The aftermath of world war i: expense + new national identities. Aftermath -competitors for future -communism, socialism, capitalism -us- isolationism -russia- nurture own growth = power vacuum. -optimism gone -rid theory that men are rational beings -victim mentality of Germany Europe = "a laboratory atop a graveyard"
The aftermath of world war i: expense + new national identities. Aftermath -competitors for future -communism, socialism, capitalism -us- isolationism -russia- nurture own growth = power vacuum. -optimism gone -rid theory that men are rational beings -victim mentality of Germany Europe = "a laboratory atop a graveyard"
The aftermath of world war i: expense + new national identities. Aftermath -competitors for future -communism, socialism, capitalism -us- isolationism -russia- nurture own growth = power vacuum. -optimism gone -rid theory that men are rational beings -victim mentality of Germany Europe = "a laboratory atop a graveyard"
1920-1939 -why? aftermath of WWI : expense + new national identities
Aftermath -Competitors for future Europe
-communism, socialism, capitalism -US- isolationism -Russia- nurture own growth = power vacuum Economically -Treaty of Versailles -France -attacked by Germany 2x in 40 years -20% of men ages 25-45 dead -national economy crushing under war -The Big Winner- USA -selling + countries borrowing $ -Europe owes them millions -retreats to be passivist + isolationist country = dont believe in war -Germans-we were betrayed by gov + dictated peace -changed map of Europe; 50 million dead; 50 million maimed/dead from flu Socially -optimism gone -rid theory that men are rational beings -birth rate down -victim mentality of Germany Europe = a laboratory atop a graveyard---Thomas Massraq, 1 st Pres. Of Czech
Hopeful Years (1924-29) -France and G.B.- new gov. -Germany- Weimar Republic 1924 -Dawes Plan- reduce reparations + US investment in Germany -Germany slowly put back on feet -based on foreign loans + investments 1925 -Treaty of Locarno- between France and Germany -high point of international good will -prevent overthrow of Versailles Treaty lets work this out -France+Belgium border guaranteed (E German border not guaranteed) -Czech will help if Germany invades 1927 -Kellogg-Briand Pact- 63 Nations renounce war -1926- Germany in League of Nations -war not answer to problems between countries---war is bad -PROB: dont know what happens if treaty violated (Hitler 1 st to violate) -Pacts- good intentions + ideas---not a whole lot Totalitarian Gov.- control over every aspect of life Ideology (set + glorify state goals; justify gov's actions) State Control of Individual Methods of Enforecement (secret police; fear of police; taught to hate at younf age; book burning Modern Technology (use for propaganda + militray) State Control of Society (religion, art, personal life, youth groups, ed., labour, housing) Dictatorship- 1 Party Rule Dynamic Leader (unify people, symbolize gov, encourage pop., support gained w/ force of will) Age of Dictators
-1924-9: US dollar value decreases 1928 -US withdraws $ from Germany
-capitalism-gov out of everything-Adam Smith -gov should create jobs + housing + etc.-John Maynard Keys
Results -totalitarianism, fascism, autocracy, dictatorship -only France + G.B. remain democratic by 1939
Great Depression Causes: -slide of domestic economies 1930s -international financial crisis -crash American banks -9,000 US banks + 9 million savings gone -wages down 60%---25% unemployment(15 million) Repercussions: -high unemployment gangs democracy on defensive
Democratic States -G.B.: John Maynard Keyes -France: becomes strongest power on continent
Retreat from Democracy -modern totalitarian state =absolute control over every aspect of life -single leader-single party -individual subordinate to state -ideology, technology, police, terror Themes -democracy and capitalism not viable; they didnt work -looking for alt.
