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S C
L
Drag Force D: D = q
S C
D
Pitching Moment: M = q
S C C
M
Where q
= (1/2)
2
S is the planform area of wing
C is the mean chord of wing
C
L
is the lift coefficient
C
D
is the drag coefficient
C
M
is the moment coefficient
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
20
Equation Of State For A Perfect Gas
A perfect gas is one in which intermolecular forces are
negligible
Air at standard conditions can be approximated by a
perfect gas
Therefore, we will always deal with a perfect gas for
aerodynamic calculations
Equation of state: The relation between p, , and T for a
gas is called the equation of state
For a perfect gas, the equation of state is:
P = R T
Where R is the specific gas constant, the values of which
varies from one type of gas to another
For normal air R = 287 J/(kg)(K)
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
21
Units
Two system of units are commonly used:
1- (SI) system is a metric system based on the meter,
kilogram, second, and Kelvin as basic units of length,
mass, time, and temperature
2- English Engineering System of units based on the
foot, slug, second, and Rankine as basic units of length,
mass, time, and temperature
Force = mass x acceleration
F = m x a
In SI units : 1 Newton = (1 kilogram)(1 meter/second
2
)
In English Engineering system:
1 pound = ( 1 slug )(1 foot/second
2
)
Prof. Galal Bahgat Salem
Aerospace Dept., Cairo University
22
Conversion Factors
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 slug = 14.594 kg
1 Ib = 4.448 N
1
o
K = 1.8
o
R