Professional Documents
Culture Documents
And since+
Volt
s
turn wb
=
=
t
t
t e
) (
) (
Then+
) (t e VBl =
.n general+
Volts l B X V t e = ) ( ) (
Volts ) cos )( sin ( ) ( l VB t e =
7enerator equation
%here
is the angle between the velocity (V ) and the flux density ( B ) and
is the
angle between B X V and l as shown in figure "5.
-8
!igure "5 $onductor moving in a magnetic field
The Torque Equation
-9
!igure "8 :ne turn of a coil in a magnetic field
!igure "8 shows one turn currying a current i
(
in a magnetic field B
#
.
)ewtons
# ( # (
lB i B X l i F
cond
= = ) (
.
sin
. .
r F T
cond cond
=
sin
. # (
( ( B rli T T
cond turn
= =
sin ) )( (
# ( ( (
(
(
rlB i N T N T
turn turns N
= =
sin ) (
# (
B i K T
a turns N
=
sin ) (
# (
B B K T
b turns N
=
sin ) (
# (
i i K T
c turns N
=
Assuming
constant is and i B
Three!hase "nduction #otor
$ac%ground
-/
#.
Volts l B X V t e
ind
= ) ( ) (
%here&
m in conductor the of length the l
T in density flux the B
m's in field magnetic the .r.t. inductor w the of velocity the V
in volts conductor a in voltage induced ) (
=
=
=
= t e
ind
(.
)ewtons ) (
S R ind
B X B K T =
)ewtons sin
S R ind
B KB T =
%here&
constant
B and B between angle torque the
T in density flux stator the B
T in density flux rotor the B
)ewtons in torque induced
; s
*
;
=
=
=
=
=
K
T
ind
".
T .
l
)
core
= = =
core
l
NI
H B
%here&
A in current .
m in length core mean
<'m in ty permeabili
turns of number
T in density flux B
=
=
=
=
=
l
N
sin
) sin( ) (
VBl
VBl t e
a
=
=
Volts #90
with (a) negative
aa4 turn
Volts ( sin ) (
+
VBl t e
a a
=
V6 tangential velocity
r V =
where r is the radius of the rotor
Therefore+ for )turns
Volts ( t B rlN t e
ind
sin ) (
.
=
Volts t ABN t e
ind
sin ) (
.
=
3-
Volts ( t f N t e
pole ind
sin ) (
.
=
Volts t t e
ind
sin ) (
ma, .
=
Volts (
pole
fN =
ma,
Volts
(
(
pole rms
fN
=
Volts -- -
pole rms
fN . =
The stator rotating magnetic field induces voltages in the rotor windings. *hort
circuiting the rotor winding terminals produces threephase balanced currents that
will result in a rotating magnetic field as shown in figure "#0. The interaction
between the stator and rotor magnetic fields results in a unidirectional torque and
the rotor starts to rotate.
sin
r s
B B T
!igure "#0 %oundrotor .nduction ,otor
)li! s!eed
The rotor speed (n
r
) will never reach the speed of the magnetic field (n
s
). This
means that the rotor always runs at speed close but not equal to the synchronous
speed of the machine. The difference between the synchronous speed and the
rotor speed is 2nown as the slip speed.
*lip speed 6 n
s
n
r
33
%here+
n
s
is the synchronous speed (the speed of the rotating magnetic field) in rpm
n
r
is the speed of the rotor in rpm
The slip speed is the speed of the rotor conductors with respect to the rotating
magnetic field.
)li!
The slip (s) is the slip speed in per unit or percent of the synchronous speed.
unit per in
s
r s
n
n n
s
=
percent in #00
s
r s
n
n n
s
=
The noload slip ranges from # to (A while the fullload slip ranges from "3A.
