GETCO, Vadodara

Gujarat
GRID OPERATION
AND
MONITORING
Topics covered
Power System Operation
Statutory frame work
Grid Operation Technology - Today
Grid Operation Technology - Tomorrow
Defense mechanism for secure and reliable power
system operation - SPS
Opportunity for research
2
At Present Indian Power Sector
Five Region.
Western Region
Eastern Region
Northern Region
Southern Region
Northern Eastern Region
One Grid:
Recently on 31.12.13 , NEW grid has
been connected with SR grid through
765 KV S/C Solapur Raichur AC
circuit. Hence, all regions are now
interconnected and it becomes one
grid.
Same frequency at Chennai, Delhi,
Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Kolkatta.
Western Region
The western regional grid comprises of the following five states & U/T
1. Gujarat 6. U.T. of Diu & Daman
2. Maharastra 7. U.T. of Dadra & Nagar Haveli
3. Madhya Pradesh
4. Chhattisgarh
5. Goa
The Western Regional LDC is at Mumbai
4
Power System Operation in India
WRLDC
SRLDC NRLDC
ERLDC NERLDC
ISGS / UMPP CTU (ISTS)
SLDC
Private ISTS
Bulk consumer
connected to ISTS
STU
State generating Stations
State / Private / Renewables
Discoms
State / Private
ISTS
STU
Role and Responsibility
ISO (Independent System Operator)
6
Grid monitoring and control
Merit order despatch
Adhering to system parameters
Voltage Reactive power management
Frequency Load Generation balance, Maintaining Deviation
within limit.
Energy accounting & settlement
Declare Capability in energy by the generator for recovery of fix
charge by the generator and Despatch Schedule in energy for the
generator for recovery of fuel charges.
Unscheduled Interchange settlement (Linked to real time frequency)
Reactive energy Charges account.
Role and Responsibility
ISO (Independent System Operator)
7
Analysis of real time / historical data on biannual / annual basis to identify
weak elements in grid and interface with STU for network improvement.
Assessment of transfer capability in order to facilitate market operation
Open Access - SLDC is a nodal agency for granting Short Term Open
Access.
Annual generating unit outage schedule finalization
Day ahead and in real time EHV line / Equipment outage finalization
Development and up gradation of SLDC
Adoption of State of art grid control technology
RTUs and SCADA Equipment maintenance.
Statutory framework for managing grid operation
1. Indian Electricity Grid Code 2010:
(Honble CERC order No. L-1/18/2010-CERC New Delhi, 28
th
April 2010)
A single set of technical and commercial rules, encompassing all the
Utilities connected to/or using the inter-State transmission system
(ISTS)
Role of various organizations and linkages:
Role of NLDC, RLDC, CTU, RPC, CEA SLDC & STU.
Planning code for Inter State Transmission System (ISTS)
Connection code Basic rules for connectivity with ISTS
Operating Code:
Provision of RGMO:
For the all thermal generating units of 200 MW and above
All hydro units of 10 MW and above
All governors shall have a droop setting of between 3% and 6%.
Ripple filter shall be +/- 0.03 Hz in order to ignored for load correction
and to prevent governor hunting.
8
Statutory framework for managing grid operation
1. Indian Electricity Grid Code 2010: Contd..
Frequency band (revised in 2nd amendment):
49.90 Hz to 50.05 Hz w.e.f. 17.02.14.
Voltage Limit :
Special requirement for wind / Solar generators:
System operator shall make all efforts to evacuate the available solar and
wind power and treat as a must-run station. However, System operator
may instruct the solar /wind generator to back down generation on
consideration of grid security or safety of any equipment or personnel is
endangered.
9
Statutory framework for managing grid operation
1. Indian Electricity Grid Code 2010: Contd..
Demand estimation for operational planning:
On daily/weekly/monthly/yearly basis for load - generation balance planning
Demand Disconnection:
The SLDC through respective State Electricity Boards/Distribution Licensees
shall also formulate and implement state-of-the-art demand management
schemes for automatic demand management like rotational load shedding,
demand response.
