119875

Volume • 63 No.
5
September • October 2001
The Newsletter of the Ohio Turfgrass Foundation
Hole # 13, Par 3, 163 yards at the

Country Clubs of Fox Meadow.
Plan now for the OTF Annual Golf
Tournament October 1. See pages 6–7
Inside:
2001 Field Day Re-cap
See pages 4–5
2001 OTF Conference & Show Update

See pages 10–13
Sponsored By:
The Newsletter of the Ohio Turfgrass Foundation
September • October 2001
TurfNews distributes useful and timely advice,

information and research from Ohio’s most
knowledgeable experts and professionals to
OTF members and those in the turfgrass industry.
Vol. 63 • No. 5 • 2001
TurfNews is produced by the Ohio Turfgrass Foundation,
PO Box 3388, Zanesville, Ohio 43702–3388,
1–888–OTF–3445 and is available to all members.
Inside:
www.ohioturfgrass.org Message From The
2001 OTF President . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
OTF Calendar of Events 2001 2001 OTF Field Days & Golf . . . . . . 4–5
OTF Golf Tournament. . . . . . . . . . . 6–7
OTF Event
Golf Scotland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2001 OTF Turfgrass Foundation
Conference & Show Preview . . . . 10–11
2001 OTF Turfgrass Foundation
& Show Trade Show Update . . . . 12–13
Sports Turf Tips
Preparation For The
Fall Playing Season . . . . . . . . . . 14–18
Member Spotlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
New Growth and Technology
OTF Golf Tournament Considering Using a Compost

October 1, 2001—Country Clubs of Fox Meadow, Medina Topdressing Application
On Your Fairways This Fall? . . . 20–23
2001 OTF Conference & Show New Growth and Technology
December 3–6, 2001 Broadleaf Weed Control . . . . . . . 24–29
Greater Columbus Convention Center
Columbus, Ohio New Growth and Technology
Foliar Nematodes on Hosta
For more information or to register for OTF events, please contact and Other Ornamentals . . . . . . . 30–33
the OTF office at 888-683-3445 or visit www.ohioturfgrass.org.
Message from the Executive Director . . . . . . . . . 34
Corporate Sponsor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 2
Message From 2001 OTF Scholarship
The President Applications Accepted
OTF is committed to improving turfgrass through
research and education. One of the best ways to foster
this commitment is by providing scholarships to stu-
Time to Plan Your dents pursuing green industry studies. In 2000, OTF
provided over $22,000 in scholarships, and with the
Attendance at OTF 2001 establishment of the Ohio Turfgrass Research
Trust and the Ronald D Baker, Sr. Memorial
Conference & Show! Scholarship (see article May/June 2001 TurfNews), this
amount is certain to grow.
OTF members are asked to recommend any of their
student employees who they feel would be qualified. An
application was recently mailed to all OTF members.
OTF scholarship information and applications are also
available on the OTF website at www.ohioturfgrass.org.
F all is just around the corner For more information on OTF’s scholarship program,
contact Kevin Thompson at 888-683-3445.
and it has been a trying season
for many in the turf grass
industry. Floods in southern
Ohio to droughts in the north,
most of us are looking forward Call For Nominations
to the winter schedule.
The time to plan for next A ll OTF members will receive forms in the mail for
year is rapidly approaching. Make the OTF Conference nominating this year’s recipients of “Professional of the
and Show part of your December activities. The show will Year” and “Professional Excellence” awards.
be in Columbus again this year December 3-6.
We have an outstanding program this year with many Nominees for “Professional of the Year”
notable speakers. Our equipment show is second only to awards are judged on the following attributes:
the G.C.S.A.A. National Show. Some of the major manu- • Fellowship—willingness to share knowledge with
facturers choose our show to debut new products. You can and help train fellow turf personnel.
get the latest on new chemicals and research projects • Inventive Ingenuity—leadership in developing new
from our O.S.U Turfgrass Science Team and their peers ideas and trends in turfgrass management.
from other universities. • Membership and activity in turf related and other
One of the changes this year will be our annual lun- civic organizations.
cheon. While planning this year’s program it was suggest- • Length of dedicated service to the turf industry
ed that OTF move the awards luncheon to the evening.
The luncheon is always well attended, however most of Professional Excellence awards are based upon simi-
the company owners and representatives that support lar criteria, and are awarded to those deserving special
OTF are on the exposition floor, and are unable to recognition for significant contributions to the turfgrass
attend. With this new format our strongest supporters will industry. Awards and scholarships will be presented at
have the opportunity to meet the awards and scholarship the Annual Awards Banquet, December 5, at the Ohio
winners, and see how their generous support is dispersed Turfgrass Conference & Show.
to the turf grass industry. Everyone is invited to attend the Do you know anyone who deserves recognition for
Awards and Scholarship dinner at 7:00 p.m., Wednesday contributions to turf management?
December 5.
Watch your mail for details, or contact Kevin
Sincerely, Thompson at 888-683-3445, ext. 3151, before
November 1, to request a nomination form.
Len Dunaway
2001 OTF President
OTOTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 3

2001 OTF Field Days
More Than 400 Turf Pros Turn Out

For Turfgrass Research Field Day
A beautiful, sunny day in the mid-eighties wel-
comed more than 400 turfgrass professionals for the
2001 Ohio State University/OTF Turfgrass Research
Field Day August 15 at the OTF Research &
Education Facility. After welcoming comments from
OTF Vice President Mark Heinlein, Chair of the
OSU Department of Horticulture & Crop Science,
Dr. Stephen Myers, thanked everyone for supporting
OSU’s Turf Program, making it one of the premiere
programs in the country. Next, OSU Turfgrass
Researcher, Dr. David Gardner, divided the group
into Golf Course and Sports/Lawn/Grounds tours.
Each group then spent time visiting nine differ-
ent research plots to learn about the latest research
being conducted at OSU.

A great amount of research and educational
information and comradity were transferred and
shared on a gorgeous summer, sunny day.
Topics covered at
the Field Day included:
Sports/Lawn/Grounds
• Mulch Pests T he OSU Turfgrass Science Team did an excellent
• Sports Turf Studies job preparing this year’s program and turfgrass
• Plant Parasitic Nematodes research facility. The team consists of members of the
• Surface Insect Control OSU Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology,
• Primo Study School of Natural Resources, and Horticulture & Crop
• High Cut Turf Diseases Science.
• Kentucky Bluegrass Coloration After a delicious rotisserie chicken lunch, partici-
• Roundup Formulation Effect on Fastburn pants were treated to an excellent afternoon program
covering new developments in spray technology and
Golf precision application for turfgrass, including nozzle
• Effect of Root Zone on Greens technology, GPS and calibration.
• Endophyte Study Thank you to everyone who attended, and for those
• Stress & Dollar Spot Management who’s hard work helped make the Field Day a success.
• Wetting Agents The 2002 Field Day will be announced soon. For infor-
• Poa Annua Ecology mation, contact the OTF office at 888-683-3445 or visit
• Drive Efficacy & Phytotoxicity on Bent the OTF website at www.ohioturfgrass.org.
• Dollar Spot/Brown Patch Control
• Fairway Dollar Spot Management
• Divot Repair Using PGR
Don’t Miss America’s Premier OTF Golf News
Golf Course, Lawn Care
and Sports Turf OTF Golf Tournament
Management Event. Planned October 1–
The Country Clubs
of Fox Meadow
If you have not yet signed up for the
annual golf tournament on October 1 at
The Ohio Turfgrass Conference and Show The Country Clubs of Fox Meadow—time
is running out.
The Country Clubs of Fox Meadows is a
beautiful, 563-acre course on an upscale
real estate development opened for play
We’ve Covered a Lot of Ground in 1995. OTF will play the Meadows
Course—one of two 18-hole courses at
in 40 Years, Fox Meadow. Tim Cunningham is the
And We Think It’s Time to Celebrate. Superintendent at Fox Meadow.
The OTF Annual Golf Tournament is an
important fundraising activity for OTF.
Money raised from the tournament will
December 3–6, 2001 help support turfgrass research and pro-
vide scholarships for students in Ohio’s
Greater Columbus Convention Center • Columbus, Ohio turfgrass programs. All members are
encouraged to play and/or sponsor.
2001 Conference & Show Sponsored By: Registration information was mailed in
Highlights August to all OTF members and was also
Ohio Turfgrass Foundation included in membership packets. A reg-
• Expanded Educational Program The Ohio State University
• Discounted Group Rates istration form may also be found on page
Ohio State University Extension
• Exciting New Social Events 7 of this newsletter and on the OTF web-
Ohio Agricultural Research
• Doorprizes and Contests & Development Center site at www.ohioturfgrass.org. Sign up
• Re-Certification Credits Galore now as space is limited to the first 144
• And More golfers. Call 888-683-3445 for more
information.
Don’t Delay!
Sports Use this form to register
OLCA
OHIO LAWN CARE ASSOCIATION
Turf
Managers Association
for the Annual OTF Golf
Tournament October 1.
OTF • PO Box 3388 • Zanesville, OH USA 43702 • 888-683-3445 • Fax: 740-452-2552 • www.ohioturfgrass.org
Use this Form to Register for
The Country Clubs of Fox Meadow on October 1
Join other turfgrass professionals on Monday, October 1, The Country
Clubs of Fox Meadow, Medina, OH for the Annual OTF Golf Tournament.
The tournament is limited to the first 144 golfers (36 foursomes).
Reservations will be processed on a first-come, first-served basis. For your
best chance at having space confirmed, complete the reservation form,
include your registration fees, and mail or fax them to us today.
Highlights of the day include:

• 18 holes of golf at the beautiful • Team Individual and door prizes
The Country Clubs of Fox Meadow • Hole-in-one contests
• Individual gifts for each golfer • Putting contest
• Shotgun scramble beginning at 11:00 a.m. • Social time following golf with
• Box lunch a buffet dinner and awards
presentations
LAST CALL – FAX US. Deadline For Reservations: Friday, September 28, 2001
(Reservations will be processed on a first-come, first-served basis.)
Registration Form
Member #
Sponsorships
Please check one:
Name
Hole Sponsor–$160
Address
Bronze Sponsor–$250 • Sponsor the Beverage Cart
Silver Sponsor–$500 • Sponsor the Lunch City State Zip
Gold Sponsor–$750 • Sponsor the Awards Dinner Phone ( )
OTF Member Yes No

I am registering as a single golfer @ $125.
I am registering more than one golfer @ $125 each.
(List names of golfers below.)
Make Checks Payable to: I am registering as a foursome @$500.
Ohio Turfgrass Foundation (list organization and names of golfers below.)
Check Discover MasterCard Visa Organization
Card # 1. Hdcp
Expiration Date Amount $
2. Hdcp
Cardholder’s Name (print)
3. Hdcp
Signature
4. Hdcp
For Office Use Only: (combined team handicap must be 40 or more)
Date Rcvd Amt $ Mail or Fax with payment to:

OTF Golf Tournament–Ohio Turfgrass Foundation
Ck # Ackd PO Box 3388
Zanesville, OH 43702–3388
Fax: (740) 452-2552
Please contact Kevin Thompson at 888-683-3445, ext 3151 or •A map and directions will be sent with confirmations.
email at kthompson@offinger.com with any questions.

