Lighting

THE LIGHTING ENGINEERING
CHAPTER OUTLINE
2 Lighting Engineering
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Comparison between different Types of Lamps
Ballasts/ Luminaires
Lighting Design
CHAPTER OUTLINE
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Lighting Design
Electromagnetic Waves
Light at
wavelengths
which we see
as colors are part
of a
wider family
of electro-
magnetic
waves
A GLASS PRISM SEPARATING
WHITE LIGHT
Lighting Engineering 6
COLOR MIXING
Color Color Color Color mixing mixing mixing mixing is is is is the the the the process process process process of of of of
combining combining combining combining various various various various wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths of of of of
light light light light to to to to produce produce produce produce white white white white or or or or other other other other
colors colors colors colors
The The The The primary primary primary primary colors colors colors colors of of of of LIGHT LIGHT LIGHT LIGHT are are are are: :: :
Red Red Red Red, ,, , Green Green Green Green, ,, , and and and and Blue Blue Blue Blue
Color Color Color Color mixing mixing mixing mixing of of of of light light light light is is is is an an an an additive additive additive additive
process process process process. .. .
Example Example Example Example: :: : light light light light sources sources sources sources
COLOR MIXING
Color Color Color Color mixing mixing mixing mixing with with with with pigment pigment pigment pigment is is is is a aa a
subtractive subtractive subtractive subtractive process process process process each each each each color color color color of of of of
pigment pigment pigment pigment subtracts subtracts subtracts subtracts wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths until until until until
you you you you get get get get to to to to black black black black. .. .
Examples Examples Examples Examples: :: : object object object object surfaces surfaces surfaces surfaces and and and and
filters filters filters filters. .. .
COLOR MIXING
COLOR MIXING
COLOR MIXING
CHAPTER OUTLINE
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Lighting Design
SPECTRAL COLOR DISTRIBUTION (SPD)
SPECTRAL COLOR DISTRIBUTION (SPD)
Continuous Spectrum light
Sources
Non-Continuous Spectrum light
Sources
C CC CONTINUOUS ONTINUOUS ONTINUOUS ONTINUOUS S SS SPECTRUM PECTRUM PECTRUM PECTRUM LIGHT LIGHT LIGHT LIGHT S SS SOURCES OURCES OURCES OURCES
The Sun
Incandescent Lamps/ Halogen
LED
T TT THE HE HE HE S SS SUN UN UN UN
This SPD means that most objects appear with their
true colors
INCANDESCENT LAMPS/ HALOGEN
It emits large power from yellow to red but less
power in blue and green.
This SPD means that it is difficult to distinguish
between blue from black under this light
LED LED LED LED
It emits large power in blue, green and yellow but
less power in red.
This SPD means that red objects will not appear
with their true color under led lighting
N NN NON ON ON ON- -- -C CC CONTINUOUS ONTINUOUS ONTINUOUS ONTINUOUS S SS SPECTRUM PECTRUM PECTRUM PECTRUM LIGHT LIGHT LIGHT LIGHT S SS SOURCES OURCES OURCES OURCES
Fluorescent
Mercury vapor
Metal Halide
High pressure sodium
Low pressure sodium
F FF FLUORESCENT LUORESCENT LUORESCENT LUORESCENT
It emits SPIKES through several wavelengths.
It is suitable for most applications where not true
colors are required.
M MM MERCURY ERCURY ERCURY ERCURY VAPOR VAPOR VAPOR VAPOR
It emits spikes of power in some blue and green
wavelengths and little else.
This light source is unsuitable for interior use.
M MM METAL ETAL ETAL ETAL H HH HALIDE ALIDE ALIDE ALIDE
These sources emit numerous spikes of power in
wavelengths across the spectrum.
It is suitable for most applications including some
retail.
Ceramic metal halide has even more spikes.
H HH HIGH IGH IGH IGH PRESSURE PRESSURE PRESSURE PRESSURE SODIUM SODIUM SODIUM SODIUM
It emits spikes of power in some yellow and green
wavelengths and little else.
This light source is unsuitable for interior use it is
used for street lighting.
L LL LOW OW OW OW PRESSURE PRESSURE PRESSURE PRESSURE SODIUM SODIUM SODIUM SODIUM
It emits spikes of power in only yellow
This light source is unsuitable for interior use it is
used for street lighting.
