SJ?LA?IG?NLC= "CMNLC<ONCIH
105. :DR, ADB@TRD XNT @QD R@LOKHMF EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM BNLONRDC NE SVN FQNTOR (ANXR @MC FHQKR), G@UD @ FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS
(ANXR), @MC @QD R@LOKHMF VHSGNTS QDOK@BDLDMS (GDMBD, SGD OQNA@AHKHSHDR BG@MFD VHSG D@BG OHBJ, @MC XNT @QD MNS ODQENQLHMF
#DQMNTKKH SQH@KR).
106. 5GD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS HR SGD B@QCR SG@S @QD RO@CDR, SGD RHYD NE SGD FQNTO NE HMSDQDRS HR 13, @MC SGD R@LOKD RHYD HR EHUD.
4.6: .ICMMIH "CMNLC<ONCIH
107. " 1NHRRNM CHRSQHATSHNM LNCDKR SGD MTLADQ NE DUDMSR NBBTQQHMF HM @ EHWDC HMSDQU@K NE SHLD NQ RO@BD, VGDM SGD DUDMSR @QD
HMCDODMCDMS @MC SGD @UDQ@FD Q@SD NE SGD DUDMSR HR JMNVM.
108. 1 ] )(4)
109. 5GD CNL@HM NE 1 = Z0, 1, 2, 3, r..) H.D., @MX HMSDFDQ EQNL 0 TOV@QCR.
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 889
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110. = 4
= 4 = 2
5.1: !IHNCHOIOM .LI<;<CFCNS $OH=NCIHM
111. 5GD CHRBQDSD U@QH@AKDR @QD SGD MTLADQ NE ANNJR OTQBG@RDC, @MC SGD MTLADQ NE ANNJR RNKC @ESDQ SGD DMC NE SGD RDLDRSDQ.
5GD BNMSHMTNTR U@QH@AKDR @QD SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX RODMS ENQ SGD ANNJR, @MC SGD @LNTMS NE LNMDX QDBDHUDC VGDM SGDX VDQD
RNKC.
112. #DB@TRD ENQ @ BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD, )(N = 9) = 0, VGDQD 9 HR @MX RHMFKD U@KTD. *MRSD@C, VD B@KBTK@SD )(9 < N
< :), H.D., SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S SGD U@KTD NE N HR ADSVDDM SGD U@KTDR 9 @MC :.
113. #DB@TRD )(N = 9) = 0 ENQ @MX BNMSHMTNTR Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD.
114. )(N > 5) = 1 k 0.35 = 0.65, ADB@TRD SGD SNS@K OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ BNMSHMTNTR OQNA@AHKHSX ETMBSHNM HR @KV@XR 1.
115. 5GHR HR @ TMHENQL OQNA@AHKHSX CHRSQHATSHNM. :NT VNTKC CQ@V HS @R @ QDBS@MFKD VHSG SGD UDQSHB@K RHCDR @S 0 @MC 20, @MC
SGD GNQHYNMS@K RHCDR @S
1
10
@MC 0.
116. P(0 < x < 4) = (4 0)
1
10
= 0.4
5.2: 2B? 3HC@ILG "CMNLC<ONCIH
117. P(2 < x < 5) = (5 2)
1
10
= 0.3
118. 1 ] .(0, 15)
119. f (x) =
1
b a
ENQ (a x b) so f (x) =
1
30
ENQ (0 x 30)
120. =
a + b
2
=
0 + 30
5
= 15.0
=
(b a)
2
12
=
(30 0)
2
12
= 8.66
121. P(x < 10) = (10)
1
30
= 0.33
5.3: 2B? #RJIH?HNC;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
122. 1 G@R @M DWONMDMSH@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG CDB@X O@Q@LDSDQ C @MC LD@M @MC RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM
1
m
. *M SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM,
SGDQD VHKK AD @ QDK@SHUDKX K@QFD MTLADQR NE RL@KK U@KTDR, VHSG U@KTDR ADBNLHMF KDRR BNLLNM @R SGDX ADBNLD K@QFDQ.
123. = =
1
m
=
1
10
= 0.1
124. <(N) = 0.2;
k0.2N
VGDQD N y 0.
6.1: 2B? 1N;H>;L> ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
125. 5GD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1 G@R @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG @ LD@M NE 100 @MC @ RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE 15.
126. 1 ] '(0,1)
127. z =
x
RN z =
112 109
4.5
= 0.67
128. z =
x
RN z =
100 109
4.5
= 2.00
129. z =
105 109
4.5
= 0.89
5GHR FHQK HR RGNQSDQ SG@M @UDQ@FD ENQ GDQ @FD, AX 0.89 RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
130. 109 + (1.5)(4.5) = 115.75 BL
131. 8D DWODBS @ANTS 68 ODQBDMS NE SGD GDHFGSR NE FHQKR NE @FD EHUD XD@QR @MC YDQN LNMSGR SN AD ADSVDDM 104.5 BL @MC
113.5 BL.
132. 8D DWODBS 99.7 ODQBDMS NE SGD GDHFGSR HM SGHR CHRSQHATSHNM SN AD ADSVDDM 95.5 BL @MC 122.5 BL, ADB@TRD SG@S Q@MFD
QDOQDRDMSR SGD U@KTDR SGQDD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR @ANUD @MC ADKNV SGD LD@M.
6.2: 3MCHA NB? ,ILG;F "CMNLC<ONCIH
133. :DR, ADB@TRD ANSG MO @MC MP @QD FQD@SDQ SG@M EHUD.
DF = (500)(0.20) = 100 @MC DG = 500(0.80) = 400
890 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
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134. = np = (500)(0.20) = 100
= npq = 500(0.20)(0.80) = 8.94
135. 'HESX ODQBDMS, ADB@TRD HM @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, G@KE SGD U@KTDR KHD @ANUD SGD LD@M.
136. 5GD QDRTKSR NE NTQ R@LOKD VDQD SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR ADKNV SGD LD@M, RTFFDRSHMF HS HR TMKHJDKX SG@S 20 ODQBDMS
NE SGD KNSSN SHBJDSR @QD VHMMDQR, @R BK@HLDC AX SGD CHRSQHATSNQ, @MC SG@S SGD SQTD ODQBDMS NE VHMMDQR HR KNVDQ. "OOKXHMF SGD
&LOHQHB@K 3TKD, *E SG@S BK@HL VDQD SQTD, VD VNTKC DWODBS SN RDD @ QDRTKS SGHR E@Q ADKNV SGD LD@M NMKX @ANTS 2.5 ODQBDMS NE
SGD SHLD.
7.1: 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1;GJF? +?;HM (AP?L;A?M)
137. 5GD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL RS@SDR SG@S HE R@LOKDR NE RTEEHBHDMS RHYD CQ@VM EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE R@LOKD
LD@MR VHKK AD MNQL@K, DUDM HE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM HR MNS MNQL@K.
138. 5GD R@LOKD RHYD NE 30 HR RTEEHBHDMSKX K@QFD HM SGHR DW@LOKD SN @OOKX SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL. 5GHR SGDNQDL = RS@SDR
SG@S ENQ R@LOKDR NE RTEEHBHDMS RHYD CQ@VM EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM, SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@M VHKK @OOQN@BG
MNQL@KHSX, QDF@QCKDRR NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD ONOTK@SHNM EQNL VGHBG SGD R@LOKDR VDQD CQ@VM.
139. :NT VNTKC MNS DWODBS D@BG R@LOKD SN G@UD @ LD@M NE 50, ADB@TRD NE R@LOKHMF U@QH@AHKHSX. )NVDUDQ, XNT VNTKC
DWODBS SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR SN BKTRSDQ @QNTMC 50, VHSG @M @OOQNWHL@SDKX MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, RN
SG@S U@KTDR BKNRD SN 50 @QD LNQD BNLLNM SG@M U@KTDR ETQSGDQ QDLNUDC EQNL 50.
140. X
N(25, 0.2) ADB@TRD X
x
,

x
n
141. 5GD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR B@M AD B@KBTK@SDC TRHMF SGD ENQLTK@

x
n
, VGHBG HM SGHR B@RD HR

16
50
. 5GD BNQQDBS U@KTD ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR
HR SGDQDENQD 2.26.
142. 5GD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M HR @MNSGDQ M@LD ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE SGD
R@LOKD LD@M. (HUDM R@LOKDR NE RHYD M CQ@VM EQNL @ ONOTK@SHNM VHSG RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM \
N
, SGD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M
HR

