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N
A
n
n
0
= n
a
E
a
E
1
E
2
E
3
A
D
A
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 54
Kirchhoff-Love bending mode
On A:
With
Completed by appropriate BCs
Low order
On
N
A:
On
D
A:
High order
On
T
A:
with
On
M
A:
Buckling of thin plates
N
A
T
n
0
= n
a
E
a
E
1
E
2
E
3
A
D
A
p
M
A
M
n
0
= n
a
E
a
E
1
E
2
E
3
A
T
A
p
D
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 55
Membrane-bending coupling
The first order theory is uncoupled
For second order theory
On A:
Tension increases the bending
stiffness of the plate
Internal energy
In case of small initial curvature (k >>)
On A:
Tension induces bending effect
Buckling of thin plates
11
E
1
E
2
E
3
A
22
12
21
E
1
E
2
E
3
A
22
12
21
j
03
u
3
11
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 56
Primary buckling theory of thin plates
Second order theory
On A:
Simply supported plate
with arbitrary pressure
Pressure is written in a Fourier series
Displacements with these BCs can also be written
with
There is a buckling load
11
leading to
infinite displacements for every couple (m, n)
Lowest one?
Buckling of thin plates
11
E
1
E
2
E
3
A
22
12
21
p
b a
E
1
E
2
E
3
A
11
11
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 57
Primary buckling theory of thin plates (2)
Simply supported plate
Displacements in terms of
Buckling load
11
Minimal (in absolute value) for n=1
Or again
with the buckling coefficient k
Depends on ration a/b
Buckling of thin plates
p
b a
E
1
E
2
E
3
A
11
11
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 58
Primary buckling theory of thin plates (3)
Simply supported plate (2)
Buckling coefficient k
Mode of buckling depends on a/b
k is minimal (=4) for a/b = 1, 2, 3,
Mode transition for
For a/b > 3: k ~ 4
This analysis depends on the BCs, but same behaviors for
Other BCs
Other loadings (bending, shearing) instead of compression
Only the value of k is changing (tables)
Buckling of thin plates
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 59
0 2 4 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
2
0.5
6
0.5
12
0.5
a/b
k
m=1
m=2
m=3
m=4
/
Primary buckling theory of thin plates (4)
Shape of the modes for
Simply supported plate
In compression
n=1
Buckling of thin plates
0
0.5
1
0
0.5
1
-1
0
1
x/a
y/a
u
3 m
=
1
0
0.5
1
0
0.5
1
-1
0
1
x/a
y/a
u
3 m
=
2
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 60
Primary buckling theory of thin plates (5)
Critical stress
We found
Or again
This can be generalized to other loading
cases with k depending on the problem
Picture for simply supported plate in
compression
As
k ~ cst for a/b >3
We use stiffeners to reduce b
to increase s
CR
of the skin
As long as s
CR
< s
p
0
Buckling of thin plates
b
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 61
0 2 4 6
0
2
4
6
8
10
2
0.5
6
0.5
12
0.5
a/b
k
m=1
m=2
m=3
m=4
/
Primary buckling theory of thin plates (6)
What happens for other BCs?
We cannot say anymore
But buckling corresponds to a stationary point of the internal energy
(neutral equilibrium)
So we can plug any Fourier series or displacement approximations in the form
and find the stationary point
Buckling of thin plates
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 62
Primary buckling theory of thin plates (7)
Energy method
Let us analyze the simply supported plate
Internal energy
First term
As the cross-terms vanish
Buckling of thin plates
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 63
Primary buckling theory of thin plates (8)
Energy method (2)
Internal energy
As
And as cross-terms vanish
Buckling of thin plates
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 64
Primary buckling theory of thin plates (9)
Energy method (3)
As
Buckling of thin plates
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 65
Primary buckling theory of thin plates (10)
Energy method (4)
As
At buckling we have at least for one couple (m, n)
Most critical value for n=1
In general
Buckling of thin plates
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 66
Experimental determination of critical load
Avoid buckling Southwell diagram
Plate with small initial curvature
Particular case of p = 0, tension
11
,
simply supported edges
For
with
When
11
Term b
m1
is the dominant one in the solution
Displacement takes the shape of buckling mode m (n=1)
Buckling of thin plates
E
1
E
2
E
3
A
j
03
u
3
11
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 67
Experimental determination of critical load (2)
Particular case of p=0, tension
11
, simply supported edges (2)
When
11
Term b
m1
is the dominant one in the solution
As
with
Rearranging:
m depends on ratio a/b
Buckling of thin plates
u
3
-u
3
/
11
b
m1
-1/
11
CR
1
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 68
Primary to secondary buckling of columns
Slenderness ratio l
e
/r with
l
e
: effective length of the column
Depends on BCs and mode
r: radius of gyration
High slenderness (l
e
/r >80)
Primary buckling
Low slenderness (l
e
/r <20)
Secondary (local) buckling
Usually in flanges
In between slenderness
Combination
Secondary buckling of columns
l
e
= L/2
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 69
Example of secondary buckling
Composite beam
Design such that
Load of primary buckling >
limit load >
web local buckling load
Final year project
Alice Salmon
Realized by
How to determine secondary buckling?
