Ijaiem 2014 05 06 016

International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org

Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014 Page 49

ABSTRACT
A quasi-stellar radio source (quasar) is a very energetic and distant active galactic nucleus. Quasars are extremely luminous and
were first identified as being high red shift sources of electromagnetic energy, including radio waves and visible light, that were
point-like, similar to stars, rather than extended sources similar to galaxies. The simplest way to explain the quasar's red shifts is
to assume that they are extremely distant bodies that follow Hubble's law. In this paper, eight single and four double quasars have
been detected from SDSS .The single quasars are: SDSS J 100120.82+555349.8, SDSS J095918.70+020951.5 ,SDSS
J093857.01+412821.2 , SDSS J 141647.21+521115.5, SDSS J 141030.62+511113.8 , SDSS J005006.35-005319.2 ,SDSS J000552.33-
000655.6 and SDSS J222851.23+011432.3 ,the double quasars are SDSS J 115518.29+193942.2, SDSS J 162026.14+120342.0,
SDSS J 133907.13+131039.6 and J 125418.94+223536.5. For both types quasars , chemical composition are determined and the
redshift are measured from the absorption spectra, it found that the single quasars spans a redshift range of 0.335 z 6.47. the;
and double quasars spans a redshift of 1.01 z 3.64. Applying Hubble's law to these values of redshift, some features of
absorption line of quasars are measured and analyzed.

Key words: Quasar, Absorption line Spectra, single Quasar; Double Quasars

1. INTRODUCTION
Quasars growing supermassive black holes in the centers of massive galaxies are the subset of active galactic nuclei
(AGNs) that constitute the most luminous objects in the universe. They radiate substantial power across much of the
electromagnetic spectrum, with the source of radiation in each frequency regime originating froma different location with
respect to the supermassive black hole. The shape of a quasars spectral energy distribution (SED) can reveal much about
the structure of the black hole-accretion disk system[1].Quasars were observed during the first half of the 20th century as
radio-sources, but their nature remained unclear for decades. In the late 50s, radio observations revealed that these sources
were characterized by very small angular sizes: they were star-like objects, or quasi stellar radio sources, later contracted
into quasars. The optical counter-parts of some of these radio sources were observed for the first time in the 60s. Their star-
like nature was quickly contradicted by their atypical spectral properties. By 1974, the spectra of over two hundred quasars
had been analyzed, and all of themhaving very large redshifts. The simplest way to explain the quasars redshifts is to
assume that they are extremely distant bodies that follow Hubbles law; in such a way that they are the most distant objects
known. Moreover, if the redshifts of quasars are caused by the expansion of the Universe, they are very luminous bodies
indeed [2, 3]. The quasar absorption lines are crucial to our understanding of the Universe since the absorption lines
provide a wealth of information on the gaseous Universe fromhigh redshift to present day. The absorption lines can also
allow us to probe themmetallicity and ionization state of the gas. Owing to the advent of large spectroscopic surveys such
as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), tens of thousands of quasar absorption lines can be identified [4].
In this paper, we will study and analysis the absorption spectra of single and double quasars. This paper is organized as
follows. Section 2 presents the features of absorption lines spectra. For each quasar; chemical composition were determined
and features of absorption line spectra were measured and analyzed in section 3. .Section 4 is devoted to conclusions.

2. The REDSHIFTS and FEATURES of ABSORPTION LINE SPECTRA
The redshift of a quasar is usually denoted by the letter z; that is to say [5].
0
z
(1)
where is the shift in wavelength of a spectral line, and
0
is the wavelength that line had when it left the quasar. The
redshifts can also be expressed as a velocity by means of the Doppler shift formula. However, if the velocity is small
compared to the velocity of light, the following simple formof that formula is normally used.
c
0
v

(2)
Study and Analysis of Absorption
Spectra of Quasars

Bushra Q. AL-Abudi
1
and Nuha S. Fouad
2

1,2
University of Baghdad, College of Science, Department of Astronomy and Space,
Baghdad-Iraq


c
v
0
(3)
where v is the velocity, and c the velocity of light. If formula (2) is converted for the explicit calculation of the redshift
formula (3), we can recognize that at a given velocity, the amount of the shift is proportional to the rest wavelength
0
of
the corresponding spectral line .The classical method to estimate the distance D is based here on the Hubbles law [6].
D
(t)
H z c v (4)
Where Hubble parameter H
(t)
is 73 km s
-1
Mpc-
1

By converting of formula (4), we get the distance D in (Mpc)
(t)
H
z c
D

(5)
Formula (5) also expresses that the distance D increases proportional to the Redshift z. Given that the quasars have very
large redshifts; showing that these objects are moving at relativistic recession velocities; it is necessary to use the exact
formula for the relativistic Doppler shift [6].

