Noise Induced House Vibrations

and Human Perception*

Harvey H. Hubbard, member INCE, t summarizes noise induced house responses
including frequencies, mode shapes, acceleration levels and outside-to-inside noise
reductions. The role of house vibrations in reactions to environmental noise is
defined and some human perception criteria are reviewed.
One aspect of community response to noise involves people
inside houses. Since house structures have many components
which are readily excited by noise and which can be coupled,
they respond as complex vibrating systems. These dynamic
responses are significant because they affect the environment
of the observers inside the house. The nature of this noise
induced house excitation problem is illustrated in Fig. 1.
A person inside the house can sense the impingement of
noise on the external surfaces of the house by means of the
following phenomena: noise transmitted through the struc-
ture from outside to inside (see Refs. 1-6); the vibrations of
the primary components of the building such as the floors,
walls and windows (see Refs. 2,3,7 and 8); the rattling of
objects such as dishes, ornaments and shelves which are set
*Received 28 April 1982; revised 1 July 1982
tThe College of William and Mary, Virginia Associated
Research Campus, 12070 Jefferson Avenue, Newport News,
Virginia 23606
in motion by the vibration of the primary components (see
Refs. 2, 3 and 9); and in the extreme case damage to the secon-
dary structure such as plaster and tile and/ or furnishings (see
Ref. 7).
The purpose of this article is to summarize available data
on house vibration responses due to airborne noise excita-
tion and to define the role of such vibrations in the problem
of human perception of environmental noise. The building
response data contained herein, are derived largely from air-
craft noise, helicopter noise and sonic boom flyover tests.
The associated findings are believed to apply directly to any
situations for which the airborne noise component is large
compared to the seismic component. The material of this
article was developed initially as an appendix of Ref. 10, and
has been applied to the community noise evaluation of large
wind turbine generators. In situations for which seismic
excitation of the house structure can be significant, as for
road and rail traffic, the response data of the present article
may be inadequate.
Vol ume 19/ Number 2 49
I I I I I I I I I ~ V l l I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
/ - NOI SE TRANSMI SSI ON--~
OUTSIDE INSIDE
VIBRATION
EXCITATION ~- ~I NDUCED NOI SE /-~,--OBSERVATI ONS
NOISE NOISE
VIBRATION
DAMAGE
Figure 1--Nature of noise induced house structure responses 3
~
BEDROOM
CEILING
~--FAMILY ROOM
~ ~ . _ ~ / FLOOR - - //'~FAMILY
~ ' ~ . ~ I ROOM
~ ~ W A L L
~ B E / D R O O M I / LA l.~I~l )i"
, = , 6 . o , z , = , , . , , , , O , T ,
EXCITATI ON POINT ~ I ~--r-4~ ~ - L E ' Y ' - ~ R T H
Figure 2--Example frequencies and mode shapes f or a one-story
house excited by a mechanical shaker, force input-35.6 newtons 2
Vibrations of House Main
Structure Components
Dat a on t he vi br at i on responses of houses is deri ved f r om
several di f f er ent sources. Some measur ement s are avai l abl e
f r om buildings i nst rument ed with accelerometers, defl ect i on
gauges a n d / o r st rai n gauges on walls, fl oors, ceilings and
wi ndows t o r ecor d t ransi ent responses due t o flyovers of sub-
sonic j et and propel l er ai rcraft and helicopters; and t he sonic
booms of supersoni c aircraft.2.' -' ~ In addi t i on, a number of
experi ment s have been conduct ed in whi ch mechani cal
shakers have been used t o excite and measur e t he responses
of houses and house component s. 2,8 Results of t he f l yover
and mechani cal vi br at i on tests are consi st ent and t end t o
char act er i ze t he manner in whi ch house st ruct ures r espond
t o acoust i c l oadi ngs.
Frequencies and Mode Shapes. Exampl e mode shapes and
frequenci es f or a one- st or y test house are given in Figs. 2
and 3. The dat a of Fig. 2 were obt ai ned by means of a fre-
quency sweep f or a const ant i nput vi br at or y force and at
a gi ven poi nt of exci t at i on on t he nor t h wall of be dr oom
number 1 (see insert sketch). The excited wall had a fun-
dament al r esonance at 16.6 Hz. The ot her wall of t he r oom
and its f l oor had resonances at 21.4 and 26 Hz respectively.