x
n
.
143. 1 ] '(75, 0.45)
144. :NTQ EQHDMC ENQFNS SN CHUHCD SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM AX SGD RPT@QD QNNS NE D.
145. z =
x
x
=
76 75
4.5
= 2.2
146. z =
x
x
=
74.7 75
4.5
= 0.67
147. 75 + (1.5)(0.45) = 75.675
148. 5GD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M VHKK AD K@QFDQ, ADB@TRD XNT VHKK AD CHUHCHMF AX @ RL@KKDQ MTLADQ. 5GD RS@MC@QC
DQQNQ NE SGD LD@M ENQ R@LOKDR NE RHYD D = 50 HR:
x
n
=
4.5
50
= 0.64
149. :NT VNTKC DWODBS SGHR Q@MFD SN HMBKTCD U@KTDR TO SN NMD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM @ANUD NQ ADKNV SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKD
LD@MR. *M SGHR B@RD:
70 +
9
60
= 71.16 @MC 70
9
60
= 68.84 RN XNT VNTKC DWODBS 68 ODQBDMS NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR SN AD ADSVDDM 68.84 @MC
71.16.
150. 70 +
9
100
= 70.9 @MC 70
9
100
= 69.1 RN XNT VNTKC DWODBS 68 ODQBDMS NE SGD R@LOKD LD@MR SN AD ADSVDDM
69.1 @MC 70.9. /NSD SG@S SGHR HR @ M@QQNVDQ HMSDQU@K CTD SN SGD HMBQD@RDC R@LOKD RHYD.
7.2: 2B? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G @IL 1OGM
151. 'NQ @ Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD 1, SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD T1 VHKK SDMC SN ADBNLD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC @R SGD RHYD M NE SGD R@LOKDR
TRDC SN BNLOTSD SGD RTL HMBQD@RDR.
152. #NSG QTKDR RS@SD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE @ PT@MSHSX (SGD LD@M NQ SGD RTL) B@KBTK@SDC NM R@LOKDR CQ@VM EQNL @
ONOTK@SHNM VHKK SDMC SN G@UD @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM, @R SGD R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR, QDF@QCKDRR NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM NE ONOTK@SHNM
EQNL VGHBG SGD R@LOKDR @QD CQ@VM.
153. X N
n
x
, ( n)(
x
)
RN X N(4000, 28.3)
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154.5GD OQNA@AHKHSX HR 0.50, ADB@TRD 5,000 HR SGD LD@M NE SGD R@LOKHMF CHRSQHATSHNM NE RTLR NE RHYD 40 EQNL SGHR
ONOTK@SHNM. 4TLR NE Q@MCNL U@QH@AKDR BNLOTSDC EQNL @ R@LOKD NE RTEEHBHDMS RHYD @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC, @MC HM @ MNQL@K
CHRSQHATSHNM, G@KE SGD U@KTDR KHD ADKNV SGD LD@M.
155. 6RHMF SGD DLOHQHB@K QTKD, XNT VNTKC DWODBS 95 ODQBDMS NE SGD U@KTDR SN AD VHSGHM SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD
LD@M. 6RHMF SGD ENQLTK@ ENQ SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM HR ENQ @ R@LOKD RTL: ( n)(
x
) =

40
(7) = 44.3 RN XNT VNTKC DWODBS

95 ODQBDMS NE SGD U@KTDR SN AD ADSVDDM 5,000 + (2)(44.3) @MC 5,000 k (2)(44.3), NQ ADSVDDM 4,911.4 @MC 588.6.
156. ( n)(
x
) = 5000

40
(7) = 4955.7
157. 5000 + (2.2)
40
(7) = 5097.4
7.3: 3MCHA NB? !?HNL;F *CGCN 2B?IL?G
158. 5GD K@V NE K@QFD MTLADQR R@XR SG@S @R R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR, SGD R@LOKD LD@M SDMCR SN FDS MD@QDQ @MC MD@QDQ SN SGD
ONOTK@SHNM LD@M.
159. :NT VNTKC DWODBS SGD LD@M EQNL @ R@LOKD NE RHYD 100 SN AD MD@QDQ SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M, ADB@TRD SGD K@V NE
K@QFD MTLADQR R@XR SG@S @R R@LOKD RHYD HMBQD@RDR, SGD R@LOKD LD@M SDMCR SN @OOQN@BG SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@.
160. 1 ] '(0.10, 0.20)
161. X
x
,

x
n
@MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM NE @ TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM HR

b a
12
. *M SGHR DW@LOKD, SGD RS@MC@QC
CDUH@SHNM NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR
b a
12
=
0.10
12
= 0.03
RN X
N(0.15, 0.003)
162. X N((n)(
x
), ( n)(
x
)) so X N(9.0, 0.23)
21.4 U .L;=NC=? 2?MN 3
8.1: !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, .IJOF;NCIH 1N;H>;L>
"?PC;NCIH )HIQH, ,ILG;F
163.

n
=
4
30
= 0.73
164. MNQL@K
165. 0.025 NQ 2.5%; " 95%BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K BNMS@HMR 95%NE SGD OQNA@AHKHSX, @MC DWBKTCDR EHUD ODQBDMS, @MC SGD EHUD
ODQBDMS DWBKTCDC HR ROKHS DUDMKX ADSVDDM SGD TOODQ @MC KNVDQ S@HKR NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
166. P-RBNQD = 1.96; EBM = z
2
= (1.96)(0.73) = 1.4308
167. 41 a 1.43 = (39.57, 42.43); 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM ;HMSDQU@K, @MRVDQ HR (40.74, 41.26. "MRVDQR CHEEDQ CTD
SN QNTMCHMF.
168. 5GD P-U@KTD ENQ @ 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR 1.645, RN EB& = 1.645(0.73) = 1.20085.
5GD 90% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR 41 a 1.20 = (39.80, 42.20).
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM ;HMSDQU@K @MRVDQ HR (40.78, 41.23). "MRVDQR CHEEDQ CTD SN QNTMCHMF.
169. 5GD RS@MC@QC DQQNQ NE LD@RTQDLDMS HR:

n
=
4
50
= 0.57
EBM = z
2
= (1.96)(0.57) = 1.12
5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K HR 41 a 1.12 = (39.88, 42.12).
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM ;HMSDQU@K @MRVDQ HR (40.84, 41.16). "MRVDQR CHEEDQ CTD SN QNTMCHMF.
170. 5GD 99% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, ADB@TRD HS HMBKTCDR @KK ATS NMD ODQBDMS NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD 95% BNMEHCDMBD
HMSDQU@K VHKK AD M@QQNVDQ, ADB@TRD HS DWBKTCDR EHUD ODQBDMS NE SGD CHRSQHATSHNM.
8.2: !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F, 1CHAF? .IJOF;NCIH +?;H, 1N;H>;L> "?PC;NCIH
3HEHIQH, 1NO>?HNYM N
171. 5GD J-CHRSQHATSHNM VHKK G@UD LNQD OQNA@AHKHSX HM HSR S@HKR (oSGHBJDQ S@HKRp) @MC KDRR OQNA@AHKHSX MD@Q SGD LD@M NE SGD
CHRSQHATSHNM (oRGNQSDQ HM SGD BDMSDQp).
172. #NSG CHRSQHATSHNMR @QD RXLLDSQHB@K @MC BDMSDQDC @S YDQN.
173. :< = D k 1 = 20 k 1 = 19
892 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
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174. :NT B@M FDS SGD J-U@KTD EQNL @ OQNA@AHKHSX S@AKD NQ @ B@KBTK@SNQ. *M SGHR B@RD, ENQ @ J-CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG 19 CDFQDDR NE
EQDDCNL, @MC @ 95% SVN-RHCDC BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K, SGD U@KTD HR 2.093, H.D.,
t
2

= 2.093. 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM HR HMU5(0.975, 19).
175. EBM = t
2
s
n
= (2.093)
0.3
20
= 0.140
98.4 a 0.14 = (98.26, 98.54).
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 5HMSDQU@K @MRVDQ HR (98.26, 98.54).
176. t
2
= 2.861. 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM HR HMU5(0.995, 19).
EBM = t
2
s
n
= (2.861)
0.3
20
= 0.192
98.4 a 0.19 = (98.21, 98.59). 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 5HMSDQU@K @MRVDQ HR (98.21, 98.59).
177. :< = D k 1 = 30 k 1 = 29. t
2

