Table Of Contents

Page


Copyright 3
Legal Disclaimer 4

Surviving A Disaster or Crisis Situation 5
Strength In Numbers 10
Tactical 12
Medical 13
Agricultural 14
Leadership 16
Old Is New Again 19
Emergency Supply Checklist 25
Equipment 27
Toiletries 28
Food 29
Water 30
How To Fight Fires 30
Fighting Plague 31
Surviving Nuclear Fallout 31
The Importance of First Aid 37
Evacuation Strategies 39





Copyright

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Surviving a Disaster or Crisis
Situation


The purpose of this manual is to offer you information that will help you
prepare yourself and your family in any number of localized or
widespread crisis scenarios. Survival is not just about food, equipment,
and protection... It is about leadership, organization, and the usefulness
of specialized skills in a strange new world.
While this guide has been conceptualized in terms of what might happen
on December 21
st
, 2012, according to the prophecies of the Mayan
calendar. However, the same measures are recommended for any number
of desperate and potentially life-threatening situations including the
following:
Runaway inflation/economic collapse
Plague or bacterial outbreak
Threats of nuclear attack
Prolonged blackout/power grid attack
Conventional, nuclear, biological, or chemical warfare
Fuel and/or food shortage crisis
Major volcanic, earthquake, or weather-related disasters
Asteroid or comet strike
Tidal waves and tsunamis
World war
Civil war
Ethnic cleansing
Martial law
Invasion by a foreign power
Accidental scientific disasters
Climate change
Solar flares/high-yield EMP (electro-magnetic pulse)
Nuclear winter
We like to think that our governments and community leaders have
effective plans in place for our survival in the event of a global disaster.
But realistically speaking, the difference between survival and death will
probably be up to the individual and their level of skill and preparedness
if and when a crisis occurs.
For most of us, the societies in which we live have become so
interdependent and unstable that we can hardly foresee the
vulnerabilities inherent in our way of life until they force us to confront
them. In such recent examples as Hurricane Katrina, we all were afforded
the chance to watch events unfold on live television... And we all got to
see how ill-prepared our government and its related agencies were to
deal with social crisis even on a limited scale: It took them nearly a week
to get clean, drinkable running water to the Superdome that they had
designated as a mass relief refuge from the rising flood.
With each passing year, technology progresses and chains of
interdependency lengthen. In the past 30 years, chains of retail supply
have grown longer and longer. Today, the food in our local supermarkets
rarely comes to us directly from area farms: In fact it likely comes from
hundreds of miles away. These supply chains rely primarily on a vast
number of trucks to get a wide variety of amenities to paying consumers
like you.
Over the course of the last few decades the means of production in the
modern world have become centralized, and the supply chains upon
which we rely for food and medicine have gotten much, much longer.
Now suppose that due to one of the events listed above, or any of them
in combination, made the fuel that our trucks rely upon suddenly
unavailable... Or suppose that the same cataclysm drove the population
into a panic in which the roads and highways became clogged with cars
for hundreds of miles where they too run out of gas leaving roads
impassable. Without this commodity-based infrastructure any modern
societies will come flying apart at the seams within a matter of weeks, or
even days!
Civilization is a veil that we have become accustomed to. Sadly, unless
people are forced to behave in a certain way, they tend to act only
according to self-interest as countless crises in the past few decades have
demonstrated.
Since the violence and fear caused by the actions of a comparatively
selfish few can be guaranteed under such circumstances, it must be
concluded that the ill-preparedness of others is always to blame when
their safety comes under threat of their fellow citizens. Most families
have between three and four days food on-hand... A weeks at the most.
And when it is gone it doesnt take long before the thin veil of social
organization is lifted... Or, more accurately, it is violently thrown
aside... and burned.
Rioting, looting, and violence characterized most of the
initial stages of recent disasters, and only subsided when legitimate
authorities and relief efforts finally lurched into action. Through
lawlessness, and a complete absence of consequence social anarchy can
happen overnight.
In crisis situations, most people will make lethal mistakes by relying on
what they know, instead of accurately sizing up dangerous, new sets of
circumstances, and reacting appropriately. For example, despite
advisories from the government, most people will attempt to leave the
cities on highways that soon turn into long, narrow parking lots. Despite
the fact that governments will always tell you to stay in your homes, or
migrate to cities where they will be better able to protect you, we
havent seen overwhelming evidence of this being good for anyones
survival.
The forward-looking survivalist will be prepared to leave the security of
the cities and vehicles that they have long-held dear if useful at all,
they wont be for long, and they preclude a whole list of better, longer-
term strategies: You need to be prepared to both get out of cities before
it occurs to the bulk of the population, and you need to use either back
roads, or avoid all roads completely... as a rule of survival.
In situations like this,

fewer people tends to mean fewer challenges: the
dangers of a power outage, widespread flooding, or nuclear fallout arent
likely to be as imminent a threat to you and your family as the self-
interest of your next-door neighbour.