Dat a f or a number of di fferent house st ruct ures i ndi cat e fre-
quency values f r om about 12 t o 30 Hz. The above results
are represent at i ve of t ypi cal house st ruct ure responses in t he
first resonance or "oi l canni ng" modes of t he t ype illustrated
in Fig. 2. Not e t hat t here is evi dence of st ruct ural a n d / o r
ai r cavi t y coupl i ng. It can be seen t hat pr ef er r ed phase rela-
t i onshi ps exist as a result of t he manner in whi ch t he f l oor
and wall st ruct ures are ar r anged.
Hi gher or der modes may, in some cases, be excited f or
pr ef er r ed loadings or for mor e compl ex st ruct ural confi gura-
t i ons. Exampl es of such hi gher or der modes are shown in
Fig. 3, whi ch relates t o one of t he test st ruct ures of Ref. 2.
Dashed lines are i ncl uded t o i ndi cat e exper i ment al l y det er-
mi ned node lines. Not e t hat t he number s of node lines and
t hei r spacings di f f er f or t he t hree exampl e r esonant frequen-
cies. For i nst ance, Fig. 3a shows a modal pat t er n f or whi ch
( ''T''''~- W I N D 0 w
PLAQUES
(a) f =27Hz; m =4, n = (b) f =48Hz, m =8, n -- 2"'---4
(c) f=72Hz; m=8, n
Figure 3--Exampl e higher mode responses of a house wall having
door and window openings 2
t he number of vertical node lines is 4 (m = 4, count i ng t he
end lines) and t he number of hori zont al node lines is 2 (n = 2,
count i ng t op and bot t om lines). Uneven spacings of t he node
lines f or t he hi gher r esonant frequenci es can result f r om
geomet r i c di ssymmet r y due t o wi ndow and door cut out s.
Building structures are charact eri zed by nonhomogeneous
elements. Wails, fl oors and ceilings are built-up f r om an array
of evenl y spaced beams with sheat hi ng on one or bot h sides.
The sheat hi ng is t ypi cal l y at t ached t o t he beams at di scret e
poi nt s by means of nails. The resulting st ruct ure of beams
and panels tends t o respond as dynami cal l y coupl ed elements
but this behavi or is much di f f er ent at l ow frequenci es t han
at high frequenci es, s At l ow frequenci es (below 100 Hz) t he
response is domi nat ed by t he behavi or of t he beams, as sug-
gested by t he mode shapes of Fig. 2, and t he sheathing panels
pl ay onl y a mi nor rol e. On t he ot her hand, hi gher or der
modal responses ( above 300 Hz) t end t o be domi nat ed by
t he sheat hi ng panel s, due t o t hei r shor t er spans. At in-
t er medi at e frequenci es (100 t o 300 Hz) t he panels behave as
i f t hey were si mpl y suppor t ed, while f or t he hi gher frequen-
50 NOISE CONTROL ENGINEERING JOURNAL/Seplember-Oclober 1982
cies the panels behave as t hough their edges were f i xed/
Experience has shown t hat house structures respond in a
linear manner to forced excitation. 2 For cases where the ac-
celerations have been measured for a forced excitation at a
given frequency, the acceleration amplitudes are a direct
linear funct i on of the input force. Likewise, the measured
accelerations increase as a funct i on of frequency for a given
input force, and they generally occur about a straight line
having a positive slope of 5 dB per octave up to frequencies
of about 1000 Hz, the limit of measurements.
Windows vary in size, from the plate glass type which can
be several metres in dimension to conventional doubl e hung
designs having much smaller sash elements. All windows are
similar in that the maj or element(s) is a relatively thin glass
plate simply support ed along its edges. A plate glass test
specimen of Ref. 8 had natural resonances of 9, 18, 48 and
70 Hz for dimensions of 1.22 m by 1.84 m. Smaller sash win-
dows of conventional houses are not ed to have resonant
responses in the range of several hundred Hertz. Thus, the
range of response frequencies for window component s of
houses is consistent with those for ot her structural com-
ponents. Evidence of window mot i on may be observed by
sight, by feeling, or by the rattling of loose elements.