Outage Planning:
To minimise surplus or deficits, if any, in the system requirement of power and
energy and help operate system within Security Standards.
To optimize the transmission outages of the elements.
Recovery procedure:.
Detailed plans and procedures for restoration of the regional grid under
partial/total blackout shall be developed by RLDC and shall be reviewed /
updated annually.
Mock trial runs of the procedure for different subsystems shall be carried out at
least once every six months under intimation to the RLDC.
Statutory framework for managing grid operation
1. Indian Electricity Grid Code 2010: Contd..
Scheduling and Despatch Code:
Procedure for scheduling and despatch from ISGS.
Statutory framework for managing grid operation
1. Indian Electricity Grid Code 2010: Contd..
Scheduling of wind and solar energy sources:
With effect from 1.1.2011 Scheduling of wind power generation plants
would have to be done where the sum of generation capacity of such
plants is 10 MW and above and connection point is 33 KV and above,
and where PPA has not yet been signed.
There may be maximum of 8 revisions for each 3 hour time slot starting
from 00:00 hours during the day.
Statutory framework
Frequency management linked to penalty
2. Deviation Settlement Regulation 2014
(Honble CERC order No. L-1/132/2013/CERC New Delhi 06
th
January 2014)
Objective:
To maintain grid discipline and grid security through the commercial
mechanism
To drive distribution utilities to go for planned procurement of
electricity not to rely upon over-drawl from the grid for meeting their
consumer demands.
To enforce strict volume limits on over drawl / under drawl and over-
injection/under-injection irrespective of the grid frequency.
13
14
49.70 49.75 49.80 49.85 49.90 49.95 50.00 50.05 50.10
8.24 6.99 5.94 4.90 3.86 2.82 1.78 0.00 0.00
Under drawl / over
injection
Penalty @ 1.78 per
!"
#o over drawl i$
allowed.
%verdrawl
@ 16.48 &$ / !"
i.e. 100' additional
c"ar(e o) *re+ 49.70
,-
Frequency range
Rate in Rs per KWh
Under drawls by the buyer / Over injcetion by seller in a time block in excess of 12%
of scheduleor 150 !" shall be #ero$%
If 12% of drawl schedule is more than 150 MW, then
additional charges is as below:
OD in range (150 to 200 MW) 20% additional charges.
OD in range (200 to 250 MW) 40% additional charges.
OD more than 250 MW , 100 % additional charge
If 12% of drawl schedule is less than 150 MW, then
additional charges is as below:
OD in range (12% to 15%) 20% additional charges.
OD in range (15% to 20%) 40% additional charges.
OD more than 20%, 100 % additional charge
Sustain deviation from schedule in one direction (+/-) of entity, entity shall
have to make sign change at least once after every 12 time block.
Statutory framework Tariff mechanism for ISTS
(Point of connection charges regulation 2010)
3. Sharing of Inter State Transmission Charges and Losses regulation:
(Honble CERC order No. L-1/44/2010-CERC Dated: 15th June 2010)
Principles for sharing ISTS charges and losses.
Based on the Yearly Transmission Charges of ISTS Transmission Licensees and
transmission losses in the ISTS network, the Implementing Agency shall compute the
Point of Connection charges and Loss Allocation Factors for all Designated ISTS
customer
(a) Using load-flow based methods; and
(b) based on the Point of Connection Charging method.
This methodology sensitive to distance, direction and usage of network.
Charges for LTA/MTOA : Rs/MW/Month
Charges for STOA : Rs/MW/Hour
Role of Implementing Agency: (NLDC)
Collection the Basic Network data pertaining to the network elements.
The generation and load at the various network nodes
Responsibility to run AC load flows using the basic Network, nodal generation and
nodal demand to ensure Load Generation balance is entrusted to IA.