WEBSITE NEWS
A n OTF Website committee was recently formed as
a sub-committee to the Publicity Committee. Several
new features to be added to the site were discussed.
You will already see when viewing the site at www.ohio-
turfgrass.org that recent issues of TurfNews have been
WANTED
Items for
added. We will continue to add each new issue. We
also plan to add the OTF membership roster in the
OTF Auction.
near future.
On the Calendar of Events page, if you go to
Conference & Show, you will see a listing of compa-
nies planning to exhibit at this year’s show. Many of
them have links to their websites, making it easy for
you to learn about the exhibitors prior to the show. Pictured above is Dr. John Street, Department of
We will also be establishing additional links to Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State
other valuable resources, along with connecting to University. John is holding a football autographed by
OSU researchers and their department websites. Your two time Heisman trophy winner Archie Griffin. This
emailed questions will be automatically routed to the football, along with many other items will be sold at
appropriate researcher. the OTF live auction held during the 2001 OTF
Finally, the Message Center was reformatted - mak- Conference & Show.
ing it easier to navigate (unfortunately all past mes-
sages were deleted). We encourage you to post ques- The Live Auction will take place after the show closes on
tions and comments and make this a valuable Wednesday, December 5, from 5-7 pm in the ballroom foyer of
resource for our members. Please check out the revi- the Greater Columbus Convention Center. Items will be displayed
sions - and continue to check back as we will constant- during the show.
ly add new features. Make sure you give us your feed- Items expected for this years auction are autographed base-
back on either the “Message Center” or the “Contact balls, footballs, basketballs, and autographed pictures of baseball
Us” pages. players, NASCAR drivers, and other athletes. Well-known golfers
will donate autographed flags. Golf clubs, balls, golf outings and
tickets to athletic events will be auctioned. Turf maintenance
equipment, such as, mowers, trimmers, spreaders, blowers,
sprayers, replacement parts will be available. Do you need trap
sand, fertilizer, pesticides, grass seed or sod? How about a week-
Ohio Sports Turf Managers end getaway, clothing, turf books, trap rakes? These are some of
the many items expected to be auctioned this year.
to Meet at OTF We can use your help. What do you have that can be donated
to the Ohio Turfgrass Research Trust (OTRT) and sold at the
auction? More of the above items are great donations. Can you
The Ohio Sports Turf Managers Association get a famous friend or acquaintance to give you an autograph? A
(OSTMA) 4th Annual Meeting and awards vacation condo, fishing or hunting trip, golf tournament tickets,
breakfast will be held in conjunction with football and baseball loge tickets are needed. Do you have any
the Ohio Turfgrass Conference & Show in good equipment that you no longer use? How about Ohio State
Columbus. This event will honor those turf Football, Basketball or other OSU event tickets? We already have
professionals that really provide top quality a commitment for 2 OSU vs. Michigan Football tickets in 2002!
athletic fields in Ohio as well as deserving
students and members that are awarded Use your imagination to decide what to donate -
OSTMA Scholarships. • autographed sports memorabilia
The breakfast will be followed by an exciting • event tickets
panel discussion “Morning with the • vacation and golf packages
NFL/MLB/MLS” featuring Paul Zwaska, • books
Beacon Ball Fields, Steven Wightman, San • your company products and services
Diego Chargers, and Darian Daily, The • new or used equipment
Columbus Crew. Don’t forget the auction. It is a lively and fun event. You might
For more information, please contact get a bargain. Donations to OTRT may be 100% deductible as a
OSTMA at 740-452-4541 (Phone), 740-452- charitable contribution, giving you a big year end tax deduction.
2552 (Fax) or www.glstma.org. All for the benefit of turfgrass research and education.
If you have questions or need additional information
please contact the OTF Office at 888-683-3445.
OTF Event
Golf Scotland September14–22. 2002
Saturday, September 21—Visit Edinburgh Castle

and Palace of Holyroodhouse. Tour Edinburgh.
Evening Farewell Scottish Dinner & Entertainment at
the Carlton Highland Hotel. Overnight Bruntsfield
Hotel, Edinburgh.
Sunday, September 22—Transfer to Glasgow air-
port to return to U.S.
A variety of other sightseeing options are available for
golfers and non-golfers.Plans are also being discussed
with Dr. Martyn Jones, Head of the Turfgrass Academy
at Myerscough College to arrange meetings with many
of the superintendent at the courses we will play.
The piper plays at Turnberry Golf Courses, British Open
Venue, Ayrshire, Scotland At this time, fees for the study-tour are being negotiat-
ed and will be available soon.
As reported in the last issue of TurfNews, If you are interested in joining us, please
OTF is planning a group “study-tour” to call Kevin Thompson at 888-683-3445,
Scotland in 2002. If 20 or more participants ext. 3151. Complete details will be
reserve their spot, the trip will follow this announced soon and made available at
preliminary itinerary: www.ohioturfgrass.org.
Sunday, September 15—Arrive at Glasgow Airport Look for additional information in your mail, in
and travel to Turnberry in South Ayrshire - with future issues of this newsletter, and at this year’s
option to golf at Prestwick at own expense. Overnight Ohio Turfgrass Conference & Show, December 3-6.
at Turnberry Hotel & GC.
Monday, September 16—Golf Ailsa GC, Turnberry.
Non-golfers visit Burns Country, Brig o’ Doon, and/or
Culzean Castle. Drive to Stirling and stay at Royal
Hotel, Stirling.
Tuesday, September 17—Golf at Crieff Ferntower
Course. Continue to Perth. Visit Edradour Distillery.
Overnight at Kinfauns Castle, Perth.
Wednesday, September 18—Golf at Carnoustie,
home of 1999 British Open. Non-golfers visit Glamis
Castle. Continue south to St. Andrews. Overnight
Scores Hotel, St. Andrews.
Thursday, September 19—Golf at St. Andrews
(subject to availability). After golf, visit the British
Golf Museum. Overnight, Scores Hotel.
Prestwick GC, British Open Venue, Ayrshire, Scotland.
Friday, September 20—Golf at Kingsbarn GC. Stacked in history, Old Tom Morris was keeper of the
Non-golfers visit Largo Bay and Falkland Palace. greens. The undulating land is as God intended—no
earth moving.
Continue south to Edinburgh.
2001 Ohio Turfgrass Foundation
Conference & Show Preview
The 35th Annual Ohio Turfgrass Conference & Show will take place December 3-6, 2001 in
Columbus. Already more than 200 companies have reserved more than 450 exhibit spaces.
The Program Development Committee has planned the most comprehensive educational pro-
gram ever offered at OTF, featuring speakers from universities across the country and even
internationally. Complete details and registration information will be mailed in September.
Plan now to attend the nation’s biggest and best show of its kind!
Following is a brief listing of educational sessions to be offered this year:
Monday, December 3 Golf Technology Sessions

Top Dressing and Management Perspectives for the New Bents
Pre-Conference Workshops Dr. John Stier, University of Wisconsin
Workshop I Influence & Management of Organic Matter Dynamics
on Creeping Bentgrass Greens Performance
Pesticide Technology Dr. Bob Carrow, University of Georgia
Workshop II The Turfgrass Ant: Biology & Management on Golf Courses
Dr. Patricia Vittum, University of Massachusetts
Labor Issues & Human Resources—Attracting,
Recruiting, & Hiring Permanent, Seasonal, Management Strategies to Maintain Healthy Roots
& Non-Traditional Employees in the Green Industry Dr. Bob Carrow, University of Georgia
Dr. Bernie Erven, The Ohio State University, Crabgrass & Goosegrass Control in Fairways & Roughs
Department of Agricultural Economics Dr. Peter Dernoeden, University of Maryland
ODA Update & Case Studies
Workshop III Mr. Bob DeVeny, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Regulation
Assessment of the Physical & Chemical Properties of Soil Panel: Stress Management
Dr. Chuck Darrah, CLC Labs Dr. Karl Danneberger, The Ohio State University,
Dr. Norman Hummel, Hummel & Company, Inc. Department of Horticulture & Crop Science
Dr. Joe Vargas, Michigan State University
Understanding Soil, Plant, & Water Quality Testing Dr. Peter Dernoeden, University of Maryland
Information & Their Use In Turfgrass Nutritional Bob Brame, USGA Greens Section
Needs & Fertility Requirements
Dr. Bob Carrow, University of Georgia Keynote
Keynote Speech: Building the Dream Workforce
Workshop IV Mr. Mark Mayberry, The Mayberry Group
Sport Field Management for Schools, Municipalities,
Small Colleges, & Other Recreational Complexes Sports Turf Sessions
Dr. Michael Goatley, Mississippi State University Preparing Fields for Olympics and Superbowl
Dealing With IPM Mandates and Protocols for Schools, Mr. Joe Motz, The Motz Group
Municipalities, & Recreational Complexes—Public Relations, Professionalism in the Sports Turf Industry
Liability/Safety, & Agronomic Issues Steve Trusty
Dr. John Stier, University of Wisconsin
Managing Soil-Based Sports Fields for Maximum Playability
Dr. Richard Gibbs, New Zealand Sports Turf Institute
Workshop V
Surface Renovation Techniques
Irrigation for Golf Courses Dr. Trey Rodgers, Michigan State University
Mr. James Chinni, Irrigation Design & Consultants, Inc.
Turfgrass Blends & Mixtures for Athletic Fields—
Workshop VI (no charge) Correlated Confusion Clarified
Dr. John Stier, University of Wisconsin
Modern Theories of Golf Course Design and Construction
Dr. Michael Hurdzan, Hurdzan/Fry Golf Course Design Challenges & Future Developments in Sports Turf Industry
Dr. Richard Gibbs, New Zealand Sports Turf Institute
Managing Practice Fields & High Traffic Areas (Panel)
Tuesday, December 4 Sessions Mr. Phil Williams, The College of Wooster
Ecological Landscape Mr. John Mott, The Ohio State University
Mr. Steve Wightman, QualComm Park
IMP Turf Protocols & School IPM Programs Mr. Paul Zwaska, Beacon Ballfields
Dr. David Shetlar, The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology Mr. Boyd Montgomery, Sylvania Recreation/OSTMA Chapter
Biostimulants and Bioorganics Dr. Richard Gibbs, New Zealand Sports Turf Institute
Dr. Michael Goatley, Mississippi State University Dr. Michael Goatley, Mississippi State University
Tree Health Care—A Research Update
Dr. Dan Herms, The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology
Silent Spring in the 21st Century
Dr. David Shetlar, The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology
Managing Turf With Biorationals: The New England Experience
Dr. Patricia Vittum, University of Massachusetts

