CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2
TERM
The individual can reject particular knowledge that society explicitly teaches him. He throws off particular beliefs that society forcibly imposes
upon him-but he has always already accepted the words and meanings through which such knowledge and belief were communicated to him.
-Richard Harland-
Term
Is a word which conveys an idea. It is a concrete expression of idea which is agreed upon by
persons.
!"##I$I"TI%& %$ T'R(# "%R)I&* T% ('"&I&*
Terms must have the same sense or meaning to come up with a common understanding or
resolution and to establish its logical connection from one idea to the other. $or this reason it is
important to know the classification of terms in relation to definition.
Read+
#tudent+ (a,am- what is a term. Teacher+ a term is lyk a txt in cp. / stands 0
sumthng.
#tudent+ what is that sumthn that Teacher+ it stands 0 ur concept bout d real thing....
a term stands 0. 1some text missing1....
2&I3%"! T'R(#
"re words that have the same or one meaning in its different uses in the argument.
'xample+
"ll hospitable ones are caring persons-
"ll (3ian students are hospitable-
(3ian students are caring persons.
He made me laugh. #he made me sick when i saw her grades.
The instrument we use in the experiment is microscope. 4e use the ruler as an instrument to
measure length.
5
'62I3%"! T'R(#
"re words that differ in meaning as used in the argument.
'xample+
"ll saints are holy-
7ut all (3 varsity players are called The #aints- Therefore- all (3 varsity players are holy.
The debater sticks to his own position. He used the measuring stick in drawing.
The 7ishop read the papal bull. The matador killed the bull.
"&"!%*%2# T'R(#
"re words that are similar with each other but not exactly the same in meaning.
'xample+
The education that we get in (3 is a gem.
" gem is a stone.
His mind is polluted with dirty thoughts.
#moke pollutes our environment.
%ut of thirst he drank the vinegar.
*od is thirsty for all sinners who want to change.
)'$I&ITI%&# %$ T'R(#
It gives us the extent or parameter where we can use a particular term in an argument. In logic-
there are two kinds of definition+ &ominal and Real definition.
8. &%(I&"! )'$I&ITI%&
is a way of explaining the meaning of a term by regarding it as a name that stands for an object
related or rooted to other names. This may be done in different ways+
0
". I!!2#TR"TI3' )'$I&ITI%&
(ay be done by bringing- doing or pointing the object being defined.
7. #9&%&9(%2# )'$I&ITI%&
Is a way in which we use another name that is related or exactly the same in meaning to the
word defined.
. 'T9(%!%*I"! )'$I&ITI%&
Is a way of giving the origin of the word.
:. R'"! )'$I&ITI%&
Is a way of defining a term by explaining the nature of the term defined.
'xample+
(onk ; a man who is a member of a religious community living in a monastery.
Hospital ; an institution that provides medical- surgical- or psychiatric care and treatment for the
sick.
R2!'# I& *%%) )'$I&ITI%&
8. 7' !'"R I& )'$I&ITI%&
In defining- we have to give the essential characteristics of a term that will particulari<e the term
defined.
'xamples of wrong definition+
4ife is a person who always nags.
---" wife is a female partner in a marriage
=
(other is a person who tells us we are wrong.
---" mother is a woman who has conceived- given birth to- or raised a child in the role of a
parent.
:. 7' )IR'T I& )'$I&ITI%&
In defining we have to clarify the meaning of the word by not just repeating it or by making the
term part of the definition.
ellular phone is a phone that is a mobile phone.
(irror is a thing that mirrors something.
>ainting is anything that is painted.
'lectric bill is a bill in electricity.
5. *I3' " >%#ITI3' )'$I&ITI%&
4hen we define- we have to give the positive definition of the positive term.
Table is a thing that is not a chair.
#oft is not hard.
$ather is not a mother.
#ugar is something not salty.
0. 7' '?"T I& )'$I&ITI%&
In giving the definition of a term we have to give an accurate or proper definition by not having a
too broad or too narrow meaning.
@
Too broad+
(ango is a tropical fruit
#calpel is an instrument used in hospitals.
Too narrow+
7ook is a readable printed material where we can find the meaning of a word.
>en is a writing instrument used in recording something on paper.
EXERCISES AND ASSIGNMENTS
'?'RI#' &%. 8
)etermine whether the following underlined terms in every two statements are univocal- eAuivocal or
analogous in their meaning.
8. 'very one of us treasured beautiful memories.
The miners found the 9amashita treasure.
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:. %ur HR( students prepared for us a refreshing punch with fruits.
(anny >acAuiao punched (orales in his face.
5. %ur enemies sometimes bark at the wrong tree.
)ogs bark furiously at strangers.
0. (anila is the capital of the >hilippines.
7efore going into business- we should have first the capital.
=. There are many doors of knowledge for us to learn.
4e have to open our doors to the needy.
@. >utting our feet in their shoes will make us understand their situation.
