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Variable Primary
chilled water systems

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variable primary chilled water systems
Todays Topics
variable primary chilled water systems
Todays Topics
Hyatt Singapore
Hotel
From Primary
Secondary to
Variable Primary
Variable Primary
advantages
Chiller selection for
Variable Primary
More System
efficiency
Reference
Answers to your
questions

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Hyatt Singapore Hotel

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chilled water systems
From Primary Secondary

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12.0C
392 lps
7.0C
392 lps
12.0C
12. 0 C 7.0C
2
12.0C 7.0C
650 tons
3
12.0C 7.0C
650 tons
4
98 lps
(each)
bypass
(decoupler)
Primary
Secondary
design
Primary
Secondary
design
primary
pumps
primary
pumps
secondary
pumps
secondary
pumps
12. 0 C 7.0C
650 tons
1
650 tons

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12.0C
320 lps
7.0C
392 lps
12.0C
11.1C 7.0C
2
11.1C 7.0C
650 tons
3
11.1C 7.0C
650 tons
4
98 lps
(each)
bypass
(decoupler)
primary
pumps
primary
pumps
secondary
pumps
secondary
pumps
11.1C 7.0C
650 tons
1
650 tons
Primary
Secondary
part load
Primary
Secondary
part load
7.0C
72 lps

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P
(typical)
Variable
Primary
design
Variable
Primary
design
12.0C
331 lps
7.0C
331 lps
12.0C
12.0C 7.0C
800 tons
1
12.0C 7.0C
700 tons
2
12.0C 7.0C
700 tons
3
83 lps
(each)

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12.0C
300 lps
12.0C
7.0C
300 lps
Variable
Primary
part load
Variable
Primary
part load
12.0C 7.0C
100 lps
1
12.0C
7.0C
100 lps
2
12.0C 7.0C
100 lps
3
P
(typical)
300 lps
0 lps
75 lps
(each)

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P
(typical)
12.0C
20 lps
11.1C
7.0C
20 lps
Variable
Primary
system flow
< minimum
chiller flow rate
Variable
Primary
system flow
< minimum
chiller flow rate
11.1 C 7.0C
24 lps
1
off
2
off
3
4 lps

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primarysecondary variable primary
From primarysecondary to variable primary
Comparative Summary
From primarysecondary to variable primary
Comparative Summary
production pumps
(primary)
1 per chiller None, so
Occupies less space
Requires fewer connections

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primarysecondary variable primary
From primarysecondary to variable primary
Comparative Summary
From primarysecondary to variable primary
Comparative Summary
production pumps
(primary)
1 per chiller None, so
Occupies less space
Requires fewer connections
Selected for distribution
pressure drop (piping,coil,
valve)
Controlled from system
P sensor
distribution pumps
(secondary)
Selected for system pressure
drop (coil, piping, valve, plus
chiller)
Controlled from system
P sensor

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primarysecondary variable primary
From primarysecondary to variable primary
Comparative Summary
From primarysecondary to variable primary
Comparative Summary
Bypass line No obstructions
Sized for 120% largest
chiller flow
Open most often
Control valve
Sized for largest minimum
chiller flow
Closed most often

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primarysecondary variable primary
From primarysecondary to variable primary
Comparative Summary
From primarysecondary to variable primary
Comparative Summary
Bypass line No obstructions
Sized for 120% largest
chiller flow
Open most often
Control valve
Sized for largest minimum
chiller flow
Closed most often
Load determinant Temperature difference Flow through evaporator

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primarysecondary variable primary
From primarysecondary to variable primary
Comparative Summary
From primarysecondary to variable primary
Comparative Summary
Bypass line No obstructions
Sized for 120% largest
chiller flow
Open most often
Control valve
Sized for largest minimum
chiller flow
Closed most often
Load determinant Temperature difference Flow through evaporator
Flow-monitoring Temperature sensors or
flow meter
Flow meter or differential
pressure sensors
2003 American Standard Inc.
Variable Primary
chilled water systems
Advantages

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variable primary chilled water systems
Advantages
variable primary chilled water systems
Advantages
Reduces capital investment
Saves mechanical-room space
Simplifies control
Improves system reliability
Improved chiller performance
Saves energy

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Variable Primary advantages
Lower Capital Cost
Variable Primary advantages
Lower Capital Cost
Fewer
Pumps
Motors
Pump bases
Starters and wiring
Fittings and piping
Controls
Less labor

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Variable Primary advantages
More Available Space
Variable Primary advantages
More Available Space
Opportunity to
Add other equipment
Select larger, more efficient chillers
Improve service access

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Variable Primary advantages
Simplified Control
Variable Primary advantages
Simplified Control
Unfetters chillers from
flow-based control
Operates distribution pumps
to transport water
not to start/stop chillers

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Variable Primary advantages
Improved Reliability
Variable Primary advantages
Improved Reliability
Provides system with
Fewer pumps and accessories
Fewer chiller recovery options
Fewer pump recovery options
Better balance between pumps
and chillers online

