Isl Art Arch-Libre

UCL Qatar Module UCLQG112
Art & Archaeology of the Islamic World

2012-2013 Year 1 Core 30 Credit Module

Module co-ordinator:
Timothy Power timothy.power@ucl.ac.uk

Cover illustration shows a Salj ru|cr. From a drawing of a early thirteenth-century Iranian bowl in
the Freer Gallery. All line drawings in the handbook are taken from B. Lewis (ed.) The World of Islam:
Faith, People & Culture (London, 1976 repr. 2002). All maps are taken from I. Lapidus, A History of
Islamic Societies (Cambridge, 2002).

CONTENTS

1. MODULE OVERVIEW
SHORT DESCRIPTION 1
MODULE STRUCTURE 1
WEEKLY SUMMARY 5
BASIC TEXTS AND RESOURCES 7
METHOD OF ASSESSMENT 8
TEACHING METHODS 8
LECTURES 9
SEMINARS 9
TUTORIALS 9
WORKLOAD 10
2. AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES
AIMS 11
LEARNING OUTCOMES 11
3. COURSEWORK SUBMISSION DATES AND ASSESSMENT
COURSEWORK SUBMISSION DATES AND ASSESSMENT 12
COURSEWORK OPTIONS AND ESSAY QUESTIONS 12
4. SCHEDULE & SYLLABUS
THE FORMATIVE PERIOD (AD 650-1050) 13
THE CLASSICAL PERIOD (AD 1050-1450) 23
THE GUNPOWDER EMPIRES (AD 1450-1850) 33
5. LIBRARY AND OTHER RESOURCES
QATAR LIBRARY HOLDINGS 39
ONLINE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS 40
OTHER ONLINE RESOURCES 40
ARABIC TRANSLITERATION GUIDE 41

QUICK REFERENCE TIMETABLES 42

Page 1 of 42

1. MODULE OVERVIEW

SHORT DESCRIPTION

The module provides an introduction to the material culture of
the Islamic world. Geographical parameters reach from Spain
to Central Asia and from the Crimea to Zanzibar, i.e. Eurasia,
the Sub-Continent and East Africa. Chronological parameters
span the Middle Eastern pre-Islamic empires and the European
colonial empires, i.e. broadly the sixth to nineteenth centuries.

MODULE STRUCTURE

The course is structured chronologically and divided into the Formative Period (AD 650-
1050), the Classical Period (AD 1050-1450), and the Gunpowder Empires (AD 1450-1850). The
material culture of a given period is considered from the conceptual frameworks of
superstructure (i.e. political & ideological factors, focus on dynasties, art historical
approaches) and infrastructure (i.e. economic & social factors, focus on regions,
archaeological approaches). The chronological periods and conceptual frameworks are
explained in greater detail below. More weight is given to the earlier periods to give five
module components, as follows:

[1] Formative Period (AD 650-1050)
[1.1] Superstructure
[1.2] Infrastructure
[2] Classical Period (AD 1050-1450)
[3] Gunpowder Empires (AD 1450-1850) [3.1] Super- / Infrastructure

(Note that students with a interest in the Gunpowder Empires will be able to take an
optional module on this subject in the second year of the degree. Please contact me in
Semester II if you are interesting in choosing this option.)
Page 2 of 42

Each of the five module components is allocated four classroom sessions, as follows:
[1] Formative Period
(AD 650-1050)
[1.1.1] Introduction to Islamic Civilisation & Material Culture
E
S
S
A
Y

1

[1.1.2] The World of Late Antiquity & Rise of Islam, AD 250-650
[1.1.3] The Arab Empire ol the Lmayyad and Abb id , AD 650-850
[1.1.4] The Fragmentation of the Caliphate & hite Schism, AD 850-1050
[1.2.1] land ca e ettlement in ild al- hm l: Au 00-1000
[1.2.2] Cities & Urbanism I: From Polis to VaJina
[1.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World I: AD 500-1000
[1.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World I: AD 500-1000
[2] Classical Period
(AD 1050-1450)
[2.1.1] 1he comin ol the 1urk unn kevival Au 100-1250
E
S
S
A
Y

2

[2.1.2] The Mongol Onslaught & Rise of the Persianate World, AD 1250-1500
[2.1.3] The Eastern Frontier: The Turks in India, AD 1000-1500
[2.1.4] The Western Frontier: The Berbers in Spain, AD 1000-1500
[2.2.1] Landscape & ettlement in ild al- hm ll: AD 1000-1500
[2.2.2] Cities & Urbanism II: Medieval Cairo as Umm al- uny
[2.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World II: AD 1000-1500
[2.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World II: AD 1000-1500
[3] Gunpowder Empires
(AD 1450-1850)
[3.1] Super- / Infrastructure
[3.1.1] The Rise of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1450-1700
E
S
S
A
Y

3

[3.1.2] The Decline of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1700-1900
[3.2.1] Cities & Urbanism III: Cairo between the Medieval and the Modern
[3.2.2] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World III: AD 1500-1900
Page 3 of 42

Chronological Structure

The first in depth characterisation of Islamic civilisation according to a tripartite
chronolo ical model wa mar hall lod on Venture of Islam (Chicago, 1974). This work has
proved hugely influential, and almost all university courses dealing with Islamic civilisation
now conform to his basic structure, with varying degrees of revision. However, it is a rather
idiosyncratic work and the student would be better advised to begin with Francis
kobin on The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World (Cambridge, 1996), which
adopts the same tripartite chronological structure but in a more accessible format.

The Formative Period (AD 650-1050) stretches from the great Arab conquests to the coming
of the Turks. Convenient chronological markers are provided by the death of the last
Sasanian Persian shh in 651, and the conquest of Baghdd by the Salj 1urk in 1055. This
eriod ee the ri e and lall ol the Arab em ire ol the Lmayyad and Abbsids, under
whom the civilisation we are wont to call Islamic emerged.

The Classical Period (AD 1050-1450) takes up with the
coming of the Turks and ends with the establishment
of the first of the so-called l lamic un owder
em ire . The upper chronological limit is provided
by the conquest of Constantinople (henceforth
known as Istanbul) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
This period is one of divergent traditions growing
out ol the Abbsid inheritance, when Turko-
Mongolian political and military dominance was
accompanied by Persian cultural prestige.

The rise and fall of the Gunpowder Empires (AD 1450-1850) constitutes the last epoch in
pre-modern Islamic civilisation. It begins with the establishment of the Ottoman, afavid
and Mughal empires, and concludes with their conquest and colonisation by European
powers. The end date for this period is the sack of Mughal Delhi by the British during the
Indian Uprising of 1857. The modern Islamic world has been shaped and is still being
shaped by the legacy of l lamic un owder em ire .
Page 4 of 42

Thematic Structure

The thematic structure of the course is informed by loose concepts of superstructure
(political & ideological factors, focus on dynasties, art historical approaches), and
infrastructure (economic & social factors, focus on regions, archaeological approaches).

e ion on u er tructure locu on the hi h culture ol l lamic civili ation. 1hi include
the great monuments and works of art patronised by the social elite, namely the ruler and
his family, together with high ranking bureaucrats, wealthy merchants and powerful
generals. Material culture of this order needs to be contextualised with reference to
contemporary literary sources, particularly poetry and philosophy, in order to understand
its expressive content.

These sessions are structured with reference to civilisational epochs and Islamic dynasties.
This conforms to the standard historical and art historical literature which the student
should be aware of. These sessions together provide an overview of the development of
pre-modern Islamic civilisation. A breakdown of the session contents according to dynasty
and re ion i a rovided a the back ol thi handbook lor tudent relerence.

Sessions on infrastructure focus on the economic base of Muslim-ruled societies. This
includes the archaeological sites and artefacts resulting from systems of production and
exchange, including principally agriculture, mining, manufacturing and trade. Material
culture of this order may be contextualised with reference to contemporary written
sources, including geographical tracts, travel accounts, and documentary archives, which
provide a wealth of information bearing upon the pre-modern economy.

These sessions are structured with reference to three key topics in Islamic archaeology
each with recurring case studies. Landscape archaeology and settlement patterns are
investigated through a study of Bild al-Shm (the Levant). Urban archaeology and the
l lamic city (sic.) are examined through a study of Cairo. Maritime archaeology and
international trade are investigated through the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.
Other case studies are of course possible and will be mentioned in passing. However, the
case studies chosen are by far the most well evidenced and best known examples.
Page 5 of 42

WEEK BY WEEK SUMMARY

Sessions for this module will be held between 14:00 and 17:00 on Sundays in Room 1A08.

Induction Week 27 30/08/12

[1.1.1] Introduction to Islamic Civilisation & Material Culture 02/09/12
(A) An Overview of Islamic Civilisation & the Chronological Structure of the Course
(B) Approaches to Islamic Material Culture & the Thematic Structure of the Course

[1.1.2] The World of Late Antiquity & Rise of Islam, AD 250-650 16/09/12
(A) The World of Late Antiquity & Arabia before Islam
(B) The Rise of Islam & Origins of the Early Islamic State

[1.1.3] 1he Arab lm ire ol the Lmayyad and Abb id Au 60-850 23/09/12
(A) The Umayyad Caliphate, c. 661-750
(8) 1nc ar|icr AuusiJ ca|ipnatc c. -945

[1.1.4] 1he lra mentation ol the cali hate hite Schism, AD 850-1050 30/09/12
(A) 1nc lraq cntaticn cj tnc ca|ipnatc 5niitc 5cnis
(8) 1nc kiva| ca|ipnatcs cj tnc limids & Spanish Umayyads

Reading Week 07 13/09/12

[1.2.1] land ca e ettlement in ild al- hm l: Au 00-1000 14/10/12
(A) cnanqinq 5ctt|c cnt attcrns Jurinq tnc cnq atc Antiuity
(B) The Umayyad Qusr: Art uistcrica| vs. Arcnacc|cqica| Apprcacncs

[1.2.2] Cities & Urbanism I: From Polis to VaJina 21/10/12
(A) cnanqinq 0ruan lcr s in 8i|J a|-5n
(B) The Three Sanctuaries: Mecca, Medina & Jerusalem

[1.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World I: AD 500-1000 04/10/12
(A) 1nc cnq atc Antiuity c. -750
(B) Muslim Hegemony: From Iraq to Egypt, c. 750-1050

