The document provides information on inspecting and maintaining structures, specifically anchor chains. It discusses:
1) Inspecting anchor chains by measuring each link to check for stretching.
2) Stresses induced into the chain leading to metal fatigue from cyclic loading, use of the anchor, and stresses during weather.
3) Treating the chain through heat treatments like annealing to restore its form and strength. Safety precautions are important when working on structures.
The document provides information on inspecting and maintaining structures, specifically anchor chains. It discusses:
1) Inspecting anchor chains by measuring each link to check for stretching.
2) Stresses induced into the chain leading to metal fatigue from cyclic loading, use of the anchor, and stresses during weather.
3) Treating the chain through heat treatments like annealing to restore its form and strength. Safety precautions are important when working on structures.
The document provides information on inspecting and maintaining structures, specifically anchor chains. It discusses:
1) Inspecting anchor chains by measuring each link to check for stretching.
2) Stresses induced into the chain leading to metal fatigue from cyclic loading, use of the anchor, and stresses during weather.
3) Treating the chain through heat treatments like annealing to restore its form and strength. Safety precautions are important when working on structures.
TN 25 2.1 GRACIAS, JEFFREY A M BATCH: B-1 Gracias, Jeffrey A M 1 Batch B1 CONTENTS 1) Inspe!"#n #$ s%&'(es n)*+e,s #ne &n- !.# s%#. !%&! e&% s%&'(e *e&s),es 2/./ *e!,es. &0 1%&! %&ppene- !# !%e s%&'(es +0 S!,esses "n-)e- "n!# !%e &+(e (e&-"n2 !# !%e -"s!#,!"#n 0 T,e&!*en! #$ !%e %&"n !# ,es!#,e "!s p,e3"#)s s!,en2!% -0 M&"n!en&ne &,,"e- #)! "n s!&,+#&,- %&"n (#'e, 20 N# 2 H&!% #&*"n2 F#,.&,- p#,!s"-e, Rep&",s &0 S&$e!4 p,e&)!"#ns .%"% s%#)(- +e "n p(&e &,#)n- s"!e +0 Me!%#- #$ &!!&%"n2 !%e *e!&( p(&!e !# !%e -e' 0 B&,e *e!&( s%#.s s"2ns #$ $(&s% ,)s!"n2, p,ep&,&!"#ns $#, s&*e -0 5&"n!"n2 p,#ess #n -e' &$!e, ,ep&",s e0 H#. .#)(- #,,#s"#n +e ,e-)e- $0 S&$e .#,'"n2 p,&!"es #+se,3e- +4 pe,s#ns en2&2e- "n !%e s&"- *&"n!en&ne 60 N# 2 p#,! ("$e+#&! #n !%e +#!!#* #$ !%e 2,&3"n2 -#', Rep&",s &0 5,#ess #$ )!!"n2 &n- $&","n2 !%e -&*&2e- ("$e+#&! +0 M&!e,"&(s )se- "n !%e ,ep&", 0 D&n2e,s "n3#(3e- "n !%e p,#ess -0 S&$e .#,'"n2 p,&!"es "n3#(3e- "n s)% & ,ep&", 70 8&,"#)s -"&2,&*s #)p(e- ."!% !%e &+#3e !#p"s 50 B"+("#2,&p%4 Inspe!"#n #$ s%&'(es n)*+e,s #ne &n- !.# s%#. !%&! e&% s%&'(e *e&s),es 2/./ *e!,es. &. 1%&! %&s %&ppene- !# !%e s%&'(es Gracias, Jeffrey A M 2 Batch B1 The normal length of a cable is 15 Fathoms or 27. metres, a clear in!ication that the cable has been stretche!. "#e to $erio!ic #se an! #n!ergoes the elastic regime, the cable ca#ses to crac% an! this gro&s &ith metal fatig#e. Metal can thin an! r#$t#re tho#gh the ser'ice loa! is normal. (#b)ecte! to #n!#e stresses an! the age, maintenance carrie! on the cable. The cable can go brittle !e$en!ing on the material #se! ca#sing shearing off the inner e!ges an! increasing length too. +. S!,esses "n-)e- "n!