Easy cases: particular sections
Secondary buckling of columns
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 70
Secondary buckling of a L-section
Represent the beam as plates
Take critical plate and evaluate
k from plate analysis
k = 0.43, mode m=1
Deduce buckling load
Check if lower than s
p
0
This method is an approximation
Experimental determination
Secondary buckling of columns
Loaded edges simply
supported
One unloaded edge free
one simply supported
(? Assumption)
0.43
b
a=3b
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 71
Primary buckling of thin plates
We found
With k ~ constant for a/b >3
In order to increase the buckling stress
Increase h
0
/b ratio, or
Use stiffeners to reduce effective b of skin
Buckling of stiffened panels
b
w
t
st
t
sk
b
sk
b
st
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 72
Buckling modes of stiffened panels
Consider the section
Different buckling possibilities
High slenderness
Euler column (primary) buckling with cross-section depicted
Low slenderness and stiffeners with high degree of strength compared to skin
Structure can be assumed to be flat plates
Of width b
sk
Simply supported by the (rigid) stringers
Structure too heavy
More efficient structure if buckling occurs in stiffeners and skin at the same time
Closely spaced stiffeners of comparable thickness to the skin
Warning: both buckling modes could interact and reduces critical load
Section should be considered as a whole unit
Prediction of critical load relies on assumptions and semi-empirical methods
Skin can also buckled between the rivets
Buckling of stiffened panels
w
t
st
t
sk
b
sk
b
st
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 73
A simple method to determine buckling
First check Euler primary buckling:
Buckling of a skin panel
Simply supported on 4 edges
Assumed to remain elastic
Buckling of a stiffener
Simply supported on 3 edges &
1 edge free
Assumed to remain elastic
Take lowest one (in absolute value)
Buckling of stiffened panels
w
t
st
t
sk
b
sk
b
st
0.43
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 74
Shearing instability
Shearing
Produces compression in the skin
Leads to wrinkles
The structure keeps some stiffness
Picture: Wing of a Boeing stratocruiser
Buckling of stiffener/web constructions
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 75
References
Lecture notes
Aircraft Structures for engineering students, T. H. G. Megson, Butterworth-
Heinemann, An imprint of Elsevier Science, 2003, ISBN 0 340 70588 4
Other references
Books
Mcanique des matriaux, C. Massonet & S. Cescotto, De boek Universit, 1994,
ISBN 2-8041-2021-X
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 76
Example
Uniform transverse load f
z
Pinned-pinned BCs
Maximum deflection?
Maximum momentum?