The shoes sold in the mall are so expensive.
C. He broke into tears when he learned the news.
The waiter accidentally broke the glass of wine.
C
/. He bagged the grand pri<e in the show D>ilipinas *ot TalentE.
7ags are now becoming a fashion statement.
F. 4e attended the mass in 6uiapo last $riday.
(ass pertains to the Auantity of matter.
8G. He settled in (3 as a teacher.
conflicts are settled between (I!$ and the military.
'?'RI#' &%. :
)etermine whether the following terms are defined in the I!!2#TR"TI3'- #9&%&9(%2#-
'T9(%!%*I"! - R'"! )'$I&ITI%&
8. onstant ; persistent- unchanging- invariable- steadfast
:. omputer is a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or
logical operations or resembles- stores- correlates or processes information.
5. Indifferent ; apathetic- unbiased- important- mediocre
0. 'x-cathedra is derived from the two latin words DexE meaning from and DcathedraE meaning chair
that symboli<es authority.
=. #earch ; to look for- seek- investigate- explore
@. ompromise is a settlement of differences in which each side makes concessions.
C. C. #Auare ;
/. /. Tableaux is a stage techniAue in which the performers free<e in position simultaneously
F. F. oncept is a general idea derived from specific instances.
8G. 8G. )ots - .....................
....................................................................................................................................................................
"##I*&('&T &%. 8
)etermine whether the following underlined terms in every two statements are 2&I3%"!-
'62I3%"! %R "&"!%*%2# in their meaning. 'xplain why you answered such by giving the
meaning of the terms given in their context.
8. His argument jumps to a hasty conclusion.
/
The criminals- who escaped- unbelievably survived after jumping the high walls of the prison.
:. "mbassadors represent our country in other states.
"thletes represent us in the %lympics.
5. >uppets dance whatever steps their masters tell them to do.
4alt< is my favorite dance step.
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0. I deposited my money in the bank.
The bank of the river in the town of !ibmanan is long and wide.
=. He praises me in my good work.
The worshippers sung beautiful praises to *od.
@. #ome criminals are not guilty of their crimes.
>*(" told the reporters that she is not guilty of all the accusations against her.
C. The shepherds in 7ethlehem were tending their flocks when the angels appeared.
The priest is the shepherd and we are his flock.
/. The angel appeared to (ary and announced that she will have a child.
9ou are the angel of my life.
F. (y mother cooked adobo last night.
#ome legislators are cooking an issue against the president.
8G. #he joined the parade in (alaybalay.
Hoining the contest is a challenging event in our lives.
"##I*&('&T &%. :
". )etermine whether the following terms are defined in the I!2#TR"TI3'- #9&%(9(%2#-
'T9(%!%*I"! %R R'"! definition.
F
BBBBBBBBBBBBB8. Auell-subdue- crush- allay- Auiet
BBBBBBBBBBBBB:. theology is derived from the latin word theo meaning *od and from the greek word
logos meaning study. #o- to combine the two words- it means- study of *od.
BBBBBBBBBBBBB5. tremor-shake- Auiver- vibration
BBBBBBBBBBBBB0. tax is a contribution for the support of a government reAuired of persons- group or
business within the domain of that government.
BBBBBBBBBBBBB=. lineI BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBB@. a plasma is a clear yellowish fluid portion of blood lymph- or intramuscular fluid in
which cells are suspended.
BBBBBBBBBBBBBC. waive- relinAuish- forgo- defer for the present.
BBBBBBBBBBBBB/. greek letters- JKLMN
BBBBBBBBBBBBBF. remuneration- payment- fee- wage
BBBBBBBBBBBBB8G. a postscript is a paragraph added to a letter finished and signed.
7. *ive the etymological meaning of the following terms+
8. (agnanimous BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
:. >sychopathic BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
5. >ornographic BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
0. Thermometer BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
=. >ediatrician BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
@. Hydrophobia BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
C. >seudonym BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
/. >sychopathology BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
F. %ptometry BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
8G. (acrocosm BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
88. >hilanthropist BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
8:. >honology BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
85. >athology BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
80. %rthopedics BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
8=. !ibrarian BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
. )etermine whether the following terms are properly defined. 4rite the word correct if it is
defined correctly- however- it is not- explain why.
8. 3inegar is a liAuid that is not sweet.
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:. " teacher is a person who always claims heOshe is correct.
5. Table is a furniture having a flat hori<ontal surface supported by legs us in dining.
0. Thesis is a dissertation advancing an original point of view as a result of research in the library.
=. " coupon bond is a piece of paper used in writing.
8G
@. #ight is our ability to know everything.
C. 7ribe is money offered to traffic enforcers.
/. Railroad is a road that has a rail.
F. " policeman is a man who is authori<ed to enforce the law. )etect and prevent crime.
8G. " house is a structure serving as a dwelling place for one or more people.
88

CHAPTER 2 - Logic

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