The Himalayas, or Himalaya, (/hmle.

/ or /hmlj/; Sanskrit: , hima (snow)

+ laya (dwelling), literally, "abode of the snow"
[1]
) is a mountain range in South Asia separating the
plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau.
The Himalayan range is home to the planet's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest.
The Himalayas include over a hundred mountains exceeding 7,200 metres (23,600 ft) in elevation.
By contrast, the highest peak outside Asia Aconcagua, in the Andes is 6,961 metres (22,838 ft)
tall.
[2]
The Himalayas have profoundly shaped the cultures of South Asia. Many Himalayan peaks are
sacred in both Buddhism and Hinduism.
Besides the Greater Himalayas of these high peaks there are parallel lower ranges. The first
foothills, reaching about a thousand meters along the northern edge of the plains, are called
the Sivalik Hills or Sub-Himalayan Range. Further north is a higher range reaching two to three
thousand meters known as the Lower Himalayan or Himachal or Mahabharat Range.
The Himalayas abut or cross six countries: Nepal, Bhutan, India, China, Afghanistan and Pakistan,
with the first three countries having sovereignty over most of the range.
[3]
The Himalayas are
bordered on the northwest by the Karakoram andHindu Kush ranges, on the north by the Tibetan
Plateau, and on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
Three of the world's major rivers, the Indus, the Ganges and the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra, all rise
near Mount Kailash and cross and encircle the Himalayas. Their combined drainage basin is home
to some 600 million people.
Lifted by the collision of the Indian tectonic plate with the Eurasian Plate,
[4]
the Himalayan range
runs, west-northwest to east-southeast, in an arc 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) long. Its western
anchor, Nanga Parbat, lies just south of the northernmost bend of Indus river, its eastern
anchor, Namcha Barwa, just west of the great bend of the Tsangpo river. The range varies in width
from 400 kilometres (250 mi) in the west to 150 kilometres (93 mi) in the east.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ecology
2 Geology
3 Hydrology
o 3.1 Lakes
4 Impact on climate
5 Religion
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Ecology[edit]
Main article: Ecology of the Himalaya
The flora and fauna of the Himalayas vary with climate, rainfall, altitude, and soils. The climate
ranges from tropical at the base of the mountains to permanent ice and snow at the highest
elevations. The amount of yearly rainfall increases from west to east along the southern front of the
range. This diversity of altitude, rainfall and soil conditions combined with the very high snow line
supports a variety of distinct plant and animal communities. For example the extremes of high
altitude (low atmospheric pressure) combined with extreme cold allow extremophile organisms to
survive.
[5]

The unique floral and faunal wealth of the Himalayas is undergoing structural and compositional
changes due to climate change. The increase in temperature may shift various species to higher
elevations. The oak forest is being invaded by pine forests in the Garhwal Himalayan region. There
are reports of early flowering and fruiting in some tree species, especiallyrhododendron, apple
and Myrica esculenta. The highest known tree species in the Himalayas is Juniperus tibetica located
at 4,900 metres (16,080 ft) in Southeastern Tibet.
[6]

Geology[edit]


The 6,000 km plus journey of the India landmass (Indian Plate) before its collision with Asia (Eurasian Plate) about 40
to 50 million years ago
[4]

Main article: Geology of the Himalaya
The Himalaya are among the youngest mountain ranges on the planet and consist mostly of
uplifted sedimentary and metamorphic rock. According to the modern theory of plate tectonics, their
formation is a result of a continental collision or orogeny along the convergent boundary between
the Indo-Australian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. The Arakan Yoma highlands in Myanmar and
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal were also formed as a result of this collision.
During the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago, the north-moving Indo-Australian
Plate was moving at about 15 cm per year. About 50 million years ago, this fast moving Indo-
Australian plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean, the existence of which has been
determined by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor, and the volcanoes that fringed its
edges. Since both plates were composed of low density continental crust, they were thrust
faulted and folded into mountain ranges rather than subducting into the mantlealong an oceanic
trench.
[4]
An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is
made of marinelimestone from this ancient ocean.
[7]

Today, the Indo-Australian plate continues to be driven horizontally below the Tibetan plateau, which
forces the plateau to continue to move upwards. The Indo-Australian plate is still moving at 67 mm
per year, and over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20 mm per
year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This
leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The
movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also makes this region seismically active, leading
to earthquakes from time to time.
During the last ice age, there was a connected ice stream of glaciers between Kangchenjunga in the
east and Nanga Parbat in the west.
[8]
In the west, the glaciers joined with the ice stream network in
the Karakoram, and in the north, joined with the former Tibetan inland ice. To the south, outflow
glaciers came to an end below an elevation of 1,0002,000 metres (3,3006,600 ft).
[8][9]
While the
current valley glaciers of the Himalaya reach at most 20 to 32 kilometres (12 to 20 mi) in length,
several of the main valley glaciers were 60 to 112 kilometres (37 to 70 mi) long during the ice
age.
[8]
The glacier snowline (the altitude where accumulation and ablation of a glacier are balanced)
was about 1,4001,660 metres (4,5905,450 ft) lower than it is today. Thus, the climate was at least
7.0 to 8.3 C (12.6 to 14.9 F) colder than it is today.
[10]

