Cleasby/Vigfusson Dictionary

AN
ICELANDIC-ENGLISH
DICTIONARY
BASED ON THE MS. COLLECTIONS OF
THE LATE RICHARD CLEASBY
ENLARGED AND COMPLETED
BY
GUDBRAND VIGFUSSON, ALA.
WITH AN INTRODUCTION AND LIFE OF RICHARD CLEASBY
BY GEORGE WEBBE DASENT, D.C.L.
Oxford
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
M.DCCC.LXXIV.
INTRODUCTION
THIS work is a Dictionary of the Old Icelandic Language, or (as it may be called) the Classical
Language of the Scandinavian race. The history of the preservation of this language in its ancient
form is remarkable. The Icelandic language, in old writers also called the Norse or the Danish
(Norna or Dnsk tunga), was spoken by the four great branches of the Scandinavian race who
peopled the countries abutting on the Baltic, the Norsemen or Northmen, Swedes, Danes, and Goths
(Nor!menn, Svar, Danir, and Gautar], as well as by the inhabitants of those parts of Northern
Russia which were then known by the name of Gardar*. At the beginning of the 9th century the
growing population of these countries, together with political changes and the naturally enterprising
character of the people, caused a great outward movement of the race. Under the leading of their
chieftains they set forth to seek for homes in other lands; and thus the gth century came to be known
by the name of the Age of the Vikings (Vikinga-OlcT), The stream of emigration increased in
volume, as tidings of the successes of the first adventurers reached the northern shores. The Swedes
continued to press eastward into the countries beyond the Baltic, while the Danes and Norsemen
steered boldly to the south and west, and chiefly to the shores of the British Isles. Two main
currents of this emigration by sea may be traced. First, the Danish, which directed its course to the
north-east of England, and at length occupied that district so completely that it received the name of
the Dena-lagu. The Saxon Chronicle is the chief authority for this part of the subjectf; the only old
Icelandic works which touch on it being the Egils Saga, which says that in the reign of Athelstan
almost every family of note in Northern England was Danish by the father's or the mother's side;
and the Ragnars Saga, which professes to give an historical account of the great Danish invasion,
but is almost as mythical as the Iliad. The second migration was Norse. These settlers gradually
peopled the coasts of Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Orkneys and Shetland, and the northern counties
of Scotland, Ross, Moray, and especially Caithness. In the year 852 A.D. the Norse sea-king Olave
the White reached Ireland with a large fleet, and founded a Norse principality at Dublin: the
foremost man among the Norsemen in Scotland was Earl Sigurd, uncle of Gngu-Hrolf. It is
probable that to this same emigration must be referred the conquest and occupation of Normandy. *
See the word Gardar in the Dictionary. t The Saxon Chronicle under the year 787 states that in that
year Danish ships first came to England. The Annales Cambriae record the same fact with regard to
Ireland under the year 795 : so also the Irish Annals, see Dr. Todd's Introduction to ' The War of the
Gaedhill with the Gaill/ p. xxxii (Rolls' Ed.). With this stream of Norsemen the colonisation of
Iceland also is closely connected. That island had already been discovered by a Viking named
Naddodd, who called it Snowland (Snland]; it was next seen by Gardar, a Swede, after whom it
was named Gardarsholm ; and lastly, the Viking Fldki gave it the name of Iceland, from seeing the
Isafjrd covered with polar ice. But the first settlers were Ingolf, son of Orn, and his foster-brother
Leif, who set sail about A.D. 870, and reached Iceland; they soon however passed on to Ireland,
whence after a few years they returned to Iceland, taking with them some Irish slaves. The year 874
is fixed by the chroniclers as the date of this final settlement. Leif was soon after murdered by his
unwilling Irish colonists; Ingolf remained alone and is regarded as the first settler in the island.
About the same time Harold Fair-hair had seized the throne of Norway, and, by the establishment of
despotic power, had become unbearable to the high-spirited and independent chiefs; and therefore
the newly-discovered island, bleak and desolate as it was, offered a welcome home to men who
had hitherto lived in the possession of equal and undisputed rights. Again, the Norsemen in the
British Isles became unsettled after the death of King Thorstein, Olave the White's son (the Oistin
Mac Amlabh of the Irish Annals), in the year 874 A.D. ; and they seem from that time to have begun
to migrate to Iceland. Conspicuous among these emigrants was Queen Au$r Djrpau&ga, King
Olave's widow, who set forth with almost all her kinsfolk and followers. It is probable that the
number of Norsemen who sailed from Ireland to Iceland was about equal to that of those who had
gone thither from Norway. They carried with them their families and such cultivation as they
possessed. They spoke that form of the Scandinavian tongue which prevailed on the western coast
of Norway; and as time went on, while new dialects formed themselves throughout Scandinavia, in
Iceland the old tongue rose to the dignity of a literary language, and thereby retained its original
form. It has thus been preserved to our days *. The first settlers formed an independent aristocracy,
or republic, which continued for nearly four hundred years. Up to the end of the loth century they
held the heathen faith and practised the rites of heathen worship : Christianity was accepted as the
faith of the island in the year 1000 A.D. Two centuries and a half after this change of faith (A.D.
1262) the Icelanders made willing submission to the king of Norway, that is, as has been said, about
four hundred years after the first discovery of the island. It was during this period that the Laws and
Sagas of Iceland were written. Some idea of the extent and variety of this literature may be formed
from the compendious account which is subjoined to this Preface. Tales of an historical and
mythological character were committed to writing, being for the most part narratives of the feats of
heroes abroad and at home, and belonging to the times before the year 1030 A.D., which may fairly
be called the patriarchal age of Icelandic history; and in these tales, with poems, laws, and
documents of various kinds, the old Scandinavian tongue, as spoken and written by the Icelanders
in the period ranging from goo to 1262 A.D., has been handed * See the Landnma, the Laxdaela
Saga, and the Irish Annals; and, for details, Mr. Dasent's Paper in the Oxford Essays for 1858, pp.
176 sqq., and his Introduction to 'The Story of Burnt Njal/ Edinburgh 1861. down to us in a form
which may justly be called classical. In Sweden and Norway the old Scandinavian tongue is
preserved in writing only on the scanty Runic monuments. The earliest Danish and Swedish written
laws are believed not to be earlier than the middle and end of the I3th century, by which time the
common language in these lands had already undergone great changes, although the modern Danish
and Swedish were not yet formed. In Norway, however, a considerable literature of the I3th century
survives; and the old language lasted longer there than in the sister countries. This literature consists
of laws, diplomas, homilies, and translations of French romances; and these works are quoted in
this Dictionary together with the Icelandic. These documents belong to the period embraced by the
reign of King Hakon, A.D. 1216-1263 but, though valuable, they do not make an original
literature. Only in Iceland did a living literature spring up and flourish; there alone the language has
been handed down to us with unbroken tradition and monuments, from the first settlement of the
island to the present day. It is believed that the present Dictionary will furnish not only a complete
glossary of the words used in this old classical literature, but also a full account of the forms and
inflexions of the verbs, with copious citations of passages in which each word occurs, with
references carefully verified, and explanations given whenever they seem to be required; and, at the
same time, though the Dictionary is mainly intended for the old authors, both in prose and poetry, it
endeavours to embrace an account of the whole language, old and new. A few words must be added
to explain the origin and history of the work. Many years ago, RICHARD CLEASBY projected a
General Dictionary of the Old Scandinavian Language; and in 1840 he left England to settle in
Copenhagen, the chief seat and centre of Scandinavian learning and the home of the best collection
of Icelandic MSS., for the purpose of preparing himself for his work and of obtaining the assistance
of Icelandic students in collecting materials; among these Mr. Konrad Gislason's name ought
especially to be mentioned. Mr. Cleasby was a man of independent means, an excellent scholar,
held in high esteem by foreign scholars, devoted to his work, and shunning no labour to make it
perfect. He reserved for himself the old prose literature ; while Dr. Egilsson was engaged on the
poetical vocabulary, towards the expenses of which Mr. Cleasby promised to contribute, so that he
may be said to have been the chief promoter of that work also. The MS. of the Poetical Dic- tionary
was ready for publication in the year 1846. In the following year Mr. Cleasby caused five words
brag!, ba, at (conjunction), af (preposition), and ok (conjunction) to be set up in type as
specimens of the projected Prose Dictionary. These he sent to several foreign friends, and among
others to Jacob Grimm, who returned a most kind and friendly answer, warmly approving of the
plan as indicated in the specimens, and adding many good wishes that Mr. Cleasby might have
health and life to complete the work. Unhappily these wishes were not to be realised, In the autumn
of the same year he was taken ill, but was in a fair way to recovery, when, by resuming work too
soon, he suffered a relapse. His illness took the form of typhus fever, and he died insensible,
without being able to make arrangements respecting his papers and collections. Desirous to
continue the work which he had begun, and in which he was so deeply interested, Cleasby's heirs
decided to bear the expense of continuing it. The task of doing this was entrusted to Konrad
Gislason, a son of Gisli Konradsson who for half a century was a prolific and popular Icelandic
author. Konrad had assisted Cleasby in his study of Icelandic from November 1839, and had, along
with other Icelanders, been employed on the dictionary from April 1840. From 1846 onwards he
made many important contributions to Icelandic studies, and was professor of Icelandic in the Uni-
versity of Copenhagen from 1853 to 1886. With so eminent a scholar, whose special studies were in
the early Icelandic language and literature, the dictionary was in good hands, all the more as he also
had capable assistants, among whom were Gisli Magnusson, Benedikt Grndal, Eirikur Jonsson,
and Gunnlaugur !ordarson. By their combined work the material collected for the dictionary had
been so far dealt w
r
ith that by 1854 it had been put into dictionary form for the whole alphabet and
made available for general use by the meaning of the words being correctly rendered in English,
although for the editor and his colleagues this was an acquired language. At this stage, however,
Cleasby's heirs had misgivings as to the time that might still be required to complete the work, and
decided to have the manuscript immediately sent to England, where it was placed at the disposal of
Mr. (afterwards Sir) G. Webbe Dasent, who had shown his interest in, and knowledge of, Icelandic
by his translations of the Prose Edda (1842) and Rask's grammar (1843). In the year 1855 Dasent
proposed to the Delegates of the Clarendon Press to undertake the publication of the dictionary.
The matter, however, remained in abeyance till 1864, when Dasent again brought it before the
Delegates. They were persuaded to renew their engagement with him to undertake the publication
of the work. He stated, however, to the Delegates that the papers were left in an imperfect state, and
asked them to grant a sum of money for the purpose of securing the services of an Icelandic scholar
in completing the work. This was also agreed to; and Dasent, in the course of the same year, secured
the services of Gudbrand Vigfusson, an Icelander born, already well known for his learning, and for
his labours in the field of his native literature. Vigfusson, like Gislason, had been a student in
Copenhagen, and from 1860 onwards had established his reputation as an Icelandic scholar by
editing some important sagas and other works as well as by his articles on various subjects. In
entering the field of lexicography he was undertaking something new, for which, however, the way
had already been prepared for him. The manuscript dictionary compiled in Copen- hagen has
fortunately been preserved, so that Vigfusson's share in producing the printed work can readily be
made out. For many of the words it was only necessary to make minor changes, occasionally of
definitions, but more frequently of references, these being usefully altered to ap"ly to a printed text
in place of the manuscript from which they had originally been copied. In many entries, usually of
minor importance, the quotations given in the manuscript dictionary were omitted, in order no
doubt to save space, as the entry was thus reduced to one line instead of two or three. On the other
hand, the space given to words of some importance or interest, especially those relating to Icelandic
culture or history, was frequently enlarged and the article made more informative. The model for the
elaborate treatment of the commonest verbs had already been set by Gislason, whose articles on
these also supplied the bulk of the numerous quotations. While thus to a great extent making use of,
and at the same time improving, the material ready to his hand, Vigfusson made various additions to
it, mainly from Old Icelandic texts not previously printed, or from the Norse-Danish dictionary of
Johan Fritzner published in 1867. A further addition to the vocabulary was the inclusion of a
number of words not recorded in the older literature, but making their appearance at any time
during or after the fifteenth century. As no systematic collection of these had ever been made, it was
only to a few of them that it was possible to supply a date or a reference, and Vigfusson cited most
of them simply as 'modern' or 'modern word' or 'now freq.', thus unfortunately helping to confirm
the idea that there is a definite breach between 'old' and 'modern' Icelandic. For quite a number of
such words dates could readily have been found in texts with which Vigfusson was familiar, or in
the early dictionaries by Runolfur Jonsson (1651) and Gudmundur Andrsson (a 1654). Even those
which are included in the supplement to this edition of the dictionary are no more than an imperfect
attempt to fill the gap still existing between the records of the two main periods of Icelandic
literature. This Preface, as far as the fourth line of p. vi, is reprinted from that written by Dean
Liddell for the first part of the dictionary, which was published in 1869. The short paragraph on the
same page is partly abridged from the same source; otherwise the matter on pages vi and vii either
has been rewritten or, for the most part, is entirely new. The Introduction, the life of Richard
Cleasby, and the Specimens, occupying sixty-four pages in the first edition, are omitted in this one
and the space added to the more essential supplement. W. A. C. The sources for the Icelandic part of
this work are the following. 1. Mr. Cleasby's collections, which have in words, phrases, and
references supplied about one-half of the materials for the present work. 2. The Lexicon Poticum,
by Dr. Sveinbjrn Egilsson, born 1791, died 1852, a most excellent work, which has served as a
chief guide in references from the old poetical language. 3. Fritzner's Dictionary, by Johan Fritzner,
a Norse clergyman, begun shortly after the year 1850, and completed in 1867. It is a very rich and
good collection, entirely independent of Mr. Cleasby, and has afforded much valuable assistance
throughout. 4. Bjrn Halldrsson's Dictionary, Icelandic and Latin. The author, an excellent
Icelandic clergyman, was born about 1715, and died 1794, and his work was published in 1814 by
Rask, who also translated the original renderings into Danish: it is well known from the fact that
Grimm in his Grammar has taken from it almost all his collection of the vocabulary of the Icelandic
language. 5. Alt-Nordisches Glossar, by Theodor Mbius, 1866, a limited but independent
collection, which has afforded many happy references. 6. The Dictionary published in Copenhagen
in 1860 (Old-Nordisk Ordbog). This book has evidently been compiled from Cleasby's papers in
Copenhagen: it omits all references. It has been of some use, as it has here and there shewn where
words have been omitted in the transcripts now at Oxford. 7. Earlier Glossaries: a. Specimen Lexici
Islandici, by Magnus Olafsson, an Icelandic clergyman, died 1636, published under the name
Specimen Lexici Runici in 1650 by the Danish scholar Ole Worm, who also wrote it in the Runic
character. This is the first Icelandic Glossary alphabetically arranged, and contains from 1200 to
1500 words with references. Hence the word ' Runick/ as applied to Icelandic, in Hickes and
Johnson. 0. Lexicon Islandicum, by Gudmundus Andreae, an Icelander, died 1654, published by
Resen in 1683; it derives all words from Hebrew: not very interesting and without references. y.
Monosyllaba Islandica, by Rugman, an Icelander, 1676; it contains about 1400 such words. 8. Index
Linguae Veteris Scytho-Scandicae sive Gothicae, by Olaf Verelius, a Swedish scholar, died 1682,
published by Rudbeck in 1691; a fairly done work, containing about 12,000 words with references
from MSS. e. Lexicon Islandicum, a large collection made by Jn Olafsson, born 1705, died 1779;
it has not been published but is preserved in MS. in Copenhagen and has therefore not been within
reach, but illustrations from it are now and then given from memory. &. Sk#ringar, by Pl Vdaln,
died 1727; a commentary on obsolete law terms, published at Reykjavik in 1854. 8. Indexes along
with Editions, etc., e. g. the 12th volume of Fornmanna Sgur: Lexicon Mythologicum, by Finn
Magnusen, affixed to the large edition of Smundar Edda: Indexes to Njla, Grgs, Annlar, etc.:
Indexes along with Chrestomathies, e. g. Dieterich, a German scholar; as also Dieterich's Runic
Glossary (Runen-schatz), 1844: Physical Index in the Itinerary or Travels of Eggert Olafsson,
Copenhagen 1772 : Index on Medical Terms in Flags-rit, 1789, 1790: Botanical Index in
Hjaltalin's Icelandic Botany, 1830: Indexes of Proper Names in Landnma, 1843; i
n
Fornmanna
Sgur, vol. xii, and Flateyjar-bk, vol. iii; in Munch's Beskrivelse over N.orge (Geography of
Norway), 1849. 9. Mr. Vigfusson's own collections and such additions and illustrations as he has
been enabled to make through his knowledge of his own mother-tongue. The sources for the
etymological part are chiefly the following. Jacob Grimm, Deutsche Grammatik, a work which
embraces all Teutonic languages. For Gothic, the Glossary to Ulfilas, by Gabelenz and Loebe, 1843.
For Anglo-Saxon, Dr. Bosworth's Anglo-Saxon Dictionary; as also Grein's Poetical Glossary
(Sprach- schatz), 1861 and 1864. For Early English, the Ormulum, an old gospel paraphrase by
Orm or Ormin (a Scandinavian name), published by Dr. White in 1852; it affords many illustrations
of Scandinavian words, but it is chiefly curious for philological purposes because of the careful
distinction it makes between short and long vowels. For Northern English and Scottish, Jamieson's
Dictionary. For Old Saxon, Schmeller's Glossary to Heliand, an Old Saxon gospel harmony, 1840,
For Old and Middle High German, Graff's Sprach-schatz, and Mittelhoch-Deutsches Wrterbuch,
1854 sqq.
CLASSIFICATION OF WORKS AND AUTHORS CITED IN THIS DICTIONARY.
N. B,The authors of most of the Icelandic Sagas are unknown; the works are therefore died, not
the authors, even where they are known.
A. POETRY.Kvi$a generally denotes a narrative poem; ml a poem in dialogue or didactic;
Ij$, sngr a lay, song; tal a genealogical, drpa a laudatory heroic poem; rima a rhyme or rhapsody.
I, MYTHICAL POEMS :Vlu-sp, Hva-ml (mythical-didactic), Grmnis-ml, Vaf"r$nis-
ml, Skrnis-ml, Alvs-ml, Loka-senna, Harbar$s-lj$, Vegtams-kvi$a, |jryms-kvi$a, H#mis-
kvi$a, Hyndlu-lj$, Forspjalls-lj$ (mod.) 2. Poems in the form of a ' drpa,' but upon mythical
subjects:Haustlng, Hs-drapa, Jirs-drpa, Bagnars-kvi$a.
II. HEROICAL :Ffnis-ml, Sigrdrfu-ml, Ham$is-ml, Sigur$ar-kvi$a (in three poems),
Gu$rnar-kvi$a (in three poems), Brynhildar-kvi$a, Atla-kvi$a, Atla-ml, Vlundar-kvi$a, Rgs-
ml, Helga-kvi$a Hjrvar$s-sonar, Helga- kvi$a Hvmdings-bana (in two poems), Helrei$
Brynliildar, Oddrnar-grtr, Gu$rnar-h.efna, Grotta-sngr, Gr-galdr, Fjlsvinns-ml, Ynglinga-
tal, Hleygja-tal, Bjarka-ml, Getspeki Hei$reks, and other poems in Hervarar Saga, Darra$ar-lj$.
Most of these poems (in 1. II) are contained in the old collection commonly called Ssemundar
Edda: the various editions differ in the distribution of the verses; in this Dictionary references are
made to the edition of Mbius, Leipzig 1860; that of Sophus Bugge, Christiania 1867, has now
superseded all former editions, and is cited in special instances.
III. HISTORICAL :Hfu$-lausn, Sona-torrek, Arinbjarnar-drpa (all published in the Egils
Saga), Hkonar-ml (published in Hkr. i), Vell-ekla, Darra$ar-lj$, Rekstefja. 2. Poems later than
the middle of the 12th century:Krku-ml (published in Fas. i), Hugsvinns-ml (paraphrase of
Gate's Disticha), Slar-Ij$ (published along with Smundar Edda), Htta-tal (published along with
the Edda), Jmsvkinga-drpa, slendinga-drpa, Merlinus-sp (an Icelandic metrical paraphrase of
Geoffrey of Monmouth), Mlshtta-kv$i (collection of proverbs in a MS. Cod. Reg. of Edda),
Konunga-tal (published in Flateyjar-bk ii. 520 sqq.), Placidus-drpa, Harm-sl, Lei$ar-vsan,
Lknar-braut (religious poems, edited by Dr. Egilsson, published 1833 and 1844), Geisli (published
in P'b. i. beginning), Gu$muodar-drpa (published in Bs. ii. 187 sqq.), Lilja or the Lily (published in
H.E. ii. 398 sqq.), both poems of the I4th century. 3. lafa-rma (published in Fb. i. 8 sqq.), Skld-
Helga-rmur (published in Grnl. Hist. Mind, ii), ^prymlur, Vlsungs-rmur (edited by Mbius),
Sk$a- rma (a satirical poem of the I4th or 15th century), etc.
IV. POETS CITED :Bragi (pth century) ; Hornklofi, Jy$lfr Hvinverski (gth or loth century);
Egill, Kormakr, Eyvindr Sklda-spillir (all of the loth century); Hallfre$r (born 968, died 1008);
Sighvatr, Arnrr (both of the nth century) ; Einarr Sklason (i2th century), etc.
B. LAWS.The Icelanders and Norsemen first began to write their laws at the end of the nth and
the beginning of the I2th century; before that time all laws were oral.
I. LAWS OF THE ICELANDIC COMMONWEALTH :Grgs (vide that word), a collection
of the laws of the Commonwealth, published in two volumes by the Arna-Magnaean Legate,
Copenhagen 1829. Parts or sections of the law are, Kristinna-laga-bttr, frnigskapa-"ttr, Vg-sl$i,
Bauga-tal, Tundar-lg, Landbrig$a-bttr, Arfa-"ttr, maga-blkr, Festa-"ttr, Lgrttu-bttr,
Lgsgumanns-bttr, etc. These laws are chiefly contained in two private collections or MSS. of the
izth century, called Konungs-bk (marked Grg. Kb.) and Sta$arhls-bk (marked Grg. Sb.) ; the
new edition (Copenhagen 1853) is a copy of the Konungs-bk ; but the Arna-Magn. edition, which
is cited in this Dictionary, is a compilation from both MSS., having however Sta$arhls-bk as its
groundwork. The Kristin-rttr jborlaks ok Ketils (K. p. K.) is cited from a separate edition
(Copenhagen 1775).
II. LAWS OF NORWAY contained in a collection in three volumes, called Norges Gamle Love
(published by Munch and Keyser, Christiania 1846, 1847). The 1st vol. is most frequently cited, and
contains the laws of Norway previous to A. D. 1263; the 3rd vol. contains .Rttar-btr or Royal
Writs, cited by the number. The Gulabings-lg or Lands-log, = the Code of King Magnus (died
1281), is contained in the 2nd vol. of this collection, but is cited from a separate edition
(Copenhagen 1817).
III. ICELANDIC LAWS, given after the union with Norway:Kristin-rttr Arna biskups
(published at Copenhagen in 1777); Jrn-s$a (Copenhagen 1847), the Law of Iceland from A.D.
1272-1280; Jns-bk (Hlum 1709) is the Icelandic Code of Laws of A.D. 1280 (still in use in
Iceland).
C. HISTORIES OR TALES OF A MYTHICAL CHARACTER.
I. EDDA OR SNORRA EDDA:In this Dictionary only the prose work of Snorri Sturluson (born
1178, died 1241) is cited under this name; the poems of the so-called Sxmimdar Edda are all cited
separately by their names (vide A). The Edda consists of three parts, the Gylfa-ginning or Mythical
Tales (pp. 1-44), Skldskapar-ml or the Poetical Arts and Diction (pp. 45-110), Htta-tal (marked
Edda Ht.) = a poem on the metres, and lastly, ;"ulur or Rhymed Glossary of Synonymes (marked
Edda Gl.) The edition cited is that of Dr. Egilsson, Reykjavik (1848) in one vol.; the Arna-Magn.
(1848 sqq.) in two vols. (the third is still in the press) is now and then referred to. The Edda is
chiefly preserved in three vellum MSS., the Konungs-bk (Kb.), the Orms-bk (Ob.), and the
Uppsala-bk (Ub.), which is published in the Arna-Magn. Ed. ii. 250-396. 2. The prose parts of the
Smundar Edda (here marked Sm.)
II. MYTHICAL SAGAS OR HISTORIES :Fornaldar Sogtir, a collection published in three
volumes by Rafn, Copenhagen 1829,1830 : the 1st vol. contains Hrlfs Saga Kraka (pp. 1-109),
Vlsunga Saga (pp. 115-234, again published by Bugge, Christiania 1865), Bagnars Saga (pp.
235-299 and 345-360), Sgu-brot or Skjoldunga Saga (a fragment, pp. 363-368), Hervarar Saga
(pp. 411-533), JKTorna-Gests Saga (pp. 319-342): the 2nd vol. contains Halfs Saga (pp. 25-60),
Fri$"jfs Saga (PP- 63-100 and 488-503), rvar-Odds Saga (almost wholly fabulous) : the 3rd vol.,
Gautreks Saga (pp. 1-53) : the rest are mere fables, and belong to G below. Hemings-battr, from the
Flateyjar-bk, 3rd vol., partly cited from MSS.; this tale contains a myth parallel to that of William
Tell. 2. Ynglinga Saga by Snorri Sturluson, containing lives of the mythical kings of Sweden from
Odin down to tire historical time, cited from Heimskringla, 1st vol.
D. SLENDINGA SGUR OR HISTORIES referring to the ICELANDIC
COMMONWEALTH and the time following the union with Norway.
I. SAGAS OR HISTORIES OF THE GENERAL HISTORY OF ICELAND :Landnma or
Landnma-bk, a History of the Discovery and Settlement of Iceland, originally written by Ari
Fr$i (born 1067, died 1148), but worked out into its present form by Sturla J*r$arjon (born 1214,
died 1284); this important work is cited from the Copenhagen Ed. of 1843, where the figures are x
CLASSIFICATION OF WORKS AND AUTHORS separated with a (-); the first figure marks 'a
part* ("ttr), the second a chapter. Landnma (Hb.) denotes the text of the vellum MS. Hauks-bok.
Landnama Mantissa means an appendix affixed to the book in the printed editions, slendinga-bk
by Ari Frfti, from the Ed. of 1843 (published along with Landnama). Kristni Saga (Introduction of
Christianity), cited from Biskupa' Sgur, vide below. Sturlunga Saga or slendinga Saga Mn mikla
by Sturla "r$arson, relates the history of Iceland, especially of the i$th century up to the union
with Norway, cited from the Ed. of 1817-1820, in four volumes; the last volume however,
containing the Arna biskups Saga, is quoted from the Biskupa Sgur below. The chief MS. ofi this
work is.in the British Museum, 11,127 ; the letter C after the figures denotes the vellum MS. Arna-
Magn. 122, fasc. A.
II. SAGAS OR LIVES OF MEN OR FAMILIES referring to the Icelandic 'Saga time,' i.e. the
loth century down to about A. D. 1030 or 1050, properly called slendinga Sgur. 1. The Larger
Sagas :Njla or Njls Saga, published at Copenhagen in 1772 ; the Latin translation by
Johnsonius, Copenhagen 1809 with Icelandic various readings, is cited now and then; cp. Burnt
Njal by Mr. Dasent. Laxdla Saga, Copenhagen 1826; the later part of Laxdla also exists in a
better form in a vellum MS. Arna-Magn. 309, but is not as yet published. Egils Saga or Egla,
Copenhagen 1809. Eyrbyggja Saga or Eyrbyggja, Ed. 1787, and Leipzig 1864, where the pages of
the old Ed. are marked in the margin. 2. The Smaller Sagas: LjBvetninga Saga, VaJla-Ljots
Saga, Svarfdla Saga, Reykdsela Saga, Vga-Glms Saga, all five cited from the octavo volume
called slendinga Sgur, 2nd vol. .Copenhagen 1830: Har$ar Saga(pp.i-nS), Hnsa-;"ris Saga (pp.
121-186), Gunnlaugs Saga (pp. 189-276), Hei$arviga Saga (pp. 320-392), all four cited from the
collection called slendinga Sgur, 2nd vol., Copenhagen 1847: Gisla Saga Surssonar, Bjarnar Saga
Hitdla-kappa, Hrafnkels Saga, Droplaugar- Sona Saga, Vpnfir$inga Saga, fjorsteins Saga hvta,
jborsteins-bttr Stangar-hoggs, all seven cited from the small editions, 1847,1848; the chapters in
Gisla Saga, when quoted, refer to the old edition, Hlum 1756: Kormaks Saga, edited separately,
Copenhagen 1832: Vatnsdla Saga (pp. 1-80), Floaznanna Saga (pp. 117-161), Hallfre$ar Saga (pp.
83-115), ill these three Sagas are published and cited from a collection called Forn-sgur, Leipzig
1860: Bandamanna Saga, Hvar$ar Saga, Grettis Saga (an A after the figures denotes the vellum
MS. Arna-Magn. 556 A), lkofra-bttr, all these four Sagas are cited from the quarto volume
Margfr$ir Sgu-"ttir, Hlum 1756 (of Grettis Saga a new edition appeared iu 1853, and of
Hvar$ar Saga in 1860; of Bandamanna Saga an earlier and better text is preserved in a vellum MS:
2845 Royal Libr. Copenhagen, cited Band. (MS.), but is not published) : J*orfLnns Saga Karls-
efnis, cited from Greenland's Historiike Mindesmaerker i. 352-442, a part is also published in
Antiquitates Americanae : ôrsteins Saga B$u-Hallssonar, cited from Analecta, by Mbius, Leipzig
1860, pp. 169-186: Gull-fx5ris Saga by Maurer, Leipzig 1857, cited by the pages of the MS. which
are marked in the margin of the Ed.: Fstbr$ra Saga, Ed. 1822, new Ed. 1852 : Njar$vkinga Saga
or Gunnars-bttr f$randa-bana, published at the end of Laxdla, pp. 363-384: ;"orvaldg Saga
V$frla, published in Biskupa Sgur i. 33-50. Many of these Sagas were undoubtedly written in
the I2th century, although preserved in later MSS.; some, although old, have been worked out into
their present shape by historians of the I3th century (e.g. Eyrbyggja, Laxdla, and Njla); some few
of them have only reached us in the more modern and artificial style of the I3th or I4th century.
III. SAGAS OR LIVES OF THE ICELANDIC BISHOPS from A. D. 1056-1330, collected and
edited under the title of Biskupa Sgur: Vol. i, Copenhagen 1858, contains Kristni Saga, pp. 1-32,
vide above; Hungr-vaka or Lives of the First Five Bishops of Skalholt, pp. 59-86; forlks Saga, pp.
89-124, 263-332; Jns Saga, pp. 151-260; Pals Saga, pp. 127-148; Gu$- mundar Saga, pp.
407-618 ; rna Saga, pp. 679-786 (bishop Arne died 1298); Laurentius Saga by Einar Hafli$ason,
the last Icelandic historian of the olden time, born 1307, died 1393, pp. 789-914 (bishop Laurentius
died 1330); Bafns Saga and Arons Saga are printed as an appendix, vol. i, pp. 639-676, 619-638.
Vol. ii, pp. 1-230, contains another recension of Gu$mundar Saga, written by Abbot Arngrim, who
died 1361 : the following pages (ii. 230 sqq.) are lives of the bishops of the Reformation period.
IV. ANNALS:slenzkir Annlar or Annals of Iceland, containing Kontmgs-annall or Ann. Regii,
an important vellum in Gamle Kongel. Saml., 2087,4to, published in Langebek's Script, rerr. Dan.
vol. iii; cp. also the Hauks-annll, Hla-annll, Flateyjar- ann.11, Lgmanns-annll, etc. A
collection of Annals embracing the time from the settlement of Iceland up to A. D. 1430 was
published at Copenhagen in 1847, and is cited by years.
V. SKKK-SGUR OR FABULOUS SAGAS:Br$ar Saga, from Ed. Hlum 1756, new Ed.
1860; Viglundar Saga, Ed. 1756, new Ed. 86o; fir$ar Saga hre$u, Ed. 1756, new Ed. 1848, and
1860 (partly) ; Kjalnesinga Saga, cited from slendinga Sgur, Ed. 1847 ; Krka-Refs Saga, Ed.
1756; Finnboga Saga, Ed. 1812, along with the old Ed. of Vatnsdla: forsteins-"ttr uxafts, Orms-
"ttr Strlfssonar, Jborleifs-"ttr Jarlasklds, all three in Fb. i. and in Fms. iii: Brandkrossa-battr,
Ed. 1847 : Bolla-bttr, published along with the Laxdla : Stjrnu-Odda Draumr, Ed. 1780, new
Ed. 1860.
E. KONUNGA SGUR OR LIVES OF KINGS, PRINCES, AND EARLS OF
FOREIGN COUNTRIES, etc.
I, SAGAS OR LIVES OF THE KINGS OF NORWAY AND DENMARK, contained in a great
collection published in twelve volumes, Copenhagen 1835-1837, under the title of Fornmanna
Sgur:Vols. i-v contain the lives of the kings of Norway from the end of the 9th century to A. D.
1030 : vol. vi contains Magnus Saga G$a and Haraldar Saga Har$r$a (died 1066) : vol. vii goes
down to A. D. 1176; the best text of both vols. vi and vii are contained in a great Icelandic MS.
called Hulda (cited now and then): vol. viii contains the Sverris Saga by Karl bti (Abbot Carle),
who died 1213; the king Sverrir died 1202-: vol. ix, pp. 229-535, and vol. x, pp. 1-154, contain
Hkonar Saga by Sturla br$arson, king Hacon died 1263: vol. xi contains the lives of the kings of
Denmark, viz. Jmsvkinga Saga (pp. 1-162, a shorter recension of the Saga is preserved in an
Icelandic MS. at Stockholm, and cited from the Ed. 1824) ; Knytlinga Saga (pp. 179-402) = lives of
the Danish kings from king Canute down to the end of the I2th century: in the loth vol. there are
besides, grip (pp. 377-421), a compendium of the lives of the kings of Norway; Olafs Saga
Tryggvasonar by Oddr Munkr, who lived in the 12th century (pp. 216-376), another recension of
the same work is edited by Munch, Christiania 1853 (and here marked 0. T.) : vol. xii contains
registers, etc. Heims-kringla, vols. i-iii, cited from the folio edition, Copenhagen 1777-1783,
contains the lives of the kings of Norway in a text mostly identical with Fornmanna Sgur vols. i-
vii, and is therefore sparingly cited; but the Heimskringla alone gives the Ynglinga Saga, vide C. II:
a new edition by Unger has been published, Christiania 1868. Codex Frisianus, a vellum MS. of the
Heimskringla, fasc. I, Christiania 1869. lafs Saga Helga by Snorri Sturluson, who died 1241, cited
0. H., Christiania 1853, is identical with Fornmanna Sgur vols.'iv. v, and Heimskringla vol. ii, but
contains the best text of this Saga. Fagrskinna, Christiania 1847, contains a short history of the
kings of Norway down to the end of the I2th century. Morkinskinna, an old vellum containing the
lives of king Harald Har$r$i and the following kings, by C. R. Unger, Christiania 1867. Ingvars
Saga by Brocman, Stockholm 1762. Eymundar Saga, cited from Fb. ii. and Fms. v; the Saga is
given in Antiquits Russes. Olafs Saga Helga (O. H. L.), a legendary life of St. Olave, Christiania
1849. Flateyjar-bk, edited in three volumes, Christiania 1860-1868, contains the text of
Fornmanna Sgur, besides many other things, and is often cited (Fb.) Here may also be mentioned
Sklda-tal or Catalogue of Ancient Poets and Kings, published by Mbius in his Catalogus, Leipzig
1856; but again edited by Jn Sigurdsson in Edda iii. pp. 251-286 (still in the press).
II. SAGAS referring to other countries:Orkneyinga Saga, also called Jarla Saga, the Lives of the
Earls of Orkney from the earliest time down to the end of the i-zth century, cited from the new
edition of Mr. Dasent, not yet issued, the old Ed. A. D. 1780; the whole Saga is given in the
Flateyjar-bk. Magnus Saga Eyja-jarls, the Life of St. Magnus, Ed. 1780. Freyinga Saga, the
History of the Faro Islands, Copenhagen 1832, from the Flateyjar-bk. Grnlendinga-bttr or
Einars-bttr Sokka-Bonar, cited from Flateyjar-bk iii. 445-454. Jtvar$ar Saga, the Life of Edward
the Confessor, Ed. 1852, also contained in Flateyjar-bk iii. 463-472. svalds Saga, the Life of
King Oswald, Ed. 1854. Thomas Saga Erkibiskups, the Life of Thomas Becket, cited from a MS.
5311 in the British Museum, a transcript of an Icelandic vellum MS. called Thomas-skinna; another
recension of this Saga is in an Icelandic MS. at Stockholm: it is now in the press under the care of
linger, Christiania, whose edition is now and then cited (Thorn. Ed.), vide e. g. gjafmildi. Bmverja
Sgur, edited in Prover, pp. 108-386, is a paraphrase of Sallust's Bellum Jugurt. and Lucan's
Pharsalia. Veraldar Saga, a short Universal History,' Sex Aetates Mundi,' cited from Prover, pp.
64-103. We may also here record the forfinns Saga (vide above, D. II. 2) and Vnlands-J)ttr, from
Flateyjar-bk vol. i, wrongly inserted in the editions of the Heimskringla vol. i, published by Raft)
in Antiquitates Americanae, Copenhagen, pp. 7-78 : these two Sagas refer to the discovery of
America at the end of the loth and the beginning of the nth centuries.
F. SACRED OR LEGENDARY LORE.
I. STJRN OR A BIBLICAL PARAPHRASE of the Historical Books of the Old Testament by
bishop Brand (died 1264), edited by Unger, Christiania 1862 ; also sometimes called Gy$inga
Sgur. The first part, pp. 1-319, is a scholastic compilation from Genesis, Exodus, Petrus Comestor,
and the Speculum Historiale, and was composed about A. D. 1300, but the whole work is now
called by the name of Stjrn.
II. HOMILIES, etc.The Homilies and Sermons of St. Gregory* marked Greg. Homiliu-bk or
Book of Homilies, by Unger, Christiania 1864, marked Horn.; the figures refer to the pages of the
MS. Arna-Magn. 619, which are marked in the edition: another old vellum MS. of Homilies at
Stockholm (marked Horn. St.) is not published. Elucidarius, Ed. in Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1858 ; the
figures mark the pages of the MS. noted in the edition.
III. HELGRA-MANNA SGUR OR LIVES OF SAINTS, etc.:Barlaams Saga (by Joh.
Damasc.), Unger's Ed., Christiania 1851: Clemens
1
Saga (Clement Alexandr.): Martinus Saga (St.
Martin of Tours), from vellum MS. Arna-Magn. 645 : Blasius Saga (St. Blaise), from vellum MS.
Arna-Magn. 623: Mariu Saga (Virgin Mary), from MS. Arna-Magn. 656 A. and other MSS., is now
edited by C. R. Unger, Christiania, and often cited both in the Grammar and Dictionary:
Ni$rstigningar Saga or History of the Descent to Hell, a rendering of the later part of the
Apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus, from MSS. Arna-Magn. 645, pp. 102-110, and 623, pp. i-io :
Andreas Saga, MS. Arna-Magn. 625 : Johannes Saga baptistae, MS. Arna-Magn. 623 : Postula
Sgur, from various MSS., Arna-Magn. 645, 656 C, etc.; a printed copy (Vi$ey 1836) is now and
then used: Theophilus, edited by Mr. Dasent, 1842, now again published as part of the Mar. Saga.
Antonius Saga, Augustinus Saga, Pals Saga Postula, cited from Arna-Magn. 234 fol. Many other
small legendary stories are besides cited (without name) from the Arna-Magn. MSS. nos. 656, 655
(the Roman numerals denote parts or fasciculi), 623, 645, 677. Many ol these tales and homilies are
preserved in very old MSS., and belong to the earliest stage of Icelandic literature.
G. ROMANCES OR FABLES, rendered mostly from French and Latin.
I. HISTORICAL ROMANCES :Alexanders Saga (from the Alexandreis of Philip Gautier), by
Unger, Christiania 1848 : Karla-Magnus Saga (Charlemagne), by Unger, Christiania 1860: jbi$reks
Saga af Bern (Dieterich), by Unger, Christiania 1853: Breta- Sgur, the first part also called
Trojumanna Sgur, chiefly founded upon Geoffrey of Monmouth's Hist. Brit, and Dares Phrygius,
edited in Ann. for Nord. Oldk., Copenhagen 1848, 1849.
II. MYTHICAL:Artus-kappa Sogur, containing Parcevals Saga, Ivents Saga, Valvents Saga,
Mottuls Saga, Erreks Saga, cited from MS. 4859 in the British Museum : Elis Saga, Brings Saga,
Flovent Saga, Magus Saga, all four cited from vellum MS. Arna-Magn. 580; the last is also at times
quoted from an edition: Tristams Saga, in MS. Arna-Magn. 443, but only cited from Fritzner's
Dictionary: Mirmants Saga, cited from MS. 4859 in the British Museum : Bevus Saga; Claras Saga.
p. Strengleikar or Lays of the Britons, edited by Unger, Christiania 1850.
III. LYGA-SGUR OR STORIES fabricated in Iceland :The greater part of Fornaldar Sgur,
2nd and 3rd vols., vide above; f*jalar- Jns Saga, Konr$s Saga Keisara Sonar, and many others.
H. WORKS OF A LEARNED OR SCHOLASTIC CHARACTER.
I. PHILOLOGICAL:Sklda, a collection of three or four Icelandic philological treatises of the
I2th to the I4th century, preserved in one of the MSS. of the Edda (Orms-bk), and therefore usually
published as an appendix to that book, and in many modern works quoted under the name of Edda ;
it is here cited under the name of Sklda. Sklda is a traditionary name in Iceland, although it is
sometimes applied to the Skldskapar-nil, vide C ; the earliest and by far the most interesting
perhaps the earliest philological treatise in any Teutonic languageis that by Thorodd; it is
contained in p. 160, 1. 27 to p. 169, 1. 18 in the edition of Dr. gilsson, Reykjavik 1849 (where
these treatises are published under the name of Ritgjr$ir Tilheyrandi Snorra Edda), but in the Ed.
Arna-Magn. (Copenhagen 1852) ii. 10-43; the second treatise, probably from the later part of the
12th century, pp. 169-173, Ed. Arna-Magn. ii. 44-60; the third treatise, an imitation of Donatus and
Priscian, pp. 173-200, is written by lafr Hvta-skld (died 1259), cp. Ed. Arna-Magn. ii. 62-189;
the fourth treatise, pp. 200-212, is simply a continuation of the third. 2. The Skaldskapar-miU of
Snorri, the rhymed glossaries, and the metrical poem Hatta-tal with the commentary in prose (vide
C), may be reckoned in this class.
II. Skugg-sj or Konungs Skugg-sj, i. e. Speculum Regale, a didactic scholastic work ; the
Copenhagen Kd. of 1768 is cited here ; a new edition appeared at Christiania in 1848. Anecdoton, a
polemical treatise on ecclesiastical matters, published by Werlauff, Copenhagen 1815, and again in
1848, along with the Skugg-sj.
III. ARITHMETICAL :Rim-begla, a large collection of arithmetical treatises, etc., published at
Copenhagen in I 780 ; the name Rimbegla, however, refers properly only to the first part, vi/. pp.
1-114 in this edition: this treatise is preserved in an Icelandic MS. ot the I 2th century (no. 1812
Royal Libr. Copenhagen), and is so called by the author, whose name is unknown. Algorismus, a
treatise on Arithmetic by Hauk Erlendsson (died 1334), contained in the vellum MS. Hauks-bk,
and edited by Munch in Ann. for Nord. Oldk., Copenhagen 1848, pp. 353-375.
IV. GEOGRAPHICAL:A small collection is published under the title of Symbolae ad
Geographiam Medii aevi, edited by Werlauff in 1821, especially containing a geographical sketch
by the Icelandic abbot Nicholas (died 1161), called Lci$arvsir og Borga-.skipan : some things are
also published in Antiquits Russes and Orientals, 1852 ; various fragments of this kitid are
contained in the Hauks-bk. Some parts of the rhymed glossary in the Edda (C. I), e.g. names of
rivers, islands, etc., belong to this class.
V. MEDICAL:Lkninga-bk, a MS. in the Arna-Magn. collection 434, 121110; a small part
published in Prover, pp. 471-474. The chief source for medical citations, however, is a list of
Icelandic names of diseases contained in the 9th and loth volumes of Felags-rit, 1789 and 1790,
written by Svein Plsson (died 1840), and drawn from various old treatises on medical matters.
J. MLDAGAR, SKJL, etc., i.e. DEEDS AND DIPLOMAS.
I. ICELANDIC :Historia Ecclesiastica Islandiae by bishop Finn Jonsson. Finnus Johannacus,
published in lour volumes, Copenhagen I77
2
~
I
77^' contains a great number of writs and dx-eds
referring to Icelandic church-history, which are cited in this Dictionary a,s far as down to A. D.
1400: Diplomatarium Islandicum by Jn Sigurdsson, Copenhagen 1857 sqq., contains deeds and
Libri Datici of the churches down to the union with Norway (about A. D. 1263), but is not finished :
deeds of the 141)1 century arc therefore cited from MSS. in the Arna-Magn. collection marked
Dipl., the Roman numerals denoting fasciculi: there are also cited collections of Libri Datici of the
I4th century, viz. Ptrs-mldagi, Au$unnar-mldagi, Jns-mldagi, and Vilkins-mldagi, all bearing
the name of the bishops of the I4th century who made the collection, and cited from MSS. in the
Arna-Magn.
II. NORSE:Diplomatarium Tiorvagicum, in many volumes, by Unger and Lange, Christiania
1849 sqq.; but as the language of Norway was no longer in a pure state in the I4th and I5th
centuries, this large collection is sparingly cited: Bjrgynjar Kalfakinn, Boldts Jordebog, and
Munkalif are all registers of properties of the Norse cloister, rarely cited.
K. RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS.
I. GOTHIC RUNES, called by some Old Scandinavian Bunes; they are identical with the Anglo-
Saxon Runes, but older, and are found only on the very oldest monuments:The Golden Horn, dug
up in Schleswig A.D. 1734, contains an inscription probably of the 3rd or 4th century, explained by
Munch and finally by Bugge; The Runic Stone at Tune in Norway, edited and explained by Munch,
Christiania 1857, specially cited now and then in the introductions to the letters.
II. COMMON SCANDINAVIAN RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS :The SWEDISH Stones, collected
in Bautil, vide s. v. bautasteinn; the figures mark the number: Brocman's treatise upon the Runes at
the end of Ingvars Saga, Stockholm 1762. 2. The DANISH Runic Stones, edited by Thorsen, De
Danske Kune-Mindes-mrker, Copenhagen 1864; Rafn's collection, Copenhagen 1856. The
MANX Stones are edited by Munch along with his edition of the Chronicon Manniae. ^ff* As to the
authorship of these works, we can only briefly note that most of them are Icelandic, but parts
Norwegian or Norse. Parts of A, the whole of B. II, and part of B. Ill are Norse; F and G are partly
Norse and partly Icelandic; H. II and J. II are Norse; K Scandi- navian ; the rest Icelandic. Some
few MSS. under the other letters are Norse, e. g. Fagrskinna ; but the works are undoubtedly of
Icelandic origin. Again, many of the Norse laws are preserved in Icelandic MSS., and only one of
the many MSS. of the Skugg-sj is Norse.
L. BY MODERN WORKS are understood the works from the Reformation to the present
time, as opposed to the old literature, which may be said to end about A.D. 1400; the following 100
or 150 years are almost blank, at least as far as prose is concerned. The first specimen of modern
Icelandic literature is the translation of the New Testament, A.D. 1540, then the rendering of hymns
and psalms into Icelandic, and the version of the whole Bible: the middle and latter part of the loth
century was entirely taken up with these subjects. A fresh historical literature, annals and the like,
first dawns at the end of that century. The 17th century is especially rich in religious poetry; the
Sermons of Jn Vdaln belong to the beginning of the i8th; essays of an economical or political
character begin at the middle or end of that century, and periodicals from A. D. 1780. As for this
Dictionary, it may be briefly stated that, as to the old literature, every passage is as far as possible
given with references; while words and phrases from the living Icelandic tongue, popular sayings,
etc. are freely given, but generally without references. No Icelandic Dictionary can be said to be
complete that does not pay attention to the present language: the old literature, however rich, does
not give the whole language, but must be supplemented and illustrated by the living tongue. The
differences in grammar are slight, and the transition of forms regular and gradual, so the change is
mostly visible in the vocabulary. But it should be noted that when a word or phrase is given without
reference, this means that no ancient reference was at hand: but it does not follow that it is modern;
this can only be seen from the bearing of the word, e. g. whether it conveys a notion known to the
ancients or not. Of modern works cited the following may be noted:
I. IN POETRY, first, the flower of Icelandic poetry, old as well as modern, the Passu-Slmar or
Fifty Passion Hymns by Hallgrim Petrsson (born 1614, died 1674), finished 1660, published 1666,
and since that time reprinted in thirty editions; the former figure marks the hymn, the latter the
verse. The Hymns and Psalms of the Reformation are now and then cited from the Hymn-book of
1619 (called Hla-bk, cited by its leaves), or the collection of 1742. 2. Of secular poems, Bna$ar-
blkr (marked Bb.), composed 1764, by Eggert olafsson (born 1726, died 1768) ; this poem has
always been a great favourite with the people in Iceland: the first figure marks the divisions of the
poem. A small collection, A.D. 1852, called Snot, containing small but choice poems of different
poets. p. Of rimur or modern rhapsodies, the Ulfars-rimur are cited as the choicest specimen,
composed by "orlak Gudbrandsson, who died in 1707; Tma-rma, a satirical poem of the beginning
of the i8th century; Wma-rmur by Sigurd Breidfjrd. Y- Njla, a philosophical poem by Bjrn
Gunnlaugsson, published 1844; Hstafla, a pedagogical poem by Jn Magnusson (born 1601), cited
from the Ed. of 1774- 8. The Ballads or Fornkv$i, 1854 sq., vide s. v. danz. *. Ditties and Songs,
never published, but all the better recollected,the choicest among them are those attributed to Pl
Vdaln (born 1666, died 1727), etc. etc. 3. The chief Poets are:Hallgrmr Ptrsson; Stefn
olafsson (died 1688); Eggert olafsson; Jn j"orlksson (born 1744, died 1819), his poems are
collected in two volumes, 1842 ; Benedikt Grondal (born 1762, died 1825), his poems in a small
collection, 1833; Sigurdr Petrsson (died 1827), his poems collected in 1844; Bjarni Thorarinsson
(born 1787, died 1841), his poems published 1847 ; Jnas Hallgrimsson (born 1807, died 1846), his
poems published 1847; Sigur$r Brei$fjr$ (died 1846).
II. IN PROSE we must first mention, 1. N#ja Testamenti, the New Testament, cited from the text
of 1644, in Edd. of 1807* and 1813 (in no case is the new version, London 1866, cited, it being
merely a paraphrase, and inaccurate) ; the text of 1644 here cited is mainly founded on the original
version of 1540, which has been duly reckoned among the noblest specimens of Icelandic prose,
especially in the Gospels; it is therefore frequently cited. Gamla Testamenti, the Old Testament, is
cited more sparingly. The earliest edition of the Bible (Holuni 1584) is called Gu$brands-Biblia, i.
e. the Bible of bishop Gudbrand; the next edition (Hlum 1644) is called fsorlaks-Biblia, i.e. the
Bible of bishop Thorlak, and is a slightly emended text of that of bishop Gudbrand. The fjorlaks-
Biblia may be called the Icelandic textus receptus; the edition of 1746, called Waisenhs- Biblia, is
a reprint of it; as is also the edition of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1813. Whenever the
Old Testament is cited (and when Stjrn is not meant), the reference is to one of these three editions
of the same version. p. Next we have to notice the Sermons of bishop Jem Vidalin (born 1666, died
1720), called Jns-bk (not the Jns-bk above mentioned, B. Ill) or Vdalns Postilla, a highly
esteemed work; the first edition is of 1718, and ten or eleven editions have since been published :
perhaps no Icelandic book is so stocked with popular sayings and phrases of every kind. 2. Of
secular literature we have first to mention slenzkar Jxj$sgur or Icelandic Stories and Legends by
Jn Aniason, Leipzig 1862, 1864, in two volumes; some of them rendered into English by Messrs.
Powell and Magnusson; the Icelandic text, however, is always cited. P. Kvldvkur, a popular book
for children, in two vols. 1794 and 1796, by Hannes Finnsson. -y. The publications of the Icelandic
Literary Society, Bkmenta-flag, founded A.D. 1816: rbkr or Annals of Iceland by Jn Espolin
(died 1836), published 1821 sqq.: Safn or Contributions towards the History of Iceland, etc. etc. 8.
Piltr og Stlka, a novel, 1850. t. The beautiful translation of the Odyssey by Sveinbjorn Egilsson,
published under the name of Odysseifs-kv$i, in small parts, to serve as school books during the
years 1829-1844. f. Periodicals :Flags-rit, a periodical in fifteen volumes, 1780-1795, contains
much that is valuable in Icelandic philology; cp. also N# Flags-rit, a periodical of 1841 sqq.
pmann Albingi, a periodical of 1829-1832. Jsj$lfr, a newspaper, Reykjavik 1848-1869. Ample
thanks are due to the excellent reader at the Clarendon Press, Mr. Pembrey, for his watchful
attention to consistency in spelling and accuracy hi punctuation, especially in the Icelandic part of
this Dictionary. G. V.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF WORKS AND AUTHORS.
N. B.The letters betiveen () refer to the Classification of Works and Authors,
A. A. = Antiquitates Americanae. (E. II.) Ad. = Arinbjarnar-drapa. (A. III.) Akv. = Atla-kvi$a. (A.
II.) Al. = Alexanders Saga. (G.I.) Alg. = Algorismus. (H. III.) Alm.= Alvs-ml. (A. I.) Am. = Atla-
ml. (A. II.) Anal. = Analecta. (D. II.) Andr. = Andreas Saga. (F. III.) Anecd. = Anecdoton. (H. II.)
Aim. = slenzkir Annular. (D. IV.) Ant. S. = Antonius Saga. (F. III.) Arna-Magn. or A. M. = Arna-
Mag- nacanus. Arons S. = Arons Saga. (D. III.) Art. = Artus-kappa Sgur. (G. II.) Aug. =
Augustinus Saga. (F. III.) A. p. = Arfa-"ttr. (B.I.) gr. = grip. (E.I.) Am. = Au$unnar-mldagi. (J.
I.) rna S. = rna Saga. (D. III.)
Baud. = Banda-mannaSaga.(D. II.) Earl. = Barlaams Saga. (F. III.) Baut. = Bautil. (K. II.) Br$. =
Br$arSaga. (D. V.) Bb. = Bna$ar-blkr. Bev. Bevus Saga. (G. II.) Bjarn. = Bjarnar Saga. (D.
II.) Bjarni = Bjarni Thorarinson. Bjrn = Birn HalldOrsson. B. K. = Bjrgynjar Klfskinn. (J. II.)
Bkv. = Brynhildar-kvi$a. (A. II.) Bias..--.---Bhsius Saga. (F. III.) Brn. Bjarka-ml. (A. II.) Boldt
= Bo1dt. (J.II.) Boll. = Boila-"ttr. (D. V.) Brandkr. Brandkrossa-"ttr. (D. V.) Bret. = Brcta
Sgur. (G. I.) Brocm. Brocman. (K. II.) Bs.-=Biskupa Sgur. (D. III.) Bt. = Bauga-tal. \B. I.)
Br. = Brings Saga. (G. II.)
Clar. = Clarus Saga. (G. II.) Clem. = Clements Saga. (F. III.)
Darr. = Darra$ar-Ij$. (A. III.) D. I. = Diplomatarium Islandicum. (J. I.
1
) Dipl. = Diplomatarium.
(J.I.) D. N.= Diplomatarium Norvagi- cum. (J.II.) Dropl. = Droplaugar-sona Saga. (D. II.)
Eb.-= Eyrbyggja Saga. (D. II.) EddaÊdda. (C.I.) Eg. = EgiUSaga. (D. II.) El.=Elis Saga. (G. II.)
Eluc. -== Elucidarium. (F. II.) Em. = Eiriks-nml. (A. III.) Esp. = Esplin Arbsekr islands.
Fagrsk.--Fagrskinna. (K. I.) Fas.--= Fonialdar Sogur. (C. II.) Fb. = Flateyjar-bOk!~ (E.I.) Fbr.-
=Fst'br$ra Saga. (D. II.) Fl. = Flags-rit. Finnb. =- Finnboga Saga. (D.V.) Fkv. Forn-kv$i.
Flam.S. = Flamanna Saga. (E. I.) Flv.--= Flvcnts Saga. (G. II.) Fm.=--Fafhis-mal. (A. II.) Fins.
- Fornmanna Sgur. (E. I.) Fr. Frit/,ner's Dictionary, 1867. Frump. -- Frumpartar. Fs.-Forn-
sgur. (D. II.) Fsm. Fjo'lsviims-nu'il. (A. II.) Fspl. = Forspjalls-lj#$. (A.I.) F.". = Festa-"ttr.
(B.I.) Fr. = Freyinga Saga. (E. II.)
Gautr. = Gautreks Saga. (C. II.) Gg. = Grugaldr. (A. II.) Gh. = Gu$rnar-hefna. (A. II.) Gsl. =
GslaSaga. (D. II.) Gkv. = Gu$rnar-kvi$a. (A. II.) Glum. = Vga-Glms Saga. (D. II.) Gm.
=Grimnis-mal. (A.I.) Gnig. = Gragas. (B.I.) Greg. = Gregory. (F. II.) Grett. = Grettis' Saga. (D. II.)
Gro'nd. = Bencdikt Grndal. Grnl. Hist. Mind. = Grnlands Historiske Mindes-mserker. Gs. =
Grtta-sngr. (A. II.) Gsp. = Getspeki Hei$reks. (A. II.) Gu$m. S. = Gu$mundarSaga. (D. III.)
Gull". = Gull-"ris Saga. (D. II.) Gylfag. = Gylfa-giiming. (C. I.) G"!. = Gula"ings-lg. (B. II.)
Hallfr. S. = Halltre$ar Saga. (D. II.) Hallgr. = Hallgrmr Ptrsson. H. Ann. = Hauks-annll. (D. IV.)
Har$. S. = Har$ar Saga. (D. II.) Har.S. Har$. = Haralds Saga Har$- r$a. (E.I.) Haustl. = Haustlng.
(A. I.) Hiik. S. = Hkonar Saga. (E. I.) Hlfs S. = HiUfs Saga. (C. II.) H'IV. = Hvar$ar Saga. (D.
II.) Hb. = Hauks-bk. (H. IV.) Hbl. = Harbar$s-IjO$. (A.I.) Hd. = Hs-drpa. (A.I.) Hdl. = Hyndlu-
ijO$. (A. II.) H$m. = Ham$is-ml. (A. II.) H. E. = Historia Ecclesiastica Is- landiae. (J. I.) Hci$arv.
S. or Hei$. S. = Hei$ar- vga Saga. (D. II.) Helr!"= Herei$ Brynhildar. (A. II.) Hem. = Hemings-
"ttr. (C. H.) Hervar.S. = Hcrvarar Saga. (C. II.) Hjalt."=HjaItalin,Icelandic Botany. Hkm. =
Hkonar-ml. (A. III.)' Hkr. = Heimskringla. (E. I.) Hkv. =- Helga-kvi$a Hundings- bana. (A. II.)
Hkv. Hjrv. Helga-kvi$a Hjiir- var$ssonar. (A. II.) Hlt. = Hleygja-tal. (A. II.) Hni. = Hv-ml.
(A. I.) Hom.--Homiliu-bk. (F. II.) Hrafn. ^ Hrafnkels Saga. (D. II.) Hrlfs Kr. S. = Hrlfs Saga
Kraka. (C. II.) Hs. = Harm-sol. (A. III.) Hsm. = Hugsvinns-mal. (A. III.) Ht = Htta-tal. (C. I.)
Hung, or Hv. = Hungr-vaka. (D. Ill) Hiist. .= Hus-tafla. H#m. H#mis-kvi$a. (A.I.) Husa". =
Hnsa-Jjris Saga. (D. II.) Hfu$I. = Hiifu$lausn. (A. III.)
Itin. = Itinerarium or Travels of Eggcrt Olafsson, 1772. Ivar Aasen --= Ivar Aascn's Dic- tionary,
1850. b.^slcudiuga-bk. (D.I.) Id. -- Islendinga-drupa. (A. III.) ingv. ngvars Saga. (E. I.) sl.
fji$s. -:- Islenzkar "j$sgur.
Jtv. -- Jtvar$ar Saga. (E. II.) Jb.=-JOns-bOk. (B.'lII.) Jd. Jmsvkinga-drpa. (A. III.) Jm. =
Jns-mldagi. (J.I.) Job. = Johannes Saga. (F. III.) Jmsv. S. or Jv. = Jmsvkinga Saga. (E.I.) Jnas
= JOnas Hallgrmsson. JOns S. = JOns Saga. (D. III.) JOn fjorl. = JOn Jjorlksson. Js. = Jrns$a.
(B. III.)
Karl. = Karla-magnus Saga. (G. I.) K. A. = Kristinn-rcttr rna biskups. (B. III.) Kb. = Konungs-
bk. (B.I, C.I, etc.) Kjaln. S. = Kjalnesinga Saga. (D. v.) Km. = Krku-ml. (A. III.) Knytl. =
Knytlinga Saga. (E. I.) Konr. = Konr$s Saga. (G. III.) Korm. = Kormaks Saga. (D. II.) Kristni S. or
Kr. S. = Kristni Saga. (D. I. III.) Krk. = Krka Refs Saga. (D. V.) K. f*. K. = Kristinn-rttr Jjorlks
ok Ketils = Kristinna-laga-"ttr. (B. I.)
Landn. = Landnama. (D.I.) Laur. S. = Laurentius Saga. (D. III.) Ld. = Laxdla Saga. (D. II.) Lex.
Mythol. = Lexicon Mytholo- gicum. Lex. Poet. = Lexicon Poticum by Sveinbjrn Egilsson, 1860.
Lex. Run. = Lexicon Runicum. Lil. = Lilja. (A. III.) Ls. = Loka-senna. (A.I.) Lv. = Ljsvetninga
Saga. (D. II.) Lkn. = Lkninga-bk. (H. V.)
Mag. = Magus Saga. (G. II.) Magn.=Magnus Sagajarls. (E. II.) Magn. S. G$a = Magnus Saga
G$a. (E. I.) Mar. = Mariu Saga. (F. III.) Mart. = Martinus Saga. (F. III.) Merl. = Merlinus Spa. (A.
III.) Mirm. = Mirmants Saga. (G. II.) M.K. = Munkalif. (J.II.) Mkv. = Mlshtta-kv$i. (A. III.)
Mork. = Morkinskinna. (E. I.) Mtt. = Mttuls Saga. (G.I.)
N. (J. L. = Norges Gamle Love. (B. II.) Ni$rst. Ni$rstigningar Saga. (F. III.) Nj.-=Njala. (D. II.)
Njar$. = Njar$vkinga Saga. (D. II.) Njla = Njla, the poem. Norge's Beskriv. Beskrivclse
Norge. Norna G. S. = Norna-Gests Saga. (C. II.) N. T. = New Testament. Ny Fi'-l. Ny Flags-rit.
Ob.--=Orms-bok. (C. I.) Od.=Odysseifs-kv$i,prose,l829. Odd. or' S. Odd. =--= Stjrnu-Odda
draumr. (D. V.) Og. = Oddninar-2;riUr. (A. II.) O^H.L. = Oiafs 'Saga Ik-lga Lc- gcudaria. (E. I.)
Or--=lafs-riMa. (A. Ilh) Orkn. =--Orkneyinga Saga. (E. II.) Ob. ^maga-blkr. (B. I.) O.H.-
la'tV Saga Helga. (E. I.) sv.=svalds Saga. (K. II.) 0. T.-Ôlafs S.i:p Trygs.'vasonar. (E.I.)
Pass. Passiu-S.'Umar. PlsS.^Pls Saga. (D. III.) Pd. = Placidus-drpa. (A. III.) Pm. = Ptrs-
mldagi. (J.I.) Post. = Postula Sgur. (F. III.)
Rafns. S. = Rafns Saga. (D. III.) Ragn. S. = Ragnars Saga. (C. II.) Rb. = Rimbegla. (H. III.) Rd. =
Reykdaela Saga. (D. II.) Rtt. = Rttarbtr. (B. II.) Rm. = Rgsml. (A. II.) Rm. = Rmverja Saga.
(E. II.)
