Table Statistics

BASIC STATISTICAL PROCEDURES
and
TABLES
Tenth Edition 2001
P. Cabilio and J. Masaro
BASIC STATISTICAL
PROCEDURES and TABLES
by
Paul Cabilio and Joe Masaro
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
ACADIA UNIVERSITY
Tenth Edition
2001
ii
Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables
INTRODUCTION
This booklet is a summary of those fundamental statistical methods and associated tables that a
student is likely to see in a general statistics course. While not a textbook, it may be used in
conjunction with any textbook or set of notes that an instructor might select for such a course. In
addition, it may serve as a useful reference handbook for any user of statistical methods.
We have developed this handbook over many years of teaching introductory statistics to students
in various disciplines and at various levels. In the experience of the authors it has proved to be a
very efficient way of encapsulating the large variety of techniques available to the student. Every
attempt has been made to make this booklet as convenient as possible for the user.
On each page of the first part, headed Statistical Inference, the reader will find step-by -step
instructions on how to conduct a particular statistical procedure. The layout in general is as
follows.
TITLE of the page names the procedure, and below it appears a table with various
subheadings.
ASSUMPTION lists the assumptions.
TEST STATISTIC details the variable to be calculated.
HYPOTHESIS gives the alternative (research) hypothesis and, when clarity requires it, the
null hypothesis.
The -level rejection region and the P-value, if appropriate. In each case, the reader is
referred to the appropriate table in the second part of the booklet.
100(1-)% confidence interval, where appropriate.
NOTES following each procedure provide additional useful information such as when a
normal approximation can be used, to sample size requirements for confidence intervals.
MINITAB commands when available for the procedure.
The second part of the booklet contains the tables. These were selected with ease of use in
mind; and in order to increase their usefulness as a reference, tables not usually found in
undergraduate textbooks have also been included.
Paul Cabilio
Joe Masaro
iii
iv
CONTENTS
INFERENCE CONCERNING THE LOCATION OF A POPULATION
One Sample T-test for the Population Mean ........................................................................
One Sample Sign Test for the Population Median M...............................................................
One Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSRT) for the Population Median M....................
3
4
5
INFERENCE CONCERNING SYMMETRY AND NORMALITY

Sk-test for Asymmetry..............................................................................................................
Normal Scores Test for Non-Normality....................................................................................
Procedure for Determining the Proper Test of Location
and/or the Associated Confidence Interval..............................................................................
6
6
7
INFERENCE CONCERNING THE LOCATION OF TWO POPULATIONS

PAIRED SAMPLE DESIGN
Paired T-test for the Population Mean d.................................................................................
Paired Sign Test for the Population Median Md.......................................................................
Paired Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSRT) for the Population Median Md............................
8
9
10
INDEPENDENT SAMPLE DESIGN

Two Sample Pooled T-test for X - Y......................................................................................
Two Sample Unpooled T-test for X - Y..................................................................................
Two Sample Approximate Z-test for X - Y.............................................................................
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Test (MWWT) for MX - MY................................................................
11
12
13
14
INFERENCE CONCERNING POPULATION VARIANCES

Test about a Population Variance ......................................................................................
2
2
X
2
Y
15
.......................................................
16
INFERENCE CONCERNING POPULATION PROPORTIONS

Test about a Population Proportion p......................................................................................
Approximate Z-test Comparing Two Independent Population Proportions pX and pY..............
Fisher's Exact Test Comparing Two Independent Population Proportions pX and pY..............
17
18
19
ANALYSIS OF CATEGORICAL DATA

Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit.......................................................................................
Chi-Square Test for Independence..........................................................................................
Chi-Square Test for Homogeneity...........................................................................................
20
21
22
Test Comparing Two Population Variances
and
COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN

One-Way ANOVA: Fixed Effects, Normal Model.....................................................................
Multiple Comparison Confidence Intervals for i - j based on the One-Way
ANOVA for a Completely Randomized Design, Fixed Effects Normal Model..........................
Newman-Keuls Multiple Range Procedure for the Comparison of k means 1, 2, ..., k........
Kruskal-Wallis Test (KW-test)..................................................................................................
Multiple Comparison Procedures based on the Kruskal-Wallis Test.......................................
23
24
25
26
27
CONTENTS (continued)
RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN
Randomized Complete Block Design for the Comparison of k Treatments
within b Blocks of Size k: Fixed Effects, Normal Model...........................................................
Multiple Comparison Confidence Intervals for i. - j. based on the Two-Way ANOVA
for a Randomized Complete Block Design, Fixed Effects, Normal Model...............................
Friedman Test..........................................................................................................................
Multiple Comparison Procedures based on the Friedman Test...............................................
TWO-FACTOR FACTORIAL DESIGN: EQUAL NUMBERS PER CELL
Two-Factor Factorial Design: Equal Numbers per Cell, Fixed Effects, Normal Model............
Multiple Pairwise Comparison Confidence Intervals based on the Two-Way ANOVA
for a Two-Factor Factorial Design: Equal Numbers per Cell, Fixed Effects, Normal Model....
SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION AND CORRELATION
Simple Linear Regression........................................................................................................
Test about the Population Correlation Coefficient:
Procedure for Testing Ha: < 0, > 0, 0...........................................................................
Procedure for Testing Ha: < 0, > 0, 0 where 0 0..................................................
Kendall's Rank Correlation Coefficient: .................................................................................
Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient: S..........................................................................
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
TABLES
Cumulative Binomial Probabilities: P(X x)............................................................
Cumulative Poisson Probabilities: P(X x).............................................................
Standard Normal: P(X x)......................................................................................
Upper Critical Values of Student's T-distribution.....................................................
Exact Confidence Intervals for a Population Proportion p......................................
Distribution of the Sign Test Statistic: P(X x), X ~ Bin(n, .5)...............................
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Distribution: P(V v)..........................................................
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Distribution: P(W w).....................................................
Upper Critical Values of the Chi-Square Distribution..............................................
Upper Critical Values of the F-distribution with (1, 2) df.......................................
Critical Values for the Sk-test for Asymmetry.........................................................
Critical Values for the Normal Scores Test for Non-Normality................................
Upper Critical Values for the Kruskal Wallis Test...................................................
Upper Critical Values for the Friedman Test...........................................................
Bonferroni Critical Values.......................................................................................
Upper Critical Values for the Studentized Range: q(r, )......................................
Critical Values d for Multiple Comparisons based on the Kruskal-Wallis Test......
Critical Values e for Multiple Comparisons based on the Friedman Test..............
)
Upper Critical Values for Kendall's Rank Correlation Coefficient .......................
Upper Critical Values for Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient RS..................
Sample Size for the T-test......................................................................................
Sample Size for the Pooled T-test..........................................................................
Sample Size for the One-Way ANOVA, Fixed Effects, Normal Model....................
Table of Pseudo-random Permutations of Size 9...................................................
Table of Pseudo-random Digits..............................................................................
41
47
48
52
53
56
57
61
65
66
70
70
71
73
74
77
80
81
82
83
84
86
88
90
91
Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................
93
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table 12
Table 13
Table 14
Table 15
Table 16
Table 17
Table 18
Table 19
Table 20
Table 21
Table 22
Table 23
Table 24
Table 25
vi
STATISTICAL INFERENCE
One Sample T-test for the Population Mean
Assumption
Test
Statistic
A simple random sample of size n is chosen from a

normal distribution; if n is large the normality
assumption is not required.
T=
X 0
s
; df = n 1
, SE =
SE
n
t0 is the observed value of T
Ha
< 0
> 0
Reject H0 if
(Table 4)
t0 -t
t0 t
|t0| t/2
P(T t0)
P(T t0)
2P(T |t0|)
P-value
= P(T -t0)
100(1-)%
CI for
Notes:
X t / 2 SE
(a) For df > 100 use df = , t = z and replace T by Z to

calculate the approximate P-value from Table 3.
(b) To estimate with Error Bound E and Confidence Level
(Reliability) 100(1 - )% use
z
n = /2
E
rounded up to the
next whole number
where is a prior estimate of .

Minitab:
Place the sample in column c1. For the T-test and/or CI,
click
Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample t...
Insert c1 in the Variables box then type in the appropriate
Test mean (0). Then click the Options... button and select
the desired options.
One Sample Sign Test for the Population Median M
Assumption
Test Statistic
A simple random sample is chosen from an arbitrary

distribution
X
x+
xn'
=
=
=
=
=
the number of xi > M0

the observed value of X
the observed number of xi < M0
x+ + xn - (the observed number of xi = M0)
Ha
M < M0
M > M0
M M0
P-value
(Table 6)
P(X x+)
P(X x+)
2P(X a)
= P(X x-)
a = min(x+, x-)
Notes:
(a) For n' not in Table 6 (i.e. n' > 30) use the normal
approximation to find the P-value.
x + .5 n' (.5)
P( X x) P Z
n' (.25)
(b) For values of x exceeding those in Table 6 use

P ( X x) = 1 P ( X n' x 1)
Minitab:
Place the sample in column c1. For the Sign Test and/or CI,
click
Stat > Nonparametrics > 1-Sample Sign...
Insert c1 in the Variables box then type in the appropriate
Test median (M0) and select the Alternative. For a CI, select
the Confidence interval option.
One Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSRT)

for the Population Median M
Assumption
A simple random sample is chosen from a symmetric

distribution
Let di = xi - M0 and n' = the number of non-zero di

After throwing out all di = 0, let
Test
Statistic
V = the sum of the ranks of |di| for which di > 0

v+ = the observed value of V
v- = the sum of the ranks of |di| for which di < 0
= n'(n'+1)/2 - v+
Ha
M < M0
P-value
(Table 7)
P(V v+)
Notes:
M M0
M > M0
P(V v+)
= P(V v-)
2P(V a)
a = min(v+, v-)
(a) Even for normal data when the T-test is superior, the
performance of the WSRT is almost as good, and may be
much better when the population is not normal.
(b) For n' not in Table 7 (i.e. n' > 20) use the normal
approximation to calculate the P-value.
n' (n' + 1)
v + .5
4
P (V v) P Z
n
'
(
n
'
+
1
)(
2
n' + 1)
24
(c)
For values of v exceeding those in Table 7 use

n (n + 1)
P (V v) = 1 - P V
-v-1
2
Minitab:
Place the sample in column c1. For the Wilcoxon Test and/or
CI, click
Stat > Nonparametrics > 1-Sample Wilcoxon...
Insert c1 in the Variables box then type in the appropriate Test
median (M0) and select the Alternative. For a CI, select the
Confidence interval option.
Sk-test for Asymmetry
Assumption
Test
Statistic
A simple random sample is chosen from an arbitrary distribution
Sk =
X m
s
, SE =
SE
n
sk0 is the observed value of Sk
H0: SCFSD (the Sample Comes From a Symmetric Distribution)

Ha: SDNCFSD (the Sample Does NOT Come From a Symmetric Distribution)
Reject H0 if
(Table 11)
|sk0| sk/2
P-value
2P(Sk |sk0|)
Note:
For n > 30, one may use critical values for n = . In this case the test will be
conservative i.e. the exact significance level will be lower than the nominal level.
Normal Scores Test for Non-Normality
Assumption
A simple random sample is chosen from an arbitrary distribution
H0: SCFND (the Sample Comes From a Normal Distribution)

Ha: SDNCFND (the Sample Does NOT Come From a Normal Distribution)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Place the sample in column c1

Click Stats > Basic Statistics > Normality Test...
Insert c1 in the Variable Box and under Tests for Normality click Ryan-Joiner
Click OK and use the P-value obtained from the output to conduct the test
Alternatively, one may place the normal scores in column c2 (MTB > nsco c1 c2), calculate
the correlation coefficient r (MTB > corr c1 c2), then Reject Ho if r r, where r is
obtained from Table 12.
Procedure for Determining the Proper Test of Location

and/or the Associated Confidence Interval
T1: Sk-Test for Asymmetry [ H0: SCFSD, Ha: SDNCFSD; = .10 ]
T2: Normal Scores Test for Non-Normality [ H0: SCFND, Ha: SDNCFND; = .10 ]
STEP I
NEITHER test is significant
(i.e. neither rejects H0 )
T1 rejects H0 OR T2 rejects H0
Inconclusive
The T-test is NOT appropriate
Examine the
Examine the
FIRST
INDICATION
i) boxplot
ii) histogram
iii) stem and leaf plot
STEP II
Draw the appropriate conclusion

from the choices below
CONCLUSION
SELECTED
TEST/CI
i) boxplot
ii) histogram
iii) stem and leaf plot
Draw the appropriate conclusion
from the choices below
SCF a
Bell-Shaped
probably
Normal
Distribution
SCF a
Symmetric,
not BellShaped
Non-Normal
Distribution
SCF a
NonSymmetric
Distribution
SCF a
NonSymmetric
Distribution
SCF a
Symmetric
Non-Normal
Distribution
(possibly BellShaped)
T-test / CI
WSRT / CI
Sign Test / CI
Sign Test / CI
WSRT / CI
The nominal level of significance (in this case = .10) for the Sk-Test for Asymmetry is approximate.
The test maintains the nominal level of significance quite well over a wide selection of distributions
including the normal distribution. However for some symmetric distributions (notably the Uniform,
others in the Beta family, and the Cauchy) the nominal significance level underestimates the true
significance level. For this reason, when the Sk-Test rejects H0, the procedure above views this as
sufficient evidence to conclude the sample is not normally distributed ("FIRST INDICATION") but
suspends judgement on the symmetry of the sample until "STEP II" has been completed.
Paired T-test for the Population Mean d
Assumption
A simple random sample of paired observations (xi,yi),

i = 1,2, . . . n is chosen whose differences di = xi - yi
form a simple random sample from a normal
distribution; if n is large the normality assumption is
not required.
T=
Test Statistic
d D0
s
, SE = d ; df = n 1
SE
n

Ha
d < D0
d > D0
d D0
Reject H0 if
(Table 4)
t0 -t
t0 t
|t0| t/2
P(T t0)
P(T t0)
2 P(T |t0|)
P-value
= P(T -t0)
100(1-)%
CI for d
d t / 2 SE
Note:
For df > 100 use df = , t = z and replace T by Z to calculate

the approximate P-value from Table 3.
Minitab:
Place the x-values in column c1 and the corresponding y-values

in column c2. Then put the differences di = xi - yi in column c3:
MTB > let c3 = c1 - c2
For the Paired T-test and/or CI, click
Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample t...
mean (D0). Then click the Options... button and select the desired
options.
Paired Sign Test for the Population Median Md
Assumption

form a simple random sample from an arbitrary
distribution
Let di = xi - yi
Test Statistic
X
x+
xn'
=
=
=
=
=
the number of di > D0

the observed value of X
the observed number of di < D0
x+ + xn - (the observed number of di = D0)
Ha
Md < D0
Md > D0
Md D0
P-value
(Table 6)
P(X x+)
P(X x+)
2P(X a)
= P(X x-)
a = min(x+, x-)
Notes:
(a) For n' not in Table 6 (i.e. n' > 30) use the normal approximation
to find the P-value.
x + .5 n' (.5)
P( X x) P Z
n' (.25)
(b) For values of x exceeding those in Table 6 use

P ( X x) = 1 P ( X n' x 1)
Minitab:
Place the x-values in column c1 and the corresponding y-values in

column c2. Then put the differences di = xi - yi in column c3:
For the Paired Sign Test and/or CI, click
Stat > Basic Statistics > 1-Sample Sign...
median (D0) and select the Alternative. For a CI, select the
Paired Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSRT)

for the Population Median Md
Assumption

form a simple random sample from a symmetric
distribution
Let di = (xi - yi) - D0 and n' = the number of non-zero di
After throwing out all di = 0,
Test
Statistic
V = the sum of the ranks of |di| for which di > 0

v+ = the observed value of V
v- = the sum of the ranks of |di| for which di < 0
= n'(n'+1)/2 - v+
Ha
Md < D0
Md > D0
P-value
(Table 7)
P(V v+)
P(V v+)
Notes:
= P(V v-)
(a)
2P(V a)
a = min(v+, v-)
For n' not in Table 7 (i.e. n' > 20) use the normal
approximation to calculate the P-value.
n' (n' + 1)
v + .5
4
P (V v) P Z
n' (n' + 1)(2n' + 1)
24
(b)
Md D0
For values of v exceeding those in Table 7 use

n (n + 1)
-v-1
P (V v) = 1 - P V
2
Minitab:
Place the x-values in column c1 and the corresponding y-values

in column c2. Then put the differences di = xi - yi in column c3:
For the Paired WSRT and/or CI, click
Stat > Nonparametrics > 1-Sample Wilcoxon...
median (D0) and select the Alternative. For a CI, select the
10
Two Sample Pooled T-test for X - Y
Assumption
Two independent simple random samples are chosen from normal

distributions with equal variances 2X = 2Y
T=
Test
Statistic
(X Y ) D 0 ,
s 2p =
1
1
s 2p
+
nY
nX
SE p =
SE p
(n X 1) s X2 + (nY 1) s Y2
;
n X + nY 2
df = n X + nY 2

Ha
X - Y < D0
X - Y > D0
X - Y D0
Reject H0 if
(Table 4)
t0 -t
t0 t
|t0| t/2
P(T t0)
P(T t0)
2P(T |t0|)
P-value
= P(T -t0)
100(1 - )%
CI for X - Y
Minitab:
[X Y ] t
/2
SE p
Place both the x- and y-samples in column c1 with subscripts in c2 OR place

the x-sample in column c1 and the y-sample in column c2.
For the Pooled T-test and/or CI, click
Stat > Basic Statistics > 2-sample t...
Select Samples in one column OR Samples in different columns whichever is
appropriate and insert c1 and c2 in the appropriate boxes. Select the Assume
equal variances option. Click the Options... button, type in the appropriate Test
mean (D0) if conducting a test, and select the desired options.
11
Two Sample Unpooled T-test for X - Y
Assumption
Two independent simple random samples are chosen from normal

distributions (no assumptions regarding X2 and Y2 are required)
T=
Test
Statistic
(X Y ) D 0 ,
df =
SE
(s
(s
2
X
2
X
/ n X + sY2 / nY
) + (s
/ nX
nX 1
s X2
s2
+ Y
nX
nY
SE =
2
Y
/ nY
nY 1
Rounded DOWN to
a whole number

Ha
X - Y < D0
X - Y > D0
X - Y D0
Reject H0 if
(Table 4)
t0 -t
t0 t
|t0| t/2
P-value
(Table 4)
P(T t0)
P(T t0)
2P(T |t0|)
= P(T -t0)
[X Y ] t / 2 SE
100(1 - )%
CI for X - Y
Note:
The nominal level of significance for this test is approximate.
Minitab:

For the Unpooled T-test and/or CI, click
appropriate and insert c1 and c2 in the appropriate boxes. Make sure the
Assume equal variances option is disabled. Click the Options... button, type in
the appropriate Test mean (D0) if conducting a test, and select the desired
options.
12
Two Sample Approximate Z-test for X - Y
Assumption
Two independent simple random samples are chosen from arbitrary

distributions and both nX > 30 and nY > 30
Z=
Test
Statistic
(X Y ) D 0 ,
SE
SE =
s X2
s2
+ Y
nX
nY
z0 is the observed value of Z

Ha
X - Y < D0
X - Y > D0
X - Y D0
Reject H0 if
(Table 4 at df = )
z0 -z
z0 z
|z0| z/2
P(Z z0)
P(Z z0)
2 P(Z -|z0|)
P-value
(Table 3)
= 1 - P(Z z0)
[X Y ]
100(1 - )%
CI for X - Y
Minitab:
z / 2 SE
The same commands used for the Two Sample Unpooled T-test will give a
reasonable approximation of the Two Sample Approximate Z-test.
For the Two Sample Approximate Z-test and/or CI, click
appropriate and insert c1 and c2 in the appropriate boxes. Make sure the
Assume equal variances option is disabled. Click the Options... button, type in
the appropriate Test mean (D0) if conducting a test, and select the desired
options.
13
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Test (MWWT) for MX - MY
Assumption
Two independent simple random samples are chosen from

distributions of the same shape
Let: (xi) be the sample with the fewest observations
(yi) be the sample with the most observations
y'i = yi + D0
Test
Statistic
Rank the combined x- and y'-samples and let

W = the sum of the ranks of the x-sample
wX = the observed value of W
wX* = nX(nX + nY + 1) - wX
Ha
MX - MY < D0
P-value
(Table 8)
P(W wX)
Notes:
MX - MY D0
MX - MY > D0
P(W wX)
= P(W wX*)
2 P(W a),
a = min(wX, wX*)
(a) Even for normal data when the Pooled T-test is superior, the
performance of the MWWT is almost as good, and may be much
better when the populations are not normal.
(b) For nX and nY not in Table 8 and both nX and nY > 10 use the
normal approximation to calculate the P-value.
n (n + nY + 1)
w + .5 X X
2
P(W w) P Z
n X nY (n X + nY + 1)
12
(c) For values of w exceeding those in Table 8 use

P (W w) = 1 P (W n X (n X + nY + 1) w 1)
Minitab:
Place the x-sample in column c1, the y-sample in column c2, and
the y'-sample in c3:
MTB > let c3 = c2 + D0
For the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Test and/or CI, click
Stat > Nonparametrics > Mann-Whitney...
For the test, use columns c1 and c3 as the First and Second
Samples; for the CI use columns c1 and c2. Then select the
Alternative and Confidence level.
14
Test about a Population Variance 2
Assumption
A simple random sample is chosen from a normal distribution
2 =
Test
Statistic
(n 1) S 2
02
df = n 1
02 is the observed value of 2
2 < 02
Ha
Reject H0 if
(Table 9)
P-value
02
2 > 02
12
02
02 12
02
PL = P( 2 02 )
PU = P( 2 02 )
= 1 - PL
(n 1) S 2
,
2
/2
100(1 - )%
CI for 2
Notes:
2 02
(n 1) S 2
12 / 2
(a) To calculate P( 2 x) for 'a' df on Minitab use:

MTB > cdf x;
SUBC > chis a.
(b) To calculate 2 for 'a' df on Minitab use:
MTB > invcdf 1- ;
SUBC > chis a.
15
or
2 / 2
2 min(PL, PU)
Test Comparing Two Population Variances 2X and Y2
Assumption
Two independent simple random samples are chosen from normal distributions
Test
Statistic
F=
S X2
S Y2
F0 is the observed value of F
X2 < Y2
Ha
Reject H0 if
(Table 10)
F0
1
F (nY 1, n X 1)
X2 > Y2
X2 Y2
F0
F0 F ( n X 1, nY 1)
1
F / 2 (nY 1, n X 1)
or
F0 F / 2 (n X 1, nY 1)
P-value
PL = P(F F0)
PU = P(F F0)
df = (nX - 1, nY - 1)
= 1 - PL
2 min(PL, PU)
df = (nX - 1, nY - 1)
100(1 - )%
CI for 2X / 2Y
Notes:
S X2
1
,
S 2 F / 2 (n X 1, nY 1)
Y
S X2
S Y2
F / 2 (nY 1, n X 1)
(a) To calculate P(F x) for df = (a,b) on Minitab use:

MTB > cdf x;
SUBC > f a b.
(b) To calculate F , df = (a,b), on Minitab use:
MTB > invcdf 1- ;
SUBC > f a b.
Minitab:
Place both the x- and y-samples in c1 with subscripts in c2 OR place the x-sample
in c1 and the y-sample in c2. For a two sided test, click Stat > Basic Statistics > 2
Variances..., select the appropriate data format. Then click the Options... button
and select the desired options. Both the F-test and Levene's Test are conducted.
16
Test about a Population Proportion p
A binomial experiment with n trials and probability of success p

(unknown) is performed
Assumption
X = the number of successes in the n trials

x0 = the observed value of X
Test
Statistic
p < p0
Ha
P-value
(Table 1: n, po)
'Exact' 90%, 95%, 99%

CI's for p
Approximate
Large Sample
100(1 - )%
CI for p
Notes:
p p0
p > p0
PL = P(X x0)
PU = P(X x0)
2 min(PL, PU)
= 1 - P(X x0 -1)
Unless p0 = .5, this

P-value is approximate
For 5 n 20, these can be found in Table 5
p z / 2 SE ;
SE =
x
p q
, p = 0 , q = 1 p
n
n
(valid if both x0 5 and n x0 5)
(a) For n or p0 not in Table 1 and such that both np0 5 and nq0 5, use
the normal approximation to calculate the P-value.
x + .5 np 0
P( X x) P Z
np 0 q 0
(c) To estimate p with Error Bound E and Confidence Level (Reliability)

100(1 - )% use
2
~
if a prior estimate p of p
z
n= ~
pq~ / 2
is available
E
z
n = (.25) / 2
E
if no prior estimate of p
is available
The value obtained is rounded up to the next whole number.
Minitab:
Click Stat > Basic Statistics > 1 Proportion..., select the appropriate data
format and insert the required information. Then click the Options... button
and select the desired options.
17
Approximate Z-test Comparing Two Independent

Population Proportions pX and pY
Assumption
Independent Bin(nX, pX) and Bin(nY, pY) experiments are

performed with nX and nY large enough so that the
number of successes and failures in each experiment is
at least 5
Z=
p X
Test
Statistic
1
1
p (1 p )
+
n
n
Y
X
X +Y
X
Y
, p Y =
, p =
=
nX
nY
n X + nY
p X p Y
;
SE p
SE p =
X and Y are the number of successes in each

of the binomial experiments
When pX = pY, p is a "pooled" estimate for pX = pY
Ha
pX - pY < 0
pX - pY > 0
pX - pY 0
Reject H0 if
(Table 4 at df = )
z0 -z
z0 z
|z0| z/2
P(Z z0)
P(Z z0)
2 P(Z -|z0|)
P-value
(Table 3)
= 1 - P(Z z0)
Large Sample
100(1 - )% CI for
pX - pY
Note:
( p X
p Y ) z / 2 SE ;
SE =
p X q X
p q
+ Y Y
nX
nY
One may also test: Ha : pX pY < p0 , pX pY > p0 or pX pY p0

using the test statistic
Z=
( p X
p Y ) p 0
;
SE
SE =
p X q X
p q
+ Y Y
nX
nY
and the same rejection rules as above.

Minitab:
Click Stat > Basic Statistics > 2 Proportions..., select the

appropriate data format and insert the required information. Then
click the Options... button and select the desired options.
18
Fisher's Exact Test Comparing Two Independent

Population Proportions pX and pY
Assumption
Independent Bin(nX, pX) and Bin(nY, pY) experiments are

performed
x0 = the observed number of successes in the x-sample
y0 = the observed number of successes in the y-sample
n = nX,
M = x0 + y0,
N = nX + nY
Let H be the hypergeometric (n, M, N) random variable and

use H to calculate the appropriate P-value as indicated below
Conditional
Test Statistic
Remark: If X and Y are independent Bin(nX, pX) and Bin(nY, pY)

random variables then, under the null hypothesis pX = pY, the
distribution of X given X + Y = M is hypergeometric (n, M, N).
Thus P(H x0) and P(H x0) are the conditional (null)
probabilities of observing outcomes as extreme or more
extreme than what was actually observed (i.e. they are Pvalues).
Ha
pX - pY < 0
pX - pY > 0
P-value
PL = P(H x0)
PU = P(H x0)
pX - pY 0
2 min(PL, PU)
(approximately)
Calculation of the P-value using Minitab

(a) PL = P(H x0)
1. Click Calc > Probability Distributions > Hypergeometric...

