2014 A Quasi One Dim Qiushi

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DOI: 10.1177/0954406213519975
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published Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science
Li Qiushi, Lv Yongzhao and Li Shaobin
compression supersonic inlet
A quasi one-dimensional bleed flow rate model for terminal normal shock stability in mixed
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Original Article
A quasi one-dimensional bleed flow rate
model for terminal normal shock stability
in mixed compression supersonic inlet
Li Qiushi, Lv Yongzhao and Li Shaobin
Abstract
Ninety-degree (normal) bleed slots have been used to stabilize the terminal normal shock in the throat of a mixed
compression supersonic inlet. In this study, a quasi-one-dimensional bleed flow rate model, consisting of a constant-area
channel with a pair of normal slots symmetrically located along the upper and lower endwalls, is developed. The bleed
flow rate is shown to be a function of the terminal normal shock position within the slot. Some key factors, such as the
bleed discharge coefficient, taken from the Bragg model, were derived from the basic laws of conservation for a one-
dimensional simplification. Furthermore, numerical simulations based on Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes equations
were performed to analyze the flow characteristics around the bleed slots. The predictions of the bleed flow rate model
agree well with computational fluid dynamics results. This method may be helpful to predict the stability of the terminal
normal shock in mixed compression supersonic inlets.
Keywords
Bleed flow rate, bleed flow rate model, terminal normal shock, stability, bleed discharge coefficient
Date received: 26 July 2013; accepted: 18 December 2013
Introduction
In supersonic propulsion systems, a mixed compres-
sion inlet with high-pressure recovery is always
adopted to compress the incoming air into the
engine. The air is rst compressed through an external
oblique shock and then by some internal reected obli-
que shocks and a terminal normal shock at the throat,
as shown in Figure 1. It is well known that the terminal
normal shock directly aects the stability of the inlet
and the main losses of the inlet. Recently, slots on
the endwalls of the throat have been used to increase
the stability of terminal normal shock and improve the
total pressure recovery.
15
Figure 2 shows how
90-degree (normal) bleed slots at throat can increase
the stability of the terminal normal shock. A xed ter-
minal normal shock location is allowed in order to get
higher total pressure recovery of the whole inlet.
However, excessive bleed ow will cause additional
internal drag, which is strongly inuenced by the
bleed ow rate. Up to now, a great number of experi-
ments and numerical simulations have been performed
to predict the bleed ow rate from slots that are near to
not only the terminal normal shock but also to oblique
shocks. Hamed et al.
610
studied the interaction
between an oblique shock and a laminar/turbulent
boundary layer with various normal and slanted
bleed slots. Dambara et al.
11
proposed a model of
boundary conditions when a turbulent boundary
layer is being bled. Davis et al.
12
investigated the
ow eld inside a bleed slot with shock/boundary
layer interaction. More importantly, Domel et al.
13
claried the role of bleed ows into two types: per-
formance bleed and stability bleed. Almost all
researchers focused on the bleed ow rate for main-
taining high inlet performance or the role of
cane curve on the stability of the terminal normal
shock. However, there is lack of study on predicting
the relationship between bleed ow rate and the
terminal normal shock position within the stability
bleed slot.
In this paper, a quasi-one-dimensional bleed ow
rate model (BFRM) based on the stability bleed in a
constant-area channel, as shown in Figure 7 in
National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero-Engine
Aero-Thermodynamics, School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Beihang University, Beijing, China
Corresponding author:
Lv Yongzhao, Room 204, Third laboratory, Beihang University, No. 37
Xue Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
Email: lvjiuhui@163.com
Proc IMechE Part C:
J Mechanical Engineering Science
0(0) 115
! IMechE 2014
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DOI: 10.1177/0954406213519975
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Ref. 13, is presented. Starting from the Bragg model,
BFRM utilizes a new approach to estimate the bleed
ow rate, which is primarily a function of the bleed
discharge coecient Cd and the sonic mass ow rate
m
sonic
. Here the bleed discharge coecient depends on
the local Mach number, the ratio of plenum pressure
to total pressure, and slot geometry. A correction
coecient Q
x
s
is introduced in this study as a way
to modify the bleed ow rate. From the basic conser-
vation equations, the nal bleed ow rate can be
derived as a function of the terminal normal shock
position x
s
within the slot. As computational uid
dynamics (CFD) verication shows, this model is
very useful and precise for predicting the optimal
bleed ow rate of the stability bleed.
BFRM
Physical basis
The model used here consists of a constant-area chan-
nel with a pair of normal slots symmetrically located
along the upper and lower endwalls, as shown in
Figure 2. The normal bleed slots are considered to
connect to a plenum. Some assumptions are as fol-
lows: (a) that the endwall is assumed to satisfy the
slip condition, with the boundary layer ignored and
adiabatic conditions; (b) that there is a terminal
normal shock within the slot, which interferes with
the expansion region; and (c) that the incoming air
is a perfect gas with , 1.4.
Given the inlet ow parameters M
in
, p
in
, T
in
and
the plenum pressure p
pl
, there is only one exact rela-
tionship between the back pressure p
out
and the ter-
minal normal shock position x
s
within the slot. Here
bleed slots create a xed region where the terminal
normal shock can nd a stable position. This is
called the shock trap. When the terminal normal
shock moves into this shock trap, it causes the eect-
ive stream tube to behave as a quasi-one-dimensional
divergent nozzle, which automatically adjusts the
bleed ow rate as the terminal normal shock moves
either forward or backward.
Aerodynamic equations
Figure 3 shows how the supersonic ow approaching
the slot turns into the slot and causes an expansion
region, which increases the Mach number before the
terminal normal shock. Considering the conservation
of energy and assuming isentropic ow through the
expansion, the Mach number M
1
is expressed as
M
1