Safn = Safn til Sgu Islands. Sb. = Sta$arhls-bk. (B. I.) Sd. = Svarfdla Saga. (D. II.) Sdm. =
Sigrdrfu-mI. (A. II.) Sig. Brei$f. = Sigur$r Brei$fjr$. Sig. Pt. = Sigur$r Ptrsson. Sklda =
Sklda. (H.I.) Skld H. = Skld Helga-rmur. (A. III.) Skjld. = Skjldunga Saga. (C. II.) Skm. =
Skrnis-ml. (A. I.) Sks. = Konungs Skugg-sj. (H. II.) Sksm. = Skldskapar-ml. (C. I.) Skv. =
Sigur$ar-kvi$a. (A. II.) SI. or S. = Slarlj$. (A. III.) Snot = Snot, poems. Stef. 01. = Stef;in
Olafsson. Stell. = Stellu-rimur. Stj. = Stjorn. (F.I.) Stor. = Sona-torrek. (A. III.) Sir. = Strengleikar.
(G. II.) Sturl. = Sturlunga Saga. (D. I.) Sverr. S. = Sverris Saga. (E. I.) Symb. = Symbolae. (H. IV.)
Sm. = SmnndarEdda. (A,C.I.)
Th. = Theophilus. (F. III.) Thorn. = Thomas Saga. (E. II.) Tl. = Tundar-lg. (B.I.) Tristr. =Tristrams
Saga. (G. II.)
Ub. = Uppsala-bOk. (C.I.) tjlf. = tlfars-rniur.
Valla L. = Valla LjOtsSaga. (D.II.) Vpn. = Vpnfir$ingaSaga. (D. II.) Vd. ^Vatnsdla Saga. (D. II.)
Ver. = Vcraldar Saga. (E. II.) Verel. -- Vcrclius, Index. Vh. = Vatnsliyrna MS. Vidal. = Vdans-
Postilla. Vdal. Sky'r. Vdaln Skyringar. Vgl. = V'glundar Saga. (D. V.) Vnl. ". = Vnlands-
"ttr. (E. II.) ^
r
kv. --- Vlundar-kvi$a. (A. II.) Vm. = Vilkins-mldagi. (J. I.) Vsl.=Vgsl(')$i. (B.I.)
Vsp. = Vlusp. (A. I.) Vtkv. = Vegtams-kvii5a. (A. I.) V"m. -- Vaf"n$iiis-ml. (A. I.) Vuls. S. =
Volsunga Saga. (C. II.)
Yngl. S. = Ynglinga Saga. (C. II.) Yt = Ynglinga-tal. (A. II.)
"d. -- "Ors-drpa. (A.I.) j"i$r. -- "i$reks Saga. (G. I.) "ial. = "jalar-Jns" Saga. (G. III.) "kv.
"ryms-kvi$a. (A.I.) "orf. Karl. "orinns Saga Karls- efnis. (D. II.) Jjorl. S. - "orlks Saga. (D.
III.) "orst. hv. Jiorsteins-"ttr hvta. (D. II.) "orst. S$u H. = "orstcins Saga S$u Hallssouar.
(D.II.) j"orst. S. St. = ôrsteins-"ttr Stangarhoggs. (D. II.) jborst. ux. ----- Jjorstcins-battr uxa-
fOts. (D.V.) fiOr$. - "Or$ar Saga hrc5u. (D.V.) ". ". - "ingskapa-"ttr. (B. I.) Oik. -= lkofra-"ttr.
(D. II.)
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. SIGNS, ETC. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
absol. = absolute, absolutely. ace. = accusative. act. = active. A. D. = Anno Domini. adj. =
adjective. adv. = adverb. adverb. = adverbially. aliit. = alliteration, alliterative. anatom. = anatomi-
cally. a7T.Xt7. =&va^ \e-y6- fitVOV. A. S. = Anglo-Saxon. astron. = astronomy, astronomically.
begin. = beginning. Bodl. = Bodleian. Bohem. = Bohemian. botan. botanically. Brit. Mus. =
British Museum.
ch. = chapter. class. = classical. Cod. or Cd. = Codex. cognom. = cognomen. collect. = collective.
coinpar.=comparative. corapd,compds = compound, compounds. conj. = conjunction. contr. =
contracted. corrcsp. corresponding. cp. = compare.
Dan, Danish. dat. = dative, decl. = declined, def. = definite, defect. = defective, dep. = deponent.
DeProfesser = DeHerr Professer by August Corrodi, in the Zu- rich idiom. deriv. = derived, diet. =
dictionary, dimin. = diminutive, dissvl. = dissyllabic. D. R. A. = Deutsche Rechts-alterthiimer by
Grimm, dub. = dubious,
eccl. = ecclesiastical. Ed., Edd. = edition, editions, edited. E. Engl. Spec. Early English
Specimens. ! e. g. = exempli gratia. I cllipt. = elliptical, ellip- j tically. ; Engl. = English. j esp. =
especially. | etc. = et cetera. j etym. etymology. I
f. or fern.--feminine. Fin. = Finnish, for. = foreign. ; Fr. ----- French in ety- ! mologies. | Frank.
Prankish, freq. = frequent, frequently. Fris. = Frisian.
Gael. = Gaelic. gen. = genitive. gener. = generally. Germ. = German. gl. or gloss. = glossary. Goth.-
Gothic. Gr. = Greek. gramm. = grammar.
Havn. Havniensis. Hel. = Heliand.
Icel. == Iceland, Ice- lander, Icelanders, Icelandic. id. = idem, referring to the passage quoted. id. =
idem, referring to the translation. i. e. = id est. imperat. = imperative. impers. = impersonal. indecl. -
indeclinable. indef. = indefinite. indie. = indicative. infin. = infinitive. inflex. = inrlexive. intens.
= intensive. intrans. - intransitive. irreg. -- irregular. Ital. = Italian. 1. = line.
L. = Linnus. Lat. = Latin. 1. c. = loco citato. lit. = literally. Lith. = Lithuanian. Litt. Littonian.
loc. = local, locally.
m. or masc. = masculine. medic. = medicine, medically. metaph. = metaphorical,
metaphorically. metath. = metathesis. melon. = metonomy, metonomically. metric. = metrically.
mid. H. G. = middle High German. mid. Lat. = middle Latin. milit. = military. M. Lat. Medival
Latin. mod. = modern. monosvl. = monosyllabic. ' MS., MSS. = manuscript, manuscripts.
mythol. = mythology, mythologically.
n. or neut. = neuter. naut. nautical. navig. = navigation. nes;. negative. NJH.G. = New High
German. no. = number. nom. = nominative. North. E. = Northern English. Norweg. Norwegian.
obsol. = obsolete. O. H. G. = Old High German. opp. = opposed. Ormul. or Orm. = Or- mulum.
part. = participle. partic. = particularly. pass. = passive. perh. = perhaps. pers. = person. pi. or plur.
== plural. poet. = poetically. Pol. = Polish. posit. = positive. pr. or prop. = proper, properly. pref. =
preface. prep., prcpp. --preposition, prepositions. pres. = present. pret. = preterite. priv.
privative. pr. n. --proper name. prob. = probably. pron. = pronoun. proncd. --- pronounced. pro
verb.=proverbially. provinc. = provincial.
qs. --quasi. q. v. quod vide.
R. = Rimur. rccipr. = reciprocally. redupl. reduplicative. reflex. retlexive. relat. -= relative.
S. = Saga. s. a.=sub anno. Sansk. = Sanskrit. Scandin. = Scandina- via, Scandinavian. Scot.
Scottish. signif. = signification. sing. = singular. Slav. = Slavonic. Span. = Spanish. spec. =
specially. sq., sqq. = following. subj. = subjunctive. subst. = substantive. sufF. = suffix. sup. =
supine. superl. superlative. s. v. =sub voce. Swed. Swedish.
temp. temporal. termin. = termination. Teut. = Teutonic. thcol. = theological, theologically. trans.
transitive. trans!. = translation. trisyl. = trisvllabic.
Ulf. = Ulfilas. uncert. = uncertain. unclass. unclassical. Ups. De la Gard. = De la Garde's
collection of Icel. MSS. in Up- sala.
v. = vide. viz. namely. v. 1. = varia lectio.
Wolf. = Wolfenb*uttel
".="ttr.
SIGNS, ETC. , equal or equivalent to, the same as. [ J, between these brackets stand
etymological remarks and comparisons with cognate languages. Words in capital letters are root
words or important words. The word Norse is generally used in a peculiar sense, namely, to mark
the old Norwegian idiom (or MS.) as opposed to Icelandic proper. Historical references referring to
religion, customs, life, etc. are given in chapters, and under the special name of the Saga or work
cited, vide e. g. sub voce draumr and dnipa ; the condition of the editions has, however, made it
impossible to follow this rule throughout. Philological references arc given in pages. In nouns the
genitive termination is placed between the noun and gender, e. g. alda, u, = alda, gen. ldu ; bra, u,
bara, gen. barn, etc.; bati, a, bati, gen. bata ; bogi. a,-----bogi, gen. boga, etc. So also s, ar, jar.
c. g. bekkr, s, = bekkr, gen. bekks ; bekkr, jar, = bekkr, gen. bekkjar; belgr, jar, --= belgr, gen.
bclgjar; borg, ar, -borg, gen. borgar, etc. Compounds of nouns formed from the genitive of the
noun are regarded as double words, and printed at the end of the head noun in the same paragraph,
vide e. g. bekkr, bk, etc. As to the marking of verbs the following is to be noticed:a$, or d, $, t,
tt, following immediately after a verb, are the preterite inflexions which characterise the verb; a$
indicates a trisyllabic preterite with a$ as its characteristic, e. g. baka, a$, that is to say, infin. baka,
pret. bakai, sup. baka$, pres. baka : whereas d, $, t. dd, tt, indicate a dissyllabic preterite, having
the dental as characteristic, c. g. brcnna, d, that is to say, infin. brenna, pret. brenndi, sup. brennt,
pres. brenni; f$a, dd, that is to say, iniin. f$a, pret. fddi, etc.; bta, tt, btta, pret. bxtti, etc.;
bsegja, $, --b^ja, pret. bg$i, etc. Where the verb is somewhat irregular, the form is given in full,
e. g. bcrjn, pret. bar$i. All verbs in this Dictionary not marked as above stated are strong, and the
tenses are given in cxtcnso. The notation as above stated is adopted from Unger's Glossaries to his
editions of Sagas, and has been lately used in Fritzner's Dictionary. The simple and accented vowels
are separated; thus a a;id 11, i and i, o and o, u and li, y and # stand each by themselves; an
exception, however, is made with o, because it is rare and peculiar in pronunciation. Ang, ing, ung,
yng are given with the simple unaccented vowels, though they are frequently in the editions spelt
with an acute (').
A. is the rst letter in all the alphabets of Phenician extraction. The Runic alphabet, being confused
and arbitrary, makes the sole exception to this rule. A. PRONUNCIATION: it is either simple (a) or
diphthongal (). The simple a is pronounced long or short; when long it is sounded like the long
Italian a as in padre, or as in Engl. father; when short, like the short Italian a as in cambio, or as in
Engl. marry. The -- though in grammars commonly called a long vowel -- is phonetically
diphthongal (a + u), and sounds like Engl. ou or ow: Engl. thou and Icel. , now and n, have
almost the same sound. Again a and have, like all other vowels, diphthongs or simple, a deep,
full chest-sound if followed by a single consonant, or by more than one weak consonant (a liquid
followed by a media). They sound short if followed by two or more strong consonants (a double
mute or liquid): thus the a and sound long in tl, sermo; st, sedebat; mn, mancipium; tl, dolus;
r, remits; st, sessio, htr, odium; hrr, durus; kldr, frigidus; vndr, difcilis; tmdr, domitus, etc.
But short in htt, pileum; htt, modum; mnn, bominem; bnn, interdictum; hll, lubricus; klt,
frigidum; rmt, acidum; hrt, durum; vnt, assuetum, etc.; the consonants shortening the sound of
the preceding vowel. The a is also short in all endings, verbal or nominal, tala, talar, talaa, dixi;
talast, dicitur; vaka, vigilia; fagran, pulchrum, etc. Etymologically a distinction must be made
between the primitive , as in stu (sedebant), tu (edebant), gtu (poterant), and the produced by
suppressing consonants; either nasals, as in , st, ss, bss, gs, = an, anst, ans, bans, gans; or
gutturals, h, g, k, as in (aqua), s (videbat), l (jacebat), m (debet), ntt (nox), drttr (tractus),
and a great many others; or labials, v, f, as in = af, ir = afr, hr but hfan; or dentals, as in nl
(acus) [Goth. nepla, Engl. needle], vl (ambitus, mendicitas) [A. S. vdl], etc. In very early times
there was no doubt an audible distinction between these two kinds of , which however is not
observed even by the earliest poets, those of the 10th century. The marking of the diphthongal
vowels with an acute accent is due to the Icelandic philologist Thorodd (circa 1080-1140), and was
probably an imitation of Anglo-Saxon. The circumex, applied by Jacob Grimm, is unknown to
Icel. authors of whatever age. Thorodd, in his treatise on the vowels (Sklda, pp. 160 sqq.),
distinguishes between three kinds of vowels, viz. short, long (i. e. diphthongal), and nasal. The long
ones he proposes to mark with an acute (&aolig-acute;); the nasals by a dot above the line (). The
vowels of his alphabet are thirty-six in number. According to his rule we should have to write, af
(ex), t (esus), (in). No doubt the a was also nasal in the verbs and the weak nouns, kom (=
koman), aug (gen.); and also when followed by an n, e. g. vnr (assuefactus). The distinctive
marking of the nasals never came into practice, and their proper sound also disappeared; neither is
this distinction observed by the poets in their rhymes. The marking of the diphthongal vowels --
either the primitive vowels or those formed by agglutination -- by an acute accent, according to the
rule of Thorodd, is indeed used in a very few old Icel. parchment fragments of the 12th century. The
only MS. of any considerable length which strictly observes this distinction is the Ann. Reg. sl.
2087. 4b. Royal Libr. Copenhagen, written in Icel. at the end of the 13th century. In the great bulk
of MSS. both kinds of vowels are treated alike, as in Latin. About the middle of the 14th century the
doubling of vowels, especially that of aa (&aolig-acute;) = , came into use, and was employed
through more than three centuries, until about 1770 the Icelanders resumed the spelling of Thorodd,
marking diphthongal vowels by an acute accent, but following the rules of modern pronunciation.
The diphthong au -- in Norse freq. spelt ou -- has at present in Icel. a peculiar sound, answering to
u or eu in German, and nearly to Engl. oi. The Norse pronunciation is different and perhaps more
genuine. B. CHANGES. I. a changes into , into : this change -- a part of a more general
transformation, by Grimm termed umlaut, 'vowel-change' -- is common to all the Teutonic idioms,
except the Gothic (v. letter E and ). II. a changes into (&aolig-acute;), into &aolig-acute;: this
transformation is peculiar to the Scandinavian branch, esp. the Icelandic idiom, where it is carried
on to the fullest extent -- in old Swedish and Danish its use was scanty and limited. It takes place, 1.
in monosyllabic nouns with a for their radical vowel, o. feminines, ld, periodus; nd, anima; rk,
arca; fr, iter; hll, aula; hnd, manus; sk, causa, etc. p. adjectives in fem. sing, and in neut. pl.,
ll, tota; fgr, pulchra; hr, dura; hlt, clauda; snn, vera; from allr, etc. . in plur. neut., bnd,
vincula; brn, GREEK; lnd, terrae; from band, etc. o. in singular masculines with a suppressed u
in the root, hjrtr, cervus; fjrr, sinus; bjrn, ursus; rn, aquila, etc. 2. in dissyllables a radical a,
when followed by a nal u (-u, -ur, -um, etc.), in Icel. constantly changes into , -- llum, cunctis;
mnnum, hominibus; kllum, vocamus; vkum, vigiliis and vigilamus; vkur, vigiliae, etc. Danes
and Swedes here retained the a; so did a great part of Norway. The change only prevailed in the
west of Norway and the whole of Iceland. Some Norse MSS. therefore constantly keep a in those
cases, e. g. Cd. Ups. De la Gard. 8 (Ed. C. R. Unger, 1849), which spells allum, cunctis; hafu,
caput; jafur, rex; andverr, adversus; afund, invidia, etc. (v. Pref. viii.) Other Norse MSS. spell a
and promiscuously; allum or llum, kallum or kllum. In Icel. this change prevailed about the
year 1000. Even at the end of the loth century we still frequently meet with rhymes such as bar --
jaru, ang -- langu, etc. 3. a in inexions, in penultimate syllables, if followed by u, changes into u
(or ); thus keisurum, caesaribus; vitrurum, sapienti- oribus; hrurum, durioribus; hrustum,
durissimis: pret. pl., skpuu, creabant; tluu, dicebant; orrustu, pugnam. In part. pass. fem. sing,
and neut. pl., skpu, creata; tlu, dicta; tpu, perdi/ a. Neut. pl. in words, as sumur, aestates;
heru, pagi. This change is peculiar to Iceland, and is altogether strange to Norse MSS., where we
constantly nd such forms as tlau, putabant; gnagau, mordebant; aukau, augebant; skapa,
creata; kalla, dicta; skaparum, tapaum, gtastum, hararum, skn- andum; kunnastu, artem, etc.
This difference, as it frequently occurred at early times, soon gave the Icel. idiom a peculiar and
strange sound, -- amarunt would, in Icelandic, be murunt. Norse phrases -- as me bnum ok fastu
(fostu) hafu (hfu) me sr vaxljs, ok drkau (drkuu) a hlgu ht me fastu (fstu) ok
vaktu (vktu) ar um nttina me margum (mrgum) arum (rum) vanfrum mannum
(monnum), O. H. L. 87 -- sound uncouth and strange to Icel. ears; and so no doubt did the Icel.
vowel transformations to Norse ears. 4. endings in -an, -all, e. g. feminines in -an, as hugsan, tlan,
iran, frequently change into -un, -- hugsun, tlun, irun, and are now always used so: gamall,
vetus, f. gmul; einsamall, solus, f. einsmul. In modern Norse, gomol, eismol (Ivar Aasen); atall,
atrox; tull, strenuus; svikall, perdus, and svikull; rifnar, mundities, and rifnur, etc. 5. in the
cases correlative to II. 1, 2, the in its turn changes into a vowel, by Thorodd marked &aolig-
acute;; this vowel change seems to have been settled about the beginning of the 11th century, and
prevailed in Iceland during the 12th, being constantly employed in MSS. of that time; about the end
of that century, however, and the beginning of the next, it fell off, and at last became extinct. Its
phonetical value, therefore, cannot now be precisely stated: it no doubt had an intermediate sound
between and , such as (oo) has between a and o. Thorodd proposed to mark the short 'umlaut'
by &aolig-acute;; and the vowel change of by &aolig-acute; (in the MSS. however commonly
written &aolig-acute;). INSTANCES: fcm., &aolig-acute;, amnis; &aolig-acute;st, amor; &aolig-
acute;l, funis; &aolig-acute;r, remits; l&aolig-acute;g, lignum; skr&aolig-acute;, libellus;
s&aolig-acute;tt, pax; s&aolig-acute;l, anima; n&aolig-acute;l, acus; v&aolig-acute;n, spes: masc.,
h&aolig-acute;ttr, modus; r&aolig-acute;r, flum; &aolig-acute;ttr, funis; m&aolig-acute;ttr, vis;
&aolig-acute;ss, deus; &aolig-acute;rr, nuntius: neut. pl., s&aolig-acute;r, vulnera; t&aolig-acute;r,
GREEK; m&aolig-acute;l, dicta; r&aolig-acute;, consilia; v&aolig-acute;r, vera: adj. fem, and
neut., kot, lta; f&aolig-acute;, pauca; sm&aolig-acute;, parva; h&aolig-acute;, alta; f&aolig-
acute;m, paucis; h&aolig-acute;m, altis: verbs, s&aolig-acute;, videbant (but s, videbat); g&aolig-
acute;tu, capie- bant; &aolig-acute;tu, edebant (but at, edebat), etc.: v. Frump. 26-28: e. g. sr
(vulnus) veitti mar mer eitt (unum), s&aolig-acute;r mrg (multa vulnera) veitta ek hnum, Sklda
(Thorodd), 162; &aolig-acute;l (= l, cerevisia) er drykkr, &aolig-acute;l er band (vinculum), id.
163; tungan er mlinu v&aolig-acute;n (= vn, assuefacta), en at tnnunum er bitsins v&aolig-
acute;n (morsils exspectatio), id.: frequently in the Grgs, lsa sr sitt (vulnus) er s&aolig-acute;r
(vulnera) ef eiri eru, Kb. i. 151; s&aolig-acute;r en minni (vulnera leviora), 170; en meire
s&aolig-acute;r (graviora), 174; san es s&aolig-acute;r ea ben voru lst, 175; engi s&aolig-
acute;r (nulla vulnera), s&aolig-acute;r, and r&aolig-acute;, 176, 177; m&aolig-acute;l, ii. 51;
v&aolig-acute;r, 158, C. OTHER CHANGES :-- in modern Icel. the old syllable va has changed
into vo; v of the 14th century being an intermediate form: thus von, spes; votr, madidus; vor, ver;
vorr, noster; voi, periculum; koma, adventus; voru, erant, etc.: so also the in the dat. hnum, illi,
now honum, which is also employed in the editions of old writings; kmu = kvmu = kvmu,
veniebant, etc. In Norway a was often changed into in the pronominal and adverbial forms; as
hna, illam; r, nn, t, ibi, ilium, illud; hence originate the mod. Dan. hende, der, den, det; in
some Norse dialects even still dar, dat. The short a in endings in mod. Dan. changed into e (), e. g.
komme, uge, talede, Icel. koma, vika; whereas the Swedes still preserve the simple a, which makes
their language more euphonious than the mod. Dan. In most districts of Icel. an a before ng, nk, has
changed into , thus langr (longus), strangr (durus), krankr (aegrotus) are spelt lngr, krnkr, etc. In
the west of Iceland however we still say langr, strangr, etc., which is the pure old form. The a
becomes long when followed by lf, lm, lp, thus lfr, genius; lpt, cygnus; hlfr, dimidius; klfr,
vitulus; sjlfr, ipse; this is very old: the fem. h&aolig-acute;lf, dimidia, which occurs in the 12th
century, points to an , not a; j = ja in hjlpa, skjlfa, etc. The lengthening before lm is later, --
lmr, ulmus; hlmr, calamus; slmr, psalmus; hjlmr, galea; mlmr, metallum, etc. In all these
cases the is not etymological. Also before ln in the plur. of alin, lnar not alnar: lk, alka = alka,
alca; blkr = balkr; flki = falki, falco: hls = hals; frjls = frjals; jrn = jarn; skld = skald; v. those
words: aarni, dat. of arinn, v. that word: the proper name rni, properly Arni: abbati, abbas, bti:
Adm, on the contrary, changed into Adam; Mra into Maria, Mary. The old spelling is still kept
in mriatla, motacilla pectore albo, etc. In the 1st pers. pret. indic., and in the pres. and pret. conj.
we have a changed into i, e. g. talaa to talai, locutus sum; saga, dixi, vilda, volui, hafa, habui,
to sagi, vildi, hafi: in the 1st pers. pres. and pret. conj., hefa, haberem, hafa, habeam, to hefi,
ha. These forms occur as early as the beginning of the 13th century (e. g. in the Hulda, Cd. A. M.
66, fol. = Fms. vi. and vii). In the south of Iceland however (Reykjavik, the rnes and
Gullbringussla) the old forms are still frequently heard in bisyllabic preterites, esp. ek vilda, saga,
hafa, and are also employed in writing by natives of those districts. D. a answers to Goth, a; A. S.
ea (a, ); allr, totus; Goth, alls; A. S. eall: the primitive to Goth, , stu, Goth, stun, sedebant;
grta, grtun, lacrymari; lta, ltan; vpn, vpn, arma; vagr, vgs, uctus. The Icel. secondary , on
the contrary, must in the kindred Teutonic idioms be sought for under a vowel plus a consonant,
such as an, ah, or the like. A. S. commonly answers to Icel. , lta, A. S. ltan; d, A. S. d;
rr, A. S. r, Engl. thread; ml (GREEK), A. S. ml, cp. Engl. meal. The A. S. (1, on the
contrary, etyrnologically answers to Icel. ei. The diphthong au answers to Goth. au, A. S. e, --
raur, Goth. rauds, A. S. rea, Engl. red. In English the a seems at very early times to have assumed
its present ambiguous sound; this we may infer from A. S. words introduced into Icelandic. The
river Thames in Icel. is spelt, as it is still pronounced in England, as Tems, which form occurs in a
poem of the year 1016. E. The Runic character for a was in the Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Runes (so
termed by P. A. Munch) RUNE [A. S. RUNE]; so in the Golden horn, on the stone in Thune in
Norway (Ed. by P. A. Munch, 1857), and in the Bracteats. The Saxons called it os = ss, deus. In the
Runes it was the fourth letter in the rst group (fuork). The Scandi- navians in their Runes used
this character for o, and called it ss, ostium, probably misled by the A. S. pronunciation of the
homely word ss. This character, however, occurs only a few times in the common Runes, which in
its stead used the A. S. Rune RUNE, gr, annona, which is the fourth Rune in the second group
(hnias, A. S. hnijs), called according to the northern pronunciation r, annona: this letter, RUNE or
RUNE has the form, as well as the name and place, of the A. S. RUNE, RUNE.
A
-A or -AT or -T, a negative sufx to verbs, peculiar to Iceland and a part, at least, of Norway.
Occurs frequently in old Icelandic poetry and laws, so as almost to form a complete negative voice.
In the 1st pers. a personal pronoun k (g) = ek is inserted before the negative sufx, in the 2nd pers. a
t or tt. As a rule the pron. as thus repeated; m-k-at-ek, non possum; s-k-at-ek, non video; hef-k-at-
ek, non habeo; skal-k-at-ek; vil-k-at-ek, nolo; mon-k-at-ek, non ero, etc.: 2nd pers. skal-t-at-tu;
mon-t-at-tu; gaf-t-at-tu, non dabas: and after a long vowel a tt, mtt-attu, stt-at-tu; so almost
invariably in all monosyllabic verbal forms; but not so in bisyllabic ones, mttir-a-, non poteras:
yet in some instances in the 1st pers. a pronominal g is inserted, e. g. bjargi-g-a-k, verbally servem
ego non ego; hggvi-g-a-k, non cdam; stvi-g-a-k, quin sistam; vildi-g-a-k, nolui; hafi-g-a-k,
non babui; mtti-g-a-k, non potui; gri-g-a-k, non feci: if the verb has gg as nal radical con-
sonants, they change into kk, e. g. ikk-at-ek = igg-k-at-ek, nolo accipere. In the 3rd pers. a and at
or t are used indifferently, t being particularly sufxed to bisyllabic verbal exions ending in a
vowel, in order to avoid an hiatus, -- skal-at or skal-a, non erit; but skolo-t, non sunto: forms with
an hiatus, however, occur, -- bt-a, non mordat; renni-a, ne currat; skri-a, id.; leti-a, ne retardet;
vaeri-a, ne esset; uru-a, non erant; but bti-t, renni-t, skri-t, uru-t are more current forms: v.
Lex. Pot. The negative sufx is almost peculiar to indic., conj., and imperat. moods; the neg. inn.
hardly occurs. Nothing analogous to this form is to be found in any South-Teutonic idiom; neither
do there remain any traces of its having been used in Sweden or Denmark. A single exception is the
Runic verse on a stone monument in land, an old Danish province, now Swedish, where however
the inscriptions may proceed from a Norse or Icel. hand. The Runic inscriptions run thus, sr aigi
o, who did not y, old Icel. 'o-at,' Baut. 1169. Neither does it occur in any Norse prose
monuments (laws): but its use may yet be inferred from its occurrence in Norse poets of the 10th
century, e. g. the poets Eyvind and Thiodolf; some of which instances, however, may be due to their
being transmitted through Icel. oral tradition. In Bragi Gamli (9th century) it occurs twice or thrice;
in the Haustlng four times, in Ynglingatal four times, in Hkonarml once (all Norse poems of the
10th century). In Icel. the sufxed negation was in full force through the whole of the 10th century.
A slight difference in idioms, however, may be observed: Vlusp, e. g., prefers the negation by n
(using vas-at only once, verse 3). In the old Hvamal the sufx abounds (being used thirty-ve
times), see the verses 6, 10, 11, 18, 26, 29, 30, 34, 37-39, 49, 51, 52, 68, 74, 88, 113-115, 126-128,
130, 134, 136, 147, 149, 151, 153, 159. In Skrnisml, Harbarslj, Lokasenna -- all these poems
probably composed by the same author, and not before the loth century -- about thirty times, viz.
Hbl. 3, 4, 8, 14, 26, 35, 56; Skm. 5, 18, 22; Ls. 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 30, 36, 42, 47, 49, 56, 60, 62. Egil
(born circa 900, died circa 990) abounds in the use of the sufxed neg. (he most commonly avails
himself of -at, -gi, or n; so, too, does Hallfred (born circa 968, died 1008), Einar Sklaglam in
Vellekla (circa 940-995), and Thorarin in the Mhlingavsur (composed in the year 981); and in
the few epigrams relating to the introduction of Christianity in Icel. (995-1000) there occur mon-
k-a-ek, tek- k-at-ek, vil-k-at-ek, hlfi-t, mon-a, es-a; cp. the Kristni S. and Njala. From this time,
however, its use becomes more rare. Sighvat (born circa 995, died 1040) still makes a frequent but
not exclusive use of it. Sub- sequent poets use it now and then as an epic form, until it disappeared
almost entirely in poetry at the middle or end of the 13th century. In the Slarlj there is not a
single instance. The verses of some of our Sagas are probably later than the Sagas themselves; the
greatest part of the Vlsungakviur are scarcely older than the 11th century. In all these -at and
conj. eigi are used indifferently. In prose the laws continued to employ the old forms long after they
were abolished in common prose. The sufxed verbal negation was used, a. in the delivering of the
oath in the Icel. Courts, esp. the Fifth Court, instituted about the year 1004; and it seems to have
been used through the whole of the Icel. Commonwealth (till the year 1272). The oath of the Fifth
(High) Court, as preserved in the Grgs, runs in the 1st pers., hefka ek f borit dm enna til lis
mr um sk essa, ok ek monka bja, hefka ek fundit, ok monka ek nna, hvrki til laga n laga,
p. 79; and again p. 81, only different as to ek hefka, ek monka (new Ed.): 3rd pers., herat hann f;
borit dm enna ok monat hann bja, ok herat hann fundit, ok monat hann tinna, 80, 81; cp.
also 82, and Nj. l. c. ch. 145, where it is interesting to observe that the author confounds the ist and
3rd persons, a sign of decay in grammatical form. p. the Speaker (lgsgumar), in publicly reciting
and explaining the law, and speaking in the name of the law, from the Hill of Laws (lgberg),
frequently employed the old form, esp. in the legal words of command es and skal (yet seldom in
plur.): erat in the dictatorial phrases, erat skyldr (skylt), non esto obligatus; erat landeigandi
skyldr, Grg. (Kb.) i. 17; erat hinn skyldr, 21; yngri mar era skyldr at fasta, 35; enda erat honum
skylt at ..., 48; erat at sakar spell, 127; era hinn skyldr at lsa, 154; erat hann framar skyldr sak-
ra, 216; ok erat hann skyldr at byrgjask at f, 238; ok erat hann skyldr, id.; ok erat sakar aili
ella skyldr, ii. 74; erat hinn skyldr vi at taka, 142; erat manni skylt at taka bf, 143; enda erat
heimting til fjr ess, 169; era hann skyldr at taka vi ru f nema hann vili, 209; ok erat eim
skylt at tunda f sitt, 211; ok erat hann skyldr at gjalda tund af v, 212; erat kirkjudrottinn
skyldr, 228; ef hann erat landeigaadi, i. 136. Skalat: skalat mar eiga f borit, i. 23; skalat homum
at vera optar en um siun, 55; skalat mar ryja vi sjlfan sik, 62; skalat hann at sv dvelja, 68;
skalat hann til vfangs ganga, 71; skalat ailja stefnuvtti hafa, 127; ok skala hann gjalda fyrir at,
135; ok skalat hann me sk fara, 171; enda skalat hann eirum baugum bta, 199; skalat hann
skilja flagit, 240; skalat hann meiri skuld eiga en, ii. 4; skalat eim mean brott skipta, 5; skalat
hann lgvillr vera, sv, 34; skalat hon at heldr varveita at f, 59; skalat enn sami mar ar
lengr vera, 71; ok skala honum bta at, 79; skalat fyl telja, 89; skalat hann banna skfr, 123;
skalat hann lga f v engi veg, 158; skalat drepa menn, 167; skalat sv skipta manneldi, 173;
skalat mar reiast vi fjrungi vsu, 183. Plur.: skolut menn andvitni bera ok hr ingi, i. 68;
skolut ml hans standast, 71; skolut eir fri til vefangs ganga en, 75, etc. etc. Other instances are
rare: tekrat ar f er eigi er til (a proverb), i. 9; ok um telrat at til sakbta, ok of telrat til sakbta
(it does not count), 178; ef hann villat (will not) lsa sr sitt, 51; ok rrat hann rum mnnum
hendr ann maga, 248; rrat s snum mgum hendr, ii. 18; verrat honum at sakarspelli and
verrat honum at at s., i. 63; verrat honum at at sakarvrn, 149; kmrat hann ru vi, ii. 141;
arfat hann ba til ess, i. 70; ok skilrat hann fr ara aura, ii. 141, i. 136. Reexive form: kmskat
hann til heimtingar um at f, he loses the claim to the money, ii. 180, etc. All these instances are
taken from the Kb. (Ed. 1853). Remarkable is also the ambiguity in the oath of Glum (see Sir Edm.
Head, Viga-Glum, pp. 102, 103, note, I. c.), who, instead of the plain common formal oath -- vask-
at-ek ar, vk-at-ek ar, rauk-at-ek ar odd ok egg -- said, vask at ar, vk at ar, rauk at ar. He
inverted the sense by dropping the intermediate pronominal ek between the verb and ar, and
pronouncing ??? instead of ???. It further occurs in some few proverbs: varat af vru, sleiki um
vru, Fs. 159; veldrat s er varir, Nj. 61 (now commonly ekki veldr s er v., so in Grett.); erat
hra at borgnara tt hna beri skjld, Fms. vii. 116; era hlums vant kva refr, dr hrpu si, 19:
also in some phrases, referred to as verba ipsissima from the heathen age -- erat vinum lft
Ingimtmdar, Fs. 39; erat sj draumr minni, Ld. 128. Thorodd employs it twice or thrice: v at ek
skk-a ess meiri rf, because do not see any more reason for this, Sklda 167; kannka ek til ess
meiri r en ltil, I do not know, id.; mona (will not) mn mna (my mammy) vi mik gra verst
hjna, 163. In sacred translations of the 12th century it occurs now and then. In the Homilies and
Dialogues of Gregory the Great: monatu v i vera, thou shalt not; esa at undarligt tt, it
is not to be wondered at; hann mttia sofna, he could not sleep; monca ek banna, I shall not mind,
Greg. 51, 53; vasal kall heyrt strtum, was not, Post. 645. 84; n mona frir menn hr koma,
Nirst. 623. 7. In later writers as an archaism; a few times in the Al. (MS. A. M. 519), 3, 5, 6, 44,
108; and about as many times in the MS. Eir- spennill (A. M. 47, fol.) [Etymon uncertain; that at is
the right form may be inferred from the assimilation in at- t w, and the anastrophe in t, though the
reason for the frequent dropping of the t is still unexplained. The coincidence with the Scottish
dinna, canna is quite accidental.]
abbads, f. abbess. Hkr. iii. 398, Fms. vii. 239, Gl. 365.
abbast, a, dep. (= amast), to be incensed at, vex, molest; a-vi e-t, Clem. 50, Fms. vii. 166; a-upp
e-t, Nj. 194.
abbindi = af-bindi, n. tenesmus, Hm. 140; cp. Fl. ix. 185, where it is spelt afbendi.
A = at, v. that word, a- in compds, v. at-. -a, suff. neg., v. -a.
AA, u, f. (and COMPD u-skel, f.) o. mytulus testa planiuscula, a shell. p. fem. pr. n., Edda.
AAL, [O. H. G. adal, genus; cp. also A. S. ele, nobilis; Old Engl. and Scot, ethel; Germ, edel;
ela- and eal- came from mod. Dan. into Icel. aall, nobility. It does not occur in old writings in
this sense.] I. n. nature, disposition, inborn native quality, used only in poetry; js a., childish, t.
13; snotrs aal, foolish, insipid, Hm. 106; args a., dastardly, Ls. 23, 24; drengs a., noble, Km. 23;
dyggs a., bad, Hsm. 19. 2. in the sense of offspring; aul Njarar (where it is n. pl.?), the gods, the
offspring of Njord, Hallfred in a poem, vide Fs. 59. II. used in a great many COMPDS, chief-,
head-. aal-akkeri, n. sheet-anchor, Fms. x. 130: p. metaph., Bs. i. 756. aal-bjrr, s, m. prime
beaver skin, Eb. (in a verse). aal-borinn, part., v. alborinn. aal-bl, n. a manor-house, farm
inhabited by its master, opp. to tenant farms, Grg. (Kb.) ii. 150; also the name of a farm, Hrafn. 4.
aal-festr, f., v. alasfestr. aal-fylking, f. main force, main body, Hkr. ii. 361. aal-haf, n. the main,
Fms. iv. 177. aal-henda, u, f., v. alhenda. aal-hending, f. full, complete rhymes, such as all -- hall,
opp. to skothending, q. v., Edda (Ht.) aal-hendr, adj. verse in full rhyme, Edda, id. aal-kelda, u,
f. chief well, Karl. 442. aal-kirkja, ju, f. chief part of a church, viz. choir and nave, opp. to
forkirkja, Sturl. ii. 59. aalliga, adv. completely, thoroughly; a. daur, quite dead, 656 C. 31, Fms. ii.
313; a. gamall, quite old, iii. 171. aal-mein, n. great pain, Fms. vi. (in a verse), aal-merki, n. the
head-standard, Pr. 177. aal- ritning, f. chief writing, Sks. 13. aal-skli, a, m. the chief apartment
of a skli, the hall, as distinguished from a forhs, Eb. 43. aaltr, n. trunk of a tree; eigi munu
kvistir betri en a. (a proverb), Fms. iv. 33. aal-troll, n. downright ogre, Fas. iii. 179. aal-tlkr, s,
m. chief advocate, Bs. i. 445. aal-tpt, f. esp. in pl. ir = als-toptir, the ground on which a manor-
bouse is built, toft of an allodial farm (Norse), ytja hs af aaltptum, remove it, N. G. L. i.
aild, older form ail, pl. ir, f. [root aal], v. the following word aili. It doubtless originally meant
chiefdom, headship, but it only occurs in the limited legal sense of chief-prosecutorship or
defendantship, and this only, as it seems, in Icel. not in Norse law. It is a standing word in the Icel.
codes and histories of the Commonwealth. It became lawed) af Noregi, where r would be more
regular, 344; af Islandi, of a traveller, Fms. x. 3; ba her af bum rkjunum, to take a levy from, 51;
hinir beztu bndr r Norlendingafjrungi ok af Sunnlendingafjrungi, the most eminent
Southerners and Northerners, 113; Gizzurr gkk af tsuri at gerinu, from south-west, Sturl. ii.
219; prestar af hvru- tveggja biskupsdmi, from either diocess, Dipl. ii. 11; vera tekinn af heimi,
to be taken out of the world, 623. 21; gruar hon af lknum, scrambles out of the brook, sl. ii. 340;
Egill kneyfi af horninu einum drykk, drained off the horn at one draught, literally squeezed every
drop out of it, Eg. 557; brottuaf herbunurn, Fms. x. 343. of things more or less surrounding the
subject, corresp. to yr or um; lta eir egar af sr tjldin, break off, take down the tents in
preparing for battle, Eg. 261; kyrtillinn rifnai af honum, his coat burst, caused by the swollen
body, 602; hann hafi leyst af sr ska sna, he untied his shoes (but binda sik), 716; Steinarr vildi
slta hann af sr, throw him off, of one clinging to one's body, 747; tk Gsli af sr vpnin, took
off his arms, Fms. vii. 39. Of putting off clothes; fara af kpu, Nj. 143; far eigi af brynjunni, Bs.
i. 541; tlai Sigurr at fara af brynjunni, id.; var Skarphinn ettr af klunum, Nj. 209:
now more usually fara or klum, ftum, exuere, to undress. o. connected with t; fstudaginn
for t herrinn af borginni, marched out of the town, Nj. 274; ganga t af kirkjunni, to go out of the
church, now t r, Fms. vii. 107: drekki hann af eirri jrunni, of something impregnated with the
earth, Laekn. 402. r. more closely corresponding to fr, being in such cases a Latinism (now fr);
brf af pfa, a pope's bull, Fms. x. 6; rit af hnum, letter from him, 623. 52; brf af Magnsi
konungi, a letter from king Magnus, Bs. i. 712; fari r brautu af mr eilfan eld, Hom. 143;
brott af drottins augliti, Stj. 43. ,. denoting an uninterrupted continuity, in such phrases as land
aandi, from land to land, Eg. 343, Fas. ii. 539; skip af skipl. from ship to ship, Fms. v. 10; brann
hvat af ru, one after another, of an increasing re, destroying everything, i. 128; brandr af brandi
brenn, funi kveykist af funa, one from another, Hm. 56; hverr af rum, one after another, in
succession, also hverr at rum, Eb. 272, 280 (where at in both passages). 2. metaph., at ganga af e-
m dauum, to go from, leave one dead on the spot, of two combatants; en hann segiz bani hins ef
hann gekk af dauum manni, Grg. ii. 88, Hkr. 1. 327; undr ykir mr er brir inn vildi eigi taka
af r starf etta, would not take this toil from thee, Nj. 77; egnar hans glddust af honum, were
fain of him, Fms. x. 380; at koma eim manni af sr er settr var f hans, to get rid of, Ld. 52; vil ek
vinriir af r skuldina, work off the debt, Njar. 366; reka af sr, to repel, Sturl. ii. 219; hann
sonu er aldri munu af oss ganga, who will never leave us, whom we shall never get rid of, Fas. i.
280; leysa e-n af e-u, to relieve, 64; taka e-n af l, to kill, Eg. 48, 416, Nj. 126; af lfdgum, Fms.
vii. 204; ek mun n lgum af v ???, get the benet of the law in this case, Eg. 468; muntu enga
stt af mr f, no peace at my hand, 414; rsa af daua, to rise from death, Fms. ii. 142; gu btti
honum af essi stt, healed him of this sickness, ix. 390; vakna af sn, draumi, svefni, to awaken
from a vision, dream, sleep, 655 xxxii. I, Gsl. 24, Eb. 192, Fas. i. 41. Rather with the notion out of,
in the phrase af sr etc., e. g. sna e-t af scr, to shew, exhibit a disposition for or against, Ld. 18;
gera mikit af sr, to shew great prowess, sl. ii. 368; f gerir eigi meira af r um ara leika,
unless you make more of thyself, Edda 32; Svip- dagr hafi mikit af sr gert, fought bravely, Fas. i.
41; gr (illr) af sr, good (bad) of oneself, by nature; mikill af sjlfum sr, proud, bold, stout, Nj.
15; gtastr mar af sjlfum sr, the greatest hero, Bret.: gr af ser, excellent, Hrafn. 7; but, on the
contrary, af sr kominn, ruinous, in decay; this phrase is used of old houses or buildings, as in Bs. i.
488 = Sturl. l. c.; af sr kominn af mi can also be said of a man fallen off from what he used to
be; kominn af fotum fram, off his legs from age, Sturl. i. 223, Korm. 154 (in a verse). II. WITH-
OUT MOTION: 1. denoting direction from, but at the same time continuous connection with an
object from which an act or thing proceeds, from; tengja skip hvrt fram af stafni annars, to tie the
ships in a line, stem to stern, Fms. i. 157, xi. 111; sv at eir tku t af borum, jutted out of the
boards, of rafters or poles, iv. 49; stjarna ok af sem skaft, of a comet, ix. 482; lka upp af hrossi, to
open a gate from off a horse, Grg. ii. 264; hon svarar af snu sti sem lpt af baru, Fs. i. 186; ar
er sj mtti utau af ri, af jlei, that might be seen from the fareway on the sea when sailing in
the rth, Hkr. ii. 64; mun hringt af (better at) Burakirkju, of bells rung at the church, Fms. xi.
160; gengr ar af Mealfellsstrnd, projects from, juts out, of a promontory, Ld. 10. 2. denoting
direction alone; upp af vkinni st borg mikil, a burg inland from the inlet, Eg. 161; lokrekkja
innar af seti, a shut bed inward from the benches in the hall, sl. ii. 262; kapella upp af konungs
herbergjum, upwards from, Fms. x. 153; vindr st af landi, the wind stood off the land, Br. 166.
p. metaph., stauda af e-u, vide VI. 4. . ellipt., hallai af norr, of the channel, north of a spot, Boll.
348; also, austr af, sur af, vestr af, etc. 3. denoting absence; ingheyendr skulu eigi vera um ntt af
ingi (away from the meeting), er lengr, eru eir af ingi (away from (be meeting) ef eir eru or
(out of) ingmarki, Grg. i. 25; vera um ntt af vringi, 115; mean hann er af landi han,
abroad, 150. p. metaph., gud hvldi af llum verkum snum sjaunda degi, rested from his labours,
Ver. 3. 4. denoting distance; at er komit af jlei, out of the high road, remote, Eg. 369; af
jbraut, Grg. ii. 264, i. 15; Otradalr (a farm) var mjk af vegi, far out of the way, Hv. 53. B.
TEMP, past, from, out of, beyond: 1. of a person's age, in the sense of having past a period of life; af
maga aldri, of age, able to support oneself, Grg. i. 243; af aeskualdri, stricken in years, having
past the prime of life, Eg. 202; lti af barnsaldri, still a child, Ld. 74; ek em n af lttasia skeii, no
longer in the prime of life, Hv. 40. 2. of a part or period of time, past; eigi sar en ntt er af ingi,
a night of the session past, Grg. i. 101; er sjau vikur eru af sumri, seven weeks past of the
summer, 182; tu vikur af sumri, b. 10; var mikit af ntt, much of the night was past, Hv. 41; miki
af vetri, much of the winter was past, Fas. ii. 186; rijungr af ntt, a third of the night past, Fms. x.
160; stund af degi, etc.; tveir mnor af sumri, Gl. 103. 3. in adverbial phrases such as, af stundu,
soon; af bragi, at once; af tmi, at leisure, at ease; af nju, again; af skyndingu, speedily; af
brungu, in a hurry, etc. C. In various other relations: I. denoting the passage or transition of an
object, concrete or abstract, of, from. 1. where a thing is received, derived from, conferred by a
person or object; iggja li af e-m, to derive help from, Edda 26; taka traust af e-m, to receive sup-
port, comfort from, Fms. xi. 243; taka mla af e-m, to be in one's pay, of a soldier, Eg. 266; halda
land af e-m, to hold land of any one, 282; vera viss af e-m, to get information from, 57, Nj. 130;
taka vi sk af manni (a law term), to undertake a case, suit, Grg. i. 142; hafa umbo af e-m, to be
another's deputy, ii. 374; vera gs (ills) maklegr af e-m, to deserve good (bad) of, Vd. 88 (old Ed.,
the new reads fr), Fs. 45; aa matar af eyjum, to derive supplies from, Eb. 12. 2. where an object is
taken by force: o. prop. out of a person's hand; skalt hnykkja smit af honum, wrest it out of his
hand, Nj. 32; cp. taka, rfa, svipta e-u (e-t) af e-m, to wrest from. p. metaph. of a person's deprival
of anything in general; hann tk af r konuna, carried thy wife off, Nj. 33; tk Gunnarr af r
sland itt, robbed thee of seedland, 103; taka af honum tignina, to depose, degrade him, Eg. 271;
vinna e-t af e-m, to carry off by force of arms, conquer, Fms. iii. 29; drepa menu af e-m, for one,
slay one's man, Eg. 417; fell ar li mart af Eyvindi, many of Eyvind's people fell there, 261. . in
such phrases as, hyggja af e-u (v. afhuga), hugsa af e-u, to forget; hyggja af harmi; sj af e-u, to
lose, miss; var sv stigt me eim, at livargi ttist mega af rum sj, neither of them could
take his eyes off the other, Sturl. i. 194; sv er mrg vi ver sinn vr, at varla um sr hon af hoiuun
nr, Sklda 163. 3. denoting forfeiture; eru eir tlagir, ok af goori snu, have forfeited their
priesthood, Grg. i. 24; telja hann af runum fjr sns alls, to oust one, on account of idiocy or
madness, 176; vera af kaupi, to be off the bargain, Edda 26; skalt af allri fjrheimtunni,
forfeit all the claim, Nj. 15; ek skal stefna r af konunni, summon thee to forfeit, a case of
divorce, id.; ella er hann af rettarfari um hana, has forfeited the suit, Grg. i. 381. p. ellipt., af ferr
eindagi ef, is forfeited, Grg. i. 140. II. denoting relation of a part to a whole, off, of, Lat. de;
hggva hnd, hfu, ft af e-um, to cut one's hand, head, foot off, Nj. 97, 92, Bs. i. 674; hggva
spjt af skapti, to sever the blade from the shaft, 264; hann lt ekki hafa af furar snum,
nothing of their patrimony, Eg. 25; vil ek at takir slkt sem r lkar af varningi, take what you
like of the stores, Nj. 4; at eignist slkt af f okkru sem vili, 94. p. ellipt., en n hfum vr
kjrit, en at er af krossinum, a slice of, Fms. vii. 89; rr gaf Sklm frnda snum af landnmi
snu, a part of, Landn. 211; hafi hann at af hans eigu er hann vildi, Sturl. ii. 169; ar l forkr einn
ok broti af endanum, the point broken off, Hv. 24, Sturl. i. 169. . absol. off; beit hann hndina af,
ar sem n heitir lir, bit the hand off, Edda 17; fauk af hfuit, the head ew off, Nj. 97; jafnt er
sem r synist, af er ftrinn, the foot is off, id.; af bi eyru, both ears off, Vm. 29. 2. with the
notion of -- among; mestr skrungr af konum Norrlndum, the greatest heroine in the North,
Fms. i. 116; hinn efniligasti mar af ungum mnnum Aust- fjrum, the most hopeful of youths in
the Eastrths, Njar. 364; af (among) llurn hirmnnuni viri konungr mest skld sn, Eg. 27; ef
hann vildi nokkura kaupa af essum konum, Ld. 30; r liggr ar ti vegginum, ok er s af eirra
rum, one of their own arrows, Nj. 115. p. from, among, belonging to; gu kaus hana af ollum
konum sr til mur, of the Virgin Mary, Mar. A. i. 27. . metaph., kunna mikit (lti) af e-u, to
know much, little of, Bragi kann mest af skldskap, is more cunning of poetry than any one else,
Edda 17. o. absol. out of, before, in preference to all others; Gunnarr bau r g bo, en
vildir eingi af taka, you would choose none of them, Nj. 77; ra e-t af, to decide; mun fair
minn mestu af ra, all depends upon him, Ld. 22; konungr kvest v mundu heldr af tra,
preferred believing that of the two, Eg. 55; var honum ekki vildara af vn, he could expect nothing
better, 364. 3. with the additional sense of instrumentality, with; ferma skip af e-u, to freight a with,
Eg. 364; hlaa mrg skip af korni, load many ships with corn, Fms. xi. 8; klyfja tv hesta af mat,
Nj. 74; var vgrinn skipar af herskipum, the bay was covered with war ships, 124; fylla ker af
glum, ll it with embers, Stj. 319; fylla heiminn af snu kyni, to ll the world with his offspring,
Ver. 3. III. denoting the substance of which a thing is made, of; used indifferently with r, though r
be more frequent; eir geru af honum jrina, af bli hans sinn ok vtnin, of the creation of the
world from the corpse of the giant Ymir; the poem Gm. 40, 41, constantly uses r in this sense, just
as in modern Icelandic, Edda 5; sv skildu eir, at allir hlutir vri smair af nokkru efni, 147
(pref.); hsit var gert af timbrstokkum, built of trunks of timber, Eg. 233; hjhin vru af gulli, of
gold, golden, Fms. i. 17; af osti, of cheese, but in the verse 1. c. r osti, Fms. vi. 253; lnkli af
lrepti, linen, Sks. 287. 2. metaph. in the phrases, gra e-t af e-ti (to dispose of), vera af (become
of), hvat her grt af Gunnari, what hast thou done with Gunnar? Njar. 376; hvat af motrinuni
er orit, what has become of it? of a lost thing, Ld. 208; hverfr spakr burt, sv eigi vita menn
hvat af honum er orit, what has become of him? Band. 5. IV. denoting parentage, descent, origin,
domicile, abode: 1. parentage, of, from, used indifferently with fr; ok eru af eim komnir
Gilsbekkingar, descend from them, but a little below -- fr honum eru konmir Sturlungar, Eb. 338,
cp. afkvmi; af tt Hrakra, Fms. i. 287; kominn af Troj- umnnum, xi. 416; af sa-tt (Kb.
wrongly at), Edda I. p. metaph., vera af Gui (theol.), of God, = righteous, 686 B. 9; illr vxtr af
llri rt, Fms. ii. 48; Asia er kllu af nafni nokkurar konu, derives her name from, Stj. 67; af honum
er bragr kallar skldskapr, called after his name, Edda 17. 2. of domicile; af danskri tungu, of
Danish or Scandi- navian origin, speaking the Danish tongue, Grg. ii. 73; hvaan af lndum,
whence, native of what country? sl. p. especially denoting a man's abode, and answering to and ,
the name of the farm (or country) being added to proper names, (as in Scotland,) to distinguish
persons of the same name; Hallr af Su, Nj. 189; Erlingr af Straumey, 273; strr af Djprbakka,
39; Gunnarr af Hlarenda (more usual fr); orir haklangr konungr af gum, king of Agdir, Eg.
35, etc.; cp. r and fr. V. denoting a person with whom an act, feeling, etc. originates, for the most
part with a periphrastic passive: 1. by, the Old Engl. of; as, ek em sendr hinga af Starkai ok
sonum hans, sent hither by, Nj. 94; inna e-t af hendi, to perform, 257; at ala vri skr af
kennimnnum, baptized of, Fms. ii. 158; meira virr af mnnum, higher esteemed, Ld. 158; stsll
af landsmnnum, beloved, b. 16; vinsll af mnnum, Nj. 102; allgu yrlti af eim fegum,
hospitably treated by them, Eg. 170; var nokkut drukki af alj, there was somewhat hard
drinking of the people, Sturl. iii. 229; mun at ekki upp teki af eim skudlgum mnum, they will
not clutch at that, Nj. 257; ef sv vri hendr r bit af mr, if had so made everything ready to
thy hands, Ld. 130; var frtt um af fur hans, his father said little about it, Fms. ii. 154. 2. it
is now also sometimes used as a periphrase of a nom., e. g. rita, tt af e-m, written, translated,
edited by, but such phrases scarcely occur in old writers. VI. denoting cause, ground, reason: 1.
originating from, on account of, by reason of; af frndsemis skum, for kinship's sake, Grg. ii.
72; mli af verkum, speechless from wounds, 27; af manna vldum, by violence, not by natural
accident, of a crime, Nj. 76; af fortlum Halls, through his pleading, 255; af stsld hans ok af
tlum eirra Smundar, by his popularity and the eloquence of S., b. 16; af rum Haralds
konungs, by his contriving, Landn. 157; bygr af frosti ok kulda, because of frost and cold, Hkr. i.
5. p. adverbially, af v, therefore, Nj. 78; af hv, why? 686 B. 9; verr bndi heiinn af barni
snu, viz. if he does not cause his child to be christened, K. . K. 20. 2. denoting instrumentality, by
means of; af sinu f, by one's own means, Grg. i. 293; framfra e-n af verkum sinum, by means of
one's own labour, K. . K. 42; draga saman au af skum, ok vlum ok kaupum, make money by,
623. I; af snum kostnai, at hi s own expense, Hkr. i. 217. p. absol., hn fellir mik dropa sv heita
at ek brenn af ll, Ld. 328; hann fkk af hina mestu smd, derived great honotur from it, Nj. 88; elli
stti hendr honum sv at hann lagist rekkjn af, he grew bedridden from age, Ld. 54; komast
undan af hlaupi, escape by running, Fms. viii. 58; spinna garn af rokki, spin off a wheel (now,
spinna rokk), from a notion of instrumentality, or because of the thread being spun out (?), Eb. 92.
3. denoting proceeding, originating from; lsti af hndum hennar, her hands spread beams of light,
Edda 22; allir heimar lstust (were illuminated) af henni, id.; en er lsti af degi, when the day broke
forth, Fms. ii. 16; ltt var lst af degi, the day was just beginning to break, Ld. 46; tk at myrkja
af ntt, the 'mirk-time' of night began to set in, Eg. 230; tk brtt at myrkva af ntt, the night
grew dark, Hkr. ii. 230. 4. metaph., standa, leia, hljtast af, to be caused by, result from; opt hltst
llt af kvenna hjali, great mischief is wrought by women's gossip (a proverb), Gsl. 15, 98; at af eim
mundi mikit mein ok happ standa, be caused by, Edda 18; kenna kulda af rum e-s, to feel sore
from, Eb. 42; mun her hljtast af margs manns bani, Nj, 90. 5. in adverbial phrases, denoting
state of mind; af mikilli i, in fury, Nj. 116; af m, in great emotion, Fms. xi. 221; af hyggju,
with concern, i. 186; af ltta, frankly, iii. 91; af viti, collectedly, Grg. ii. 27; af heilu, sincerely, Eg.
46; f fri, in rage; af ru, timidly, Nj. (in a verse); af setning, com- posedly, in tune, Fms. iii. 187;
af mikilli frg, gallantly, Fas. i. 261; af llu ai, with all might, Grg. ii. 41; af riki, violently, Fbr.
(in a verse); af trnai, condently, Grg. i. 400. VII. denoting regard to, of, concerning, in respect
of, as regards: 1. with verbs, denoting to tell of, be informed, inquire about, Lat. de; Dioscorides
segir af grasi v, speaks of, 655 xxx. 5; er menu spuru af landinu, inquired about it, Landn. 30;
halda njsn af e-u, Nj. 104; er at skjtast ar af at segja, Eg. 546, Band. 8. p. absol., hann mun
spyrja, hvrt r s nokkut af kunnigt hversu for me okkr, whether you know anything about, how,
Nj. 33; halda skla af, to hold a school in a science, 656 A. i. 19 (sounds like a Latinism); en ek
gera ik sera mestan mann af llu, in respect of all, that you should get all the honour of it, Nj. 78.
2. with adjectives such as mildr, illr, grafe-u, denoting disposition or character in respect to; alira
manna mildastr af fo, very liberal, often-banded, Fms. vii. 197; mildr af gulli, i. 33; gr af grium,
merciful, Al. 33; llr af mat en mildr af gulli, Fms. i. 53; fastr af drykk, close, stingy in regard to,
Sturl. ii. 125; gat ess Hildigunnr at mundir gr af hestinum, that you would be good about the
horse, Nj. 90, cp. auigr at, v. at, which corresponds to the above phrases; cp. also the phrase af sr
above, p. 4, col. I, ll. 50 sqq. VIII. periphrasis of a genitive (rare); provincialis af llum
Predikaraklaustrum, Fms. x. 76; vera af hinum mesta fjandskap, to breathe deep hatred to, be on
bad terms with, ix. 220; af hendi, af hlfu e-s, on one's behalf, v. those words. IX. in adverbial
phrases; as, af launungu, secretly; at" hlji, silently; v. those words. p. also used absolutely with a
verb, almost adverbially, nearly in the signication off, away; hann ba ra af fjrinn, pass the
rth swiftly by rowing, row the rth off, Fms. ix. 502; var p af farit at seni skerjttast var, was
past, sailed past, Ld. 142; ok er eir hfu af fjrung, past one fourth of the way, Dropl. 10: skna
af, to clear up, of the skv, Eb. 152; hence in common language, skna af sr, when the sun breaks
forth: sofa af nttina, to sleep it away, Fms. ii. 98; lei af nttin, the night past away, Nj. 53; dvelja
af stundir, to kill the time, Band. 8; drepa af, to kill; lta af, to slaughter, kill off; . in exclamations;
af tjldin, off with the awnings, Bs. i. 420, Fins, ix. 49. o. in the phrases, ar af, thence; hr af,
hence, Fms. ii. 102; af fram, straight on, Nj. 144; now, fram, on, advance. X. it often refers to a
whole sentence or to an adverb, not only like other prepp. to hr, hvar, ar, but also redundantly to
han, ru'-an, aan, whence, hence, thence. 2. the preposition may sometimes be repeated, once
elliptically or adverbially, and once properly, e. g. en er af var borit at borinu, the cloth was taken
off from the table, Nj. 176; Gu errir af (off, away) hvert tr af (from) augum heilagra manna, God
wipes off every tear from the eyes of his saints, 655 xx. vii. 17; skal fyrst btr af lka af f
vegaiula, pay off, from, Gl. 160, the last af may be omitted -- var af bori borinu -- and the
prep. thus be separated from its case, or it may refer to some of the indecl. relatives er or sem, the
prep. hvar, hr, ar being placed behind them without a case, and referring to the preceding relative,
e. g. oss er ar mikit af sagt au eim, we have been told much about these riches, Band. 24; er at
skjtast ar af at segja, in short, shortly. Eg. 546; aan af veit ek, thence infer, know, Fms. i. 97.
XI. it is moreover connected with a great many verbs besides those mentioned above, e. g. bera af,
to excel, whence afbrag, afbrigi; draga af, to detract, deduct, hence afdrttr; veita ekki af, to be
hard with; ganga at, to be left, hence afgangr; standast af um e-t, to stand, how matters stand; sem
af tekr, at a furious rate; vita af, to be conscious, know about (vide VII). D. As a prex to
compounds distinction is to be made between: I. af privativum, denoting diminution, want,
deduction, loss, separation, negation of, etc., answering indifferently to Lat. ab-, de-, ex-, dis-, and
rarely to re- and se-, v. the following COMPDS, such as segja, dicere, but afsegja, negare; rkja,
colere, but afrkja, negligere; aaga, contra legem; skapligr, normalis, afskapligr, deformis; afvik,
recessus; afhs, afhellir, afdalr, etc. II. af intensivum, etymologically different, and akin to of,
afr-, e. g. afdrykkja = ofdrykkja, inebrietas; afbri, jealously; afbendi, tenesmus; afglapi, vir
fatuus, etc. etc. Both the privative and the intensive af may be contracted into , esp. before a
labial f, m, v, e. g. fram = af fram; bri = afbri; vxtr = afvxtr; burr = afburr; vta =
afvta (?). In some cases dubious. With extenuated and changed vowel; auviriligr or viriligr,
depreciated, = afv- etc., v. those
afa, u, f. overbearing. Am. 1, Ls. 3, Bk. 2, 31, = afaryri.
afar- and avar- [cp. Ulf. afar = GREEK, GREEK; Germ, aber, esp. in compounds: v. Grimm Gr.
ii. 709], only used as a prex in compounds, very much, very. Now often pronounced far, which
form occurs esp. in MSS. of the 14th and I5th centuries, e. g. Fms. i. 150, xi. 249, sl. ii. 131; cp.
also fr, adj. iracundus. COMPDS: afar-auigr, adj. very rich, Lex. Pot.
afar-breir, adj. very broad, Edda 10. afar-fagr, adj. very fair, Edda (Ub.) 360. afar-hreinn, adj. very
clean, Lex. Pot, afar-illa, adv. very badly, Hkr. i. 226. afar-kaup, n. hard bargain, Sturl, (in a
verse). afar-kostir, m. pl. hard condition, Eg. 14, 353, Hkr. i. 144, Ld. 222. afarkosta-laust, n. adj. on
fair terms, Jb. 361, Stud. ii. 79. afar- ligr, adj. immense, huge, Nj. 183, v. l. afar-ltill, adj. very
small, Merl. 2. 46. afar-menni, n. an overpowering man, Orkn. 256 old Ed., Landn. 124, sl. ii. 190.
afar-or, n. overbearing words, Bs. ii. 9. afar-strr, adj. big, Lex. Pot. afar-str, adj. very sweet,
Sks. 534. afar-igr, adj. [hug], overbearing, of violent temper, Fms. vii. 20. afar-vel, adv. very
well, Hkr. i. 204, sl. ii. 140; cp. ofa. afar-yri, n. = afaror, Orkn. 274. afar-ungr, adj. heavy, Edda
(Ht.) 46.
af-auit, part. pass.; vera a. e-s, to fail, have bad luck, Gsi. 61.
af-t = oft, over-eating, gluttony, gormandizing.
af-blmgar, part. pass. 'off-bloomed,' deowered, 655 xxxii. 3.
af-bo, n. threats, high words, Fms. x. 199; ofbo, n., is used of panic, fear, agony, and as a prex
in compds of bos = exceedingly. So now the modern verb ofbja, mostly used impers., e-m
ofbr, to be shocked at, etc.
af-brag, n. used of persons, a superior, excellent person; hann var a. vizku sinni, wonderfully
clever, Fms. x. 397; a. annarra manna, man of mark, vi. 144. 2. gen. afbrags is now frequently used
as a prex to nouns to express something surpassing -- a. fagr, gr, frr, etc. -- a. vnleikr,
surpassing beauty, Stj. 195. COMPD: afbrags-mar, m. a great man, Fms. x. 293 (where spelt
abb-).
afbragliga, adv. surpassingly, Fas. i. 220.
afbragligr, adj. surpassing, Eb. 256, Fms. ix. 535, x. 230 (where spelt abb-), xi. 335.
af-brig and rarely afbrigi, n. -- the compound afbrigar-tr points to a fem. -- deviation,
transgression, offence, (cp. brega af, to deviate from) esp. in pl., eir skuu hann um nokku
afbrig inga sinna, Post. 645. 97; sttarof ok afbrig vi gu, trespasses, 671. i; afbrig, wrongs,
Ld. 66; afbrigum boora Gus, transgressions against the commandments of God, 671. 3; rr
afsakar sik um ll afbrigi vi ik, for having wronged thee, Sturl. ii. 132, Fms. vii. 24, sl. ii. 201.