Turf/Landscape Technology Lawn Care Business Management—Business
ODA Update & Case Studies Are You Interested in Saving up to 70% on Your Workers Compensation?
Mr. Bob DeVeny, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Regulation Mr. Andre Bradley, CCI
Turfgrass Blends and Mixtures for the Landscape— Mr. Gary Hanson, A.S.H.
Correlated Confusion Clarified Awesome & Irresistible Service—Maximizing Custom Communications
Dr. John Stier, University of Wisconsin Mr. Mark Mayberry, The Mayberry Group
Year In Review
Mr. Joseph Rimelspach, The Ohio State University Mechanics
Natural/Biological Approaches to Turgrass Weed Control Mechanics Workshop
Dr. Nick Christians, Iowa State University
Insect Control Update for Lawns Sports Turf Sessions
Dr. Harry Niemczyk, The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology Morning With NFL/MLB/MLS (Panel)
Mr. Steve Wightman, QualComm Park
Mr. Darian Daily, Columbus Crew Stadium
Wednesday, December 5 Sessions Mr. Paul Zwaska, Beacon Ballfields
Ecological Landscape Innovations in Sports Field Design & Construction
Creating Wildlife Habitats Dr. Richard Gibbs, New Zealand Sports Turf Institute
Dr. Amanda Rodewald, The Ohio State University, School of Natural Resources Surface Amendments for Topdressing Sports Fields
Diagnosing and Solving Drainage Problems Dr. Trey Rodgers, Michigan State University
Dr. Chris Carlson, Kent State University Gray Leaf Spot
Management Strategies to Avoid Tree Decline and Tree Stress Mr. Paul Vincelli, University of Kentucky
Dr. Chris Carlson, Kent State University Infield Maintenance
Mr. Paul Zwaska, Beacon Ballfields
Golf Technology Sessions
Biostimulants Thursday, December 6 Sessions
Dr. Michael Goatley, Mississippi State University
Ecological Landscape
Current Topics & Issues Regarding PGRs
Dr. Nick Christians, Iowa State University Using Mulches Correctly
Gray Leaf Spot Mr. Jim Chatfield, Ohio State University Extension
Mr. Paul Vincelli, University of Kentucky Mr. Joseph Boggs, Ohio State University Extension, Hamilton County
Panel–Q & A Recertification Guidelines
Dollar Spot Symposium Mr. Terry Grace, Ohio Department of Agriculture
Dr. Joe Vargas, Michigan State University Insects & Other Pests Associated With Landscape Mulches
Dr. Peter Dernoeden, University of Maryland Mr. Kyle Jordan, The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology
Dr. Mike Boehm The Ohio State University, Department of Plant Pathology Dr. Susan Jones, The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology
Landscape Technical Basics Golf Technology Sessions

Turf Ecosystem Research Using & Understanding Weather Data Info
Dr. Parwinder Grewal, The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology Dr. Jim Hoke, National Weather Service
Safe Pesticide Handling & Record Keeping Golf Superintendents Panels
Mr. Terry Grace, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Regulation Four different panels of superintendents discussing
Management Approaches for Borers & Mites their ideas and philosophies on grow-in techniques,
course fertility, aerification clean-up, and the next step.
Dr. Parwinder Grewal, The Ohio State University, Department of Entomology Mr. Todd Voss, Double Eagle Club
Mr. Terry Bonar, Canterbury Golf Club
Ornamental Weed Control Strategies Mr. Frank Dobie, The Sharon Golf Club
Dr. Hannah Mathers Mr. Mark Jordon, Westfield Companies
Ornamental Disease Control Strategies Mr. Mark Rawlins, Longaberger Golf Club
Dr. Pierluigi Bonello, The Ohio State University Mr. Don Sutton, Scioto Reserve Golf & Athletic Club
Mr. Eric Moulin, Four Bridges Country Club
Lawn Care—Business Management Mr. Randy Shaver, Strategic Golf Alliance
Mr. Chad Dorrell, Double Eagle Club
Creative Ways to Compensate Seasonal Employees Mr. Bob Brame, United States Golf Association
State of the Lawncare Industry (Panel)
Lawn Care—Technical Nuisance Pests Sessions

Turfgrass & Grassy Weed I.D. Workshop/Contest Managing Raccoons, Skunks, & Geese
Mr. Andrew Montoney, United States Department of Agriculture, Wildlife Services
Dr. David Gardner, The Ohio State University,
Department of Horticulture & Crop Science Safe Use of Aquatic Herbacides in & Around Ponds & Streams
Dr. Carole Lembi, Purdue University
Broadleaf Weed Control Strategies
Managing Aquatic Weeds & Algae in Turf & Landscape Ponds
Dr. David Gardner, The Ohio State University, Dr. Carole Lembi, Purdue University
Department of Horticulture & Crop Science
Disease Management Strategies Sports Turf Sessions
Mr. Joseph Rimelspach, The Ohio State University
Sports Feld Irrigation Design & Troubleshooting
Basic Concepts for Pesticide Licensing Testing Mr. James Chinni, Irrigation Design & Consultants, Inc.
Mr. Terry Grace, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Regulation
Understanding Soil Test Results
Major Insect Pests of Ohio Lawns—Identification & Control Approaches Dr. Chuck Darrah, CLC Labs
Lawn Care Business Management

What You Need to Know About Chemical Spills
Mr. Bob Avenius, TruGreen/Chemlawn Corp.
ODA Update—Where You Stand Legally on Insurance, * All topics, sessions and speakers are subject to change without notification.
Licensing & Liability
Mr. Bob DeVeny, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Regulation

2001 Trade Show Update
2001
America’s Premier
Turfgrass Event
December 3–6, 2001
Every turf maintenance product and service imaginable will be on display at the trade show. This is a
great chance to preview the latest the industry has to offer. NEW this year
FREE TRADE SHOW FOR EVERYONE!

Plan to visit the following companies already planning to exhibit (as of 8/22/01):
ABI Irrigation C & S Turf Care Equipment Easy Lawn Ohio Valley
Acorn Farms Cart-Parts, Inc. Fafard, Inc.
Advanstar Landscape Group Cemex Finn Corp.
Agro Chem, Inc. Central Ohio GCSA Firestone Building Products Co.
Allegheny Lawn & Golf Products Century Equipment, Inc. (Toro) First Products, Inc.
Allen Pump Co. The CISCO Companies Floratine Products
Alvis Materials Clark State Community College Flowtronex PSI, Inc.
Americalist CLC LABS FMC Corp.
AMS, Inc. The Clear Solution Foley United
Anderson Instrument Co. Cleary Chemical Forestry Suppliers, Inc.
The Andersons, Inc. Club Car, Inc. From Tee To Green, Ltd.
Ann Arbor Press Commercial Tire Service Glenmac, Inc.
Applied Biochemists Compensation Consultants GNC Industries, Inc.
Aqua-Aid, Inc. Compost Facility Golf Course News
Aquatrols Corp. Creative Sales, Inc. Golfweek’s Superintendent News
Atlantic Mills, Inc. Cub Cadet Great Lakes Golf
Aventis Environmental Science Davey Golf Great Lakes Inter-Drain
Backyard Putting Greens Davey Tree Farm Green Mountain Int’l., Inc.
Bannerman Ltd. Deep Roots Aerification Serv. Green Prairie Turf, Inc.
BASF Corp. Diversified Waterscapes, Inc. Green Velvet Sod Farms
Bayco Golf Dow AgroSciences Grounds Maintenance Mag.
Bayer Corp. DTN Weather Services Growth Products, Ltd.
Becker Underwood, Inc. Dura Plastic Products HARCO Fittings
Best Sand Corp. Eagle One Golf Products Haz-Stor/CTI
Brookside Labs Earth and Turf Heftee Industries
Broyhill Co. EarthWorks Natural HH & J Ents., Inc.
Bush Hog, L.L.C. Organic Products Howard Johnson’s Ents.

Huggett Sod Farm, Inc.
Hunter Inds.
R&R Products, Inc.
R. W. Sidley, Inc. Hotel Accommodations
IPEX, Inc. Raden Enterprises
Irrigation & Green Industry Real Green Systems Planning on an overnight stay during
Irrigation Injection Technologies Reel Turf Equipment Ltd. the 2001 Ohio Turfgrass Conference &
Irrigation Supply, Inc. Regal Chemical Co. Show? If so, you’ll want to plan ahead
IVI Golf Reist Welding (Elmira) Ltd. and reserve your hotel rooms early, as
J. Davis Marking Systems Reliable G. C. Supplies many hotels will be sold out due to
Jacklin Seed Reynolds, Inc. expected high attendance.
Jacobson Golf Course Design, Inc. Riverdale Chemical Co.
Kincaid Ents., Inc. Salvarani North America Following is a list of hotels offering special rates
Knox Fertilizer Co. Sand Dam for OTF participants. To make accommodations,
Kubota Tractor Corp. The Seed Center please contact the hotel directly and mention
Lanphear Supply Seed Solutions that you are attending the Ohio Turfgrass
Larry Dismore & Assoc. Seeds Ohio, LLC Conference & Show.
Lavy Enterprises SGD Golf
Lawn & Landscape Magazine Shemin Nurseries, Inc. Hyatt Regency Columbus
Lebanon Turf Products SIGNetics (Headquarters Hotel)
Leemco, Inc. Simplot Partners, Inc. 350 N High St
Lesco, Inc. SISCO Columbus OH 43215
The Manderley Corp. Smithco, Inc. 614-463-1234
Mar-Co Clay Products, Inc. SNG Equipment $108 + tax Single/Double
Markers, Inc. Solution One, LLC $128 + tax Triple
Mid-Ohio Golf Car Southern Green, Inc. $138 + tax Quad
Millcreek Spraying Devices, Inc. Reservation cut-off date: November 12, 2001
Milliken Turf Products Standard Golf Co.
Minuteman Rollers Steiner-Brouwer Turf Equipment Crowne Plaza Hotel
Monsanto Co. Steinke Tractor Sales
Morral Companies Strategic Turf Systems, Inc. 33 East Nationwide Blvd
Motz Ents., Inc. Sustane/Nat. Fert. of Amer. Columbus OH 43215
Mulch Mfg. Syngenta Professional Products 614-461-4100
Naiad Co. T.A. Turner Const. Srvcs. $112 + tax Single/Double
National Lime & Stone Co. Textron Golf, Turf & $122 + tax Triple
National Mower/Turfco Specialty Products $132 + tax Quad
Nature Safe Tri State Turf Mgmt., Inc. Reservation cut-off date: November 12, 2001
Neary Technologies Tri-Pro, Inc. C/O CMG Mktg.
Nu-Gro Technologies True Surface Rollers Red Roof Inn Columbus Downtown
Nutramax Laboratories, Inc. Turbo Technologies, Inc. 111 Nationwide Blvd
Oglebay Norton STS Turf Magazine Columbus OH 43215
Ohio Earth Food, Inc. Turf Products 614-224-6539
Ohio Lawn Care Association Turfgrass South $90 + tax Single-Quad
OSTMA Ty-Crop Mfg. Ltd. Reservation cut-off date: November 12, 2001
Otterbine Barebo, Inc. Tyler Ents., Inc.
Pace, Inc. United Horticultural Supply Hampton Inn & Suites
Par Aide Products Co. USDA—Wildlife Services 501 North High St
PBI-Gordon Corp. Walker Supply, Inc. Columbus OH 43215
Perfco Printing Watertronics, Inc. 614-559-2000
Perma-Green Supreme Weed Man $105 + tax Single
Pinhigh Compound Wolf Creek Co. $112 + tax Double-Quad
PJS Products, Inc. Wood-Mizer/Lastec Reservation cut-off date: November 12, 2001
Pond Supplies of Ohio Xenia Power Equipment (refer to Code OT1 when making reservations)
Power Equipment Dist. (John Deere)
Precision Laboratories Yocom LLC Complete details of the 2001 Ohio Turfgrass
PRO-SOL, Inc. Conference & Show, December 3-6,
Profile Products
Progressive Turf Equipment, Inc. To add your name to Columbus, OH will be mailed in September.
ProSource One
PSB/Div. of White Castle
this list, call OTF at
888-683-3445.
Sports Turf Tips
Preparation For
The Fall Playing Season
John R. Street and Pamela J. Sherratt
The Ohio State University • Department of Horticulture & Crop Science
September is a stressful time for all of us Renovation maintenance is necessary in all sports if
working in the sports turf industry. Summer you are to return the field to 100% desirable grass
drought and high temperatures may have cover that will withstand the rigors of play. Renovation
caused grass dormancy and even death. may involve complete field reconstruction or merely
Management of the key factors: soil, water, light overseeding, depending on damage, the level of
plant nutrition & mowing, are paramount at use, & money available.
this time of year because the fall playing sea- An innovative machine from the Koro equipment
son is just around the corner. Now is the time company (from Holland) has made field renovation
to get the field looking and growing at its more accessible to many field managers in Europe and
best. We can approach field maintenance in more recently in the United States. The Field
two ways: Topmaker from Koro could be described as a high-pow-
ered flail mower that has the ability to remove debris by
1. Renovation Maintenance means of a conveyer into trailers for disposal. The top
(e.g. soil cultivation, overseeding) of the grass is removed but the body of the plant
2. Presentational Maintenance remains intact, thus allowing re-growth. In essence, one
(e.g. mowing & painting) pass with the Koro machine can outweigh the benefits
Figures 1 thru 3:
There are many types of decompaction and aeration equipment commercially available.
(1) hollow core, (2) sand injection, (3) verti drain