[1.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World I: AD 500-1000 11/11/12
(A) The Byzantine Mediterranean, c. 500-800
(B) The Muslim Arab Mediterranean, c. 800-1100

Coins (from left to right)
of the Umayyad caliph
AuJ a|-Malik (r. 685-
) tnc AuusiJ caliph
al-Muqtadir (r. 908-32),
anJ tnc AyyuiJ su|n
$a| al- in (r. !!!-93)
Page 6 of 42

Student Placements, Qatar National Holiday & UCL Christmas Break 18/11/12 12/01/13

[2.1.1] 1he comin ol the 1urk unn kevival Au 100-1250 13/01/13
(A) The Origin and Western Migration of the Turks
(8) 1nc 5unni kcviva|: Jcc|cqy Vatcria| cu|turc

[2.1.2] The Mongol Onslaught & Rise of the Persianate World, AD 1250-1500 20/01/13
(A) 1nc ast: l|-knniJs 1i riJs
(8) 1nc wcst: Va |ks 8cy|iks

[2.1.3] The Eastern Frontier: The Turks in India, AD 1000-1500 27/01/13
(A) The Rise of Islamic India
(B) The Delhi Sultans

[2.1.4] The Western Frontier: The Berbers in Spain, AD 1000-1500 03/02/13
(A) The Taifa Kingdoms, Almoravids & Almohads
(B) The Nasirids of Granada & the Alhambra

No Lecture & Reading Week 17/02 02/03/13

[2.2.1] land ca e ettlement in ild al- hm ll: Au 1000-1500 24/02/13
(A) The Crusaders States & Cilician Armenia
(B) Town & Country in Medieval Syria

[2.2.2] Cities & Urbanism II: Medieval Cairo as Umm al- uny 03/03/13
(A) lrc tnc Vus|i ccnucst tc tnc ar|y limids, AD 642-1060s
(8) lrc tnc atcr limids to Ottoman Conquest, AD 1060s-1517

[2.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World II: AD 1000-1500 10/03/13
(A) The Indian Ocean and the Islamic World-System
(B) The Swahili Coast

[2.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World II: AD 1000-1500 17/03/13
(A) The Latin Mediterranean & Black Sea, c. 1100-1450
(B) The Ottoman Mediterranean & Black Sea, c. 1450-1750

Easter Break 24/03 06/04/13

[3.1.1] The Rise of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1450-1700 07/04/13
(A) 1nc c|assica| ottc ans $afavids
(B) The Earlier Mughals & 5nayuniJs

[3.1.2] The Decline of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1700-1900 14/04/13
(A) The Later Ottomans, Zands & Qajars
(8) 1nc atcr Vuqna|s ozucq knnatcs

[3.2.1] Cities & Urbanism III: Cairo between the Medieval and the Modern 21/04/13
(A) Ottoman Cairo, AD 1517-1798
(B) Khedival Cairo, AD 1798-1952

[3.2.2] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World III: AD 1500-1900 28/04/13
(A) Europeans & Ottomans in the Indian Ocean
(B) The Omani Maritime Empire, c. 1650-1850

Page 7 of 42

BASIC TEXTS AND RESOURCES

The following list of books should be regarded as textbooks. Students should read the
introductory works to give them a broad overview of the material covered by the module.
Students are expected to read and take notes on the relevant chapters of the required
readings in preparation for seminars. Reference works should be consulted for seminar
tasks and essay preparation. Supplementary bibliographies will be handed out in class
when tasks and essays are set.

Multiple copies of the textbooks exist in the UCL Qatar holdings and are confined to the
library for reference only. This includes a hard copy of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI2).
Georgetown also possesses single copies of all these titles, which can be taken out by the
students and recalled using the online catalogue system. Online access to the EI2 may be
gained through the IT cluster in the library. The Museum of Islamic Art (MIA) library has
single copies of these titles and a hard copy of the EI2. This library is for reference only.

Introductory Works

Robinson, F. 1996. The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Milwright, M. 2010. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh.
Irwin, R. 1997. Islamic Art in Context: Art, Architecture, and the Literary World. New York: Harry N.
Abrams, Inc.
Brend, B. 1991. Islamic Art. London: British Museum Press.
Hillenbrand, R. 1999. Islamic Art and Architecture. London:Thames and Hudson.

Required Readings

Cook, M. (ed.) 2003-2010. The New Cambridge History of Islam. 6 Vols. Cambridge: University Press.
Ettinghausen, R. & O. Grabar. 2001. Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250. Rev. and suppl. by M.
Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Blair, S.S. & J.M. Bloom. 1994. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University
Press.

Reference Works

Bearman, P.J., Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs et al. (eds.) 1960-2005.
Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2
nd
Edn. 12 Vols. with indexes & etc. Leiden: Brill.
Blair, S.S. & J.M. Bloom (eds.) 2009. The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. 3 Vols. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.

See also the internet resources listed in section 5. LIBRARY AND OTHER RESOURCES.
Page 8 of 42

METHOD OF ASSESSMENT

This course is assessed by means of 3 essays, each of 2500 words, which each contribute 33%
to the final grade for the course. Each essay topic deals with one of the three chronological
periods discussed above in MODULE STRUCTURE. This ensures that the students engage
with the full breadth of Islamic civilisation and material culture. Students have on average
three weeks to write the essay. Feedback will be given two weeks after submission. This
module uses a tutorial system to deliver feedback (see below, TUTORIALS).

TEACHING METHODS

The basic unit of timetabling is the 3-hour taught session. This is divided into two 45 min
lectures and a 60 min seminar, with time for questions and coffee, as follows:

Start Period Schedule
14:00 45 min Lecture topic (A)
14:45 5 min Questions
14:50 10 min Coffee
15:00 45 min Lecture topic (B)
15:45 5 min Questions
15:50 10 min Coffee
16:00 10 min Student presentation (A)
16:10 10 min Student presentation (B)
16:20 10 min Student presentation (C)
16:30 20 min Group discussion on set topic
16:50 10 min Next week eminar tasks set

Sessions for this module will be held between 14:00 and 17:00 on Sundays in Room 1A08.
Please refer to the Graduate Handbook for further details as regards classroom etiquette.
Page 9 of 42

LECTURES

Lectures give an overview of a given topic and provide a narrative structure to the module.
Students are expected to take notes during the lecture and ask questions afterwards.
Handouts will be given at the start of the lecture. These will contain information on key
events in history and civilisation, dates for rulers and other notable, principal sites and
monuments, supplementary reading lists etc. Please note that the purpose of lectures is to
guide students towards knowledge, and not deliver definitive statements on a given topic.
Students must take responsibility for their own learning and engage with the required and
supplementary reading lists. All lectures will be delivered by the module coordinator (Dr.
Timothy Power).

SEMINARS

Seminars are intended to direct students to engage with the academic literature and form
their own opinions of key debates in the field. The structure is informed by seminar tasks.
Students will be divided into pairs or groups and set tasks at the end of each seminar. Tasks
will be explained by the module coordinator and guidance given on readings. Students then
have a week to research a particular topic before giving a short presentation (10 min) to
the class. These presentations are intended as the starting point for discussion but are not
assessed. Furthermore, students should come prepared for seminars by attending to the
required reading lists so that they can engage in a 20 min group discussion on a set topic.

TUTORIALS

Personal tutorials consist of an up to 60 minute private meeting between the student and
module coordinator to discuss the essay and other relevant issues. Students should contact
the module coordinator directly to make an appointment. Note that the UCL Qatar
timetable keeps Tuesdays free of teaching, which provides a convenient timeslot for
tutorial . Accordin to the tudent wi he tutorial may be iven in the module
coordinator ollice or in the round lloor tall room. ler onal tutorial allow tudent
some scope to tailor the module syllabus to their own requirements, and students are urged
to make the most of these sessions by coming prepared with questions.
Page 10 of 42

WORKLOAD

There will be 40 hours of lectures (i.e. 20 lectures of 120 min each) and 20 hours of seminars
for this module (i.e. 20 seminars of 60 min each). Students will be expected to undertake
around 140 hours of reading for the seminar tasks (i.e. 7 hours per week), plus 100 hours for
the essays (i.e. 33 hrs per essay). This adds up to a total workload of 300 hours for the
module.

Fimid warriors. Ink drawing on paper, Egypt, 11
th
century.

Page 11 of 42

2. AIMS AND LEARNING OUTCOMES

AIMS

This module aims to:
To provide an overview of the origin and development of Islamic material culture.
To promote greater integration of archaeological and art historical methodologies.
To encourage a deeper awareness and appreciation of Islamic civilization.
To inspire students to pursue a career in Islamic cultural heritage.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of the module students will have acquired:
A familiarity with the principal sites and monuments of the Dr al-Islm.
An understanding of archaeological & art historical approaches to material culture.
A greater awareness of the diverse peoples and lands of the Islamic world.
An appreciation of the significance of Islamic civilisation to world history.

Thirteenth-century Iranian tile

Page 12 of 42

3. COURSEWORK SUBMISSION AND ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES

COURSEWORK SUBMISSION DATES AND ASSESSMENT

Essay Essay Topic Question Set Deadline Feedback
1
[1] Formative Period
[1.1] Super- / [1.2] Infrastructure
Sun 11 Nov Sun 13 Jan Tue 29 Jan
2
[2] Classical Age
Sun 17 Mar Sun 7 Apr Tue 23 Apr
3
[3] Gunpowder Empires
Sun 28 Apr Sun 19 May Tue 28 May

Students are not normally permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to improve
their marks. However, students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a given
assignment, to submit for comment their work so far, or an outline of the assignment. If
students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the
Module Coordinator.

COURSEWORK OPTIONS AND ESSAY QUESTIONS

Essay questions and supplementary reading lists will be presented at the end of the final
seminar of each of the three module components. Students will be able to choose from
selection of essay questions, or ask the lecturer for a relevant question if they have an interest in
a certain subject. These will be discussed by the module coordinator in the seminar, who will
flag-up issues students may wish to explore in their essays, highlighting particular entries
on the supplementary reading lists. Students are expected to use the system of Arabic
transliteration detailed below.

Please refer to the UCL Qatar Graduate Handbook for standard submission procedures,
policy on plagiarism, and the return of marked coursework. Note that late and over-length
work will be penalised according to UCL Qatar policy stated in the Graduate Handbook.