# !%e &+(e (e&-"n2 !# !%e -"s!#,!"#n Metal Fatig#e *erio! of cyclic loa!ing Anchor chain on+off stress o'er a $erio! of time ,-cessi'e #se of the starboar! anchor. The anchor #se! in an emergency &ith ma-im#m strain on the cable Goes thro#gh the elastic regime Anchor s#b)ecte! to hea'y stresses !#ring times of hea'y &eather anchoring. These abo'e factors ca#se stresses on the cable. /rac% a$$ears an! then gro&s, can be belo& the s#rface an! a !ye test may ha'e to be carrie! o#t. The fract#re can be !#ctile or brittle mo!e !e$en!ing on the material an! also on the ca#se. The cable material may t#rn brittle. . T,e&!*en! #$ %&"n !# ,es)*e "!s p,e3"#)s $#,* &n- s!,en2!% 0n a !ry !oc% the anchor goes thro#gh stringent tests an! ins$ection e'ery fi'e years. The anchor is lai! in the !oc% an! range!, meas#rements are ta%en an! a si- !imensional ins$ection is $erforme!. 0f the chain is stretche! beyon! the acce$table 'al#es the cable is change!. Alternati'ely a treatment of Annealing is carrie! o#t to restore its $re'io#s form an! strength. The metho! com$rises of stages terme! heat treatment of steel an! as !etaile! belo&. Gracias, Jeffrey A M 1 Batch B1 The $ro$erties of steels may be altere! greatly by the heat treatment to &hich the steel is s#bse2#ently s#b)ecte!. These treatments bring abo#t the steel3s str#ct#re. Anne&("n2 This consists of heating the steel at a slo& rate to a tem$erat#re of say 455 !egrees / to 655 !egrees /, an! then cooling it in the f#rnace at a 'ery slo& rate. The ob)ecti'e of annealing is to relie'e any internal stresses, to soften the steel, an! bring the steel to a con!ition s#itable for a s#bse2#ent heat treatment. N#,*&("9"n2 This is carrie! o#t by heating the steel slo&ly to a tem$erat#re similar to that for annealing an! allo&ing to cool in air. The res#lting faster cooling rate $ro!#ces a har!er stronger steel than annealing an! also refines the grain si7e. :)en%"n2 (teel is heate! to tem$erat#re similar to annealing an! normali7ing, an! then 2#enche! in &ater or oil. The fast cooling rate $ro!#ces a 'ery har! str#ct#re &ith a high tensile strength. Te*pe,"n2 8#enche! steel may be f#rther heate! to a tem$erat#re some&hat bet&een atmos$heric an! 945 !egrees / an! some alloy steels are then coole! fairly ra$i!ly by 2#enching in oil or &ater. The ob)ect of this treatment is to relie'e the se'ere internal stresses $ro!#ce! by the original har!ening $rocess an! to ma%e the material less brittle b#t retain the higher tensile stress. S!,ess Re("e3"n2 To relie'e the internal stresses the tem$erat#re of the steel may be raise! so that no str#ct#ral change of the material occ#rs an! then it may be slo&ly coole!. -. M&"n!en&ne "n !%e e*p!4 s!&,+#&,- %&"n (#'e,. Gracias, Jeffrey A M Batch B1 The chain loc%er sho#l! be ins$ecte! an! cleane!. :oose scaling of r#st on b#l%hea!s, stringers an! bottom shell $lating sho#l! be remo'e!. ;atertight integrity an! means of !rainage to be chec%e!. 0ns$ection an! maintenance of the bitter en! The s#ction $i$e an! or the e!