The CTU shall be responsible for raising the transmission bills, collection and
disbursement of transmission charges to ISTS transmission licensees.
Statutory framework Open Access Short Term
4. Open Access in inter-State Transmission) Regulations:
(Honble CERC order No.L-7/105(121)/2007-CERC Dated 25th January, 2008)
Short-term open access means open access for a period up to one (1)
month at one time.
Bilateral transaction means a transaction for exchange of energy (MWh)
between a specified buyer and a specified seller, directly or through a trading
licensee or discovered at power exchange through anonymous bidding, from a
specified point of injection to a specified point of drawl for a fixed or varying
quantum of power (MW) for any time period during a month.
collective transaction means a set of transactions discovered in power
exchange through anonymous, simultaneous competitive bidding by buyers
and sellers;
Eligibility for allowing STOA:
The surplus capacity available on the ISTS after use by the long-term
customer and the medium-term customer, by virtue of-
(a) Inherent design margins;
(b)Margins available due to variation in power flows;
(c)Margins available due to in-built spare transmission capacity
created to cater to future load growth or generation addition.
Statutory framework Open Access Short Term
4. Open Access in inter-State Transmission) Regulations:
Nodal Agencies:
NLDC: For collective transections
RLDC: For bilateral transections of the region where point of drawal of
electricity is situated.
SLDC: For intra state bilateral transections.
Wherever the proposed bilateral transaction has a State utility or an intra-
State entity as a buyer or a seller, concurrence of the SLDC is required.
When a State utility or an intra-State entity proposes to participate in
trading through a power exchange, it shall obtain a no objection or a
prior standing clearance from the SLDC.
Statutory framework
5. Renewable Regulatory Fund (RRF) regulation:
(Honble CERC order No. L-1/18/2010-CERC Date of Order: 18-2-2011)
Applicable to:
1.Wind farms with collective capacity of 10 MW and above connected at 33 KV level
and above.
2.The Solar generating plants with capacity of 5 MW and above connected at 33 KV
level and above.
The RRF shall be maintained and operated by the NLDC
The wind generators shall be responsible for forecasting their generation upto
an accuracy of 70%. For actual generation within +/- 30% of the schedule, no UI
would be payable/receivable.
A maximum generation of 150% of the schedule only, would be allowed in a
time block, for injection by wind, from the grid security point of view.
The schedule of solar generation shall be given by the generator based on
availability of the generator, weather forecasting, solar insolation, season and
normal solar generation curve and shall be vetted by the RLDC. If RLDC is of the
opinion that the schedule is not realistic, it may ask the solar generator to modify
the schedule.
No UI charges payable/receivable by Solar Generator
18
Statutory framework
6. Congestion Management:
(Honble CERC order No.L-7/139(159)/2008 Date of order: 22.4.2013)
Corridor shall be considered congested if:
Grid voltage in the important nodes downstream/ upstream of the
corridor is beyond the operating range specified in the IEGC and/or
The real time power flow along a corridor is such that n-1 criteria may
not be satisfied.
One or more transmission lines in the corridor are loaded beyond the
normal limit specified in CEA Manual on Transmission Planning
Criteria.
Congestion charge would be levied for
a) Over drawal or under-injection in the importing control area and
b) Under drawal or over-injection in the exporting control area.
It is also become applicable for an intra-regional corridor of one region.