Figure 4:
The Koro machine
can remove the
entire surface of
the field in one
swift action.
Figure 5: Figure 6:
Total surface ren- Roots need air! A recent
ovation may be column study with The
possible if the Motz Group TSII turf stabi-
window of oppor- lizer shows increased root
tunity is long growth where holes were
enough between drilled into the sides of
playing seasons. the column
of continual scarification. The machine is also being used For easy reference, Table 1 can be used as a guide to
to remove the entire surface of the field in one swift oper- these management points. Remember that there is a
ation. Once the field surface is removed, it is re-cultivated, geographical and agronomic diversity throughout playing
possibly amended, and seeded with desirable grasses. This fields that may demand specific maintenance and no
process has had an enormous impact in Europe, where management plan is a panacea.
the majority of clubs have no financial resources to Most importantly, undertake regular field inspec-
undertake reconstruction but have succeeded in attaining tions—take the time to walk the entire field so that an
a suitable degree of surface drainage. effective management program can be put together.
While some facilities have the time and the money to • Carry out a visual inspection to check grass color/den-
carry out major renovation prior to the fall playing season, sity & health. Identification of certain weeds, e.g.
realistically this does not happen for many field managers. knotweed, can be a sign of soil compaction
The window of opportunity between playing seasons is • Inspection of the grass may indicate that the mower
very short, and in many cases, non-existent. blades are dull and have ripped the turf plants leaving
Concentrated efforts are needed during these windows an undesirable surface.
of opportunity for implementation of several key manage-
ment strategies: • Always be alert for pest or disease damage. For
example, grub season will be upon us soon, so initiate
• Alleviation of soil compaction monitoring techniques to identify these problems.
• Adequate, uniform irrigation
• A fertilizer program suited to the field’s needs • Perform a soil inspection to check dryness/depth of
• Mowing water penetration after irrigation, compaction, and
• Over-seeding and/or sodding root length. Send samples away for a routine soil test
at a reputable laboratory.
Figure 7:
Compacted soil sample

Table 1: A Guide to Key Renovation Operations Undertaken in the Fall
Operation Method Timing & Frequency Apparatus

Soil De- Core removal or soil “fracturing” Every month ideally, but realistically, as Hollow core, verti-drain,
to loosen soil particles and much as time and budget permits. Multiple shatter-tine, mole-plough,
Compaction and encourage macropores within the passes over the field best, depending on deep drill, and many other
improvement rootzone and underlying material. level of compaction. commercial machines that
Removal of cores and topdress- Perform when soil is dry to moist, but not move soil or create fis-
ing with compatible material if wet to create maximum soil fissures. sures within the soil.
time and budget permits Late season fertilization and coring are a
great combo operation for late fall.
Overseeding Seed-soil contact is crucial for Seed or sod anytime, as long as adequate (a) Contravator or similar
successful germination. irrigation is available until grass is estab- “surface disrupter”, slit seeder,
Cultivate, verticut, core, or lished. High soil temperatures can be mod- verticutter or core cultivator.
scarify the field surface to pro- erated by regular syringing (i.e. light, fre- (b) Hopper or cyclone seeder
duce a fine tilth. After seeding, quent irrigation to cool the surface). Of
lightly rake in and lightly irrigate course, seeding is best done during cooler
periods of the year, spring and fall.
Sodding Same as seedbed preparation

(i.e. good soil contact crucial).
Lay the sod in a line with over-
lapping seams in a “brickwork”
fashion. Lightly roll only when
the sod has rooted. Mulch could
be applied to prevent erosion
and desiccation. Topdress and
irrigate following the operation.
Irrigation The ET rate can be obtained There are many variables like amount of Pop-up sprinkler heads, rotat-
through the local MET office. A play, soil percolation and infiltration rates, ing sprinkler, water-train or
As a guide, it is advisable
visual daily inspection of the game times, etc. that affect irrigation rates, similar. The key issues are
to replace water lost
soil will also indicate dryness timing, and frequency. Agronomically, less uniform distribution with no
through evapotranspiration
and depth of water penetration frequent irrigation is best. Wet soils should run-off.
(ET)
after irrigation (ideally about 6 be avoided as much as possible prior to
inches) anticipated play.
Fertilizer Apply fertilizer in a uniform Most soil athletic fields require 1 to 2 com- Drop or cyclone spreader
fashion, slightly over-lapping plete fertilizer application/yr. supplemented
Application the previous row. Application in by a total of 3-4 N. Sand fields may require
Regular soil tests will indi- different directions can reduce 4 or more applications/yr.
cate how much fertilizer is “striping” A granular, slow release fertilizer is less
needed over the season.
Irrigate the fertilized area thor- likely to cause burn and does not need to
oughly after application to pre- be applied as frequently as quick-release**
vent burn. A nitrogen fertilizer application prior to the
start of the playing season is strongly rec-
ALSO SEE LATE SEASON FER- ommended.
TILIZATION BELOW
Mowing — Do not remove more than 1/3 of Mowing heights vary:

the grass plant - any more will
during the field inspection,
shock the turf and weaken the Grass Lowest to highest height*
look for grass shredding or
grass plants. Change the direc-
tearing, this is an indica- Kentucky bluegrass 1 1/4 “ to 3”
tion of mowing each time.
tion of dull blades or mow-
Ensure mower blades are sharp Tall Fescue 11/2” to 3”
ing too fast
and at the correct height. Do Perennial ryegrass 11/4” to 3”
not mow too fast.

There is no ideal mowing height. Seasonal
changes in mowing height are also influenced by the
type of sport and the surface speed required. The rec-
ommendations in Table 1 are a guide to mowing
heights but the turf may be cut shorter. The lower the
grass is cut, the more important it is to follow the basic
rules: mow frequently and always observe the 1/3 rule.
Closer-cut turf will require more water & fertilizer to
compete with weeds and disease problems.
Figure 8:
Always maximize seed:soil contact
by removing as much surface debris
and thatch as possible prior to any
seeding procedure (photo illustrating
verti cutter)
Late Season Fertilization (LSF) for Cool Season Grasses

Turf managers have utilized late season Late season fertilization is popular because
nitrogen fertilization, sometimes referred to many of the agronomic and aesthetic advan-
as fall fertilization, for years. This type of tages attributed to its use supposedly are
fertility program involves the application of not realized when spring and/or summer
much of the season’s nitrogen during the fertilization are practiced. Purported advan-
late season months of September through tages of the late season concept include:
December. It is important that late season • Better fall and winter color
fertilization not be confused with dormant • Earlier spring green-up
and/or winter fertilization. The latter method • Increased shoot density
implies that fertilizer applications are made • Improved fall, winter, and spring root
after the turf has lost most or all of its green growth
color and is not actively growing. This differs • Enhanced storage of energy reserves
notably from the late season concept, which (carbohydrates) within the turf plant
requires that nitrogen be applied before the
turf loses its green color in the late fall.
Figure 9:
Essential Nutrients

Timing Higher rates typically provide a better LSF response in
The late-season nitrogen fertilization concept is
designed to apply nitrogen during that period of the the late fall and a better carryover response into late
year (late fall) that will favor root growth over shoot winter/early spring. For cool season grasses, nitrogen
growth, and favor a positive carbohydrate balance. is the key nutrient for the LSF response with standard
Shoot growth of cool season grasses occur most readi- maintenance fertilizer ratios being acceptable.
ly in the temperature range of 50-65°F. Root growth of Proper rate and nitrogen source will result in sig-
cool season grasses will continue at soil temperatures nificant carryover of nitrogen for early spring green-
close to freezing. When air temperatures in late fall up the following season. The standard spring fertiliza-
consistently drop below 50°F shoot growth slows or tion rate can typically be reduced to one half or less,
ceases but soil temperatures are still in the favorable or eliminated, thus avoiding a spring fertilization
range for significant root, rhizome, and stolon growth. flush. Don’t couple LSF with traditional spring nitro-
LSF capitalizes on this differential in optimum tem- gen fertilization rates. This defeats the purpose of the
peratures for growth of roots versus shoots. LSF strategy.
The timing of LSF should be made when vertical
shoot growth has stopped, but the turf leaves are still Coring and late season fertilization
green. Vertical shoot growth of cool season grasses will A key attribute of late season fertilization is
generally slow and stop at air temperatures of 45-50(F. enhanced root growth. A key attribute of coring is also
A properly timed LSF will extend the “greening” time enhanced root growth in open core holes. Coring and
of the turf longer into the late fall and early winter late season fertilization in the late fall are two of the
without additional top growth. The green leaves best management strategies a sports turf field manag-
remain photosynthetically active producing carbohy- er can implement. Coring the field in several direc-
drates. This carbohydrate will be more efficiently used tions (e.g. 6-8) can be extremely beneficial. Don’t miss
to support root, rhizome, and stolon growth during out on this combo maintenance opportunity
the late fall and winter period. LSF also assists in In summary, LSF lengthens the fall/winter green
building food reserves for the following season. It is period and enhances the rate of spring green-up with-
critical that the nitrogen be applied prior to dormancy out stimulating excessive shoot growth, thus allowing
for maximum efficiency of applied nitrogen. Poor tim- the turf plant to maintain higher levels of carbohy-
ing is a common LSF mistake. Once the leaf tissue has drates than when spring/summer fertilization is used.
turned brown, photosynthesis will no longer occur. Nitrogen applied during early spring increases shoot
Remember—“late-season” fertilization is not dormant growth rates and decreases the levels of available car-
fertilization. bohydrates in the plant, resulting in depressed root
growth rates. LSF has no similar negative effects on
Fertilizer Rate & Fertilizer Type root growth. No winter damage or snow mold injury
occurred as a result of LSF. The turf manager must
In addition to timing, fertilizer rate and fertilizer
maintain a good carbohydrate reserve/balance and
type is critical to successful LSF. The most efficient
maximum root mass. Proper timing and rate of appli-
nitrogen fertilizers for LSF are those independent of
cation are important in successful long-term pro-
temperature for nitrogen release. Soil temperatures
grams. Always remember: greener is not always better.
and microbial activity are low at this time of year,
A happy medium must be reached between agronom-
resulting in less effi-
It is important to ics and aesthetics.
ciency from strong
remember that the
WIN methylene ureas,
nitrogen source used
natural organics, poly- We look forward to seeing you
for the late fall
mer-coated urea fertil- at the OSU Turfgrass Research
applications be
izers and other tem- Field Day August 15th.
of the type that
perature-dependent
is not dependent on
fertilizers.
microbial activity to
Urea, more water- Dr. John R. Street
affect nitrogen release.
soluble methylene street.1@osu.edu
ureas, IBDU, and SCU Pam J. Sherratt
are less dependent on temperature for nitrogen sherratt.1@osu.edu
release and, therefore, make excellent LSF nitrogen
sources. Nitrogen rates should be in the range of 1 - Phone: (614) 292-6297
11/2 pounds of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet.