(6)

On the other hand, there is another relativistic transformation equation for the volume of the material bodies. Since the
transverse dimensions do not change because of the motion, the volume V of a body decreases according to the following
formula [6].
2
2
0
1
c
v
V V (7)
Where Vo is the proper volume of the body.
It is well known fromOptics that the ratio of the image size q, to the object size p is what is called the magnification M; so
that, M=q/p. According to the relativistic transformation equation 7, it could be considered that V is the volume image, and
Vo is the volume object; in such a way that [6].
2
2
1
c
v
M (8)
And also we can calculate Redshift as lookback Time fromthe following equation [6].
2
3
) 1 ( z
t
t
n
(9)
Where t
n
13.73 Gyr
(i) Also fromRedshift we can determine the Post-recombination Density nH using the following equation [6].

n
H
1.6 x10
-7
(1+z)
3
Cm
-3
(10)

At recombination (z ~1000): n
H
~200 cm
-3
, at reionization (z ~7): n
H
~10-4 cm
-3
. Also from Redshift we can determine
the Atomic Hydrogen Abundance X(H) using the following equation [6].
X(H) = 410
8
(1+z)
3
<<1 (11)

Gunn and Peterson (GP) calculate the observed absorption optical depth fromRedshift of Quasar as following equation [6].
GP
2.610
4
X(H) (1+z)
3/2
(12)
In this work, We selected eight single quasars and four double quasars fromthe Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to
measure the Redshift of quasars [7] .

3. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS of SINGLE QUASARS
Eight single quasars have been detected from SDSS and found Object ID (objID), Right ascension (Ra) and
Declination (Dec) as shown in table 1. Figures 1-8 show the absorption spectrumlines of the eight single quasars.
1
) 1 (
) 1 (
2
1
2
1
c
v
c
v



Table 1: Object ID , Right ascension , and Declination for Selected Single Quasars
Dec Ra objID Quasar Name
55.8971917 150.33678577 1237658304350257268 SDSS J100120.82+555349.8
2.16430995 149.82793113 1237651753997107470 SDSS J095918.70+020951.5
41.47257299 144.73756498 1237657873256677409 SDSS J093857.01+412821.2
52.18764298 214.19674395 1237659120933077046 SDSS J141647.21+521115.5
51.18717501 212.62759242 1237659131670626499 SDSS J141030.62+511113.8
-0.88869374 12.52645863 1237657189836980651 SDSS J005006.35-005319.2
-0.11546 1.46805 1237657190905873463 SDSS J000552.33-000655.6
1.24230848 337.21346871 1237678595933012413, SDSS J222851.23+011432.3

Fig.1: Absorption Spectrumline of Quasar SDSS J100120.82+555349.8

Fig.2: Absorption Spectrumline of Quasar SDSSJ095918.70+020951.5

Fig3: Absorption Spectrumof Quasar SDSS J093857.01+412821.2


Fig.4: Absorption Spectrum of Quasar SDSS J141647.21+521115.5

Fig.5: Absorption Spectrumof Quasar SDSS J141030.62+511113.8

Fig.6: Absorption Spectrumline of Quasar SDSS J 005006.35-005319.2

Fig.7: Absorption Spectrumline of Quasar SDSS J000552.33-000655.6


Fig8: Absorption Spectrumline of Quasar SDSS J222851.23+011432.3

We matching the wavelengths of the absorption lines in the spectrum
obs
( ) of quasars at a value of flux F(), with those
observed fromthe pure source in the laboratory
rest
() [7] Tables 2-9 reflects the extrapolated chemical elements for these
single Quasars. By applying the equations which are mentioned previously, we found the features measured from absorption
spectra as illustrated in Tables 10-17. The relationship between the optical depths as a function of different values of
redshift is shown in figure9. The linear relationship between Recession velocities as a function of distance is shown in
figure 10. The slope determines the value of the Hubble constant. By drawing the relationship between the Look back
times as a function of the redshift for different quasars as shown in figure 11, it clear that whenever the redshift is less
whenever the value of look back time is higher.

