Thermal Analysis

Thermal Analysis
Manuel Julio Garcia Ruiz

Profesor Titular Depto de Ingenieria Mecanica
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Incluye material propiedad de ANSYS, Inc.
2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
Friday, October 7, 2011
2
Thermal Analysis
Diseo Mecnico, Octubre 2010
Chapter Overview
In this chapter, performing steady-state thermal analyses in Simulation will
be covered:
A. Basis
B. Geometry
C. Assemblies Solid Body Contact
D. Heat Loads
E. Solution Options
F. Results and Postprocessing
G.Workshop 6.1
3
Thermal Analysis
Basic Definitions
Temperature: Thermal Energy of the molecules
Heat: Is the process of transferring Thermal Energy from one place to
another.
Fourier Law
4
q = k
dT
dx
Thermal Analysis
Basic Definitions
Fourier Law
q : heat flux (W/m
2
) heat flow per unit area.
k : Thermal conductivity. (W/m.K)
Heat flux is a vector quantity. In this case the direction is normal to
the surface
5
q = k
dT
dx
Thermal Analysis
Basic Definitions
6
Fourier Law
Two-dimensional heat
transfer plate .
Upper and left boundary
conditions are set at 0
o
C;
lower and right conditions
are constant at 80
o
C.
Thermal Analysis
Basic Definitions
7
q = kT
Fourier Law
Heat flux is a vector quantity. In this case the direction is normal to
the isotemperature surface
f(x) = k
d
2
T
dx
2
f(x) = k
2
T
2
T =

2
T
x
2
+

2
T
y
2
+

2
T
x
2
Thermal Analysis
Basic Definitions
8
Ecuation of Heat Transfer
For a conduction problem in steady state
where f(x) is a source of Heat.
For an n-dimensional problem
f(x) = k
2
T
0 = k
2
T
Thermal Analysis
Basic Definitions
9
Ecuation of Heat Transfer
Laplace Equation
Fourier Equation
Boundary Conditions:
Temperature known at a boundary: T = T
a
Heat flux known at boundary: q
b
= -k dT/dn
Heat flux as a function of a temperature T
i
: q
b
= -h(T-T
i
)
a b
qb
Ta
Thermal Analysis
Basic Definitions
10
Boundary Conditions:
Name
Description
Meaning
Essential
Dirchlet
Temperature known at a
boundary
T = T
a
Natural
Von Newman
Heat flow known at a
boundary
q
b
= -k dT/dn
Convection
Robin
Heat flow known as a function
of sourrounding fluid
temperature
q
b
= -h(T-T
i
)
Thermal Analysis
Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer
For a steady-state (static) thermal analysis in Simulation, the
temperatures {T} are solved for in the matrix below:
Assumptions:
No transient effects are considered in a steady-state analysis
[K] can be constant or a function of temperature
{Q} can be constant or a function of temperature
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[K]T = Q
Thermal Analysis
Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer
Fouriers Law provides the basis of the previous equation:
Heat flow within a solid (Fouriers Law) is the basis of [K]
Heat flux, heat flow rate, and convection are treated as boundary conditions on
the system {Q}
Convection is treated as a boundary condition although temperature-
dependent film coefficients are possible
It is important to remember these assumptions related to performing
thermal analyses in Simulation.
12
Thermal Analysis
A. Geometry
In thermal analyses all body types are supported:
Solid, surface, and line bodies.
Line bodies cross-section and orientation is defined within DesignModeler.
The Point Mass feature is not available in thermal analyses.
Shell and line body assumptions:
Shells: no through-thickness temperature gradients.
Line bodies: no through thickness variation. Assumes a constant
temperature across the cross-section.
Temperature variation will still be considered along the line body
13
Thermal Analysis
! Material Properties
Thermal Conductivity is
input in the Engineering
Data application
Temperature-dependent
thermal conductivity is
input as a table
If any temperature-dependent material properties exist, this will
result in a nonlinear solution.
The only required material property is thermal conductivity
14
Thermal Analysis
B. Assemblies Solid Body Contact
As with structural analyses, contact regions are automatically created to
enable heat transfer between parts of assemblies.
15
Thermal Analysis
! Assemblies Contact Region
If the contact is bonded or no separation,
then heat transfer will occur (solid green
lines) when the surfaces are within the pinball
radius.
Pinball Radius
In this figure on the right, the
gap between the two parts is
bigger than the pinball region,
so no heat transfer will occur
between the parts
17
Thermal Analysis
! Assemblies Thermal Conductance
By default, perfect thermal contact conductance between parts is
assumed, meaning no temperature drop occurs at the interface.
Numerous conditions can contribute to less than perfect contact
conductance:
surface flatness
surface finish
oxides
entrapped fluids
contact pressure
surface temperature
use of conductive grease
. . . .
Continued . . .
!T
T
x
18
Thermal Analysis
The amount of heat flow across a contact interface is defined by the
contact heat flux q:
where T
contact
is the temperature of a contact node and T
target
is the
temperature of the corresponding target node.
By default, TCC is set to a relatively high value based on the largest
material conductivity defined in the model KXX and the diagonal of the
overall geometry bounding box ASMDIAG.
This essentially provides perfect conductance between parts.
19
Thermal Analysis
In ANSYS Professional licenses and above, the user may define a
finite thermal contact conductance (TCC) for Pure Penalty or
Augmented Lagrange Formulations.
TCC is input for each contact region in the Details view.
If thermal contact resistance is known, invert this value and divide by the
contacting area to obtain TCC value.
Thermal contact conductance can
be input which is the same as
including thermal contact
resistance at a contact interface.
20
Thermal Analysis
! Assemblies Spot Weld
Spot welds provide discreet heat transfer points:
Spotweld definition is done in the CAD software (currently only
DesignModeler and Unigraphics).
T1
T2
21
Thermal Analysis
C. Heat Loads
Heat Flow:
A heat flow rate can be applied to a vertex, edge, or surface. The load is
distributed for multiple selections.
Heat flow has units of energy/time.
Perfectly insulated (heat flow = 0):
Available to remove surfaces from previously applied boundary conditions.
Heat Flux:
Heat flux can be applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D).
Heat flux has units of energy/time/area.
Internal Heat Generation:
An internal heat generation rate can be applied to bodies only.
Heat generation has units of energy/time/volume.