TYPICAL SCADA SYSTEM
SCADA
H/W &
S/W
MEDIA
C TX
O RX
M E
M Q
N P
T
C TX
O Rx
M E
M Q
N P
T
R
T
U
T P
R A
A N
N E
S L
D
U
C
E
R
C & R
PANEL
CONTROL
CENTRE SUBSTATION / GEN STATION
COMMN
MEDIA
FIELD UNIT
Grid Operation Technology - Today
Load Despatching Facilities in India
SLDC GJ M
SRLDC
NLDC Main
NRLDC
Sub LDC
Jambuva
Sub LDC
Jetpur
' PG FO Comn
' VSAT Comm
Sub LDC
Gandhinagar
NLDC Backup
WRLDC M
ERLDC NERLDC
SLDC GJ B
10 Sec
2 Sec
2 Sec
20 Sec
New Delhi
Katwariasarai
Kalcutta
Golf Course Road
2014 October
RTU C RTU X
WRLDC B
2008 August
Tools for managing
system operation:
EMS package of
SCADA:
PNA
NSP
DDC
SDF
SLDC Control Centre
22
HMI (Work Station)
Application server
LAN
23
SOFTWARE REPRESENTATION OF REAL TIME HADWARE
POSITION at SLDC
10/100 MBPS HUB
10/100 MBPS HUB
ROUTER(2)
MUX(2)
OFC WIDE
BAND
COMMUNICAT
ION
OFC WIDE
BAND
COMMUNICAT
ION
RLDC
Sub-LDC
24
SCADA at Sub-LDC
SOFTWARE REPRESENTATION OF REAL TIME
HARDWARE POSITION WITH SCADA SYSTEM at Sub-LDC
26
Remote Terminal Unit at Field Level
Grid Operation Today
with Present SCADA
MW, MVAR,Voltage, Frequency parameter reporting to control
center.
No Time stamped data.
State Estimator for load flow study.
It is solution of Non-Linear equation.
Best estimation of state of system known to operator.
Limitation particularly with large complex system.
Good for visualization but limited Decision making tools.
slow data reporting time
Steady state operation.
Internal Fire-wall
External Fire-wall
Work-station
DTS Server
GPS
VPS Work-station
SCADA/EMS server
ICCP server
F/w
Router
Printer ISR
Server
NMS
Server
Web-server
F/w Router
Router
Remote-VDU
Data Replica
Server
CMC
DDS
Server
F/w Router
Work-station
Internet
External DMZ
Internal DMZ
ICCP
LAN
SCADA
LAN
Data LAN
OFFLINE
LAN
DTS
LAN
RLDC/Backup
SLDC/Sub-
LDC
Corporate Network
CMC : Centralized Monitoring Console
ISR : Information Storage and Retrieval
NMS : Network Management Server
DDS: Database Development Server
DMZ: Demelitarized Zone
Grid Operation Technology - Tomorrow
Internal Fire-wall
External Fire-wall
GP
S
VPS Work-station
SCADA/EMS
server
ICCP server
F/w
Router
Printer ISR
Server
NMS
Server
Web-server
F/w Router
Router
Remote-VDU
Data Replica
Server CMC
DDS
Server
F/w Router
Work-station
Internet
External
DMZ
Internal DMZ
ICCP LAN
SCADA LAN
Data LAN
OFFLINE LAN
RLDC/SL
DC/Sub-
LDC
Corporate Network
RTU IEC 60870-5-101 RTU IEC 60870-5-104
Data acquisition
LAN
Network Architecture for GETCO Backup Control Center Sub-LDC
30
Additional Features in New SCADA
Existing SCADA Upcoming
SCADA
Remarks
Display 4 30
Trend Trend With 4
points
New Feature
with 16 points
EMS Package Concurrent Access 1 4
Outage Scheduler Not Available New Feature
Transient Stability Not Available New Feature
Transmission /Corridor Capability
Monitoring
Not Available New Feature
Web-interface Not Available New Feature
Event Based Email-SMS Not Available New Feature
31
Conti..
Features
Existing Upcoming Remarks
LAN
Copper Pair
CAT-6
Fiber No limitation of
Bandwidth
Back up control center Not Available Available
Redundancy in Cross
connectivity between
ALDCs
Not Available Available Through BackUp
SLDC
VPS system Bulb illuminated LED based 1)Less
Consumption and
longer life
2)Portable
interface
Firewall Not available Available
Intrusion Detection and
Prevention System
Not Available Available Added Security
Video Conferencing
facility
Not Available New Features At SLDC &
Backup SLDC.