SOURCE COLOR CHARACTERISTICS
Color is defined with a variety of metrics but the 2 most
common are:
Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
Color Rendering Index (CRI)
SOURCE COLOR CHARACTERISTICS
CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE (CCT)
Represents the relative
whiteness of a light source,
whether the source
appears warm, cool or
neutral.
Acceptable range of CCTs
for indoor environments is
between 2500K and
5000K, with the higher
value representing a
cooler source
Warm color helps to create
an intimate or cozy space
Cool color associated with a
business like environment
Color Rendering/Color Quality In Real
Life
CRI = 62 CRI = 93
CRI = 80 CRI = 92
COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)
CRI of Selected Light Sources
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14
Source CRI
Low Pressure Sodium <5
High Pressure Sodium 20
RGB LED (typical) 31
Mercury Vapor 43
Cool White Fluorescent 63
Metal halide 64
Cool White LED 70
Daylight Fluorescent 76
Warm White LED (YAG) 81
Tri-phosphor Fluorescent 82
F32T8 Tri-phosphor 85
BSY + R LED 93
Halogen MR16 99
Incandescent 100
CHAPTER OUTLINE
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Lighting Design
LIGHTING METRICS
Luminous Flux
Efficacy
Luminous Intensity
Luminance
Illuminance
LUMINOUS FLUX
Defined as the flow of light,
Measured in lumens
A lamp receives watts and
emits lumens. The measure of
success of doing this is called
efficacy and is measured in
lumens per watt (lm/W)
Luminous Flux is the light
output of a source measured
in all directions
LUMINOUS INTENSITY
Generally speaking, a light source emits its luminous flux
() in different directions and at different intensities.
The visible radiant intensity in a particular direction is
called luminous intensity (I).
The unit of measurement is the candela (cd).
ILLUMINANCE (LUMINOUS LEVEL)
As luminous flux travels
outward from a source, it
ultimately impinges on
surfaces, where it is reflected,
transmitted, and/or absorbed
Illuminance on a surface, E is
the density of luminous flux
incident on that surface
Measured in lumens per
square meter
Lumen/m
2
is called a lux while
lumen/ft
2
is called footcandle
INVERSE SQUARE LAW
LUMINANCE
It is the quantity of incidental light falling on a unit of surface,
taking into consideration that it is uniformly illuminated.
Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter (cd/m2).
LUMINANCE
It is the quantity of incidental light falling on a unit of surface,
taking into consideration that it is uniformly illuminated.
Unit of measurement is candelas per square meter (cd/m2).
LUMINANCE
LUMINANCE
COSINE LAW OF INCIDENCE
If the surface is turned so that the rays hit it at an angle,
the illuminated area will increase in size and the
illuminance will drop accordingly.
The ratio of the original illuminated area to the new area
is equal to the cosine of the angle through which the
surface has been moved. Therefore the illuminance will
fall by the factor of the cosine of angle. This is where
Lamberts Second Law comes in, the COSINE LAW of
illuminance.
If a surface is illuminated to 100 lux and is twisted
through an angle of 60 degrees then the illuminance will
fall to half or 50 lux, because the cosine of 60 degrees is
.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Lighting Design
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- Division - Name Date
Basics of Lighting Control Applications
1 switch for one light
Can be produced with
a "one-way 2 poles" switch a two-way switch
One-way circuit
Schneider product line: Wiring devices
Ranges: Unica, Alvais, System-M, Antic, Artec,
Aquadesign, Sedna, Anya, Anti-vandal
Other alternatives:
IHC or KNX depending on the overall installation
> Essential Applications
L
N
Light
Switch
Breaker
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Alternatives for light control:
Infra red solution
Good for controlling a light from at least 2 different
locations in the same room.
Can be produced with
An emitter (remote) + a receiver (wall-mounted),
including a switch mechanism.
With Infra-red technology, the receiver must see the
emitter in order to capture the I-R beam correctly
Application: Residential & small office
Main advantage:
control the light(s) without moving
(from the sofa, seniors, disabled people.)
More info?
- Wiring device System-M or Artec and Antik
> Advanced Applications
N
L
R
E
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Alternatives for light control:
RF system
Principle:
One RF emitter and one (or more) RF receivers
are associated
Each receiver can be controlled by several emitters
Each emitter can control several receivers
ON/OFF, Dim Up/Down, Shutter control
Application:
Residential & small offices
Renovation (limited number of wires)
Main advantage:
Control of light through walls
Control of several light circuits
Control of scenes or scenarios.
