FAMILY NAME

Unless stated otherwise, all questions in this test are based on the information
obtained from a study described below.

FIRST NAME

A survey was done on a random sample of 112 Macquarie University students taking
STAT170, and information was collected on the following variables:

STUDENT ID

Sex:
Level:
Test 1, Semester 3, 2011

Study:

Introductory Statistics

TV:
Grade:

Unit Code:
Examination Time:

0=female, 1=male
Students perception of the difficulty level of STAT170:
0=difficult , 1=appropriate
Average number of hours studying STAT170 per week
(collected from Week 2- Week 11 only)
Average number of hour watching TV per week
Grade expected in STAT170: 1=HD, 2=D, 3=Cr, 4=P, 5=F

STAT170
50 Minutes
Question 1
In a statistical study,

Instructions

is an example of which of the following?

A. sample parameter
#B. sample statistic
C. population parameter
D. population statistic
E. an area of study called statistics, for example STAT170 Introductory Statistics.

Using 2B pencil, write your name and student number in the appropriate space on the
answer sheet, starting from the left-hand corner.
For each question, decide which of the answers is most appropriate and mark in pencil
the corresponding letter on your answer sheet.

Question 2
A representative sample is one which:

All questions are of equal value.

There are 37 questions.
Tables and formulas are provided at the end of this booklet.
Write your name and student number on this booklet, which must be handed in, together
with your answer sheet.

A. should give unbiased results

B. should look like the population from which it arises
C. should always be selected for data analysis
#D. all of the above
E. none of the above
Question 3
In a statistical study, which of the following about target population is FALSE?
A. There are many possible target populations for a selected sample.
B. Target population must be well defined.
C. Target population must include the sample chosen.
#D. Statisticians calculate statistics from target population.
E. None of the above.

This test consists of 11 pages, including the cover page,

excluding tables and formulas.

Question 4
What is the difference between parameters and statistics?

NO PART OF THIS EXAMINATION PAPER IS TO BE TAKEN FROM

THE EXAMINATION ROOM.

DO NOT START UNTIL INSTRUCTED TO DO SO

A. Statistics describe populations, whereas parameters describe samples

#B. Statistics describe characteristics of samples, whereas parameters describe
characteristics of populations.
C. Statistics can be estimated, but parameters are calculated.
D. Both statistics and parameters are estimated.
E. Statistics have fixed values, but parameters have a range of values.

Question 9
What is the appropriate visual display (graphic) which could help you answer the
Research question: Is there a difference between the average number of hours of
study between the two groups who think the level of STAT170 is appropriate or
difficult?

Question 5
What is the type of the variable Grade?
A. numerical and discrete
B. categorical and nominal
#C. categorical and ordinal
D. categorical and discrete
E. categorical and numerical

A. histogram
#B. comparative boxplots
C. stem-and-leaf plot
D. clustered barchart
E. scatter plot

Question 6
What is the type of the variable TV?
Question 10
In a certain sample, the values of Study are:
0 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 8 (hours)
What is the 80% percentile of this sample?

#A. numerical and continuous

B. categorical and nominal
C. categorical and ordinal
D. numerical and discrete
E. normal

Question 7
In Week 13 when the examination draws near, it is known from past history that the
number of hours students study for STAT170 is 1.5 times their usual number of hours
per week in Week 2 Week 11. Define a new variable, Study13 to be the number of
hours of study for STAT170 undertaken in Week 13. Indicate how the mean and
standard deviation (SD) of Study13 compare to those of Study.
A. Both mean and SD are unchanged.
#B. Both mean and SD of Study13 are 1.5 times the mean and SD of Study
respectively.
C. Mean of Study13 is 1.5 times the mean of Study, while SD is unchanged.
D. Mean is unchanged, but SD of Study13 is 1.5 times the SD of Study.
E. None of the above.

A. 80%
B. 5
#C. 5.5
D. 6
E. 8

Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following information:

The variable Study is known to be normally distributed with a mean of 6 hours and
standard deviation of 3 hours.
Question 11
If 16 students were randomly selected, how many of them would you expect to study
more than 7 hours per week? Round your result to the nearest integer.
A. 2
B. 5
#C. 6
D. 10
E. Cannot be calculated, since 16<25 and the CLT is violated.

Question 8
What is the appropriate visual display (graphic) which could help you answer the
Research question: Do male and female STAT170 students have the same
expectation of their Grades?

