Chapter 13

Creep and stress rupture

Creep and stress rupture
Subjects of interest
Objectives / Introduction
The high temperature materials problem
Temperature dependent mechanical behaviour
Creep test
Stress rupture test
Structural change during creep
Mechanisms of creep deformation
racture at elevated temperature
!igh temperature allo"s
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Objectives
This chapter provides the understanding of
deformation and fracture behaviour of material at high
temperature(
Creep and stress rupture tests )ill be compared such
that the interpretation of test data )ill be discussed for
engineering applications( This )ill lead to the selection
of metal and allo"s for desired uses at high
temperature(
Introduction Introduction
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!igh temperature applications
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Subjected to high
stress at high
temperature
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Steam turbine
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!igh temperature materials problem !igh temperature materials problem
Temp $toms move faster diffusion#controlled process(
This affects mechanical properties of materials(
.reater mobilit" of dislocations /climb0(
Increased amount of vacancies(
1eformation at grain boundaries(
Metallurgical changes2 i(e(2 phase transformation2
precipitation2 o3idation2 recr"stallisation(
!igh temperature materials/allo"s
Improved high temperature strength(
.ood o3idation resistance(
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4hat is creep5
4hat is creep5
Creep occurs )hen a metal is subjected to a constant tensile
load at an elevated temperature( -ndergo a time#dependent
increase in length(
$t )hich temperature that material )ill creep5
Since materials have its o)n different melting point2 each )ill creep
)hen the homologous temperature 6 &(7(
Testing temperature
!omologous temp 8 6 &(7
Melting temperature
The creep test measure the dimensional changes )hich occur
)hen subjected to high temperature(
The rupture test measures the effect of temperature on the long#
time load bearing characteristics(
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Creep test Creep test
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The creep test is carried out b" appl"ing
a constant load to a tensile specimen
maintained at a constant temperature2
/according to $STM 913:#'&0(
Creep test setting
T"pical creep curve
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Schematic creep test
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The creep curve The creep curve
$ t"pical creep curve sho)s
three distinct stages )ith different
creep rates( $fter an initial rapid
elongation o2 the creep rate
decrease )ith time until reaching
the stead" state(
10 ,rimar" creep provides
decreasing creep rate(
%0 Secondar" creep gives the
representing constant creep rate(
30 Tertiar" creep "ields a rapid
creep rate till failure(
The constant creep rate in the
second step represent the creep
rate of the material(
T"pical creep curve sho)ing three stages
of creep
;otes* < curve is obtained )hen the stress
rather than the load is maintained(
o is instantaneous strain on loading )hich is partl" recoverable
)ith time /anelastic0 and partl" nonrecoverable )ith time
/plastic0(
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Three stages of creep
Three stages of creep
10 ,rimar" creep is a period of
transient creep( The creep
resistance of the material
increases due to material
deformation( ,redominate at lo)
temperature test such as in the
creep of lead at =T(
%0 Secondar" creep provides a
nearl" constant creep rate( The
average value of the creep rate
during this period is called the
minimum creep rate(
30 Tertiar" creep sho)s a rapid
increase in the creep rate due to
effectivel" reduced cross#sectional
area of the specimen(
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9ffect of stress on creep curves at 9ffect of stress on creep curves at
constant temperature constant temperature
The shape of creep curve )ill slightl" change according to
the applied stress at a constant temperature(
$pplied stress Strain
Creep rate
Temp
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The stress rupture test
The stress rupture test
Creep test Stress rupture test
>oad >o) load high load
Creep rate minimum creep rate high creep rate
Test period %&&&#1&&&& h 1&&& h
Total strain &(7? 7&?
Strain gauge .ood strain Simpler strain
measuring devices measuring devices
The rupture test in carried out in a similar manner to the creep test
but at a higher stress level until the specimen fails and the time at
failure is measured( =upture strength and failure time are
plotted2 normall" sho)ing a straight line(
Changing of the slope indicates structural
changes in the material2 i(e(2 transgranular
intergranular fracture2 o3idation2
recr"stallisation2 grain gro)th2 spheroidi@ation2
precipitation(
1irect application in design(
Stress rupture# time
data on log#log scale
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Structural changes during creep
Structural changes during creep
There are three principal deformation
processes at elevated temperature(
10 1eformation b" slip
More slip s"stems operate at high temperature
Slip bands are coarser and )idel" spaced(
%0 Subgrain formation
Creep deformation produces imhomoginiet"
especiall" around grain boundaries2 allo)ing
dislocations to arrange themselves into a
lo)#angle grain boundar"( 9as" for metals
)ith high stac+ing false energ"(
Creep rate and total strain
relationship
1ifferent creep rates result
from changes in internal
structure of the materials )ith
creep rate and time(
30 .rain boundar" sliding
,roduced b" shear process and promoted b"
increasing temperature/or decreasing strain rate(
=esults in grain boundar" folding or grain
boundar" migration(
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Mechanisms of creep deformation
Mechanisms of creep deformation
The chief creep deformation mechanisms can be grouped intoA
10 1islocation glide
Involves dislocation moving along slip planes and
overcoming barriers b" thermal activation(