Wide range of receivers (mobile
socket outlet, receiver for ceiling,
in walls)
Some Can be mixed with IHC devices
More info? ISC Training
- Discover Unica RF on TSG
- Discover Connect RF on TSG
- Understand Unica RF (in-class)
- Understand Connect (in-class)
E
N
L
R
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Timer
What is it? What for?
Keep the light ON for a predefined
time after switch-on
Applications: staircases, halls,
corridors
Main advantage:
Save energy
This function can also be done in some Wiring
device range, IHC, KNX or LON solutions
- Understand Stand Alone Electronics (in-class)
PB1
L
N
MIN
Breaker
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Time switch
Switch ON every day at the same time
Switch OFF every day at the same time
Weekly/yearly program
Several time slots/day
Applications: Car park lighting, shop front windows
lighting,
Main advantages:
Save energy by setting the required time
to switch on.
Improve comfort and security of people (no searching for
push-buttons in the dark, avoid aggression)
This function can also be done in some
Wiring device range, IHC, KNX
or LON solutions
L
N
IHP
Breaker
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Twilight switch
Switch ON when the outdoor light is not
sufficient
Switch OFF when the outdoor light increases
Applications: External lightings / Professional
buildings, parkings
Main advantage:
Save energy by adjusting the necessary
time to switch on.
Improve comfort and security of people (not to
search push button in the darkness)
This function can be done in IHC or KNX solution
Breaker
L
N
I
C
Switch
(Optional)
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What is a dimmer?
It's an adjustable transformer used
to vary the level of lighting from 0 to
100% of lighting power
Fields of application
> Dimmers
0 100%
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Customer benefits
Provide comfort & energy savings in day-to-day life
Step-less adjustment of lighting level
Consumption proportional to lighting level
(Dim your light by 25% and save 20% of your energy)
Extended lifetime of filament lamps
Soft start eliminates inrush current
Decreasing line voltage by 10% doubles lifetime
Optimise working comfort & efficiency
> Dimmers
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Movement and presence detection
Movement detector
Presence detector
Field of application
> What is it?
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Movement detector
2 technologies in one product
Movement detection part: based on Passive Infra-Red (PIR) technology, the
sensor detects movement in a sensing zone.
Brightness detection part: comparison of the ambient light to a predefined
minimum level
Combination of Movement detection + Insufficient Brightness = Light
automatically switched on for a set time period
+
=
> What is it?
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Presence detector
2 technologies in one product + more accuracy + more intelligence
Movement detection (PIR) + precision lens detection of very small
movements (a few cm)
Brightness detection part (photodiode + PCB*)
2 independent output circuits:
C1 = Light (ON: presence + set time period + insufficient brightness)
C2 = Extraction fan (ON for a set time period)
Lens defines a greater number of sensing segments = Very small movements detected
Or
+
=
> What is it?
* PCB = Printed Circuit Board
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Applications
> Shutters / Blind
For Residential
Roof windows
And also sun breakers
and awnings
Slat shutters Roller blinds
Garage doors
Gates
Pool covers Home video
screens
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Customer benefits?
Improve comfort & make consumers' lives easier
Prevent people from hard work or awkward
movements
Avoid having to get up (remote control)
Avoid opening windows (when it 's cold out or when it'
raining and for elderly or disabled people who have
difficulty moving)
Save energy by improving thermal insulation
Protection against heat & sun in daytime
Protection against cold at night
Reduce heating or cooling time.
Programmes for opening/closing when you want.
> Shutters / Blinds
Sun/Brightness
Night/Darkness
Time control
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Customer benefits?
Save time
In the morning, time to go to work, shutters open
automatically
Avoid accidents (avoid false moves + hot
temperatures)
For children (avoid the risk of falling from upstairs windows)
For elderly and disabled people
Improve security
Protection of homes, small offices & shops, garages, etc.
Presence simulation
> Shutters / Blinds
Sun/Brightness
Night/Darkness
Time control
CHAPTER OUTLINE
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Lighting Design
PURPOSE OF THIS PART
To understand the theory of operation of the different
light sources.
To recognize the advantages and disadvantages of
each light source.
