FUNDAMENTALS OF HARMONICS

Presented by:
Syed Khundmir T
Department of Electrical Engineering
University at Buffalo
khundmir@buffalo.edu
The BEST Group
THE BUFFALO ENERGY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GROUP
-Winter Lecture Series
rlme reference:
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Harmonic Distortion
It is caused by non-linear devices.
In such devices, the current is not proportional to applied voltage.
Most of the times, only odd harmonics are present in the system.
Vast majority of nonlinearities in the system are found in shunt
elements ie., loads.
Voltage vs Current Distortion
Non-linear loads appear to be the source of harmonic current in shunt and
injects harmonic currents into the power system.
Voltage distortion is the result of distorted currents passing through the
linear, series impedance of the power delivery system.
Harmonic currents passing through the impedance cause a voltage drop for
each harmonic. This results in voltage harmonic appearing at the load bus.
While the load current harmonics result in voltage distortion, it should be
noted that load has no control over voltage distortion.
The above mentioned phenomenon is shown in the figure present in the next
slide:
Contd
Control over harmonic currents takes place at the end-user application.
Control over the voltage distortion, assuming the harmonic current
injection is within reasonable limit, is excercised by the entity having
control over the system impedance, which is often the utility.
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1ranslenLs exhlblL hlgh frequency only brley aer an abrupL change
ln power sysLem.
1he frequencles of LranslenLs have no relauon wlLh Lhe fundamenLal
frequency.
Waveform dlsLoruon LhaL produces harmonlcs ls presenL conunually,
or aL leasL for several seconds.
1ranslenLs are usually dlsslpaLed wlLhln a few cycles.
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no real work wlll resulL from Lhe poruon where Lhe currenL ls noL ln
phase wlLh Lhe volLage.
ln Lhe non-slnusoldal case, Lhe compuLauon of Lhe acuve power musL
lnclude conLrlbuuons from all harmonlcs componenLs, Lhus lL ls Lhe
sum of acuve power aL each harmonlc.
ApparenL power S ls a measure of Lhe poLenual lmpacL of Lhe load on
Lhe Lhermal capablllLy of Lhe sysLem.
1he reacuve power componenL aL fundamenLal frequency, may be
used Lo slze shunL capaclLors.
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ower facLor ls Lhe rauo of useful power Lo perform real work Lo Lhe
power supplled by Lhe uullLy.
ln oLher words, lL ls Lhe power expended for lLs lnLended use.
ln Lhe slnusoldal case, Lhe power facLor can be compuLed as Lhe coslne of
Lhe phase angle and ls commonly referred as Lhe dlsplacemenL power
facLor.
ln Lhe non-slnusoldal case, Lhe power facLor whlch Lakes lnLo accounL Lhe
conLrlbuuon from all acuve power, lncludlng boLh fundamenLal and
harmonlc frequencles, ls known as Lrue power facLor.
Conslderlng only Lhe dlsplacemenL power facLor wlll glve a false sense of
securlLy.
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1he meLhod of symmeLrlcal componenLs allows Lhe Lhree phase
sysLem Lo be Lransformed Lo Lhree slngle phase sysLem LhaL are much
slmpler Lo analyze.
lL allows any unbalanced seL of phase currenLs or volLages Lo be
Lransformed lnLo Lhree balanced seLs.
1he posluve sequence seL conLalns Lhree slnusolds dlsplaced 120
degrees from each oLher wlLh normal A8C roLauon.
1he negauve sequence wlll have opposlLe roLauon.
1he slnusolds of Lhe zero sequence are ln phase wlLh each oLher.
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1rlple harmonlcs are odd muluples of Lhe Lhlrd harmonlcs.
SysLem response ls oen conslderably dlerenL for Lrlplens Lhan for
Lhe resL of Lhe harmonlcs.
1hese have become an lmporLanL lssue for grounded-wye sysLems
wlLh currenL owlng on Lhe neuLral.
1wo Lyplcal problems are overloadlng Lhe neuLral and Lelephone
lnLerference.
1ransformer wlndlng connecuons have a slgnlcanL lmpacL on Lhe
ow of Lrlplen harmonlc currenLs from slngle-phase non-llnear loads.
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1wo cases:
1. ln Lhe wye-delLa Lransformer, Lhe Lrlplen harmonlc currenLs are shown
enLerlng Lhe wye slde. Slnce Lhey are ln phase, Lhey add ln Lhe neuLral.
1hey can ow buL Lhey remaln Lrapped ln Lhe delLa and do noL show up
ln Lhe llne currenLs on Lhe delLa slde.
2. uslng grounded-wye wlndlngs on boLh sldes of Lhe Lransformers allows
balanced Lrlplens Lo ow from Lhe low-volLage sysLem Lo Lhe hlgh-
volLage sysLem unlmpeded.
1ransformers are suscepuble Lo overheaung when servlng slngle phase
loads havlng hlgh Lhlrd-harmonlc conLenL.
1hese rules abouL Lrlplen harmonlcs apply only Lo balanced loadlng
condluons.