2. Choose Cumulative probability and enter the values for
- Population size (N),
- Successes in the population (M, which Minitab calls X),
- Sample size (n)
3. Choose Input constant, enter the value of x0 and under Optional storage
4. Click OK and type the command MTB > prin k1
Then PL = k1.
(b) PU = P(H x0)
Repeat steps 1. to 4. in (a) with x0 replaced by x0 - 1 in step 3. and obtain

a new value for 'k1'. Then PU = 1 - k1.
19
Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit
Assumption
Test
Statistic
A multinomial experiment is performed: a single random

sample of size n is chosen from a single population and
classified according to k categories
2 =
(Oi
E i )2
Ei
, E i = np io

p1 = p1o, p2 = p2o ,. . . . . . , pk = pko
H0
[ p1o + p2o + . . . + pko = 1 ]

At least one value of pi in H0 is incorrect
Ha
Reject H0 if
(Table 9)
02 2
df = k - 1 - [the number of free parameters estimated]
P( 2 02 )
P-value
Notes:
(a) The nominal level of significance for this test is approximate. The
approximation will be adequate if all Ei are 5.
(b) If some Ei are < 5, categories (cells) can be combined (pooled) so
that each of the new categories has Ei 5.
20
Chi-Square Test for Independence
Assumption
Test
Statistic
A multinomial experiment is performed: a simple random

sample of size n is chosen from a single population and crossclassified according to 'r' row and 'c' column categories
2 =
(Oij Eij )2
E ij
, E ij =
ri c j
n

H0
Row and column categories are independent
Ha
Row and column categories are dependent
Reject H0 if
(Table 9)
02 2 , df = (r - 1)(c - 1)
P-value
P( 2 02 )
Notes:
approximation will be adequate if all Eij are 5.
(b) If some Eij are < 5, categories (cells) can be combined (pooled) so
that each of the new categories has Eij 5.
Minitab:
Place the column entries of the contingency table in columns c1, c2 ...,
then click
Stat > Tables > Chi-Square Test...
Insert c1, c2, ... in the Columns containing the table box.
21
Chi-Square Test for Homogeneity
Assumption
Test
Statistic
Several independent multinomial experiments are performed:

simple random samples are chosen from each of 'c'
independent populations and each sample is classified
according to the same 'r' categories
2 =
(Oij Eij )2
E ij
, E ij =
ri c j
n
H0
The populations are homogeneous with respect to each of the

'r' categories
Ha
The populations are not homogeneous with respect to the 'r'

categories
Reject H0 if
(Table 9)
02 2 , df = (r - 1)(c - 1)
P-value
P( 2 02 )
Notes:
approximation will be adequate if all Eij are 5.
(b) If some Eij are < 5, categories (cells) can be combined (pooled) so
that each of the new categories has Eij 5.
Minitab:
Place the column entries of the contingency table in columns c1, c2 ...,
then click
Stat > Tables > Chi-Square Test...
Insert c1, c2, ... in the Columns containing the table box.
22
One-Way ANOVA: Fixed Effects, Normal Model
The data arise as 'k' independent simple random samples from 'k'
normal distributions with equal variances 2
Assumption
Yij = + i + ij = i + ij
Yij is the jth observation from the ith sample
is a constant , i is the ith 'treatment effect', i = 0

i = + i is the mean of the ith distribution
ij are independent N(0, 2) , i = 1, 2, . . . , k; j = 1, 2, . . . , ni
ni
= the size of the ith sample
SSTr = ni ( y i. - y ..)2
= ni
SSE
y i. = the mean of the ith sample
Test
Statistic
= (yij - y i.)2
SSTo = (yij - y ..)2
y .. = the grand mean
Analysis of Variance Table
Source of
Variation
Null and
Alternative
Hypotheses
df
Sum of
Squares
Treatments
Error
k-1
N-k
SSTr
SSE
Total
N-1
SSTo
H0: 1 = 2 = . . . = k
Mean Square
MS = SS/df
MSTr
MSE
F0 = MSTr/MSE
[or 1 = 2 = . . . = k = 0]
Ha: not all i are equal [or not all i = 0]
Reject H0 if
(Table 10)
F0 F ; df = (k-1, N-k)
P-value
P(F F0)
Minitab:
F = MS/MSE
Place all the data values in column c1 and their corresponding treatment levels
in column c2, then click
Stat > ANOVA > Oneway...
Insert c1 in the Response box and c2 in the Factor box.
23
Multiple Comparison Confidence Intervals for i - j based

on the One-Way ANOVA for a Completely Randomized Design ,
Fixed Effects, Normal Model
Let: k
ni
N
i
=
=
=
=
the number of groups (treatments)

the sample size of the ith group
the combined sample size
the true ith treatment mean
y i. = the sample mean for the ith treatment
1 - = the nominal family level of confidence
[y i y j ]
Bonferroni
Procedure
1
1
B MSE +
ni n j
B = t / 2 g , df = N k , is obtained from Table 15

g = the number of pairwise comparison s
[y i y j ] T
Tukey
Procedure
T = q ( k , N k )
1
1
MSE +
ni n j
q (k , N k ) is obtained from Table 16
Notes:
(a) If all k(k-1)/2 pairwise comparisons are of interest the Tukey CI's will
be narrower than the Bonferroni CI's. If not all pairwise comparisons
are of interest the Bonferroni CI's may be narrower. One may tell which
is narrower by comparing the size of B and T.
(b) "Data snooping" is allowed with the Tukey Procedure but not with the
Bonferroni Procedure.
(c) The true family level of confidence for the Tukey Procedure is exactly
the nominal level if all sample sizes are equal and all pairwise
comparisons are of interest; in any other case the true level of
confidence is greater than the nominal level. The true family level of
confidence for the Bonferroni Procedure is always at least the nominal
level.
Minitab:
Place all the data values in column c1 and their corresponding treatment
levels in column c2, then click
Stat > ANOVA > Oneway...
Insert c1 in the Response box and c2 in the Factor box and click the
Comparisons button.
24
Newman-Keuls Multiple Range Procedure for the

Comparison of k Means 1, 2,..., k
Assumption
The assumptions for the one way anova normal model hold and in
addition each of the k samples have the same sample size n and
the null hypothesis H0 has been rejected
1. For r = 2, 3, ..., k, tabulate D = q (r , k (n 1) )
r
MSE
:
n
2. List the k ordered sample means : y (1) y ( 2) . . . . . y ( k )
Procedure
(Table 16)
3. For each group of r consecutive ordered means r = k, k-1, . . ., 2,

compare the group's Range to D
(a) If Range < D
[no significance]
Draw a line under this group of sample means and stop

testing subgroups of this group*
(b) If Range D
[significance]
Draw no line and continue testing subgroups of this group

4. When step 3. is finished for all r = k, k-1, . . ., 2, only those
population means whose estimates are not connected by a line
underneath are judged to be significantly different
Notes:
*(a) Whenever a group of means is underlined, there is no point in

comparing the range of any subgroup. By the credo of multiple range
tests no subgroup within this group can be significant, since it is
contained in a larger nonsignificant group.
(b) For the NK procedure the family Type I error rate is at most
1 - (1 - )a
where 'a' is the greatest integer k/2.
25
Kruskal-Wallis Test (KW-test)
Assumption
The data arise as 'k' independent simple random samples

chosen from distributions of the same shape
Rank the combined samples
Let:
Test
Statistic
ni =
N =
Ri =
Ri =
the size of the ith sample

the combined sample size
the sum of the ranks of the ith sample
the average of the ranks for the ith sample
H=
12
N ( N + 1)
12
N ( N + 1)
N + 1
n i Ri
Ri2
3( N + 1)
ni
h0 is the observed value of H

Null and
Alternative
Hypotheses
H0 : M1 = M2 = . . . = Mk
Ha : not all Mi are equal
Reject H0 if
(Table 13)
h0 h
P-value
P(H h0)
Notes:
(a) When the number of samples k = 2, the Kruskal-Wallis Test is

equivalent to the two-sided Mann-Whitney Test.
(b) When Table 13 is not applicable and k = 3 with all group sizes
above 5 or k > 3 with all group sizes above 4, one may use the
approximation:
h 2 , df = k -1
Minitab:
Place all the data values in column c1 and their corresponding

treatment levels in column c2 then click
Stat > Nonparametrics > Kruskal-Wallis...
Insert c1 in the Response box and c2 in the Factor box.
26
Multiple Comparison Procedures based on the Kruskal-Wallis Test

Let: Mi = the ith treatment median
k = the number of samples (treatments)
ni = the sample size of the ith sample
N = the combined sample size
Ri = the sum of the ranks for the ith sample
th
R i = the average of the ranks for the i sample
= the nominal family type I error rate
(or 1 - = the nominal family level of confidence)
Procedure 1:
Equal Sample Sizes, ni = n
If Ri R j d and Ri > R j , conclude M i > M j

If Ri R j d and Ri < R j , conclude M i < M
where d is obtained from Table 17

Procedure 2:
Large Sample Approximation, Equal Sample Sizes ni = n, n Large

Replace d in procedure 1 by q (k , )
nN ( N + 1)
12
where q (k , ) is obtained from Table 16
Procedure 3:
Conservative Procedure (always applicable)
If Ri R j
N ( N + 1) 1
1
and Ri > R j , conclude M i > M j
+
ni n j
12
If Ri R j
N ( N + 1) 1
1
and Ri < R j , conclude M i < M
+
ni n j
12
where h is obtained from Table 13

Procedure 4:
Large Sample Approximation , Unequal Sample Sizes

Replace
h in procedure 3 by z / 2 g where g =
27
k (k 1)
2
Randomized Complete Block Design for the Comparison of k

Treatments within b Blocks of Size k: Fixed Effects, Normal Model
Yij = + i + j + ij , where
Yij = the observation under the ith treatment and the jth block
Assumption
i = treatment effects , i = 0 ; j = block effects , j = 0

ij are independent N(0, 2) , i = 1, 2, . . ., k; j = 1, 2, . . ., b
y i. = the ith treatment mean
th
SSTr = b ( y i. - y ..)2
y .j = the j block mean
SSBl = k ( y .j - y ..)2
y .. = the grand mean
SSE
= SSTo - SSTr - SSBl
SSTo = (yij - y ..)2

Test
Statistic
Source of
Variation
Null and
Alternative
Hypotheses
Sum of
Squares
df
Treatments k -1
Blocks
b 1
Error
(k -1)(b -1)
SSTr
SSBl
SSE
Total
SSTo
kb - 1
Mean Square
MS = SS/df
F = MS/MSE
MSTr
MSBl
MSE
H0: there are no treatment effects : 1 = 2 = . . . = k = 0

Ha: there is a treatment effect : not all i are 0
Reject H0 if
(Table 10)
F0 F ; df = [k-1, (k-1)(b-1)]
P-value
P(F F0)
Minitab:
F0 = MSTr/MSE
Place all the data values in column c1, their corresponding treatment levels and
block numbers in columns c2 and c3 respectively, then click
Stat > ANOVA > Twoway...
Insert c1 in the Response box, c2 in the Row factor box and c3 in the Column factor
box.
28
Multiple Comparison Confidence Intervals for i. - j. based on the

Two-Way ANOVA for a Randomized Complete Block Design,
Let:
k
b
i
i.
=
=
=
=
the number of treatments

the number of blocks
the ith treatment effect
i. = + i , the true ith treatment mean
y i. = the sample mean for the ith treatment
1 - = the nominal family level of confidence
[y i y j ]
Bonferroni
Procedure
B = t / 2 g
2 MSE
b
is obtained from Table 15
df = (k 1)(b 1),
g = the number of pairwise comparison s
[y i y j ] T
Tukey
Procedure
T=
2MSE
b
q (k , (k 1)(b 1) )
2
q (k , (k 1)(b 1) ) is obtained from Table 16
Notes:
(a) i. - j. = i - j
(b) If all k(k-1)/2 pairwise comparisons are of interest the Tukey CI's will be
narrower than the Bonferroni CI's. If not all pairwise comparisons are of
interest the Bonferroni CI's may be narrower. One may tell which is
narrower by comparing the size of B and T.
(c) "Data snooping" is allowed with the Tukey Procedure but not with the
Bonferroni Procedure.
29
Friedman Test
Assumption
The data arises from a randomized complete block design

for the comparison of 'k' treatments within 'b' blocks of size 'k'
Rank the observations within each block
Let:
Test
Statistic
Ri = the sum of the ranks received by the

observations under the ith treatment
Ri = the average of the ranks under the ith
treatment
S=
12b
k (k + 1)
12
bk (k + 1)
k + 1
Ri
2
i
3b(k + 1)
s0 is the observed value of S

Null and
Alternative
Hypotheses
H0: There is no difference between treatments
Reject H0 if
(Table 14)
s0 s
P-value
P(S s0)
Notes:
Ha: There is a difference between treatments
(a) When k and b fall outside the range of Table 14, the critical values
of S may be approximated by those of a 2 distribution with df =
k -1. This approximation is not always accurate.
(b) Do not use the Friedman test when k = 2 as it is equivalent to the
two-sided sign test in this case.
Minitab:
Place all the data values in column c1, their corresponding treatment
levels and block numbers in columns c2 and c3 respectively, then click
Stat > Nonparametrics > Friedman...
Insert c1 in the Response box, c2 in the Treatment box and c3 in the

Blocks box.
30
Multiple Comparison Procedures based on the Friedman Test

Let: i = the ith treatment effect
k = the number of treatments
b = the number of blocks
Ri = the sum of the ranks for the ith treatment
= the nominal family type I error rate
(or 1 - = the nominal family level of confidence)
Procedure:
If Ri R j e and Ri > R j , conclude i > j

If Ri R j e and Ri < R j , conclude i < j
where e is obtained from Table 18
Large Sample Approximation:
For b large and beyond those values in Table 18,
Replace e by q (k , )
bk (k + 1)
, where q (k , )
12
is obtained from Table 16
31
Two-Factor Factorial Design: Equal Numbers per Cell,

Yijk = + i + j + ()ij + ijk , where

Yijk = the kth observation when factor A is at the ith level
and factor B is at the jth level
Assumption
i = j = i ()ij = j ()ij = 0
ijk are independent N(0, 2)
i = 1, 2, . . ., a; j = 1, 2, . . ., b; k = 1, 2, . . ., n
SSA
= nb ( y i.. - y ...)2
SSE
= (yijk - y ij.)2
SSB
= na ( y .j. - y ...)2
SSTo = (yijk - y ...)2
SSAB = n ( y ij. - y i.. - y .j. + y ...)2
Test
Statistic
Notes:
Source of Sum of
Variation df
Mean Square
Squares
MS = SS/dfF F = MS/MSE
A
B
AB
Error
a-1
b-1
(a-1)(b-1)
ab(n-1)
SSA
SSB
SSAB
SSE
Total
abn - 1
SSTo
MSA
MSB
MSAB
MSE
MSA/MSE
MSB/MSE
MSAB/MSE
(a) If n = 1 (i.e. one observation per cell), one cannot test for interaction
effects and so the interaction terms should be omitted from the model.
(b) If n > 1, test for interaction effects first.
(1) if interaction effects are present, transform the data
(2) if interactions are still present return to the original data and
examine the factor effects jointly
(3) if no interactions are present test for the main effects and if they
are present examine them separately
Minitab:
Place all the data values in column c1, their corresponding factor A levels
and factor B levels in columns c2 and c3 respectively, then click
Stat > ANOVA > Twoway...
Insert c1 in the Response box, c2 in the Row factor box and c3 in the
Column factor box.
32
Multiple Pairwise Comparison Confidence Intervals based

on the Two-Way ANOVA for a Two-Factor Factorial Design:
Equal Numbers per Cell, Fixed Effects, Normal Model
Let:
a
b
n
i.
.j
ij
=
=
=
=
=
=
the number of levels for factor A

the number of levels for factor B
the number of observations per cell
the true mean for the ith level of factor A
the true mean for the jth level of factor B
the true mean for the (i, j)th treatment
y i.. = the sample mean for the ith level of factor A

th
y .j. = the sample mean for the j level of factor B

y ij. = the sample mean for the (i,j)th treatment
= the number of pairwise comparisons of interest
1-
= the nominal family level of confidence

2MSE
, B = t / 2 g , df = (n 1)ab
bn
CI's for
i. - k.
(i - k)
Bonferroni :
[y i y k ]
Tukey :
[y i y k ]
CI's for
.j - .l
(j - l)
Bonferroni :
[y j yl ]
Tukey :
[y j yl ] T
q (b, (n 1)ab )
2MSE
, T=
an
2
Bonferroni :
[y ij y kl ]
2MSE
, B = t / 2 g , df = (n 1)ab
n
Tukey :
[y ij y kl ] T
CI's for
ij - kl
Note:
q (a, (n 1)ab )
2 MSE
, T=
bn
2
2 MSE
, B = t / 2 g , df = (n 1)ab
an
q (ab, (n 1)ab )
2 MSE
, T=
n
2
If it is desired to have a family level of confidence coefficient 1 - for a joint set of pairwise
comparisons involving both factor A and factor B, the Bonferroni method can be used
directly, with g representing the total number of pairwise comparisons in the joint set.
33
Simple Linear Regression
Assumption
Yi = 0 + 1xi + i ,
where the i are independent and normally
distributed with mean 0 and standard deviation , i = 1, 2, . . ., n

SSXX
= x2i - ( xi )2 / n,
SSXY = xiyi - ( xi )( yi ) / n,
Basic
Calculations
SSyy = y2i - ( yi )2 / n
SSE = SSYY - (SSXY)2 / SSXX
Estimate of Slope (1):
b1 = SSXY / SSXX
Estimate of Intercept (0):
b0 =
y - b1 x
Estimate of 2:
MSE = SSE / (n - 2)
Estimated Variance of b1:
s2(b1) = MSE / SSXX
Estimated Standard
s 2 (b1 )
Deviation of b1:
s (b1 ) =
Least Squares Line:
y = b0 + b1 x
Estimated Variance of y :
s2( y ) = MSE [1/n + (x - x )2 / SSXX ]
Estimated Standard
s(y ) =
Deviation of y :
s 2 (y )
To test the alternatives Ha: 1 <, >, or =/ 10, use the t-statistic
Test and CI
for the Slope 1
T=
b1 10
, df = n 2 , and the usual rejection regions
s (b1 )
100(1 - )% CI for 1:
b1 t / 2 s (b1 ) , df = n 2
100(1 - )% CI
for E(Y | x)
y t / 2 s ( y ) , df = n 2
100(1 - )% PI
for Ynew(x)
y t / 2 s 2 ( y ) + MSE , df = n 2
Note:
The above test for slope, with 10 = 0, can also be used as a test about the
population correlation coefficient : i.e. a test of Ha: <, >, or =/ 0
Minitab:
Place the x-values in column c1 and corresponding y-values in column c2, then
click
Stat > Regression > Regression...
Insert c2 in the Response box and c1 in the Predictors box. To obtain a CI for
E(Y | x) and a PI for Ynew(x), click the Options button.
34

Procedure for Testing Ha: < 0, > 0, or 0
Assumption
The data consists of a simple random sample (x1, y1), (x2, y2),
..., (xn, yn), from a bivariate normal distribution
r=
(x x )( y y )
(x x ) ( y y )
i
Test
Statistic
T =r
n2
1 r2
df = n 2

Ha
<0
>0
Reject H0 if
(Table 4)
t0 -t
t0 t
|t0| t/2
P(T t0)
P(T t0)
2 P(T |t0|)
P-value
= P(T -t0)
Note:
Pearson's r measures the strength of the linear relationship between X

and Y. It estimates the population correlation coefficient .
Minitab:
Place the x-values in column c1 and corresponding y-values in column

c2.
To calculate r and obtain the P-value for testing Ha: 0, click
Stat > Basic Statistics > Correlation...
Insert c1 and c2 in the Variables box and select the Display p-values
box.
To obtain the observed test statistic to, click
Stat > Regression > Regression...
Insert c2 in the Response box and c1 in the Predictors box.
35

Procedure for Testing Ha: < 0, > 0, or 0, where 0 0
Assumption
The data consists of a simple random sample (x1, y1), (x2, y2), . . .,
(xn, yn), from a bivariate normal distribution with n 'large' (n > 25)
(x x )( y y )
(x x ) ( y y )
i
r=
Test
Statistic
V=
1 1 + r
,
ln
2 1 r
v0 =
1 1 + 0
ln
2 1 0
Z=
(" Fisher' s
Z" )
n 3 (V v 0 )

Ha
< 0
> 0
Reject H0 if
(Table 4 at df = )
z0 -z
z0 z
|z0| z/2
P(Z z0)
P(Z z0)
2 P(Z -|z0|)
P-value
(Table 3)
Approximate
100(1 - )%
CI for
Notes:
= 1 - P(Z z0)
tanh v z / 2 ,
n 3
where tanh ( x) =
z
tanh v + / 2
n 3
e x e x
e x + e x
(a) One can use minitab to calculate r but then the rest of the test must be
done by hand.
(b) For n 25, 'exact' tests and confidence intervals for can be obtained
using "Tables of the Ordinates and Probability Integral of the Distribution
of the Correlation Coefficient in Small Samples" by F. N. David (1938),
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, reprinted in "Biometrika
Tablesfor Statisticians" (1966), Vol I, 3rd Edition, Hartley, H. O. and
Pearson, E. S.,Editors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
36
Kendall's Rank Correlation Coefficient:
Assumption
The data consists of a bivariate sample (x1, y1), (x2, y2), . . . ,

(xn, yn)
Let:
Nc = the number of concordant pairs

Nd = the number of discordant pairs
Test
Statistic
2(N c N d )
n(n 1)
(estimator of )
0 is the observed value of
= 0 (there is neither concordance nor

discordance between X and Y)
H0
Ha
<0
>0
Reject H0 if
(Table 19)
0 -
| 0 | /2
P( 0 )
2 P( | 0 |)
P-value
Notes:
P( 0 )
= P( - 0 )
(a) Kendall's coefficient is defined as = 2 P[(Xi - Xj)(Yi - Yj) > 0] - 1

Thus:
> 0 implies P(Concordance) > .5

< 0 implies P(Concordance) < .5
= 0 implies P(Concordance) = .5
(b) Pairs of observations with ties between respective members are

neither concordant nor discordant and therefore contribute nothing to
the value of .
(c) This test may also be used as a test for independence.
(d) For values of n not in Table 19 (i.e. n > 60) one can conduct a large
sample approximate test of the above hypotheses using the Z-Test
Statistic
9n(n 1)
Z =
2(2n + 5)
and the usual critical values and P-value formulas associated with any
Z-test.
37
Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient: S

Assumption
The data consists of a bivariate sample (x1, y1), (x2, y2), . . . ,(xn, yn)
Rank the x-values: R(xi) and y-values: R(yi) separately
Test
Statistic
RS = corr [R(Xi), R(Yi)] (estimator of S)