32
BENEFIT TO THE SYSTEM OPERATOR:
1)More User Friendly and Better GUI (3d trending)
2)More Number of Points for a Single Trend
3)More Number of Concurrent Displays
4) WEB Enabled interface - Visibility access from any where
5) Event Based SMS facility
SYSTEM BENEFIT:
1)Integration with WAMS/PMU
2)Integration with Renewable Energy Control Center
3) Fire wall provides better cyber security
New SCADA Highlights
Need for New System
Time stamped data required for complex system.
System stress depend upon Angular difference of
adjacent buses.
Fast reporting of data require.
Real time Angular measurement.
Dynamic performance of system required.
Decision making tools for system operator.
Dynamic operation.
Solution is PMU & WAMS for grid operation
Grid Operation Technology
34
Today Tomorrow
Grid Operation technology Tomorrow
Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
PMU gives Phasor, voltage & current with its angular position.
It is useful for system stress.
Fast reporting rate 10,25,50 samples per cycle.
It also gives frequency and rate of change of frequency.
It is useful for Generation stability.
PMU takes current and bus PT as input where it has placed.
PMU send data precisely and time synchronized.
It offers dynamic visibility of system behavior.
Direct Angle measurement gives solution of linear equation.
Intelligent decision making tools can be made for dynamic system
operation work.
Significance of Angle Difference on Power flow
PMU & WAMS
37
PMU Architecture
Sinusoidal representation of AC circuit
Two characteristics Magnitude and Angle
AC circuits
Wave form and Phasor
representation
Phasor representation
In AC circuit, power flows from larger phase
Angle to smaller phase Angle.
Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS)
WAMS designed with PMU placed at different locations.
All PMU data reporting to control center with time
synchronized.
It gives information of phasor of different location at a time.
Fast, time synchronized data enable a better indication of
grid stress.
It can be used to trigger corrective actions to maintain
reliability.
Improve situational awareness for the operator of the large
complex power system through the use of effective
visualization tools.
Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS)
GETCO Plan
GETCO designed WAMS for system operation with a vision to have full
fledged WAMS in near future in phased manner.
25 Nos. location for PMU placement in first phase.
Advanced MPLS-Communication between PMU to control center, SLDC.
PMU will be given all current and Bus voltage as input where it has
placed.
Multiple PMU used at many stations.
PMU location decided on strategic technical importance.
In direct observability characteristics will be used for more penetration
level.
In future with more PMU placement full fledged WAMS for Gujarat system
operation work.
PMU
1.....n
switch
Router
switch
Router
PMU
1.....n
m
m
Existing LAN
Colour
printer
Work
station
console-1
Work
station
console-2
Proposed Architecture of WAMS:
PDC-1 PDC-2
Data
Historian
server-1
Data
Historian
server-2
Router cum fire
wall
Router cum fire
wall
MPLS-
Communication
Other LDC
Wide Area Monitoring System (WAMS)
GETCO plan
WAMS will improve situational awareness of operator with better real time
visualization..
Voltage, current with its Angular position enable to know system stress in
real time.
frequency and rate of change of frequency enable to know effect of
switching action.
Angular difference between two station and Grid as a whole enable
operator to know system capability in real time with changing scenario.
It is planned to develop following Intelligent Analytics tool from PMU data
for system operation.
On line oscillation stability mode identification.
Hybrid state estimator
Dynamic security Analysis (DSA) with voltage stability.
Development of Analytics
Following are some Analytics that can be developed from
PMU data
Hybrid (Linear) state estimator.
On line oscillation stability.
Dynamic Security Assessment.
Voltage Stability Analysis.
Frequency Stability Analysis.
Vulnerability Analysis of relay for Zone-3 blocking.
Calibration of CVT/CT
Transient stability Analysis.
Analytics software for system operation
On line oscillation stability mode identification.
software will find oscillation mode
Inter- area oscillation will be observed.