Question 12
What is the probability that a randomly selected sample of 9 students has a mean
value of Study of less than 7 hours?

A. histogram
B. bar chart
C. pie chart
#D. clustered bar chart
E. stem-and-leaf plot

A. 0.159
B. 0.370
C. 0.631
#D. 0.841
E. Cannot be calculated, since 9<25 and the CLT is violated.

Question 13
What is the 30th percentile of Study in the population?

Question 17
What is the appropriate test statistic to test the claim?

A. 30%
B. 0.3
#C. 4.44 hours
D. 7.56 hours
E. Cannot be found because n is unknown in the equation n*p/100.

#A. z = 2.80
B. z = -2.80
C. z = 3.35
D. z = -3.35
E. None of the above.

Questions 14 to 25 are based on the following information:

In the survey of 112 students, 92 students thought that the level of STAT170 was
appropriate, while 20 students thought it was difficult.
Past history indicates that the percentage of students who thought the level of
STAT170 was appropriate was 70%.
Research question: Is the proportion of all STAT170 students who think the
level of STAT170 is appropriate equal to 70%?

Question 18
What is the p-value for the test?
A. p-val = 0.0026
#B. p-val = 0.0051
C. p-val = 0.00081
D. p-val = 0.00041
E. p-val > 0.05

Question 14
What are the assumptions to be checked before the appropriate hypothesis test is
performed?

Question 19
What is the conclusion of the test?

A. n 25
B. np 25 and n(1-p) 25
C. n 25 and n(1- ) 25
D. np 5 and n(1-p) 5
#E. n 5 and n(1- ) 5

A. The population proportion of STAT170 who think the level of STAT170 is

appropriate is less than 0.7.
#B. The population proportion of STAT170 who think the level of STAT170 is
appropriate is more than 0.7.
C. The population proportion of STAT170 who think the level of STAT170 is
appropriate could be 0.7.
D. The sample proportion of STAT170 who think the level of STAT170 is appropriate
is less than 0.7.
E. The sample proportion of STAT170 who think the level of STAT170 is appropriate
is more than 0.7.

Question 15
Which of the following is a correct statement of the null hypothesis?
#A. H0: = 0.7
B. H0: = 0.8214
C. H0: p = 0.7
D. H0: p = 0.8214
E. H0: y = 92

Question 20
What is the correct expression in order to calculate a 95% C.I. for the population
proportion of STAT170 who think the level of STAT170 is appropriate?
A.

Question 16
What is the meaning of the null hypothesis in words?
A. The sample proportion of STAT170 students who think the level of STAT170 is
appropriate is 0.7.
B. The sample proportion of STAT170 students who think the level of STAT170 is
appropriate is 0.8214.
#C. The population proportion of STAT170 students who think the level of STAT170
is appropriate is 0.7.
D. The population proportion of STAT170 students who think the level of STAT170 is
appropriate is 0.8214.
E. The number of students who think the level of STAT170 is appropriate is 92.

0.8214 1.96

0.7 0.3
112

B. 0.8214 1.96 0.8214 0.1786

92

#C. 0.8214 1.96 0.8214 0.1786

112

D. 0.7 1.96 0.7 0.3

112

E. 0.7 1.96 0.7 0.3 .

92

Question 21
What is the interpretation of the 95% CI above?
A. 95% chance the sample proportion is equal to population proportion.
B. We are 95% confident that the sample proportion lies between 0.75 and 0.89
#C. We are 95% confident that the population proportion lies between 0.75 and 0.89
D. We are 95% confident that the population proportion lies between 0.73 and 0.91
E. None of the above.

Questions 26 to 31 are based on the following information:

In the table below, there were 7 students who failed STAT170 in the previous
semester and had to re-do the unit. The following shows the average number of
hours per week each of these students spent in the previous semester and in this
current semester.
Name
Rose
Mathew
Julian
Bill
Peter
Petra
Adam

Question 22
Does this 95% C.I contain the sample proportion?

No. of hours
(previous semester)
1
3
5
3
3
2
3

No. of hours
(current semester)
3.5
5
7
3
4
3.5
5

#A. Definitely yes (100% certain)

B. Definitely no
C. 95% chance containing the sample proportion
D. 5% chance containing the sample proportion
E. Unable to determine

Research question: Is there a difference between the average number of hours

per week studying STAT170 in the previous semester and in this semester?

Question 23
Does this 95% C.I contain the true population proportion?

