Chapter 4

Switching Overvoltage Analysis

4.1 Introduction
In the extra high voltage (EHV) transmission line, switching overvoltages are
used to determine the insulation design rather than lightning overvoltages. The
insulation level required to withstand the switching surge overvoltages can had a
significant influence on the cost of the transmission systems. Therefore, an accurate
estimation of the switching overvoltages under various conditions of the operation is
important factor for the design of transmission systems. Switching overvoltages result
from the operation of switching devices, either during normal conditions or as a result
of fault clearings. These transients have durations from ten to thousands of
microseconds. This thesis investigates the switching overvoltages occurring during
the switching of line circuit breaker on each side of the 500 kV transmission line
between Nam Theun 2 and Thailand network at Roi Et 2 substation as shown in
Figure 4.1. The analyses to assess the switching overvoltages in cases are as
following: [4], [5], [16]
- Line energization
- Line re-energization due to single phase to ground and three phases to
ground faults.
Two cases above bring to get the highest overvoltage. In case of line re-
energization, more than 85-90% comes from line to ground faults and the other comes
from three phases to ground faults. However, case of three phases to ground faults has
more damage than single line to ground fault.

4.2 Line Energization Analysis
4.2.1 Cases of the study
The 500 kV transmission line between Nam Theu 2 and Roi Et 2 had
double circuits. The study of line energization is divided into three cases as following:
58
1) Line energization from Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 circuit 1 with open
circuit at the receiving end at RE 2 substation and energizing with load
conditions.
2) Line energization from Nam Theu 2 to Roi Et 2 circuit 2 with open
circuit at the receiving end at RE 2 substation.
3) Line energization from Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 circuit 1 and circuit 2
energizing with load.
Switching overvoltages during line energization of the 500 kV transmission line
between Nam Theun 2 and Thailand network at Rio Et 2 substation is analyzed with a
presence of 444 kV surge arresters at both sides and 355 Mvar shunt reactors at Nam
Theun 2 Power Plant and 255 Mvar at Roi Et 2 substation at both sides terminal. It
was assumed that protection devices switched turning on/off during line energization.
The 200 operations statistical switching are considered for finding that the maximum
overvoltage occurring the transmission lines.
4.2.2 Methodology
All cases of the study, the circuit breaker at bus the sending end is
operating energizing to lines. The line energization overvoltages study during no load,
half load and full load are considered. In case of line energization, it brings to get the
maximum overvoltages and more damage, for example, open circuit breaker at the
receiving end during the energization from the sending end will get the overvoltages
at the receiving end. As well known, switching overvoltage occurred on power
systems due to many factors which have an effect on the value and waveform. The
maximum overvoltage is found out by the statistical method. This method is random
many parameters such as circuit breaker closing time, time scatter between phases,
line parameters. It should be note that the closing time plays an important role on the
value of energization overvoltage. First step to study switching energization, we have
to find out the worst closing and the statistical closing time.
4.2.3 Line Energizing from NTN 2- RE2 Circuit 1
Line energization overvoltage study of circuit 1, energizing from the
sending end named NTN 2 to the receiving end named RE 2 as illustrated in Figure
4.1.
59

Figure 4.1 Single line diagram of 500 kV transmission line NTN 2 RE 2 substation
circuit 1 energizing.

Before closing the circuit breaker of Nam Theun 2, the generator of power plant
has to be in steady state condition. All line circuit breakers at both sides of these two
circuits are opened and one set of line circuit breaker on the circuit 1 of the double
circuit lines a Nam Theun 2 is operated.
Since one circle of waveform has 20 ms, result in many closing times can apply
for circuit breaker. To find the worst closing time ( mean closing time ), we have
change the closing phase angle and find out the particular closing phase angle which
can cause the highest value. Table: 4.1 shown the results for different closing time
( when the three phases closing at same time ). The highest overvoltage is 1.704 p.u
occurred at the receiving end when the closing time is 15ms.










Table: 4.1. The effect of different closing time on the energization overvoltage
closing 3 poles of circuit breaker at the same time from NTN 2
RE 2 with protection devices terminal.
Maximum overvoltage at Roi Et 2 substation ( 1 p.u = 429 kV )
60
Closing time ( ms ) Voltage ( kV L-N peak ) Voltage ( pu )
0 711.797 1.659
1 728.564 1.698
2 730.517 1.703
3 718.479 1.675
4 724.676 1.689
5 731.185 1.704
6 723.486 1.686
7 718.853 1.676
8 730.494 1.703
9 727.547 1.696
10 711.932 1.660
11 728.738 1.699
12 730.689 1.703
13 718.632 1.675
14 724.818 1.690
15 731.191 1.704
16 723.638 1.687
17 719.000 1.676
18 730.643 1.703
19 727.698 1.696
20 712.105 1.660