rS
= the observed value of RS

S = 0
H0
Ha
S < 0
S > 0
S 0
Reject H0 if
(Table 20)
rS -rS,
rS rS,
|rS| rS,/2
P(RS rS)
P(RS rS)
2 P(RS |rS|)
P-value
Notes:
= P(RS -rS)
(a) The parameter S is the expected value of RS. Its precise interpretation is
difficult, and is best left as another measure of similarity between the
rankings of X and Y.
(b) This test may also be used as a test for independence.
(c) For values of n not in Table 20 (i.e. n > 60) one can conduct a large sample
Z=
n 1 RS
and the usual critical values and P-value formulas associated with any Z-test.
Minitab:
Place the x-values in column c1 and the corresponding y-values in column c2.
Rank the data in each column, placing the ranks in columns c3 and c4
respectively
MTB > rank c1 c3
MTB > rank c2 c4
To calculate rS type MTB > corr c3 c4
38
TABLES
39
40
Table 1
Cumulative Binomial Probabilities: P(X x)
p
n
.05
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
0
1
2
0.9025 0.8100 0.6400 0.4900 0.3600 0.2500 0.1600 0.0900 0.0400 0.0100 0.0025
0.9975 0.9900 0.9600 0.9100 0.8400 0.7500 0.6400 0.5100 0.3600 0.1900 0.0975
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
0.8574
0.9928
0.9999
1.0000
0.7290
0.9720
0.9990
1.0000
0.5120
0.8960
0.9920
1.0000
0.3430
0.7840
0.9730
1.0000
0.2160
0.6480
0.9360
1.0000
0.1250
0.5000
0.8750
1.0000
0.0640
0.3520
0.7840
1.0000
0.0270
0.2160
0.6570
1.0000
0.0080
0.1040
0.4880
1.0000
0.0010
0.0280
0.2710
1.0000
0.0001
0.0073
0.1426
1.0000
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
0.8145
0.9860
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
0.6561
0.9477
0.9963
0.9999
1.0000
0.4096
0.8192
0.9728
0.9984
1.0000
0.2401
0.6517
0.9163
0.9919
1.0000
0.1296
0.4752
0.8208
0.9744
1.0000
0.0625
0.3125
0.6875
0.9375
1.0000
0.0256
0.1792
0.5248
0.8704
1.0000
0.0081
0.0837
0.3483
0.7599
1.0000
0.0016
0.0272
0.1808
0.5904
1.0000
0.0001
0.0037
0.0523
0.3439
1.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0140
0.1855
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
0.7738
0.9774
0.9988
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5905
0.9185
0.9914
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
0.3277
0.7373
0.9421
0.9933
0.9997
1.0000
0.1681
0.5282
0.8369
0.9692
0.9976
1.0000
0.0778
0.3370
0.6826
0.9130
0.9898
1.0000
0.0312
0.1875
0.5000
0.8125
0.9688
1.0000
0.0102
0.0870
0.3174
0.6630
0.9222
1.0000
0.0024
0.0308
0.1631
0.4718
0.8319
1.0000
0.0003
0.0067
0.0579
0.2627
0.6723
1.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0086
0.0815
0.4095
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0012
0.0226
0.2262
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.7351
0.9672
0.9978
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5314
0.8857
0.9842
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.2621
0.6554
0.9011
0.9830
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000
0.1176
0.4202
0.7443
0.9295
0.9891
0.9993
1.0000
0.0467
0.2333
0.5443
0.8208
0.9590
0.9959
1.0000
0.0156
0.1094
0.3438
0.6562
0.8906
0.9844
1.0000
0.0041
0.0410
0.1792
0.4557
0.7667
0.9533
1.0000
0.0007
0.0109
0.0705
0.2557
0.5798
0.8824
1.0000
0.0001
0.0016
0.0170
0.0989
0.3446
0.7379
1.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0013
0.0159
0.1143
0.4686
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0022
0.0328
0.2649
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0.6983
0.9556
0.9962
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4783
0.8503
0.9743
0.9973
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2097
0.5767
0.8520
0.9667
0.9953
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
0.0824
0.3294
0.6471
0.8740
0.9712
0.9962
0.9998
1.0000
0.0280
0.1586
0.4199
0.7102
0.9037
0.9812
0.9984
1.0000
0.0078
0.0625
0.2266
0.5000
0.7734
0.9375
0.9922
1.0000
0.0016
0.0188
0.0963
0.2898
0.5801
0.8414
0.9720
1.0000
0.0002
0.0038
0.0288
0.1260
0.3529
0.6706
0.9176
1.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0047
0.0333
0.1480
0.4233
0.7903
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0027
0.0257
0.1497
0.5217
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0038
0.0444
0.3017
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.6634
0.9428
0.9942
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4305
0.8131
0.9619
0.9950
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1678
0.5033
0.7969
0.9437
0.9896
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0576
0.2553
0.5518
0.8059
0.9420
0.9887
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
0.0168
0.1064
0.3154
0.5941
0.8263
0.9502
0.9915
0.9993
1.0000
0.0039
0.0352
0.1445
0.3633
0.6367
0.8555
0.9648
0.9961
1.0000
0.0007
0.0085
0.0498
0.1737
0.4059
0.6846
0.8936
0.9832
1.0000
0.0001
0.0013
0.0113
0.0580
0.1941
0.4482
0.7447
0.9424
1.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0104
0.0563
0.2031
0.4967
0.8322
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0050
0.0381
0.1869
0.5695
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0058
0.0572
0.3366
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0.6302
0.9288
0.9916
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3874
0.7748
0.9470
0.9917
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1342
0.4362
0.7382
0.9144
0.9804
0.9969
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0404
0.1960
0.4628
0.7297
0.9012
0.9747
0.9957
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
0.0101
0.0705
0.2318
0.4826
0.7334
0.9006
0.9750
0.9962
0.9997
1.0000
0.0020
0.0195
0.0898
0.2539
0.5000
0.7461
0.9102
0.9805
0.9980
1.0000
0.0003
0.0038
0.0250
0.0994
0.2666
0.5174
0.7682
0.9295
0.9899
1.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0043
0.0253
0.0988
0.2703
0.5372
0.8040
0.9596
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0031
0.0196
0.0856
0.2618
0.5638
0.8658
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0083
0.0530
0.2252
0.6126
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0006
0.0084
0.0712
0.3698
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.05
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
.95
41
.60
.70
.80
.90
.95
Table 1
Cumulative Binomial Probabilities: P(X x) (continued)
p
n
.05
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
.95
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.5987
0.9139
0.9885
0.9990
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3487
0.7361
0.9298
0.9872
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1074
0.3758
0.6778
0.8791
0.9672
0.9936
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0282
0.1493
0.3828
0.6496
0.8497
0.9527
0.9894
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0060
0.0464
0.1673
0.3823
0.6331
0.8338
0.9452
0.9877
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000
0.0010
0.0107
0.0547
0.1719
0.3770
0.6230
0.8281
0.9453
0.9893
0.9990
1.0000
0.0001
0.0017
0.0123
0.0548
0.1662
0.3669
0.6177
0.8327
0.9536
0.9940
1.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0016
0.0106
0.0473
0.1503
0.3504
0.6172
0.8507
0.9718
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0064
0.0328
0.1209
0.3222
0.6242
0.8926
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0016
0.0128
0.0702
0.2639
0.6513
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0010
0.0115
0.0861
0.4013
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.5688
0.8981
0.9848
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3138
0.6974
0.9104
0.9815
0.9972
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0859
0.3221
0.6174
0.8389
0.9496
0.9883
0.9980
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0198
0.1130
0.3127
0.5696
0.7897
0.9218
0.9784
0.9957
0.9994
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0036
0.0302
0.1189
0.2963
0.5328
0.7535
0.9006
0.9707
0.9941
0.9993
1.0000
1.0000
0.0005
0.0059
0.0327
0.1133
0.2744
0.5000
0.7256
0.8867
0.9673
0.9941
0.9995
1.0000
0.0000
0.0007
0.0059
0.0293
0.0994
0.2465
0.4672
0.7037
0.8811
0.9698
0.9964
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0006
0.0043
0.0216
0.0782
0.2103
0.4304
0.6873
0.8870
0.9802
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0020
0.0117
0.0504
0.1611
0.3826
0.6779
0.9141
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0028
0.0185
0.0896
0.3026
0.6862
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0016
0.0152
0.1019
0.4312
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0.5404
0.8816
0.9804
0.9978
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2824
0.6590
0.8891
0.9744
0.9957
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0687
0.2749
0.5583
0.7946
0.9274
0.9806
0.9961
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0138
0.0850
0.2528
0.4925
0.7237
0.8822
0.9614
0.9905
0.9983
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0022
0.0196
0.0834
0.2253
0.4382
0.6652
0.8418
0.9427
0.9847
0.9972
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
0.0002
0.0032
0.0193
0.0730
0.1938
0.3872
0.6128
0.8062
0.9270
0.9807
0.9968
0.9998
1.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0028
0.0153
0.0573
0.1582
0.3348
0.5618
0.7747
0.9166
0.9804
0.9978
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0017
0.0095
0.0386
0.1178
0.2763
0.5075
0.7472
0.9150
0.9862
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0039
0.0194
0.0726
0.2054
0.4417
0.7251
0.9313
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0043
0.0256
0.1109
0.3410
0.7176
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0022
0.0196
0.1184
0.4596
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0.5133
0.8646
0.9755
0.9969
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2542
0.6213
0.8661
0.9658
0.9935
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0550
0.2336
0.5017
0.7473
0.9009
0.9700
0.9930
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0097
0.0637
0.2025
0.4206
0.6543
0.8346
0.9376
0.9818
0.9960
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0013
0.0126
0.0579
0.1686
0.3530
0.5744
0.7712
0.9023
0.9679
0.9922
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0001
0.0017
0.0112
0.0461
0.1334
0.2905
0.5000
0.7095
0.8666
0.9539
0.9888
0.9983
0.9999
1.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0013
0.0078
0.0321
0.0977
0.2288
0.4256
0.6470
0.8314
0.9421
0.9874
0.9987
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0040
0.0182
0.0624
0.1654
0.3457
0.5794
0.7975
0.9363
0.9903
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0012
0.0070
0.0300
0.0991
0.2527
0.4983
0.7664
0.9450
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0065
0.0342
0.1339
0.3787
0.7458
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0031
0.0245
0.1354
0.4867
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
.05
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
.95
42
Table 1
p
n
.05
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
.95
14
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
0.4877
0.8470
0.9699
0.9958
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2288
0.5846
0.8416
0.9559
0.9908
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0440
0.1979
0.4481
0.6982
0.8702
0.9561
0.9884
0.9976
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0068
0.0475
0.1608
0.3552
0.5842
0.7805
0.9067
0.9685
0.9917
0.9983
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0008
0.0081
0.0398
0.1243
0.2793
0.4859
0.6925
0.8499
0.9417
0.9825
0.9961
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0065
0.0287
0.0898
0.2120
0.3953
0.6047
0.7880
0.9102
0.9713
0.9935
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0039
0.0175
0.0583
0.1501
0.3075
0.5141
0.7207
0.8757
0.9602
0.9919
0.9992
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0017
0.0083
0.0315
0.0933
0.2195
0.4158
0.6448
0.8392
0.9525
0.9932
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0024
0.0116
0.0439
0.1298
0.3018
0.5519
0.8021
0.9560
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0015
0.0092
0.0441
0.1584
0.4154
0.7712
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0042
0.0301
0.1530
0.5123
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.4633
0.8290
0.9638
0.9945
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.2059
0.5490
0.8159
0.9444
0.9873
0.9978
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0352
0.1671
0.3980
0.6482
0.8358
0.9389
0.9819
0.9958
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0047
0.0353
0.1268
0.2969
0.5155
0.7216
0.8689
0.9500
0.9848
0.9963
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0005
0.0052
0.0271
0.0905
0.2173
0.4032
0.6098
0.7869
0.9050
0.9662
0.9907
0.9981
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0037
0.0176
0.0592
0.1509
0.3036
0.5000
0.6964
0.8491
0.9408
0.9824
0.9963
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0019
0.0093
0.0338
0.0950
0.2131
0.3902
0.5968
0.7827
0.9095
0.9729
0.9948
0.9995
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0037
0.0152
0.0500
0.1311
0.2784
0.4845
0.7031
0.8732
0.9647
0.9953
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0008
0.0042
0.0181
0.0611
0.1642
0.3518
0.6020
0.8329
0.9648
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0022
0.0127
0.0556
0.1841
0.4510
0.7941
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0055
0.0362
0.1710
0.5367
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0.4401
0.8108
0.9571
0.9930
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1853
0.5147
0.7892
0.9316
0.9830
0.9967
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0281
0.1407
0.3518
0.5981
0.7982
0.9183
0.9733
0.9930
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0033
0.0261
0.0994
0.2459
0.4499
0.6598
0.8247
0.9256
0.9743
0.9929
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0003
0.0033
0.0183
0.0651
0.1666
0.3288
0.5272
0.7161
0.8577
0.9417
0.9809
0.9951
0.9991
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0021
0.0106
0.0384
0.1051
0.2272
0.4018
0.5982
0.7728
0.8949
0.9616
0.9894
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0049
0.0191
0.0583
0.1423
0.2839
0.4728
0.6712
0.8334
0.9349
0.9817
0.9967
0.9997
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0016
0.0071
0.0257
0.0744
0.1753
0.3402
0.5501
0.7541
0.9006
0.9739
0.9967
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0015
0.0070
0.0267
0.0817
0.2018
0.4019
0.6482
0.8593
0.9719
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0033
0.0170
0.0684
0.2108
0.4853
0.8147
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0009
0.0070
0.0429
0.1892
0.5599
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
.05
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
.95
43
Table 1
p
n
.05
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
.95
17
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
0.4181
0.7922
0.9497
0.9912
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1668
0.4818
0.7618
0.9174
0.9779
0.9953
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0225
0.1182
0.3096
0.5489
0.7582
0.8943
0.9623
0.9891
0.9974
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0023
0.0193
0.0774
0.2019
0.3887
0.5968
0.7752
0.8954
0.9597
0.9873
0.9968
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0002
0.0021
0.0123
0.0464
0.1260
0.2639
0.4478
0.6405
0.8011
0.9081
0.9652
0.9894
0.9975
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0064
0.0245
0.0717
0.1662
0.3145
0.5000
0.6855
0.8338
0.9283
0.9755
0.9936
0.9988
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0025
0.0106
0.0348
0.0919
0.1989
0.3595
0.5522
0.7361
0.8740
0.9536
0.9877
0.9979
0.9998
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0032
0.0127
0.0403
0.1046
0.2248
0.4032
0.6113
0.7981
0.9226
0.9807
0.9977
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0026
0.0109
0.0377
0.1057
0.2418
0.4511
0.6904
0.8818
0.9775
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0008
0.0047
0.0221
0.0826
0.2382
0.5182
0.8332
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0088
0.0503
0.2078
0.5819
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0.3972
0.7735
0.9419
0.9891
0.9985
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1501
0.4503
0.7338
0.9018
0.9718
0.9936
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0180
0.0991
0.2713
0.5010
0.7164
0.8671
0.9487
0.9837
0.9957
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0016
0.0142
0.0600
0.1646
0.3327
0.5344
0.7217
0.8593
0.9404
0.9790
0.9939
0.9986
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0001
0.0013
0.0082
0.0328
0.0942
0.2088
0.3743
0.5634
0.7368
0.8653
0.9424
0.9797
0.9942
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0038
0.0154
0.0481
0.1189
0.2403
0.4073
0.5927
0.7597
0.8811
0.9519
0.9846
0.9962
0.9993
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0013
0.0058
0.0203
0.0576
0.1347
0.2632
0.4366
0.6257
0.7912
0.9058
0.9672
0.9918
0.9987
0.9999
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0014
0.0061
0.0210
0.0596
0.1407
0.2783
0.4656
0.6673
0.8354
0.9400
0.9858
0.9984
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0009
0.0043
0.0163
0.0513
0.1329
0.2836
0.4990
0.7287
0.9009
0.9820
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0012
0.0064
0.0282
0.0982
0.2662
0.5497
0.8499
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0015
0.0109
0.0581
0.2265
0.6028
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
0.3774
0.7547
0.9335
0.9868
0.9980
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1351
0.4203
0.7054
0.8850
0.9648
0.9914
0.9983
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0144
0.0829
0.2369
0.4551
0.6733
0.8369
0.9324
0.9767
0.9933
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0011
0.0104
0.0462
0.1332
0.2822
0.4739
0.6655
0.8180
0.9161
0.9674
0.9895
0.9972
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0001
0.0008
0.0055
0.0230
0.0696
0.1629
0.3081
0.4878
0.6675
0.8139
0.9115
0.9648
0.9884
0.9969
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0022
0.0096
0.0318
0.0835
0.1796
0.3238
0.5000
0.6762
0.8204
0.9165
0.9682
0.9904
0.9978
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0031
0.0116
0.0352
0.0885
0.1861
0.3325
0.5122
0.6919
0.8371
0.9304
0.9770
0.9945
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0028
0.0105
0.0326
0.0839
0.1820
0.3345
0.5261
0.7178
0.8668
0.9538
0.9896
0.9989
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0016
0.0067
0.0233
0.0676
0.1631
0.3267
0.5449
0.7631
0.9171
0.9856
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0017
0.0086
0.0352
0.1150
0.2946
0.5797
0.8649
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0020
0.0132
0.0665
0.2453
0.6226
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
.05
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
.95
44
Table 1
p
n
.05
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
.95
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.3585
0.7358
0.9245
0.9841
0.9974
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.1216
0.3917
0.6769
0.8670
0.9568
0.9887
0.9976
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0115
0.0692
0.2061
0.4114
0.6296
0.8042
0.9133
0.9679
0.9900
0.9974
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0008
0.0076
0.0355
0.1071
0.2375
0.4164
0.6080
0.7723
0.8867
0.9520
0.9829
0.9949
0.9987
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0036
0.0160
0.0510
0.1256
0.2500
0.4159
0.5956
0.7553
0.8725
0.9435
0.9790
0.9935
0.9984
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0013
0.0059
0.0207
0.0577
0.1316
0.2517
0.4119
0.5881
0.7483
0.8684
0.9423
0.9793
0.9941
0.9987
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0016
0.0065
0.0210
0.0565
0.1275
0.2447
0.4044
0.5841
0.7500
0.8744
0.9490
0.9840
0.9964
0.9995
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0013
0.0051
0.0171
0.0480
0.1133
0.2277
0.3920
0.5836
0.7625
0.8929
0.9645
0.9924
0.9992
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0026
0.0100
0.0321
0.0867
0.1958
0.3704
0.5886
0.7939
0.9308
0.9885
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0024
0.0113
0.0432
0.1330
0.3231
0.6083
0.8784
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0026
0.0159
0.0755
0.2642
0.6415
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
25
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
0.2774
0.6424
0.8729
0.9659
0.9928
0.9988
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0718
0.2712
0.5371
0.7636
0.9020
0.9666
0.9905
0.9977
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0038
0.0274
0.0982
0.2340
0.4207
0.6167
0.7800
0.8909
0.9532
0.9827
0.9944
0.9985
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0001
0.0016
0.0090
0.0332
0.0905
0.1935
0.3407
0.5118
0.6769
0.8106
0.9022
0.9558
0.9825
0.9940
0.9982
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0024
0.0095
0.0294
0.0736
0.1536
0.2735
0.4246
0.5858
0.7323
0.8462
0.9222
0.9656
0.9868
0.9957
0.9988
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0020
0.0073
0.0216
0.0539
0.1148
0.2122
0.3450
0.5000
0.6550
0.7878
0.8852
0.9461
0.9784
0.9927
0.9980
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0003
0.0012
0.0043
0.0132
0.0344
0.0778
0.1538
0.2677
0.4142
0.5754
0.7265
0.8464
0.9264
0.9706
0.9905
0.9976
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0018
0.0060
0.0175
0.0442
0.0978
0.1894
0.3231
0.4882
0.6593
0.8065
0.9095
0.9668
0.9910
0.9984
0.9999
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0015
0.0056
0.0173
0.0468
0.1091
0.2200
0.3833
0.5793
0.7660
0.9018
0.9726
0.9962
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0023
0.0095
0.0334
0.0980
0.2364
0.4629
0.7288
0.9282
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0012
0.0072
0.0341
0.1271
0.3576
0.7226
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
.05
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
.95
45
Table 1
p
n
.05
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
.95
30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.2146
0.5535
0.8122
0.9392
0.9984
0.9967
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0424
0.1837
0.4114
0.6474
0.8245
0.9268
0.9742
0.9922
0.9980
0.9995
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0012
0.0105
0.0442
0.1227
0.2552
0.4275
0.6070
0.7608
0.8713
0.9389
0.9744
0.9905
0.9969
0.9991
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0021
0.0093
0.0302
0.0766
0.1595
0.2814
0.4315
0.5888
0.7304
0.8407
0.9155
0.9599
0.9831
0.9936
0.9979
0.9994
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0015
0.0057
0.0172
0.0435
0.0940
0.1763
0.2915
0.4311
0.5785
0.7145
0.8246
0.9029
0.9519
0.9788
0.9917
0.9971
0.9991
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0007
0.0026
0.0081
0.0214
0.0494
0.1002
0.1808
0.2923
0.4278
0.5722
0.7077
0.8192
0.8998
0.9506
0.9786
0.9919
0.9974
0.9993
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0009
0.0029
0.0083
0.0212
0.0481
0.0971
0.1754
0.2855
0.4215
0.5689
0.7085
0.8237
0.9060
0.9565
0.9828
0.9943
0.9985
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0006
0.0021
0.0064
0.0169
0.0401
0.0845
0.1593
0.2696
0.4112
0.5685
0.7186
0.8405
0.9234
0.9698
0.9907
0.9979
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0009
0.0031
0.0095
0.0256
0.0611
0.1287
0.2392
0.3930
0.5725
0.7448
0.8773
0.9558
0.9895
0.9988
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0020
0.0078
0.0258
0.0732
0.1755
0.3526
0.5886
0.8163
0.9576
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0006
0.0033
0.0156
0.0608
0.1878
0.4465
0.7854
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
.05
.10
.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90
.95
46
Cumulative Poisson Probabilities: P(X x)
Table 2
Value of
x
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.9048
0.9953
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.8187
0.9825
0.9989
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.7408
0.9631
0.9964
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6703
0.9384
0.9921
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.6065
0.9098
0.9856
0.9982
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.5488
0.8781
0.9769
0.9966
0.9996
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4966
0.8442
0.9659
0.9942
0.9992
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4493
0.8088
0.9526
0.9909
0.9986
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.4066
0.7725
0.9371
0.9865
0.9977
0.9997
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.3679
0.7358
0.9197
0.9810
0.9963
0.9994
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Value of
x
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
15.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
0.1353
0.4060
0.6767
0.8571
0.9473
0.9834
0.9955
0.9989
0.9998
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0498
0.1991
0.4232
0.6472
0.8153
0.9161
0.9665
0.9881
0.9962
0.9989
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0183
0.0916
0.2381
0.4335
0.6288
0.7851
0.8893
0.9489
0.9786
0.9919
0.9972
0.9991
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0067
0.0404
0.1247
0.2650
0.4405
0.6160
0.7622
0.8666
0.9319
0.9682
0.9863
0.9945
0.9980
0.9993
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0025
0.0174
0.0620
0.1512
0.2851
0.4457
0.6063
0.7440
0.8472
0.9161
0.9574
0.9799
0.9912
0.9964
0.9986
0.9995
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0009
0.0073
0.0296
0.0818
0.1730
0.3007
0.4497
0.5987
0.7291
0.8305
0.9015
0.9467
0.9730
0.9872
0.9943
0.9976
0.9990
0.9996
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0003
0.0030
0.0138
0.0424
0.0996
0.1912
0.3134
0.4530
0.5925
0.7166
0.8159
0.8881
0.9362
0.9658
0.9827
0.9918
0.9963
0.9984
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0062
0.0212
0.0550
0.1157
0.2068
0.3239
0.4557
0.5874
0.7060
0.8030
0.8758
0.9261
0.9585
0.9780
0.9889
0.9947
0.9976
0.9989
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0005
0.0028
0.0103
0.0293
0.0671
0.1301
0.2202
0.3328
0.4579
0.5830
0.6968
0.7916
0.8645
0.9165
0.9513
0.9730
0.9857
0.9928
0.9965
0.9984
0.9993
0.9997
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0009
0.0028
0.0076
0.0180
0.0374
0.0699
0.1185
0.1848
0.2676
0.3632
0.4657
0.5681
0.6641
0.7489
0.8195
0.8752
0.9170
0.9469
0.9673
0.9805
0.9888
0.9938
0.9967
0.9983
0.9991
0.9996
0.9998
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
47
Table 3
Standard Normal Probabilities
Area = P(Z z)
z
P(Z z)
P(Z z)
P(Z z)
P(Z z)
-4.00
-3.99
-3.98
-3.97
-3.96
-3.95
-3.94
-3.93
-3.92
-3.91
-3.90
-3.89
-3.88
-3.87
-3.86
-3.85
-3.84
-3.83
-3.82
-3.81
-3.80
-3.79
-3.78
-3.77
-3.76
-3.75
-3.74
-3.73
-3.72
-3.71
-3.70
-3.69
-3.68
-3.67
-3.66
-3.65
-3.64
-3.63
-3.62
-3.61
-3.60
-3.59
-3.58
-3.57
-3.56
-3.55
-3.54
-3.53
-3.52
-3.51
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
-3.50
-3.49
-3.48
-3.47
-3.46
-3.45
-3.44
-3.43
-3.42
-3.41
-3.40
-3.39
-3.38
-3.37
-3.36
-3.35
-3.34
-3.33
-3.32
-3.31
-3.30
-3.29
-3.28
-3.27
-3.26
-3.25
-3.24
-3.23
-3.22
-3.21
-3.20
-3.19
-3.18
-3.17
-3.16
-3.15
-3.14
-3.13
-3.12
-3.11
-3.10
-3.09
-3.08
-3.07
-3.06
-3.05
-3.04
-3.03
-3.02
-3.01
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0004
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0006
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0007
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0008
0.0009
0.0009
0.0009
0.0010
0.0010
0.0010
0.0011
0.0011
0.0011
0.0012
0.0012
0.0013
0.0013
-3.00
-2.99
-2.98
-2.97
-2.96
-2.95
-2.94
-2.93
-2.92
-2.91
-2.90
-2.89
-2.88
-2.87
-2.86
-2.85
-2.84
-2.83
-2.82
-2.81
-2.80
-2.79
-2.78
-2.77
-2.76
-2.75
-2.74
-2.73
-2.72
-2.71
-2.70
-2.69
-2.68
-2.67
-2.66
-2.65
-2.64
-2.63
-2.62
-2.61
-2.60
-2.59
-2.58
-2.57
-2.56
-2.55
-2.54
-2.53
-2.52
-2.51
0.0013
0.0014
0.0014
0.0015
0.0015
0.0016
0.0016
0.0017
0.0018
0.0018
0.0019
0.0019
0.0020
0.0021
0.0021
0.0022
0.0023
0.0023
0.0024
0.0025
0.0026
0.0026
0.0027
0.0028
0.0029
0.0030
0.0031
0.0032
0.0033
0.0034
0.0035
0.0036
0.0037
0.0038
0.0039
0.0040
0.0041
0.0043
0.0044
0.0045
0.0047
0.0048
0.0049
0.0051
0.0052
0.0054
0.0055
0.0057
0.0059
0.0060
-2.50
-2.49
-2.48
-2.47
-2.46
-2.45
-2.44
-2.43
-2.42
-2.41
-2.40
-2.39
-2.38
-2.37
-2.36
-2.35
-2.34
-2.33
-2.32
-2.31
-2.30
-2.29
-2.28
-2.27
-2.26
-2.25
-2.24
-2.23
-2.22
-2.21
-2.20
-2.19
-2.18
-2.17
-2.16
-2.15
-2.14
-2.13
-2.12
-2.11
-2.10
-2.09
-2.08
-2.07
-2.06
-2.05
-2.04
-2.03
-2.02
-2.01
0.0062
0.0064
0.0066
0.0068
0.0069
0.0071
0.0073
0.0075
0.0078
0.0080
0.0082
0.0084
0.0087
0.0089
0.0091
0.0094
0.0096
0.0099
0.0102
0.0104
0.0107
0.0110
0.0113
0.0116
0.0119
0.0122
0.0125
0.0129
0.0132
0.0136
0.0139
0.0143
0.0146
0.0150
0.0154
0.0158
0.0162
0.0166
0.0170
0.0174
0.0179
0.0183
0.0188
0.0192
0.0197
0.0202
0.0207
0.0212
0.0217
0.0222
48
Table 3
Standard Normal Probabilities (continued)
Area = P(Z z)
z
P(Z z)
P(Z z)
P(Z z)
P(Z z)
-2.00
-1.99
-1.98
-1.97
-1.96
-1.95
-1.94
-1.93
-1.92
-1.91
-1.90
-1.89
-1.88
-1.87
-1.86
-1.85
-1.84
-1.83
-1.82
-1.81
-1.80
-1.79
-1.78
-1.77
-1.76
-1.75
-1.74
-1.73
-1.72
-1.71
-1.70
-1.69
-1.68
-1.67
-1.66
-1.65
-1 64
-1.63
-1.62
-1.61
-1.60
-1.59
-1.58
-1.57
-1.56
-1.55
-1.54
-1.53
-1.52
-1.51
0.0228
0.0233
0.0239
0.0244
0.0250
0.0256
0.0262
0.0268
0.0274
0.0281
0.0287
0.0294
0.0301
0.0307
0.0314
0.0322
0.0329
0.0336
0.0344
0.0351
0.0359
0.0367
0.0375
0.0384
0.0392
0.0401
0.0409
0.0418
0.0427
0.0436
0.0446
0.0455
0.0465
0.0475
0.0485
0.0495
0.0505
0.0516
0.0526
0.0537
0.0548
0.0559
0.0571
0.0582
0.0594
0.0606
0.0618
0.0630
0.0643
0.0655
-1.50
-1.49
-1.48
-1.47
-1.46
-1.45
-1.44
-1.43
-1.42
-1.41
-1.40
-1.39
-1.38
-1.37
-1.36
-1.35
-1.34
-1.33
-1.32
-1.31
-1.30
-1.29
-1.28
-1.27
-1.26
-1.25
-1.24
-1.23
-1.22
-1.21
-1.20
-1.19
-1.18
-1.17
-1.16
-1.15
-1.14
-1.13
-1.12
-1.11
-1.10
-1.09
-1.08
-1.07
-1.06
-1.05
-1.04
-1.03
-1.02
-1.01
0.0668
0.0681
0.0694
0.0708
0.0721
0.0735
0.0749
0.0764
0.0778
0.0793
0.0808
0.0823
0.0838
0.0853
0.0869
0.0885
0.0901
0.0918
0.0934
0.0951
0.0968
0.0985
0.1003
0.1020
0.1038
0.1056
0.1075
0.1093
0.1112
0.1131
0.1151
0.1170
0.1190
0.1210
0.1230
0.1251
0.1271
0.1292
0.1314
0.1335
0.1357
0.1379
0.1401
0.1423
0.1446
0.1469
0.1492
0.1515
0.1539
0.1562
-1.00
-0.99
-0 98
-0.97
-0.96
-0.95
-0.94
-0.93
-0.92
-0.91
-0.90
-0.89
-0.88
-0.87
-0.86
-0.85
-0.84
-0.83
-0.82
-0.81
-0.80
-0.79
-0.78
-0.77
-0.76
-0.75
-0.74
-0.73
-0.72
-0.71
-0.70
-0.69
-0.68
-0.67
-0.66
-0.65
-0.64
-0.63
-0.62
-0.61
-0.60
-0.59
-0.58
-0.57
-0.56
-0.55
-0.54
-0.53
-0.52
-0.51
0.1587
0.1611
0.1635
0.1660
0.1685
0.1711
0.1736
0.1762
0.1788
0.1814
0.1841
0.1867
0.1894
0.1922
0.1949
0.1977
0.2005
0.2033
0.2061
0.2090
0.2119
0.2148
0.2177
0.2206
0.2236
0.2266
0.2296
0.2327
0.2358
0.2389
0.2420
0.2451
0.2483
0.2514
0.2546
0.2578
0.2611
0.2643
0.2676
0.2709
0.2743
0.2776
0.2810
0.2843
0.2877
0.2912
0.2946
0.2981
0.3015
0.3050
-0.50
-0.49
-0.48
-0.47
-0.46
-0.45
-0.44
-0.43
-0.42
-0.41
-0.40
-0.39
-0.38
-0.37
-0.36
-0.35
-0.34
-0.33
-0.32
-0.31
-0.30
-0.29
-0.28
-0.27
-0.26
-0.25
-0.24
-0.23
-0.22
-0.21
-0.20
-0.19
-0.18
-0.17
-0.16
-0.15
-0.14
-0.13
-0.12
-0.11
-0.10
-0.09
-0.08
-0.07
-0.06
-0.05
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.3085
0.3121
0.3156
0.3192
0.3228
0.3264
0.3300
0.3336
0.3372
0.3409
0.3446
0.3483
0.3520
0.3557
0.3594
0.3632
0.3669
0.3707
0.3745
0.3783
0.3821
0.3859
0.3897
0.3936
0.3974
0.4013
0.4052
0.4090
0.4129
0.4168
0.4207
0.4247
0.4286
0.4325
0.4364
0.4404
0.4443
0.4483
0.4522
0.4562
0.4602
0.4641
0.4681
0.4721
0.4761
0.4801
0.4840
0.4880
0.4920
0.4960
49
Table 3
Area = P(Z z)
z
P(Z z)
P(Z z)
P(Z z)
P(Z z)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.5000
0.5040
0.5080
0.5120
0.5160
0.5199
0.5239
0.5279
0.5319
0.5359
0.5398
0.5438
0.5478
0.5517
0.5557
0.5596
0.5636
0.5675
0.5714
0.5753
0.5793
0.5832
0.5871
0.5910
0.5948
0.5987
0.6026
0.6064
0.6103
0.6141
0.6179
0.6217
0.6255
0.6293
0.6331
0.6368
0.6406
0.6443
0.6480
0.6517
0.6554
0.6591
0.6628
0.6664
0.6700
0.6736
0.6772
0.6808
0.6844
0.6879
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
0.6915
0.6950
0.6985
0.7019
0.7054
0.7088
0.7123
0.7157
0.7190
0.7224
0.7257
0.7291
0.7324
0.7357
0.7389
0.7422
0.7454
0.7486
0.7517
0.7549
0.7580
0.7611
0.7642
0.7673
0.7704
0.7734
0.7764
0.7794
0.7823
0.7852
0.7881
0.7910
0.7939
0.7967
0.7995
0.8023
0.8051
0.8078
0.8106
0.8133
0.8159
0.8186
0.8212
0.8238
0.8264
0.8289
0.8315
0.8340
0.8365
0.8389
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.49
0.8413
0.8438
0.8461
0.8485
0.8508
0.8531
0.8554
0.8577
0.8599
0.8621
0.8643
0.8665
0.8686
0.8708
0.8729
0.8749
0.8770
0.8790
0.8810
0.8830
0.8849
0.8869
0.8888
0.8907
0.8925
0.8944
0.8962
0.8980
0.8997
0.9015
0.9032
0.9049
0.9066
0.9082
0.9099
0.9115
0.9131
0.9147
0.9162
0.9177
0.9192
0.9207
0.9222
0.9236
0.9251
0.9265
0.9279
0.9292
0.9306
0.9319
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
0.9332
0.9345
0.9357
0.9370
0.9382
0.9394
0.9406
0.9418
0.9429
0.9441
0.9452
0.9463
0.9474
0.9484
0.9495
0.9505
0.9515
0.9525
0.9535
0.9545
0.9554
0.9564
0.9573
0.9582
0.9591
0.9599
0.9608
0.9616
0.9625
0.9633
0.9641
0.9649
0.9656
0.9664
0.9671
0.9678
0.9686
0.9693
0.9699
0.9706
0.9713
0.9719
0.9726
0.9732
0.9738
0.9744
0.9750
0.9756
0.9761
0.9767
50
Table 3
Area = P(Z z)
z
P(Z z)
P(Z z)
P(Z z)
P(Z z)
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.48
2.49
0.9772
0.9778
0.9783
0.9788
0.9793
0.9798
0.9803
0.9808
0.9812
0.9817
0.9821
0.9826
0.9830
0.9834
0.9838
0.9842
0.9846
0.9850
0.9854
0.9857
0.9861
0.9864
0.9868
0.9871
0.9875
0.9878
0.9881
0.9884
0.9887
0.9890
0.9893
0.9896
0.9898
0.9901
0.9904
0.9906
0.9909
0.9911
0.9913
0.9916
0.9918
0.9920
0.9922
0.9925
0.9927
0.9929
0.9931
0.9932
0.9934
0.9936
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
2.61
2.62
2.63
2.64
2.65
2.66
2.67
2.68
2.69
2.70
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.74
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.79
2.80
2.81
2.82
2.83
2.84
2.85
2.86
2.87
2.88
2.89
2.90
2.91
2.92
2.93
2.94
2.95
2.96
2.97
2.98
2.99
0.9938
0.9940
0.9941
0.9943
0.9945
0.9946
0.9948
0.9949
0.9951
0.9952
0.9953
0.9955
0.9956
0.9957
0.9959
0.9960
0.9961
0.9962
0.9963
0.9964
0.9965
0.9966
0.9967
0.9968
0.9969
0.9970
0.9971
0.9972
0.9973
0.9974
0.9974
0.9975
0.9976
0.9977
0.9977
0.9978
0.9979
0.9979
0.9980
0.9981
0.9981
0.9982
0.9982
0.9983
0.9984
0.9984
0.9985
0.9985
0.9986
0.9986
3.00
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
3.08
3.09
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.40
3.41
3.42
3.43
3.44
3.45
3.46
3.47
3.48
3.49
0.9987
0.9987
0.9987
0.9988
0.9988
0.9989
0.9989
0.9989
0.9990
0.9990
0.9990
0.9991
0.9991
0.9991
0.9992
0.9992
0.9992
0.9992
0.9993
0.9993
0.9993
0.9993
0.9994
0.9994
0.9994
0.9994
0.9994
0.9995
0.9995
0.9995
0.9995
0.9995
0.9995
0.9996
0.9996
0.9996
0.9996
0.9996
0.9996
0.9997
0.9997
0.9997
0.9997
0.9997
0.9997
0.9997
0.9997
0.9997
0.9997
0.9998
3.50
3.51
3.52
3.53
3.54
3.55
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.59
3.60
3.61
3.62
3.63
3.64
3.65
3.66
3.67
3.68
3.69
3.70
3.71
3.72
3.73
3.74
3.75
3.76
3.77
3.78
3.79
3.80
3.81
3.82
3.83
3.84
3.85
3.86
3.87
3.88
3.89
3.90
3.91
3.92
3.93
3.94
3.95
3.96
3.97
3.98
3.99
4.00
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9998
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
0.9999
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
51
Table 4
Upper Critical Values of Student's T-distribution
Tail Area
Tail Area
df
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
df
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
1
2
3
4
5
3.0777
1.8856
1.6377
1.5332
1.4759
6.3138
2.9200
2.3534
2.1318
2.0150
12.706
4.3027
3.1824
2.7764
2.5706
31.821
6.9646
4.5407
3.7469
3.3649
63.657
9.9248
5.8409
4.6041
4.0321
51
52
53
54
55
1.2984
1.2980
1.2977
1.2974
1.2971
1.6753
1.6747
1.6741
1.6736
1.6730
2.0076
2.0066
2.0057
2.0049
2.0040
2.4017
2.4002
2.3988
2.3974
2.3961
2.6757
2.6737
2.6718
2.6700
2.6682
6
7
8
9
10
1.4398
1.4149
1.3968
1.3830
1.3722
1.9432
1.8946
1.8595
1.8331
1.8125
2.4469
2.3646
2.3060
2.2622
2.2281
3.1427
2.9980
2.8965
2.8214
2.7638
3.7074
3.4995
3.3554
3.2498
3.1693
56
57
58
59
60
1.2969
1.2966
1.2963
1.2961
1.2958
1.6725
1.6720
1.6716
1.6711
1.6706
2.0032
2.0025
2.0017
2.0010
2.0003
2.3948
2.3936
2.3924
2.3912
2.3901
2.6665
2.6649
2.6633
2.6618
2.6603
11
12
13
14
15
1.3634
1.3562
1.3502
1.3450
1.3406
1.7959
1.7823
1.7709
1.7613
1.7531
2.2010
2.1788
2.1604
2.1448
2.1314
2.7181
2.6810
2.6503
2.6245
2.6025
3.1058
3.0545
3.0123
2.9768
2.9467
61
62
63
64
65
1.2956
1.2954
1.2951
1.2949
1.2947
1.6702
1.6698
1.6694
1.6690
1.6686
1.9996
1.9990
1.9983
1.9977
1.9971
2.3890
2.3880
2.3870
2.3860
2.3851
2.6589
2.6575
2.6561
2.6549
2.6536
16
17
18
19
20
1.3368
1.3334
1.3304
1.3277
1.3253
1.7459
1.7396
1.7341
1.7291
1.7247
2.1199
2.1098
2.1009
2.0930
2.0860
2.5835
2.5669
2.5524
2.5395
2.5280
2.9208
2.8982
2.8784
2.8609
2.8453
66
67
68
69
70
1.2945
1.2943
1.2941
1.2939
1.2938
1.6683
1.6679
1.6676
1.6672
1.6669
1.9966
1.9960
1.9955
1.9949
1.9944
2.3842
2.3833
2.3824
2.3816
2.3808
2.6524
2.6512
2.6501
2.6490
2.6479
21
22
23
24
25
1.3232
1.3212
1.3195
1.3178
1.3163
1.7207
1.7171
1.7139
1.7109
1.7081
2.0796
2.0739
2.0687
2.0639
2.0595
2.5176
2.5083
2.4999
2.4922
2.4851
2.8314
2.8188
2.8073
2.7969
2.7874
71
72
73
74
75
1.2936
1.2934
1.2933
1.2931
1.2929
1.6666
1.6663
1.6660
1.6657
1.6654
1.9939
1.9935
1.9930
1.9925
1.9921
2.3800
2.3793
2.3785
2.3778
2.3771
2.6469
2.6459
2.6449
2.6439
2.6430
26
27
28
29
30
1.3150
1.3137
1.3125
1.3114
1.3104
1.7056
1.7033
1.7011
1.6991
1.6973
2.0555
2.0518
2.0484
2.0452
2.0423
2.4786
2.4727
2.4671
2.4620
2.4573
2.7787
2.7707
2.7633
2.7564
2.7500
76
77
78
79
80
1.2928
1.2926
1.2925
1.2924
1.2922
1.6652
1.6649
1.6646
1.6644
1.6641
1.9917
1.9913
1.9908
1.9905
1.9901
2.3764
2.3758
2.3751
2.3745
2.3739
2.6421
2.6412
2.6403
2.6395
2.6387
31
32
33
34
35
1.3095
1.3086
1.3077
1.3070
1.3062
1.6955
1.6939
1.6924
1.6909
1.6896
2.0395
2.0369
2.0345
2.0322
2.0301
2.4528
2.4487
2.4448
2.4411
2.4377
2.7440
2.7385
2.7333
2.7284
2.7238
81
82
83
84
85
1.2921
1.2920
1.2918
1.2917
1.2916
1.6639
1.6636
1.6634
1.6632
1.6630
1.9897
1.9893
1.9890
1.9886
1.9883
2.3733
2.3727
2.3721
2.3716
2.3710
2.6379
2.6371
2.6364
2.6356
2.6349
36
37
38
39
40
1.3055
1.3049
1.3042
1.3036
1.3031
1.6883
1.6871
1.6860
1.6849
1.6839
2.0281
2.0262
2.0244
2.0227
2.0211
2.4345
2.4314
2.4286
2.4258
2.4233
2.7195
2.7154
2.7116
2.7079
2.7045
86
87
88
89
90
1.2915
1.2914
1.2912
1.2911
1.2910
1.6628
1.6626
1.6624
1.6622
1.6620
1.9879
1.9876
1.9873
1.9870
1.9867
2.3705
2.3700
2.3695
2.3690
2.3685
2.6342
2.6335
2.6329
2.6322
2.6316
41
42
43
44
45
1.3025
1.3020
1.3016
1.3011
1.3006
1.6829
1.6820
1.6811
1.6802
1.6794
2.0195
2.0181
2.0167
2.0154
2.0141
2.4208
2.4185
2.4163
2.4141
2.4121
2.7012
2.6981
2.6951
2.6923
2.6896
91
92
93
94
95
1.2909
1.2908
1.2907
1.2906
1.2905
1.6618
1.6616
1.6614
1.6612
1.6611
1.9864
1.9861
1.9858
1.9855
1.9853
2.3680
2.3676
2.3671
2.3667
2.3662
2.6309
2.6303
2.6297
2.6291
2.6286
46
47
48
49
50
1.3002
1.2998
1.2994
1.2991
1.2987
1.6787
1.6779
1.6772
1.6766
1.6759
2.0129
2.0117
2.0106
2.0096
2.0086
2.4102
2.4083
2.4066
2.4049
2.4033
2.6870
2.6846
2.6822
2.6800
2.6778
96
97
98
99
100
1.2904
1.2903
1.2902
1.2902
1.2901
1.6609
1.6607
1.6606
1.6604
1.6602
1.9850
1.9847
1.9845
1.9842
1.9840
2.3658
2.3654
2.3650
2.3646
2.3642
2.6280
2.6275
2.6269
2.6264
2.6259
1.2816
1.6449
1.9600
2.3263
2.5758
52
Table 5
Exact Confidence Intervals for a Population Proportion p

