CHAPTER 2: CARBON COMPOUNDS B. 2.

0
10
CARBON
COMPOUND
Carbon
compound
Alkane
Alkenes
Isomerism
Alcohol
Carboxylic acid
Ester
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.
2.! 2."
#at
$atural
rubber
2.%
2.&
1. 'e(ine the carbon
compound.
2. )hat is an
or*anic compound+
3. ,ist 3 examples
o( or*anic
compound and 3
examples o( non-
or*anic compound.
1. )rite the (ormula o(
alkane.
2. Explain .hy boilin*
point o( alkanes
increase descendin*
the homolo*ous series
3. )rite the e/uation
o( combustion o(
pentane
1. )rite the *eneral
(ormula o( alkenes.
2. Explain .hy boilin*
point o( alkenes
increase descendin*
the homolo*ous series
3. )rite the e/uation
o( combustion o(
pentene
1. 'e(ine isomerism
2. 'ra. structural
(ormula o( pentane
isomers
3. 'ra. structural
(ormula o( pentene
isomers
1. 'e(ine the
homolo*ous series o(
alcohol
2. )rite the chemical
e/uation o( combustion
o( propanol.
3. 'escribe a laboratory
experiment to produce
alcohol
1. 'e(ine carboxylic
acid.
2. )rite the e/uation
in0ol0ed in the
production o( carboxylic
acid (rom propanol.
3. Explain .hy
methanoic acid cannot
conduct an electric
1. 'e(ine an ester.
2. )rite the *eneral
(ormula o( ester.
3. 'escribe an
experiment to
produce etil
methanoic.
1. 'e(ine saturated (at
and unsaturated (at.
2. 1tated the di((erence
bet.een saturated (at
and unsaturated (at.
3. )hat is the type o(
reaction that chan*es
unsaturated (at to
saturated (at+
1. 'e(ine polymer.
2. Explain the
coa*ulation process o(
latex .hen it is added
.ith (ormic acid.
2. Explain .hy
0ulcani2ed rubber is
stron*er than natural
rubber.
B. 2.1
11
345A$IC CA4B3$
C36738$'
'e(inition o( carbon
compound
Examples9
5lucose:
7rotein:
#at: etc
;ype o( compound
3r*anic carbon
compound
Inor*anic carbon
compound
Compound consists o( carbon
element.
Compounds contain
carbon and come (rom
organism (living thing)
Animal or plants
Compound consists o(
carbon and did not come
!rom th" organism
<animal or plant=
Examples9
Carbonate o( metal:
Bicarbonate o( metal:
carbon dioxide: carbon
monoxide: etc
Combustion o(
or*anic compounds
sebatian or*anik
Examples
Inor*anic compound
>ydrocarbon
Examples?
.
1aturated
hydrocarbon
s
8nsaturated
hydrocarbon
s
A,@A$E
B. 2.2
12
5eneral (ormula and
*roup members
7hysical
properties and
the chan*es
Chemical
properties
5eneral (ormula
CnH2n #2
n A 1:2:3:B
n 6olecular
(ormula
$ame 1tructural (ormula
1
2
3
4

10
C>4
C2>!
BB..
C4>10
BBB
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane

BB..
BBB.


BBB
6embers 1i2e o(
molecule
6eltin*
point
'ensity 1tate
6ethane
Ethane
7ropane
Butane
7entane
>exane
1mall

Increase
,o.
Increase
,o.
Increase
5as
5as
5as
5as
,i/uid
,i/uid
Explanation to
the $h%si&al
$ro$"rti"s
&hang"
Combustion
1ubstitution
reactions
$on complete combustion
C>4 C 32 C C 2>23
C2>! C 32 B. C B..
BB C B.. B. C B
Complete combustion.
C>4 C 32 C32 C 2>23
C2>! C 32 BB C BB
C4>10 C 32 BB.. C BB.
1un li*ht
C>4 C Cl2 C>3Cl C >Cl
C>3Cl C Cl2 C>2Cl2 C >Cl
C>2Cl2 C Cl2 BB.. C BB
BB.. C BB. BBB C BB.
1. $on soluble in
.ater
2. $on conductor o(
electricity
B. 2.3
13
A,@E$E
5eneral (ormula and
*roup members
7hysical
properties and
the chan*es
Chemical
properties
n 6olecular
#ormula
$ame 1tructural
#ormula
1
2
3
4