LIGHT SOURCES
Incandescent Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
Light Emitting Diodes
CHARACTERISTICS
Efficacy efficiency in lumens per watt
Color color temperature and color rendering
Lamp Life average hours of life
Temperature Sensitivity applicability issues
Starting and Warm Up ranges from instant to several
seconds
Restarting ranges from immediate to ten minutes
Dimming some do, some dont, some have issues
Cost ranges from 10 to $5.00 per million lumen hours
COMPONENTS (INCANDESCENT LAMPS)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
(INCANDESCENT LAMPS)
ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES
Efficacy:
Low 70 to 90% of energy converted into heat
Quality of light rendition: High
Similar to sunlight (CRI=97%)
Warm color appearance
Average rated life: Short
Incandescent lamp loses filament material by evaporation
Typical 1000 hours
Purchase cost: Low inexpensive lamp
Operating cost: High
Lowest efficacy (10 to 35 lm/W)
Light control
dimmable
TUNGESTEN
Efficacy poor, most less than 30 lumens per watt
Color excellent color rendering at 2700-3100K
Lamp Life short (500 hours) to medium (6000 hours)
Temperature Sensitivity none
Starting and Warm Up instant
Restarting instant
Dimming dims well with color temperature shift
Cost 50 to $1.00 per million lumen hours
(TUNGSTEN HALOGEN LAMPS)
The tungsten halogen lamp is another type of incandescent
lamp.
The halogen gas combines with the evaporated tungsten, re-
depositing it on the filament. This process extends the life of
the filament and keeps the bulb wall from blackening and
reducing light output
ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES
Efficacy:
Low 70 to 90% of energy converted into heat
Quality of light rendition: High
Similar to sunlight (CRI=97%)
Warm color appearance
Average rated life: Short
Incandescent lamp loses filament material by evaporation
Typical 3000 hours
Purchase cost: Low inexpensive lamp
Operating cost: High
Lowest efficacy (10 to 35 lm/W)
Light control
dimmable
(LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
HOW IT WORKS
When a suitable lighting voltage is applied across
the electrodes, an electric arc discharge is initiated
and the resulting current ionizes the vaporized
mercury in the tube
The ionized mercury emits ultra-violet (UV)
radiation that strikes and excites the phosphor
coating on the inside surface of the tube, causing it
to glow or fluoresce and produce visible light
HOW IT WORKS
The exact makeup of the phosphors coating the
tube determines the color temperature of the light
produced by the lamp
A ballast is required to regulate the electric current
through the lamp
START UP CIRCUIT
http://home.howstuffworks.com/
HOW IT WORKS
Preheat (Switch Start)
A switch or starter establishes a complete circuit through
the ballast to preheat the filaments
When the filaments heat up, the starter opens and the
ballast provides a suitable voltage to light the lamp and
limits the current flow to the proper value
Several seconds may be required to complete the starting
operation
STARTER SWITCH
HOW IT WORKS
Rapid Start
transformers are introduced to pre-heat the cathodes
they are connected across the lamp pins so the cathode
voltage and resultant watts loss remain part of the circuit
while the lamp is operating
HOW IT WORKS
Trigger Start
a term used for ballasts, which operate pre-heat start
lamps in a rapid start manner
They supply higher filament voltages to heat the
electrodes to start pre-heat lamps and simulate the rapid
start system
Modified Rapid Start
Ballasts start the lamps in a rapid start mode, but then,
turn off or reduce the filament heat after the lamps have
started
HOW IT WORKS
Instant Start
Ballasts deliver an initial high voltage to light specifically
designed Instant Start Lamps
The arc current heats the filament by bombardment to
provide easy electron emission
No preheating of the filament is required to light the
lamp
FLUORESCENT
T-8 High Performance (super) Lamps90-102 mean lumens per
watt
Most lamps >80 CRI
Up to 42,000 hour lamp life
4 standard; 2, 3, 5, and 8 lamps available at lower efficacy
T-5 Standard Lamps90-101 mean lumens per watt.
>80 CRI
20,000 hours + life.
4 standard; 2, 3, 5, and circle lamps available at lower efficacy
T-5 HO Lamps80-85 mean lumens per watt
>80 CRI
20,000 hours life.