The switching overvoltage during line energization of the 500 kV transmission
line between Nam Theun 2 substation and Roi Et 2 substation circuit 1 are analyzed
with presence of 444 kV line surge arresters at both sides and 3x55 Mvar shunt
reactor at Nam Theun 2 Power Plant and 2x55 Mvar at Roi Et 2 receiving end. For the
200 operations are tested. The closing angle of main contract has normal distribution
( Gaussian normal ). The mean of main contract closing is 15 ms and standard
deviation is 1 ms. It was assumed that protection devices switched on/off during line
energization. The simulation results as illustrated in table 4.2 to table: 4.8. It is
obvious that the highest value of line energization overvoltage could be 2.188 p.u.
which case without arresters at both sides at no load condition. When the transmission
line has installed arresters, the overvoltage can be reduced from 2.188 to 1.706 p.u.
The shunt reactor can be also reduced the value of overvoltage, but the effect is minor
from 1.750 to 1.706 p.u. The maximum at receiving end waveform during changing
switched on/off protection devices at both sides as illustrated in Figure 4.2 to Figure
4.8.
Table: 4.2 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from
NTN 2 RE 2 circuit 1 with protection devices.
No. Voltage No. Voltage No. Voltage No. Voltage No. Voltage
61
( p.u ) ( p.u ) ( p.u ) ( p.u ) ( p.u )
1 1.688 41 1.695 81 1.693 121 1.700 161 1.702
2 1.702 42 1.704 82 1.665 122 1.676 162 1.694
3 1.706 43 1.697 83 1.704 123 1.681 163 1.692
4 1.704 44 1.690 84 1.701 124 1.676 164 1.699
5 1.699 45 1.701 85 1.703 125 1.665 165 1.702
6 1.703 46 1.704 86 1.702 126 1.702 166 1.680
7 1.704 47 1.697 87 1.680 127 1.703 167 1.682
8 1.699 48 1.703 88 1.694 128 1.682 168 1.704
9 1.686 49 1.686 89 1.704 129 1.688 169 1.701
10 1.701 50 1.691 90 1.671 130 1.680 170 1.700
11 1.702 51 1.703 91 1.704 131 1.698 171 1.678
12 1.676 52 1.706 92 1.706 132 1.702 172 1.694
13 1.695 53 1.688 93 1.672 133 1.685 173 1.703
14 1.703 54 1.704 94 1.674 134 1.662 174 1.690
15 1.664 55 1.703 95 1.704 135 1.703 175 1.703
16 1.697 56 1.697 96 1.678 136 1.694 176 1.702
17 1.691 57 1.686 97 1.706 137 1.704 177 1.702
18 1.703 58 1.691 98 1.688 138 1.704 178 1.662
19 1.667 59 1.703 99 1.706 139 1.690 179 1.701
20 1.702 60 1.686 100 1.702 140 1.704 180 1.697
21 1.704 61 1.695 101 1.703 141 1.667 181 1.703
22 1.704 62 1.704 102 1.686 142 1.689 182 1.691
23 1.704 63 1.697 103 1.705 143 1.678 183 1.704
24 1.703 64 1.690 104 1.676 144 1.704 184 1.671
25 1.678 65 1.701 105 1.686 145 1.705 185 1.702
26 1.688 66 1.704 106 1.706 146 1.672 186 1.702
27 1.704 67 1.697 107 1.704 147 1.693 187 1.683
28 1.702 68 1.703 108 1.693 148 1.704 188 1.705
29 1.696 69 1.686 109 1.697 149 1.704 189 1.704
30 1.678 70 1.691 110 1.699 150 1.674 190 1.674
31 1.687 71 1.703 111 1.703 151 1.704 191 1.665
32 1.694 72 1.706 112 1.683 152 1.702 192 1.702
33 1.680 73 1.688 113 1.706 153 1.681 193 1.676
34 1.701 74 1.704 114 1.704 154 1.684 194 1.694
35 1.704 75 1.703 115 1.693 155 1.703 195 1.669
36 1.704 76 1.697 116 1.684 156 1.686 196 1.678
37 1.676 77 1.686 117 1.671 157 1.702 197 1.704
38 1.705 78 1.691 118 1.680 158 1.702 198 1.697
39 1.691 79 1.703 119 1.691 159 1.703 199 1.703
40 1.704 80 1.686 120 1.700 160 1.700 200 1.702



62
From table: 4.2, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 with
protection devices of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 substation.
The line energization overvoltage in circuit breakers occurs at the closing time of
14.28 ms. The maximum overvoltage at the receiving end is reach 1.706 p.u. The
minimum overvoltage at the receiving end is 1.662 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at
the receiving end is 1.692 p.u and the standard deviation is 5.056 %. The voltage
waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.2.


Figure 4.2 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 with protection devices.












63
Table: 4.3 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from
NTN 2 RE 2 circuit 1 without shunt reactor at NTN 2.
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
1 1.701 41 1.708 81 1.706 121 1.715 161 1.721
2 1.721 42 1.722 82 1.684 122 1.697 162 1.714
3 1.721 43 1.710 83 1.722 123 1.703 163 1.705
4 1.722 44 1.711 84 1.720 124 1.689 164 1.712
5 1.718 45 1.714 85 1.721 125 1.684 165 1.721
6 1.721 46 1.722 86 1.718 126 1.721 166 1.701
7 1.722 47 1.710 87 1.693 127 1.720 167 1.695
8 1.712 48 1.720 88 1.707 128 1.695 168 1.722
9 1.699 49 1.699 89 1.719 129 1.701 169 1.714
10 1.720 50 1.712 90 1.684 130 1.693 170 1.715
11 1.721 51 1.716 91 1.722 131 1.711 171 1.691
12 1.689 52 1.723 92 1.722 132 1.721 172 1.707
13 1.716 53 1.709 93 1.684 133 1.706 173 1.722
14 1.721 54 1.719 94 1.687 134 1.681 174 1.711
15 1.677 55 1.719 95 1.721 135 1.721 175 1.721
16 1.712 56 1.710 96 1.691 136 1.707 176 1.721
17 1.712 57 1.699 97 1.723 137 1.722 177 1.721
18 1.720 58 1.712 98 1.701 138 1.720 178 1.675
19 1.680 59 1.719 99 1.722 139 1.702 179 1.717
20 1.715 60 1.699 100 1.721 140 1.722 180 1.712
21 1.722 61 1.714 101 1.719 141 1.680 181 1.721
22 1.722 62 1.691 102 1.699 142 1.702 182 1.704
23 1.721 63 1.690 103 1.720 143 1.691 183 1.722
24 1.716 64 1.687 104 1.689 144 1.722 184 1.684
25 1.691 65 1.708 105 1.699 145 1.722 185 1.721
26 1.709 66 1.678 106 1.721 146 1.684 186 1.721
27 1.718 67 1.721 107 1.723 147 1.706 187 1.705
28 1.721 68 1.722 108 1.706 148 1.723 188 1.720
29 1.710 69 1.721 109 1.712 149 1.722 189 1.722
30 1.691 70 1.716 110 1.713 150 1.687 190 1.687
31 1.708 71 1.718 111 1.716 151 1.718 191 1.684
32 1.707 72 1.710 112 1.705 152 1.721 192 1.718
33 1.693 73 1.695 113 1.722 153 1.703 193 1.697
34 1.714 74 1.721 114 1.721 154 1.697 194 1.707
35 1.721 75 1.721 115 1.706 155 1.722 195 1.682
36 1.722 76 1.722 116 1.697 156 1.699 196 1.691
37 1.697 77 1.690 117 1.692 157 1.721 197 1.722
38 1.723 78 1.722 118 1.693 158 1.721 198 1.710
39 1.704 79 1.718 119 1.712 159 1.720 199 1.716
40 1.722 80 1.707 120 1.716 160 1.716 200 1.721

64
From table: 4.3, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without
shunt reactors at Nam Theun 2 of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2
substation. The energization overvoltage in circuit breakers closing time is 14.31 ms.
The maximum overvoltage at the receiving end is reach 1.723 p.u. The minimum
overvoltage at the receiving end is 1.675 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at the
receiving end is 1.709 p.u and the standard deviation is 5.582 %. The voltage
waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.3.


Figure 4.3 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without shunt reactor at NTN 2.