Question 26
What is the sample standard deviation which may be used for the appropriate test
statistic to investigate the research question?

A. Definitely yes (100% certain)

B. Definitely no
#C. 95% chance containing the true population proportion
D. 5% chance containing the true population proportion
E. Unable to determine

A. 0.776
B. 1.829
#C. 0.838
D. 1.291
E. None of the above.

Question 24
If the sample size is increased, what is the effect on the 95% CI?

Question 27
What is the appropriate statement of the null hypothesis?

A. The 95% CI will not change.

B. The 95% CI will become longer.
#C. The 95% CI will become shorter.
D. The CI will become longer, the name 95% CI has to be changed to something like
98% CI.
E. The CI will become shorter, the name 95% CI has to be changed to something
like 92% CI.

#A. H0: d = 0
B. H0: 1 = 2

Question 25
Suppose the University Council claims that the percentage of students who think the
level of STAT170 is appropriate is 80% (instead of 70%). Using 95% CI you found
earlier, what can you say about the University Councils claim about the proportion of
STAT170 students who think the level of STAT170 is appropriate?
A. The population proportion is equal to 0.7.
B. The population proportion could be equal to 0.7.
C. The population proportion is equal to 0.8.
#D. The population proportion could be equal to 0.8.
E. The population proportion is not equal to 0.8.

C. H0:

y1 = y2

D. H0: y d = 0
E. None of the above.

Question 28
What is the absolute value (i.e. disregard the + or sign) of the test statistic?
A. t = 5.35
B. t = 2.28
#C. t = 4.96
D. z = 4.96
E. None of the above

Question 29
What is the p-value for the test?

Question 32
What is the sample standard deviation which may be used for the appropriate test
statistic to investigate the research question?

A. 0.02 < p-val < 0.05

#B. 0.002 < p-val < 0.005
C. p-val > 0.05
D. 0.00063
E. None of the above

A. 2.3
#B. 2.32
C. 5.38
D. 0.6
E. 0.221

Question 30
What is the conclusion of the test?

Question 33
What is the appropriate statement of the null hypothesis?

A. There could be a difference, on average, between the average number of hours

per week studying STAT170 in the previous semester and in this semester.
B. There is no difference, on average, between the average number of hours per
week studying STAT170 in the previous semester and in this semester.
C. There could be no difference, on average, between the average number of hours
per week studying STAT170 in the previous semester and in this semester.
#D. The number of hours per week studying STAT170 in the previous semester is
less than that in this semester, on average.
E. None of the above.

#A. H0: 1 = 2
B. H0: d = 0
C. H0:

y1 = y2

D. H0: y d = 0
E. None of the above.

Question 34
What is the absolute value (i.e. disregard the + or sign) of the test statistic?
Question 31
What is the correct expression in order to calculate a 95% C.I. for the population
mean of the difference in the number of hours per week spent in the previous
semester and in the current semester?
A. 1.571 1.96 1.29
B. 1.571 2.179 1.29

1
7

A. z = 1.60
#B. t = 1.60
C. t = 8.73
D. t = 2.28
E. t = 0.30

+ 17
1
7

+ 17
Question 35
What is the p-value of the test?

C. 1.571 1.96 0.838

7
#D. 1.571 2.447 0.838
7

A. p-val < 0.05

B. p-val = 0.1096
C. 0.02 < p-val < 0.05
#D. 0.1 < p-val < 0.2
E. 0.2 <p-val < 0.5

E. None of the above

Questions 32-37 refer to the following information.

Summary statistics were obtained on Study for male and female students separately.
The results are given in the table below.

Sex
Male
Female

n
56
56

Study
Mean
4.8
5.5

Question 36
What is the conclusion of the test?
A. There is a difference, on average, in the average number of hours of Study per
week between male and female students.
B. There could be a difference, on average, in the average number of hours of Study
per week between male and female students.
C. There is no difference, on average, in the average number of hours of Study per
week between male and female students.
#D. There could be no difference, on average, in the average number of hours of
Study per week between male and female students.
E. None of the above.

St Dev
2.6
2.0

Research question: Is there a difference in the average number of hours of Study

per week between male and female students?

