As researchers improve the methods used to produce synthetic peptides, it is becoming easier to create larger batches of peptides at once. This is performed by creating chemical bonds that will mimic the reactions created by an animals body to produce a similar sequence of amino acids that would create a hormone or chemical reaction within the body. n some cases, the bonding sequence of the amino acids are altered when producing synthetic peptides because it can alter the reaction of the peptide or increase the half!life of the peptide once it is applied to an animals blood stream. "reating bulk peptides can pose difficulties for manufacturers as the process can be somewhat unpredictable. The proper methodology for creating bulk batches of peptides vary based on the nature of the chemical. The effectiveness of the methods used to create the necessary chemical bonds to create amino acid chains that produce peptides is still under review, and it is not uncommon for different companies to utili#e different methods in order to create these chains. The key is utili#ing methodologies that are determining the most appropriate method for creating bulk peptides is the process that ensures the highest level of consistency in the final batch of chemicals. Reconstituting Bulk Peptide Batches $very peptide will have different instructions, based on how it was formed and what chemicals are included in the bonds, but there are a few basic guidelines that should be followed to ensure that a viable solution is created. f a peptide is designed to be used with a specific liquid, these instructions should be included with the powder. f the instructions do not make any particular specifications, bacteriostatic water can be used to re!constitute the powder. Almost all peptides can be safely combined with this substance% this is a very cost effective solution for researchers that are working with bulk si#ed batches. There is an e&ception to this rule. '( or any variations in this peptide should be reconstituted with acetic acid solutions. These typically cannot be combines with any other type of liquid. The amount of liquid or peptide powder should be carefully measured before being inserted into a vial for application into a live animal test sub)ect. $very peptide should contain a set amount of applications in the bottle, and this cannot be varied, due to the strength of the solution that was created. n general, the amount of peptide and research liquid that is added should always equal the same weight, which will be specified on the container. f there is no specification, be sure to contact your bulk peptide supplier to determine the proper instructions for this step. n most cases a bulk peptide order will also include syringes that are intended for use in animal testing in research facilities, to ensure accuracy with this part of the process. The strength of an application can be altered as necessary by adding more or less of the peptide in a given solution, so long as the total weight of the solution remains the same within the syringe. This is a common method that is used to determine what application si#e is ideal to elicit the type of response that researchers are hoping to achieve. t is also helpful for determining what application si#es could be dangerous to in)ect into animal tissue because it elicits side!effects. Creating Long Term Shipping Schedules "ompanies that produce bulk sized amounts of peptides often create partnerships with research facilities* to continue providing the supplies necessary for long!term research pro)ects. Those that have a set schedule for ongoing trials can ensure that multiple shipments of peptides that coincide with this schedule. +hipments of different types of peptides can be scheduled to better ensure that these materials can be compared in animal tissues. This is essential for any research that is working to determine what type of peptide is ideal for the type of reaction that is being triggered. Bulk peptide suppliers can help researchers determine the best timing for receiving new shipments of product. +tudies that will be ongoing for several years will need to work with multiple shipments of peptides to ensure that the peptides are fresh and stable enough to work effectively. ,ost peptides can be kept in cold storage for up to two years if they are kept sealed, moisture!free and only constituted when it comes time to apply them to animal test sub)ects. The necessary information to make these decisions should be available on the sale page for the given peptide, but a bulk peptide supplier can always be contacted to answer any additional questions. Seeking out a Source for Bulk Peptides The consistency of product that is made available from a company will help researchers determine whether or not it is appropriate to utili#e these wares for their e&periments. Bulk peptide companies are often willing to share which methodologies they use to create peptides to researchers. This helps people increase the depth of their research by comparing the best methods for creating accurate or reliable peptides. Bulk peptide producers will also typically share their accuracy rates for producing peptides. This will help researchers determine if these peptides are reliable enough to create reactions that can be used as a definitive benchmark for peptide reactions and the development of future research that will depend on the predictability of these reactions. n addition to noting the purity level of a peptide that is listed with a sample available for purchase, it is important to note which method was used to determine this purity ranking. f this information is not available on a sales page, the company should be forthcoming with this information. The only way to fully determine the purity of a sample is to perform a full amino acid analysis. -hile it is impossible to do this on a full bulk sample, there is a range of testing procedures* including mass spec, .P/" and +0+ page* that can provide an indication of what is included in this sample. .owever, the more chemicals and mi&tures included in a component, the less accurate methods such as .P/" will be in determining purity, which can influence the safety of using these samples in a research setting. A great deal of consideration must be given to the storage of peptides after they have been purchased. They must be kept in containers that will ensure that other particles, particularly moisture inducing elements are not able to interact with the peptide. This will damage the structures of the amino acids and can cause a breakdown in their chemical structure. +imilarly, it is also essential that peptides are kept at a consistent temperature to avoid damage during transit and before they are applied to animal tissues. 1nce a peptide is received by a research facility similar care must be given to ensure that peptides are not damaged or begin breaking down before they have been applied to the animal tissues. nstructions for how peptides should be reconstituted and applied should be included with the vials so that a consistent procedure can be followed during this phase of an e&periment. Typically, peptides should only be reconstituted when they are to be applied to the animal test sub)ect, though some are able to remain in their constituted form for up to two weeks without the fear that they will begin showing signs of instability. Resource Box2 http233en.wikipedia.org3wiki3Peptide4sequence