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R.-C. Duca et al.
Drug Testing
and Analysis
wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/dta Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Drug Test. Analysis 2014, 6, 5566
6
4
contamination was higher in hair contaminated with cellulose
(2577 pg/mg) than with silica (125 3 pg/mg). Nevertheless,
these results conrmed that a washing procedure using rst so-
dium dodecylsulfate and secondly methanol, efciently removes
the pesticides deposited on hair.
Native hair samples (not submitted to articial contamination)
were also washed with SDS and methanol successively. The per-
centage of pesticides removed from hair then ranged from 5.4%
(HCH-gamma) to 100% (tebuconazole) of the total amount of
pesticides (determined in hair samples without washing). The
part of pesticides removed in the latter experiment is therefore
likely to correspond to externally deposited compounds whereas
the amount of pesticides still detected after washing would
correspond to biological incorporation.
Taking all together, the results obtained on SDS-methanol wash-
ing of both articially contaminated and native hair demonstrated
that the pesticides biologically incorporated into hair are not af-
fected by the decontamination procedure. A good illustration is
provided with propiconazole, for which the concentrations deter-
mined upon hair wash with SDS-methanol were 4.6 0.3pg/mg
in native hair, 4.00.5pg/mg in hair contaminated with silica and
3.40.7pg/mg in hair contaminated with cellulose. Although the
present study shall represent an important step in the development
of a standardized decontamination procedure before pesticide
analysis in hair, the results presented here were obtained from
Caucasian subjects who did not use cosmetics. As hair structure
might inuence incorporation, further studies should be conducted
on hair samples collected fromsubjects of different origins (African,
Asian) as well as on samples collected from people applying cos-
metic treatment that might have altered structure.
Conclusions
Evaluating the efciency of a washing procedure of hair before
analysis is a complex task which may be signicantly inuenced
by the protocol of articial contamination of the samples, as
demonstrated in the present work. Therefore, articial contami-
nation of samples has to be as close as possible to reality. Remov-
ing from hair surface compounds from different chemical classes
presents an additional challenge, as the efciency of a washing
solvent varies for different chemicals. It was demonstrated here
that washing hair with sodium dodecylsulfate and with methanol
successively appears to be the best procedure to remove
chemicals from different classes deposited on hair surface. Such
procedure appears to remove in a one-shot the fraction of
chemicals supposed to be located on hair surface and does not re-
quire repeated washing steps. Moreover, this decontamination
procedure does not seem to inuence the concentration of
chemicals located inside hair, which are considered being incor-
porated frombiological pathways and representative of exposure.
Acknowledgements
This study was carried out in the framework of the call for re-
search project 2010 of the national program Environmental
and Occupational Health (PNR EST) of the French Agency for
Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), with
the nancial support of the Ofce National de lEau et des Milieux
Aquatiques (ONEMA) supporting the implementation of the Plan
Ecophyto 2018, France. R.-C. Duca beneted from a postdoctoral
grant from the Fonds National de la Recherche (FNR) (AFR
1069412), Luxembourg.
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