2
, 1
p
in
p
1
_ _
,1
,
1
_ _
_
p
pl
p
1
_ _
1
where p
in
, p
pl
, and , are the total pressure, the ple-
num pressure, and the ratio of specic heats,
respectively.
According to the continuity equation and momen-
tum equation, the Mach angles o, [, and the deec-
tion angle o can be derived as shown from equations
(2) to (5)
o sin
1
1
M
in
2
[ sin
1
1
M
1
3
o v M
1
v M
in
4
v M
, 1
, 1
_
tan
1
, 1
, 1
_
M
2
1
_ _
tan
1

M
2
1
p
5
where v M is the PrandtlMeyer factor, which is a
function of the ratio of specic heats , to the Mach
number M.
After crossing through the terminal normal shock,
the static pressure p
3
, Mach number M
3
, and total
pressure p
3
will jump. Their values are determined
by equations (6) to (8)
p
3
p
1
2,
, 1
M
2
1n

, 1
, 1
6
Figure 1. Axisymmetric mixed-compression inlet.
2 Proc IMechE Part C: J Mechanical Engineering Science 0(0)
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Figure 2. Bleed flow rate model.
Figure 3. Flow field characteristics through the angled bleed slot ( 90
, p
pl
4p
in
).
Qiushi et al. 3
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M
3
M
2
1