10
C2>4
C3>!
BB..
C>10
BBB
ethene
propene
butene
pentene
hexene






6embers 6olecul
ar si2e
6eltin*
point
'ensity 1tate
Ethene
7ropene
Butene
7entene
>exene
>eptene Increase
,o.
Increase
,o.
increase
5as
5as
5as
5as
,i/uid
,i/uid
5eneral
(ormula
CnH2n
n A 2.3:4: B
Explanation to
the chan*es
R"a&tion E'am$l"s
1. Addition reaction
<a= Addition o( hydro*en <hydro*enation=
<b= Addition o( bromine
<c= Addition o( steam
<d= 3xidation

C2>4 C >2 C2>!
C3>! C Br2 C3>!Br2
>3734: 300
o
C: !0 atm.
C2>4 C >23 C2>3>
acidic @6n34
C2>4 C >23 C D3E C2>!32

2. Combustion
Combustion in the air <oxy*en= C2>4 C 332 2C32 C 2>23
C4>% C BB BB. C BB
;est to di((erentiate alkenes usin*
bromine .ater FAcidic potassium
ma*nate <GII=. Experiment.
1. $on soluble in
.ater
2. $on conductor o(
electricity
7olymeri2ation
o( alkene
>omolo*ous
1eries
B.2.4
14
(SOMER(SM
'e(inition o( isomerism
I87AC
namin* Example o( isomer
Isomers o( pentane Isomers o( butene
Com$o)n* .ith the
same mol"&)lar
!orm)la but
di((erent str)&t)ral
!orm)la
Instruction9
1. 1peci(y the number o( carbon
atom in the lon*est continuous
carbon chain.
2. $umberin* carbon atoms .ith
1:2:3:B startin* near (unctional
*roup Fand branch..
3. Branch names -C>3 : methyl
-C>2C>3: ethyl
I87AC name o(
isomer
Isomer o( alkane <hexane=
Isomer o( an alkene <pentene=
B2+
1
A,COHO,
'e(inition
o( alcohol
8sa*e o(
alcohol
>omolo*ous
series o( alcohol
Ethanol
7reparation
o( ethanol
;he physical properties
o( the ethanol
Chemical properties o(
the ethanol
#uel: sol0ent:
6edical aspect:
Cosmetic aspect..
Carbon compound
contained hydroxyl
(unctional *roup: OH
$amin*
7hysical
properties and the
chan*es
do.n.ard series.
#ormula Am9
C
n
H
2n# -
OH
n A 1:2:3:B
C>33> methanol
C2>3> ethanol
C3>"3> propanol
C4>&3> butanol
In industry9
St"am # "th"n"
In laboratory9
."rm"ntation Pro&"ss
Experiment
'issol0e in .ater
'issol0e in or*anic sol0ent:
$eutral:
$on-conductor o( electricity
1. Combustion
C2>3> C 32 C32 C >23
2. 3xidation
2D3E
C2>3> C>3C33> C >23
3. 'ehydration
Alumina
C2>3> C2>4 C >23
>eat
Cotton
C
Ethanol
Alumina
Ethene
)ater
Isomerism in the alcohol Chemical properties
o( alcohol
6isuse o( the
alcohol and the
e((ect
'ia*ram
B. 2.!
1!
'ehydration o( ethanol
CARBO/0,(C
AC(D
'e(inition
>omolo*ous
1eries
5eneral
(ormula
$amin*
7reparation o(
ethanoic acid
7hysical properties o(
the carboxylic acid
karboksilik
Chemical properties
o( ethanoic acid
>C33> methanoic acid 3
C>
3
C33> ethanoic acid
C
2
>

C33> propanoic acid R -C - 3>

C
3
>
"
C33> butanoic acid .here R
C
4
>
&
C33> pentanoic acid is an alkyl *roup
BBBB..
Acid that contain the
(unctional *roup
carboxyl: -C33>

