Pronouns: we use them instead of nouns and noun phrases.
There was a five-pound note on the floor of the cafeteria. Someone must have dropped it. Substitution: its the use of forms such as one, ones, so and do so instead of noun phrases, verbs phrases and clauses. Is it a real one? asked Barney. I think so, said Max Ellipsis: its the process of leaving out words and phrases instead of repeating them. Max looked round quickly, then _reached down, _grabbed the money and _hurried out of the room.
PERSONAL, GENERIC AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS SUBJECT PRONOUNS OBJECT PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS I ME MINE YOU YOU YOURS HE HIM HIS SHE HER HERS IT IT - WE US OURS YOU YOU YOURS THEY THEM THEIRS They are usually before the verb. They are usually after verbs and prepositions.* We use them in place of possessive noun phrases and when answering to Whose?* GENERIC PRONOUNS They are: You: people in general, including the speaker. We: to make a statement of opinion more general and to include the reader/listener. One: people in general. Its very formal and rarely used in modern Enlglish. They: other people in general or people in authority (informal situations) DEMONSTRATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS o Demonstratives are: this that these those o This / These -> things near or closely connected to the speaker (place and time) -> to introduce people o That / Those -> for things further away (place and time) -> identifying people in the distance. o Indefinite pronouns are: someone, something, anyone, anything, everyone, everything, no one and nothing. We use them in a very general way, usually because we cant or dont identify people or things specifically.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS Characteristics In subject positions, we use them with singular verbs and plural pronouns. We usually use all the combinations with some for affirmative sentences and questions expecting positive answers. We usually use all the combinations with any for negative sentences and open questions. Also to mean it doesnt matter who or what. Somewhere, anywhere, etc. are indefinite pronouns.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS We use a reflexive pronoun instead of an object pronoun when the object is the same person or thing as the subject. They are: myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves Uses: after prepositions when the object of the preposition is the same as the subject. After prepositions of place and verbs such as take and bring, we use object pronouns not reflexive ones. After noun phrases and pronouns to emphasise a particular person or thing or after a verb phrase to emphasise without help. Also, after certain verbs to emphasise that the action is difficult. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS We use reciprocal pronouns instead of reflexives when the same action or feeling goes both ways between two or more people and things. They are each other and one another (they have the same meaning) Uses: After prepositions and as possessives. We can use each as subject and the other as object when the action goes both ways. EMPTY SUBJECT IT We use it as an empty subject with the verb be in expressions of time, distance and weather. We use it as a personal pronoun subject when we are referring to a thing or animal. We use it + be before an adjective or noun plus a noun clause. We can also use it + be before an adjective or noun plus a gerund or infinitive.
EMPTY SUBJECT IT After it, we usually use a form of the verb be, but we can use verbs such as surprise and frighten plus an object to describe a reaction and verbs such as seem and appear to express a conclusion. We can also use it as an empty object after liking verbs before a noun clause and after verbs such as find, make and think before an adjective plus a clause or infinitive. After some verbs such as regard, see and view before and adjective to express opinion. We put as after it.