Strength In Numbers
It is not the intention of this guide to encourage you to attack everyone
who looks at you funny. The majority of people are inclined to behave as
you likely would in dire circumstances. Chances are, that unless you
were facing a supply-related matter of survival, you would choose to help
others in need, and would appreciate the same token of community
support from others, should you require it.
Many people believe that in a crisis situation they must be able to take
care of themselves and resist the temptation to rely on others. However,
this is not likely to be realistically effective: you need to sleep, you need
to eat, and you cant watch your own back. Your group will need a
balance of different skills, each suited to essential tasks. That being said,
it is also important to weigh your own numbers... If your group has more
numbers than are contributing to the coverage of basic necessities, then
you probably have people taking more than they are contributing. An
abundance of children and elderly are likely to characterize this
imbalance, so when possible try to outweigh this group with more able-
bodies adults.
Since this guide is intended to be a quick reference guide, we will not be
covering an in-depth look at learning the basics of individual skills that
will come in handy during a socio-economic collapse... Plenty of learning
materials already exist on these topics. But we will briefly talk about
different skill sets and their application so that you can collect resource
material on each, and decide for yourself how and when you will devote
time to exploring them. These topics have been covered extensively in
books and films available at your local library. Internet resources like
YouTube also provide a wealth of tutorial information in an audio/visual
format for easy learning. If youre so inclined, or feel that your
knowledge in any specific area is too weak to be of any practical value,
consider taking a course.
The 20
th
Remember, preparedness is not just about having the right gear: its
about putting the people with the right skills in the right jobs. It is
reasonable to assume that everyone in your group of survivalists should
have a baseline understanding of how to perform routine specialized
tasks so that they can fill-in if necessary. But people are different, and
have different talents. You will not only need their skills, but you will
need to teach them, and learn them as a group. Remember, while skills
can be acquired cheaply, they only become perfected with hours of
study, training, and experience. Consider building a skills inventory
within your group of survivalists made up of the following specialties...
century saw more people from typically rural family origins
growing up in the cities. Cities are social an commercial hubs in which an
unlimited number of services can be accessed in close proximity, meaning
that people stopped having to know how to do pretty much everything for
themselves: instead they occupy themselves with a job that is suited to
their particular talents, and leave the rest to other trained professionals.
Unfortunately, without law and order to hold a city together, this system
of isolated specialization stops working very well and leaves people
vulnerable to the unexpected.
Tactical
More than just firearms training, people with tactical skills can spot
defensible positions, and potentially dangerous situations that others
dont see. While in a certain sense anyone can use a weapon, those that
have proper training will be much more efficient. They also may have
some knowledge of weapon maintenance, repair, or even be able to train
others to improve their weapons and self-defence skills. Police, members
of the military, and anyone with extensive hunting experience are prime
candidates.
Skills include:
Firearm type recognition and operation
Unarmed combat
Making effective camouflage for persons and structures
Defensive group movement
Surveillance and tracking
Building and reinforcing firing positions
Hand-signal communication
Evasion



Medical
People got sick quite regularly before our hypothetical social collapse,
and it only makes sense that they will get even sicker afterwards.
Depending on the nature of the crisis there could be more sick people
walking around than well. It goes without saying that you dont want sick
members in your group, and if you come upon anyone who is sick or might
be contagious, you probably want to stay away from them. You will want
to share as much First-Aid knowledge with every member of your group as
possible.
Skills include:
Evaluating injuries
Clearing the airway
Shock prevention
Treating sun and/or heatstroke
Treating frostbite and/or hypothermia
Apply a field dressing
Dress a head wound
Resetting a broken bone
Resetting a dislocation
Applying a splint and/or sling
Identifying and treating poisoning and serious allergies
CPR

Agricultural
Once safety and well-being are taken care of, ensuring that your group
can rely on having a sufficient supply of food should be your next priority.
While every member of your group should have a basic understanding of
water storage, water treatment, food storage, and food preparation, your
food supply is likely to be a full-time job for at least two people.
It is one thing to have a considerable supply of foodstuffs in storage when
you need it, but it is a bad idea to immediately start to dig into this
supply if you dont: in other words, save it for a dry season, or when
eating becomes a matter of absolute survival. Instead, try to rely on
raising some crops and livestock, if feasible, in order to preserve non-
perishable supplies. This may sound intimidating to the city-dweller of
the 21
st
century, but many urban homesteaders today are feeding
themselves and their families with eggs from chickens and milk and
cheese from goats that they raise in small back yards!
The more you harvest the better. Remember that any excess food you
store is likely to be worth its weight in gold to many travelers or members
of other nearby communities. Food, as well as people with farming skills,
may be at risk from other groups lacking these things: for this reason it is
necessary that anyone tending to crops outside of your groups defensive
perimeter be armed with a weapon and training, or protected by a
spotter armed with a ranged weapon, such as a rifle.
The most likely places to support human survival in the midst of a long
term societal collapse are areas with lots of summer rain and rich topsoil.