Occurs at high stress(
%0 1islocation creep
Involves dislocation movement to overcome
barriers b" diffusion of vacancies or interstitials(
30 1iffusion creep
Involves the flo) of vacancies and interstitials through
a cr"stal under the influence of applied stress(
B0 .rain boundar" sliding
Involves the sliding of grains past each other(
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1eformation mechanism maps
1eformation mechanism maps
The various regions of the
map indicate the dominant
deformation mechanism for
the combination of stress and
temperature(
$t the boundar"2 t)o
mechanisms occur(
Simplified deformation mechanism map(
;ote* . is the shear modulus
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$ctivated energ" for stead"# #state creep state creep $ctivated energ" for stead"
Stead"#state creep deformation predominates at
temperatures above &(7Tm(
Stead" state creep can be e3pressed b"
9C(1
=T D
s $e /
4here D 8 the activated energ" for the rate#controlling process
$ 8 the material structural constant
T 8 the absolute temperature
= 8 the universal gas constant
The activated energ" D can be calculated b" assuming the
temperature interval is small so that the creep mechanisms is not
e3pected to change(
e e $
/ / =T D =T D
% 1
% 1
0 / ln/ =
D
% 1
0 / 1 / 1 /
Superplasticit"
Superplasticit"
Superplasticit" is the abilit" to )ithstand ver" large deformation in
tension )ithout nec+ing(
.ive elongation 6 1&&&?(
Materials )ith high strain rate sensitivit" /m0 at high temperature
/T6&(7Tm0 superplasticit"
Materials characteristics* fine grain si@e /E1& m0 )ith the
presence of second phase of similar strength to the matri3 to
inhibit grain gro)th and to avoid e3tensive internal cavit" formation(
.rain boundar" should be high angle and mobile to promote grain
boundar" sliding and to avoid the formation of local stress
concentration respectivel"(
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Superplastic flo) flo)
Superplastic
The superplastic flo) is given b"
b1
%
or grain boundar" diffusion 1&
F
3
>
9 gb
1
%
1& %
or lattice self#diffusion
9C(3
9C(3
:
%
>
9 o
4here > is the mean linear intercept measure of grain si@e(
in this case n 8 %2 m 8 &(7
The predominant mechanism for superplasticit" deformation is
grain#boundar" sliding accommodated b" slip(
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racture at elevated temperature
racture at elevated temperature
Temp
Transgranular fracture Intergranular fracture
.rain boundaries are
)ea+er than slip planes(
Slip planes are )ea+er
than grain boundaries
Transgranular cleavage fracture
.rain boundar" fracture
The formation of
intergranular crac+ b"
grain boundar" sliding
Transgranular microvoid coalescence
;ote* at T just belo) Trecr"s2 ductilit" drops due to grain boundar"
sliding intergranular failure(
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9Cuicohesive temperature temperature 9Cuicohesive
.rain
Strength of .< 8 grain at the
eCuicohesive temperature /9CT0(
.rain boundar"
Strain rate 9CT
Temp 9CT
Intergranular
fracture
Transgranular
fracture
Increasing the tendenc" for
intergranular failure
<elo) 9CT small grain si@ed material
is stronger due to high densit" of grain
boundaries to improve strength(
$bove 9CT large grain si@ed material
is stronger due to less tendenc" for
grain boundar" sliding(
;ote* Single cr"stal structure is therefore
appreciable for high temperature
applications2 i(e(2 nic+el base allo" single
cr"stal turbine blade(
racture mechanism map for nic+el
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!igh temperature allo"s
!igh temperature allo"s
!igh temperature allo"s are comple3 in their microstructures
to obtain the reCuired properties at service temperatures(
!igh melting point allo"s normall" has high creep resistance(
Metals )ith high stac+ing false energ" eas" for slip creep(
ine precipitates having high thermal stabilit" are necessar" for
high creep resistance /prevent grain gro)th0( 93* /10 ;ic+el base
allo" containing fine precipitates of intermetallic compounds ;i3$l2
;I3Ti or ;i3/$l2Ti02 /%0 Creep resistance steels containing fine
carbides GC2 TiC2 ;bC2 Mo%C or Cr%3CH(
1ra)bac+s
1ifficult to fabricate b" hot#)or+ing2
cold )or+ing or )elding(
!ighl" allo"ed metals are difficult to
produced b" precision casting(
Microstructure of nic+el base allo"
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Composition of some high
Composition of some high
temperature allo"s temperature allo"s
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,resentation of engineering ,resentation of engineering
creep data
creep data
Creep strength is defined as the stress at a given temperature2
)hich produces a stead"#state creep rate /1&#11 to 1&#F s#1(0
Stress vs minimum creep rate
>og#log plot is used so that the e3trapolation of one log#c"cle
represents a tenfold change(
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Creep data
Creep data
Creep data can also be presented as a plot of stress and
time to produce different amounts of total strain(
The upper most curve
is the stress rupture
curve(
The percentage
beside each data point
is the percentage
reduction at failure(
1eformation time curve
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93ample* 1etermine the )or+ing stress at H&&oC and F&&oC for t"pe
31H stainless steel if the design criterion is a creep strength based on
1 percent e3tension in 1&&& hr( -se a factor of safet" of 3(
1&
7
1? creep in 1&&&h
1& F ( % 1& s s h
1 : 1 1 7
3H&&
rom stress and minimum
creep rate curve2 the
)or+ing stress using the
safet" factor of 3 can be
obtained in the table belo)(
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93ample* or the stress#minimum creep rate curve2 determine the
activation energ" for creep at a stress of 1&& M,a(
1& A :'3 '&& s I C T at
1 F
%
%
o
o
1& A 1&'3 F&& s I C T at
1 7
1
%
rom 9C(%
0 1& ln/ 0 3 ( F / 0 / ln/ I Jmol =
3 1 1
7::+Jmol D
% 1
1
1&'3 / 1 :'3 / 1 0 / 1 / 1 / T T
1 %
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=eference
=eference
1ieter2 .(9(2 Mechanical metallurg"2 1:FF2 SI metric edition2
Mc.ra)#!ill2 IS<; &#&'#1&&B&H#F(
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