Chapter 1

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my
Lecturer: Azli ABD RAZAK

September 9, 2013
CHAPTER 1
Compressible Flow

Content
Brief review of thermodynamics properties of
ideal gas and energy equation
Speed of sound and Mach number
Isentropic flow with area changes. Area Mach
number relation
Isentropic flow in converging-diverging
section; Pressure and Mach number variation
along the section; Choke flow
Normal shock wave; Mach number relations

Content
Momentum, Continuity and Energy equations
across a shock wave
The Rankine-Hugonoit Relationship between
density and pressure
Introduction to oblique shock wave
Frictionless flow with heat transfer; Mach
number relations
Flow with friction without heat transfer

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Review Of Thermodynamics
Ideal Gas

Specific Heat Formulas

Internal Energy and Enthalpy

Internal Energy and Enthalpy

If the fluid were brought to a complete stop, the energy
balance becomes
Stagnation enthalpy: The enthalpy
of a fluid when it is brought to rest
adiabatically.
Steady flow of a fluid
through an adiabatic duct.
Energy balance (with no heat
or work interaction, no change
in potential energy)
6
During a stagnation process,
the kinetic energy of a fluid is
converted to enthalpy, which
results in an increase in the
fluid temperature and
pressure.
The properties of a fluid at
the stagnation state are called
stagnation properties
(stagnation temperature,
stagnation pressure,
stagnation density, etc.).
Entropy

Isentropic (Reversible Adiabatic) Processes

Isentropic

The actual state, actual
stagnation state, and
isentropic stagnation
state of a fluid on an h-s
diagram.
Isentropic stagnation state:
When the stagnation process is
reversible as well as adiabatic
(i.e., isentropic).
The stagnation processes are
often approximated to be
isentropic, and the isentropic
stagnation properties are simply
referred to as stagnation
properties.

Isentropic

The actual state, actual
stagnation state, and
isentropic stagnation
state of a fluid on an h-s
diagram.
When the fluid is approximated
as an ideal gas with constant
specific heats

Stagnation (or total)
temperature T
0
: It represents
the temperature an ideal gas
attains when it is brought to rest
adiabatically.
Dynamic temperature: V
2
/2c
p
:
corresponds to the temperature
rise during such a process.
The temperature of an ideal
gas flowing at a velocity V
rises by V
2
/2c
p
when it is
brought to a complete stop.
Stagnation pressure P
0
:The
pressure a fluid attains when
brought to rest isentropically.
Mach Number and Speed of Sound
Important parameter in
compressible flow is the
speed of sound, which is the
speed at which an
infinitesimally small pressure
wave travels through a
medium.
The mass balance for sigle-
stream, steady flow process
can be express as

or

left right
m m

=
( ) ( ) dV c A d Ac + =
A = area = constant
0 = dV dp c
No heat or work crosses the
boundaries of the control
volume during steady-flow
process, potential energy
can be neglected.
Steady-flow energy balance;

out in
e e =
A = area = constant
( )
2 2
2
2
dV c
dh h
c
h

+ + = + 0 = dV c dh
The propagation of a sonic
wave is not only adiabatic
but also very nearly
isentropic.
Thermodynamic relation;

A = area = constant
dP dh ds T =
dP dh =
0

A = area = constant
0 = dV dp c
0 = dV c dh
dP dh =
d
dP
c =
2
Or
s
d
dP
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2

A = area = constant
0 = dV dp c
0 = dV c dh
dP dh =
d
dP
c =
2
Or
s
d
dP
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
For an ideal gas, the pressure and density in isentropic
flow are related by