10

TABLES
Question 37
What is the correct expression in order to calculate a 95% C.I. for the difference of
population means in the number of hours of Study per week between male and
female students?
A. 0.7 1.96 2.32

1
56

+ 561

1
1
or 0.7 1.984 2.32
56 + 56
0
.
6
or 0.7 1.96 0.6
C. 0.7 1.96
56
56
D. 0.7 2.009 0.6 or 0.7 2.009 0.6
56
56

1
56

1
56

#B. 0.7 1.984 2.32

+ 561 or 0.7 1.96 2.32

+ 561

E. None of the above

|z|

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

.5000
.4602
.4207
.3821
.3446
.3085
.2743
.2420
.2119
.1841
.1587
.1357
.1151
.0968
.0808
.
.0668
.0548
.0446
.0359
.0287
.0228
.0179
.0139
.0107
.0082
.0062
.0047
.0035
.0026
.0019
.00135
.00097
.00069
.00048
.00034
.00023
.00016
.00011
.00007
.00005
.000032

.4960
.4562
.4168
.3783
.3409
.3050
.2709
.2389
.2090
.1814
.1562
.1335
.1131
.0951
.0793
.0655
.0537
.0436
.0351
.0281
.0222
.0174
.0136
.0104
.0080
.0060
.0045
.0034
.0025
.0018
.00131
.00094
.00066
.00047
.00032
.00022
.00015
.00010
.00007
.00005

.4920
.4522
.4129
.3745
.3372
.3015
.2676
.2358
.2061
.1788
.1539
.1314
.1112
.0934
.0778
.0643
.0526
.0427
.0344
.0274
.0217
.0170
.0132
.0102
.0078
.0059
.0044
.0033
.0024
.0018
.00126
.00090
.00064
.00045
.00031
.00022
.00015
.00010
.00007
.00004

.4880
.4483
.4090
.3707
.3336
.2981
.2643
.2327
.2033
.1762
.1515
.1292
.1093
.0918
.0764
.0630
.0516
.0418
.0336
.0268
.0212
.0166
.0129
.0099
.0075
.0057
.0043
.0032
.0023
.0017
.00122
.00087
.00062
.00043
.00030
.00021
.00014
.00010
.00006
.00004

.4840
.4443
.4052
.3669
.3300
.2946
.2611
.2296
.2005
.1736
.1492
.1271
.1075
.0901
.0749
.0618
.0505
.0409
.0329
.0262
.0207
.0162
.0125
.0096
.0073
.0055
.0041
.0031
.0023
.0016
.00118
.00084
.00060
.00042
.00029
.00020
.00014
.00009
.00006
.00004

.4801
.4404
.4013
.3632
.3264
.2912
.2578
.2266
.1977
.1711
.1469
.1251
.1056
.0885
.0735
.0606
.0495
.0401
.0322
.0256
.0202
.0158
.0122
.0094
.0071
.0054
.0040
.0030
.0022
.0016
.00114
.00082
.00058
.00040
.00028
.00019
.00013
.00009
.00006
.00004

.4761
.4364
.3974
.3594
.3228
.2877
.2546
.2236
.1949
.1685
.1446
.1230
.1038
.0869
.0721
.0594
.0485
.0392
.0314
.0250
.0197
.0154
.0119
.0091
.0069
.0052
.0039
.0029
.0021
.0015
.00111
.00079
.00056
.00039
.00027
.00019
.00013
.00008
.00006
.00004

.4721
.4325
.3936
.3557
.3192
.2843
.2514
.2206
.1922
.1660
.1423
.1210
.1020
.0853
.0708
.0582
.0475
.0384
.0307
.0244
.0192
.0150
.0116
.0089
.0068
.0051
.0038
.0028
.0021
.0015
.00107
.00076
.00054
.00038
.00026
.00018
.00012
.00008
.00005
.00004

.4681
.4286
.3897
.3520
.3156
.2810
.2483
.2177
.1894
.1635
.1401
.1190
.1003
.0838
.0694
.0571
.0465
.0375
.0301
.0239
.0188
.0146
.0113
.0087
.0066
.0049
.0037
.0027
.0020
.0014
.00104
.00074
.00052
.00036
.00025
.00017
.00012
.00008
.00005
.00003

.4641
.4247
.3859
.3483
.3121
.2776
.2451
.2148
.1867
.1611
.1379
.1170
.0985
.0823
.0681
.0559
.0455
.0367
.0294
.0233
.0183
.0143
.0110
.0084
.0064
.0048
.0036
.0026
.0019
.0014
.00100
.00071
.00050
.00035
.00024
.00017
.00011
.00008
.00005
.00003

Table A1: Single tail areas corresponding to z-values for the standardised normal
curve
11