Skills include:

Animal rearing and slaughtering

Disease recognition

Fruit and vegetable production

Irrigation

Crop planting and harvesting

Soil improvement

Biological sewage treatment

Bread-making

Cheese-making

Compost production





Leadership
In many ways, leadership is concerned with control and decision-making
power in a group, team, or community. Leadership can be aimed at
either maintaining the interpersonal relationships in the group or
motivating group members to work individually and collectively in
achieving a series of goals. Depending on the size of the group it may
make sense to have different leaders managing different types of tasks
and responsibilities.
Perspectives differ on how to best lead a group. Many believe that
strong leadership traits are just naturally more present in certain
personalities than in others. Sometimes people think that a good leader
is someone who can adopt an appropriate leadership style for a certain
situation: it may not always be feasible to hold a meeting if you need
to react quickly, so dont waste time sentimentally enforcing a
democracy, if a dictatorship is what is needed.
Any type of group situation, no matter how small, requires strong and
effective leadership. In survival situations, this is job is likely to bring
with it the most pressure, so it is of utmost importance that those in
positions of leadership are able to cope under stressful conditions, and
can keep the group motivated, and working together when the going gets
tough. It is vitally important that they be able to make informed and
responsible decisions, right or wrong, with the groups best interests at
Good leaders habitually
organize priorities stemming from a balance of the groups basic needs
and values.
heart. A leader who is reluctant to commit the group to a particular
course of action will soon lose the groups respect, and may create a
larger threat to the group simply by deciding to do nothing.
Leaders establish the ethical framework within a group. This demands a
commitment to live and defend the climate and culture that you want to
have within your group. What you set as an example will soon become the
rule as ethical behavior is learned more by observing than by listening.
Leaders develop skills in others through teaching, training, and coaching.
They also never miss an opportunity to teach or learn something new
themselves.

Good leaders also try to integrate their teams in almost any undertaking:
they provide a positive view of the future and the realistic ability to
obtain it. They understand that success can only be maximized when
there is a unity of effort. Through experience and constant re-evaluation,
try to develop a sixth sense about where problems are likely to occur and
make yourself available at critical moments when the decisions that need
to be made will either save the group or destroy it.
Leadership traits include:
Be honest (displaying sincerity and integrity in your actions to
earn trust and encourage honesty in others)
Display competency (actions based on reason and the groups best
interests)
Have a vision (goals have a vision for both the near and distant
future)
Be inspiring (showing confidence and endurance in mental,
physical, and spiritual stamina, you will inspire others to reach
their potential)
Take charge when necessary
Be intelligent (read, study, enforce training and education)
Be fair (people know the difference between respect and fear)
Have the courage to take on obstacles
Display calmness when under stress
Be imaginative (make appropriate changes in your thinking, plans,
and methods by thinking of new and ideas, and solutions to
problems)







Old Is New Again
There is a story that tells us a lot about our dependence on technology
and how fragile it has made our social structure, even though it is
probably not true...
A skilled shoemaker made quality, hand-made shoes for many years and
sold them to a businessman in the city who owned a series of shoe stores.
One day the businessman told the shoemaker that he wouldnt be buying
any more of his shoes since he had could now buy cheaper shoes
manufactured overseas. The shoemaker looked at these new shoes and
was shocked at the lack of quality and craftsmanship that had gone into
them. He said to the businessman, Why, these arent any good! The
poor fellow who buys these will need a new pair in less than a year! The
businessman smiled and replied slyly, Thats what Im counting on.
There was no place for the shoemaker in the new world of disposable
goods and cheap labour. It is this conflict that has led to decades of badly
manufactured products with increasingly shortened warranties. But these
are mainly the types of products that will be lying around after a social
collapse. The survivalist with the keen eye will opt for tools and that are
older, not newer (provided that they are in good shape). And the more
moving parts something has, the less-useful it is likely to be in the long-
term: these items become difficult to maintain, and parts become
difficult to replace.
The same goes for dated techniques and skills that arent as common
anymore due to modern urbanization: an elderly grandmother might not
think she has much to contribute to a group in a survival scenario, but if
she can either knit or sew, she might find her services suddenly in
demand for miles! Similarly, a doctors medical knowledge is certain to
be his greatest source of wealth. And anyone who can repair tools,
machines, or weapons will be highly sought after.
While plenty of water and good arable soil are essential for modern
farming, the electrically pumped irrigation systems, chemical fertilizers,
and modern technologies are likely only to get in the way. In other words,
dont bother acquiring a tractor if gas is in limited supply, or there is no
one available with the skills necessary to fix it when it inevitably breaks
down, or is stolen: instead learn how people managed before modern
conveniences and do things that way. Remember, the less technology
that you depend on, the more mobile and better prepared you are to deal
without.
By the same token, while weapons like hunting rifles may provide quick
and easy access to wild game and protection from threats initially after a
social breakdown, but any ammunition supply is finite and as a result,
destined to run out eventually. Shortly after ensuring the safety of your
group and its long-term sustainable infrastructure of shelter, food, and
water, you may wish to start conserving bullets for use against anything
that is big enough (or armed well enough) to kill you: this means that
hunting should be done using more primitive weapons and snares. This
will require learning and training on the part of the hunters, and a
considerable time before their skills can be consistently relied upon to
put food on the table.
We are painting the picture of a very different world than the one were
used to here. And it is this visual imagining that will help us understand
and itemize the skills and supplies we will need. As you have probably
already concluded, this shifting of needs and demands, specialization of
skills, stockpiling of resources, and building of new communities on ideas
and techniques that are now almost lost to all but a few of us will have
profound implications for any economic system that remains. While
currency may continue to be accepted as a form of tender in the
beginning of a social collapse it is highly unlikely that its circulation
would persist for long...
The problem with currency is that it isnt wealth in itself its just a
symbolic representation of wealth. If you have a hundred dollar bill we
say that you have a hundred dollars. But what youve really got is a piece
of paper printed in ink that entitles you to goods or services valued up to
a hundred dollars in exchange. Basically, without an economic
infrastructure to establish value, and a standard for trade, your hundred
dollar bill isnt worth the paper its printed on.
In our post-disaster survival scenario wealth will ultimately be defined as
something worth having. As a result, the majority of your assets should
be invested in productive farm land and other physical assets such as
useful tools, medicine, and equipment. Owning a high-powered rifle
doesn't make someone a hunter any more than owning an airplane makes
someone a pilot. But while tools without training are almost useless, they
can still be bartered or sold in exchange for something more valuable in
the form of goods or services.
The same goes for transportation... Gas-powered vehicles may initially
serve as a great way to get clear of congested urban centers during a
crisis, but they shouldnt be relied upon for long...