Taking logarithms and differentiating, we obtain

constant =
k
p
0 =
d
k
p
dp
Therefore,

But , so finally

The speed of sound is a function of temperature only

kRT c =

p
k
d
dp
=
RT p =
Mach Number

where, V = velocity of fluid and c = speed of sound
Therefore,

c
V
M =
kRT
V
M =
Example
Air enters a diffuser shown in Figure with a
velocity of 200 m/s. Determine,
a. The speed of sound and
b. The Mach number at the diffuser inlet when the air
temperature is 30C
21
V = 200 m/s
T = 30C
Air
Diffuser
Example
22
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Note that as the pressure decreases, the temperature and speed
of sound decrease while the fluid velocity and Mach number
increase in the flow direction.
The density decreases slowly at first and rapidly later as the fluid
velocity increases.
Variation of normalized fluid properties and cross-
sectional area along a duct as the pressure drops
from 1400 to 200 kPa.
Isentropic Flow With Area Changes
The Mach number is
unity at the location of
smallest flow area,
called the throat.
The velocity of the fluid
keeps increasing after
passing the throat
although the flow area
increases rapidly in that
region.
The cross section of a
nozzle at the smallest flow
area is called the throat.
The flow area of the
duct considered in this
example first decreases
and then increases.
Such ducts are called
convergingdiverging
nozzles.

and then increases.
convergingdiverging
nozzles.
and then increases.
convergingdiverging
nozzles.
Basic equation for isentropic flow
31
32
) 2 ( 0
) 1 (
= +
+ +
VdV
dP
V
dV
A
dA d
|
.
|
\
|
=
dP
d
V
dP
A
dA
2
1
( )
2
2
1 Ma
V
dP
A
dA
=
dP
d
c
d
dP
c
=
=
2
2
1
33
) 2 (
1
) 1 (
2

|
.
|
\
|
=
=
dP
d
V
dP
A
dA
dV
dP
V
( )
2
1 Ma
V
dV
A
dA
=
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We cannot attain supersonic
velocities by extending the
converging section of a
converging nozzle. Doing so
will only move the sonic cross
section farther downstream
and decrease the mass flow
rate.
The proper shape of a nozzle
depends on the highest
velocity desired relative to
the sonic velocity.
To accelerate a fluid, we
must use a converging
nozzle at subsonic velocities
and a diverging nozzle at
supersonic velocities.
To accelerate a fluid to
supersonic velocities, we
must use a converging
diverging nozzle.
Variation of flow properties in subsonic and supersonic nozzles
and diffusers.
Properties for Isentropic Flow of Ideal Gases
Temperature T of an ideal gas anywhere in the
flow is related to the stagnation temperature T
o
:
p
o
c
V
T T
2
2
+ =
p
o
Tc
V
T
T
2
1
2
+ =
( ) 1 = k kR c
p
kRT c =
2
c V Ma =
( ) | |
2
2
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
1 2 2
Ma
k
c
V k
T k kR
V
T c
V
p
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
.
|
\
|

=
=
Temperature T of an ideal gas anywhere in the
flow is related to the stagnation temperature T
o
:
p
o
c
V
T T
2
2
+ =
p
o
Tc
V
T
T
2
1
2
+ =
( ) | |
2
2
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
1 2 2
Ma
k
c
V k
T k kR
V
T c
V
p
|
.
|
\
|

=
|
.
|
\
|

=
=
2
2
1
1 Ma
k
T
T
o
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
Static Pressure P of an ideal gas anywhere in
the flow is related to the Stagnation Pressure P
o
:
( ) 1
|
.
|
\
|
=
k k
o o
T
T
P
P
2
2
1
1 Ma
k
T
T
o
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
( ) 1
2
2
1
1

(
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
k k
o
Ma
k
P
P
Static Density of an ideal gas anywhere in the
flow is related to the Stagnation Density P
o
:
( ) 1 1
|
.
|
\
|
=
k
o o
T
T
2
2
1
1 Ma
k
T
T
o
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
( ) 1 1
2
2
1
1

(
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
k
o
Ma
k

The properties of a fluid at a location where the
Mach number is unity (the throat) are called
critical properties.
1 = Ma
2
2
1
1 Ma
k
T
T
o
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
( ) 1
2
2
1
1

(
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
k k
o
Ma
k
P
P
( ) 1 1
2
2
1
1

(
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
k
o
Ma
k
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
-
1
2
k T
T
o
( ) 1
1
2