Exact 90% Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion p
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
n=5
0.000
0.010
0.076
0.189
0.343
0.549
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
n=6
0.451
0.657
0.811
0.924
0.990
1.000
0.000
0.009
0.063
0.153
0.271
0.418
0.607
0.283
0.429
0.550
0.655
0.749
0.831
0.902
0.959
0.994
1.000
0.000
0.005
0.037
0.087
0.150
0.222
0.304
0.393
0.493
0.606
0.741
n=9
0.000
0.006
0.041
0.098
0.169
0.251
0.345
0.450
0.571
0.717
n = 10
n = 13
0.000
0.004
0.028
0.066
0.113
0.166
0.224
0.287
0.355
0.427
0.505
0.590
0.684
0.794
0.206
0.316
0.410
0.495
0.573
0.645
0.713
0.776
0.834
0.887
0.934
0.972
0.996
1.000
n = 17
0.000
0.003
0.021
0.050
0.085
0.124
0.166
0.212
0.260
0.311
0.364
0.420
0.478
0.539
0.604
0.674
0.750
0.838
n=7
0.393
0.582
0.729
0.847
0.937
0.991
1.000
0.162
0.250
0.326
0.396
0.461
0.522
0.580
0.636
0.689
0.740
0.788
0.834
0.876
0.915
0.950
0.979
0.997
1.000
0.000
0.005
0.033
0.079
0.135
0.200
0.271
0.350
0.436
0.530
0.636
0.762
0.238
0.364
0.470
0.564
0.650
0.729
0.800
0.865
0.921
0.967
0.995
1.000
n = 15
0.193
0.297
0.385
0.466
0.540
0.610
0.675
0.736
0.794
0.847
0.896
0.939
0.974
0.996
1.000
n = 18
0.000
0.003
0.020
0.047
0.080
0.116
0.156
0.199
0.244
0.291
0.341
0.392
0.446
0.502
0.561
0.623
0.690
0.762
0.847
n=8
0.348
0.521
0.659
0.775
0.871
0.947
0.993
1.000
n = 11
0.259
0.394
0.507
0.607
0.696
0.778
0.850
0.913
0.963
0.995
1.000
n = 14
0.000
0.004
0.026
0.061
0.104
0.153
0.206
0.264
0.325
0.390
0.460
0.534
0.615
0.703
0.807
0.000
0.007
0.053
0.129
0.225
0.341
0.479
0.652
0.000
0.003
0.024
0.057
0.097
0.142
0.191
0.244
0.300
0.360
0.423
0.489
0.560
0.637
0.721
0.819
0.181
0.279
0.363
0.440
0.511
0.577
0.640
0.700
0.756
0.809
0.858
0.903
0.943
0.976
0.997
1.000
n = 19
0.153
0.238
0.310
0.377
0.439
0.498
0.554
0.608
0.659
0.709
0.756
0.801
0.844
0.884
0.920
0.953
0.980
0.997
1.000
53
0.000
0.003
0.019
0.044
0.075
0.110
0.147
0.188
0.230
0.274
0.320
0.368
0.418
0.470
0.524
0.581
0.641
0.704
0.774
0.854
0.146
0.226
0.296
0.359
0.419
0.476
0.530
0.582
0.632
0.680
0.726
0.770
0.812
0.853
0.890
0.925
0.956
0.981
0.997
1.000
0.000
0.006
0.046
0.111
0.193
0.289
0.400
0.529
0.688
0.312
0.471
0.600
0.711
0.807
0.889
0.954
0.994
1.000
n = 12
0.000
0.004
0.030
0.072
0.123
0.181
0.245
0.315
0.391
0.473
0.562
0.661
0.779
0.221
0.339
0.438
0.527
0.609
0.685
0.755
0.819
0.877
0.928
0.970
0.996
1.000
n = 16
0.000
0.003
0.023
0.053
0.090
0.132
0.178
0.227
0.279
0.333
0.391
0.452
0.516
0.583
0.656
0.736
0.829
0.171
0.264
0.344
0.417
0.484
0.548
0.609
0.667
0.721
0.773
0.822
0.868
0.910
0.947
0.977
0.997
1.000
n = 20
0.000
0.003
0.018
0.042
0.071
0.104
0.140
0.177
0.217
0.259
0.302
0.347
0.394
0.442
0.492
0.544
0.599
0.656
0.717
0.784
0.861
0.139
0.216
0.283
0.344
0.401
0.456
0.508
0.558
0.606
0.653
0.698
0.741
0.783
0.823
0.860
0.896
0.929
0.958
0.982
0.997
1.000
Table 5 (continued)
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
n=5
0.000
0.005
0.053
0.147
0.284
0.478
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
n=6
0.522
0.716
0.853
0.947
0.995
1.000
0.000
0.004
0.043
0.118
0.223
0.359
0.541
0.336
0.482
0.600
0.701
0.788
0.863
0.925
0.972
0.997
1.000
0.000
0.003
0.025
0.067
0.122
0.187
0.262
0.348
0.444
0.555
0.692
n=9
0.000
0.003
0.028
0.075
0.137
0.212
0.299
0.400
0.518
0.664
n = 10
n = 13
0.000
0.002
0.019
0.050
0.091
0.139
0.192
0.251
0.316
0.386
0.462
0.546
0.640
0.753
0.247
0.360
0.454
0.538
0.614
0.684
0.749
0.808
0.861
0.909
0.950
0.981
0.998
1.000
n = 17
0.000
0.001
0.015
0.038
0.068
0.103
0.142
0.184
0.230
0.278
0.329
0.383
0.440
0.501
0.566
0.636
0.713
0.805
n=7
0.459
0.641
0.777
0.882
0.957
0.996
1.000
0.195
0.287
0.364
0.434
0.499
0.560
0.617
0.671
0.722
0.770
0.816
0.858
0.897
0.932
0.962
0.985
0.999
1.000
0.000
0.002
0.023
0.060
0.109
0.167
0.234
0.308
0.390
0.482
0.587
0.715
0.285
0.413
0.518
0.610
0.692
0.766
0.833
0.891
0.940
0.977
0.998
1.000
n = 15
0.232
0.339
0.428
0.508
0.581
0.649
0.711
0.770
0.823
0.872
0.916
0.953
0.982
0.998
1.000
n = 18
0.000
0.001
0.014
0.036
0.064
0.097
0.133
0.173
0.215
0.260
0.308
0.357
0.410
0.465
0.524
0.586
0.653
0.727
0.815
n=8
0.410
0.579
0.710
0.816
0.901
0.963
0.996
1.000
n = 11
0.308
0.445
0.556
0.652
0.738
0.813
0.878
0.933
0.975
0.997
1.000
n = 14
0.000
0.002
0.018
0.047
0.084
0.128
0.177
0.230
0.289
0.351
0.419
0.492
0.572
0.661
0.768
0.000
0.004
0.037
0.099
0.184
0.290
0.421
0.590
0.000
0.002
0.017
0.043
0.078
0.118
0.163
0.213
0.266
0.323
0.384
0.449
0.519
0.595
0.681
0.782
0.218
0.319
0.405
0.481
0.551
0.616
0.677
0.734
0.787
0.837
0.882
0.922
0.957
0.983
0.998
1.000
n = 19
0.185
0.273
0.347
0.414
0.476
0.535
0.590
0.643
0.692
0.740
0.785
0.827
0.867
0.903
0.936
0.964
0.986
0.999
1.000
54
0.000
0.001
0.013
0.034
0.061
0.091
0.126
0.163
0.203
0.244
0.289
0.335
0.384
0.434
0.488
0.544
0.604
0.669
0.740
0.824
0.176
0.260
0.331
0.396
0.456
0.512
0.566
0.616
0.665
0.711
0.756
0.797
0.837
0.874
0.909
0.939
0.966
0.987
0.999
1.000
0.000
0.003
0.032
0.085
0.157
0.245
0.349
0.473
0.631
0.369
0.527
0.651
0.755
0.843
0.915
0.968
0.997
1.000
n = 12
0.000
0.002
0.021
0.055
0.099
0.152
0.211
0.277
0.349
0.428
0.516
0.615
0.735
0.265
0.385
0.484
0.572
0.651
0.723
0.789
0.848
0.901
0.945
0.979
0.998
1.000
n = 16
0.000
0.002
0.016
0.040
0.073
0.110
0.152
0.198
0.247
0.299
0.354
0.413
0.476
0.544
0.617
0.698
0.794
0.206
0.302
0.383
0.456
0.524
0.587
0.646
0.701
0.753
0.802
0.848
0.890
0.927
0.960
0.984
0.998
1.000
n = 20
0.000
0.001
0.012
0.032
0.057
0.087
0.119
0.154
0.191
0.231
0.272
0.315
0.361
0.408
0.457
0.509
0.563
0.621
0.683
0.751
0.832
0.168
0.249
0.317
0.379
0.437
0.491
0.543
0.592
0.639
0.685
0.728
0.769
0.809
0.846
0.881
0.913
0.943
0.968
0.988
0.999
1.000
Table 5 (continued)
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
n=5
0.000
0.001
0.023
0.083
0.185
0.347
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
n=6
0.653
0.815
0.917
0.977
0.999
1.000
0.000
0.001
0.019
0.066
0.144
0.254
0.414
0.445
0.585
0.693
0.781
0.854
0.913
0.958
0.988
0.999
1.000
0.000
0.001
0.011
0.037
0.077
0.128
0.191
0.265
0.352
0.456
0.589
n=9
0.000
0.001
0.012
0.042
0.087
0.146
0.219
0.307
0.415
0.555
n = 10
n = 13
0.000
0.000
0.008
0.028
0.057
0.094
0.138
0.189
0.245
0.309
0.379
0.459
0.551
0.665
0.335
0.449
0.541
0.621
0.691
0.755
0.811
0.862
0.906
0.943
0.972
0.992
1.000
1.000
n = 17
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.021
0.043
0.070
0.101
0.137
0.176
0.219
0.266
0.315
0.369
0.427
0.490
0.559
0.637
0.732
n=7
0.586
0.746
0.856
0.934
0.981
0.999
1.000
0.268
0.363
0.441
0.510
0.573
0.631
0.685
0.734
0.781
0.824
0.863
0.899
0.930
0.957
0.979
0.994
1.000
1.000
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.033
0.069
0.114
0.169
0.233
0.307
0.392
0.491
0.618
0.382
0.509
0.608
0.693
0.767
0.831
0.886
0.931
0.967
0.990
1.000
1.000
n = 15
0.315
0.424
0.512
0.589
0.658
0.720
0.777
0.828
0.873
0.913
0.947
0.974
0.992
1.000
1.000
n = 18
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.020
0.040
0.065
0.095
0.128
0.165
0.205
0.247
0.293
0.342
0.395
0.451
0.512
0.578
0.654
0.745
n=8
0.531
0.685
0.797
0.882
0.945
0.984
0.999
1.000
n = 11
0.411
0.544
0.648
0.735
0.809
0.872
0.923
0.963
0.989
0.999
1.000
n = 14
0.000
0.000
0.008
0.026
0.053
0.087
0.127
0.172
0.223
0.280
0.342
0.411
0.488
0.576
0.685
0.000
0.001
0.016
0.055
0.118
0.203
0.315
0.469
0.000
0.000
0.007
0.024
0.049
0.080
0.117
0.159
0.205
0.256
0.312
0.373
0.439
0.514
0.598
0.702
0.298
0.402
0.486
0.561
0.627
0.688
0.744
0.795
0.841
0.883
0.920
0.951
0.976
0.993
1.000
1.000
n = 19
0.255
0.346
0.422
0.488
0.549
0.605
0.658
0.707
0.753
0.795
0.835
0.872
0.905
0.935
0.960
0.980
0.994
1.000
1.000
55
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.019
0.038
0.062
0.090
0.121
0.155
0.192
0.232
0.274
0.319
0.367
0.418
0.473
0.532
0.596
0.669
0.757
0.243
0.331
0.404
0.468
0.527
0.582
0.633
0.681
0.726
0.768
0.808
0.845
0.879
0.910
0.938
0.962
0.981
0.994
1.000
1.000
0.000
0.001
0.014
0.047
0.100
0.170
0.258
0.368
0.516
0.484
0.632
0.742
0.830
0.900
0.953
0.986
0.999
1.000
n = 12
0.000
0.000
0.009
0.030
0.062
0.103
0.152
0.209
0.272
0.345
0.427
0.523
0.643
0.357
0.477
0.573
0.655
0.728
0.791
0.848
0.897
0.938
0.970
0.991
1.000
1.000
n = 16
0.000
0.000
0.007
0.022
0.045
0.075
0.109
0.147
0.190
0.236
0.287
0.342
0.401
0.466
0.537
0.619
0.718
0.282
0.381
0.463
0.534
0.599
0.658
0.713
0.764
0.810
0.853
0.891
0.925
0.955
0.978
0.993
1.000
1.000
n = 20
0.000
0.000
0.005
0.018
0.036
0.058
0.085
0.114
0.146
0.181
0.218
0.257
0.299
0.343
0.390
0.440
0.493
0.551
0.613
0.683
0.767
0.233
0.317
0.387
0.449
0.507
0.560
0.610
0.657
0.701
0.743
0.782
0.819
0.854
0.886
0.915
0.942
0.964
0.982
0.995
1.000
1.000
Distribution of The Sign-Test Statistic: P(X x), X ~ Bin(n, .5)
Table 6
n
x
0
1
2
3
4
0.1250
0.5000
0.8750
1.0000
0.0625
0.3125
0.6875
0.9375
1.0000
0.0313
0.1875
0.5000
0.8125
0.9687
0.0156
0.1094
0.3438
0.6562
0.8906
0.0078
0.0625
0.2266
0.5000
0.7734
0.0039
0.0352
0.1445
0.3633
0.6367
0.0020
0.0195
0.0898
0.2539
0.5000
n
x
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.0001
0.0107
0.0547
0.1719
0.3770
0.6230
0.8281
0.9453
0.9893
0.0005
0.0059
0.0327
0.1133
0.2744
0.5000
0.7256
0.8867
0.9673
0.0002
0.0032
0.0193
0.0730
0.1938
0.3872
0.6128
0.8062
0.9270
0.0001
0.0017
0.0112
0.0461
0.1334
0.2905
0.5000
0.7095
0.8666
0.0001
0.0009
0.0065
0.0287
0.0898
0.2120
0.3953
0.6047
0.7880
0.0000
0.0005
0.0037
0.0176
0.0592
0.1509
0.3036
0.5000
0.6964
0.0000
0.0003
0.0021
0.0106
0.0384
0.1051
0.2272
0.4018
0.5982
n
x
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.0000
0.0001
0.0012
0.0064
0.0245
0.0717
0.1662
0.3145
0.5000
0.6855
0.8338
0.9283
0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0038
0.0154
0.0481
0.1189
0.2403
0.4073
0.5927
0.7597
0.8811
0.0000
0.0000
0.0004
0.0022
0.0096
0.0318
0.0835
0.1796
0.3238
0.5000
0.6762
0.8204
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0013
0.0059
0.0207
0.0577
0.1316
0.2517
0.4119
0.5881
0.7483
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0007
0.0036
0.0133
0.0392
0.0946
0.1917
0.3318
0.5000
0.6682
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0004
0.0022
0.0085
0.0262
0.0669
0.1431
0.2617
0.4159
0.5841
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0013
0.0053
0.0173
0.0466
0.1050
0.2024
0.3388
0.5000
n
x
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0008
0.0033
0.0113
0.0320
0.0758
0.1537
0.2706
0.4194
0.5806
0.7294
0.8463
0.9242
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0020
0.0073
0.0216
0.0539
0.1148
0.2122
0.3450
0.5000
0.6550
0.7878
0.8852
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0003
0.0012
0.0047
0.0145
0.0378
0.0843
0.1635
0.2786
0.4225
0.5775
0.7214
0.8365
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0008
0.0030
0.0096
0.0261
0.0610
0.1239
0.2210
0.3506
0.5000
0.6494
0.7790
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0019
0.0063
0.0178
0.0436
0.0925
0.1725
0.2858
0.4253
0.5747
0.7142
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0003
0.0012
0.0041
0.0121
0.0307
0.0680
0.1325
0.2291
0.3555
0.5000
0.6445
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0007
0.0026
0.0081
0.0214
0.0494
0.1002
0.1808
0.2923
0.4278
0.5722
56
Table 7
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Distribution: P(V v)
n
v
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
0.5000
1.0000
0.2500
0.5000
0.7500
1.0000
0.1250
0.2500
0.3750
0.6250
0.7500
0.8750
1.0000
0.0625
0.1250
0.1875
0.3125
0.4375
0.5625
0.6875
0.8125
0.8750
0.9375
1.0000
0.0313
0.0625
0.0938
0.1563
0.2188
0.3125
0.4063
0.5000
0.5937
0.6875
0.7812
0.8437
0.9062
0.9375
0.9687
1.0000
0.0156
0.0313
0.0469
0.0781
0.1094
0.1563
0.2188
0.2813
0.3438
0.4219
0.5000
0.5781
0.6562
0.7187
0.7812
0.8437
0.8906
0.9219
0.9531
0.9687
0.9844
1.0000
0.0078
0.0156
0.0234
0.0391
0.0547
0.0781
0.1094
0.1484
0.1875
0.2344
0.2891
0.3438
0.4063
0.4688
0.5312
0.5937
0.6562
0.7109
0.7656
0.8125
0.8516
0.8906
0.9219
0.9453
0.9609
0.9766
0.9844
0.9922
1.0000
57
Table 7
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Distribution: P(V v) (continued)
n
v
10
11
12
13
14
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
0.0039
0.0078
0.0117
0.0195
0.0273
0.0391
0.0547
0.0742
0.0977
0.1250
0.1563
0.1914
0.2305
0.2734
0.3203
0.3711
0.4219
0.4727
0.5273
0.5781
0.6289
0.6797
0.7266
0.7695
0.8086
0.8437
0.8750
0.9023
0.9258
0.9453
0.9609
0.9727
0.9805
0.9883
0.9922
0.9961
1.0000
0.0020
0.0039
0.0059
0.0098
0.0137
0.0195
0.0273
0.0371
0.0488
0.0645
0.0820
0.1016
0.1250
0.1504
0.1797
0.2129
0.2480
0.2852
0.3262
0.3672
0.4102
0.4551
0.5000
0.5449
0.5898
0.6328
0.6738
0.7148
0.7520
0.7871
0.8203
0.8496
0.8750
0.8984
0.9180
0.9355
0.9512
0.9629
0.9727
0.9805
0.9863
0.9902
0.9941
0.9961
0.9980
1.0000
0.0010
0.0020
0.0029
0.0049
0.0068
0.0098
0.0137
0.0186
0.0244
0.0322
0.0420
0.0527
0.0654
0.0801
0.0967
0.1162
0.1377
0.1611
0.1875
0.2158
0.2461
0.2783
0.3125
0.3477
0.3848
0.4229
0.4609
0.5000
0.5391
0.5771
0.6152
0.6523
0.6875
0.7217
0.7539
0.7842
0.8125
0.8389
0.8623
0.8838
0.9033
0.9199
0.9346
0.9473
0.9580
0.9678
0.9756
0.9814
0.9863
0.9902
0.9932
0.9951
0.9971
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0024
0.0034
0.0049
0.0068
0.0093
0.0122
0.0161
0.0210
0.0269
0.0337
0.0415
0.0508
0.0615
0.0737
0.0874
0.1030
0.1201
0.1392
0.1602
0.1826
0.2065
0.2324
0.2598
0.2886
0.3188
0.3501
0.3823
0.4155
0.4492
0.4829
0.5171
0.5508
0.5845
0.6177
0.6499
0.6812
0.7114
0.7402
0.7676
0.7935
0.8174
0.8398
0.8608
0.8799
0.8970
0.9126
0.9263
0.9385
0.9492
0.9585
0.0002
0.0005
0.0007
0.0012
0.0017
0.0024
0.0034
0.0046
0.0061
0.0081
0.0105
0.0134
0.0171
0.0212
0.0261
0.0320
0.0386
0.0461
0.0549
0.0647
0.0757
0.0881
0.1018
0.1167
0.1331
0.1506
0.1697
0.1902
0.2119
0.2349
0.2593
0.2847
0.3110
0.3386
0.3667
0.3955
0.4250
0.4548
0.4849
0.5151
0.5452
0.5750
0.6045
0.6333
0.6614
0.6890
0.7153
0.7407
0.7651
0.7881
0.8098
0.8303
0.8494
0.0001
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0009
0.0012
0.0017
0.0023
0.0031
0.0040
0.0052
0.0067
0.0085
0.0107
0.0133
0.0164
0.0199
0.0239
0.0287
0.0341
0.0402
0.0471
0.0549
0.0636
0.0732
0.0839
0.0955
0.1082
0.1219
0.1367
0.1527
0.1698
0.1879
0.2072
0.2274
0.2487
0.2709
0.2939
0.3177
0.3424
0.3677
0.3934
0.4197
0.4463
0.4730
0.5000
0.5270
0.5537
0.5803
0.6066
0.6323
0.6576
0.6823
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0009
0.0012
0.0015
0.0020
0.0026
0.0034
0.0043
0.0054
0.0067
0.0083
0.0101
0.0123
0.0148
0.0176
0.0209
0.0247
0.0290
0.0338
0.0392
0.0453
0.0520
0.0594
0.0676
0.0765
0.0863
0.0969
0.1083
0.1206
0.1338
0.1479
0.1629
0.1788
0.1955
0.2131
0.2316
0.2508
0.2708
0.2915
0.3129
0.3349
0.3574
0.3804
0.4039
0.4276
0.4516
0.4758
0.5000
58
Table 7
n
v
15
16
17
18
19
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0013
0.0017
0.0021
0.0027
0.0034
0.0042
0.0051
0.0062
0.0075
0.0090
0.0108
0.0128
0.0151
0.0177
0.0206
0.0240
0.0277
0.0319
0.0365
0.0416
0.0473
0.0535
0.0603
0.0677
0.0757
0.0844
0.0938
0.1039
0.1147
0.1262
0.1384
0.1514
0.1651
0.1796
0.1947
0.2106
0.2271
0.2444
0.2622
0.2807
0.2997
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0007
0.0008
0.0011
0.0013
0.0017
0.0021
0.0026
0.0031
0.0038
0.0046
0.0055
0.0065
0.0078
0.0091
0.0107
0.0125
0.0145
0.0168
0.0193
0.0222
0.0253
0.0288
0.0327
0.0370
0.0416
0.0467
0.0523
0.0583
0.0649
0.0719
0.0795
0.0877
0.0964
0.1057
0.1156
0.1261
0.1372
0.1489
0.1613
0.1742
0.1877
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0007
0.0008
0.0010
0.0013
0.0016
0.0019
0.0023
0.0028
0.0033
0.0040
0.0047
0.0055
0.0064
0.0075
0.0087
0.0101
0.0116
0.0133
0.0153
0.0174
0.0198
0.0224
0.0253
0.0284
0.0319
0.0357
0.0398
0.0443
0.0492
0.0544
0.0601
0.0662
0.0727
0.0797
0.0871
0.0950
0.1034
0.1123
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
0.0017
0.0020
0.0024
0.0028
0.0033
0.0038
0.0045
0.0052
0.0060
0.0069
0.0080
0.0091
0.0104
0.0118
0.0134
0.0152
0.0171
0.0192
0.0216
0.0241
0.0269
0.0300
0.0333
0.0368
0.0407
0.0449
0.0494
0.0542
0.0594
0.0649
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
0.0017
0.0020
0.0023
0.0027
0.0031
0.0036
0.0041
0.0047
0.0054
0.0062
0.0070
0.0080
0.0090
0.0102
0.0115
0.0129
0.0145
0.0162
0.0180
0.0201
0.0223
0.0247
0.0273
0.0301
0.0331
0.0364
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.0018
0.0021
0.0024
0.0028
0.0032
0.0036
0.0042
0.0047
0.0053
0.0060
0.0068
0.0077
0.0086
0.0096
0.0107
0.0120
0.0133
0.0148
0.0164
0.0181
0.0200
59
Table 7
n
v
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
15
16
17
18
19
20
0.3193
0.3394
0.3599
0.3808
0.4020
0.4235
0.4452
0.4670
0.4890
0.5110
0.5330
0.5548
0.5765
0.5980
0.6192
0.6401
0.6606
0.6807
0.7003
0.7193
0.7378
0.7556
0.7729
0.7894
0.8053
0.8204
0.8349
0.8486
0.8616
0.8738
0.8853
0.8961
0.9062
0.9156
0.9243
0.9323
0.9397
0.9465
0.9527
0.9584
0.9635
0.9681
0.9723
0.9760
0.9794
0.9823
0.9849
0.9872
0.9892
0.9910
0.9925
0.9938
0.9949
0.9958
0.9966
0.2019
0.2166
0.2319
0.2477
0.2641
0.2809
0.2983
0.3161
0.3343
0.3529
0.3718
0.3910
0.4104
0.4301
0.4500
0.4699
0.4900
0.5100
0.5301
0.5500
0.5699
0.5896
0.6090
0.6282
0.6471
0.6657
0.6839
0.7017
0.7191
0.7359
0.7523
0.7681
0.7834
0.7981
0.8123
0.8258
0.8387
0.8511
0.8628
0.8739
0.8844
0.8943
0.9036
0.9123
0.9205
0.9281
0.9351
0.9417
0.9477
0.9533
0.9584
0.9630
0.9673
0.9712
0.9747
0.1217
0.1317
0.1421
0.1530
0.1645
0.1764
0.1889
0.2019
0.2153
0.2293
0.2437
0.2585
0.2738
0.2895
0.3056
0.3221
0.3389
0.3559
0.3733
0.3910
0.4088
0.4268
0.4450
0.4633
0.4816
0.5000
0.5184
0.5367
0.5550
0.5732
0.5912
0.6090
0.6267
0.6441
0.6611
0.6779
0.6944
0.7105
0.7262
0.7415
0.7563
0.7707
0.7847
0.7981
0.8111
0.8236
0.8355
0.8470
0.8579
0.8683
0.8783
0.8877
0.8966
0.9050
0.9129
0.0708
0.0770
0.0837
0.0907
0.0982
0.1061
0.1144
0.1231
0.1323
0.1419
0.1519
0.1624
0.1733
0.1846
0.1964
0.2086
0.2211
0.2341
0.2475
0.2613
0.2754
0.2899
0.3047
0.3198
0.3353
0.3509
0.3669
0.3830
0.3994
0.4159
0.4325
0.4493
0.4661
0.4831
0.5000
0.5169
0.5339
0.5507
0.5675
0.5841
0.6006
0.6170
0.6331
0.6491
0.6647
0.6802
0.6953
0.7101
0.7246
0.7387
0.7525
0.7659
0.7789
0.7914
0.8036
0.0399
0.0437
0.0478
0.0521
0.0567
0.0616
0.0668
0.0723
0.0782
0.0844
0.0909
0.0978
0.1051
0.1127
0.1206
0.1290
0.1377
0.1467
0.1562
0.1660
0.1762
0.1868
0.1977
0.2090
0.2207
0.2327
0.2450
0.2576
0.2706
0.2839
0.2974
0.3113
0.3254
0.3397
0.3543
0.3690
0.3840
0.3991
0.4144
0.4298
0.4453
0.4609
0.4765
0.4922
0.5078
0.5235
0.5391
0.5547
0.5702
0.5856
0.6009
0.6160
0.6310
0.6457
0.6603
0.0220
0.0242
0.0266
0.0291
0.0319
0.0348
0.0379
0.0413
0.0448
0.0487
0.0527
0.0570
0.0615
0.0664
0.0715
0.0768
0.0825
0.0884
0.0947
0.1012
0.1081
0.1153
0.1227
0.1305
0.1387
0.1471
0.1559
0.1650
0.1744
0.1841
0.1942
0.2045
0.2152
0.2262
0.2375
0.2490
0.2608
0.2729
0.2853
0.2979
0.3108
0.3238
0.3371
0.3506
0.3643
0.3781
0.3921
0.4062
0.4204
0.4347
0.4492
0.4636
0.4782
0.4927
0.5073
60
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Distribution: P(W w)
Table 8
Note: nX is the smaller sample size, nY the larger sample size
nX = 2
nY
w
10
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
0.1667
0.3333
0.6667
0.8333
1.0000
0.1000
0.2000
0.4000
0.6000
0.8000
0.9000
1.0000
0.0667
0.1333
0.2667
0.4000
0.6000
0.7333
0.8667
0.9333
1.0000
0.0476
0.0952
0.1905
0.2857
0.4286
0.5714
0.7143
0.8095
0.9048
0.9524
1.0000
0.0357
0.0714
0.1429
0.2143
0.3214
0.4286
0.5714
0.6786
0.7857
0.8571
0.9286
0.9643
1.0000
0.0278
0.0556
0.1111
0.1667
0.2500
0.3333
0.4444
0.5556
0.6667
0.7500
0.8333
0.8889
0.9444
0.9722
1.0000
0.0222
0.0444
0.0889
0.1333
0.2000
0.2667
0.3556
0.4444
0.5556
0.6444
0.7333
0.8000
0.8667
0.9111
0.9556
0.9778
1.0000
0.0182
0.0364
0.0727
0.1091
0.1636
0.2182
0.2909
0.3636
0.4545
0.5455
0.6364
0.7091
0.7818
0.8364
0.8909
0.9273
0.9636
0.9818
1.0000
0.0152
0.0303
0.0606
0.0909
0.1364
0.1818
0.2424
0.3030
0.3788
0.4545
0.5455
0.6212
0.6970
0.7576
0.8182
0.8636
0.9091
0.9394
0.9697
0.9848
1.0000
nX = 3
nY
w
10
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
0.0500
0.1000
0.2000
0.3500
0.5000
0.6500
0.8000
0.9000
0.9500
1.0000
0.0286
0.0571
0.1143
0.2000
0.3143
0.4286
0.5714
0.6857
0.8000
0.8857
0.9429
0.9714
1.0000
0.0179
0.0357
0.0714
0.1250
0.1964
0.2857
0.3929
0.5000
0.6071
0.7143
0.8036
0.8750
0.9286
0.9643
0.9821
1.0000
0.0119
0.0238
0.0476
0.0833
0.1310
0.1905
0.2738
0.3571
0.4524
0.5476
0.6429
0.7262
0.8095
0.8690
0.9167
0.9524
0.0083
0.0167
0.0333
0.0583
0.0917
0.1333
0.1917
0.2583
0.3333
0.4167
0.5000
0.5833
0.6667
0.7417
0.8083
0.8667
0.0061
0.0121
0.0242
0.0424
0.0667
0.0970
0.1394
0.1879
0.2485
0.3152
0.3879
0.4606
0.5394
0.6121
0.6848
0.7515
0.0045
0.0091
0.0182
0.0318
0.0500
0.0727
0.1045
0.1409
0.1864
0.2409
0.3000
0.3636
0.4318
0.5000
0.5682
0.6364
0.0035
0.0070
0.0140
0.0245
0.0385
0.0559
0.0804
0.1084
0.1434
0.1853
0.2343
0.2867
0.3462
0.4056
0.4685
0.5315
61
Table 8
Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon Distribution: P(W w) (continued)