2
,1
2,
,1
M
2
1n
1
M
2
1t
,1
2
M
2
1n
1
_
7
p
3

,1 M
2
1n
2 ,1 M
2
1n
_ _
,
,1
2,
,1
M
2
1n

,1
,1
_ _ 1
,1
p
1
8
where M
1n
and M
1t
are the normal and tangential
components of M
1
, respectively
M
1n
M
1
cos o 9
M
1t
M
1
sino 10
From the tangential momentum conservation, it is
known that the tangential component of the vel-
ocity does not change, and thus the deection
angle behind the terminal normal shock can be
solved
sin
1
V
3t
V
3
_ _
sin
1
M
1
,RT
1
p
sin o
M
3
,RT
3
p
_ _
sin
1
M
1
T
1
p
sino
M
3
T
3
p
_ _
sin
1
M
1t
M
3
T
1
T
3
_ _ _
11
Then, because of the pressure dierence between sta-
tion 2 and the plenum, the subsonic ow is sucked
into the slot.
Bleed flow rate
There are several models that can be used to estimate
the bleed ow rate in supersonic inlets. A compress-
ible bleed discharge coecient Cd
B
, which was
derived theoretically by Bragg
14
for an orice and a
compressible uid, is generally used for holes or slots
to estimate the bleed ow rate m
bl
. The bleed dis-
charge coecient proposed by Bragg is given as
follows
Cd
B
Ci, p
a
,p
0
12
which is dened as the ratio of actual ow to the ideal
ow after full expansion has occurred. It is also
equivalent to the ratio of the vena contract area A
v
to the orice area A, as shown in Figure 4
Cd
B
A
v
,A m,m
sonic
13
As shown in the Bragg model, the bleed discharge
coecient Cd
B
Ci, p
a
,p
0
depends on the local Mach
number M
0
, the pressure ratio p
pl
,p
0
, the orice L,D,
and the bleed angle . Subsequently, Harlo and
Smith
15
experimentally veried the bleed discharge
coecient through a single hole.
However, we present a much more precise method-
ology to estimate the bleed ow rate in this study. As
shown in Figure 5, there is a virtual bleed slot indi-
cated by the ctitious red line. Stations 4 and 5 are the
entrance and exit of this virtual bleed slot, respect-
ively. From this perspective, after passing through
the expansion region and the terminal normal
shock, the ow becomes subsonic and the ow angle
is deected to be nearly normal to station 4. Owing to
a pressure dierence between stations 4 and 5, the
ow is nally sucked into the virtual slot.
Neglecting the eects of the boundary layer and
subsequent frictional losses, a modied bleed dis-
charge coecient Cd
s
of ow through the virtual
slot mainly depends on Cd
B
Ci, p
pl
,p
4
, the Mach
number M
3
, and the pressure ratio p
pl
,p
4
.
Cd
s
Cd
B
Ci, p
pl
,p
4
, p
pl
,p
4
, M
3
14
Thus, the bleed ow rate is estimated from following
equations
m
bl
Cd
s
m
sonic
bl
15
Figure 5. Schematic of the virtual bleed slot.
Figure 4. Bleed discharge coefficient from a reservoir.
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m
sonic
bl

p
4
A
4
RT
p ,
2
, 1
_ _
,1
,1
_ _
1
2
p
4
p
3
p
2
_ _
16
A
4

A
2
cos
17
where m
sonic
bl
and A
4
are the sonic mass ow rate and
the inlet area of the virtual bleed slot, respectively.
Correction coefficient
There are three cases, as shown in Figure 6, illustrat-
ing how much of the interference ow is sucked into
the slot.
In cases (a) and (b), the capture streamline crosses
the expansion region, causing the terminal normal
shock to move either forward or backward, which
results in direct change of the total pressure recovery
p
out
,p
in
. However, in case (c), the total pressure recov-
ery changes much less. The above-mentioned cane
curve shows the functional relationship between
the bleed ow rate and the total pressure recovery.
In this study, the BFRM for cases (a) and (b) are
derived.
In case (a), using energy conservation and the
assumption of an isentropic process, it is known
that total pressures at stations 2, 3, and 4 are the
same (p
2
p
3
p
4
). Furthermore, the bleed ow
rate m
bl
is expressed by equations (14) to (17).
In case (b), there is a nonuniform total pressure
distribution at station 2. Therefore, p
2
6 p
3
6 p
4
.
A correction coecient Q
x
s
is introduced to modify
the equation (15), and then m
bl
can be expressed as
m
bl
Q
x
s
Cd
s
m
sonic
bl
18
where Q
x
s
is calculated as
Q
x
s
Q
x
s
1
x x
s
1

Q
x
s
1
Q
x
s
2
_ _
x
s
1
x
s
2
_ _ 19
Figure 6. Schematic of the interference flow entering the slot. (a) The interference flow is not sucked into the slot. (b) Part of the
interference flow is sucked into the slot. (c) All of the interference flow is sucked into the slot.
Qiushi et al. 5
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and Q
x
s
is assumed to be a linear function of the shock
position x
s
. In equation (19), the subscript x
s
1
and x
s
2
refer to the specied shock positions as shown in
Figure 7.
The assumed linear relationship between the cor-
rection coecient Q
x
s
and the terminal normal shock
position x
s
is shown in Figure 8. When the terminal
normal shock moves in the interval [x
s
2
, x
s
3
], the inter-
ference ow is not sucked into the slot and the cor-
rection coecient Q
x
s
is 1.0. When the terminal
normal shock moves upstream to x
s
x
s
1
, all of the
interference ow is sucked into the slot. In this situ-
ation, at x
s
x
s
1
, it can be assumed that the expan-
sion region is replaced by an expansion wave, as
shown in Figure 9. Then the variable Q
x
s
1
can be
calculated as
Q
x
s
1
tan z, tan o 20
where z is the Mach angle of the expansion wave.
From the continuity equation, the bleed ow rate
of whole interference ow m is expressed as
m
,
R
2
, 1
_ _
,1
,1
_