C
n
>
2nC1
C33>
n A 0:1:2:B
3xidation o( ethanol
Acidic @6n34
C2>3> C>3C33> C >23
Conc. >2134
1. Ethanoic acid C base salt C .ater
C>3C33> C $a3> C>3C33$a C >23
2. Ethanoic acid C carbonate salt C .ater C carbon dioxide
2C>3C33> C @2C33 2C>3C33@ C >23 C C32
3. Ethanoic acid C metal salt C hydro*en
2C>3C33> C 6* <C>3C33=26* C >2
4. Ethanoic acid C alcohol esther C .ater
Ethanoic C ethanol ethyl ethanoat C .ater
Ethanoic acid C ethanol C
concentrated sulphuric acid
< a(ter boilin*=
C>3C33> C C2>3> C>3C33C2> C >23
;he usa*e o(
carboxylic acid
@etertiban dalam
siri homolo*
n m 6olecular (ormula $ame o( ester
0
1
2
2
1
3
1"
E1;E4
5eneral (ormula
o( ester
>omolo*ous
series o( ester
6olecular (ormula and
the name o( ester
7reparation
;o predict the
(ormation o( the ester
$atural source
o( the ester
;he ester daily li(e
usa*e
'e(inition
A *roup o(
homolo*ous series
.ith (unctional
*roup o( carboxyl:
-C33-

C
n
>
2nC1
C33C
m
>
2mC1
n A 0:1:2:B
m A 1:2:3:B
'ia*ram+
Ethyl ethanoate
etanoat
7hysical properties
B. .3
1%
.AT AND
O(,
+ (at and oil.
;ype o( (at
;he e((ect o(
(at on health
Con0ersion o( the
unsaturated (at to the
saturated (at.
1aturated
(at
8nsaturated
(at
'e(inition
de(inition Examples9
ChickenHs (at:
Co.Hs (at:
Etc.
Contoh9
;he (at molecules that built o(
m)lti$l" 1on* 1"t2""n
&ar1on atom in molecules.
;he (at molecule that built o(
onl% sing)lar &oval"nt 1on*
bet.een &ar1on atom in the
molecules.
3is an "st"r (ormed (rom
gl%&"rol <alcohol= and
&ar1o'%li& a&i*.
'e(inition
Comparison
.at Oil
>i*her meltin*
point <more than
20
o
C=
,o.er meltin*
point <less than
20
o
C=
1olid at room
temperature
,i/uid at room
temperature
#ound in animals
I human
#ound in plants
I (ish
;aken too much saturated
(at may cause9
1. 3besity
2. >ardness o( an artery
3. >i*h blood pressure
4. >eart disease
. 1troke
7roduction o( mar*erine9
>%*rog"nation $ro&"ss o( unsaturated (at
<palm oil=
$i
- C A C - C >2 -C J C J
> >
'ouble bond sin*le bond
7alm oil
Extraction process o(
palm oil in industry
;he needed to
use palm oil
B. .4
1&
$A;84A,
48BBE4
'e(inition o(
natural polymer
1e0eral polymer
and itHs monomer
7rotein
Carbohydrate
$atural
rubber
Coa*ulatin* o(
the latex
Gulcani2ation
o( rubber.
8sa*e o(
natural rubber
5iant molecule .ith lon* chain
<ma&romol"&)le= consist o(
repeated se/uence small molecules
<mi&ro mol"&)l"= called monomer
(ound in an animal I plant

4 3 4 3 4 3 4 3

n >2$ - C> - C - OH C H - $ - C> J C - 3> $ - C> J C - $ - C> J C - C nH2O

> > > n
Amino acid amino acid protein
<monomer= <monomer= <polymer=
nC!>123! <C!>103=n C n>23
*lucose starch
<monomer= <polymer=
nC>% <C>%=n
Isoprene natural rubber
<monomer= <polymer=
Experiment
,atex is a colloid. It is a mixture o( rubber particles
and .ater. A r)11"r $arti&l" is made up o( ne*ati0ely
char*ed protein membrane surrounds many r)11"r
mol"&)l"s. ;he ne*ati0e char*es are pre0entin* the
collision bet.een molecules. )hen an acid is added to
the latex: H
#
!rom an a&i* is n")trali4"* th" n"gativ"
&harg" at $rot"in m"m1ran" to allo2 th" &ollision
bet.een the rubber particles. ;he $rot"in m"m1ran"
1r"a5s: and then the r)11"r mol"&)l"s ar" !r"" to
&l)m$ tog"th"r. ,atex has coa*ulated
7re0entin*
coa*ulation o(
latex
Comparin* the properties
o( the natural and
0ulcani2ed rubber
-- Explain
Experiment9
1. Gulcani2ation o( natural
rubber.
2. Comparison o( properties
bet.een natural and
0ulcani2ed rubber
'e(inition
'ia*ram
A. Analysin* Alkanes
1. ;he *eneral (ormula o( alkanes are 9 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
2.. Complete the table by .ritin* the name : molecular (ormula and structural (ormula o( alkanes.
$umber o(
Carbon atom per
molecule
6olecular
(ormula
$ame 1tructural (ormula
1
2
3
4