Acceleration Levels. A large number of measurements are
available for the noise induced acceleration levels in house
structures (acceleration level = 20 log10 (acceleration,
g/ 109) . These data have come from a wide range of exposure
conditions and rather detailed measurements were obt ai ned
for a number of different house structures,' ~-'5 and from un-
published dat a by N. D. Kelley and by R. DeLoach, K. P.
Shepherd and E. F. Daniels. The above studies relate to the
problem of communi t y response to subsonic aircraft, super-
sonic aircraft and helicopters; and specifically provide dat a
relative to house vibrations and possible damage. Accelera-
tions of the various building component s, such as windows,
wails and floors, are available and example values are given
in Figs. 4, 5 and 6. In each case the measured accelerations
are plotted as a function of the peak sound pressure levels
measured outside of the house.
Wails, Dat a for conventional wall (5 cm by 10 cm studs,
doubly sheathed) acceleration responses are presented in Fig.
4 for houses exposed to noise from commercial and military
jet aircraft, helicopters and propeller aircraft, and sonic
booms The large amount of data for aircraft and helicopter
noise are encompassed by the lower hatched area and the
available sonic boom related data fit within the upper cross
hatched area. These data, which are associated with a wide
variety of input spectra, seem to correlate satisfactorily on
the basis of peak sound pressure level. It can be seen that
the acceleration responses increase generally as the noise
levels increase and seem to follow a straight line relation-
ship based on the assumption of linear behavior of the
structure.
Floors. Similar results are presented in Fig. 5 for house
fl oor vertical acceleration responses. Not e that a limited
amount of wind turbine dat a are also included f r om Ref.
ACCELERATION
LEVEL, dB
re i0 llg
--PROJECTED FORLINEAR RESPONSE
1.0 - 120 -.~AIRCRAFT AND HELI COPTER~NOI SE (REF. 12-15)
SON,CBOOMS~ (REF.12 AN0a31
ACCELERATION, 01 ] 100
grms Ol
80 ~
.001 - 60, ~ ~ ~ " ~ "
0001 40
I [ I I
60 80 100 120
PEAKSOUND PRESSURE LEVEL, OB
I
140
Figure 4--Measured house wall acceleration responses due to noise
excitation
ACCELERATION
1.0 -
0 I -
ACCELERATION,
grms
01 -
LEVEL, dB
re 1.0 pg
120
100
80
.001 - 60
.0001 I dO
PROJECTED
0 AIRCRAFT NOISE (REF 12-14)
SONIC BOOMS (REF. 12 AND 13)
~WI ND TURBINE(REF. 16)
go
0 0
~'o {~ o
0 0
0 0
I I I ]
60 80 I00 120 140
PEAK SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL, dB
Figure 5--Measured house floor vertical acceleration responses due
to noise excitation
i.o F
0.1 ~-
ACCELERATION,
grins .01 -
. 001 -
. 0001 -
ACCELERATION
LEVEL, dB
re i0 pg
120 r"
100-
80
6O
40
I
60
PROJECTED
~ AIRCRAFT AND HELICOPTER
NOISE (REF. 14 AND 1.5) /
: ~ WIND TURBINE (KELLEY/
I I I ]
80 100 120 140
PEAK SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL, dB
Figure 6--Measured house window acceleration responses due to
noise excitation
16. All of the ot her dat a shown are for the same test struc-
tures as in Fig. 4, and apply directly to the ground floor only.
Floor accelerations seem to follow generally a linear response
relationship, as did the wall response data. The scatter is,
however, considerably greater than for the wall data and the
Vol ume 19/ Numbe r 2 51
responses are about 10 dB lower in level for a given noise
level input. For comparabl e inputs, the associated horizon-
tal acceleration values are noted in Refs. 12 t hrough 14 to
he about equal to, or are slightly greater than, the vertical
values given in the figure.