nX = 4
nY
w
10
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.0143
0.0286
0.0571
0.1000
0.1714
0.2429
0.3429
0.4429
0.5571
0.6571
0.7571
0.8286
0.9000
0.9429
0.9714
0.9857
1.0000
0.0079
0.0159
0.0317
0.0556
0.0952
0.1429
0.2063
0.2778
0.3651
0.4524
0.5476
0.6349
0.7222
0.7937
0.8571
0.9048
0.9444
0.9683
0.9841
0.9921
1.0000
0.0048
0.0095
0.0190
0.0333
0.0571
0.0857
0.1286
0.1762
0.2381
0.3048
0.3810
0.4571
0.5429
0.6190
0.6952
0.7619
0.8238
0.8714
0.9143
0.9429
0.9667
0.0030
0.0061
0.0121
0.0212
0.0364
0.0545
0.0818
0.1152
0.1576
0.2061
0.2636
0.3242
0.3939
0.4636
0.5364
0.6061
0.6758
0.7364
0.7939
0.8424
0.8848
0.0020
0.0040
0.0081
0.0141
0.0242
0.0364
0.0545
0.0768
0.1071
0.1414
0.1838
0.2303
0.2848
0.3414
0.4040
0.4667
0.5333
0.5960
0.6586
0.7152
0.7697
0.0014
0.0028
0.0056
0.0098
0.0168
0.0252
0.0378
0.0531
0.0741
0.0993
0.1301
0.1650
0.2070
0.2517
0.3021
0.3552
0.4126
0.4699
0.5301
0.5874
0.6448
0.0010
0.0020
0.0040
0.0070
0.0120
0.0180
0.0270
0.0380
0.0529
0.0709
0.0939
0.1199
0.1518
0.1868
0.2268
0.2697
0.3177
0.3666
0.4196
0.4725
0.5275
nX = 5
nY
w
10
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
0.0040
0.0079
0.0159
0.0278
0.0476
0.0754
0.1111
0.1548
0.2103
0.2738
0.3452
0.4206
0.5000
0.5794
0.6548
0.7262
0.7897
0.8452
0.8889
0.9246
0.9524
0.9722
0.9841
0.9921
0.9960
1.0000
0.0022
0.0043
0.0087
0.0152
0.0260
0.0411
0.0628
0.0887
0.1234
0.1645
0.2143
0.2684
0.3312
0.3961
0.4654
0.5346
0.6039
0.6688
0.7316
0.7857
0.8355
0.8766
0.9113
0.9372
0.9589
0.9740
0.0013
0.0025
0.0051
0.0088
0.0152
0.0240
0.0366
0.0530
0.0745
0.1010
0.1338
0.1717
0.2159
0.2652
0.3194
0.3775
0.4381
0.5000
0.5619
0.6225
0.6806
0.7348
0.7841
0.8283
0.8662
0.8990
0.0008
0.0016
0.0031
0.0054
0.0093
0.0148
0.0225
0.0326
0.0466
0.0637
0.0855
0.1111
0.1422
0.1772
0.2176
0.2618
0.3108
0.3621
0.4165
0.4716
0.5284
0.5835
0.6379
0.6892
0.7382
0.7824
0.0005
0.0010
0.0020
0.0035
0.0060
0.0095
0.0145
0.0210
0.0300
0.0415
0.0559
0.0734
0.0949
0.1199
0.1489
0.1818
0.2188
0.2592
0.3032
0.3497
0.3986
0.4491
0.5000
0.5509
0.6014
0.6503
0.0003
0.0007
0.0013
0.0023
0.0040
0.0063
0.0097
0.0140
0.0200
0.0276
0.0376
0.0496
0.0646
0.0823
0.1032
0.1272
0.1548
0.1855
0.2198
0.2567
0.2970
0.3393
0.3839
0.4296
0.4765
0.5235
62
Table 8
nX = 6
nX = 7
nY
nY
10
10
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
0.0011
0.0022
0.0043
0.0076
0.0130
0.0206
0.0325
0.0465
0.0660
0.0898
0.1201
0.1548
0.1970
0.2424
0.2944
0.3496
0.4091
0.4686
0.5314
0.5909
0.6504
0.7056
0.7576
0.8030
0.8452
0.8799
0.9102
0.9340
0.9535
0.9675
0.9794
0.9870
0.9924
0.9957
0.9978
0.9989
1.0000
0.0006
0.0012
0.0023
0.0041
0.0070
0.0111
0.0175
0.0256
0.0367
0.0507
0.0688
0.0903
0.1171
0.1474
0.1830
0.2226
0.2669
0.3141
0.3654
0.4178
0.4726
0.5274
0.5822
0.6346
0.6859
0.7331
0.7774
0.8170
0.8526
0.8829
0.9097
0.9312
0.9493
0.9633
0.9744
0.9825
0.9889
0.9930
0.9959
0.9977
0.9988
0.9994
1.0000
0.0003
0.0007
0.0013
0.0023
0.0040
0.0063
0.0100
0.0147
0.0213
0.0296
0.0406
0.0539
0.0709
0.0906
0.1142
0.1412
0.1725
0.2068
0.2454
0.2864
0.3310
0.3773
0.4259
0.4749
0.5251
0.5741
0.6227
0.6690
0.7136
0.7546
0.7932
0.8275
0.8588
0.8858
0.9094
0.9291
0.9461
0.9594
0.9704
0.9787
0.9853
0.9900
0.9937
0.9960
0.9977
0.9987
0.9993
0.9997
1.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0008
0.0014
0.0024
0.0038
0.0060
0.0088
0.0128
0.0180
0.0248
0.0332
0.0440
0.0567
0.0723
0.0905
0.1119
0.1361
0.1638
0.1942
0.2280
0.2643
0.3035
0.3445
0.3878
0.4320
0.4773
0.5227
0.5680
0.6122
0.6555
0.6965
0.7357
0.7720
0.8058
0.8362
0.8639
0.8881
0.9095
0.9277
0.9433
0.9560
0.9668
0.9752
0.9820
0.9872
0.9912
0.9940
0.9962
0.9976
0.9986
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.0009
0.0015
0.0024
0.0037
0.0055
0.0080
0.0112
0.0156
0.0210
0.0280
0.0363
0.0467
0.0589
0.0736
0.0903
0.1099
0.1317
0.1566
0.1838
0.2139
0.2461
0.2811
0.3177
0.3564
0.3962
0.4374
0.4789
0.5211
0.5626
0.6038
0.6436
0.6823
0.7189
0.7539
0.7861
0.8162
0.8434
0.8683
0.8901
0.9097
0.9264
0.9411
0.9533
0.9637
0.9720
0.9790
0.9844
0.9888
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
0.0003
0.0006
0.0012
0.0020
0.0035
0.0055
0.0087
0.0131
0.0189
0.0265
0.0364
0.0487
0.0641
0.0825
0.1043
0.1297
0.1588
0.1914
0.2279
0.2675
0.3100
0.3552
0.4024
0.4508
0.5000
0.5492
0.5976
0.6448
0.6900
0.7325
0.7721
0.8086
0.8412
0.8703
0.8957
0.9175
0.9359
0.9513
0.9636
0.9735
0.9811
0.9869
0.9913
0.9945
0.9965
0.9980
0.9988
0.9994
0.9997
1.0000
0.0002
0.0003
0.0006
0.0011
0.0019
0.0030
0.0047
0.0070
0.0103
0.0145
0.0200
0.0270
0.0361
0.0469
0.0603
0.0760
0.0946
0.1159
0.1405
0.1678
0.1984
0.2317
0.2679
0.3063
0.3472
0.3894
0.4333
0.4775
0.5225
0.5667
0.6106
0.6528
0.6937
0.7321
0.7683
0.8016
0.8322
0.8595
0.8841
0.9054
0.9240
0.9397
0.9531
0.9639
0.9730
0.9800
0.9855
0.9897
0.9930
0.9953
0.9970
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0006
0.0010
0.0017
0.0026
0.0039
0.0058
0.0082
0.0115
0.0156
0.0209
0.0274
0.0356
0.0454
0.0571
0.0708
0.0869
0.1052
0.1261
0.1496
0.1755
0.2039
0.2349
0.2680
0.3032
0.3403
0.3788
0.4185
0.4591
0.5000
0.5409
0.5815
0.6212
0.6597
0.6968
0.7320
0.7651
0.7961
0.8245
0.8504
0.8739
0.8948
0.9131
0.9292
0.9429
0.9546
0.9644
0.9726
0.9791
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0010
0.0015
0.0023
0.0034
0.0048
0.0068
0.0093
0.0125
0.0165
0.0215
0.0277
0.0351
0.0439
0.0544
0.0665
0.0806
0.0966
0.1148
0.1349
0.1574
0.1819
0.2087
0.2374
0.2681
0.3004
0.3345
0.3698
0.4063
0.4434
0.4811
0.5189
0.5566
0.5937
0.6302
0.6655
0.6996
0.7319
0.7626
0.7913
0.8181
0.8426
0.8651
0.8852
0.9034
0.9194
0.9335
63
Table 8

nX = 8
nX = 9
nX = 10
nY
nY
nY
10
10
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0009
0.0015
0.0023
0.0035
0.0052
0.0074
0.0103
0.0141
0.0190
0.0249
0.0325
0.0415
0.0524
0.0652
0.0803
0.0974
0.1172
0.1393
0.1641
0.1911
0.2209
0.2527
0.2869
0.3227
0.3605
0.3992
0.4392
0.4796
0.5204
0.5608
0.6008
0.6395
0.6773
0.7131
0.7473
0.7791
0.8089
0.8359
0.8607
0.8828
0.9026
0.9197
0.9348
0.9476
0.9585
0.9675
0.9751
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0008
0.0012
0.0019
0.0028
0.0039
0.0056
0.0076
0.0103
0.0137
0.0180
0.0232
0.0296
0.0372
0.0464
0.0570
0.0694
0.0836
0.0998
0.1179
0.1383
0.1606
0.1852
0.2117
0.2404
0.2707
0.3029
0.3365
0.3715
0.4074
0.4442
0.4813
0.5187
0.5558
0.5926
0.6285
0.6635
0.6971
0.7293
0.7596
0.7883
0.8148
0.8394
0.8617
0.8821
0.9002
0.9164
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0007
0.0010
0.0015
0.0022
0.0031
0.0043
0.0058
0.0078
0.0103
0.0133
0.0171
0.0217
0.0273
0.0338
0.0416
0.0506
0.0610
0.0729
0.0864
0.1015
0.1185
0.1371
0.1577
0.1800
0.2041
0.2299
0.2574
0.2863
0.3167
0.3482
0.3809
0.4143
0.4484
0.4827
0.5173
0.5516
0.5857
0.6191
0.6518
0.6833
0.7137
0.7426
0.7701
0.7959
0.8200
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0009
0.0014
0.0020
0.0028
0.0039
0.0053
0.0071
0.0094
0.0122
0.0157
0.0200
0.0252
0.0313
0.0385
0.0470
0.0567
0.0680
0.0807
0.0951
0.1112
0.1290
0.1487
0.1701
0.1933
0.2181
0.2447
0.2729
0.3024
0.3332
0.3652
0.3981
0.4317
0.4657
0.5000
0.5343
0.5683
0.6019
0.6348
0.6668
0.6976
0.7271
0.7553
0.7819
0.8067
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0005
0.0007
0.0011
0.0015
0.0021
0.0028
0.0038
0.0051
0.0066
0.0086
0.0110
0.0140
0.0175
0.0217
0.0267
0.0326
0.0394
0.0474
0.0564
0.0667
0.0782
0.0912
0.1055
0.1214
0.1388
0.1577
0.1781
0.2001
0.2235
0.2483
0.2745
0.3019
0.3304
0.3598
0.3901
0.4211
0.4524
0.4841
0.5159
0.5476
0.5789
0.6099
0.6402
0.6696
64
w
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
10
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0004
0.0005
0.0008
0.0010
0.0014
0.0019
0.0026
0.0034
0.0045
0.0057
0.0073
0.0093
0.0116
0.0144
0.0177
0.0216
0.0262
0.0315
0.0376
0.0446
0.0526
0.0615
0.0716
0.0827
0.0952
0.1088
0.1237
0.1399
0.1575
0.1763
0.1965
0.2179
0.2406
0.2644
0.2894
0.3153
0.3421
0.3697
0.3980
0.4267
0.4559
0.4853
0.5147
Table 9
Upper Critical Values of the Chi-Square Distribution
12
0
Tail Area 1 -
Tail Area
df
.995
.99
.975
.95
.90
df
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
1
2
3
4
5
0.000
0.010
0.072
0.207
0.412
0.000
0.020
0.115
0.297
0.554
0.001
0.051
0.216
0.484
0.831
0.004
0.103
0.352
0.711
1.145
0.016
0.211
0.584
1.064
1.610
1
2
3
4
5
2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779
9.236
3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.070
5.024
7.378
9.348
11.143
12.833
6.635
9.210
11.345
13.277
15.086
7.879
10.597
12.838
14.860
16.750
6
7
8
9
10
0.676
0.989
1.344
1.735
2.156
0.872
1.239
1.646
2.088
2.558
1.237
1.690
2.180
2.700
3.247
1.635
2.167
2.733
3.325
3.940
2.204
2.833
3.490
4.168
4.865
6
7
8
9
10
10.645
12.017
13.362
14.684
15.987
12.592
14.067
15.507
16.919
18.307
14.449
16.013
17.535
19.023
20.483
16.812
18.475
20.090
21.666
23.209
18.548
20.278
21.955
23.589
25.188
11
12
13
14
15
2.603
3.074
3.565
4.075
4.601
3.053
3.571
4.107
4.660
5.229
3.816
4.404
5.009
5.629
6.262
4.575
5.226
5.892
6.571
7.261
5.578
6.304
7.042
7.790
8.547
11
12
13
14
15
17.275
18.549
19.812
21.064
22.307
19.675
21.026
22.362
23.685
24.996
21.920
23.337
24.736
26.119
27.488
24.725
26.217
27.688
29.141
30.578
26.757
28.300
29.819
31.319
32.801
16
17
18
19
20
5.142
5.697
6.265
6.844
7.434
5.812
6.408
7.015
7.633
8.260
6.908
7.564
8.231
8.907
9.591
7.962
8.672
9.390
10.117
10.851
9.312
10.085
10.865
11.651
12.443
16
17
18
19
20
23.542
24.769
25.989
27.204
28.412
26.296
27.587
28.869
30.144
31.410
28.845
30.191
31.526
32.852
34.170
32.000
33.409
34.805
36.191
37.566
34.267
35.718
37.156
38.582
39.997
21
22
23
24
25
8.034
8.643
9.260
9.886
10.520
8.897
9.542
10.196
10.856
11.524
10.283
10.982
11.689
12.401
13.120
11.591
12.338
13.091
13.848
14.611
13.240
14.041
14.848
15.659
16.473
21
22
23
24
25
29.615
30.813
32.007
33.196
34.382
32.671
33.924
35.172
36.415
37.652
35.479
36.781
38.076
39.364
40.646
38.932
40.289
41.638
42.980
44.314
41.401
42.796
44.181
45.559
46.928
26
27
28
29
30
11.160
11.808
12.461
13.121
13.787
12.198
12.879
13.565
14.256
14.953
13.844
14.573
15.308
16.047
16.791
15.379
16.151
16.928
17.708
18.493
17.292
18.114
18.939
19.768
20.599
26
27
28
29
30
35.563
36.741
37.916
39.087
40.256
38.885
40.113
41.337
42.557
43.773
41.923
43.195
44.461
45.772
46.979
45.642
46.963
48.278
49.588
50.892
48.290
49.645
50.993
52.336
53.672
31
32
33
34
35
14.458
15.134
15.815
16.501
17.192
15.655
13.362
17.073
17.789
18.509
17.539
18.291
19.047
19.806
20.569
19.281
20.072
20.867
21.664
22.465
21.434
22.271
23.110
23.952
24.797
31
32
33
34
35
41.422
42.585
43.745
44.903
46.059
44.985
46.194
47.400
48.602
49.802
48.232
49.480
50.725
51.966
53.203
52.191
53.486
54.776
56.061
57.342
55.003
56.328
57.648
58.964
60.275
36
37
38
39
40
17.887
18.586
19.289
19.996
20.707
19.233
19.960
20.691
21.426
22.164
21.336
22.106
22.878
23.654
24.433
23.269
24.075
24.884
25.695
26.509
25.643
26.492
27.343
28.196
29.051
36
37
38
39
40
47.212
48.363
49.513
50.660
51.805
50.998
52.192
53.384
54.572
55.758
54.437
55.668
56.895
58.120
59.342
58.619
59.892
61.162
62.428
63.691
61.581
62.883
64.181
65.476
66.766
41
42
43
44
45
21.421
22.138
22.859
23.584
24.311
22.906
23.650
24.398
25.148
25.901
25.215
25.999
26.785
27.575
28.366
27.326
28.144
28.965
29.787
30.612
29.907
30.765
31.625
32.487
33.350
41
42
43
44
45
52.949
54.090
55.230
56.369
57.505
56.942
58.124
59.304
60.481
61.656
60.561
61.777
62.990
64.201
65.410
64.950
66.206
67.459
68.709
69.957
68.053
69.336
70.616
71.893
73.166
46
47
48
49
50
25.041
25.775
26.511
27.249
27.991
26.657
27.416
28.177
28.941
29.707
29.160
29.956
30.755
31.555
32.357
31.439
32.268
33.098
33.930
34.764
34.215
35.081
35.949
36.818
37.689
46
47
48
49
50
58.641
59.774
60.907
62.038
63.167
62.830
64.001
65.171
66.339
67.505
66.617
67.821
69.023
70.222
71.420
71.201
72.443
73.683
74.919
76.154
74.437
75.704
76.969
78.231
79.490
65
Upper Critical Values of the F-distribution with (1, 2) df
Table 10
Tail Area =
1
2
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
39.86
161.4
647.8
4052
16211
49.50
199.5
799.5
5000
20000
53.59
215.7
864.2
5403
20615
55.83
224.6
899.6
5625
22500
57.24
230.2
921.8
5764
23056
58.20
234.0
937.1
5859
23437
58.91
236.8
948.2
5928
23715
59.44
238.9
956.7
5981
23925
59.86
240.5
963.3
6022
24091
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
8.53
18.51
38.51
98.50
198.5
9.00
19.00
39.00
99.00
199.0
9.16
19.16
39.17
99.17
199.2
9.24
19.25
39.25
99.25
199.2
9.29
19.30
39.30
99.30
199.3
9.33
19.33
39.33
99.33
199.3
9.35
19.35
39.36
99.36
199.4
9.37
19.37
39.37
99.37
199.4
9.38
19.38
39.39
99.39
199.4
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
5.54
10.13
17.44
34.12
55.55
5.46
9.55
16.04
30.82
49.80
5.39
9.28
15.44
29.46
47.47
5.34
9.12
15.10
28.71
46.19
5.31
9.01
14.88
28.24
45.39
5.28
8.94
14.73
27.91
44.84
5.27
8.89
14.62
27.67
44.43
5.25
8.85
14.54
27.49
44.13
5.24
8.81
14.47
27.35
43.88
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
4.54
7.71
12.22
21.20
31.33
4.32
6.94
10.65
18.00
26.28
4.19
6.59
9.98
16.69
24.26
4.11
6.39
9.60
15.98
23.15
4.05
6.26
9.36
15.52
22.46
4.01
6.16
9.20
15.21
21.97
3.98
6.09
9.07
14.98
21.62
3.95
6.04
8.98
14.80
21.35
3.94
6.00
8.90
14.66
21.14
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
4.06
6.61
10.01
16.26
22.78
3.78
5.79
8.43
13.27
18.31
3.62
5.41
7.76
12.06
16.53
3.52
5.19
7.39
11.39
15.56
3.45
5.05
7.15
10.97
14.94
3.40
4.95
6.98
10.67
14.51
3.37
4.88
6.85
10.46
14.20
3.34
4.82
6.76
10.29
13.96
3.32
4.77
6.68
10.16
13.77
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
3.78
5.99
8.81
13.75
18.63
3.46
5.14
7.26
10.92
14.54
3.29
4.76
6.60
9.78
12.92
3.18
4.53
6.23
9.15
12.03
3.11
4.39
5.99
8.75
11.46
3.05
4.28
5.82
8.47
11.07
3.01
4.21
5.70
8.26
10.79
2.98
4.15
5.60
8.10
10.57
2.96
4.10
5.52
7.98
10.39
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
3.59
5.59
8.07
12.25
16.24
3.26
4.74
6.54
9.55
12.40
3.07
4.35
5.89
8.45
10.88
2.96
4.12
5.52
7.85
10.05
2.88
3.97
5.29
7.46
9.52
2.83
3.87
5.12
7.19
9.16
2.78
3.79
4.99
6.99
8.89
2.75
3.73
4.90
6.84
8.68
2.72
3.68
4.82
6.72
8.51
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
3.46
5.32
7.57
11.26
14.69
3.11
4.46
6.06
8.65
11.04
2.92
4.07
5.42
7.59
9.60
2.81
3.84
5.05
7.01
8.81
2.73
3.69
4.82
6.63
8.30
2.67
3.58
4.65
6.37
7.95
2.62
3.50
4.53
6.18
7.69
2.59
3.44
4.43
6.03
7.50
2.56
3.39
4.36
5.91
7.34
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
3.36
5.12
7.21
10.56
13.61
3.01
4.26
5.71
8.02
10.11
2.81
3.86
5.08
6.99
8.72
2.69
3.63
4.72
6.42
7.96
2.61
3.48
4.48
6.06
7.47
2.55
3.37
4.32
5.80
7.13
2.51
3.29
4.20
5.61
6.88
2.47
3.23
4.10
5.47
6.69
2.44
3.18
4.03
5.35
6.54
66
Upper Critical Values of the F-distribution with (1, 2) df (continued)
Table 10
Tail Area =
1
2
10
12
15
20
24
30
60
120
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
60.19
241.9
968.6
6056
24224
60.71
243.9
976.7
6106
24426
61.22
245.9
984.9
6157
24630
61.74
248.0
993.1
6209
24836
62.00
249.1
997.2
6235
24940
62.26
250.1
1001
6261
25044
62.79
252.2
1010
6313
25253
63.06
253.3
1014
6339
25359
63.33
254.3
1018
6366
25465
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
9.39
19.40
39.40
99.40
199.4
9.41
19.41
39.41
99.42
199.4
9.42
19.43
39.43
99.43
199.4
9.44
19.45
39.45
99.45
199.4
9.45
19.45
39.46
99.46
199.5
9.46
19.46
39.46
99.47
199.5
9.47
19.48
39.48
99.48
199.5
9.48
19.49
39.49
99.49
199.5
9.49
19.50
39.50
99.50
199.5
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
5.23
8.79
14.42
27.23
43.69
5.22
8.74
14.34
27.05
43.39
5.20
8.70
14.25
26.87
43.08
5.18
8.66
14.17
26.69
42.78
5.18
8.64
14.12
26.60
42.62
5.17
8.62
14.08
26.50
42.47
5.15
8.57
13.99
26.32
42.15
5.14
8.55
13.95
26.22
41.99
5.13
8.53
13.90
26.13
41.83
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
3.92
5.96
8.84
14.55
20.97
3.90
5.91
8.75
14.37
20.70
3.87
5.86
8.66
14.20
20.44
3.84
5.80
8.56
14.02
20.17
3.83
5.77
8.51
13.93
20.03
3.82
5.75
8.46
13.84
19.89
3.79
5.69
8.36
13.65
19.61
3.78
5.66
8.31
13.56
19.47
3.76
5.63
8.26
13.46
19.32
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
3.30
4.74
6.62
10.05
13.62
3.27
4.68
6.52
9.89
13.38
3.24
4.62
6.43
9.72
13.15
3.21
4.56
6.33
9.55
12.90
3.19
4.53
6.28
9.47
12.78
3.17
4.50
6.23
9.38
12.66
3.14
4.43
6.12
9.20
12.40
3.12
4.40
6.07
9.11
12.27
3.10
4.36
6.02
9.02
12.14
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.94
4.06
5.46
7.87
10.25
2.90
4.00
5.37
7.72
10.03
2.87
3.94
5.27
7.56
9.81
2.84
3.87
5.17
7.40
9.59
2.82
3.84
5.12
7.31
9.47
2.80
3.81
5.07
7.23
9.36
2.76
3.74
4.96
7.06
9.12
2.74
3.70
4.90
6.97
9.00
2.72
3.67
4.85
6.88
8.88
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.70
3.64
4.76
6.62
8.38
2.67
3.57
4.67
6.47
8.18
2.63
3.51
4.57
6.31
7.97
2.59
3.44
4.47
6.16
7.75
2.58
3.41
4.42
6.07
7.65
2.56
3.38
4.36
5.99
7.53
2.51
3.30
4.25
5.82
7.31
2.49
3.27
4.20
5.74
7.19
2.47
3.23
4.14
5.65
7.08
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.54
3.35
4.30
5.81
7.21
2.50
3.28
4.20
5.67
7.01
2.46
3.22
4.10
5.52
6.81
2.42
3.15
4.00
5.36
6.61
2.40
3.12
3.95
5.28
6.50
2.38
3.08
3.89
5.20
6.40
2.34
3.01
3.78
5.03
6.18
2.32
2.97
3.73
4.95
6.06
2.29
2.93
3.67
4.86
5.95
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.42
3.14
3.96
5.26
6.42
2.38
3.07
3.87
5.11
6.23
2.34
3.01
3.77
4.96
6.03
2.30
2.94
3.67
4.81
5.83
2.28
2.90
3.61
4.73
5.73
2.25
2.86
3.56
4.65
5.62
2.21
2.79
3.45
4.48
5.41
2.18
2.75
3.39
4.40
5.30
2.16
2.71
3.33
4.31
5.19
67
Table 10
Tail Area =
1
2
10
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
3.29
4.96
6.94
10.0
12.8
2.92
4.10
5.46
7.56
9.43
2.73
3.71
4.83
6.55
8.08
2.61
3.48
4.47
5.99
7.34
2.52
3.33
4.24
5.64
6.87
2.46
3.22
4.07
5.39
6.54
2.41
3.14
3.95
5.20
6.30
2.38
3.07
3.85
5.06
6.12
2.35
3.02
3.78
4.94
5.97
12
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
3.18
4.75
6.55
9.33
11.8
2.81
3.89
5.10
6.93
8.51
2.61
3.49
4.47
5.95
7.23
2.48
3.26
4.12
5.41
6.52
2.39
3.11
3.89
5.06
6.07
2.33
3.00
3.73
4.82
5.76
2.28
2.91
3.61
4.64
5.52
2.24
2.85
3.51
4.50
5.35
2.21
2.80
3.44
4.39
5.20
15
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
3.07
4.54
6.20
8.68
10.8
2.70
3.68
4.77
6.36
7.70
2.49
3.29
4.15
5.42
6.48
2.36
3.06
3.80
4.89
5.80
2.27
2.90
3.58
4.56
5.37
2.21
2.79
3.41
4.32
5.07
2.16
2.71
3.29
4.14
4.85
2.12
2.64
3.20
4.00
4.67
2.09
2.59
3.12
3.89
4.54
20
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.97
4.35
5.87
8.10
9.94
2.59
3.49
4.46
5.85
6.99
2.38
3.10
3.86
4.94
5.82
2.25
2.87
3.51
4.43
5.17
2.16
2.71
3.29
4.10
4.76
2.09
2.60
3.13
3.87
4.47
2.04
2.51
3.01
3.70
4.26
2.00
2.45
2.91
3.56
4.09
1.96
2.39
2.84
3.46
3.96
24
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.93
4.26
5.72
7.82
9.55
2.54
3.40
4.32
5.61
6.66
2.33
3.01
3.72
4.72
5.52
2.19
2.78
3.38
4.22
4.89
2.10
2.62
3.15
3.90
4.49
2.04
2.51
2.99
3.67
4.20
1.98
2.42
2.87
3.50
3.99
1.94
2.36
2.78
3.36
3.83
1.91
2.30
2.70
3.26
3.69
30
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.88
4.17
5.57
7.56
9.18
2.49
3.32
4.18
5.39
6.35
2.28
2.92
3.59
4.51
5.24
2.14
2.69
3.25
4.02
4.62
2.05
2.53
3.03
3.70
4.23
1.98
2.42
2.87
3.47
3.95
1.93
2.33
2.75
3.30
3.74
1.88
2.27
2.65
3.17
3.58
1.85
2.21
2.57
3.07
3.45
60
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.79
4.00
5.29
7.08
8.49
2.39
3.15
3.93
4.98
5.79
2.18
2.76
3.34
4.13
4.73
2.04
2.53
3.01
3.65
4.14
1.95
2.37
2.79
3.34
3.76
1.87
2.25
2.63
3.12
3.49
1.82
2.17
2.51
2.95
3.29
1.77
2.10
2.41
2.82
3.13
1.74
2.04
2.33
2.72
3.01
120
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.75
3.92
5.15
6.85
8.18
2.35
3.07
3.80
4.79
5.54
2.13
2.68
3.23
3.95
4.50
1.99
2.45
2.89
3.48
3.92
1.90
2.29
2.67
3.17
3.55
1.82
2.18
2.52
2.96
3.28
1.77
2.09
2.39
2.79
3.09
1.72
2.02
2.30
2.66
2.93
1.68
1.96
2.22
2.56
2.81
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.71
3.84
5.02
6.63
7.88
2.30
3.00
3.69
4.61
5.30
2.08
2.60
3.12
3.78
4.28
1.94
2.37
2.79
3.32
3.72
1.85
2.21
2.57
3.02
3.35
1.77
2.10
2.41
2.80
3.09
1.72
2.01
2.29
2.64
2.90
1.67
1.94
2.19
2.51
2.74
1.63
1.88
2.11
2.41
2.62
68
Table 10
Tail Area =
1
2
10
12
15
20
24
30
60
120
10
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.32
2.98
3.72
4.85
5.85
2.28
2.91
3.62
4.71
5.66
2.24
2.85
3.52
4.56
5.47
2.20
2.77
3.42
4.41
5.27
2.18
2.74
3.37
4.33
5.17
2.16
2.70
3.31
4.25
5.07
2.11
2.62
3.20
4.08
4.86
2.08
2.58
3.14
4.00
4.75
2.06
2.54
3.08
3.91
4.64
12
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.19
2.75
3.37
4.30
5.09
2.15
2.69
3.28
4.16
4.91
2.10
2.62
3.18
4.01
4.72
2.06
2.54
3.07
3.86
4.53
2.04
2.51
3.02
3.78
4.43
2.01
2.47
2.96
3.70
4.33
1.96
2.38
2.85
3.54
4.12
1.93
2.34
2.79
3.45
4.01
1.90
2.30
2.72
3.36
3.90
15
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
2.06
2.54
3.06
3.80
4.42
2.02
2.48
2.96
3.67
4.25
1.97
2.40
2.86
3.52
4.07
1.92
2.33
2.76
3.37
3.88
1.90
2.29
2.70
3.29
3.79
1.87
2.25
2.64
3.21
3.69
1.82
2.16
2.52
3.05
3.48
1.79
2.11
2.46
2.96
3.37
1.76
2.07
2.40
2.87
3.26
20
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
1.94
2.35
2.77
3.37
3.85
1.89
2.28
2.68
3.23
3.68
1.84
2.20
2.57
3.09
3.50
1.79
2.12
2.46
2.94
3.32
1.77
2.08
2.41
2.86
3.22
1.74
2.04
2.35
2.78
3.12
1.68
1.95
2.22
2.61
2.92
1.64
1.90
2.16
2.52
2.81
1.61
1.84
2.09
2.42
2.69
24
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
1.88
2.25
2.64
3.17
3.59
1.83
2.18
2.54
3.03
3.42
1.78
2.11
2.44
2.89
3.25
1.73
2.03
2.33
2.74
3.06
1.70
1.98
2.27
2.66
2.97
1.67
1.94
2.21
2.58
2.87
1.61
1.84
2.08
2.40
2.66
1.57
1.79
2.01
2.31
2.55
1.53
1.73
1.94
2.21
2.43
30
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
1.82
2.16
2.51
2.98
3.34
1.77
2.09
2.41
2.84
3.18
1.72
2.01
2.31
2.70
3.01
1.67
1.93
2.20
2.55
2.82
1.64
1.89
2.14
2.47
2.73
1.61
1.84
2.07
2.39
2.63
1.54
1.74
1.94
2.21
2.42
1.50
1.68
1.87
2.11
2.30
1.46
1.62
1.79
2.01
2.18
60
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
1.71
1.99
2.27
2.63
2.90
1.66
1.92
2.17
2.50
2.74
1.60
1.84
2.06
2.35
2.57
1.54
1.75
1.94
2.20
2.39
1.51
1.70
1.88
2.12
2.29
1.48
1.65
1.82
2.03
2.19
1.40
1.53
1.67
1.84
1.96
1.35
1.47
1.58
1.73
1.83
1.29
1.39
1.48
1.60
1.69
120
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
1.65
1.91
2.16
2.47
2.71
1.60
1.83
2.05
2.34
2.54
1.55
1.75
1.94
2.19
2.37
1.48
1.66
1.82
2.03
2.19
1.45
1.61
1.76
1.95
2.09
1.41
1.55
1.69
1.86
1.98
1.32
1.43
1.53
1.66
1.75
1.26
1.35
1.43
1.53
1.61
1.19
1.25
1.31
1.38
1.43
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
1.60
1.83
2.05
2.32
2.52
1.55
1.75
1.94
2.18
2.36
1.49
1.67
1.83
2.04
2.19
1.42
1.57
1.71
1.88
2.00
1.38
1.52
1.64
1.79
1.90
1.34
1.46
1.57
1.70
1.79
1.24
1.32
1.39
1.47
1.53
1.17
1.22
1.27
1.32
1.36
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
69
Table 11
Critical Values for the Sk-test for Asymmetry
.10
.05
.025
.10
.05
.025
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0.88
0.71
0.91
0.77
0.92
0.81
0.93
0.83
0.93
0.85
0.94
0.86
0.94
0.87
1.07
0.88
1.13
0.96
1.15
1.01
1.17
1.05
1.18
1.08
1.19
1.10
1.19
1.11
1.21
1.02
1.30
1.13
1.35
1.19
1.37
1.24
1.39
1.27
1.41
1.30
1.41
1.32
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.94
0.88
0.95
0.89
0.95
0.89
0.95
0.90
0.95
0.90
0.95
0.91
1.20
1.12
1.20
1.13
1.21
1.14
1.21
1.15
1.21
1.15
1.21
1.16
1.42
1.33
1.43
1.35
1.43
1.36
1.44
1.37
1.44
1.37
1.44
1.38
0.97
1.24
1.48
Table 12
Critical Values for the Normal Scores Test for Non-Normality
.10
.05
.01
.10
.05
.01
0.972
0.972
0.973
0.974
0.974
0.965
0.966
0.967
0.968
0.969
0.950
0.950
0.951
0.953
0.954
3
4
5
0.891
0.894
0.903
0.879
0.868
0.880
0.869
0.824
0.826
31
32
33
34
35
6
7
8
9
10
0.910
0.918
0.924
0.930
0.934
0.888
0.898
0.906
0.912
0.918
0.838
0.850
0.861
0.871
0.879
36
37
38
39
40
0.975
0.976
0.976
0.977
0.977
0.969
0.970
0.971
0.971
0.972
0.955
0.956
0.957
0.958
0.959
11
12
13
14
15
0.938
0.942
0.945
0.948
0.951
0.923
0.928
0.932
0.935
0.939
0.886
0.892
0.899
0.905
0.910
41
42
43
44
45
0.977
0.978
0.978
0.979
0.979
0.973
0.973
0.974
0.974
0.974
0.960
0.961
0.961
0.962
0.963
16
17
18
19
20
0.953
0.954
0.957
0.958
0.960
0.941
0.944
0.946
0.949
0.951
0.913
0.917
0.920
0.924
0.926
46
47
48
49
50
0.980
0.980
0.980
0.981
0.981
0.975
0.976
0.976
0.976
0.977
0.963
0.965
0.965
0.966
0.966
21
22
23
24
25
0.961
0.963
0.964
0.965
0.966
0.952
0.954
0.956
0.957
0.959
0.930
0.933
0.935
0.937
0.939
55
60
65
70
75
0.982
0.984
0.985
0.986
0.987
0.979
0.980
0.981
0.983
0.984
0.969
0.971
0.973
0.975
0.976
26
27
28
29
30
0.967
0.968
0.969
0.970
0.971
0.960
0.961
0.962
0.963
0.964
0.941
0.943
0.944
0.946
0.947
80
85
90
95
100
0.987
0.988
0.988
0.989
0.989
0.985
0.985
0.986
0.987
0.987
0.978
0.979
0.980
0.981
0.982
70
Table 13
Upper Critical Values for the Kruskal-Wallis Test

