1. Explain principle of operation for poly phase induction motor?

In poly phase induction motor the rotor receive electric power by induction. In a n phase motor
the stator has n phase windings which are supplied by n phase currents. Each phase current
produce corresponding flux which combined together to form a rotating magnetic field which
rotates at synchronous speed.

Where f is the supply frequency and P is the number of stator poles. The flux passes through air
gap, sweeps passes the rotor conductors which are now stationary. Due to relative speed
between the rotating flux and stationary conductors, an emf is introduced in latter according to
Faradays laws of electromagnetic induction. The magnitude of rotor induced emf is
proportional to the relative velocity between flux and conductors and its direction is given by
Flemings right hand rule. Since rotor bars are short circuited, rotor currents are produced
whose direction is given by Lenzs law as to oppose the cause producing it. Here the relative
motion between rotor conductors and stator rotating flux is the cause. Hence to reduce the
relative speed rotor starts rotating in the same direction as that of the flux and tries to catch up
with the rotating flux. Thus torque is produced in the rotor of induction motor.


2. What are the types of construction in a 3 phase induction motor? What are their merits and
demerits?


3. What is meant by slip in induction motor? Develop an expression for the frequency of rotor
current with it.
Slip is defined as the difference between synchronous speed N
s
and actual speed of rotor N. Slip
is usually expressed as the percentage of synchronous speed.

The difference between the synchronous speed and rotor speed, ie, N
s
- N is called slip speed.
The value of slip ranges from 0 to 1. The value of rotor slip is 1 when motor is at standstill.
When the rotor is stationary, the frequency of rotor current is same as the supply frequency.
But when the rotor starts revolving, the frequency depends on the relative speed or the slip
speed.
Let f
2
be the frequency of rotor current at any slip speed. Then the slip speed can be expressed
as

---------------------------------------------------(2)
The synchronous speed is given by

----------------------------------------------------(3)
Dividing equation (2) by (3)

Thus the frequency of rotor currents can be expressed as

The frequency of rotor current is slip times the supply frequency.



4. Show that voltage generated in the rotor circuit at any slip S is equal to S times the voltage
generated at standstill.
The rotor emf is induce due to the relative motion between rotating magnetic flux produced by
the stator current and the rotor conductors. At standstill condition the rotor conductors are
stationary and the relative speed is same as the speed of the rotating magnetic flux, ie the
synchronous speed. So the emf induced in the rotor E
2
has the same frequency as that of the
supply frequency f. But when the rotor is in running condition the relative speed becomes the
slip speed N
s
- N, where N is the actual speed of rotor. The rotor slip S can be expressed as,

Now the relative speed between rotor conductors and rotating magnetic flux becomes slip times
synchronous speed. The induced emf depend on the relative speed.
So the rotor induced emf is given by

Thus the voltage induced in rotor as any slip is equal to slip times voltage induced at standstill.

5. Draw and explain torque-slip characteristics for various types of rotor resistances.
The graph shows torque slip curve for a range of slip value from 0 to 1. the equation of torque
developed in an induction motor is,

where

- induced emf in rotor

- rotor resistance per phase

- rotor reactance per phase

From the equation it is clear that when slip is 0 torque produced is also 0.
At normal speed close to synchronous speed the value of s

is small and hence negligible with

respect to

If

is a constant then .
So for low values of slip, the torque-slip curve is nearly a straight line. When load increases the
slip increases and hence the torque also increases and becomes maximum at

. this torque
is known as pull out torque, break down torque or stalling torque.

6. What is meant by cogging and crawling? How can it be prevented?
7. Explain why air gap length is kept as small as it is mechanically possible in the case of induction
motor?
8. What are the effects of skewing in an induction motor?
9. Show that the gross output is (1-S) times the rotor input
10. Explain why induction motor never runs at synchronous speed?
11. What is synchronous watts?
12. Explain harmonic synchronous torque and harmonic induction torque?
13. Explain the effects of change in supply voltage on torque and slip?