Chapter 4 : VECTORS

I : Addition and substraction of vectors

Example 1:

Solution:-
Guidance
Step 1 :-
Identify the manitude and
direction of vectors
-
!
a
" -
!
b
" #
!
a
and #
!
b
Step #:-
! !
# b a PQ =
$ #
!
a
% &-
!
b
'
! !
# a b RS =
$ #
!
b
% &-
!
a
'
Notes:
The addition of two non
parallel vectors can be
carried out by using triangle
law, parallelogram law and
polygon law
S
R
Q
P
1
!
a
!
b
(he diaram sho)s t)o vectors "
!
a
and
!
b
*
+ased on these vectors" dra) and label each of the
follo)in vectors*
&a'
! !
# b a PQ =
&b'
! !
# a b RS =




,ractice:-
1*
R
S
Q
P
N
M
(he diaram is dra)n on a rid of s-uares*
a' .ill in the blan/ and express vectors !N " PQ and RS
b' 0ence" find the follo)in in terms of
!
a
i' !N % PQ
ii' PQ % RS
iii' !N % PQ % RS
#*

C
E
D
B
A

1*

R
S
P
Q
N
M
Example # :-
#
!
a
(he diaram sho)s a paralleloram A+C2 *
Express each of the follo)in as a sinle vector
in terms of the letters sho)n in the diaram*
a'
"# $" +
d'
%$ %#

b'
$# $% +
e' &% $%
c' "# "& + f' %$ &% "& + +
In the diaram" 34,5 is a paralleloram* 6 and S
are the midpoints of 4, and ,5 respectively* Given
that
!
# ' !N =
and
!
1 y !Q =
" express each of
the follo)in vectors in terms of
!
'
and
!
y
a'
!P
b' NQ
c'
!R
d' !S
D
C
B
A
Solution:-
Guidance
Step 1:-
A2:2C $ 1 : # can be )ritten as
#
1
=
#&
$#
Given
!
7 y &$ =

!
4 y &# =

!
# y #$ =


!
7 ' %& =
3 x 2

2 x 2

1 x 2

A
D
C
Step #:-
&$ %& %$ + =

$
C B
A
Step 1:-
&# %& %# + =

$
D
C B
,ractice :-
1
In the diaram" A+C is a trianle )here
A2:2C $ 1 : # * Given that
!
7 ' %& =
and
!
7 y &$ =
" find the follo)in vectors in terms of
!
'
and
!
y
a'
%$
d'
%#
!
7 y
%$
%#
&,#,$
collinear
#$ &# # =
4*
j
E
C
D
B
A
8*

E
F
B
C
D
A
In the diaram" A+C2 is a s-uare* (he straiht lines +2 and A. are intersectin at
point E * 2C. is a straiht line such 2C : C. $ # : 1 * Given
!
# ' #$ =
and
!
4 y #% =
&a' Express each vector belo) in terms of
!
'
and
!
y
&i'
#(

&ii'
$(

&iii'
$"
&b' Given that
8
!
= '
cm" find the follo)in
&i'
!
y
&ii' $(#
II : 9ectors in a Cartesian ,lane
4
In the diaram" A+C2 is a trape:ium * A2 is parallel to
+C and A2 $
1
#
+C * ,oint E lies on the line +2 such
that +E : E2 $ 1 : # * It is iven that
!
1a $% =
and
!
#b $# =
&a' Express each vector belo) in terms of
!
a
and
!
b
&i'
%#
&ii'
$"
&b' ,rove that AE is parallel to 2C
Note: find #& and the relation between #& and

$"

#& )*
$"
" * constant
Example 1

6
4
2
5
x
x
y
O
Q

Solution:-
Guidance
Step 1 :-
Identify the coordinates of 5
' " & y '
5& " '
Step # :-
;rite +Q in the form

y
'
and
!
!
, y i ' +
a'
+Q$

and +Q $ <<<
+
!
i
<<<
!
,
Step 1 :-
3anitude of +Q $
# #
y ' +Q + =
b'

<<<< <<<<+ = +Q


<<<<<< =
$
Step 4 :-
=nit vector in the direction of +Q$

+Q
$
+Q
+Q
c'

+Q
$
+Q
+Q

1
$
1

or
$
1
&<<<
+
!
i
<<<
!
,
'
8
(he diaram sho)s a vector +Q dra)n on Cartesian
plane *
a' Express +Q in the form

y
'
and
!
!
, y i ' +
Example 4 :-
Given >& ? " ? ' " ,& -4 " 1 ' and 5& # " -8 ' are three points in a Cartesian plane* .ind the
follo)in in terms of the unit vectors
!
i
and
!
,

a' PQ b' =nit vector in the direction PQ
Solution:-
Guidance
Step 1 :-
.ind the vectors +P and +Q
+P $ <<<
+
!
i
<<<
!
,
+Q $ <<<
+
!
i
<<<
!
,
Step # :-

PQ $ +Q - +P
a'
PQ $ <<<
+
!
i
<<<
!
,
- &<<<
+
!
i
<<<
!
,
'
$ <<<
+
!
i
<<<
!
,
- <<<