Gas isnt likely to be plentiful, if available at all
Roads are bound to be impassable before long
The unavailability of parts could require long and dangerous
searches
A working vehicle may just make you an attractive target to robbers
A better idea, if long distance travel is necessary to your groups survival,
is to acquire a domesticated horse (preferably trained), and learn to ride
it. If anyone in your group has this skill they should teach it to others.
Other than requiring only renewable resources (grass, oats, and water)
horses can allow you to travel places that cars and trucks cant. However,
they tend to eat about a half bale of hay each day and two lbs of oats, so
a hayfield would be necessary to keep them fit and strong. If you need to
store hay for the winter months, you should inform yourself as to the
proper methods for drying and storing hay for the winter months. Grains
must be stored in rodent-proof containers. Mould must be prevented in
each of these foodstuffs as it will kill your horses. Utilize the horses
manure in fertilizing any crops you raise.
Obviously it is preferable to have a retreat site in mind for weathering a
social or economic collapse. Ideally, you can make this your home, living
there year-round. If your financial circumstances allow it, and if your
family doesnt need to be in the city for purposes of education or
employment, it might just be time to explore options for rural living on a
spacious and defendable property, on elevated ground, and far from main
roads.
The advantage with this strategy, other than space and an almost-certain
ability to organize much larger stores of food and equipment is avoiding
the problem that most people will have in the thick of a crisis: namely,
being able to get out of cities without being harmed, robbed, or worse. It
will also allow you to regularly tend gardens and livestock, developing
key skills and experience while you stockpile resources. Remember, if
planning an evacuation for friends and family, you will probably only have
a useful window enough to make one trip to your site of refuge before
roads are too congested and unsafe to use again.
Those with plenty of money right now may quickly find themselves in the
worst predicaments once they actually need to do things for themselves
and cant hire someone to do it for them. Chances are that in a real crisis
situation resulting in social collapse, the only people on hand to help
build a fence, tend to a field, build a shelter, or guard the perimeter are
the members of your family, your friends, or whoever else has found
sanctuary among your group of survivors. While people with specialized
skills are likely to be selling them to the highest bidder (in exchange for
food, shelter, etc.), there is no guarantee where these people can be
found or if their specific trades will be available to you at all.
You can't learn every skill yourself, so assemble a group that works as a
team, and has the strongest possible range of skills and experience to
contribute to the groups overall well-being. Remember, you will need
medical knowledge, tactical skills, farming experience, and leadership
qualities, at your most basic description. Flesh out these strengths to
include practical skills like cooking, sewing, and anything else manual:
somebody with mechanical skills, or the ability to weld could be very
useful depending on your needs, your environment, and the building
materials of your shelter/refuge.
Sometimes even the most well thought out plan is just a list of things that
dont end up happening for whatever reason. Above all else, always have
a backup plan.
Avoid trouble (mainly by relocating to safe areas where trouble and the
types of people who bring it are unlikely to come looking for someone
better supplied and not as well armed as themselves. But there may
come a time when you and your companions will have to fight for your
survival and the supplies that ensure it.