-
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k k
o
k P
P
( ) 1 1
1
2

-
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k
o
k

When Ma
t
= 1, the properties
at the nozzle throat become
the critical properties
41
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
-
1
2
k T
T
o
( ) 1
1
2

-
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k k
o
k P
P
( ) 1 1
1
2

-
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k
o
k

Example
42
Converging nozzle
The effect of back pressure
on the pressure distribution
along a converging nozzle.
P
b
= P
o
= P
r

No flow and the pressure
distribution is uniform along the
nozzle
43
Converging nozzle
P
b
= P
2
= P
e

The pressure along the nozzle
decrease in the flow direction
44
Converging nozzle
P
b
= P
3
= P
*

The pressure required to
increase the fluid velocity to the
speed of sound at the exit
plane or throat
The mass flow reaches a
maximum value and the flow is
called the choked
45
Converging nozzle
P
b
= P
4
< P
*

It does not result in additional
changes in the pressure
distribution, or anything else
along the nozzle length
46
Converging nozzle
The effect of back pressure on
the pressure distribution along
a converging nozzle.
Under steady-flow condition,
the mass flow rate through the
nozzle is constant and can be
express as
47
( )
RT k PAMa
kRT Ma A
RT
P
AV m
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
=

Converging nozzle
48
RT k PAMa m=
2
2
1
1 Ma
k
T
T
o
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
( ) 1
2
2
1
1

(
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
k k
o
Ma
k
P
P
( ) | |
( ) ( ) | | 1 2 1
2
2 1 1
+
+
=
k k
o o
Ma k
RT k AMa P
m

Converging nozzle
The mass flow rate is maximum occurs at Ma = 1.
Ma = 1 only occurs at minimum flow area, there is at
the throat.

49
( ) | |
( ) ( ) | | 1 2 1
2
2 1 1
+
+
=
k k
o o
Ma k
RT k AMa P
m
( ) ( ) | | 1 2 1
max
1
2
+
-
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k k
o
o
k RT
k
P A m
After substitute
Ma = 1
Converging nozzle
50
The effect of back pressure P
b

on the mass flow rate and the
exit pressure P
e
of a converging
nozzle.
>
>
=
* *
*
for
for
P P P
P P P
P
b
b b
e
Converging nozzle
51
The variation of the mass flow
rate through a nozzle with inlet
stagnation properties.
Converging nozzle
A relation for the variation of flow area A through the
nozzle relative to throat area A* can be obtain as
below:
52
( ) | |
( ) ( ) | | 1 2 1
2
2 1 1
+
+
=
k k
o o
Ma k
RT k AMa P
m
( ) ( ) | | 1 2 1
max
1
2
+
-
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k k
o
o
k RT
k
P A m
( ) ( ) | | 1 2 1
2
*
2
1
1
1
2 1
+
(
|
.
|
\
|

+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k k
Ma
k
k Ma A
A
Converging nozzle
There are one value of A/A* for each of Mach
number, but there are two possible values of the
Mach number for each value of A/A*:
Subsonic flow
Supersonic flow
Critical Mach number can be expressed as

or
53
*
*
c
V
Ma =
* * *
*
T
T
Ma
kRT
kRT Ma
c
Mac
c
c
c
V
Ma = = = =
Converging nozzle

Ma is the local Mach number, T is the local
temperature
54
* * *
*
T
T
Ma
kRT
kRT Ma
c
Mac
c
c
c
V
Ma = = = =
( )
2
*
1 2
1
Ma k
k
Ma Ma
+
+
=
Example:(Effect of Back Pressure on Mass Flow)
Problem:
Air at 1 MPa and 600C enters a converging
nozzle with velocity of 150 m/s. Determine the
mass flow rate through the nozzle for nozzle throat
area of 50 cm
2
when the back pressure is (a) 0.7
MPa and (b) 0.4 MPa.
Solution:
Properties: The constant pressure specific heat
and the specific heat ratio of air are c
p
= 1.005
kJ/kg.K and k = 1.4

55
T
1
= 600C
P
1
= 1 MPa
V
1
= 150 m/s
A
1
T
2

P
2

V
2

A
2
= 50 cm
2
Example:(Effect of Back Pressure on Mass Flow)
Solution:
The flow assume to be isentropic, therefore the
stagnation temperature and pressure remain constant
along the channel.