Germany (1918) -Weimer Republic-est. by Ebery Fredrick -fear of communism -hate diktat peace -struggles w/ communism + parties emerging for power -no foundation for Democracy- even Bismarck ran a tight shop -start-Kaiser leaves -stable gov. based on parliament + people -1917- Rev in Russia- scared + dont want rev in Germany -hate comm. + crush all uprisings violently -rests on fragile coalition between Catholics, Liberals, and Democrats -social entitlements, min. wage, etc., but 1. People shocked @ lost war- propaganda made them think otherwise Causes War 2. Civilian pop. felt stabbed in the back by Jewish leader + Socialists -military blames them 3. Hitler- offers solutions -only lasts 10 years
Causes of WWII -Treaty of Versailles - true peace settlement--- long term -Great Depression -1931-all power to Nazi Germany---only one w/ some solutions
Mussolini (1883-1945) -socialist-fascist (Latin: fasci= to bundle) 1920-21 -form of squadristic- attack unions -then attack socialists -no coherent ideology -state before individual -promotes violence + opposition parliamentary March on Rome -threatens to take power---a big comedy August 1922 -King Victor Emmanuel makes him PM 1929 -Lateran Agreement w/ church -Slogan: believe, obey, fight; Mussolini is always right -new calendar -comical, scary -not military general or household name from prior success -great politician- sec.po., prop., violence, great orator, opposition illegal, chose cabinet -Italian parties- socialist, liberal, popals Cath. party -had soldiers attack publicist against him -Fascism- no policy/ideology/idea that it tried to achieve -emblem- sticks bundled w/ax in middle -anti-individual -violence +opposition to parliamentary rule---we get power or take it by force -known as El Duce=leader -supporters: landowners + businessmen -Vatican its own state if Church leaves him alone -women dont work- 14+ kids= medal -new calendar based on fascism (start w/1902 as Holy Days) -no papers can show his age or if he is ill to public -scared of Hitler -made atrocities of WWI constant even @ 1929 -stock markets crashed- effect his stability 1939 -pact of steel w/ Germany 1940 -Italy enters war -after US invades Italy- Mu. let go from position -Hitler gets N. Italy for him 1945 -shot + dragged through the streets -War alone keys up all human energies.
Russian Revolution -Lenin plots events to make sure Rev. happens -Bloody Sunday, social inequality, Czar at warfront---wife + Rasputin -March 12, 1917- Czar steps down- Duma in charge -1 st - Lenin in power- NEP, end of warm redistribution of land, communism -Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Baltic given up -Lenin dies of stroke Trotsky -end of NEP, rapid industrialize, spread communism aboard -Trotsky killed Stalin- General Secretary---gains control of Comm. Party -end of NEP, 5 Year Plans---workers given compassion, collectivization Stalin (1879-1953) -a man of steel 1917 -editor of Pravda -good organizer General Secretary -appointed local party secretaries -use post to gain control -discard NEP-begin 5 year plan 1928-37 -industrial production increases---famine -5 Year Plans- enormous human cost -Industrializes Russia in 20 years at the cost of people -big machines to show off---people dont have comfort or luxury -they are worked to death -all productive + creative people he feared would push back---gone -literacy rate up + women more equal( u here work; its right) -Hitler + Mussolini let women work---based on slave labor -slaves not motivated about war 1930 -collectivization- 250 million farms to 250,000 -peasants revolt + burn everything starve Stalin lets them
Great Terror -purges, gulags, ethnic groups viewed w/ suspicions -Results: -complete reorder of gov. -illiteracy reduced -gov. assistance working mom -declining birthrate -productive people gone -barely able to w/stand Germany
-wife died-marries younger woman -tells public he is best choice -perceived threats killed -NEP-allows small farmers + businessmen to work -got rid of it -trained to be a priest -alcoholic + abusive father 1917 -editor of Pravda---becomes important because of this -appointed General Secretary- job to appoint cabinet leaders (10,000) =only people who support him = they owe him their loyalty stays in power -worst mass murderer of own people-admits to about 20 million -wanted to focus on Russia -forced Kulaks(rich landowners) to Siberian Gulags (prison camps) (any who push back) -kill Bolsheviks, head Sec. Po., Ed. People(scientists, writers, artists), military elite
Hitler (1889-1945) -born in poverty in Austria goes to Viennas art school as aspiring artist -dad dies at 14, mom dies at 16 - get into art school homeless Jewish man bails him out by buying his art -enlists in army for WWI- finds family in his comrades- new life -Munich-National Socialist German Workers Party- Nazi -gained so much power because people angry @ war w/ treaties -people believed + trusted him Goals/Beliefs -restore Germanys power -unification of all ethnic Germans -undo Treaty of Versailles -rearm Germany