No matter what your circumstances are, or what little
trouble youve had, a crisis scenario can throw a fast curve at you when
the desperation and self-interest of others is a factor. The most
important things is to remain flexible and adaptable to change. Situations
and circumstances will always change. Indeed, even today social,
economic, and political change seem to be the only things that can be
relied upon.
Emergency Supply Checklist
Nuclear attacks on centres of production, and fallout conditions, may
curtail the distribution of available food stocks for several days or even
weeks following these attacks. Persons who had taken shelter against
fallout might be advised to stay in their shelters for as long as 14 days.
Those who had chosen to evacuate larger cities would be dependent
largely on the resources available in reception towns. Because of these
possibilities, it is recommended that every person should have emergency
supplies. These supplies should include food, water, battery-powered
radio, first aid kit, and where necessary, medical supplies. Warm clothing
would be necessary in winter.
If you choose to evacuate a major city centre, supplies must be selected
carefully because of the necessity to transport them. You should package
your supplies beforehand so that they can quickly be put into a car,
backpack, a horses saddlebags, or an evacuation truck likely to be a
military personnel carrier. Fortunately you likely have most of the
recommended survival supplies in your home already.
Whether you choose to evacuate your home or take shelter there depends
on several things: The nature of the disaster, and your risk of leaving
shelter. In addition to a hand-powered radio (electricity and batteries are
not to be relied upon in any short or long-term crisis situation) you should
also have a national and regional road map. Pay special attention to any
radio broadcasts and the information they provide about the conditions in
your surrounding areas.
You may need to know which roads are open and which are not. It is also
necessary that you stay informed of any attempts to relocate survivors, so
that you are not left behind if your area has become unsafe. If you need
to venture out, you will also need to know what areas are free of disaster
conditions, or human violence resulting from panic. Your radio will be
your most important link to the outside world.
Consider having firearms and plenty of ammunition handy, if you dont
already. In crisis situations, people behave differently. People who would
normally never hurt anyone or even break the law can become desperate
and dangerous. There may be times during a crisis when you need to
defend yourself, your family, or your friends from looters, or gangs. The
police and military are bound to be overwhelmed, and wouldnt be able
to respond to most calls for help assuming you even had some way of
doing so. Your material possessions arent worth getting killed over, but
having your emergency supplies stolen would likely result just in a slow
death, so you must be prepared to fight for survival!
The following is list of items that you will likely want to keep in storage
in a safe area of your home that will serve as your shelter usually the
basement. You should collect at least two weeks worth of exhaustible
supplies.

Equipment
Enough small beds for you and your family. If space is limited, a
sleeping rotation can help save space.
Bedding
Toilet
Polyethylene bags for toilet
Folding table
Folding stools
Cups, plates, knives, forks, spoons (one of each per person)
Can opener
Cooking utensils
Kerosene cooker (Do not use a pressurized stove in the confines of
your shelter)
Kerosene lamp and kerosene (enough for 14 days)
Candles
Safety matches
Calendar
Paper towels
Garbage can (two if no waste water line out is available)
Garbage bags
Shovel
Broom
Hand-crank radio and flashlight
Wind-up clock
Fire extinguisher
Hand tools
Pocket knife
Axe
String
Light nylon rope

Toiletries
Soap
Toothpaste
Toothbrushes
Detergent
Nail brush
Razor, blades and soap
Tissues (face and toilet)
Face cloth
Towels
Brush and comb
Sanitary products
Baby feeding equipment
Disposable diapers (two-week supply)

\
Food

These are suggested items and amounts for each adult for 14 days in
shelter. These items in storage should be replaced once yearly:
Milk: 14 cans (6-oz) or 6 cans (15-oz) evaporated milk or 1-lb dried
skim milk
Vegetables: 6 cans (15 or 20-oz) - beans, peas, tomatoes, corn
Fruits: 6 cans (15 or 20-oz) peaches, pears, apple sauce
Juices: 6 cans (20-oz) apple, grapefruit, lemon, orange and tomato
Cereals: 14 individual packages (sealed in wax bags inside or
outside)
Biscuits
2 cans meat - corned beef, luncheon meats
2 cans beef and gravy
2 cans baked beans
2 jars cheese
2 cans fish
Canned and Dehydrated Soups: 2 cans (10-oz) - bean, pea, tomato,
vegetable
1 large jar or can honey, syrup, jam or marmalade
2 lbs. hard candy
1 jar or can peanut butter
1 package tea bags or instant tea
1 jar sugar
1 jar instant coffee
Salt and pepper
Instant chocolate powder
Chewing gum

Water
Requirements: 7-14 gallons for each adult member of family.
Containers: Store in well-cleaned, covered containers such as large
thermos jugs, new fuel cans, large bottles, or plastic containers.
Change: Change stored water at least once a month.