56
T
1
= 600C
P
1
= 1 MPa
V
1
= 150 m/s
A
1
T
2

P
2

V
2

A
2
= 50 cm
2
K
c
V
T T
p
884
1005 2
150
873
2
2 2
1
1 0
=
+ = + =
( )
MPa
T
T
P P
k k
045 . 1
873
884
1
5 . 3
1
1
0
1 0
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

Continue
Solution:
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
-
1
2
k T
T
o
( ) 1
1
2

-
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k k
o
k P
P
( ) 1 1
1
2

-
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k
o
k

Continue
a) For the case of P
b
= 0.7 Mpa

P
b
> P* therefore no choke, then P
2
= P
b
58
670 . 0
045 . 1
7 . 0
0
= =
P
P
b
5823 . 0
0
*
=
P
P
( )
| |
778 . 0
2 . 0 1
67 . 0
1
2
1
1
5 . 3
2
1
2
2
=
+ =
(
|
.
|
\
|

+ =

Ma
Ma
Ma
k
P
P
k k
o
Continue
b
= 0.7 Mpa

59
( )
( ) K
P
P
T T
T
T
P
P
k k
k k
o o
5 . 778 67 . 0 884
4 . 1 4 . 0
1
0
2
0 2
1
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
3
2
2
2
093 . 3
5 . 788 287 . 0
700
m kg
RT
P
=
=
=
Continue
b
= 0.7 Mpa

60
( )
s m
kRT Ma c Ma V
/ 9 . 437
5 . 788 287 4 . 1 778 . 0
2 2 2 2
=
=
= =
( )( )( )
s kg
V A m
77 . 6
9 . 437 10 50 093 . 3
4
2 2 2
=
=
=

Continue
b) For the case of P
b
= 0.4 Mpa

P
b
< P* therefore sonic condition exist at the exit
plane and Ma = 1. The flow is choked, then mass
flow rate can be calculate as below:

61
383 . 0
045 . 1
4 . 0
0
= =
P
P
b
5823 . 0
0
*
=
P
P
( ) ( ) | |
( )( )
( )( )
s kg
k RT
k
P A m
k k
o
o
/ 10 . 7
4 . 2
2
884 287 . 0
4 . 1
1045 10 50
1
2
8 . 0 4 . 2
4
1 2 1
max
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+
-

Example:(Gas Flow through a Converging Nozzle)
Problem:
Nitrogen enters a duct with varying flow area at T
1
=
400 K, P
1
= 100 kPa, and Ma
1
= 0.3. Assuming steady
isentropic flow, determine T
2
, P
2
, and Ma
2
at a location
where the flow has been reduced by 20%.

Solution:
Properties: Nitrogen is an ideal gas with k = 1.4

62
Continue
Solution:
Properties: Nitrogen is an ideal gas with k = 1.4

63
( ) ( ) | | 1 2 1
2
1
1
*
1
2
1
1
1
2 1
+
(
|
.
|
\
|

+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k k
Ma
k
k Ma A
A
0351 . 2 3 . 0
2
4 . 0
1
4 . 2
2
3 . 0
1
8 . 0 4 . 2
2
*
1
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
A
A
Continue
Solution:

64
( )( )
9823 . 0
3 . 0 2 . 0 1
2
1
1
0
1
2 2
1
1
0
=
+ =
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
T
T
Ma
k
T
T
( )
( ) | |
9395 . 0
3 . 0 2 . 0 1
2
1
1
0
1
5 . 3
2
1
2
1
1
0
=
+ =
(
|
.
|
\
|

+ =

P
P
Ma
k
P
P
k k
Continue
Solution:
With 20% reduction in a flow
area, A
2
= 0.8A
1
, and

65
( )( ) 6281 . 1 0351 . 2 8 . 0
*
1
1
2
*
2
= = =
A
A
A
A
A
A
( ) ( ) | | 1 2 1
2
2
2
*
2
2
1
1
1
2 1
+
(
|
.
|
\
|

+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k k
Ma
k
k Ma A
A
391 . 0
2
= Ma
Continue
Solution:

66
9703 . 0
2
1
1
0
2
2
2
2
0
=
|
.
|
\
|

+ =
T
T
Ma
k
T
T
( )
9000 . 0
2
1
1
0
2
1
2
2
2
0
=
(
|
.
|
\
|

+ =

P
P
Ma
k
P
P
k k
Continue
Solution:

67
( )
( )( ) K T
T
T
T
T
T
T
395 9878 . 0 400
9823 . 0
1
9703 . 0
2
1
0
0
2
1
2
= =
|
.
|
\
|
= =
( )
( ) kPa P
P
P
P
P
P
P
5 . 98 958 . 0 100
9395 . 0
1
9 . 0
2
1
0
0
2
1
2
= =
|
.
|
\
|
= =
Converging-Diverging Nozzles
The highest velocity in a converging nozzle is limited
to the sonic velocity (Ma = 1), which occurs at the
exit plane (throat) of the nozzle.
Accelerating a fluid to supersonic velocities (Ma > 1)
can be accomplished only by attaching a diverging
flow section to the subsonic nozzle at the throat (a
convergingdiverging nozzle), which is standard
equipment in supersonic aircraft and rocket
propulsion
68
69
Convergingdiverging nozzles
are commonly used in rocket
engines to provide high thrust.
When P
b
= P
0
(case A), there will be no
flow through the nozzle.
1.When P
0
> P
b
>P
C
, the flow remains
subsonic throughout the nozzle, and the
mass flow is less than that for choked flow.
The fluid velocity increases in the first
(converging) section and reaches a
maximum at the throat (but Ma < 1).
However, most of the gain in velocity is lost
in the second (diverging) section of the
nozzle, which acts as a diffuser. The
pressure decreases in the converging
section, reaches a minimum at the throat,
and increases at the expense of velocity in
the diverging section.

70
2. When P
b
=P
C
, the throat pressure
becomes P* and the fluid achieves sonic
velocity at the throat. But the diverging
section of the nozzle still acts as a
diffuser, slowing the fluid to subsonic
velocities. The mass flow rate that was
increasing with decreasing P
b
also
reaches its maximum value.

71
3. When P
C
>P
b
>P
E
, the fluid that
achieved a sonic velocity at the throat
continues accelerating to supersonic
velocities in the diverging section as the
pressure decreases. This acceleration
comes to a sudden stop, however, as a
normal shock develops at a section
between the throat and the exit plane,
which causes a sudden drop in velocity
to subsonic levels and a sudden
increase in pressure. The fluid then
continues to decelerate further in the
remaining part of the converging
diverging nozzle

72
4. When P
E
>Pb >0, the flow in the
diverging section is supersonic, and the
fluid expands to P
F
at the nozzle exit
with no normal shock forming within the
nozzle. Thus, the flow through the
nozzle can be approximated as
isentropic.
When P
b
= P
F
, no shocks occur within
or outside the nozzle.
When P
b
< P
F
, irreversible mixing and
expansion waves occur downstream of
the exit plane of the nozzle.
When P
b
> P
F
, however, the pressure
of the fluid increases from P
F
to P
b
irreversibly in the wake of the nozzle
exit, creating what are called oblique
shocks.

73
Example: Airflow through a Converging-Diverging
Nozzles)
Problem:
Air enter converging-diverging nozzle at 1 MPa and
800 K with negligible velocity. The flow is steady, one-
dimensional and isentropic with k = 1.4. For an exit
Mach number of Ma = 2 and throat area of 20 cm
2
,
determine (a) the throat conditions, (b) the exit plane
conditions, including the exit area and (c) the mass
flow rate through the nozzle.
74
Continue

Solution:
The exit Ma = 2, therefore the flow must be sonic at
throat and supersonic in the diverging section.

a)At the throat, Ma = 1

75
( )( )
3
0
0
0
/ 355 . 4
800 287 . 0
1000
m kg
RT
P
= = =
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
-
1
2
k T
T
o
( ) 1
1
2