Wi ndows. Measured acceleration responses for several
conventional double hung windows are shown in Fig. 6. Win-
dow sash width and height dimensions are about 1 m and
glass thickness is about 3 mm. Good correlation is seen for
widely different aircraft, helicopter and wind turbine noise
i nput s, and t he t r end of t he dat a i ndi cat es l i near
responses; ~4-~6 and unpublished work by N. D. Kelley, and by
R. DeLoach, K. P. Shepherd and E. F. Daniels. For a given
input level the window responses are not ed to be about 10
dB higher in level t han the associated wall responses.
Damage Experience. Very little if any damage to elements
of the structure is expected except at extreme values of the
input noise level. Experience for blasting, explosions and for
sonic booms suggest that damage to houses may occur at
peak acceleration values between about 0.3 and 3.0 g in the
frequency range of 10 to 100 Hz respectively.' 7 It can be seen
that the measured levels of wall, fl oor and window accelera-
tions which are cited for aircraft, helicopter, and wind tur-
bine noise are generally lower than 0.3 g and hence no damage
is expected. Sonic boom excitation which is associated with
the extreme values of input pressure has been blamed for
some incipient damage to light structural elements such as
windows, plaster and tile surfaces, etc. 7,'
Vibrations of Accessories
Wall or fl oor vibrations of the types described above can
give rise to the vibration of wall or fl oor mount ed objects
such as pictures, mirrors, plaques, lamps, etc. Such objects
are usually in contact with the larger surface at one or more
discrete points or along a boundar y line, and are put into
mot i on because of the vibratory motions of the surface. Such
excitation of objects results in high frequency impact sounds,
high frequency vi brat i ons or some associated opt i cal
phenomena which serve t o identify the event and by so do-
ing cause annoyance of nearby observers. This is an exam-
ple of nonlinear vibration responses, for which the subaudi-
ble frequency excitation of a wall, for instance, can cause
audible frequency range responses in a wall mount ed object
such as a picture, z: : The rattling of such accessories can be
a fact or in annoyance.
The dat a of Fig. 7 are included t o indicate the range of
acceleration responses expected from vibrating accessories.
Two different criteria lines are included f r om Ref. 9. Bot h
are shown as being horizontal because no significant effects
of frequency were identified in any of the experimental data.
The t op line is drawn at 1.0 g and is the prediction for rattl-
ing in the case of normal contact, as for an object resting
on a horizontal vibrating surface such as the floor. The hat-
ched area represents the range of comparabl e experimental
1.0
WALL OR FLOOR
ACCELERAT tON S,
gpeak 0.1
.01
PREDICTION FOR
WALL MOUNTED
AT 3 ANGLE-~
I I I I
3 lO 30 100
FREQUENCY, Hz
300 1000
Figure 7--Criteria f or the rattling of wall and floor mounted ob-
jects due to vibratory excitation
dat a and suggests that in practical cases some rattling might
occur at acceleration levels less t han the theoretical value of
1.0 g. Such lower acceleration values are usually associated
with small contact areas and probabl y result from local sur-
face imperfections and misalignments from the vertical.
For cases where objects are suspended in pendulum fashion
f r om the wall the lower criteria line might apply. It should
appl y theoretically to situations where the hang angle (angle
between wall and hanging flat object) is about 3 . The cross
hatching represents the range of data available for a number
of objects such as plaques, pictures and mirrors, from house
situations and for a steel ball in l aborat ory tests. The scatter
of measured results suggests that small variations in the wall
geomet ry or that of the suspended object can be significant.
By implication, objects that hang by smaller hang angles are
susceptible to rattle at lower acceleration levels.
Vibration Perception Criteria
One of the common ways by which a person may sense
the noise induced excitation of a house is t hrough structural
vibrations. This mode of observation is particularly signifi-
cant at frequencies below the threshold of normal hearing,
or in the low frequency range where the ear is less sensitive.