12

p/2

p/2
-z

p/2

p/2
-t

|z|

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0

1.000
.9203
.8415
.7642
.6892
.6171
.5485
.4839
.4237
.3681
.3173
.2713
.2301
.1936
.1615
.
.1336
.1096
.0891
.0719
.0574
.0455
.0357
.0278
.0214
.0164
.0124
.0093
.0069
.0051
.0037
.00270
.00194
.00137
.00097
.00067
.00047
.00032
.00022
.00014
.00010
.000063

.9920
.9124
.8337
.7566
.6818
.6101
.5419
.4777
.4179
.3628
.3125
.2670
.2263
.1902
.1585
.1310
.1074
.0873
.0703
.0561
.0444
.0349
.0271
.0209
.0160
.0121
.0091
.0067
.0050
.0036
.00261
.00187
.00133
.00093
.00065
.00045
.00031
.00021
.00014
.00009

.9840
.9045
.8259
.7490
.6745
.6031
.5353
.4715
.4122
.3576
.3077
.2627
.2225
.1868
.1556
.1285
.1052
.0854
.0688
.0549
.0434
.0340
.0264
.0203
.0155
.0117
.0088
.0065
.0048
.0035
.00253
.00181
.00128
.00090
.00063
.00043
.00029
.00020
.00013
.00009

.9761
.8966
.8181
.7414
.6672
.5961
.5287
.4654
.4065
.3524
.3030
.2585
.2187
.1835
.1527
.1260
.1031
.0836
.0672
.0536
.0424
.0332
.0257
.0198
.0151
.0114
.0085
.0063
.0047
.0034
.00245
.00175
.00124
.00087
.00060
.00042
.00028
.00019
.00013
.00008

.9681
.8887
.8103
.7339
.6599
.5892
.5222
.4593
.4009
.3472
.2983
.2543
.2150
.1802
.1499
.1236
.1010
.0819
.0658
.0524
.0414
.0324
.0251
.0193
.0147
.0111
.0083
.0061
.0045
.0033
.00237
.00169
.00120
.00084
.00058
.00040
.00027
.00018
.00012
.00008

.9601
.8808
.8026
.7263
.6527
.5823
.5157
.4533
.3953
.3421
.2937
.2501
.2113
.1770
.1471
.1211
.0989
.0801
.0643
.0512
.0404
.0316
.0244
.0188
.0143
.0108
.0080
.0060
.0044
.0032
.00229
.00163
.00115
.00081
.00056
.00039
.00026
.00018
.00012
.00008

.9522
.8729
.7949
.7188
.6455
.5755
.5093
.4473
.3898
.3371
.2891
.2460
.2077
.1738
.1443
.1188
.0969
.0784
.0629
.0500
.0394
.0308
.0238
.0183
.0139
.0105
.0078
.0058
.0042
.0031
.00221
.00158
.00111
.00078
.00054
.00037
.00025
.00017
.00011
.00007

.9442
.8650
.7872
.7114
.6384
.5687
.5029
.4413
.3843
.3320
.2846
.2420
.2041
.1707
.1416
.1164
.0949
.0767
.0615
.0488
.0385
.0300
.0232
.0178
.0135
.0102
.0076
.0056
.0041
.0030
.00214
.00152
.00108
.00075
.00052
.00036
.00024
.00016
.00011
.00007

.9362
.8572
.7795
.7039
.6312
.5619
.4965
.4354
.3789
.3271
.2801
.2380
.2005
.1676
.1389
.1141
.0930
.0751
.0601
.0477
.0375
.0293
.0226
.0173
.0131
.0099
.0074
.0054
.0040
.0029
.00207
.00147
.00104
.00072
.00050
.00034
.00023
.00016
.00010
.00007

.9283
.8493
.7718
.6965
.6241
.5552
.4902
.4395
.3735
.3222
.2757
.2340
.1971
.1645
.1362
.1118
.0910
.0735
.0588
.0466
.0366
.0285
.0220
.0168
.0128
.0096
.0071
.0053
.0039
.0028
.00200
.00142
.00100
.00070
.00048
.00033
.00022
.00015
.00010
.00007

Table A2: Two-tailed p-values corresponding to z-values for the standardised normal
curve