p
in
qM
in
p
tan o
sin[
sin[
qM
1
qM
in
_ _
x
s
1
21
where qM is the dimensionless density ow,
dened as
q M M
2
, 1
1
, 1
2
M
2
_ _ _ _
,1
2 ,1
22
Figure 7. Schematic of the specified shock positions. (a) x
s
x
s2
, (b) x
s
x
s1
.
Figure 8. Functional relationship between the correction
coefficient Q
xs
and the shock position x
s
.
Figure 9. Schematic of the simplified expansion wave.
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On the basis of above-mentioned assumptions, m can
be also derived as
m
,
R
2
, 1
_ _
,1
,1
_

p
in
q M
1

p
tan z tan[ cos o x
s
1
23
Equation (21) is substituted into equation (23), and
the Mach angle z can be expressed as
z tan
1
tan[
1
cos o
qM
in
qM
1
tano
sin[
sin[o
_ _ _ _
24
Ref. 11 found that if the pressure ratio p
pl
,p
w
is no
more than 0.528, the ow would be choked. In this
study, equation (24) is only applicable when the pres-
sure ratio p
pl
,p
in
is greater than 0.528. If the pressure
ratio p
pl
,p
in
is less than or equal to 0.528, the Mach
angle z can be solved as
z z
p
pl
,p
in
0.528
25
Furthermore, for a given set of inlet aerodynamic par-
ameters M
in
, p
in
, p
in
, and T
in
, there are denitions of
minimum and maximum plenum pressure, which are
the maximum value p
pl
max
p
in
to ensure no back ow
into the throat and the minimum value p
pl
min
to make
sure that the Mach angle [ is no less than the deec-
tion angle o in this model. In addition, there is a min-
imum channel height H, which can be expressed as
H
min
2 Wtan o 26
Therefore, when the terminal normal shock moves
within the slot as in the above-mentioned cases, the
bleed ow rate m
bl
can be calculated by equations (14)
to (25).
CFD verification
Numerical model
The nite volume method, with upwind discretization,
is implemented to solve the two-dimensional com-
pressible Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes equa-
tions, in which a renormalization group (RNG) k-e
turbulence model is adopted. Here the cell-face ux is
computed using a second-order Roe ux-dierence
splitting upwind-biased formulation. Time integration
is performed by an implicit multistep RungeKutta
method with local time stepping.
Validation
In order to verify the accuracy of the presented
numerical method for the bleed, the obtained results
for a slot-bled oblique shock wave and turbulent
boundary layer interaction were compared with the
results of the experiments executed by Davis et al.
12
The experiment was performed in the Lewis 1 1
Supersonic Wind Tunnel. A schematic of the slot
bleed experiment is shown in Figure 10. The bleed
model is a single 90-degree slot, 0.01 m wide (D) and
0.0254 m long (L). For a given deection angle o, the
shock generator is translated until an inviscid shock
wave originating at the generator leading edge will
impinge on the upstream edge of the slot. It was
thought that with the boundary layer fences and the
Figure 10. Validation model (m).
Qiushi et al. 7
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relatively large span-to-width ratio (16.5) of the slot
that the interaction near the center of the slot would
be nearly two-dimensional. The unit bleed ow rate
m
bl
along the spanwise dimension of the slot is
0.3088 kg/s/m. According to computational condi-
tions in Table 1, a two-dimensional mesh as shown