Page 13 of 42

4. SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS
The Formative Period, AD 650-1050

Statue of the Umayyad caliph al-WaliJ (r. 743-44) from Khirbat al-Mafjr now in Damascus Museum
Page 14 of 42


This introductory session outlines the subject of study and structure of the module. The
first lecture provides a brief overview of Islamic civilisation and material culture. It runs
through the highlights of the material culture of the Pre-Islamic Empires (AD 250-650),
Formative Period (AD 650-1050), the Classical Period (AD 1050-1450) and the Gunpowder
Empires (AD 1450-1850) in turn. The major developments in material culture are
contextualised in the wider civilizational processes. The second lecture examines the origin
and development of the study of Islamic material culture. It highlights the emergence of
academic disciplines and conceptual frameworks, dwelling particularly on art historical vs.
archaeological approaches, and highlighting key debates and current thinking in each field.

(A) An Overview of Islamic Civilisation & the Chronological Structure of the Course

kuthven m. 199. ch . 1 l lam mu lim and l lami m. Islam: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. pp. 1-20.
lrwin k. 199. ch . 2 1he l lamic world. Islamic Art in Context: Art, Architecture, and the Literary
World. NY: Abrams Perspectives. pp. 39-56.
lewi . 196. ke r. 2002. ch . 1 1he laith and the laithlul: 1he land and leo le ol l lam. ln .
Lewis (ed.) The World of Islam: Faith, People, Culture. London. pp. 25-56.
ilver tein A.}. 2010. ch . 1 The tory. Islamic History: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. pp. 9-48.

(B) Approaches to Islamic Material Culture & the Thematic Structure of the Course

ln oll 1. 1999. ch . 1 lntroduction. The Archaeology of Islam. Oxford. pp. 1-25.
milwri ht m. 2010. ch . 1 lntroduction. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh:
Ettinghausen, R. 196. ke r. 2002. ch . 2 The Man-made ettin : l lamic Art and Architecture. ln
B. Lewis (ed.) The World of Islam: Faith, People, Culture. London. pp. 57-88.
lrwin k. 199. ch . ! keli iou and ecular Architecture. Islamic Art in Context: Art, Architecture,
and the Literary World. NY: Abrams Perspectives. pp. 17-38.

Page 15 of 42

[1.1.2] The World of Late Antiquity & Rise of Islam, AD 250-650

The origin and early development of Islam should be sought in the wider civilisation of Late
Antiquity. 1he e tabli hment ol the a anian dyna ty in 224 and colla e ol the marrn
caliphate in 868 provide convenient chronological markers for what is sometimes known as
the lon late Anti uity. It included the empires of the Greek Byzantines and Persian
Sasanians, together with the Arab em ire ol the Lmayyad and early Abb id which
shared in the civilizational ideal of universalism. These empires were so vast that their
ruler could claim to rule over the civili ed inhabited world a conce t ex re ed in all
imperial languages of Late Antiquity, be it the Greek Oikoumene, Persian Irnsncnr or Arabic
r a|-s| . This session seeks to contextualise the origin and development of the Islamic
state in the world of Late Antiquity, tracing the rise of the Arabs from the legendary third-
century mi ration ol the 1ankh throu h to the much more substantial seventh-century
relorm ol Abd al-Malik, which ensured the consolidation of the great Arab conquests and
provided a solid foundation for the incipient caliphate.

(A) The World of Late Antiquity & Arabia before Islam

lrwin k. 199. cha ter 1 1he li torical ack round. Islamic Art in Context: Art, Architecture,
and the Literary World. NY: Abrams Perspectives. pp. 17-38.
Huff, D. 1986. Updated 2011. Architecture. III. Sasanian Period. Encyclopaedia Iranica 2.3: 329-34.
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/architecture-iii
man o m. 2000. ch . !1 uildin Architecture. ln A. Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins & M. Whitby
(eds.) The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 12. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425600.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 918-71.
Lecker, M. 2010. ch . 4 Pre-l lamic Arabia. ln c.l. kobin on (ed.) The New Cambridge History of
Islam. Vol. 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. pp. 153-72.

(B) The Rise of Islam & Origins of the Early Islamic State

crone l. 1996. ch . 1 1he ki e ol l lam in the world. ln l. kobin on (ed.) The Cambridge Illustrated
History of the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 2-32.
Robinson, C.F. 2010. The Rise of Islam, 600-705. In C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of
Johns, J. 2003. Archaeology and the History of Early Islam: The First Seventy Years of Islam. Journal
of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 46.4: 411-36.
Hoyland, R.G. 2006. New Documentary Texts and the Early Islamic State. Bulletin of School for Oriental
and African Studies 69.3: 395-416.

Page 16 of 42

[1.1.3] The Arab Empire ol the Lmayyad and Abb id , AD 650-850

The Arab conquests created an empire stretching from Spain to Central Asia. This empire is
known as the caliphate, from the Arabic title of the ruler, kna|ijat A||n or de uty ol ood.
The caliphate was ruled by two successive Arab dynasties, the Umayyads with their capitals
of Jerusalem and Damascus between 660 and 0 and the Abb id with their ca ital at
a hdd then marr' lrom 750 to 945. However, already in the ninth century the vast and
unwieldy em ire wa lra mentin . lllective Abb id rule came to an end with the
con ue t ol lra by the yid althou h the cali h wa ke t on a a ceremonial li ure until
the mon ol ack ol a hdd in 128 alter which time the cali hate wa di olved. 1hi
session deals with peak of the caliphate under the Lmayyad and Abb id , wherein the
civilisation we are wont to call Islamic was firmly established.

General Introductions

rend . 1992. ch . 1 1he le acy ol lm ire : yria lra and lran under the cali h . Islamic Art.
London: British Museum Press. pp. 20-45.
lttin hau en k. O. orabar. 2001. lart One: larly l lamic Art Architecture (c. 60-1000). Chp. 2
central l lamic land . Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-
Madina. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 15-79.

(A) The Umayyad Caliphate, c. 661-750

lennedy l. 2004. ch . 4 1he Lmayyad cali hate. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. 2
nd
Edn.
Harlow. pp. 82-122.
Cobb, P.M. 2010. The Empire in Syria, 705-763. In C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of
lillenbrand k. 1999. chp. 1 1he irth ol l lamic Art: 1he Lmayyad . Islamic Art and Architecture.
London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 10-37.

(B) The Earlier Abb id cali hate, c. 750-945

lennedy l. 2004. ch . 1he larly Abba id cali hate. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. 2
nd

Edn. Harlow. pp. 123-55.
Al-Hibri, T. 2010. The Empire in Iraq, 763-861. In C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of
lillenbrand k. 1999. ch . 2 1he Abba id . Islamic Art and Architecture. London: Thames & Hudson.
pp. 38-60.

Page 17 of 42

[1.1.4] The Fragmentation of the Caliphate hite Schism, AD 850-1050

The caliphate fragmented into numerous regional dynasties in the course of the ninth and
tenth centuries. Already Spain was lost to a refugee Umayyad prince in 750. North Africa
became inde endent under the A hlbids in 800, Iran and Central Asia under the mnid
from 819, then Egypt under the 1lnid alter 868. This fragmentation was compounded by
the hite schism. A hite counter-caliphate wa declared in 909 by the ltimid dynasty in
North Alrica lollowed in 969 by the ltimid conquest of Egypt and foundation of al- hra
(Cairo). The stage was then set for confrontation between the Sunni Umayyads of Spain and
hite ltimids of Egypt, the two principal dynasties of the western Islamic world, whose
interests clashed in North Africa. Another hite dyna ty, that ol the yid wa
established in Iran in 934, which by 945 had conquered Iraq and subdued the Abb id
caliphs. Numerou other local hite dyna tie emer ed to the extent that the tenth
century i ometime known a the hite century. This session charts the development of
art and architecture of the central and western Islamic lands, noting also that
comparatively little from this period survives from the of the lands eastern caliphate.

(A) The Fragmentation of the Caliphate hite Schism

lennedy l. 2010. 1he late Abb id lattern 94-1050. In C.F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge
History of Islam. Vol. 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. Cambridge:
lttin hau en k. O. orabar. 2001. lart One: larly l lamic Art Architecture (c. 60-1000). Chp. 2
central l lamic land . Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-
orabar O. 19. ch . 9 1he Vi ual Art . ln k.N. Frye (ed.) The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4: The
period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 329-
63.
Brend . 1992. ch . 2 land ol the we t: l y t North Alrica and ain. Islamic Art. London:
British Museum Press. pp. 46-69.

(B) The Rival Caliphates of the ltimids & Spanish Umayyads

moreno l.m. 2010. ch . 14 The Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. ln c.l. kobin on (ed.) The New
Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries.
lttin hau en k. O. orabar. 2001. ch . 3 we tern l lamic land . Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-
1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 83-101.
[FOR UMAYYAD SPAIN]
ander l.A. 1998. 1he ltimid State, 969-1171. In C.F. Petry (ed.) The Cambridge History of Egypt.
Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640 - 1517. Cambridge. pp. 151-74.
lttin hau en k. O. orabar. 2001. ch . 6 Central Islamic Lands. Part 1. The Fatimids in Egypt,
lale tine and yria. Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-
Page 18 of 42

ccntra| s|a |anJs unJcr tnc Arau c pirc cj tnc 0 ayyaJs AuusiJs c. A e-850

Central Islamic lands during the fragmentation of the caliphate, c. AD 950-1050

Page 19 of 42

[1.2.1] Landscape & Settlement in ild al- hm l: Au 00-1000

The archaeology of ild al-Shm (the levant) during the Islamic centuries is perhaps
better known than any other re ion ol the ur al-l lm which allows for a discussion of
landscape and settlement. This is particularly important in the early Islamic period, since
Syria was a major focus of the Islamic conquests and Arab colonisation, becoming
ultimately the seat of the Umayyad dynasty (c. 661-750). Settlement along the desert
lrontier ol ild al- hm included a series of sites generally known collectively although
perhaps not very accurately a the de ert ca tle or qusr (Ar. pl. qasr, palace). The qusr
have attracted a good deal of attention from antiquarians, art historians and
archaeologists. The wide range of approaches and interpretations affords methodological
observations of more than local significance relevant to the wider study of Islamic material
culture.