65
Table: 4.4 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from
NTN 2 RE 2 circuit 1 without shunt reactor at RE 2.
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
1 1.708 41 1.718 81 1.713 121 1.724 161 1.729
2 1.729 42 1.730 82 1.691 122 1.704 162 1.722
3 1.730 43 1.717 83 1.730 123 1.710 163 1.715
4 1.730 44 1.718 84 1.728 124 1.696 164 1.720
5 1.726 45 1.722 85 1.730 125 1.691 165 1.729
6 1.730 46 1.731 86 1.727 126 1.729 166 1.709
7 1.730 47 1.717 87 1.700 127 1.728 167 1.702
8 1.720 48 1.728 88 1.716 128 1.702 168 1.731
9 1.707 49 1.706 89 1.728 129 1.708 169 1.722
10 1.728 50 1.720 90 1.691 130 1.700 170 1.724
11 1.729 51 1.725 91 1.731 131 1.718 171 1.698
12 1.696 52 1.731 92 1.731 132 1.729 172 1.716
13 1.723 53 1.717 93 1.692 133 1.714 173 1.730
14 1.730 54 1.728 94 1.694 134 1.688 174 1.718
15 1.685 55 1.728 95 1.730 135 1.730 175 1.730
16 1.721 56 1.717 96 1.698 136 1.716 176 1.729
17 1.720 57 1.707 97 1.731 137 1.731 177 1.729
18 1.728 58 1.720 98 1.709 138 1.729 178 1.682
19 1.687 59 1.728 99 1.731 139 1.710 179 1.726
20 1.724 60 1.706 100 1.729 140 1.731 180 1.721
21 1.731 61 1.722 101 1.728 141 1.687 181 1.730
22 1.730 62 1.698 102 1.706 142 1.711 182 1.711
23 1.730 63 1.696 103 1.729 143 1.698 183 1.730
24 1.726 64 1.694 104 1.696 144 1.731 184 1.691
25 1.698 65 1.718 105 1.707 145 1.731 185 1.729
26 1.717 66 1.685 106 1.730 146 1.692 186 1.729
27 1.727 67 1.730 107 1.731 147 1.713 187 1.712
28 1.729 68 1.731 108 1.713 148 1.731 188 1.729
29 1.720 69 1.729 109 1.721 149 1.730 189 1.730
30 1.698 70 1.725 110 1.722 150 1.694 190 1.694
31 1.715 71 1.726 111 1.726 151 1.727 191 1.691
32 1.714 72 1.720 112 1.712 152 1.729 192 1.727
33 1.700 73 1.702 113 1.731 153 1.710 193 1.704
34 1.722 74 1.729 114 1.730 154 1.704 194 1.714
35 1.730 75 1.729 115 1.713 155 1.730 195 1.689
36 1.731 76 1.730 116 1.704 156 1.706 196 1.698
37 1.704 77 1.696 117 1.699 157 1.729 197 1.730
38 1.731 78 1.730 118 1.700 158 1.729 198 1.717
39 1.711 79 1.727 119 1.720 159 1.728 199 1.725
40 1.730 80 1.716 120 1.725 160 1.725 200 1.729

66
From table: 4.4, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without
shunt reactors at Roi Et 2 of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2
substation. The energization overvoltage in circuit breakers closing time is 14.31 ms.
The maximum overvoltage at the receiving end is reach 1.731 p.u. The minimum
overvoltage at the receiving end is 1.682 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at the
receiving end is 1.717 p.u and the standard deviation is 5.835 %. The voltage
waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.4.


Figure 4.4 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without shunt reactor at RE 2.













67
Table: 4.5 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from
NTN 2 RE 2 circuit 1 without arrester at NTN 2.
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
1 1.693 41 1.705 81 1.698 121 1.710 161 1.713
2 1.713 42 1.716 82 1.673 122 1.685 162 1.705
3 1.715 43 1.703 83 1.715 123 1.691 163 1.702
4 1.714 44 1.700 84 1.711 124 1.681 164 1.706
5 1.709 45 1.709 85 1.714 125 1.673 165 1.713
6 1.714 46 1.715 86 1.713 126 1.713 166 1.689
7 1.715 47 1.703 87 1.686 127 1.714 167 1.688
8 1.706 48 1.714 88 1.703 128 1.690 168 1.715
9 1.695 49 1.691 89 1.714 129 1.693 169 1.709
10 1.711 50 1.702 90 1.677 130 1.686 170 1.710
11 1.713 51 1.711 91 1.715 131 1.705 171 1.686
12 1.681 52 1.716 92 1.716 132 1.713 172 1.703
13 1.706 53 1.699 93 1.679 133 1.695 173 1.714
14 1.714 54 1.714 94 1.679 134 1.670 174 1.700
15 1.671 55 1.713 95 1.715 135 1.714 175 1.714
16 1.708 56 1.703 96 1.684 136 1.703 176 1.713
17 1.702 57 1.695 97 1.716 137 1.715 177 1.713
18 1.714 58 1.702 98 1.696 138 1.715 178 1.668
19 1.674 59 1.713 99 1.716 139 1.695 179 1.712
20 1.710 60 1.691 100 1.713 140 1.715 180 1.708
21 1.715 61 1.709 101 1.713 141 1.674 181 1.714
22 1.715 62 1.684 102 1.691 142 1.698 182 1.697
23 1.715 63 1.678 103 1.715 143 1.684 183 1.714
24 1.712 64 1.681 104 1.684 144 1.715 184 1.677
25 1.684 65 1.705 105 1.695 145 1.716 185 1.713
26 1.699 66 1.667 106 1.715 146 1.679 186 1.713
27 1.713 67 1.714 107 1.716 147 1.698 187 1.693
28 1.713 68 1.716 108 1.698 148 1.716 188 1.715
29 1.706 69 1.713 109 1.708 149 1.716 189 1.715
30 1.684 70 1.711 110 1.709 150 1.681 190 1.681
31 1.697 71 1.709 111 1.712 151 1.713 191 1.673
32 1.700 72 1.706 112 1.693 152 1.713 192 1.713
33 1.688 73 1.690 113 1.716 153 1.691 193 1.685
34 1.709 74 1.713 114 1.715 154 1.692 194 1.700
35 1.715 75 1.713 115 1.698 155 1.714 195 1.676
36 1.715 76 1.715 116 1.690 156 1.691 196 1.684
37 1.685 77 1.678 117 1.681 157 1.713 197 1.715
38 1.716 78 1.715 118 1.688 158 1.713 198 1.703
39 1.697 79 1.713 119 1.702 159 1.714 199 1.711
40 1.714 80 1.698 120 1.711 160 1.711 200 1.713

68
From table: 4.5, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without
arresters at Nam Theun 2 of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2
substation. The line energization overvoltage closing time is 14.28 ms. The maximum
overvoltage at receiving end is reach 1.716 p.u. The minimum overvoltage at
receiving end is 1.667 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at receiving end is 1.702 p.u and
the standard deviation is 5.787 %. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.5.


Figure 4.5 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without Arrester at NTN 2.