= 2.045
EBM = z
t

s
n
= (2.045)
0.3
30
= 0.112
98.4 a 0.11 = (98.29, 98.51). 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 5HMSDQU@K @MRVDQ HR (98.29, 98.51).
8.3: !IH@C>?H=? 'HN?LP;F @IL ; .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIH
178. p =
280
500
= 0.56
q = 1 p = 1 0.56 = 0.44
s =
pq
n
=
0.56(0.44)
500
= 0.0222
179. #DB@TRD XNT @QD TRHMF SGD MNQL@K @OOQNWHL@SHNM SN SGD AHMNLH@K, z
2
= 1.96 .
$@KBTK@SD SGD DQQNQ ANTMC ENQ SGD ONOTK@SHNM (EB)):
EBP = z a
2
pq
n
= 1.96(0.222) = 0.0435
$@KBTK@SD SGD 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K:
0.56 a 0.0435 = (0.5165, 0.6035).
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 1-1QNO;HMS @MRVDQ HR (0.5165, 0.6035).
180. z
2
= 1.64
EBP = z a
2
pq
n
= 1.64(0.0222) = 0.0364
0.56 a 0.03 = (0.5236, 0.5964). 5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 1-1QNO;HMS @MRVDQ HR (0.5235, 0.5965)
181. z
2
= 2.58
EBP = z a
2
pq
n
= 2.58(0.0222) = 0.0573
0.56 a 0.05 = (0.5127, 0.6173).
5GD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 1-1QNO;HMS @MRVDQ HR (0.5028, 0.6172).
182. EB) = 0.04 (ADB@TRD 4% = 0.04)
z
2
= 1.96 ENQ @ 95% BNMEHCDMBD HMSDQU@K
n =
z
2
pq
EBP
2
=
1.96
2
(0.5)(0.5)
0.04
2
=
0.9604
0.0016
= 600.25
:NT MDDC 601 RTAIDBSR (QNTMCHMF TOV@QC EQNL 600.25).
183. n =
n
2
pq
EBP
2
=
1.96
2
(0.6)(0.4)
0.04
2
=
0.9220
0.0016
= 576.24
:NT MDDC 577 RTAIDBSR (QNTMCHMF TOV@QC EQNL 576.24).
184. n =
n
2
pq
EBP
2
=
1.96
2
(0.5)(0.5)
0.03
2
=
0.9604
0.0009
= 1067.11
:NT MDDC 1,068 RTAIDBSR (QNTMCHMF TOV@QC EQNL 1,067.11).
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 893
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9.1: ,OFF ;H> AFN?LH;N? &SJINB?M?M
185. !
0
: F = 0.58
!
7
: F w 0.58
186. !
0
: F y 0.58
!
7
: F < 0.58
187. !
0
: Z y $268,000
!
7
: Z < $268,000
188. !
7
: Z w 107
189. !
7
: F y 0.25
9.2: -ON=IG?M ;H> NB? 2SJ? ' ;H> 2SJ? '' #LLILM
190. @ 5XOD * DQQNQ
191. @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ
192. 1NVDQ = 1 k W = 1 k )(5XOD ** DQQNQ).
193. 5GD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SG@S SGD O@SHDMS CNDR MNS G@UD B@MBDQ. " 5XOD * DQQNQ VNTKC AD CDSDBSHMF B@MBDQ VGDM HS
HR MNS OQDRDMS. " 5XOD ** DQQNQ VNTKC AD MNS CDSDBSHMF B@MBDQ VGDM HS HR OQDRDMS. " 5XOD ** DQQNQ HR LNQD RDQHNTR, ADB@TRD
E@HKTQD SN CDSDBS B@MBDQ BNTKC JDDO @ O@SHDMS EQNL QDBDHUHMF @OOQNOQH@SD SQD@SLDMS.
194. 5GD RBQDDMHMF SDRS G@R @ SDM ODQBDMS OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 5XOD * DQQNQ, LD@MHMF SG@S SDM ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, HS VHKK
CDSDBS 5# VGDM HS HR MNS OQDRDMS.
195. 5GD RBQDDMHMF SDRS G@R @ 20 ODQBDMS OQNA@AHKHSX NE @ 5XOD ** DQQNQ, LD@MHMF SG@S 20 ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, HS VHKK E@HK
SN CDSDBS 5# VGDM HS HR HM E@BS OQDRDMS.
196. &HFGSX ODQBDMS NE SGD SHLD, SGD RBQDDMHMF SDRS VHKK CDSDBS 5# VGDM HS HR @BST@KKX OQDRDMS.
9.3: "CMNLC<ONCIH ,??>?> @IL &SJINB?MCM 2?MNCHA
197. 5GD 4STCDMSnR J-SDRS.
198. 5GD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM NQ P-SDRS.
199. 5GD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM VHSG Z = F @MC \ =
pq
n
200. J
24
. :NT TRD SGD J-CHRSQHATSHNM ADB@TRD XNT CNMnS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC SGD CDFQDDR NE
EQDDCNL @QD 24 ADB@TRD :< = D k 1.
201. X
~N
0.95,
0.051
100
#DB@TRD XNT JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC G@UD @ K@QFD R@LOKD, XNT B@M TRD SGD MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
9.4: 0;L? #P?HNM, NB? 1;GJF?, "?=CMCIH, ;H> !IH=FOMCIH
202. '@HK SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, ADB@TRD V x F
203. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR, ADB@TRD V y F.
204. !
0
: Z y 29.0p
!
7
: Z < 29.0p
205. J
19
. #DB@TRD XNT CN MNS JMNV SGD ONOTK@SHNM RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, TRD SGD J-CHRSQHATSHNM. 5GD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
@QD 19, ADB@TRD :< = D k 1.
206. 5GD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR k4.4721 @MC SGD F-U@KTD HR 0.00013 TRHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 55&45.
207. 8HSG V = 0.05, QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
208. 8HSG V = 0.05, SGD F-U@KTD HR @KLNRS YDQN TRHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 55&45 RN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
9.5: A>>CNCIH;F 'H@ILG;NCIH ;H> $OFF &SJINB?MCM 2?MN #R;GJF?M
209. 5GD KDUDK NE RHFMHEHB@MBD HR EHUD ODQBDMS.
210. SVN-S@HKDC
211. NMD-S@HKDC
212. !
0
: F = 0.8
!
7
: F w 0.8
213. :NT VHKK TRD SGD MNQL@K SDRS ENQ @ RHMFKD ONOTK@SHNM OQNONQSHNM ADB@TRD DF @MC DG @QD ANSG FQD@SDQ SG@M EHUD.
10.1: !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB 3HEHIQH
214. 5GDX @QD L@SBGDC (O@HQDC), ADB@TRD XNT HMSDQUHDVDC L@QQHDC BNTOKDR.
215. 5GDX @QD HMCDODMCDMS, ADB@TRD O@QSHBHO@MSR VDQD @RRHFMDC @S Q@MCNL SN SGD FQNTOR.
216. 5GDX @QD L@SBGDC (O@HQDC), ADB@TRD XNT BNKKDBSDC C@S@ SVHBD EQNL D@BG HMCHUHCT@K.
894 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
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217. d =
x
1
x
2
s
pooled
=
4.8 4.2
1.6
= 0.375
5GHR HR @ RL@KK DEEDBS RHYD, ADB@TRD 0.375 E@KKR ADSVDDM $NGDMnR RL@KK (0.2) @MC LDCHTL (0.5) DEEDBS RHYDR.
218. d =
x
1
x
2
s
pooled
=
5.2 4.2
1.6
= 0.625
5GD DEEDBS RHYD HR 0.625. #X $NGDMnR RS@MC@QC, SGHR HR @ LDCHTL DEEDBS RHYD, ADB@TRD HS E@KKR ADSVDDM SGD LDCHTL (0.5) @MC
K@QFD (0.8) DEEDBS RHYDR.
219. F-U@KTD < 0.01.
220. :NT VHKK NMKX QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HE XNT FDS @ U@KTD RHFMHEHB@MSKX ADKNV SGD GXONSGDRHYDC LD@M NE 110.
10.2: !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH +?;HM QCNB )HIQH
221. X
1
X
2
, H.D., SGD LD@M CHEEDQDMBD HM @LNTMS RODMS NM SDWSANNJR ENQ SGD SVN FQNTOR.
222. !
0
: X
1
X
2
x 0
!
7
: X
1
X
2
> 0
5GHR BNTKC @KRN AD VQHSSDM @R:
!
0
: X
1
X
2
!
7
: X
1
> X
2
223. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 2-4@LO5SDRS, QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 5% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR
RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RBHDMBD RSTCDMSR RODMC LNQD NM SDWSANNJR SG@M SGD GTL@MHSHDR RSTCDMSR.
224. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 2-4@LO5SDRS, QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 1% RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR
RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RBHDMBD RSTCDMSR RODMC LNQD NM SDWSANNJR SG@M SGD GTL@MHSHDR RSTCDMSR.
10.3: !IGJ;LCHA 2QI 'H>?J?H>?HN .IJOF;NCIH .LIJILNCIHM
225. !
0
: F
A
= F
B
!
7
: F
A
w F
B
226. p
c
=
x
A
+ x
A
n
A
+ n
A
=
65 + 78
100 + 100
= 0.715
227. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 2-1QNO;5DRS, SGD O-U@KTD = 0.0417. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 3%
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE GNTRDGNKCR HM
SGD SVN BNLLTMHSHDR SG@S G@UD B@AKD RDQUHBD.
228. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 2-1QNO;5DRS, SGD F-U@KTD = 0.0417. %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 1%
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGDQD HR @ CHEEDQDMBD ADSVDDM SGD OQNONQSHNMR NE GNTRDGNKCR
HM SGD SVN BNLLTMHSHDR SG@S G@UD B@AKD RDQUHBD.
10.4: +;N=B?> IL .;CL?> 1;GJF?M
229. !
0
: x
d
0
!
7
: x
d
< 0
230. J = k 4.5644
231. :< = 30 k 1 = 29.
232. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 55&45, SGD F-U@KTD = 0.00004 RN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 5% KDUDK, SGDQD
HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD O@QSHBHO@MSR KNRS VDHFGS, NM @UDQ@FD.
233. " ONRHSHUD J-RS@SHRSHB VNTKC LD@M SG@S O@QSHBHO@MSR, NM @UDQ@FD, F@HMDC VDHFGS NUDQ SGD RHW LNMSGR.
11.1: $;=NM A<ION NB? !BC-1KO;L? "CMNLC<ONCIH
234. Z = :< = 20
= 2(d f ) = 40 = 6.32
11.2: %II>H?MM-I@-$CN 2?MN
235. &MQNKKDC = 200(0.66) = 132. /NS DMQNKKDC = 200(0.34) = 68
236.
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 895
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-<M?LP?> (-) #RJ?=N?> (#) - X # (- X #)2
(O E)
2
z
$JNKHHA@ 145 132 145 _ 132 = 13 169
169
132
= 1.280
-KP AJNKHHA@ 55 68 55 _ 68 = _13 169
169
68
= 2.485
2;<F? 21.7
237. :< = D k 1 = 2 k 1 = 1.
238. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM $GH-RPT@QD (0' k 5DRS (HM 45"5 5&454), SGD SDRS RS@SHRSHB HR 3.7656 @MC SGD O-U@KTD
HR 0.0523. %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 5%RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S GHFG
RBGNNK LNRS QDBDMS FQ@CT@SHMF BK@RR CHRSQHATSHNM NE DMQNKKDC @MC MNS DMQNKKDC CNDR MNS EHS SG@S NE SGD M@SHNM@K CHRSQHATSHNM.
239. @OOQNWHL@SDR SGD MNQL@K
240. RJDVDC QHFGS
11.3: 2?MN I@ 'H>?J?H>?H=?
241.
!?FF = 7?M !?FF = ,I 2IN;F
%NAODI=J
250(300)
500
= 150
250(200)
500
= 100
250
2AJEKN
250(300)
500
= 150
250(200)
500
= 100
250
3KP=H 300 200 500
2;<F? 21.8
242.
(100 150)
2
150
= 16.67
(150 100)
2
100
= 25
(200 100)
2
150
= 16.67
(50 100)
2
100
= 25
243. $GH-RPT@QD = 16.67 + 25 + 16.67 + 25 = 83.34.
:< = (H k 1)(9 k 1) = 1
244. F-U@KTD = )($GH-RPT@QD, 83.34) = 0
3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
:NT BNTKC @KRN TRD SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 45"5 5&454 $GH-4PT@QD k 5DRS.
11.4: 2?MN I@ &IGIA?H?CNS
245. 5GD S@AKD G@R EHUD QNVR @MC SVN BNKTLMR. :< = (H k 1)(9 k 1) = (4)(1) = 4.
896 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
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11.5: !IGJ;LCMIH 1OGG;LS I@ NB? !BC-1KO;L? 2?MNM: %II>H?MM-I@-$CN,
'H>?J?H>?H=? ;H> &IGIA?H?CNS
246. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM (45"5 5&454) $GH-RPT@QD 5DRS, SGD F-U@KTD = 0. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR. "S SGD 5%
RHFMHEHB@MBD KDUDK, SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD ONKK QDRONMRDR HMCDODMCDMS NE SGD O@QSHBHO@MSRn DSGMHB
FQNTO.
247. 5GD DWODBSDC U@KTD NE D@BG BDKK LTRS AD @S KD@RS EHUD.
248. !
0
: 5GD U@QH@AKDR @QD HMCDODMCDMS.
!
7
: 5GD U@QH@AKDR @QD MNS HMCDODMCDMS.
249. !
0
: 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM.
!
7
: 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR CN MNS G@UD SGD R@LD CHRSQHATSHNM.
11.6: 2?MN I@ ; 1CHAF? 4;LC;H=?
250. !
0
: \
2
x 5
!
7
: \
2
> 5
21.5 U .L;=NC=? 2?MN 4
251. D. ", #, @MC $.
"KK SGQDD @QD KHMD@Q DPT@SHNMR NE SGD ENQL O = CN + 8.
252. -DS O = SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE GNTQR QDPTHQDC, @MC N SGD RPT@QD ENNS@FD, LD@RTQDC HM TMHSR NE 1,000. 5GD DPT@SHNM HR:
O = N + 4
253. -DS O = SGD SNS@K O@XLDMS, @MC N SGD MTLADQ NE RSTCDMSR HM @ BK@RR. 5GD DPT@SHNM HR: O = 100(N) + 2,000
254. -DS O = SGD SNS@K BNRS NE @SSDMC@MBD, @MC N SGD MTLADQ NE XD@QR DMQNKKDC. 5GD DPT@SHNM HR: O = 3,000(N) + 500
12.2: 1FIJ? ;H> 7-CHN?L=?JN I@ ; *CH?;L #KO;NCIH
255. 5GD HMCDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD HR SGD GNTQR VNQJDC NM @ B@Q. 5GD CDODMCDMS U@QH@AKD HR SGD SNS@K K@ANQ BG@QFDR SN EHW @ B@Q.
256. -DS O = SGD SNS@K BG@QFD, @MC N SGD MTLADQ NE GNTQR QDPTHQDC. 5GD DPT@SHNM HR: O = 55N + 75
5GD RKNOD HR 55 @MC SGD HMSDQBDOS HR 75.
257. O = 55(3.5) + 75 = 267.50
258. #DB@TRD SGD HMSDQBDOS HR HMBKTCDC HM ANSG DPT@SHNMR, VGHKD XNT @QD NMKX HMSDQDRSDC HM SGD CHEEDQDMBD HM BNRSR, XNT
CN MNS MDDC SN HMBKTCD SGD HMSDQBDOS HM SGD RNKTSHNM. 5GD CHEEDQDMBD HM MTLADQ NE GNTQR QDPTHQDC HR: 6.3 k 2.4 = 3.9.
.TKSHOKX SGHR CHEEDQDMBD AX SGD BNRS ODQ GNTQ: 55(3.9) = 214.5.
5GD CHEEDQDMBD HM BNRS ADSVDDM SGD SVN INAR HR $214.50.
12.3: 1=;NN?L .FINM
259. 5GD 1 @MC 2 U@QH@AKDR G@UD @ RSQNMF KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO. 5GDRD U@QH@AKDR VNTKC AD FNNC B@MCHC@SDR ENQ @M@KXRHR VHSG
KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM.
260. 5GD 1 @MC 2 U@QH@AKDR G@UD @ RSQNMF MDF@SHUD KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO. 5GDRD U@QH@AKDR VNTKC AD FNNC B@MCHC@SDR ENQ
@M@KXRHR VHSG KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM.
261. 5GDQD HR MN BKD@Q KHMD@Q QDK@SHNMRGHO ADSVDDM SGD 1 @MC 2 U@QH@AKDR, RN SGDX @QD MNS FNNC B@MCHC@SDR ENQ KHMD@Q
QDFQDRRHNM.
262. 5GD 1 @MC 2 U@QH@AKDR G@UD @ RSQNMF ONRHSHUD QDK@SHNMRGHO, ATS HS HR BTQUHKHMD@Q Q@SGDQ SG@M KHMD@Q. 5GDRD U@QH@AKDR
@QD MNS FNNC B@MCHC@SDR ENQ KHMD@Q QDFQDRRHNM.
12.4: 2B? 0?AL?MMCIH #KO;NCIH
263. r
s
y
s
x
= 0.73
9.6
4.0
= 1.752 1.75
264. a = y
b x
= 141.6 1.752(68.4) = 21.7632 21.76

