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MINEDUC
ADET/TEVSA
P.O.BOX 3830 KIGALI-RWANDA



ADET/TEVSA-INTER-SCHOOL EXAMINATIONS
SECOND-TERM-2013

SUBJECT: WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION (WSS)
CLASS: 6
th
PUBLIC WORKS
LEVEL: PUBLIC WORKS A2
WEIGHT: 100Marks
DURATION: 3HOURS









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Attempt ALL QUESTIONS of SECTION A: 55marks
1. With help of sketch, give at least three common types of erosion that may
damage highway and its elements. (5marks)
Answers
Surface or sheet erosion
Rill erosion
Gully erosion

2. What are the common sources of water to be drained during highway
construction? (3marks)
Answers
Ground water,
Surface water (streams and rivers) or
Rainwater
3. How can the different sources of water can damage road or highway
structure? (5marks)
Answer
By washing away the soil (erosion and scouring),
By making the road body less resistant to traffic (i.e. weakening the load
bearing capacity),
By depositing soils (silting) which may obstruct the passage of water, or
By washing away entire sections of the road or its structures.



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4. By using a schematic sketch, show the different elements used to drain
water for highway located in hill side regions (8marks)
Answer

5. Propose at least four techniques used to reduce erosion on side drain of a
highway located in hillside areas. (4marks)
Answer
by installing frequent mitre drains,
by increasing the dimensions of the side drains (i.e. the width),
Lining the drains using stone masonry, bricks or concrete is a common
measure to protect the drains.
By install scour checks in the drains.
6. What are the materials in which a scour check structure is constructed?
(5marks)
Answers
Scour checks are usually constructed in:
natural stone or
from wooden or
Bamboo stakes.
Masonry, or
Concrete scour checks.
7. What are the common use of a retaining walls (5marks)
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Answers
Hillside roads
Elevated or depressed road
Terrace landscaping
Canals
Erosion protection
Flood control channel works
Bridge abutment
Shoring for excavation
Basement wall
8. What do you understand by gabions walls(4marks)
Answers
Gabions walls are multi-celled welded wire or rectangular wire mesh
boxes, which are then rock filled and used for construction of erosion
control structures and to stabilize steep slope.
9. Give at least five applications of gabion walls in highway construction.
(5marks)
Answer.
Is used as:
Retaining walls
Bridge abutment
Wing wall
Culvert headwalls
Temporary check drain
Outlet aprons
Shore protection walls
10. By using the rational method, calculate the surface run-off discharge for a
catchment area of a zone having run-off coeffient R=0.60, intensity of
rainfall equal to of 30

and the area equal to 20 ha. (5marks)

Answer
Give data
R= 0.60, i = 30

,
A= 20 ha
Solution
Q= R x i x A
Qmax =

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11. by using a neat sketch , give a typical cross section layers of a flexible
pavement road. (6marks)
Answers


SECTION B: Attempt any THREE (3) questions /30mks
12. Define the following terms: (10 marks)
a) Refuge (2mrks)
b) Sewage (2mrk)
c) Hauching (2mrks)
d) Soffit (2mrk)
e) Invert(2mrk)
Answers
a) Refuge: in this term includes all the wastes or rejects left as
worthless. It may be in the solid, semi-solid or liquid form.
b) Sewage: is the liquid waste from a community include sulluge
water , water closet, urinals, hospitals and stables.
c) Hauching:it is a concrete bedding, with additional concrete at the
sides of the pipe. Its function is to keep the sewer pipe fixed at one
place.
d) Soffit: it is the highest part of the interior of a sewer or pipe drain.
e) Invert: it is the lowest point of the interior of a sewer or pipe drain
13. (a) Give at least ten defects as deterioration of highway surface. (6marks)
(b) What are the four main objectives of highway maintenance (4marks)
Answers
(a)least ten defects as deterioration of highway surface are:
Bleeding
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Block Cracking
Cracking
Crazing (Alligator Cracks)
Depression
Edge Cracking
Fretting
Glazing
Loss of Surface Aggregate
Scours
Slip
Stripping
Streaking
fatigue cracking,
Rutting and
Thermal cracking.
(b) Four main objectives of highway maintenance are:
Repair of functional pavement defects
Extend the functional and structural service life of the pavement
Maintain road safety and signage
Keep road reserve in acceptable condition
14. Give at least three positive and negative effects of water on unpaved or
paved highway surface. (10marks)
Answers
POSITIVE EFFECTS OF WATER
Aids in unpaved road surface compaction
Assists in establishing and maintaining vegetation for erosion control
Allows unpaved road surfaces to be graded more easily

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF WATER

Increases the disintegration of unpaved and gravel surfaces
Softens and reduces the load carrying ability of sub-grades and shoulders
Erodes roadside surfaces
Deposits sediment and debris in roadside ditches and culvert

1 15 5. . (a) What are the two types of water closer (3mrks)
(b) Give at least seven common sanitary fittings used in house drainage
system. (7mrks)
Answers
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(a) Indian type water closet
-European type water closet

(b)
Bath tubs
Drinking fountains
Flushing cisterns
Sinks
Urinals
Wash basin
Water closets

SECTION C: Compulsory question /15mks
16. Give and discus briefly the main categories of road maintenance.
Answers
In general, road maintenance activities can be broken into four categories:
a) Routine works.
These are works that are undertaken each year that are funded from the
recurrent budget. Activities can be grouped into: cyclic and reactive
works types.
Cyclic works: Examples are verge cutting and culvert cleaning, both of
which are dependent on environmental effects rather than on traffic levels.
Reactive works : An example is patching , which is carried out in
response to the appearance of cracks or pot-holes.
b) Periodic works.
These include activities undertaken at intervals of several years to
preserve the structural integrity of the road.
The category normally excludes those works that change the geometry of
a road by widening or realignment.
Works can be grouped into the works types of preventive, resurfacing,
overlay and pavement reconstruction.
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c) Special works / emergency
These are activities whose need cannot be estimated with any certainty in
advance. The activities include emergency works to repair landslides
and washouts that result in the road being cut or made impassable.
Winter maintenance works of snow removal or salting are also included
under this heading.
d) Development.
These are construction works that are identified as part of the national
development planning activity. As such, they are funded from the capital
budget.
Examples are the construction of by-passes, or the paving of unpaved
roads in villages.