69
Table: 4.6 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from
NTN 2 RE 2 circuit 1 without arrester at RE 2.
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
1 1.963 41 2.009 81 1.979 121 2.015 161 2.002
2 2.002 42 2.023 82 1.880 122 1.855 162 1.957
3 2.020 43 1.990 83 2.012 123 1.888 163 2.003
4 2.010 44 1.934 84 1.992 124 1.928 164 1.995
5 1.982 45 1.999 85 2.005 125 1.880 165 2.002
6 2.005 46 2.015 86 2.014 126 2.002 166 1.878
7 2.014 47 1.990 87 1.940 127 2.018 167 1.946
8 1.995 48 2.018 88 2.007 128 1.974 168 2.018
9 1.985 49 1.958 89 2.014 129 1.963 169 1.999
10 1.992 50 1.942 90 1.916 130 1.940 170 2.015
11 2.002 51 2.003 91 2.018 131 1.993 171 1.962
12 1.928 52 2.021 92 2.021 132 2.002 172 2.007
13 1.964 53 1.926 93 1.940 133 1.908 173 2.009
14 2.005 54 2.014 94 1.923 134 1.889 174 1.934
15 1.916 55 2.016 95 2.021 135 2.005 175 2.005
16 2.013 56 1.990 96 1.935 136 2.007 176 2.002
17 1.942 57 1.985 97 2.021 137 2.015 177 2.002
18 2.018 58 1.942 98 1.990 138 2.020 178 1.907
19 1.925 59 2.016 99 2.021 139 1.969 179 2.014
20 2.000 60 1.958 100 2.002 140 2.015 180 2.013
21 2.018 61 1.999 101 2.016 141 1.925 181 2.005
22 2.012 62 1.935 102 1.958 142 1.995 182 1.973
23 2.021 63 1.870 103 2.017 143 1.935 183 2.012
24 2.007 64 1.948 104 1.956 144 2.015 184 1.916
25 1.935 65 2.009 105 1.985 145 2.022 185 2.002
26 1.926 66 1.898 106 2.020 146 1.940 186 2.002
27 2.011 67 2.005 107 2.019 147 1.979 187 1.898
28 2.000 68 2.021 108 1.979 148 2.019 188 2.017
29 2.011 69 2.002 109 2.013 149 2.023 189 2.012
30 1.935 70 2.015 110 2.014 150 1.948 190 1.948
31 1.917 71 1.982 111 2.007 151 2.011 191 1.880
32 1.983 72 2.011 112 1.898 152 2.002 192 2.014
33 1.968 73 1.974 113 2.021 153 1.888 193 1.855
34 1.999 74 2.002 114 2.021 154 1.980 194 1.983
35 2.021 75 2.002 115 1.979 155 2.009 195 1.932
36 2.015 76 2.014 116 1.953 156 1.958 196 1.935
37 1.855 77 1.870 117 1.864 157 2.002 197 2.012
38 2.020 78 2.022 118 1.968 158 2.002 198 1.990
39 1.973 79 2.011 119 1.942 159 2.018 199 2.003
40 2.012 80 2.007 120 2.015 160 2.015 200 2.002

70
From table: 4.6, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without
arresters at Rio Et 2 of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 substation,
for energization overvoltage closing time is 17.47 ms. The maximum overvoltage at
receiving end is 2.023 p.u. The minimum overvoltage at receiving end is 1.855 p.u.
The mean of overvoltage at receiving end is 1.980 p.u and the standard deviation is
18.524 %. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.6.


Figure 4.6 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without Arrester at RE 2.















71
Table 4.7 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from
NTN 2 RE 2 circuit 1 without shunt reactor at both sides.
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
1 1.723 41 1.736 81 1.728 121 1.742 161 1.749
2 1.749 42 1.749 82 1.708 122 1.723 162 1.746
3 1.748 43 1.733 83 1.750 123 1.732 163 1.731
4 1.750 44 1.743 84 1.749 124 1.711 164 1.736
5 1.748 45 1.740 85 1.749 125 1.708 165 1.749
6 1.749 46 1.750 86 1.745 126 1.749 166 1.729
7 1.750 47 1.733 87 1.716 127 1.747 167 1.718
8 1.736 48 1.747 88 1.734 128 1.718 168 1.750
9 1.721 49 1.722 89 1.746 129 1.723 169 1.740
10 1.749 50 1.744 90 1.707 130 1.716 170 1.742
11 1.749 51 1.743 91 1.750 131 1.734 171 1.714
12 1.711 52 1.750 92 1.749 132 1.749 172 1.734
13 1.746 53 1.741 93 1.707 133 1.737 173 1.749
14 1.749 54 1.746 94 1.709 134 1.705 174 1.743
15 1.701 55 1.746 95 1.748 135 1.749 175 1.749
16 1.740 56 1.733 96 1.714 136 1.734 176 1.749
17 1.744 57 1.721 97 1.750 137 1.750 177 1.749
18 1.747 58 1.744 98 1.724 138 1.747 178 1.698
19 1.703 59 1.746 99 1.749 139 1.725 179 1.744
20 1.742 60 1.722 100 1.749 140 1.750 180 1.740
21 1.750 61 1.740 101 1.746 141 1.703 181 1.749
22 1.750 62 1.714 102 1.722 142 1.726 182 1.727
23 1.748 63 1.714 103 1.747 143 1.714 183 1.750
24 1.744 64 1.709 104 1.711 144 1.750 184 1.707
25 1.714 65 1.736 105 1.721 145 1.749 185 1.749
26 1.741 66 1.701 106 1.748 146 1.707 186 1.749
27 1.745 67 1.749 107 1.750 147 1.728 187 1.734
28 1.750 68 1.749 108 1.728 148 1.750 188 1.747
29 1.738 69 1.749 109 1.740 149 1.749 189 1.750
30 1.714 70 1.743 110 1.741 150 1.709 190 1.709
31 1.739 71 1.748 111 1.744 151 1.745 191 1.708
32 1.730 72 1.738 112 1.734 152 1.749 192 1.745
33 1.716 73 1.718 113 1.749 153 1.732 193 1.723
34 1.740 74 1.749 114 1.748 154 1.720 194 1.730
35 1.748 75 1.749 115 1.728 155 1.749 195 1.705
36 1.750 76 1.750 116 1.720 156 1.722 196 1.714
37 1.723 77 1.714 117 1.717 157 1.749 197 1.750
38 1.750 78 1.748 118 1.716 158 1.749 198 1.733
39 1.727 79 1.745 119 1.744 159 1.747 199 1.743
40 1.750 80 1.734 120 1.743 160 1.743 200 1.749

72
From table: 4.7, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without
shunt reactors at both sides of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2
substation, for energization overvoltage closing time is 14.31ms. The maximum
overvoltage at receiving end is reach 1.750 p.u. The minimum overvoltage at
receiving end is 1.698 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at receiving end is 1.736 p.u and
the standard deviation is 6.430 %. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.7.


Figure 4.7 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without Shunt reactor at both sides.