-Germans are the master race (Aryans) -Non-Aryans: inferior -Versailles Treaty an outrage-brought dishonor to Germany -Germany needs lebensraum- living space -offers easy answers to all problems -Joseph Goebbels=disgusting man- propaganda for Nazis to keep people in support -mass demonstrations, spectacles, rallies -people controlled w/ church, school, universities -gains majority in Reichstag but join any cabinet -say he wont make a party unless Hitler appt. Chancellery -1 st to campaign by plane- 21 cities in 6 days for speeches -uses slave labor to fuel war- happy feeling w/labor -Germany must get ready for war of East---W are Aryans -shocked when Churchill agree w/ him -Russia- Hitler thought them weak + inferior (1941)-uses modern technology- Stalin prepared, think Hitler would invade -Russia throws raw meat @ forces; made that USA hurting
1921 -De Fuhrer to followers (Leader)---people think he is a silly little man 1923 -failed in overthrow of gov. of Bavaria in Munich -declares he will take over gov. in bar jailed for 7 months- writes Mein Kampf (goals but no time table) -economic situation gives him traction Mein Kampf(My Struggle) 1. German are Aryans- master race: tall, blonde, blue-eyed - school/education; get buff/strong -Jews, Slavs, Gypsies up to mark so get rid of them -breeding a better animal 2. Lebensraum: we are overcrowded---living space -get it by conquering East 3. Treaty of Versailles: not fair---we need to get rid of it -extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, anti-comm. social Darwin theory of struggle 1924 -left prison 1928 -elections- began to make gains -Goebbels portrays- helps w/ propaganda -Nazis- answer to Germanys problems 1930 -18% vote 1933 -37% vote -Reichstag fine with this- March January 30 -Hindenburg appointed his Chancellor -hoped he would create conservative coalition of multiple groups -Hindenburg gets letter from General Lundeberg -he will bring our nation into unmistakable misery -Hitler takes over economy -ends unemployment w/public works -women work, Hitler Youth/League of German Girls -declares 3 rd Reich under Enabling Act -unlimited power for 4 years until problems fixed---never gives power back -becomes Dictator- purge of Jews, democratic elements, trade unions, other parties -Nuremberg Laws- Jews citizens, classified by g-moms religion,, interracial marriage, wear Stars of David + carry ID card saying Jew
-Jews encouraged to leave the country
1936 -Alliance w/ Mussolini- Rome + Berlin Axis 1938 -Anti-Comintern Pact w/ Japan against Russia -Kristalncactch- Night of Broken Glass -synagogues burned, 70,000 businesses destroyed, 100 killed, 30,000 sent to concentration camps Path to War 1. 1936-reoccupies Rhineland -violates Treaty of Locarno w/ France -sends in troops, looks around, no one stops him, keeps going 2. 1938 March- annexes Austria to unite German minorities - tells him to stop- Germanys land before so why shouldnt they have it? -Europe- start war over little thing -USA(W POV)- right 3. 1938- Sudetenland- around Czech - Munich Conference- given Sudetenland -Eng. PM Chamberlain, Mussolini, Czech Leader, France- Daladier -Cham-I have achieved peace in my time; Leopold tell him to go -Churchill appt. German know now there will be war -appeasement- if you give me this, I wont want/do any more 4. 1939- Rest of Czech- Bohemia + Moravia -G.B+France tell Romania+Poland if he invades, we will protect you 5. April 1939- annexes Memel -August 23, 1939- Pact of Steel w/ Germany; Mu. Tells Hitler start war 6. September 1, 1939- Hitler invades Poland -Anti-Aggression Pact w/ Stalin- divide Poland in 2
-Blitzkrieg- strategy used in Spain -1 st : airplanes, bombs, tanks infantry to clean things up -Power creates justice.
Asia WWII -Japans ambitions fuel it 1895 -defeat China -Russia- obstacle to empires prosperity 1931 -Japan invades Manchuria- League of Nations condemns -for slave labor -Japan feels they have put up w/ W interference enough 1936-37 -47% budget on military 1937 -Rape of Nanking -Chaing Kai Shek- Chinese National leader -Asia for Asians -General Tojo + Emperor Hirohito argue -to subdue China + get resources -very brutal + violent; Chinese still remember today 1940 -Tri-Party Pact w/Germany + Italy US cuts off oil + scrap iron -US understands Japanese wants Asia for Asians -stops sending raw materials Japan realizes they have to attack; USA #1 enemy -want US out of Pacific Ocean attack on Pearl Harbor -Yamamoto(best naval officer)- making a big mistake; we may win @ 1 st --- then lose Dec. 7 1941 *Pearl Harbor- Japan attack on US in war -US enters war -Japan has: 1)bombs traveling through decks 2)Torpedo in shallow H 2 O 3)submarines