4 standard; 2, 3 5 and circle lamps available at lower efficacy
FLUORESCENT
Efficacy good to superior, up to over 100 lumens per watt
Color good to excellent; choose color temp and CRI 80-90
Lamp Life very long with some versions now 42,000 hours
Temperature Sensitivity significant, varies with product
Starting and Warm Up instant or rapid, some warm up
Restarting instant
Dimming expensive, but dims well with color quality shift
Cost 10 (non dimming) to $1.00 (dimming) per million lumen
hours
(COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS)
Consists of a lamp (often with a starter integrated
into the base), a lamp holder, and a ballast
Based on the principle of the fluorescent tube in
which a phosphor coating transforms some of the
UV energy generated by the discharge into light
Lamp Types
T4 diameter twin-tube two-pin lamps that have a
starter built into the lamp plug base; operate on an
inexpensive reactor magnetic ballasts (~ 5-13 W) and
are available for both modular and dedicated systems
T4 and T5 diameter quad-tube two-pin lamps with plug
bases and built-in starters (up to 27 W)
Both T4 and T5 diameter twin-tube and quad lamps
now available in four-pin versions that do not contain
a starter in the base and designed for use with
electronic ballasts
(HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS)
High intensity discharge (HID) lamps
Metal halide (MH)
High pressure sodium (HPS) lamps
high-pressure mercury vapor lamps
Like fluorescent lamps, HID lamps require ballasts to:
provide proper starting and operating voltages, and they produce
light through the discharge of an electric arc through a mixture of
gases
HID lamps utilize a compact arc tube in which very high
temperature and pressure exist; this small arc tube closely resembles a
point source of light, making HID lamps and their luminaires both
compact and powerful
HIGH PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOR LAMP(HPL)
A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas
discharge lamp that uses an electric
arc through vaporized mercury to
produce light.
The arc discharge is generally confined
to a small fused quartz arc tube
mounted within a larger borosilicate
glass bulb.
The outer bulb may be clear or
coated with a phosphor; in either case,
the outer bulb provides thermal
insulation, protection from the
ultraviolet radiation the light
produces, and a convenient mounting
for the fused quartz arc tube.
Mercury vapor lamps are coated on
the inside of the outer bulb with a
phosphor that converts some portion
of the ultraviolet emissions into red
light.
This helps to fill in the otherwise very-
deficient red end of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
These lamps are generally called
"color corrected" lamps.
Most modern mercury vapor lamps
have this coating.
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
Light-producing element is the same as high-
pressure mercury lamp.
Halide salts are added as additional additives inside
arc tube to improve color rendition.
The CRI is improved to 90%.
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide Lamps (CDM) :
Master Color
The use of a ceramic burner instead of quartz has several
advantages:
High efficacy (90 lm/W)
Very good color rendering (80 to 95%)
Stable color temperature over life
Available in low wattages: 20, 35 and 50W
CERAMIC METAL HALIDE
Efficacy good to superior, up to over 80 lumens per watt
Color good to excellent; choose color temp and CRI 80-90+
Lamp Life Long, 12,000-25,000 hours
Temperature Sensitivity None significant
Starting and Warm Up Slow start and warm up
Restarting must wait 3-5 minutes to restrike
Dimming not recommended, can be used for energy
management purposes
Cost 50 to $1.00 per million lumen hours
SODIUM PRESSURE LAMPS
Arc tube compared with MH
lamps has small diameter to
maintain high temperature.
Light is produced by arc
discharge through sodium
vapor (yellow mono color
appearance).
LED
ADVANTAGES
LED
LEDs don't have filaments that will burn out, so they last much
longer.
Additionally, their small plastic bulb makes them a lot more
durable. They also fit more easily into modern electronic circuits.
But the main advantage is efficiency.
In conventional incandescent bulbs, the light-production process
involves generating a lot of heat (the filament must be
warmed).
This is completely wasted energy, unless you're using the lamp
as a heater, because a huge portion of the available electricity
isn't going toward producing visible light.
ADVANTAGES
LED
LEDs produce more light per watt than incandescent bulbs;
this is useful in battery powered or energy-saving devices.
LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use of
color filters that traditional lighting methods require. This is
more efficient and can lower initial costs.
The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its
light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an
external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable
manner.
ADVANTAGES
LED
When used in applications where dimming is required, LEDs
do not change their color tint as the current passing through
them is lowered, unlike incandescent lamps, which turn
yellow.
LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to
frequent on-off operation, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn
out more quickly when cycled frequently, or HID lamps that
require a long time before restarting.
ADVANTAGES
LED
LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage
with external shock. Fluorescent and incandescent bulbs are
easily broken if dropped on the ground.