Whol e Body Percept i on. There are no standards available
for the threshold of perception of vibration by occupants
of buildings. Guidelines are available, however, for interim
use. ,,_20 Toget her they cover the frequency range 0.063 to 80
Hz. The appropriate perception data from each of the above
document s are reproduced in Fig. 8 and are represented by
the composite heavy line curve. This curve represents the
combi ned responses of a person in either the up and down,
fore and aft, or sideways directions whichever is the most
sensitive. This is believed appropri at e for the house vibra-
tion case because persons may be in various positions when
experiencing vibrations. The hatched region of Fig. 8 encom-
passes the perception threshold dat a obt ai ned in a number
of independent studies. 2'-25 Different investigators, using dif-
ferent measurement techniques, subjects and subject orien-
tations, have obt ai ned values which extend over a range of
52 NOI SE CONTROL ENGI NEERI NG J OURNAL/ Se pt e mbe r - Oc t obe r 1982
ACCELERATION
LEVEL, dB
re 1. OI Jg -COMPOSITE ISO GUIDELINES
0;I r- 100 (REF. 18 AND 19)
////RANGE OFDATA (REF. 20-25)
ACCELERATION .01 80 ~WI ND TURBINE OBSERVATIONS / /
grms |
.001 60
1 40
20 I I I
0.1 1.0 10 100
ONE-THIRD OCTAVE BAND CENTER FREQUENCY, Hz
Figure 8--Most sensitive threshold of perception of vibratory
motion by humans
about a factor of 10 in vibration amplitude. The composite
(related) guidelines curve of Fig. 8 is judged to be the best
representation of the available whole body (most sensitive
axis) vibration perception data.
Not e the two cross hatched regions on Fig. 8 from the data
of Ref. 26. These are estimated one-third octave band levels
of vibrations which were j udged perceptible in two different
house structures excited by wind turbine noise. Based on the
values of the guidelines curve they would be judged margi-
nally perceptible and thus seem to constitute a good confir-
mat i on of the ot her perception threshold dat a of Fig. 8.
Figure 9 indicates the outside sound pressure levels in given
one-third octave bands that will cause perceptible vibration
inside a house structure. The t op curve was derived directly
from the composite perception dat a curve of Fig. 8 and the
floor response data of Fig. 5. It is thus believed that the sound
pressure level values indicated are equal to or are near in value
of those required to cause perceptible fl oor vibration for an
occupant. The curves labeled "wal l s" and "wi ndows" are
inferred f r om the dat a of Fig. 8 and the house element dat a
respectively of Figs. 4 and 6. It is not clear how the concept
of whole body perception applies to the wall and window
vibrations, but the hierarchy of house element responses sug-
gested in Fig. 9 is consistent with available measurements
and with observations. Fr om the figure it is possible t o deter-
mine the outside sound pressure levels sufficient to cause
perceptible vibrations of house structural elements over a
range of frequencies. For instance, if a house was exposed
to the example noise spectrum of the figure, there would pro-
bably be perceived vibrations of the walls and windows and
no perceived vibrations of the floors.
Tactile Percept i on. House building vibrations of walls and
windows may also be observed by means of tactile percep-
tion (perceived by t ouch of the finger tips). The available
tactile perception dat a for pure t one excitation in the fre-
quency range of interest is shown in Fig. 10. The most ex-
tensive study is report ed in Ref. 27 and is represented by the
solid curve. Results of a series of more abbreviated studies
from Ref. 28 are represented by the hat ched area. It can be
seen that there is a trend t oward lower sensitivity as the fre-
quency increases. The sensitivity to tactile perception is com-
parable to that for whole body perception (see Fig. 8) in the
range of frequences near 100 Hz. Not e that window and wall
100
BO
SOUND
PRESSURE
LEVEL, 60
dB
40
HOUSEELEMENTS
------._ FLOORS
WALLS
, j
PERCEIVED VIBRATIONS ~ ~/2"-------
EXAMPLE NOISE SPECTRUM -/
20 t
I I I . J
0.1 1.0 10 100
ONE-THIRD OCTAVE BAND CENTERFREQUENCY.HZ
Figure 9--Sound pressure levels sufficient to cause perceptible vibra-
tions of house structure elements over a range o f frequencies
120
lOO
ACCELERATION
LEVEL, dB 80
re 1.0 l~g
60
40
20
I
0.1
27
I I I J
1.O lO lO0 1000
FREQUENCY, Hz
Figure lO--Pure tone thresholds of tactile perception
vibrations may be observed by tactile perception at peak noise
level excitations of about 90 dB (Fig. 6) and 100 dB (Fig.
4) respectively.