#ctor to be chec%e! for stri$$ing. All 'al'es an! or $i$elines $assing thro#gh the chain loc%er to be maintaine! as re2#ire!. After any maintenance is carrie! o#t, the loc%er nee!s to be $ainte! as $er the re2#irement an! shi$3s cosmetic $rogramme. Any &or% carrie! o#t sho#l! also be co#$le! &ith the *lanne! Maintenance sche!#le of the chain loc%er for $erio!ical an! !ry !oc% re2#irements. The loc%er is to be treate! as an enclose! s$ace entry an! any hot &or% sho#l! be carrie! o#t &ith care an! hot &or% $ermits iss#e!. Rep&", #$ N#. 2 H&!% #&*"n2 &! !%e $#,.&,- p#,! s"-e. &0 S&$e!4 p,e&)!"#ns .%"% s%#)(- %&3e +een "n p(&e &,#)n- !%e s"!e *rior to any &or% that is carrie! o#t, a $lan sho#l! be !ra&n &ith high stan!ar!s of safety. <igging, clothing an! $reca#tions sho#l! be in consi!eration of the /o!e of (afe &or%ing $ractice. G#ar! rails or fencing sho#l! be $lace! aro#n! the o$ening. ,ach co#rse of rails sho#l! be %e$t s#bstantially hori7ontal an! ta#t thro#gho#t their length. The $lace is to be &ell g#ar!e! an! re$lacement $ro'i!e! !#ring brea%s for meals. <is% Assessment sho#l! be carrie! o#t. (afety signs boar!s sho#l! be !is$laye! clear an! 'isible s#ch as. =o (mo%ing, =o =a%e! lights Gracias, Jeffrey A M 5 Batch B1 "anger >a7ar!o#s area, =o e-it, "o not enter /a#tion min! yo#r ste$, ,lectrical ha7ar! =o a!mittance &itho#t $rotecti'e clothing, etc. Tri$s an! falls can occ#r, min! yo#r ste$ Fire is a li%ely ha7ar!, ha'e fire e-ting#ishers an! charge! hoses in $lace. Breathing a$$arat#s an! res#scitation e2#i$ment in $lace First ai! bo- an! any emergency treatment. (ec#re the $lace from #na#thorise! $ersonnel. +0 Me!%#- #$ &!!&%"n2 !%e *e!&( p(&!e !# !%e -e' ?ario#s metho!s of &el!ing the metal sheet are a'ailable to the o$erator b#t one sho#l! also consi!er the a'ailability of e2#i$ment an! o$erating cost, &or% force an! the !#rability of the &or% carrie! o#t. /onsi!ering the choices a'ailable the (#bmerge! Arc &el!ing is the metho! &e shall #se in )oining o#r metal sheets. *rior to any &el! carrie! o#t, the metal e!ges &ill nee! to ha'e a s#rface $re$aration an! &e!ges forme! &ith groo'es in bet&een the sheet an! the hatch coaming in or!er to fill #$ the &e!ge &ith the &el!. /are sho#l! be ta%en that all $ersonnel are in safety an! $rotecti'e clothing, $ro$er rigs stays are in $lace &hen transferring the sheet to its location, #n!er!ec% stays an! bearers sho#l! be in $lace to s#$$ort the loa! $rior to the &el!. 0n the (#bmerge! arc &el!ing $rocess a arc is maintaine! &ithin the blan%et of gran#late! fl#-, a cons#mable filler &ire is em$loye! an! the arc is maintaine! bet&een the &ire an! the $arent $late. 0t has a high 2#ality an! high !e$osition rate &el!ing $rocess. Aro#n! the arc the gran#late! fl#- brea%s !o&n an! $ro'i!es some gases an! a highly $rotecti'e thermal ins#lating molten container for the arc. This allo&s a high concentration of heat, ma%ing the $rocess 'ery efficient an! s#itable for hea'y !e$osits at fast s$ee!s. Metal $o&!er a!!itions &hich res#lts in a 15@55 $ercent Gracias, Jeffrey A M 9 Batch B1 increase in metal !e$osition rate &itho#t inc#rring an increase in arc energy in$#t may be #se! for the &el!ing of )oint thic%ness of 25 mm or more. This &el! !oes ha'e its !ra&bac%s s#ch as crac%s, $orosity, slag an! #n!erc#t &hich can be o'ercome by contin#os monitoring, remo'e slag, re!