1. Formal outlining may guide or result from the final stages of a paper.

In
academic settings, formal outlines clarify the focus and organization as well as the
scope of a paper. If you cannot outline your own paper, your readers might not be
able to recognize the order of your thinking either.
2. Informal Outlining
can be whatever the user needs it to be. To get started, the user should
determine the most important points the finished piece should include. If
needed, these points can be broken down into more detailed sections to
become more structured and organized in the future.
It is a set of ideas which you jot down. It is usually used when you take note
of the important details you have read.
KINDS OF OUTLINE
1. Sentence outline
Is one in which main sections and subsections are expressed in
sentence form.
2. Topic outline
It contains headings which which may be words, phrases or clauses.
The grammatical structures for all the headings to be used must be
parallel.
3. Paragraph outline
It is a special kind of sentence outline which is like the summary or
the prcis of a reading material.
Example of
Formal Outlining
Mapping
Example of
Informal Outlining
It is creating graphic representations of information using spatial relationships
within the graphic to represent some relationships within the data. The common and
original practice of mapping is the scaled portrayal of geographical features, that
is, cartography. In the contemporary sense of data visualization.
In maps, aspects of the image are analogs for values in the information being presented. In
geographical maps the images can correlate directly to geospacial properties, or they may
symbolize abstractions such as political borders. Traditionally, the paper !or plane"
represents the surface of the earth.
TYPES OF MAPPING
One-sided mapping:
# onesided mapping is a mapping that stores literal data !such as the literal number $%&',
the literal string ($%%% )ain *treet(, or a timedate stamp" into a target element. # one
sided mapping does not read data from a source element.
.
One-to-one mapping:
# onetoone mapping is a mapping that reads an input value from a single source element,
operates on the input value with a transform !sometimes using additional immediate input
values", obtains a result, and stores a single output value into a target element.
Man-to-one mapping:
# manytoone mapping is a mapping that reads input values from multiple source elements,
operates on the input data with a transform, obtains a result, and stores a single output
value into a target element.
!"amples of transforms that create onesided mappings are+ #dd, ,oncatenate, -ivide.
#roup mapping:
# group mapping is a mapping in which the source element is a .group. and in which the
target element is also a .group. having the same data layout as the source element. In this
context group means most structures that are expandable in the mapping editor, including+
o #n entire message
o A complex data structure within a message
Example of mapping