!
i
<<<
!
,

$ <<<
+
!
i
<<<
!
,

Step 1 :-

.ind the manitude of PQ
<<<< <<<<+ = PQ

<<<<<< =
$
Step 4 :-
.ind
PQ
PQ
PQ =

b'
=nit vector in the direction PQ

$
1
&<<<
+
!
i
<<<
!
,
'
7
,ractice :-
7*

4
2
-5 5 O
F
E
A
B
H
G
Q
P
(he diaram sho)s some vectors in a Cartesian plane
a' Express each of the vectors in the form
!
!
, y i ' +
and

y
'
b' .ind the manitude of each of the vectors
@* In a Cartesian plane " > is the oriin* (he coordinates of points A " + and C are
& -8 " 1# ' " & A " -7 ' and & -A " -18 ' respectively
a' Express each of the follo)in vectors in the forms
!
!
, y i ' +
and

y
'
"
&i' +$ &ii' +% &iii' +&
b' .ind the manitude of each of the follo)in
&i' B +$B &ii' B +% B &iii' B +& B
A* Given that 3& -1 " 8 ' and 4& C " -4 ' are t)o points in the Cartesian plane " )here > is
the oriin * .ind
a' !N in the forms
!
!
, y i ' +

b' the unit vector in the direction of !N
@
C* Given that
!
!
!
4 1 , i p + =
"
!
!
!
, i - =
and
!
! !
1 4 , i r =
" find each of the
follo)in
a'
!
! !
1 # r - p +
b' B
! !
1 # - p
B
c' =nit vector in the direction of
!
!
- r+
Example 8 :-
Given A& 1 " -8 ' " +& -# " @ ' and C& h " / ' are threecpoints in a Cartesian plane * .ind
the values of h and / such that
!
!
1# #? # , i %& $% = +
*
Solution:-
Guidance
Step 1 :-
.ind the vectors of +$ " +% and +&
in
the form

y
'

+$$

" +% $

and +& $

Step # :-
.ind +$ +% $% = and
+% +& %& =
$%
$

%& $

Step 1 :-
Substitute
$%
and %& into the
A
iven
!
!
1# #? # , i %& $% = +
)here

= +
1#
#?
# %& $%

= +
#
#?
# %& $%

1#
#?

1#
#?

1#
#?
Step 4 :-

Compare the left and the riht of the
e-uation to et t)o simultaneous
e-uations of h and / *
(hus -A % h $ #? and 1@ % / $ -1#
h $ / $
,ractice:-
1?* Given ,& 7 " -# ' " 5& -1 " 4 ' and 6& C " 1# ' are three points in a Cartesian plane "
)here > is the oriin*
&a' .ind PQ in the form of
!
!
, y i ' +
&b' Given +R PQ n +P m = + " find the values of m and n *
C
11* Given
!
!
1 , i p PQ =
"
!
! D
C ' # & , i p RS =
and PQ is parallel to RS * .ind
&a' the value of p
&b' the ratio of ,5 and 6S
1#* (he vectors
!
p
"
!
-
and
!
r
are defined as
!
!
!
8 , i p + =
"
!
!
!
# , i - =
and

!
! !
1 # , i r =
* Given that
!
! !
r p n - m =
" find the value of m and n *
11* (he vectors
!
a
and
!
b
are defined as
!
! !
# , * i a + =
and
!
! !
4 , i b =
* Given
that
! ! !
b a r =
and
! ! !
# b a s + =
" find
&a'
!
r
and
!
s
in terms of * "
!
i
and
!
,

&b' the value of * if
!
r
is parallel to
!
s
Answers:-
1* &a'
!
#
1
a !N =
E
!
#
1
a PQ = E
!
#a RS =
&b' &i'
!
#a
&ii'
!
#
1
a
&iii'
!
?
2* &a'
$#
&b' $& &c' %& or
$#
&d' %& or
$#
&e' $& &f'
"$
3* &a'
!
!
1 # y '+
&b'
!
!
1 # y '+
&c'
!
!
#
1
# y '+
&d'
!
!
1 ' y+
4* &a' &i'
! !
# 1 b a+
&ii'
! !
1
#
# b a+
8. &a'
!
!
C 1# , i
&b'
!
!
8
1
8
4
, i
5* &a' &i'
!
!
1? 8 y '+
&ii'
!
!
1? @ y '+
&iii'
!
!
@
#?
# y '+
&b' &i' 1*8188 cm &ii' #1
o
4AF
6* &a'

= + =
#
1
# 1
!
!
, i $%
"

= =
4
1
4 1
!
!
, i "(
"

= =
1
#
1 #
!
!
, i ./
"

= =
1
?
1
!
, PQ
&b'
11 = $%
units "
8 = "(
units "
11 = ./
units "
1 = PQ
units
7* &a' &i'
!
!
1# 8 , i +
"

1#
8
&ii'
!
!
7 A , i
"

7
A
&iii'
!
!
18 A , i
"

18
A
&b' &i' 11 units &ii' 1? units &iii' 1@ units
9* &a'
!
!
11 11 , i +
&b' 14*#1 units &c'
!
!
8
4
8
1
, i
10* &a'
!
!
7 C , i +
&b' m $ C" n $ 8
1?
11. &a' p $ -1 &b' 1 : 1 12.
C
1@
= m
,
C
@
= n
13. &a'
!
! !
!
! !
' 4 # & 8
' 4 &
, * i s
, * i r
+ =
+ + =
&b' *$-A
11