#ce the energy !ri'e for a'oi!ance of #n!erc#t an! controlle! &el!ing to a'oi! crac%s an! $orosity, e'ent#ally it $ro'i!es high 2#ality &el!s an! lo& o$erator s%ills are re2#ire!. 0 B&,e *e!&( s%#.s s"2ns #$ F(&s% ,)s!"n2, s%#. p,ep&,&!"#n Flash r#sting is normal after hy!roblasting, the cleane! s#rface &ill o-i!ise ra$i!ly &hilst &et. 0n o#r case the $resence of flash r#sting co#l! be the metal e-$ose! to rain or a light mist &itho#t treatment. The metal shall be hose! !o&n by fresh &ater an! any loose !e$osits $ro!#ce! on the s#rface shall be scra$e! off &ith a chisel, s#bse2#ent action &o#l! be to #se rotary &ire br#shing. The br#shing &ill gi'e a clean s#rface $ro'i!e! the r#st scale &as not too large. "#st an! clean off the bare metal, #se a high $ress#re hose !o&n &ith fresh &ater an! !ry the s#rface. The bare metal then $ro'i!es an acce$table s#rface for e-terior coatings. -0 T%e p&"n!"n2 p,#ess #ne !%e -e' .&s ,ep&",e- *rior to any $aint a$$lication, the im$ortant factors to consi!er are the state of the s#rface, the s#rface tem$erat#re an! the atmos$heric con!itions at the time of $ainting. /hec% the !ata sheet of the in!i'i!#al $aint an! note its !escri$tion, s#ch as a$$lication, !rying time, thic%ness, o'ercoating inter'al an! mainly safety $reca#tions an! emergency treatment. A$$ly a coat of thinner $referably &ith a br#sh, &hich &ill largely contrib#te to the acti'e corrosion $re'enting $ro$erty, thinners &ith $igments s#ch as 7inc al#mini#m or tar e$o-y can be #se!, follo& the shi$ cosmetic a$$lication $rogramme. Gracias, Jeffrey A M 7 Batch B1 :et the area !ry for atleast 2 ho#rs or as state! in the !ata sheet, clean the s#rface &ith fresh &ater an! remo'e any !e$osits of !#st or salts, !ry the area an! a$$ly a secon! an! if re2#ire! then a thir! coat of $rimmer after the sti$#late! !rying time. <e$eat the $rocess to gi'e the s#rface a co#$le of final coats. e0 H#. .#)(- #,,#s"#n +e ,e-)e- 0ron ore corro!es beca#se it is iron ore an! not $#re iron that is the nat#ral state of the metal. Anless $re'enti'e meas#res are not ta%en, iron Bor steel) &ill react &ith o-ygen an! moist#re an! re'ert to its original con!ition, ie r#st. /orrosion control may be consi!ere! #n!er three basic hea!ings. 1) /ontrol of the metal, #se the correct metal for the )ob 2) /ontrol of en'iroment, either by mo!ification or e-cl#sion from contact &ith the metal 1) /ontrol by !esign Follo&ing are the factors an! rele'ant means of control. M&!e,"&(s Bmetals, alloys, non@metallic materials). (election of s#itable materials, consistent &ith cost, a'ailability, ease of fabrication etc. D"ss"*"(&, *e!&(s in contact. A'oi!ance of !esigns in &hich the %inetics of attac% on one metal is stim#late! by another. Ge#*e!,4. A'oi!ance of !esigns &hich lea! to localise! attac%, im$ingement, ca'itation. Me%&n"&( F&!