Hydrology[edit]


Indus River


The Himalayan range at Yumesongdong in Sikkim, in theYumthang River valley
The Himalayas have the third largest deposit of ice and snow in the world, after Antarctica and the
Arctic.
[11]
The Himalayan range encompasses about 15,000 glaciers, which store about
12,000 km
3
(3000 cubic miles) of fresh water.
[12]
Its glaciers include
the Gangotriand Yamunotri (Uttarakhand) and Khumbu glaciers (Mount Everest region),
and Zemu (Sikkim).
Owing to the mountains' latitude near the Tropic of Cancer, the permanent snow line is among the
highest in the world at typically around 5,500 metres (18,000 ft).
[13]
In contrast, equatorial mountains
in New Guinea, the Rwenzoris and Colombia have a snow line some 900 metres (2,950 ft)
lower.
[14]
The higher regions of the Himalayas are snowbound throughout the year, in spite of their
proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources of several large perennial rivers, most of which
combine into two large river systems:
The western rivers combine into the Indus Basin, of which the Indus River is the largest. The
Indus begins in Tibet at the confluence of Sengge and Gar rivers and flows southwest through
India and then through Pakistan to the Arabian Sea. It is fed by the Jhelum, theChenab,
the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej rivers, among others.
Most of the other Himalayan rivers drain the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin. Its main rivers are
the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and theYamuna, as well as other tributaries. The Brahmaputra
originates as the Yarlung Tsangpo River in western Tibet, and flows east through Tibet and west
through the plains of Assam. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra meet in Bangladesh, and drain
into the Bay of Bengal through the world's largest river delta,the Sunderbans.
[15]

The easternmost Himalayan rivers feed the Ayeyarwady River, which originates in eastern Tibet and
flows south through Myanmar to drain into the Andaman Sea.
The Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Huang He (Yellow River) all originate from parts of the Tibetan
plateau that are geologically distinct from the Himalaya mountains, and are therefore not considered
true Himalayan rivers. Some geologists refer to all the rivers collectively as the circum-Himalayan
rivers.
[16]
In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier
retreat across the region as a result of global climate change.
[17]
For example, Glacial lakes have
been forming rapidly on the surface of the debris-covered glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya during the
last few decades. Although the effect of this will not be known for many years, it potentially could
mean disaster for the hundreds of millions of people who rely on the glaciers to feed the rivers of
northern India during the dry seasons.
[18]
Some of the lakes present a danger of a glacial lake
outburst flood. The Tsho Rolpa glacier lake in the Rolwaling Valley is rated as the most dangerous in
Nepal.
[19][20]

Lakes[edit]


A high Himalayan lake at an altitude of around 5,000 metres Sikkim, India
The Himalayan region is dotted with hundreds of lakes. Most lakes are found at altitudes of less than
5,000 m, with the size of the lakes diminishing with altitude. Tilicho Lake in Nepal in the Annapurna
massif is one of the highest lakes in the world. Pangong Tso, which is spread across the border
between India and China, and Yamdrok Tso, located in central Tibet, are amongst the largest with
surface areas of 700 km, and 638 km, respectively. Other notable lakes include Gurudongmar
Lake, in North Sikkim, and Lake Tsongmo, near the Indo-China border in Sikkim.
The mountain lakes are known to geographers as tarns if they are caused by glacial activity. Tarns
are found mostly in the upper reaches of the Himalaya, above 5,500 metres.
[21]

Impact on climate[edit]
The Himalayas have a profound effect on the climate of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan
plateau. They prevent frigid, dry Arctic winds blowing south into the subcontinent, which keeps South
Asia much warmer than corresponding temperate regions in the other continents. It also forms a
barrier for the monsoon winds, keeping them from traveling northwards, and causing heavy rainfall in
the Terai region. The Himalayas are also believed to play an important part in the formation of
Central Asian deserts, such as theTaklamakan and Gobi.
[22]

Religion[edit]


The Taktsang Monastery, also known as the "Tiger's Nest"


Pass in Ladakh with the typical Buddhist prayer flags and chorten


The Himalayas between India andTibet illustrated in the Jami' al-tawarikh.
In Hinduism, the Himalayas have been personified as the god Himavat, father
of Ganga and Parvati.
[23]

Several places in the Himalayas are of religious significance in Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism,
and Buddhism. A notable example of a religious site is Paro Taktsang, where Padmasambhava is
said to have founded Buddhism in Bhutan.
[24]

A number of Tibetan Buddhist sites are situated in the Himalayas, including the residence of
the Dalai Lama. There were over 6,000monasteries in Tibet.
[25]
The Tibetan Muslims had their own
mosques in Lhasa and Shigatse.
[26]