“We have 100 acres of grass
Member that we must regularly
mow–without disturbing any
Spotlight markers. In addition, we
recently identified 2000 trees
on our 135 acres and tagged
one of each species, for a
total of 200 tags.”
Fred Wehr
General Manager
Woodside Cemetery and Arboretum
Middleton, Ohio
Consider a Career
in the Cemetery Industry
When many people think of the green industry, When they tagged the trees, staff plotted the trees
on a Geographical Information System to create a
what first comes to mind is often the construction and
maintenance of golf courses, athletic playing fields, “road map” of the cemetery. “This was a beneficial
city parks and landscapes. However, when you speak project, says Wehr, “because we know where all the
with OTF member Fred Wehr, general manager of varieties of each tree are. For example, if we note that
Woodside Cemetery and Arboretum, in Middleton, a Norway Spruce is diseased, we can treat it, then look
Ohio, you come to realize that maintaining the to the map to see where all the Norway Spruces are
grounds and landscapes of a cemetery is a specialty and check out their status.”
that offers its own set of challenges and rewards. In addition to all our trees, which earned us the
Wehr’s introduction to the cemetery specialty additional name Arboretum, we plant a lot of flowers:
came via his father, who was also an OTF member. 200 flats each spring, as well as 200 flats of pansies
“My father was with Greenwood Cemetery in Monroe, each fall, “ says Wehr. We wanted to concentrate on
Ohio for 38 years,” he says. “Although I was prepared bulbs, particularly tulips. However, the squirrels’
for a career in Forestry, he introduced me to the appetite for the bulbs became a problem—until we
important role that landscaping and proper mainte- discovered that they do not seem to like daffodil
nance play to the comfort level of people who visit bulbs. Now Woodside Cemetery has over 75,000 daf-
cemeteries.” fodils planted at the cemetery. They are naturalized in
Wehr went on from a two-year horticulture pro- beds or in the grass. We plant an additional 3,000-
gram at Miami University to receive his four-year 5,000 bulbs each year. With a steel auger, we can plant
degree in Business Administration from The up to 2,000-3,000 bulbs in a day. We also spray a
University of Cincinnati. “Both programs have served growth inhibitor for the weeds and the grass, which
to help me meet daily challenges,” he says. does not hurt the flowers,” he says.
Some of those challenges include the upkeep of “We are faced with challenges like these each day,”
the landscape at Woodside Cemetery, which recently Says Wehr. “If students in various landscaping, horti-
celebrated its 110th anniversary in June, 2001. “We cultural and turf management programs are thinking
have 100 acres of grass that we must regularly mow— about various specialty areas, I would encourage them
without disturbing any markers. In addition, we to consider cemetery grounds keeping and general
recently identified 2000 trees on our 135 acres and management. You have the ability to be of service to
tagged one of each species, for a total of 200 tags. We the community, to promote a sense of well-being in
must maintain the health of all these trees—one of what was once thought of a dreary place, and you are
which is a Post Oak, a member of the White Oak fami- able to see the results of your hard work every day
ly. Our Post Oak is over 110 years old. over the long term.”

Considering Using a Compost

Topdressing Application On
Your Fairways This Fall?
By Mike Boehm and Joe Rimelspach
The Ohio State University
Department of Plant Pathology
The use of composts to improve turfgrass health or soil tilth is not a new concept. Indeed, one
might consider it a “lost art” as compost applications were common until the advent of the agro-
chemical revolution of the 1940’s and 50’s. After nearly 60 years of heavy reliance on chemical
inputs, we find ourselves in the midst of a resurgence in the use of organic matter amendments
and topdressings. The specific aims of this article are to present an overview of the composting
process and to provide a four step approach for implementing the use of compost topdressings
based on our experiences and the experiences of those superintendents with whom we have worked.
Overview of the Composting Process than tree bark or wood chips. Once adequately cured, the
Although there are several different types of com- compost is typically screened to 1/4 to 1/2 inch and used as
posting processes, most of the compost used by the turf- a topdressing material. Although numerous methods of
grass industry is produced via a process in which fresh assessing whether a composted material has been adequate-
organic matter such as yardwastes, dewatered sewage ly cured or is “mature” enough for use in plant production,
sludge or poultry manure is either piled, stacked or oth- no single method provides all the answers and quite often
erwise arranged to facilitate it decomposition by one must rely upon a collection of such assays stressing the
microorganisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes (a need for the development of practical standards and guide-
unique type of bacteria) and fungi. As these microbes lines and future work in this area.
degrade the organic material, they generate a great deal
of heat which inactivates or kills weed seeds, plant, ani- Step 1: Goal Setting
mal and human pathogens and many beneficial Deciding to use compost topdressings on your fairways is
microbes such as nitrogen fixing bacteria and biological no different than implementing other turf health or pest
control organisms. As these microbes use the freely avail- management practices. Although the reasons for using
able carbon and nitrogen sources, their metabolism and compost topdressings are many, often times the decision
subsequently, the composting process slows resulting in a revolves around one of the following: 1) compost topdress-
cooling of the pile. As the compost cools, other microor- ings are perceived to be an environmentally sound practice;
ganisms, some wind- and yet others rain-borne, are intro- 2) composts may serve as an excellent source of plant-avail-
duced into and colonize the pile. This final phase of the able nutrients; 3) composts have been shown to provide val-
composting process is referred to as the curing stage. It ued sources of organic matter and may improve soil fertility;
is during the curing stage that microbes capable of sup- and, 4) some composts have been reported as being able to
pressing plant pathogens such as those that cause suppress turf diseases such as dollar spot and Pythium root
Pythium root rot, proliferate. The type of composting rot. Knowing one’s rationale for implementing compost
system used (i.e. windrow versus static pile versus in ves- topdressings is critically important because it will not only
sel) and the characteristics of the parent organic materi- allow you to make informed decisions as to product selec-
al being composted are two major factors which influ- tion and application and timing strategies, but may ulti-
ence both the rate of the composting process and the mately allow you to determine how best to modify your
quality and consistency of the finished product. For existing management practices to maximize overall turf
example, grass clippings degrade much more rapidly quality and vigor.

Step 2: Product Selection
Once you have figured out your goals for imple- assessment as many working in the green industry have
menting a compost topdressing program, the next an intuitive sense for what a rich fertile soil feels, smells,
step is selecting the right compost for the job. This and looks like. Luckily, however, for those short in the
might be a case of “easier said than done” as one of intuition department or eager to base their decisions on
the major historical reasons for a reduced reliance on more quantifiable characteristics, there are numerous
the use of composts early in the 20th century in part physical and chemical qualities to consider.
revolved around the reality that not all composts are In terms of physical properties, particle size and tex-
created equal. In other words, composts can and typi- ture are perhaps two of the most important factors one
cally do vary tremendously in their chemical, physical can use to assess a compost’s physical characteristics.
and microbiological characteristics. Such variation typ- These properties are important to consider because
ically exists even though our knowledge and under- repeated applications of composts with excessive
standing of the complex nature of the composting amounts of bulking agent or other foreign materials
process and the parameters which influence this might lead to an undesired accumulation of unwanted
process are perhaps better understood and controlled materials in the thatch or soil. A quick glance and a
now than ever before. As a potential user of composts, handful of the candidate compost should provide a
it is important to realize that some composts vary rapid assessment as to whether a particular compost’s
more than others and that variability in the parent texture is suitable for use on your fairways. In regards to
organic material being composted typically corre- particle size, we typically use and recommend that com-
sponds to inconsistencies in the final product. As men- posts used on fairway turf be screened to 1/8 to 1/4
tioned previously and underscored here, the compost- inch to remove excessive bulking agent. Even then, how-
ing process used and the consistency and chemical ever, it is often difficult to completely remove unwanted
characteristics of the organic material being compost- or excessive bulking agent as thin slivers or splinters typi-
ed are two key factors that greatly influence the consis- cally have the ability to pass through the screening
tency and quality of the final composted product. process.
Additional factors such as the type of bulking agent In addition to the physical nature of the compost,
(materials such as wood chips, sawdust or crumb rub- there also are numerous key chemical properties and
ber that are added to some types of compost to processing information that may provide important clues
increase and maintain adequate air-filled pore space about the suitability of a particular compost. In all cases,
during the composting process) used, the frequency the compost producer should be willing to provide you
of turning or mixing, and the moisture content of the with the following information for each batch of com-
compost all significantly impact the consistency of the post prior to or at the time of delivery. Hesitation on the
final product. Other factors such as seasonal variations part of the producer to divulge this information may
in the waste stream flow and the weather also have the speak volumes about whether or not you should be con-
potential to adversely effect the quality of the finished sidering their product and brings to light the impor-
product. Consider for example the differences that tance of developing a good working relationship with
exist in the yardwaste stream between Spring and Fall local compost producers and distributors. Ideally a sup-
in which grass clippings predominate in the Spring plier should provide the following information: Compost
and leaves dominate in the Fall. The experience level type and age; The composting process used (i.e. static
of those managing the composting facility also may pile, windrow, forced-air static pile or in-vessel); A com-
significantly influence the quality and consistency of plete elemental analysis including heavy metals (especial-
the final product. ly if working with a biosolids or municipal solid waste
Even with the potential for such variations, howev- compost); Total, ammonium and nitrate N concentra-
er, there are numerous clues that might be useful in tions, respectively; pH; CEC, organic matter and ash con-
determining which compost is right for your course. tent; Soluble salts (especially for animal manure com-
Just as in selecting the right wine for that special occa- posts); and, the C/N ratio. Additional information
sion, so too can selecting the right compost be rather regarding nutrient release characteristics and bulk densi-
subjective. For example, often times you will read or ty of the compost might be also valuable pieces of infor-
hear that a “good” compost is said to be dark in color mation and will facilitate your ability to determine nutri-
with a crumbly texture, a moisture content of around ent loading and mineralization rates of the compost.
40-45% and an “earthy” aroma similar to that of a fer- Both of the latter will be extremely valuable in your
tile soil. Such descriptions are extremely subjective. attempts to determine the magnitude and duration of
Yet, there is great value in this type of sensory-based the compost. Just exactly what all this data means and