Table 2: Thechemical composition of Quasar SDSS J100120.82+555349.8
Chemical Element F()
obs
()
rest
()
O II 65.82 4975 3728.8
Ne II 59.7832 5162.5 3868.7
H 57.6171 5800 4840.48
O III 58.653 6725 5006.8
Table 3: The chemical composition of Quasar SDSS J095918.70+020951.5
obs.

rest

C III 6.9331 4100.89 1909
Mg 5.18 6036.46 2851.6
O II 6.5909 8040.93 3728.8
H 4.66 8842.72 4101.75
Ne II 3.7 8354.13 3868
Table4: The chemical composition of Quasar SDSS J093857.01+412821.2
Chemical Elements F()
obs

Rest

C IV 183.32 4550.949 1550.77
He II 118.8148 4838.77 1640.5
C III 113.646 5633.4 1909
Mg 75.99 8280.111 2851.6
obs

Rest

Ly 63.39 3831.25 1215.67
C IV 25.463
1
4875 1550.77
C III 15.816
5
6012.5 1909
Mg 11.905 8831.25 2851.6



Table7: The chemical composition of Quasar SDSS J005006.35-005319.2

Table 8: The chemical composition of Quasar SDSS J000552.33-000655.6
obs

Rest

HeI 2.988 3797.659 537.029
Ly 6.5549 8729.431 1215.67
S IV+OIV 2.1964 10348.94 1507.93

obs

Rest

HeI 65.6089 4369.49 584.33
N I 207.97 6705.02 885.67
Ly 22.7273 8978.77 1215.67

Table10: The features measured of absorption line of quasar SDSS J100120.82+555349.8
Line Z V(Km/Sec) D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) X(H) (GP)
O II 0.334 100260 2005.2 0.945 8.909 0.415 3.80 x10
-7
9.50x10
-8
0.003
Ne II 0.3344 100320 2006.4 0.942 8.906 0.416 3.801x10
-7
9.50 x10
-8
0.003
H 0.1982 59460 1189.2 0.980 10.647 0.222 2.75 x10
-7
9.88 x10
-8
0.002
O III 0.3432 102960 2059.2 0.939 8.820 0.430 3.877 x10
-7
9.7 x10
-8
0.003
Average 0.3025 90750 1815 0.951 9.321 0.371 3.80 x10
-7
9.64 x10
-8
0.003

Table 11: The features measured of absorption line of Quasar SDSS J095918.70+020951.5

obs

rest

Ly 33.77 5213.4 1215.67
C IV 17.54 6559.2 1550.77
C III 23.81 8046.36 1909
obs

Rest

Ly 6.5077 6446.927 1215.67
C IV 3.5232 8155.307 1550.77
He II 3.4374 8579.329 1640.5
Line Z
V (km/
sec)
D(Mpc) M T(Gyr) Z Relative n(H) (cm
-3
) X(H) (GP)
C III 1.148 344400 6888 0.564 4.360 2.809 1.586X 10
-6
3.965X 10
-7
0.032
Mg 1.116 335070 6701.4 0.497 4.457 3.255 1.517 X10
-6
3.794X 10
-7
0.030
O II 1.156 346920 6938.4 0.580 4.335 2.713 1.604 X10
-6
4.011 X10
-7
0.033
H 1.155 346740 6934.8 0.579 4.337 2.719 1.603 X10
-6
4.007x X10
-7
0.033
Ne II 1.159 347940 6958.8 0.587 4.325 2.676 1.612 X10
-6
4.030 X10
-7
0.033
Average 1.147 344214 6884.28 0.561 4.363 2.834 1.584 X10
-6
3.961 X10
-7
0.032



Table13: The features measured of absorption line of Quasar SDSS J141647.21+521115.5


Table 15: The features measured of absorption lineof Quasar SDSS J005006.35-005319.2

