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(0.2 25.15)
25
= 0.201
6. The level of variation is about 0.75 ml between the first titration and the second
titration
7 | P a g e
DISCUSSIONS:
2. () + () () +
2
()
3.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
p
H
Volume of HCl
Graph of pH vs Volume of HCl
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
p
H
Voltage (mV)
Graph of pH vs Voltage (mV)
8 | P a g e
4.
5. The concentration of NaOH is given by:
MHCl x VOLUMEHCl = MNaOH x VOLUMENaOH
(0.2 25.15)
25
= 0.201
6. 1) It is important to calibrate the meter and the electrode against buffers to ensure the
highest efficiency since buffers have fixed pH values across the pH range however these
values are temperature dependent
2) The actual pH of the sample would be 2.34
3) 1 mole of H
+
ions has a mass of 1g. Therefore 0.629 g of hydrogen ions contains
0.629/1 = 0.629 moles. The molarity is therefore (0.629/0.25) = 2.516 M. The pH of
this solution is = -log10 [H
+
] = -log10 [2.516] = -0.4007
4) Failure to rinse and wipe the electrode between readings of different samples will
cause contamination of the next sample whose pH is measured.
5) Adding distilled water to the base solution increases the concentration of H
+
ions in
solution and so decreases the pH. This can be seen the lower volume of acid used to
neutralize the base in the second titration
6) The end point volume of acid given by the indicator was almost 1ml more than the
volume of acid used using the pH meter. The concentration of the base used in the
second titration was reduced since distilled water had to be added to cover the electrode
and therefore the concentration of the base decreased, OR, the concentration of
hydrogen ions increased upon dilution and so decreased the pH of the base making it
weaker.
7) The solution in the beaker should be stirred continuously to ensure adequate and
intimate mixing of acid molecules with the alkali molecules
9 | P a g e
ERRORS
There were errors of parallax in taking measurements in the burette readings and pipette
readings. In the second titration, one of the incremental additions of acid was overshot,
affecting the measurements taken.
Misjudging the colour of the endpoint may be difficult as some people have different sensitivity
to various colours
Contamination can be in issue if the glassware used was not clean or rinsed with the solution
it is supposed to hold. Also lack of care in transferring liquids can lead to contamination.
There was an observed leak in the burette that led to the acid dripping into the solution.
PRECAUTIONS
Care should be taken in handling acids and bases since they are both toxic and harmful to the
skin. Also all burette and pipette readings should be done at eye level to avoid parallax. All
instruments being used should be cleaned.
CONCLUSION
The first titration carried out with the use of an indicator gave an endpoint which was higher
than that of the second titration done with the use of the pH meter.