-
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k k
o
k P
P
( ) 1 1
1
2

-
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
k
o
k

Continue
Solution:
a)At the throat, Ma = 1

76
8333 . 0 =
-
o
T
T
5283 . 0 =
-
o
P
P
6339 . 0 =
-
o
( )( ) K T T 6 . 666 800 8333 . 0 8333 . 0

0
= = =
-
( )( ) kPa P P 3 . 528 1000 5283 . 0 5283 . 0
0
= = =
-
( )
3
0
761 . 2 355 . 4 6339 . 0 6339 . 0 m kg = = =
-

s m kRT c V 5 . 517 6 . 666 287 4 . 1
* *
= = = =
-
Continue
Solution:
b)At the exit plane,

77
( ) | |
1278 . 0
2 1 1
1
1
2
0
=
(
+
=
k k
e
Ma k P
P
( ) | |
5556 . 0
2 1 1
1
2
0
=
(
+
=
Ma k T
T
e
( ) | |
23 . 0
2 1 1
1
1 1
2
0
=
(
+
=
k
e
Ma k
( )
633 . 1
1 2
1
2
*
=
+
+
=
Ma k
k
Ma Ma
e
Continue
Solution:
b)At the exit plane,

or

78
( ) ( ) | |
6875 . 1
2
1
1
1
2 1
1 2 1
2
*
=
(
|
.
|
\
|

+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
+ k k
e
e
e
Ma
k
k Ma A
A
K T T
e
5 . 444 5556 . 0
0
= =
kPa P P
e
8 . 127 1278 . 0
0
= =
3
0
002 . 1 23 . 0 m kg
e
= =
s m kRT Ma c Ma V
e e e e e
2 . 845 5 . 444 287 4 . 1 = = = =
2 *
75 . 33 6875 . 1 cm A A
e
= =
s m c Ma V
e e e
1 . 845 5 . 517 633 . 1 = = =
Continue
Solution:
c)The mass flow rate through the nozzle,
The flow rate of fluid is same at all sections of the
nozzle. Therefore,

79
( ) s kg V A m 86 . 2 5 . 517 10 20 671 . 2
4 * * *
= = =

Nonisentropic flow of an ideal gas
Actual fluid flows are generally nonisentropic.
The adiabatic (no heat transfer) flow of an ideal gas
through a constant-area duct with friction known as
Fanno flow.
The diabatic (with heat transfer) flow of an ideal gas
through a constant-area duct without friction is
known as Rayleigh flow.
The concepts associated with Fanno and Rayleigh
flows lead to further discussion of normal shock
waves.
80
Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction
Control Volume

Adiabatic Flow: The Fanno Line

Fanno-Line Flow Functions for
One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas

Fanno-Line Relations

Fanno-Line Relations (Continued)

Fanno-Line Relations (Continued)

Example
Air flow is induced in a smooth insulated tube of 7.16
mm diameter and by a vacuum pump. Air is drawn from
a room, where p
o
= 760 mm Hg and T
o
= 23C, through a
smoothly contoured converging nozzle. At section
,where the nozzle joins the constant area tube, the
static pressure is -18.9 mm Hg. At section, located
some distance downstream in the constant area tube,
the static pressure is -412 mm Hg. The duct walls are
smooth; assume the average friction factor, f, is the
value at section . Determine the length of duct
required for choking from section , the Mach number
at section , and the duct length, L
12
, between section
and .
Example (cont)
Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct
with Heat Exchange
Control Volume

with Heat Exchange
Heat Exchange: The Rayleigh Line

with Heat Exchange
Rayleigh-Line Relations

Example
Air flow with negligible friction in a constant-area
duct. At section ,properties are T
1
= 60C, p
1
=
135 kPa and V
1
= 732 m/s. Heat is added
between section and section , where M
2
=
1.2. Determine the properties at section , the
heat exchanger per unit mass, and the entropy
change.