Table16: The features measured of absorption line of Quasar SDSS J000552.33-000655.6
Z
Relative
n(H) (Cm
-3
) X(H) (GP)
He I 6.071
1821482.58
3
36429.6
5
5.988 0.730 0.180 5.658 X10
-5
1.414 X10
-5
6.916
Ly 6.180
1854227.23
3
37084.5
4
6.099 0.713 0.177 5.924 X10
-5
1.481 X10
-5
7.409
S
IV+OIV
5.863
1758903.26
5
35178.0
7
5.777 0.763 0.187 5.172 X10
-5
1.293 X10
-5
6.044
Average 6.038
1811537.69
3
36230.7
5
5.955 0.735 0.182 5.584 X10
-5
1.396 X10
-5
6.790
Line Z
V (Km/
Sec)
D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (cm
-3
) X(H) (GP)
C IV 1.934 58038 11607.6 1.656 2.731 0.772 4.043X 10
-6
1.010 X10
-6
0.132
He II 1.949 58488 11697.6 1.673 2.710 0.762 4.105 X10
-6
1.026 X10
-6
0.135
C III 1.951 58530 11706 1.675 2.708 0.761 4.111 X10
-6
1.027 X10
-6
0.135
Mg 1.903 57111 11422.2 1.619 2.774 0.792 3.9171X10
-6
0.979 X10
-6
0.126
Average 1.934 580417.5 11608.35 1.656 2.731 0.772 4.044X 10
-6
1.011X 10
-6
0.132
Line Z V
(Km/Sec)
D(Mpc)
M
T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (cm
-3
)
X(H)
(GP)
Ly 2.151 645480 12909.6 1.905 2.454 0.654 5.008 X10
-6
1.252X10
-6
0.182
C IV 2.143 643080 12861.6 1.896 2.463 0.658 4.970 X10
-6
1.242 X10
-6
0.180
C III 2.149 644880 12897.6 1.902 2.456 0.655 4.998 X10
-6
1.249 X10
-6
0.181
Mg 2.096 629070 12581.4 1.843 2.519 0.680 4.752 X10
-6
1.188 X10
-6
0.168
Average 2.135 640627.5 12812.55 1.886 2.473 0.662 4.932 X10
-6
1.232X10
-6
0.178
Z
Relative
n(H) (Cm
-3
) X(H) (GP)
Ly 3.288 986550 19731 3.132 1.546 0.3689 1.261X10
-5
3.154 X10
-6
0.728
C IV 3.229 968880 19377.6 3.070 1.5784 0.377 1.210X10
-5
3.026 X10
-6
0.684
C III 3.215 964500 19290 3.055 1.5866 0.379 1.198 X10
-5
2.995 X10
-6
0.673
Average 3.244 973310 19466.2 3.086 1.570333 0.375 1.223 X10
-5
3.058 X10
-6
0.695
Line Z V (Km/Sec) D(Mpc) M T(Gyr)
Z
Relative
n(H) (Cm
-3
) X(H) (GP)
Ly 4.303 1290960 25819.2 4.1854 1.1243 0.267 2.386X10
-5
5.96X10
-6
1.894
C IV 4.258 1277670 25553.4 4.1398 1.1385 0.270 2.327 X10
-5
5.81 X10
-6
1.824
He II 4.229 1268910 25378.2 4.1098 1.148 0.272 2.288 X10
-5
5.72 X10
-6
1.779
Average 4.263 1279180 25583.6 4.145 1.1369 0.269 2.333 X10
-5
5.83 X10
-6
1.832



Fig9: Relationship between Optical depth and Redshift

Fig .10: Relationship between Velocity and Distance
.

Fig.11: Relation between Look back time and Redshift

4. SPECTRAL ANALYSIS of DOUBLE QUASARS
Four double quasars have been detected from SDSS and found Object ID (objID), Right ascension (Ra) and
Declination (Dec) as shown in table 18. Figures 12-15 show the absorption spectrum lines of these quasars. Tables 19-22
reflect the extrapolated chemical elements for these quasars. The features measured fromabsorption spectra are illustrated
in Tables 23-26. Also, we can find that the relationship between the optical depth as a function of different values of
redshift of some simple of double quasars, as shown in figure 16. Figure 17 illustrates the linear relationship between
recession velocities as a function of distance. By drawing the relationship between the Look back times as a function of the
redshift of different quasars, we find that whenever the redshift is less whenever the value of look back time is higher (see
figure 18).
Table 18: Object ID , Right ascension , and Declination for Selected Double Quasars
Dec Ra objID Quasar Name
19.6617253 178.82622193 1237668297664692248,
587742576439787545
SDSS J115518.29+193942.2
12.06167583 245.10892899 1237668366927004166,
587742645702099442,
SDSS J162026.14+120342.0
13.17767316 204.77974079 587738568175058991,
1237664289399963687,
SDSS J133907.13+131039.6
22.59348404 193.57895411 587742014361174098,
1237667735586078852,
SDSS J125418.94+223536.5
Z
Relative
n(H) (cm
-3
) X(H) (GP)
He I 6.477 1943333.39 38866.67 6.400 0.671 0.168 6.69 X10
-5
1.672 X10
-5
8.892
N I 6.570 1971168.72 39423.37 6.494 0.659 0.165 6.942 X10
-5
1.735 X10
-5
9.399
Ly 6.385 1915758.388 38315.17 6.307 0.684 0.171 6.446 X10
-5
1.611 X10
-5
8.410
Average 6.478 1943420.166 38868.4 6.400 0.671 0.168 6.693 X10
-5
1.673 X10
-5
8.900