73
Table: 4.8 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from
NTN 2 RE 2 circuit 1 without arrester at both sides.
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
1 2.121 41 2.183 81 2.139 121 2.188 161 2.068
2 2.068 42 2.157 82 2.094 122 2.058 162 2.016
3 2.151 43 2.154 83 2.099 123 2.044 163 2.176
4 2.096 44 2.025 84 2.055 124 2.103 164 2.161
5 2.044 45 2.165 85 2.078 125 2.094 165 2.068
6 2.078 46 2.109 86 2.183 126 2.068 166 2.047
7 2.114 47 2.154 87 2.106 127 2.177 167 2.106
8 2.161 48 2.177 88 2.180 128 2.146 168 2.119
9 2.158 49 2.115 89 2.163 129 2.121 169 2.165
10 2.055 50 2.019 90 2.102 130 2.106 170 2.188
11 2.068 51 2.166 91 2.119 131 2.158 171 2.133
12 2.103 52 2.134 92 2.146 132 2.068 172 2.180
13 2.023 53 2.030 93 2.125 133 2.037 173 2.089
14 2.078 54 2.163 94 2.104 134 2.099 174 2.025
15 2.114 55 2.181 95 2.169 135 2.078 175 2.078
16 2.187 56 2.154 96 2.105 136 2.180 176 2.068
17 2.019 57 2.158 97 2.127 137 2.109 177 2.068
18 2.177 58 2.019 98 2.164 138 2.174 178 2.109
19 2.117 59 2.181 99 2.146 139 2.128 179 2.185
20 2.166 60 2.115 100 2.068 140 2.109 180 2.187
21 2.119 61 2.165 101 2.181 141 2.117 181 2.078
22 2.099 62 2.105 102 2.115 142 2.169 182 2.133
23 2.169 63 2.081 103 2.160 143 2.105 183 2.106
24 2.166 64 2.129 104 2.132 144 2.109 184 2.102
25 2.105 65 2.183 105 2.158 145 2.150 185 2.068
26 2.030 66 2.104 106 2.151 146 2.125 186 2.068
27 2.165 67 2.078 107 2.129 147 2.139 187 2.041
28 2.066 68 2.146 108 2.139 148 2.129 188 2.160
29 2.186 69 2.068 109 2.187 149 2.157 189 2.099
30 2.105 70 2.187 110 2.186 150 2.129 190 2.129
31 2.033 71 2.044 111 2.166 151 2.165 191 2.094
32 2.145 72 2.186 112 2.041 152 2.068 192 2.183
33 2.138 73 2.146 113 2.146 153 2.044 193 2.058
34 2.165 74 2.068 114 2.169 154 2.150 194 2.145
35 2.169 75 2.068 115 2.139 155 2.089 195 2.121
36 2.109 76 2.114 116 2.110 156 2.115 196 2.105
37 2.058 77 2.081 117 2.074 157 2.068 197 2.099
38 2.137 78 2.164 118 2.138 158 2.068 198 2.154
39 2.133 79 2.165 119 2.019 159 2.177 199 2.166
40 2.106 80 2.180 120 2.187 160 2.187 200 2.068

74
From table: 4.8, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without
arresters at both sides of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2
substation, for energization overvoltage closing time is 17.05 ms. The maximum
overvoltage at receiving end is reach 2.188 p.u. The minimum overvoltage at
receiving end is 2.016 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at receiving end is 2.119 p.u and
the standard deviation is 20.225 %. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.8.


Figure 4.8 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without arrester at both sides.














75
Table: 4.9 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from NTN 2
RE 2 circuit 1 without any protection at both sides.
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
No.
Voltage
( p.u )
1 2.362 41 2.365 81 2.369 121 2.364 161 2.320
2 2.320 42 2.352 82 2.262 122 2.236 162 2.265
3 2.359 43 2.373 83 2.334 123 2.224 163 2.363
4 2.335 44 2.237 84 2.310 124 2.334 164 2.373
5 2.297 45 2.370 85 2.326 125 2.262 165 2.320
6 2.326 46 2.339 86 2.357 126 2.320 166 2.229
7 2.349 47 2.373 87 2.345 127 2.352 167 2.350
8 2.373 48 2.352 88 2.365 128 2.345 168 2.342
9 2.353 49 2.358 89 2.359 129 2.362 169 2.370
10 2.310 50 2.247 90 2.321 130 2.345 170 2.364
11 2.320 51 2.366 91 2.342 131 2.373 171 2.335
12 2.334 52 2.355 92 2.358 132 2.320 172 2.365
13 2.273 53 2.227 93 2.317 133 2.220 173 2.330
14 2.326 54 2.359 94 2.327 134 2.271 174 2.237
15 2.296 55 2.355 95 2.353 135 2.326 175 2.326
16 2.366 56 2.373 96 2.339 136 2.365 176 2.320
17 2.247 57 2.353 97 2.352 137 2.339 177 2.320
18 2.352 58 2.247 98 2.356 138 2.353 178 2.288
19 2.303 59 2.355 99 2.358 139 2.365 179 2.360
20 2.368 60 2.358 100 2.320 140 2.339 180 2.366
21 2.342 61 2.370 101 2.355 141 2.303 181 2.326
22 2.334 62 2.339 102 2.358 142 2.359 182 2.368
23 2.353 63 2.247 103 2.359 143 2.339 183 2.339
24 2.363 64 2.324 104 2.330 144 2.339 184 2.321
25 2.339 65 2.365 105 2.353 145 2.351 185 2.320
26 2.227 66 2.280 106 2.359 146 2.317 186 2.320
27 2.360 67 2.326 107 2.345 147 2.369 187 2.222
28 2.322 68 2.358 108 2.369 148 2.345 188 2.359
29 2.366 69 2.320 109 2.366 149 2.352 189 2.334
30 2.339 70 2.362 110 2.365 150 2.324 190 2.324
31 2.218 71 2.297 111 2.363 151 2.360 191 2.262
32 2.371 72 2.366 112 2.222 152 2.320 192 2.357
33 2.341 73 2.345 113 2.358 153 2.224 193 2.236
34 2.370 74 2.320 114 2.353 154 2.349 194 2.371
35 2.353 75 2.320 115 2.369 155 2.330 195 2.311
36 2.339 76 2.349 116 2.354 156 2.358 196 2.339
37 2.236 77 2.247 117 2.244 157 2.320 197 2.334
38 2.347 78 2.353 118 2.341 158 2.320 198 2.373
39 2.368 79 2.360 119 2.247 159 2.352 199 2.366
40 2.339 80 2.365 120 2.362 160 2.362 200 2.320

76
From table: 4.9, the 200 operations switching line energization circuit 1 without
arresters at both sides of 500 kV transmission lines Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2
substation, for energization overvoltage closing time is 13.85 ms. The maximum
overvoltage at receiving end is reach 2.373 p.u. The minimum overvoltage at
receiving end is 2.218 p.u. The mean of overvoltage at receiving end is 2.331 p.u and
the standard deviation is 17.45 %. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.9.

Figure 4.9 SOV during line energizing circuit 1 without protection devices at both
sides.