Hous e Noi s e At t e nuat i ons
Anot her phenomenon observed by the occupants of a
house is the noise transmitted to the inside spaces f r om the
outside. The inside noise exposures are different from those
on the outside because of the influence of the house struc-
ture as the noise is transmitted t hrough it. Under normal cir-
cumstances the noise levels are reduced. Dat a showing ex-
ample house noise reductions as a funct i on of frequency are
given in Fig. 11. The hatched area encompasses results ob-
tained in Refs. 1 t hrough 6. The noise reduction values of
the ordinate are the differences between inside and outside
readings. The most obvious result is t hat the noise reduc-
tions are larger at the higher frequencies. This implies that
the measured spectra inside the house will have relatively less
high frequency content t han those on the outside.
There are very few data available at the low frequencies
(below 50 Hz). In this range the wavelengths are comparabl e
to the dimensions of the rooms and there is no longer a dif-
fuse sound-field on the inside. 29 Ot her complicating factors
are the role of stiffness at these lower frequencies and the
existence of air leaks. The inside di st ri but i on of pressure can
be nonuni f or m because of st ruct ureborne sound, standing
wave patterns, organ pipe modes and cavity resonances due
to room, closet and hallway configurations. 3o The anticipated
Vol ume 19/ Numbe r 2 53
- - PROJECTED
40 , ~ \ \ \ RANGE OF AVAILABLE MEASUREMENTS
No,sE 30
REDUCTION,
OB 20
10 ~ " \~"
0 I " I i r I
1.0 10 100 1000 10000
FREQUENCY, Hz
Figure 1 I - - House noise reduction as a function of frequency f or
the windows closed condition
\ \ ~- PURE TONE HEARING THRESHOLD. REF. 32
\
I00 \
\
\
SOUND
//NOISES REF. 5
PRESSURE LEVEL, ri B 60 ~ / / / / / / ~ ? / / / / / / ~ / / ~
WIND TURBINE HEARIN ~( / / X~\
40 THRESHOLD, REF. 31
i X
20 l - - ( __ \ i __1
1.0 IO 1DO I000
ONE-THIRD OCTAVE BAND CENTERFREQUENCY.Hz
Figure 12--Range o f l o w frequency inside noise levels which caused
adverse reactions by occupants
large variation of sound pressure levels from one location
to another at very low excitation frequencies has not been
documented for houses. Thus, it is difficult to characterize
the low frequency noise environment inside of a house struc-
ture based on a knowledge of the outside noise environment.
Lo w Fr e que nc y No i s e Pe r c e p t i o n
There are fragmentary reports that indicate some unusual
reactions to noise at very low frequencies, particularly when
such noises are observed inside a structure or a vehicle.5 The
data of Fig. 12 are representative of some of the documented
cases. A number of these are cited where low frequency noise
from industrial operations has propagated relatively long
distances into residential areas and has resulted in complaints.
The hatched area of Fig. 12 encompasses the ranges of fre-
quency and noise level which are believed to have caused the
complaints. In all cases the levels of the higher frequency
noise portions of the spectra were judged to be well within
known tolerable limits. The low frequency components
(below 125 Hz) are thus believed to be most significant.
It can be seen that many of the frequency-noise level com-
binations are below those of the well established hearing
thresholds of Refs. 31 and 32. Thus there is an indication
that there are significant extra-auditory effects such as noise
induced house vibrations, or that there are localized areas
in the houses where the inside noise levels are considerably
higher than the limited measurements, and may actually ex-
ceed the threshold of hearing.
Co n c l u d i n g Re ma r k s
House buildings respond readily to noise excitations and
their responses can play an important role in community reac-
tions to noise. Walls, floors, ceilings and large windows
respond mainly in the "oil canning" modes at frequencies
below 100 Hz and their motions are controlled largely by
the beam elements. At higher frequencies the sheathing panels
play a greater role and are the dominant elements at frequen-
cies above approximately 300 Hz. Measured accelerations
for a number of different types of noise inputs correlate
generally on the basis of peak noise level and increase linearly
as the input level increases. Wall and floor mounted objects
such as lamps, pictures, mirrors, etc., may rattle by excita-
tion of the main structure.