#,s. A'oi!ance of e-cessi'e stress Binternal or a$$lie!) &hen #sing metals %no&n to be s#sce$tible to stress@corrosion crac%ing. A'oi! con!itions lea!ing to fatig#e, freting corrosion. S),$&e. A'oi!ance of con!itions on s#rface &hich lea! to locali7e! attac%, e.g. !iscontin#o#s films of o-i!es or metals. Gracias, Jeffrey A M 4 Batch B1 5,#!e!"#n. *ro'ision in !esign for catho!ic or ano!ic $rotection, *rotection in !esign for a$$lying $rotecti'e coatings. Cther metho!s of $re'enting /orrosion &ill be. Metho!s base! on mo!ification of $roce!#re &ith attention !ra&n #$on the !esign of the str#ct#re, s#rface con!ition an! a$$lication of catho!ic $rotection. Metho!s base! on mo!ification of en'ironment, by !eaeration of &ater or ne#tral sol#tion, $#rification or !eh#mi!ification of air an! a!!ition of corrosion inhibitors, etc. Metho!s base! on mo!ification of metal, by increase! $#rity, a!!ition of alloy elements an! heat treatment. Metho!s base! on $rotecti'e coating, coatings of reaction $ro!#ct, organic coatings $aints, resins etc. 0norganic coatings enamels, cements, metal coatings an! tem$orary $rotecti'es. Gracias, Jeffrey A M 6 Batch B1 $0 S&$e .#,'"n2 p,&!"es .%en pe,s#ns en2&2e- "n *&"n!en&ne Any &or% carrie! o#t sho#l! be to the safety of life an! !oes not en!anger the 'essel. All e2#i$ment #se! sho#l! be &or%ing satisfactorily an! as $er their s$ecifications. /lear off area of all non essential $ersonnel. *ersonal $rotecti'e e2#i$ment sho#l! be &orn, in the case of the &el!er, &el!ing shiel!s or &el!ing goggles, leather ga#ntlets, leather a$ron an! a long slee'e nat#ral fibre boiler s#it. "#ring &el!ing $reca#tions against fire an! e-$losion sho#l! be ta%en, fire e-ting#ishers sho#l! be in $lace an! fire lines $ress#rise! &ith charge! hoses. <is% of !elaye! fires res#lting from the #se! of &el!ing a$$arat#s, fre2#ent chec%s sho#l! be ma!e at least t&o ho#rs after the &or% has sto$$e!. The &el!ing e2#i$ment sho#l! be $ro$erly gro#n!e! an! a'oi! tri$s of cables, electric shoc%s to $ersons an! cable lying in &ater. The &el!er sho#l! &ear non con!#cting safety foot&ear, !ry leather glo'es an! sho#l! not be stan!ing in &ater &hen carrying o#t the &el!. "#ring the &el!ing an assistant sho#l! be a'ailable at all times. (#rface $re$aration of the metal #sing high $ress#re hosing an! rotary br#shing sho#l! be !one &ith care, &ear $rotecti'e clothing, goggles, !#st mas%s etc. <#st remo'ers are aci!s an! contact &ith #n$rotecte! s%in sho#l! be a'oi!e!. ,ye $rotection sho#l! be &orn against s$lashes. *aints contain to-ic an! irritant s#bstances ca#sing !angers to health. Gracias, Jeffrey A M 15 Batch B1 *aints gi'e rise to flammable an! $otentially e-$losi'e 'a$o#rs ca#sing ris% of fires, %ee$ all so#rce of ignition a&ay an! !o not r#le o#t the $ossibility of fire. /lear off any obstr#ctions an! %ee$ the area &ell 'entilate!. N#. 2 5#,! ("$e+#&! "s &! !%e +#!!#* #$ !%e 2,&3"n2 -#' ."!% & p)n!),e *"- (en2!% #n !%e s!&,+#&,- s"-e. Gracias, Jeffrey A M 11 Batch B1 &0 T%e p,#ess #$ )!!"n2 &n- $&","n2 !