How To Fight Fires
Take away its fuel. Get the burning material out of your home.
Take away its air. Smother it with a blanket, wet if possible, or a
rug.
Cool it with water, earth, sand or fire extinguisher.
Gas fire: Make sure the gas is shut off and then try to extinguish
anything still burning.
Oil fires: Make sure the supply is shut off then smother the fire with
earth, sand, rugs or other heavy materials. Don't use water.
Electrical fires: Make sure the electricity is shut off then put out
the fire. Don't use water if the power is still on.

Fighting Plague
Once sustained human to human transmission of any viral or bacterial
disease begins, it tends to accelerate quickly. Often by the time
authorities start to take such threats seriously, and begin to close down
borders, it is far too late to contain the spread.
Purchase as many P2/N95 type masks/respirators as you can(at least 10
per family member)
Buy a several water containers in case there are temporary water
pressure issues. Remember that you can access extra water in your hot
water tank. Also purchase some water purifying tablets/filters in case you
need to purify the water first, and boiling it isnt a possibility.

Surviving Nuclear Fallout
The amount of energy released depends upon the size and design of the
weapon. A wide range of weapons and delivery systems are available to
an aggressor and we have no way of knowing what size of explosions
might take place in Canada. For illustration purposes, we describe in this
pamphlet the effects of a 5-megaton H-bomb equal to the explosive force
of five million tons of TNT. Such a bomb could substantially damage the
largest Canadian city.
The effects depend upon whether the weapon is exploded high in the air,
or on, or near the ground. An air burst usually produces more fire and
blast-damage than a ground burst which results in a big crater and more
radioactive fallout. The effects described below are approximate for a 5-
megaton explosion and can only be approximate since effects depend
upon a number of conditions such as weather, terrain, etc.
The following are some examples of the predictable effects on
unprotected skin of the heat flash of a 5-megaton weapon exploded on a
clear day:
Skin is badly burned up to 15 miles from the explosion.
Skin is blistered up to 18 miles from the explosion.
Sunburn types of burns up to 23 miles from the explosion.
Nuclear explosions in the air rather than on the ground are more likely to
produce a greater number of serious burns through the heat flash.
Clothing will give some protection. A shield between you and the light
will give protection against burns from the heat flash.
The blast wave travels more slowly than the heat flash. Several seconds
may pass after you have seen the light or felt the heat before the blast
wave reaches you, depending on the distance you are from the explosion.
It is like the time between seeing the flash of lightning and hearing the
sound of thunder. For example, at ten miles from the centre of an
explosion, it would take about 35 seconds for the blast wave to reach
you. If caught in the open during a nuclear explosion, this time can be
used to find some protection from the blast wave.
You might be injured by being thrown about by the blast; therefore, keep
low. The greatest danger is from flying glass, bricks and other debris. The
blast from a 5-megaton explosion could injure people as far away as 15
miles.
Immediate radiation is given off at the time of the explosion. It is
dangerous only within two or three miles. If you were near the explosion
without adequate protection and managed to survive the effects of blast
and fire, you could still be seriously affected by immediate radiation.
If a nuclear weapon is exploded on, or near, the ground, danger from
radioactive fallout is greatest. The force of the explosion may make a
crater up to a mile wide and to a depth of one hundred feet. Millions of
tons of pulverized earth, stones, buildings and other materials are drawn
up into the fireball and become radioactive. Some of the heavier
particles spill out around the point of explosion. The rest are sucked up
into the mushroom cloud.
This radioactive material is then carried by winds until it settles to earth.
This is called "fallout" and may or may not be visible. The radioactivity it
gives off cannot be seen, felt, or sensed in any way.
But fallout doesn't come out of the sky like a gas and seep into
everything. It can best be described as a fine to coarse sand carried by
the winds. Because the wind direction varies at different heights above
the ground, it is not possible to judge from the ground where the fallout
will settle. It can settle in irregular patterns hundreds of miles from the
explosion.
The most effective protection is to place some heavy material between
yourself and the fallout. The heavier the material the better the
protection. Many common materials give excellent protection. These
thicknesses of material will stop 99% of radiation:
16 inches of solid brick
16 inches of hollow concrete blocks filled with mortar or sand
2 feet of packed earth
5 inches of steel
3 inches of lead
3 feet of water
A fallout shelter is the best way to protect your family and yourself
against radiation because:
It keeps the radiation at a distance.
It shields you from radiation.
The time spent there is the period when radiation is most intense.
By providing your family and yourself with a fallout shelter, you are
unlikely to suffer serious effects from radioactive fallout. Radiation
illness develops slowly. It cannot be easily spread to other people. Except
for temporary nausea shortly after exposure, evidence of serious effects
from radiation may only appear after an interval of from a few days to
three weeks. A combination of loss of hair, loss of appetite, increasing
paleness, weakness, diarrhoea, sore throat, bleeding gums and easy
bruising indicate that the individual requires medical attention.
When an attack warning sounds, you must take protective action. Take a
hand-crank or battery-powered radio with you. Broadcast advice and
instruction may help to save your life. If you don't have a portable radio,
turn up the volume of your house radio so that it can be heard in your
shelter. If away from home you are forced to take emergency shelter and
are near a radio-equipped vehicle, turn up the volume and open all the
vehicle's doors or windows.
If sirens or warning systems signal impending attack, regardless of where
you are or what you are doing, you must take the best available cover
against the blast, heat and light effects of nuclear explosions.
Emergency broadcast instructions will include the following advice:
If you are at home go to the basement or strongest part of your
house or building which offers the best protection. If material is
handy, improvise blast protection. See Step 4.
Take your battery radio with you, or turn up the house radio so that
you can hear it while under cover.
Stay away from windows.
Lie down and protect yourself from flying glass and falling debris.
Shield your eyes from the flash of an explosion.
If you are away from home take protective cover immediately.
If you are travelling, stop and take protective cover immediately, or
if you are only a few minutes from a safe destination, proceed and
take protective cover immediately.
Listen to your radio for further instructions.
If sirens or warning systems sound following nuclear attacks, the warning
may mean another attack or that radioactive fallout is approaching your
area. You will be advised over the radio. If the advice concerns fallout,
you must take cover against the fallout effects.
Radio broadcasts will identify areas which will be affected by the fallout
and give instructions and advice. These might include:
Location of nuclear explosions causing local fallout.
Information about the parts of the country to be affected by
fallout.
Length of time before fallout is likely to reach specific communities
or areas.
Ways to increase fallout protection.
Supplies to take to your fallout shelter.
Whether it is safer to stay in your community or area, or to go to
other areas.
Advice as to which areas are free of danger.
Advice on when to leave shelters and for how long as danger from
radioactive contamination diminishes.
Requests for help in rescue operations, such as rescue, firefighting
and medical assistance.
Advice on conservation of food, water and fuel.
How to keep warm when power is off and the weather is cold.