Switching overvoltages during line energization in circuit 1 with different load
condition such as: no load or light load, half load and full load are considered. The
study was set line circuit breakers at sending end circuit 1 operated and breakers at
receiving end connected with load conditions as illustrated in Figure 4.1. The 200
switching operated in circuit 1 with turning on and off protection devices at both
sides. The switching overvoltages during line energization with different loads
conditions, no load or light load system made the maximum transient overvoltages, is
illustrated in table 4.10 and voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 4.10 Fiure
4.12.





77
Table: 4.10 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from
NTN 2 RE 2 circuit 1 during energizing with differrent loads
conditions and turning on/off protection devices terminal.
Max. Overvoltage ( p.u )
No.
Shunt
Reactor
NTN 2
Shunt
Reactor
RE 2
Arrester
NTN 2
Arrester
RE 2
No load
Half
load
Full
load
1 yes yes yes yes 1.706 1.397 1.146
2 no yes yes yes 1.723 1.423 1.186
3 yes no yes yes 1.731 1.436 1.191
4 yes yes no yes 1.716 1.401 1.160
5 yes yes yes no 2.023 1.408 1.179
6 no no yes yes 1.750 1.491 1.235
7 yes yes no no 2.188 1.419 1.196
8 no no no no 2.373 1.645 1.301


Figure 4.10 SOV during line energization with no load condition.


Figure 4.11 SOV during line energization with half load condition.
78

Figure 4.12 SOV during line energization with full load condition.

4.2.4 Line Energizing from NTN 2- RE2 Circuit 2
Line energization overvoltage study circuit 2, energizing from sending end
named Nam Theun 2 to receiving end named Roi Et 2 substation as illustrated in
Figure 4.13. The switching overvoltage during line energization circuit 2 was set the
circuit breaker operation same as line energization study circuit 1 as above. The 200
switching operation in circuit 2 are turning on and off protection devices at both sides.
For different status of protection devices are summarized in table 4.11. It is obvious
that highest value of energization overvoltage could be 2.376 p.u, which is the case
without any protection at both sides at no load condition. With arresters the
overvoltage can be reduced from 2.189 to 1.707 p.u. The shunt reactors can be also
reduce the value of overvoltage, but the effect is minor from 1.750 to 1.707 p.u. The
simulation results are same as the maximum overvoltage during circuit 1 energization.




79


Figure 4.13 Single line diagram of 500 kV transmission line NTN 2 RE 2 substation
circuit 2 energizing.

Table: 4.11 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from
NTN 2 RE 2 circuit 2 turning on/off protection devices terminal.
No.
Shunt Reactor
NTN 2
Shunt Reactor
RE 2
Arrester
NTN 2
Arrester
RE 2
Overvoltage
receiving
end ( p.u )
1 yes yes yes yes 1.707
2 no yes yes yes 1.724
3 yes no yes yes 1.733
4 yes yes no yes 1.719
5 yes yes yes no 2.024
6 no no yes yes 1.750
7 yes yes no no 2.189
8 no no no no 2.376

4.2.5 Line Energizing from NTN 2- RE2 Circuit 1 during Circuit 2
Energization with Load
In this case, circuit 2 is closed and connected with load while circuit 1 is
open at the receiving end and energized from Nam Theun 2 as illustrated in Figure
4.14. Base on the statistical analysis, the program is run 200 times per case to find out
the maximum overvoltage. Table 4.12 shows the various cases (shunt reactor and
arrester of both sides are closed or opened) for running the program and the maximum
overvoltages.

80


Figure 4.14 Single line diagram of 500 kV transmission line NTN 2 - RE 2 substation
circuit 1 energizing during circuit 2 energizing with load.

Table: 4.12 The 200 statistical calculations for energization overvoltage from
NTN 2 RE 2 circuit 1 during circuit 2 energizing with light load
turning on/off protection devices terminal.
No.
Shunt Reactor
NTN 2
Shunt Reactor
RE 2
Arrester
NTN 2
Arrester
RE 2
Overvoltage
receiving
end ( p.u )
1 yes yes yes yes 1.697
2 no yes yes yes 1.708
3 yes no yes yes 1.717
4 yes yes no yes 1.706
5 yes yes yes no 1.947
6 no no yes yes 1.730
7 yes yes no no 1.988
8 no no no no 2.175

4.3 Line Re-energization Analysis
4.3.1 Case of the Study
The 500 kV transmission line between Nam Theun 2 and Roi Et 2 has
double circuits. The study of line re-energization during single line to ground fault
and three phases to ground fault, the step of fault is divided into six, the distance each
step approximately 50 km from sending end as following:
- Line re-energization during single line to ground fault and three phases to
ground fault in circuit 1, energizing from Nam Theun 2 sending end to Roi
Et 2 receiving end.
81
- Line re-energization during single line to ground fault and three phases to
ground fault in circuit 1 at energizing with different load conditions.
- Line re-energization during single line to ground fault and three phases to
ground fault in circuit 1 at circuit 2 energizing with different load conditions.
- Line re-energization during single line to ground fault and three phases to
ground fault in circuit 2 at energizing with different load conditions.
4.3.2 Methodology
The cases of line re-energization during single line to ground fault and
three phases to ground fault with different load (no load, half load and full load) are
considered. The distance between Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 is divided into 6 parts (50
km per part) to find out the maximum overvoltage occurred in the transmission line.
4.3.3 Line Re-energizing during Single Line to Ground Fault Circuit 1
The case of single line to ground fault with re-energization operation is
examined, the studied according to the variation of fault position from sending
end to receiving end in step different location fault approximately 50 km as
illustrated in Figure 4.15. The simultaneous fault clearing case of single line to
ground fault in circuit 1 and changing phase fault from A, B and C, is selected in
determine the maximum overvoltage. During single line to ground fault is applied
at time t = 1 ms. Cleared time at t = 5 ms and re-energized at time t = 10 ms at
different load condition.



Figure 4.15 Single line diagram NTN 2- RE 2 line re-energizing during fault.

82
The maximum overvoltage from line reclosing during single line to ground fault
during phase A to ground clearing fault is 1.748 p.u as illustrated Figure 4.16, phase B
to ground clearing fault is 1.749 p.u as illustrated in Figure 4.17, Phase C to ground
clearing fault is 1.750 p.u as illustrate in Figure 4.18 in the no load condition. The
highest maximum overvoltage during single line to ground fault is set switched on/off
protection devices. The maximum overvoltage without arrester at both sides is 2.782
p.u, higher than without shunt reactor as illustrated in Figure 4.19 and Figure 4.20.
Overvoltage without any protection devices during single line to ground fault is reach
3.265 p.u as illustrated in Figure 4.21.


Figure 4.16 Re-energization overvoltage during phase A to ground fault.


Figure 4.17 Reclosing overvoltage during phase B to ground fault.
83

Figure 4.18 Reclosing overvoltage during Phase C to ground fault.