in Figure 11 was used to simulate the ow eld inside
the slot. The normalized pressure distribution along
with the surface upstream and downstream of the slot
was plotted in Figure 12. It can be seen that CFD
results well agree with the experimental data and the
amount of error at the unit bleed ow rate m
0
bl
is
approximately 0.13%. So, CFD simulations per-
formed with RNG k-e turbulence model can well
simulate the ow characteristics inside the slot.
Mesh independence
A series of structured grids were generated for com-
putations in order to verify solution errors related to
the grid. The inuence of mesh size on the bleed ow
rate m
bl
and the terminal normal shock position at the
working condition is shown in Figure 13.
It is illustrated that the bleed ow rate m
bl
and
the terminal normal shock position maintained
approximately constant when mesh number reached
to 85,000. Therefore, a nal grid system for the model
consists of 350 70 nodes inside the channel, 200 50
nodes inside the slot, and 300 70 nodes inside the
plenum chamber with a total of 86,500 meshes is
selected as achieving mesh independence to provide
enough details for ow analysis.
Figure 13. Mesh independence verification. (a) Bleed flow
rate, (b) terminal normal shock position.
Figure 11. Generated mesh near bleed slot for numerical
solution.
Figure 12. Normalized pressure distribution.
Table 1. Computational conditions.
Parameter Value
M
in
1.98
p
in
,Pa 138,000
T
in
,K 293.0
o,
6.0
o,m 0.0266
m
0
bl
,kg,s,m 0.3088
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Boundary conditions
For the numerical analysis, the geometry of the model
is as presented in Table 2 and Figures 2 and 3. Apair of
slots is each connected to a 0.2 m0.2 m plenum.
Along the plenums outow boundary, the static pres-
sure was specied that is actually used in practical
applications. In addition to the specied plenum pres-
sure, zero-order extrapolation was applied for the rest
of the owvariables at the plenums outowboundary.
Referring to Figure 2, the slip condition was specied
at endwalls of the constant-area channel to eliminate
the inuence of the incoming boundary layer thickness
for the bleed ow rate. Uniform freestream conditions
were specied at the inlet boundary and the static pres-
sure was specied at the outlet boundary to control the
location of the shock within the slot. The computa-
tional conditions are listed in Table 3.
Results and discussion
Through numerical simulations, the predictions of the
BFRM can be validated by CFD results.
Furthermore, the bleed discharge coecient Cd
s
and
Mach angle z are discussed in detail, respectively.
Flow characteristics
The Mach number contours and streamlines are
shown in Figure 14. When the pressure ratios
p
out
,p
in
and p
pl
,p
in
have values of 0.77 and 0.18,
respectively, the terminal normal shock position is
located at x
s
,x
s
3
0.64 and the bleed ow rate m
bl
equals to 1.34 kg/s. In this gure, part of the incoming
supersonic ow near the slots turns into the slots and
causes an expansion region, which increases the Mach
number M
1
to 1.8 at a deection angle o of 8.4
before
the terminal normal shock. As the ow crosses
through the shock, it becomes subsonic at a Mach
number M
3
of 0.65 and a deection angle of
18.9
. The gure describes both shape and magnitude