A positive value for heat load will add energy to the system.
22
Thermal Analysis
! Thermal Boundary Conditions
Temperature, Convection and Radiation:
At least one type of thermal boundary condition must be present to prevent the
thermal equivalent of rigid body motion.
Given Temperature or Convection load should not be applied on surfaces that
already have another heat load or thermal boundary condition applied to it.
Perfect insulation will override thermal boundary conditions.
Given Temperature:
Imposes a temperature on vertices, edges, surfaces or bodies
Temperature is the degree of freedom solved for
23
Thermal Analysis
Convection:
Applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D analyses).
Convection q is defined by a film coefficient h, the surface area A, and the
difference in the surface temperature T
surface
& ambient temperature
T
ambient
h and T
ambient
are user input values.
The film coefficient h can be constant or temperature dependent
24
Thermal Analysis
Temperature-Dependent Convection:
Select Tabular (Temperature) for the
coefficient type.
Enter coefficient vs temperature
tablular data.
In the details, specify how temperature
is to be handled for h(T).
25
Thermal Analysis
Several common convection correlations can be imported from a
sample library. New correlations can be stored in libraries.
26
Thermal Analysis
Radiation:
Applied to surfaces (edges in 2D analyses)
Where:
" = Stefan-Boltzman constant
! = Emmisivity
A = Area of radiating surface
F = Form factor (1)
Provides for radiation to ambient only, not between surfaces (form factor
assumed to be 1).
Stefan Boltzman constant is set automatically based on the active
working unit system.
27
Thermal Analysis
D. Solution Options
Inserting the Steady-State Thermal from the
Workbench toolbox will set up a SS Thermal
system in the project schematic.
In Mechanical the Analysis Settings can be used
to set solution options for the thermal analysis.
Note, the same Analysis Data Management
options discussed in chapter 4 regarding static
analyses are available here.
28
Thermal Analysis
! Solving the Model
To perform a thermal-stress solution link a structural analysis to
the thermal model at the Solution level.
An imported load branch is inserted in the Static Structural
branch along with any applied structural loads and supports.
Solve the Structural branch.
29
Thermal Analysis
E. Results and Postprocessing
Various results are available for postprocessing:
Temperature
Heat Flux
Reaction Heat Flow Rate
User defined results
In Simulation, results are usually requested before solving, but they
can be requested afterwards, too.
A new solution is not required for retrieving output of a solved model.
30
Thermal Analysis
! Temperature
Temperature:
Temperature is a scalar quantity and has no
direction associated with it.
31
Thermal Analysis
! Heat Flux
Heat flux contour or vector plots are available:
Heat flux q is defined as
Total Heat Flux and Directional Heat Flux can be
requested
The magnitude & direction can be plotted as vectors by activating
vector mode
32
Thermal Analysis
! Reaction Heat Flow Rate
Reaction heat flow rates are available for Given Temperature,
convection or radiation boundary conditions:
Reaction heat flow rate is requested by inserting a probe - OR
Alternately users can drag and drop a boundary condition onto the
Solution branch to retrieve the reaction.
OR
Select from
Probe menu
Drag and drop
boundary condition
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Thermal Analysis
How many elements?
Elements: 9 Time: 6s
Nodes: 16 Memory: 0.239MB
Thermal Analysis
How many elements?
Thermal Analysis
How many elements?
Thermal Analysis
How many elements?
Thermal Analysis
How many elements?
Thermal Analysis
How many elements?
Thermal Analysis
How many elements?
Thermal Analysis
Automatic Mesh
How many elements?
Thermal Analysis
Higher accuracy
More time, memory
Faster
Less storage space
Smaller Elements Fewer Elements
How many elements?
Thermal Analysis
References
Kreyszig, Erwin. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 8
th
ed.(1999)
Chapters: 8, 9
Logan, Daryl L. A First Course in the Finite Element Method Using
Algor, 2
nd
ed.(2001)
Chapters: 13
Thermal Analysis
Workshop 6 Steady State Thermal Analysis
Goal:
Analyze the pump housing shown below for its heat transfer characteristics.
44

Thermal Analysis

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Thermal Analysis

Manuel Julio Garcia Ruiz

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