(k samples)
Notes: 1. In the table below, the critical values give significance levels as close
as possible to, but not exceeding the nominal . The actual levels of
significance are in brackets.
2. When the table below is not applicable and k = 3 with the three group
sizes above 5 or k > 3 with all group sizes above 4, use the following
approximation:
h
2 ,
df = k 1
Nominal
Group
Sizes
.10
.05
.025
.01
222
321
322
331
332
333
421
422
431
432
433
441
442
443
444
521
522
531
532
533
541
542
543
544
551
552
553
554
555
611
621
622
631
632
633
641
642
643
644
651
652
653
654
655
661
662
663
664
665
666
777
888
4.571 (.06667)
4.286 (.10000)
4.500 (.06667)
4.571 (.10000)
4.556 (.10000)
4.622 (.10000)
4.500 (.07619)
4.458 (.10000)
4.056 (.09286)
4.511 (.09841)
4.709 (.09238)
4.167 (.08254)
4.555 (.09778)
4.545 (.09905)
4.654 (.09662)
4.200 (.09524)
4.373 (.08995)
4.018 (.09524)
4.651 (.09127)
4.533 (.09697)
3.987 (.09841)
4.541 (.09841)
4.549 (.09892)
4.668 (.09817)
4.109 (.08586)
4.623 (.09704)
4.545 (.09965)
4.523 (.09935)
4.560 (.09952)
4.200 (.09524)
4.545 (.08889)
3.909 (.09524)
4.682 (.08528)
4.590 (.09773)
4.038 (.09437)
4.494 (.09986)
4.604 (.09997)
4.595 (.09847)
4.128 (.09271)
4.596 (.09807)
4.535 (.09932)
4.522 (.09974)
4.547 (.09835)
4.000 (.09774)
4.438 (.09824)
4.558 (.09948)
4.548 (.09982)
4.542 (.09987)
4.643 (.09874)
4.594 (.09933)
4.595 (.09933)
4.714 (.04762)
5.143 (.04286)
5.361 (.03214)
5.600 (.05000)
5.333 (.03333)
5.208 (.05000)
5.444 (.04603)
5.791 (.04571)
4.967 (.04762)
5.455 (.04571)
5.598 (.04866)
5.692 (.04866)
5.000 (.04762)
5.160 (.03439)
4.960 (.04762)
5.251 (.04921)
5.648 (.04892)
4.985 (.04444)
5.273 (.04877)
5.656 (.04863)
5.657 (.04906)
5.127 (.04618)
5.338 (.04726)
5.705 (.04612)
5.666 (.04931)
5.780 (.04878)
4.822 (.04762)
5.345 (.03810)
4.855 (.05000)
5.348 (.04632)
5.615 (.04968)
4.947 (.04675)
5.340 (.04906)
5.610 (.04862)
5.681 (.04881)
4.990 (.04726)
5.338 (.04729)
5.602 (.04956)
5.661 (.04991)
5.729 (.04973)
4.945 (.04779)
5.410 (.04993)
5.625 (.04999)
5.724 (.04950)
5.765 (.04993)
5.801 (.04905)
5.819 (.04911)
5.805 (.04973)
5.556 (.02500)
5.956 (.02500)
5.500 (.02381)
5.833 (.02143)
6.000 (.02381)
6.155 (.02476)
6.167 (.02222)
6.327 (.02413)
6.394 (.02476)
6.615 (.02424)
6.000 (.01852)
6.044 (.01984)
6.004 (.02460)
6.315 (.02121)
5.858 (.02381)
6.068 (.02482)
6.410 (.02496)
6.673 (.02429)
6.000 (.02165)
6.346 (.02489)
6.549 (.02436)
6.760 (.02490)
6.740 (.02475)
5.600 (.02381)
5.745 (.02063)
5.945 (.02143)
6.136 (.02294)
6.436 (.02229)
5.856 (.02424)
6.186 (.02453)
6.538 (.02498)
6.667 (.02495)
5.951 (.02453)
6.196 (.02481)
6.667 (.02452)
6.750 (.02473)
6.788 (.02484)
5.923 (.02381)
6.210 (.02443)
6.725 (.02462)
6.812 (.02458)
6.848 (.02489)
6.889 (.02493)
6.954 (.02446)
6.995 (.02485)
7.200 (.00357)
6.444 (.00794)
6.745 (.01000)
6.667 (.00952)
7.036 (.00571)
7.144 (.00970)
7.654 (.00762)
6.533 (.00794)
6.909 (.00873)
7.079 (.00866)
6.955 (.00794)
7.205 (.00895)
7.445 (.00974)
7.760 (.00946)
7.309 (.00938)
7.338 (.00962)
7.578 (.00968)
7.823 (.00978)
8.000 (.00946)
6.655 (.00794)
6.873 (.00714)
6.970 (.00909)
7.410 (.00779)
7.106 (.00866)
7.340 (.00967)
7.500 (.00966)
7.795 (.00990)
7.182 (.00974)
7.376 (.00982)
7.590 (.00999)
7.936 (.00998)
8.028 (.00988)
7.121 (.00932)
7.467 (.00982)
7.725 (.00985)
8.000 (.00998)
8.124 (.00990)
8.222 (.00994)
8.378 (.00992)
8.465 (.00991)
71
Table 13
Group
Sizes
2211
2221
2222
3111
3211
3221
3222
3311
3321
3322
3331
3332
3333
4111
4211
4221
4222
4311
4321
4322
4331
4332
4333
4411
4421
4422
4431
4432
4433
4441
4442
4443
4444
22111
22211
22221
22222
31111
32111
32211
32221
32222
33111
33211
33221
33222
33311
33321
33322
33331
33332
33333
Upper Critical Values for the Kruskal-Wallis Test (continued)
Nominal
.10
.05
.025
5.357 (.06667)
5.667 (.07619)
5.143 (.08571)
5.556 (.07143)
5.644 (.10000)
5.333 (.09643)
5.689 (.08571)
5.745 (.09921)
5.655 (.09786)
5.879 (.09974)
6.026 (.09779)
5.250 (.09048)
5.533 (.09788)
5.755 (.09302)
5.067 (.09524)
5.591 (.09857)
5.750 (.09980)
5.689 (.09602)
5.872 (.09929)
6.016 (.09779)
5.182 (.09968)
5.568 (.09980)
5.808 (.09882)
5.692 (.09853)
5.901 (.09950)
6.019 (.09948)
5.654 (.09801)
5.914 (.09940)
6.042 (.09980)
6.088 (.09900)
5.786 (.09524)
6.250 (.08810)
6.600 (.08889)
6.982 (.09101)
6.139 (.10000)
6.511 (.10000)
6.709 (.09873)
6.955 (.09922)
6.311 (.09286)
6.600 (.09929)
6.788 (.09892)
7.026 (.09897)
6.788 (.09779)
6.910 (.09916)
7.121 (.09979)
7.077 (.09836)
7.210 (.09965)
7.333 (.09922)
5.679 (.03810)
6.167 (.03810)
5.833 (.04286)
6.333 (.04762)
6.333 (.02143)
6.244 (.04246)
6.527 (.04921)
6.600 (.04929)
6.727 (.04948)
7.000 (.04351)
5.833 (.04286)
6.133 (.04180)
6.545 (.04921)
6.178 (.04921)
6.309 (.04937)
6.621 (.04949)
6.545 (.04952)
6.795 (.04925)
6.984 (.04897)
5.945 (.04952)
6.386 (.04981)
6.731 (.04872)
6.635 (.04978)
6.874 (.04983)
7.038 (.04990)
6.725 (.04979)
6.957 (.04960)
7.142 (.04954)
7.235 (.04922)
6.750 (.02381)
7.133 (.04127)
7.418 (.04868)
6.583 (.03571)
6.800 (.04921)
7.309 (.04889)
7.682 (.04745)
7.111 (.04048)
7.200 (.05000)
7.591 (.04919)
7.910 (.04934)
7.576 (.04545)
7.769 (.04885)
8.044 (.04915)
8.000 (.04792)
8.200 (.04940)
8.333 (.04955)
72
6.667 (.00952)
6.250 (.02143)
6.978 (.01746)
6.333 (.02143)
6.689 (.01786)
7.055 (.02317)
7.036 (.02429)
7.515 (.02390)
7.667 (.02338)
6.533 (.02063)
7.064 (.02222)
6.711 (.01905)
6.955 (.02317)
7.326 (.02496)
7.326 (.02329)
7.564 (.02494)
7.775 (.02437)
6.955 (.02349)
7.159 (.02459)
7.538 (.02453)
7.500 (.02462)
7.747 (.02500)
7.929 (.02487)
7.648 (.02470)
7.914 (.02499)
8.079 (.02494)
8.228 (.02476)
6.750 (.02381)
7.333 (.02222)
7.964 (.02222)
7.200 (.02460)
7.745 (.02317)
8.182 (.02384)
7.467 (.01190)
7.618 (.02452)
8.121 (.02437)
8.538 (.02408)
8.061 (.02325)
8.449 (.02471)
8.813 (.02472)
8.703 (.02396)
9.038 (.02452)
9.200 (.02500)
.01
6.667 (.00952)
7.133 (.00794)
7.200 (.00595)
7.636 (.01000)
7.400 (.00857)
8.015 (.00961)
8.538 (.00838)
7.000 (.00952)
7.391 (.00889)
7.067 (.00952)
7.455 (.00984)
7.871 (.00999)
7.758 (.00974)
8.333 (.00985)
8.659 (.00990)
7.909 (.00381)
7.909 (.00906)
8.346 (.00941)
8.231 (.00955)
8.621 (.00999)
8.876 (.00974)
8.588 (.00986)
8.871 (.00987)
9.075 (.01000)
9.287 (.00999)
7.533 (.00952)
8.291 (.00952)
7.600 (.00794)
8.127 (.00937)
8.682 (.00958)
8.073 (.00738)
8.576 (.00984)
9.115 (.00996)
8.424 (.00909)
9.051 (.00976)
9.505 (.00999)
9.451 (.00997)
9.876 (.00966)
10.200 (.00986)
Table 14
Upper Critical Values for the Friedman Test