of Mach number contours, the shape of expansion
region, and the interference between the terminal
normal shock and expansion region quite well, in a
similar manner to Figure 3.
On account of higher back pressures, the terminal
normal shock moves forward within the slot, as
shown in Figure 15. In Figure 15(a), when the ter-
minal normal shock position is located at x
s
,x
s
3

0.59, the bleed ow rate equals to 1.47 kg/s, and the
interference ow cannot be sucked into the slot.
However, in Figure 15(b), part of the interference
ow is sucked into the slot with a bleed ow rate of
1.79 kg/s at x
s
,x
s
3
0.52, and in Figure 15(c), the
entire interference ow is sucked into the slot with a
bleed rate of 2.14 kg/s at x
s
,x
s
3
0.45. The CFD
results explain that upstream shock motion causes
the bleed ow rate to increase, as described by
Domel et al. in Ref. 13.
Table 3. Computational conditions.
Case Mach p
in
,Pa T
in
,K p
pl
,Pa
1(a) 1.5 101,325 288 22,000
1(b) 1.5 101,325 288 18,000
1(c) 1.5 101,325 288 10,000
1(d) 1.5 101,325 288 8000
2(a) 1.6 101,325 288 20,000
2(b) 1.6 101,325 288 18,000
2(c) 1.6 101,325 288 14,000
2(d) 1.6 101,325 288 12,000
2(e) 1.6 101,325 288 10,000
2(f) 1.6 101,325 288 8000
3(a) 1.7 101,325 288 18,000
3(b) 1.7 101,325 288 16,000
3(c) 1.7 101,325 288 14,000
3(d) 1.7 101,325 288 12,000
3(e) 1.7 101,325 288 10,000
3(f) 1.7 101,325 288 8000
3(g) 1.7 101,325 288 6000
Figure 14. Flow domain and Mach number contours
Case 1 : M 1.5, p
pl
18, 000Pa, p
out
,p
in
0.77.
Table 2. Geometrical data of the model.
Geometrical parameters Value/m
H 0.060
W 0.025
L 0.020
L
1
0.075
L
2
0.100
Qiushi et al. 9
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Figure 15. Mach number contours and streamlines for the bleed flow at different outlet pressures Case 1 : M 1.5,
p
pl
18, 000 Pa. (a) p
outlet
,p
in
0.79, x
s
,W 0.59, m
bl
1.47 kg,s. (b) p
outlet
,p
in
0.83, x
s
,W 0.52, m
bl
1.79 kg,s.
(c) p
outlet
,p
in
0.85, x
s
,W 0.45, m
bl
2.14 kg,s.
Figure 16. Comparison of the bleed flow rates (case 1). (a) p
pl
22, 000 Pa, (b)p
pl
18, 000 Pa, (c) p
pl
14, 000 Pa,
(d) p
pl
10, 000 Pa.
XML Template (2014) [15.1.201412:17pm] [115]
Bleed flow rate
The comparisons between CFD and BFRM of the
bleed ow rate m
bl
are depicted in Figures 16 to 18.
In Figure 16, dashed lines represent the terminal
normal shock positions x
s
1
and x
s
2
. All cases indicate
that the rate of change of the bleed ow rate is con-
stant in the interval [x
s
2
, x
s
3
]. However, when the ter-
minal normal shock moves forward in the interval
[x
s
1
, x
s
2
], the rate of change of the bleed ow rate
gradually increases. These results can be explained
by the total pressure distribution at station 2, as
shown in Figure 19. In Figure 19(a), when the ter-
minal normal shock position is located in the interval
[x
s
2
, x
s
3
], the interference ow is not sucked into the
slot and the total pressure distribution at station 2 is
uniform. According to equations (15) to (17), it can be
derived that the bleed ow rate m
bl
is a linear function
of the terminal normal shock position x
s
. However, in
Figure 19(b), when the terminal normal shock pos-
ition is located in the interval [x
s
1
, x
s
2
], the total pres-
sure distribution at station 2 is nonuniform. At the
forward part of station 2, shown by the red line, the
total pressure distribution can be considered substan-
tially uniform. However, the data points inside the
oval cause the averaged total pressure of the interfer-
ence ow to gradually increase. According to equa-
tions (18) and (19), it also can be derived that the rate
pl
20, 000 Pa, (b) p
pl
18, 000 Pa, (c) p
pl
14, 000 Pa,
(d) p
pl
12, 000 Pa, (e) p
pl
10, 000 Pa, (f) p
pl
8000 Pa.
Qiushi et al. 11
XML Template (2014) [15.1.201412:18pm] [115]
pl
18, 000 Pa, (b) p
pl
16, 000 Pa, (c) p
pl
14, 000 Pa,
(d) p
pl
12, 000 Pa, (e) p
pl
10, 000 Pa, (f) p
pl
8000 Pa, (g) p
pl
6000 Pa.
XML Template (2014) [15.1.201412:19pm] [115]
of change of the bleed ow rate gradually increases
with the terminal normal shock moving upward. In
addition, all gures show that the interval [x
s
2
, x
s
3
]
gradually became smaller as the plenum pressure p
pl
decreased.
Bleed discharge coefficient
Figure 20 shows the comparison of the bleed dis-
charge coecient Cd
s
of the virtual ow through
slot, with Mach number M
in
ranging from 1.4 to
1.7, and the bleed discharge coecient Cd
B
in the
Bragg model. All cases indicate that the bleed dis-
charge coecient Cd
s
rst increases to a maximum
and then decreases with the plenum pressure p
pl
Figure 19. Total pressure distributions. (a) Case 1 : p
pl