&otor -requency
P
f
n
s
#(0
=
where+
frequency stator
frequency primary
frequency supply
#
=
=
= = f f
therefore+
#(0
#
s
Pn
f =
%hat determines the frequency in a conductor is the speed of the conductor w.r.t.
the rotating magnetic field. Therefore+ the frequency of the stator is determined by
the speed of the stator conductors w.r.t. the rotating magnetic field+ i.e n
s
+ and the
frequency of the rotor is determined by the speed of the rotor conductors w.r.t. the
rotating field which is n
s
n
r
.
s
s
r s rotor
n
n
n n
P
f f ) ( = =
#(0
(
#(0
(
s
s
r s
Pn
n
n n
f
) (
=
# (
sf f = rotor frequency in <@
&otor "nduced Voltage
35
#. The rotor at rest
n
r
6 0 + s 6#.0
and
# # (
f sf f = =
V'ph -- -
( # 0 ( m
N f .
.
=
where+
=
(+0
is the rotor induced voltage at standstill+
f
#
is the supply frequency+
)
(
is the rotor number of turns per phase+
m
a = =
.
or
# 0 (
a =
.
-. The rotor at any speed n
r
unit per in
s
r s
n
n n
s
=
and
V'ph -- -
( ( ( m
N f . =
# (
sf f =
V'ph -- -
( # ( m
N sf . =
V'ph
0 ( ( .
s =
V'ph
# (
sa =
&otor im!edance
'ph in resistance ;otor
(
= R
still stand at 'ph in reactance ;otor
(
= X
38
(s) slip any at 'ph in reactance ;otor
((
= X
( ((
sX X =
( ( (
jsX R ! !
rotor
+ = =
(
( # (
(
(
( (
R
sX
sX R !
+ = tan ) (
!igure "## .mpedance triangle of the rotor circuit
&otor Current at /ny )li! (s)
( (
0 (
(
(
(
jsX R
s
!
I
+
= =
.
;
sB
tan
(
( #
(
(
(
(
0 (
(
+
=
) (
.
sX R
s
I
(
(
(
(
(
( (
) (
cos
sX R
R
pf
+
= =
Equivalent Circuit o- a Three!hase "nduction #otor
0. )tator (1rimary) Equivalent Circuit
) (
+
# # # # #
( #
jX R I V
I I I
e"
+ + =
+ =
!igure "#( *tator equivalent circuit
39
2. &otor ()econdary) Equivalent Circuit
!igure "#" ;otor equivalent circuit
( (
(
(
jsX R
I
+
=
( (
0 (
(
jsX R
s
I
+
=
.
!igure "#- ,odified rotor equivalent circuit
(
(
0 (
(
jX
s
R
I
+
=
.
(
(
#
(
+
+
+
jX
s
R
I
+
=
3. E,act Equivalent Circuit
!igure "#3 =xact equivalent circuit of the motor
a
0 (
#
.
=
0 #
#
(
#
0 (
.
.
= =
N
N
a
3/
( (
I a I = +
(
(
(
a
R
R = +
(
(
(
a
X
X = +
e"
I I I + =
+
( #
m c
m c e"
jX
I I I
# #
+ = + =
+
) +
+
(
+
(
(
( #
jX
s
R
I + =
) (
# # # # #
jX R I V + + =
4. /!!ro,imate Circuit
)eglect core losses.
!igure "#5 =quivalent circuit with core loss neglected
1ower and Torque in a Three!hase "nduction #otor
1ower-low
50
!
igure "#8 =quivalent circuit for torque and power development
0. "n!ut 1ower
# # #
" pf I V P
in
=
2. )tator Co!!er Losses
#
(
#
" R I P
S#$
=
3. Core Losses
c
core
R
P
(
#
" =
4. /irga! 1ower
s
R
I
R
R I pf I V
P P P P
c
core S#$ in A%
(
(
(
(
#
#
(
# # # #
"
" " "
+
+
=
=
=
5. &otor Co!!er Losses
(
(
(
" + + R I P
R#$
=
6. Converted 1ower
5#
s ind #on&
s m
m ind #on&
a' #on&
#on&
#on&
R#$ a' #on&
T s P
s
T P
P s P
s
R
I s P
R I
s
R
I P
P P P
. .