The Importance of First Aid
The acquisition of First Aid and Home Nursing skills prepares individuals
to serve effectively in a national emergency. If such an emergency
occurs, the care of many thousands of injured or seriously ill persons
becomes a tremendous task for the organized health services. Doctors
and nurses may not be readily available to assist you. Thus the
importance of First Aid and Home Nursing skills takes on a new
dimension. The survival of the injured or sick members of your family
may become your responsibility.
The main objectives of training individuals in first aid and home nursing
are:
1. To preserve life
2. To minimize the effects of injury or illness
3. To relieve suffering or distress
4. To provide continuing care and assist in rehabilitation.
Therefore you must:
Know and practice life-saving first aid.
Know and practice simple home nursing measures.
A simple first aid box kept in your shelter or in your evacuation kit should
contain:
1 bottle mild antiseptic solution (use to clean cuts)
5 yards 2-inch gauze bandage
2 triangular bandages (use for slings)
12 4" x 4" sterile pads (use to cover cuts, wounds and burns)
12 assorted individual adhesive dressings (use for minor cuts)
2 large dressing pads (shell dressing type) 8" x 8" (Available at
minimal cost from St. John Ambulance Association)
5 yards 1/2 inch adhesive tape
9 assorted safety pins
1 small bottle toothache drops (for temporary treatment of
toothache)
1 tube of petroleum jelly
1 small bottle aspirin tablets
1 thermometer
1 small scissors (blunt ended)
1 medicine glass
1 pair tweezers
4 oz baking soda and 8 oz table salt (make a drinking solution by
adding 1 tsp salt and 1/2 tsp baking soda to 1 qt. of water)
1 First Aid Manual
1 Home Nursing Textbook 1 packet paper tissues
NOTE: individuals requiring special medication such as insulin should
maintain at least 100-days supplies.


