Douglas K. Spratt, M.Sc., P.Eng. The 5 Senses Hearing Architecture Electrical Structural Mechanical Smelling Seeing Feeling Tasting HVAC Systems are Dynamic Heat Gains Response Loads Solar Required Air Conditioning Lights People Equipment Outdoor temperature Presentation Agenda = Why We Have HVAC Systems = Definitions = HVAC Control Strategies = HVAC Pollutant = HVAC Systems The Purpose of HVAC Systems H V Thermal Control (ASHRAE - 55) Air Quality (ASHRAE - 62) (Contaminant Control) A C HVAC = Artificial Environment The IAQ Lexicon = Acceptable IAQ: 1. No known contaminants of harmful Concentration (objective) 2. >80% people satisfied with air quality (subjective) = Sick Building Syndrome: 1. > 20% people complaining over 2 weeks 2. Symptoms only occur when in building Headaches Eye irritation Fatigue Throat irritation Nausea More Definitions = cfm: cubic feet per minute (flow rate) cfm/person - usually refers to outdoor air = ACH: Air Change Rate (per hour) Example: Office 10 x 10 x 8 high, with one person Supply air =120 cfm Outdoor air =20% of S/A = 24 cfm/person Air change =(120ft 3 /min)(10x10x8/) x 60 min/h = 9 ACH More Definitions = Conscienceness: that annoying state in between naps. = Dopelar effect: the tendency of stupid ideas to seem smarter when you come at them rapidly. HVAC Control Strategies = Outline Ventilation Air Cleaning Humidification Ventilation - removes emissions Source Emissions Reduce Remove Two Contaminant Control Strategies 1. Source Extraction 2. Dilution Source Extraction = When? = Design - Velocity (100 fpm) - Minimize Working Exposure - Make Up Air Two Dilution Methods 1. Natural Operable Windows Infiltration 2. Mechanical Exhaust HVAC relief air and outdoor air Natural Ventilation = Advantages - Low 1st Cost - Low Maintenance - Natural (green) Natural Ventilation = Disadvantages Limited to Low Occupant Densities Limited to Mild Climates Poor Distribution Uncontrollable factors Natural Ventilation = Design Cross Drafts Stack Effects Hybird Systems Mechanical Ventilation = How much? = Depends on: Type of Pollutants Emission Rates Ventilation Effectiveness How Much Ventilation? = ASHRAE Standard 62-89: cfm O/ A per person or go scientific = Proposed Revision to 62-89 G cfm/ person + cfm/ ft 2 G i.e., people + building = Other approaches: G Olf (the nose test) G exposure limits People & Pollution = Some emission rates correlate to peoples activities = People consume oxygen = People can have diseases which are air borne = Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels can be an indicator of overall indoor air quality Mechanical Ventilation = Methods Exhaust Fan Exhaust With Make-Up Air Mixed Supply Air Fixed Dampers Modulating Dampers The Economizer Section EXHAUST RETURN OUTDOOR SUPPLY MIXED RECIRCULATED M-2 M-1 Example 20 ton Roof-top unit 9,000 cfm supply 1,000 cfm toilet exhaust 9,000 ft 2 floor space Office space with 150 ft 2 /person 62-89 O/A = 20 cfm/person x 9,000 ft 2 150 ft 2 /person = 1,200 cfm Ignoring Infiltration 1,200 cfm 9,000 cfm 200 cfm 7,800 cfm R/A 8,000 cfm S/A 9,000 cfm T/E % O/A = = 13% 1,200 cfm 1,000 cfm Mechanical Ventilation = Distribution Effectiveness Grilles & Diffusers Location Ventilation Summary Source Extraction Source Emissions Removal Dilution Natural Mechanical HVAC Control Strategies = Ventilation = Air Cleaning Filters Gases HEPA Filters 90 % Filters 80 % Filters 60 % Filters 30 % Filters 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 Viruses Smoke Dust Pollens Micrometers ASHRAE 52.1 Test Procedure Efficiencies O/A R/A HEPA DOP Penetration Test 99.77% @ 0.3 60-90% 20-30% Final (Bag/Cartridge) Atmospheric Dust-Spot Atmospheric Dust-Spot Pre (Panel) Filter Types = Standard (panel, pleated, bag, etc.) = Electrostatic = Sorption HVAC Control Strategies = Ventilation = Air Cleaning = Humidification Humidification = Desired Range 30 - 40% = Limitations (Covered Later) = Means Steam & Water HVAC Pollutant Sources Emissions Reduce Remove Source Ducts Sources: G Acoustic Lining G Ceiling Plenums G Tenant Changes G Dust and Moisture Ducts = Strategies Inspection Cleaning Sealing Intakes = Proximity to Exhausts: Kitchen Flues Vehicles Smokers Intakes = Strategies Discharge Location Terminus Velocity Moisture = Sources Humidifiers Cooling Towers Cooling Coils Uninsulated Ducts Moisture = Strategies Eliminate Treat Combustion = Sources Faulty Heat Exchangers Faulty Flues Back Drafting Combustion = Strategies Inspection Testing O/A Control