265. y
^
= 21.76 + 1.75(68) = 140.76
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 897
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s
i
o
n
12.5: !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN ;H> !I?@@C=C?HN I@ "?N?LGCH;NCIH
266. 5GD BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM HR SGD RPT@QD NE SGD BNQQDK@SHNM, NQ H
2
.
'NQ SGHR C@S@, H
2
= (k0.56)2 = 0.3136 v 0.31 NQ 31%. 5GHR LD@MR SG@S 31 ODQBDMS NE SGD U@QH@SHNM HM ETDK DEEHBHDMBX B@M AD
DWOK@HMDC AX SGD ANCXVDHFGS NE SGD @TSNLNAHKD.
267. 5GD BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM = 0.32
2
= 0.1024. 5GHR HR SGD @LNTMS NE U@QH@SHNM HM EQDRGL@M BNKKDFD (1" SG@S
B@M AD DWOK@HMDC AX GHFG RBGNNK (1". 5GD @LNTMS SG@S B@MMNS AD DWOK@HMDC HR 1 k 0.1024 = 0.8976 v 0.90. 4N @ANTS 90
ODQBDMS NE U@QH@MBD HM EQDRGL@M BNKKDFD (1" HM SGHR C@S@ HR MNS DWOK@HMDC AX GHFG RBGNNK (1".
268. r = r
2
0.5 = 0.707106781 0.71
:NT MDDC @ BNQQDK@SHNM NE 0.71 NQ GHFGDQ SN G@UD @ BNDEEHBHDMS NE CDSDQLHM@SHNM NE @S KD@RS 0.5.
12.6: 2?MNCHA NB? 1CAHC@C=;H=? I@ NB? !ILL?F;NCIH !I?@@C=C?HN
269. !
0
: [ = 0
!
7
: [ w 0
270. t =
r n 2
1 r
2
=
0.33 30 2
1 0.33
2
= 1.85
5GD BQHSHB@K U@KTD ENQ V = 0.05 ENQ @ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS TRHMF SGD J
29
CHRSQHATSHNM HR 2.045. :NTQ U@KTD HR KDRR SG@M SGHR, RN XNT E@HK
SN QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR @MC BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RSTCX OQNCTBDC MN DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD U@QH@AKDR @QD RHFMHEHB@MSKX BNQQDK@SDC.
6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM SBCE, SGD F-U@KTD HR 2SBCE(1.85, 10>99, 29) = 0.0373. %N MNS QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR @MC
BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RSTCX OQNCTBDC MN DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD U@QH@AKDR @QD RHFMHEHB@MSKX BNQQDK@SDC.
271. t =
r n 2
1 r
2
=
0.45 25 2
1 0.45
2
= 2.417
5GD BQHSHB@K U@KTD ENQ V = 0.05 ENQ @ SVN-S@HKDC SDRS TRHMF SGD J
24
CHRSQHATSHNM HR 2.064. :NTQ U@KTD HR FQD@SDQ SG@M SGHR, RN XNT
QDIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR @MC BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD RSTCX OQNCTBDC DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD U@QH@AKDR @QD RHFMHEHB@MSKX BNQQDK@SDC.
6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM SBCE, SGD O-U@KTD HR 2SBCE(2.417, 10>99, 24) = 0.0118. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR @MC BNMBKTCD
SG@S SGD RSTCX OQNCTBDC DUHCDMBD SG@S SGD U@QH@AKDR @QD RHFMHEHB@MSKX BNQQDK@SDC.
12.7: .L?>C=NCIH
272. y
^
= 25 + 16(5) = 105
273. #DB@TRD SGD HMSDQBDOS @OOD@QR HM ANSG OQDCHBSDC U@KTDR, XNT B@M HFMNQD HS HM B@KBTK@SHMF @ OQDCHBSDC CHEEDQDMBD
RBNQD. 5GD CHEEDQDMBD HM FQ@LR NE EHADQ ODQ RDQUHMF HR 6 k 3 = 3 @MC SGD OQDCHBSDC CHEEDQDMBD HM FQ@LR NE ONS@RRHTL ODQ
RDQUHMF HR (16)(3) = 48.
12.8: -ONFC?LM
274. "M NTSKHDQ HR @M NARDQUDC U@KTD SG@S HR E@Q EQNL SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD. " QTKD NE SGTLA HR SG@S @ ONHMS LNQD
SG@M SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR NE SGD QDRHCT@KR EQNL HSR OQDCHBSDC U@KTD NM SGD KD@RS RPT@QDR QDFQDRRHNM KHMD HR @M NTSKHDQ.
275. "M HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS HR @M NARDQUDC U@KTD HM @ C@S@ RDS SG@S HR E@Q EQNL NSGDQ ONHMSR HM SGD C@S@ RDS, HM @ GNQHYNMS@K
CHQDBSHNM. 6MKHJD @M NTSKHDQ, @M HMEKTDMSH@K ONHMS HR CDSDQLHMDC AX HSR QDK@SHNMRGHO VHSG NSGDQ U@KTDR HM SGD C@S@ RDS, MNS AX HSR
QDK@SHNMRGHO SN SGD QDFQDRRHNM KHMD.
276. 5GD OQDCHBSDC U@KTD ENQ X HR: y
^
= 5 + 0.3x = 5.6 . 5GD U@KTD NE 6.2 HR KDRR SG@M SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR EQNL SGD
OQDCHBSDC U@KTD, RN HS CNDR MNS PT@KHEX @R @M NTSKHDQ.
3DRHCT@K ENQ (2, 6.2): 6.2 k 5.6 = 0.6 (0.6 < 2(0.4))
277. 5GD OQDCHBSDC U@KTD ENQ X HR: y
^
= 2.3 k 0.1(4.1) = 1.89. 5GD U@KTD NE 2.32 HR LNQD SG@M SVN RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR
EQNL SGD OQDCHBSDC U@KTD, RN HS PT@KHEHDR @R @M NTSKHDQ.
3DRHCT@K ENQ (4.1, 2.34): 2.32 k 1.89 = 0.43 (0.43 > 2(0.13))
13.1: -H?-5;S A,-4A
278.
1. &@BG R@LOKD HR CQ@VM EQNL @ MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC ONOTK@SHNM
2. "KK R@LOKDR @QD HMCDODMCDMS @MC Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC.
3. 5GD ONOTK@SHNMR EQNL VGHBG SGD R@LOKDR @QD CQ@V G@UD DPT@K RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR.
4. 5GD E@BSNQ HR @ B@SDFNQHB@K U@QH@AKD.
5. 5GD QDRONMRD HR @ MTLDQHB@K U@QH@AKD.
279. !
0
: Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = Z4
!
7
: "S KD@RS SVN NE SGD FQNTO LD@MR Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 @QD MNS DPT@K.
898 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
D
R
A
F
T
:

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280. 5GD HMCDODMCDMS R@LOKDR J-SDRS B@M NMKX BNLO@QD LD@MR EQNL SVN FQNTOR, VGHKD NMD-V@X "/07" B@M BNLO@QD
LD@MR NE LNQD SG@M SVN FQNTOR.
281. &@BG R@LOKD @OOD@QR SN G@UD ADDM CQ@VM EQNL @ MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC ONOTK@SHNMR, SGD E@BSNQ HR @ B@SDFNQHB@K
U@QH@AKD (LDSGNC), SGD NTSBNLD HR @ MTLDQHB@K U@QH@AKD (SDRS RBNQD), @MC XNT VDQD SNKC SGD R@LOKDR VDQD HMCDODMCDMS
@MC Q@MCNLKX RDKDBSDC, RN SGNRD QDPTHQDLDMSR @QD LDS. )NVDUDQ, D@BG R@LOKD G@R @ CHEEDQDMS RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, @MC SGHR
RTFFDRSR SG@S SGD ONOTK@SHNMR EQNL VGHBG SGDX VDQD CQ@VM @KRN G@UD CHEEDQDMS RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNMR, VGHBG HR @ UHNK@SHNM NE
@M @RRTLOSHNM ENQ NMD-V@X "/07". 'TQSGDQ RS@SHRSHB@K SDRSHMF VHKK AD MDBDRR@QX SN SDRS SGD @RRTLOSHNM NE DPT@K U@QH@MBD
ADENQD OQNBDDCHMF VHSG SGD @M@KXRHR.
282. 0MD NE SGD @RRTLOSHNMR ENQ @ NMD-V@X "/07" HR SG@S SGD R@LOKDR @QD CQ@VM EQNL MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC
ONOTK@SHNMR. 4HMBD SVN NE XNTQ R@LOKDR G@UD @M @OOQNWHL@SDKX TMHENQL CHRSQHATSHNM, SGHR B@RSR CNTAS NM VGDSGDQ SGHR
@RRTLOSHNM G@R ADDM LDS. 'TQSGDQ RS@SHRSHB@K SDRSHMF VHKK AD MDBDRR@QX SN CDSDQLHMD HE XNT B@M OQNBDDC VHSG SGD @M@KXRHR.
13.2: 2B? F "CMNLC<ONCIH
283. ,,
M?J>?D
HR SGD RTL NE RPT@QDR VHSGHM FQNTOR, QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD U@QH@SHNM HM NTSBNLD SG@S B@MMNS AD @SSQHATSDC SN SGD
CHEEDQDMS EDDC RTOOKDLDMSR, ATS CTD SN HMCHUHCT@K NQ BG@MBD E@BSNQR @LNMF SGD B@KUDR HM D@BG FQNTO.
284. ,,
8;JM;;D
HR SGD RTL NE RPT@QDR ADSVDDM FQNTOR, QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD U@QH@SHNM HM NTSBNLD SG@S B@M AD @SSQHATSDC SN SGD
CHEEDQDMS EDDC RTOOKDLDMSR.
285. A = SGD MTLADQ NE FQNTOR = 4
D
1
= SGD MTLADQ NE B@RDR HM FQNTO 1 = 30
D = SGD SNS@K MTLADQ NE B@RDR = 4(30) = 120
286. ,,
JEJ7B
= ,,
M?J>?D
+ ,,
8;JM;;D
RN ,,
8;JM;;D
= ,,
JEJ7B
k ,,
M?J>?D
621.4 k 374.5 = 246.9
287. 5GD LD@M RPT@QDR HM @M "/07" @QD ENTMC AX CHUHCHMF D@BG RTL NE RPT@QDR AX HSR QDRODBSHUD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL
(:<).
'NQ ,,
JEJ7B
, :< = D k 1 = 120 k 1 = 119.
'NQ ,,
8;JM;;D
, :< = J k 1 = 4 k 1 = 3.
'NQ ,,
M?J>?D
, :< = 120 k 4 = 116.
&,
8;JM;;D
=
246.9
3
= 82.3
&,
M?J>?D
=
374.5
116
= 3.23
288. F =
MS
between
MS
within
=
82.3
3.23
= 25.48
289. *S VNTKC AD K@QFDQ, ADB@TRD XNT VNTKC AD CHUHCHMF AX @ RL@KKDQ MTLADQ. 5GD U@KTD NE &,
8;JM;;D
VNTKC MNS BG@MFD
VHSG @ BG@MFD NE R@LOKD RHYD, ATS SGD U@KTD NE &,
M?J>?D
VNTKC AD RL@KKDQ, ADB@TRD XNT VNTKC AD CHUHCHMF AX @ K@QFDQ MTLADQ
(:<
M?J>?D
VNTKC AD 136, MNS 116). %HUHCHMF @ BNMRS@MS AX @ RL@KKDQ MTLADQ OQNCTBDR @ K@QFDQ QDRTKS.
13.3: $;=NM A<ION NB? F "CMNLC<ONCIH
290. "KK ATS BGNHBD B, k3.61. F 4S@SHRSHBR @QD @KV@XR FQD@SDQ SG@M NQ DPT@K SN 0.
291. "R SGD CDFQDDR NE EQDDCNL HMBQD@RD HM @M F CHRSQHATSHNM, SGD CHRSQHATSHNM ADBNLDR LNQD MD@QKX MNQL@K. )HRSNFQ@L
F2 HR BKNRDQ SN @ MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM SG@M GHRSNFQ@L F1, RN SGD R@LOKD CHROK@XDC HM GHRSNFQ@L F1 V@R CQ@VM EQNL SGD F
3,15
ONOTK@SHNM, @MC SGD R@LOKD CHROK@XDC HM GHRSNFQ@L F2 V@R CQ@VM EQNL SGD F
5,500
ONOTK@SHNM.
292. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 'BCE, F-U@KTD = 'BCE(3.67, 1&, 3,50) = 0.0182. 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
293. 6RHMF SGD B@KBTK@SNQ ETMBSHNM 'BCE, F-U@KTD = 'BCE(4.72, 1&, 4, 100) = 0.0016 3DIDBS SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR.
13.4: 2?MN I@ 2QI 4;LC;H=?M
294. 5GD R@LOKDR LTRS AD CQ@VM EQNL ONOTK@SHNMR SG@S @QD MNQL@KKX CHRSQHATSDC, @MC LTRS AD CQ@VM EQNL HMCDODMCDMS
ONOTK@SHNMR.
295. -DS
M
2
= U@QH@MBD HM L@SG FQ@CDR, @MC
E
2
= U@QH@MBD HM &MFKHRG FQ@CDR.
!
0
:
M
2
x
E
2
!
7
:
M
2
>
E
2
21.6 U .L;=NC=? $CH;F #R;G 1
1IFONCIHM
296. A. HMCDODMCDMS
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 899
D
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A
F
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297. B.
4
16
298. A. 5VN LD@RTQDLDMSR @QD CQ@VM EQNL SGD R@LD O@HQ NE HMCHUHCT@KR NQ NAIDBSR.
299. A.
68
118
300. C.
30
52
301. A.
8
40
302. A. 2.78
303. @. 8.25
304. B. 0.2870
305. B. /NQL@K
306. C. !
7
: F
A
w F
B
307. A. BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD O@RR Q@SD ENQ .@SG 1" HR CHEEDQDMS SG@M SGD O@RR Q@SD ENQ .@SG 1# VGDM, HM E@BS, SGD O@RR Q@SDR
@QD SGD R@LD.
308. A. MNS QDIDBS !
0
309. B. *QHR
310. B. 4STCDMS'R J
311. A. HR KDES-S@HKDC.
312. B. BKTRSDQ R@LOKHMF
313. A. LDCH@M
314. @. SGD OQNA@AHKHSX SG@S @M NTSBNLD NE SGD C@S@ VHKK G@OODM OTQDKX AX BG@MBD VGDM SGD MTKK GXONSGDRHR HR SQTD.
315. C. RSQ@SHEHDC
316. A. 25
317. B. 4
318. @. (1.85, 2.32)
319. B. #NSG @ANUD @QD BNQQDBS.
320. B. 5.8
321. B. 0.6321
322. @. 0.8413
323. @. (0.6030, 0.7954)
324. @. N
145,
14
10
325. C. 3.66
326. A. 5.1
327. @. 13.46
328. A. 5GDQD HR @ RSQNMF KHMD@Q O@SSDQM. 5GDQDENQD, HS HR LNRS KHJDKX @ FNNC LNCDK SN AD TRDC.
329. A. Chi
2
3
.
330. C. 70
331. A. 5GDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD BGNHBD NE L@INQ @MC SGD FDMCDQ NE SGD RSTCDMS @QD MNS
HMCDODMCDMS NE D@BG NSGDQ.
332. @. Chi
2
FNNCMDRR-NE-EHS
21.7 U .L;=NC=? $CH;F #R;G 2
1IFONCIHM
333. A. O@Q@LDSDQ.
334. @.
335. B. RDUDM
336. B. 0.02
337. B. MNMD NE SGD @ANUD
338. C.
100
140
339. @. v 0
340. A. 5GD U@KTDR ENQ N @QD: Z1, 2, 3,..., 14\
341. B. 0.9417.
342. C. AHMNLH@K
343. C. 8.7
900 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
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344. @. k1.96
345. @. 0.6321
346. C. 360
347. A. N
72,
72
50
348. @.
3
9
349. C.
350. A. 5.5
351. C. 6.92
352. @. 5
353. A. 0.8541
354. A. 0.2
355. @. k1.
356. B. L@SBGDC O@HQR, CDODMCDMS FQNTOR.
357. C. 3DIDBS !
0
358. B. SGDQD HR RTEEHBHDMS DUHCDMBD SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ L@KDR HR GHFGDQ SG@M SGD OQNONQSHNM ENQ EDL@KDR.
359. A. MN
360. A. F-U@KTD HR BKNRD SN 1.
361. A. /N
362. B. y
^
= 79.96N k 0.0094
363. C. 8D RGNTKC MNS AD DRSHL@SHMF GDQD.
364. @.
365. @. 5GD F-U@KTD HR > 0.10. 5GDQD HR HMRTEEHBHDMS HMENQL@SHNM SN BNMBKTCD SG@S SGD CHRSQHATSHNM HR MNS TMHENQL.
366. B. 5GD SDRS HR SN CDSDQLHMD HE SGD CHEEDQDMS FQNTOR G@UD SGD R@LD LD@MR.
1-*32'-,1
"'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 ' 901
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902 "'/3$1 21 W //$-#(7 '
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22 U A..#,"'6 '
1-*32'-,1
"'/3$1 22 W //$-#(7 ( 903
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',"#6
1SG<IFM
], 506
A
=>OKHQPA R=HQA KB = NAOE@Q=H, 673
=HPANJ=PERA DULKPDAOEO, 500
J=HUOEO KB 5=NE=J?A, 753
NA= PK PDA HABP, 373
NA= PK PDA NECDP, 373
=OOQILPEKJ, 505
=RAN=CA, 13
RAN=CA, 52, 424
>=H=J?A@ @AOECJ, 743