COMPD: afbrigar- tr, ii. tree of transgression, Nirst. 623. 7.
af-brot, n. pl. trespasses, sin, K. . 36, Fms. xi. 443; very frequent in religious writings after the
Reformation.
af-brugning, f. deviation from, 656 B. 7.
af-brigr and brigr, adj. jealous, Str. 5, 75; v. the following.
af-bra, dd, [af- intens. and brr, sponsa], to be jealous, also contracted bra; eir vandlta ok
afbra sem karldrin eru borin, Stj. 94.
af-bri and contr. bri, n. (now obsol.) jealousy; en er Sisinnus s Clemens pfa standa hj konu
sinni, , viltist hugr hans mjk af mikilli lsku ok afbri, Clem. 41, 42, Fms. i. 9, t. 11; in all
these places spelt with af-, but bryi is more common, and occurs Hkr. i. 111; in the poem Gkv. i.
10 -- hon gi mr af bri -- it is used of the jealousy of a wife to her husband.
af-burr, m. (also spelt abb-), odds, balance, bias, success (cp. bera af, to prevail); kva honum
eigi annat vnna til afburar, in order to get the better of it, Sd. 166; s hann at engi var
afburrinn, they fought 'aequo Marte,' Sturl. ii. 74; hann tlai sr afbur, he meant to keep the
odds in his own hand, sl. ii. 450; skal n fara haustvking, ok vilda ek, at hon yri eigi me
minnum afburum, less glorious, Orkn. 464. II. gen. sing, and pl. afburar-, a-, freq. used as a
prex in some COMPDS with the notion of gloriously, with distinction. afburar-digr, adj. very
thick, bir. 24. afbura-frknligr, adj. very gallant, sl. ii. 369. afburar-jrn, n. excellent iron,
Fms. x. 173. afburar-mar, m. a man of mark, Rb. 316, Orkn. 474, Grett. 133, Finnb. 318.
afburar- mikill, adj. conspicuous, Fms. v. 181. afburar-skip, n. a ne ship, Fas. iii. 106. afburar-
vel, adv. very well, Hkr. ii. 265, Fms. ix. 515. afburar-vnn, adj. very ne, Fas. i. 182.
af-b, f. an 'off-booth,' side-booth, apartment, Korm. 116.
af-dalr, m. an 'off-dale,' remote valley; freq. in tales and rhymes of hidden valleys, esp. in pl., e. g.
Hva ht hundr karls er afdlum bj, in a nursery rhyme, K. . K. 38, Fms. v. 183.
af-deilingr, m. part, portion, share, Bs. i. 881.
af-drttr, m. [draga af, to detract], diminution, deduction, Ann. 1358 (of duties, nes), Dipl. i. 7,
Jm. 135 = costs. p. in arithmetic, subtraction, Alg. 358, now frdragning.
af-drif, n. pl. [drifa], destiny, fate; barn lkligt til strra afdrifa, a bairn likely to grow into a great
man, Fms. iii. 112 (of an exposed child); ykir mr ltil okkur a. vera munu, inglorious life, Fr.
53. It is now also used of nal fate, end. 2. offspring, Stj. 191.
af-drykkja, u, f. over-drinking, drunkenness, = ofdrykkja [af- intens.]
af-eggja, a, to dissuade, (as we might say 'to egg off'), Fms. ix. 352.
af-eira, , to curtail, deprive of, with dat. of the thing; a. sinni smd, to disgrace them, Br. 3;
riddaradmi, to degrade from knighthood, 4.
af-eista, t, to castrate, Bs. ii. 118.
af-eyringr, m. an animal, sheep with cropped ears, Bs. 1. 723, Sturl. iii. 47; also afeyra, , to cut
the ears off, and afeyrt, n. adj. a mark on sheep.
af-fall, n. diminution, discount, falling off, in the phrase, selja e-t me affllum, to sell at a
discount, Sd. 189.
af-fangadagr, v. atfangadagr, day preceding a feast.
af-fara, v. affr.
af-fari, adj. who deviates, trespasses, Fms. viii. 237, v. 1.
af-ferast, a, dep. to fall short of his father, to degenerate, Fms. xi. 423.
af-feldr, m. the spoon of Hela, Edda 231.
af-ferma, d and , [farmr], to unload a ship, Fas. ii. 448.
af-utning, f. and afutningr, m. disparaging, depreciation, Bs. i. 714.
af-ytja, utta, to disparage, Fms. x. 41, Grett. 100 A.
af-fr, ar, f. departure, in the following COMPDS: affara-dagr and affarar-dagr, m. the last day of a
feast, esp. of Yule or the like; a. jla -- Twelfth-night, opp. to affanga-dagr = at-fangadagr,
Christmas Eve, Hkr. iii. 304, Fbr. 139, Fms. vii. 272; a. veizlunnar, Bs. i. 287, Fms. iii. 121. affara-
kveld, n. the last evening of a feast, Fms. xi. 424.
af-gamall, adj. [af- intens. ?], very old, decrepid from age, Nj. 190; a. karl, Fms. ii. 182, Sks. 92.
af-ganga, u, f. surplus, Fms. iii. 208, v. l. II. deviation, digres- sion, Sklda 203. COMPD: afgongu-
dagr, m. = affaradagr, day of departure, Fas. iii. 600.
af-gangr, s, m. surplus, store, Ver. 17, Dipl. v. 10, Fms. iv. 236, K. . K. 163, in the phrase, me
afgngum, to spare, Fms. iii. 108; afgangs, gen. used adverbially, over, to spare, l. c., v. 1. II.
decease, death [ganga af, to die], Fas. iii. 596.
af-gelja, u, f. [gala, cp. hgilja], chattering, Edda 110.
af-gipt, f. [gefa af], tribute, K. . 170. II. indulgence, absolution, Bs. i. 712, H. E. i. 523, Dipl. i.
5. COMPDS: afgiptar-brf, n. letter of indulgence, Bs. 1. 699. afgiptar-f, n. a Norse law term,
escheatable property, N. G. L. i. 324.
af-gjald, n. tribute, Vm. 78 (freq.)
af-gjarn, adj. eager to be off, ying away, in the proverb, afgjarnt verr fundarf, Fas. ii. 332; cp.
afsll.
af-gjf, f. = afgipt, K. . 170, 174, H. E. i. 430.
af-glapa, a, [cp. glepja], an Icel. law term, to disturb or break the peace of a court or public
meeting, by violence, crowding, shouting, brawling, or the like; ef menn troast sv mjk at lgrttu
fyrir nnkost, er gra ar hrang at er hreysti, at fyrir v afglapast ml manna, ok varar at
fjrbaugsgar, Grg. i. 5; ef vring verr afglapat, at eigi megu ml lkast, 105; ef menn afglapa
gr allir eir er til vru teknir, i. 495.
af-glapan and afglpun, f. [v. the preceding word], used of rioting or brawling in a court or at a
meeting, to break the law or the peace; it is also used of any illegal steps to stop the course of law,
so that the pleadings are interrupted, and there is a aw in the procedure, v. ingsafglpun;
frequent in the Grgs and the Sagas; it was liable to the lesser outlawry, v. above: bribery and false
witness seem to be counted as ingsafglpun in Nj. 150, and were to be challenged to the High
Court, Lv. 12, 31, Nj., Grg., esp. in the . . etc.: v. Dasent, Introd. to Burnt Njal.
af-glapi, a, m. an oaf, fool, simpleton, Fms. i. 156, Ld. 34, Sd. 145. COMPD: afglapa-or, n. words
of a fool, in the proverb, mt eru afglapa- or, 'a fool's word is nothing worth' -- now mt eru
magaor -- Boll. 352.
af-greizla, u, f. payment, contribution, Vm. 141.
af-guliga, adv. ungodly, N. G. L. i. 376, v. l. = guliga.
af-gzla, u, f. taking care of, H. E. i. 396, uncert. read.
af-gra, , to offend, do amiss, transgress, Nj. 254, Fms. vii. 104, viii. 300.
af-gr, f. transgression, offence, mostly in pl., trespasses in a religious sense, Sks. 601, Hkr. iii.
225.
af-grvi, v. atgr.
af-hallnn, false read. = ofjarlar, Vall. L. 206, v. l.
af-hallr, adj. sloping downward, Eg. 277.
af-haugr, m. a side-mound, sl. ii. 46.
af-hef, f. [hef, possessio], ousting, D. N. iv. 881.
af-hegna, d, to enclose, hedge, D. N. iii. 774.
af-heima, gen. pl. n. [heima], from home, out of doors, abroad; fara til afheirna, to go abroad, opp.
to at heimili, at home, N. G. L. i. 158.
af-helgast, a, dep. to become unholy, to be profaned, Sks. 782 B.
af-hellir, m. side-cave, Fms. iii. 570, Fas. ii. 152, Brandkr. 62.
af-henda, d and t, to hand over, Lv. 6, Dipl. ii. 14, 16; a. skuld, to pay a debt, Vpn. 41; a. heit, to
pay a vow, Bs. i. 121.
af-hending, f. a metrical term, a subdivision of the samhenda, when the nal assonance of a verse
is repeated in the next one, e. g. seim verrir gefr seima | seim rr ..., Edda (Ht. 47 and 24). In mod.
Icel. metric, afhenda is quite different, viz. a short metre in only two lines.
af-hendis, adv. off one's hand, N. G. L. i. 180.
af-hendr, adj. out of one's hand, in the phrase, segja e-n sr afhendan, to give one up, of a client or
the like; leitt er mr at segja ik afhendan, v at at he ek aldri gert ef ek he vi manni tekit, Fs.
34, Fms. iii. 51 (of the poet Hallfred and king Olaf). II. n. afhent impers., e-m er e-t afhent, unt for,
unable to, Fms. viii. 21.
af-heyrandi, part. act. out of bearing, absent, Grg. ii. 143.
af-heyris, adv. out of bearing, opp. to heyris, Bs. i. 771.
af-hlaning, f. unloading, N. G. L. i. 410.
af-hlaup, n. surphis, Fms. iv. 336; til afhlaups, to spare, Alg. 370. COMPD: afhlaups-korn, n.
surplus corn, Gl. 352.
af-hlutr, m. share of a thing, v. fjr-afhlutr. af-hlast, dd, to disobey, D, N. ii. 173.
af-hrapi, a, m. offscourings, outcasts, (an GREEK, -- afhrak being now used); ok rr hann sr
einum hendr afhrapa hans, Grg. i. 294 (of the consequences of harbouring a vagabond).
af-hro, n. destruction, v. afr, Fas. iii. 169.
af-huga, adj. ind. averse, having turned one's mind from; vera a. e-u or vi e-t, to forget, mind no
more, sl. ii. 274, Stj. 202, Fs. 47, Bs. i. 78, 655 xi. 3.
af-hugast, a, dep. gov. dat. to forget, Fms. viii. 252; part. afhugar vi e-t = afhuga, having put it
out of one's mind, ii. 336.
af-hus, n. out-house, side-apartment, Eb. 10.
af-hvarf, n. [hverfa], a diversion, turning aside, Hm. 33, in which passage it is opp. to gagnvegr,
the straight path, L. 204.
af-ha, dd, to scourge thoroughly, 'hide,' Grett. 135, Sturl. iii. 295.
af-hfa, a, to behead, Fms. i. 217, Stj. 464.
af-hgg, n. a law term, 'off-hewing,' mutilation, maiming, N. G. L. i. 170, Bs. i. 675, H. E. i. 237. II.
chips, splinters, Fms. ii. 290.
AFI, a, m. [cp. Lat. avus, Ulf. av = GREEK, and aba = GREEK, vir], grandfather: it is now
frequent, but occurs very rarely in old writers, who almost always use murfair or furfair. Yet
it occurs in the poem Rm. 16 -- a ok amma -- and Vm. 29, where it = furfair. It is curious to
observe that in the poem Skm. -- whence it is again transferred into the Grgaldr -- it is used in the
sense of a boy or a son; cp. as an illustration of this use the Norse phrase -- D. N. iv. 848 -- a eptir
afa = son after father, man after man in uninterrupted succession, in accordance to the Gothic aba;
Edda 108, Fms. iv. 288, vi. 346, xi. 6. We also say lang-a, great-grandfather, and langamma,
great-grandmother. COMPD: afa-systir, f. great aunt, Landn. 317.
af-kaup, n. bad bargain, Fms. v. 255.
af-kraligr, v. afkrligr.
af-krligr, adj. = afkrr, Lex. Pot.; now freq. afkralegr, adj. and -lega, adv. of manners, odd, like a
madman.
af-krr, adj. [af- intens.; krr does not occur; cp. the modern kri, a gale, tempest, (pot.)], strange,
prodigious; er hr nokkut afkrt inni, of a giant pulling a bear out of his den by the ears, Fas. ii.
237; it occurs repeatedly in Lex. Pot. = very strong, remarkable; afkrr sngr, discordant song, of
shouting, Akv. 38; cp. launkrr.
af-kley, n. in the COMPD afkleys-or, n. a metric, term, a superuous word, syllable, in a verse,
an enclitic syllable preceding the hfustafr in a verse. COMPD: afkleyus-samstafa, u, f. syllaba
hypermetra, Edda (Ht.) 137.
af-kla, dd, to undress, Stj. 194. p. reex, to undress oneself, Eg. 420, Fms. x. 294.
af-komandi, part, descendant, Hkr. iii. 170.
af-kvremi, n. [kvm], 'off-coming,' offspring, in a collect, sense, Fms. i. 212, Hkr. i. 325, Orkn. 142,
Stj. 39. COMPD: afkvmis-mar, m. descendant, Stj. 39, 160.
af-kymi, a, m. nook, sl. ii. 471 (paper MS.); kymi, id., is now freq.
AFL, s, m. hearth of a forge, Edda 69, 70, Stj. 312, Fms. viii. 8; in N. G. L. i. 328 it seems to mean
hearth (in general).
a, m. [Grimm mentions an O. H. G. aval; abal is a dub. GREEK in A. S. poetry, Ormul. avell] ,
strength, esp. physical force; afreksmar at ai ok ri, Eg. 1; styrkr at ai, Fms. i. 19; ramr at ai,
155; fullkominn at ai ok hyggju, bodily and mental vigour, Ld. 256; stillt vel ainu, at
verir eigi kendr, Nj. 32; hafa a til e-s, be a match for, be able to do, Gl. 411. p. virtue; a
daufrandi grasa, virtue of poisonous herbs, 623. 26. 2. metaph. strength, power, might, Th. 19. 3.
a law term, force, validity; dmdu vr etta bo Bjarna lgligt ok ekki a hafa, void, Dipl. iii. 3. 4.
a law term, majority, odds, in the phrase, ok skal a ra, plurima vota valeant; ef gerarmenn
(umpires) vera eigi sttir ok skal a ra, Grg. i. 493; n vera fjrungsmenn eigi sttir, skal
a ra me eim, i. l, cp. 44, 531 (where it is used of a jury); en ef eir vera eigi sttir er
lgrttu sitja hvat eir vilja lofa er lg leia, skolu eir ryja lgrttu (viz. divide) ok skal ra
a. me eim, Nj. 150. 5. force, violence; taka me ai, Stj. 4. 30; bja e-m a, Bs. ii. 106.
COMPDS: as-munr, m. odds, superiority of strength, esp. in the phrase, kenna asmunar, where
there is a short struggle, the one being soon overcome, Eb. 182, Eg. 508, Hkr. i. 286: p. kenna
asmuna = kosta as, to exert oneself to the utmost; var hann at kenna a. (to exert the whole of his
strength) r hann kmi honum undir, Eb. 172. a. s-raun = araun.
AFLA, a, [cp. Swed. afvel, breed, slock: Dan. avling, farming; avls- gaard, farm; faareavl,
qvgavl, breed of sheep or cattle. In Norse (mod.) avle is to harvest; Swed. aa, to beget. In the
Icel. verb aa the idea of producing or gathering prevails, whereas the nouns branch off; the weak
ai chiey denotes produce, means, stores, resources, troops, forces; the strong one -- a -- force
alone. Yet such phrases as ramr at ai indicate something besides the mere notion of strength. In
the mod. Scandin. idioms -- Dan., Swed., Norse -- there are no traces left of the idea of 'force:' cp.
the Lat. opes and copiae. The Icel. spelling and pronunciation with bl (abl) is modern, perhaps from
the time of the Reformation: cp. the words ea etc. with a changed vowel. The root is OP-, as
shewn in Lat. ope, opes, the o being changed into a ?]. I. with gen. of the thing, to gain, acquire,
earn, procure; vandara at gta fengins fjr en aa ess (a proverb); bjggu eir skip ok uu
manna til, got men to man it, Eg. 170. p. the phrase, aa sr fjr ok frgar, to earn fame and
wealth, of young heroes going sea-roving; fru um sumarit vking ok uu sr fjr, Eg. 4; aa sr
fjr ok frama, Fs. 5; fjr ok viringar, id.; hann hafi aat sr fjr (made money) hlmgngum, Eg.
49; aai essi bardagi honum mikillar frgar, brought him great fame, Fms. ii. 307; kom honum
hug, at honum mundi mikillar framkvmdar aa, bring him great advantage, Eb. 112. 2. as a law
term, to cause, inict a wound; ef mar aar einum bls er bens af heiptugri hendi, N. G. L. i.
387. II. with acc., mostly in unclassical writers, but now rare, to earn; aai hann ar f mikit, Fms.
vii. 80; aandi ann thesaur er,, 655 xxxii. i; hat r ok mikit aat, Al. 159; mun ek til hafa atfer
ok eljun at aa mr annan vi, to contrive, Ld. 318, where, however, the excellent vellum MS. A.
M. 309, 4to, has gen. -- annars viar -- more classically, as the Saga in other passages uses the gen.,
e. g. aa sr manna ok hrossa, to procure horses and men, l. c. little below. p. reex., e-m aask e-t,
gains, Fb. 163. . absol., njt sem her aat, of ill-earned means, Nj. 37. o. part, aandi, Njar.
366. 2. now used absol. to sh, always with acc.; a standing phrase in Icel., the acc. only being used
in that particular connection. III. with dat. in the sense of to perform, manage, be able to; hann
aai brtt mikilli vinnu, ok var hagr vel, Fms. i. 289; fyr mun hann v aa en ek fra honum
hfu mitt, it will sooner happen, Fms. iv. 291, where the Hkr. reads orka; bau t leiangri, sem
honum tti landit mestu mega aa, to the utmost that the country could produce, Fms. x. 118; ekki
aar harm v at standa mti yr, he is not man enough to stand against you, Fas. iii.
af-lag, n. [leggja af], gen. aags. I. used as adv. = afgangs, sparingly, Fas. iii. 477. In modern Icel.
hafa agum or agu, to have to spare. II. slaughtering of cattle, killing off; leggja af margan
fna ... minti biskup enn um agin, the slaughtering, Bs. i.
af-laga, adv. unlawfully, Grg. i. 473, ii. 367, Gl. 294, 432, 473, Hkr. ii. 246, Al. 153; ganga a., Stj.
430. 2. now used in the sense to be out of joint, things going wrong.
af-lagliga, adv. = agliga, 655 xxxii. 4.
aan and un, f. gain, acquisition, Hkr. ii. 218, Sks. 233. COMPD: unar-mar, m. a good
steward, Sturl. iii. 130.
af-langr, adj. oblong, Ann. year 1414; formed from the Lat. (?), new common.
af-lausn, f., Lat. absolutio. 1. some small release, ransom, compensation, Sturl. iii. 142, 239;
gjra a. urn e-t, to relieve, release oneself in regard to a thing: lafr konungr mlti, 'Framar her
gert urn vgin Grnlandi, en skimarinn kallar a. vera skinnar; v at hann kallast leysa sik,
ef hann dregr sk fyrir sik, enn annan fyrir skip sitt, rija fyrir ngul, fjra fyrir va," king Olaf
said, 'Thou hast done more then in the matter of manslayings in Greenland, than what the sherman
calls the ransom of his shing; for he says that he has freed himself (of his shing), if he draws (up)
a sh for himself, but another for his boat, a third for his angle, a fourth for his line,' (this way of
reckoning their catch is still common with shermen in many parts of England and Scot- land), Fbr.
154: cp. a stanza in a Scottish ballad, 'I launched my boat in Largo Bay, | And shes caught three; |
One for wad and one for hook, | And one was left for me.' 2. eccles. = absolution, K. . 226, Hom.
137, Grett. 162, Fms. x. 18.
af-lt, n. leaving off, relinquishing; a. synda, Stj. 567, Sks. 612 B; n ati, used adverb.
incessantly, 625, p. 77, Th. 20. p. remission, pardon; at misgrninga, Hom. 160; a. synda, 159.
COMPD: ats- korn, n. surplus corn, store corn, Gl. 352, v. l. aaupskorn.
af-ltr, adj. negligent, lazy, Hom. 152.
af-leiing, f. 'off-leading:' 1. now generally used in the pl. consequences, result; 2. in old writers,
on the contrary, it seldom occurs, and then in a peculiar sense. So Sturl. iii. 128, gar aeiingar
eru me e-m, they are on good terms, things go on pretty well between them. 3. metric,
continuation; her er hinn fyrri visuhelmingr leiddr af eirri vsu, er r var kvein ok fylgir at
mlsor, er aeiing (continuation) er kllu, Edda (Ht.) 126.
af-leiingr, s, m., skilja gan aeiing, used adverb. to part on friendly terms, Sturl. iii. 134: cp.
the preceding word, 128; both passages are taken, from the orgils S. Skara, to which the phrase
seems to be peculiar.
af-leiis, adv. 1. loc. astray, out of the path, Sd. 146, 655 xvii. 4. 2. metaph., fra a., to pervert, Stj.
227, 519; eir lugu okkr, en frir or eirra a., you perverted their words, Bs. i. 7, Glm. 327;
Sna e-m a., to seduce, Andr. 625. 75. p. impers., e-u okar a., turns out wrong, Bs. i. 340.
af-leifar, f. pl. scraps, remnants, leavings, Stj. 383, Bs. i. 237; f. bsaeifar, Grg. i. 299.
af-leitinn, adj. = aeitr, of odd appearance, Fas. ii. 329.
af-leitliga, adv. perversely, Stj. 55; ilia ok a., 173.
af-leitligr, adj. = aeitr, perverse, deformed, Stj. 274, Al. 96.
af-leitr, adj. [lta, cp. also -leitr in compounds], strange, hideous; neut., hversu aeitt (how
disgusting) oss virist um eirra httu, Hks. iii. 435; hversu aeitir (stupid) oss snast eirra httir,
Fms. vii. 296, l. c.; eir fyrirlta ok halda alla sauahira sem aeita, odd, peculiar, Stj. 293; aeitt
er eligt, vile, 1 Sam. xv. 9. p. abandoned, the face turned from, deserted by, with dat.; aeita
hamingjunni, luckless, Stj. 421. Ruth i. 12.
af-lendis, adv. = erlendis, abroad, N. G. L. i. 244.
af-lendr, adj. far from land, in open sea, Bs. ii. 47.
af-letja, latti, to dissuade: o. with inn., Bs. i. 39. p. with acc., aatti hann mjk fyrir sr ferina,
Fms. ix. 437. . or witn an acc. of the person and gen. of the thing; a. e-n e-s, v. letja.
af-letta, tt, to cease, Fr.
af-lettr, prompt, ready, v. ottr.
a-ftt, n. adj. short of strength; vera a., to fail in strength, Fms. i. 55. iii. 150.
a-grf, f. [a, m.], hole below the forge, cinder-pit, or a water-pit wherein to cool the iron (?); cp.
Vkv. 22, ir. 72.
a-hella, u, f. hearth-stone in a forge; er hann hafi au (viz. the bones) nirgrat undir sna
ahellu, ir. 95.
ai, a, m. I. means, acquisition, gain, produce, stores, fruits; ai ok herfang, Fms. ii. 106; hafi
rir einn forr ess lis ok sv aa ess alls er verr ferinni, iv. 297; eignir ... me llum aa
ok vexti, increase and interest, K. . 54. 2. now used, o. partic. of shing stores, shing, and p.
gener. of provisions and stores of any kind. II. metaph.: 1. might, power; hafa aa til eingis, have
might or means for nothing, be unable to do anything, to be powerless, Nj. 27. 2. forces, troops,
body, Lat. copiae, opes; sgrmr sagi at mikinn aa, great support, Nj. 210; en at snist mr
rligast at bija sr lis, vat eir draga aa at yr, they gather forces against you, 222; munu vr
skjtt eiga af honum vn hins mesta friar ef hann fr nokkurn aa, troops, resources, Fms. i. 188;
at herja fega me allmikinn aa, strong body, 184; ok er hir Sverris konungs s, at ainn
Magnss konungs (the main body) i allr, viii. 119. COMPDS: aa-brg, n. pl. [brag], stores of
sh, A. A. 276. aa-ftt, n. adj. = aftt, Fms. iii. 133. aa-f, n. acquired property, N. G. L. i. 448.
aa-litill, adj. having little power, Finnb. 320 (compar. aaminni). aa-mar, m. powerful, strong,
Lv. 12, 109. aa-mikill, adj. opp. to aaltill, powerful, strong, Ld.; hargjrr ok aamikill, Bs. i.
635; var Smundr aamestr, the strongest in men, Sturl. ii. 44: p. (= amikill), used of physical
strength, Stj. Judg. iii. 29; vera menn eigi sttir hvrr sterkari er, en ta estir Gsla aameira
(= ameira), Gsl. 26. aa-munr, m. odds, Sturl.; at etja vi aamuninn, to ght against odds, Al.
110. aa-skortr, m. shortcoming in power, opp. to aamunr, Bs. i. 525. aa-stund, f. shing season,
Bs. ii.
af-lima, adj. ind., vera e-m a., to be cut off, separated from, Post. 95, Am. 26.
af-lima, a, to 'off-limb,' to dismember, maim, mutilate, Js. 37, Ann. 1342.
af-liman, f. 'off-limbing,' mutilation, Bs. ii. 75.
a-lauss, adj. weak, strengthless, a medical term, palsied, paralytic, Bs. i. 351.
a-leysi, n. palsy, v. Fl. ix.
a-ltill, adj. weak, Fms. ii. 201, vii. 208.
a-mikill, adj. of great strength, Sturl. i. 23, Fms. i. 261.
af-lofa, a, to refuse, Fr.
a-raun, f. trial (proof) of strength; in plur. bodily exercises; Skalla- grmr hendi mikit gaman at
araunum ok leikum, Eg. 187; er at estra manna tlan, at Grettir ha verit sterkastr
hrlandsmanna, san eir Ormr ok rlfr lgu af araunir, Grett. 133; tti etta mikil a., Fms.
iii. 210, Finnb. 274: cp. asraun.
a-skortr, m. failing of strength, Fms. ii. 149.
augr, adj. strong, v. ugr.
a-vani, adj. ind. decient in strength; vera a., to succumb; taka eir fang, ok verr Gunnarr mjk
a., Fms. ii. 75 (in wrestling); enda var hann a. fyrir lis sakir, was overpowered, got the worst of it,
sl. ii. 172; Eustachius s sik avani (acc.) mti eim, 655 x. p. 2.
a-vvi, a, m. [vvi, a muscle], the biceps muscle, Sturl. 51, Ld. 220, Fas. ii. 344.
af-logliga, adv. = aaga, unlawfully, D. N. i. 80, Stj, 154.
af-m, , to 'mow off,' to blot out, destroy, Fms. ii. 238, Stj. 208, 346.
af-mn, f. [af, m], degradation, shame, v. the following.
af-mna, a, = afm, to degrade, pollute.
af-mnar, part, polluted, deled, Rb. 332.
af-mynda, a, to deform; dep. afmyndask, to be deformed, Fas. i. 425 (paper MS.); the word is now
very freq.
af-ming, f. [mir], right of weaning lambs, by taking them from the mother; kirkja lamba a.
(perhaps wrongly for afmring) Mlvkr- hfa, Vm. 164.
af-nm, n. gener. taking away, removal, Stj. 2 Sam. iv. II. p. esp. in the phrase, at afnmi, of
something reserved, before the division of spoil, property, or inheritance; now, taka af skiptu, Dan.
forlods, Grg, i. 330, 336, Jb. 289 (Ed. af nmi); konungr skildi hafa r hlutskipti rijung vi
lismenn, en umfram at afnmi bjrskinn ll ok safala, Eg. 57. 2. metaph. privation, loss; ok hann
verr at skaa eim mnnum nokkrunn, er oss mun ykkja a. , Eg. 114, Fms. vii. 244. COMPDS:
afnms-f, n. a law term, share, which is reserved before the division of property, spoil, inheritance,
or the like, Eg. 240, Fms. iv. 28. afnms-gripr, m. something reserved or set aside, Fms. x. 214.
af-nefja, a, to cut off one's nose, Sir. 35.
af-neita, a and tt, and afnta, tt, now always afneita, a, to deny, refuse; with dat., her afneita
tiltekinni tr, Fms. iii. 166; eigi vil ek v afneita, refuse, Fs. 11; ek afneitta eigi hans orsending,
Stj. 1 Kings xx. 7; en er hann afneitti eigi me llu (refused not), bu eir hann v meir, Grett.
146. 2. absol. afnita; en ar es Jkull brir minn laust ik hgg, at skalt hafa btalaust, v at
afnttir er r vru bonar, Fs. 57.
af-neiting, f. denial, renunciation, Th. 17.
af-neyzla, u, f. use, consumption; a. skgarins, Fs. 125, Nj. 78; a. fjr (pl.), Jb. 404 A, B (Ed.
ofnevzlur).
afr, v. fr, buttermilk.
af-ra, afr, afro, and afhro, n. (Fas. iii. 169), [cp. Swed. afrad; from ro, rud, fundus, ager(?)].
I. prop, a Norse and Swedish law term, tribute, ground tax, payable to the king; a. ok landaura, N.
G. L. i. 257, D. N. iii. 408. So also in Vsp. 27, hvrt skyldu sir a. gjalda, where it is opp. to gildi,
league. II. metaph. loss, damage, 1. in the phrase, gjalda a., to pay a heavy ne, suffer a great loss;
en at a. munu vr gjalda, at margir munu eigi kunna fr at segja hvrir sigrast, there will be so
heavy a loss in men, such a havoc in killed, Nj. 197 (where most MSS. read afro, some afra, Ed.
afrau); tluu eir opt um mlaferlin, sagi Flosi, at eir hefi mikit a. goldit egar, 254 (MSS.
afra, afro, and afhro); Ltingr mun ykjast r mikit a. goldit hafa lti brra sinna, 155
(MSS. afra, afro, and afhro), Fms. x. 324. 2. in the phrase, gra mikit a., to make a great havoc;
gri hann mikit afhro sinni vinn, great slaughter, Fas. iii. 169: cp. Lex. Pot. 3. advice, Vtkv. 5;
the verse is spurious and the meaning
afras-kollr, m. cognom., Germ. 'steuerkopf,' cp. nefgildi, Engl. poll- tax, v. the preceding.
af-reizla, u, f. = afgreizla, outlay, payment, m. 13.
af-rek, n. [af- intens.], a deed of prowess, a deed of derring do; margir lofuu mjk afrek Egils, ok
sigr ann sem hann vann, Fms. xi. 234; vinna afrek, Fs. 6; ekki a. geri hann meira Noregi,
Fagrsk. 94; hann lt ok gra ar Narsi naust bi mrg, ok sv str, at afrek var , grand,
magnicent, Hkr. iii. 268. COMPDS: afreks-gripr, n. a splendid object, a thing of price, Ld. 144.
afreks-mar, m. a valiant man; a. at ai ok r, Eg. I; en at he ek spurt, at hir hans er skipu
afreksmnnum einurn, heroes, 19, 84; a. um vxt er a, sl. ii. 190. afreks-verk, n. valiant deed,
Fr. 51, Al. 30.
af-reka, a, to achieve, perform; munu r mikit afreka, Lv. 33; hvat eir hfu alrekat, Fas. iii.
221; a. vel, to succeed, Br. 175.
af-remma, u, f. [ramr], restriction, encumbrance, obligation; s er a. mer essum tillgum, at
prestr skal vera at heimilishsi ok syngja allar heimilistir, m. 37.
afrendi, f. [afrendr], strength, prowess, valour, Hym. 28.
afrendr, adj. [frequently or almost constantly spelt afreyndr, as if from 'af-' intens. and 'raun,' of
great prowess; but the derivation from 'afr-= afar-' and '-endi or -indi' is better]. I. in the phrase, a. at
ai, very strong, valiant, Fms. ii. 87, Finnb. 254; compar. afrendari, Fms. x. 321, Fs. 33, 48 (where
the MS. Vh. spells afreyndr, so also does the Fb. i. 341, etc.) II. absol. without adding at ai, Lv.
101 (where written
af-rttr, m. and afrtt, f. (now always f.; cp. rtt), [prgbably akin to reka, viz. afrekt, contr. afrtt],
compascuum, common pasture; it is now prop. used of mountain pastures, whither the cattle (sheep)
are driven in the summer in order to graze during July and August, and again collected and driven
down in the autumn (Sept.); in Norway called almenningr. I. masc., thus dened, en at er afrttr,
er ij menn eigu saman er eiri, hverngi hlut sem hverr eirra , Grg. ii. 303, 330; afrtt ann,
er, i. 397, ii. 303; afrttu, acc. pl., ii. 301, Jb. 198 A, K. . K. 90, Olk. 37; hlfan afrtt, Vm. 29. II. f.
afrttinni (dat.), Grug. (Kb.) ii. 301, 325 A; gen. afrttar (gender uncert.), 303 A; afrttin, id., Cod.
A; afrtt (dat. f. ?), sl. ii. 330, Hv. 39; afrettum, dat. pl. (gender uncert.), Boll. 336. COMPDS:
afrttar-dmr, m. court held for deciding causes concerning common pasture, Grg. ii. 323. afrtta-
menn, m. pl. owners or partners in common pasture, Grg. ii.
af-ro, v. afr.
af-rg, n. excuse, justication, Str. 71.
af-runingr, m. [ryja], clearing off, defence, repeal, Pr. 425.
af-runi, a, m. [runi, renna], deviation; metaph. sin, trespasses; umbt ok iran afruna (gen.), 125.
174; irun fyrir grva afruna (acc. pl.), id.; trfelling er hann her fyrir afruna , er vera essa
heims l, id. 184. p. injury, offence, D. N. iii. 367 (Fr.)
afr-yri, n. = afaryri, insolent words.
af-ri, n. [af- intens. and r], absolute rule, D. N. ii, 336 several times (Fr.)
af-rkja, t and , to neglect, contemn, H. E. i. 257; reex, afrkjast, in the same signication, a.
with dat, a. lgunum, to break, neglect the law, Al 4. p. with acc. (now always so), a. sitt
hfurnerki, Karl. 189. . uncert. dat. or acc., a. Gus hlni, Edda (pref.) 144, Stj. 241. o. with at
and a following inn., Gl. 183; konungar afrktust at sitja at Uppslum, left off, Hkr. ii. 97. r.
absol., Fms. vii. 221, 188, Gl. 506.
af-saka, a, to excuse, exculpate, K. . 230, Stj. 37. p. pass, afsak- ast, to be (stand) excused, K. .
226, Stj. 125.
af-sakan and afsokun, f. a 'begging off,' excuse, exculpation, K. . 228, Stj. 152. COMPD:
afsakanar-or, n. pl. excuses, Stj.
af-saki, a, m. excuse, 623. 60.
af-sanna, a, to refute, prove to be false ('unsooth'), 655 xvii. 1.
af-s, n. seed-corn, N. G. L. i. 240.
af-segja, sagi, to resign, renounce; a. sr e-t, Barl. 210. Now used in the sense of to refuse, deny.
af-setja, setti, to depose, put down, v. the following.
af-setning, f. and afsetningr, m. deposition, (off-setting, cp. Scot. 'aff- set,' Jam., which means
dismissal, the act of putting away), H. E. ii. 74, 523.
af-sia, adj. ind. immoral, of loose manners, Grg. i. 138.
af-sifja, a, [sifjar], a law term, to cut off from one's 'sib,' alienate from one's family, renounce; gefa
m mar vingjar at sr lifanda, hest ea yxn, vpn ea vlka grfpi, ok afsifjar (Cod. A reads
afsitjar, but doubtless wrongly) hann sr at sex skynsmum mnnum yki eigi arfsvik gr vi
erngja, Jb. 163, D. N. i. 141, Pl Vidal. p. 84. The word appears to be a Norse law term, and does
not occur in the laws of the Icel. Commonwealth, but came into use with the code Jb.
af-sa, adv. aside, apart, Krk. 56.
af-skapligr, adj. [skapligr], misshapen, monstrous, huge, shocking; a. felli, shocking accident, Stj.
90; herligr ok a., 655 xiii. A. i; a. ok mannligt, Stj. 272; a. menska, Fms. ii. 225, K. . (App.)
230.
af-skeiis, adv. astray, H. E. i. 252, 655 xi. 3, Hom. 99.
af-skipan, f. deposition, dismissal, D. N. (Fr.)
af-skipta, adj. ind. cut off, from an inheritance or the like, Lat. expers; in the phrase, vera grr a., to
be wronged, Hrafn. 14.
af-skipti, n. pl. dealing with, intercourse, (cp. the phrase, skipta sr af e-u, to meddle with, care
about); ok eingi a. veita heinum gouin, Fms. ii. 160; ef hann veitir sr engi a., does not deal with,
Grg. ii. 121. COMPDS: afskipta-lauss, adj. heedless, careless, having nothing to do with, Fb. i.
392. afskipta-ltill, adj. caring little about, Fms. vii. 181, Orkn. 142. afskipta-samr, adj. meddling,
partaking, v. afskiptasamr.
af-skiptinn, adj. meddling, partaking, Ld. 66.
af-skiptr, part. = afskipta, wronged, cheated, Fas. iii. 619. Metaph. void of, having no interest in,
Stj. 155, 195.
af-skirrandi, participial noun, [skirrast], an offscouring, outcast; leii r enna a. t r horgiimi,
656 C. 33.
af-skrmliga, adv. hideously, Hom. 155.
af-skrmligr, adj. [af- intens.; skrmr means a giant; skrimsl, a monster; cp. Engl. to scream],
hideous, monstrous; a. illvirki, a sacrilege, K. . 222: also spelt askramligr and askramliga, Al.
142, Hom. 155.
af-skrmi, n. a monster, v. the following.
af-skrmiliga, adv. hideously: a, of a scream; lt t stli a., howled piteously, of a ghost, Hkr.
ii. 312, Eb. 320, of the bellowing of a mad bull. p. of a monstrous shape; rllinn (of a ghost) rtti
inn hfuit, ok sndist honum a. mikit, Grett. 83 new Ed. . metaph., ttast a., to be shocked at, Stj.
101.
af-skurr, ar, m. a chip, lappet, Dipl, iii. 3.
af-skyld, f. a law term, due, obligation, encumbrance, several times in the Cartularies and deeds of
gift, in the phrase, s er a. essa fjr, D. I. i. 273, etc.; me essi a. fara essir fjrhlutir, 282, Vm.
108: cp. the still more freq. phrase, s er afvinna, cp. afvinna.
af-sni, n. a lappet, snip, Pr. 412.
af-snining, f. snipping off, afsniningar-jrn, n. a chopper, Fr.
af-snis, adv. cut through, across, Bs. i. 388.
af-spraki, a, m. [cp. A. S. sprecan; Germ, sprechen] , rumour, hearsay; Hkon jarl hafi fengit
afspraka nokkurn (perh. better in two words), Fms. 1. 187.
af-springr, m., Al. 11, Hkr. iii. 277, Edda (pref.) 146, and various other forms; afsprengr, m. and
afspringi, n., Gl. 47, Fms. viii. 237, Sks. 46 B, Stj. 63, Orkn. 176; the form now usual is afsprengi,
n., Fms. v. 217, Fas. ii. 391, Bret. 112. 1. gener. offspring, progeny, v. the quotations above. 2. in pl.
used of the produce of the earth, Sks. 48 B (rare). 3. metaph.: o. a band, a detached part of a body;
ttist Hrafn egar vita, at essi a. mundi vera af fer eirra orgils, that this detachment must be
from the host of Thorgils and his followers, Sturl. iii. 274. p. a branch, ramication; ok er mikil
van, at ar veri nokkurr a. (offshoot) af essum frii Limari, Fms. xi. 13. . rumour, notice, =
afspraki; f nokkurn a. um e-t, Fms. viii. 160.
af-spurn, f. a 'speering of,' news, notice, Fms. i. 187.
af-spttr, part, spit out of, deprived of, Anecd. 42.
af-standa, st, [Germ. absteben] , to cede, part with, Sturl. i. 164, v. l. mila, Fms. iii. 208.
af-stigr, s, m, by-path, F. 5, Fr. 102.
af-stfa, a, or afstfa, , to lop, prune, of trees; a. vi, N. G. L. i. 350, Lex. Pot., v. stufr.
af-stka, n, f. side-nook, 655 xxxii. 4; a side-room in a temple, Fas. iii. 213; now stka is almost
always used of a sacristy.
af-svar, n. refusal, in pl. in the phrase, veita e-u afsvr, to refuse, Ld. 114, Fas. i-444, Fbr. 120.
af-svara, a, to deny, refuse, Fas. i. 528; with dat. of pers. and thing, Sturl. iii. 180.
af-sviptr, part, stripped; with dat., afsviptr inni sjnu, cut off from thy countenance, Stj. 228.
Gen. xlviii. 11, Sks. 342, H. E. i. 457.
af-snis, adv. out of sight, Fms. viii. 344.
af-sll, adj. luckless, in the proverb, a. verr annars glys jafnan, (another version of the proverb is
quoted s. v. afgjarn), coveted wealth, which is eagerly looked for by another, is luckless, difcult to
keep safe, Stj. 78.
af-tak, n. 1. gener. taking away, B. K. 108. 2. 'taking off' (Shaksp.), slaying, executing; hvat hann
vill bja fyrir a. Geirsteins, compensation for the slaughter of G., Fms. vii. 360; en a. hans
(slaying) segja eigi allir einum htti, x. 390; me aftaki lafs, by slaying him, 195; um manna
aftk, executions, Gl. 137: cp. aftaka, and taka af, to execute, behead. 3. in pl. commonly used of,
a. at denial, in such phrases as, hafa aftk um e-t, to deny atly. In some compds this signication
can be traced, as in aftaka-minni, Fms. i. 139. p. it is also now used in many compds of whatever is
excessive, above all measure, e. g. aftaka-ver, a hurricane. COMPDS: aftaks-skjldr, m. a huge
shield, Fas. i. 415. aftaka-mar, m. a determined, obstinate person; hn var a. mikill um etta ml,
he was very stubborn in this case, Hkr. ii. 74. aftaka-minni, adj. compar. less obstinate, more
pliable; st konungr fyrstu fast mti, en drottning var allt aftakaminni, the king at rst stood
fast against it, but the queen was all along less stubborn, Fms. i. 139.
af-taka, n, f. = aftak: 1. gener. loss, privation; a. ok missa, of a personal loss by death, Edda 37. 2.
death by violent means, slaughter; til aftku manna er f upp at taka, for the cutting off of men or
the conscation of their goods, Eg. 73, 252; hann hafi verit at aftku orkels fstra, Fms. vii.
201, Orkn. 22 old Ed. Formerly there were no public executions in Icel., except the stoning of
wizards or witches, Ld. ch. 98, Eb. ch. 20, Vd. ch. 26; and the hanging of thieves, Fbr. ch. 19, Kb. l.
c. Now, however, used in the sense of public execution, and in various compds, e. g. aftku-star,
m. place of execution, etc.
af-tekja, u, f. dues, collections, revenues, or the like; til forris ok allra aftekna (gen. pl.), Bs. 692;
b ok a. staanna, revenue, 752.
af-tekning, f. taking away, a grammatical term, an apostrophe, Sklda 182.
af-tekt, f. = aftekja, Fms. v. 274, xi. 441, Bs. i. 68.
af-telja, tali, to dissuade, Fms. x. 27.
af-tigna, a, now antigna, v. andtigna, to disgrace, Sks. 225.
af-tr, f. unbelief, heresy, Orkn. 188.
af-trast, a, dep. to fall into unbelief, Bs. ii. 181.
af-tkiligt, n. adj. advisable, feasible, [cp. taka e-t af, to decide for], Fms. viii. 348.
af-tkt, n. adj. blamable; er at ok tlun mn at ftt muni vera aftkt um yra skapsmuni, I 'ettle'
that there will be little blameworthy about your turn of mind, Fms. v. 341.
af-tma, , to 'loom off,' to empty, Fr.
afugr, backwards, going the wrong way, v. fugr.
afund, envy, v. fund.
af-undinn, adj. cross, uncivil.
afusa, gratitude, pleasure, v. aufusa.
af-vega, adv. [afvegar, Bs. ii. 92], off the way, astray, Sd. 149. Metaph. in moral sense; leia a., to
mislead; ganga a., to go astray.
af-vegar, part. misled, Mar.
af-vegis = afvega, astray, Sklda 203.
af-velta, adj. [the Scot, awald or awalt], cast, used of cattle, sheep, or horses that have fallen on the
back and are unable to rise. Hv. 44.
af-vensla, u, f. expenses, outlay; auri (means) uru brtt eigi mikil, en afvenslur ttu varla
me mikilli stillingu, Bs. i. 136.
af-vik, n. a creek, recess, Stj. 195; metaph. a hiding-place, ir. 137.
af-vikinn, part, secluded, retired; a. star = afvik.
af-vinna, u, f. encumbrance, due, fees, outgoings, = afskyld. Freq. in deeds of gift. e. g. D. I. i. 203,
266; lgu ngar gjar til staarins, en a. var ngu minni, then no gifts came in to the see, but the
outlay was in nothing less, Bs. i. 84; grust fjrhagir hgir Sklaholti, uru afvinnur miklar
(great outgoings) en tillg (incomings) eingin, Bs. i. 99.
af-vira, and t, to despise, Barl. several times.
af-viriligr, adj. worthless, poor, despicable, Barl. 75, 154; v. auviriligr and auv., which are the
Icel. forms.
af-viring, f., contr. viring, disrepute, disgrace, fault, Bs. ii. 187.
af-vnn, adj. unexpected, Fas. 11. 552.
af-vxtr, m. 'off-wax,' i. e. decrease, N. G. L. i. 214; opp. to vxtr.
af-erra, , and mod. a, to wipe off; metaph. to expunge, Stj. 142.
af-okka, a, in the phrase, a. e-t fyrir e-m, to throw discredit on, run down, set against, Fms. ii.
145; hann tti ftt vi jarl, en afokka heldr fyrir eim fyrir rum mnnum, he had little to do
with the earl, but rather ran them down before other men, Orkn. 378.
af-vattr, m. a washing off, ablution, Fr.
af-ta, u, f. [af and eta], prop, a voracious beast, a glutton, a great bully; r langfegar erut garpar
miklir ok aftor, Fms. xi. 111; sterkir menn ok aftur miklar, iii. 143. It is perhaps identical with
the present fti, n. a vile thing, offscouring.
AGG, n. brawl, strife, now freq.
AGI, a, m. [A. S. oga; Dan. ave; Engl. awe: cp. Ulf. agis, n., and perh. GREEK or GREEK], gener.
awe, terror; skelfr jr ll aga miklum, then all the earth quakes in great awe, Hom. 100; agi
ok tti, awe and terror, Fms. vi. 442. p. metaph. turbulence, uproar, disorder, esp. in the phrase, agi
ok frir, uproar and war, Fms. ii. 241, vi. 298, 430. . awe, respect; var eigi s annarr konungr, er
mnnum sti af jafnmikill agi af fyrir vizku sakir, there was not another king who inspired his
men with so much awe for his wits' sake, Fms. x. 406; Gus a., fear of God, Sks. 354, 667. o.
discipline, constraint, now freq. in this sense; skunni mean hann er undir aga, Sks. 26. II.
moisture, wet, now freq., cp. vatn- sagi. Also a verb aga, a, to chastise, is now freq. COMPDS:
aga-samligr, adj. unruly, Fms. vii. 274. aga-samr, adj. turbulent, in uproar; agasamt mun vera
hrainu, ef allir orlks synir eru drepnir, there will be uproar in the district if all Thorlak's sons
are slain, Eb. 230.
AGN, n. bait, Barl. 123, Nirst. 623. 3. There is now in many cases a distinction between agn, bait
for foxes and land animals, and beita, bait for sh; but in the poem Hm. 18, 22, at least, agn is used
of shing; ganga agni is to nibble or take the bait: cp. egna.
agn-hald, n. a barb of a hook.
agn-sax, n. shing knife, with which bait for sh is cut, Edda 36, Nj. 19 (arnsax is a false reading),
Fas. i. 489.
agn-i, a, m. the barb of a hook for keeping on the agn; skal a. vera hverjum orni, Sks. 419 (B.
reads agnr).
agn-r, f. a barbed hook, Sks. 89 new Ed.
AKA, k, ku, ekit; pres. ek. It also occurs in a weak form, a, Fagrsk. 104, which form is now
perhaps the most common. [Neither Ulf. nor Hel. use this word, which appears also to be alien to
the South- Teut. idioms. The Germans say fahren; the English to drive, carry; cp. Engl. yoke. In
Latin, however, agere; Gr. GREEK] Gener. to move, drive, transport, carry: I. to drive in harness
in a sledge or other vehicle (where the vehicle is in dat.), as also the animal driven; bryggjur sv
breiar, at aka mtti vgnum vxl, 'briggs' (i. e. wharfs or piers,, cp. 'Filey Brigg') so broad, that
wains might meet and pass each other, Hkr. ii. 11; gott er heilum vagni heim at aka, 'tis good to
drive home with a whole wain, to get home safe and sound, cp. Horace solve senescentem, Orkn.
464, Al. 61; rr hafra tv, ok rei er hann ekr, in which he drives, Edda 14, b. adds (viz.
rei er hekr i), which may be the genuine reading. p. with the prep, i; Freyr ok ok kerru me
gelti, Edda 38. . absol. to drive, i. e. travel by driving; eir ku upp land, Eg. 543; fru eir
sleann ok ku nttina alia, drove the whole night, Fms. iv. 317. With the road taken in acc.; aka
rgar brautir, Rm. 36; bu hennar ok heim ku (dat. henni being understood), carrying a bride
home, 37. 20. II. to carry or cart a load, (to lead, in the north of England) :-- in Iceland, where
vehicles are rare, it may perhaps now and then be used of carrying on horseback. The load carried is
commonly in dat. or acc.: o. acc.: aka saman hey, to cart hay, Eb. 150; saman ok hann heyit, sl. ii.
330; hann ok saman alla tu sna, Landn. 94; tekr Gsli eyki tv, ok ekr f sitt til skgar, Gsl.
121; but absol., ok ekr til skgar me fjrhlut sinn, l. c. 36; let konungr aka til haugsins vist ok
drykk, then the king let meat and drink be carted to the 'how' (barrow), Fms. x. 186; vill hann hsit
r sta fra, ok vill hann aka at, carry it away, Grg. ii. 257; lkin vru ekin slea, carried in a
sledge, Bs. i. 144. p. dat. more freq., as now; hann k heyjum snum xnum, carried his hay on
oxen, Fbr. 43 new Ed.; einn k skarni hla, carted dung alone on the elds, Nj. 67, Rd. 277. .
with the animals in dat., rlfr let aka rennum eykjum um daginn, with three yoke of oxen, Eb.
152; or with the prep. , rr rr hesti eim er hann hafi ekit um aptaninn, sl. ii. 331, Fbr. 43;
ef mar ekr er berr klyfjar , leads or carries on packsaddles, Grg. i. 441. o. absol., at mun ek til
nna, at hann ok eigi skegg ser, that he did not cart it on his own beard, Nj. 67. r. part., ekinn uxi,
a yoked, tamed ox, Vm. 152. III. used by sailors, in the phrase, aka segli, to trim the sail; aka
seglum at endilngum skipum, Fms. vii. 94; ba hann aka skjtt seglunum, ok vkja t sund
nokkut, 131. In mod. Icel. metaph., aka seglum eptir vindi, to set one's sail after (with) the wind, to
act according to circumstances; cp. aktaumar. IV. metaph. in a great many proverbs and phrases, e.
g. aka heilum vagni heim, v. above; aka hllu fyrir e-m, to get the worst of it, Ld. 206; aka undan
(milit), to retire, retreat slowly in a battle; ku eir Erlingr undan ofan me garinum, Fms. vii. 317;
akast undan (reex.), id., 278; eir kuust undan ok tku skgana, they took to the woods,
Fagrsk. 174 (where the weak form is used); sumir Normenn ku undan hli ofan me sjnum, x.
139: aka e-m bug, the gure probably taken from the ranks in a battle, to make one give way,
repel, en ef Ammonite aka, r bug, if they be too strong for thee, Stj. 512. 2 Sam. x. 11. Mkv. 7;
also metaph., aka bug e-n, id.; mun oss at til Birkibeinum, at eir aki oss engan bug, to stand
rm, with unbroken ranks, Fms. viii. 412. It is now used impers., e-m ekki r a aka, of one who
has always bad luck, probably ellipt., r steini or the like being understood; cp. Gsl. 54, the
phrase, ykir ekki r steini hefja, in the same sense, the gure being taken from a stone clogging the
wheels; ok hann af sr fjtrinum, threw it off by rubbing, Fas. ii. 573; ekr Oddr sr ar at, creeps,
rolls himself thither, of a fettered prisoner, id.; the mod. phrase, a aka sr, is to shrug the
shoulders as a mark of displeasure: aka r ngum, ex angustiis, to clear one's way, get out of a
scrape, Bjarn. 52; aka monn, to strive against, a cant phrase. Im- pers. in the phrase, e-m verr
nr ekit, is almost run over, has a narrow escape, var honum sv nr ekit at hann hleypti inn
kirkju, he was so hard driven that he ran into the church, Fms. ix. 485; hart ekr at e-m, to be in
great straits, ok er orri kemr, ekr hart at mnnum, they were pressed hard, sl. ii. 132; ekr mi
mjk at, I am hard pressed, Gsl. 52; er honum tti at sr aka, when death drew near,, of a dying
man, Grett. 119 A. Reex., e-m ekst e-t tauma, to be thwarted in a thing, where the gure is taken
from trimming the sail when the sheet is foul, Fms. xi. 121. In later Icelandic there is a verb akka,
a, to heap together, a. e-u saman, no doubt a corruption from aka with a double radical consonant,
a cant word. Aka is at present a rare word, and is, at least in common speech, used in a weak form,
akar instead of ekr; akai = k; akat =
AKARN, n. [Ulf. akran -- GREEK; Engl. acorn; Germ. ecker; Dan. agern] , acorn, Edda 30 and
Gl.
ak-braut, n. carriage road, Hkr. ii. 253, Fr. 102, vide Fb. i. 144.
ak-fri, n. driving gear, carriage and harness, Fms. iii. 206, Nj. 153.
AKKERI, n. [no doubt, like Engl. anchor, of foreign origin; cp. Gr. GREEK, Lat. ancora. It occurs,
however, in a verse as early as the year 996], ankeri, Lv. 99, is a corrupt form from a paper MS., so
is also atkeri, Hkr. i. 311; liggja um akkeri, to lie at anchor, Fbr. 52; leggjast um a., to cast anchor,
Fms. iv. 301; heimta upp a., to weigh anchor, 302; a. hrffr vi, the anchor holds, Ld. 21, Grg. ii.
397, Jb. 397, Eg. 129, Fms. vii. 264, ix. 44, x. 136, Hkr. i. 311, Lv. 99, Fas. i. 511, 515. Metaph., a.
vnar, anchor of hope, 677. 17. COMPDS: akkeris-einn, m. the uke, palm of an anchor, Fms. ix.
387, Orkn. 362. akkeris-lauss, adj. without, an anchor, Ann. 1347. akkeris-lgi, n. anchorage, Jb.
396. akkeria-st, f. id., Grg. ii. 402, 408. akkeris-stokkr, m. an anchor-stock, Orkn. 362. akkeris-
strengr, m. an anchor-rope, cable, Fms. ii. 10. akkeris-sti, n. anchorage, Jb. 397 B.
AKKORDA, a, [for. word], to accord, Rb. 446.
AKR, rs, pl. rar, [Ulf. akrs; A. S. cer; Engl. acre; Germ, acker; Lat. ager; Gr. GREEK], arable
land, ground for tillage: o. opp. to engi, a meadow; cp. the law term, ar er hvrki s a. ne engi,
Grg. i. 123, Hrafn. 21. p. opp. to tn, the 'town' or enclosed homeeld; bleikir akrar en slegin tn,
the corn-elds are white to harvest and the 'town,' i. e. the 'ineld,' is mown, Nj. 112; helgi tuns ok
akra ok engja, Bs. i. 719; teja akra, Rm. 12. 2. metaph. the crop; eir hfu nir- broti akra hans
alla, destroyed all the crop in the elds, Fms. v. 50; ok er hann rgakrinn fullvaxinn, tk
dggskrinn sverinu akrinn uppstandanda, and when he (Sigurd Fafnir's bane) strode through
the full-waxen rye-eld, the tip of his sword's sheath just touched the upstand- ing ears. Fas. i. 173;
s hinn gi akr (crop) er upp rann af eirri hinni gu jr, Hom. 68. p. name of several farms.
COMPDS: akra- vxtr, m. produce of the elds, Ver. i. akra-geri, n. a 'eld- garth,' enclosure of
arable land, N. G. L. i. 22. akra-karl, m. cognom. 'Acre-carle,' Lv. 40. akra-spillir, m. cognom.
destroyer of elds, Glm. 333, Fas. ii. 362, better askaspillir, q. v.
akr-dai, n. (?), wild gourds; veit ek eigi hvat at heitir (adds the translator) at var v lkast sem a.,
Stj. 615. 2 Kings iv. 39.
akr-deili, n. a plot of arable land, D. N. ii. 123 (Fr.)
akr-geri, n. enclosure of arable land, Fms. vii. 178.
akr-gr, f. agriculture, akrgrar-mar, m. ploughmen, Nj. 54.
akr-hna, u, f. a 'eld-hen,' quail, opp. to heiarhna or lynghns, Stj. 292.
akri, a, m. a bird, Edda (Gl.)
akr-karl, m. a 'eld-carle,' ploughman or reaper, Stj. 273, 441, El. 4, 19.
akr-kl, n. 'eld-kale,' potherbs, Stj. 615. 2 Kings iv. 39.
akr-land, n. land for tillage, Grg. ii. 258, D. I. i. 268, Bs. i. 348, Fms. iii. 18. akrlands-deild, f.
division of a eld, Grg. ii. 260.
akr-lengd, f. a eld's length (now in Icel. tunlengd, i. e. a short distance); sv at a. var milli
eirra, so that there was a eld's length between them, Bev. 14 (Norse).
akr-mar, m. ploughman, tiller of ground, Fms. vi. 187.
akr-neyttr, part, used as arable land, tilled, Sks. 630, v. l.
akr-plgsmar, m. ploughman, Stj. 255.
akr-rein, f. a strip of arable land, D. N. ii. 561.
akr-skipti, n. a division of aeld, Fms. xi. 441.
akr-skurr, ar, m. reaping, akrskurar-mar, m. a reaper, Stj. Ruth ii. 21 (young men).
akr-sra, u, f. eld-sorrel, Hom. 82, 83.
akr-tund, f. tithe paid on arable land (Norse), N. G. L. i. 391. akr-verk, n. eld-work, harvest-
work, Bret. 6, Fms. vi. 187, Stj. Ruth ii.
akrverks-mar, m. ploughman, tiller of the ground, Ver. 5. Gen. iv. 2.
ak-stll, m. probably a chair on wheels or castors; Ketilbjrn sat akstli injk vi pall, in the
banquet at Flugumri in the year 1253, Sturl. iii. 182.
AKTA, a, [for. word, which therefore does not observe the contraction into , which is the rule
with genuine words; it appears esp. in eccl. writers and annalists at the end of the 13th and 14th
centuries, Arna b. S., K. ., Stj., the Norse Gl., etc.: cp. A. S. eahtan; Hel. ahton, censere,
considerare; Germ, achten; mid. Lat. actare, determi- nare et actare, Du Cange in a letter of the
year 1284.] I. to number, tax, value, take a census; akta flki, Stj. 2 Sam. xxiv. 10; fru eir va
um land ok ktuu vsaeyri konungs, taxed, Bs. i. 707; n byggir mar drra en vandi her verit,
akti (tax) v fremr drra ok fremr til leiangrs ok landvarnar, he shall be taxed in due proportion,
Gl. 337. 2. to examine, enquire; akti inniliga ll au leyni sem hnn m felast, to take diligent
heed of all the lurking-places, Stj. 479. 1 Sam. xxiii. 23; akti r, and look, that, id. 2 Kings x.
23; hann aktai eptir (looked after) urn eignir staarins, Bs. i. 778. 3. to devote attention to, study;
hann aktai mjk bkligar listir, Bs. i. 666, 680. II. a law term, esp. in the Arna b. S., to debate,
discuss in parliament; m er etta var akta (debated) gengu menn til lgrttu, Bs. i. 719; var
gengit til lgrttu, ok lesit brf konungs ok drottningar ok akta (stated) af leikmanna hendi hversu
prestar hfu af stum gengit, 735; lgbk ktu alingi, the code of law debated at the althing,
H. Ann. 419. 19. Now only used in the sense of to care for, feel respect for, but a rare and
unclassical
ak-tamr, adj. tame under the yoke; griungr a., Grg. ii. 122.
aktan, f. [Germ, achtung], heed, consideration, H. E. i. 410.
ak-taumr, m. esp. in pl. ar, lines (taumar) to trim (aka) the sail, distinguished from hfubendur,
the stays of the mast, perhaps the braces of a sail (used by Egilsson to transl. GREEK in Od. 5.
260), rarinn stri ok hafi aktaumana um herar sr, vat rngt var skipinu, had the braces
round his shoulders, because the boat was blocked up with goods, Ld. 56; the phrase, sitja
aktaumum, to manage the sail; ef ek sigli me landi fram, ok sit ek aktaumum, skal engi
snekkja tvtugsessa sigla fyrir mr, ea ek vilja svipta (reef the sail) fyr en eir, Fms. v. 337; reii
slitnai, sv at bi gkk sundr hfubendur ok aktaumar, Fas. iii. 118; reki segl ofan, en a. allir
slitni, 204; slitnuu hfubendur ok aktaumar, Br. 5, Edda (Gl.) That the braces were generally
two may be inferred from the words vi aktaum hvrntveggja hlf mrk, N. G. L. i. 199. 2. metapn.,
sitja aktaumum, to have the whole management of a thing; mun yr at eigi greitt ganga ef r
erut einir aktaumum, if you are alone in the management of it, sl. ii. 49; einir um hituna is now
used in the same sense. (The Engl. yoke-lines, as aktaumar is sometimes interpreted (as in the Lat.
transl. of the Ld.), are now called stjrntaumar. Aktanmr is obsolete. See 'Stones of Scotland,' tab.
liv. sqq.)
AL- [A. S. eal-; Engl. all, al-; Germ, all-] , a prex to a great many nouns and participles, but only
a few verbs, denoting thoroughly, quite, perfectly, completely, answering to Lat. omni- and Gr.
GREEK- or GREEK-. If followed by a u or v it sometimes changes into l, e. g. l, benignitas;
lvr, laetitia: lteiti, hilaritas, is irregular, instead of alteiti. The prexed particle al- differs from
all-, which answers to Lat. per-, A. S. eall-, Engl. very: v. the following compds.