Better damping means system is strong and capable for
contingency if any arise in future.
Important for planning to find weak area.
Effect of switching action and damping equipment can be
ascertain.
Index for system strength well in advance for operator.
One more parameter for outage management.
Visualization of Oscillation mode
47
Yellow Light Implying Damping
below Alert Levels (i.e. 5%)
Red Light Implying Damping
below Alarm Levels (i.e. 3%)
Dial Chart for Damping factor
Analytics software for system operation
Hybrid state Estimator
State estimator use PMU data and remaining data from SCADA
measurement
Improve state estimation as PMU gives actual Angle measurement
precisely
It will work as state measurement of system, solution of linear equation
when sufficient PMU data available.
Useful to find safe loading of each equipment dynamically with
changing system scenario.
optimization of resources with confident.
Useful for planning of Transmission infrastructure based on system
behavior in real time different scenario.
GUI for Voltage Visualization
49
Analytics software for system operation
Dynamic Security Assessment with voltage stability.
Perform security assessment of system on predefined time interval.
suggest possible remedial measures to operators.
Path towards on line Transient stability
It will show voltage limit of area, zone as defined.
Intelligent tool for operator to know system behavior dynamically and
remedial action against possible contingency.
It will make operator more intelligent to maintain system in secure
status and alarm in advance for possible contingency.
Integration with SCADA
Integration with SCADA
Existing EMS data can be used for PMU applications.
Full observability of Grid from PMU data can be achieved
in phased manner.
Short term Analytics uses EMS data.
Model validation and Hybrid state estimator are example
of SCADA Integration.
Hybrid state Estimator uses PMU data and SCADA EMS
data giving more accuracy then conventional.
1. To ensure load Generation balance in order to maintain system
frequency within permissible band i.e. (49.90 Hz to 50.10 Hz):
a. Long term Planning:
Annual planning of State & Private Sector Unit outages is being done to
ensure adequate availability to meet peak demand of every month.
To keeping 10 to 15% margin for forced outages.
Seasonal variation of renewables is taken into account.
Seasonal effects is considered
Outages of evacuation lines along with planned shutdown of units.
Grid Operation
53
b. Short term Planning:
Planned shutdown of Units is reviewed.
If any need arises, all generators are informed to squeeze their unit
outages.
Finalize Monthly line / EHV elements outage schedule to ensure maximum
availability during peak hours.
c. Day a head planning:
Generation availability from all the generators for next day.
SLDC receives data of load forecast from Discoms.
Unit outage request up to 16:00 Hrs for next day are being taken in to
account.
Considering all above, system operations are being planned.
54
2. To operate power system such a way that it should remain in
Stable State :
Stable state means :
System variables are in the normal range.
No equipment is being overloaded.
System is able to withstand a contingency without violating any of
the constraints.
Actions are being planed to operate system in Stable State:
Rescheduling of generation
Deferment of elements outages
Switching operations of reactors and capacitor bank in order to control
voltages at important node.
Close monitoring of weather parameters.
Formulation & Review of defense mechanism
SPS at strategic locations.
Review of load connected under Df/Dt & UFR relays.
Formulation of islanding scheme.
Grid Operation
55
Initiatives for better Power System Operation
Keen interest to facilitate outages for construction of new EHV lines and
for R & M work of EHV lines.
Proactive actions to facilitate outages of important elements
SLDC has initiated RE desk to accommodate real time weather data of
the State and forecast from the various reliable sources / tools and
prepare anticipated variation for wind / Solar generation as well as load.
Black start mock drill at regular interval:
SOCC meetings at regular interval
keen interest to relieve congestion in the network by proposing
worthwhile changes in network topology and getting them implemented
through the concerned agencies.
56
Initiatives for better Power System Operation
Data visualization at all control centres & also accessing reliable data of
renewable energy generation in real time
Adoption of prevailing latest technology in Monitoring system (WAMS /
SCADA), IT (Software development) and in Communication (AMR solution /
Data acquisition using radio link, GSM etc.