how it should be evaluated is the topic of several addi- bility of either burning the turf through the use of “hot”
tional articles. In a nutshell, however, you can develop a compost (compost containing excessive amounts of
fairly rapid assessment of a compost’s fertilizer potential ammonia or which are warm or hot to the touch) or
by concentrating your attention on the: 1) pH; 2) heavy otherwise suffocating the turf with a blanket of compost
metal and N and P concentrations, respectively; and, 3) topdressing and cores on a hot summer day. Whether
C:N ratio. In general, and taking into account the wide you decide to core first and topdress second or topdress
variety of composted materials available, the pH should first and core second is ultimately up to you. One advan-
range ideally between 5.7 to 7.5. In regards to heavy tage to coring first and then subsequently applying your
metals, concentrations should be below standards topdressing is that you significantly minimize the time
allowed by the US Environmental Protection Agency the compost sits on the turf. Any device that has the abil-
Rule 503. The N, P, and K analyses in tandem with the ity to distribute the compost over distances without com-
bulk density of the compost should help provide insights pacting the soil can be used. The rate used will depend
regarding the amount of potentially plant available on numerous factors such as time of year, member’s
nutrients supplied by the compost topdressing applica- expectations, particle size, turf species and height of cut,
tion. In general, the greater the concentration of plant the nutrient loading rate of the compost being applied
available N (ammonium and nitrate), the greater the and on the ability of the turf to assimilate the provided
color enhancing and growth stimulatory effects that may nutrients. Members may be more demanding of impec-
be anticipated assuming the compost topdressings are cable turfgrass earlier in the season, than towards the
applied during a period of active turf growth. In gener- end, allowing for a more aggressive topdressing program
al, high C:N ratios (above 20:1) may be an indication in the Fall. Similarly, a product that has been screened
that the compost is not fully composted and is not ready to a smaller diameter will moved off of the turf and into
for use as a topdressing material. Immature composts the soil profile quicker than poorly screened product.
pose the threat of causing a phenomenon called nitro- Once the compost has been applied, the fairways should
gen immobilization that is brought about when com- be dragged to blend the compost with the pulled soil
posts with excessive C and limited N are applied. When cores. The remaining tufts of turf and thatch can then
this occurs, the compost microbes attempt to further be blown into the roughs where they can be picked up
breakdown the excessive C and because they, like all with rotary mower fitted with a bagging attachment. The
organisms, require a balanced diet of C and N, they final step in the application process is to irrigate the fair-
essentially out compete or steal N from the turf. The ways as soon as possible to reduce turf stress and the
result is that the turf goes off color and will require the potential for any ammonia or thermal burn or heat
addition of additional N fertilizer to bring the system induced stress.
back into balance. In general, a good target range for
the C:N ratio would be somewhere around 15:1. Step 4: Record Keeping
Biological or microbiological indicators of compost As with any practice, solid documentation is critical
maturity and turf enhancing properties also exist, how- for future reference and decision making processes. In
ever, they are expensive and labor intensive to measure. the case of compost topdressings, the following records
Besides, these drawbacks, interpretation of the results may be useful to maintain: 1) Product records such as
from such tests are often difficult and ambiguous as our any physical, chemical or biological properties you may
understanding of the microbiology and microbial ecolo- have considered and important contact information; 2)
gy of composts and turfgrass soils is still in its infancy. Economic records such that you can ultimately run a
Bottom line, put most of your decision-making eggs in cost-benefit analysis comparing your standard and com-
the physical and chemical property baskets, respectively. post topdressing enhanced programs, respectively; 3)
Application records such as timing, steps carried out in
Step 3: Timing and Application Strategies the actual application process, weather data, soil temper-
Once a compost has been selected, the application atures and moisture levels, etc.; 4) Follow-up observa-
of the material should proceed fairly easily. The most tions such as any effects observed and the magnitude
frequently used application method of topdressing fair- and duration of these effects; and, 5) Membership com-
ways with compost is in conjunction with the normal ments and concerns that might be useful in later years
fairway core cultivation process (hollow tines are recom- regarding this practice. The better your record keeping,
mended) that takes place in the Spring and Fall during the greater the possibility that you will be able to assess
periods of maximum turf growth and recuperative abili- the pros and cons of this practice in relation to your
ty. These are also times when average daytime tempera- standard management practices.
tures do not exceed 65-70°F thereby reducing the possi-

Summary and Conclusions • Remember that not all composts are created equal.
The use of compost topdressings can be a useful Some positively-, others negatively-, and some have
tool for managing fairway turf. As with any initial no impact on turf health and that the more you
attempt at implementing a new management practice, know about the compost you are considering, the
use common sense and take a somewhat conservative greater the chances of a successful outcome.
approach when just getting started. In other words, • Pay close attention to the consistency or variability of
make certain to try your hand on a small scale and product’s quality. The amount of bulking agent pre-
evaluate the effects of compost topdressings before sent, the degree of maturity and the particle size and
attempting to tackle every fairway. The following keys texture of the compost are four important things for
to success might be useful when attempting to maxi- which to look.
mize the implementation of compost topdressings • Make it your business to know WHAT you are apply-
while minimizing any potential detrimental effects ing (elemental analysis, pH, CEC, parent material of
associated with this practice. compost, process by which it was generated, nutrient
• Determine your goals for implementing a compost release characteristics, organic matter and ash con-
topdressing program. Are you interested in com- tent, soluble, ammonia, organic acids, etc).
posts as organic fertilizers, soil conditioners or to • Combine compost topdressing applications with
introduce a form of disease suppression? Spring and Fall core cultivation events via blending
Determine what your goals and expectations early with cores and dragging. Avoid applying compost
in the process. topdressings to fairways when air temperatures
• Get to know your local compost producers, distrib- are greater than or equal to 65-70°F.
utors, other superintendents that have tried using • Modify your application rates to meet your target fer-
composts, university staff working in the area, and tility goals. Maximize the potential benefits of the
state and local solid waste authority personnel and compost topdressings by making applications when
regulations. the turf is actively growing.
• Develop an effective application strategy that can be
Figures completed in a relatively short period of time from
the time the compost is applied to the time irrigation
Fig. 1. Slide showing a compost topdressing
is applied to the turf
application in progress at North Shore Country
Club, Chicago, IL. Photo by F. D. Dinelli. • Always include an appropriate set of internal control
plots so that you can truly gage the effects of a newly
implemented management practice. Specifically in
the case of evaluating the effects of a compost top-
dressing program for your fairways, you might con-
sider including both a non-treated area (no coring
or compost) and a cored but not topdressed area to
assess the effects of your coring and topdressing pro-
grams. Without such internal control areas, it is
impossible to accurately assess any practice.
• Consider modifying your standard fertility program
to account for the additional nutrients being applied
or incorporated.
• Keep good records of what worked and did not work
for you and remember there are no silver bullet.
• Walk before you run! As with any new practice, take
it slow at first until you get the hang of it.

Broadleaf
Weed Control
By Dr. David Gardner
Department of Horticulture and Crop Science
It makes more agronomic sense to apply postemergence materials,

such as 2,4-D, MCPP, triclopyr, and clopyralid in the fall for control of
perennial broadleaf weeds such as dandelion and white clover.
W
hether you are a professional lawn care However, application of 2,4-D and other materials in
operator or a golf course superintendent it the spring will result not only in possible incomplete
is a usually a necessary evil to perform kill of the root system, but also a bare patch that is
some postemergence broadleaf weed control in the quickly filled in by crabgrass and other annual weeds.
spring. Unfortunately, this has fostered the misconcep- Control in the fall is not only more effective, but also
tion that spring is the ideal time to control broadleaf gives the turf time to fill in the bare spot without com-
weeds. Many of our most common and hardest to con- petition from most annual weeds. While postemer-
trol broadleaf weeds are perennials. There are several gence broadleaf herbicides will not control crabgrass,
reasons why it makes more agronomic sense to apply often the best control of annual grasses is a dense
postemergence materials, such as 2,4-D and triclopyr, stand of turf.
in the fall, especially for the control of perennial
weeds: Less risk of damage to ornamentals—Most
ornamentals in the landscape and garden are very
Herbicide translocation—In the spring, perennial sensitive to the effects of broadleaf herbicides, so that
broadleaf weeds such as dandelion are translocating even the slightest contact will cause damage. Newly
materials stored over winter from the taproot to the emerging leaves are especially sensitive. Damage
newly emerging leaves. In the fall, the opposite occurs resulting from contact with herbicide vapors can
as the weed translocates carbohydrates into the tap- occur if the herbicide volatilizes. Volatilization is more
root for winter. Fall applied broadleaf herbicides are likely as the temperature increases or when using cer-
much more effective because they are readily translo- tain herbicide formulations (more on this later).
cated into the root system, resulting in death of the However, in the fall, most annual ornamental plants
root system as well as the leaf tissue. and vegetables have reached maturity and leaves of
trees and shrubs are beginning to turn color and fall
Control in spring results in bare patches
off the plant.
filled in by crabgrass—Spring-time herbicide
applications have unfortunately become a necessary Winter annuals—such as henbit and common
evil, either because a new client was secured over the chickweed, are beginning to germinate in mid-to-late-
winter or because tolerance for broadleaf weeds is low fall and can be effectively control if herbicide applica-
in areas such as fairways or office park entrances. tion is done after they germinate.

I t is important to correctly identify the most problemat- this weed germinates very late and may not be effec-
ic weeds on a site, and then consider whether they are tively controlled unless herbicides are also applied late
predominately annuals or perennials. Correct identifica- (after crabgrass has germinated) or as a split applica-
tion is usually pretty easy. However, a few of the weeds tion. Other annual weeds that are considered difficult
can be confused, like the clovers (see Table 1 and the fig- to control preemergently are knotweed (germinates
ures). Identification of the weed and knowledge of its life very early) and spurge (germinates very late).
cycle is necessary in order to best determine what control Incidentally, these two weeds are often confused.
strategies to use. For example, white clover is a perennial Spurge, however, has milky sap while knotweed does
and control is most effective if herbicides are applied in not (See Figure 4). Properly discerning between these
the fall. Black medic and yellow woodsorrel are annuals. two weeds may be important in determining the prop-
Both are best controlled with postemergence materials er time to apply preemergence herbicides if this con-
early in their life cycles. Some preemergence herbicides trol strategy fits into your management program.
are labeled for control of yellow woodsorrel. However,
Table 1.
Perennial broadleaf weeds are most effectively controlled in the fall. Annual
broadleaf weeds can also be controlled, but are at the end of their life cycle.
More effective control of annual broadleaf weeds is with preemergence herbi-
cides applied in spring.
Species Control Options Confused with

these annual weeds:
Mouse ear Chickweed MCPP or dicamba Common Chickweed

Cerastium vulgatum Stellaria media
(See Figure 1)
Canada Thistle dicamba
Cirsium arvense
Ground Ivy 2,4-D, MCPP or Common Mallow
Glecoma hederacea other combination Malva rotundifolia
(See Figure 2)
Buckhorn Plantain 2,4-D, MCPP, dicamba
Plantago lanceolata
Blackseed Plantain 2,4-D, MCPP, dicamba
Plantago rugelii
Curly Dock 2,4-D or dicamba
Rumex crispus
Dandelion
Taraxacum officinale 2,4-D or dicamba
White Clover MCPP, clopyralid, Black Medic
Trifolium repens or dicamba Medicago lupulina
Yellow Woodsorrel
Oxalis stricta
(See Figure 3)
Wild Violet triclopyr
Viola papilionacea