3. All alkanes KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK in .ater because they are KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

compounds.
4. As the number o( carbon atoms increases:
a= the si2e o( the molecule KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
b= the boilin* and meltin* point KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK because KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
c= the amount o( soot produced KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK because KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
20
. Complete combustion o( alkanes produces carbon dioxide and .ater only.
a= C2>! C 32
b= C>12 C 32
!. Alkanes under*o substitution reaction .ith halo*rns in the presence o( ultra 0iolet li*ht.
C>4 C Cl2
B. Analysin* Alkenes
1. ;he *eneral (ormula (or alkenes is KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
2 Complete the table belo. by .ritin* the names: molecular (ormula and structural (ormula .

$umber o(
Carbon atom per
molecule
6olecular
(ormula
$ame 1tructural (ormula
2
3
4

3. Alkenes under*o addition reaction due to the presence o( the double bonds.
a= >ydro*enation 9 C3>! C >2
Condition o( reaction 9 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
b= >alo*enation 9 C3>! C Br2
- C J C A C - C Br-Br
21
d= >ydration 9

Condition o( reaction 9 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
e= 3xidation 9
4 . 7olimeri2ation 9 ;he process .hereby small molecules are Loined to*ether to (orm lar*e
molecules.
. Compare and contrast bet.een alkanes and alkenes.
Alkanes Alkenes
5eneral #ormula
Bondin*
Combustion
7hysical properties
Chemical properties
22
.lo2&hart !or th" r"a&tion o! "th"n"
)rite the balanced e/uation (or the processes labeled abo0e.
I GI
II GII
III GIII
IG IM
G M
Poli"th"n"
Car1on *io'i*" an*
2at"r
Ethan"6-726*iol
C2H8(OH)2
Ethan"a
C2H9
C2H+Cl
-72 *i1romo"than"
C2H8Br2
Eth"n"
C2H8
Ethanol
C2H+OH
Ethanoi& a&i*
CH:COOH
Eth%l "thanoat"
CH:COOC2H+
I
II
III
IG
G
GI
GII
GIII
IM
M
10
.lo2&hart !or th" r"a&tion o! "th"n"
)rite the balanced e/uation (or the processes labeled abo0e.
I GI
II GII
III GIII
IG IM
G M
Poli1)t"n"
Car1on *io'i*" an*
2at"r
B)tan"6-726*iol
C8H;(OH)2
B)tan"
C8H-<
C8H=Cl
-72 *i1romo1)tan"
C8H;Br2
B)t"n"
C8H;
B)tanol
C8H=OH
B)tanoi& A&i*
C:H>COOH
B)t%l 1)tanoat"
C:H>COOC8H=
I
II
III
IG
G
GI
GII
GIII
IM
M
11
.lo2&hart !or th" r"a&tion o! $ro$"n"
)rite the balanced e/uation (or the processes labeled abo0e.
I GI
II GII
III GIII
IG IM
G M
Poli$ro$"n"
Car1on *io'i*" an*
2at"r
$ro$an"6-726*iol
C:H9(OH)2
Pro$an"
C:H;
C:H>Cl
-72 *i1romo$ro$an"
C:H9Br2
Pro$"na
C:H9
Pro$anol
C:H>OH
Pro$anoi& a&i*
C2H+COOH
Pro$%l $ro$anoat"
C2H+COOC:H>
I
II
III
IG
G
GI
GII
GIII
IM
M
12
10
3bLecti0e Nuestions
1. )hat is the (unctional *roup (or alcohol+
A. Carboxylate B. 'iol
C. >ydroxide '. >ydroxyl
2. )hich process is in0ol0ed in chan*in* propene into propanol +
A. 3xidation B. >ydration
C. #ermentation '. Combustion
3. ;he e/uation belo. representsthe reaction in the industrial preparation o( ethanol.
M C >23 C>3C>23>
)hat is M +
A. Ethene B. Ethane
C. 5lucose '. 6altose
4. )hat are the products o( the reaction bet.een propanoic acid and sodium hydroxide +
A. .ater and carbon dioxide
B. Ethyl ethanoate and sodium ethanoate
C. )ater and ethyl ethanoate
'. 1odium ethanoate and .ater.
. )hich o( the (ollo.in* is not true about the di((erence bet.een saturated (ats and unsaturated (ats
Characteristic 1aturated #ats 8nsaturated (ats
A 6eltin* 7oint ,o. >i*h
B 1ource Animals 7lants
C Cholesterol content >i*h ,o.
' 7hysical state at room temperature 1olid ,i/uid
!. Coa*ulation o( latex takes place by addin* B.
I (ormic acid
II nitric acid
III a/ueous ammonia
IG hydrochloric acid
A. I and II only B. II and III only
C. I : II and III only '. I : II : III and IG.
". Gulcanised rubber is harder becauseB..
A. the polymers o( rubber are arran*ed orderly
B. the polymers o( rubber combine to (orm lon*er chains
C. the polymers are held by sulphur linka*e
'. the polymers became neutral.
1tructural Nuestions
1. ;he (i*ure belo. sho.s the set up o( apparatus (or the preparation o( ethyl ethanoate (rom the
reaction o( etanol .ith ethanoic acid.
10