Normal Shock Waves
For some back pressure values, abrupt changes in
fluid properties occur in a very thin section of a
converging-diverging nozzle under supersonic flow
conditions creating a shock wave.
93
Normal Shocks
Intersection of Fanno & Rayleigh Lines

Normal Shocks
The control volume given in Figure 12.17 assume to
be steady state with W
CV
= 0 , Q
CV
=0 and negligible
effect of potential energy.
The thickness of the shock is very small, no
significant change in flow area across the shock.

Normal Shocks
Normal-Shock Flow Function For One-
dimensional Flow Of An Ideal Gas

Property Effect Obtained from:
Stagnation
Temperature, T
o
Entropy, s
Stagnation pressure,
p
o
Temperature, T
Velocity, V
Density,
Pressure, p
Mach number, M
Constant
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Increase
Decrease
Energy equation
Second law
Ts diagram
Ts diagram
Energy equation and effect on T
Continuity equation and effect on
V
Momentum equation and effect on
V
M = V/c ,and effect on V and T
Normal Shocks
The upstream and downstream states are related by
the following equations:
The temperature ratio can be expressed as:

Since stagnation temperature is constant across the shock, we
have

1
01
01
02
02
2
1
2
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
=
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
M
k
M
k
T
T
+
=
Normal Shocks
A velocity ratio may be obtained by using

or

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
2 2
1
2
T
T
M
M
kRT
kRT
M
M
c M
c M
V
V
= = =
2 1
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
(
(
(
+
=
M
k
M
k
M
M
V
V
Normal Shocks
A ratio of density may be obtain from the continuity equation

so that

2 2 1 1
V V =
2 1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
(
(
(
+
= =
M
k
M
k
M
M
V
V

Normal Shocks
Finally, we have the momentum equation,

Substituting and factoring out pressures,
gives

2
2 2 2
2
1 1 1
V p V p + = +
(
+ =
(
+
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
1 1
RT
V
p
RT
V
p
RT p =
Normal Shocks
Since

then

Finally

2
2 2
kM
kRT
V
k
RT
V
= =
| | | |
2
2 2
2
1 1
1 1 kM p kM p + = +
| |
| |
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
kM
kM
p
p
+
+
=
Normal Shocks
Normal Shock Relations

Normal Shocks
Normal Shock Relations (continued)

Supersonic Channel Flow
with Shocks
Flow in a Converging-Diverging Nozzle

Example
A supersonic wind tunnel is to be operated at M =
2.2 in the test section. Upstream from the test
section, the nozzle throat area is 0.07 m
2
. Air
supplied at stagnation condition of 500 K and 1.0
Mpa. At one flow condition, while the tunnel is
being brought up to speed, a normal shock
stands at the nozzle exit plane. The flow is
steady. For this starting condition, immediately
downstream from the shock find
a. The Mach number
b. The static pressure
c. The stagnation pressure
d. The minimum theoretically possible for the second
throat downstream from the test section.
Oblique Shocks Waves
Mach Angle and Oblique Shock Angle

Oblique Shock: Control Volume

Oblique Shock: Useful Formulas

Oblique Shock Relations

Oblique Shock Relations (continued)

Oblique Shock: Deflection Angle

Oblique Shock: Deflection Angle

Expansion and compression wave
Oblique shock waves occurs when a flow is suddenly
compressed as it deflected
Expansion and compression wave
Figure 12.30a shows the series of compression waves will
eventually converge, and their cumulative effect will eventually
generate an oblique shock not far from the curved surface.
Compression waves are not great interest because the oblique
shock they lead to usually dominate the aerodynamics at most
the wave are a local phenomenon.
Example
An airplane travels at a speed of 600 m/s in air at
4C and 100 kPa. The airplanes airfoil has a sharp
leading edge with included angle o = 6, and an
angle of attack o = 1. Find the pressure on the
upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil immediately
after the leading edge.

Thank you for your
attention
menuntut ilmu adalah taqwa,
menyampai ilmu adalah ibadah,
Mengulangi ilmu adalah zikir,
Mencari ilmu adalah jihad
(Imam Al-Ghazali)

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( )( ) K T T 6 . 666 800 8333 . 0 8333 . 0

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