(A) Changing Settlement Patterns during the lon late Anti uity

milwri ht m. 2010. ch . 4 1he country ide. An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology. Edinburgh:
Kennedy, H. 1992. The Impact of Muslim Rule on the Pattern of Rural Settlement in Syria. In P.
Canivet & J.-P. Rey-Coquais (eds.) a 5yric Jc 8yzancc a |s|a vc-VIII sicles. Lyons.
Johns, J. 1994. The Longue Dure: State and Settlement Strategies in Southern Jordan across the
Islamic Centuries. In E.L. Rogan & T. Tell (eds.) Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of
Modern Jordan. London & New York: British Academic Press. pp. 1-31.
Walmsley, A. 2007. Economic Developments and the Nature of Settlement in the Towns and
Countryside of Syria-Palestine, ca. 565-800. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61: 319-52.

(B) The Umayyad Qu r: Art Historical vs. Archaeological Approaches

Hillenbrand, R. 1981. La Dolce Vita in Early Islamic Syria: The Evidence of the Later Umayyad Palaces.
Art History 5: 1-35.
King, G.R.D. 1987. The Distribution of Sites and Routes in the Jordanian and Syrian Deserts in the
Early Islamic Period. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 17: 91-105.
Bacharach, J. 1996. Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculation on Patronage. Muqarnas 13:
27-44.
Creswell, K. A. C. 1989. A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture. Rev. and suppl. by James W. Allen.
Aldershot.

Page 20 of 42

[1.2.2] Cities & Urbanism I: From Polis to VaJina

The urban mor holo y ol ild al- hm underwent i nilicant chan e durin the cour e ol
the lon late Anti uity. The hippodamian rid and colonnaded treet ol the cla ical
Graeco-Roman city were replaced by the irregular alleys and narrow ss (markets),
effecting a transformation from polis (ork. city) to aJina (Ar. city), as Hugh Kennedy
adroitly put it. This has traditionally been ascribed to the agency of the Arab conquers,
whom it was claimed ellected a eneral bedouini ation to the detriment of settled life.
The past generation of research has ex o ed Orientali t rejudice and overturned these
assumptions. It can now be shown that continued Umayyad investment reinvigorated Late
Antique urbanism by redeveloping existing towns and establishing new ones. Earlier
revisionist scholarship placed the decline of urbanism in the mid eighth century, following
the relocation ol cali hal atrona e lrom yria to lra under the Abb id . lowever more
recent research suggests that conditions only became constrained in the troubled ninth
and tenth centuries during the fragmentation of the caliphate. This session explores these
issues, whilst at the same time examining the rise of the Islamic cult centres, of which only
Jerusalem retains any degree of surviving early Islamic material culture.

(A) Changin Lrban lorm in ild al- hm

milwri ht m. 2010. ch . 1own citie and lalace . An Introduction to Islamic Archaeology.
Edinburgh: University Press. pp. 75-96.
Kennedy, H. 1985. From Polis to Madina: Urban Change in Late Antique and Early Islamic Syria. Past
and Present 106: 3-27.
lillenbrand k. 1999. Anjar and larly l lamic Lrbani m. ln o.l. ro iolo . ward-Perkins (ed.) The
Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Age. Leiden: Brill. pp. 59-
98.
Walmsley, A. 2007. Economic Developments and the Nature of Settlement in the Towns and
Countryside of Syria-Palestine, ca. 565-800. Dumbarton Oaks Papers 61: 319-52.

(B) The Three Sanctuaries: Mecca, Medina & Jerusalem

Peters, F.E. 1986. Jerusalem and Mecca. The Typology of the Holy City in the Near East. New York.
}ohn }. 1999. 1he lou e ol the lro het and the conce t ol the mo ue. ln }. }ohn (ed.) Bayt al-
Maqdis: Jerusalem and Early Islam. Oxford Studies in Islamic Art 9.2. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. pp. 59-112.
llad A. 1992. why uid Abd al-Malik Build the Dome of the Rock? A Re-Examination of the Muslim
Sources. In J. Raby & J. Johns (eds.) Bayt al-VaJis. vc|. !. AuJ a|-Va|iks jcrusa|c . Oxford. pp.
33-58.
Grabar, O. 1996. The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem. Princeton.

Page 21 of 42

[1.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World I: AD 500-1000

The Indian Ocean constitutes the principal interaction network of southern Asia and
eastern Africa. It bound together the Middle East (South-West Asia), India (Southern Asia)
and China (East Asia). Interactions included political exchanges, military expeditions,
religious pilgrimages, commercial ventures and population movements. These interactions
informed the spread of Islam from Zanzibar to 2aytn (Yangzhou), transforming it into a
truly lobal civili ation. 1he lir t lecture ol thi e ion ex lore the ori in ol the lndia
trade in the re-Islamic period, when the Byzantines, Aksumites, Himyarites and Sasanians
engaged in a busy commerce with India, and indirectly with China. The second lecture
trace it develo ment into the l lamic eriod when the Abb id lra entered into direct
communication with 1an china.

(A) 1he lon late Anti uity c. 0-750

Mango, M.M. 1996. Byzantine Maritime Trade with the East (4
th
-7
th
Centuries). Aram 8: 139-63.
idebotham .l. 2011. ch . 1! Late Roman Berenike and it uemi e. Berenike and the Ancient
Maritime Spice Route. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 259-82.
Whitehouse, D. & A. Williamson. 1973. Sasanian Maritime Trade. Iran 11: 29-49.
Kennet, D. 2007. The Decline of Eastern Arabia in the Sasanian Period. Arabian Archaeology &
Epigraphy 18: 86-122.
1omber k. 2008. cha ter 2 chartin lxchan e throu h 1ext and Object . Indo-Roman Trade: From
Pots to Pepper. London. pp. 19-56.

(B) Muslim Hegemony: From Iraq to Egypt, c. 750-1050

Hourani, G.F. & J. Carswell. 1995. ch . 2 1rade koute under the cali hate. Arab Seafaring.
Expanded Edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 51-86.
lod e k. u. whitehou e. 198!. ch . 6 1he Abba id cali hate. Muhammad, Charlemagne and the
Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London. pp. 123-57.
chaudhuri l.N. 198. cha ter 2 The Rise of Islam and the Pattern of Pre-Emporia Trade in Early
A ia. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean. An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750.
Cambridge. pp. 34-62.
Wink, A. 1990. cha ter 2 1he lndia 1rade. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. 1. Early
Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7
th
-11
th
Centuries. 2
nd
Rev. Edn. Leiden: Brill. pp. 25-64.

Page 22 of 42

[1.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World I: AD 500-1000

The Late Antique period in Europe is characterised by the Vlkerwanderung or mi ration ol
eo le wherein the we tern koman em ire was conquered by Germanic tribes. The
Visigoths sacked Rome in 410, whilst the Vandals took Spain in 409 and went on to take
North Africa by 439, followed by the Ostrogoth conquest of Italy in 488. The eastern Roman
empire (Byzantium) subsequently attempted to reclaim the western Mediterranean,
beginning with North Africa in 533 and then Italy from 535 to 554, only to lose northern
Italy to the Germanic Lombards in 568. Byzantium hegemony in the Mediterranean was
seriously challenged by the Arab conquests, which included Syria-Palestine (634-38), Egypt
(639-42), North Africa (670-93) and Spain (711-18). 1he e tabli hment ol the A hlbid in
ayrawn in 800 lollowed hortly by their con ue t ol icily alter 82 ut the trategic
fulcrum of the Mediterranean in Muslim hands. Crete was captured in 824-27, giving the
Arabs a base in the Aegean, thus placing Constantinople itself at risk. Muslim settlements
were further established in Europe, notably the short-lived emirate of Bari (847-71) in Italy,
and Fraxinet (889-975) in the south of France. This session examines material evidence for
production and exchange in the Mediterranean in the light of these geopolitical shifts.

(A) The Byzantine Mediterranean, c. 500-800

Hodges, k. u. whitehou e. 198!. ch . ! The Eastern Mediterranean, 500-80. Muhammad,
Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London.
lo eby . 200. ch . 22 1he mediterranean lconomy. ln l. louracre (ed.) The New Cambridge
Medieval History. Vol. 1. c. 500 c. 700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 605-38.
Walmsley, A.G. 2000. Production, Exchange and Regional Trade in the Islamic East Mediterranean:
Old Structures, New Systems? In I.L. Hansen & C. Wickham (eds.) 1nc cnq iqntn ccntury:
Production, Distribution and Demand. Leiden. pp. 265-343.
Armstrong, P. 2009. Trade in the East Mediterranean in the Eighth Century. In M.M. Mango (ed)
Byzantine Trade (4th-12th centuries): Recent Archaeology of Local, Regional, and International
Exchange. Ashgate. pp. 157-78.

(B) The Muslim Arab Mediterranean, c. 800-1100

mccormick m. 200. ch . 14 Byzantium and the West, 700-900. ln k. mclitterick (ed.) The New
Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 2. c. 700 c. 900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
349-82.
Wickham, C. 2004. The Mediterranean around 800: On the Brink of the Second Trade Cycle.
Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58: 161-74.
ooitein .u. 196. cha ter 1 The Mediterranean Scene during the High Middle Ages (969-120). A
Mediterranean Society. Vol. I: Economic Foundations. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
29-74.
Allan, J. 1986. Islamic Metalwork and the Mediterranean. Metalwork of the Islamic World. The Aron
Collection. LonJcn: 5ctncuys uu|icaticn. pp. 16-24.
Page 23 of 42

The Classical Age, AD 1050-1450

The dome of Suln qytuys (r. !!e-96) mausoleum in Cairo from the K.A.C. Creswell photographic archive
Page 24 of 42

[2.1.1] The Coming of the Turks unn kevival, AD 1050-1250

The rise of the Turks as a military power marks a new era in Islamic civilisation. The
Ghaznavids (c. 963-1187) emerged to dominate much of the eastern caliphate from their
base in Afghanistan. They were we t a ide by the alj (c. 10!-1194), who conquered
a hdd in 10 and dominated central Islamic lands until 1092, whereupon the empire
fragmented, with ild al- hm lo t to the cru ader alter 1099. alj ower la ted longer
in the eastern Islamic lands, where the capital was moved to Marv under the long reign of
Sultn anjr (r. 1118-53), but there too fragmented into a bewildering array of local
dynasties after 1153. Anatolia was seized from the Byzantines after the Battle of Manzikert
in 101 where a ub idiary dyna ty known a the alj ol km (c. 10-1307) ruled from
Konya. Ol the alj ucce or tate which emer ed in the central l lamic land the
Zangids in Syria and Iraq (c. 1127-1250) and Ayybid in yria and Egypt (c. 1171-1250),
were mo t active in drivin the cru ader out ol ild al- hm. 1heir conllict a ain t ha
heretic and chri tian invader belon to a wider roce known a the unn revival,
which may further be read into the art and architecture of the time, as will be shown.