Fig. (12): Absorption Spectrumline of Quasar SDSS J115518.29+193942.2

Fig13: Absorption Spectrumline of Quasar SDSS J162026.14+120342.0




Table (19): The chemical composition of Quasar SDSS J115518.29+193942.2

Table (20): The chemical composition of Quasar SDSSJ162026.14+120342.0
obs

Rest

C III 18.54 4104.76 1909
Mg II 13.15 5985.41 2795.5
Ne IV 9.101 5227.2 2439.5
C II 9.425 4989 2326
He I 5.9816 8245.161 4388

obs

Rest

Ly 59.57 3932.99 1215.42
N V 41.43 4005.232 1239.42
O I 28.23 4219.036 1305.53
C II 26.5 4293.13 1335.32
C IV 29.58 4968.9 1545.86


Table (23): The features measured of Quasar SDSS J115518.29+193942.2

Table (24): The features measured of Quasar SDSSJ162026.14+120342.0
Z
Relative
n(H) (Cm-
3)
X(H) (GP)
C III 1.150 345064.431 6901.288 0.568 4.354 2.783 1.590X10
-6
3.976X10
-7
0.0325
Mg II 1.141 342326.238 6846.524 0.549 4.382 2.895 1.570X10
-6
3.926X10
-7
0.0319
obs

Rest

C III 147.67 3852.033 1909
C II 76.17 4669.705 2326
Mg II 87.05 5606.311 2800
Ne IV 72.35 4900.14 2439.5
Ne V 48.52 6847.68 3346.79
obs

Rest

Ly 28.0571 5613.03 1215.24
N V 10.65 5720.76 1239.42
C IV 8.95 7110.45 1545.86
C III 5.8913 8715.24 1909
O IV 5.8913 4760.76 1033.3
Z
Relative

n(H) (cm-3) X(H) (GP)
C III 1.017 305348.297 6106.965 0.189 4.790 9.647 1.314X10
-6
3.286 X10
-7
0.024
C II 1.007 302283.534 6045.670 0.123 4.826 15.252 1.294 X10
-6
3.236 X10
-7
0.023
Mg II 1.002 300676.178 6013.523 0.064 4.846 29.167 1.284 X10
-6
3.210 X10
-7
0.023
Ne IV 1.008 302599.713 6051.994 0.131 4.822 14.229 1.296 X10
-6
3.241 X10
-7
0.023
Ne V 1.046 313813.236 6276.264 0.306 4.691 5.669 1.370 X10
-6
3.426 X10
-7
0.026
Average 1.016 304944.191 6098.883 0.162 4.795 14.793 1.311 X10
-6
3.279 X10
-7
0.024


Ne IV 1.142 342820.250 6856.405 0.553 4.377 2.883 1.574X10
-6
3.935X10
-7
0.0320
C II 1.144 343465.176 6869.303 0.557 4.370 2.847 1.578X10
-6