Figure 4.19 Reclosing overvoltages during phase C to ground fault without shunt
reactors at both sides.


Figure 4.20 Reclosing overvoltage during phase C to ground without arresters at both
sides.
84

Figure 4.21 Reclosing overvoltage during Phase C to ground fault without any
protection devices.

Figure 4.22 to Figure 4. 24 presents that in case of single line during Phase A, B
and C, The approximately 50 km of faults in circuit 1. The magnitude voltage level is
similar in each phase and step of fault. The maximum overvoltage in phase C is 1.750
p.u. at no load condition, distance of fault is set 100 km from sending end NTN 2
Power Plant.

Reclosing during Ph. A to ground fault
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
50 km 100 km 150 km 200 km 250 km 300 km
Fault location from sending end [km]
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

o
v
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
p
.
u
]
No load
Half load
Full load
Figure 4.22 Reclosing during phase A to ground of location fault.
85
Reclosing during Ph. B to ground fault
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
50 km 100 km 150 km 200 km 250 km 300 km
Fault location from sending end [km]
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

o
v
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
[
p
.
u
]
No load
Half load
Full load
Figure 4.23 Reclosing during phase B to ground of location fault.

Reclosing during Ph. C to ground fault
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
50 km 100 km 150 km 200 km 250 km 300 km
Fault location from sending end [km]
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

o
v
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e

[

p
.
u
]
No load
Half load
Full load

Figure 4.24 Reclosing during phase C to ground of location fault.

86
4.3.4 Line Re-energizing during Three Phases to Ground Fault Circuit 1
Switching overvoltages during three phases to ground faults are re-
energization at different load condition. It is finding that the highest overvoltage when
energizing from Nam Theun 2 Power Plant Roi Et 2 substation in circuit 1. The
three phases to ground fault is studied according to the variation of fault position from
sending end to receiving end in step approximately 50 km as illustrated in Figure
4.15. The simultaneous fault clearing case of three phases to ground fault is applied at
time 1 ms. Cleared time 5 ms and re-energized 1 ms at the different load condition.
The maximum overvoltage re-energized after three phases to ground fault at receiving
end is 1.784 p.u as illustrated in Figure 4.25, three phases to ground fault with
protection devices put in service. Reclosing overvoltage is 3.379 p.u during three
phases to ground without arresters at the both sides. The maximum overvoltage is
4.069 p.u without any protection. After arresters put in services, the voltage is reduces
to 1.786 p.u. The voltage waveform is illustrated in Figure 26 to Figure 28. The
simulation results from re-energized during three phases to ground fault, with
different load condition as illustrated in Figure 4.29.


Figure 4.25 Reclosing overvoltage during three phases to ground fault with protection
devices.

87

Figure 4.26 Reclosing overvoltages during three phases to ground fault without shunt
reactors at both sides.


Figure 4.27 Reclosing during three phases to ground fault without arresters at both
sides.


Figure 4.28 Reclosing during three phases to ground fault without protection devices.
88

Reclosing during three phases to groud fault
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
50 km 100 km 150 km 200 km 250 km 300 km
Fault location from sending end [km]
M
a
x
i
m
u
m

o
v
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e

[
p
.
u
]
No load
Half load
Full load


Figure 4.29 Reclosing overvoltages during three phases to ground of location fault.

The summarized simulation from cases line re-energization during single to
ground fault and three phases to ground fault in circuit 1, circuit 2 and fault in circuit
1 due to circuit 2 energizing with load condition as shown in table 4.13 to table 4.15.
It is realized that, in case of having double circuits of 500 kV transmission line
between Nam Theun 2 and Roi Et 2 substation. Reclosing overvoltages during single
line to ground fault and three phases to ground fault level is similar at circuit 1 and
circuit 2. Reclosing overvoltage during three phases to ground fault is always higher
than single line to ground fault. In case of no load condition, the maximum
overvoltage is higher than those of half load and full load. The highest overvoltage
during three phases to ground fault is 1.784 p.u in circuit 1 and single line to ground
fault is 1.750 p.u in circuit 1 at no load condition.



89
Table: 4.13 Maximum overvoltages during single phase to ground fault and
three phases to ground fault circuit 1 energizing with different load
condition.
Load condition Fault type
Fault location
from sending
end (NTN2)
Max. SOV at
receiving end
RE 2[ p.u ]
Max. SOV at
sending end
NTN 2 [ p.u ]
50 km 1.748 1.566
100 km 1.750 1.551
150 km 1.749 1.540
200 km 1.747 1.547
250 km 1.748 1.488
Single
phase
300 km 1.747 1.503
50 km 1.777 1.642
100 km 1.784 1.656
150 km 1.781 1.649
200 km 1.779 1.657
250 km 1.764 1.572
No load
Three phase
300 km 1.755 1.569
50 km 1.318 1.160
100 km 1.316 1.154
150 km 1.314 1.145
200 km 1.316 1.137
250 km 1.312 1.138
Single
phase
300 km 1.315 1.150
50 km 1.414 1.156
100 km 1.313 1.175
150 km 1.307 1.314
200 km 1.311 1.422
250 km 1.309 1.429
Half load
Three phase
300 km 1.285 1.376
50 km 1.017 1.024
100 km 1.018 1.026
150 km 1.017 1.034
200 km 1.019 1.038
250 km 1.018 1.034
Single
phase
300 km 1.019 1.031
50 km 1.026 1.045
100 km 1.027 1.098
150 km 1.026 1.217
200 km 1.027 1.302
250 km 1.025 1.290
Full load
Three phase
300 km 1.028 1.264
90
Table: 4.14 Maximum overvoltages during single phase to ground fault and
three phases to ground fault circuit 1, circuit 2 energizing.
Load
condition
Fault type
Fault location
from sending
end (NTN2)
Max. SOV at
receiving end
RE 2[ p.u ]
Max. SOV at
sending end
NTN 2 [ p.u ]
50 km 1.650 1.426
100 km 1.662 1.346
150 km 1.549 1.346
200 km 1.561 1.416
250 km 1.598 1.460
Single phase
300 km 1.682 1.568
50 km 1.686 1.514
100 km 1.688 1.519
150 km 1.686 1.509
200 km 1.680 1.497
250 km 1.683 1.498
Light load
Three phase
300 km 1.682 1.496
50 km 1.603 1.269
100 km 1.600 1.268
150 km 1.652 1.258
200 km 1.560 1.260
250 km 1.595 1.260
Single phase
300 km 1.556 1.246
50 km 1.602 1.270
100 km 1.605 1.271
150 km 1.551 1.259
200 km 1.549 1.259
250 km 1.534 1.255
Half load
Three phase
300 km 1.549 1.251
50 km 1.414 1.178
100 km 1.345 1.177
150 km 1.446 1.195
200 km 1.444 1.196
250 km 1.339 1.173
Single phase
300 km 1.325 1.172
50 km 1.491 1.212
100 km 1.482 1.210
150 km 1.455 1.204
200 km 1.452 1.204
250 km 1.447 1.202
Full load
Three phase
300 km 1.440 1.199
91
Table: 4.15 Maximum overvoltages during single phase to ground fault and
three phases to ground fault circuit 2 energizing.
Load
condition
Fault type
Fault location
from sending
end (NTN2)
Max. SOV at
receiving end
RE 2[ p.u ]
Max. SOV at
sending end
NTN 2 [ p.u ]
50 km 1.750 1.554
100 km 1.748 1.545
150 km 1.747 1.560
200 km 1.749 1.555
250 km 1.748 1.550
Single phase
300 km 1.747 1.547
50 km 1.776 1.640
100 km 1.782 1.655
150 km 1.780 1.645
200 km 1.779 1.656
250 km 1.758 1.571
No load
Three phase
300 km 1.756 1.570
50 km 1.312 1.150
100 km 1.317 1.156
150 km 1.312 1.153
200 km 1.317 1.156
250 km 1.312 1.148
Single phase
300 km 1.414 1.150
50 km 1.313 1.152
100 km 1.312 1.178
150 km 1.309 1.314
200 km 1.310 1.421
250 km 1.308 1.429
Half load
Three phase
300 km 1.287 1.375
50 km 1.041 1.040
100 km 1.016 1.026
150 km 1.017 1.043
200 km 1.015 1.024
250 km 1.017 1.029
Single phase
300 km 1.016 1.036
50 km 1.026 1.053
100 km 1.023 1.098
150 km 1.026 1.216
200 km 1.025 1.301
250 km 1.027 1.290
Full load
Three phase
300 km 1.029 1.267