13

0.0005
p
distribu 1273.
=1
2
44.70
3
16.33
4
10.31

0.001 0.002 0.005

0.01

0.02

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.5

636.6
31.60
12.92
8.610

318.3
22.33
10.22
7.173

127.3
14.09
7.453
5.598

63.66
9.925
5.841
4.604

31.82
6.965
4.541
3.747

12.71
4.303
3.182
2.776

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533

1.000
0.816
0.765
0.741

5
6
7
8
9

7.976
6.788
6.082
5.617
5.291

6.869
5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781

5.893
5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297

4.773
4.317
4.029
3.833
3.690

4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250

3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821

2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262

2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833

1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383

0.727
0.718
0.711
0.706
0.703

10
11
12
13
14

5.049
4.863
4.716
4.597
4.499

4.587
4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140

4.144
4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787

3.581
3.497
3.428
3.372
3.326

3.169
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977

2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624

2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145

1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761

1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345

0.700
0.697
0.696
0.694
0.692

15
16
17
18
19

4.417
4.346
4.286
4.233
4.187

4.073
4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883

3.733
3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579

3.286
3.252
3.222
3.197
3.174

2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861

2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539

2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093

1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729

1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328

0.691
0.690
0.689
0.688
0.688

20
21
22
23
24

4.146
4.110
4.077
4.047
4.021

3.850
3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745

3.552
3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467

3.153
3.135
3.119
3.104
3.091

2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797

2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492

2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064

1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711

1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318

0.687
0.686
0.686
0.685
0.685

25
26
27
28
29

3.996
3.974
3.954
3.935
3.918

3.725
3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659

3.450
3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396

3.078
3.067
3.057
3.047
3.038

2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756

2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462

2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045

1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699

1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311

0.684
0.684
0.684
0.683
0.683

30
35
40
45
50

3.902
3.836
3.788
3.752
3.723

3.646
3.591
3.551
3.520
3.496

3.385
3.340
3.307
3.281
3.261

3.030
2.996
2.971
2.952
2.937

2.750
2.724
2.704
2.690
2.678

2.457
2.438
2.423
2.412
2.403

2.042
2.030
2.021
2.014
2.009

1.697
1.690
1.684
1.679
1.676

1.310
1.306
1.303
1.301
1.299

0.683
0.682
0.681
0.680
0.679

3.681 3.460 3.232 2.915 2.660 2.390 2.000 1.671 1.296

60
3.651 3.435 3.211 2.899 2.648 2.381 1.994 1.667 1.294
70
3.629 3.416 3.195 2.887 2.639 2.374 1.990 1.664 1.292
80
3.612 3.402 3.183 2.879 2.632 2.368 1.987 1.662 1.291
90
100 3.598 3.390 3.174 2.871 2.626 2.364 1.984 1.660 1.290
3.481 3.291 3.090 2.807 2.576 2.326 1.960 1.645 1.282

Table A3: Values of |t| corresponding to two-tailed p-values for Student's t

distribution

0.679
0.678
0.678
0.677
0.676
0.674

14

Statistical Formulas:
y

z=

z=

(for data)

standard error (se) of y =

(1 )

se of p =

(for sample mean)

z=

estimated se of y =

s
n

estimated se of p =

y 0
/ n

z=

s/ n

yd 0

t=

sd / n
y1 y 2

t=
sp

sp =

n1

(df: = n1)

95% CI: y t

( = nd 1)

95% CI: y d t

( = n1 + n2 2)

p (1 p)
n

s
n
sd
n
1
1
+
n1 n 2

( n 1 1 ) s 12 + ( n 2 1 ) s 22
n1 + n 2 2

b=

( x x )( y y )
(x x)
i

SXX = (nx - 1)sx2 SYY = (ny - 1)sy2

2
S XY
= 1
S XX S YY

2 = j =1

w =

n2

y$ i = a + b xi

r2 =

95% CI: ( y 1 y 2 ) t s p

(for sample proportion)

p (1 p)
n

95% CI: p 1.96

0 (1 0) / n
y 0

p
(1 ) / n

95% CI: y 1.96

p 0

z=
t=

y
/ n

(O j E j ) 2
Ej

(y
(y

y$) 2

y)2

= c1

S XY
,
S XX

a= y bx

S XY =

r=

xynx y

S XY

S XX S YY

2 = i =1

95% CI: b tn-2 se (b)

t =

j =1

( = n 2)

( x x )( y y )
( x x ) ( y y)
i

b
,
se(b)

(Oij E ij ) 2
E ij

= (r1)(c1)

a/c
b/d

15