ALA, l, lu, ali; pres. el, [Ulf. a single time uses the partic. alans = (GREEK, and twice a weak
verb alis = GREEK, a fatling. The word seems alien to other Teut. idioms, but in Lat. we nd
alere; cp. the Shetland word alie, to nourish.] Gener. to give birth to, nourish, support, etc. I. to
bear, esp. of the mother; but also of both parents; rarely of the father alone, to beget: brn lu au,
they begat children, Rm. 12; at barn er au ala skal eigi arf taka, Grg. i. 178: of the father alone,
enda eru brn au eigi arfgeng, er hann elr vi eirri konu, which be begets by that woman, 181; but
esp. of the mother, to bear, give birth to; j l Amma, Rm. 7; ra l barn um sumarit, Eg. 166,
Fms. iv. 32, i. 14; hon fr eigi alit barnit, Fas. i. 118. p. metaph. to produce, give rise to; en n elr
hverr essara stafa nu annan staf undir sr, Sklda 162. 2. pass. to be born, begotten; brn au ll
er alin eru fyrir jl, who are born, N. G. L. i.; 377; the phrase, alnir ok bornir, born and unborn,
present and future generations, has now become aldir ok bornir; eigu au brn er ar alask (who
are born there) at taka arf t hingat, Grg. i. 181; barn hvert skal fra til kirkju sem alit er, every
child that is born, K. . K. 1; ef barn elsk sv naer pskum, is born, 16. p. of animals (rarely), justus
heitir fora, at elsk (is engendered) kvii eins drs, 655 xxx. 4. II. to nourish, support, Lat. alere:
1. esp. to bring up, of children; the Christian Jus Eccl., in opposition to the heathen custom of
exposing children, begins with the words, ala skal barn hvert er borit verr, every child that is
born shall be brought up, K. . ch. 1. p. adding the particle upp; skal eigi upp ala, heldr skal t bera
barn etta, this bairn shall not be brought up, but rather be borne out (i. e. exposed to perish),
Finnb. 112. 2. to feed, give food to, harbour, entertain; ala gest ok ganganda, guests; ala urfamenn,
the poor, D. in deeds of gift; en s mar er ar br skal ala menn alla er hann hyggr til gs at
alnir s, he shall harbour them, D. i. 169; ala hvern at sekju er vill. to harbour, 200; Gu elf gesti
(a proverb), God pays for the guests, Bs. i. 247; stt elr sjkan, fever is the food of the sick;
utanhrepps gngumenn skal enga ala, ok eigi gefa mat, hvrki meira n minna, gangrels of an
outlying district shall none of them be harboured, nor have meat given them, neither more nor less,
Grg. i. 293, 117. p. of animals, to nourish, breed; einn smsau er hann l heima hsi snu, one
pet lamb which he had reared at home in his own house, Stj. 516; segir allliligan, ok kva vera
mundu gta naut ef upp vri alinn, of a live calf, Eb. 318. 2. pass, to be brought tip, educated;
lusk (grew up) tt ar, stir kappar (or were born), Hdl. 18; alask upp, to be brought up; hence
uppeldi, n. III. metaph. in such phrases as, ala aldr sinn, vitam degere, to pass one's days, Br.
165: the phrase, ala e-t eptir e-m, to give one encouragement in a thing, bring one tip in, esp. in a
bad sense; l hann eptir engum manni dir, Joh. 625. 93: ala ml, to persist in, urge on a thing;
karl elr mli (begs hard) at Gunnar mundi til hans fara, Sd. 172, sl. ii. 133, 163 :-- the present
phrase is, a ala e-t vi e-n, to bear a grudge against...; and in a negative sense, ala ekki, to let
bygones be bygones: ala nn fyrir, to provide for: a. fund, sorg, um e-t, to grudge, feel pang
(pot.),
alas-festr, ar, f. [obsolete alar, alimentum, t. 13, v. l.], a law term in the Icel. Commonwealth,
viz. the eighth part of the sum fjrbaugr (life- money), amounting to an ounce, a fee to be paid by a
convict in the Court of Execution (frnsdmr); if a convict, liable to the lesser outlawry, failed in
paying off the alasfestr, he thereby became a complete outlaw, alandi; hence the name life-money
or blood-money. It is thus dened: ar skal gjaldast mrk lgaura at frnsdmi, goa eim er
frnsdminn nefndi; at f heitir fjrbaugr, en einn eyrir (ounce) ess fjr heitir a. ef at f (the
alasf. or the whole fjrb.?) gelzt eigi, veri hann skgarmar ll, Grg. i. 88; n gelzt
fjrbaugr ok a. skal dma sv sekarf hans sem skgarmanns, 132: Njla uses the less classic
form, aalfestr (per metath.), Nj. 240; cp. Johnsonius (Lat. transl.), p. 529, note 8.
al-aun, f. devastation, ir. 233.
al-aur, adj. altogether waste, Bret. 168.
al-bata and al-bati, adj. ind. completely cured, quite well, sl. ii. 469.
al-berr, adj., now allsberr, quite bare, stark-naked, metaph. manifest, Sturl. iii. 118.
al-bitinn, adj. part, bitten all over, Rd. 298.
al-bjartr, adj. quite bright, brilliant, Eluc. 10, Fas. i. 663.
al-blindr, adj. stone-blind, Post. 745. 87.
al-blugr, adj. all-bloody, Nj. 62, Fms. i. 121, sl. ii. 271.
al-bogi = alnbogi, elbow, v. lnbogi and lbogi.
al-breir, adj. of the full breadth of stuff; a. lrept, Jb. 348.
al-brotinn, adj. part, all-broken, shattered, Fms. ii. 246.
al-brynjar, part, cased in mail, Hkr. ii. 26, Fms. vii. 45, Fas. i. 91.
al-ba, bj, to t out, furnish or equip completely, at alba kirkju, N. G. L. i. 387; but spec, in part,
albinn, completely equipped, esp. of ships bound for sea [where bound is a corruption of boun, the
old English and Scottish equivalent of buinn. Thus a ship is bound for sea or outward bound or
homeward bound, when she is completely tted and furnished for either voyage; windbound is a
different word, where bound is the past part. of bind. Again, a bride is boun when she has her
wedding dress on; v. below, ba and bask, which last answers to busk]: n byst hann t til slands,
ok er eir vru albnir, Nj. 10; ok er Bjrn var a. ok byrr rann , Eg. 158, 194: a. sem til bardaga,
all-armed for the battle, Fms. xi. 22. p. in the phrase, a. e-s, quite ready, willing to do a thing; hann
kvast ess a., Nj. 100, Eg. 74: also with inn., a. at ganga han, ready to part, Fms. vii. 243.
al-binn, ready, v. the preceding word.
al-bygr, part, completely inhabited, taken into possession, esp. used of the colonisation of Iceland;
orbjrn srr kom t at albygu landi, after the colonisation was nished, Landn. 142, several
times, Hrafn. 3, Eg. 191, etc.
ALDA, u, f. a wave, freq. as a synonyme to bylgja, bra, etc.; it is esp. used of rollers, thus
undiralda means the rollers in open sea in calm weather, Edda (Gl.) 2. metaph. in the phrase, skil
ek, hvaan a. sj rennr undan (whence this wave rolls), hafa mr aan jafnan kld r komi, veit
ek at etta eru r Snorra goa, of deep, well-planned schemes, Ld. 284. Now used in many
COMPDS: ldu-gangr, m. unruly sea; ldu-stokkr, m. bulwarks of a ship, etc.
alda- and aldar-, v. old, time, period; (pot. -- people.)
al-daui and aldaua, adj. ind. dead and gone, extinct, of families, races, esp. in the neg. phrase,
vera enn ekki a., to be still in full vigour; ok ru (vru) eigi eir a., sl. ii. 310; eptir daua Haralds
var a. hin forna tt Danakonunga, died out with king H., Fms. xi. 206; aldaua eru Mosfellingar
ef r Sigfssynir skulu rna , Nj. 73; ella eru mjk a. vrir foreldrar, Fms. vi. 37; opt nn ek at,
at mr er a. Magns konungr, I often feel that for me king M. is dead and gone, Hkr. iii. 107.
COMPD: aldaua-arfr, m. a law term, an inheritance to which there is no heir alive, Gl. 282, N. G.
L. i. 49; cp. Hkv. Hjrv. 11, where aldaura- arfr is a mis-reading; the meaning of the passage
hyggsk a. ra is, that he would destroy them to the last man.
ALDIN, n., dat. aldini, [Dan. olden; a Scandinavian radical word(?) not found In Ulf.], gener. fruit
of trees, including apples, nuts, acorns, and sometimes berries; gras ok aldin ok jarar vxtr allr,
herbs, fruits, and earth's produce, K. . K. 138; korn ok llu aldini (dat.), K. . 178; verr egar
eitr llu aldini v tr, Rb. 358. It originally meant wild fruits, nuts and acorns; hafi hann enga
ara fu en aldin skgar ok vatn, Hom. 105; af korninu vex rt, en vndr af rtinni, en af vendi a.,
677. 14; lesa a., to gather nuts, acorns, Dropl. 5; skapligt er at taka a. af trnu fyr en fullvaxi er,
unripe fruit, Al. 18; epli str ok fk- trs aldin, great apples and the fruit of g-trees, Stj. 325.
Numb. xiii. 23. p. of garden fruit; allt at a. er menn verja me grum er gzlu, Gl. 544; akr
einn harla gr l til kirkjunnar, x ar it bezta aldini, the nest fruits, Fms. xi. 440. . metaph.,
bleza s a. kviar ns, the fruit of thy womb, Hom. 30. Luke i. 42. COMPD: aldins- garr, m. a
fruit-garden, orchard, Gl. 543.
aldin-berandi, part, bearing fruit, Sks. 630.
aldin-falda, n, f. a lady with an old-fashioned head-dress, Rm. 2.
aldin-garr, in. garden, orchard, Lat. hortus; vngara, akra ok aldingara, Stj. 441. 1 Sam. viii.
14, where aldingara answers to olive- yards, Fms. iii. 194.
aldini, fruit, v. aldin.
aldin-lauss, adj. without fruit, sterile, barren; a. tr, Greg. 48.
aldinn, adj. [Engl. old; Germ, alt; Ulf. aleis = GREEK]. In Icel. only pot. The Scandinavians say
gamall in the posit., but in compar. and superl. ellri, elztr, from another root ald: it very seldom
appears in prose authors: v. Lex. Pot.; Sks. 630; cp. aldrnn.
aldin-skgr, ar, m. wood of fruit-trees, Stj. Judg. xv. 5, where vin- garar, olivatr ok aldinskgar
answer to the Engl. vineyards and olives.
aldin-tr, n. fruit-tree, Stj. 68.
aldin-vir, ar, m. fruit-trees, a pot. paraphrase, Fms. ix. 265, Sks. 105.
ALDR, rs, pl. rar, m. [Ulf. als = GREEK or Lat. aevum; Engl. old; Germ. alter], age, life, period,
old age, everlasting time. 1. age, lifetime, Lat. vita, aetas; hniginn at aldri, stricken in years, Eg.
187; hniginn aldr, advanced in years, Orkn. 216; ungr at aldri, in youth, Fms. iii. 90; lttasta
aldri, in the prime of life, v. 71; gamals aldri, old, iii. 71; tvtugs, rtugs aldri, etc.; hlfrtugr at
aldri, twenty-ve years of age, Eg. 84; vera sv aldrs kominn, at that time of life, Fs. 4; hafa aldr til
e-s, to be so old, be of age, Fms. i. 30; ala aldr, to live, v. ala, Fs. 146; allan aldr, during the whole of
one's life, Ver. 45; lifa langan a., to enjoy a long life, Nj. 252. 2. old age, senectus; aldri orpinn, de-
crepid, lit. overwhelmed by age, Fms. iv. 233, xi. 21; vera vi aldr, to be advanced in years. 3.
manns aldr is now used = generation; lifa marga manns aldra, to outlive many generations:
sometimes denoting a period of thirty to thirty-three years. 4. seculum, aevum, an age, period; the
time from the creation of the world is divided into six such ages (aldrar) in Rb. 134: cp. ld. 5.
eternity; in the phrase, um aldr, for ever and ever; mun ek engan mann um aldr (no man ever) vira
framar en Eystein konung, mean ek li, as long as I live, Fms. vii. 147, Th. 25; af aldri, from times
of yore, D. N. ii. 501; um aldr ok , for ever and ever, Gl. 251, N. G. L. i. 41.
aldrar, adj. elderly, Fms. i. 70, 655 xiv. B. I; ldru kona, Greg. 27.
aldr-bt, f. fame, honour, Lex. Pot.
aldr-dagar, m. pl. everlasting life; um a., for ever and ever, Vsp. 63.
aldr-fremd, f. everlasting honour, Eluc. 51.
aldri qs. aldri-gi, [dat. from aldr and the negative nominal sufx -gi; Dan. aldrig], with dropped
neg. sufx; the modern form is aldrei; unusual Norse forms, with an n or t paragogical, aldregin,
aldregit: aldregin, N. G. L. i. 8, Sks. 192, 202 B, Hom. ii. 150, Stj. 62 (in MS. A. M. 227. Ed. aldri),
O. H. L. 17, 79, and several times; aldregit, N. G. L. i. 356. The mod. Icel. form with ei indicates a
contraction; the old aldri no doubt was sounded as aldr with a nal diphthong, which was later (in
the 15th century) changed into ei. The contr. form aldri occurs over and over again in the Sagas, the
complete aldregi or aldrigi is more rare, but occurs in Grg. i. 220 A, 321 A, ii. 167, etc.; aldrei
appears now and then in the Edd. and in MSS. of the I5th century, but hardly earlier. I. never,
nunquam: 1. temp., mun ik a. konur skorta, sl. ii. 250; koma aldregi til Noregs san, Nj. 9; verr
henni at aldregi rtt, Grg. ii. 214; ella liggr fit aldregi, in nowise, i. 220; s sk fyrnist aldregi,
361; ok skal aldregi land koma san, ii. 167. 2. loc. (rare), mrk var sv ykk upp fra tungunni at
aldri (nowhere) var rjr (= hvergi), Sd. 170. II. ever, unquam, after a preceding negative, appears
twice in the Vls. kviur; en Atli kvest eigi vilja mund aldregi (eigi aldregi = never), Og. 23;
hnkat ek af v til hjlpar r, at vrir ess ver aldregi (now, nokkurrt tma), not that thou ever
hadst deserved it, II. p. following a comparative, without the strict notion of negation; verr en a. fyr,
worse than ever before, Stj. 404; framar en a. fyr, l. c. Cod. A; meiri vesld en r hafi hann
aldregi olat, greater misery than he ever before had undergone, Barl. 196. III. aldr' = aldri =
semper; aldr' he ek frtt..., I have always heard tell that..., in a verse in Orkn.
aldr-lag, n. laying down of life, death, destruction, a pot. word, in the phrase, vera e-m at
aldrlagi, to bring to one's life's end, Fms. viii. 108, Al. 106; esp. in pl. aldrlg, exititim, Bret. 59, 66,
67.
aldr-lok, n. pl. close of life, death, Hkv. 2. 10.
aldr-mli, a, m. tenure for life, D. N., unknown in Icel., Dan. livsfste.
aldr-nari, a, m. [A. S. ealdornere, nutritor vitae,], pot, name of re, Vsp. 57, Edda (Gl.)
aldr-rnar, f. pl. life-runes, charms for preserving life, Rm. 40.
aldr-rttr, adj. on terms of peace for ever, D. N. in a law phrase, a. ok nsttr, Fr.
aldr-slit, n. pl. death, in the phrase, til aldrslita, ad urnam, Sturl. iii. 253.
aldr-stamr (perh. aldrscamr), adj. = fey, only in Akv. 42.
aldr-tili, a, m. [cp. as to the last part, Germ, ziel], death, loss of life, exitium; rather pot.; or in
prose only used in emphatic phrases; her lokit sumum stum me aldrtila, has ended fatally,
Fms. viii. 153; tla ek r lyktir munu vera, at vr munim a. hljta af eim konungi, he will
prove fatal to our family, Eg. 19; mun ek anga skja heldr yndi en a. (an alliterative phrase),
Bret. 36; dmi ok a., 38 :-- the words, Acts ix. I, 'breathing out tbreatenings and slaughter,' are in
the Icel. translation of the year 1540 rendered 'Saul bls gn og aldrtila.'
aldr-tjn, n. loss of life, Lex. Pot.
aldr-tregi, a, m. deadly sorrow; etr sr aldrtrega, Hm. 19.
ald-rnn, adj. elderly, aged (rare), Lex. Pot.; hinn aldrni mar, Fms. vi. 65, but a little below
aldrar; a. kona, Bs. i. 201, v, 1. ldru.
aldur-mar, m. alderman [A. S. ealdorman], Pd. 13.
al-dyggiliga, adv. truly, with perfect delity, Hom. 135.
al-dyggr, adj. faithful, Barl. 5.
al-dli, adj. very easy to treat, Jv. 24, Mag. 115.
al-dll, adj. easy to deal with, gentle, Grett. 108; A and B dll.
al-eiga, u, f. a person's entire property, Gl. 543, Hkr. ii. 344, iii. 141, Bs. ii. 66. COMPD: aleigu-
ml, n. a suit involving a person's whole property, Gl. 550 :-- so also aleigu-sk, f., Hkr. ii. 163.
al-eya, n, f. devastation, esp. by re and sword; gra aleyu, to turn into a wilderness, Fms. xi. 42,
Hkr. iii. 141.
al-eya, adj. ind. altogether waste, empty, void of people; a. af mnnum, Hkr. i. 98, ii. 197; brennir
ok grir a. landit, burns and makes the land an utter waste, Hkr. i. 39; sumir lgu ti fjllum, sv
at a. vru birnir eptir, some lay out on the fells, so that the dwellings were utterly empty and
wasted behind them, Sturl. iii. 75.
al-eya, dd, to devastate, Karl. 370.
al-fair, m. father of all, a name of Odin, v. alfur.
al-far, n., better lfar [ll], channel, B. K. 119.
al-fari, adj. ind., now alfarinn; in phrases like fara, koma alfari, to start, set off for good and all,
Fms. iii. 92, Bret. 80, Fas. i. 249; ra brott a., Nj. 112, Bs. i. 481; koma til skips a., Grg. ii. 75.
[Probably an obsolete dat. from alfar.]
al-farinn, adj. part, worn out, very far gone, Stj. 201, of the kine of Pharaoh, 'ill-favoured and lean-
eshed,' Gen. xli. 3. p. now = alfari.
al-feginn, adj. very glad ('fain'), Lex. Pot.
al-feigr, adj. very 'fey,' i. e. in extravagant spirits, in the frame of mind which betokens speedy
death, a. augu, Eg. in a verse.
alfr, alfheimr, etc., elves etc., v. lfr etc.
al-framr, adj. (pot.) excellent, Lex. Pot.
al-frr, adj. very fair, Lex. Pot.
al-frjls, adj. quite free, Sks. 621.
al-frjvar, part. in full ower. Lex. Pot.
alft, f. swan, v. lpt.
al-fullr, adj. quite full, Greg. 26.
al-finn, adj. quite rotten, Fms. vi. 164.
al-frr, adj. quite t, quite good, Vm. 177, v. lforr.
al-frt, n. of weather, t for travelling, Sd. = frt.
al-fr, m. father of all, the name of Odin as the supreme god in Scan- dinavian mythology, Edda i.
37 (Ed. Havn.) Now used (theol.) of God.
al-gangsi and algangsa, adj. ind. quite common, current, Sks. 199, 208 B.
al-geldr, adj. part, ow ite gelded, of cattle, Grg. i. 503. p. now also= giving no milk.
al-gildi, n. a law term, full value, Gl. 392. COMPD: algildis-vitni, n. a law term, lawful testimony,
competent witness; den., N. G. L. i. 211.
al-gildr, adj. of full value, in a verse in Fs. 94; now common, opp. to hlfgildr, of half value, or
gildr, valueless.
al-gja, prob. a false reading, N. G. L. i. 347 = frjlsgja.
al-gjafta, adj. ind. stall-fed, of cattle, sl. ii. 38.
al-gleymingr, m. [glaumr], great glee, great mirth, in the phrase, sl algleyniing, to be in great
glee, to be very merry, Stud. iii. 123. The Icel. now say, a komast algleyrning, to run high, to the
highest point.
al-gr, adj. perfectly good, now used of God. p. albeztr kostr, by far the best match (Germ.
allerbester), Ld. 88.
al-grr, adj. quite grey, orf. Karl. 424.
al-grinn, adj. part, perfectly healed, Eluc. 57.
al-grnn, adj. quite green, ourishing, Lex. Pot.
al-gullinn, adj. (pot.) all-golden, Hm. 8.
al-gyldr, adj. all-gilt, Vm. 52. al-gra, , to nish, of buildings, Hkr. iii. 180, Ld. 114. Metaph. to
full Fms. iii. 49, Hom. 8, Stj. 18. Reex, to become completed, Post. 626 B. II. Part. algrr,
perfect; perfectam fortitudinem is rendered by algorvan styrkleik, thorough strength, Fms. viii.
(pref.), i. 96, Sks. 44, 274, Stj. 563, 114; hi algrvasta, 677. 7.
al-grlega, adv. altogether, quite, Fms. ii. 42, Greg. 34, etc.
al-grleikr, now algrlegleikr, s, m. (theol.) perfectness, perfection, Stj. 21, Fms. x. 337, Rb. 316.
al-grr, adj. part, perfect, nished, v. algra.
al-gorvi, f. I- perfection, maturity, Stj. 376, Hom. 25. II. full dress [v. grvi, dress], Sks. 298.
al-heiinn, adj. altogether heathen; landit (Iceland) var a. nr hundrai vetra, the land was utterly
heathen near a hundred (i. e. one hundred and twenty) winters, Landn. 322.
al-heilagr, adj. all-hallowed, N. G. L. i. 141.
al-heill, adj. 1. completely whole, entire, Lat. integer, Stj. 439. I Sam. vii. 9 (wholly), Sks. 604,
translation from Lat. individua. 2. perfectly healthy, safe and sound, Fms. xi. 38, ii. 232, Magn. 516.
al-heilsa, u, f. complete restoration to health, Bs. i. 313, v. l.
al-henda, u, f. a metrical term, a subdivision of drttkvtt, a metre having two rhymed couplets in
every line; if one of these be half rhyme it is called a. hin minni (the minor alhenda), if both be full
rhymes it is a. meiri (complete alhenda), Edda (Ht.) 132, Sturl. ii. 56: thus har-mla var Skli is a
complete alhenda.
al-hending, f. = alhenda.
al-hendr, adj. used of a metre in alhenda, Edda 132; drpa alhend, Sturl. ii. 56.
al-hnepptr, adj. part, (metric.) an apocopate (hneppt) species of the metre drttkvtt w ith
masculine rhymes, v. hnept and hlfhnept. Thus dened, Edda (Ht.), verse 78; it is called alhneppt,
where all the rhymes are masculine; but hlfhneppt, where feminines and masculines are used
alternately.
al-hreinn, adj. quite pure, clean, Hom. 107.
al-huga and lhuga or luga, by eliding the h and changing the vowel through the following u, adj.
ind. [hugr], whole-hearted, in full earnest, Sturl. iii. 272, v. l.; lhuga &aolig-acute;st, sincere love,
Greg. 17.
al-hugat, alugat, or alogat, n. part, in real earnest, whole-hearted, having made one's mind up; ef
r er at alhugat, if thou be in earnest, Nj. 49; fur hans var alogat at drepa Davd, his father's
heart was set on slaying David, Stj. 473. I Sam. xx. 33. p. used substantively, serious matters;
blanda hgma vi alhugat (now alvara), to blend tries with serious things. . adverb. steadfastly,
earnestly; irast a., to repent sincerely, Hom. 166; en ef sr at alogat (really) tekr f itt at vaxa,
Sks. 34, 339; er hann alogat sekr, really guiltless, 677. 9.
al-hugi and alogi, a, m. earnest; etta er a. minn en engi hgmi, I am in full earnest, sl. ii. 214;
hvrt er essa leita me alhuga, in earnest, Eb. 130; er hitt heldr a. minn, I am determined, Fms. ii.
94; me enum mesta alhuga, with the most steadfast will, Hkr. i. 258, Fms. viii. 186, Bs. i. 732.
al-hugligr, adj. sincere; ekki tti mr lafr frndi vrr a., methought our kinsman Olaf was not
quite sincere, Sturl. i. 81.
al-hungrar, adj. part, very much an-hungered, Barl. 200.
al-hsa, a, to 'house,' roof in, Fms. x. 153,
al-hvtr, adj. quite white, Fms. xi. 16, Stj. 260.
al-hsa, t, = alhsa. Part. alhst, when all the buildings are nished, in a complete state, Sturl. i. 68.
al-hsi, n. farm-buildings, homestead, Gsl. 38, Bs. i. 144, Fas. iii. 15.
al-hg, f. perfect ease, Sturl. i. 56, v. 1. and dub.
al-hgr, adj. perfectly easy, smooth; a. tungubrag, a smooth, glib tongue, Sklda 170, Fas. ii. 65.
ali-, used of household or tame animals in some COMPDS: ali-bjrn, m. a tame bear, Grg. ii. 118,
cp. Fms. vi. 297-307, Bs. i. 6l. ali-dr, n. a domestic animal, cattle; alidr at sem vr kllum
bsmala, house- lamb, Stj. 18, Finnb. 226, of a tame bear. ali-fe, n. fatlings, Matth. xxii. 4, in the
transl. of 1540. ali-skr, m. sh fattened in a stew or pond, in the local name Aliskalkr, m. the
brook of fattened trout, Gl. 4. ali-fugl and -fogl, m. tame fowl, Stj. 560, ir. 79; xn mn ok
alifoglar, Greg. 43. Matth. l. c. ali-gs, f. a fattened goose, Fms. vi. 347. ali-karl, m. a nickname,
cp. in familiar language fat carle, Sturl. i. 123. ali-saur, m. a pet sheep, Stj. 516. 2 Sam. xii. 3.
ALIN, f. A dissyllabic form alun appears in old poetry, v. Lex. Pot. In early prose writers a
monosyllabic form ln prevails in nom. dat. acc. sing., D. I. i. 310. l. 22 (MS. of the year 1275),
314. l. 16 (MS. year 1250), 311, 312. l. 16, 313. l. 7, 89. l. 1. Nom. pl., o. the old, alnar; p. the later,
alnir: the former in -ar, in D. I. i. 309 (a MS. of the year 1275), 310-312 (MS. year 1370), 313, 316.
l. 19, 318. 1. 15. The pl. in -ir, D. I. i. 89 sqq., in MSS. of the 13th and 14th centuries. In the con-
tracted form aln- the simple radical vowel soon became a diphthongal , viz. lnar, lnir, lnum,
lna, and is at present so spelt and pronounced. We nd an acute accent indeed in lna (gen pl.), D.
I. i. 313. l. 25 (MS. year 1375), and dinar, id. l, 7; lnom, 1. 28; lnum with changed vowel, N. G.
L. i. 323 (in an Icel. transcript). The present declension is, nom. acc. alin, gen. lnar; pl. nom. acc.
lnir, gen. lna, dat. alnum. I. properly the arm from the elbow to the end of the middle nger [Gr.
GREEK , Lat. ulna, cp. A. S. el-boga, Engl. el-bow, etc.]; almost obsolete, but still found in the
words lbogi qs. ln-bogi, 'elbow,' and lf-lir, prop. uln- or ln- lir, wrist, commonly pronounced
unl-lir [false etymol., v. Edda, p. 17]; cp. sl. js. ii. 19, where tungl (luna) and unl- rhyme.
Freq. in poetry in such compounds as alun-leygr, -brandr, lun-grjt, alnar-gim, alin-leygr, the
standing pot, name of gold and gems being ignis or lapis cubiti. II. mostly metaph.: 1. an ell, [Ulf.
aleina; A. S. eln; Engl. ell; O. H. G. elina; Dan. alen; Lat. ulna, cp. cubitum] ; the nger, arm, foot
were the original standards for measure. The primitive ell measured the length from the elbow to
the point of the second nger, and answered to about half a yard Engl. = 18 inches. The Icel. ell
before the year 12OO measured just half a yard. About this year, by a law of bishop Paul, the ell
was doubled into a stika, a stika being precisely = two ells = an Engl. ell of that time. To prevent the
use of bad measure, a just and lawful stika (yard) was marked on the walls of the churches, esp. that
at Thingvellir, as an authorised standard, Pls S. ch. 9, Bs. i. 135, D. I. i. 309, 316, Jb. Kb. 26; ensk
lrept tveggja lna, English linen of two ells measure, id.; at er mlt, at at graftar kirkju hverri skal
mla stiku lengd, er rtt s at hafa til lna mls, ok megi menn ar til ganga ef skilr um alnar,
309. During the whole of the 15th century the Icel. trade was mainly in British hands; thus the Engl.
double ell probably prevailed till the end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century. The Hanse
Towns ell = 21 1/11. UNCERTAIN inches was then introduced, and abolished in the year 1776,
when the Dan. ell = 24 inches came into use. At present the Hanse Towns ell is called slenzk alin
(Icel. ell), and the original half-yard ell is quite obsolete; cp. Jn Sigurs- son in D. I. i. 306-308,
and Pl Vidal. s. v. alin. 2. a unit of value, viz. an ell (half-yard measure) of woollen stuff (vaml);
the vaml (Hal- liwell wadmal, Engl. woadmal, Orkn. and Shell, wadmaal and vadmel) was in
Icel. the common medium of payment, whence an ell became the standard unit of value or property,
whether in land or chattels; 120 ells make a hundred, v. that word. In D. I. i. 316 we are told that,
about the year 1200, three ells were equal in value to one ounce of ordinary silver, whence the
expression riggja lna eyrir (a common phrase during the 13th century). The value of the ell of
vamal, however, varied greatly; during the 11th and 12th centuries six ells made an ounce, D. I. i.
88. In Norway we nd mentioned nu, ellifu lna aurar (nine, eleven ells to an ounce). In Grg.
(Kb.) ii. 192, 245, it is said that, about the year 1000, four ells in Icel. made an ounce, and so on;
vide Dasent, Essay in 2nd vol. of Burnt Njal., and Pal Vidal. s. v. alin. COMPDS: lnar-bor, n. a
board an ell long, N. G. L. i. 100. lnar-breir, adj. an ell broad, Fas. ii. 118. alnar-kei, n. a stajf
an ell long, Grg. ii. 339, Ld. 318. lnar-langr, adj. ell-long, Grg. ii. 359. lnar-tund, f. tithe of the
value of an ell, K. . 100. lnar-viri, n. equal in value to an ell, K. . 194. lna-sk, f. action for
bad measure, Grg. i. 472.
al-jafn, adj. quite equal, 677. 12, 655 A. 2.
al-jrnar, adj. part, shod all round, shod on all four feet, Mag. 5.
alka, alca, the awk, v. lka,
al-keypt, n. part, dearly bought, in a metaph. sense, Fms. ix. 302, Eb. 266, Glm. 36s, = fullkeypt.
al-kirkja, u, f. a parish church, Pm. 41.
al-klnar, m. a full suit of clothes, Nj. 73, Eg. 518, Bs. 5. 655, 876.
al-kristinn, adj. completely christianised, Fms. i. 279, Hkr. i. 259.
al-kristnar, part, id., Hkr. ii. 178, Fms. x. 273.
al-kunna, adj. ind. o. of a thing or event, notorious, universally known; sem a. er orit, Fms. xi.
201; en sem vintta eirra grist a., but tvhen their friendship was noised abroad, Hkr. ii. 281. p.
of a person, knowing, fully informed; unz a., until I know the whole, Vtkv. 8, 10, 12.
al-kunnigr, adj. notorious, Hkr. iii. 26, Stj. Gen. iv. IO, 655 xxxi. I, Fms. vii. 5, Hkr. ii. 328.
al-kunnr, adj. id., Fms. v. 40.
al-kyrra, adj. ind. completely calm, tranquil, Fms. xi. 72.
ALL- may in old writers be prexed to almost every adjective and adverb in an intensive sense, like
Engl. very, Lat. per-, Gr. GREEK, GREEK. In common talk and modern writings it is rare (except
after a negative), and denotes something below the average, viz. tolerably, pretty well, not very
well; but in the Sagas, something capital, exceeding. In high style it may perhaps be used in the old
sense, e. g. allfagrt ljs oss birtist brtt, a transl. of the Ambrosian hymn, Aurora lucis rutilat. The
instances in old writers are nearly endless, e. g. all-aunt, n. adj. very eager, Fms. ii. 41; ironically,
150. all-apr, adj. very sore, very harsh, v. apr. all-austtligt, n. adj. very easy, Fs. 40. all-
auveldliga, adv. very easily, Fms. iv. 129. all-auveldligr, adj. very easy, Fms. v. 331. all-
auveldr, adj. id., Fbr. 158: neut. as adv., Hkr. ii. 76. all-gtr, adj. very famous, Fms. ii. 76. all-
hyggjusamliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very careful, Fms. vi. 184. all- kaiga, adv. and -ligr, adj.
very hot, impetuous, Hkr. i. 234, ii. 32. all-kaft, adj. very fast, Nj. 196. all-riliga, adv. very
likely, Fr. 183. all-risltill, adj. very timid, Fms. vi. 217. all-stligt, n. adj. very hearty,
intimate, Fms. ii. 20. all-banvnn, adj. very likely to prove mortal, Orkn. 148. all-beinn, adj. very
hospitable, Fms. ii. 84, Eb. 286: neut. as adv., Fr. 259. all-beiskr, adj. very harsh, bitter, Sturl. iii.
167. all-bert, n. adj. very manifest, Lex. Pot. all-bitr, adj. very biting, sharp, Sks. 548. all-bitrligr,
adj. of a very sharp appearance, Vgl. 20. all-bjartr, adj. very bright, Fms. viii. 361. all-bjgr, adj.
very much bent, curved, lkofr. 39. all-blr, adj. very blue, Glm. 394. all-blliga, adv. and -ligr,
adj. very blithely, kindly, Fr. 132. all-blr, adj. very mild, amiable, Sd. 158, Fms. i. 202. all-
brgrr, adj. very soon mature, Eb. 16. all-brliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very hastily, Orkn. 72. all-
brr, adj. very hot-headed, Njar. 370: neut. as adv. very soon, Fms. xi. 51: dat. pl. all-brum, as
adv. very suddenly, 139. all-bros-ligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very funny, laughable, Fms. iii. 113. all-
dasigr, adj. very sluggish. Lex. Pot. all-digr, adj, very big, stout; metaph. puffed up, Nj. 236. all-
djariga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very boldly, Fms. ii. 313, Orkn. 102. all-djpsettr, adj. very deep,
thoughtful, Bret. 158. all-drengiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very bold, gallant, Lv. 110. all-drmt, n.
adj. very boastfully, from dramb, superbia, (the modern word is drmt = slowly, sluggishly); eir
ltu a. yr sr, boasted, Sturl. ii. 56. MS. Mus. Brit. 1127; Cod. A. M. has allvnt, prob. wrongly.
all-dyggr, adj. very doughty, Lex. Pot. all-drr, adj. very dear, Fms. iii. 159. all-eiguligr, adj. very
worth having, Sd. 146. all-eina (theol.), Gu alleina (a hymn), alone: Hkr. iii. 339 (in a spurious
chapter). all-einarliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very sincere, candid, open, Ld. 334. all-eldiligr and -
elliligr, adj. of a very aged appearance, Fms. iii. 125. all-fagr, adj. very bright, fair, Orkn. 296 old
Ed.: neut. as adv. very fairly, Sturl. i. 72. all-fast, n. adj. very rmly, steadfastly, Eb. 290, Fr. 259.
all-fastorr, adj. very 'wordfast,' very true to his word, Fms. vii. 120. all-fltr, adj. very taciturn,
close, Fas. iii. 408. all-fliga, adv. on very cold terms, Sturl. iii. 298. all-fmligr, adj. very close, of
very few words, Fms. iii. 85, iv. 366. all-fmennr, adj. followed by very few people, Sturl. ii. 122,
Magn. 386. all-far, adj. very few, Eg. 512, Ld. 272, sl. ii. 356: neut. on very cold terms, Fms. xi. 55.
all-frinn, adj. of very few words, Fms. iv. 312. all-feginn, adj. very 'fain,' glad, Eg. 240, Ld.
330. all-feginsamliga, adv. very 'fain,' gladly, Eg. 27. all-feigligr, adj. having the mark of death
very plain on one's face, v. feigr, Sturl. iii. 234. all-feitr, adj. very fat, Fms. x. 303. all-ferliga, adv.
and -ligr, adj. very rudely, Fms. iv. 263. all-fmikill, adj. very costly, Ld. 298. all-fjarri, adv. very
far, far from, metaph., Hkr. ii. 246; eigi a., not improper, Fbr. 15. all-fjartekit, part, very far-fetched,
Sklda 166. all-fjlgan, adj. acc. very numerous (does not exist in nom.), Sks. 138 A. all-
fjlkunnigr, adj. very deeply versed in sorcery, Fms. ii. 175, Fas. i. 412. all-fjlmer and -mennr,
adj. followed, attended by very many people, much frequented, Eg. 724, 188, Hkr. i. 215: n. sing, in
very great numbers, Fms. i. 36. all-fjlrtt, n. adj. very heedful, much talked of, Nj. 109. all-
forsjll, adj. very prudent, Hom. 115. all-framr, adj. very famous, Lex. Pot.; very far forward,
Grett. 161 A. all-frekliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very daringly, impudently, Fas. i. 24. all-frekr, adj. too
eager, too daring, Fms. vii. 164. all-friliga, adv. in very great peace, Lex. Pot. all-frr, adj. very
beautiful, Eg. 23, Hkr. i. 225, ii. 354, Fms. i. 2. all-frjls, adj. very free, independent, v. alfrjls. all-
frligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very wise, learned, Sks. 306 B. all-frr, adj. very learned, Sks. 30. all-
frgr, adj. very famous, Fms. ii. 324, Hkr. i. 232, ii. 187, Ld. 122. all-frkiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj.,
and all-frkn, adj. and -liga, adv. very bold, boldly, sl. ii. 267, Hkr. i. 239, Fms. i. 121. all-fss,
adj. and -liga, adv. very eager, eagerly, Eg. 488, Fms. xi. 89. all-fsiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very
desirable, Eg. 19, 468. all-flr, adj. very pale, Lex. Pot. all-gagnsamr, adj. very protable, gainful,
sl. ii. 56. all-gamall, adj. very old, Hkr. i. 34. all-gegniliga and -gegnliga, adv. very ttingly, Sturl.
ii. 63. all-gemsmikill, adj. very wanton, frolicsome, Sturl. ii. 57. all-gerla and -grviligr, v. -grla, -
grviligr. all-gestrisinn, adj. very hospitable, Hv. 40. all-geysilegr, adj. and -liga, adv. very
impetuous, Fms. x. 81. all-gildliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. with a very grand air, Grett. 121. all-gildr,
adj. very grand. Lex. Pot. all-giptusam-liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very lucky, Fms. x. 53. all-
glaliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very joyfully, joyful, Fms. iii. 143, Lv. 55. all-glar, adj. very joyful, Eg.
163, Ld. 176. all-gleymr, adj. very gleeful, mirthful, in high spirits, [glaumr], vera a. vi e-t, Sturl.
iii. 152, Eb. 36. all-glsiliga, adj. and -ligr, adv. very shiny, Eb. 34, Fas. iii. 626, Fms. ix. 430. all-
glggsr, adj. very transparent, dearly visible, metaph., orf. Karl. 380. all-glggt, n. adj. very
exactly, Hkr. iii. 253, Fas. iii. 13. all-gmannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very kindly, kind, Mag. 6. all-
gr, adj. very good, Nj. 222, Eg. 36, 198. all-greiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very easy, easily, Eb.
268: neut. as adv., Eb. l. c. all-grimmliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very grimly, ercely, Fas. iii. 414. all-
grimmr, adj. very cruel, erce, Hkr. iii. 167. all-grun-samliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very
suspiciously, sl. ii. 364. all-gfugr, adj. very distinguished, Eg. 598, Bs. i. 60. all-grla, adv. very
clearly, precisely, Hkr. iii. 133, Fms. xi. 15. all-grviligr, adj. very stout, manly, Fms. ii. 28. all-
hagstr, adj. with a very fair wind, Sturl. iii. 109. all-harligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very hard,
stern, Fas. i. 382. all-harr, adj. very hard, stern, Fms. i. 177: n. sing, severely, Nj. 165, Grg. i.
261. all-hskasamligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very hazardous, Fms. v. 135. all-heiinn, adj. quite
heathen, Fs. 89 (in a verse). all-heilagr, adj. very sacred, Lex. Pot. all-heimskliga, adv. and -ligr,
adj. very foolish, frantic, Hkr. ii. 190, Fas. iii. 293. all-heimskr, adj. very silly, stupid, Eg. 376,
Grett. 159. all-heppinn, adj. very lucky, happy, Lex. Pot. all-herimikill, adj. very broad-
shouldered, Eg. 305. all-hermannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very martial, Fms. xi. 233. all-
hjaldrjgr, adj. very gossipping, chattering, Lv. 57: neut. as adv., Vpn. 10. all-hgliga, adv. and -
ligr, adj. very gently, Fms. xi. 240, vi. 274. all-hleitr and -hleitr, adj. very sublime, Hom. 23. all-
hr and -hr, adj. very high, tall, v. -hr. all-hratt, n. adj. in all speed, Lex. Pot. all-hraustliga,
adv. and -ligr, adj. very bravely, Fms. viii. 289, Eb. 34. all-hraustr, adj. very valiant, Fms. viii. 267.
all-hreystimannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very valiantly, Fms. xi. 95. all-hrumliga, adv. and -ligr,
adj. very in- rmly from age, Fas. ii. 91. all-hrddr, adj. very much afraid, Fbr. 94. all-hrinn,
adj. very timid, Fms. vi. 155. all-huml;mgsjkr, adj. very grieved, heart-sick, Hkr. i. 243, Fms. vi.
133. all-hvass, adj. of the wind, blowing very sharp, Fms. ix. 20, Lex. Pot. all-hyggi-ligr, adj. and
-liga, adv. very carefully, Fas. iii. 610. all-hrliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very blandly, with a very
bright face, Fas. iii. 636. all-hiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very ridiculous, Finnb. 312. all-
hldreginn, adj. walking very much on one's heels, dragging the heels very much in walking, of an
aged or beggarly person, Band. 9. all-hgliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very softly, meekly, Fms. xi. 389.
all-hlinn, adj. very bragging. Lex. Pot. all-iinn, adj. very diligent, laborious, Bs. i. 278. all-illa,
adv. and -illr, adj. very badly, bad, wicked, Nj. 242, cp. ilia; ill-willed, Eg. 542: compar., vera allver
um, to be worse off, Nj. 221 (Ed. allvant); angry, Lv. 145; disgraceful, Eg. 237; unfortunate, Sturl.
ii. 47. all-jafnlyndr, adj. very calm, even-tempered, Fms. vi. 287. all-kaldr, adj. very cold, Vpn.
21. all-kappsamliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. with very much zeal, liberally, Hkr. i. 271; veita a., of
hospitality, Ld. 292; mla a., frankly, peremptorily, 296. all-kappsamr, adj. very eager, vehement,
Eg. 187. all-karlmannliga,adv. and -ligr, adj. very manfully, Fms. x. 141. all-kaupmannliga, adv.
in a very businesslike, tradesmanlike way, Fms. v.255. all-ktligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very funny,
Grett. 112. all-ktr, adj. very joyful, Nj. 18, Eg. 44, 332. all-keppinn, adj. very snappish, Lex. Pot.
all-kerskiligr and -keskiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very sarcastic, biting, Sturl. ii. 196. all-klkr, adj.
very shrewd, Hkr. iii. 317. all-knliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very stoutly, vigorously, Rd. 312. all-
kostgliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very earnestly, in a very painstaking way, Stj. all-kostigr, adj. very
excellent. Lex. Pot, all-kviklatr, adj. very quick, lively, Ld. 270. all-kynliga, adv. and -ligr, adj.
very strangely, strange, sl. ii. 58, Fms. ii. 227, Grett. 160. all-kyrrligr, adj. very quiet, tranquil,
Hv. 49. all-krr, adj. very dear, beloved, Eg. 139, Fms. i. 48; very fond of, Hkr. i. 194: neut., Eg.
116, of mutual love. all-langr, adj. very long, Hv. 49. all-laust, n. adj. very loosely, Fms. xi. 103.
all-lgr, adj. very low, short of stature, Fbr. 68. all-lengi, adv. very long, K. . K. 158. all-
lttbrnn, adj. of very brightened, cheerful countenance, Ld. 94. all-lttiliga, adv. very lightly, Fas.
iii. 612. all-lttmlt, n. adj., vera a. um e-t, to speak in a very lively way, Fms. iv. 261. all-lttr, adj.
very light (in weight), Fas. iii. 487. all-lkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. in very agreeable, courteous
terms, Fas. i. 84. all-likligr, adj. very likely, Fas. ii. 247, Sks. 669. all-lkr, adj. very like, Fas. iii.
579, Sd. 160, Korm. 142. all-ltilfjrligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very puny, prop, having little life in
one, Hv. 54. all-litill, adj. very little, Fr. 268: n. sing, all-litt, as adv. very little, Nj. 108, 130,
Korm. 172; poorly, Grett. 116. all-lyginn, adj. very given to lying, Fbr. 157. all-makligr, adj. and -
liga, adv. very deserving, tting, Sturl. iii. 127, Bjarn. 22. all-mann-ftt, n. adj. with very few
people, Gsl. 31. all-mannhttr, adj. very dangerous, Fas. iii. 34. all-mannskr, adj. very full of
manskathe, very murderous, Fms. ii. 512. all-mannenligr, adj. a very promising man, Fms. iv.
254. all-mannvnn, adj. a man of very great promise, Hkr. ii. 182. all-margliga, adv. very affably,
Sturl. iii. 27. all-margmltr, part, very talkative, Sturl. ii. 179. all-margr, adj. very numerous, pl.
very many, Nj. 32, Grg. ii. 176, Sks. 328, Gl. 329. all-margrtt, n. adj. part, very much spoken
of, Fms. viii. 275. all-mlugr, adj. very loquacious, Hkr. iii. 152, 655 xi. 2. all-mttfarinn, adj.
very much worn out, with very little strength left, Fas. ii. 356. all-mttltill, adj. very weak, Fms. i.
159. all-meginlauss, adj. very void of strength, Fms. xi. 103. all-mikilfengligr, adj. very high and
mighty, very imposing, Fs. all-mikill, adj. very great, sl. ii. 269, Nj. 193, Eg. 29, 39: neut. as adv.
greatly, Fms. i. 24, vii. 110. all-mikilmannliga, adv. very nobly, Sturl. i. 33. all-misjafn, adj. very
variously, unfavourably, in such phrases as, mla a. um e-t, there were very different stories about
the matter, leggja a. til, ganga a. undir, taka a. , Eg. 242, Hkr. ii. 123, Fms. i. 86, vii. no, Ld. 166.
all-mjr, adj. very slim, slender, narrow, Hkr. iii. 117, Gl. 173. all-mjk, adv. very much, Nj. 134,
Ld. 196, Eg. 19; fllu a. menn, in very great numbers, Fms. i. 173. all-myrkr, adj. very dark,
Fms. ix. 23. all-miliga, adv. with very great effort, heavily, Fms. ix. 16. all-nauigr, adj. and -liga,
adv. very reluctant, unwilling, Grett. 153; a. staddr, dangerously, Fms. v. 212. all-ninn, adj. very
near, nearly related, Sks. 330. all-nttfrull, adj. very much given to wandering by night, Lex. Pot.
all-nskrr, adj. of a poet, given to mocking, satirical verse, [n and skld (?)], Fms. ii. 7. all-ng,
adv. very abundantly, Sd. 182. all-nr, adv. very near, Fms. vii. 289; metaph., lagi a. at, pretty
nearly, well-nigh, Fs., Sks. 684 B. all-nrri, adv. very near, Ld. 202, Fas. iii. 339. all-opt, adv. very
often, Anecd. 38, Gl. 169. all-orftt, n. adj. in the phrase, gra a. urn, to be very short of words as
to, Bjarn. 31. all-gurligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very frightful, Edda 41. all-lmliga, adv. and -ligr, adj.
very furiously, Fas. iii. 546, Br. 177. ll-ttalaust, n. adj. with very little to fear, Eg. 371, v. l. all-
ramskipar, adj. part, very strongly manned, Fms. iii. 13. all-raur, adj. very red, Ld. 182. all-rligr,
adj. very expedient, advisable, Grett. 145. all-reiiligr, adj. looking very wrathful, Fms. iv. 161.
all-reir, adj. very wroth, angry, Edda 57, Nj. 135, Eg. 139. all-rkmarmligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very
grand, pompous, magnicent, Fms. i. 213. all-rkr, adj. very powerful, Fms. i. 115. all-rrliga., adv.
and -ligr, adj. very feebly, puny, Fbr. 28. all-rsk- liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very smart, brisk, Fms.
viii. 317. all-sannligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very likely, 'soothlike,' Fms. iv. 270. all- sttgjarnliga, adv
and -ligr, adj. very placable, of mild disposition, Sturl. iii. 288. all-seinn, adj. very slow, Bs. i. 192:
neut. as adv. slowly, Grett. 151 A. all-sigrsll, adj. very victorious, having very good luck in war,
Hkr. i. 28. all-skammr, adj. very short, very scant, Nj. 264: neut. substantively, a very short way,
Finnb. 324; short distance, Fms. iv. 329. all-skapliga, adv. very ttingly, properly, Grett. 120. all-
skapvrr, adj. of a very gentle, meek disposition, Sturl. all-skapungt, n. adj., vera a., to be in a
very gloomy, depressed state of mind, Fms. iv. 26. all-skarpr, adj. very sharp, Lex. Pot. all-skeinu-
httr, adj. very dangerous, vulnerable, Sturl. ii. 139. all-skemti- ligr, adj. very amusing, Sturl. ii. 77.
all-skilltill, adj. very slow- witted, dull, Sturl. j. 89. all-skjallknliga, adv. [skjalla, to atter], very
coaxingly, Grett. 131 A. all-skjtt, n. adj. as adv. very soon, Nj. 236. all-skrautligr, adj. and -liga,
adv. very smart, splendid, Fas. ii. 366, Mag. 11. all-skygn, adj. very sharp-sighted, Hrafn. 33. all-
skyldr, adj. bound to, very obligatory; neut. == bounden duty, Sks. 484; deserved, Gl. 61: p. nearly
related, near akin, Fms. xi. 75. all-skyndiliga, adv. very quickly, Blas. 40. all-skynsamliga, adv. very
judiciously, Stud. iii. 161. all-skyrugr, adj. all curd-besprent, Grett. 107 A. all-skruliga, adv. and -
ligr, adj. very frankly, boldly, dignied, Sturl. iii. 39, Fms. ix. 5, Ld. 94 C, 226, Bs. i. all- sljliga,
adv. very slowly, sluggishly, Grett. 101 A. all-smr, adj. very small, Fms. v. 55, xi. 61. all-snarpliga,
adv. and -ligr, adj. very sharply, smartly, Fms. viii. 346. all-snarpr, adj. very sharp, Fms. i. 38, Nj.
246. all-snemma, adv. very early, Fms. ii. 223. all-snjallr, adj. very shrewd, clever, Fms. viii. 367.
all-snula, adv. very quickly, Lex. Pot. all-snfr, adj. very brisk, id. all- snfurmannligr, adj. and -
liga, adv. very brisk and energetic looking, of a man, Fms. xi. 79. all-spakliga, adv. and -ligr, adj.
very mildly, moderately, wisely, Hkr. ii. 41. all-spakr, adj. very gentle, wise, Fms. vi. 298. all-
starsnn, adj. who stares very hard at a thing, looking xedly upon, Fms. vi. 203. all-sterkliga, adv.
and -ligr, adj. very briskly, strongly, Ld. 158, Fas. iii. 612. all-sterkr, adj. very strong, Hkr. i. 238,
Eg. 285; sl. ii. 461 (very vehement); as a pr. name, Fms. iii. 183. all-stilliliga, adv. very calmly, in a
very composed manner, Ld. 318. all-stirr, adj. very stiff, Hv. 46. all-strhggr, adj. dealing very
hard blows, Fms. i. 171. all-strliga, adv. very haughtily, Hkr. ii. 63, Ld. 168. all-strmannliga, adv.
and -ligr, adj. very municently, nobly, Fas. iii. 45; haughtily, Sd. 146. all- strorr, adj. using very
big words, Eg. 340, Ld. 38 (very boisterous). all-strr, adj. very great, metaph. big, puffed up, Ld.
318; dat. all-strum, as adv. very largely, Edda 32. all-strangr, adj. very rapid, Lex. Pot. all-styggr,
adj. very ill-humoured, cross, Grett. 103 A. all- styrkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very stoutly, Stj. 402.
all-styrkr, adj. very strong, Fms. i. 177. all-svangr, adj. very hungry, Lex. Pot. all-svinnliga, adv.
and -ligr, adj. very wisely, prudently, wise, Fas. i. 95, ii. 266. all-sttfss, adj. very placable, peace-
loving, very willing to accept an atonement, Sturl. iii. 19. all-smiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very
seemly, decorous, honourable, Hkr. i. 215, sl. ii. 163. all-tiginn, adj. very princely, Lex. Pot. all-
tilltsamr, adj. very indulgent, lenient, r. 12. all-trtt, n. adj. very much talked of, much spoken
of, Eg. 99, Sturl. i. 199. all-tvirkr, adj. very quick at work, Fms. xi. 377. all-torfyndr, adj. very
hard to nd, Fms. vii. 356. all-torfrt, n. adj. very hard to pass, cross, Eg. 546. all- torstt, n. adj.
part, very difcult to reach, Eg. 546. all-tortryggi- liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very suspiciously, Sturl.
ii. 47. all-torveld- ligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very difcult, Str. all-traur, adj. very slow, unwilling,
Fms. xi. 39. all-tregr, adj. very tardy, Fr. 114, Br. 178. all-trr, adj. very true. Fms. vi. 377. all-
tryggr, adj. very trusty, Hkr. iii. 167. all-tvtugr, false reading, instead of eigi alls t., not quite twenty,
Sturl. i. 181. all-undarligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very odd, wonderful, Fms. ii. 150. all-ungr, adj. very
young, Eg. 268, Fms. i. 14, Ld. 274. all-beinskeyttr, adj. shooting very badly, Fms. ii. 103. all-
blr, adj. very harsh, unkind, Fas. ii. all-bragligr, adj. very ill-looking, Sturl. iii. 234. all-dll,
adj. very spiteful, untractable, Sturl. i. 99. all-fagr, adj. very ugly, metaph., Fms. iii. 154. all-
mliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very awkwardly, Fas. ii. 543. all-framliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very
backward, shy, timid, Fbr. 38 C. all-frr, adj. very ugly, Fms. xi. 227. all-frnn, adj. very sullen,
'frowning,' sour, Eg. 525. all-frgr, adj. very inglorious, Fms. iv. 259. all-glar, adj. very
gloomy, sad, Hkr. iii. 379. all-hgr, adj. very difcult, Eg. 227. all-hfingligr, adj. very low-
looking, very plebeian, Finnb. 222. all-ktr, adj. very sorrowful, Edda 35, Eg. 223, Fms. i. 37. all-
knr, adj. very weak of frame, Grett. 119 A, very badly knit; Bs. i. 461 (of boys). all- konungligr,
adj. very unkingly, Fms. viii. 158. all-kunnigr, adj. quite unknown, sl. ii. 412. all-ligr, adj. very
unlikely to live, Hkr. ii. 200. all-lkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very unlikely, Gsl. 24, Sd. 123, Finnb.
310. all-lkr, adj. very unlike, Glm. 364. all- lyginn, adj. not at all given to lie, truthful, Fbr. 157.
all-mttu- liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. weakly, very weak, tender, Fms. iv. 318. all- rinn, adj. part,
very 'unready' (cp. Ethelred the 'unready'), undecided, Lv. 9. all-rliga, adv. very unadvisedly,
rashly, Odd. 12 old Ed. all-sannligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very untruthful, unjust; also, unlikely, Fms.
vii. 141. all-sttfss, adj. very implacable, unwilling to come to terms, Sturl. iii. 275. all-skyldr.
adj. very strange to, not at all bound to..., Eg. 10. all-spakr, adj. very unruly, Sturl. ii. 61. all-
svss, adj. very uncomfortable, of weather, cold and rainy, Bs. i. 509. all-snn, adj. very
uncertain, doubtful, Glm. 358, Sturl. i. 105. all-sligr, adj. of very poor, wretched appearance,
Nirst. 109. all-vinsll, adj. very unpopular, Fms. iv. 369, Fas. iii. 520. all-vsliga, adv. very
unwisely, Nirst. 6. all-vnliga., adv. and -ligr, adj. of very unfavourable prospect, Fas. ii. 266; n.
adj. very unpromising, Grett. 148 A. all-vnn, adi. very ugly, Fas. i. 234; very unpromising,
unfavourable, sl. ii. 225: neut. as adv. unfavourably, Fms. xi. 134. all-arfr, adj. very unthrifty,
very unprotable, something that had better be prevented, Eg. 576, Hkr. ii. 245. all-vand- ltr, adj.
very difcult, hard to please, Fms. vi. 387. all-vandliga, adv. with very great pains, exactly,
carefully, Sks. 658 B. all-vant, n. adj., vera a. um e-t, to be in a very great strait, Nj. 221. all-
varfrr, adj. very careful, solicitous, Eg. 63. all-vaskligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very brisk, smart,
gallant, Hkr. i. 104; compar. v. alvaskligr. all-vaskr, adj. very brisk, gallant, Fms. viii. 226. all-
vandr, adj. very bad, of clothes, much worn, Pm. 11. all-vpndjarfr, adj. very bold, daring in arms,
Hkr. iii. 63. all-verlti, n. adj. very calm, with little wind, Fms. vi. 360. all-vegliga, adv. and -ligr,
adj. very grand, princely, nobly, Fms. i. 20, Eg. 332, Hkr. i. 15. all-vel, adv. very well, Nj. 12, Eg.
78, 198; compar. albetr, v. alvel. all-vesall, adj. very puny, wretched, Nj. 97. all-vesalliga, adv. very
wretchedly, lk. 35. all- vesalmannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. id., sl. ii. 416. all-vesll, adj. very
miserable, base, vile, Nj. 97. all-vingjarnliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very friendly, amicable, Sturl. ii.
168. all-vingott, n. adj. on very friendly terms, Fbr. 129. all-vinsll, adj. very popular, used of a man
blessed with many friends, Fms. i. 184, ii. 44, Orkn. 104 old Ed. all-viruligr, adj. and -liga, adv.
very worthy, dignied, Fms. x. 84, Bs. i. 83. all-vitr, adj. very wise, Sks. 29 B (superl.) all-vitrliga,
adv. very wisely, Fas. ii. 66. all-va and all-vtt, n. adj. very widely, Hkr. iii. 141, Lex. Pot. all-
vgliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. in a very warlike manner, Fms. ix. 488, Fas. ii. 112. all-vgmannliga, adv.
very martially, Fas. iii. 150. all-vgmr, adj. quite wearied out with ghting, Introd. to Helgakvia
(Sm.) all-vss, adj. very wise, sure, Sks. 520, Lex. Pot.: neut. to a dead certainty, Lex. Pot. all-
vnliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very promising, handsome, Glm. 349, Fms. v. 260, Fbr. 114. all-
vnn, adj. id., Clem. 24, Bs. i. 340: neut., ykja a. um, to be in high spirits, sl. ii. 361; make much
of, Fms. ii. 76; as adv. favourably, Fms. iv. 192. all-vrpuligr, adj. of a very stout, stately frame, Hkr.
ii. 254. all-vxtuligr, adj. very tall, of large growth, Fas. iii. 627. all-akkligr, adj. very pretty, =
ekkiligr, Lex. Pot, all-akksamliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very thankfully, Fms. i. 120, Ld. 298. all-
ariga, adv. very thriftily, very pressingly; bija a., to beg very hard, Edda 45. all-arfr, adj. very
thrifty, Lex. Pot. all- ttr, adj. very crowded, cp. Lex. Pot. all-rekligr, adj. of a very robust
frame, Hkr. ii. 2. all-rngr, adj. as neut. in a very great crowd, Edda 24. all-ungliga, adv. and -ligr,
adj. very hard, unwilling, reluctant, Sturl. ii. 120; taka a. e-m, to be very hard upon, Mag. 1. all-
ungr, adj. very unfavourable, Hkr. ii. 358; hostile, badly disposed towards, Eb. 108, Eg. 332; ykja
a., to dislike, Fms. viii. 441; a. or, to blame, Sturl. ii. 62. all-ykkr, adj. very thick, Fas. i. 339: n.
sing. as adv. thickly, Fms. vii. 70 (of great numbers slain on the battle-eld). all-fr, adj. very
furious, wrath, sl. ii. 258, Lv. 60, Fas. i. 404. all- giligr, adj. very terrible, Dropl. 18. all-str, adj.
very incited, vehement, Nj. 231. all-rorr, adj. very quick-tongued, frank, out- spoken, Eg. 340. all-
ruggliga, adv. very steadfastly, very rmly, Grett. 153 A. all-ruggr, adj. very uninching, Bs. i.
624.
all-fr, m. father of all, Edda 2, 6, 13 (a name of Odin), v, alfr.
al-ljss, adj. quite light; dagr a., broad daylight, Eg. 219; n. sing., vera alljst, in broad daylight,
Grett. 95 A, 112 A, Fms. ix. 35, Sturl. ii. 108; metaph. quite clear, Sks. 490.
al-loinn, adj. very hairy, shaggy all over, Fms. iii. 125.
al-lokit, n. part., a. allri vn, when all hope is gone, Bs. i. 198.
ALLK, oil, allt, and alt, adj. [Ulf. alls = GREEK; A. S. eall; Engl. and Germ. all] .
A. In sing, as adj. or substantively, cunctus, totus, omnis: I. all, entire, the whole; hn allan arf
eptir mik, she has all my heritage after me, Nj. 3; um alla ingsafglpun, every kind of ., 150; gaf
hann at allt, all, 101; at llum hluta, in totum, Grg. i. 245; allr heilagr dmr, the whole body of
Christians, ii. 165; llu v mli, Fms. vii. 311; allu flki, thewhole people, x. 273; hvitr allr, white
all over, 655 xxxii. 21; b allt, thewhole estate, Grg. i. 244; fyrir allt dagsljs, before any dawn of
light, Hom. 41: with the addition of saman = GREEK -- Icel. now in fem. sing. and n. pl. say ll
smun, and even n. sing. allt samant; in old writers saman is indecl., -- the whole, Germ, snmtlich,
zusammen; allt saman fit, thewhole amount, entire, Grg. ii. 148; enna herna allan saman, all
together, Fms. i. 144; fyrir allan saman jafna ann, Sd. 157. Metaph. in the phrase, at vera ekki
allr ar sem hann er snn (sr), of persons of deep, shrewd characters, not to be seen through, but
also with a feeling of something 'uncanny' about them, Fms. xi. 157 (a familiar phrase); ekki er oil
ntt ti enn, sagi draugrinn, the night is not all over yet, said the ghost, 'the Ides are not past' (a
proverb), v. sl. js. 2. all, entire, full; allan hlfan mnu, for the entire fortnight, Nj. 7; ar til er
Kjartani ykir allt ml upp, until Kjartan thought it was high time, of one nearly (or) well-nigh
drowned, Hkr. i. 286. II. metaph. past, gone, dead, extinct; perh. ellipt., vera allr brottu, quite
gone, Eb. 112 new Ed.; var Hrappr allr brottu, Nj. 132; then by an ellipsis of 'brottu,' or the like,
allr simply == past, gone: o. past, of time; seg sv fremi fr v er essi dagr er allr, when this
day is past, Nj. 96, Fms. ii. 38, 301; var ll eirra vintta, their friendship was all gone, Fms. ix.