3.947 X10
-
7

0.0322
He I 0.879 263707.452 5274.149 0.476 5.330 1.852 1.061X10
-6

2.653 X10
-
7

0.0177
Avera
ge
1.091 327476.709 6549.534 0.541 4.563 2.652 1.475X10
-6
3.687X10
-7
0.0293



Fig.16: Relation between Optical depth and Redshift

Fig.17: Relation between Velocity and Distance
Z
Relative
n(H) (Cm-
3)
X(H) (GP)
Ly 2.235 670773.0 13415.46 1.999 2.358 0.618 5.421X10
-6
1.355X10
-6
0.205
N V 2.231 669461.1 13389.22 1.994 2.363 0.62 5.399X10
-6
1.349X10
-6
0.203
O I 2.231 669499.5 13389.99 1.995 2.363 0.619 5.400X10
-6
1.350X10
-6
0.203
C II 2.215 664517.0 13290.34 1.975 2.381 0.627 5.317X10
-6
1.329X10
-6
0.199
C IV 2.214 664298.1 13285.96 1.975 2.382 0.626 5.313X10
-6
1.328X10
-6
0.199
Average 2.225 667709.8 13354.2 1.988 2.369 0.622 5.370X10
-6
1.342X10
-6
0.202
Z
Relative
n(H) (Cm-3) X(H) (GP)
Ly 3.618 1085659.6 21713.19 3.477 1.383 0.328 1.576X10
-5
3.941 X10
-6
1.017
N V 3.615 1084702.5 21694.05 3.4745 1.384 0.365 1.573 X10
-5
3.933 X10
-6
1.014
C IV 3.599 1079901.8 21598.04 3.457 1.391 0.330 1.557 X10
-5
3.892 X10
-6
0.998
C III 3.565 1069602.9 21392.06 3.422 1.407 0.334 1.522 X10
-5
3.806 X10
-6
0.965
O IV 3.607 1082200.7 21644.01 3.465 1.388 0.330 1.564 X10
-5
3.912 X10
-6
1.005
Average 3.601 1080413.5 21608.27 3.459 1.391 0.337 1.558 X10
-5
3.897 X10
-6
1.000


Fig18: Relation between Lookback time and Redshift

5. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the absorption spectra of eight single and four double quasars were studied and analyzed, We found that
mostly elements of spectra single quasars are (O II, O III, Mg, H , Ne II, C III, He II, and sometime He I, N I), but mostly
elements of spectra double quasars are (C II, C III, Mg II, Ne IV, N V, and Sometimes O I, O IV, Ne V). Fromthe results,
it is found that the single quasars span a redshift range of 0.335 z 6.47and the double quasars span a redshift of 1.01
z 3.64. The features of absorption line, speed, distance, relativistic redshift, magnification, post-recombination density,
look back time and Gunn-Peterson Optical depth were calculated. The value of magnification always less than one if speed
of quasar is less than the speed of light (if v<c always M<1). .Also the results indicated that whenever the redshift is less
whenever the value of look back time is higher and the value of optical depth is less.

References
[1] Allison. R. Hill, S. C. Gallagher, R. P. Deo, E. Peeters and Gordon. T. Richards," Characterizing Quasars in the Mid-
infrared: High Signal-to-Noise Spectral Templates", Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 2013.
[2] Valentina D., " Quaser Absorption Spectra: Probes Of The Baryonic Gas At High Redshift ", Ph.D. thesis submitted to
Isis-international school for advanced studies,1999.
[3] Gisella D. "A comprehensive analysis of optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of z_6 quasars",Ph.D thesis submitted
to Combined Faculties of the Natural Sciences and Mathematics ,University of Heidelberg, Germany,2011.
[4] Huang, W.-R., Chen, Z.-F., Qin ,Y.-P., . Li , Liao M.-S, He, R.-H., Han W.-W., F., Zhong, Y.-Q., Gan J.-Q. and Zhou
,W. "Identification of MgII Absorption Line Systems from SDSS Quasar Catalogue" J. Astrophys. Astr., 32, 277280,
2011.
[5] Liddle, A. , "An Introduction to Modern Cosmology second Edition ", West Sussex PO19 8SQ, 2003.
[6] "Quasar Absorption Lines" http://astro.berkeley.edu/~ay216/08/NOTES/Lecture26-08.pdf,1996.
[7] Sloan Digital Sky Survey http://www.sdss.org

Authors
Bushra Q. Al-Abudi received Ph.D. degree in Astronomy in 2002 fromUniversity of Baghdad, College of
Science, Department of Astronomy and Space . Currently she is professor in Astronomy department and her
research interests include spectroscopy and photometry analysis of binary stars.

Nuha S. Fouad received B.Sc. degrees in Astronomy in 2012 fromuniversity of Baghdad, College of Science,
Department of Astronomy and Space. Currently she is M.Sc. student in Astronomy department.

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)

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