Table 2.
If possible, annual broadleaf weeds should be controlled using preemergence
herbicides in the spring. Postemergence control, if used, should be conducted
early in the life cycle of the weed.
Species Preemergence Postemergence

Control Options Control Options
Prostrate Pigweed bensulide, isoxaben 2,4-D or MCPP

Amaranthus blitoides ethofumesate, oxadiazon
Prostrate Spurge prodiamine, dithiopyr, 2,4-D, MCPP, dcamba

Euphorbia supina isoxaben, pendimethalin, or 2.4-DP
oxadiazon
Common Mallow 2,34-D, bromoxynil
Malva rotundifolia
Black Medic MCPP, clopyralid,

Medicago lupulina dicamba
Yellow Woodsorrel dithiopyr, isoxaben, triclopyr

Oxalis stricta pendimethalin
Prostrate Knotweed prodiamine, isoxaben dicamba

Polygonum aviculare
Purslane dithiopyr, isoxaben, dicamba

Portulaca oleracea pendimethalin,
ethofumesate, oxadiazon
Henbit prodiamine, bensulide, dicamba
Lamium amplexicaule dithiopyr, isoxaben,
pendimethalin
Common Chickweed prodiamine, dithiopyr, MCPP or dicamba

Stellaria media isoxaben, pendimethalin,
ethofumesate

Figure 1. Common chickweed (top) is a win-
ter annual and often confused with mouse-ear
chickweed (bottom), which is a perennial. Both
can be effectively controlled by applying MCPP
or dicamba after common chickweed has ger-
minated.
T able 1 lists the most common perennial
broadleaf weeds. Though certainly not inclusive,
the species listed easily account for 90% of the
perennial broadleaf weed problems in Ohio turf-
grass. Fall applied postemergence herbicides
should be the first choice to control perennial
broadleaf weeds.
While fall applications of broadleaf herbicides
will also control annual broadleaf weeds, many of
these may be effectively controlled using preemer-
gence herbicide materials applied in the spring.
Table 2 lists some of the most common annual
broadleaf weeds, along with options for control
with preemergence herbicides. Since these weeds
are annuals, they are near the end of their life
cycle now and control with a postemergence mate-
rial may not be warranted. If there is heavy cover of
these weeds it may be advantageous to control
them now in order to allow the grass time to fill in
the bare spots during the fall. Remember, though,
that more effective control of these weeds in future
seasons is either with preemergence herbicides, or,
if necessary, postemergence materials applied early
in the weed’s life cycle.
It is very important to select the right herbicide
and the most appropriate formulation in order to
get the best possible control. Consult the label to
determine whether the addition of a surfactant is
warranted. Ester formulations are more effective
than amine formulations, especially as tempera-
tures decline. Esters, however, are more volatile
and more care around ornamentals must be exer-
cised with these materials when temperatures are
above 60 degrees. Remember also that postemer-
gence herbicides are most effective if applied dur-
ing sunny weather with no rainfall within 24 hours
of application.
How late these materials can be applied
depends on weather conditions. In general, if the
plant tissue is losing quality due to frost or cold
temperatures, it is probably too late to get enough
herbicide into the root system for effective control.
Finally, herbicides applied in the very late fall have
been observed to have what appears to be little
effect. But, when the same areas are revisited in the
spring, control can, in fact, approach 100%.

Figure 2. Mallow (top inset) is a summer annual
weed that may be mistaken for ground ivy (creeping
Charlie; bottom inset). Creeping Charlie, unlike mal-
low, roots at the nodes where leaves are produced.
Two or three applications of 2,4-D and MCPP in the
fall can control ground ivy. Mallow is an annual and
should be treated in early spring.

Figure 3. White clover (top inset) is a perennial. It is
sometimes confused with black medic (middle) and
oxalis (bottom), both of which are annuals. White
clover should be controlled with MCPP, clopyralid, or
dicamba in the fall. The other two should be con-
trolled in the spring.
Figure 4. Knotweed (top inset, pictured with crab-

grass) is often confused with crabgrass when first
emerging, and also with spurge (bottom inset). Both
weeds are annuals and best controlled with preemer-
gence herbicides. Both are difficult to control, howev-
er, because knotweed germinates before the tradition-
al application window for preemergence herbicides
and spurge germinates very late, after most preemer-
gence herbicides have broken down.

Foliar Nematodes on Hosta

and Other Ornamentals
Parwinder Grewal and Ganpati B. B. Jagdale
Ohio State University, OARDC, Wooster
Department of Entomology
Introduction Symptoms
Foliar nematodes have emerged as a serious pest on Foliar nematodes are among the few plant-parasitic
hosta and other ornamental plants in North America dur- nematodes that can live in and damage aerial plant parts
ing the past 5-6 years. Although, the exact cause for this as opposed to roots. They are small (about 1mm long)
outbreak is unknown, one likely explanation is the lack of and live and feed in tender tissues in the leaves. The areas
availability and reduced use of broad spectrum pesticides in which they feed, first turn yellow, then chocolate
that may have been suppressing the nematodes in the brown, subsequently dying and drying out (see Fig. 1,
past. Withdrawal of oxamyl (Vydate), the most effective Plates 1&2). The lesions (dead strips) caused by the
nematicide against foliar nematodes, from the ornamen- nematodes are often bounded by large veins, as the
tals market in 1995, certainly coincides with this new out- nematodes are unable to penetrate, feed on, or pass
break of nematode pests. through the tougher tissues around major veins. The
Foliar nematodes (Aphelenchoides and Ditylenchus spp.) dead lesions may be later colonized by saprophytic fungi
are microscopic, non-segmented, roundworms that cause and bacteria. In the Midwest, typical symptoms of foliar
damage to the foliage of a large number of flowering nematodes on hosta can be first noticed in July. The
ornamental plants in nurseries, greenhouses, and land- nematodes do not generally kill plants, but the symptoms
scape plantings. The symptoms can vary considerably are cosmetic blemishes that turn plants unsightly and less
depending upon plant species, but leaves, stems, flowers, salable.
or buds are commonly distorted, dwarfed, or killed. The There are no hosta varieties that are known to be
most common species, Aphelenchoides fragariae, can attack resistant to infection by the foliar nematodes, although
more than 250 plant species in 47 families, including some may be tolerant and thus not suffer much damage.
many flowering ornamentals. Another species, Ditylenchus We received over 50 varieties of hosta infected with foliar
dipsaci, the stem and bulb nematode, can occur in over nematodes from growers in the Midwestern states and
450 plant species. Both nematode species have a world- found all of them to be infected by Aphelenchoides fragari-
wide distribution. Most common perennial plant hosts of ae. Although, another nematode species, Aphelenchoides
foliar nematodes include begonia, chrysanthemum, ritzemabosi, is sometimes reported from ornamental
dahlia, daffodil, fern, iris, heuchena, ligularia, lilies, plants, we did not find this species from hosta plants in
peony, phlox, Solomon’s Seal, strawberry, verbena, and the Midwest. We isolated A. fragariae from the infected
Zinnia. In this article, we describe the symptoms of foliar plants and cultured them on a soil fungus Rhizoctonia
nematodes on hosta, reveal the identity of nematode solani. The nematodes cultured on the fungus and those
species present in the Midwest, and shed new light on isolated directly from the plants were pathogenic to
nematode biology and management options. healthy hosta plants, producing typical symptoms.

Nematode Biology and Dispersal and survive for over a year in fallen leaves. When dried
leaves are exposed to water, the nematodes can revive and
In the Midwest, the life cycle of the foliar nematodes infect new plants. Under normal conditions, the nema-
begins in the spring when overwintering nematodes make todes do not overwinter in dead leaves, but they may over-
their way to the growing point and young leaves. The winter in the soil. In one experiment, we found that when
foliar nematodes are classified as migratory endoparasites. all infected leaves and shoots were removed before the
They enter leaf intercellular spaces via stomata or by winter, the plant again developed nematode symptoms
directly burrowing through tender leaf tissues to feed on the next fall suggesting nematode survival in the soil.
cells of the spongy mesophyll. The nematodes reproduce Although, the nematodes may overwinter in the crown of
in leaf tissues rapidly; each female may lay 20-40 eggs. the plants, there is no evidence yet to support this
After hatching, the nematodes go through four juvenile assumption. Due to the ability of A. fragariae to feed and
stages before maturing to adult males or females. The reproduce on soil fungi, survival in the soil is perhaps the
entire life cycle from egg to egg is completed in 10-14 most important means of overwintering by the foliar
days, depending upon temperature. A magnified (100X) nematodes. Nematodes may escape freezing by moving
view of a single nematode is shown in Fig. 1 (Plate 3). deep into the soil during winter. We discovered that the
Note the dark needle like organ, called a stylet, in the nematodes in leaves can tolerate exposure to as low as—
anterior end of the body. The stylet is used as a piercing 112°F for over 8 hours.
and feeding organ, like a syringe. The nematodes move
progressively from the invasion site until barrier veins pre-
vent access to fresh tissue. The nematodes reach other
Management Options
sections of the leaf by emerging from stomata or dam- Before taking any action to control foliar nematodes,
aged tissues and migrating over the surface in moist con- their occurrence should be confirmed. Tentative confir-
ditions. Thus little redistribution of the nematodes would mation of the presence of foliar nematodes in plants can
occur without surface moisture. be accomplished using the following simple procedure.
This nematode species has a remarkable ability to Remove small pieces of the leaf tissue showing symptoms
withstand drought and cold temperatures. Certain devel- and place them in a clear glass dish. Add sufficient water
opmental stages of the nematodes can become dormant to submerge the tissues in water. After about 24 h, careful-
Fig. 1. Symptons of nematode infection on

hosta leaves (See plates 1 and 2) and the
nematode Aphelenchoides fragariae.