a= 3n the ,iebi* condenser abo0e: mark OMH to indicate .here .ater (lo.s in and
OPH
.here .ater (lo.s out. D 1 markE
b= )hy is the mixture heated usin* a .ater bath +
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
D2 marksE
c= <i= $ame the reaction (or the preparation o( ethyl ethanoate.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
D1
markE
<ii= )rite the chemical e/uation (or the reaction in c <i=
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
K
D1 markE
,iebi*
condenser
)ater bath
6ixture o( ethanol ethanoic acid : and
concentrated sulphuric acid
>eat
11
d= ;he experiment is reapeated by replacin* ethanol .ith propanol.
<i= $ame the ester (ormed .
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKK
D1 markE
<ii= 1tate one physical property o( the ester.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKK
D1 markE
.e= ;he (lo. chart belo. sho.s the con0ersiQn o( etanol to ethene and etanol to
ethanoic
acid.
Based on the (lo. chart belo. sho.s the con0ersiQn o( etanol o( ethene and
etanol to ethanoic acid.
<i= 7rocess I

D 1 mark E
<ii= 7rocess II
D 1 mark E
<(= An alkane has a structural (ormula as sho.n belo..
> > > >
R S S S
> T C T C T C T C T >
7rocess
I
7rocess
II
12
R S S S
> > > >
)hat is the name o( the alkane+
D 1 mark E
2. 7ropanol reacts .ith acidi(ied potassium man*anate<GII= solution to produce an or*anic
compound M.
Acidi(ied
potassium
6an*anate <GII=
1olution

a= <i= $ame the reaction (or chan*in* propanol to
the or*anic compound M.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
D1 markE
<ii= $ame the or*anic compound M.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
D1 markE
b= <i= $ame a rea*ent .hich can be used to deri0e oranic compound P .hen propanol
and M react .ith one another.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
D1 markE
<ii= $ame the homolo*ous series to .hich compound P belon*s to.
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
D1 markE
<iii= 'ra. the structural (ormula o( compound P.
7ropanol
3r*anic Compound
M
3r*anic Compound
M
13
#i*ure 2.1 sho.s chan*es o( a carbon compound in0ol0in* a series o( reactions.
#i*ure 2.1
<a= 'ra. the structural (ormulae o( t.o propanol isomers.
$ame both isomers. D 4 marks E
<b= ;he in(ormation belo. is re*ardin* alkene P9
Based on the in(ormation o( the alkene P9
<i= 'etermine the molecular (ormula
<ii= 'ra. the structural (ormula
<iii= $ame the alkene
<i0= )rite the *eneral (ormula (or its homolo*ous series D % marks E
<c = <i= ;able 2.2 sho.s the results o( a test to di((erentiate bet.een alkene P
and propane.
Pro&"*)r" O1s"rvations
7ropane
Alkene
7ropanol
7ropanoic acid
C > 2
>eat
>eat
Alumina
7otassium dichromate<IG=
in acid
Carbon %."U
>ydro*en 14.3U
4elati0e molecular mass A 42
4elati0e atomic mass o( > A 1 and C A 12
14
Bromine .ater is added to alkene P Bro.n colour is decolouri2ed
Bromine .ater is added to propane Bro.n colour remains
Ta1l" 22
Explain .hy there is di((erence in these obser0ations. D 4 marks E
<ii= ;able 2.3 sho.s results o( latex coa*ulation.
Pro&"*)r" O1s"rvations
7ropanoic acid is added to latex ,atex coa*ulates immediately
,atex is le(t under natural
conditions
,atex coa*ulates slo.ly
Ta1l" 2:
Explain .hy there is a di((erence in these obser0ations. D 4 marks E
1