Continuous improvement of web-site.
57
Defense Mechanisms
Any type of Grid Disturbance (Major or Minor) is
detrimental for Power System and badly affects the
Society and Economy.
Properly planned defense mechanisms helps in
Prevention of any type of grid disturbance.
Minimizing the damages due to grid disturbances
Faster Restoration of System.
Based on the Root Cause Analysis of Past Grid Incidents / Disturbances,
Preventive, Corrective and Restorative Action Plans have been developed
to handle any contingency
58
Defense Mechanisms
Preventive Action Plans:
Development of Ring Main System for Metro
Cities
Islanding Schemes
System Protection Schemes (RAS)
Conventional Protection Schemes
Offline System Studies
Reactive Power Management
Special Switching Arrangements
Power System Visualization
Phase Angle Monitoring (PMU)
Workshops & Seminar
Training on Simulator
Mock Trial of Generators / Transmission
System
Information Management System
Corrective Action Plans:
Weather Monitoring
Revision in Protection Setting like
blocking of line tripping on Over current
etc.
Special Protection Scheme
It is designed to detect predetermined system conditions and
automatically take corrective actions, other than the isolation of faulted
components, to meet system performance requirements or to limit the
impact of: two or more elements removed, an extreme event, or
Cascading.
Such schemes are designed to maintain:
System Stability
Acceptable System Voltages,
Acceptable Power flows, or to address other reliability concerns.
Hence, SPS provides the required stabilizing force necessary to
preserve the system stability
The general characteristics of SPS are:
Normally sleeping systems, Operate infrequently
Control actions taken is predetermined
Can be armed or disarmed depending upon system conditions
Can comprise a large number of coordinated actions, in a cascaded
manner
All Special Protection Schemes consists of three main parts:
1.Input:
Level of physical magnitudes / Status of circuits breakers
2.Decision making system : To initiate some actions based on inputs
3. Output
Generator tripping, Fast valve opening, Runback Scheme or load
shedding.
Special Protection Scheme in Gujarat Power System
1. SPS at APL complex to restrict power flow within limits in AC network:
(Earlier)
&ta'e(1
&ta'e(2
&ta'e()
Setting
(Current/MW)
Time Delay
Setting
(Current/MW)
Time Delay
&ta'e(1 *15 + 10 sec *15 + 10 sec
&ta'e(2 ,50 ! 1%5 sec *50 ! 1%5 sec
&ta'e() *50 ! - sec .00 ! - sec
Action
/ri00in' of Unit() or Unit(- to reduce
'eneration by ))0 !
/ri00in' of any one unit amon' Unit(5 to Unit(
1 to reduce 'eneration by ,,0 !
+larm
,00 ! 1%5 sec 2ack down of 'eneration from Unit(*(.(1
*00 ! - sec
*15 + 10 sec +larm
P"a$e.2 /pecial Protection /c"e0e /ettin($
Setting (Current/MW) Time Delay Action
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/ri00in' of Unit() or Unit(- as 0er selection
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without 5&67
7ro4p 2 3&in'le 4ine in service
without 5&67
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with 5&67
7ro4p 4 3&in'le 4ine in service
with 5&67
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9;// =,8# 700
3! %#; 9>#; =&>P
3%% 3! 7;#
9%//
500 3! 7;#
9%//
8P9 :;,783 ,-0 .51 *5. ,01
8P9.,8:898 ),. -1- -)0 ))2
,8:898.6,%&#>8 -1- 5)0 -*) ).0
As on today,
&ta'e(1
&ta'e(2
&ta'e()
Setting
(Current/MW)
Time Delay
Setting
(Current/MW)
Time Delay
&ta'e(1 *15 + 10 sec *15 + 10 sec
&ta'e(2 .50 ! 1%5 sec
8reater than 1000
!