428; allt er mi mitt megin, my strength is gone, exhausted, Str. p. dead; er Geirmundr var allr,
gone, dead, Landn. (Hb.) 124; siz Gunnarr at Hlarenda var allr, since G. of Lithend was dead and
gone (v. l. to lzt), Nj. 142; sem fair eirra vri allr, after his death, Stj. 127; er Ni var allr, 66;
en sem hann var allr, 100; eptir at er Sara var ll, after all Sara's days were over, 139, 140, 405;
vegum allr hygg ek at at ek vera munu, that I shall perish on the way, Gg. verse 5; me v at
ert gamlar mjk, munu eir eigi t koma fyr en ert allr, Hv. 57; still freq. in Swed., e. g.
blifwa all af bekumring, be worn out with sorrow; vinet blev alt, fell short; tiden er all, past. III.
used almost adverbially, when it may be translated by all, quite, just, entirely; klofnai hann allr
sundr, was all cloven asunder, Nj. 205; er s n allr einn nu lii er n her eigi hfus, ok hinn,
er eggiai hins versta verks er eigi var fram komit, where it seems, however, rather to mean one
and the same ... or the very same ..., thus, and he is now one and the same man in thy band, who has
now lost his bead, and he who then egged tbee on to the worst work when it was still undone, or the
very same, ... who, Nj. 213; vil ek at s gr hldist ll, in all its parts, 256; kvu rn allan villast,
that he was all bewildered, Ld. 74. IV. neut. sing, used as a subst. in the sense of all, everything, in
every respect; ok for sv me llu, sem ..., acted in everything as..., Nj. 14, Ld. 54; ok lt sem
ykist ar allt eiga, that you depend upon him in all, Fms. xi. 113; eigi er enn eirra allt, they have
not yet altogether won the game, Nj. 235: alls vesld, in all misery, Ver. 4; alls mest, most of all,
especially, Fms. ii. 137 C, Fs. 89 (in a verse); in mod. usage, allra mest, cp. below. The neut. with
a gen.; allt missera, all the year round, Hom. 73; allt annars, all the rest, Grg. ii. 141; at llu
annars, in all other respects, - K. . K. 98; var allt (all, everybody) vi hrtt, Fas. i. 338. In
the phrases, at llu, in all respects, Fms. i. 21, Grg. i. 431; ef hann eigi at llu framfrsluna, if he
be not the sole supporter, 275: reyndr at llu, untried in every way, Nj. 90; cp. Engl. not at all,
prop. not in every respect, analogous to never, prop, not always: fyrir alls sakir, in every respect,
Grg. ii. 47, Fas. i. 252: llu, in everything, Nj. 90, 228: me llu, wholly, quite, daur me llu,
quite dead, 153; neita me llu, to refuse outright, Fms. i. 35, 232, Boll. 342: um allt, in respect of
everything, Nj. 89; hence comes the adverb valt, ever = of allt = um allt, prop, in every respect, v.
valt. V. the neut. sing, allt is used as an adv., right up to, as far as, all the way; Brynjlfr gengr allt
at honum, close to him, Nj. 58; kmu allt at bnum, 79; allt at bardyrunum, right up to the very
door of the booth, 247; allt norr urn Sta, all along north, round Cape Stad, Fms. vii. 7; sur allt
Englands haf, iv. 329; verit allt t Miklagar, as far out as Constantinople, ii. 7, iv. 250, 25; allt
klofa, Br. 171. 2. everywhere, in all places; at riki Eireks konungs mundi allt yr standa
Eyjunum, might stretch over the whole of the Islands, Eg. 405; Sigrr var konungr allt um
rndalg, over all Drontheim, Fms. i. 19; bjoggu ar allt fyrir ingmenn Runlfs goa, the
liegemen of R. the priest were in every house, ii. -234 (= hverju hsi, Bs. i. 20); allt norr um
Rogaland, all the way north over the whole of R., Fms. iv. 251; vru svirar allt gulli bnir, all
overlaid with gold, vi. 308; ha sv allt kesjurnar fyrir, at ekki megi ganga, hold your spears
everywhere (all along the line) straight before you, that they (the enemy) may not come up to you,
413; allt imdir innviuna ok stafnana, vii. 82. 3. nearly = Lat. jam, soon, already; vru allt komin
fyrir hann brf, warrants of arrest were already in his way, Fms. vii. 207; var allt skipat liinu til
fylkingar, the troops were at once drawn up in array, 295; en allt hugum vr (still we thought) at
fara me spekt um essi hru, Boll. 346. 4. temp. all through, until; allt til Jnsvku, Ann. 1295;
allt um daga Hk- onar konungs, all through the reign of king Hacon, Bs. i. 731. 5. in phrases such
as, allt at einu, all one, all in the same way, Fms. i. 113. In Icel. at present allt a einu means all the
same: allt eins, nevertheless; ek tla utan a. eins, sl. ii. 216; hann neitai allt eins at..., refused
all the same, Dipl. iii. 13; allt eins hraustliga, not the less manly, Fms. xi. 443. The mod. Icel. use is
a little different, namely = as, in similes = just as; allt eins og blmstri eina (a simile), just as the
ower, the initial words of the famous hymn by Hallgrim. 6. by adding 'of' = far too ..., much too ...,
Karl. 301 (now freq.) 7. with a comparative, much, far, Fms. vi. 45 (freq.) VI. neut. gen. alls [cp.
Ulf. allis = GREEK; A. S. ealles], used as an adv., esp. before a negative (ekki, hvergi), not a bit,
not at all, no how, by no means; eir ugu alls ekki at sr, they were not a bit afraid, Nj. 252;
hrumst vr hann n alls ekki, we do not care a bit for him, 260; hlmgngu er vandi en alls
ekki (none at all) einvigi, Korm. 84; en junkherra Eirkr ttist ekki hafa, ok kallai sik Eirik alls
ekki (cp. Engl. lackland), Fms. x. 160; alls hvergi skal sk koma undir enn rija mann, no how, in
no case, by no means, Grg. i. 144: sometimes without a negative following it; r alls geldar, ewes
quite barren, Grg. i. 502; hafrar alls geldir, id.; alls vesall, altogether wretched, Nj. 124; alls mjk
strist hann n, very much, Stj.; a. mest, especially, Fs. 89, Fms. ii. 137. In connection with
numbers, in all, in the whole; tlf vru au alls skipi, twelve were they all told in the ship, Ld.
142; tu slenzkir menn alls, 164; alls frust nu menn, the slain were nine in all, sl. ii. 385; vera
alls srir rr ea eiri, Grg. ii. 10; alls mnu, a full month, i. 163; eir ala eitt barn alls ae
sinni, Rb. 346. p. with addition of 'til' or 'of' = far too much; alls of lengi, far too long a time, Fms.
i. 140; hefnd alls til ltil, much too little, vi. 35. B. In pl. allir, allar, ll, as adj. or substantively: 1.
used absol. all; eir gengu t allir, all men, altogether, Nj. 80; San bjoggust eir heiman allir, 212;
Gunnarr rei ok beir allir, 48; hvikit r allir, 78, etc. 2. as adj., alla hfingja, all the chiefs, Nj.
213; r llum fjr- ungum landinu, all the quarters of the land, 222; at vitni gus ok allra
heilagra manna, all the saints, Grg. ii. 22; allum orrostum, in all the battles, Fms. x. 273; Josep
ok allir hans ellifu brr, Stj., etc. 3. by adding arir, estir, etc.; allir arir, all other, everyone else,
Nj. 89, Fms. xi. 135: estir allir, nearly all, the greatest part of, v. estr; in mod. use estallir, est
being indecl.: allir saman, altogether, Nj. 80. 4. adverb., Gregorius hafi eigi ll fjgr hundru, not
all, not quite, four hundred, Fms. vii. 255. 5. used ellipt., allir (everybody) vildu leita r vegs, Nj.
78. 6. gen. pl. allra, when followed by superl. neut. adj. or adv., of all things, all the more; en n
yki mr at allra snst er ..., all the more likely, as ..., Ld. 34; allra helzt er eir heyra, par-
ticularly now when they hear, Fms. ix. 330; allra helzt ef hann fellr meir, all the rather, if ..., Grg.
ii. 8; allra szt, least of all, 686 B. 2; bn s kemr til ess allra mest, especially, Hom. 149: very
freq. at present in Icel., and used nearly as Engl. very, e. g. allra bezt, the very best; a. hst, nest,
fyrst, the very highest, lowest, foremost, etc. C. alls is used as a prex to several nouns in the gen.,
in order to express something common, general, universal. COMPDS: alls-endis or alls-hendis, adv.
-- scarcely to be derived from 'hnd' -- in every respect, quite, thoroughly, used almost exclusively
in connection with a preceding negative, eigi, eingi, or the like, and giving additional force to the
negation; er at hugbo mitt, at vr berim eigi agfu til um vr skipti, it is my foreboding, that we
shall not carry luck with us to the very end of our dealings, Ld. 160; eigi til allsendis, id., Eg. 75;
at er reynt at eingi mar heldr snum rifnai til allsendis, it is proved that no man holds his
thriving thoroughly, Fms. i. 295. alls-httar, adv. [httr], of every sort, kind; a. kurteysi, thoroughly
good manners, Fms. i. 17 (freq.) alls-herjar, an old, obsolete gen. from herr; Drottinn Sabaoth is in
the Icel. transl. of the Bible rendered by Drottinn AUsherjar, the Lord of Hosts. It is esp. used as an
adv. in some political and legal terms, denoting something general, public, common. allsherjar-
b, f. the booth in the parliament (alingi) belonging to the allsherjargoi. Its site is xed, Sturl. ii.
44, 126 (referring to events in the year 1215). allsherjar-dmr, m. a doom of the supreme court, a
lawful public sentence, judgment of the full court; r rufu allsherjardm, violated lawful
judgment, the law of the land, Fms. iv. 205. allsherjar-f, n. public property, a domain, b. ch. 3,
viz. the ground of the Icel. alingi. allsherjar-goi, a, m. (v. goi), the supreme priest, pontifex
maximus. As the alingi (q. v.) was within the jurisdiction of the great temple (hof) in Kjalarnes, the
keeper or priest of that temple -- the descendant of its founder Thorstein Ingolfsson -- had the title
of supreme priest, and opened the alingi during the heathen age. At the introduction of Christianity
this ofce remained with the supreme priest, who retained his name; and he, and not the bishop of
Skalholt, opened the aling every year; orsteinn Inglfsson lt setja fyrstr manna ing Kjalarnesi
r alingi var sett, ok fylgir ar enn (still, viz. in the 13th century) skum ess v goori (viz. the
priesthood of Kjalarnes, aliter allsherjar goor) alingis helgun, Landn. 336 (the text as found in
the Melabk), Landn. 39, r. 94 (Ed. 1860), and Landn. Mantissa. allsherjar-li, n. public
troops, army (Norse), Fms. x. 411. allsherjar-lr, pl. ir, m. the people, commonalty, Hkr. iii. 194.
allsherjar-lg, n. pl. public law, statute law of the land, in the phrase, at alingis mli ok allsherjar
lgum, Nj. 14, 87. allsherjar-ing, n. general assembly, Fms. i. 224. In Icel. at present allsherjar- is
prexed to a great many other words in order to express what is public, general, universal. alls-
konar [Old Engl. alkyn], prop. an obsolete gen. from a masc. konr: o. as adj. ind. of every kind; a.
fanga, Eg. 65; a. r, good season in all respects, Hkr. 1. 15: p. used simply as adv.; hinn gtasti a.,
in every respect, Fms. xi. 157 (rare). alls-kostar, adv. [kostr], in all respects, quite, altogether; a.
illa, bad altogether, Ld. 232; ykjast n a. hafa unninn mikinn sigr (a full victory), Fms. xi. 147;
frjls ok a. geymandi, to be observed in every respect, K. . 50; hann lofai a., made a full
allowance, Bs. i. alls-kyns, adv. [kyn] = allskonar, Fms. x. 380. 11. UNCERTAIN 2, 25, where it is
spelt alls- kuns. alls-staar, adv. [star], freq. alstaar or allstaar in a single word, everywhere,
ubique; cp. margstaar, in many places; sum- staar, in so me places; einhversstaar, somewhere;
nokkursstaar, anywhere; allstaar ar sem, Fms. ii. 81, x. 182. Metaph. in every way (rare); a.
mun ek gera at nu skapi, nema ar, in everything, except that..., Nj. 17. alls-valdandi, part. [A. S.
ealwalda], 'all-wielding,' of God, Almighty, Dipl. iv. 8, Fms. i. 121, Bs. several times. allra-handa
= allskonar, a mod. word. allra-heilagra in compds, a. messa, -dagr, -kirkja, All-Saints'-day, -
church, Bs., K. ., Fms., etc.
ALLS and als, conj. [Ulf. allis = GREEK; Engl. as, contr. -- als; cp. the consecutive als in Grimm
D. W. sub voce, col. 257 sqq.], as, while, since; freq. in Lex. Pot. in old poets, less freq. in old
prose writers, rare in the classics of the 13th century: used four times in the treatise of Thorodd, --
alls hann sjlfr er hebreskr stafr, Sklda 167; alls vr erum einnar tungu, 161; alls engi grein er enn
gr, 162; alls eir hfu r allir eitt hlj, 166, -- and as often in the old Heiarv. S. -- alls ert
gr drengr kallar, sl. ii. 366; alls Bari var eigi btr fbtr, 386; alls rekr itt erendi, 483;
alls her hr til nokkorar sj tla, Ld. 42; alls eir mttu ekki snum vilja fram koma, Boll.
348; alls hann trir mr til, Fs. (Hallfr. S.) 90: alls her r giptu til mn stt, Fms. v. 254; alls
eir hfu frtt li, viii. 362 . With the addition of 'er' (at); en , alls er ert sv rhaldr nu
mli, Fms. i. 305; alls er ek reyni, at..., as I ..., ii. 262, (Grg. i. 142 is a false reading = allt), Fas. ii.
283: with addition of ',' alls her etta me meirum fdmum gengi, heldr en hvert annara,
vil ek ..., but considering that..., Band. 32 new Ed.; cp. Lex. Pot.
all-t, adv. at all times, Fas. i. 505 (paper MS.), freq. in mod. use.
al-lsigr, adj. all-lousy, Fbr. 156.
all-vald, n. absolute power. allvalds-konungr, m. sovereign, Fms. x. 378.
all-valdr, pl. ar, m. = alvaldr (pot. word), sovereign king, Lex. Pot., Hkr. i. 432; heilir allvaldar
bir, a poetical salute, Fms. vi. 195; mikil er allvalds raun (a proverb), 'tis hard to strive against the
powerful, Lv. 111.
allyngis, quite, altogether, v. llungis.
al-manna-, gen. pl. from an obsolete almenn [cp. Alemanni], a prex to some nouns, denoting
general, common, universal, Ad. 21. Freq. now in Icel., e. g. almanna-rmr, m. public opinion, in
the proverb, sjaldan lgr a., vox populi vox Dei. COMPDS: almanna-byg, f. an inhabited country,
Fas. iii. 3. almanna-gj, f. local name of the great lava rift close to the aling, where all the people
met; vide Nj. 244, Sturl. i. 206, etc. almanna-lei, f. a public road, Lv. 29. almanna-lof, n. praise
of all, Nj. 251. almanna-skript, f. general confession, Hom. 74. almanna-stofa, u, f. the common
hall, a large room in the Icel. dwellings of the 12th and 13th centuries; opp. to litla stofa, Sturl. ii.
153, iii. 194, 198; it seems to be identical with skli. almanna-tal, n. common reckoning, b. 18: p.
(Norse), general census, with a view to making a levy, N. G. L. i. 98; Fr. = almannaing. almanna-
vegr, m. a high road, Nj. 261, Fms. ii. 99, =jvegr, jlei. almannaing, n. (Norse), a public
meeting,=aling, Fr.
al-mttigr, adj. [A. S. ealmeathig; Hel. ala-; Germ, allmchtig], almighty, seems to be a Christian
(eccl.) word, translated from the Latin omnipotens; but the phrase 'hinn almttki ss' in the heathen
oath (used of Thor) implies its use in very early times. The old form is contracted before -ir, -ar, -an,
-um, etc., and changes g into k; almttkan, -kir, -kum (now almttugan, -ugir, -ugum, through all
cases), v. mttigr: used of God, Fms. i. 231, Eluc. 10, Sks. 305, etc.: heathen use, Landn. 258, cp. p.
335.
al-mttr, ar, m., dat. -mtti, almightiness, omnipotence (eccl.), of God, 671. 3; sinn ILLEGIBLE
(acc.), sl. i. (Hom.) 386, Fms. i. 226, 655 vi. 2; vide almtti, n.
al-menni, n. the people, public, Fr. (Norse).
al-menniliga, adv. generally, H. E. i. 465, K. . 80.
al-menniligr, adj. [Germ, allgemein], general, common, rare in old writers, Stj.; a. (catholic) tr,
Mar. 656 B. 8, 623. 18; a. ing, concilium oecumenicum, Rb. 338; a. Kristni, 390, 208, Gl., etc.
Freq. in mod. Icel., = common, good, real.
al-menning, f. and almenningr, m. I. in Icel. almost always fem, in the sense of fundus communis,
ager compascuus, common land, belonging to a whole 'fjrungr' (quarter) of the country, and thus
wider than the mod. 'afrtt.' It still remains in the local name of the deserts round Cape Horn at the
north-west point of Icel., cp. Fbr. and Landn. 124; cp. also the passage in b. ch. 3. The word is now
seldom used except of wastes belonging to nobody: at er almenning er fjrungs menn eigu allir
saman, Grg. ii. 392-394, Js. 107, b. ch. 3, Grg. ii. 345, 352, 359, 385, K. . K. 26, Fbr. 41,
Landn. 124, in all those cases fem. II. masc. (Norse), [cp. Swed. almnning, pascuum, and Germ.
almeinde, via publica or ager compascuus, Grimm R. A. p. 498], common or public pasture
(answering nearly to the Icel. afrtt), where cattle are grazed during the summer months, cp. the
Norse setr, Icel. sel: rarely used in Icel. writers. In . H., ch. 114, used of Grmsey, an island off the
north coast of Iceland, Gl. 450, Jb. 299, 311. 2. the high-street, in a Norse town, N. G. L. ii. 241. 3.
the people, the public in general, common now in Icel. in this sense, Stj. 292, 493, Fbr. 194;
almennings matr, common food, Bs. ii. 5, 179. 4. a levy, conscription; fullr, allr, hlfr a., a full, half
levy of men and ships; fullr a. in Norway meant a levy of one in every seven male adults, N. G. L.
ii. 199, Fms. iv. 142, i. 165, D. I. i. 66 (of the milit. duties of Icelanders when residing in Norway).
Metaph. (as a phrase) in Nj. 207, of raising the country, the institution being unknown in the Icel.
Commonwealth. COMPDS: almennings- brf, n. a proclamation, Sturl. iii. 29. almennings-
drykkja, u, f. a public banquet, Bs. i. 108. almennings-far, n. a public ferry, Gl. 415.
almennings-mrk, f. a public forest, Gl. 454. almennings-strti, n. a public street, Grett. 158
A. almennings-tollr, m. a public toll, tax, 126 C. 173 (?). almennings-vegr, m. a public way.
al-mennr, adj. common, public, Grett. 115, where MSS. A and B have almlt. Now freq.
ALMR, elm-tree, v. lmr.
almusa, u, f. = lmusa, alms, [Scot. almous, Germ. almosen, (GREEK.)]
al-mgi, a, and almgr, s, m., at present the rst form is always used [cp. mgi and mgr, Dan.
almue, plebs], prop, the commons, people; konungrinn ok almginn, king and commons, Stj.; eigi
vissi almginn (people in general) hvat fram fr sttinni, Bs. i. 74; almgrinn (the people)
geystist, Bret. 37, 94; allvinslir vi almgann, having very many friends among the commonalty,
Fms. i. 184. p. now in Icel. = plebs, the masses, opp. to the higher classes; so in many compds, e. g.
almga- mar, m., almga-legr, adj., etc.
al-mli, n. what all people say, a common saying, general report; at er a. at..., all people say,
agree that..., Fms. xi. 326, Hkr. iii. 398; at vru almli um dalinn, at ..., Sd. 155, Ld. 332. p. a
saying, proverb; at er a. (common saying) at menn sji au r, er eir hafa lengi hug sr, Hom.
83; tt almlit sannaist, at murbrrum veri menn lkastir, though the saying proved sooth,
that men are likest to their uncles by the mother's side, sl. ii. 29.
al-mltr, adj. part, spoken by all, what all say; esp. in the phrase, almlt tindi, news; spyrjast
almltra tinda, what news? Nj. 227, Ld. 80, Fms. xi. 118 (a standing phrase). p. of a child that
has learnt to talk; en er sveinninn var tvvetr, rann hann einn saman ok var a. sem fjgra
vetra gmul brn, but when the boy was two years old, then he ran alone and could say everything
as well as bairns of four years, Ld. 34, (altalandi is the word now used.)
al-mtti, n. omnipotence, Sklda 161; esp. theol., now more freq. than the masc. almttr.
al-naktr, adj. part, quite naked, Rd. 295; now alnakinn.
aln-bogi, a, m. = lbogi, elbow, Edda 110.
al-nr, adj. quite new, Fms. viii. 61, Grg. i. 491.
al-ogar, adj. quite in earnest, = alhugar.
ALPT, swan, v. lpt.
ALR, s, m. pl. ir, awl, Edda 71. p in the phrase, 'leka UNCERTAIN als oddi,' skjlfa tti hsit,
sem als oddi lki (MS. allsolla), the house quivered, as if it were balanced on the point of an awl,
Fas. i. 89; the Icel. now use C UNCERTAIN the phrase, a leika als oddi, of the excitement
produced by joy, to be merry, in high spirits, full of life and vigour, (cp. the Engl. to be on pins and
needles.)
al-raur, adj. quite red, Rd. 298.
al-rinn, adj. part. quite determined, Fms. viii. 145.
al-rnn, adj. utterly plundered; eir munu grvir fyrst alrnir er nstir eru, sl. ii. 93 (dub.)
al-reyndr, part, fully proved, Fms. xi. 441, Mirm. 74.
alri, elder-tree, v. elri.
al-roskinn, adj. quite grown up, Fms. i. 5, Ld. 256.
al-rotinn, adj. all rotten, Stj. Exod. xvi. 20.
al-rmdr, adj. part. o. neut. rumoured of all, of bad news; a. er, all people say, Nj. 76, Fms. vii.
113, Stj. p. in mod. Icel. both masc. and fem. in a bad sense, e. g. a. jfr, a noted thief.
al-sagr, adj. part, spoken of by all, Fms. ii. 50.
al-satt, f. in the phrases, sttr alsttum, completely reconciled, atoned with a full atonement, Dipl.
ii. II; sttast alsttum, Grg. ii. 141.
al-sttr, adj. fully reconciled, Nj. 120, Boll. 362.
al-sekr, adj. a law term, an utter felon, an outlaw of the greater degree, = -skgarmar, opp. to
fjrbaugsmar, Nj. 240, Hrafn. 18, Grg. i. 463.
al-sia, adj. ind. [sir, faith], en er Kristni var a., but when the Christian faith was universally
accepted, Hkr. ii. 97; en Kristnin vaeri n a. ..., Grett. 150 (the old Ed. wrongly landi).
al-skipar, adj. part. /w/ fully manned: o. of a ship; skta, tvtugsessa, langskip a., Nj. 280, Eg.
13, Fms. iv. 70, Hkr. i. 176. p. a law term, bekkr, pallr a., full court, Grg. i. 7. . of a bench in a
banquet- hall, quite full, Eg. 43.
al-skjaldar, adj. part, lined, covered with shields: o. of ships lined with shields along the bulwarks
from stem to stern, as a ship of war, Landn. 156, Sturl. iii. 61. p. of troops in full armour, Sturl. ii.
47.
al-skrifar, adj. part, written all over, of vellum, Th. 76.
al-skyldr, adj. quite binding, Sks. 636.
al-slitinn, adj. part, quite ragged, worn out, Vm. 161.
al-slkr, adj. quite the same, Fms. iv. 157.
al-smar, part. completely built, Fms. xi. 436.
al-snotr, adj. all-wise, Hin. 54: very clever, kv. 26, 28.
al-spakr, adj. all-wise, cognom., Eg. 466.
al-staar, everywhere, v. alls-staar, sub allr.
al-stfr, part. a metre in masculine rhymes (stfa), Edda (Ht.) 134. Masculine nal rhymes are
called stft.
al-stngr, in. an animal with close-cropped ears; he who marked sheep in this way was liable to
the lesser outlawry, unless it were publicly announced in the lgrtta, Grg. i. 426.
al-svartr, adj. quite black, Nj. 80.
al-sveittr, adj. all-sweaty, Al. 22.
al-sveitugr, adj. reeking with sweat, now kfsveittr, Gsl. 137.
al-skn, adj. a law term, altogether free, released from all punishment, Grg.;. ii. 160.
al-skna, u, f. complete immunity from punishment, pardon, Grg. i. 359.
al-stt, f. complete reconciliation, Nj. 101, Js. 40, B. K. 126.
ALTARI, n. and rarely altara, n. or altari, a, m.; mod. heteroclite altari, n. pl. turu; the forms -eri, -
era [altare] also appear :-- an altar, a Chris- tian word, the altar in heathen temples being called
'stallr,' Nj. 279, K. . 28, 208, Stj. freq.; altaris, 625. 84; altari n, 655 xxiii. 2; altari (nom. pl.), xiv
B. 2, Pm. 47: masc., altara (acc.) m alna langan ..., but at (neut.) skal me eiri ba, a little below,
altarans (gen.), altarann (nom. sing.), altaris (gen. neut.), altarit (neut. nom.), Stj. 307, 308,
indifferently neut. or masc., Symb. 24; alteri, 1812. 17; altera (dat. neut.), 655 iii. 2, 623. 54.
COMPDS: altaris-blja, u, f. an altar-cloth, Am. 33, Vm. 37, 15. K. 83; altara-bla, D. I. i. 404.
altaris-bk, f. an altar-book, Vm. 6, Dipl. v. 18. altaris-brk, f. an altar-piece, Vin. 12. altaris-
bnar, in. altar-furniture, H. E. i. 489. altaris-dagr, m. anniversary of the foundation of an altar,
H. E. i. 310. altaris-dkr, m. an altar-cloth, Vm. i, D. I. i. 244. altaris-frn, f. a victim offered on an
altar, Mart. 122. altaris-glf, n. the oor round an altar, N. G. L. i. 160. altaris-horn, n. the horn of
an altar, Fms. xi. 444. altaris- hs, n. a chapel, Bs. ii. 80. altaris-kli, n. an altar-cloth, Hkr. iii. 81,
D. I. i. 266; altara-, Fms. iii. 28, Vm. 1. altaris-likneski, n. an image placed on an altar, Pm. 61.
altaris-messa, u, f. mass at an altar, Bs. ii. 81. altaris-plata, u, f. a candlestick, Pm. 93. altaris-skr,
f. an altar-book, Pm. 109. altaris-star, m. the place where an altar stands, Eg. 768. altaris-steinn,
in. an altar-slab, D. I. i. 266, 443, K. . 28. Vm. 31, Am. 55, Pm. 106. altaris-stika, u, f. a
candlestick for an altar, Vm. 3. altaris-jnusta, u, f. altar-service, 655 xxxii. I.
al-tiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. civilly, Bs. i. 812.
altingis = alingis, adv. [ing, res] , quite, altogether, Pm. 24.
al-tjaldar, adj. part, hung with tapestry all round, Fms. xi. 17, Sturl. iii. 193, Hv. 52.
al-ugar, sincere, v. alhugar.
al-, f. and in old writers almost constantly l (with changed vowel), aly, Clem. 43, [a
contracted form from al-hug, -hugr], affection, sincerity, freq. in mod. Icel. in this sense. But in old
writers prop. used of hospitality, in such phrases as, taka vi e-m me ., to give a hearty re-
ception to, Ld. 196, Fr. 156, Fs. 15; veita me ., to give hospitable treatment, Fms. vi. 120. p.
affection; hann gaf mr hringinn me mikilli ., Fms. ii. 171; sakir gzku eirrar ok alar
(affection) er Gu hafi vi Abra- ham, for the sake of that kindness and love which God had
toward Abra- ham, Ver. 78; Bjrn spyr tinda heldr tmliga af engri a., coolly, Bjarn. 53. Mod. also
alliga, adv. heartily; alligr, adj. kind, hearty. COMPDS: alar-mar, m. devoted friend, Fms.
vi. 34. alar- vinr, m. sincere friend, Hkr. ii. 210, Ver. 15; larvinr, Fms. iv. 287.
al-valdr, almighty; alvald, omnipotence; v. allv-.
al-vara, u, f. [appears neither in Engl. nor Germ.; Dan. alvor]. 1. seriousness, earnestness; Gunnarr
segir sr at alvru, Nj. 49, orst. Stang. 50; hyggjusamliga ok me mikilli a., with much
earnestness, Fms. i. 141; taka e-t fyrir a., to take it in earnest, x. 77; vissa ek eigi at r var a. vi at
taka, that you were in earnest, Band. 3. 2. affection = al (not used at present in that sense);
hverigir lgu fulla alvru til annarra, Bs. i. 288; elskulig a. til e-s, hearty love, Fms. iii. 63; me
alvru ok blu, 144; er ll hans a. (inclination) til lafs konungs, vi. 32. COMPDS: alvru-liga,
adv. earnestly, Fms. ii. 211. alvru-ligr, adj. earnest, devoted; a. vintta, Fms. ii. 144. alvru-
samligr, adj. earnest looking, devoted; a. jnosta, Fms. i. 261.
al-varliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), seriously, earnestly, 655 xxxii. 21. p. intimately, devotedly; fagna e-m
a., to receive heartily, Grett. 98 A.
al-vaskligr, m. brisk, martial, Ld. 196, (Ed. allvaskligr.)
al-vaxinn, adj. part, quite grown up, Ld. 132.
al-vpnar, adj. part, in full armour, Eg. 422, 460, Fms. i. 81.
al-vatr, adj. thoroughly wet, Fr. 184, Fbr. 23, K. . K. 10.
al-vel = allvell, adv. very well; albetr at sr, of much better appearance, Ld. 332, Glm. 353: so the
vellum MS. A. M. 132 in both these passages.
al-vepni = alvpni, full armour.
al-verki and alverkja, adj. ind. aching, feeling pains all over the body [cp. the Scot. wark and werk
and the provincial Engl. wark in the sense of ache, racking pain], Fms. v. 223, Bs. i. 615.
al-virkr and alyrkr, adj. [verk], a. dagr, a working day, opp. to a holy day, N. G. L. i. 429, 153; cp.
virkr.
al-vista, adj. ind. paralysed, Fl. I. ix. 186.
al-vitr, adj. all-wise, now partic. used of God, Clem. 33; superl. alvitr- astr, of greatest wisdom,
used of a man of science, Sturl. i. 167. MS. Brit. Mus. 1127.
al-vnn, adj. fair.
al-vpni, n. [vpn], complete arms; hafa a., to be in full armour, fully armed, Nj. 93, 107, Eg. 46,
74, 88; me a., fully armed, b. ch. 7.
al-vr, f., almost constantly lvr (the change of vowel being caused by the following v), Bs. i.
593. l. 19, even spelt lbr, probably akin with alvara; hospitality, hearty reception, good
treatment; taka vi e-m me ., Fms. xi. 52, 27, Fas. iii. 79; var ar uppi ll . af Grms hendi, i.
172; bja honum me allri ., kindness, hospitality, ii. 510; cp. also Bs. i. l. c., where full er lbr
llum means there is open house; the word is now obsolete.
al-vrliga and lvrliga, adv. hospitably, sl. ii. 348.
al-yrkr, adj., a. dagr, a working day, v. alvirkr.
al-akinn, adj. part, thatched all over, Fms. i. 89; older form -ir.
al-iljar, adj. part., old form -ilr, completely wainscotted, Sturl. iii. 193: the vellum MS. has -
ilir, the Ed. -iljair.
al-ingi, n. [ing], mod. form albing, by dropping the inective i; the gen., however, still remains
unchanged, alingis. The parliament or general assembly of the Icel. Commonwealth, invested with
the supreme legislative and judicial power, consisting of the legislative lgrtta (q. v.), and the
courts, v. dmr, mtardmr, fjrungsdmar; v. also goi, goor, lgsgumar, lgsaga, lgberg,
and many other words referring to the constitution and functions of the alingi. It was founded by
Uljot about A. D. 930, Ib. ch. 3; and reformed by Thord Gellir A. D. 964, who instituted the courts
and carried out the political divisions of Icel. into goor, fjrungar, and ing, ch. 5. In the years
1272 and 1281 the aling, to some extent, changed its old forms, in order to comply with the new
state of things. In the year 1800 it was abolished altogether. A kind of parliament, under the old
name alingi, was again established in the year 1843, and sat at Reykjavk. Before the year 930 a
general assembly was held in Kjalarnes, whence it was removed under the name of alingi to the
river xar, near to the mountain rmannsfell. The much-debated passage in Hnsa. S. ch. 14 --
en ingit var undir rmannsfelli -- therefore simply means that the events referred to happened
after the removal of the Kjalarnesping. The parliament at rst met on the Thursday beginning the
tenth week of the summer, which fell between the 11th and the 17th of June; by a law of the year
999 its opening was deferred to the next following Thursday, between the 18th and 24th of June, old
style; after the union with Norway, or after A. D. 1272 or 1281, the time of meeting was further
deferred to June 29. July 2 (Vis. B. V. M.) is hence called ing-Marumessa. The parliament lasted
for a fortnight; the last day of the session, called vpnatak, because the weapons having been laid
aside during the session were again taken (cp. Engl. wapentake), thus fell on the rst or second
Wednesday in July. As to the rules of the alingi, vide esp. the rst chapter of the . . Grg. (Kb.)
i. p. 38 sqq. The most eventful years in the history of the alingi are, A. D. 930 (foundation), 964
(reform), 1000 (introduction of Christianity), 1004 (institution of the Fifth Court), 1024 (repudiation
of the attempt of the king of Norway to annex Iceland), 1096 (introduction of tithes), 1117 (rst
codication of laws), 1262-1264 (submission to the king of Norway), 1272 and 1281 (new codes
introduced). In the year 1338 there was no aling held because of civil disturbances, eytt alingi ok
ttu at drni, Ann. s. a., Grg. (. .) slend. bk, Kristni S., Njla, Sturl., rna b. S., . H.
(1853), ch. 114; of modern writers, vide esp. Maurer, Entsteh. des sl. Staates; Dasent, Introd. to
Burnt Njal; some of the Introductions by Jn Sigursson in D. I., esp. that to the Gamli Sttmli of
the year 1262. COMPDS: alingis-dmr, m. the court of justice in the a., Grg. i. 87, 130, alingis-
fr, f. a journey to the a., Js. 6. alingis-helgun, f. hallowing, inauguration of the a., cp. allsherjar
goi, Landn. 336. alingis-lof, n. permission, leave given by parliament; ef... sttist vg fyrir a.
fram, against the rules of the a. = unlawfully, Grg. ii. 173. alingis-ml, n. parliamentary rules,
proceedings of parliament; ef eir taka eigi af alingismli, do not infringe the parliamentary
rules, Grg. i. 103: in the legal phrase, at alingismli rttu ok allsherjar lgum, where the rst
rather denotes the form, the last the substance of the law. alingis-nefna, u, f. nomination to the
legislative body and the courts, including dmnefna and lgrttuskipan, Grg. i. 5; cp. b. ch. 5.
alingis-rei, f. a journey to the a., Nj. 100, Grg. ii. 78. alingis-stt, f. an agreement entered into
at the a. alingiasttar-hald, n. the keeping of sucb an agreement, Grg. i. 217, Sturl. i. 66.
alingis-sekt, f. a conviction in the courts. alingissektar-hald, n., Stud. i. 66 (seems to be a false
reading); v. the preceding word.
al-ingis = llngis or ldungis, quite, altogether, D. N. (not Icel.)
al-j, f. rare and obsolete = ala, the commons, Ad. verse 17, Sonatorr. 9, 15; a. manna, Sturl.
iii. 229, 125, Fms. vii. 240.
al-ykkr, adj. quite thick, foggy, Stj. 1 Kings xviii. 45.
al-a, u, f. the public, people; sv at a. vissi, Sd. 167; sagi allri alu, told all people, Eg.
271. p. people assembled in a body; er at bnarstar minn til allrar alu, all the assembled
commons, Nj. 189, Fms. i. 33. . alu l, in common life, 655 xxi. 3. With gen., a. manna = ll
a., everybody, the overwhelming majority, bulk of people assembled, Eg. 193, where it is used of
the household; a. manna var brott farin, nearly all people had left, 220; a. manna geru (pl.) gan
rm at mli hans, the whole meeting cheered his speech, Fms. vii. 242. It is now almost solely used
of the common people, allt flk, bi rka menn (wealthy) ok alu, Fms. v. 113; cp. alis-flk.
COMPDS: alu -- drykkja, u, f. a common banquet, Sturl. ii. 245. alu-lei, f. a high road, Eg.
579, Bjarn. 49. alu-lof, n. popularity, general praise, Hkr. iii. 31. alyu-mar, m. a working
man, Vd. 172 old Ed., wrongly instead of ala manna, Fs. 67. alu-ml, n. common, general
report, at er a. at, Hkr. iii. 34. alu-skap, n., in the phrase, vera ekki vi a., to be unpopular,
vinsll ok ltt vi a., Fs. 63. alyu-tal, n. reckoning, common calculation, b. ch. 7, Rb. 18. al-
yu-vpn, n. common weapons, Fas. iii. 620. albu-vegr, m. a public road, Sturl. i. 36, Hkr. iii.
54. alu-viring, f. public opinion, consensus popularis, Bs. i. 158. alu-vitni, n. universal tes-
timony, Sks. 12. alu-yss, m. a general tumult, Bs. i. 46, Hom. 46.
al-ask, dd, dep. in the phrase, a. til e-s, to incline towards, attach oneself to, Fms. vi. 135.
al-i, n. = ala, and alis-flk, id., Bs. i. 805.
al-ligr, adj. common, general; a. mar = menskr mar, a common man, Fas. ii. 251; alligri
ru, common parlance, Sklda 185; hitt vri allegra (more plain), at segja, 208; a. fyrir sakir
siferis, of plain manners, Finnb. 298.
al-gr, adj. [iggja], quite acceptable, pleasant to, Hom. 75.
al-str, adj. part, excited, stirred up, Sks. 230.
AMA, a, to vex, annoy, molest; with dat. of the person, eigi skulu r a. Ruth, Stj. 423, Fms. i.
244. p. dep. (more freq.), amast vi e-n, to annoy, molest, in order to get rid of one, Landn. 66, Nj.
130, 199, v. l.; muust lismenn ltt vi hana, Fms. v. 305, vii. 166, Fs. 32; at hann mundi eigi a.
vi (object to) byg hans, Sd. 139: absol. to dislike, Nj. 167. ami, a, m. vexation, annoyance, is now
used in the phrase, a vera e-m til ama, to become a cause of vexation to: ama-samr, adj. and ama-
semi, f. bad humour; cp. also murligr, distressing; amatligr, loathsome.
amallera, a, to enamel (Fr. word mailler), Fms. xi. 427, Vm. 152, 165.
amathysti, a, m. amethyst (for. word), Str.
amatligr or mtligr, adj. loathsome, hideous (freq. at the present day), Hkv. 1. 38.
amban, f., ambana, a, and ambim, ambuna, recompense (Norse); v. mbun, mbuna.
AMBTT, pl. ir, f. [cp. Ulf. andbahts = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. ambight; Hel. ambaht, servitium;
O. H. G. ampaht; hence the mod. Germ, amt, Dan. embede, Icel. embtti; the mod. Rom.
ambassador, ambassade are of the same stock; Ital. ambasciadore, nuntius; cp. Caes. Bell. Gall. 6.
15 -- circum se ambactos clientesque habent, v. Diez on this root. The Icel. am- is an assimilated
form from and-], a bondwoman, handmaid; rll er a., Grg. ii. 152, 156. (where the older form
ambtt), N. G. L. i. 76; konungs a., freq. of a royal concubine, Fms. i. 14, Fagrsk. ch. 21: cp.
embtta and embtti. Cp. also mod. ambaga, u, f. an awkward person; ambguligr, adj. and
ambgu-skapr, m. clumsy manners, perh. all of them related to ambtt. COMPDS: ambttar-barn, n.
child of an a., Fms. i. 72. ambttar -- dttir, f. daughter of an a., Eg. 345. ambttarligr, adj. vile, like
an a., Fas. i. 244. ambttar- mt, n. expression of an a., Fas. i. 147. ambttar-sonr, m. son of an a.,
Grg. i. 363, Ld. 70, 98. ambtta-fang, n. a term of contempt, a woman's tussle, as it were between
two bondswomen, Sd. 162 (of wrestling).
amb-hfi, a, m. a nickname of uncertain signication. Egilsson supposes that of bi-ceps: most
probably amb- denotes some animal; cp. Hjart-hfi, Hart-head, and Orkn-hfi, Seal-head, Sturl.
i. 35 (in a verse).
ambo, n. utensils, v. andbo.
AMLI, a, m. 1. the true name of the mythical prince of Denmark, Amlethus of Saxo, Hamlet of
Shakespeare. 2. now used metaph. of an imbecile, weak person, one of weak bodily frame, wanting
in strength or briskness, unable to do his work, not up to the mark. It is used in phrases such as,
ert mesti Amli, what a great A. you are, i. e. poor, weak fellow. In a poem of the 10th century
(Edda 67), the sea- shore is called the our-bin of Amlode (meldr-li Amla, navis farinae
Amlodif), the sand being the our, the sea the mill: which recals the words of Hamlet in Saxo, --
'sabulum perinde ac farra aspicere jussus eadem albicantibus maris procellis permolita esse
respondit.' From this poem it may be inferred that in the 10th century the tale of Hamlet was told in
Icel., and in a shape much like that given it by Saxo about 250 years later. Did not Saxo (as he
mentions in his preface) write his story from the oral tradition of Icelanders? In Iceland this tale was
lost, together with the Skjlduaga Saga. The Icel. Ambales Saga MS. in the Brit. Mus. is a modern
composition of the 17th century. COMPDS now in freq. use: amlaligr, adj. imbecile; amla-
skapr, m., or amla-httr, imbecility; also amlast, dep. Torfaeus, in his Series Reg. Dan. p. 302,
quotes an old Swedish rhyme running thus: 'Tha slog konungen handom samman | och log fast och
gorde aff gamnian | rett some han vore en Amblode | then sig intet godt forstode,' where it means a
fool, simpleton, denoting a mental imbecility. [Perhaps the A. S. homola is cognate; thus in the
Laws of King Alfred, ' Gif he hine on bismor to homolan bescire,' if he in mockery shave his (a
churl's) head like a fool, which Lambarde renders morionis in morem: see Thorpe's Anc. Laws ii.
Gloss. sub voce, and cp. the quotation from Weber's Metrical Romances ii. 340.]
AMMA, u, f. [cp. a], grandmother; now in freq. use, but rarely in the Sagas, which use fur-
mir and mur-mir, Hm. 7, Rm. 16, Edda 109, Nj. 119, Ld. 328. In compds, mmu-brir,
mmu- systir, etc.; lang-amma, u, f. is a great-grandmother. [In Germ. amme means a nurse.]
ampli, a, m. and hmpull, s, m. [ampulla], a jug, Vm. 6, 47, Dipl. iii. 4, B. K. 31. COMPD: mpuls-
brot, n. a potsherd, Pm. 93.
amra, a, to howl piteously, Fs. 45 (of cats); cp. murligr, piteous, and mruligr, adj. id.
amstr, n. [cp. Germ, amsteig = palearium], a rick, Orkn. 448, an GREEK GREEK amstr now
means toil: cp. amstrast, a, to toil.
AN, conj. than, Lat. quam, is the old form, and constantly used in MSS. of the 12th century, instead
of 'en' or 'enn,' q. v.
ANA, a, to rush on, now freq.
AND-, a prexed prep. [Ulf. uses a separate prep. and; A. S. and-; Germ, ant-, ent-, empf-; it exists
in Engl. in an-swer; Lat. ante-; Gr. GREEK], denoting whatever is opposite, against, towards, and
metaph. hostile, adverse; freq. spelt and pronounced an- or ann-; it is used in a great many compds,
v. below. If followed by v, the a changes into , e. g. ndverr, adversus; in andviri, prize,
however, the a is unchanged.
ANDA, a, [Ulf. has us-anan = GREEK; cp. Gr. GREEK, wind, and Lat. animus, anima, spirit,
breath: the Germans say geist, spirit, and athmen, spirare: Ulf. translates GREEK by ahma, vos
by aha; Hel. spiritus by gst and athom, whence Germ. athmen: cp. Swed. nd, nde, spiritus,
spirare.] I. act. to breathe, and of the wind, to waft; mean eir megu anda ok upp standa, Bs. i.
224, Karl. 95; rr andar n handan, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse). II. dep. andast, to breathe one's last,
expire; Mrr Ggja tk stt ok andaist, Fiddle Mord 'took sick' and breathed his last, Nj. 29; en ef
sv ferr at ek ndumk, but if it fares so that I die. Eg. 127; ar her andast fair minn, Fas. iii. 619.
Part. andar, dead; hn var ondu, had breathed her last, Ld. 16; jarlinn vai a., Fms. i. 149.
anda- and andar-, the compds belonging to nd, anima, and nd, a duck, v. sub voce nd.
and-blsinn, adj. part, [nd], inated, Sklda 169. and-dyri and anndyri, n. [Lat. atrium; from nd,
atrium, q. v.], a porch; hn dr hann fram yr dyrnar ok sv anddyrit, Grett. 140, Nj. 140, Fms. ii.
148, Bs. i. 804.
and-fang, n. esp. pl. [Germ, empfang], reception, hospitality, Vm. 8.
and-flur, f. pl. [nd], 'the horrors,' in the phrase, vakna me andflum, of one suddenly
awakening from a bad dream, or from being frightened when asleep, Fas. iii. 256, Fl. ix. 188.
and-ftingr, s, m. [and-], transl. of Antipodes in Pliny, Stj. 94. Now used in the mod. sense of
Antipodes; also in the phrase, sofa andftis, or andfting, of two sleeping in a bed 'heads and
heels.'
and-hlaup, n. suffocation, Eg. 553.
and-hvalr, s, m. balaena rostrata, now called andarnefja, u, f., Edda (Gl.), Sks. 123 A.
and-hli, n. monstrosity, absurdity; medic, the heels being in the place of the toes, Fl. ix. 188.
andhlisligr, adj. absurd.
andi, a, m. 1. prop, breath, breathing; af anda sksins, Edda 19; cp. hverr andalauss lir, who lives
without breathing, in the Riddles of Gestumblindi, Fas. i. 482; af anda hans, Greg. 20, Sks. 41 B;
andi er Ingimundar, ekki gr bekkinn, of foul breath, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse). 2. a current of air;
andi handar innar, air caused by the waving of the hand, 623. 33: now freq. of a soft breeze. 3.
(gramm.) aspiration; linr, snarpr a., Sklda 175, 179. II. nietaph. and of Christian origin, spirit. In
the Icel. translation of the N. T. andi answers to GREEK, sl to GREEK (cp. Luke i. 46, 47); Gu
skapai lkamann ok andann, Mar. 656; taki r vi lkamanum en Drottinn vi andanum, id.; gjalda
Gui sinn anda, Mar. 39 (Fr.); hjarta, andi ok vizka, id. In some of these cases it may answer to
GREEK, but the mod. use is more strict: as a rule there is a distinction between 'nd,' f. anima, and
'andi,' m. animus, yet in some cases both are used indifferently, thus Luke xxiii. 46 is translated by
'andi,' yet 'nd' is more freq., Pass. 44. 21, 45. I. 2. spirit, spiritual being (nd is never used in this
sense); John iv. 24, Gu er andi, and, tilbija anda, GREEK. 3. the Holy Ghost, Nj. 164, Rb. 80. 4.
angels; esshttar eldr brennir andana, Stj. 41. 5. in a profane sense; lfr ea a., Fas. i. 313. 6.
spiritual gift; krapti ok anda Heli, Hom. 104. Luke i. 17, Sks. 565. COMPDS: anda-gipt, f.
inspiration, gift of the Holy Ghost, Fms. iv. 48. anda-kast, n. breathing, Fas. iii. 348. andaliga, adv.
spiritually, = andliga, Fms. v. 230. anda- ligr, adj. spiritual, = andligr, Stj. 8, Dipl. ii. 11.
and-kostr = annkostr, purpose.
and-langr, m. (pot.) name of one of the heavens, Edda (Gl.)
and-lauss, adj. [nd], breathless, lifeless, exanimis; a. hlutir, Eluc. 9.
and-lt, n. [nd, anima; lt, damnum], 'loss of breath,' death; er fregn a. mitt, 623. 43; a.
Magnss konungs, Gizurar biskups, etc., Bs. i. 65, 70, Eg. 119, 367. p. the last gasp, the very
moment of death; var konungr nr andlti, Hkr. i. 160; var hann beint andlti, Fms. vi. 230;
ok er hann fann at nr dr at andlti hans, his last moments drew near, viii. 446: andlt has the
notion of a quiet, easy death; lt, a violent death; but both are only used in a dignied sense.
COMPDS: andlts-dagr, m. day of death, Bs. i. 466. andlts-dgr, n. id., 686 B. andlts-sorg, f.
grief for a death, Stj. 196. andlts-t, f. and -tmi, a, m. time of death, Greg. 78, Stj. 9.
andliga, adv. spiritually, Sks. 614, 649, Stj. 27, 34, Hom. 57.
andligr, adj. [Hel. translates spiritualis by gstlic, Germ. geistlich, Ulf. GREEK by ahmeins] ,
spiritual; in the N. T. GREEK is translated by andligr, 1 Cor. xv. 44: a. fagnar, 656 C; a. herkli,
656 A. ii. 18; a. skilning, Greg. 23; a. lf, Sklda 199; biskup her andligt vald til andligra hluta, a
bishop has spiritual power in spiritual things (opp. to veraldligr, GREEK), Gl. 73; andlig skrn,
Hom. 52.
and-lit, n. and annlit, [and-, adversus, and lta; Ulf. andavleizns = GREEK; A. S. andvlite; Germ,
antlitz], a face, countenance; andliti eirra, 623. 61; s ek annlit itt, id., Nj. 16; angat hor anlit
er hnakki skyldi, N. G. L. i. 12; Hom. 7 renders in faciem by andliti. Metaph. auglit is used as
more dignied; augliti Gus (not andliti), GREEK, in the eyes or sight of God. COMPDS: andlits-
bjrg, f. visor, Sks. 406. andlits-farinn, adj. in the phrase, vel a., of fair, well-formed features, better
in two words (andliti farinn), Sturl. iii. 178 C. andlits-mein, n. cancer in the face, Sturl. ii. 185.
andlits-skp, n. pl. lineaments of the face, N. G. L. i. 339; vel andlits skpum, of well-formed
features, Fms. viii. 238.
and-marki, ann-, and an-, a, m. [and-, mark], a fault, aw, blemish; kostir er andmarkar, Grg. i.
313; ef annmarkar eir vera bfnu, 429; leyndir anmarka honum, Nj. 8. p. nietaph. in
moral sense, trespasses; iran annmarka, 625. 90; used as a nickname, Gsl. 32. COMPDS:
annmarka-fullr, adj. full of faults, Fms. vi. 110. annmarka-lauss, adj. faultless, Grg. i. 287.
and-mligr, adj. contentious, quarrelsome, Fms. ii. 154, Magn. 448.
and-mli, n. contradiction, 4. 25.
and-nes, n. and annes, [and-, nes], a promontory or point of land, Hkr. i. 313, Fms. viii. 147, Fr.
83.
and-ora, adj. ind. [cp. Ulf. andavaurd; Germ. antwort], the Icel. use svar or andsvar (Engl.
answer) in this sense; andora only appears in the phrase, a vera a., to come to words with, Rd.
300, Korm. 11O (rare).
and-f, n. prob. = and-f, prop. a paddling with the oars, so as to bring the boat to lie against wind
and stream. Metaph., vi nokkuru and, after a somewhat hard struggle, Fbr. 84. 2. a division in a
ship, fremsta rm skipi kallast a., Fl. ix. 3.
and-ramr, adj. (andremma, u, f.) having foul breath, Sturl. i. 20.
ANDRAR, m. pl. [Ivar Aasen a wander], snow shoes, in sing. prob. ndurr, cp. the compds ndor-
ds and ndor-go, used of the goddess Skai, in the Edda; found only in Norway, where the word
is still in use; in Icel. only remaining in the proverb snliga snuggir kvu Finnar, ttu andra fala,
Fms. vii. 20, of a silly act, to sell one's snow shoes just when it begins to snow. Prob. a Finnish
word; v. sk.
and-r, f. [contr. = anddrag(?), mod. word], breath, in the phrase, smu a., at the very same
breath, instantly.
and-ri, a, and andrr, rs, m. the later form more freq. [and-, ra], pulling against stream and
wind; Einarr tti gildan andra, E. had a hard pull, Fms. vi. 379, v. l. andrr; ra andra, vii.
310, (andrr, Hkr. iii. 440); eir tku mikinn andra, they had a hard pull, Fms. viii. 438, v. l.
andrr; ok er sem eir ha andra, Greg. 31; taka andrra (acc. pl.), Fms. viii. 131, Hkr. iii.
440: cp. the proverb bendr eigu byr en brir andra, those who bide have a fair wind, those who
are hasty a foul, festina lente, 'more haste worse speed;' the last part is omitted in old writers when
quoting this proverb.
and-saka, a, (annsaka, Bret. 162), [A. S. andsc], to accuse, with acc., Al. 23; hann andsakai
(reprimanded) sveinana harliga, Sturl. iii. 123.
and-skoti and annskoti, a, m. [and-, dversus; skjta, skoti], prop. an opponent, adversary, one
who 'shoots from the opposite ranks;' a. ls vrs ok laga vrra, 655 xvi. B; eir hfu heyrt at
andskotar eirra vildi verja eim vgi ingvllinn, they had heard that their adversaries would keep
them by a ght from the parliament eld, b. ch. 7; eigi mun ek vera andskota okki mti honum,
Fms. v. 269. 2. metaph. a end, devil, transl. of Satan, now only used in that sense and in swearing;
n her a. fundit fri at freista yvar, Post. 656; far brott a., GREEK GREEK, 146; a. ok eir
englar er eptir honumhurfu, Ver. I; dkvir ik, anskoti (voc.), 623. 31, Hom. 108, 109, K. . 20.
COMPD: andskota-okkr, m. a band of enemies, Fms. v. 269, Grg. ii. 19.
and-spilli and andspjall, n. colloquy, discourse, Skm. 11, 12.
and-spnis, adv., a. mti e-m, just opposite, the metaph. being taken from a target (spnn), Snt
127.
and-stefna, d, to stem against, Fas. iii. 50 (rare).
and-streymi, n. prop, against the tide or current; metaph. adversity, Fr.
and-streymr, adj. running against stream; metaph. difcult, cross; Sig- hvatr var heldr a. um
eptirmlin, hard to come to terms with, Sturl. ii. 42; andstreym rlg, ill-fate, Al. 69; kva Svein
jafnan andstreyman verit hafa eim frndum, had always set his face against, Orkn. 39O.
and-styg, f. disgust; vera a. af e-u (now, at e-u), dislike, Rm. 265.
and-styggiligr, adj. odious, abominable, Hkr. iii. 273.
and-styggr, adj. id., Hom. 102, 623. 31, Sks. 539.
and-svar and annsvar, n. [A. S. andsvaru; Hel. uses andvordi and andvordian = respondere; Ulf.
andavaurd] , an 'answer,' response, but in old writers esp. a decision; vera skjtr andsvrum,
prompt in deciding, Fms. i. 277; sagist til hans hafa vikit um ansvarit, put the case under his
decision, vi. 354; munu vit tala eira r ek veita v andsvr, before I decide, Ld. 80; in N. G. L. i.
86 it seems to mean protest, intervention: used of the echo in Al. 35. COMPD: andsvara-mar, m. a
law term, a respondent, defender, Jb. 30.
and-svara and annsvara, a, to answer; annsvarar konungrinn, Fms. xi. 56, rare, and in a more
formal sense than the simple verb svara. p. answer, to be responsible for; sem ek vil a. fyrir Gui,
as I will answer before God, Gl. 66; v. anza or ansa.
and-syptir, m. [nd, anima, or and-?], sobbing, sighing, hysterical t, Hom. 121; [Engl. sob; Germ.
seufzen].
and-slis, in common talk andhlis, adv. [sl], against the course of the sun (cp. the Scot.
'widdershins,' that is, going against the sunshine or the sun's light, a direction universally
considered both in England and Scotland to be most unlucky; see the quot. in Jamieson sub voce),
sl. ii. 154, Rb. 134; esp. used of witches and 'uncanny' appearances; at gkk fugt um hsit ok a.,
itwent backwards about the house and against the sun's course, Eb. 268, Gsl. 33, cp. Fs. (Vd.) 43,
59; hon gkk fug a. um trit, ok hafi ar yr mrg rm ummli, Grett. 151. p. anslis or
andhlis is used of everything that goes backwards, wrong, or perversely; cp. andrr and andris.
and-vaka, u, f. sleeplessness, GREEK, caused by care or grief, Fms. i. 82; mostly used in pl. p.
medic, agrypnia, Fl. ix. 189, Bs. i. 251. wakefulness, Hom. 108. In the Mfhl. vsur, Eb. ch. 19,
andvaka unda = a sword, the 'awakener' of wounds; (cp. vekja bl.)
and-vaki, adj. ind. sleepless, now andvaka; liggja a., to lie awake, Al. 71, Barl. 10, Mag. 80.
and-vana and andvani, adj. ind., and now andvanr, adj. I. [and- and vanr, solitus], destitute,
wanting; with gen., a. tu, lfs a., aus ok alls gamans a., Hkv. 2. 31, Vls. kviur, Lex. Pot.; alls a.
nema vls ok vesaldar, Fms. iii. 95; a. heilsu, Magn. 512; alls a., of the beggar Lazarus, Greg. 24; a.
eirrar jnustu, in want of, Post. 656 B; margs a., Bret. 174; a eigna vrra, having lost our lands,
208. II. [nd, anima] , now = exanimis; andvana lk, a lifeless corpse, Pass. 4. 23.
and-vara, a, to hand over [cp. Dan. overantvorde] , rare, Fr.
and-vari, a, m. I. a sh of prey, gurnard, Lat. miluus, Edda (Gl.); tke name of the gurnard-shaped
dwarf, Edda 72; the owner of a fatal ring, hence called andvara-nautr: cp. Skv. 1. 2, Andvari ek
heiti ... margan he ek fors um farit. II. in mod. usage, a soft breeze, and metaph. watchfulness,
vigilance, in such phrases as, hafa andvara sr, Pass. 15. 6: andvara-lauss, adj. heedless;
andvara-leysi, f. mostly in a theol. sense, etc. COMPD: andvara-gestr, m. an unwelcome guest, in
the phrase, vera e-m a., Fbr. 7, 24 new Ed. (now freq.)
and-varp, n. the act of heaving a sob, sigh, 655 xx. 4, Sks. 39, 688. Freq. in theol. writers, Pass. 40.
7.
and-varpa, a, to sob, sigh, breathe deeply, Fms. x. 338, Hom. 155, Sks. 225 (freq.)
and-varpan, f. sobbing, Hom. 124, Stj. 149.
and-vegi, throne, v. ndvegi.
andverr, adverse, v. ndverr.
and-viri, n. [ver], head wind, Fbr. 67, Eg. 87, Fms. i. 203.
and-viri, n. [ver], worth, equivalent, value, price; skal at kaup ganga aptr en hinn ha a. sitt,
Gl. 491; haf n allt saman, skikkjuna ok a., Lv. 50; allt a. hvalsins, the whole value of, Greg. ii.
375; hann tekr ar mti ofdrykkjuna ok hennar a., reward, Fms. viii. 251.
and-virki and annvirki, n. [nn, labour (?); cp. old Germ, ant- werk = machina]. I. in Icel. writers
esp. used of bay and bay- stacks; ef eldr kemr hs manns er a., K. . K. 78, 82; fra, reia a., to
carry into the barn, Grg. ii. 122, Lv. 211; nema f gangi akr, engi, tur er a., Grg. ii. 299;
nautafjldi var kominn tn ok vildi brjta a., ... throw down the cocks, Glm. 342, Boll. 336; sendi
lfarr menn upp hlsinn at sj um a. sitt at er ar st; cp. little below, strsti, large ricks, Eb.
152. II. in Norway more generally used of crop, tillage, agricultural implements; gar ann sem um
a. (barley ricks? ) stendr, Gl. 381; ef menn brenna a. manna, N. G. L. i. 244; a. (produce) manna
hvatki sem er, 251, Jb. 312; skal hann ar etja llu sinu a. , 357; viarkst, timbr, grindr, slea
er nnur a., implements (some MSS. read ambo), 258, v. l. Metaph., legit hafa mr a. nr gari,
en at berjast vi ik fyrir sakleysi, business more urgent than to ..., Grett. 110 A.
and-vitni, n. a law term. I. Icel. contradictory testimony, such as was contrary to law. Thus dened:
at er a. er menn bera gegn v sem r er borit, vtti gegn kvi, er kvir gegn vtti, sv at eigi
m hvrttveggja rtt vera, Grg. i. 59, 60; it was liable to the lesser outlawry, skolu menn a. bera
ok hr ingi, en ef menn bera, ok varar at tleg, enda at einskis at meta, id.; en ef menn
bera at a. varar at fjrbaugsgar, ii. 272; bera eir a. guunum, false witness against the gods,
655 xiii. B. I. II. Norse, where it appears to mean contradictory testimony, such as was usually
admissible; ok koma eigi a. mti, N. G. L. ii. 89, v. l.; sv er ef einn ber vitni me manni sem engi
beri, en tveir sem tu, ef mar uggir eigi a. mti, if one bears witness for a man it is as though no
man bore witness for him, but two are as good as ten, if a man doth not fear that contradictory
evidence will be brought against him, 150.
and-vgr, adj. in the phrase, vera e-m a., a match for ..., as good a swordsman as...; hann var eigi
meirr enn a. einum eirra brra, Fms. ii. 165; sagi Gellir sik eirum mnnum a. en einum, Bs. i.
649.
and-yri, n. pl. [v. andora], objection, Sks. 76.
and-fa, , [v. andf; Ivar Aasen andva and andov], a boating term, to paddle against tide,
current, and wind, so as to prevent the boat from drifting astern; fll stormr sv mikill, at eir
fengu eigi betr en andft, had nothing better than to lay to, Sturl. ii. 121; the vellum MSS. wrongly
andhtt. 2. metaph. in the corrupt form andpta, to reply feebly against; with dat., ekki er ess
geti at rr andpti essari vsu, Th. returned no reply to this libel, Sturl. i. 22. Now absol. to
speak in a disjointed way, to ejaculate; andpti skld upp r mu, fram eru feigs gtur; skilja
skp, skamt er a landi, brosir bakki mt, of rhymed incoherent words of a poet in the act of sinking
beneath the waves, vide Espl. sl. rb. the year 1823, Sigurr Breifjr in a poem in the
Smmunir.
and-ris, adv. [r, remus], crossly, perversely, a gure taken from pulling, Lex. Pot.; freq. in the
corrupt form andhlis.
and-rligr, adj. cross, odd, Lex. Pot.; now andhlislegr.
ang, n. sweet savour, fragrance; me una ok ang, Bs. ii. 10.
ANGA, a, [Norse aanga; Swed. nga] , to give out a sweet scent, odour; ilmr angar mjk stliga,
Mar. Fr.; now freq.
angan, f. sweet odour; angan Friggjar, the love of Frigga, Vsp. 54; some MSS. read angantr, the
sweetheart, husband of Frigga.
angi, a, m. [Norse angie] . I. sweet odour; vlkan ilm ok anga sem cedrus, Stj. 73, etc. II. [cp. A.
S. anga = aculeus, stimulus], a spine or prickle, in the phrase, etta ml her anga, has a sting, is
not good to touch, Bs. ii. 52. Now often used in pl. and used of a sprout, bre in fruits or plants;
metaph. a spoilt boy is called angi, 'a pickle:' as to the root, cp. ngull, hamus, and the English
angle: angilja, u, f. is, according to Bjrn, one of the bones of a sh.
angist, f. [Lat. angustia; Fr. angoisse; Engl. anguish; Germ, angst] , anguish, esp. in theol. writers,
Stj. 31, 51, 55, 106, 114. COMPDS: angistar-r, n. a year of misery, Stj. angistar-ney, f. distress,
Stj. angistar-tmi, a, m. an hour of pain, Stj.
angistast, a (?), dep. to be vexed, Stj. 121.
ANGR, m. (now always n., Pass. 1. 4, and so Bs. i. 195); gen.rs, [cp. Engl. anger, Lat. angor.] I.
grief, sorrow; ann angr, Br. 12; upp minn a. ok skaa, Stj. 215; minn harm ok a., Br. 14; me
margskonar angri, Fms.x.401; sorg er a., Hv. 51; ekki angr(s), Hkv. Hjrv. 10. II. in Norse local
names freq. = bay, rth, e. g. Staf-angr, Har-angr, etc. etc. (never in Icel.): kaupangr in Norway
means a town, village, sinus mer- catorius, [cp. the English 'Chipping' in Chipping Norton,
Chipping Ongar, etc., and in London, 'Cheapside,'] these places being situated at the bottom of the
rths: fjrr hardly ever occurs in local names in Norway, but always angr; cp. the pun on angr,
moeror, and angr, sinus, Fas. ii. 91. The word is obsolete in the historical age and scarcely appears
as a pure appellative, Edda (Gl.), Fms. xii, Munch's Map and Geogr. of Norway. [Root probably
Lat. ang- in ango, angustus, angiportus.]
angra, a, to anger, grieve, vex, with acc., Fms. xi. 393; mik her angra hungr ok frost, Fms. ii.