Annex 1: Transversely loaded columns
P
x
z
f
z
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 77
Equation
Euler-Bernouilli
This assumes deformed configuration ~ initial configuration
But near buckling, due to the deflection, P is exerting a moment
So we cannot apply superposition principle as the axial loading also produces a
deflection
Going back to bending equation
Annex 1: Transversely loaded columns
P
x
z
f
z
P
M
xx
f
z
L/2
x
z
f
z
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 78
Solution
Going back to bending equation
General solution
with
BC at x = 0:
BC at x = L:
Deflection
Deflection and momentum are maximum at x = L/2
Annex 1: Transversely loaded columns
P
x
z
f
z
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 79
Maximum deflection
Deflection is maximum at x = L/2
Annex 1: Transversely loaded columns
P
x
z
f
z
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 80
Maximum deflection (2)
Deflection is maximum at x = L/2 (2)
From Euler-Bernoulli theory
As for plates, compression induces bending
due to the deflection (second order theory)
Annex 1: Transversely loaded columns
P
x
z
f
z
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 81
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
0
10
1
10
2
P/P
CR
u
z
/
u
z
(
P
=
0
)
/
( = 0)
Maximum moment
Maximum moment at x = L/2
With
Annex 1: Transversely loaded columns
P
x
z
f
z
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 82
Maximum moment (3)
Maximum moment at x = L/2 (2)
Remark: for large deflections the bending equation which assumes linearity is no
longer correct as curvature becomes
Annex 1: Transversely loaded columns
P
x
z
f
z
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 83
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
0
10
1
10
2
P/P
CR
M
x
x
/
M
x
x
(
P
=
0
)
/
( = 0)
Spar of wings
Usually not a simple beam
Assumptions before buckling:
Flanges resist direct stress only
Uniform shear stress in each web
The shearing produces compression
in the web leading to a-inclined wrinkles
Assumptions during buckling
Due to the buckles the web can only
carry a tensile stress s
t
in the wrinkle
direction
This leads to a new distribution of
stress in the web
s
xx
& s
zz
Shearing t
Annex 2: Buckling of stiffener/web constructions
T
b
d
A
B
C
D
t
a
Thickness t
a
C
s
t
A
B
C
D
F
t
a
s
zz
s
t
s
t
A
B
D
F
t
a
s
xx
s
t
E
x
E
z
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 84
New stress distribution
Use rotation tensor to compute in terms of s
t
Annex 2: Buckling of stiffener/web constructions
C
s
t
A
B
C
D
F
t
a
s
zz
s
t
s
t
A
B
D
F
t
a
s
xx
s
t
E
x
E
z
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 85
New stress distribution (2)
From
Shearing by vertical equilibrium
Loading in flanges
Moment balance around bottom flange
Horizontal equilibrium
Annex 2: Buckling of stiffener/web constructions
T
b
d
A
B
C
D
t
a
Thickness t
a
P
T
t
s
xx
E
x
E
z
P
B
L-x
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 86
New stress distribution (3)
From
Loading in stiffeners
Assumption: each stiffener carries the loading
of half of the adjacent panels
Stiffeners can be subject to Euler buckling if this load is too high
Tests show that for these particular BCs, the equivalent length reads
Annex 2: Buckling of stiffener/web constructions
b
E
x
E
z
s
zz s
zz
P
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 87
New stress distribution (4)
From
Bending in flanges
In addition to the flanges loading P
B
& P
T
Stress s
zz
produces bending
Stiffeners constraint rotation
Maximum moment at stiffeners
Using table for double cantilever beams
Annex 2: Buckling of stiffener/web constructions
b
E
x
E
z
s
zz s
zz
P
b
E
x
E
z
P
s
zz
s
zz
s
zz
s
zz
M
max
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 88
Wrinkles angle
The angle is the one which minimizes
the deformation energy of
Webs
Flanges
Stiffeners
If flanges and stiffeners are rigid
We should get back to a = 45
Because of the deformation of
flanges and stiffeners a < 45
Empirical formula for uniform material
As non constant, a non constant
Another empirical formula
Annex 2: Buckling of stiffener/web constructions
T
b
d
A
B
C
D
t
a
Thickness t
a
Load in flange / Flange section
Load in stiffener / Stiffener section
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 89
Example
Web/stiffener construction
2 similar flanges
5 similar stiffeners
4 similar webs
Same material
E = 70 GPa
Stress state?
Annex 2: Buckling of stiffener/web constructions
T =5 kN
b = 0.3 m
d
=
4
0
0
m
m
t
a
t = 2 mm
a
A
S
= 300 mm
2
A
F
= 350 mm
2
(I
yy
/x)
= 750 mm
3
E
x
E
z
I
xx
= 2000 mm
4
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 90
Wrinkles orientation
Annex 2: Buckling of stiffener/web constructions
T =5 kN
b = 0.3 m
d
=
4
0
0
m
m
t
a
t = 2 mm
a
A
S
= 300 mm
2
A
F
= 350 mm
2
(I
yy
/x)
= 750 mm
3
E
x
E
z
I
xx
= 2000 mm
4
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 91
Stress in top flange (> than in bottom one)
1
st
contribution: uniform compression
Maximum at x = 0
2
nd
contribution: bending
Maximum at stiffener at x=0
Maximum compressive stress
Annex 2: Buckling of stiffener/web constructions
T
b
d
A
B
C
D
t
a
Thickness t
a
P
T
t
s
xx
E
x
E
z
P
B
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 92
Stiffeners
Loading
Buckling?
As b < 3/2 d:
Assuming centroid of stiffener lies in webs plane
We can use Euler critical load
No buckling
Annex 2: Buckling of stiffener/web constructions
b
E
x
E
z
s
zz s
zz
P
2013-2014 Aircraft Structures - Instabilities 93