ly examine the water with a 10X hand lens and a strong
light. The nematodes may be seen as actively moving glis- Biological Control
tening white threads. Further confirmation and complete At present, there are no commercially available biolog-
diagnosis can be made by sending suspected plant tissues ical nematicides that may provide control of foliar nema-
in a plastic bag to a nematode sample analyses laboratory. todes. Deny, a commercially available nematicide based
Control options can be explored after correct diagnosis on the bacterium Burkholderia cepacia, only caused about
has been made. 50% reduction in nematode population in soil (Fig. 4).
Neem oil and Nimbecidine (neem-based nematicide) did
Chemical Control not have any significant affect on foliar nematodes in
water suspension, infected leaves, or soil.
There are no chemical nematicides that fully cure the Another microbially-based nematicide, AG400, which
nematode problem after plants get infected. Our is not commercially available at present, appears to have
research shows that most standard nematicides that are potential for foliar nematode control. There was over
still available to licensed users can substantially reduce 70% reduction in the nematode population in leaves 45
nematode multiplication in leaves and soil but do not days after an application of AG400 to infected plants.
eliminate the nematodes. Further, several insecticides Also, insect-parasitic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae
commonly used in the ornamentals industry for insect and its associated bacteria were very effective in reducing
and mite management are also as effective as nematicides nematode populations in the soil and leaves. However,
in reducing nematode reproduction. We also discovered more research is needed to make this approach practical.
that ZeroTol (Hydrogen dioxide), a general sterilant used
in the greenhouse industry to reduce the incidence of
plant disease, to be very effective as a nematicide in water Heat Treatment
suspension, killing over 90% of the nematodes in 72 Heat treatment is an effective method to eliminate
hours (Fig. 2). Diazinon, an insecticide used in the orna- foliar nematodes from bulbs and rhizomes of many orna-
mentals industry, was most effective among the chemical mental plants. This method has been successfully used in
insecticides and nematicides, also killing about 90% of Europe. Our research showed that submerging infected
the nematodes in water in the laboratory (Fig. 3). Other hosta leaves in water at 124°F for 10 minutes killed 100%
chemicals that caused over 60% nematode mortality in of the nematodes. This method perhaps can be used to
water included, Dylox (6.2G and 80S), Merit (0.5G), treat isolated hosta plants prior to breaking dormancy in
Mesurol (75WP), Mocap (10G) and Orthene (Fig. 2). the nurseries. However, the utility of this technique for
When nematode-infected plants were treated with dif- the home owner is questionable as the nematodes can
ferent chemicals (following the label recommendations survive and reproduce on saprophytic fungi in the soil.
for either insect or mite control), Dylox (80S) and Mocap
10G were the most effective chemicals in reducing nema- Some recommendations for managing foliar
tode multiplication in the leaves (Fig. 3). Dylox caused nematodes
85% reduction and Mocap caused 90% reduction in
1. Do not wet foliage while watering, as the nematodes
nematode population in the leaves as compared with
move in films of water outside of leaves and stems.
untreated control 45 days after treatment. Other chemi-
2. Cut and burn infected leaf. Do not destroy the entire
cals that caused 60-75% reduction in the nematode popu-
plant unless all leaves are severely damaged.
lation in the leaves were: ZeroTol, oxamyl 10G, insectici-
3. Mulching should reduce nematode spread, as the
dal soap, diazinon, and Dylox (6.2G).
nematodes are unable to move on dry, hydrophobic,
Most chemicals also reduced foliar nematode popula-
surfaces.
tion in the soil (Fig. 4). Diazinon, Mocap, oxamyl,
4. Perform complete clean out in the fall, removing all
ZeroTol, and Dylox (80S) caused over 75% reduction in
dried leaves and stems.
the nematode population in the soil. More details about
5. Apply insecticidal soap or ZeroTol as soon as the
these studies will be published at a later date.
nematode symptoms become evident in July or
None of the chemicals that we have tested are current-
August.
ly registered specifically for the management of foliar
nematodes. Therefore, while using these chemical pesti-
Acknowledgements
cides, instructions on the label for insect or mite control
must be followed. Further, application of all the chemical We thank the American Hosta Society, Horticultural
insecticides and nematicides, except for ZeroTol and Research Institute, and Ohio Agricultural Research and
insecticidal soap, requires a valid Pesticide Applicator’s Development Center for funding this research and many hosta
License. Therefore, only ZeroTol and insecticidal soap growers and nursery owners for donations of plants.
can be used by home owners as no license is required to
apply them. Further, we observed no phytoxicity of
Zerotol and insecticidal soap on hosta plants.

Fig. 2. Mortality of Aphelenchoides fragari- Fig. 3. Percent reduction in A. fragariae
ae nematodes by different biological and population in the leaves 45 days after treat-
chemical pesticides in water. All pesticides ment with different biological and chemical
were dissolved in water at label recommen- pesticides. Liquid and wettable powder for-
dations. mulations were dissolved in one liter of water
and sprayed on plants until runoff. Granular
formulations were mixed in the soil around
the plants.
Deny Deny
Diazinon 4E Diazinon 4E
Dylox 6.2G Dylox 6.2G
Water Suspension
Leaf Population
Dylox 80S Dylox 80S
Insecticidal Soap Insecticidal Soap
Merit 0.5G Merit 0.5G
Merit 75WP Merit 75WP
Mesorul 75WP Mesorul 75WP
Mocap 10G Mocap 10G
Oftanol 2S Oftanol 2S
Orthene Orthene
Oxamyl 10G Oxamyl 10G
ZeroTol ZeroTol
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
% Nematode Mortality % Reduction
Deny
Diazinon 4E
Dylox 6.2G
Dylox 80S Soil Population
Insecticidal Soap
Fig. 4. Percent reduction in Aphelenchoides Merit 0.5G

fragariae population in the soil 45 days after Merit 75WP
treatment with different biological and chem-
Mesorul 75WP
ical pesticides. Liquid and wettable powder
formulations were dissolved in one liter of Mocap 10G
water and sprayed on plants until runoff.
Oftanol 2S
Granular formulations were mixed in the soil
around the plants. Orthene
Oxamyl 10G
ZeroTol
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Reduction

Message From Your
Executive Director
B y now, many of you may be aware that the Ohio Department of

Agriculture (ODA) has sent forward to the Ohio Senate proposed
changes to the pesticide laws and regulations regarding certification.
The ODA has proposed a number of changes (in a 46-page bill),
including having all pesticide applications performed by either a
certified applicator or trained serviceman under the immediate
supervision of a certified applicator. It seems as though many of our members are not
aware of how this may affect them—if at all.
I write this letter not to voice my position, or that of OTF, but to make our member-
ship aware and to encourage your response to this potentially thorny issue. I have heard
this issue discussed with many turf professionals, and as one might expect, have heard
mixed reviews. Some are in favor and some are very opposed.
One must look at the potential impact this certification requirement may have on
your operation. For example, if you have a mowing crew that periodically spot sprays
Round-Up™, those individuals will have to be licensed by the state before doing the
work. Landscape crews that apply pre-emergence to beds in the spring would require
a licensed individual on site to supervise the work.
Large ground’s maintenance crews would have to have a licensed applicator in the
immediate presence of anyone doing any treatments. Wherever a treatment on your
golf course is being made may require the supervision of a licensed applicator. They
could not be 1/4 mile away either!
Maybe you are a lawn care company that has only one person who makes any kind
of application, and the new changes will have little or no affect on you. Larger compa-
nies with many seasonal employees may view these changes with great disdain. This is
not a big company versus a small company issue—the proposed changes will affect us all.
I urge you to please stay abreast of these changes. Please discuss them with your
management staff and owners to determine the impact it will have on your operation.
While OTF does not actively lobby, one of our many goals is to educate our mem-
bers about issues that may affect them. As your Executive Director, I encourage you to
send your comments.
PLEASE visit the OTF Message Center on the OTF website at www.ohioturfgrass.org
and share your comments with us and your fellow turf professionals, or email me at
kthompson@offinger.com. Together, we will continue to strive to improve the turfgrass
industry in Ohio.
Cordially,
Kevin Thompson
OTF Executive Director

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COLUMBUS, OH
PERMIT #3825
PO Box 3388
Zanesville, OH 43702–3388
888–OTF–3445
Fax (740) 452–2552
OTF Board of Trustees 2001 OTF Officers OSU Turfgrass

Trustees President Science Team
Term Expires 2002 Len Dunaway
Dr. Michael J. Boehm
Xenia Power Equipment
Dr. Chuck Darrah The Ohio State University
CLC LABS President Elect Dept. Plant Pathology
Mark Heinlein
Hank Chafin Dr. Karl Danneberger
The Motz Group
Chafin Enterprises The Ohio State University
Vice President Dept. Hort. & Crop Science
Glen Pottenger John Mowat
Green Velvet Sod Farms Mr. Michael Fulton
Century Equipment
Trustees Treasurer Agricultural Technical Institute
Term Expires 2003 George Furrer
Dr. David Gardner
Lesco, Inc.
Mark Grunkemeyer The Ohio State University
Buckeye EcoCare Immediate Past President Dept. Hort. & Crop Science
Randy Tischer
Mark Jordan Dr. Parwinder Grewal
Green Velvet Sod Farms
Westfield Companies Country Club OARDC/OSU
Director of Education Dept. Entomology
Mark Rawlins
Dr. John R. Street
Longaberger Golf Club Dr. Ed McCoy
OARDC
Trustees Executive Director School of Natural Resources
Term Expires 2004 Kevin Thompson
Mr. Joseph W. Rimelspach (Chairman)
Boyd Montgomery OTF/Offinger Management Co.
Sylvania Recreation Dept. Plant Pathology
Lin Ropp Dr. Dave Shetlar
UHS The Ohio State University
Todd Voss Dept. Entomology
Double Eagle Golf Club Dr. John R. Street
Dept. Hort. & Crop Science
Dr. Daniel Voltz
Agricultural Technical Institute
Mr. David A. Willoughby
Agricultural Technical Institute

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Volume • 63 No.

The Newsletter of the Ohio Turfgrass Foundation

Hole # 13, Par 3, 163 yards at the

2001 OTF Conference & Show Update

September • October 2001

TurfNews distributes useful and timely advice,

New Growth and Technology

OTF Golf Tournament Considering Using a Compost

OTOTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 3

More Than 400 Turf Pros Turn Out

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 4

Highlights of the day include:

Gold Sponsor–$750 • Sponsor the Awards Dinner Phone ( )

OTF Member Yes No

Check Discover MasterCard Visa Organization

Date Rcvd Amt $ Mail or Fax with payment to:

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 7

Saturday, September 21—Visit Edinburgh Castle

Monday, December 3 Golf Technology Sessions

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 10

Landscape Technical Basics Golf Technology Sessions

Lawn Care—Technical Nuisance Pests Sessions

Lawn Care Business Management

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 11

FREE TRADE SHOW FOR EVERYONE!

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 12

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 14

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 15

Operation Method Timing & Frequency Apparatus

Sodding Same as seedbed preparation

Mowing — Do not remove more than 1/3 of Mowing heights vary:

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 16

Late Season Fertilization (LSF) for Cool Season Grasses

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 17

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 18

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 19

Considering Using a Compost

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 20

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 21

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 22

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 23

It makes more agronomic sense to apply postemergence materials,

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 24

Species Control Options Confused with

Mouse ear Chickweed MCPP or dicamba Common Chickweed

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 25

Species Preemergence Postemergence

Prostrate Pigweed bensulide, isoxaben 2,4-D or MCPP

Prostrate Spurge prodiamine, dithiopyr, 2,4-D, MCPP, dcamba

Black Medic MCPP, clopyralid,

Yellow Woodsorrel dithiopyr, isoxaben, triclopyr

Prostrate Knotweed prodiamine, isoxaben dicamba

Purslane dithiopyr, isoxaben, dicamba

Common Chickweed prodiamine, dithiopyr, MCPP or dicamba

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 26

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 27

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 28

Figure 4. Knotweed (top inset, pictured with crab-

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 29

Foliar Nematodes on Hosta

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 30

Fig. 1. Symptons of nematode infection on

OTF TurfNews • Vol 63 • No. 5 • 2001 • Page 31