LEDs can have a relatively long useful life.
LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will
achieve full brightness in microseconds
LEDs can be very small and are easily populated onto
printed circuit boards.
LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike compact fluorescent
lamps.
DISADVANTAGES
LED
LEDs are currently more expensive, price per lumen, on an
initial capital cost basis, than more conventional lighting
technologies. The additional expense partially stems from the
relatively low lumen output and the drive circuitry and
power supplies needed. However, when considering the total
cost of ownership (including energy and maintenance costs),
LEDs far surpass incandescent or halogen sources and begin
to threaten compact fluorescent lamps.
LED performance largely depends on the ambient
temperature of the operating environment. Over-driving the
LED in high ambient temperatures may result in overheating
of the LED package, eventually leading to device failure.
DISADVANTAGES
LED
LEDs must be supplied with the correct current. This can
involve series resistors or current-regulated power supplies.
The spectrum of some white LEDs differs significantly
from a black body radiator, such as the sun or an
incandescent light. The spike at 460 nm and dip at
500 nm can cause the color of objects to be perceived
differently under LED illumination than sunlight or
incandescent sources.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
What is light?
Light Quality
Light Quantity
Light Control
Lighting Design
BALLASTS
Lamp Ballasts:
A lamp ballast is part of the control gear in a fluorescent
fixture which is inserted between the supply and one or
more discharge lamps which, by means of inductance,
capacitance, or a combination
of both to:
provide correct starting voltage
match the line voltage to the operating voltage of the lamp
limit the lamp current to prevent immediate destruction (because once
the arc is struck the lamp impedance decreases
BALLASTS
Types of FL Lamp Ballasts
Electromagnetic Ballast
High Frequency Electronic Ballasts
HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLASTS
Also called solid-state ballasts which operate at 20
kHz using electronic switching power supply circuits
Increase lamp-ballast efficacy, leading to increased
energy efficiency of the fixture and lower operating
costs
They operate lamps using electronic switching power
supply circuits; take incoming 60 Hz power (230 V)
and convert it to high frequency AC (usually 20 to 40
kHz)
HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLASTS
End losses are reduced resulting to overall lamp-
ballast system efficacy increase of 15% to 20%
More expensive than other ballasts
ELECTRONIC BALLASTS VS MAGNETIC BALLASTS
Electronic Ballasts vs Magnetic Ballasts
Electronic ballasts are readily available that operate 3 or
4 lamps, allowing the use of a single ballast, reducing both
installation and field wiring labor costs
Reduced weight
Quieter operation
Reduced lamp flicker
COLOR MIXING
COLOR MIXING
COLOR MIXING
COLOR MIXING
LUMINAIRES
LUMINAIRES
LUMINAIRES
PART1: (2)
LIGHTING CALCULATIONS
PURPOSE OF THE LECTURE
Determining Average Illuminance
Average Illuminance Equation
The Lumen Method
Determining the Illuminance at a Point
Direct Component
Sample Calculations
DETERMINING AVERAGE ILLUMINANCE
The standard lumen method formula is also used to
calculate average illuminance levels when the
Coefficient of Utilization (CUs) are taken from a
utilization curve.
AVERAGE ILLUMINANCE EQUATION
General equation for illuminance in space
E
wp
= average maintained illuminance on the work plane
(TOTAL) = total system lamp lumen output
CU = coefficient of utilization
LLF = light loss factor
A
wp
= area of the work plane
=
THE LUMEN METHOD
Means of determining the average workplane
illuminance within a space with a given number of
luminaires
Components:
Total system lamp lumen output
Coefficient of utilization
Loss factor determination
Calculated illuminance
Spacing criteria
TOTAL SYSTEM LAMP OUTPUT
Lamp lumen output is the total initial luminous flux that the
lamps emit as specified by the manufacturer.
Example 1:
In an office space 3m x 4.6m with a 2.6m ceiling height,
there are 2 recessed fluorescent luminaires. Each luminaire has
three (3) 32W 48 T8 fluorescent lamps. Manufacturers data
shows that the initial lumen output of the lamp is 2900 lumens.
What is the total lamp lumen output (TOTAL)?
(TOTAL) = 2 luminaires x 3 lamps/luminaire x 2900 lumens/lamp
= 17,400 lumens
Lamp lumen output is the total initial luminous flux that the
lamps emit as specified by the manufacturer.