(A) The Origin and Western Migration of the Turks

oucek . 2000. ch . 2 1he lk 1urk the chine e lx an ion and the Arab con ue t. A History of
Inner Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51-69.
Bosworth, C.E. 2010. The Steppe Peoples in the Islamic World. In D.O. Morgan & A. Reid (eds.) The
New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries.
lttin hau en k. O. orabar. 2001. ch . la tern l lamic land . Islamic Art and Architecture, 650-
1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 139-83.
Brend, B. 1992. ch . ! kenewal lrom the la t: 1he eljuk lnter lran and Anatolia. Islamic Art.

(B) The unn kevival: Ideology & Material Culture

erkey }. 200!. ch . 20 A unni kevival7 The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East,
600-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 189-202.
1abbaa Y. 2001. cha ter 1 1he unni kevival. The Transformation of Islamic Art and Architecture
during the Sunni Revival. Washington. pp. 11-24.
lttin hau en k. O. orabar. 2001. ch . 6 Central Islamic Lands. Part 2. The Saljuqs, Artuqids,
2an id and Ayyubid in in lra Anatolia yria lale tine and l y t. Islamic Art and
Architecture, 650-1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University
Press. pp. 215-65.
lillenbrand k. 1999. ch . The Age of the Atabegs: Syria, Iraq and Anatolia, 1100-1!00.
Islamic Art and Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 111-37.

Page 25 of 42

[2.1.2] The Mongol Onslaught & Rise of the Persianate World, AD 1250-1500

The ack ol a hdd and murder ol the la t Abb id cali h by the mon ol lle lhn in
1258 sent shockwaves around the Islamic world. The Mongols had been united by Genghis
lhn (r. 1206-27), whose successors completed the conquest of China and the eastern
Islamic world by 1260, with tremendous loss of life and widespread destruction. Hleg
lhn (r. 1256-65) established a subsidiary dynasty known as the ll-lhnids (c. 1256-1335),
based in north-eastern Iran, which ruled over the central and eastern Islamic lands as
a an until their conver ion to hite l lam in 129. 1he mon ol threat rom ted the
overthrow of the Ayybid dyna ty by their 1urki h lave-soldiers, who established a
mamlk ultnate (c. 120-11) in l y t and yria havin ucce lully checked ll-lhnid
ex an ion at the battle ol Ayn }lt in 1260. 1hi e ion examine the art and architecture
of the Turko-mon olian dyna tie dealin al o with the km alj successor states of
Anatolia known collectively as the Beyliks, and their relations with the great powers.

(A) The East: ll-lhnid 1mrid

kobin on l. 200. ll lhan muzallarid and 1imurid 126-106. The Mughal Emperors and the
Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia, 1206-1925. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 14-73.
mor an u.O. 1988. ch . 6 to 10 - ll-lhnid 1mrid . Medieval Persia, 1040-1797. Harlow:
Longman. pp. 51-100.
lair . . }.m. loom. 1994. ch . 2 to Art & Architecture in Iran & Central Asia under the ll-
lhnid 1mrid . The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University
Press. pp. 21-69.
rend . 1992. ch . 1he la t la tern lnvader : 1he mon ol and 1imurid lm ire . Islamic Art.

(B) The West: mamlk & Beyliks

levanoni A. 2010. ch . 8 1he mamlk in l y t and yria: 1he 1urki h mamlk ultanate (648-
784 / 1250-1!82) and the circa ian mamlk Sultanate (784-923 / 1382-1517). In M. Fierro
(ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth
Centuries. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 237-84.
1uran O. 190. ch . ! Anatolia in the Period ol the eljuk and eylik . ln l.m. lolt A. . lambton
& B. Lewis (eds.) The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol 1A. The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-
Islamic Times to the First World War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 231-62.
Blair, S.S. }.m. loom. 1994. ch . 6 to 8 Art & Architecture in Egypt, Syria, and Arabia under the
mamluk . The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp.
70-113.
lair . . }.m. loom. 1994. ch . 10 Architecture and the Arts in Anatolia under the Beyliks and
larly Ottoman . The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University
Press. pp. 132-48.

Page 26 of 42

[2.1.3] The Eastern Frontier: The Turks in India, AD 1000-1500

The Islamic presence in the Indian Sub-Continent began early. In 711 the Umayyad viceroy
of the east, al-lajjj b. Y ul al-1ha al de atched hi ne hew muhammad b. im al-
1ha al to take indh and multan (lunjab). Archaeolo ical excavation at ambhore
revealed a hypostyle mosque with an inscription dated to 727, making this one of the
earliest surviving mosques in the world. Between 1005 and 1025 the Turkish ruler of the
eastern Islamic world, Mahmd al-ohaznaw launched a erie ol raid a ain t lndia
culminating in the sack of Somnath (Gujarat) and destruction of the Shiva lingam. A more
permanent presence was established by hhab al-un muhammad al-ohawr, who took
Multan in 1175 and Lahore (Punjab) in 1186, though this proved short-lived a the ohrid
dynasty collapsed in 1215. It was a Turkish slave- oldier ol the ohrid utb al-un Aybak
who established durable Muslim rule in India. He conquered Delhi in 1193 and seized power
in 1206, giving rise to the series of dynasties known collectively as the Sultnate ol uelhi
which expanded across northern India until the Mughal conquest in 1526. This session
traces Sultnate art and architecture lrom the ohrid to the comin ol the mu hal .

(A) The Rise of Islamic India

wink A. 2010. ch . 2 The Early Expansion of Islam in lndia. In D.O. Morgan & A. Reid (eds.) The
Wink, A. 1990. cha ter 1 lrom ain to china: 1he larly Islamic Conquests and the Formation of
the cali hate. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Vol. 1. Early Medieval India and the
Expansion of Islam 7
th
-11
th
Centuries. 2
nd
Rev. Edn. Leiden: Brill. pp. 7-24.
Thomas, D.C., G. Pastori & I. Cucco. 2004. Excavations at Jam, Afghanistan. East and West 54: 87-119.
Pinder-Wilson, R., 2001. Ghaznavid and Ghurid Minarets. Iran 39: 155-86.

(B) The Delhi Sultans

kobin on l. 200. 1he ultan ol uelhi 1206-126. The Mughal Emperors and the Islamic Dynasties of
India, Iran and Central Asia, 1206-1925. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 74-111.
}ack on l. 2010. ch . ! mu lim lndia: 1he uelhi ultanate. ln u.O. mor an A. keid (ed .) The
lair . . }.m. loom. 1994. ch . 11 Architecture and the Art in lndia under the ultan. The Art
and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 149-64.
rend . 1992. ch . 8 lm eror in lindu tan: ultanate and mu hal lndia. Islamic Art. London:

Page 27 of 42

[2.1.4] The Western Frontier: The Berbers in Spain, AD 1000-1500

The second Umayyad caliphate collapsed in 1031 and al-Andal wa divided amon t a
series of local successor states known as Taifas (Ar. `ija, pl. aw`ij). This afforded a chance
to the Christian kingdoms of the north, who seized the Taifa of Toledo in 1085, beginning
the so-called Reconquista. The Taifa kings responded by inviting in powerful Berber armies
from al-Maghrib (Morocco & Algeria). In 1086 the Almoravids (Ar. al-Vuruin, c. 1040-
1147) conquered al-Andal lollowed then by the Almohad (Ar. al-MuwaiJn, c. 1121-
1269) in 1190, who held back the tide of the Reconquista. The Berbers were badly defeated by
the Christians in 1212 and expelled by the Taifa kings in 1224. The Reconquista proceeded
quickly through the remainder of the thirteenth century, leaving only the Na rids (c. 1238-
1492) clinging on in Granada, until at last they too were defeated. The fall of Granada in
1492 the same year Colombus set sail for India and discovered America was followed by
the expulsion or forcible conversion of the Muslims and Jews of Spain. This session
explores the remarkable civilisation of al-Andal examinin it art and architecture in the
light of its courtly culture, in particular the poetry of the time.

General Introductions

lillenbrand k. 1999. ch . 1he mu lim we t. Islamic Art and Architecture. London: Thames &
Hudson. pp. 167-95.
rend . 1992. ch . 2 land ol the we t: l y t North Alrica and ain. Islamic Art. London:

(A) The Taifa Kingdoms, Almoravids & Almohads

lletcher k. 1992. ch . 1he larty lin ch . 6 1he moroccan lundamentali t . Moorish
Spain. London. pp. 79-104 & 105-30.
lttin hau en k. O. orabar. 2001. ch . we tern l lamic land . Islamic Art and
Architecture, 650-1250. Rev. and suppl. by M. Jenkins-Madina. New Haven: Yale University
Press. pp. 269-88.
Dodds, J. 1992. The Arts of al-Andalus. In S.K. Jayyusi (ed.) The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Leiden: E.J.
Brill. pp. 599-620.