1%5 sec
&ta'e()
8reater than
*00 ! 9 less
than .00
1%5 sec
8reater than .50
! 9 less than
1000 !
1%5 sec
&ta'e(-
8reater than
,50 !
within 15 sec%
8reater than *50
!
within 15 sec after
&ta'e (2 or &ta'e()
o0eration
/ri00in' of any one unit form
+:4 ;o% ) or -%
200 to )00 ! 'eneration
reduction
40012 34ndra.2er$ana 534ndra.,adala 6irc4it
Setting (Current/MW) Time Delay Action
*15 +
40012 34ndra./a0i 6irc4it.152 and /a0i .:e"(a0line 1 52
10 sec +larm
Action
-%0 &ec
8eneration backin' down <
200 ! fromUnit ;o% )" -" 5
or ,%
-%0 &ec
/ri00in' of Unit() or Unit(- as
0er selection 3 =f unit ;o% ) is
selected for -00 >? undra(
&ami(@eh'amroute then Unit
;o% - is selected for this
settin'7
+larm
A ,00 ! with availability of
any one or both -00 >? +:4(
&ami(@eh'amline%
7ro4p 3 32oth 4ine in service with 5&67
7ro4p 4 3&in'le 4ine in service with 5&67
7ro4p 1 32oth 4ine in service
without 5&67
7ro4p 2 3&in'le 4ine in service
without 5&67
/ri00in' of any one unit form
+:4 ;o% 5 or ,%
A ,00 ! B ;on availability of
both +:4 ( &ami or &ami (
@eh'amline
SPS at CGPL, Mundra
SPS at regional Level
To arrest rise in frequency:
Automatic tripping of following units at high frequency (51.5 Hz) with time
delay of 30 Sec in case of islanding of WR from rest of NEW grid:
1. KSTPS-7 (500 MW)
2. VSTPS-7 (500 MW)
3. CGPL-10 (830 MW).
SPS for Gwalior Agra interregional link:
An SPS was envisaged for ensuring backing down WR generation by 500
MW (VSTPS - 200 MW, KSTPS 120 MW, CGPL - 180 MW) in case of
sudden reduction of NR import from WR on Bina-Gwalior-Agra link by 1500
MW.
67
Limitation and Challenges
Manual Control over generation, load, Switching elements
Management of RE variations.
RGMO / FGMO Poor response by the generator today.
Generation and Load balancing - To manage limit of 150
MW at State periphery.
Load diversity and Load forecasting
Assessment of transfer capability of flow gate in real time.
Dynamic reactive power compensation. No contribution by
the generator (VAR absorption) managed by opening of
EHV lines.
1. Demand variation (Un expected & Expected):
Grid Operation Challenges
68
2. RE generation variation:
Grid Operation Challenges
69
Operational Complexity
;o of days when variation
between aximum and
inimum demand
;o of days when variation
between aximum and
inimum wind 'eneration
Cear A2000 ! A1500 ! A1000 !
2011(12 51 151 11
2012(1) 10- 251 ,0
201)(1- 11- 2,0 .2
Variation of 1000-1200 MW generation in a day from renewable sources
& 2000 MW variation in demand in a day is quite common. Such variation
in the system is persistent and is handled by continuously analysing
weather related information, generation regulation, optimizing the
operation of lines, ICTs and shunt elements like capacitors and reactors.
SLDC is managing such complexities by using advanced Power System
Tools, effective planning for outages of transmission elements and
generating units, ensuring real time data for entire grid observation etc.
Opportunity for Research
Analytics for WAMS.
Renewable energy forecasting.
Load forecasting methodology.
Load balancing and grid parameters
VSC (Voltage Source Converter)
PST (Phase Shifting Transformer)
STATCOM locations
ICT tap optimization.
Effect of harmonics in power system
Reactive Capability testing of generators
PSS tuning in order to damp out low frequency oscillation.
Optimization of governor droop setting, testing of governor.
Islanding Schemes & Special Protection Scheme designing.
71
Thank you