Evacuation Strategies
If you live near coastal areas, major cities, or military installations you
may be better off relocating: If youre thinking that in a crisis situation,
authorities are likely to tell you to either remain where you are, or try to
get you to migrate to the nearest urban center where relief efforts will
be concentrated, and you can be protected. But while this sounds great,
even low-level emergencies in recent years have proven how insufficient
our societys infrastructure is in dealing with widespread emergency.
If you plan to move to what you consider a safer location, make a
practice run to make sure you know the quickest and safest route, that
protection is available when you get there, and that you can carry all the
supplies you think you'll need. The following is an ordered list of supplies
that statistically run out first during floods, earthquakes, and power
outages:
1. Generators
2. Water filters and purification tablets
3. Portable toilets
4. Seasoned firewood
5. Lamp oil, wicks, lamps
6. Coleman fuel
7. Guns, ammunition, pepper spray, knives, clubs, bats, crowbars
8. Hand-Can openers and egg-beaters
9. Honey, syrups, and sugar
10. Rice, beans, and wheat
11. Vegetable oil (for cooking)
12. Charcoal and lighter fluid
13. Water containers
14. Propane and propane-powered mini-heaters
15. Grain grinder (Non-electric)
16. Propane cylinders
17. Wilderness survival techniques handbook
18. Solar panels
19. Baby supplies: diapers, formula, ointments, aspirin, etc.
20. Washboard, and wringer for washing fabrics
21. Cook stoves
22. Vitamins
23. Portable wind turbines
24. Feminine hygiene products
25. Thermal underwear (tops and bottoms)
26. Bow saws, axes and hatchets with cleaning oil and sharpeners
27. Aluminum foil
28. Gasoline containers
29. Garbage bags
30. Toilet Paper, Kleenex, paper towels
31. Powdered milk
32. Non-hybrid garden seeds (tomato, cucumber, carrot, pepper, etc.)
33. Clothes pins and clothes lines
34. Tire repair kits
35. Canned tuna fish
36. Fire extinguishers
37. First aid kits
38. All types of batteries
39. Garlic, spices, vinegar, and baking supplies
40. Large dogs
41. Flour, yeast, and salt
42. Matches (wooden and waterproof matches will disappear first)
43. Writing paper, pencils, and solar calculators
44. Insulated ice chests
45. Hiking boots, steel-toed boots, belts, and coveralls
46. Flashlights (crank and battery)
47. Hand-crank dynamos
48. Garbage cans (great for storage, water, and disposal of human waste)
49. Hygiene: Shampoo, toothbrush/paste, floss, nail clippers, etc.
50. Cast iron cookware (aluminum, if travelling)
51. Fishing supplies
52. Mosquito coils and repellent sprays
53. Duct tape
54. Tarps, stakes, twine, nails, rope
55. Slow-burning candles
56. Liquid laundry detergent
57. Backpacks and duffle bags
58. Gardening tools and supplies
59. Scissors, fabrics and sewing supplies
60. Canned fruits, veggies, soups, stews, etc.
61. Bleach (unscented)
62. Mason jars
63. Knives (hunting and culinary)
64. Bicycles, bike tires, hand pumps, chains, and other components
65. Sleeping bags, blankets, pillows, and mats
66. Carbon monoxide alarm
67. Cards (staying occupied can help ward off anxiety and trauma)
68. Rat poison
69. Mousetraps, ant traps, roach poison
70. Paper plates/cups/utensils
71. Baby Wipes, oils, waterless sanitizer
72. Rain gear, rubberized boots, etc.
73. Shaving supplies (especially razor blades)
74. Hand pumps and hoses or siphons
75. Soy sauce, vinegar, bouillon cubes
76. Reading glasses
77. Chocolate and drink crystals
78. Personal survival kits (pocket-sized)
79. Wool clothing, scarves/ear-muffs/mittens
80. Scouting handbooks
81. Window insulation kitd
82. Graham crackers, saltines, pretzels, trail mix, and jerky
83. Popcorn, peanut butter, nuts
84. Socks, underwear, t-shirts, etc.
85. Lumber and kindling
86. Wagons and carts
87. Cots and inflatable mattresses
88. Gloves (for work and cold weather)
89. Oil lanterns
90. Screen patches, glue, nails, screws, nuts bolts
91. Teas
92. Coffee
93. Cigarettes, wine, and liquor
94. Dust masks
95. Paraffin wax
96. Glue, nails, nuts, bolts, screws, etc.
97. Chewing gum and candies
98. Wool scarves
99. Hats cotton neckerchiefs
100. Smaller livestock for homestead farming (goats, chickens, etc.)
By comparison, the natural disasters and civilian evacuation efforts of the
past few decades have revealed a lot, not only about what people take
with them when they abandon their homes... but what they make the
mistake of leaving behind! Err on the side of excess, as things you dont
need can be sold or traded later on for thing that you do need. Here is a
list of things that most people forget when hitting the road for higher
ground:
Backpacks (most people will opt for less-useful duffels)
Gun cleaning kits
Rechargeable lighting options (hand-crank or solar powered)
Small solar panels for recharging small devices
Waterproof-breathable jackets (as opposed to a rubber raincoat)
Portable water purifier
Maps
GPS units
Compasses
Methods of self-defence that wont be confiscated by authorities
Personal documentation
Over the counter painkillers
Antifungal kits
Small tents
Geiger counters
Fishing rods, line, and lures
Wire cutters and scissors
Sharpeners
Can openers
Toques and mitts
Thermal blankets
Long underwear
Fuel tablets
Toilet paper
Alcohol wipes
Whistle
Leather work gloves
Insect repellent
Pens and paper
Superglue
Ziploc bags
Razorblades, tweezers
Salt
Condoms (can be used to waterproof the muzzles of rifle barrels)
Sealable plastic containers
Nylon cord
Diapers and pacifiers
Clothes pins
Buckskin work gloves
Waterproof hiking boots
Hatchets
Thermometers
Hand-crank meat grinder
Rat traps
Mosquito netting
Portable hand-tool kit
Sewing needles and thread
Deep-cycle batteries
Power inverters
Extension cords