Example 1:
In an office space 3m x 4.6m with a 2.6m ceiling height,
there are 2 recessed fluorescent luminaires. Each luminaire has
three (3) 32W 48 T8 fluorescent lamps. Manufacturers data
shows that the initial lumen output of the lamp is 2900 lumens.
What is the total lamp lumen output (TOTAL)?
(TOTAL) = 2 luminaires x 3 lamps/luminaire x 2900 lumens/lamp
= 17,400 lumens
COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION (CU)
Factors influencing coefficient of utilization:
The efficiency of the luminaire
The luminaire distribution
The geometry of the space
The reflectances of the roomsurface
Each luminaire has its own CU table specific to that
luminaires light distribution and efficiency. CU values are
listed in tables for different room geometries and room
surface reflectances.
Cross section of a room showing room cavities.
Coefficient of utilization is based on room cavity ratio (RCR)
RCR is five (5) times the ratio of total vertical surface area to
total horizontal surface area within the room cavity, and
therefore indicates the relative space proportions.
Where,
h
RC
= Room cavity height
L = Length of the room
W = Width of the room
Cavity ratios :
Ceiling cavity ratio is the space between the ceiling and luminaire
plane computed using the equation below in relation to room cavity
ratio:
Floor cavity ratio is the space between the workplane and the floor
computed using the equation below in relation to room cavity ratio:
For a given room, the cavity ratios are in direct proportion to
their respective cavity heights. For the case where the
luminaires are mounted on the surface of the ceiling or are
recessed into the ceiling, the ceiling cavity ratio is zero.
Since the coefficient of utilization is based on the room cavity
ratio, it is necessary to treat this cavity as if there were a
ceiling surface at the luminaire plane and a floor surface at
the workplane level.
It is necessary to convert the actual ceiling reflectance into an
effective ceiling cavity reflectance (
CC
) and the actual floor
reflectance must be converted to an effective floor cavity
reflectance (
FC
).
CU DETERMINATION
Step 1. Determine the room cavity ratio using the equation
below
Room cavity height (h
RC
) = Luminaire height Workplane height
h
RC
= 2. 59 m 0.76m = 1.83m
h
fc
=0.76m
h
rc=???
2.59 m
CU DETERMINATION
Step 1. Determine the room cavity ratio using the equation
below
Room cavity height (h
RC
) = Luminaire height Workplane height
h
RC
= 2. 59 m 0.76m = 1.83m
CU DETERMINATION
h
W
L
CU DETERMINATION
Computing the room cavity ratio, we have:
CU DETERMINATION
Step 2. Since the Lumen Method considers what occurs only
within the room cavity, the ceiling and floor cavities are
replaced with their effective reflectance.
To find the effective reflectance of a floor or ceiling cavity,
find the floor cavity ratio and ceiling cavity ratio using the
equations below
CU DETERMINATION
Step 3. Find the effective cavity reflectance using cavity
surface reflectance. The surface that is opposite the opening
to the cavity is called the base cavity. The base reflectance,
the wall reflectance, and the cavity ratio determine the
effective cavity reflectance. Using the IESNA Lighting
Handbook, look for the cavity reflectance and cavity ratios.
For the ceiling cavity, the base reflectance is the actual
ceiling surface reflectance while the floor cavity, the base
reflectance is the actual floor surface reflectance.
CU DETERMINATION
TABLE
CU DETERMINATION
Step 4. Once all room cavity reflectance and the room cavity
ratio are known, the CU value can be determined by
selecting the appropriate value from the luminaries CU
table.
Continuing with Example 1, the following assumptions are
made after consulting the IES Lighting Handbook Table on
Effective Reflectance:
Effective Ceiling Cavity Reflectance,
CC
= 0.80
Wall Reflectance,
W
= 0.50
Effective Floor Cavity Reflectance,
FC
= 0.20
RCR = 5 (calculated in Step 1)
CU DETERMINATION
Determine the effective ceiling cavity reflectance
cc
CU DETERMINATION
Obtain the coefficient of utilization for fluorescent
lamps used
5
CU DETERMINATION
5
CU DETERMINATION
5
CU DETERMINATION
CU = 0.522, which means that 52.2% of the lumens given off
by the lamps reach the work plane and the other 47.8% are
absorbed by the luminaire or the room surfaces and never
reach the work plane.