59: with dat., hvrt sem mr a. reykr ea bruni, Nj. 201, Stj. 21: impers. to be grieved, a. honum
mjk, Fas. ii. 296: more freq. with acc., Finnb. 234, Bs. i. 289; mik angrar mart hva, Hallgrm. p.
reex., angrask, to be angered; a. af e-u, to take offence at, Bs. i. 280; vi e-t, Fas. iii. 364. . part.
angrar, used as adj. sorrowful, angry; reir ok a., El. 14; pronounced angrr, concerned; in the
phrase, gra sr angrtt, um, to feel a pang, Gsl. 85.
angran, f. sorrow. Fas. iii. 364.
angr-fullr, adj. full of care, Str. 55.
angr-gapi, a, m. a rude, silly fool, [the French gobemouche] , Bs. i. 806, Mag. 64 (Ed.); sem a. at
svara flsku tignum mnnum, Sturl. iii. 138.
angr-lauss, adj. free from care, Lat. securus, Hkv. 2. 45.
angr-ligr, adj. sad, Bs. ii. 163.
angr-lj, n. pl. funeral songs, dirges, neniae, Hkv. 2. 44.
angr-lyndi, n. [lund], concern, low spirits, Gsl. 85.
angr-mask, dd, dep. to be in low spirits, Fr.
angr-samligr, adj. and angr-samliga, adv. sorrowful, sorrowfully, Stj. 655 xxxii.
angr-samt, adj. full of grief, depressed, downcast, Stj., Barl., Vpn. 17; neut., e-m er a., to be in low
spirits, Fms. viii. 29. p. troublesome, Stj. (of gnats).
angr-semd and angrsemi, f. grief, Mar., Ver. 2.
angr-vri, f. dejection, Hkr. iii. 253; now also angr-vr, adj. dejected.
angr-i, f. moody temper, sullenness, Fr.
an-knn, f. [and-kenna], a aw, fault, = anmarki, only as gen. pl. in the COMPDS ankanna-fullr,
adj. full of faults, Sks. 76 new Ed., v. l. ankanna-laust, n. adj. a law term, uncontested, used of an
inheritance or possession where there is no legal claimant; skal hann eignast a. allt Noregs konungs
veldi, he s hall hold as his own all the power of Norway's king without a rival, Fagrsk. 97; Magns
konungr hafi rki einn- saman ok a., i. e. there were no pretenders, Fms. x. 413.
ann- in several compds, v. and-.
ANNA, a, [nn, labor; Ivar Aasen anna: the root is not found in Goth.] I. act. but rare; with dat. in
the sense to be able to do; eg anna v ekki, I cannot manage that: absol., geldingar sv holdir, at
eir anni degi ofan Odda, ellipt. = anni at ganga, that they can walk, Vm. 28. II. dep. freq.: 1.
with acc., o. a law term; in cases involving support, to take care, provide for, to support; skal
mirin au brn annast, Grg. i. 240; a. maga, 243, 294; a. sik, to support oneself, Fms. vi. 204;
meg, Rd. 234. p. more generally to take care of; ml etta mun ek a., Glm. 358. . to engage in
battle; tveir skyldi annast einnhvern eirra; eir Bari ok Steinn skyldi a. Ketil brsa, sl. (Hvs.) ii.
356. 2. a. um e-t, to be busy about, trouble oneself about; a. um matreiu, to cook, Nj. 75; hann a.
ekki um b, Glm. 342, 359.
annarligr, adj. strange, alien, Stj. 188; metaph., Sklda 193.
ANNARR, nnur, annat, adj.; pl. arir; gen. pl. annarra; dat. sing. f. annarri, [Ulf. anar; A. S.
oar; Engl. other; Germ, andere; Swed. andra and annan: in Icel. assimilated, and, if followed by
an r, the nn changes into .] I.= GREEK, alter: 1. one of two, the other; tveir formenn eirra, ht
annarr, the one of them, Fms. ix. 372; s er af rum ber, be that gets the better of it, Nj. 15; a.
augat, Fms. ii. 61; rum fti, Bs. i. 387, Edda 42; annarri hendi..., en annarri, with the one
hand ..., with the other, Eb. 250, 238; ara hnd, on the one side, Grg. i. 432, Nj. 50; a. kn, Bs. i.
680; til annarrar handar, Nj. 50; annarr--annarr, one--other; gullkross rum en ari af gulli
rum, Fms. x. 15. Peculiar is the phrase, vi annan, rija, fjra ... mann, = being two, three,
four...altogether; vi annan, oneself and one besides, Eb. 60; cp. the Greek GREEK, two talents and
a half, Germ. anderthalh. 2. secundus, a cardinal number, the second; s man var ar a. slenzkr,
Fms. xi. 129; annat sinn, for the second time, b. ch. 1, 9; a. vetr aldrs hans, Bs. i. 415; hggr harm
egar annat (viz. hgg), a second blow, Sturl. ii. 118. . the next following, Lat. proximus; ru
hausti, the next autumn, sl. ii. 228; nnur misseri, the following year, Bs. i. 437, 417; a. sumar eptir,
415, Fms. i. 237. Metaph. the second, next in value or rank, or the like; annat mest hof Noregi, the
next greatest temple, Nj. 129; a. mestr hfingi, the next in power, sl. ii. 202; fjlmennast ing,
annat eptir brennu Njls, the fullest parliament next to that after the burning of N., 259; vitrastr
lgmanna annarr en Skapti, the wisest speaker next after S., Bs. i. 28; a. mestr mar Danmrk, the
next greatest man, Fms. xi. 51; annat bezt rki, v. 297; var annarr sterkastr er ht Freysteinn, the next
strongest champion, Eb. 156; mestrar nttru a. en orsteinn, Fs. 74, Fms. iv. 58. II. = GREEK,
alius, one of many, other, both in sing. and pl.; hon lk glnu vi arar meyjar, Nj. 2; mart var
me henni annara kvenna, i.e. many women besides, 50; jafnt sekr sem arir menn, as guilty as
anybody else, Grg. i. 432; einginn annarra Knts manna, none besides, Fms. x. 192; ef eir geri
lnd sn helgari enn arar jarir, ... than all other grounds, Eb. 20; er rlfr hafi tigna um fram
ara stai, ... more than any other place, id.; kalla jr n eigi helgari enn ara, id.; tk Brkr
ann kost er hann hafi rum tla, 40; rarinn vann ei ... ok tu menn arir, Th. and ten men
besides, 48; eir ttust fyrir rum mnnum, ... over all other people, 20; gr drengr um fram alla
menn ara, 30; af eyjum ok ru sjfangi, other produce of the sea, 12; hann skal tv menn nefna
ara en sik, ... besides himself, Grg. i. 57; hann var rvari af f enn nokkurr annarr, ... than
anybody else, Bret.; jafnt sem annat flguf, as any other money, Grg. i. 432. 2. other, different, in
the proverb, l er annarr mar, ale (a drunken man) is another man, is not the true man, never mind
what he says, Grett. 98; the proverb is also used reversely, l er innri (the inner) mar, 'in vino
veritas:' anna er gfa ok grfuleiki, luck and achievements are two things (a proverb); nnur var
, viz. the reverse of what it is now (a proverb), Grett. 94 (in a verse); tla ek ik annan mann
en segir, Fms. xi. 192; ha r Danir heldr til annars grt, you deserve something different,
worse than that, id.; var annan veg, otherwise, Hkr. ii. 7; Bjrn var ess vss at au hfu
annan trna, ... different religion, Eb. 12. 3. like GREEK, reliqui, the rest, the remains; er eigi
sagt hversu rum var skipa, Nj. 50; at hnd b. s fyrir innan n., en annarr lkami hans (the rest of
his body) fyrir utan, 1812. 18. III. repeated in comparative clauses: annarr -- annarr, or connected
with einn, hvrr, hverr, ymsir: gkk annarr af rum at bija hann, alius ex alio, one after another,
Bs. i. 128; hverja ntt ara sem ara, every night in turn, Mag. 2; annat var or Finns harara enn
annat, every word of Finn was harder than that which went before it, of a climax, Fms. v. 207: einn
-- annarr, alius atque alius, one and another, various; eina hluti ok ara, Stj. 81; einar aeiingar ok
arar, Barl. 36; einir ok arir, various, Stj. 3; ef mar telr sv, at hann var einn er annarr (that he
was anybody, this or that man, viz. if he does not give the name precisely), ok er hinn eigi skyldr
at rsa r dmi, Grg. i. 28: ymsir -- arir, in turn, now this, now the other; ymsir eiga hgg annars
gar (a proverb); heita helga menn, ok nefna ymsa ok ara (now one, now another), Mar. 35: gu
essir riddarar veizlur ymsir at rum, gave banquets one to another in turn, id.; fru ymsir ara
nir, now one was under water and now the other, of two men struggling whilst swimming, Fms. ii.
269: hvrr -- annan, hverir -- ara, each other; mltu hvrir vel fyrir rum; htu hvrir rum
atfrum: of a rapid succession, hvert vandri kom bak ru, misfortunes never come singly, but
one on the back of the other, Fr.; vi au tiindi uru allir glair ok sagi hverr rum, one told the
news to another, man to man, Fms. i. 21; ttust hvrirtveggju meira vald at hafa borginni en arir,
655 xvii. 1; hvrirtveggja -- arir, GREEK, mutually, reciprocally; skulu n h. ganga til ok veita
rum gri, Nj. 190. IV. annat, n. used as a subst.; etta sem annat, as other things, Fas. i. 517;
skaltu eigi ora annat, en, Nj. 74; ef eigi bri a. til, unless something happened, Bs. i. 350: at llu
annars, in everything else, Grg. ii. 141, K. . K. 98: annars simply used adverb. = else = ella; now
very freq. but very rare in old writers; stendr a. rki itt mikilli httu, Fas. i. 459, from a paper MS.
and in a text most likely interpolated in the 17th century. COMPDS: annars-konar, gen. as adv. of
another kind, Hkr. i. 148. annars-kostar, adv. else, otherwise; hvrt er hann vill... er a. vill hann,
either he should prefer ..., K. . 58. annars-staar, adv. elsewhere, in other places; sem a., as in
other similar cases, Grg. i. 228. annars-vegar, adv. on the other hand, Fms. viii. 228, those on the
opposite side. annarra- gen. pl. is used in annarra-brra, -brri, pl. fourth cousins, Grg. i.
285, ii. 172; cp. D. I. i. 185; v. nsta-brra = third cousins, rija-brra = fth cousins.
annarr-hvrr (or in two words), adj. pron. in dual sense, [A. S. oar-hvea], Lat. alteruter, either,
one of the two; with gen., annan hvern eirra sona Skallagrms, Eg. 256; vntir mik at ara hvra
(acc. sing. fem., now ara hverja) skipan taki brtt, Fms. viii. 444. Dual, arir hvrir, in a collect.
sense, either party, Sd. 138; neut. used as adv., annahvrt -- ea, either -- or (Lat. aut -- aut), Fms.
i. 127, Sklda 171, Nj. 190.
annarr-hverr, adj. pron. every other alternately; annan hvern dag, Fms. iv. 81, Symb. 57;
annathvert or, every other (second) word, Nj. 33, Fas. i. 527: at ruhverju, used as adv., every
now and then, Eg. 52, Sturl. i. 82, Hkr. ii. 292.
annarr-tveggja and annarr-tveggi, adj. or used adverbially, [-tveggja is a gen. form, -tveggi a
nom.], plur. (dual) arirtveggju, dat. plur. -jum; in other cases tveggja, tveggi are indecl. :-- one of
twain, either; annattveggja eirra, Grg. i. 236; ok er annattveggja til, at vera hr, hinn er annarr,
there is choice of two, either to stay here, or ..., Fms. xi. 143, N. G. L. i. 117; ef annarrtveggi her
haldit rum, Grg. i. 29: with gen., a. eirra, either of them, 149: dual, either of two sides, en
eru eir skildir er arirtveggju eru lengra burt komnir en rdrag, but then are they parted when
either of the twain is come farther away than an arrow's ight, of combatants on the battle-eld,
Grg. ii. 19: neut., annattveggja, used as adv.; annattveggja -- er, either -- or; a. vestna er batna,
Clem. 50. The word is rare in old writers, and is now quite out of use; as adv. annahvort -- ea,
either -- or, is used.
annarsligr = annarligr; annarstaar, elsewhere, v. annarsstaar.
ANNLL, s, m. [Lat. annalis], an annal, record, chronological register, Bs. i. 789, 415. 13. It
sometimes, esp. in deeds, appears to mean histories in general (cp. Lat. annales); annlar tlf
bkum norrnir, Vm. in a deed of the 14th century, where it probably means Sagas: frir annlar
ok vsindabkr, histories, Pr. 402, Al. 29. The true old Icel. annalists cease in the year 1430, and
were again resumed in the middle of the 16th century.
ann-bo, n. pl., rare in sing., proncd. ambo, [old Swed. ambud; Ivar Aasen ambo', from nn,
labor (?)], agricultural implements, tools; a. nokkur, Dipl. v. 18, Jb. 258.
ann-fetlar, m. pl. a sword belt or shield belt, = handfetlar, Lex. Pot.
ann-frir, ar, m. [nn], 'work-peace,' work-truce, commonly during April and May, the time when
there were to be no lawsuits (Norse), N. G. L. iii. 19, 94, 95.
ann-kostr, m., also spelt ndkostr and nnkostr [nn], used only in the adverbial phrase, fyrir
annkost (nn-nd-kost), wilfully, on purpose, Fms. viii. 367; en hafa ek fyrir nnkost (on
purpose) sv rita, Sklda 164; en at er illvirki, er mar vill spilla f manna fyrir ., Grg. i. 5,
130, 416, ii. 93, 94.
ann-kvista, t, ( = ann-kosta?), to take care (nn) of, Grg. ii. 251, GREEK spelt anquista; the word
is somewhat doubtful.
ann-laust, n. adj. easily, without toil, Lex. Pot.
ann-rkt, n. adj. and annrki, n., eiga a., to be very busy, Rd. 283.
ann-samligr, adj. toilsome, laborious, Sks. 549, 550.
ann-samt, n. adj. in the phrase, eiga a., to be busy, Rd. 283: v.l. for angrsamt, full of cares, Fms.
viii. 29.
ann-sem, f. business, trouble, concern; f a. af e-u and bera a. fyrir e-u, to be troubled, concerned
about, Bs. i. 686, 690.
annt, n. adj. [nn], in such phrases as, vera a. um e-t, to be busy, concerned, eager, anxious about,
Hkr. i. 115; mrgum var a. heim, many were eager to get home, Fms. xi. 278; hv mun honum sv a.
at hitta mik, why is he so eager? Eg. 742; ekki er a. um at, it is not pressing, Sd. 174; Hnefr kvad
sr a. um daga (had so much to do) sv at hann mtti eigi at vera, Rd. 241; vera annt til e-s, to be
in a very great hurry, eager for, Fms. ii. 150, 41. Compar. annara, in impers. phrases, to be more
eager, Fms. ii. 38; mr er ekki a. at vita forlg mn en fram koma, Fs. 19. Superl., vera annast til e-s,
to be most eager, Fms. iii. 187: without prep., hvat er n annt minum eingasyni, what hath my
darling son at heart? Gg. 2.
antifona, u, f. antiphon (Gr. word), Hom. 137.
anti-kristr, m. Anti-Christ, Hom. 132, 71.
antvara, a, to hand over (Germ. word), H. E. i. 435, in a Norse deed.
anugr, adj., commonly nugr, cross, uncivil, froward; also nug-lyndi, f. freaks, ill-temper.
anz, n. reply, now freq. in common language, v. following word.
anza, a, contr. form = andsvara, to pay attention to, take notice of; with dat., (eim) sem hn a.
minnr ok vanrkir, cares less about, Stj. 95, 81, 195. 2. to reply, answer (now freq.); a. e-u and til
es; illu mun fura, ef nokkurr a. til, where it means to reply, but without the notion of speaking,
Fms. i. 194; Oddr anzai ok heldr stutt, where it seems to mean to return a greeting, but silently by
signs, Fb. i. 254; konungr a. v ekki, a reply to a letter, Fms. ix. 339; hann sat kyrr ok a. engu,
Brd. 180; Mirmant heyri til ru hennar ok a. f, Mirm. 69.
apa, a, [Engl. to ape; Germ. ffen = deludere], to mock, make sport of; margan her aur apat (a
proverb), 'auri sacra fames,' Sl. 34, cp. Hm. 74: pass., apask at e-u, to become the fool of, Sl. 62.
Now, a. e-t epter, to mock or imitate as an ape: also, a. e-n tr, to pervert one's words in a mocking
way.
apaldr, rs, m. pl. rar, [O. H. G. aphaltr; A. S. apuldre; Dan. abild; Swed. apel], doubtless a
southern word, the inective syllable dr being a mutilation of 'tr,' arbor, a word now almost extinct
in Germany, (for a homely, common word such as 'tr' could not have been corrupted in the native
tongue); -- apaldr thus, etymologically as well as properly, means an apple-tree; fruits and fruit-
trees were doubtless imported into Scandinavia from abroad; the word appears only in the later
heroic poems, such as the Hkv. Hjrv. 6; the verses in Sdm. 5 are in a different metre from the rest
of the poem, and probably interpolated, Fas. i. 120; epli apaldri, Sks. 106; tveir apaldar (with the
radical r dropped), Fas. iii. 60; apaldrs r, Karl. 200, 311: as the etymological sense in the
transmuted word soon got lost, a fresh pleonastic compound was made, viz. apaldrs-tr. COMPDS:
apaldrs-garr, m. [Dan. abild-gaard], orchard of apple-trees, ir., D. N. apaldrs-klubba, u, f.
club made of an a., El. 22. apaldrs-tr, n. apple-tree, ir. 58.
apal-grr, adj. dapple-gray, i.e. apple-gray, having the streaky colour of an apple (cp. Fr.
pommel), of a horse, Nj. 274, Karl. 426, Landn. 93 (where it is used of a river horse); of an ox, uxi
a. at lit, Ld. 120.
API, a, m. [A. S. apa; Erse apa; Bohem. op; Germ. affe; all of them dropping the initial guttural
tenuis: Sanskr. kapi], an ape. It appears in early times in the metaph. sense of a fool in the old poem
Hm. and even in a proverb; so also in the poems Fm. 11 and Gm. 34, vide Lex. Pot. A giant is in
Edda (Gl.) called api, no doubt because of the stupid nature of the giants. Apavatn, a farm in Icel.,
probably got its name from a nickname of one of the settlers, at the end of the 9th century. In Hm.
20 a giant is called ttrunnr apa, the kinsman of apes. The passage in the Hm. verse 74 appears to be
corrupt, and ought to be restored thus, margr verr af aurum api, the fool of earthly things, cp. the
passage in Sl. 34, margan her aur apat, which is another version of the very same proverb. It is
esp. used in the connection, svinns-api or svira-api, a baboon, big fool, Gm. l.c., Fm. l.c.; (the
passage in Hm. 123 ought perhaps to be restored to svinns-apa or svinnra-apa in a single word;
the sense is no doubt the same in all these passages.) Rare in old prose in the proper sense of ape,
vide however 673. 55. COMPD: apa-mynd, n. form of an ape, Th. 76.
APLI, a, m. in Edda (Gl.), u. an ox, or . a horse, hackney: apli according to Bjrn s.v. means the
embryo of animals, e.g. apla-klfr and apla-lamb, n. abortive lamb or calf; apalgengr, adj. a
hackney, a rough goer. Bjrn also mentions apalgrti, n. aspretum, (an unknown and dubious
word.)
appella and appellera, a, to cite, summon to the pope (eccles. Lat.), Fms. ix. 339, 486 (v.l.), x. 99,
Bs. i. 776, K. . 218.
APR, adj. gen. rs (and thus not akin to api), cold, sharp, chilly; en aprasta hr, sharp ghting, . T.
59; sterkastr ok aprastr vi at eiga, the worst to deal with, ir. 183; erida vru allpr tilbrigin
(cold, malignant), 89; v fru vr aprir, we feel sad, chilly, a verse written in 1047, Lex. Pot.: a
word quite obsolete. (Bjrn however mentions it as a living word.) Mod. Icel. napr, adj. nearly in
the same sense, cold, chilly, of weather; cold, spiteful, snappish, of temper: nepja, u, f. a chill,
piercing cold: nepringr, m. id.: [are these words identical (?).]
aprligr, adj. cold, chilly, of weather; a. ver, Vpn. 11. MS.
APTAN and aftan, s, m., dat. aptni, pl. aptnar, sometimes spelt apni and apnar, [Hel. aband; Germ.
abend; Engl. even, evening; in Ulf. we only nd andanahti = Gr. GREEK, GREEK; Swed. afton,
Dan. aften, -- as it is often spelt], evening; not very freq. in prose, where kveld is the common word.
It prop. meant the time from 3 till 9 o'clock, like the Old English 'even;' miraptan (middle-eve) is 6
o'clock; at 9 o'clock the night sets in, v. nttml: a distinction is made between aptan and kveld, einn
aptan at kveldi, an afternoon when the kveld (twilight) sets in, Edda 35: but gener. = kveld, um
aptaninn s er myrkt var orit, Fms. iv. 308, viii. 228, xi. 113; at aptni, 623. 55, Fms. viii. 201,
Grg. i. 146; of aptna (apna), Grg. ii. 224; ptnum, Bjarn. 23; miraptan, Hrafn. 9, Nj. 153;
aptans br frams sk, a laggard's suit bides till even (a proverb).
aptan and aftan, adv. prop. from behind, behind, opp. to framan; augu a. hnakka, N. G. L. i. 339;
a. milli hera, Vgl. 26; greip hann a. undir hendr honum (from behind), Eg. 747; hala sem leo,
ok gadd a., ... at the tip of the tail, Al. 168: now aptan is opp. to framan . II. fyrir a., as prep. with
acc., behind, opp. to fyrir framan; ek hj varginn sundr fyrir a. bguna, I hewed the wolf in sunder,
just behind the withers, Nj. 95; standa fyrir a., to stand behind, Fas. ii. 516. . a. at, with dat.; ganga,
koma a. at e-m, to approach from behind.
aptan-drykkja, u, f. an evening carouse, Pr. 419.
aptan-langt, n. adj. even-long, all the evening, Karl. 95.
aptan-skra, u, f. twilight, Lat. crepusculum (cp. morginskra, dawn, aurora), Sighvat (in a
verse).
aptan-stjarna, u, f. the evening star, Al. 54, Stj. 92; now kveld-stjarna.
aptan-sngr, m. even-song, evening service, Fms. vii. 152, K. . K. 58.
aptari and aptastr, compar. and superl. latter, posterior, and last, v. eptri, epztr.
aptarla and aptarliga, adv. behind, far in the rear, Lex. Pot. (freq.)
aptna, a, to become evening; artil at aptnai, Fms. iii. 181. Dep., aptnaisk, Greg. 51; now
kvelda.
APTR and aftr (aptar, N. G. L. i. 347), adv., compar. aptar, superl. aptast, [Ulf. aftra = GREEK],
the spelling with p is borne out by the Gr. GREEK. I. Loc. back, back again: 1. WITH MOTION,
connected with verbs denoting to go or move, such as fara, ganga, koma, leia, senda, sna, skja,
etc., where aptr almost answers to Lat. re-, remittere, reducere, reverti ...; gefa a., reddere; bera a.,
refellere; kalla a., revocare; reka a., repellere: a. hverfr lygi er snnu mtir (a proverb), a lie
turns back when it meets truth, Bs. i. 639. 'aptr' implies a notion a loco or in locum, 'eptir' that of
remaining in loco; thus skila a. means remittere; skilja eptir, relinquere; taka a., recipere, in a bad
sense; taka eptir, animum attendere; fara a., redire; vera e., remanere, etc.; fara, sna, koma, senda,
skja, hverfa a., Nj. 260, 281, Fms. x. 395, iv. 300, Edda 30, Eg. 271, Eb. 4, Fs. 6; fra a., to repay,
N. G. L. i. 20; snast a., Lkn. 472. Without actual motion, -- as of sounds; eir heyru a. rjrit
p, they heard shouting behind them, Fms. iv. 300; n skal eigi prestr ganga sv langt fr kirkju at
hann heyri eigi klokkur hlj aftar ( = aftr), he shall not go out of the sound of the bells, N. G. L. i.
347. . backwards; fram ok a., to and fro (freq.); rei hann sur aptr, rode back again, Nj. 29; aptr
bak, supine, bent or turned back, Eg. 380; eir settu hnakka bak sr a., bent their necks backwards
in order to be able to see, Edda 30; skreiast a. af hestinum, to slip down backwards from the croup
of a horse, to dismount, Fs. 65. . connected with many verbs such as, lta, lka a., to close, shut,
opp. to lta, lka upp, Fr. 264, Eg. 7, Landn. 162; in a reverse sense to Lat. recludere, reserere,
rescindere, resolvere. 2. WITHOUT MOTION = aptan, the hind part, the back of anything; at er
mar fram (superne), en dr a., the fore part a man, the hind part a beast, 673. 2; san lagi hann
at tennrnar a. vi huppinn, he caught the hip with his teeth, Vgl. 21. The English aft when used of a
ship; brei a. ok fram, stern and stem (of a ship), Fms. ix. 310; Sigurr sat a. kistunni, sate aft on
the stern-chest, vii. 201; a. ok frammi, of the parts of the body (of a seal), Sks. 179. Compar.
aptarr, farther back, Fms. vi. 76. II. TEMP. again, GREEK, iterum: this use of the word, general
as it is at present, hardly appears in old writers; they seem to have had no special expression for
again, but instead of it said san, enn, or used a periphrase, nja leik, ru sinni, annat sinn, or
some other substitute. It is, however, very freq. in Goth. aftra = GREEK, Swed. ter, Dan. atter;
some passages in the Sagas come near to the mod. use, e.g. bta a., restituere, to give back (but not
temp.); segja frii a., to recal, N. G. L. i. 103; hann maelti at engi mundi ann fald a. falda, El. 20,
uncertain whether loc. (backward) or iterum, most likely the former. It is now used in a great many
compounds, answering to Lat. re-, cp. also endr.
aptra, a, to take back, hinder, withdraw; with dat., a. fer sinni, to desist from, delay, Fms. x. 17;
orgrmr ba nir setjast, ok skal eigi boi a., i.e. you shall be welcome as before, Valla L. 217;
eigi mun ek a. mr (hesitate) at essu, Grett. 116 A; hversu eir ptruu sr er eir kmu
ingit, how they hesitated, wavered, withdrew, Bs. i. 741, Flor. 7: now a. e-u is to hinder, prohibit.
aptran and ptrun, f. a revoking, renouncing, keeping back, 655 xxvii.
aptr-bati, adj. ind. convalescent, on the road to recovery, Al. 150, Korm. 220: now used as a masc.
(-bati, a, m.), vera aptrbata, to be getting better, Fas. iii. 524.
aptr-beiiligr, adj. reciprocal, Sklda 195.
aptr-borinn, adj. part. regenerate, born again; ars hn aptrborin aldri veri, the sense is doubtful,
it seems to mean = endrborin, regenerate; it will suit the context only if we suppose that suicides
could not be born again; they certainly could walk again, v. aptrganga. Hgni seems to fear that, if
she died a natural death, Brynhilda would perhaps be endrborin, Skv. 3. 44.
aptr-byggi, ja, m., esp. in pl. stern-sitters (opp. to frambyggjar) in a ship of war, Fms. ii. 312, Hkr.
iii. 243.
aptr-drttr, m. the undertow, outward suck of the tide, Barl. 130.
aptr-drepa, u, f. relapse, shock, adversity; mean eir vissu sr enga vn a., Bs. i. 752, Finnb. 312.
aptr-elding, f. = elding, dawning, Anal. 193.
aptr-fer and aptr-fr, f. return, Eg. 279.
aptr-frsla, u, f. bringing back, Gl. 361.
aptr-ganga, u, f. [ganga aptr], a ghost, apparition, the French revenant; about this superstition vide
sl. js. i. 222-317, Grett. ch. 34-37 (the ghost Glm), Eb. ch. 34, 50-55, 63 (Thorolf Bgift),
Ld. ch. 17, Sd. ch. 17-22, 30 (Klau), Hv. 41, Flam. ch. 28, etc. etc.
aptr-gangr, m. = aptrganga, Grett. ch. 78 new Ed.
aptr-gjald, n. repayment, Bs. i. 734.
aptr-hald, n. a checking, holding back. COMPD: aptrhalds-mar, m. who impedes a thing, Bs. i.
733.
aptr-hlaup, n. a hurling back, recoil, Fs. 158.
aptr-hnekking, f. a bending backwards, metaph., Fms. ix. 509.
aptr-hryggr, m. the chine, the lower part of the back, of a slaughtered animal, Dipl. vi.
aptr-hvarf, n. a turning back, return, Sturl. ii. 16; illr aftrhvarfs, disinclined to face the enemy
again, Fms. vii. 325. . relapse, Fms. ii. 47, where it is used of apostasy. Since the Reformation
always used by theologians in a good sense, repentance, turning away from sin; iran ok a. are freq.
used together, iran being repentance, the internal condition, aptrhvarf the movement away from
sin, or the repentance put into act. aptr-kall, n. withdrawal, recalling, Fr.
aptr-kast, n. a hurling back, repulse, Stj. 288.
aptr-kemba, u, f. one whose hair is combed back, Finnb. 250.
aptr-kvma and later form aptrkoma, u, f. return, coming back, Sks. 550 B; Fms. xi. 312, a
vellum MS. of the end of the 15th century, has aptrkoma.
aptr-kvmt, n. adj. return from exile, used substantively as a law term in the phrase, eiga (eigi) a.,
of a temporary or lifelong exile; at varar skggang... eigi eigi a. nema lof biskupa ok
lgrttumanna fist framar, ... not to be suffered to return from exile unless the leave of the bishops
and the legislature be rst got, Grg. i. 347: in a gener. sense, snist mr sem engum vrum s a., ef
hans er eigi hefnt, it seems to me that not one of us can shew his face again, if he be not revenged,
Glm. 332.
aptr-lausn, f. redemption, ransom, Hom. 118; a law term, right of redeeming, Gl. 304: hence
COMPD aptrlausnar-jr, f. land which is redeemable, N. G. L. i. 344.
aptr-mjr, adj. tapering behind, Edda 40 (of the salmon's tail).
aptr-mundr, m. [munr], in the phrase, vera a. at e-u, to want a thing back again, Fas. iii. 278.
aptr-reka and aptr-reki, adj. ind. (navig.), verr a., to be driven back by stress of weather, Landn.
148, Bs. i. 76, Grg. i. 274; a. skip, Ann. 1347, Bs. Laur. S.
aptr-rekstr, rs, m. a driving back, repulse, Grg. ii. 230 (of cattle grazing).
aptr-sj, f. regret, longing, v. eptirsj.
aptr-velting, f. recoil, rolling back, Stj. 49.
ap-ynja, u, f. [old Swed. epin], a she-ape, Stj. 68, 95, Sks. 115.
AR, n. (qs. ar?), an atom in a sunbeam, mote, Germ. sonnenstubchen, vide Vdal. Post. 276 (Ed.
1829), Njla.
ara, u, f. medic. scabrum, a little wart.
arga, a, to make upright, and arigr, adj. erect, arduus, v. r-.
ARR, rs, m. [Lat. aratrum; Gael. arad; cp. erja, Ulf. arjan, arare; A. S. erian; Old Engl. ear, etc.;
in Norse ar or al is a small plough], a sort of plough, probably different in size and shape from
plgr, which is a later word, of foreign stamp, as are all that have p for their initial letter. The poem
Rm. distinguishes between both, gra arr (acc.) and keyra plg, 19. The rst colonisers of Iceland
used arr, as shewn by Landn. 35 (relating events of the year 875); hann tti einn oxa, ok lt hann
rlana draga arrinn; eykr fyrir plgi er arri (plough or ard), N. G. L. ii. 115; ef mar stel jarni
af arri er plgi, id.; hggva m mar sr til plgs er ars (gen. dropping the radical r), id.; draga
arr, Al. 52; arri (dat.), Karl. 471, Mar. (Fr.), Stj.: um allt at er miklu varar er betri sgandi arr
en svfandi (emend. of Dr. Hallgrim Scheving), a proverb, better a slow but deep trenching plough
than a quick and shallow one, Bs. i. 139; the old arr was probably bulky and heavy. 2. metaph. in
Icel. at present arr (gen. ars, arar, Snt 90), as well as plgr, means gain, produce, prot:
arsamr, adj. protable. COMPD: ars-geldingr, m. a plough-ox, Fms. vii. 21.
arr-fr, f. a plough-furrow, trench, Stj. 593, 1 Kings xviii. 32.
arr-gangr, m. a coulter, goad, N. G. L. iii. 198.
arr-jrn, n. a coulter, ox goad, Stj. 386, Judges iii. 31.
arr-oxi, a, m. a plough-ox, Grg. i. 502, Jb. 346.
arfa, u, f. [Ulf. arbio], an heiress, N. G. L. i. 191 (rare).
arf-borinn, adj. part., prop. a legitimate son or daughter, Fms. i. 86; dened, s er a. er kominn er
til alls rttar, N. G. L. ii. 211. Freq. spelt rborinn by suppressing the f (so N. G. L. ii. 50), and used
in Norse law of a freeman, v. the quotation above from N. G. L., which clearly shews the identity of
the two words, i. 171; algildis vitni tveggja manna rborinna ok skilvnna, ii. 211: the alliterated
phrase alnir ok rbornir (the phrase aldir og bornir may be a corruption from arb.), freeborn and
freebred, 310. The passage in Stor. verse 2 is in Lex. Pot. explained by olim ablatus: the poet
probably meant to say genuine, pure, in a metaph. sense, of the true poetic beverage, not the
adulterated one, mentioned in the Edda 49; the cup from the right cask.
arf-gengr, adj. entitled to inherit, legitimate heir, Grg. i. 178, Eg. 345.
ar, a, m. [Ulf. arbia; O. H. G. arpis, erpo; Germ. erbe; Hel. abaro = lius; A. S. eafora, afora per
metath.], an heir, heiress (and pot. a son in gener.): with gen. pers., arfar veganda, his heirs, Gl.
131; ar nst var sk hennar a., her heiress, heir to her property, Ld. 58; Gurr ok orgerr
lgligir arfar (heiresses) Slva, Dipl. v. 1: with gen. of the thing, er hann a. hvrsttveggja, heir of
both things, Grg. i. 221; a. ala, Gl. 294; a. at e-u, heir to a property, Sturl. ii. 197. Not freq.,
erngi being the common word. II. an ox, bull, Edda (Gl.), vide arfr.
ARFI, sometimes spelt arbi, a, m. chickweed, alsine media; arfa-sta, u, f. a weed rick, Nj. 194.
arngi, ja, m. an heir, Eg. (in a verse), vide erngi.
arf-kaup, n. sum paid for inheritance, Grg. i. 200.
arf-leia, dd, to adopt as an heir, = ttleia, Jb. 144 A.
arf-leiing, f. adoption, Ann. 1271.
arf-nyti, ja, m. (pot.) an heir, Eb. (in a verse).
ARFR, s, m. [Ulf. arbi, neut.; A. S. yrfe.] It originally meant cattle, pecus, pecunia, as may be
inferred from the A. S. orf = pecus, cattle, and yrfe = opes; Hel. arf and urf; Ormul. errfe; v. Ihre,
Glossar., and Grimm R. A. p. 467. Edda (Gl.) also mentions an ar or arfr, bos, v. above. I.
inheritance, patrimony; taka arf eptir e-n, Grg. i. 170, 178; hon allan arf eptir mik, is my sole
heir, Nj. 3, Eb. 162, Gl. 252. II. a bull, v. above. COMPDS: arfa-skipti, n. and arfs-skn, f., v.
arf- below, Gl. 267, Grg. i. 170. arfa-ttr, m. section of law treating of inheritance, Grg. i. 170.
arf-rn, n. injustice, cheating in matters of inheritance, Hv. 52.
arf-rning, f. id., Mar. 656.
arf-rningr, m. one stripped of his inheritance, Al. 105.
arf-sal, n. cession of right of inheritance, Grg. i. 205, 225, 227, (cp. branderf, Dan. edfre, mod.
Icel. prfenta, and gefa prfentu sna); a law term, to hand over one's own property to another man
on condition of getting succour and support for life. In the time of the Commonwealth, arfsal had a
political sense, and was a sort of 'clientela;' the chiefs caused rich persons, freedmen, and monied
men of low birth to bequeath them all their wealth, and in return supported them in lawsuits during
life. Such is the case in Vpn. 13, Hnsar. S. ch. 7, Eb. ch. 31; eptir at handsalai Ulfarr (a
wealthy freedman) Arnkatli f sitt allt, ok gerist hann (viz. Arnkell) varnaarmar (protector)
lfars: v. also r. S., hann bj landi Skeggja ok hafi grzt arfsalsmar hans (his client), 50: it
was humiliating; engar mtti hann (the bishop) lmusur gefa af lkamlegri eign, heldr var hann
haldinn sem arfsalsmar, Sturl. ii. 119. To the chiefs in olden times it was a source of wealth and
inuence, often in an unfair way. COMPDS: arfsals-mar, m., v. above. arfsals-mldagi, a, m. a
deed concerning arfsal, Grg. i. 227.
arf-skipti, n. sharing of arfr, Grg. i. 172, Gl. 266, Fas. iii. 39.
arf-skot, n. fraud, cheating in matters of inheritance, Eb. 178, Grg. i. 202, 203, 267.
arf-skn, f. a suit in a case of arfr, Gl. 263.
arf-stll, m. an hereditary throne, Eg. (in a verse).
arf-svik, n. pl. fraud, cheating in matters of arfr, Eb. 178, Gl. 254, 292.
arf-svipting, f. disinheriting, cheating in matters of arfr, Stj. 425.
arf-tak, n. and arf-taka, u, f. the act of receiving arfsal; taka e-n arftaki, Grg. i. 267, 268, 187,
229. COMPD: arftku-mar, m. an heir, successor to an inheritance, Grg. i. 62, Sturl. i. 98, Fms.
v. 53.
arf-takari, a, m. and arf-taki, a, m. = arftkumar, Jb. 148 A, N. G. L. i. 234, Barl. 199.
arf-tekinn, adj. part. taken by inheritance, Fms. xi. 306.
arf-tekja, u, f. = arftaka, Grg. i. 219. COMPD: arftekju-land, n. land taken by inheritance,
patrimony, Fms. i. 117.
arf-tki, n. = arftaka, Stj. 232.
arf-tkr, adj. = arfgengr, Eg. 343.
arfuni, a, m. [an old obsol. form], an heir, Edda 108 and in the compd skaporfoni (the vowel
change is caused by the following o), legal heir, q.v.
arf-vn, f. hereditary expectancy, Grg. i. 200, Jb. 177, Sturl. i. 94.
arf-vrr, m. [A. S. yrfeveard; Hel. erbivard], (pot.) an heir, Lex. Pot.
arf-egi, ja, m. [cp. Ulf. arbinumja], (pot.) an heir, Id. 28.
arga-fas, n. [argr, craven, and fas = as by dropping the l (?); as, n. means praecipitatio, and asa,
a, precipitare, which are common words; this etymology is conrmed by the spelling of the word
in Gl. 188, where some of the MSS. have faas or as, the last is perh. a false reading = as; fas, n.
gait, manner, is a modern word: v. Pl Vdal. in Skr.; his etymology, however, is doubtless bad], a
law term, a feint, a cowardly assault, an aiming at one's body and drawing deadly weapons without
carrying the threat into effect, termed 'a coward's assault;' in Icel. it was punishable by
fjrbaugsgarr, cp. Grg.; ef mar mundar til manns ok stvar sjlfr, ok varar fjrbaugsgar, ok
hinn eigi vgt gegn (the injured party must not kill the offender on the spot) skal stefna heiman ok
kveja til nu heimilisba ess ingi er sttr er, Vsl. ch. 90: ef mar hleypr at manni, ok heldr
hann sr sjlfr; at er a. ok er at sektalaust (liable to no punishment, only a dishonourable act; so
the Norse law), N. G. L. i. 164, Gl. 188.
arga-skattr, m. an abusive word, a dog's tax, lkofr. 36.
arg-hola, u, f. scortum, Hb. 31 (1865).
ARGR, adj. [Paul Diac. inertem et inutilem et vulgari verbo 'arga,' 6. 24; A. S. earg, ignavus; the
Scottish arch or argh, v. Jamieson sub voce; and the mod. Engl. arch, archness; Germ. arg; Gr.
GREEK], emasculate, effeminate, an abusive term; her brn borit, ok huga ek at args aal,
Ls. 24; mik munu sir argan kalla, ef ek bindast lt brarlni, kv. 17: it is more abusive than
thrall, cp. the proverb, rllinn hefnir en argr aldri, a thrall takes revenge, but not the a., Grett. 92;
and, argr er s sem engu verst (a proverb), he is truly an 'argr' who does not defend himself; argr
and ragr are synonymous, vide the Grg.: au eru or rjr er skggang vara ll, ef mar kallar
mann ragan er stroinn er sorinn, ii. 147. 2. metaph. a wretch, craven, coward; rg vttr, Fas. ii.
254, Fs. 147: cp. ergi and argr.
arg-skapr, m. cowardice, cowardliness, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse).
arg-vtugr, adj. infamous, (cant.)
ARI, a, m. [Ulf. ara; O. H. G. aro; cp. Germ. adler = edel-aro; cp. also the lengthened Icel. form
rn, A. S. earn, Engl. earn], an eagle, rare and mostly in poetry; rn is the common word; Hom. 89,
Stj. 71, Al. 160. In the Gloss. Royal Libr. Old Coll. Copenh. 1812 aquila is translated by ari.
COMPD: ara-hreir, n. an eyrie, nest of an eagle, Fagrsk. 146. Ari is also a common pr. name.
arin-dmr m. gossip, 'judgment at the hearth-side,' Hom.; now palldmr.
arin-eldr, m. hearth-re, Lat. focus; eir eru a., there are three hearths (in a Norse dwelling), Gl.
376.
arin-elja, u, f. a concubine if kept at home, med. Lat. focaria; the sense dened in N. G. L. i. 356,
16 (Norse).
arin-greypr, adj. occurs thrice in poetry as an epithet of the benches in a hall and of a helmet,
encompassing the hearth, or shaped as an eagle's bill, Akv. 1, 3. 17.
arin-haukr, m. a chimney-sitter, an old man; in the phrase, ttrr er a. ok eldaskri, an
octogenarian is an a. and a poker, Lex. Run.
arin-hella, u, f. [Norse aarhelle or aarstadhyll, the pavement around the hearth], hearth-stone; a.
ar stofunni, Bs. i. 680. Now in Icel. used in nursery tales of treasures or the like hidden under the
arinhella.
ARINN s, m., dat. aarni = rni, Fs. 42, Rm. 2, [a word still freq. in Denmark and in Norway; Dan.
arne, arnested; Norse aarstad, Ivar Aasen: in Icel. it is very rare], a hearth, Fs. (Vd.) 42; kom mar
um nttina ok tk glr af rni, Sturl. ii. 101; rj vissa ek elda (res), rj vissa ek arna (hearth-
stones), Gh. 10; mli malts af arni hverjum, viz. three for each farm (cp. arineldar, Gl. 376), Hkr.
ii. 384, Fms. x. 398, v. 101. 2. as a law term, used in the phrase, fara eldi ok arni, to remove one's
homestead, re and hearth together, Grg. ii. 253, 334 (where iarni is a corrupt reading). Now in
Icel. eldst. 3. metaph. an elevated balcony, pavement, story, scaffold; star fjrir stu upp ok
syllur upp milli, ok var ar a. , Fms. viii. 429; miju hsinu var a. vr (raised oor) ... en uppi
arninum var sng mikil, v. 339, Karl. 190, Stj. 308. . of a ship, a hatchway, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS:
arins-horn, n. chimney-piece, chimney-corner; hann mold at taka sem lgum er mlt, taka at
arinshornum fjrum ok ndvegis sti, of an act of conveyance, N. G. L. i. 96, cp. Eb. ch. 4,
Landn. 254: arinn is symbolical of the sacredness of home, just as stalli is of a temple, or an altar of
a church: the phrase, at drekka at arinshorni, Hkr. i. 43, reminds one of the large chimney-corners in
old English farms. arins-jrn, n. iron belonging to a hearth, a poker, used in ordeals (jrnburr);
karlmar skal ganga til arinsjrns en kona til ketiltaks, the man shall betake him to the poker and
the woman shall grasp the kettle, N. G. L. i. 389.
ARKA, a, to limp, hobble, of a sluggish gait; lta arka at aunu, to let matters take their own
course, slow and sure like fate, Nj. 185. v.l., Am. 96.
arka- or arkar-, what belongs to a chest, v. rk.
arma, u, f. misery (GREEK), Mart. 123; Martinus s rmu hranum; now, sj aumr e-m, to feel
pity for: cp. Germ. arm (poor, wretched).
arm-baugr, m. an armlet, Ls. 13.
arm-brysti, n. [Engl. armbrust; old Dan. arburst], a cross bow, Fas. i. 503 (for. word).
arm-fylking, f. a wing (armr) of an army, Fms. x. 403; more freq. fylkingar armr.
armingi, ja, m., in Norse sense, a poor fellow, Hom. 117, 119: in Icel. a wretch.
arm-leggr, jar, and s, m. the arm, lacertus; hann fkk hvergi sveigt hans armleggi, Grett. 61; ofan
eptir a. mjk at lnboga, Sturl. i. 71, Symb. 25, Stj. 265. Exod. vi. 1 (with a strong band), Anecd. 4
(where it is opp. to handleggr, the fore arm). Sometimes armleggr and handleggr are used
indifferently; ek mun bera ik handlegg mr, I will carry thee on my arm; but below, ok bar r
vinstra a. sr, Grett. ch. 67, Karl. 517.
armliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. pitifully, Fms. iv. 56, Gkv. 3. 11.
ARMR, s, m. [Lat. armus; Ulf. arms; Engl. arm; A. S. earm; Germ. arm]. 1. Lat. brachium in
general, the arm from the shoulder to the wrist; sometimes also used partic. of the upper arm or fore
arm; the context only can decide. It is rare in Icel.; in prose armleggr and handleggr are more
common; but it is often used in dignied style or in a metaph. sense; undir brynstkuna arminn,
lacertus (?), Fms. viii. 387; gullhringr armi, in the wrist, Odd. 18; lsti af hndum hennar bi
lopt ok lg, Edda 22, where the corresponding passage of the poem Skm. reads armar, armar lsa,
her arms beamed, spread light. . pot. phrases; sofa e-m armi, leggja arma um, to embrace, cp.
Germ. umarmen; koma arm e-m, of a woman marrying, to come into one's embraces, Fms. xi.
100, Lex. Pot. Rings and bracelets are pot. called armlog, armblik, armlinnr, armsl, armsvell, the
light, snake, ice of the arm or wrist; armr slbrunninn, the sunburnt arms, Rm. 10. 2. metaph. the
wing of a body, opp. to its centre; armar thafsins, the arms of the ocean ... the bays and rths, Rb.
466; armar krossins, Hom. 103; a wing of a house or building, Sturl. ii. 50; borgar armr, the anks
of a castle, Fms. v. 280; the ends, extremities of a wave, Bs. ii. 50; the yard-arm, Mag. 6; esp. used
of the wings of a host in battle (fylkingar armr), annan arm fylkingar, Fms. i. 169, 170, vi. 406,
413, Fr. 81; in a sea-ght, of the line of ships, Fms. vi. 315; the ends of a bed, sofa upp arminn,
opp. to til fta; and in many other cases.
ARMR, adj. [Ulf. arms; A. S. earm; Germ. arm], never occurs in the sense of Lat. inops, but only
metaph. (as in Goth.), viz.: 1. Norse, poor, in a good sense (as in Germ.); r armu slur, poor
souls, Hom. 144; s armi mar, poor fellow, 118. 2. Icel. in a bad sense, wretched, wicked, nearly
always used so, where armr is an abusive, aumr a benevolent term: used in swearing, at fara, vera,
manna armastr; mlti hann til Sigvalda, at hann skyldi fara m. a., Fms. xi. 141; en allir mltu, at
Egill skyldi fara allra manna a., Eg. 699; enn armi Bjarngrmr, the wretch, scoundrel Bjarngrim,
Fr. 239; vlvan arma, the accursed witch, Fms. iii. 214; etta arma naut, Fas. iii. 498; rm vttr,
Gkv. 1. 32, kv. 29, Sdm. 23, Og. 32; en arma kerling, the vile old witch, Grett. 154, Fas. i. 60; Inn
armi, in exclamations, the wretch!
arm-skapar, adj. part. [A. S. earmsceapen], poor, miserable, misshapen, Hom. 114, 107 (Norse).
arm-vitugr, adj. (in Mart. 123 spelt harmv.), charitable, compassionate; Glmr er a. ok vel skapi
farinn, Rd. 308; er hann ltt a., hard-hearted, Sturl. iii. 209; a. vi ftkja menn, Bs. i. 356.
ar-ma, u, f. (qs. r-ma), distress, toil, Fas. i. 405, Bs. i. 849.
arnar-, belonging to an eagle, v. rn.
arning, f. [erja, arare], earing, tillage, ploughing, Bs. i. 350, 732. 17.
arn-sgr, m. (an GREEK) periphr. from the poem Haustlng, the 'sough' (Scot.) or rushing sound
caused by the ight of an eagle (rn), Edda 16.
ARR, n. [Sanskr. arus, Engl. and Scot. arr], a scar, v. rr.
ars, m. podex, (later by metath. rass, Bs. i. 504. l. 2, etc.), Sturl. ii. 17, 39 C; ekki er at sem annarr
smali, engi er skaptr fyrir a. aptr hali, not like other cattle, having no tail, in a libel of the year 1213,
Sturl. ii. 17. COMPD: ars-grn, f. gut of the anus, Nj. rass.
ARTA, u, f. a bird, = Swed. rta, anas querquedula Linn., Edda (Gl.)
articulera, a, to articulate (Lat. word), Stj.
asalabia, u, f. an animal, perh. the sable; mjkt skinn af dri v er a. heitir, Br. 19.
ASI, a, m. hurry (mod. word); cp. yss and s.
ASKA, u, f. [a common Teut. word], ashes, lit. and metaph., Fms. i. 9, Stj. 208; mold ok aska, Nj.
161, 208; dust eitt ok a., 655 xi. 3: pl. skum, Stj. 74 (transl. from Latin). COMPDS: sku-bakar,
part. baked in ashes, Stj. 393. Judg. vii. sku-dagr, m. Ash-Wednesday, Fms. viii: also sku-
insdagr, Stj. 40. sku-dreifr, part. besprinkled with ashes, Sturl. ii. 186. sku-dyngja, u, f. a
heap of ashes, Fas. iii. 217. sku-fall, n. a fall of ashes (from a volcano), Ann. 1300. sku-flr, adj.
ashy-pale, pale as ashes, Mag. 4. sku-haugr, m. a heap of ashes, Eb. 94. sku-st, f. ash-pit.
ask-limar, f. pl. branches of an ash, Hkv. 2. 48.
ask-mar, m. [A. S. scmen, vide Adam Brem. below], a viking, pirate, a cognom., Eg., Fms., Hkr.
ASKR, s, m. [A. S. sc, whence many Engl. local names; Germ. esche], an ash, fraxinus, Edda
(Gl.); a. ygdrasils, Edda 10, 11, Pr. 431. 2. anything made of ash: u. a spear, prop. ashen spear shaft
(cp. GREEK), ir. 304, Edda (Gl.) . a small ship, a bark (built of ash, cp. GREEK, abies); en eir
sigla burt einum aski, Fas. ii. 206, i. 421: it appears only two or three times in Icel. prose writers;
hence may be explained the name of ascmanni, viking, pirate, in Adam Brem. ch. 212 [A. S.
scmen], cp. askmar. . a small vessel of wood (freq. in Icel., and used instead of deep plates, often
with a cover (asklok) in carved work); strir askar fullir af skyri, Eg. 549, 550; cp. kyrnu-askr, skyr-
askr. . a Norse measure for liquids, equal to four bowls, or sixteen justur, Gl. 525, N. G. L. i. 328,
H. E. i. 396, Fms. vii. 203. COMPDS: aska-smir, m. ship-wright (vide p.), Eg. 102. aska-spillir,
m. a ship-spoiler, i.e. a pirate, a cognom., Glm., Landn.; v.l. akraspillir, less correctly.
askraki, a, m. probably a Finnish word; bjr (beaver), savala (sable) ok askraka (?), some animal
with precious fur, Eg. 57; an GREEK.
askran, f. [askrast, to shudder, Ivar Aasen], horror, v. afskr-, B. K. 107.
ask-vir, ar, m. ash-tree, Str. 17.
asna, u, f., Lat. asina, a she-ass, Stj. 183. COMPD: snuligr, adj., . steinn, 655. Matth. xviii. 6,
transl. of GREEK, the upper millstone.
ASNI, a, m., Lat. asinus, an ass, Mart. 131, Fas. iii. 416, Band. 12, = asellus, 1812. 16. COMPDS:
asna-hfu, n. donkey-head, Stj. asna-kjlki, a, m. jawbone of an ass, Stj., Greg. 48.
aspiciens-bk, f. a service-book, Vm. 6, 117, 139, Am. 35, Pm. D. I., etc.
aspiciens-skr, f. id., Pm. 104, 75, etc.
ASSA, u, f. (qs. arnsa), an eagle.
AT and a, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf.
at = GREEK and GREEK, A. S. t; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and
rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only
excepted]:-- the mod. pronunciation and spelling is a (a); this form is very old, and is found in
Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e.g. a, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a
tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e.g. jfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also
makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd -- ar vastu at er fjr kli vat (Sklda 162) -- is
hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (a), and say that va is = v =
vi, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost,
or is 'vat' simply the A. S. vt, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in
compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus -- atyra, atorka, athfn, athugi,
athvarf, athlgi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, ILLEGIBLE (slope), atrii, atrei, atrr: but adjpr,
ansla (critic), afer, akoma, askn, asgr (crowding), agzla. In some words the
pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvi not akv-; atburr, but abnar; ahjkran not athjkran;
atgrvi not agr. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.
Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt. -- by dropping the words 'home,' 'house,' or
the like -- with gen.
WITH DAT.
A. LOG. I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to
fr: 1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting
motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lta, sna, rtta at...; Otkell laut at
Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimarinn sneri
(turned) hjltum sversins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at sgrmi, turned
the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rtta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step
towards, sl. ii. 259. 2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjlfr gengr ... allt at honum, B.
goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom angat at eim runum, G. reached them even there with
his arrows, 115; eir kmust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.;
rei mar at eim (up to them), 274; eir hfu rakit sporin allt at (right up to) gammanum, Fms. i.
9; komu eir at sj fram, came down to the sea, Br. 180. 3. without reference to the space
traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ra at dyrurn, Boll. 344; hlaupa at
e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the
surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vsa lmum hundi at manni, to set a erce hound at a man,
Grg. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hnga at jru, at grasi, at moldu, to
bite the dust, to die, Njar. 378; ganga at dmi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff,
defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.) 4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at strti, to
walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at si, on the ice, Sklda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii.
168, Eb. 112 new Ed. ( is perh. wrong); mttu menn ganga bar yr at skipum einum, of ships alone
used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at hfum, at nm, to trample on the slain on the battle-eld, Lex.
Pot.; at m, along the rivers; at merkisum, at the river's mouth, Grg. ii. 355; at endilngu baki,
all along its back, Sks. 100. 5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara,
ra, skja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atfr, atrei,
atskn, etc. p. metaph., kom at eim svefnhfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather,
in the impers. phrase, hr, ver, vind, storm grir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or
the like; gri at eim oku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Br. 171. 6. denoting
around, of clothing or the like; brega skikkju at hfi sr, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62;
vefja motri at hfi sr, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as
though sewn on; sauma at hndum sr, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill sv rngr sem saumar
vri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vat at vndum dreglum, tight laced with
sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sr irunum ok
skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gsl. 71; laz at su, a lace on
the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602. p. of burying; bera grjt at einum, to heap stones upon
the body, Eg. 719; var gr at eim dys or grjti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at lki, to make a cofn for a
body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sr mnnum, to
summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sr lii, Eg. 270; kippa mnnum at sr, to gather men in
haste, Ld. 64. 7. denoting a business, engagement; ra at hrossum, at sauum, to go looking after
after horses, watching sheep, Glm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at f, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at
heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veium, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at drum, a-
sbooting; at ski, a-shing; at veiiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at
landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at
ffngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to
serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nausynjum, on matters of business; at mli, to speak with one,
etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at lii sr, to go suing for help, Grg.
ii. 384. p. of festivals; sna, f at blti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacricial banquet,
wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at
snu, to come by one's own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained
every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Hv. 46. 8. denoting
imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad..., to look or lie towards; horfi
botninn at hfanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also,
skeigata liggr at lknum, leads to the brook, sl. ii. 339; ann arminn er vissi at sjnum, on that
wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sr au er horft hfu at Knti konungi, xi. 309.
p. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsreyrr gengr austan at Fljtinu, G. extends,
projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hj sundi v, er at gengr ingstinni, Fms. xi. 85.
II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with
verbs like sitja, standa, vera...; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, sl. ii. 270,
Sks. 36; vera at skla, at hsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on
shipboard, Grg. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at ti, at dinner, at a feast, inter
edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samfrum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dmi, in a court;
standa (to takeone's stand) noran, sunnan, austan, vestan at dmi, freq. in the proceedings at trials
in lawsuits, Nj.; at ingi, present at the parliament, Grg. i. 142; at lgbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17,
Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of. 2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms.
i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vgi,
to be an acces- sory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in,
Fms. iv. 237; standa at mli, to stand by one in a case, Grg. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fstri, to be
fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hgma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at sm, to be at one's work,
r. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at. 3. the law term vinna ei at e-u has a double
meaning: a. vinna ei at bk, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it,
Landn. 258, Grg., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: 'vi' is now used in this sense. p. to
conrm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grg. i. 9, 327. . the law phrase, nefna vtta at
e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vtta at benjum, to produce evidence,
witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grg.; at gr, Eg. 738; at svrum, Grg. i. 19: this summoning of
witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step
in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration. 4. used ellipt., vera at,
to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vru at pna hann, who were tormenting him; ar varstu
at, you were there present, Sklda 162; at vrum ar, Gsl. (in a verse): as a law term ' vera at' means
to be guilty, Glm. 388; vartattu at ar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum's oath, vask at
ar, 7 was there present: var ar at kona nokkur (was there busy) at binda sr manna, Fms. v. 91;
hann var at ok smai skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at (about) at taka af, au lg ..., Fms. ix. 512;
ek var at ok vafk, / was about weaving, xi. 49; eir hfu verit at rj sumur, they had been busy at
it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr
kom at v, G. came in at that moment; hvaan komt n at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms.
iii. 200. 5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmrk ok
Noregi, king of..., Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at llum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., b. 3,
13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyinni, king of Dublin, 25; but or yr England!, Eg. 263: cp. the
phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a
bishop; biskup at Hlum, bishop of Hlar, b. 18, 19; but biskup Sklaholti, 19: at Rmi, at Rome,
Fbr. 198. 6. in denoting a man's abode (vide p. 5, col. I, I. 27), the prep, 'at' is used where the local
name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river,
brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Ho (a temple),
Landn. 198; at Borg (a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli,
Landn. 190; at Hlsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 9O; Hlsum, Landn. 143; at (river),
296, 268; at Bgis, 212; Gilj, 332; Myrk, 211; Vatns, id.; ver, Glm. 323; at Fossi (a 'force'
or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lkjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlarenda (end of the lithe or
hill), at Bergrshvli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ' ' is now
used in most of these cases, e. g. , Ho, Helgafelli, Felli, Hlsi, etc. p. particularly, and without
any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppslum, at Haugi,
Alreksstum, at Hlum, Landn., Fms. ,. konungr lt kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at
the hall door, Eg. 88; eir klluu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475. 7. used ellipt.
with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals
or the like) at one's home; at Marar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; ingfesti at ess banda, Grg. i. 152; at
sn, at one's own home, Eg. 371, K. Jj. K. 62; hafa nttsta at Freyju, at the abode of goddess
Freyja, Eg. 603; at Rnar, at Ran's, i. e. at Ran's house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of
the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga lafs konungs, at St. Olave's church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad
Veneris, GREEK GREEK
B. TEMP. I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at uppha, at rst, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at
lyktum, at sustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Pot., more freq. lesti; at skilnai, at
parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, 0. 1. 1. 635; at sinni, as yet, at
present; at nju, anew, of present time; at eilfu, for ever and ever; at skmmu, soon, shortly, sl. ii.
272, v. l. H- of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the
seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jlum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Plmadegi, on
Palm Sunday, 273; at Pskum, at Easter; at lafsvku, on St. Olave's eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at
vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grg. 1. 151; at sumarmlum, at
vetrnttum; at Tvmnai, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grg. i. 152; at kveldi,
at eventide, Eg. 3; at v meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eyk, at 4 o'clock p.m.,
198; at ndverri Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at ruhverju, every
now and then. p. where the point of time is marked by some event; at ingi, at the meeting of
parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at frnsdmi, at the court of execution, Grg. i. 132,
133; at inglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmlum, er at
eiginori, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnai, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at llum
minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjru, at the ebb; at um, at ood tide,
Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrrum, at an inquest, Grg. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at skum, at
prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word. III. ellipt., or adding 'komanda' or 'er kemr,' of
the future time: 1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the
year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vri, next summer, winter..., sl. ii. 242; at miju sumri, at ri, at
Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at mijum vetri, Fms. iv. 237, 2. adding 'komanda' or ' er kemr;'
at ri komanda, Br. 177; at vri er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6. IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a
pres. part.: 1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sr lifanda,
in vivo, in his life time, Grg. ii. 202; at eim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at llum
sjndum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at vitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his
knowledge, 227; at heyranda hfingjanum, in the chief's bearing, 235. 2. of past time with a past
part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hrjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grg. ii. 87; at hum
dmum ok fstu ingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at linum sex vikum, after
six weeks past, Band. 13; at sv bnu, so goru, sv komnu, sv mltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis,
dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at reyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the
test, Ld. 76; at honum nduum, illo mortuo. 3. ellipt. without 'at;' en essum hlutum fram
komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132. V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at
grum gildum, the fences being strong, Gl. 387; at vrmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm;
at vrum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at essu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj.
55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now vi illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at v, that granted,
Grg. ii. 33: at v, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76. 2. denoting succession, without
interruption, one after another; hverr at rum, annarr mar at rum, arir at rum; eina konu at
annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.
C. METAPH. and in various cases: I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion
of destruction; brenna at sku, at kldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i.
105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transguration, in such phrases as,
vera at e-u, gra e-t at e-u, to turn it into: a. by a spell; vera at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi.
158; at ugdrekum, Gull. 7; uru au bnd at jrni, Edda 40. P. by a natural process it can often be
translated by an acc. or by as; gra e-n at urarmanni, ' t o make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; gra e-n
at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the
law terms, sr grist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grg., Nj.; vera at
ljgvtti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grg. i. 44; vera at stt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms.
i. 13; gra e-t at reii mlum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at njum tindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14;
vera ftt at orum, to be sparing of words, 18; kver (sv) at ori, to speak, utter, 10; vera at
rifnai, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at lii, at skaa, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause
one's death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grg. ii. 29: at undrum, at hltri, to become a wonder, a laughing-
stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553. II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at
Jlagjf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjf, for a present; at erf, at lni, launum, as an
inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok skum, for buying and selling, sl. ii. 223, Grg. i. 423; at solum,
ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbtum, at nigjldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i.
339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at vin, to
have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga rl at eingavin, 'tis ill to have a thrall for one's bosom
friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fa, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at
dttur cannot be said); hafa mttul at yrhfn, Fms. vii. 201; vera nkkut at manni (mnnum), to
turn out to be a worthy man; vera ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268. 2. in
such phrases as, vera at orum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var at at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at
veizlum, to draw veizlur (dues) from, 'Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at litum, to take it into
consideration, Nj-3. III. denoting belonging to, tting, of parts of the whole or the like; vru at
honum (viz. the sword) hjlt gullbin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330;
umgr at (belonging to) sveri, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mr er eigi at landinu, if there be no
turf moor belonging to the land, Grg. ii. 338; sv at eigi brotnai nokku at Orminum, so that no
harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiir at skipinu er at reiinu er at
vium, damage done t o ..., Grg. ii. 403; lesta (to injure) hs at lsum, vi er tor, 110; ef land
her batna at hsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, gra at e-
u, to repair: hamlar at hndum er ftum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at hndum en
hrumr at ftum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skr, a key belonging, tting,
to the latch; hur at hsi; a key 'gengr at' (ts) skr; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by
which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; f, taka at..., to grasp by ...; tkt vi sveri hans
at hjltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga t bjrninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by
the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at ftum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mla (to measure) at hrygg ok at jari, by
the edge or middle of the stuff, Grg. i. 498; kasta e-m at hfi, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjsa e-n at
ftum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frndsemi at brrum, ea at systkynum, to reckon kinship
by the brother's or the sister's side, Grg. i. 28; kjsa at ai, at litum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8,
belongs rather to the following. IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auigr at f,
wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at rei, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a
man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vnn (fagr) at liti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vnst at
sjnu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um
fram ara menn at vinsldum ok harfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30. 2. a
law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryja (to challenge)
at mgum, gusifjum, frndsemi, hrrum ...; at leiarlengd, on account of distance, Grg. i. 30,
50, Nj. (freq.) 3. in arithm. denoting pro portion; at helmingi, rijungi, fjrungi, tunda hluta, cp.
Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third... part; mttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main
go together, Hkr. ii. 236; munt vera at v mikill frimar kvi, in the same proportion, as
great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at... leiti, for one's part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned,
Grg. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at rum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More
gener., at llu, ngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at estu, mestu, chiey.
4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; fair, mir at barni (= barns); aili at sk (= sakar a.); moringi at
barni (= barns), faerni at barni (barns); illvirki at f manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), nirfall at skum
(saka), land gangr at skum (ska), Fms. iv. 274, Grg. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. . K. 112,
Nj. 21. 5. the phrase 'at sr,' of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle grr,
and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character ...;
vn kona, kurteis ok vel at sr, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr mar ok vel at
sr, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; ert mar vaskr ok vel at r, 49;
gerr at sr, accomplished, 51; bezt at sr grr, the nest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en er hann
sv vel at sr, so generous, Nj. 77; eir hfingjar er sv vru vel at sr, so noble-minded, 198, Fms.
i. 160: the phrase 'at sr' is now only used of knowledge, thus mar vel a sr means clever, a man
of great knowledge; illa a sr, a blockhead. 6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the
like; hvitr, svartr, grr, raur ... at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red ... of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, sl. ii. 213,
etc.; mikill, litill, at str, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a
child of age; tvtugr, rtugr ... at aldri, twenty, thirty ... years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at
fyrsta, rum ... kl, a cow having calved once, twice..., Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of
money, kaupa e-t at mrk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mrk, amounts to a mark, of
the value of money, Grg. i. 392; verr at hlfri murk vamla eyrir, amounts to a half a mark,
500. p. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu,
litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta
e-s at gu, illu, ngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently ... (freq.), prop, in
connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no
meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; brag er at barni nnr, it
goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at v, what does it mean? Nj. 11;
hvert at skip er vxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 2O. V. denoting the
source of a thing: 1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok
marga fri at uri, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as
the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at orgeiri afraskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema
kunnttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fri at e-m, xi. 396. 2. of receiving, acquiring,
buying, from; iggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; lf, to be pardoned, Fms. x.
173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, b. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t
at e-m, to obtain, procure at one's hands, impetrare; eirra manna er eir megu at geta at, who are
willing to do that, Grg. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279;
fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; skja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek
for; skja heilri ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grg. ii. 334; eiga e-t
(f, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga
mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, viring, styrk, at, to derive honour, power
from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Br. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tlma, mischief,
disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; tta, awe, Nj. 68. VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat.
secundum, ex, after; at fornum si, Fms. i. 112; at sgn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority,
55; at ri allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, sl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lgum, at landslgum, by the
law of the land, Grg., Nj.; at lkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at skpum, in due course (poet.);
at hinum sama htti, in the very same manner, Grg. i. 90; at vnum, as was to be expected, Nj.
255; at ley e-s, by one's leave, Eg. 35; lo, Grg. ii. 215; at sk, vilja e-s, as one likes...; at mun,
id. (poet.); at slu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at v sem ..., as to infer
from ..., Nj. 124:' fara, lta, ganga at' denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg.
18, Fms. x. 368. VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gra, vera grddr, at heilu, to be quite
healed, Br. 167, Eb. 148; bta at snggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at urru, till it becomes dry,
Eb. 276; at endilngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj.
257, Hkr. i. 171; at vsu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjlsu, freely, 308; at lku, at smu, equally,
all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at rngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at h, temperately, Lex. Pot.; at mun,
at ri, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet,
Orkn. 358; sv at einu, v at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless. VIII. connected with
comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ' the, ' so much the
more, all the more; 'at' heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yr llum, where it may be translated
by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grt at meir, she grat
(wept) the more, Eg. 483; ykir oss at lkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; ess at harari, all the
harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; sv at hinn s bana at nr, Grg. ii. 117; at aunara, at hlpnara, the more
happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; ess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirismar at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; mar at
vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; mar at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er' at' rr...,
at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest... ut, Eg. 60. . following after a negation; eigi at sr, no
less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi... at meiri mar, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat hra at borgnara, any the
better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld.
216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mr ekki son minn at
bttari, tt..., 216; at eigi vissi at nr, any more, Fas. iii. 74. IX. following many words: 1. verbs,
esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek
for; gta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, agzla, athugi,
attention, etc. . verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at. .., to laugh at.. .;
hlja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sr) at e-u, to play at; ykja gaman at, to enjoy;
ha, gra gys at..., to make sport at... ,. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna,
hjlpa at; hence atsto, atvinna, atverk :mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atfr and
atferli :compliance; lta, fara at e-u, v. above :fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms.
x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98: care, attendance; hjkra at, hlja at, v. these words :
gathering, collecting; draga, reia, ytja, f at, congerere :engagement, arrival, etc.; skja at,
to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: gra at, to repair: lesta at, to
impair (v. above); nna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kvea at e-m, to
address one, 625. 15, (kvea at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read)
whole syllables); falla at, of the ood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one;
reyngja, hera at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjsa at, klna at, to
get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves;
hausta, vetra a, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, 'sumra at' cannot be used, yet
we may say 'vra a' when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild. . in numberless other cases
which may partly be seen below. 2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place;
noran, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east...; utan at, innan at, from the outside or
inside. 3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. krr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m;
v, these words. WITH ACC. TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose
writers, who use eptir; nema reisi nir at ni (= mar eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a
monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at at. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several
times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr at taka arf at fur sinn, has to take the inheritance after
his father, Grg. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga frnsdm at e-n, Grg. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death
of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grt ok at O, gulli Freyja, she grat
(wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at
land, Grg. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hnd = hnd, Grg. (Sb.) i. 135; at mt = at mti,
v. this word. ILLEGIBLE In compounds (v. below) at- or a- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or
con-; atdrttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburr
= accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.
AT and a, the mark of the innitive [cp. Goth, du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case
of a few verbs 'at' is always placed immediately before the innitive, so as to be almost an
inseparable part of the verb. I. it is used either, 1. as, a simple mark of the innitive, only denoting
an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,
2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bja segja..., to invite, command ...; hann
bau eim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and f; gefa e-m
at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc. . with the additional notion of intention,
esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann tlai, hafi hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go
(where 'to go' is the real object to tlai and hafi hyggju). 3. answering to the Gr. GREEK
denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gkk borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280;
hann sendi riddara sna me eim at varveita r, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain,
'sv' and 'til' are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, 'sv at' and contr. 'svt' (the last however is
rare), 'til at" and 'til ess at,' etc. II. in the earlier times the inn., as in Greek and Lat., had no such
mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by 'at;' these verbs are almost the same in
Icel. as in Engl.: a. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun (GREEK), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the
auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal
gra at, I shall do that, etc. . the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; sv
hygginn at hann kunni fyrir skum ra, Grg. ii. 75; llu er pra m gan hfingja, Nj. 90;
vera m, it may be; vera kann at, id.: kunnu, however, takes 'at' whenever it means to know, and
esp. in common language in phrases such as, a kann a vera, but vera kann at, v. above. ,. lata,
bija, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann let (ba) fara, he let (bade) them go. . ykkja, ykjast, to
seem; hann ykir vera, he is thought to be: reex., hann ykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mr ykir
vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without 'at.' So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, tla, halda, to
think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose,
they assume the 'at;' thus hann tlai, hugi, vera ga menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.;
but tlai at fara, meant to go, etc. c. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sj, lta, horfa ... (videre);
heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek s koma, ek heyri hann tala. .
sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gkk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp.
when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, mur sna mar fyrst fram fra (better at fra), Grg. i.
232; ann kvi einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ra, nema, gra ..., freq. in poetry, when
they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sr Hgna hvetja at rnum, Skv. 3. 43. j.
hljta and vera, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the
inn.of another verb; hr muntu vera hljta, Nj. 129; but hljta at vera: fara hltr , Fms. 1. 159;
but hltr at fara: vera vita, ii. 146; but vera at vita: hann man vera skja, verr (= skal)
mar eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases. 0. in poetry, verbs with the
verbal neg. sufx '-at,' freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the innitive, where it would
be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Pot. Exceptional cases; hvrt sem hann vill 'at'
verja sk, ea, whatever he chooses, either, Grg. i. 64; fyrr viljum vr enga krnu at bera, en
nokkut frelsi oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than ..., Fms. x. 12; the context is
peculiar, and the 'at' purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. er gu gefr oss nnast (= at
nnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in
deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style. AT and a, conj. [Goth. atei = GREEK;
A. S. t; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot, at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson;
in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception,
having all dropped this consonant; Swed. t, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th
century) was chiey based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations
of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form a frequently appears
in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the
Reformation. Jn Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his
thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language,
and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod.
writers assumes the form e, hver e, hverir e, hva e, ar e. Before the prep, (t u), changes
into t, and is spelt in a single word att, which is freq. in some MS.; -- now, however, pronounced
a, aeir, ai ..., = a ..., with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the
relat. pron. qui. I. that, relative to sv, to denote proportion, degree, so..., that, Lat. tam, tantus, to
t..., -ut; sv mikill lagamar, at..., sogr eat a lawyer, that..., Nj. I; hri sv mikit, at at..., 2; sv
kom um sir v mli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that..., Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass.,
ellipt. without sv; Bringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann ... (= sv at), -Br. 15; hlfi honum,
at hann sakai ekki, Fas. iii. 441. II. it is used, 1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly
to Gr. GREEK Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came topass, happened that...; at var einhverju
sinni, at Hskuldr hafi vinabo, Nj. 2; at var palmdrottinsdag, at lafr konungr gkk t um
strti, Fms. ii. 244. 2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with inn., to mark the relation of an object
to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at rist, I wished that yon -would, Nj. 57. p. or in an oblique
sentence, answering to ita ut...;.; ef sv kann vera at eir lti..., if it may be so that they might...,
Fms. xi. 94. with a subj. denoting design, answering to GREEK or Lat. ut with subj., in order
that; at ll veraldar bygin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; eir skru fyrir melinn, at eir di eigi
af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bkarinnar er Kristindmsblkr, at menn skili, in
order that men may understand, Gl. p. viii. III. used in connection with conjunctions, 1. esp. ,
v, sv; at freq. contr. tt; svt is rare and obsolete. a. at, tt (North. E. 'thof'), followed by
a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); at nokkurum mnnum snist
etta me freku sett... viljum vr, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef mr at verugri, etsi
indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and inuenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt.
without' , ' eigi mundi hn meir hvata gngu sinni, at (= at) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7,
Nj. 64: ' ' and ' at' separated, svarar hann rtt, at hann svari sv, Grg. i. 23; er rtt at nta,
at hann s fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet -- though, Lat. attamen -- etsi, K. . K. p. v at,
because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; v at allir vru gerligir synir hans, Ld. 68; v at af rttum
verr mar frr, Sks. 16: separated, v egi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; v er essa geti, at
at tti, it i s mentioned because ..., Ld. 68. . sv at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grtrinn kom upp, sv
at eingi mtti rum segja, Edda 37: separated, so ... that, sv svst at ..., so bad weather, that, Bs.
i. 339, etc. 2. it is freq. used superuously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; v at = v,
igitur; hverr at ekkr ok giligr mun vera, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi f, 44; ek
undrumst hv mikil gnarraust at liggr r, iii. 201; v at ek mtti eigi ar vera elligar, v at ar
var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340. IV. as a relat. conj.: 1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er (est) mr
verra er (quum) ek fer braut aan, en at (quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; ar til at vr vitum,
till we know, Fms. v. 52; at ek lsta (= er), when, Nj. 233. 2. since, because; ek fri yr
(hann), at r eru einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grg. i. 260; eigi
er kynlegt at (though) Skarphinn s hraustr, at at er mlt at..., because (since) it is a saying
that..., Nj. 64. V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superuously joined to the conjunctions, ef a = ef,
si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), mean a = mean, dum; nema a, nisi; fyrst a = fyrst, quoniam;
eptir a, san a, postquam; hvrt a = hvrt, Lat. an. In the law we nd passages such as, er
um er dmt eina sk, at eigu eir aptr at ganga dminn, Grg. i. 79; ef ing ber hina helgu
viku, at at eigi fyrir eim mlum at standa, 106; at er ok, at eir skulu reifa ml manna, 64; at
eir skulu me vttor sk skja, 65: in all these cases ' at' is either superuous or, which is
more likely, of an ellipt. nature, 'the law decrees' or 'it is decreed' being understood. The passages
Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek he lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek he h.), at sent (= at ek
he sent) are quite exceptional
AT and a, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. atei = GREEK etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the
initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a
pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ' I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may
bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend. ' | ' His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw. ' --
Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. 'er' (the relat. pronoun) and 'at' are used indifferently, so that where one
MS. reads' er, ' another reads ' at, ' and vice vers; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.;
yet as a rule ' er' is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ' at' is freq. turned into ' e, ' esp. as a
superuous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver e, hva e, hverir e, etc.), or the demonstr.
s (s e, eir e, hinir e, etc.) :-- who, which, that, enn bezta ' grip at (which) hafi til slands
komi, Ld. 202; en engi mun s at (cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem bltnaut at (quae) strst
vera, Fms. iii. 214; au tiendi, at mr tti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.
AT, n. collision (poet.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Hful. 8. p. a ght or bait of
wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja.
AT, the negative verbal sufx, v. -a.
ata, u, f. an obscure word, and probably a corrupt reading; n sktr mar hval atu ok hnekkir
Gus gfu, N. G. L. i. 59.
ata, a, to stain, dele, smear; lkr Naaman skal atast ik ok na tt, Stj. 618. 2 Kings vi. 27
(now freq.)
atall, tul, atalt, adj. [at, n.; Ormul. attel = turpis] , erce, Lat. atrox; tul augu, erce, piercing
eyes, Hkv. i. 3; etta folk er atalt ok illt, Hkr. iii. 313: tul, amatlig, erce and loathsome, used of a
witch, Hkv. I. 38: Atli ek heiti, a. skal ek r vera, where the poet plays on the likeness between the
pr. name Atli and the adj. atall, my name is 'Savage;' savage shall I prove to thee, Hkv. Hjrv. 15. At
the present day, freq. in the changed form tull, in a good sense, brisk, strenuous.
atan or tun, f. deling.
atatata, an onomatopotic interj., imitating the chattering of the teeth through cold, Orkn. 326 (in a
verse).
at-beini, a, m. assistance, support, Fms. vi. 66; vera a. me e-m, to assist one, Fas. i. 265.
at-bot, f. repair (now agjr), Vm. 4, Dipl. ii. 13.
at-burr, ar, m. pl. ir, [bera at, accidere.] 1. a chance, hap, accident; verr s a., it so happened,
Nj. 54, Vpn. 49; af (me) atbur, accidentally, perchance, Mart. 126, El. 5, 9, Mar. 656 ii. 16; me
hverjum atburum, how, by what chance? Rm. 287, Eluc. 12; slikt kalla ek a. en eigi jartein, such
things I call an accident but not a miracle, Sturl. ii. 54; fyrir a. sakir hreysti hans, because of his
valour, Sklda 189, Sks. 147. 2. esp. in pl., events, matters, circumstances; drp Brar ok
atburi er ar hfu orit, Bard's death and the events that had happened, Eg. 222; lafr sagi
honum alla atburi um sitt ml, O. told him minutely how his matters stood, Hkr. i. 193; r sem
skra hverjum atburum menn fella sik fullkomi bann, under what circumstances ..., H. E. i.
462.
at-bnar, ar, m. attention, care, especially of funeral rites; veita a. dauum mnnum, to lay out
dead bodies, Eg. 34, v. 1. 2. now gener. accommodation or assistance in all that regards domestic
life, esp. clothing; gr, illr a.
at-djp and atdpi, n. deep water close to shore, Hv. 48.
at-djupt, n. adj. id., 623. 45; superl. adjpast, Fms. xi. 70.
at-drttr, ar, m. pl. drttir, [draga at], provisions, supplies for household use; hafi hann a. at
eirra bi, he supplied their household, Hv. 39; atdrttir ok tvegar, means and provisions, Fms.
xi. 423; a. af skum, Hrafn. 22. p. metaph. support, H. E. i. 244. COMPD: atdrtta-mar, m., mikill
a., a good housekeeper, Eb. 26.
at-dugnar, m. [at-duga, to assist], assistance, Fas. ii. 296.
at-eggjan, f. egging on, instigation, Al. 5.
at-fall, n. [falla at], 'on-fall, ' = of the ood-tide, Ld. 56, Orkn. 428.
at-fang, n. [f at, to provide] , only in pl., provisions, victuals, Bs. i. 130. Esp. used with dagr, or
kveld, of the eve of great festivals, and partic. that of Yule: atfanga-dagr, pronounced affanga, m.,
a. Jla, Yule Eve, Christmas Eve, Grett. 97, 140, Fms. ii. 37, sl. ii. 232, Orkn. 186 old Ed., where
the new Ed. p. 242 reads atfangs- (in sing.), which is very rare, jr. 11. atfangadags-kveld, n.
Christmas Eve, Br. 176. at-fanga-mar, m. = atdrttamar, Grett. 119 A.
at-fara-, v. atfr.
at-fer, f. (neut. 655 xxxii.) a. aggression, incursion, in a hostile sense, Fms. ix. UNCERTAIN , v.
1. p. more freq. in a good sense, exertion, activity, Fs. 4; vikjast eptir atferum enna fyrri frnda
inna, to imitate their good deeds, id.; atfer ok eljun, energy, Ld. 318. a law term, execution; me
dmrofum ok atferum, Gl. 183. o. behaviour, proceeding, conduct; hverja a. vr skulum hafa,
Nj. 194, Rb. 390, Sks. 239, 655 xxxii. 2; -- now freq. in the last sense. COMPDS: atferar-leysi, n.
idleness, inactivity, helplessness, Fr. 232, 544. 23. atferar-mar, m. a skilful man, Bs. i. 639.
atfer-ligr, adj, t or manly, Fms. viii. 53, v. 1.
at-ferli, n. [ferill], action, proceeding, used esp. as a law term, proceeding, procedure; me enu
sama a., Grg. ii. 405: plur. skal s slk atferli hafa ll um lsingar sem r er tint, 27, H. E. ii. 75. p.
method; eru mrg a. jafnrett til ess, Rb. 38. . hann spurist fyrir um a. hrasmanna, what they
were doing, Grett. 123 A. o. gramm., a. parta (modi partium orationis) eru tlf, Sklda 185.
at-utning, f. (now ingr, m.), purveyance, supply, in plur., Eg. 275, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 179.
at-fylgi, n. and atfylgja, u, f. help, backing, support, Fms. ii. 105, Stj. 384, Hom. 139, Fms. x. 60, v.
1.
at-frsla, u, f. exertion, courage, K. . K. 94 (rare). COMPD: at-frslu-mar, m. a man of vigour,
Bret. 12, 155.
at-fr, ar, f. 1. prop, a going to; as a Norse law term, execution, domr ok atfr, Gl. 361, 389: mod.
Dan. adfrd, cp. atfer, 7. 2. in Icel. commonly of an onslaught or armed aggression, Fms. i. 54,
Nj. 93, 93, 99, 113, Sturl. iii. 237, Ann. 1252. 3. method =afer, Fms. ii. 328. COMPDS: atfarar-
dmr, m. sentence of execution for payment, Gl., N. G. L. i. 154. atfarar-ing, n. court of
execution, MS. 302, 172 (Norse). atfara-lauat, n. adj. quiet, with no act of violence between tivo
hostile parties, Eb. 244, Sturl. ii. 40.
at-ganga, u, f. 1. attack in a ght, onslaught, Fms. i. 36, Nj. 36, Lv. 13, Bret. 6. 2. peaceful help,
Fms. xi. 86, Nj. 99, sl. ii. 210. COMPD: atgongu-mikill, adj. unruly, quarrelsome, aggressive, Fs.
41.
at-gangr, m. 1. ghting, combat, aggression, sl. ii. 268, Korm. 242: injury, violence, = gangr,
Fms. vi. 239. 2. help, co-operation, Grett. 157, 162, Vgl. 19. 3. now, redress, recovery of a claim.
COMPD: atgangs-mikill, adj. = energetic, Grett. 129 A.
at-geirr, m. (false spelling UNCERTAIN ), a bill or halberd, undoubtedly a foreign weapon, rarely
mentioned in the Sagas, but famous as the favourite weapon of Gunnar of Hlarendi; mentioned
besides in Sks. 392, Landn. 163, Eb. 120, Fms. iii. l00, v. 249, Fas. iii. 462, but esp. Nj. 44, 45, 84,
95, 97, 108, 114, 119: in the Nj. used generally of thrusting, but also of hewing; Hgni hj sundr
spit skapti me atgeirinum, en rekr atgeirinn i gegnum hann, H. hewed in sunder the spearshaft
with the bill, and drives the bill through him, Nj. 119; in Landn. 163 mentioned as a javelin.
at-gengiligr, adj. acceptable, inviting, Bs. i. 372.
at-ger, atgervi, atgeyr, v. atgr, -grvi.
at-gzla, u, f. superintendance, care, caution, Sturl. iii. 58 (now freq.)
atgr, f. 1. plur. measures, steps taken; litlar atgir, small measures, sl. ii. 355, Fs. 4; var eigi
vaent til atgera, few expedients, Grett. 124. 2. repair of a building or the like (now freq.), Dipl. v.
145. . a surgical operation, medical help, Bs. i. 108, 618, 644: Sturl. i. 43 is a bad reading.
COMPDS: atgra-lauss, adj. helpless, lazy, inactive, Al. 25: neut., atgrarlaust er um e-t, no steps
are taken, Fms. vi. 38. atgra-mar, m. a ready man, El. 15, Sturl. ii. 127. atgrar-mikill, adj.
active, Nj. 56.
at-grvi, atger, atgjr, f.; neut., Fms. x. 293 C. [grr at sr, accomplished] ; endowments,
accomplishments derived from good training added to natural gifts; in olden times esp. those of an
athletic or physical kind; frleik, vxt, a, ok alla a., beauty, stature, strength, and all accom-
plishments whatever, Eg. 29, Fbr. 56, Fms. vi. 5, 268, i. 30, viii 140, x. 293; at rttum, a. ok
vinsld, Hkr. i. 212: of spiritual qualities and character (rare in old writers), af Gus ggipt ok
sjlfs sins a. gfgastr mar slandi, Bs. i. (Hv.) 70; at lrdmi, vitrleik ok a., 130. Pls S.
COMPD: atgrvi-mar, and more freq. atgrvis-mar, m. a man of great (physical)
accomplishments, Fms. i. 17, Eg. 685 (where it is used of a young promising poet), 22, Ld. 12; used
of an artist, sl. ii. 171: a. um marga hluti, man of great capacity, 191; used of a musician, Grett.
158.
at-hald, n. constraint, coercion, restraint, Fbr. 2, Fms. xi. 228.
at-hjkan (now ahjkrun), f. [hjuka at e-m], heed, attention, care in the most tender sense of that
word, e. g. that of a mother to her sick child; attention to a sick, frozen, shipwrecked, or destitute
person, Fms. viii. 444, Finnb. 234, v. 1.
at-hlaup, n. onslaught, assault, Fms. viii. 35, Bjarn. 37; einu a., in one rush in a battle, Ld. 64;
veita manni a. er sr, violence or wound, K. . 48; tkst n egar a., a hand to hand ght, Gull.
12.
at-hltr, m. [hlgja at], a laughing-stock, Fms. ii. 182.
at-hlgi, n. ridicule, mockery; me a. ok skm, ridicule and shame, Fms. x. 279; ef a. er vert, if it
be ridicule, vi. 208; a. er mannan, a laughing-stock and a wretch, Sturl. iii. 240.
at-hlgiligr, adj. ridiculous, Band. 13.
at-huga, a, to heed, bethink oneself, pay attention to, consider; a. sik, to t a ke heed, Sturl. iv. 75 in
a mod. MS.; cp. Bs. i. 744 (now freq.)
at-hugall, adj. heedful, careful, Sturl. iii. 125, Sks. 296.
at-hugi, a, m. heed, care, attention, consideration, Hom. 5 2; af llum a., carefully, Post. 656 B; hi
elzta (barn) her ekki a. hit minsta, the eldest bairn has no head on his shoulders, El. 19, Sks. 482;
me a. ok hyggju, with care and concern, Fms. x. 281. COMPDS: athuga-lauss, adj. heedless.
athuga-leysi, n. beedlessness, Stj. 6, Fas. i. 245; hltr jafnan llt af a., ' Don't care' comes ever to a
bad end (a proverb), Grett. 118 A. athugaliga, adv. attentively, Sks. 360. athuga-litill, adj. little
careful, heedless, Bs. i. 190. athuga-sarnliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. attentively, attentive, Sks. 600,
360, 6, 472. athuga-samr, adj. heedful, attentive, Hom. 58, Fms. viii. 447. athuga-verr, adj.
worthy of attention, Fms. x. 276.
at-hvarf, n. [hverfa at, to turn towards]: a. in the phrase, gra e-m a., to pay one compliments, pay
attention to, Bs. i. 801; hann er vel vi orm ok gri meir at athvar vi hann, he treated Th.
respectfully or cultivated his friendship, Fbr. 119; Sighvatr gri at athvar um sendimenn
konungs, ok spuri margra tenda, he communicated with them or paid themvisits, attended to
them, Hkr. ii. 214. . athvarf is now freq. in the sense of shelter, refuge.
at-hygli, f. [athugall], beedfulness, attention; me a., Sks. 1, 445 B, 564, Fms. vi. 446, (now used as
neut.)
at-hyllast, t, dep. (qs. athyglast), to lean towards, be on the side of, do homage to; with acc., af v
skolu vr a. enna engil beonum varum, to cultivate his friendship, Hom. A. M. 237. 7; at a. ok
skja e-n at maar ori, 655 xiii. B. 4, Bs. i. 202; setlum vr ann yvarn at a. er mestan grir vrn
sma, take his part, who ..., Fms. v. 273.
at-h (not ath, vide Sks. B., which carefully distinguishes between and ), n. conduct,
behaviour; a. kristinna manna, their rites, service, Fms. ii. 37, cp. Ld. 174; llu snu a., conduct,
proceeding, Fms. xi. 78, viii. 253: manners, ceremonies, Sks. 301; konunga a., royal manners,
Hom.: etta her verit a. (instinct) essa skrmsls, Sks.: deeds, doings; skal n ar standa fyrst um
a. eirra, Mag. 11. Now freq. in a theol. sense.
at-hligr, adj. . t, tting, due, Eg. 103, Finnb. 228.
at-hofn, f. [hafast at, to commit] , conduct, behaviour, business; hvat er hann hafi frtt um a. Skota
konungs, his doings and whereabouts, Eg. 271; fengin var eim nnur a., occupation, Fbr. 19;
ganga til skripta ok segja snar athafnir, to go to shrift and confess his behaviour, Fms. i. 301;
athfnum margir, en sumir kaupferum, Orkn. 298; er at ok likligt at fylgir ar eptir inni a.,
(ironically) that you will go your own foolish way, Fs. 4. COMPDS: athafnar-lauss, adj. inactive,
Fms. iii. 128, 154. athafnar-leysi, n. inactivity. atliafoar-mar and athafna-, m. a busy
enterprising man, Hkr. ii. 255, Fr. 209. In a bad sense, a laughing-stock; gora e-n at
athafnarmanni, to make a butt of him, Sturl. i. 24, 181, this last sense seems to be peculiar to the
rst and second part (ttr) of the Sturl., which were not written by Sturla himself, but by an
unknown author.
at-kall, n. demand, call, request, solicitation, Bs. i. 735, Al. 64, Ver. 48.
at-kast, n. a casting in one's teeth, a rebuke, reproach, Mag. 65.
at-keri, anchor, v. akkeri.
at-kvma, and later form akoma or atkoma, u, f. arrival, Ld. 78, Fms. vi. 239; metaph. (eccl.)
pain, visitation, Hom. 68, 121. Now used in many compds: akomu-mar, m. a guest, etc.
at-kvi, n. [kvea at ori]. I. a technical phrase, esp. in law; sv skal skja at llu um fjrtkuna,
sem jfsk fyrir utan a., the proceeding is all the same with the exception of the technical terms,
Grg. ii. 190; at eim atkvum er Helgi hafi stefnu vi ik, the expressions used by Helgi in
summoning thee, Boll. 354. . a word, expression in general; at er rfalt a., mannvit, sigi ok
hverska, Sks. 431, 303; en vr mlim alla essa hluti me breiu a., in broad, general terms,
Anecd. 21, ir. I. . now used gramm. for a syllable, and in many compds such as, eins atkvis
or, a monosyllable; tveggja, riggja ... atkva ..., etc., a dissyllable, etc.: ' kvea at' also means to
collect the letters into syllables, used of children when they begin to spell. Old writers use atkvi
differently in a grammatical sense, viz. = pronunciation, sound, now framburr; eir star megu
hafa tveggja samhljenda a., hverr einn, Sklda (Thorodd) 165; eins stafs a.; a. nafns hvers eirra;
er at a. hans hverju mli sem eptir lir nafnsins (in the last passage = the name of the letter),
168. II. a decision, sentence, almost always in plur.; bei hann inna atkva, Nj. 78; var v vikit
til atkva (decision) Marar, 207; ba atkva Magnss konungs um lg ok pyntingar, Fms. vi.
192: sing., var at biskups a., his decision, v. 106; hvi gegnir etta a. (sentence) jarl, rangliga dmir
, 656 B; nu boi ok a., command and decisive vote, Stj. 203; af atkvi guanna, by their
decree, Edda 9, Bret. 53. . now a law term = vote, and in a great many compds: atkva-greisla,
division; atkvza-fjldi, votes; a. munr, majority, etc. III. a decree of fate, a spell, charm, in a
supernatural sense, = kvi; af forlogum ok a. ramra hluta, Fs. 23; konungr sagi hgt at gra
vi atkvum, ... to resist charms (MS. ak- vedni, where it is uncertain whether the reading is kv-
or atkv-); a. Finnunnar, the spell of the Finnish witch, 22; sv mikil a. (pl.) ok ilska fylgi essum
lgum, Fas. i. 404, iii. 239, Fms. x. 172., COMPDS: atkva-lauss, adj. [kvea at, to be
important] , unimportant, of no consequence, Fas. ii. 242. atkva-mar, m. a man of weighty
utterance, of importance, Fms. xi. 223. atkva-mikill, adj. of weight, note, authority, Nj. 51
atla, a, to 'ettle', intend, purpose, Bret. 144; so according to the modern pronunciation of tla, q. v.
at-laga, u, f. an attack in a sea ght, of the act of laying ships alongside; skipa til a., Fms. i. 169, iv.
103; hr a., hard ght, xi. 133, Hkr. ii. 272, Nj. 125, Sturl. iii. 63, etc.: more rarely of an attack on
land, Fms. vii. 244, Al. 122, sl. ii. 83, Bret. 50. p. an advance, landing, without notion of ght,
Fms. ix. 430. COMPDS: atlgu-okkr, m. the name of a poem describing a battle by sea, Sturl. iii.
63. atlgu-skip, n. a ship engaged in battle, Fms. viii. 382.
at-lt, n. [lta at e-u, to comply with] , compliance, Hom. 47; synda a., indulgence in sin, Greg. 31.
Now, atlti, n. and atlot, n. pl. treatment; gott atlti, kindness; ill atlot, harshness, esp. in respect to
children.
at-lega, u, f. shelter for sheep and cattle on the common pastures; hag- beit vetrum ok a. f snu at
selinu, Dipl. v. 4 (rare).
at-mli, n. abuse, offensive language, Bs. ii. 181.
atoma, u, f. an atom, Rb. 114; a weight, subdivision of an ounce, 532. 1.
at-orka, u, f. energy, activity. COMPDS: atorku-mar, m. an active man. atorku-samr, adj.
active. atorku-semi, f. activity.
at-rs, f. an on-rush, charge, attack, Fms. viii. 413, v. rs.
at-rei, f. (milit.) a riding at, a charge of horse, Fms. vi. 417, in the description of the battle at
Stamford Bridge: Hkr. iii. 162 has rei, but some MSS. atrei, vii. 57. p. the act of riding at or
over, Nj. 21; esp. in the translation of French romances of tilting in tournaments, Str. (freq.)
COMPD: atreiar-ss, m. a quintain pole, at which to ride a-tilt, El. 15.
at-rekandi, m. pressing efforts, exertions; sv mikill a. var grr um leitina, the search was carried
on so thoroughly, Band. 4 C; cp. reki.
at-renna, u, f. a slip. COMPD: atrennu-lykkja, u, f. a running knot, a noose, Fms. vi. 368.
at-ri, now atrii, n. 1. = atrei, movement, in the phrase, hann hafi allt eitt atriit, he did both
things at once, in the twinkling of an eye, Grett. 95 new Ed. 2. a gramm. term in the compd atris-
klauf, f. probably = GREEK, Edda (Ht.) 124, cp. Ed. Havn. ii. 154, cp. Sklda 193; atri would thus
mean a word, sentence. It is now very freq. in the form atrii, n. in a metaph. sense, the chief point
in a sentence, or a part, paragraph, and used in many compds. Atrir, m. is one of the pot. names
of Odin, the wise (?).
at-rr, rs, m. a rowing at, i. e. an attack made (by a ship) with oars, Fms. ii. 310, Hkr. ii. 272, etc.
p. gener. rowing towards, Jb. 308.
at-samr, adj. [at, n.], quarrelsome, an GREEK., Fms. iv. 205; cp. Hkr. ii. 1. c.
at-seta, u, f, a royal residence; hafa a., to reside, used especially of kings, Fms. i. 23, x. 209, Hkr. i.
63, Eg. 170, Nj. 5, etc.
at-setr, rs, n. id., vide konungs-atsetr.
at-skiljanligr, adj. [Dan. adskellig], various, different, Karl. 206, (an unclass. word.)
at-skilnar, ar, m., in mod. Icel. = parting, separation. p. discord, Grett. 88; A, B, C, however, have
skilnar.
at-skn, f. [skja at], onslaught, attack, Fms. i. 64, Nj. 100, etc. p. a throng of guests or visitors
seeking hospitality; fng vru ltil en a. mikill, Bs. i. 63 (now freq.) . in popular superstition, the
foreboding of a guest's arrival; sleep, drowsiness, or the like, caused, as people believe, by the
fylgja or ' fetch' of the guest, his sure forerunner; the Icelanders speak of a good, agreeable askn,
or a bad, disagreeable one; a man may 'skja vel er ilia a,' as he is an agreeable guest or not. Only
a 'fey' man's fylgja follows after him. Vide sl. js. i. 354 sqq. COMPD: atsknar-mar, m.
aggressor, Fs. 70.
at-spurning, f. [spyrja at], 'speering' at, inquiry, in the phrase, leia atspurningum, which ought,
however, to be in two words, Fb. i. 216.
at-staa, u, f., now asto, n. a standing by, backing, support, Bs. i. 846. p. earnest request, Mar.
(Fr.)
at-stuning, f. and -ingr, m. [styja at], support, Fas. i. 24.
at-sgr, m. prop, pressure [sgr] caused by crowding; now freq. in the phrase, gra a. a e-m, to
mob one. p. the phrase, bora frekan atsg um e-t (where the metaphor is taken from boring), to deal
harshly with, pierce through to the marrow, Orkn. 144: cp. Fms. vii. 29.
at-svif, n. incident, bearing, Sks. 682. p. medic, lipothymia, a fainting t, swoon, Fl. ix. 185; cp.
a svfa yr e-n, to be taken in a t, Sturl. iii. 286.
at-t, by assimilation = at , that thou, freq. e. g. in the Orkn. new Ed.
at-tnn, f. [at, n.], a tusk, Fas. i. 366.
at-veizla, u, f. [veita at], assistance, Fms. x. 60, v. 1.
at-verknar, m. work, especially in haymaking; rgunnu var tla nautsfr til atverknaar, to
toss and dry it, Eb. 26: now, vinna at heyi, to toss it for drying.
at-vik, n. [vkja at], mostly in plur. details, particulars; in the phrases, eptir atvikum, according to
the circumstances of each case, Gl. 403; atvik sakar, the particulars of a case, Sks. 663; me
atvikum, circumstantially, chapter and verse, Fas. iii. 330: in Stj. 179 it seems to mean gestures. II.
an onset, prob. only another way of spelling atvgi, N. G. L. ii. 65; at ek geta eigi hefnt essa atviks
er mr er grt, that I cannot get this affront avenged which has been done me, Grett. 151 A.
at-vinna, u, f. means of subsistence, support, Grg. i. 294, Jb. 151, Fr. 37, Stj. 143, 291, 623. 41,
656 A, 655. 20, Clem. 56, Jb. 151, Fms. v. 239: labour, occupation, Anecd. 20, Sks. 603, (now very
freq.) COMPD:
atvinnu-lauss, adj. without means of subsistence, Fms. ii. 97.
at-vist, f. [vesa at], presence, esp. as a law term, opp. to an alibi, the act of being present at a crime:
the law distinguishes between r (plotting), tilfr (partaking), and a. (presence), Grg. ii. 37; vera
atskn ak a., to be present and a partaker in the onslaught, Nj. 100. p. transl. of the Lat. assiduitas,
677. 12.
at-vgi, n. onset, onslaught, N. G. L. ii. 65, cp. i. 126, Fas. ii. 244.
at-yri, n. pl. abusive words, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 154.
AU-, adverbial prex to a great many adjectives, adverbs, and participles, seldom to subst. nouns,
[not found in Ulf.; A. S. e, as in e- medu, humilitas, and also as a separate adj. ede. facilis;
Old Engl. 'eath,' 'uneath,' for 'easy,' 'uneasy;' Hel. and i, facilis, uni, difcilis], easy, opp. to
tor-. To this 'aud' and not to 'old' may perhaps be referred some of the compds of aud and awd in
Scottish and provincial English. Thus 'audie' in Scotch means an easy careless fellow; 'aud farand,'
or 'auld farand,' may both mean easy going: v. the words in Jamieson and the Craven Glossary.
aua, u, f. desolation, ir. 2.
au-beinn, adj. part. [A. S. ebede], easily persuaded to do a thing, with gen. of the thing, Eg.
17, 467.
au-bttr, adj. part, easily compensated for, Glm. (in a verse).
au-eggjar, adj. part, easily egged on to do, with gen., Fms. v. 62.
au-fenginn, adj. part, easy to get, Fs. 62, Grett. 113 A, Mag. I, where it is spelt auu-; cp. toru- =
tor-.
au-fengr, adj. id., Hm. 18; a. var li, 655 xxviii, Fms. v. 274.
au-fundinn, adj. part, easy to nd, in promptu, Hkr. ii. III; neut. used metaph. easy to perceive,
clear, Eg. 54, Ld. 194, v. 1.
au-fyndr, adj. an older form, id., used only as neut. easily perceived, clear; at var a., at..., it could
easily be seen, that..., Ld. 194.
auga, a, [Ulf. auagjan = GREEK; A. S. eigjan = beatum facere], to enrich, Bs. i. 320, Stj. 68;
reex., hafi Noregr mikit augast, N. had grown very wealthy, Fms. vi. 448 :-- to make happy, er
alla elskar ok augar, i. 281, Th. 77.
au-gengr, adj. easy to pass; stgr a., 677. 5.
au-ginntr, adj. part, easily cheated, credulous, Lex. Pot.
au-gtligr, adj. easy to get, common, Fms. i. 261.
au-gtt, n. adj. easy to get, = aufundit, Lex. Pot., Hb. 6 (1865).
au-grr and later form au-grr, adj. part, easily done, Fas. i. 74.
au-heyrt, n. adj. part, easily heard, clear, evident, Ld. 266.
auigr and auugr, adj. [Ulf. auags = GREEK, auagei, f. = GREEK; Hel. dag = beatus, dives;
A. S. eig, beatus, opulentus; O. H. G. tag], contracted before an initial vowel into augan,
augir, augum; uncontr. form auigan = augan, Fms. i. 112, etc.; now used uncontracted
throughout, auugir, auugar, etc.; rich, opulent; rkr ok a., powerful and opulent, Eg. 22, 83; at f,
wealthy, Fas. i. 49, sl. ii. 323, Nj. 16, Post. 656 C; skip mikit ok a., with a rich lading, Fms. xi. 238;
a. at kvikf, Ld. 96; superl. augastr, Eg. 25, sl. ii. 124; England er augast at lausaf allra
Norrlanda, Fms. xi. 203.
AUIT, n. part. of an obsolete verb analogous to auka ('ablaut' an -- j -- au), [cp. Swed. de,
fatum; auna, luck; aur, opes, etc.], used in many phrases, and often answering to the Gr. GREEK,
with dat. pers. and gen. of the thing; e-m er, verr, auit e-s, it falls to one's lot; lkligt er at oss
veri eirrar hamingju a., it is unlikely that this good fortune is destined for us, Eg. 107; koma mun
til mn feigin..., ef mr verr ess a., if that be ordained for me, Nj. 103; at mr veri lfs a.,
though life may be granted to me, Fms. i. 47; konungr lt gra menn sna sem lfs var a., those
whose lot it was to live, who were not mortally wounded, Eg. 34; hafi eim orit sigrs a., had won
the day, Eg. 86; var eim eigi erngja a., to them was no heir granted by fate, 625. 83: with 'at' and
an inn., mun oss eigi a. vera at f vlkan, Fms. x. 339: absol., ha eir gagn er a. er, let them
gain the day to whom the god of battles grants it, xi. 66: with the addition of 'til;' ek tla okkr ltt til
stafunda a. hafa orit, we have had bad luck in love, 310: auinn, masc. appears twice or thrice in
poetry, auins fjr, means possessed, Skv. 3. 37: in prose in Al. 21 (by Bishop Brand), lta auins
ba, to submit to fate, to be unconcerned; even in compar., hvrt hyggit r manni nokkuru at
aunara (any more chance), at hann fi knta essa leysta, of the Gordian knot, 19, at aunu, v.
auna [cp. A. S. eden, datus, concessus; Hel. dan, genitus, natus: cp. also j, proles, a word
perhaps of the same root.]
au-kendr, adj. part. easy to 'ken' or recognise, of distinguished appearance, Al. 21, Fms. i. 44.
au-kenni, n. (= einkenni), mark, distinction, Karl. 180.
au-kenniligr, adj. = aukendr, Hrafn. 13.
au-kenning, f. a clear mark, sure sign, Sturl. i. 70. MS. A. M. 122 B; minning suits better, so the
Ed. and Brit. Mus. 11, 127.
au-keyptr, adj. part. easily bought, cheap, Hkr. iii. 246.
au-kjrinn, adj. part. easily chosen, easy to decide between, Sd. 170.
au-kumall, adj. (now vikvmr), very touchy, tender, sensitive; a. ok lasmeyrr, of a snake's belly,
easy to wound, Stj. 98; ngvr (depressed) ok aukumul, (fem.) touchy, Bs. i. 323; a. skapi,
irritable, 353.
au-kvisi, v. aukvisi.
au-kvr, adj. easily talked over, easily moved, obsequious, pliable; eptirltr ok a., N. G. L. ii.
400; ert ok eigi a. (hard to move) til fylgar, Grett. 122 new Ed. = aubeinn.
axi-kymli, f. [aukumall], touchiness, sensitiveness; a. konunnar, a woman's touchiness or
weakness, 623. 36.
au-kngr, m. [kfa, accumulare], pot. a heaper up of riches, a wealthy man, a Croesus; rr
mar er a., Edda 107; in prose in Sturl. i. 38, Al. 5; rkismenn ok a., Post. 656 C. 30.
au-lagr, adj. part. wealthy, whence auleg, Lex. Pot.
au-lattr, adj. part. docile, easily kept in check, Glm. 396 (in a verse).
au-ltinn, adj. [lt, manners], of easy affable manners, Str. 36.
au-leg, f. easy circumstances, wealth, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) 836; now freq.
au-ligr, adj. happy, lucky, Fms. vi. 420 (in a verse).
au-mar, m. a wealthy man, Fms. ii. 21, sl. ii. 385, 125.
au-mjkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. humbly, Bs. i. 773, Grett. 207 new Ed. au-mjkr, adj. humble,
meek, compar. aumjkari, Sturl. i. 45; a. iran, devoted repentance, H. E. i. 510.
au-munar, adj. part. easily remembered, not to be forgotten, Fms. vi. 249, v. l.
au-mkja, t and , to humble; a. sik, to humble oneself, Bs. i. 854.
au-mkt, f. meekness, humility, Fms. viii. 54, v. 1.; now freq. in theol. writers.
aun, f. [aur, adj.], a wilderness, desert; aun Sinai, Stj. 300. p. land which has no owner or is
waste, uninhabited; bygust margar aunir va, many wide wastes were then peopled, Eg. 15;
alla aun landsins, Fms. i. 5, viii. 33, Greg. 33: the aun was claimed as a royal domain; konungr
hr a. alla landi, Fms. xi. 225; um r aunir er menn vilja byggja, skal s ra er a. , the
owner of the waste, N. G. L. i. 125: different from almenningr, compascuum or common. 2. more
specially a deserted farm or habitation; s br ht san Hrappstum, ar er n a., Ld. 24; liggja
a., to lie waste, 96, Grg. ii. 214, cp. 278. 3. destruction; aun borgarinnar (viz. Jerusalem), Greg.
40, Rb. 332, Ver. 43, Sd. 179 (where aunu, f.); rki mitt stendr mjk til aunar, is in a state of
desolation, Fms. xi. 320, Bret. 68: insolvency, utter poverty, Grg. i. 62. COMPDS: aunar-hs, n.
deserted huts, on mountains or in deserts, Grg. ii. 158. aunar-al, n. impoverished estates, Sks.
333. aunar-sel, n. deserted shielings, Orkn. 458.
auna, u, f. desolation, Sd. 179, bad reading.
auna, u, f. [auit], fortune, and then, like GREEK, good luck, one's good star, happiness, (cp. heill,
hamingja, gfa, all of them feminines, -- good luck personied as a female guardian), in the phrase,
a. rr, rules; auna mun v ra, Fate must settle that, Nj. 46, Lv. 65; rr a. l (a proverb),
Orkn. 28; arka at aunu (or perh. better dat. from auinn), v. arka, Nj. 185, v. 1.; at aunu, adv.
prosperously, Sl. 25; blanda giptu vi a., Fms. ii. 61; me aunu eirri at orkatli var lengra lfs
auit, by that good fortune which destined Thorkel for a longer life, Orkn. 18 (50). Cp. the Craven
word aund in the expression I's aund to'ot, 'I am ordained to it, it is my fate.' COMPDS: aunu-
lauss, adj. luckless, Fas. ii. 240. aunu-leysi, n. ill fate. aunu-leysingi, a, m. a luckless man.
aumi-mar, m. a lucky man, luck's favourite, Gull. 28, Ld. 40, Fas. i. 340. aunu-samliga, adv.
fortunately, Finnb. 344.
auna, a, impers. to be ordained by fate; ef honum aunai eigi aptr at koma, if it was not
ordained by fate that he should come back, Fms. ix. 350; sem aunar, as luck decides, Fb. i. 160,
Fas. iii. 601, Lv. 30: with gen., ef Gu vill at ess auni, that it shall succeed, Bs. i. 159, v. 1., at is
less correct: now freq. in a dep. form, e-m aunast, one is successful, with following inn.
au-nmiligr, adj. [nema], easy to learn, teachable, Sks. 16.
au-nmr, adj. easily learned, soon got by heart, Sks. 247 B; aunm er ill Danska, bad Danish is
soon learnt (a proverb); aunmast hi vonda er, Pass. 22. 10.
au-prfar, adj. part. easily proved, Laur. S. MS. 180. 85.
AUR, f. [Swed. de, fatum] , fate, destiny, only used in poetry in the phrase, f auar, to die, sl.
ii. 389 (in a verse); haga til auar, to avail towards one's happiness, Gsl. 59 (in a verse). Aur is
also a fem. pr. name.
AUR, adj. [Ulf. aus -- GREEK; O. H. G. odi; Hel. odi = inanis: cp. A. S. ydan and dan, vastare;
Germ, de and den: the root is rare in A. S. and lost in Engl.] :-- empty, void, desert, desolate;
hsin voru au, uninhabited, Ld. 96; koma at auu landi, of the rst colonists when coming to
Iceland, Landn. 316, opp. to 'koma at bygu landi,' or 'land numi;' au b, Eg. 727; au bor,
void of defenders, of ships that have lost their men in ght, Fms. ii. 329; au skip (= hroin), all the
crew being slain or put to ight, Hkr. iii. 126. p. metaph., aur at yndi, cheerless, distressed, Stj.
421; sitja auum hndum, now used of being idle: in the Ad. 22, me a. hendr means empty-
handed, without gifts; so also in Stj. 437. I Sam. vi. 3, answering to 'empty' in the Engl. text.
AUR, s, and pot. ar, m. [Goth, auds = GREEK is suggested; it only appears in Ulf. in compds or
derivatives, audags adj. beatus, audagei f. beatitudo, audagian, beare; A. S. ed, n. means opes;
Hel. od = bonum, possessio: it is probably akin to al; cp. also feudal (A. S. feoh = fee), alodial]:
-- riches, wealth, opulence; au fjr (only in acc.), abundance, is a freq. phrase; also, au landa ok
fjr, Edda 15; oss er ar mikit af sagt au eim, Band. 8, Fms. ii. 80, 623. 21; draga saman au, id.
In proverbs, margan her aur apat; aurinn er valtastr vina, wealth is the cklest of friends, Hm. 77
etc.
au-rinn, adj. easily to 'read' or explain, Fas. iii. 561. p. easy to manage, v. aurinn.
au-rr, adj. easily guided, pliable, yielding, Bs. i. 265.
auri, n. pl. means, property, wealth, Bs. i. 146, 129, 136 (where it = income), 158, 68 (where
the gen. aura = aura), Stj. 345, Hom. 68, Fms. iv. 111; not very freq., au is a more
current word.
au-sagt, part. easily told.
au-salr, m. treasury (pot.), Fsm. 7.
au-snn, part., now ausr (cp. however Pass. 6. 4, 7), easily seen, evident, Hrafn. 13, K. . 214.
au-skeptr, part. (in a proverb), Ad. 21, eigi eru a. almanna spjr, it is not easy to make shafts to all
people's spear heads, i. e. to act so that all shall be pleased, cp. Hm. 127; au-skf (as given in the
Sklda, where this line is cited) may be a better reading = not easily carved or made so as to suit
everybody.
au-skilligr, adj. easy to distinguish, understand, Sklda 167.
au-skr, adj. part. easily injured, Eg. 770; delicate, tender, Stj. 345. Deut. xxviii. 56, Bs. i. 353.
au-snit, n. part. easily turned, Hkr. ii. 271.
au-sttligr, adj. easy to perform, an easy task, Fms. xi. 282.
au-sttr, part. easily won, easy to win; ml a., Eg. 38, 200, in both cases of a happy suitor; a. land,
land lightly won, Fms. iii. 49; austtr til bna, pliable, yielding, Al. 4: eigi a., not easily matched,
Valla L. 205.
au-sveipr (and now also ausveipinn, whence ausveipni, f.), adj. pliable, yielding, now esp.
used of good, obedient children, Bs.
au-sna, d, to shew, exhibit, Bs. i. 274; m at vel ausnast, to be seen, Stj. 13.
au-sniligr, adj. evident, and -liga, adv. clearly, Fms. i. 142, Stj. 14, 26.
au-sning, f. show, exhibition, Sklda 199. transl. of Lat. demonstratio; H. E. i. 517. proof,
demonstration.
au-snn, adj. easily seen, clear; hon var san kllu Delos sv sem a., Stj. 87, 250: neut. =
evident, Hom. 154, Eg. 736, Fms. i. 72.
au-sligr, adj. id., Fms. vii. 148.
au-sr, adj., neut. austt, fem. ausae, easily seen, clear, Bjarn. 63, Fms. x. 175, 655 xi. I:
metaph. clear, evident, Magn. 436, 625. 174: neut. evident, Fms. i. 42, Hrafn. 13: compar. ausrri,
more conspicuous, Fms. ii. 322: superl. ausstr, Ld. 236; ausust, Fms. iv. 321.
au-tra, adj. ind. credulous, Lex. Pot, (freq.)
au-tryggi, f. ind., now autryggni, f. credulity, Gsl. 62.
au-tryggr, adj. credulous, Stj. 199. Grett. 130 A, Fms. viii. 447.
au-van, n. bad luck, Lex. Pot.
au-vandr, adj. very painstaking in doing one's duties, Bs. i. 141, an GREEK.
au-vn, f. expectancy of fortunes (pot.), Lex. Pot.
au-velda, d, to take lightly, make easy, Orkn. ch. 68.
au-veldi, n. easiness, facility, Hom. 7. transl. of Lat. facultas; me a., as adv. easily, Fms. vii. 116,
Karl. 131, 142: auvelda-verk, n. an easy task, Grett. 127 new Ed.
au-veldliga and -velliga, adv. easily, lightly, Fms. i. 87, Stj. 99, Hkr. i. 200; taka a. e-u, to make
light of a thing, Fms. xi. 124: compar. -ligar, i. 262, Stj. 130.
au-veldligr and -velligr, adj. easy, Stj. 8, 356. Josh. vii. 2.
au-veldr, adj. ea s y, Eg. 39: superl. -veldastr, Ld. 14; metaph. compliant, Bs. i. 256, Sturl. i. etc.
au-vinr, m. (pot.) a charitable friend [A. S. evine] ; in the old poets freq. spelt otvin, v. Lex.
Pot. p. as a pr. name Auunn; the etymology in Hkr. i. 12 is bad; and so is also the popular
etymology of this word = none, fr. aur, vacuus.
au-viriligr, etc., v. auvir-.
au-vita, n. part. easy to know, clear, evident, Ld. 78, Finnb. 232: now often adv. = clearly, to be
sure.
au-vst, n. adj. sure, certain, Karl. 181.
au-eystr, adj. part. easy to make ow, Stor. 2 (dub. passage).
au-riigr, adj. [probably = r-riigr, fr. r- priv. and riigr, robust, strong], feeble, weakly, sl.
ii. 456, Fb. i. 275 (of weak frame).
au- qs. au, n. pl. ['aur,' opes, and 'of;' = ofa-f, q. v.; Lat. opes], opulence, abundance,
wealth, riches, in the Grg. freq. = means of subsistence, emoluments, i. 269, 277 (twice), ii. 213,
cp. b. 16, where it means emoluments: in the proper sense wealth, Hkr. i. 13, where it means gold
and treasures, Sks. 334, 442; veg ok a., power and wealth, Greg. 23; himnesk a., Joh. 21; jarlig a.,
Greg. 32. Matth. vi. 19, 20; mrg a., Eluc. 53, Hom. 151, etc.
au, interj. [a for. word; Germ, au weh], woe! alas! used with dat., a. mr, Mar. 167; acc., a. mik,
175; absol., 147: after the Reformation 'v' and ' vei' occur, or 'vei' alone.
aufusa, u, f., in Norse MSS. spelt afusa, Dipl. i. 3; avusa, Str. 27, 54, Sks. 775 B; afuusa, N. G. L. i.
446. In Icel. always spelt with au, av, or , by changing the vowel, fusa, aufusa, . H. 155, where,
however, some MSS. have aufussa, avfusa, Fms. viii. 39, 250; fusa, Fs. 123; ofusa, 677. 3, Band.
6; fussa, Bs. i. 481: the change of vowel is caused by the following f (v). The word is now quite
obsolete, and its etymology is somewhat uncertain; it may be qs. -fss, or af-fss, an 'af-' intens.
and 'fss,' willing, this last suggestion would best suit the Norse form. Its sense is thanks, gratitude,
satisfaction, pleasure, and is almost exclusively used either as a supplement to 'kk' or in such
phrases as, kunna e-m au., or e-m er au. e-u, to be pleased, gratied with; akka me mikilli a., to
thank heartily, Str. 27; ef yr er ar nokkur a. , if it be any pleasure to you, Fms. ix. 495; kunna e-
m au. e-s, or with 'at,' to be thankful, Fb. ii. 257, Eg. 111, . H. 56, Fms. viii. 1. c., Bs. i. 481, H. E.
i. 432, Eg. 522, Sturl. iii. 125, Fr. 209, 677. 3; leggja at mti kk ok au., . H. 155; viljum vr
au. gefa eim gum mnnum, we will thank them, Fms. viii. 250; var mnnum mikil . v,
much pleased by it, Fs. 123; hafa mti kk ok ., Band. 19 new Ed. COMPDS: aufusu-gestr, m.
a welcome guest, Valla L. 217, Sturl. i. 178. aufusu-or, n. thanks, Gsl. 100. aufvisu-svipr, m.
friendly mien; sna sr au., Fs. 14.
au-fss, adj. in a verse by Arnr, perhaps akin to the above, meaning eager, Orkn. 126: vide,
however, Lex. Pot. s. v. fur.
AUGA, n., gen. pl. augna, [Lat. oculus, a dimin. of an obsolete ocus; Gr. GREEK (Boeot. GREEK);
Sanskr. aksha: the word is common to Sanskrit with the Slavonic, Greek, Roman, and Teutonic
idioms: Goth. augo; Germ, auge; A. S. ege; Engl. eye; Scot. ee; Swed. ga; Dan. je, etc. Grimm
s. v. suggests a relationship to Lat. acies, acutus, etc. The letter n appears in the plur. of the mod.
northern languages; the Swedes say 'gon,' oculi, the Danes 'jne;' with the article 'gonen' and
'jnene;' Old Engl. 'eyne;' Scot, 'een'] :-- an eye It is used in Icel. in a great many proverbs, e. g. betr
sj augu en auga, ' two eyes see better than one,' i. e. it is good to yield to advice: referring to love,
unir auga mean sr, the eye is pleased whilst it can behold (viz. the object of its affection), Fas. i.
125, cp. Vls. rm. 4. 189; eigi leyna augu, ef ann kona manni, the eyes cannot bide it, if a woman
love a man, i. e. they tell their own tale, sl. ii. 251. This pretty proverb is an GREEK. 1. c. and is
now out of use; it is no doubt taken from a poem in a drttkvtt metre, (old proverbs have
alliteration, but neither rhymes nor assonance, rhyming proverbs are of a comparatively late date):
medic., eigi er s heill er augun verkir, Fbr. 75; s drepr opt fti (slips) er augnanna missir, Bs. i.
742; htt er einu auganu nema vel fari, he who has only one eye to lose will take care of it (comm.);
hsbndans auga sr bezt, the master's eye sees best; glgt er gests augat, a guest's eye is sharp;
mrg eru dags augu, the day has many eyes, i. e. what is to be hidden must not be done in broad
daylight, Hm. 81; ni er nef augum, the nose is near akin to the eyes (tua res agitur paries quum
proximus ardet), Nj. 21; opt verr slkt s, kva selr, var skotinn auga, this often happens at sea,
quoth the seal, when he was shot in the eye, of one who is in a scrape, Fms. viii. 402. In many
phrases, at unna (to love) e-m sem augum hfi sr, as one's own eye-balls, Nj. 217; tti mr
slkt it stasta ljs augna minna, by his death the sweetest light of my eyes was quenched, 187:
hvert grtr n Skarphinn? eigi er at segir Skarphinn, en hitt er satt at srnar augum, the
eyes smart from smoke, 200: renna, lta augum, to seek with the eyes, to look upon: it is used in
various connections, renna, lta staraugum, vnaraugum, vinaraugum, traraugum, fundaraugum,
girndarauga, with eyes of love, hope, friendship, faith, envy, desire: mna a. denotes an upward or
praying look; stara, xed; horfa, attentive; lygna, blundskaka, stupid or slow; blna, glpa, gna,
vacant or silly; skima, wandering; hvessa augu, a threatening look; leia e-n a., to measure one with
the eyes; gjta, or skjta hornauga, or skjta a. skjlg, to throw a side glance of dislike or ill-will;
gjta augum is always in a bad sense; renna, lta mostly in a good sense: gefa e-u auga, oculum
adjicere alicui; hafa auga e-u, to keep an eye on it; segja e-m e-t augu upp, to one's face, Orkn.
454; at augum, adverb. with open eyes, Hervar. S. (in a verse), etc. As regards various movements
of the eyes; ljka upp augum, to open the eyes; lta aptr augun, to shut the eyes; draga auga pung,
to draw the eye into a purse, i. e. shut one eye; depla augum, to blink; at drepa titlinga (Germ.
ugeln, blinzen), to wink, to kill tits with the suppressed glances of the eye; glarauga, a suffusion
on the eye, hyposphagma; krauga. proptosis; vagl auga, a beam in the eye; skjlgr, Lat. limus;
sk, albugo; tekinn til augnanna, with sunken eyes, etc., Fl. ix. 192; a. bresta, in death: hafa strur
augum, to have prickles in the eyes, when the eyes ache for want of sleep: vatna msum, 'to water
mice,' used esp. of children weeping silently and trying to hide their tears. As to the look or
expression of the eyes there are sundry metaph. phrases, e. g. hafa fkrka augum, to have
wrinkles at the corners of the eyes, of a shrewd money getting fellow, Fms. ii. 84, cp. Orkn. 330,
188, where krkauga is a cognom.; kvenna-krka, one insinuating with the fair sex; hafa gishjalm
augum is a metaphor of one with a piercing, commanding eye, an old mythical term for the
magical power of the eye, v. Grimm's D. Mythol. under gishjalmr: vera mjtt milli augnanna,
the distance between the eyes being short, is a popular saying, denoting a close, stingy man, hence
mjeygr means close: e-m vex e-t augu (now augum), to shrink back from, of a thing waxing and
growing before one's eyes so that one dares not face it. As to the shape, colour, etc. of the eye, vide
the adj. ' eygr' or ' eygr' in its many compds. Lastly we may mention the belief, that when the water
in baptism touches the eyes, the child is thereby in future life prevented from seeing ghosts or
goblins, vide the words freskr and skygn. No spell can touch the human eye; en er harm s augu
hans (that of Loki in the shape of a bird), grunai hann (the giant) at mar mundi vera, Edda 60;
bessum birni ykist hn kenna augu Bjarnar konungs sonar, Fas. i. 51, vide sl. js. II. meton.
and metaph. auga is used in a great many connections: o. astron.; jaza augu, the eyes of the giant
Thiazi, is a constellation, probably the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux; the story is told in the Edda 47,
cp. Harbarslj 19; (Snorri attributes it to Odin, the poem to Thor.) p. botan., auga = Lat. gemma,
Hjalt. 38; kattarauga, cat's eye, is the ower forget-me-not. the spots that form the numbers on
dice, Magn. 530. o. the hole in a millstone; kvarnarauga, Edda 79, 221, Hkr. i. 121: the opening into
which an axe handle is fastened, Sturl. ii. 91: a pit full of water, Fs. 45: nlarauga, a needle's eye:
vindauga, wind's eye or window (which orig. had no glass in it), A. S. eag-dura (eye-door); also
gluggi, q. v.: gleraugu, spectacles. c. anatom., the pan of the hip joint, v. augnakarl, Fms. iii. 392:
gagnaugu, temples. . hafsauga, the bottom of the ocean, in the popular phrase, fara t hafsauga,
descendere ad tartara. j. pot, the sun is called heimsauga, dagsauga, Jnas 119. COMPDS either
with sing. auga or pl. augna; in the latter case mod. usage sometimes drops the connecting vowel a,
e. g. augn- dapr, augn-depra, augn-fagr, etc. auga-brag (augna-), n. the twinkling of an eye, Hm.
77; einu a., in the twinkling of an eye, Ver. 32, Edda (pref.) 146, Sks. 559, Rb. 568: a glance, look,
snart a., Fms. ii. 174; mikit a., v. 335; fagrligt a., Fs. 43; hafa a. af e-u, to cast a look at, Fbr. 49,
Fms. xi. 424: in the phrase, at hafa e-n (or vera) at augabragi, metaph. to make sport of, to mock,
deride, gaze at, Stj. 627, 567, Hm. 5, 29. auga-brun, f. the eye-brow. auga-star, m. an eye-mark;
hafa a. e-u, to mark with the eye. auga-steinn (augna-), m. the eye-ball, Hkr. iii. 365, Fms. v. 152.
augna-bending, f. a warning glance, Pr. 452. augna-blik, n. mod. = augnabrag, s. augna-blga,
u, f. ophthalmia. augna-br, f. the eye-lid, D. N. i. 216. augna-fagr and aug-fagr, adj. fair-eyed,
Fas. ii. 365, Fms. v. 200. augna-fr, f. a plant, eye-bright, euphrasia, also augna-gras, Hjalt. 231.
augna-fr, n. lychnis alpina. augna-gaman, n. a sport, delight for the eyes to gaze at, Ld. 202,
Br. 17, Fsm. 5 (love, sweetheart). augna-grm, n. (medic.) a spot in the eye; metaph., ekki a., no
mere speck, of whatever can easily be seen. augna-hr, n. an eye-lash. augna-hvannr, m. the eye-
lid. augna-hvita, u, f. albugo. augna-karl, n. the pan of the hip joint; slta or slitna or
augnakllunum, Fas. iii. 392. augna-kast, n. a wild glance, Barl. 167. augna- kli, a, m.
psorophthalmi. augna-krkr, n. the corner of the eye. augna-lag, n. a look, Ld. 154. augna-lok, n.