(k treatments and b blocks)
Notes 1. In the table below, the critical values give significance levels as close as
possible to, but not exceeding the nominal .
2. For values of k and b beyond the range of the table below, various
approximations are available.
k=3
k=4
k=5
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
2
3
4
5
6.000
6.500
6.400
8.000
8.400
6.000
7.400
7.800
7.800
9.000
9.600
9.960
7.600
8.533
8.800
8.960
6
7
8
9
10
7.000
7.143
6.250
6.222
6.200
9.000
8.857
9.000
9.556
9.600
7.600
7.800
7.650
7.667
7.680
10.200
10.543
10.500
10.73
10.68
9.067
9.143
9.200
9.244
11
12
13
14
15
6.545
6.500
6.615
6.143
6.400
9.455
9.500
9.385
9.143
8.933
7.691
7.700
7.800
7.714
7.720
10.75
10.80
10.85
10.89
10.92
16
17
18
19
20
6.500
6.118
6.333
6.421
6.300
9.375
9.294
9.000
9.579
9.300
7.800
7.800
7.733
7.863
7.800
10.95
11.05
10.93
11.02
11.10
21
22
23
24
25
6.095
6.091
6.348
6.250
6.080
9.238
9.091
9.391
9.250
8.960
7.800
7.800
11.06
11.07
26
27
28
29
30
6.077
6.000
6.500
6.276
6.200
9.308
9.407
9.214
9.172
9.267
31
32
33
34
35
6.000
6.063
6.061
6.059
6.171
9.290
9.250
9.152
9.176
9.314
36
37
38
39
40
6.167
6.054
6.158
6.000
6.050
9.389
9.243
9.053
9.282
9.150
41
42
43
44
45
6.195
6.143
6.186
6.318
6.178
9.366
9.190
9.256
9.136
9.244
46
47
48
49
50
6.043
6.128
6.167
6.041
6.040
9.435
9.319
9.125
9.184
9.160
73
k=6
.01
.05
.01
8.000
10.13
11.20
11.68
9.143
9.857
10.286
10.486
9.714
11.762
12.714
13.229
11.867
12.114
12.300
12.44
10.571
13.619
Table 15
Bonferroni Critical Values
Critical Values B = t/2g for Simultaneous 90% Confidence Intervals
Number of Intervals ( = g )
df
10
15
2
3
4
5
4.3027
3.1824
2.7764
2.5706
5.3393
3.7405
3.1863
2.9117
6.2053
4.1765
3.4954
3.1634
6.9646
4.5407
3.7469
3.3649
7.6488
4.8567
3.9608
3.5341
8.2767
5.1377
4.1478
3.6805
8.8602
5.3919
4.3147
3.8100
9.4076
5.6251
4.4657
3.9263
9.9248
5.8409
4.6041
4.0321
12.186
6.7411
5.1668
4.4558
6
7
8
9
10
2.4469
2.3646
2.3060
2.2622
2.2281
2.7491
2.6419
2.5660
2.5096
2.4660
2.9687
2.8412
2.7515
2.6850
2.6338
3.1427
2.9980
2.8965
2.8214
2.7638
3.2875
3.1276
3.0158
2.9333
2.8701
3.4119
3.2383
3.1174
3.0283
2.9601
3.5212
3.3353
3.2060
3.1109
3.0382
3.6190
3.4216
3.2846
3.1841
3.1073
3.7074
3.4995
3.3554
3.2498
3.1693
4.0579
3.8055
3.6319
3.5054
3.4093
11
12
13
14
15
2.2010
2.1788
2.1604
2.1448
2.1314
2.4313
2.4030
2.3796
2.3598
2.3429
2.5931
2.5600
2.5326
2.5096
2.4899
2.7181
2.6810
2.6503
2.6245
2.6025
2.8200
2.7795
2.7459
2.7178
2.6937
2.9062
2.8626
2.8265
2.7962
2.7705
2.9809
2.9345
2.8961
2.8640
2.8366
3.0468
2.9978
2.9575
2.9236
2.8948
3.1058
3.0545
3.0123
2.9768
2.9467
3.3338
3.2729
3.2229
3.1811
3.1456
16
17
18
19
20
2.1199
2.1098
2.1009
2.0930
2.0860
2.3283
2.3156
2.3043
2.2944
2.2855
2.4729
2.4581
2.4450
2.4334
2.4231
2.5835
2.5669
2.5524
2.5395
2.5280
2.6730
2.6550
2.6391
2.6251
2.6126
2.7482
2.7289
2.7119
2.6969
2.6834
2.8131
2.7925
2.7745
2.7586
2.7444
2.8700
2.8484
2.8295
2.8127
2.7978
2.9208
2.8982
2.8784
2.8609
2.8453
3.1150
3.0885
3.0653
3.0447
3.0264
21
22
23
24
25
2.0796
2.0739
2.0687
2.0639
2.0595
2.2775
2.2703
2.2637
2.2577
2.2523
2.4138
2.4055
2.3979
2.3909
2.3846
2.5176
2.5083
2.4999
2.4922
2.4851
2.6013
2.5912
2.5820
2.5736
2.5660
2.6714
2.6606
2.6507
2.6418
2.6336
2.7316
2.7201
2.7097
2.7002
2.6916
2.7844
2.7723
2.7614
2.7514
2.7423
2.8314
2.8188
2.8073
2.7969
2.7874
3.0101
2.9953
2.9820
2.9698
2.9587
26
27
28
29
30
2.0555
2.0518
2.0484
2.0452
2.0423
2.2472
2.2426
2.2383
2.2343
2.2306
2.3788
2.3734
2.3685
2.3638
2.3596
2.4786
2.4727
2.4671
2.4620
2.4573
2.5589
2.5525
2.5465
2.5409
2.5357
2.6260
2.6191
2.6127
2.6068
2.6012
2.6836
2.6763
2.6695
2.6632
2.6574
2.7340
2.7263
2.7191
2.7126
2.7064
2.7787
2.7707
2.7633
2.7564
2.7500
2.9485
2.9391
2.9305
2.9225
2.9150
35
40
45
50
55
2.0301
2.0211
2.0141
2.0086
2.0040
2.2154
2.2041
2.1954
2.1885
2.1829
2.3420
2.3289
2.3189
2.3109
2.3044
2.4377
2.4233
2.4121
2.4033
2.3961
2.5145
2.4989
2.4868
2.4772
2.4694
2.5786
2.5618
2.5489
2.5387
2.5304
2.6334
2.6157
2.6021
2.5913
2.5825
2.6813
2.6627
2.6485
2.6372
2.6280
2.7238
2.7045
2.6896
2.6778
2.6682
2.8845
2.8620
2.8447
2.8310
2.8199
60
70
80
90
100
2.0003
1.9944
1.9901
1.9867
1.9840
2.1782
2.1709
2.1654
2.1612
2.1579
2.2990
2.2906
2.2844
2.2795
2.2757
2.3901
2.3808
2.3739
2.3685
2.3642
2.4630
2.4529
2.4454
2.4395
2.4349
2.5235
2.5128
2.5047
2.4985
2.4936
2.5752
2.5639
2.5554
2.5489
2.5437
2.6203
2.6085
2.5996
2.5928
2.5873
2.6603
2.6479
2.6387
2.6316
2.6259
2.8107
2.7964
2.7857
2.7774
2.7709
110
120
250
500
1000
1.9818
1.9799
1.9695
1.9647
1.9623
2.1551
2.1528
2.1399
2.1339
2.1310
2.2725
2.2699
2.2550
2.2482
2.2448
2.3607
2.3578
2.3414
2.3338
2.3301
2.4311
2.4280
2.4102
2.4021
2.3980
2.4896
2.4862
2.4673
2.4586
2.4543
2.5394
2.5359
2.5159
2.5068
2.5022
2.5829
2.5792
2.5582
2.5487
2.5439
2.6213
2.6174
2.5956
2.5857
2.5808
2.7655
2.7611
2.7359
2.7244
2.7187
1.9600
2.1280
2.2414
2.3263
2.3940
2.4500
2.4977
2.5392
2.5758
2.7131
74
Table 15
Bonferroni Critical Values (continued)
df
10
15
2
3
4
5
6.2053
4.1765
3.4954
3.1634
7.6488
4.8567
3.9608
3.5341
8.8602
5.3919
4.3147
3.8100
9.9248
5.8409
4.6041
4.0321
10.886
6.2315
4.8510
4.2193
11.769
6.5797
5.0675
4.3818
12.590
6.8952
5.2611
4.5257
13.360
7.1849
5.4366
4.6553
14.089
7.4533
5.5976
4.7733
17.277
8.5752
6.2541
5.2474
6
7
8
9
10
2.9687
2.8412
2.7515
2.6850
2.6338
3.2875
3.1276
3.0158
2.9333
2.8701
3.5212
3.3353
3.2060
3.1109
3.0382
3.7074
3.4995
3.3554
3.2498
3.1693
3.8630
3.6358
3.4789
3.3642
3.2768
3.9971
3.7527
3.5844
3.4616
3.3682
4.1152
3.8552
3.6766
3.5465
3.4477
4.2209
3.9467
3.7586
3.6219
3.5182
4.3168
4.0293
3.8325
3.6897
3.5814
4.6979
4.3553
4.1224
3.9542
3.8273
11
12
13
14
15
2.5931
2.5600
2.5326
2.5096
2.4899
2.8200
2.7795
2.7459
2.7178
2.6937
2.9809
2.9345
2.8961
2.8640
2.8366
3.1058
3.0545
3.0123
2.9768
2.9467
3.2081
3.1527
3.1070
3.0688
3.0363
3.2949
3.2357
3.1871
3.1464
3.1118
3.3702
3.3078
3.2565
3.2135
3.1771
3.4368
3.3714
3.3177
3.2727
3.2346
3.4966
3.4284
3.3725
3.3257
3.2860
3.7283
3.6489
3.5838
3.5296
3.4837
16
17
18
19
20
2.4729
2.4581
2.4450
2.4334
2.4231
2.6730
2.6550
2.6391
2.6251
2.6126
2.8131
2.7925
2.7745
2.7586
2.7444
2.9208
2.8982
2.8784
2.8609
2.8453
3.0083
2.9840
2.9627
2.9439
2.9271
3.0821
3.0563
3.0336
3.0136
2.9958
3.1458
3.1186
3.0948
3.0738
3.0550
3.2019
3.1735
3.1486
3.1266
3.1070
3.2520
3.2224
3.1966
3.1737
3.1534
3.4443
3.4102
3.3804
3.3540
3.3306
21
22
23
24
25
2.4138
2.4055
2.3979
2.3909
2.3846
2.6013
2.5912
2.5820
2.5736
2.5660
2.7316
2.7201
2.7097
2.7002
2.6916
2.8314
2.8188
2.8073
2.7969
2.7874
2.9121
2.8985
2.8863
2.8751
2.8649
2.9799
2.9655
2.9525
2.9406
2.9298
3.0382
3.0231
3.0095
2.9970
2.9856
3.0895
3.0737
3.0595
3.0465
3.0346
3.1352
3.1188
3.1040
3.0905
3.0782
3.3097
3.2909
3.2739
3.2584
3.2443
26
27
28
29
30
2.3788
2.3734
2.3685
2.3638
2.3596
2.5589
2.5525
2.5465
2.5409
2.5357
2.6836
2.6763
2.6695
2.6632
2.6574
2.7787
2.7707
2.7633
2.7564
2.7500
2.8555
2.8469
2.8389
2.8316
2.8247
2.9199
2.9107
2.9023
2.8945
2.8872
2.9752
2.9656
2.9567
2.9485
2.9409
3.0237
3.0137
3.0045
2.9959
2.9880
3.0669
3.0565
3.0469
3.0380
3.0298
3.2313
3.2194
3.2084
3.1982
3.1888
35
40
45
50
55
2.3420
2.3289
2.3189
2.3109
2.3044
2.5145
2.4989
2.4868
2.4772
2.4694
2.6334
2.6157
2.6021
2.5913
2.5825
2.7238
2.7045
2.6896
2.6778
2.6682
2.7966
2.7759
2.7599
2.7473
2.7370
2.8575
2.8355
2.8187
2.8053
2.7944
2.9097
2.8867
2.8690
2.8550
2.8436
2.9554
2.9314
2.9130
2.8984
2.8866
2.9960
2.9712
2.9521
2.9370
2.9247
3.1502
3.1218
3.1000
3.0828
3.0688
60
70
80
90
100
2.2990
2.2906
2.2844
2.2795
2.2757
2.4630
2.4529
2.4454
2.4395
2.4349
2.5752
2.5639
2.5554
2.5489
2.5437
2.6603
2.6479
2.6387
2.6316
2.6259
2.7286
2.7153
2.7054
2.6978
2.6918
2.7855
2.7715
2.7610
2.7530
2.7466
2.8342
2.8195
2.8086
2.8002
2.7935
2.8768
2.8615
2.8502
2.8414
2.8344
2.9146
2.8987
2.8870
2.8779
2.8707
3.0573
3.0393
3.0259
3.0156
3.0073
110
120
250
500
1000
2.2725
2.2699
2.2550
2.2482
2.2448
2.4311
2.4280
2.4102
2.4021
2.3980
2.5394
2.5359
2.5159
2.5068
2.5022
2.6213
2.6174
2.5956
2.5857
2.5808
2.6868
2.6827
2.6594
2.6488
2.6435
2.7414
2.7370
2.7124
2.7012
2.6957
2.7880
2.7835
2.7577
2.7460
2.7402
2.8287
2.8240
2.7972
2.7850
2.7790
2.8648
2.8599
2.8322
2.8195
2.8133
3.0007
2.9951
2.9637
2.9494
2.9423
2.2414
2.3940
2.4977
2.5758
2.6383
2.6901
2.7344
2.7729
2.8070
2.9352
75
Table 15
Bonferroni Critical Values (continued)
df
10
15
2
3
4
5
14.089
7.4533
5.5976
4.7733
17.277
8.5752
6.2541
5.2474
19.962
9.4649
6.7583
5.6042
22.327
10.215
7.1732
5.8934
24.464
10.869
7.5287
6.1384
26.429
11.453
7.8414
6.3518
28.258
11.984
8.1216
6.5414
29.975
12.471
8.3763
6.7126
31.599
12.924
8.6103
6.8688
38.710
14.819
9.5679
7.4990
6
7
8
9
10
4.3168
4.0293
3.8325
3.6897
3.5814
4.6979
4.3553
4.1224
3.9542
3.8273
4.9807
4.5946
4.3335
4.1458
4.0045
5.2076
4.7853
4.5008
4.2968
4.1437
5.3982
4.9445
4.6398
4.4219
4.2586
5.5632
5.0815
4.7590
4.5288
4.3567
5.7090
5.2022
4.8636
4.6224
4.4423
5.8399
5.3101
4.9570
4.7058
4.5184
5.9588
5.4079
5.0413
4.7809
4.5869
6.4338
5.7954
5.3737
5.0757
4.8547
11
12
13
14
15
3.4966
3.4284
3.3725
3.3257
3.2860
3.7283
3.6489
3.5838
3.5296
3.4837
3.8945
3.8065
3.7345
3.6746
3.6239
4.0247
3.9296
3.8520
3.7874
3.7328
4.1319
4.0308
3.9484
3.8798
3.8220
4.2232
4.1169
4.0302
3.9582
3.8975
4.3028
4.1918
4.1013
4.0263
3.9630
4.3735
4.2582
4.1643
4.0865
4.0209
4.4370
4.3178
4.2208
4.1405
4.0728
4.6845
4.5496
4.4401
4.3495
4.2733
16
17
18
19
20
3.2520
3.2224
3.1966
3.1737
3.1534
3.4443
3.4102
3.3804
3.3540
3.3306
3.5805
3.5429
3.5101
3.4812
3.4554
3.6862
3.6458
3.6105
3.5794
3.5518
3.7725
3.7297
3.6924
3.6595
3.6303
3.8456
3.8007
3.7616
3.7271
3.6966
3.9089
3.8623
3.8215
3.7857
3.7539
3.9649
3.9165
3.8744
3.8373
3.8044
4.0150
3.9651
3.9216
3.8834
3.8495
4.2084
4.1525
4.1037
4.0609
4.0230
21
22
23
24
25
3.1352
3.1188
3.1040
3.0905
3.0782
3.3097
3.2909
3.2739
3.2584
3.2443
3.4325
3.4118
3.3931
3.3761
3.3606
3.5272
3.5050
3.4850
3.4668
3.4502
3.6043
3.5808
3.5597
3.5405
3.5230
3.6693
3.6448
3.6226
3.6025
3.5842
3.7255
3.7000
3.6770
3.6561
3.6371
3.7750
3.7487
3.7249
3.7033
3.6836
3.8193
3.7921
3.7676
3.7454
3.7251
3.9892
3.9589
3.9316
3.9068
3.8842
26
27
28
29
30
3.0669
3.0565
3.0469
3.0380
3.0298
3.2313
3.2194
3.2084
3.1982
3.1888
3.3464
3.3334
3.3214
3.3102
3.2999
3.4350
3.4210
3.4082
3.3962
3.3852
3.5069
3.4922
3.4786
3.4660
3.4544
3.5674
3.5520
3.5378
3.5247
3.5125
3.6197
3.6037
3.5889
3.5753
3.5626
3.6656
3.6491
3.6338
3.6198
3.6067
3.7066
3.6896
3.6739
3.6594
3.6460
3.8635
3.8446
3.8271
3.8110
3.7961
35
40
45
50
55
2.9960
2.9712
2.9521
2.9370
2.9247
3.1502
3.1218
3.1000
3.0828
3.0688
3.2577
3.2266
3.2028
3.1840
3.1688
3.3400
3.3069
3.2815
3.2614
3.2451
3.4068
3.3718
3.3451
3.3239
3.3068
3.4628
3.4263
3.3984
3.3763
3.3585
3.5110
3.4732
3.4442
3.4214
3.4029
3.5534
3.5143
3.4845
3.4609
3.4418
3.5911
3.5510
3.5203
3.4960
3.4764
3.7352
3.6906
3.6565
3.6297
3.6080
60
70
80
90
100
2.9146
2.8987
2.8870
2.8779
2.8707
3.0573
3.0393
3.0259
3.0156
3.0073
3.1562
3.1366
3.1220
3.1108
3.1018
3.2317
3.2108
3.1953
3.1833
3.1737
3.2927
3.2707
3.2543
3.2417
3.2317
3.3437
3.3208
3.3037
3.2906
3.2802
3.3876
3.3638
3.3462
3.3326
3.3218
3.4260
3.4015
3.3833
3.3693
3.3582
3.4602
3.4350
3.4163
3.4019
3.3905
3.5901
3.5622
3.5416
3.5257
3.5131
110
120
250
500
1000
2.8648
2.8599
2.8322
2.8195
2.8133
3.0007
2.9951
2.9637
2.9494
2.9423
3.0945
3.0885
3.0543
3.0387
3.0310
3.1660
3.1595
3.1232
3.1066
3.0984
3.2235
3.2168
3.1785
3.1612
3.1526
3.2717
3.2646
3.2248
3.2067
3.1977
3.3130
3.3057
3.2644
3.2457
3.2365
3.3491
3.3416
3.2991
3.2798
3.2703
3.3812
3.3735
3.3299
3.3101
3.3003
3.5028
3.4943
3.4462
3.4245
3.4137
2.8070
2.9352
3.0233
3.0902
3.1440
3.1888
3.2272
3.2608
3.2905
3.4029
76
Table 16
Upper Critical Values of the Studentized Range : q(r, )
= .10
r
10
1
2
3
4
5
8.929
4.130
3.328
3.015
2.850
13.44
5.733
4.467
3.976
3.717
16.36
6.773
5.199
4.586
4.264
18.49
7.538
5.738
5.035
4.664
20.15
8.139
6.162
5.388
4.979
21.51
8.633
6.511
5.679
5.238
22.64
9.049
6.806
5.926
5.458
23.62
9.409
7.062
6.139
5.648
24.48
9.725
7.287
6.327
5.816
6
7
8
9
10
2.748
2.680
2.630
2.592
2.563
3.559
3.451
3.374
3.316
3.270
4.065
3.931
3.834
3.761
3.704
4.435
4.280
4.169
4.084
4.018
4.726
4.555
4.431
4.337
4.264
4.966
4.780
4.646
4.545
4.465
5.168
4.972
4.829
4.721
4.636
5.344
5.137
4.987
4.873
4.783
5.499
5.283
5.126
5.007
4.913
11
12
13
14
15
2.540
2.521
2.505
2.491
2.479
3.234
3.204
3.179
3.158
3.140
3.658
3.621
3.589
3.563
3.540
3.965
3.922
3.885
3.854
3.828
4.205
4.156
4.116
4.081
4.052
4.401
4.349
4.305
4.267
4.235
4.568
4.511
4.464
4.424
4.390
4.711
4.652
4.602
4.560
4.524
4.838
4.776
4.724
4.680
4.641
16
17
18
19
20
2.469
2.460
2.452
2.445
2.439
3.124
3.110
3.098
3.087
3.078
3.520
3.503
3.488
3.474
3.462
3.804
3.784
3.767
3.751
3.736
4.026
4.004
3.984
3.966
3.950
4.207
4.183
4.161
4.142
4.124
4.360
4.334
4.311
4.290
4.271
4.492
4.464
4.440
4.418
4.398
4.608
4.579
4.554
4.531
4.510
24
30
40
60
120
2.420
2.400
2.381
2.363
2.344
2.326
3.047
3.017
2.988
2.959
2.930
2.902
3.423
3.386
3.349
3.312
3.276
3.240
3.692
3.648
3.605
3.562
3.520
3.478
3.900
3.851
3.803
3.755
3.707
3.661
4.070
4.016
3.963
3.911
3.859
3.808
4.213
4.155
4.099
4.042
3.987
3.931
4.336
4.275
4.215
4.155
4.096
4.037
4.445
4.381
4.317
4.254
4.191
4.129
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
25.24
10.01
7.487
6.495
5.966
25.92
10.26
7.667
6.645
6.101
26.54
10.49
7.832
6.783
6.223
27.10
10.70
7.982
6.909
6.336
27.62
10.89
8.120
7.025
6.440
28.10
11.07
8.249
7.133
6.536
28.54
11.24
8.368
7.233
6.626
28.96
11.39
8.479
7.327
6.710
29.35
11.54
8.584
7.414
6.789
29.71
11.68
8.683
7.497
6.863
6
7
8
9
10
5.637
5.413
5.250
5.127
5.029
5.762
5.530
5.362
5.234
5.134
5.875
5.637
5.464
5.333
5.229
5.979
5.735
5.558
5.423
5.317
6.075
5.826
5.644
5.506
5.397
6.164
5.910
5.724
5.583
5.472
6.247
5.988
5.799
5.655
5.542
6.325
6.061
5.869
5.723
5.607
6.398
6.130
5.935
5.786
5.668
6.467
6.195
5.997
5.846
5.726
11
12
13
14
15
4.951
4.886
4.832
4.786
4.746
5.053
4.986
4.930
4.882
4.841
5.146
5.077
5.019
4.970
4.927
5.231
5.160
5.100
5.050
5.006
5.309
5.236
5.176
5.124
5.079
5.382
5.308
5.245
5.192
5.147
5.450
5.374
5.311
5.256
5.209
5.514
5.436
5.372
5.316
5.269
5.573
5.495
5.429
5.373
5.324
5.630
5.550
5.483
5.426
5.376
16
17
18
19
20
4.712
4.682
4.655
4.631
4.609
4.805
4.774
4.746
4.721
4.699
4.890
4.858
4.829
4.803
4.780
4.968
4.935
4.905
4.879
4.855
5.040
5.005
4.975
4.948
4.924
5.107
5.071
5.040
5.012
4.987
5.169
5.133
5.101
5.073
5.047
5.227
5.190
5.158
5.129
5.103
5.282
5.244
5.211
5.182
5.155
5.333
5.295
5.262
5.232
5.205
24
30
40
60
120
4.541
4.474
4.408
4.342
4.276
4.211
4.628
4.559
4.490
4.421
4.353
4.285
4.708
4.635
4.564
4.493
4.422
4.351
4.780
4.706
4.632
4.558
4.485
4.412
4.847
4.770
4.695
4.619
4.543
4.468
4.909
4.830
4.752
4.675
4.597
4.519
4.966
4.886
4.807
4.727
4.647
4.568
5.021
4.939
4.857
4.775
4.694
4.612
5.071
4.988
4.905
4.821
4.738
4.654
5.119
5.034
4.949
4.864
4.779
4.694
77
Upper Critical Values of the Studentized Range : q(r, ) (continued)
Table 16
= .05
r
10
1
2
3
4
5
17.97
6.085
4.501
3.927
3.635
26.98
8.331
5.910
5.040
4.602
32.82
9.798
6.825
5.757
5.218
37.08
10.88
7.502
6.287
5.673
40.41
11.74
8.037
6.707
6.033
43.12
12.44
8.478
7.053
6.330
45.40
13.03
8.853
7.347
6.582
47.36
13.54
9.177
7.602
6.802
49.07
13.99
9.462
7.826
6.995
6
7
8
9
10
3.461
3.344
3.261
3.199
3.151
4.339
4.165
4.041
3.949
3.877
4.896
4.681
4.529
4.415
4.327
5.305
5.060
4.886
4.756
4.654
5.628
5.359
5.167
5.024
4.912
5.895
5.606
5.399
5.244
5.124
6.122
5.815
5.597
5.432
5.305
6.319
5.998
5.767
5.595
5.461
6.493
6.158
5.918
5.739
5.599
11
12
13
14
15
3.113
3.082
3.055
3.033
3.014
3.820
3.773
3.735
3.702
3.674
4.256
4.199
4.151
4.111
4.076
4.574
4.508
4.453
4.407
4.367
4.823
4.751
4.690
4.639
4.595
5.028
4.950
4.885
4.829
4.782
5.202
5.119
5.049
4.990
4.940
5.353
5.265
5.192
5.131
5.077
5.487
5.395
5.318
5.254
5.198
16
17
18
19
20
2.998
2.984
2.971
2.960
2.950
3.649
3.628
3.609
3.593
3.578
4.046
4.020
3.997
3.977
3.958
4.333
4.303
4.277
4.253
4.232
4.557
4.524
4.495
4.469
4.445
4.741
4.705
4.673
4.645
4.620
4.897
4.858
4.824
4.794
4.768
5.031
4.991
4.956
4.924
4.896
5.150
5.108
5.071
5.038
5.008
24
30
40
60
120
2.919
2.888
2.858
2.829
2.800
2.772
3.532
3.486
3.442
3.399
3.356
3.314
3.901
3.845
3.791
3.737
3.685
3.633
4.166
4.102
4.039
3.977
3.917
3.858
4.373
4.302
4.232
4.163
4.096
4.030
4.541
4.464
4.389
4.314
4.241
4.170
4.684
4.602
4.521
4.441
4.363
4.286
4.807
4.720
4.635
4.550
4.468
4.387
4.915
4.824
4.735
4.646
4.560
4.474
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
50.59
14.39
9.717
8.027
7.168
51.96
14.75
9.946
8.208
7.324
53.20
15.08
10.15
8.373
7.466
54.33
15.38
10.35
8.525
7.596
55.36
15.65
10.53
8.664
7.717
56.32
15.91
10.69
8.794
7.828
57.22
16.14
10.84
8.914
7.932
58.04
16.37
10.98
9.028
8.030
58.83
16.57
11.11
9.134
8.122
59.56
16.77
11.24
9.233
8.208
6
7
8
9
10
6.649
6.302
6.054
5.867
5.722
6.789
6.431
6.175
5.983
5.833
6.917
6.550
6.287
6.089
5.935
7.034
6.658
6.389
6.186
6.028
7.143
6.759
6.483
6.276
6.114
7.244
6.852
6.571
6.359
6.194
7.338
6.939
6.653
6.437
6.269
7.426
7.020
6.729
6.510
6.339
7.508
7.097
6.802
6.579
6.405
7.587
7.170
6.870
6.644
6.467
11
12
13
14
15
5.605
5.511
5.431
5.364
5.306
5.713
5.615
5.533
5.463
5.404
5.811
5.710
5.625
5.554
5.493
5.901
5.798
5.711
5.637
5.574
5.984
5.878
5.789
5.714
5.649
6.062
5.953
5.862
5.786
5.720
6.134
6.023
5.931
5.852
5.785
6.202
6.089
5.995
5.915
5.846
6.265
6.151
6.055
5.974
5.904
6.326
6.209
6.112
6.029
5.958
16
17
18
19
20
5.256
5.212
5.174
5.140
5.108
5.352
5.307
5.267
5.231
5.199
5.439
5.392
5.352
5.315
5.282
5.520
5.471
5.429
5.391
5.357
5.593
5.544
5.501
5.462
5.427
5.662
5.612
5.568
5.528
5.493
5.727
5.675
5.630
5.589
5.553
5.786
5.734
5.688
5.647
5.610
5.843
5.790
5.743
5.701
5.663
5.897
5.842
5.794
5.752
5.714
24
30
40
60
120
5.012
4.917
4.824
4.732
4.641
4.552
5.099
5.001
4.904
4.808
4.714
4.622
5.179
5.077
4.977
4.878
4.781
4.685
5.251
5.147
5.044
4.942
4.842
4.743
5.319
5.211
5.106
5.001
4.898
4.796
5.381
5.271
5.163
5.056
4.950
4.845
5.439
5.327
5.216
5.107
4.998
4.891
5.494
5.379
5.266
5.154
5.044
4.934
5.545
5.429
5.313
5.199
5.086
4.974
5.594
5.475
5.358
5.241
5.126
5.012
78
Upper Critical Values of the Studentized Range : q(r, ) (continued)
Table 16
= .01
r
10
1
2
3
4
5
90.03
14.04
8.261
6.512
5.702
135.0
19.02
10.62
8.120
6.976
164.3
22.29
12.17
9.173
7.804
185.6
24.72
13.33
9.958
8.421
202.2
26.63
14.24
10.58
8.913
215.8
28.20
15.00
11.10
9.321
227.2
29.53
15.64
11.55
9.669
237.0
30.68
16.20
11.93
9.972
245.6
31.69
16.69
12.27
10.24
6
7
8
9
10
5.243
4.949
4.746
4.596
4.482
6.331
5.919
5.635
5.428
5.270
7.033
6.543
6.204
5.957
5.769
7.556
7.005
6.625
6.348
6.136
7.973
7.373
6.960
6.658
6.428
8.318
7.679
7.237
6.915
6.669
8.613
7.939
7.474
7.134
6.875
8.869
8.166
7.681
7.325
7.055
9.097
8.368
7.863
7.495
7.213
11
12
13
14
15
4.392
4.320
4.260
4.210
4.168
5.146
5.046
4.964
4.895
4.836
5.621
5.502
5.404
5.322
5.252
5.970
5.836
5.727
5.634
5.556
6.247
6.101
5.981
5.881
5.796
6.476
6.321
6.192
6.085
5.994
6.672
6.507
6.372
6.258
6.162
6.842
6.670
6.528
6.409
6.309
6.992
6.814
6.667
6.543
6.439
16
17
18
19
20
4.131
4.099
4.071
4.046
4.024
4.786
4.742
4.703
4.670
4.639
5.192
5.140
5.094
5.054
5.018
5.489
5.430
5.379
5.334
5.294
5.722
5.659
5.603
5.554
5.510
5.915
5.847
5.788
5.735
5.688
6.079
6.007
5.944
5.889
5.839
6.222
6.147
6.081
6.022
5.970
6.349
6.270
6.201
6.141
6.087
24
30
40
60
120
3.956
3.889
3.825
3.762
3.702
3.643
4.546
4.455
4.367
4.282
4.200
4.120
4.907
4.799
4.696
4.595
4.497
4.403
5.168
5.048
4.931
4.818
4.709
4.603
5.374
5.242
5.114
4.991
4.872
4.757
5.542
5.401
5.265
5.133
5.005
4.882
5.685
5.536
5.392
5.253
5.118
4.987
5.809
5.653
5.502
5.356
5.214
5.078
5.919
5.756
5.599
5.447
5.299
5.157
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
5
253.2
32.59
17.13
12.57
10.48
260.0
33.40
17.53
12.84
10.70
266.2
34.13
17.89
13.09
10.89
271.8
34.81
18.22
13.32
11.08
277.0
35.43
18.52
13.53
11.24
281.8
36.00
18.81
13.73
11.40
286.3
36.53
19.07
13.91
11.55
290.4
37.03
19.32
14.08
11.68
294.3
37.50
19.55
14.24
11.81
298.0
37.95
19.77
14.40
11.93
6
7
8
9
10
9.301
8.548
8.027
7.647
7.356
9.485
8.711
8.176
7.784
7.485
9.653
8.860
8.312
7.910
7.603
9.808
8.997
8.436
8.025
7.712
9.951
9.124
8.552
8.132
7.812
10.08
9.242
8.659
8.232
7.906
10.21
9.353
8.760
8.325
7.993
10.32
9.456
8.854
8.412
8.076
10.43
9.554
8.943
8.495
8.153
10.54
9.646
9.027
8.573
8.226
11
12
13
14
15
7.128
6.943
6.791
6.664
6.555
7.250
7.060
6.903
6.772
6.660
7.362
7.167
7.006
6.871
6.757
7.465
7.265
7.101
6.962
6.845
7.560
7.356
7.188
7.047
6.927
7.649
7.441
7.269
7.126
7.003
7.732
7.520
7.345
7.199
7.074
7.809
7.594
7.417
7.268
7.142
7.883
7.665
7.485
7.333
7.204
7.952
7.731
7.548
7.395
7.264
16
17
18
19
20
6.462
6.381
6.310
6.247
6.191
6.564
6.480
6.407
6.342
6.285
6.658
6.572
6.497
6.430
6.371
6.744
6.656
6.579
6.510
6.450
6.823
6.734
6.655
6.585
6.523
6.898
6.806
6.725
6.654
6.591
6.967
6.873
6.792
6.719
6.654
7.032
6.937
6.854
6.780
6.714
7.093
6.997
6.912
6.837
6.771
7.152
7.053
6.968
6.891
6.823
24
30
40
60
120
6.017
5.849
5.686
5.528
5.375
5.227
6.106
5.932
5.764
5.601
5.443
5.290
6.186
6.008
5.835
5.667
5.505
5.348
6.261
6.078
5.900
5.728
5.562
5.400
6.330
6.143
5.961
5.785
5.614
5.448
6.394
6.203
6.017
5.837
5.662
5.493
6.453
6.259
6.069
5.886
5.708
5.535
6.510
6.311
6.119
5.931
5.750
5.574
6.563
6.361
6.165
5.974
5.790
5.611
6.612
6.407
6.209
6.015
5.827
5.645
79
Table 17
Critical Values d for Multiple Comparisons based

on the Kruskal-Wallis Test
k = the number of groups (treatments)
n = the common sample size of each group
Nominal Family Type I Error Rate

(more accurate significance levels are in brackets)
k
.10
.05
.03
.01
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
4
5
6
- 14 (.111)
21 (.106)
29 (.106)
38 (.103)
8 (.067)
15 (.064)
24 (.045)
33 (.048)
43 (.049)
8 (.067)
16 (.029)
25 (.031)
35 (.031)
46 (.030)
8 (.067)
17 (.011)
27 (.011)
39 (.009)
51 (.011)
4
4
4
2
3
4
11 (.086)
20 (.108)
31 (.097)
12 (.029)
22 (.043)
34 (.049)
12 (.029)
23 (.023)
36 (.026)
12 (.029)
24 (.012)
38 (.012)
5
5
5
2
3
4
14 (.121)
27 (.084)
- -
15 (.048)
28 (.060)
44 (.056)
16 (.016)
30 (.023)
46 (.033)
16 (.016)
32 (.007)
50 (.010)
6
6
2
3
19 (.030)
35 (.055)
19 (.030)
37 (.024)
20 (.010)
39 (.009)
7
7
2
3
22 (.056)
42 (.054)
23 (.021)
44 (.026)
24 (.007)
46 (.012)
8
8
2
3
26 (.041)
49 (.055)
26 (.041)
51 (.029)
28 (.005)
54 (.010)
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
29 (.063)
33 (.050)
37 (.040)
40 (.062)
44 (.052)
48 (.044)
52 (.038)
30 (.031)
34 (.025)
38 (.020)
41 (.033)
45 (.028)
49 (.024)
52 (.038)
31 (.012)
35 (.009)
39 (.008)
43 (.006)
46 (.014)
50 (.012)
54 (.010)
80
Table 18
Critical Values e for Multiple Comparisons based

on the Friedman Test
k = the number of treatments , b = the number of blocks
Nominal Family Type I Error Rate

(more accurate significance levels are in brackets)
k
.10
.05
.03
.01
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
6 (.028)
6 (.125)
7 (.093)
8 (.072)
8 (.112)
9 (.079)
- - - - - - - -
6 (.028)
7 (.042)
8 (.039)
9 (.029)
9 (.051)
10 (.039)
10 (.048)
11 (.037)
11 (.049)
12 (.038)
12 (.049)
13 (.038)
13 (.047)
6 (.028)
7 (.042)
8 (.039)
9 (.029)
10 (.023)
11 (.018)
11 (.026)
12 (.019)
12 (.028)
13 (.022)
13 (.030)
14 (.023)
14 (.028)
6 (.028)
8 (.005)
9 (.008)
10 (.009)
11 (.008)
12 (.007)
12 (.013)
13 (.010)
14 (.008)
14 (.012)
15 (.009)
16 (.007)
16 (.010)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
6 (.083)
8 (.049)
9 (.078)
10 (.082)
11 (.078)
11 (.126)
12 (.111)
- - - - - - - -
6 (.083)
8 (.049)
10 (.026)
11 (.037)
12 (.037)
13 (.037)
14 (.034)
15 (.032)
15 (.046)
16 (.041)
17 (.038)
18 (.032)
18 (.042)
19 (.037)
6 (.083)
8 (.049)
10 (.026)
11 (.037)
13 (.018)
14 (.020)
15 (.019)
15 (.032)
16 (.029)
17 (.026)
18 (.023)
19 (.021)
19 (.028)
20 (.024)
6 (.083)
9 (.007)
11 (.005)
12 (.013)
14 (.006)
15 (.008)
16 (.009)
17 (.010)
18 (.010)
19 (.009)
20 (.008)
21 (.008)
21 (.011)
22 (.010)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
8 (.050)
10 (.067)
11 (.116)
13 (.076)
14 (.088)
15 (.093)
16 (.094)
- - - - - - - -
8 (.050)
10 (.067)
12 (.054)
14 (.040)
15 (.049)
16 (.052)
18 (.036)
19 (.037)
20 (.038)
21 (.038)
22 (.038)
23 (.035)
24 (.034)
24 (.045)
8 (.050)
11 (.018)
13 (.020)
14 (.040)
16 (.028)
17 (.033)
19 (.022)
20 (.024)
21 (.025)
22 (.025)
23 (.025)
24 (.024)
25 (.024)
26 (.022)
8 (.050)
12 (.002)
14 (.006)
16 (.006)
17 (.013)
19 (.009)
20 (.012)
22 (.008)
23 (.009)
24 (.010)
25 (.011)
26 (.011)
27 (.011)
28 (.010)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
9 (.150)
12 (.084)
14 (.088)
16 (.075)
7 (.098)
- - - - - - - - - -
10 (.033)
13 (.030)
15 (.047)
17 (.047)
19 (.040)
20 (.049)
22 (.039)
23 (.043)
24 (.047)
26 (.036)
27 (.039)
28 (.039)
29 (.040)
30 (.040)
10 (.033)
13 (.030)
16 (.018)
18 (.022)
20 (.021)
21 (.032)
23 (.026)
24 (.030)
26 (.023)
27 (.026)
28 (.028)
29 (.028)
30 (.030)
32 (.023)
10 (.033)
14 (.008)
17 (.006)
19 (.010)
21 (.010)
23 (.010)
25 (.008)
26 (.012)
28 (.009)
29 (.012)
31 (.009)
32 (.010)
33 (.011)
34 (.012)
81
Table 19
Upper Critical Values for Kendall's