. .
.
.
.
.
) (
) (
) (
+
+ ) (
+ +
+
+
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
#
Then+
#
*ince+
#
" #
" "
( (
(
(
(
(
( (
(
7. *ut!ut 1ower
m out out
Stra( mec) #on& out
T P
P P P P
=
=
. .
8. #echanical and )tray Losses
losses windage and !rection =
. mec)
P
power #Arated losses for ed Cnaccount = =
Stra(
P
9. "nduced Torque
s
a'
s
a'
m
#on&
ind
P
s
P s
P
T
=
= =
) (
) (
.
.
#
#
0:. *ut!ut Torque
m
out
out
P
T
.
=
E,am!le 30
A ((0V+ 50<@+ 5pole+ Dconnected+ #0hp induction motor has the following
parameters per phase&
= (/- . 0
#
R = 30" . 0
#
X = #-- . 0
(
R
= (08 . 0
(
X
= (3 . #"
m
X
0 . # = a
0 . 0 + -0"
.
= =
Stra( mec)
P * P
!or s6(A+ determine&
a) ;otor speed+
b) *upply current+
c) *upply power factor+
5(
d) :utput power+
e) :utput torque+
f) =fficiency.
Torques!eed Characteristics
%e need to find the relationship between the induced torque and the slip of the
motor.
= = =
s
R
I
P
P
T
s s
a'
m
#on&
ind
( (
(
"
# +
+
.
.
E (s). slip the of function a is >
(
I
To find the relation between
(
> I and the slip s+ we use Thevenin4s equivalent
circuit to replace the stator winding between points A and B.
!igure "#9 Thevenin4s equivalent circuit
) (
m
m
T)
X X j R
jX
V V
+ +
=
# #
#
T) T)
m
m
T)
jX R
X X j R
jX R jX
!
+ =
+ +
+
=
# #
# #
) (
) )( (
!igure "#/ Thevenin4s equivalent circuit
) + ( )
+
(
+
(
(
(
X X j
s
R
R
V
I
T) T)
T)
+ + +
=
5"
(
(
( (
(
) + ( )
+
(
+
X X
s
R
R
V
I
T) T)
T)
+ + +
=
=
s
R
I T
s
ind
( (
(
"
# +
+
.
+ + +
=
(
(
( (
(
(
"
) + ( )
+
(
+
.
X X
s
R
R
s
R
V
T
T) T) s
T)
ind
#. As n
r
approaches n
s
+ s approaches 0.0and
) + (
+
(
(
and X X R
s
R
T) T)
+
s
R
V
T
s
T)
ind
(
(
"
+
.
s (
and + > + R V
T)
are constants.
Therefore+ when the rotor speed is close to synchronous speed+ the induced
torque is directly proportional to the slip of the motor.
s T
ind
.
(. As n
r
approaches 0.0 ;?,+ s approaches #.0 and
) + (
( (
;> X X R
T) T)
+ +
(
(
(
(
"
) + (
+
.
T) s
T)
ind
X X
s
R
V
T
+
) (
) + (
+
.
s X X
R V
T
T) s
T)
ind
#
"
(
(
(
(
+
s Th ( (
and + TB + B> + > + R V
T)
are constants.
Therefore+ when the rotor speed is close to 0.0 ;?,+ the induced torque is
inversely proportional to the slip of the motor.
) (
.
s
T
ind
#
5-
!igure "(0 Torque Fspeed characteristics
)tarting Torque
At starting the rotor speed is @ero and the slip is #.0.
Therefore+
+ + +
=
(
(
( (
(
(
#
#
"
) + ( )
+
(
+
.
X X
R
R
R
V
T
T) T) s
T)
ind