LIGHT LOSS FACTOR
Two types of Light Loss Factor (LLF):
Recoverable
Non-recoverable
Total Light Loss Factor (LLF) is the product of the individual
light loss factors, recoverable and non- recoverable
LIGHT LOSS FACTOR
Recoverable LLF
Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD)
Lamp Burnout Factor (LBO)
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD)
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor (RSDD)
Area of workplane (AWP)
LAMP LUMEN DEPRECIATION
The lamp lumen depreciation factor is the fraction
of initial lumens at a specific time during the life of
the lamp
Lamp lumen depreciation comes from aging and
dirt accumulation on lamps, reflectors, lenses and
room surfaces.
Most lighting designs base calculations on
maintained as opposed to initial lamp lumens
LAMP BURNOUT FACTOR
If lamps are not replaced immediately after
burnout, a lamp burnout factor should be applied
to any analysis of the system.
Unreplaced burned- out lamps will vary in quantity,
depending on the kind of lamps and the relamping
program used.
This factor is simply the ratio of the number of lamps
that would be burning o the total number of lamps
in the system.
ROOM SURFACE DIRT DEPRECIATION
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor (RSDD) is
influenced by:
The amount of dirt in the environment
The room cavity ratio (proportions of the room)
Type of lighting equipment used
LUMINAIRE DIRT DEPRECIATION
AREA OF WORKPLANE
Is the area of the entire workplane, which is typically
the same as the floor area
Illuminance will be greatest near the center of the
room and slightly less toward the walls for a given
uniform layout of luminaires
LIGHT LOSS FACTOR
Non- Recoverable LLF
Luminaire Ambient Temperature Factor
Heat Extraction Thermal Factor
Voltage to Luminaire Factor
Lamp Position (Tilt) Factor
Luminaire Surface Depreciation Factor
LUMINAIRE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Variations in temperature, above those normally
encountered in interiors, have little effect on the
output of incandescent and high intensity discharge
(HID) lamps, but can have a significant effect on
light output of fluorescent lamps
HEAT EXTRACTION THERMAL FACTOR
Heat extraction factor is the fractional lumen loss or
gain due to airflow
Airflow has an effect on lamp temperature and
lamp lumens especially those air handling
fluorescent luminaires which are integrated with the
HVAC system as a means of introducing or
removing air from the room
VOLTAGE TO LUMINAIRE FACTOR
High or low voltage at the luminaire will affect the
lumen output of lamps High voltage condition will
increase the lumen output of lamps over their rated
output.
Low voltage condition will reduce the lumen output
The rate of change of lumen output with a voltage
change varies with each light source, but has the
greatest effect on incandescent lamps
LAMP POSITION FACTOR
Lumen output is sensitive to the lamp orientation
especially for high intensity discharge (HID) lamps
when they are tilted from their rated horizontal or
vertical position
Lamp position factor adjusts the lumen output and
is defined as the ratio of luminous flux in the given
operating position to that in the test position
LOSS FACTOR DETERMINATION
Example 2. LLF Determination
Detailed description of the determination of the light loss
factors can be found in the IESNA Lighting Handbook.
The product of the recoverable factors and the non-
recoverable factors will give us the total light loss factor.
Recoverable Factors
Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LDD) 0.90
Lamp Burnout Factor (LBO) 1.00
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor (LDD) 0.94
Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Factor (RSDD) 0.96
LOSS FACTOR DETERMINATION
Non recoverable Factors
Ballast Factor 0.93
Other Non Recoverable Factors 1.00
LLF
TOTAL
= Recoverable Factors x Non recoverable Factors
LLF
TOTAL
= 0.90 x 1.00 x 0.94 x 0.96 x 0.93 x 1.00
LLF
TOTAL
= 0.75
Total Light Loss Factor (LLF) is 0.75, which means that 25%
of the luminous flux that might otherwise reach the
workplane is lost due to ballast factor, dirty luminaires, room
surfaces, and aged lamps.
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF
LUMINAIRES
At this point it is possible to calculate the illuminance on the
workplane:
Ewp = average maintained illuminance on the work plane
(TOTAL) = total system lamp lumen output
CU = coefficient of utilization
LLF = light loss factor
Awp = area of the work plane
By rearranging the Lumen Method equation, it is
possible to find the number of luminaires required to
meet a specific average illuminance level:
DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF
LUMINAIRES
ARRANGING THE LUMINAIRES
ARRANGING THE LUMINAIRES

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