Rank Correlation Coefficient
Note: In the table below, the critical values give

significance levels as close as possible to, but
not exceeding the nominal .
Nominal
n
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.524
0.429
0.389
0.378
0.345
0.303
0.308
0.275
0.276
0.250
0.250
0.242
0.228
0.221
0.210
0.203
0.202
0.196
0.193
0.188
0.179
0.180
0.172
0.172
0.166
0.165
0.163
0.159
0.156
0.152
0.150
0.149
0.147
0.144
0.141
0.141
0.138
0.137
0.135
0.132
0.132
0.129
0.129
0.127
0.126
0.124
0.123
0.122
0.121
0.119
0.118
0.117
0.116
0.115
1.000
0.800
0.733
0.619
0.571
0.500
0.467
0.418
0.394
0.359
0.363
0.333
0.317
0.309
0.294
0.287
0.274
0.267
0.264
0.257
0.246
0.240
0.237
0.231
0.228
0.222
0.218
0.213
0.210
0.205
0.201
0.197
0.194
0.192
0.189
0.188
0.185
0.180
0.178
0.176
0.173
0.172
0.169
0.167
0.167
0.163
0.162
0.161
0.158
0.157
0.156
0.154
0.152
0.152
0.149
0.148
0.147
1.000
0.867
0.714
0.643
0.556
0.511
0.491
0.455
0.436
0.407
0.390
0.383
0.368
0.346
0.333
0.326
0.314
0.307
0.296
0.290
0.287
0.280
0.271
0.265
0.261
0.255
0.252
0.246
0.242
0.237
0.234
0.232
0.228
0.223
0.220
0.218
0.215
0.213
0.209
0.207
0.204
0.202
0.199
0.197
0.196
0.192
0.191
0.189
0.187
0.185
0.182
0.181
0.179
0.177
0.176
0.174
1.000
0.867
0.810
0.714
0.667
0.600
0.564
0.545
0.513
0.473
0.467
0.433
0.426
0.412
0.392
0.379
0.371
0.359
0.352
0.341
0.333
0.329
0.322
0.312
0.310
0.301
0.295
0.290
0.288
0.280
0.277
0.273
0.267
0.263
0.260
0.256
0.254
0.250
0.247
0.243
0.240
0.239
0.236
0.232
0.230
0.228
0.225
0.223
0.221
0.219
0.216
0.214
0.212
0.210
0.209
0.207
1.000
0.905
0.786
0.722
0.644
0.600
0.576
0.564
0.516
0.505
0.483
0.471
0.451
0.439
0.421
0.410
0.394
0.391
0.377
0.367
0.360
0.356
0.344
0.340
0.333
0.325
0.323
0.314
0.312
0.304
0.302
0.297
0.292
0.287
0.285
0.280
0.275
0.274
0.268
0.267
0.264
0.260
0.257
0.253
0.251
0.249
0.246
0.244
0.241
0.239
0.236
0.234
0.232
0.230
0.228
1.000
0.857
0.833
0.778
0.709
0.667
0.641
0.604
0.581
0.567
0.544
0.529
0.509
0.495
0.486
0.472
0.455
0.449
0.440
0.428
0.419
0.413
0.404
0.393
0.389
0.379
0.375
0.369
0.361
0.359
0.351
0.346
0.341
0.338
0.334
0.329
0.324
0.321
0.317
0.314
0.310
0.307
0.303
0.300
0.297
0.294
0.290
0.287
0.285
0.282
0.279
0.276
0.274
0.272
82
Table 20
Upper Critical Values of Spearman's

Rank Correlation Coefficient Rs
Note: In the table below, the critical values give

significance levels as close as possible to, but
not exceeding the nominal .
Nominal
n
.10
.05
.025
.01
.005
.001
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1.000
0.800
0.657
0.571
0.524
0.483
0.455
0.427
0.406
0.385
0.367
0.354
0.341
0.328
0.317
0.309
0.299
0.292
0.284
0.278
0.271
0.265
0.259
0.255
0.250
0.245
0.240
0.236
0.232
0.229
0.225
0.222
0.219
0.215
0.212
0.210
0.207
0.204
0.202
0.199
0.197
0.194
0.192
0.190
0.188
0.186
0.184
0.182
0.180
0.179
0.177
0.175
0.174
0.172
0.171
0.169
0.168
1.000
0.900
0.829
0.714
0.643
0.600
0.564
0.536
0.503
0.484
0.464
0.446
0.429
0.414
0.401
0.391
0.380
0.370
0.361
0.353
0.344
0.337
0.331
0.324
0.318
0.312
0.306
0.301
0.296
0.291
0.287
0.283
0.279
0.275
0.271
0.267
0.264
0.261
0.257
0.254
0.251
0.248
0.246
0.243
0.240
0.238
0.235
0.233
0.231
0.228
0.226
0.224
0.222
0.220
0.218
0.216
0.214
1.000
0.886
0.786
0.738
0.700
0.648
0.618
0.587
0.560
0.538
0.521
0.503
0.488
0.472
0.460
0.447
0.436
0.425
0.416
0.407
0.398
0.390
0.383
0.375
0.368
0.362
0.356
0.350
0.345
0.340
0.335
0.330
0.325
0.321
0.317
0.313
0.309
0.305
0.301
0.298
0.294
0.291
0.288
0.285
0.282
0.279
0.276
0.274
0.271
0.268
0.266
0.264
0.261
0.259
0.257
0.255
1.000
0.943
0.893
0.833
0.783
0.745
0.709
0.678
0.648
0.626
0.604
0.582
0.566
0.550
0.535
0.522
0.509
0.497
0.486
0.476
0.466
0.457
0.449
0.441
0.433
0.425
0.419
0.412
0.405
0.400
0.394
0.388
0.383
0.378
0.373
0.368
0.364
0.359
0.355
0.351
0.347
0.343
0.340
0.336
0.333
0.329
0.326
0.323
0.320
0.317
0.314
0.311
0.308
0.306
0.303
0.301
1.000
0.929
0.881
0.833
0.794
0.755
0.727
0.703
0.679
0.654
0.635
0.618
0.600
0.584
0.570
0.556
0.544
0.532
0.521
0.511
0.501
0.492
0.483
0.475
0.467
0.459
0.452
0.446
0.439
0.433
0.427
0.421
0.415
0.410
0.405
0.400
0.396
0.391
0.386
0.382
0.378
0.374
0.370
0.366
0.363
0.359
0.356
0.352
0.349
0.346
0.343
0.340
0.337
0.334
0.331
1.000
0.952
0.917
0.879
0.845
0.818
0.791
0.771
0.750
0.729
0.711
0.692
0.675
0.662
0.647
0.633
0.621
0.609
0.597
0.586
0.576
0.567
0.558
0.549
0.540
0.532
0.525
0.517
0.510
0.503
0.497
0.491
0.485
0.479
0.473
0.468
0.462
0.457
0.452
0.448
0.443
0.439
0.434
0.430
0.426
0.422
0.418
0.414
0.411
0.407
0.404
0.400
0.397
0.394
83
Table 21
Sample Size for the T-test
Sample size n required to achieve power K(d) for d =
(standard deviations from 0).
These are approximate n for the two-sided test.
One-sided = .005
(Two-sided = .01)
One-sided = .01
Power K(d) = 1 -
(Two-sided = .02)
Power K(d) = 1 -
.99
.95
.90
.80
.99
.95
.90
.80
0.25
389
290
243
191
0.25
350
256
212
164
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
272
201
155
123
100
202
150
115
92
75
170
125
97
77
63
134
99
77
62
51
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
244
180
139
110
90
179
132
101
81
66
148
109
85
68
55
115
85
66
53
43
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
83
71
61
53
47
63
53
46
40
36
53
45
39
34
30
42
36
31
28
25
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
75
63
55
47
42
55
47
41
35
31
46
39
34
30
27
36
31
27
24
21
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
41
37
34
31
28
32
29
26
24
22
27
24
22
20
19
22
20
18
17
16
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
37
33
29
27
25
28
25
23
21
19
24
21
19
18
16
19
17
16
14
13
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
24
21
18
16
15
19
16
15
13
12
16
14
13
12
11
14
12
11
10
9
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
21
18
16
14
13
16
14
13
11
10
14
12
11
10
9
12
10
9
9
8
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
13
12
12
11
10
11
10
10
9
8
10
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
7
7
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
12
11
10
10
9
10
9
8
8
7
9
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
84
Table 21
Sample Size for the T-test (continued)
Sample size n required to achieve power K(d) for d =
(standard deviations from 0).
These are approximate n for the two-sided test.
One-sided = .025
(Two-sided = .05)
One-sided = .05
Power K(d) = 1 -
(Two-sided = .1)
Power K(d) = 1 -
.99
.95
.90
.80
.99
.95
.90
.80
0.25
296
210
171
128
0.25
255
176
139
101
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
207
152
117
93
76
147
109
84
67
54
119
88
68
54
44
90
67
51
41
34
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
178
131
101
80
65
122
90
70
55
45
97
72
55
44
36
71
52
40
33
27
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
63
53
46
40
35
45
38
33
29
26
37
32
27
24
21
28
24
21
19
16
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
54
46
39
34
30
38
32
28
24
21
30
26
22
19
17
22
19
17
15
13
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
31
28
25
23
21
22
21
19
17
16
19
17
16
14
13
15
13
12
11
10
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
27
24
21
19
18
19
17
15
14
13
15
14
13
11
11
12
11
10
9
8
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
18
15
14
12
11
13
12
10
9
8
11
10
9
8
7
9
8
7
7
6
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
15
13
11
10
9
11
10
8
8
7
9
8
7
7
6
7
6
6
5
5
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
10
9
8
8
7
8
7
7
6
6
7
6
6
6
5
6
5
5
5
5
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
8
8
7
7
6
6
6
6
5
5
6
5
5
5
4
5
4
4
4
4
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
85
Table 22
Sample Size for the Pooled T-test
Sample size nX = nY required to achieve power K(d) for d =
X Y
(standard deviations apart).
These are approximate nX and nY for the two-sided test.
One-sided = .005
(Two-sided = .01)
One-sided = .01
Power K(d) = 1 -
(Two-sided = .02)
Power K(d) = 1 -
.99
.95
.90
.80
.99
.95
.90
.80
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
395
303
240
195
293
225
178
145
245
188
149
122
193
148
118
96
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
356
273
216
176
260
200
158
129
215
165
131
106
166
128
101
82
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
161
136
116
100
88
120
101
87
75
66
101
85
73
63
55
79
67
57
50
44
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
146
123
104
90
79
106
90
77
66
58
88
74
64
55
48
68
58
49
43
38
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
77
69
62
55
50
58
51
46
42
38
49
43
39
35
32
39
35
31
28
26
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
70
62
55
50
45
51
46
41
37
33
43
38
34
31
28
33
30
27
24
22
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
42
36
31
27
24
32
27
23
20
18
27
23
20
17
15
22
18
16
14
13
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
38
32
28
24
21
28
24
21
18
16
23
20
17
15
14
19
16
14
12
11
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
21
19
17
16
14
16
15
13
12
11
14
13
11
11
10
11
10
10
9
8
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
19
17
15
14
13
14
13
12
11
10
12
11
10
9
9
10
9
8
8
7
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
86
Table 22
Sample Size for the Pooled T-test (continued)
Sample size nX = nY required to achieve power K(d) for d =
X Y
These are approximate nX and nY for the two-sided test.
One-sided = .025
(Two-sided = .05)
One-sided = .05
Power K(d) = 1 -
(Two-sided = .10)
Power K(d) = 1 -
.99
.95
.90
.80
.99
.95
.90
.80
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
301
231
183
148
214
164
130
106
173
133
105
86
130
100
79
64
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
259
199
157
128
178
137
108
88
141
108
86
70
102
78
62
51
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
123
104
88
76
67
87
74
63
55
48
71
60
51
44
39
53
45
39
34
29
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
112
89
76
66
57
73
61
52
45
40
58
49
42
36
32
42
36
30
26
23
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
59
52
47
42
38
42
37
34
30
27
34
31
27
25
23
26
23
21
19
17
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
50
45
40
36
33
35
31
28
25
23
28
25
22
20
18
21
18
16
15
14
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
32
27
23
20
18
23
20
17
15
13
19
16
14
12
11
14
12
11
10
9
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
27
23
20
17
15
19
16
14
12
11
15
13
11
10
9
12
10
9
8
7
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
16
14
13
12
11
12
11
10
9
8
10
9
8
7
7
8
7
6
6
6
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
14
12
11
10
9
10
9
8
7
7
8
7
7
6
6
6
6
5
5
4
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
87
Table 23
Sample Size for One-Way ANOVA, Fixed Effects, Normal Model
Sample size n (for each group) required to achieve power K(d) for d =
max ( i ) min ( i )
( k = the number of groups )
K(d) = 1 (d) = .70
K(d) = 1 (d) = .80

d=
max ( i ) min ( i )
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
.01
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
25
28
30
32
34
35
37
38
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
10
10
11
12
12
13
13
14
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
30
33
35
38
39
41
43
44
20
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
14
16
17
18
18
19
20
21
11
12
13
13
14
15
15
16
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
.05
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
17
19
21
22
24
25
26
27
11
13
14
15
16
16
17
18
8
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
21
23
25
27
29
30
31
33
14
15
17
18
19
20
21
21
10
11
12
13
14
14
15
15
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
.10
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
13
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
9
10
11
12
13
13
14
14
7
7
8
9
9
10
10
10
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
17
19
21
22
24
25
26
27
11
13
14
15
16
16
17
18
8
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
6
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
5
6
6
7
7
7
7
8
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
.20
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
9
11
12
13
14
15
15
16
6
7
8
9
9
10
10
11
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
12
14
16
17
18
19
20
21
8
9
10
11
12
12
13
14
6
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
88
Table 23
Sample Size for One-Way ANOVA, Fixed Effects, Normal Model (continued)
Sample size n (for each group) required to achieve power K(d) for d =
max ( i ) min ( i )
( k = the number of groups )
K(d) = 1 - (d) = .90
K(d) = 1 - (d) = .95

d=
max ( i ) min ( i )
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
.01
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
37
40
43
46
48
50
52
54
24
27
28
30
31
33
34
35
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
13
15
15
16
17
17
18
19
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
43
47
51
53
56
58
60
62
29
31
33
35
36
38
39
40
20
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
16
17
18
19
19
20
21
21
12
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
.05
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
27
30
32
34
36
38
40
41
18
20
21
23
24
25
26
27
13
14
15
16
17
18
18
19
10
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
32
36
39
41
43
45
47
48
21
23
25
27
28
29
30
31
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
22
12
13
14
14
15
16
16
17
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
7
7
7
8
8
8
9
9
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
.10
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
22
25
27
29
31
32
33
35
15
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
11
12
13
14
14
15
16
16
8
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
27
30
33
35
37
39
40
42
18
20
22
23
24
25
26
27
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
10
11
12
12
13
14
14
15
8
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
.20
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
17
20
21
22
24
26
27
28
11
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
8
9
10
11
11
12
13
13
6
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
22
25
27
29
30
32
33
34
14
16
18
19
20
21
22
22
10
12
13
13
14
15
15
16
8
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
6
7
8
8
8
9
9
9
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
89
Table 24
Table of Pseudo-random Permutations of Size 9
Column
Row
1-5
6 - 10
1 - 15
16 - 20
21 - 25
26 - 30
6
4
8
7
5
3
2
9
1
7
1
9
6
8
3
5
2
4
9
2
4
1
7
5
8
3
6
2
3
7
1
9
8
4
5
6
5
7
6
8
3
9
4
1
2
3
4
1
6
5
2
9
7
8
9
4
1
5
2
6
8
7
3
8
6
5
4
2
3
9
7
1
9
4
7
3
5
1
8
2
6
9
2
7
3
1
5
8
4
6
2
1
6
5
4
7
9
8
3
3
4
7
1
6
9
5
8
2
1
4
8
3
5
9
6
7
2
1
6
7
9
8
3
5
4
2
8
9
3
7
1
6
5
2
4
1
8
5
3
4
2
6
9
7
4
8
1
5
6
3
7
9
2
1
6
4
5
8
7
2
3
9
8
3
2
5
4
6
1
9
7
9
7
5
8
6
4
2
1
3
6
5
8
1
4
7
2
3
9
7
6
3
9
5
8
4
2
1
5
7
2
4
9
1
8
3
6
9
4
6
5
7
8
3
1
2
2
4
3
7
9
8
5
1
6
6
5
9
3
8
7
1
4
2
8
2
3
4
1
7
9
6
5
7
5
4
1
8
6
9
2
3
3
2
4
8
9
1
5
6
7
7
3
9
5
4
2
6
8
1
6
7
1
2
5
4
9
3
8
6
1
9
4
2
5
8
3
7
9
3
7
1
4
5
6
2
8
6
5
4
1
3
7
2
8
9
3
6
7
2
5
8
1
4
9
5
6
3
9
1
2
4
7
8
9
3
2
4
5
6
7
8
1
4
1
3
8
2
7
5
9
6
9
5
4
6
3
7
1
2
8
3
9
7
2
5
6
1
8
4
5
4
6
7
1
8
2
3
9
3
6
9
4
7
2
1
5
8
8
7
5
9
6
1
4
3
2
7
6
1
8
3
4
5
2
9
1
3
8
7
4
6
5
9
2
8
7
1
3
5
4
9
2
6
9
4
6
2
3
1
7
8
5
4
2
3
7
9
8
1
6
5
2
6
5
9
3
1
7
4
8
7
8
6
9
5
3
2
1
4
6
7
2
9
5
3
4
1
8
3
6
9
5
1
8
4
7
2
1
4
8
3
7
2
5
6
9
9
8
2
7
6
3
4
1
5
1
4
5
8
9
2
7
3
6
2
4
6
3
5
7
9
8
1
2
7
1
6
3
4
9
5
8
1
3
2
7
8
9
6
4
5
3
2
5
9
7
4
8
1
6
1
2
5
3
4
7
9
6
8
9
3
4
2
8
6
1
5
7
9
2
7
1
3
4
8
6
5
7
6
8
5
3
1
9
2
4
3
8
4
2
6
5
7
9
1
4
3
5
1
6
2
9
8
7
5
4
9
3
7
2
1
6
8
1
6
4
5
9
3
8
7
2
5
2
3
8
4
9
1
6
7
1
2
6
8
5
7
3
4
9
2
6
8
1
4
5
9
7
3
6
3
4
8
2
7
9
1
5
6
7
2
1
4
3
9
8
5
9
2
5
1
7
3
8
6
4
7
9
5
2
6
1
8
3
4
2
6
5
8
1
4
3
7
9
3
5
7
2
4
9
6
8
1
3
4
7
1
5
9
2
6
8
8
9
6
3
1
4
2
7
5
3
2
6
5
8
7
1
9
4
2
8
1
9
6
5
4
3
7
6
4
8
1
7
2
3
9
5
2
9
3
1
5
7
4
6
8
3
7
4
9
8
1
5
6
2
6
8
1
9
3
2
7
4
5
9
6
8
4
5
3
2
1
7
2
6
4
9
5
8
7
3
1
3
5
6
7
4
1
9
8
2
3
2
7
5
8
6
1
9
4
9
7
6
3
4
5
1
8
2
6
1
5
3
9
4
7
8
2
9
4
3
5
2
8
1
7
6
8
6
2
5
1
4
7
9
3
3
5
1
2
8
4
6
7
9
7
6
3
8
4
9
5
1
2
9
8
2
3
6
7
4
5
1
8
1
3
2
5
9
4
7
6
6
5
8
3
1
9
7
2
4
3
5
4
8
1
6
9
2
7
2
7
5
9
1
8
4
6
3
5
7
2
3
1
4
9
8
6
2
8
4
6
7
9
1
3
5
1
7
9
2
3
4
6
5
8
3
5
1
4
9
6
7
2
8
5
1
4
8
9
2
7
6
3
5
4
1
9
6
7
8
2
3
2
6
7
5
9
3
4
8
1
3
9
8
2
6
4
7
5
1
3
8
4
7
2
9
6
1
5
1
9
5
6
4
8
7
2
3
4
8
1
2
5
3
6
9
7
8
6
3
7
5
1
2
9
4
6
5
9
3
7
2
8
4
1
1
4
7
3
9
6
5
8
2
3
8
9
4
2
5
7
1
6
5
1
4
6
7
2
8
9
3
7
5
4
1
3
6
9
2
8
7
9
6
5
4
2
8
3
1
3
5
7
8
4
9
6
1
2
2
3
8
4
7
9
1
5
6
7
2
4
8
9
6
1
3
5
7
8
2
3
1
4
6
5
9
8
6
3
4
2
7
1
9
5
4
3
8
2
5
1
7
9
6
6
8
3
4
9
7
5
2
1
4
9
5
8
6
2
3
7
1
1
8
7
5
6
4
2
3
9
8
6
3
5
7
4
1
2
9
3
8
2
4
7
6
1
9
5
8
7
1
2
3
4
6
9
5
6
9
2
3
4
1
8
7
5
5
3
7
6
8
4
2
1
9
5
8
7
6
3
1
4
9
2
2
5
1
4
6
7
9
3
8
7
8
5
2
1
9
4
3
6
7
6
5
1
3
4
9
8
2
6
9
8
4
3
1
7
2
5
6
4
3
8
5
2
7
9
1
5
6
7
3
4
1
2
9
8
9
3
7
6
8
5
2
1
4
5
8
9
1
3
7
4
6
2
4
8
1
3
7
2
9
5
6
3
4
8
7
2
6
1
9
5
4
3
6
7
2
8
9
5
1
7
4
2
9
6
5
1
3
8
2
8
5
6
7
3
4
1
9
9
3
6
4
1
2
8
7
5
3
5
1
2
7
4
9
8
6
7
4
6
9
5
8
1
2
3
6
8
7
4
3
1
5
9
2
5
2
7
6
4
1
8
9
3
7
4
8
3
5
6
1
9
2
7
1
6
8
2
9
3
5
4
9
4
6
3
1
7
8
5
2
6
3
9
1
8
7
5
2
4
1
5
8
6
4
7
9
2
3
6
3
2
9
8
4
1
5
7
2
8
3
7
6
9
5
4
1
6
5
7
8
4
2
3
9
1
2
1
9
7
3
8
4
5
6
8
5
2
7
4
1
3
6
9
4
3
6
9
5
1
8
7
2
3
8
6
7
2
5
4
1
9
1
4
5
3
7
8
9
2
6
3
8
1
4
5
2
6
9
7
8
1
2
5
7
3
6
4
9
2
6
3
1
5
9
7
8
4
1
3
9
5
7
8
2
4
6
7
4
8
5
3
9
1
6
2
8
2
1
7
6
9
5
4
3
1
3
8
4
5
6
2
7
9
8
7
5
4
3
9
2
6
1
7
9
3
1
2
5
8
4
6
5
6
2
7
8
1
4
3
9
4
3
6
8
5
1
7
9
2
3
5
4
6
7
8
1
2
9
6
8
5
7
3
2
1
9
4
7
9
1
5
2
4
8
6
3
1
4
7
9
2
6
3
5
8
3
2
6
4
5
8
9
7
1
9
2
7
8
3
1
4
6
5
90
Table 25
Table of Pseudo-random Digits
Column
Line
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
46-50
1
2
3
4
5
08025
43025
58121
72630
99141
89354
77001
23577
20838
19701
66119
02272
36517
00723
25161
12852
89797
64643
12788
01414
61345
66588
17939
18794
17377
06509
39793
70833
68202
93195
02701
29896
93099
03931
09454
79607
44604
94744
72078
02719
80234
85341
91332
30915
24297
19263
92320
48159
65350
97428
6
7
8
9
10
61248
86046
92019
30784
80938
09975
50522
07352
55302
38097
46169
74470
93315
32329
53567
17215
30125
69852
40934
13720
34288
95272
07395
52882
36450
01118
65600
92103
85483
89775
14681
85604
08348
68921
08951
99216
28241
76089
27908
27155
85172
31735
55143
68489
27759
59198
15291
15496
19321
23319
11
12
13
14
15
18881
19610
77620
72537
51886
60759
77947
59682
17153
61216
71055
72653
58917
23011
82211
62716
47772
72290
02602
44246
97314
57484
72917
70210
55572
60851
48855
74614
45615
52746
26428
57222
41046
28454
44254
84725
13081
65690
32116
44267
66137
21690
45455
31278
10302
74139
28187
19840
97910
55859
16
17
18
19
20
05650
42153
71336
14063
45594
84958
38890
65235
55790
45992
74972
78980
56208
96174
25431
19326
10323
82491
79234
06642
36808
38457
69220
88520
94686
15344
85522
33615
08859
65565
05039
94858
07848
72512
23940
06076
26063
11847
88798
64499
23302
02393
72427
31954
34013
55065
83151
82828
44967
81164
21
22
23
24
25
54338
88713
23615
86160
97640
13992
83287
73976
06090
98709
94521
29349
21076
91947
22933
39220
99464
23476
43277
89872
20355
95499
09987
39543
16271
11344
92499
23591
32532
22821
32881
33074
58266
54269
17688
01038
27496
94120
14948
20347
42038
16658
40624
16269
35989
23483
14281
94174
56600
05584
26
27
28
29
30
06946
90210
84529
11644
35483
45370
59549
66423
41528
55588
50945
31365
78040
90086
23051
48067
80765
26211
02595
85364
44892
58726
32685
85984
05871
67609
71099
23461
13908
90463
01998
64022
56782
18227
51042
16973
96701
96864
63685
28996
29628
00752
35006
57142
07757
50044
24962
49181
77014
62484
31
32
33
34
35
49976
62819
62714
16347
89107
17369
48093
26321
54320
23856
59115
86554
44330
40744
92270
16680
46644
50378
47838
03999
10735
27786
10788
05193
87388
45136
28694
55520
94386
29279
66690
07566
69743
30284
44757
36683
42762
22297
47898
56034
20723
25516
17304
52647
69813
79252
99507
83174
42887
92039
36
37
38
39
40
70833
51177
70376
50686
95135
42469
86088
02710
25769
83236
63483
31614
13186
56334
90950
51138
23778
05649
09464
27914
95099
86117
18534
76655
20376
79174
89430
12061
92663
92565
33444
45737
29313
26480
48109
25899
88533
90739
43425
78847
38456
44982
01809
62041
62391
64150
40705
17546
49220
84305
41
42
43
44
45
86418
56531
68642
61921
10852
45001
43586
82406
51815
33613
47466
32988
43975
65068
38873
28022
98735
87638
70294
78795
84482
66483
68109
22748
85872
68299
47607
15218
62150
54927
34866
25798
11123
63238
04235
41402
49431
92261
67770
63069
28045
97092
75650
53421
18209
68438
04877
78929
08217
13667
46
47
48
49
50
44645
50604
58564
91656
13840
95861
64568
50497
11778
46431
12068
44880
01322
27049
63082
99406
94258
15771
47254
81615
96019
14329
94224
86342
05334
32551
16618
52629
44802
81525
73231
54920
71269
28823
41660
70296
37843
79096
35996
92580
63774
21385
73844
69714
81693
66304
77860
45855
92375
85560
91
92
Acknowledgements
Table 11:
From "A simple test of symmetry about an unknown median", by Paul Cabilio
and Joe Masaro, Canadian Journal of Statistics, 24 (1996).
Table 12:
Adapted from "Use of the Correlation Coefficient with Normal Probability Plots"
The American Statistician, 39 (1985) with permission of the authors, Stephen W.
Looney and Thomas R. Gulledge.
Table 13:
Adapted from "Exact probability levels for the Kruskall-Wallis Test" by Ronald L.
Iman, Dana Quade and Douglas A. Alexander, in Selected Tables in
Mathematical Statistics, Volume 3, 1975, edited by H. L. Harter and D. B. Owen
for the IMS, with permission of Ronald L. Iman and Dana Quade.
Table 14:
Adapted from "Technical Report #SW 16/72" of the Mathematical Centre,

Amsterdam, with permission of the author Dana Quade.
Table 16:
Adapted from "Tables of range and studentized range", by H. Leon Harter, Ann.
Math. Statist., 31 (1960) with permission of the author H. Leon Harter.
Tables 17-18:
Adapted from "Rank sum multiple comparisons in one- and two-way

classifications", Biometrika, 54 (1967) with permission of the authors B. J.
MacDonald and W. A. Thompson Jr.
Table 23:
Adapted from "Tables of sample sizes in the analysis of variance" by T. L.

Bratcher, M. A. Moran and W. J. Zimmer, Journal of Quality Technology, 2
(1970), with permission of Tom Bratcher and W. J. Zimmer.
Tables 1-11, 15, 19, 20, 24, 25 were generated with the aid of honour students Steven Astels and
Kathy Swinamer.
Tables 21 and 22 were generated using an approximation found in "Introduction to Statistical
Analysis" by Wilfred J. Dixon and Frank J. Massey. Jr.. 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1983. The
values obtained were checked and corrected using the software package Statable by C.R. Mehta
and N.R. Patel.
Special thanks to Kathy Swinamer and Julia MacCluskey for typing of the manuscript.
93
94

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BASIC STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

P. Cabilio and J. Masaro

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

INFERENCE CONCERNING SYMMETRY AND NORMALITY

INFERENCE CONCERNING THE LOCATION OF TWO POPULATIONS

INDEPENDENT SAMPLE DESIGN

INFERENCE CONCERNING POPULATION VARIANCES

INFERENCE CONCERNING POPULATION PROPORTIONS

ANALYSIS OF CATEGORICAL DATA

Test Comparing Two Population Variances

COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

One Sample T-test for the Population Mean

A simple random sample of size n is chosen from a

t0 is the observed value of T

(a) For df > 100 use df = , t = z and replace T by Z to

where is a prior estimate of .

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

One Sample Sign Test for the Population Median M

A simple random sample is chosen from an arbitrary

the number of xi > M0

(b) For values of x exceeding those in Table 6 use

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

One Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSRT)

A simple random sample is chosen from a symmetric

Let di = xi - M0 and n' = the number of non-zero di

V = the sum of the ranks of |di| for which di > 0

For values of v exceeding those in Table 7 use

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

Sk-test for Asymmetry

A simple random sample is chosen from an arbitrary distribution

sk0 is the observed value of Sk

H0: SCFSD (the Sample Comes From a Symmetric Distribution)

Normal Scores Test for Non-Normality

A simple random sample is chosen from an arbitrary distribution

H0: SCFND (the Sample Comes From a Normal Distribution)

Place the sample in column c1

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

Procedure for Determining the Proper Test of Location

T1: Sk-Test for Asymmetry [ H0: SCFSD, Ha: SDNCFSD; = .10 ]

The T-test is NOT appropriate

Draw the appropriate conclusion

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

Paired T-test for the Population Mean d

A simple random sample of paired observations (xi,yi),

t0 is the observed value of T

For df > 100 use df = , t = z and replace T by Z to calculate

Place the x-values in column c1 and the corresponding y-values

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

Paired Sign Test for the Population Median Md

A simple random sample of paired observations (xi,yi),

the number of di > D0

(b) For values of x exceeding those in Table 6 use

Place the x-values in column c1 and the corresponding y-values in

Basic Statistical Procedures and Tables

Paired Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (WSRT)

A simple random sample of paired observations (xi,yi),

V = the sum of the ranks of |di| for which di > 0