>=N CN=LD, 19
!ANJKQHHE 3NE=H, 261
!ANJKQHHE 3NE=HO, 285
>EJKIE=H @EOPNE>QPEKJ, 415, 459,
505
!EJKIE=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ, 472, 526
!EJKIE=H $TLANEIAJP, 285
>EJKIE=H LNK>=>EHEPU @EOPNE>QPEKJ,
261
!EJKIE=H /NK>=>EHEPU #EOPNE>QPEKJ,
285
>ER=NE=PA, 666
!HEJ@EJC, 42, 52
!KT LHKP, 133
!KT LHKPO, 111
>KT-=J@-SDEOGAN LHKPO, 111
!
"=PACKNE?=H 5=NE=>HA, 52
"=PACKNE?=H R=NE=>HAO, 13
?AJPN=H HEIEP PDAKNAI, 399, 400,
510
"AJPN=H +EIEP 3DAKNAI, 424, 526
?AJPN=H HEIEP PDAKNAI BKN IA=JO,
403
?AJPN=H HEIEP PDAKNAI BKN OQIO,
405
?DE-OMQ=NA @EOPNE>QPEKJ, 606
?HP, 408
"HQOPAN 2=ILHEJC, 52
"KABBE?EAJP KB "KNNAH=PEKJ, 702
?KABBE?EAJP KB @APANIEJ=PEKJ, 677
"KDAJ'O d, 558
?KILHAIAJP, 185
?KJ@EPEKJ=H LNK>=>EHEPU, 185, 325
"KJ@EPEKJ=H /NK>=>EHEPU, 222, 346
?KJBE@AJ?A EJPANR=H, 442, 454
"KJBE@AJ?A (JPANR=H ("(), 472,
526
?KJBE@AJ?A EJPANR=HO, 459
"KJBE@AJ?A EJPANR=HO, 500
?KJBE@AJ?A HARAH, 443, 459
"KJBE@AJ?A +ARAH ("+), 472
?KJPEJCAJ?U P=>HA, 201, 222, 618
"KJPEJCAJ?U 3=>HA, 637
?KJPEJQEPU ?KNNA?PEKJ B=?PKN, 415
?KJPEJQKQO, 15
"KJPEJQKQO 1=J@KI 5=NE=>HA, 52
?KJPEJQKQO N=J@KI R=NE=>HA, 329
?KJPNKH CNKQL, 42
"KJPNKH &NKQL, 52
"KJRAJEAJ?A 2=ILHEJC, 52
?NEPE?=H R=HQA, 375
?QIQH=PERA @EOPNE>QPEKJ BQJ?PEKJ
("#%), 332
"QIQH=PERA NAH=PERA BNAMQAJ?U, 34
"QIQH=PERA 1AH=PERA %NAMQAJ?U,
52
"
@=P=, 11
#=P=, 13, 52
@A?=U L=N=IAPAN, 346
@ACNAAO KB BNAA@KI, 454
#ACNAAO KB %NAA@KI (d!), 472,
577
@ACNAAO KB BNAA@KI (d!), 553
#ALAJ@AJP $RAJPO, 222
@AO?NELPERA OP=PEOPE?O, 12
@EO?NAPA, 15
#EO?NAPA 1=J@KI 5=NE=>HA, 52
@KQ>HA->HEJ@ ATLANEIAJP, 42
#KQ>HA->HEJ@EJC, 52
#
$ILENE?=H 1QHA, 370
AILENE?=H NQHA, 442
AMQ=H OP=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJO, 734
$MQ=HHU HEGAHU, 184
$MQ=HHU +EGAHU, 222
AMQ=HHU HEGAHU, 320
ANNKN >KQJ@, 459
ANNKN >KQJ@ BKN = LKLQH=PEKJ
IA=J, 443, 455
$NNKN !KQJ@ BKN = /KLQH=PEKJ
,A=J (EBM), 472
$NNKN !KQJ@ BKN = /KLQH=PEKJ
/NKLKNPEKJ ($!/), 472
ARAJP, 184
$RAJP, 222
ATLA?PA@ R=HQA, 253
$TLA?PA@ 5=HQA, 285
ATLA?PA@ R=HQAO, 607
ATLANEIAJP, 184
$TLANEIAJP, 222
ATLANEIAJP=H QJEP, 42
$TLANEIAJP=H 4JEP, 52
ATLH=J=PKNU R=NE=>HA, 42
$TLH=J=PKNU 5=NE=>HA, 52
ATLKJAJPE=H @EOPNE>QPEKJ, 328, 411
$TLKJAJPE=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ, 346, 424
ATPN=LKH=PEKJ, 683
$
F @EOPNE>QPEKJ, 734
F N=PEK, 735
B=EN, 184
BENOP MQ=NPEHA, 115
%ENOP 0Q=NPEHA, 133
BNAMQAJ?U, 33, 98
%NAMQAJ?U, 52, 133
%NAMQAJ?U /KHUCKJ, 133
%NAMQAJ?U 3=>HA, 133
%
CAKIAPNE? @EOPNE>QPEKJ, 269
&AKIAPNE? #EOPNE>QPEKJ, 285
&AKIAPNE? $TLANEIAJP, 285
CKK@JAOO-KB-BEP PAOP, 607
&
DEOPKCN=I, 98
'EOPKCN=I, 133
DULANCAKIAPNE? ATLANEIAJP, 287
'ULANCAKIAPNE? $TLANEIAJP, 285
DULANCAKIAPNE? LNK>=>EHEPU, 271
'ULANCAKIAPNE? /NK>=>EHEPU, 285
DULKPDAOAO, 500
'ULKPDAOEO, 526
DULKPDAOEO PAOP, 505, 507, 527
DULKPDAOEO PAOPEJC, 500
'ULKPDAOEO 3AOPEJC, 526
'
EJ@ALAJ@AJP, 188, 195
(J@ALAJ@AJP $RAJPO, 222
(J@ALAJ@AJP CNKQLO, 552
EJBANAJPE=H OP=PEOPE?O, 12, 442
(JBANAJPE=H 2P=PEOPE?O, 472
EJBHQAJPE=H LKEJPO, 683
EJBKNIA@ ?KJOAJP, 44
(JBKNIA@ "KJOAJP, 52
(JOPEPQPEKJ=H 1AREAS !K=N@, 52
(JOPEPQPEKJ=H 1AREAS !K=N@O ((1!),
44
EJPANLKH=PEKJ, 683
EJPANMQ=NPEHA N=JCA, 115
(JPANMQ=NPEHA 1=JCA, 133
(JPANR=H, 133
EJPANR=H O?=HA, 32
*
H=S KB H=NCA JQI>ANO, 185, 409
904 (-#$7
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+A=OP-2MQ=NAO +EJA, 671
HA=OP-OMQ=NAO NACNAOOEKJ HEJA,
673
HARAH KB IA=OQNAIAJP, 32
+ARAH KB 2ECJEBE?=J?A KB PDA 3AOP ,
526
+EJA KB !AOP %EP, 671
HEJA=N NACNAOOEKJ, 671
HKJC-PANI NAH=PERA BNAMQAJ?U, 184
+QNGEJC 5=NE=>HA, 52
HQNGEJC R=NE=>HAO, 42
+
I=NCEJ KB ANNKN, 442
I=P?DA@ L=ENO, 552
IA=J, 13, 124, 253, 400, 403,
409
,A=J, 133, 285, 424
,A=J KB = /NK>=>EHEPU #EOPNE>QPEKJ,
285
IA=J OMQ=NA, 735
IA@E=J, 115, 124
,A@E=J, 133
IAIKNUHAOO LNKLANPU, 346
,E@LKEJP, 133
IK@A, 126
,K@A, 133
IQHPER=NE=PA, 666
IQPQ=HHU AT?HQOERA, 189, 196
,QPQ=HHU $T?HQOERA, 222
,
JKIEJ=H O?=HA, 32
-KJO=ILHEJC $NNKN, 52
JKNI=H =LLNKTEI=PEKJ PK PDA
>EJKIE=H, 415
-KNI=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ, 385, 424,
472, 526
JKNI=H @EOPNE>QPEKJ, 454, 460, 504
-KNI=H @EOPNE>QPEKJ, 560
JKNI=HHU @EOPNE>QPA@, 400, 405,
505
JQHH DULKPDAOEO, 500, 505, 505,
506
-QIANE?=H 5=NE=>HA, 52
-QIANE?=H R=NE=>HAO, 13
-
K>OANRA@ R=HQAO, 607
.JA-6=U -.5, 753
KN@EJ=H O?=HA, 32
KQP?KIA, 184
.QP?KIA, 222
KQPHEAN, 89, 116
.QPHEAN, 133, 702
KQPHEANO, 683
.
(-R=HQA, 505, 506, 507, 527, 526
L=ENA@ @=P= OAP, 108
/=ENA@ #=P= 2AP, 133
L=N=IAPAN, 13, 442
/=N=IAPAN, 52, 472
/=NAPK ?D=NP, 19
/A=NOKJ, 12
/AN?AJPEHA, 133
LAN?AJPEHA, 407
LAN?AJPEHAO, 115
LEA ?D=NP, 19
LH=?A>K, 42
/H=?A>K, 52
LKEJP AOPEI=PA, 442
/KEJP $OPEI=PA, 472
/KEOOKJ @EOPNE>QPEKJ, 346
/KEOOKJ LNK>=>EHEPU @EOPNE>QPEKJ,
273, 287
/KEOOKJ /NK>=>EHEPU #EOPNE>QPEKJ,
286
/KKHA@ /NKLKNPEKJ, 577
LKLQH=PEKJ, 12, 30
/KLQH=PEKJ, 52
LKLQH=PEKJ R=NE=J?A, 628
LKPAJPE=H KQPHEAN, 687
/NK>=>EHEPU, 12, 52, 222
LNK>=>EHEPU, 184
LNK>=>EHEPU @AJOEPU BQJ?PEKJ, 316
LNK>=>EHEPU @EOPNE>QPEKJ BQJ?PEKJ,
250
/NK>=>EHEPU #EOPNE>QPEKJ %QJ?PEKJ
(/#%), 286
LNKLKNPEKJ, 13
/NKLKNPEKJ, 52
/
0Q=HEP=PERA @=P=, 15
0Q=HEP=PERA #=P=, 53
MQ=JPEP=PERA ?KJPEJQKQO @=P=, 15
0Q=JPEP=PERA @=P=, 15
0Q=JPEP=PERA #=P=, 53
MQ=JPEP=PERA @EO?NAPA @=P=, 15
MQ=NPEHAO, 115
0Q=NPEHAO, 115, 133
0
N=J@KI =OOECJIAJP, 42
1=J@KI OOECJIAJP, 53
1=J@KI 2=ILHEJC, 53
N=J@KI R=NE=>HA, 250
1=J@KI R=NE=>HA, 553
1=J@KI 5=NE=>HA, 561
1=J@KI 5=NE=>HA (15), 286
N=PEK O?=HA, 33
NAH=PERA BNAMQAJ?U, 33, 98
1AH=PERA %NAMQAJ?U, 53, 133
NALH=?AIAJP, 188
1ALNAOAJP=PERA 2=ILHA, 53
NAOE@Q=H, 673
NAOLKJOA R=NE=>HA, 42
1AOLKJOA 5=NE=>HA, 53
1
O=ILHA, 12
2=ILHA, 53
O=ILHA IA=J, 402
O=ILHA OEVA, 401, 406
O=ILHA OL=?A, 184, 195, 207
2=ILHA 2L=?A, 222
O=ILHAO, 30
O=ILHEJC, 12
2=ILHEJC !E=O, 53
O=ILHEJC @EOPNE>QPEKJ, 126
2=ILHEJC #EOPNE>QPEKJ, 424
2=ILHEJC $NNKN, 53
O=ILHEJC R=NE=>EHEPU KB = OP=PEOPE?,
75
2=ILHEJC SEPD 1ALH=?AIAJP, 53,
222
2=ILHEJC SEPDKQP 1ALH=?AIAJP,
53, 222
OEILHA N=J@KI O=ILHA, 505
2EILHA 1=J@KI 2=ILHEJC, 53
OEJCHA LKLQH=PEKJ IA=J, 504
OEJCHA LKLQH=PEKJ LNKLKNPEKJ, 504
2GASA@, 133
OP=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJ, 74, 454, 504,
505, 505, 509
2P=J@=N@ #ARE=PEKJ, 133, 472,
526, 577
2P=J@=N@ #ARE=PEKJ KB =
/NK>=>EHEPU #EOPNE>QPEKJ, 286
OP=J@=N@ ANNKN, 552
2P=J@=N@ $NNKN KB PDA ,A=J, 424
OP=J@=N@ ANNKN KB PDA IA=J., 401
OP=J@=N@ JKNI=H @EOPNE>QPEKJ, 368
2P=J@=N@ -KNI=H #EOPNE>QPEKJ,
385
OP=PEOPE?, 13
2P=PEOPE?, 53
OP=PEOPE?O, 11
2PN=PEBEA@ 2=ILHEJC, 53
2PQ@AJP'O P-@EOPNE>QPEKJ, 454, 504,
505
2PQ@AJP'O N-#EOPNE>QPEKJ, 472, 526
2QI KB 2MQ=NA@ $NNKNO (22$),
674
OQI KB OMQ=NAO, 735
2UOPAI=PE? 2=ILHEJC, 53
2
PAOP BKN DKIKCAJAEPU, 624
PAOP KB = OEJCHA R=NE=J?A, 628
PAOP KB EJ@ALAJ@AJ?A, 618
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PAOP OP=PEOPE?, 561
3DA -# $RAJP, 222
3DA "KILHAIAJP $RAJP, 222
3DA "KJ@EPEKJ=H /NK>=>EHEPU KB A
&(5$- B, 222
3DA "KJ@EPEKJ=H /NK>=>EHEPU KB
.JA $RAJP &ERAJ JKPDAN $RAJP,
222
3DA +=S KB +=NCA -QI>ANO, 286
3DA .N $RAJP, 222
3DA .1 KB 3SK $RAJPO, 222
3DA OP=J@=N@ @ARE=PEKJ, 560
PDEN@ MQ=NPEHA, 115
PNA=PIAJPO, 42
3NA=PIAJPO, 53
PNAA @E=CN=I, 207
3NAA #E=CN=I, 222
3ULA 1 $NNKN, 526
3ULA 2 $NNKN, 526
3ULA ( ANNKN, 502, 506
3ULA (( ANNKN, 502
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QJB=EN, 185
4JEBKNI #EOPNE>QPEKJ, 346, 424
QJEBKNI @EOPNE>QPEKJ, 409
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R=NE=>HA, 13
5=NE=>HA, 53
5=NE=>HA (1=J@KI 5=NE=>HA), 577
R=NE=J?A, 75
5=NE=J?A, 133, 753
5=NE=J?A >APSAAJ O=ILHAO, 735
5=NE=J?A SEPDEJ O=ILHAO, 735
R=NE=J?AO, 734
5=NE=PEKJ, 30
5AJJ @E=CN=I, 214
5AJJ #E=CN=I, 222
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1-O?KNAO, 368
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DRAFT