(B) The Na irids of Granada & the Alhambra

lletcher k. 1992. ch . 8 Na rid oranada. Moorish Spain. London. pp. 157-70.
Blair, S.S. & J.M. loom. 1994. ch . 9 Architecture and the Arts in the Maghrib under the
lal id marinid and Na rid . The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale
Orihuela, A. 2007. The Andalusi House in Granada (Thirteenth to Sixteenth Centuries). In
C.D. Anderson & M. Rosser-Owen. (eds.) Revisiting al-Andalus: Perspectives on the Material
Culture of Islamic Iberia and Beyond. Leiden: Brill. pp. 169-92.
Page 28 of 42

Central and eastern Islamic lands and the coming of the Turks, c. AD 1050-1100

Central and eastern Islamic lands under Mongol domination, c. AD 1250-1350

Page 29 of 42

[2.2.1] Landscape & ettlement in ild al- hm ll: AD 1000-1500

The arrival of the Franks in 1098 and Mongols in 1260 had a definite impact on the
ettlement attern ol ild al- hm. cru ader tate were e tabli hed at lde a (c. 1098-
1144), Jerusalem (c. 1099-1187), Antioch (c. 1098-1268) and Tripoli (c. 1196-1271). This
introduced a new population element which survived for almost two hundred years, and
impacted on the settlement patterns and urban morphology. Although the Mongols never
con uered ild al- hm they remained a threat into the lourteenth century vividly
borne out by the ack ol Ale o and uama cu by 1mr in 1!99. 1he com arative violence
of the medieval centuries is reflected in the military architecture of the age. Cities were
provided with walls and citadels (e.g. Cairo & Aleppo), whilst strategic roads were improved
by bridges (e.g. Jisr Jindas) or guarded by fortresses (e.g. Crac des Chevaliers). This session
examines the rise and fall of the Crusaders states, discussing their impact on historical
eo ra hy and material culture ol ild al- hm.

(A) The Crusaders States & Cilician Armenia

lolt l.m. 2004. cha ter 1 to 4. The Crusader States and their Neighbours, 1098-1291. London & New
York: Longman. pp. 9-37.
Edd, A.-m. 2010. ch . 6 ild al- hm lrom the ltimid con ue t to the lall ol the Ayybid
(359-658 / 970-1260). In M. Fierro (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. The Western
Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp.
161-200.
Boas, A. 1998. Archaeological Sources for the History of Palestine: The Frankish Period: A Unique
Medieval Society Emerges. Near Eastern Archaeology 61.3: 138-73.
lllenblum k. 1998. lart 1: lre entation ol the lroblem. Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom
of Jerusalem. Cambridge. pp. 3-40. [ON CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF SOCIETY]

(B) Town & Country in Medieval Syria

oa A. 1999. cha ter 2 1he city and Lrban lile. Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the
Latin East. London & New York. pp. 11-57.
oa A. 1999. cha ter ! 1he kural land ca e. Crusader Archaeology: The Material Culture of the Latin
East. London & New York. pp. 58-87.
Johns, J. 1994. The Longue Dure: State and Settlement Strategies in Southern Jordan across the
Islamic Centuries. In E.L. Rogan & T. Tell (eds.) Village, Steppe and State: The Social Origins of
Modern Jordan. London & New York: British Academic Press. pp. 1-31.
Johns, J. 1998. The Rise of Middle Islamic Hand-Made Geometrically-lainted ware in ild al- hm
(11
th
-13
th
Centuries AD). In R.-P. Gayraud (ed.) cc||cuc intcrnaticna| Jarcncc|cqic is|a iuc.
(1exte Arabe et ltude l lami ue !6.) cairo: ln titut lranai dArcholo ie Orientale. .
65-93.

Page 30 of 42

[2.2.2] Cities & Urbanism II: Medieval Cairo as Umm al- uny

Cairo ha the mo t com lete e uence ol urvivin monument ol any city in the ur al-
l lm. The architectural heritage is complemented by a relatively well-published
archaeological record. The present remains of the fortress known as Babylon-in-Egypt date
to the reign Diocletian (r. 284-305), built at the strategic apex of the Nile Delta and
controlling access to a canal linking the Nile to the Red Sea, not far from the ancient
l y tian ca ital ol mem hi . 1he Arab eneral Amr b. al- is credited with the
establishment of al-Fustt in 642, probably named after the Greek word for canal
(phossaton) which having been back-filled now provided the main artery for the city, with
the fortress of Babylon serving as the Dar al-Imara. Subsequent regimes established
dyna tic uburb to the north uch a Abb id al-Askar (est. 750) and 1lnid al-Qat'i
(est. 868), of which little now remains other than the congregational mosque built by Ibn
1ln. 1he mo t i nilicant dyna ty city wa ltimid al- hra (e t. 969), which became the
focal point of the city, especially after al-Fustt was destroyed by fire in 1168. Under the
Ayybid (c. 110-120) and mamlk (c. 120-1517), Cairo rew to be one ol the world
largest cities, dubbed Umm al- uny or mother ol the world by the lourteenth-century
Moroccan traveller Ibn Battta. This session explores the origin and development of the
city before the Ottomans, and the growth of its prestige as one of the great cities of Islam.

(A) From the Muslim Con ue t to the larly ltimids, AD 642-1060s

Wensinck, A.J., J. Jomier, J.M. Rogers, C.H. Becker, J.-L. Arnaud & J. Jankowski. 2007. Cairo. In C.E.
Bosworth (ed.) Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Brill.
Raymond, A. 2001. lart 1: loundation (642-120). Cairo: City of History. Cairo: AUC Press. pp. 7-110.
heehan l.u. 2010. ch . 4 Al-lu tat and the makin ol Old cairo. Babylon of Egypt: The Archaeology
of Old Cairo and the Origins of the City. Cairo & New York. pp. 79-96.
Al ayyad N. 2011. ch . 4 Al- ahira: A latimid lalatial 1own. Cairo: Histories of a City. Boston, MA:
Harvard. pp. 55-76.

(B) lrom the later ltimids to Ottoman Conquest, AD 1060s-1517

Goitein, S.D. 1969. Cairo: An Islamic City in the Light of the Geniza Documents. In I. Lapidus (ed.)
Middle Eastern Cities. Berkeley & Los Angeles. pp. 80-96.
heehan l.u. 2010. ch . Cycles of Decline and Revival: Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman Old
cairo. Babylon of Egypt: The Archaeology of Old Cairo and the Origins of the City. Cairo & New
York. pp. 97-120.
Al ayyad N. 2011. ch . Fortress Cairo: From Salah al-uin to the learl 1ree. Cairo: Histories of a
City. Boston, MA: Harvard. pp. 77-92.
Raymond A. 2001. lart 2: medieval cairo (120-11). Cairo: City of History. Cairo: AUC Press. pp.
111-90.

Page 31 of 42

[2.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World II: AD 1000-1500

The volume of trade in the Indian Ocean fluctuated through time. A particular peak seems
to have occurred between the mid-eighth and mid-ninth century when the Abb id lra
e tabli hed direct maritime communication with 1an china. The subsequent decline of
Abb id lra and ri e ol ltimid Egypt in the tenth century shifted commerce away from
the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea. The spices of India and silks of China passed along the
Arabian ort ol Aden and }edda belore bein unloaded at Aydhb in the Eastern Desert of
Egypt, and proceeding thence to the great markets of Cairo. The Cairo Geniza suggests that
the ked ea lndia trade peaked in the period c. 1080-1160, borne out by sites such as
Sharma (Yemen), where Chinese ceramic imports date the settlement to c. 980-1140. A
resurgence of the Gulf is discernible from the twelfth century, when a series of Iranian
ort ro e to rominence. l h wa lounded alter the de truction ol rl in 10 becomin
powerful enough by 1135 to launch a naval assault on Aden, before being conquered by the
rising power of Hormuz in 1229. A Hormuzi boom ha been o ited lor the lourteenth to
sixteenth century, when the port became one of the leading emporia of the Indian Ocean,
culminating in the Portuguese occupation of 1515.

(A) The Indian Ocean and the Islamic World-System

lum hrey k. . 1998. ch . 16 Egypt in the World- y tem ol the later middle A e . In C.F. Petry
(ed.) The Cambridge History of Egypt. Vol. 1. Islamic Egypt, 640-1517. Cambridge: University of
Cambridge Press. pp. 445-61.
Goitein, S.D. 1954. From the Mediterranean to India: Documents on the Trade to India, South Arabia
and East Africa from the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries. Speculum 29: 181-197.
Abu-lu hod }. 1989. cha ter 8 1he lndian ubcontinent: On the way to lverywhere. Before
European Hegemony: The World System AD 1250-1350. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 261-
91.
Rougeulle, A. 1996. Medieval Trade Networks in the Western Indian Ocean (8
th
14
th
Centuries):
Some Reflections from the Distribution Pattern of Chinese Imports in the Islamic World. In
H.P. Ray & J.-F. Salles (eds.) Tradition and Archaeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian
Ocean. New Delhi. pp. 159-80.

(B) The Swahili Coast

Chittick, N. 1977. Repr. 2007. The East Coast, Madagascar and the Indian Ocean. In J.D. Fage & R.
Oliver (eds.) The Cambridge History of Africa. Vol. 3. c. 1050-1600. Cambridge. pp. 183-231.
herill A. 2010. cha ter ! 1he wahili coa t. Dhow Culture of the Indian Ocean: Cosmopolitanism,
Commerce and Islam. London. pp. 27-40.
lorton m. }. middleton. 2000. ch . ! 1he Acce tance ol l lam. The Swahili. The Social Landscape
of a Mercantile Society. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 47-71.

Page 32 of 42

[2.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World II: AD 1000-1500

Muslim Arab hegemony in the Mediterranean crumbled in the eleventh century. Norman
mercenaries brought to Italy by the Byzantines conquered Muslim Sicily from 1072. The
Italian mercantile republics, including particularly Venice (est. 697), Amalfi (est. 958), Pisa
(est. 1005) and Genoa (est. 1005), took an ever greater share of Mediterranean trade. Their
a i tance wa vital to the e tabli hment ol the cru ader tate in ild al- hm from 1098,
and Venice infamously led the Fourth Crusade to the sack of Constantinople, establishing
the so-called Latin Empire (c. 1204-61). Thereafter, trade in the eastern Mediterranean was
dominated by oenoa and Venice who u lied the mamlk with 1urki h and circassian
slaves from the Black Sea region, whilst returning to Europe with Indian spices and Chinese
silks. Italian hegemony was challenged by the Ottomans following the conquest of
Constantinople in 1453. The naval commander Hayreddin Barbarossa (fl. 1500-45) extended
Ottoman control as far west as Algeria after 1516, even wintering the imperial fleet in the
French port of Toulon in 1543. Ottoman fortunes varied in the following centuries,
particularly after the defeat at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, but only declined irreversibly
following the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74. This session examines material evidence for
production and exchange in the Mediterranean in the light of these geopolitical shifts.