Criteria are included for perception of vibration, the rat-
tling of wall and floor mounted objects, and noise induced
damage of secondary structures and furnishings.
References
1. Ano ny mo us , "Recent Ho us e No i s e At t enuat i on Dat a and an Average
Hous e Noi s e At t enuat i on Curve, " Soc. of Automotive Eng., AI R 1081
(1969).
2. H. D. Carden and W. H. Mayes, "Measured Vi br at i on Re s pons e
Characteri sti cs o f Four Resi dent i al Structures Exci t ed by Mechani cal
and Ac ous t i c al Loadi ngs , " NASA TN D-5776 (1970).
3. W. H. Mayes, D. S. Fi ndl ey and H. D. Carden, "House Vi brat i ons
Si gni f i cant f or I ndoor Subj ect i ve Response, " NASA SP-189 (1969).
4. J . R. Young, "At t enuat i on o f Ai rcraft Noi s e by Wood- Si ded and Brick-
Veneered Frame Houses, " NASA CR-1637 (August 1970).
5. W. Tempest, Infrasound and Low Frequency Vibration ( Ac ade mi c
Press, London, 1976), p. 9.
6. D. E. Bishop, "Reduct i on o f Ai rcraf t No i s e Measured i n Several
Sc hool s , Mot e l s , and Resi dent i al Homes, " J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 39,
5,907-913 (1966).
7. B. L. Cl arkson and W. H. Maye s , "Soni c Bo o m Induced Bui l di ng
Structure Res pons es Incl udi ng Da ma g e , " J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 51,
2, 742-757 (1972).
8. H. D. Carden, "Vi br at i on Characteri sti cs o f Wai l s and a Pl at e Gl as s
Wi ndo w Represent at i ve o f Thos e o f a Wood- Fr ame House, " NASA
TP-1447 (May 1979).
9. S . A . Cl evens on, "Experi ment al De t e i mi nat i on o f t he Rat t l e o f Si m-
pl e Model s, " NASA TM 78756 (July 1978).
10. D. G. Stephens, K.P. Shepherd, H. H. Hubbard and F. W. Gros vel d,
"Gui de t o t he Eval uat i on o f Huma n Res pons e to Noi s e f rom Large
Wind Turbines, "_NASA TM 83288 (March 1982).
11. D.G. Stephens and W. H. Maye s , "Ai rcraf t Noi s e- I nduced Bui l di ng
Vi brat i ons: Communi t y Noi se, " ASME Speci al Techni cal Publ i ca-
t i on 692 (1979), pp. 183-194.
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the Nat i onal Soni c Bo o m Pr ogr am, " NASA LWP-288 ( Sept ember
1966).
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15. Staff-Langley Research Center: Concorde Noise Induced Building
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54 NOI SE CONTROL ENGI NEERI NG J OURNAL/ Se pt e mbe r - Oc t o be r 1982
18. Guide to the Evaluation of Human Exposure to Vibration and Shock
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l , t ' I I
40
I
30
i o
=>
r 20
I S
Fifteen Residences Near Seattle Tacoma International Airport," Amer.
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1975).
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Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1971), pp. 270-357.
30. E.E. Ungar, "Structureborne Sound in Buildings: Needed Practical
Research in Light of the Current State of the Art," NBS-GCR 80-248
(June 1980).
31. D.G. Stephens, D. P. Shepherd and F. W. Grosveld, "Wind Turbine
Acoustic Standards," NASA CP-2184 (1981).
32. N.S. Yeowart and M. J. Ev0ns, "Thresholds of Audibility for Very
Low-Frequency Pure Tones," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. , 55, 4, 814-818
(1974).
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In the Next I s s ue . . .
Dosimeters, Impulsive Noise and the OSHA Hearing Conservation Amendment
The Decaying Flow Technique: A Method for the Rapid Acquisition of Data Relating to
Regenerated Noise in Ventilation Systems
Direct Measurement of Transmission Loss of Aircraft Structures Using the Acoustic Intensity
Approach
November- December 1982
NOI SE CONTROL ENGI NEERI NG JOURNAL
These articles may be subject to change
Vol ume 19/ Numbe r 2 55