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4.4 Conclusion of Switching Overvoltages Analysis

Switching overvoltages during line energization and re-energization during
single line to ground fault and three phases to ground faults on the 500 kV
transmission line between Nam Theun 2 substation and Roi Et 2 substation were
analyzed for the cases by PSCAD/EMTDC program, the conclusion can be draw as
following:
1). Line energization overvoltage
The maximum overvoltage during line energization circuit 1, the 200
operations statistical switching is 1.706 p.u at receiving end. The maximum
overvoltage during line energization circuit 2 is 1.707 p. The maximum overvoltage
during line enerzation circuit 1 with circuit 2 energizing during light load or no load is
1.697 p.u. Line energization are considered from Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2 substation
with protection devices. When the transmission line without any protection at both
sides, the maximum overvoltage are too high, the overvoltage is reach to 2.376 p.u in
circuit 2 at no load condition.
2). Line energization overvoltage due to different load condition
The maximum overvoltage during line energization circuit 1 is quite low,
when the load condition is considered. The 200 operations statistical switching is
tested; three conditions of loading are studied: no load, half load and full load. The
maximum overvoltage during no load is 1.706 p.u. The maximum overvoltage line
energization during half load is 1.397 p.u. Which is energized during full load
conditions is 1.146 p.u. The results shown the behavior of the system under switching
conditions and the switching overvoltage investigations are usually made with no load
represented on the system. The switching operations on unloaded system will produce
the most severe transient overvoltages.
3). Line energization in circuit 1 and circuit 2 energizing with load during turn
on/off protection devices
Line energization during turn on/off protection devices circuit 1 and circuit
2 energized with load conditions. The 200 operations statistical switching is tested
with load. The maximum overvoltage during line energization without any protection
at both sides is 2.175 p.u. When the transmission line put in protection devices in
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services, the overvoltage could be also reduced to 1.697 p.u at no load condition. The
overvoltage is lower than line energization in circuit 1 and circuit 2.
4). Line re-energization overvoltage during single line to ground faults
The maximum overvoltage due to line re-energization overvoltage during
single line to ground fault is set in the step of fault approximately 50 km from sending
end. The maximum overvoltage is 1.748 p.u during phase A to ground fault. The
overvoltage in phase B to ground fault is 1.749 p.u and phase C to ground fault the
maximum overvotlae is reach to 1.750 p.u energizes with protection devices. When
energized without arresters the maximum overvoltage during phase C to ground fault
is 2.782 p.u and without any protection devices in services the voltage is reach 3.265
p.u.
5). Line re-energization overvoltage during three phase to ground faults
The maximum overvoltage line re-energization overvoltage during three
phases to ground fault was set in the step of faults approximately 50 km from sending
end. The maximum overvoltage is 1.784 p.u at location fault from sending 100 km
( Nam Theun 2 Power Plant ). The maximum overvoltage during three phases to
ground fault without arresters at the both sides is 3.379 p.u and without any protection
devices the overvoltage is reach 4.069 p.u at the receiving end Roi Et 2.
Extensive electromagnetic transient study has been performed for a guide line
for operation and expansion the 500 kV transmission line in Lao PDR. In light of
these study results following main conclusions could be drawn:
- The simulation results line energization with 200 operations statistical
switching from table: 4.9 table: 4.11 in each case, can be concluded that the
maximum overvoltage occurred the transmission lines is 1.196 p.u energized with full
load condition and 2.188 p.u energized without arresters at both sides, no load
condition. When the line put in protection devices in service, the maximum
overvoltage is 1.706 p.u at no load condition and 1.146 p.u at full load condition. It is
found that switching overvoltage on the no load system make produce the most severe
transient overvoltage.
- The simulation results line re-energization during single phase to ground fault
and three phases to ground fault. Three conditions of loading were considered such as:
No load, half load and full load and step of fault approximately 50 km form sending
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end. Can be concluded that the maximum overvoltage occurred the 500 kV system is
3.265 p.u re-energized during phase C to ground fault without any protection devices
in services and 1.750 p.u re-energized during phase C to ground fault with protection
devices. The maximum overvoltage is 4.069 p.u during three phases to ground fault
without any protection, in no load condition. After protection devices put in service
the voltage is reduce to 1.784 p.u. maximum overvoltage during without arresters is
reach 3.379 p.u. It is found that switching overvoltage re-energizing during three
phases to ground fault make the highest overvoltage. The efficiency of the line
terminal 444 kV surge arrester to control switching overvoltage along of the 500 kV
lines was clearly demonstrated.
- Without surge arresters, switching overvoltage are too high for the actual
design of the 500 kV transmission lines. The presence of line terminal 444 kV surge
arresters allows reduce switching overvoltage stresses to acceptable levels for the
actual design of these 500 kV transmission lines.
- The switching overvoltage during line energization and re-energization during
single line to ground fault and three phases to ground fault was more occurred in the
transmission line. The result was effectively the insulation coordination of the 500 kV
transmission line. The maximum overvoltage 1.015 p.u 1.784 p.u is lower than
insulation coordination of the 500 kV transmission line Nam Theun 2 to Roi Et 2
substation is 2.74 p.u following the IEC standard as illustrated in table: A.10.1 in
appendix A.