(A) The Latin Mediterranean & Black Sea, c. 1100-1450

con table O.k. 2010. ch . 22a 1rade: mu lim trade in the late medieval mediterranean world. In
M. Fierro (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to
Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 633-47.
Covington, R. 2008. East meets West in Venice. Saudi Aramco World 59.2: 2-13.
Issawi, C. 1970. The Decline of the Middle Eastern Trade, 1100-1850. In D.S. Richards (ed.) Islam and
the Trade of Asia. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer.
Ashtor, E. 1981. The Economic Decline of the Middle East in the Late Middle Ages: An Outline. Asian
and African Studies (Journal of the Israel Oriental Society) 15: 253-86.

(B) The Ottoman Mediterranean & Black Sea, c. 1450-1750

Hess, A.C. 1970. The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of the Oceanic
Discoveries, 1453-1525. The American Historical Review 75.7: 1892-1919.
lleet l. 2012. ch . Ottoman ex an ion in the mediterranean late. ln . laro hi l. lleet (ed.)
The Cambridge History of Turkey. Vol. 2. The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 14531603.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bilyayeva, S. & V. Ostapchuk. 2009. The Ottoman Northern Black Sea Frontier at Akkerman Fortress:
The Present View from a Historical and Archaeological Project. A.S. Peacock (ed.) The
Frontiers of the Ottoman World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 137-70.
Ostapchuk, V. & C. Finkel. 2005. Outpost of Empire: An Appraisal of Ottoman Building Registers as
Sources for the Archaeology and Construction History of the Black Sea Fortress of zi.
Muqarnas 22: 150-88.
Page 33 of 42

The Gunpowder Empires, AD 1450-1850

Muaffar al- in 5nn qjr (r. !-e-!-). 1nc qjrs ru|cJ ran jrc ! tc !-..

Page 34 of 42

[3.1.1] The Rise of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1450-1700

The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by marks the beginning of the age of the
un owder em ire . The Ottoman Empire (c. 1300-1923) dominated the eastern
Mediterranean. Mehmed II (c. 1444-81) moved the capital to Istanbul (Constantinople),
which was embellished by his successors, most notably Suleiman I (r. 1520-66) and his
master architect Mimar Sinan (fl. 1539-88). The afavid dynasty (c. 1501-1722) developed
out of the afavya sji order of Azerbaijan, which succeeded in conquering Iran under the
messianic leadership of l mal l (c. 101-24). Art and architecture reached new heights
under 1ahm l (c. 124-76) and Abb l (c. 18-1629), when a splendid new capital was
built at I lahn. The Mughal dynasty (c. 1526-1857) was established when the 1mrid
prince Babur (r. 1526-30) conquered northern India and established his capital at Delhi. The
Empire was firmly established under Akbar (c. 1556-1605) and peaked in the rei n ol hh
}ahn (r. 1628-58) who built the 1j mahal, arguably the most famous Islamic monument in
the world. This session examines some of the highlights of the art and architecture of the
gunpowder empires at the peak of their power and prosperity.

(A) The cla ical Ottomans & afavids

lmber c. 2010. ch . 12 1he Ottoman lm ire (1enth J ixteenth century). In M. Fierro (ed.) The
New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries.
Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 332-65.
uinn .A. 2010. ch . 6 lran under alavid kule. ln u.O. mor an A. keid (ed .) The New
Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries.
lair . . }.m. loom. 1994. ch . 1 16 Architecture & the Arts in Anatolia under the
Ottoman alter the con ue t ol con tantino le. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800.
New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 212-30 & 231-50.
lair . . }.m. loom. 1994. ch . 12 1! Art Architecture in lran under the alavid . The Art
and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 164-82 & 183-98.

(B) The Earlier Mughals haybnid

uale . 2010. ch . 8 lndia under mu hal kule. In D.O. Morgan & A. Reid (eds.) The New Cambridge
History of Islam. Vol. 3. The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge:
mcche ney k.u. 2010. ch . Islamic Culture and the Chinggisid Restoration: Central Asia in the
ixteenth and eventeenth centurie . The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 3. The Eastern
Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
lair . . }.m. loom. 1994. ch . 18 19 Architecture & the Arts in India under the Mughals
and their contem orarie in the ueccan. The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New
Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 267-86 & 287-302.
lair . . }.m. loom. 1994. ch . 14 Architecture the Art in central A ia under the Lzbek .
The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 199-211.
Page 35 of 42

[3.1.2] The Decline of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1700-1900

The onset of the eighteenth century marks the beginning of the end for the Islamic
gunpowder empires. The first major loss of territory for the Ottomans came with the
Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, following their defeat outside the walls of Vienna, and leading
to a long series of defeats at the hands of the Austro-Hungarians and Russians. In India, the
military overextension of the Mughal empire and burden ol the marth war during the
long reign of Auranzeb (c. 1658-1707) exhausted the state resources, allowing the British to
gain a foothold following the Battle of Plassey in 1757. The afavid empire was swept aside
during the Afghan conquest following the Battle of Gulnabad in 1722, with the fortunes of
Iran fluctuating wildly under successive dynasties includin the Al hrid (c. 1!6-96),
Zands (c. 1750-94) and Qajars (c. 1785-1925) overshadowed by the growing interference of
the British and Russians. This session examines the art and architecture of the last
flowering of Islamic material culture, marked by a growing influence of European styles.

(A) The Later Ottomans, Zands & Qajars

laro hi .N. 2010. ch . 3 1he Ottoman lm ire: 1he A e ol lolitical lou ehold (lleventh
Twelfth / Seventeenthli hteenth centurie ). In M. Fierro (ed.) The New Cambridge History
of Islam. Vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge:
University of Cambridge Press. pp. 366-410.
An ari A.m. 2010. ch . Iran to 1919. In F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol.
5. The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance, c. 1800 to c. 1919. Cambridge: University of
Cambridge Press. pp. 154-79.
Artan 1. 2006. ch . 19 Art and Architecture. In S.N. Faroqhi (ed.) The Cambridge History of Turkey.
Vol. 3. The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839. Cambridge: Cambridge University. pp. 408-80.
carce }.1991. ch . 24 1he Art ol the li hteenth to 1wentieth centurie . ln l. Avery o. lambly
& C. Melville (eds.) The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7. From Nader Shah to the Islamic Republic.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

(B) The Later Mughals Ozbe lhnates

kobin on l. 2010. ch . 8 outh A ia to 1919. In F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of
Islam. Vol. 5. The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance, c. 1800 to c. 1919. Cambridge:
University of Cambridge Press. pp. 212-39
Adeeb l. 2010. ch . 6 ku ia central A ia and the cauca u to 191. In F. Robinson (ed.) The New
Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 5. The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance, c. 1800 to c.
1919. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 180-202.
A her c. 1992. ch . Architecture and the Struggle for Authority under the Later Mughals and
their ucce or tate . The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. 1.4. Architecture of Mughal India.
Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 292-334.
lu achenkova o.A. A. l. uani l. 2hen yin and l. Alexandre. 2004. ch . 18 Architecture. ln c.
Adle & I. Habib (eds.) History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 5. Development in Contrast: From
the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Century. UNESCO Publishing.

Page 36 of 42

Expansion of tnc r a|-Islm, c. AD 900-1700

Expansion of European colonial empires, c. AD 1700-1800

Page 37 of 42

[3.2.1] Cities & Urbanism III: Cairo between the Medieval and the Modern

Cairo grew tremendously in the almost three centuries of Ottoman rule from 1517 to 1798.
1he re ion outh ol the b 2uwayla was developed in the seventeenth century, with the
Birkat al-ll nei hbourhood attracting elite settlement. More significant, the hitherto
lar ely rural area we t ol the lhalj became increa in ly urbani ed with Azbakya
becoming fashionable with the elite by the end of the eighteenth century. The French
occupation of Egypt between 1798 and 1801 produced a massive multi-disciplinary account
of the country, published between 1809 and 1829 as the cscripticn Jc |lqyptc, which
provides an invaluable source lor cairo urban develo ment at the dawn ol the modern
era. According to the Description, Ottoman Cairo had become a city of c. 263,000 souls
covering an area of 730 hectares, second only to the imperial capital at Istanbul. Egypt
became virtually independent under Muhammad Al (r. 180-48), who adopted the title
lhedive (lr. rince) and e tabli hed a dyna ty which ruled until 192. 1he lhedive
in ti ated a ro ramme ol moderni ation on a luro ean model e ecially under l ml (r.
1863-79), who created a veritable lari on the Nile in the land to the we t ol the old city.
This session explores the development of the city between the medieval and modern eras.

(A) Ottoman Cairo, AD 1517-1798

ma ter . 2010. ch . 14 Egypt and Syria under the Ottoman . In M. Fierro (ed.) The New
Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2. The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries.
1Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. pp. 411-35.
lathaway }. 1998. ch . 2 l y t in the eventeenth century creceliu u. 1998. ch . 3 Egypt
in the li hteenth century. ln m.w. ualy (ed.) The Cambridge History of Egypt. Vol. 2. Modern
Egypt. From 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press.
pp. 34-58 & 59-86.
Al ayyad N. 2011. ch . 8 A lrovincial ca ital under Ottoman kule. Cairo: Histories of a City. Boston,
MA: Harvard. pp. 149-70.
kaymond A. 2001. lart !: 1he 1raditional city (11-198). Cairo: City of History. Cairo: AUC Press.
pp. 191-290.

(B) Khedival Cairo, AD 1798-1952

cuno l.m. 2010. ch . 2 l y t to c. 1919. In F. Robinson (ed.) The New Cambridge History of Islam.
Vol. 5. The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance, c. 1800 to c. 1919. Cambridge: University
of Cambridge Press. pp. 79-106.
Al ayyad N. 2011. ch . 10 modernizin the New medievalizin the Old: 1he city ol the lhedive.
Cairo: Histories of a City. Boston, MA: Harvard. pp. 199-228.
kaymond A. 2001. lart 4: contem orary cairo (198-1992). Cairo: City of History. Cairo: AUC Press.
pp. 291-374.
ander l. 2008. ch . 1 con tructin medieval cairo in the Nineteenth century. Creating
Medieval Cairo: Empire, Religion, and Architectural Preservation in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Cairo.
pp. 19-58.
Page 38 of 42

[3.2.2] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World III: AD 1500-1900

The Indian Ocean world was transformed when the Portuguese commander Vasco da Gama
rounded the Cape of Good Hope and arrived to Calicut in 1498. The Portuguese established
a naval base on the Island of Mozambique in 1507, and under Afonso de Albuquerque seized
Goa in 1510 and Hormuz in 1515 before then establishing Colombo in 1517, thus ensuring
their control over the trade of the western Indian Ocean. The Portuguese pushed on into
the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea, even establishing a base at Nagasaki in Japan, whilst
at the same time colonising parts of West Africa and South America. In so doing, they
e tabli hed the world lir t truly lobal empire and informed subsequent European
expansion. However, the Portuguese empire declined in the seventeenth century. The
Yariba of Oman expelled the Portuguese from uhr in 164! then mu cat in 160 belore
going on to take Zanzibar in 1698, carving a maritime empire out of the ailing Estado da
ndia. Omani expansion continued through the eighteenth century. Bahrayn was twice
occupied in 1717-30 and 1736-53 andar Abb (lran) wa bou ht in 180 and owadar
(Pakistan) was transferred in 1783. This session explores the archaeological evidence for
trade cycles and commercial networks in the Late Islamic / Early Modern Indian Ocean.