%e -&*&2e- ("$e+#&!. :ocate the $#nct#re &hich is a hole 55mm !ia, an! has fo#r ra!iating crac%s 155mm long. /#t all aro#n! the $#nct#re an! ra!iating crac%s. /o'er hole on insi!e &ith boar!ing $anel. Cn o#tsi!e grin! affecte! area a&ay. (mooth area to narro& scantling aro#n! c#t a&ay area $resent be'elle! e!ge &itho#t gel coat. Be'el G<* e!ges. Fill &ith laminates of resin im$regnate! glass. Bet&een layers #se br#sh or metal roller to $#sh o#t air b#bbles B&all $a$ering) Grin! bac% the c#re! s#rface at the si!e, fill an! ta$er centre layers. Grin! bac% an! a$$ly gel coat finish. (an! !o&n an! $olish. *re$are an! arrange for a s#r'ey of the re$airs carrie! o#t. +0 M&!e,"&(s )se- "n !%e ,ep&", Fibreglass D Filaments of glass or Ee'lar or carbon bo#n! together &ith $lastic base! resin. <esins D Crtho$hthalic BGeneral #se), 0so$hthalic Bbetter moist#re resistance F strength), >et aci! BGoo! fibre resistance). Gracias, Jeffrey A M 12 Batch B1 Gel for final coat. A har! boar! for s#$$ort from insi!e the lifeboat. Br#sh or metal rollers. (an!ing an! or $olishing machine. /#tting %nife or similar shar$ ob)ect. 0 D&n2e,s "n3#(3e- "n !%e p,#ess "#ring the $rocess of a$$lication of resins it sho#l! be !one so in the &or%ing time of the catalyst a!!e!. Cl! stoc%s of resins can go brittle an! !eteriorate, chec% if not ol! stoc%s Bo'er 9 months) or else it forms a r#bbery Gel. This can be reacti'ate! by a!!ition of styrene. The /atalyst, Crganic $ero-i!e is !angero#s &hen in contact &ith s%in or inhale! an! cons#me!. 0f cobalt an! $ero-i!es are combine! they &ill e-$lo!e. Mean &or%ing tem$erat#re is high an! a#gmente! by chemical e-othermic reaction, hence it sho#l! be a$$lie! at its !esigne! time. 0f the $rocess is not follo&e! $ro$erly, that is the fibres sho#l! be laye! in t&o !irections of &ea'e to achie'e o'erall strength, then the strength of the $atch &ill be lost an! s$ring lea%s. 0f the $rocess is not c#re! $ro$erly or #n!erc#re! &ill ma%e the $atch soft &ith less strength an! become $rone to Csmosis an! !elamination. A $ro$er coating of Gel sho#l! be carrie! o#t to a'oi! Csmosis. A s#$$ort from the insi!e of the boat is a m#st to gi'e it a!!itonal strength Gracias, Jeffrey A M 11 Batch B1 -0 S&$e .#,'"n2 p,&!"es "n3#(3e- "n s)% & ,ep&", The boat sho#l! be $lace! in a $osition &here &or% can be easily be carrie! o#t an! sho#l! be &ell sec#re!. *rotecti'e an! safety clothing sho#l! be &orn, s$ecially goggles, glo'es, face mas%s an! long slee'e boiler s#its. Eee$ the $#nct#re area !ry an! smooth before re$airs. >an!ling of the fibreglass can ca#se s%in irritation an! !angers &ith inhalation. /are an! health ha7ar!s &hen han!ling <esins an! /atalyst s#ch as Crganic $ero-i!es. The area sho#l! be clear of all obstr#ctions. (#nlight an! heat are so#rces re2#ire! for c#ring an! goo! &or%. <ig o'erhea! stays an! $rotect the lifeboat from rain if e'i!ent. ,2#i$ment #se! for (an!ing, *olishing or s$raying gel sho#l! meet &or%ing an! safety stan!ar!s. BIB;IOGRA5HY O1. M&,"ne C#,,#s"#n T. H#.&,- R#2e,s 1. S%"p C#ns!,)!"#n D J E4,es 2. C#((e2e B##'s &n- H&n-#)!s #n S%"p M&"n!en&ne 6. C#-e #$ S&$e 1#,'"n2 5,&!"es Gracias, Jeffrey A M 1 Batch B1 7. Te&%"n2 "n C#((e2e +4 M,. T#n4 B,#.ne Gracias, Jeffrey A M 15 Batch B1