Stats draft.indd 1 10/22/13 1:32 PM

U@KTDR ENQ @ R@LOKD, NQ SGD N k Z U@KTDR ENQ @ ONOTK@SHNM). 5GD RXLANK \

+ (#NE45%&7R)(I) ADB@TRD SGD C@S@ HR EQNL @ R@LOKD

+ 1R) = 10.53 + (1)(0.72) = 11.25

k 2I) = 10.53 k (2)(0.72) = 9.09

k 1.5I) = 10.53 k (1.5)(0.72) = 9.45

+ 1.5I) = 10.53 + (1.5)(0.72) = 11.61

= 7.58 @MC SGD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I

= R@LOKD LD@M, SGD B@KBTK@SHNMR @QD SDCHNTR. *S HR TRT@KKX ADRS SN TRD

'NQ +NGM, z = # of STDEVs =

VDQD HM SGD 90R NQ 100, @ E@HQKX GHFG MTLADQ NE "R.

HR @M DW@LOKD NE @ RS@SHRSHB VGHBG DRSHL@SDR SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z.

VGDQD N HR @ U@KTD NE SGD C@S@ @MC x

HR SGD R@LOKD LD@M. 5GD R@LOKD

>. 'HMC SGD R@LOKD RS@MC@QC CDUH@SHNM, I

6.0 IEHAO 6.0 IEHAO

. )(A "/% B) CNDR MNS DPT@K )(A))(B), RN A @MC B @QD CDODMCDMS.

HR )(%NNQ 0MD "/% $@TFGS)

HR )(%NNQ 0MD "/% /NS $@TFGS)

E. 'HMC )(B NM 2MC[+ NM 1RS).

(12) = 2 KN@UDR NE AQD@C.

. 5GD OQNA@AHKHSX NE DW@BSKX N E@HKTQDR

= 1.54 + 6.92 = 5.38

'@BD $@QC @MC 5@HKR 2

(/NS '@BD $@QC) @MC () NQ 5) k2

q )(N > 24) = 0

, VGDQD Z HR SGD LD@M NE SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD.

, @MC VD VQHSD 1 ENF(C) VGDQD

AG:6 ID I=: /><=I D; &: )(1 > N) = (8 k N)

AG:6 B:IL::C c 6C9 d: )(9 < N < :) = (A@RD)(GDHFGS) = (: k

6MHENQL: 1 ] .(7, 8) VGDQD 7 < N < 8

, RN VHCSG = (0.25)(9) = 2.25. 5GTR, SGD U@KTD HR 25 k 2.25 = 22.75.

v 0.7135 k 0.5276 = 0.1859

. 'HMC )(1 > 8) = 1 k )(1 x 8) v 0.0311.

; HE SGHR SQ@MRENQL@SHNM HR @OOKHDC SN @MX MNQL@K CHRSQHATSHNM 1 ]

3 = SGD Q@MCNL U@QH@AKD ENQ P-RBNQDR

VGHBG BNMRHRSR NE R@LOKD LD@MR,

@MC HR B@KKDC SGD HI6C96G9 :GGDG D; I=: B:6C.

lower value of the area, upper value of the area, mean,

= SGD LD@M NE @ R@LOKD NE RHYD 25. 4HMBD Z

< 92). %Q@V @ FQ@OG.

< 92) = 0.6997

= SGD B:6C SHLD, HM GNTQR, HS S@JDR SN OK@X NMD RNBBDQ L@SBG.

'HMC )(1.8 < x

< 2.3). %Q@V @ FQ@OG.

< 2.3) = 0.9977

area to the left of k, mean,

< 8.5) = >?B=3<568

LTRS AD BKNRD SN SGD ONOTK@SHNM LD@M Z. 8D B@M

= SGD LD@M RSQDRR RBNQD ENQ SGD 75 RSTCDMSR. 5GDM,

< 2). %Q@V SGD FQ@OG.

. 'QNL OQDUHNTR BG@OSDQR, VD JMNV SG@S Z = 22 @MC \ = 22.

AX SGD BDMSQ@K KHLHS SGDNQDL ENQ R@LOKD LD@MR

> 20). %Q@V SGD FQ@OG.

> 20) = 0.79199 TRHMF >?B=3<568

> 20) = 0.7919

< 1.85) = >?B=3<568(1.75,1.85,2,0.05) = 0.0013

, @MC RNKUHMF ENQ N, VD G@UD N = 2(0.05) + 2 = 2.1

< 35) = >?B=3<568(E - 99,35,30.9,1.8) = 0.9886

4S@MC@QC &QQNQ NE SGD .D@M (4S@MC@QC %DUH@SHNM ( X

AD SGD Q@MCNLU@QH@AKD QDOQDRDMSHMF SGD LD@M

] ?????? (??????, ??????)

= @UDQ@FD CHRS@MBD HM EDDS ENQ 49 EKX A@KKR, SGDM X