(A) Europeans & Ottomans in the Indian Ocean

Newitt m. 200. ch . 8 Lnder tandin lortu ue e lx an ion. A History of Portuguese Overseas
Expansion, 1400-1668. London: Routledge. pp. 252-74.
ca ale o. 2010. lntroduction: An lm ire ol the mind. The Ottoman Age of Exploration. Oxford: Oxford
ward c. ch . The Sadana Shipwreck: A Mid Eighteenth-century 1rea ure 1rove. ln L. aram
L. Carroll (eds.) A Historical Archaeology of the Ottoman Empire: Breaking New Ground. New York:
Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 185-202.
Raymond, A. 2002. A Divided Sea: The Cairo Coffee Trade in the Red Sea Area during the
Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. In L.T. Fawaz & C.A.Bayly (eds.) Modernity and
Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean. New York: Columbia University Press. pp.
45-57.

(B) The Omani Maritime Empire, c. 1650-1850

Lnomah A.c. }. . web ter. 196. ke r. 2004. ch . 8 la t Alrica: 1he lx an ion ol commerce. ln
J.E. Flint (ed.) The Cambridge History of Africa. Vol. 5. c. 1790 c. 1870. Cambridge: Cambridge
ad er o.l. (ed. tr.) 181. ke r. 1986. lntroduction and Analy i . History of the Imams and Seyyids
of Oman. London. pp. i-cxxi.

Page 39 of 42

5. LIBRARY AND OTHER RESOURCES

QATAR LIBRARY HOLDINGS

The UCL Qatar library is still being assembled and catalogued. All books on the essential
reading lists should be available, but many on the supplementary reading lists may not yet
be available. The library will grow year on year and the number of unavailable books will
diminish. Students may be able to find book currently unavailable in the UCL Qatar library
in the Georgetown and Museum of Islamic Art (MIA) libraries.

The Georgetown holdings include a good selection of books on the history and geography
of Islamic lands. Many of these texts appear on the reading lists for this module. A limited
but useful selection of titles on Islamic art history may be found. Georgetown does not have
a hard copy of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI2), but does have online access on the IT cluster
in the library. This is an extremely valuable research tool and should be used frequently by
the students. See the online catalogue: http://www.library.georgetown.edu/qatar/

The Museum of Islamic Art (MIA) library has an excellent selection of books on the art and
architecture of Islamic lands. Again, many of these texts appear on the reading lists for this
module. The MIA has a hard copy of the Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI2) which rewards repeated
browsing. The library does not lend books. Please refer to the MIA online catalogue:
http://ecatalogue.qma.com.qa/uhtbin/cgisirsi.exe/?ps=bGqwYDKeLG/MAIN/179660013/60/502/X

Page 40 of 42

ONLINE MUSEUM COLLECTIONS

Of the major collections of Islamic art held in museums around the world, some offer
excellent websites, presenting thematic overviews and image catalogues. Students should
browse these websites to familiarise themselves with Islamic material culture, using the
images for their seminar presentations and essays where necessary. Particularly useful are:

Islamic Art, The David Collection, Copenhagen
http://www.davidmus.dk/en/collections/islamic

Yousef Jameel Centre for Islamic and Asian Art, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
http://jameelcentre.ashmolean.org/collection/4/837

Islamic Middle East, Victoria & Albert Museum, London
http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/i/islamic-middle-east/

Arts of the Islamic World, Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington
http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/islamic.asp

Islamic Art, Metropolitan Museum, New York
http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/museum-departments/curatorial-departments/islamic-art

Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, Metropolitan Museum, New York
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hi/te_index.asp?i=Islamic

OTHER ONLINE RESOURCES

Discover Islamic Art, Museums with No Frontiers
http://www.discoverislamicart.org/index.php

Islamic Arts and Architecture
http://islamic-arts.org/

ArchNet, Islamic Architecture Community, Aga Khan Project
http://archnet.org/library/

Aga Khan Visual Archive, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
http://dome.mit.edu/handle/1721.3/45936

Encyclopaedia Iranica
http://www.iranicaonline.org/

Page 41 of 42

ARABIC TRANSLITERATION

Letter Name Wehr EI2 Cambridge

hamza ` ' '

alif

b' b b b
t' t t t
th' th th
jm dj j
h' h h h
kh' kh kh

dl d d d

dhl dh dh

r' r r r

zy z z z

n s s s
shn sh sh
d
d
t' t t t

'

ain `

ghain gh gh

l' f f f

ql q q q

kl k k k
lm l l l
mm m m m
nn n n n
h' h h h
ww w, u, or w or w or

y' y, i, or y or y or

A number of systems for Arabic transliteration are in currently in use. Students are asked
to use the same system as the New Cambridge History of Islam. Students not familiar with
Arabic should treat transliteration as if it were spelling. Transliteration characters can be
found in MS Word under Insert > Symbol > More Symbols > Subset > Latin Extended-A &
Latin Extended Additional. Shortcut keys can then be set up to make typing faster. Please
see me for help understanding the transliteration system or setting it up on your computer.

Page 42 of 42

QUICK REFERENCE TIMETABLES

Session timetable
Semester, Week & Date Chronological Period, Conceptual Framework & Session Content
F
i
r
s
t

S
e
m
e
s
t
e
r

1 Sun 02.09.12
[
1
]

F
o
r
m
a
t
i
v
e

[
1
.
1
]

S
u
p
e
r
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
E
S
S
A
Y

1

2 NO LECTURE Technical Skills for Cultural Heritage (Photography Sessions)
3 Sun 16.09.12 [1.1.2] The World of Late Antiquity & Rise of Islam, AD 300-700
4 Sun 23.09.12 [1.1.3] 1he Arab lm ire ol the Lmayyad and Abb id Au 60-850
5 Sun 30.09.12 [1.1.4] 1he lra mentation ol the cali hate hite chi m Au 80-1050
6 READING WEEK, Sun 07 Sat 13 Sept
7 Sun 14.10.12
[
1
]

F
o
r
m
a
t
i
v
e

[
1
.
2
]

I
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

[1.2.1] land ca e ettlement in ild al- hm l: Au 00-1000
8 Sun 21.10.12 [1.2.2] Cities & Urbanism I: Imperial Capitals & Regional Centres
9 NO LECTURE EID BREAK
10 Sun 04.11.12 [1.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World I: AD 500-1000
11 Sun 11.11.12 [1.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World I: AD 500-1000
12
TRAINING EXCAVATIONS / STUDENT PLACEMENTS, Sun 18 Nov Sat 15 Dec
13
14
15
I QATAR NATIONAL HOLIDAY, Sun 16 22 Dec
II
CHRISTMAS BREAK, Sun 23 Dec Sat 12 Jan III
IV
S
e
c
o
n
d

S
e
m
e
s
t
e
r

1 Sun 13.01.13
[
2
]

C
l
a
s
s
i
c
a
l

[
2
.
1
]

S
u
p
e
r
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e

[2.1.1] 1he comin ol the 1urk the unn kevival Au 100-1250
E
S
S
A
Y

2

2 Sun 20.01.13 [2.1.2] The Western Frontier: The Berbers in Spain, AD 1000-1500
3 Sun 27.01.13 [2.1.3] The Mongol Onslaught & Rise of the Persianate World, AD 1250-1450
4 Sun 03.02.13 [2.1.4] The Eastern Frontier: The Turks in India, AD 1000-1500
5 NO LECTURE
6 READING WEEK
7 Sun 24.02.13
[
2
]

C
l
a
s
s
i
c
a
l

I
2
.
2
]

I
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
[2.2.1] land ca e ettlement in ild al- hm ll: Au 1000-1500
8 Sun 03.03.13 [2.2.2] Cities & Urbanism II: Medieval Cairo as Umm al- uny
9 Sun 10.03.13 [2.2.3] Production & Exchange in the Mediterranean World II: AD 1000-1500
10 Sun 17.03.13 [2.2.4] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World II: AD 1000-1500
11
EASTER BREAK, Sun 24 Mar Sat 06 Apr
12
13 Sun 07.04.13
[
3
]

G
u
n
p
o
w
d
e
r

[
3
.1
]

S
u
p
. [3.1.1] The Rise of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1450-1650 E
S
S
A
Y

3

14 Sun 14.04.13 [3.1.2] The Decline of the Gunpowder Empires, AD 1650-1850
15 Sun 21.04.13
[
3
.2
]

I
n
f
. [3.2.1] Cities & Urbanism III: Imperial Capitals & Regional Centres
16 Sun 28.04.13 [3.2.2] Production & Exchange in the Indian Ocean World III: AD 1500-1800
MAY COMPLETE COURSE ASSESSMENT
JUNE
SUMMER BREAK / STUDENT PLACEMENTS / DISSERTATION WRITING JULY
AUG

Assessment timetable
Essay Essay Topic Question Set Deadline Feedback
1 [1] Formative Period Sun 11 Nov Sun 13 Jan Tue 29 Jan
2 [2] Classical Age Sun 17 Mar Sun 7 Apr Tue 23 Apr
3 [3] Gunpowder Empires Sun 28 Apr Sun 19 May Tue 28 May

Isl Art Arch-Libre

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Isl Art Arch-Libre

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UCL Qatar Module UCLQG112

Art & Archaeology of the Islamic World

You might also like