18, 000Pa, p
outlet
,p
in
0.69, x
s
,W 0.76, (b) Case 1 : p
pl

18, 000Pa, p
outlet
,p
in
0.78, x
s
,W 0.53.
Figure 22. Bleed flow rate. (a) M 1.5, p
pl
10, 000 Pa, (b)
M 1.6, p
pl
8000 Pa.
Figure 20. Variation of the bleed discharge coefficient
for pl,p
3
.
Figure 21. Variation of the Mach number M
3
for pl,p
3
.
Qiushi et al. 13
XML Template (2014) [15.1.201412:19pm] [115]
gradually decreasing in the interval [p
pl
min
, p
pl
max
]. This
tendency can be explained by the variation of Mach
number M
3
, which is the major reason for the chan-
ging bleed discharge coecient Cd
s
, as shown in
Figure 21. Compared with the bleed discharge coe-
cient Cd
s
, there is an inverse tendency for the Mach
number M
3
to slowly decrease and then increase more
quickly than the bleed discharge coecient Cd
B
. In
Ref. 15, it is concluded that when the Mach number
increases, the bleed discharge coecient decreases.
Mach angle z
Figure 22 shows the eect of Mach angle z on the
bleed ow rate m
bl
in the interval [x
s
1
,x
s
2
]. The
model (A) explains that when the pressure ratio
p
pl
,p
in
is less than 0.528, the bleed ow rate m
bl
is
calculated by equations (18), (20), and (25).
However, in model (B), the bleed ow rate m
bl
is cal-
culated by equations (18), (20), and (24). It is easily
seen that the model (A) results demonstrate good
agreement with CFD results, whereas the model (B)
results overestimate them. Therefore, if the pressure
ratio p
pl
,p
in
is less than 0.528, equation (25) is only
applicable for calculating the correction coecient
Q
x
s
1
for modifying the bleed ow rate m
bl
in the inter-
val [x
s
1
,x
s
2
].
Concluding remarks
In this study, a model for predicting the bleed ow
rate called BFRM has been developed. From basic
conservation equations, it can be derived that the
bleed ow rate m
bl
is a function of the terminal
normal shock position x
s
within the slot. From the
comparison with CFD results, the following conclu-
sions can be drawn:
1. A shock moving upstream, induced by higher back
pressure, causes the bleed ow rate m
bl
to grad-
ually increase.
2. The bleed ow rate m
bl
is a function of the ter-
minal normal shock position x
s
within the slot. In
the interval [x
s
2
,x
s
3
], it is linear; however, the rate
of change of the bleed ow rate gradually
increases with the shock moving upward in the
interval [x
s
1
,x
s
2
].
3. The bleed discharge coecient coecient Cd
s
of
the virtual ow through slot rst increases to
a maximum and then decreases as plenum pres-
sure p
pl
gradually reduces in the interval
[p
pl
min
, p
pl
max
].
4. If the pressure ratio p
pl
,p
in
is less than 0.528,
equation (25) is only applicable for predicting
the correction coecient Q
x
s
1
for modifying
bleed ow rate m
bl
in the interval [x
s
1
,x
s
2
].
In this model, the slip condition was specied at end-
walls of the constant-area channel to eliminate the
inuence of the incoming boundary layer thickness
for the bleed ow rate. In the future work, the incom-
ing boundary layer thickness as an impact factor
could be studied to improve this model.
Funding
We are very grateful to the project B2120110003, which
presents this issue. This work was also nancially supported
by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no.
51176005 and no. 51106003) and National Scientic Fund
Council of China.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
References
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Astronautics, 1985.
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Appendix
Notation
A area
A
v
vena contracta
Ci incompressible bleed discharge
coefficient
Cd
B
bleed discharge coefficient of the
flow through an orifice
Cd
s
bleed discharge coefficient of the
flow through a bleed slot
H height of the constant-area channel
L length of the bleed slot
L
1
distance from inlet to the front of the
slot
L
2
distance from outlet to the after of
the slot
m mass flow rate for a bleed slot
M Mach number
p pressure
Q
x
s
correction coefficient
R gas constant
V velocity
W width of the bleed slot
x
s
, x
s
1
, x
s
2
, x
s
3
terminal normal shock position
(axial distance from the slots
upstream corner to the point where
the shock intersects with the entrance
of the slot)
x
0
s
nondimensionalized shock position,
normalized by the width of the bleed
slot
o leading Mach angle of the expansion
region
[ trailing Mach angle of the expansion
region
, the ratio of specific heats
o deflection angle before terminal
normal shock or boundary layer
thickness
structure angle of the bleed slot
z Mach angle of the expansion wave
deflection angle behind terminal
normal shock
Subscripts
a flow conditions on expansion atmo-
spheric pressure
bl bleed
in inlet of the constant-area channel
out outlet of the constant-area channel
pl plenum
w endwall
* total condition
0 stagnation conditions in reservoir
1 entrance of the bleed slot before
terminal normal shock
2 entrance of the bleed slot behind
terminal normal shock
3 part of terminal normal shock below
the interference region between the
shock and the expansion region
4 entrance of the virtual bleed slot
5 exit of the virtual bleed slot
Superscript
sonic critical state
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