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0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CenTraVac Part Load Performance CTV-1
% Load vs. kW/ton -- using ARI Relief Method
Version 24.08, REVL 55066
k
W
/
t
o
n
% Load
Improved Chiller Performance
Part Load [ARI Relief]
Improved Chiller Performance
Part Load [ARI Relief]

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Improved Chiller Performance
Part Load [no ARI Relief]
Improved Chiller Performance
Part Load [no ARI Relief]
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CenTraVac Part Load Performance CTV-1
% Load vs. kW/ton -- using Constant Condenser Method
Version 24.08, REVL 55066
k
W
/
t
o
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% Load
primary/secondary
variable primary

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Variable Primary advantages
Greater Flexibility
Variable Primary advantages
Greater Flexibility
any flow rate
any T
2003 American Standard Inc.
Variable Primary
chilled water systems
Chiller selection
considerations

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chiller selection
Considerations
chiller selection
Considerations
Evaporator flow limits
Rate-of-change tolerance
Flow range-ability
Difference between design flow rate
and evaporators minimum flow limit

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chiller selection considerations
Evaporator Flow Limits
chiller selection considerations
Evaporator Flow Limits
Flooded or falling-film
evaporators
Refrigerant circulates
around tubes
Water flows through
tubes
Water velocity delimits
acceptable flow rates

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chiller selection considerations
Evaporator Flow Limits
chiller selection considerations
Evaporator Flow Limits
traditional limits 0.92(3.0) 3.4 3.6
(1112)
revised limits: standard 0.46(1.5)
tubes
high- 0.61(2.0)
performance
tubes
flooded or
falling-film evaporators
water velocity, m/s (fps)
minimum maximum

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chiller selection considerations
Rate-of-Change Tolerance
chiller selection considerations
Rate-of-Change Tolerance
allowable flow-rate change*
chiller (compressor) type (% of design flow per minute)
centrifugal 10% for process cooling
30% for comfort cooling
*Tolerances pertain specifically
to Trane chillers

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chiller selection considerations
Rate-of-Change Tolerance
chiller selection considerations
Rate-of-Change Tolerance
New chiller control technology:
Centrifugal feed forward
Control
flow compensation
50% per minute,
all applications

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Minimum Flow Rate Minimum Flow Rate
design flow
minimum flow
minimum flow= 1 meter per second
Evaporator
Condenser
= greater than 2

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unsuited for
Variable Primary
unsuited for
Variable Primary
Inadequate control capability
Reciprocating chillers
Return-water thermostats
Insufficient chiller unloading
Vintage chiller controls
Poor financial return
(Consider chilled water reset instead)

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Variable Primary Chilled Water System
in Hyatt Singapore Hotel

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Saving 30% Kwhr

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Reduce 25% KW Demand

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xxxxx
Variable Primary Chilled Water System
in Another Singapore Hotel

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Summary variable primary chilled water systems
Advantages
Summary variable primary chilled water systems
Advantages
Reduces capital investment
Saves mechanical-room space
Simplifies control
Improves system reliability
Improved chiller performance
Saves energy

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System Efficiency in Hotel
More
System Efficiency in Hotel
More
Increase chilled water supply
temperature difference to 7C
(5C/12C)
Increase range of cooling tower to
7C (30C/37C)
Side stream heat recovery
Stepless FCU

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P
(typical)
Chilled Water Range
(5.0C / 12.0C )
Chilled Water Range
(5.0C / 12.0C )
12.0C
240 lps
5.0C
240 lps
12.0C
12.0C 5.0C
800 tons
1
12.0C 5.0C
700 tons
2
12.0C 5.0C
700 tons
3
60 lps
(each)

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P
(typical)
Chilled Water Range
(from 414 l/s ,30C/ 35C)
(to 300 l/s ,30C / 37C)
Chilled Water Range
(from 414 l/s ,30C/ 35C)
(to 300 l/s ,30C / 37C)
300 lps
37.0C
300 lps
30.0C
30.0C 37.0C
800 tons
1
30.0C 37.0C
700 tons
2
30.0C 37.0C
700 tons
3
cooling
tower
cooling
tower
cooling
tower

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heat-recovery
chiller
P
(typical)
Side stream
Heat recovery design
Side stream
Heat recovery design
12.0C
240 lps
5.0C
240 lps
12.0C
12.0C 5.0C
800 tons
1
12.0C 5.0C
700 tons
2
12.0C
5.0C
700 tons
3

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Reference
VARIABLE PRIMARY FLOW CHILLED
WATER SYSTEMS: POTENTIAL
BENEFITS AND APPLICATION ISSUES
Final Report Volume 1, March 2004, ARI CR21
Variable Primary Flow Systems by Mick Schwedler,
P.41-44, HPAC April 2000
Primary-Only vs. Primary-Secondary Variable Flow
Systems by Steven T. Taylor, P.E. , vol. 44, no.
2, p. 25-29 ,ASHRAE Journal, February 2002

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Answers to your
questions
Variable Primary
chilled water systems