'eye-covers,' eye-lids. augna-mein, n. a disease of the eye. augna-mjrkvi, a, m. dimness of the
eye, Pr. 471. augna-r, n. expression of the eye. augna- skot, n. a look askance, Gl. 286, Fs. 44
(of cats). augna-slm, n. glaucoma. augna-star, m. the socket of the eye, Magn. 532. augna-
sveinn, m. a lad leading a blind man, Str. 46. augn-tepra, u, f. hippus. augna-topt, f. the socket of
the eye. augna-verkr, m. pain in the eye, Hkr. ii. 257, Bs. i. 451, Pr. 471, Bjarn. 58. augna- vik, n.
pl. = augnakrkr. augna-ungi, a, m. heaviness of the eye, Hkr. ii. 257.
aug-dapr, adj. weak-sighted, Fms. ii. 8: augdepra, u, f. amblyopia, Fl. ix. 191.
aug-lit, n. a face, countenance; fyrir a. alls ls, Stj. 326; fyrir Gus a., before the face of God,
Orkn. 170; a. postulans, 623. 25, Ver. 7. Gen. vii. I ('before me'); fyrir konungs a., Sks. 283. Now
much used, esp. theol.
aug-ljs, n. 'eye light,' in the phrase, koma a., to appear. Fas. i. 80.
aug-ljss, adj. clear, manifest, Fms. i. 229, Hkr. ii. 225.
aug-lsa, t, to make known, manifest: subst. auglsing, f.
aug-sjndi, part. seeing ocularily, Mart. 117.
aug-srr, adj. blear-eyed, Stj. 171 (of Leah): sreygr is more freq.
aug-sn, f. sight; koma a. e-m, to appear before him, Eg. 458, 623. 12; a. e-m, in the face of,
Blas. 46.
aug-sna, d, to shew, Fms. v. 200.
aug-sniligr, adj. and -liga, adv. evident, visible, Gl. 42.
AUK, adv. [cp. Goth, auk, freq. used by Ulf. as translation of Gr. GREEK; jah auk = GREEK; A. S.
ec; Engl. eke; Germ. auch] . I. it originally was a noun = augmentum, but this form only remains
in the adverbial phrase, at auk, to boot, besides, Bs. i. 317 (freq.): adverbially and without 'at'
besides; hundra manna ok auk kappar hans, a hundred men and eke his champions, Fas. i. 77;
riggja marka f, en konungr at er auk er, the surplus, N. G. L. i. 350: cp. also such phrases as, auk
ess at, besides that; auk heldr, v. heldr. II. as a conj. also, Lat. etiam, occurs in very old prose, and
in poetry; sv mun ek auk bletza konu es bask fyr, 655 ix. B. 2 (MS. of the 12th century),
Hkr. ii. 370 (in a poem of Sighvat); this form, however, is very rare, as the word soon passed into
ok, q. v. III. used to head a sentence, nearly as Lat. deinde, deinceps, the Hebrew HEBREW, or the
like; the Ormulum uses ac in the same way; in MSS. it is usually spelt ok; but it may be seen from
poetic assonances that it was pronounced auk, e. g. auk und jfri frknum; hitt var auk at eykir,
Vellekla, Hkr. i. 216: auk at jrna leiki, Lex. Pot.; it is sometimes even spelt so, e. g. auk nr aptni
skaltu inn koma, Hm. 97, Hkr. i. 29, v. 1.; it is also freq. in the Cod. Fris. of the Hkr. This use of
auk' or 'ok' is esp. freq. in old narrative poems such as the Ynglingatal (where it occurs about thirty-
ve times), in the Hleygjatal (about six times), and the Vellekla (about ten times): vide ok. IV.
simply for ok, and, as spelt on some Runic stones, but seldom, if ever, in written documents.
AUKA, jk, jku (mod. juku), aukit [Lat. augere; Gr. GREEK Ulf. aukan; A. S. eacan or ecan;
Engl. to eche or eke; O. H. G. auhon]; pres. ind. eyk; subj. eyki or yki, mod. jyki. A weak form
(aukar, aukai, aukat) also occurs, esp. in Norse, and (as a Norwegianism) in Icel. writers, esp. after
the year 1260, e. g. aukau, augebant, Barl. 138; aukaist, augebatur, aukai, augebat. Barl. 180,
Fms. i. 140, 184, x. 21 (MSS. aukuu or aukai, and some even jku), Rm. 234; subj. aukaist,
augeretur, Fms. vii. 158 in three Icel. vellum MSS.; only one has ykist, the strong genuine form.
Pres. aukar, auget, and aukast, augetur, instead of eykr, eykst, Stj. 32: part, aukat (= aukit), O. H. L.
46; auku, aucta, Fms. x. 236. Even Snorri in the Edda has aukaist, p. 3, both in the vellum MSS.
Ob. and Kb., -- a form which is thoroughly unclassical; the poets use the strong form, and so Ari,
who has jkk = jk ek, in the preface to b.; -- so also the great bulk of the classical literature. Since
the Reformation the strong form is the only one used either in speaking or writing. I. Lat. augere, to
augment, increase, with acc., eykr hann ar tt sna, Fms. iii. 82; jk Njll ekki hjn sn, Nj. 59; ht
hann eim at auka viring eirra, Eg. 33; essi or jku mjk sk Adams, Sks. 542; jk nafn hans,
Hom. 51, Nj. 33; var san auku (= aukin) veizlan, Fms. x. 236: absol., at hlft er eykr, that
half which is over and above, Js. 75: in the phrase, aukanda ferr um e-t, a thing is increasing, Nj.
139. II. Lat. addere, to add to the whole of a thing; with the thing added in the dat., ok jkk (= jk
ek) v es mr var san kunnara, b. (pref.): impers., jk miklu vi, increased greatly, Ld. 54;
eykst enn ellefu nttum vi, eleven nights are still added, Rb. 28: followed by 'vi,' auka e-u vi e-t,
to add to it, Nj. 41; 'til' is rare and unclassical, and seems almost a Danism, as 'fie til,' etta til
aukist, Vm. 7: auka synd (dat.) synd (acc.) ofan, to heap sin upon sin, Stj. 274: aukast orum vi,
to come to words, speak, Eg. ch. 58, v. l. (rare); ef eykr ori, if tbou say'st a word more, Lex.
Pot. p. with acc. (a rare and unclassical Latinism), auka ny vandri (= nyjum vandrum) hin
fornu, Bs. i. 751. . impers. in the phrase, aukar , it increases, Rm. 234. III. to surpass, exceed;
at er eykr sex aura, konungr hlft at er eykr, if it exceeds six ounces, the king takes half the
excess, N. G. L. i. 281, Js. 71; en rmar taki at er aukit er, what is over and above, N. G. L. i.
165. Esp. used adverbially in the part. pass, aukit, aukin, more than, above, of numbers; aukin rj
hundru manna, three hundred men well told, Eg. 530, Fms. ix. 524, v. l.; me aukit hundra
manna, x. 184, Ld. 196; aukin hlf vtt, Grett. 141 new Ed. p. in the phrases, at er (eigi) aukat
(aukit), it is no exaggeration, Jd. verse 22, the Ed. in Fms. xi. 169 has 'rla' (a false reading); pat er
aukat, O. H. L. 1. c.; orum auki, exaggerated, Thom. 73.
aukan, f. increase, K. . 20.
auki, a, m. eke [A. S. eaca; Old Engl. and Scot, eke or eik], increase, addition; Abram tk ann
auka nafns sns, Ver. 14; a. fundar ok hatrs, Stj. 192: cp. also in the phrase, vera at moldar auka,
to become dust, to die, in a verse in the Hervar. S. Fas. i. 580; cp. mar er moldu samr, man is but
dust, Sl. 47; and another proverb, lauki er lti gft til auka, used by Sighvat (Lex. Pot.), the leek
needs but little care to grow; srsauki, pain, Mirm. 47; Danmerkr auki is a pot. name of Zealand
used by Bragi, Edda I: the phrase, miklum auka, in a huge, colossal shape, Glm. 345 (in a verse);
hence perhaps comes the popular phrase, a frast aukana (or haukana), to exert to the utmost
one's bodily strength, Glmr frist alla auka (of one wrestling), Grett. 114 A, (Ed. 1853 has
frist aukana.) 2. metaph. seed, germs, thou hast given me no seed, Stj. III. Gen. xv. 2; esp. the
sperm of whales, amber, Sks. 137. p. produce of the earth, Barl. 193, 200. interest of capital, N.
G. L. ii. 380; vide auki, srsauki, sakauki, i. 187. COMPDS: auka-dagr, m. 'eke-day,' dies
intercalaris, Rb. 488. auka-hlutr, m. in the phrase, at aukahlut, to boot, Hom. 129. auka-nafn, n.
'eke-name,' nickname, or additional name, Sks. 272. auka-smi, n. a superuous thing, a mere
appendix, Fms. ii. 359. auka-tungl, n. intercalary moon, Rb. 116. auka-verk, n. by-work, Bs. i.
326. auka-vika, u, f. 'eke-week,' intercalary week, v. hlaupr.
auk-nafn, n. = aukanafn, 'eke-name.'
auk-nefna, d, to nickname, Landn. 243.
auk-nefni, n. 'eke-name,' a nickname: o. a defamatory name, punishable with the lesser outlawry,
Grg. ii. 146. p. in a less strong sense; hann var svartr hr ok hrund, ok v tti honum a. get
er hann var Birtingr kallar, he was swarth of hair and skin, and for that it seemed a nickname was
given him when he was called 'Brighting,' Fms. vii. 157: Helgi tti kenningar nafn, ok var kallar
hvti; ok var at eigi a., v at hann var vnn mar ok vel hrr, hvtr hr, Helgi had a surname
(in a good sense), and was called 'White;' and that was no nickname, for he was a handsome man
and well-haired, white of hair, Fbr. 80: hyggr at ek muna vilja giptast einum bastari, -- eigi em
ek bastarr nema at a., of William the Conqueror, Fb. iii. 464. In old times, esp. at the time of the
colonisation of Iceland, such nicknames were in freq. use, as may be seen from the index in the
Landnama; they gradually went out of use, but still occur now and then throughout the whole of the
Saga period in Icel. down to the 14th century.
aukning, f., Old Engl. 'eeking,' increase, Stj. 100, 176, Sks. 137.
au-kvisi, a, m. [prop. au-kvisi, from au, easy, and kveistinn, touchy; cp. kveisa, f. ulcus, dolor];
in old writers it is spelt with au or av, and sometimes with a double k, kkvisi, Bs. i. 497 vellum
MS. A. M. 499; aukvisi, Ld. 236 C and the vellum MS. A. M. 122 A to Sturl. ii. 8; aukvisi, MS.
122 B; O. H. (Ed. 1853) reads aucvisi; it means a weakly, irritable, touchy person. Used esp. in the
proverb, einn er au. ttar hverrar, cp. the Engl. there is a black sheep in every ock, Hkr. ii. 238:
mun ek son minn lta heita Gizur; ltt hafa eir aukvisar verit Haukdla tt er sv hafa heiti hr
til, Sturl. ii. 8, at the birth of earl Gizur. [The name Gizur was a famous name in this family, Gizur
hviti, Gizur biskup, Gizur Hallsson, etc.]
AULANDI, an indecl. adj., qs. al-landi, an GREEK in the proverb Nj. 10, illt er eim er au. er
alinn. [The root is prob. al- (Lat. alius), land, cp. A. S. ellend or elland (Hel. elilendi), alienus,
peregrinus; Old Engl. alyant; O. H. G. alilanta (whence N. H. G. elend, miser): there is in Icel. also
a form erlendr, prob. a corruption for ellendr. This root is quite lost in the Scandin. idioms with the
single exception of the proverb mentioned above, and the altered form er-.] The MSS. of the Nj. I.
c. differ; some of them have landi in two words, in terra mal; Johnsonius has not made out the
meaning: the proper sense seems to be exul ubique infelix. In olden times peregrinus and miser
were synonymous, the rst in a proper, the last in a metaphorical sense: so the Lat. hostis ( =
hospes) passed into the sense of enemy. The spelling with (landi) ought perhaps to be preferred,
although the change of vowel cannot be easily accounted for.
auli, a, m. a dunce, aulaligr adj., aula-skapr m., aulast dep., etc., do not occur, as it seems, in old
writers; prop. a slug (?); cp. Ivar Aasen s. vv. aula, auling.
aum-hjartar, adj. tender-hearted, charitable, Stj. 547, Hom. 109.
aumindi, n. painful feeling from a wound or the like, Fl. ix. 192.
aumingi, ja, m. a wretch, in Icel. in a compassionate sense; Gus a., 655 xxxii. 15, Bs. i. 74, Hom.
87.
aumka, a, to bewail, to complain, esp. in the impers. phrase, a. sik, to feel compassion for, Br. II,
Al. 10, Rm. 182, Bret. 98, Fagrsk. ch. 34; now freq. used in reex., aumkast yr e-t, to pity.
aumkan, f. lamentation, wailing. El. 10.
aumleikr, m. misery, Stj. 428, Bs. i. 321; now also used of the sore feeling of a wound or the like, v.
aumr.
aumligr, adj. and -liga, adv. [A. S. earmlic] , poorly, wretched, Grett. 161, Fms. i. 138, v. 218, Sturl.
ii. 13, Br. 4, Magn. 432, H. E. iii. 366.
aum-neglurr, more correctly anneglur, cp. the Engl. agnail, hangnail, or naugnail, Fl. ix. 192; the
lunula unguium is in Icel. called anneglur, and so is the skin round the nger-nail, id.
AUMR, adj. [Ulf. has arms = miser; Dan. and Swed. m], seems with all its compounds to be a
Scandin. word. It originally probably meant sore, aching, touchy, tender. In mod. Icel. it is
sometimes used in this sense, in Dan. and Swed. only = sore, and metaph. tender. 2. metaph. poorly,
miserable, unhappy; styrkst, aumr, strengthen thyself, wretched man, Orkn. 153, Hom. 15, 16, Th.
6, 16: in a bad sense = armr, Fms. ix. 414.
aum-staddr, adj. part, in a poor, wretched state, Stj. 475.
AUNGR, adj. pron., Lat. nullus, none, v. engi, enginn.
AUNGR, adj. narrow, Lat. angustus, v. ongr.
aung-vit, n., medic, lipothymia, a fainting-t, Fl. ix. 193.
AURAR, m. pl. money, aura- in compds, v. eyrir.
aur-bor, n. the second plank from the keel of a boat, Vellekla and Edda (Gl.)
aur-falr, s, m. [aurr, lutum, falr], the spike at the butt-end of a spear, Gr. GREEK eir settu nir
aurfalina er eir stu ok studdust vi spjt sn, Fms. i. 280; san mldi hann grundvll
hsgrarinnar fyrir rhalli me aurfalnum spjti snu, ii. 230; Abner sneri spjtinu hendi sr
ok lagi aurfalnum framan kviinn, Stj. 497, 2 Sam. ii. 23 (in Engl. Vers. 'the hinder end of the
spear'), Art. 105. p. used of an arrow, Fb. iii. 406.
aur-gti, a, m. [qs. r-gti, r- and geta], a tit-bit, good cheer, good treatment, a rare and now
obsolete word; mun ekki af sparat, at veita oss allan ann a. er til er, Fms. xi. 341; um tilfng
veizlunnar, sem bezt bandi allan a., Mar. 97; af eim rgta sem hon hafi framast fng til, 655
xxxi. 2.
aurigr, adj., only in the contr. forms aurgan (acc.), aurgu (dat.), clayey, muddy, Vsp. 31, Ls. 48; cp.
rigr, madidus.
AURR, s, m., prop. wet clay or loam, but also in Eggert Itin. p. 682 of a sort of clay, cp. Ivar Aasen
s. v. aur. In A. S. er is humus; in the Alvisml one of the names of the earth is aurr (kalla aur
uppregin). In the Vlusp the purling water of the well of Urda is called aurr; hence the paraphrase
in the Edda, r taka hvern dag vatn brunninum, ok me aurinn (the clay, humus) er liggr um
brunninn, ok ausa upp yr askinn. Elsewhere used simply of mud, wet soil, aurr etr iljar en ofan
kuldi, Gs. 15; auri trdd und ja ftum, Gh. 16; ok vi aur gir hjarna, bragnings burs of blandinn
var, his brains were mixed with the mud, t. 16; aurr ok saurr, mud and dirt, Ann. 1362; hylja auri,
humo condere, in a verse in the Konn. S.
aurrii, rrii, mod. urrii, a, m. salmo trutta, salmon-trout, Fl. i. II; salmo squamis argenteis,
maculis nigris brunneo cinctis, pinna pectorali punctulis sex notata, Eggert Itin. p. 595: deriv. from
rr, celer, and -rii, or from aurr (?); the Norse form aure indicates a diphthong, Gl. 421, Edda
(Gl.) COMPDS: aurria-bekkr, m. a 'beck' full of trout, Bolt. aurria-ski, f. trout-shing, Bolt.
aurria-net, n. a trout-net, Gsl. 104. aurria-vatn, n. a water stocked with trout, Bolt.
aur-skr, m. (prop. 'mud-shoe'), a horse shoe, an GREEK in the story Fms. iii. 210, each of the
shoes weighing 1 lb. The story is a pendant to that told of king Augustus of Poland and the
blacksmith.
aur-skria, u, f. a land slip, avalanche, Fbr. 84, Fs. 59.
aurvandils-t (aurvant, Ub.), f. Aurvandil's toe, probably the star Rigel in Orion, v. Edda 59.
AUSA, js, josu (mod. jusu), ausit; pres. ind. eyss; subj. eysi or ysi, mod. jysi (hauriret), cp. Lat.
haurio, haus-it; not found in Goth, or in Germ. I. to sprinkle, with dat. of the liquid, and the object
in acc. or with a prep.; r taka hvern dag vatn brunninum, ok ausa (viz. v) upp yr askinn, . . .
pour it over the ash-boughs, Edda. II; ef mar eyss eldi (re, embers,) Grg. ii. 128; a. sld r
netjum, to empty the nets of the herrings, Gl. 427: a. t, to pour out, f, Grett. 126. 2. ausa moldu,
to sprinkle with mould, bury; hlu eir at grjti ok jsu at moldu, Eg. 300; er hann hfu moldu
ausit, Bjarn. II; salr ausinn moldu, his chamber sprinkled with mould (pot.), Hervar. S.; ausinn
haugi, t. 26. p. ausa vatni is a standing phrase for a sort of baptism used in the last centuries, at
least, of the heathen age. The child when born was sprinkled with water and named, yet without the
intervention of a priest; this rite is mentioned as early as in the Hvaml, one of the very oldest
mythological didactic poems on record, where it is attributed even to Odin; ef ek skal egn ungan
verpa vatni , if I am to throw water on a young thane, 159; Jsu vatni Jarl ltu heita, J l Edda
jsu vatni, hrvi svartan, htu rl, Rm. 7, 31; s var sir ggra manna, at vanda menn mjk til at
ausa vatni ok gefa nafn;... Sigurr jarl js sveininn vatni ok kallai Hkon, Hkr. i. 118; Eirkr ok
Gunn- hildr ttu son er Haraldr konungr js vatni ok gaf nafn sitt, 122; eptir um daginn js Hkon
konungr ann svein vatni ok gaf nafn sitt, 135, Fms. i. 66, xi. 2; fddi ra sveinbarn ok var Grimr
nefndr er vatni var ausinn, Eb. 26; enn ttu au Skallagrmr son, s var vatni ausinn ok nafn get ok
kallar Egill, Eg. 146, 147, 166, Ld. 108, Gsl. 32 (of Snorre Gode); and so in many instances from
Icel., Norway, and the Orkneys, all of them of the heathen age. The Christian term is skra, q. v. 3.
metaph. of scolding or abuse; hrpi ok rgi ef eyss holl regin, Ls. 4; ausa sauri e-n, to
bespatter with foul language, ausask sauri (recipr.), Bjarn. 33; a. e-m e-u augu upp, to throw in
one's face, Eg. 576; hann js upp (poured out) ar fyrir alu llum glpum fur sns, Mart. 80;
um verka ann er hverr js annan, Bjarn. 42. II. of a horse, to kick or lash out with his hinder feet,
opp. to prjna, to rear up and strike with the fore feet; hestrinn tk at frsa, blsa ok ausa, Greg. 49;
at merrin eysi, Sturl. ii. 40 C. III. to pump, esp. a ship, with the ship in acc.; Hallfrer js at snum
hlut, Fs. 113, Grett. 95 A, Fbr. 173, N. G. L. i. 102: a. bt sinn, to make water, Fms. vii. 331.
ausa, u, f. a ladle, ekki er sopi kli ausuna s komit (a proverb), many a slip 'twixt the cup
and the lip, Grett. 132, r. 51.
aus-ker, n. = austr-ker, Shetl. auskerrie, a scoop, v. Jamieson Suppl. sub voce, Fs. 147.
ausli, v. auvisli.
austan, adv. [A. S. eastan; Hel. stan], from the east, Eg. 183, Eb. 4: of the direction of the wind
(cp. vestan, sunnan, noran), used with a preceding prep, , vestan, austan..., blowing from west,
east..., Bs. ii. 48. p. fyrir a. used as a prep. with acc. east of; fyrir a. mitt haf, Grg. ch. 85, p. 142
new Ed., Nj. 36, 81, Eg. 100, Landn. 228. ,. with gen. in phrases like austan lands, a. fjarar, cp.
noran, sunnan, vestan, Hkr. iii. 201. COMPDS: austan-fer, f. a journey from the east, Fms. vii.
128. austan-fjarar, gen. loci, used as adverb, in the east of the rth, Hkr. ii. 295, Fms. i. 278, iv.
37. austan-gola, u, f. a light breeze from the east, Sturl. iii. 59 (Ed. austrn). austan- kvma, u, f.
arrival from the east, Fms. vi. 23. austan-mar, m. a man from the east, Old Engl. easterling,
Sturl. iii. 248. austan- sjr, m. the east sea, nickname of a man, Fms. ix. 316. austan- ver, rs, m.
an easterly gale, Rb. 438. austan-verr, adj. eastern (cp. noran-, sunnan-, vestan-verr), Landn.
25, Stj. 75, A. A. 286. austan-vindr, m. an east wind, Sks. 38, cp. noran-, vestan-. sunnan- vindr.
austarliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. easterly, Fms. xi. 389.
austastr, superl. easternmost, v. eystri.
austringr, m., esp. in pl. an eastrther, one from the east of Iceland, Sturl. ii. 158. COMPDS:
austringa-b, f., v. b. austringa-dmr, m. the court for the east quarter, v. dmr.
austringa-fjrungr, m. the east quarter of Iceland, v. fjrungr.
aust-rir, m. pl. the east rths of Iceland, opp. to vestrir, Landn.
aust-rzkr, adj. one from the east rths in Icel., Nj. 54, Lv. 57.
aust-fr, f. = austrfr.
aust-ker, n. a scoop, bucket, v. auss-ker.
aust-kylr, m. pl. easterlings, cp. Kylngar, an old Russian population, Kolbiager, east of the
Baltic; in a poem of Hornklo, Fagrsk. 9.
aust-lgr, adj. easterly, of the wind.,
aust-mar, m., pl. austmenn, in Icel. and in the northern part of the British Islands a standing name
of those who came from the Scandi- navian continent, esp. Norse merchants, vide the old Irish
chronicles, and the Sagas, passim. The English used ' easterling' in the same sense, and sterling is
an abbreviation of the word from the coin which the 'easterlings' brought with them in trade.
Eyvindr austmar, Landn., Nj. 81, Eg. 744, sl. ii. 192, 128, Sturl. ii. 47, Lv. 23, Valla L. 216,
Landn. 36, 290, 305, Eb. 104, 196, etc. In the Norse Gl. 450 it is used of Swedes in Norway:
austmanna-skelr, m. 'skelper' (conqueror, terror) of the east men, a nickname, Landn. 305.
aust-marr, m. the east sea, the east Baltic (Estmere of king Alfred, Oros. Ed. Bosworth, p. 22), t.
18.
aust-ml, n. = austrml, N. G. L. i. 335.
aust-mrk, f. the east mark, i. e. the east, t. 4.
AUSTR, rs, m. [A. S. and Engl. east; Hel. star; Germ, ost, osten], the east; sl austri, Grg. ii.
224, Rb. 92, Landn. 276; r austri, Sturl. ii. 25. 2. as adv. towards east, eastward, Nj. 151, Eg. 72,
Grg. i. 96, 189.
austr, rs and rar, m. [ausa], the act of drawing water in buckets, pumping; v. dluaustr and
byttuaustr, Grett. ch. 19; standa austri, to toil hard at the pump, Fas. ii. 520, Sturl. iii. 68; til
austrar, Grett. 94 B. p. the water pumped or to be pumped, bilge water, Gr. GREEK, Sturl. iii. 67,
68; skipi fullt af austri, full of bilge water, Fb. ii. 204 (Fbr.), Finnb. 234; standa a., v. above.
COMPD: austrs-ker, austker (N. G. L. i. 59), a scoop, pump-bucket (cp. ausker), Gl. 424.
austr-lfa, v. austrhlfa.
austr-tt and -tt, f. eastern region, east; austr., towards east, in eastern direction, Fms. ii. 49, x.
267, Sks. 38. 655 xiv. B. i.
austr-biti, a, m. a cross-beam nearest the pumping-place in a ship, Fs. 153.
austr-fer and austr-fr, f. voyage to the east, esp. to Russia or the east Baltic, Fb. i. 130, Ls. 60,
the last passage in a mythical sense. COMPDS: austrfarar-knorr, m. a vessel bound for the Baltic,
Fms. vii. 256. austrfarar-skip, n. id., Fms. viii. 61, Orkn. 274 old Ed., where the new Ed. 334 has
tfararskip, a ship bound for the Mediterranean (better).
austr-hlfa, u, f. [Hel. starhalba = oriens], often spelt -lfa by dropping the h; the east, in old
writers freq. of the Austria of the peace of Verdun, A. D. 843, including the Baltic and the east of
Europe; sometimes also of the true east; um Gararki (Russia Minor) ok va um a. heims, Fms. i.
96; Grum austr ok austrhlfunni, x. 275; a. heims eru rj Indialnd, A. A. 283; Licinius lagi
undir sik va a., Blas. 37; Adam ok Eva bygu san a. ar sem Hebron heitir, Ver. 5, Stj. 67, 43:
now used in Icel. = Asia, Vestrhlfa = America, Surhlfa = Africa, Norrhlfa = Europe, Eyjalfa =
Australia. COMPDS: austrhlfu-lr, m. people of the east, Stj. 392. Judges vi. 33. austrhlfu-
j, f. id., Stj. 389.
austr-kendr, adj. part, eastern, of wind, Bs. i. 388.
austrligr, adj. eastern, Stj, 336.
austr-lnd, n. pl. the east, orient, the eastern part of Europe, in old writers often synonymous to
Austr-halfa, and opp. to Norrlnd, Scandinavia; Surlnd, South Germany, etc.; Vestrlnd, the
British Islands, Normandy, Bretagne, etc., Post. 656 C. 39, Fms. ii. 183, Post. 645. 102, Hkr. i. 134
in a poem of the 10th century used of Russia; cp. Brocm. 101.
austr-ml, n. (navig.), the pumping-watch, the crew being told off two and two, to hand the buckets
up, one of them standing in the bilge water down below and the other on deck, vide the Fbr. 131,
Grett. ch. 19; en hverr eirra manna er sar kemr en a. komi til hans, er hann sekr nu ertogum,
N. G. L. i. 335 [ausmaal, bilge water, Ivar Aasen].
austr-oka, a, [austr], to lavish, squander, with dat. an GREEK. as it seems, Fas. iii. 198, 202,
where a. f snu; cp. Gr. GREEK.
austr-rki, n. the eastern empire, esp. the east of Europe (Russia, Austria, sometimes also including
Turkey of the present time); the term is often vague, and synonymous to Austrvegr, Austrlnd, or
referring to the Germany of the year 843; (the mod. sense is = Austria); varr vfami eignaist allt
Danaveldi, ok mikinn hluta Saxlands ok allt A., Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 45, Fms. vi. 8; Constantinopolis er
st borga A., Ver. 49; eodosius inn mikli var sex vetr konungr A., 50; Licinius ht konungr
A., Blas. 37, in these last passages = the eastern empire (of Rome); er ek (viz. king David) lifa
ok vask konungr kallar A. (in the east), Nirst. 4, cp. Baut. nos. 780, 979.
austr-rm, n. the part of a vessel's hold near the stern where the pump is, Hkr. i. 82, Stj. 57, Fbr.
158, Edda 35; an aft and fore pumping- place (eptra ok fremra austrrm) is mentioned Fms. viii.
139. austr-trog, n. a scoop, bucket,
austr-vegr, s, m. the eastern way, east, esp. Russia, Wenden, the east Baltic; fara Austrveg is a
standing phrase for trading or piratical expeditions in the Baltic, opp. to vking or vestr-vking,
which only refer to expeditions to the British Islands, Normandy, Brittany, etc.; austr-vking, Landn.
221, is a false reading; hann var farmar mikill (Hlmgars-fari) ok kaupmar; fr opt Austrveg
(Baltic), Landn. 169, Nj. 41, Eg. 228, Fms. freq., vide vol. xii, s. v. In the Edda fara A. is a
standing phrase for the expeditions of Thor against giants, rr var farinn A. at berja trll, 26, cp.
Ls. 59, where a. means the eastern region of heaven. Sometimes it is used of the east in general,
Ver. 9, Rb. 412, 623. 13, Baut. no. 813. COMPDS: austrvegs-konungar, m. pl. the three kings or
Magi ('wise men') from the east, Stj. 16; a king of Russia, Fms. x. 397. austrvegs-mar, m. an
inhabitant of Austrvegir, Hkr. i. 44.
austr-tt, v. austrtt.
aust-rna, u, f. eastern breeze.
aust-rnn, adj. [Hel. ostroni; A. S. easterne; cp. norrnn, surnn], eastern, of the wind; a. gola,
eastern breeze, Sturl. iii. 59; vindr, Orkn. (in a verse); vir, timber from Norway or Scandinavia,
Grg. i. 149, the Eistland tymmer of the old Scotch inventories (Jamieson, Suppl. s. v.); Austrnir
menn, Norsemen in Iceland, Fms. ix. 276; as a nickname, Eb. 12, and Landn. The name denotes the
inhabitants of the Scandinavian continent as opp. to the British Islands and Iceland.
aust-skota, u, f. = austrsker, Grg. ii. 171; sl. ii. 382 spelt ausskota.
au-vir and auviri, mod. auviri, n. [af, off, and ver, value; the change of letter caused by the
following v; a purely Icel. form, the Norse being 'afv-;' the mod. Icel. form is au-v., as if it were to
be derived from au- and ver]: 1. a worthless wretch, a laggard, bungler; sel upp, auvirit,
knlegar bytturnar, Bungler! hand thou up stoutly the buckets, Fbr. 131; hygg ek at eingi mar eigi
jafnmikil a. at frndum sem ek, Hrafn. II; vera at a., Bret. 163, Sturl. i. 73. 2. a law term, damage,
anything impairing the value of a thing; hann byrgist vi eim auvirum er at fr af v skaa,
Grg. i. 431. COMPDS: auvirs-mar, m. a wretch, laggard, 655, vide Sturl. ii. 139, Fr. 74, orf.
Karl. 426. auvirs-skapr, m. naughtiness, Gull. 12.
au-virast, d, to become worthless, Eg. 103, Glm. 377 C. 2. in the act. to think unworthy,
disparage, Barl. 21, 57, 123, 190, Mar. 83: seldom used except in Norse writers, and consequently
spelt with an 'af-:' in reex, sense. Stj. 483.
au-virliga, Norse afvir-, and mod. Icel. auviril-, adv. despicably, Sturl. iii. 220, Fs. 71.
au-virligr, etc., adj. worthless, Fas. i. 87, Bret. 31, 72, Sturl. iii. 225, Barl. 75; at skurarskrn s
afvirilig (indigna) Kristnum mnnum, 159.
au-visli, and contr. ausli and usli, a, m.; etym. uncertain, ausli, Gl. 385 A; usli, N. G. L. i. 246,
Fms. i. 202, viii. 341, xi. 35, Edda (Gl.) In the Grg. auvisli, spelt with au or av; in the Ed. of 1829
sometimes with where the MSS. have au I. a law term, damages, Lat. damnum; bta auvisla is a
standing law term for to pay compensation for damages done, the amount of which was to be xed
by a jury; bta skal hann a. fjrtn nttum sem bar mm vira, Grg. i. 383, 418, ii. 229, 121,
223 (Ed. 1853), 225 (twice): hence auvislabt. In Norse law, gjalda a., Gl. 384; byrgi honum
garinn ok allan ausla ann er, 385 A; beia usla btar, N. G. L. i. 246. II. metaph. hurt, injury in
general; mondi eim ekki vera gjrt til auvisla, Ld. 76; ok er at lkast, at setir eigi undan
llum avvisla (thou wilt not get off unscathed), ef tekr eigi vi, Fms. iii. 144. 2. devastation,
Fms. xi. 81: esp. by re and sword in the alliterative phrase, eldr (re) ok usli; fara me eld ok usla,
i. 202; heldr en ar lki yr eldr ok usli, viii. 341; gri mikit regn, ok slki ann eld
vandliga, sv at menn mttu egar fara yr usla ann inn mikla (embers and ruins), xi. 35. In the
Edda (Gl.) usli is recorded as one of the sixty names of re: cp. also the mod. verb sla, to plunge
through: auvisli is now an obsolete word, usli a common word, gjra usla, to desolate, in the
metaph. sense. COMPDS: auvisla-bt and usla-bt (N. G. L. i. 246), f. a law term, compensation
xed by a jury of ve, cp. above; distinction is made between a. hin meiri and hin minni, rst rate or
second rate compensation, Grg. ii. 344: in pl. 225: ausla-gjald and usla-gjald, n. compensation,
Gl. 387.
AX, n. [Goth. aks, cp. Goth, asans = harvest], an ear of corn, Stj. 201, Thom. 98.
axar-, v. x, an axe.
ax-helma, u, f. a blade of corn, ear and stem, Stj. 422, Ruth ii. 2 (Engl. Vers. 'ears of corn').
ax-korn, n. an ear of corn, Edda (Ub.) ii. 283.
axla, a, to shoulder, Fms. iii. 228.
axlar-, v. xl, shoulder.
axl-byrr, f. a shoulder-load, Orkn. 346, Grett, 177 new Ed.
axl-hr, adj. shoulder high, Js. 101.
axull, m., v. xull, axis, an axle-tree.
ay, interj. dolendi, ay mr veslugri, Mar. Fr.
, , prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially, [Goth, ana; Engl. on; Germ. an. In the
Scandinavian idioms the liquid n is absorbed. In English the same has been supposed to happen in
adverbial phrases, e. g. 'along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone, askew, aside,
astray, awry,' etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in
common phrases, such as 'o boke, o land, o life, o slpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft,' etc., v.
the glossary; and we may compare on foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bible) and asleep; A.
S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen and ongean (again, against); on bc, aback; on life, alive; on
middan, amid. But it is more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in
numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English a- as well as the o- of the
Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north of England o- are in reality remains of this very
pronounced au or ow, which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of England. In
the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after the Conquest, the Scandinavian form
or a won the day in many cases to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon on. Some of these adverbs
have representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon; see below, with dat. B.
II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep. denotes the surface or outside; and r the inside; at,
til, and fr, nearness measured to or from an object: thus answers to the Gr. GREEK the Lat. in
includes and i together.]
With dat. and acc.: in the rst case with the notion of remaining on a place, answering to Lat. in
with abl.; in the last with the notion of motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc.
WITH DAT.
A. Loc. I. generally on, upon; gl, on the oor, Nj. 2; hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225;
palli, 50; steini, 108; vegg, 115; sj ok landi, on sea and land. In some instances the
distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage
decide; thus ' bk' merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, '' the contents of a book; mod.
usage, however, prefers ',' lesa bk, but stafr bk. Old writers on the other hand; bkum
Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but Aldafars bk, 23 (in the book De Mensur Temporum,
by Bede), cp. Grg. i. 76, where is a false reading instead of at; br, the contents of a letter: of
clothing or arms, mtr hfi, sver hli, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa
lykil sr, on one's person, 655 xxvii. 22; mttull tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i.e. fastened by)
laces, Fms. vii. 201: ingi means to be present at a meeting; ingi, to abide within a jurisdiction;
himni, jru, on (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord's Prayer, but helviti, in hell;
Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); bti, skipi denote crew and cargo, ' ' the timber or materials
of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera stafni skipi, 177: skgi, to be abroad in a wood (of a
hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), skgi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms.
iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glm. 330, Landn. 173; mrkinni, Fms. i. 8, but mrk, of a farm;
rinum means lying in a rth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), r eyjar liggja
Breiari, Ld. 36; but ri, living in a district named Firth; landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386. II. is
commonly used in connection with the pr. names or countries terminating in 'land,' Engl. in,
Englandi, rlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vnlandi, Grnalandi, slandi,
Hlogalandi, Rogalandi, Jtlandi, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi, Jamtalandi, Hvtramannalandi,
Norrlndum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers is here very rare, in
modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would
now say, speaking of the queen or king, ' Eng- landi,' ruling over, but to live ' Englandi,' or '
Englandi;' the rule in the last case not being quite xed. 2. in connection with other names of
countries: Mri, Vrs, gum, Fjlum, all districts of Norway, v. Landn.; Mrum (in Icel.),
Finnmrk, Landn., Fjni (a Danish island); but Danmrk, Svj ( Svju is pot., Gs. 13).
3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then 'at'
must be used), such as 'star, vllr, bl, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,' etc.; Veggjum, Landn. 69;
Hlmltri, id.: those ending in '-star, ' Geirmundarstum, risstum, Jarlangsstum...,
Landn.: '-vllr,' Mruvllum: Fitjum (the farm) Stor (the island), Fenhring (the island)
Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: '-nes' sometimes takes , sometimes (in mod. usage always ''),
Nesi, Eb. 14, or Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, GREEK, prevails: so also,
'fjrr,' as, eir brust Vigrari (of a ght o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta Hafrsri, 122:
with '-br,' is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hn sa e-m b mikit hs ok fagrt, Edda 22; '
b' means within doors, of the buildings: with 'Br' as pr. name Landn. uses ',' 71, 160, 257, 309,
332. 4. denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is xed by regarding the sun in
connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; sl gjhamri, when the sun is on
the crag of the Rift, Grg. i. 26, cp. Glm. 387; so, br , a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179,
Hrafn. 20; taka hs e-m, to surprise one, to take the house over his head, Fms. i. 11. III. is
sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an acc., esp. in the phrase, leggja sveri
(or the like) e-m, or e-m mijum, to stab, Eg. 216, Gsl. 106, Band. 14; stakk Starkar
sprotanum konungi, then Starkad stabbed the king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bta kampi (vr),
to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka e-u, to touch a thing, lay hold of it,
v. taka; f e-u, id. (pot.); leggja hendr (better at) sum, in wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma vart
e-m, to come on one unawares, ix. 407 (rare).
B. TEMP. of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in: I. gener. denoting during, in the course
of; ntt, degi, ntreli ..., Bs. i. 139; or spec. adding a pron. or an adject., nsta sumri, the next
summer; v ri, ingi, misseri, hausti, vri, sumri ..., during, in that year ..., Bs. i. 679, etc.;
rem sumrum, in the course of three summers, Grg. i. 218; rem vrum, Fms. ii. 114; hlfs
mnaar fresti, within half a month's delay, Nj. 99; tvtugs, sextugs ... aldri, barns, gamals aldri,
etc., at the age of ..., v. aldr: dgum e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3,
Fms. ix. 229. II. used of a xed recurrent period or season; vrum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum,
kveldum, every spring, summer ..., in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292:
with the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ter in anno, um sinn mnui, ri, once a month, once a year,
where the Engl. a is not the article but the preposition, Grg. i. 89. III. of duration; degi, during a
whole day, Fms. v. 48; sjau nttum, Br. 166; v meli, during that time, in the meantime,
Grg. i. 259. IV. connected with the seasons ( vetri, sumri, vri, hausti), '' denotes the next
preceding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in such instances ''
denotes the past, 'at' the future, '' the present; thus vetri in old writers means this winter; vetri,
last winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), etc.
C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon, in, to, with, towards, against: I.
denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja num e-s, under one's
protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metna e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127. 2. denoting a
personal relation, in; bta e-t e-m, to make amends, i.e. to one personally; misgra e-t e-m, to
inict wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) e-m, to bear love (hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sn
e-m, to take revenge on one's person, on anyone; rjfa stt e-m, to break truce on the person of
any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sr sr, 101; sj e-m, to read on or in one's
face; sr hann hverjum manni hvrt til n er vel er illa, 106; var at brtt aus hennar
hgum, at ..., it could soon be seen in all her doings, that ..., Ld. 22. 3. also generally to shew signs
of a thing; sna fleika sr, to shew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, ltt, e-u, to
take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; nna sr, to feel in oneself; fann ltt honum, hvrt ..., it
could hardly be seen in his face, whether ..., Eb. 42; lkindi eru , it is likely, Ld. 172; gra kost e-
u, to give a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald e-u, to have power over ..., Nj. 10. II. denoting
encumbrance, duty, liability; er mtardmsml eim, to be subject to ..., Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa
e-t hendi, or vera hendi e-m, on one's hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi f, term, pay
day, Grg. i. 140; magi (skylda, afvinna) f, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grg. in
several passages. III. with a personal pronoun, sr, mr, honum ..., denoting personal appearance,
temper, character, look, or the like; vera ungr, lttr ... sr, to be heavy or light, either bodily or
mentally; ungr sr, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; ktr ok lttr sr, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x.
152; at brag hafi hann sr, he looked as if, ... the expression of his face was as though ..., Ld.,
cp. the mod. phrase, hafa sr svip, brag, i, si, of one's manner or personal appearance, to bear
oneself as, or the like; skjtr (seinn) fti, speedy (slow) of foot, Nj. 258. IV. as a periphrasis of the
possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as
my hands, eyes, head ... are hardly ever used, but hfu, eyru, hr, nef, munnr, hendr, faetr ... mr;
so '' is used of the internal parts, e.g. hjarta, bein ... mr; the eyes are regarded as inside the body,
augun honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjsti e-
m, one's breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; srnar augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202;
kviinn sr, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr henni, her hands, Gsl. (in a verse);
vrunum honum, on his lips, Band. 14; ristin honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harr tungu,
sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) ngrum, hndum, ftum ..., cold (warm) in the
ngers, hands, feet ..., i.e. with cold ngers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, vera vsa (or) munni, of
extemporising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr ftum, fast by the leg, of a bondsman,
Nj. 27: of the whole body, dla fundu eir honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn
style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when inuenced by foreign languages, e.g. mitt
hjarta hv svo hryggist , as a translation of 'warumb betrbst du dich mein Herz?' the famous
hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjarta mr, Sl. 43, 44: hjarta mitt is only used as a
term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a metaphorical
sense; the heart proper is ' mr,' not 'mitt.' 2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a
part belonging to the whole, e.g. dyrr husi = hsdyrr, at the house-doors; turn kirkju = kirkju
turn; stafn, skutr, segl, rar ... skipi, the stem, stern, sail ... of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; bl lauk,
tr ..., leaves of a leek, of a tree ..., Fas. i. 469; egg sveri = svers egg; stafr bk; kjlr bk,
and in endless other instances. V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; aa fjr
hlmgngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; verkum snum, to subsist on
one's own work, Njar. 366: as a law term, sekjast e-ju, to be convicted upon ..., Grg. i. 123;
sekst mar ar snu eigini (a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af eim manni er heimild
(possessio) her til, ii. 191; falla verkum snum, to be killed agranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n
bragi, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan tta, to escape by ight, Eg. 11; hlaupi, by one's
feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa e-u, to feed on; bergja e-u, to taste of a thing; svala sr e-u, to
quench the thirst on. VI. with subst. numerals; rija tigi manna, up to thirty, i.e. from about
twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; ru hundrai skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126;
nunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., hendi, on
one's hand, i.e. bound to do it, v. hnd. VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be
translated in Engl. by a participle and a- prexed; lopti, aloft; oti, aoat; l, alive;
vergangi, a-begging; brautu, away; baki, a-back, behind, past; milli, a-tween; laun, alone,
secretly; launungu, id.; mti, against; enda, at an end, gone; huldu, hidden; fara hli, to go
a-heel, i.e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70; -- but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl.
partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prex, not a prep., ugi, a-ying in the air, Nj. 79; vera
gangi, a-going; ferli, to be about; leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27;
veri, a-watching, x. 201; hrakningi, a-wandering; reiki, a-wavering; skjl, a-shivering; -
hleri, a-listening; tali, a-talking, sl. ii. 200; hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; verki, a-working;
veium, a-hunting; ski, a-shing; beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in agranti,
N. G. L. i. 348. VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the air or the weather, where ''
is almost redundant; oka var mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niamyrkr var , pitch darkness
came on, Eg. 210; allhvast noran, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; var
norrnt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaan sem er, from whatever point the wind is; var
hr vers, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; gri regn, rain came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld.
156.
WITH ACC.
A. Loc. I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. connected with verbs of motion, going, or the
like; hann gkk bergsns, Eg. 389; hamar, Fas. ii. 517. 2. in phrases denoting direction; liggja
tbora, lying on the outside of the ship, Eg. 354; annat bor skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; bi bor,
on both sides of the ship, Nj. 124, Ld. 56; tvr hliar, on both sides, Fms. v. 73. sl. ii. 159; hli,
sidewards; t hli, Nj. 262, Edda 44; ara hnd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; hggva tvr hendr, to
hew or strike right and left, sl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383. 3. upp , upon; hann tk
augu jaza ok kastai upp himin, Edda 47: with verbs denoting to look, see, horfa, sj, lta, etc.;
hann rak skygnur land, he cast glances towards the land, Ld. 154. II. denoting direction with or
without the idea of arriving: 1. with verbs denoting to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna ftinn,
Nj. 84; spjti stefnir hann mijan, 205: of the wind, gkk verit vestr, the wind veered to west,
Fms. ix. 28; sigla haf, to stand out to sea, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with 't' added, Eg. 390, Fms. x.
349. 2. conveying the notion of arriving, or the intervening space being traversed; spjti kom
mijan skjldinn, Eg. 379, Nj. 96, 97; langt upp land, far up inland, Hkr. i. 146: to reach, taka
ofan belti, of the long locks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan bringu, 48; a
ofan, 91. III. without reference to the space traversed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn,
come, ride, sail, throw, or the like, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum vllinn, he ings him
down, Nj. 91; hlaupa skip sitt, to leap on board his ship, 43; hest, to mount quickly, Edda 75;
lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann gengr sland sitt, he walks on to his elds, 82: on, upon, komast
ftr, to get upon one's legs, 92; ganga land, to go a-shore, Fms. i. 40; ganga ing, vii. 242, Grg.
(often); skg, merkr ok skga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577, Nj. 130; fara
Finnmrk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms. i. 8; koma, fara b, to arrive at the farm-house;
koma veginn, Eg. 578; stga bt, skip, to go on board, 158; hann gkk upp borg, he went up to
the burg (castle), 717; en er eir komu loptrii, 236; hrinda skipum vatn, to oat the ships
down into the water, Fms. i. 58; reka austr haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; ra ofan , to
ride down or over, Nj. 82. IV. in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with
verbs denoting to see or hear, in such phrases as, eir s boa mikinn inn fjrinn, they saw great
breakers away up in the bight of the rth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or direction of the
eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; s eir flkit land, they saw the people in the direction of
land, Fas. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or bench is freq. in
the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var ar land upp, the king was then up the
country, the spectator or narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja
mijan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konungs sti vera ann bekk ... annat
ndvegi var hinn ra pall; hann setti konungs hsti mijan verpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp.
Fagrsk. l.c., Sturl. iii. 182; eru va fjallbygir upp mrkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var ar
mrk mikil land upp, 229; mannsafnar er land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; stll var settr
mti, Fas. i. 58; beia fars skip, to beg a passage, Grg. i. 90. V. denoting parts of the body;
bta e-n barka, to bite one in the throat, sl. ii. 447; skera hls, to cut the throat of any one, Nj.
156; brjta e-n hls, to break any one's neck; brjta e-n bak, to break any one's back, Fms. vii.
119; kalinn kn, frozen to the knees with cold, Hm. 3. VI. denoting round; lta reipi hls hesti,
round his horse's neck, 623. 33; leggja sul hest, Nj. 83; and ellipt., leggja , to saddle; breia
feld hofu sr, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta sik mosa, to gather moss to cover
oneself with, 267; spenna hring hnd, ngr, Eg. 300. VII. denoting a burden; stela mat tv
hesta, hey mtn hesta, i.e. a two, a fteen horse load, Nj. 74: metaph., kjsa feig menn, to
choose death upon them, i.e. doom them to death, Edda 22.
B. TEMP. I. of a period of time, at, to; morgun, to-morrow ( morgun now means the past
morning, the morning of to-day), sl. ii. 333. II. if connected with the word day, '' is now used
before a xed or marked day, a day of the week, a feast day, or the like; Laugardag,
Sunnudag ..., on Saturday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sunday, a-Monday, etc.; Jladaginn,
Pskadaginn, on Yule and Easter-day; but in old writers more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn,
Jladaginn ..., by dropping the prep. ',' Fms. viii. 397, Grg. i. 18. III. connected with 'dagr' with
the denite article sufxed, '' denotes a xed, recurring period or season, in; daginn, during the
day-time, every day in turn, Grett. 91 A. IV. connected with 'evening, morning, the seasons,' with
the article; kveldit, every evening, Ld. 14; sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed.
Fs. 51 reads sumrum; haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead of haustin or
haustum); vetrinn, in the winter time, 710; vrit, every spring, Gl. 347; the sing., however, is
very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers the plur.; ntrnar, by night, Nj. 210;
vrin, Eg. 710; sumrin, haustin, morgnana, in the morning ( morgin, sing., means to-morrow);
kveldin, in the evening, only 'dagr' is used in sing., v. above ( daginn, not dagana); but
elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og morgna, ntt og dag, vetr sumar vor
og haust, in the same sense as those above mentioned. V. denoting duration, the article is dropped in
the negative phrase, aldri sinn dag, never during one's life; aldri mna daga, never in my life,
Bjarn. 8, where a possess. pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such
phrases as, ann dag, that day, and enna dag, Stj. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical. VI. dag
without article can only be used in a distributive sense, e.g. tvisvar dag, twice a-day; this use is at
present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers are not on record. VII. denoting a movement
onward in time, such as, lii ntt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vr, haust (or nttina,
daginn ...), jl, pska, fstu, or the like, far on in the night, day ..., Edda 33; er lei vetrinn, when
the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. liinn: also in the phrase, hniginn inn
efra aldr, well stricken in years, Ld. 68.
C. Metaph. and in various relations: I. somewhat metaphorically, denoting an act only (not the
place); fara fund, vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma ru vi e-n, to come to a parley with,
to speak, 173; ganga tal, Nj. 103; skora hlm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma gri,
to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grg. i. 151; fara veiar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8. .
generally denoting on, upon, in, to; bja vxtu fit, to offer interest on the money, Grg. i. 198;
ganga berhgg, to come to blows, v. berhgg; f e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79;
ganga vpn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy's weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga
lagi, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one's foe, i.e.
to avail oneself of the last chance; bera f e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera l e-n, to make drunk, Fas.
i. 13; sninn e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammlast e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sttast, vera
sttr e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb.
288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga mla, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga vald e-s, to
put oneself in his power, 267; ganga stt, to break an agreement; vega veittar trygir, to break
truce, Grg. ii. 169. II. denoting in regard to, in respect to: 1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the
hair, or the like; hvtr, jarpr, dkkr ... hr, having white, brown, or dark ... hair, sl. ii. 190, Nj. 39;
svartr brn ok br, dark of brow and eyebrow; dkkr hrund, id., etc. 2. denoting skill, dexterity;
hagr tr, a good carpenter; hagr jrn, mlm, smar ..., an expert worker in iron, metals ..., Eg.
4; mr boga, good at the bow: also used of mastership in science or arts, meistari hrpusltt, a
master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; frimar kvi, knowing many poems by heart, Fms.
vi. 391; frimar landnmssgur ok forna fri, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities
(of Are Frode), sl. ii. 189; mikill rtt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase,
kunna (vel) skum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120. 3. denoting dimensions; h,
lengd, breidd, dpt ..., in the heighth, length, breadth, depth ..., Eg. 277; hvern veg, on each side,
Edda 41 (square miles); annan veg, on the one side, Grg. i. 89. . the phrase, sik, in regard to
oneself, vel (illa) sik kominn, of a ne (ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74. III. denoting
instrumentality; bjargast snar hendr, to live on the work of one's own hands, ( snar sptur is a
mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) sklir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grg. ii. 370; at hann
hefi tv pundara, ok hefi hinn meira keypt en hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big
one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; sinn kostna, at one's own expense; nefna e-
n nafn, by name, Grg. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna rokk, snldu, to spin on or with a
rock or distaff; mala kvern, to grind in a 'querne,' where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical
instruments, syngja, leika hljfri, hrpu, ggju ...; in the old usage, leika hrpu ..., Stj. 458. IV.
denoting the manner or way of doing: 1. essa lund, in this wise, Grg. ii. 22; marga vega, alla,
ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; sitt hf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the
context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; ersku, after German
fashion, Sks. 288. 2. esp. of language; mla, rita e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; rsku, in
Irish, Ld. 76; Norrnu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i.e. Scandinavian,
Norse, or Icelandic, Grg. i. 18; Vra tungu, i.e. in Icelandic, 181; rita Norrna tungu, to write
in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59 :-- at present, dat. is sometimes used. 3. in some phrases the acc. is
used instead of the dat.; hann sndi sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann lt ekki sik nna, he
shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skalt nga fleika ik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14. V. used in a
distributive sense; skal mrk kaupa gzlu k, er oxa m vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow,
Grg. i. 147; alin hvert hross, 442; mann, per man (now freq.): cp. also dag above, lit. B. VI.
connected with nouns, 1. prepositional; hendr (with dat.), against; hla, at heel, close behind;
bak, at back, i.e. past, after; vit (with gen.), towards. 2. adverbially; braut, away, abroad; vxl,
in turns; mis, amiss; v ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i.e. dispersedly. 3. used almost redundantly
before the following prep.; eptir, after, behind; undan, in front of; meal, milli, among;
mt, against; vi, about, alike; fr (cp. Swed. ifrn), from (rare); fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1; hj,
beside (rare); fram, a-head, forwards; samt, together; valt = of allt, always: following a prep.,
upp , upon; nir , down upon; ofan , eptir , post eventum, (temp.) eptir is loc., id., etc. VII.
connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many
cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead of
being prexed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; heita kalla, hrpa , to call on; heyra,
hlusta, hlya , to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa , to think on; minna , to remind; sj, lta,
horfa, stara, mna, glpa, koma auga ... , to look on; girnast , to wish for; tra , to believe on;
skora , to call on any one to come out, challenge; kra , to accuse; heilsa , to greet; herja,
ganga, ra, hlaupa, ra ... , to fall on, attack, cp. gangr, rei, hlaup; ljga , to tell lies of, to
slander; telja , to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa ... , to pour, throw on; ra, bera, dreifa ,
to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta , to fall short of; ala , to plead, beg; leggja , to throw a spell on, lay
a saddle on; htta , to venture on; gizka , to guess at; kvea , to x on, etc.: in a reciprocal
sense, haldast , of mutual strife; sendast , to exchange presents; skrifast , to correspond (mod.);
kallast , to shout mutually; standast , to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, etc.
, interj. denoting wonder, doubt, or the like, eh.
, f. [Lat. aqua; Goth. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S. e; O. H. G. aha, owa; cp. Germ. ach and aue; Fr.
eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in names of places; Swed.-Dan. ; the Scandinavians absorb the hu,
so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word] :-- a river. The old form in
nom. dat. acc. sing, is &aolig;, v. the introduction to A, page 1, Bs. i. 333 sq., where den, ai (acc.),
and tona; so also Greg. 677; the old fragm. of Grg. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the
old form occurs twice, viz. page 75) *ona (acc.), (but two lines below, na), cnni (dat.) The old
form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and Sb. of the Grg., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing, r; nom. pi
ar, gen. contracted, dat. am, obsolete form com; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99i if' l&5 ' proverbs, at si
skal stemma, answering to the Lat. principiis obsta, Edda 60; her kemr til sfar, here the
riverrun s int o the s ea, metaph. = thi s is the very end, seems to have been a favourite ending of
old poems; it is recorded in the Hsdrpa and the Norseta- drpa, v. Edda 96, Sklda 198; cp. the
common saying, oil vtn renna til svar, ' all waters run into ike sea, ' Rivers with glacier water are
in Icel. called Hvt, White river, or Jkuls: Hit, Hot river, from a hot spring, opp. to Kald, v.
Landn.: others take a name from the sh in them, as Lax, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); rria ,
etc.: a tributary river is ver, etc.: r in the Njala often means the great rivers lfus and jrs in
the south of Iceland. in helga, a river in Sweden, Hkr. ii: is also sufxed to the names of foreign
rivers, Temps = Thames; Dn, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117,
containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers. COMPDS: r-ll, m. tie
bed of a river, Hkr. iii. 117. ar-bakki, a, m. the bank of a river, Ld. 132, Nj. 234. ar-brot, n.
inundation of a river, Bs. ii. 37; at present used of a s hallow ford in a river. ar- djp, n. a pool in a
river, Bs. i. 331. ar-farvegr, m. a water-course, Stj. 353- ar-fors, m. a waterfall or force, Bad. 190.
r-gljfr, n. a chasm of a river, Fms. viii. 51, Fr. 62. r-hlutr, m. one's portion of a river, as
regards shing rights, Fms. x. 489, Sturl. i. 202. r- megin and ar-megn, n. the ma in stream of a
river, Stj. 251. r- minni, n. the mouth of a river, Fms. ix. 381. r-mt and -mt, n. a ' waters-meet, '
Lat. cottuentia, H. E. i. 129. r-ss, m. the ' oyce' or mouth of a river, Eg. 99, 129, 229; whence the
corrupt local name of the Danish town Aarhuus, Fms. xi. 208. ar-reki, a, m. drift, the jetsam and
otsam (of sh, timber, etc.) in a river, Jm. 25. r- straumr, m. the current in n river, Fms. vii. 257,
260. r-strnd, f. the strand of a river, Stj. 268, 673. 53. r-va, n. aford of a river, Stj. 184. r-vegr
= rfarvegr, Fas. i. 533. r-vxtr, m. the swelling of a river, Fms. i. 286.
a-auki, a, m. increase, Bs. i. 182. P. interest of money, K. . 208, N. G. L. ii. 381.
a-austr, rs, m. out-pouring, foul language, Sturl. i. 21.
a-barning, f. a thrashing, ogging, = bzrsm, Sturl. iii. 237.
a-bati, a, m. prot, gain, Fms. xi. 441 (now freq.)
a-berging, f. a tasting, Bad. 72.
a-beri, a, m. an accuser, prosecutor (bera , accusare), Jb. 252 A; (a Norse law term.)
a-bersemi, f. a disp os ition toaccuse, Hom. 86.
-blsinn, part, inspired, transl. from Lat.; . af Heilogum Anda, Fms. x. 373, Hom. 12.
-blsning, f, a breathing upon; me eldr ., 656 C. 33, Rb. 438: gramm. aspiration, Sklda 175,
179, 180; theol. inspiration, Fms. x. 371.
-blstr, rs, m., dat. blstri, a breathing upon, Fms. x. -2IO; theol. in- s pirati on, iii. 164, v. 2i7,
Eluc. 4; medic, pustula laborum, Fl. ix. 184.
-bl, n. a manor-house, = aalbl, B. K. 40.
-bt, f. used only in pl. btr, of improvements, esp. on a farm or estate; . jarar, D. N., D. I. i.
199. COMPD: bta-vant, n. adj. shortcoming, imperfect, Hkr. ii. 89, Sturl. i. 162.
BTI, a, m. [Lat. abbas, from Hebr. abba], an abbot. abbati, which form is nearer to the Lat., is
rare, but occurs, 655 iii, 656 A, i. 30, Hom. 237. 2. The Icel. form bti answers to the Engl. abbot,
Fms. i. 147, Bs. i. ii. freq., Sks., etc. COMPOS: bta-dmr, m. and bta-dmi, n. an abbey, 655
xxxii, Bs. i. 831. bta-laust, n. adj. without an abbot, va ca nt, Ann. 1393. bta-sonr, in. son of an
abbot, Bs. i. 679. bta-sttt, f. and -stttr, m. the rank, dignity of an abbot, Ann. 1325. bta-stofa,
u, f. the abbot's parlour, Vm. bta-sti, n. the seat of an abbot, 655 xxxii. bta- vald, n. the
power, dignity of an abbot, Ann. 1345.
-breia, u, f. a covering, counterpane, Korm. 206, Stj. 304.
-breizl, n. a bed-covering, quilt, Sir. 5, 22, Vm. 93, -- in the last passage of a winding-sheet or
pall; . kpa, Vm. 67.
-brigr, bras &brî, jealous, jealousy, v. afbr-.
a-brystur, f. pl., v. fr-.
-burr, ar, m. a charge (bera , accusare'); vari mik eigi ess burar, Fms. ii. 57, Rd. 236. p.
medic, s alve, ointment (bera , to smear), Bs. ii. 180. 7. p om p or bravery in dress (berast , to pnjf
oneself up), in the COMPDS abiirar-kli, n. ne clothes, showy dress, Bar. 5. 8. a horse load:
burar-hestr, m. a pack-horse, -- klyfja hestr. burar-mar, m. a dressy, showy person, a dandy,
Fms. iv. 255, Orkn. 208. burar-mikill, adj. puffed up, showy, Ld. 248. burar-samligr and
burar-samr, adj. id., Sks. 452, 437.
-b, f. [ba ], an abode or residence on an estate or farm, tenancy; fara ... a, annars manns land
til bar (as a tenant), Grg. ii. 253; a. jarar (possession) heimilar tekju, Gl. 329; en ef land
spillist a. hans, during his tenancy, K. . K. 170; olast harm leigu (rent) en hinn . (tenancy),
N. G. L. i. 94: whatever refers to the ri g' ht and duties of a tenant, landskyld ok alla . jarar, Jb.
210, 346, 167. COMPDS: bar-mar, m. inhabitant, Stj. 368. bar-skylda, u, f. dutie s of a
tenant, Jb. 211.
-bnar, ar, m. = b, N. G, L. i. 240.
-byrg, f. responsibility, liability, weight; leggja sna . , Grg. i. 208; eiga ., to have at stake,
Band. 18 new Ed., N. G. L. i. 223, Ld. 58; lands ., Grg. ii. 248; vera . um e-t, to answer for,
Fms. xi. 82, Sks. 762: pl. byrgir, pledges, Bser. II, 686 B. 5. COMPDS: byrgar- hluti, a, m. and
-hlutr, ar, m. an object, step involving risk and responsibility, Nj. 199. byrgar-lauss, adj. y ree
from risk, Fms. x. 368; eigi me llu ., i. e. a weighty, serious step, no triing matter, Sturl. iii. 234.
byrgar-r, n. a step involving risk, Nj. 164, Post. 656 B. byrgar-samligr, adj. momentous,
important, Sks. 452-
-byrgja, , 1. in the act. form (very rare), to answer for; . e-m e-t, Gl. 385; . e-t hendi e-m, to
pla c e a thing for security in a person's hands; hann . au hendi Jhanni postula, 655 ix. A. 2. as
a dep.; abyrgjast (very freq.), to answer for, take care of, Gl. 190, Grg. i. 140; hverr skal sik sjlfr
a., 256, ii. 119, Fms. vi. 361; . e-t vi e-u, Grg. i. 410; s mar byrgist vpn er upp festir, ii. 95;
hverr abyrgist bat (warrants) mir, at grr veri, ek mun abyrgjast (7 will warrant) at eigi mun
heimskr vera, Fms. iv. 83.
a-byrgja, u, f. = byrg (very rare); halda e-u abyrgiu, to be responsible for, Grg. ii. 335, 399.
-bli, n. = b, freq. at present and in several compds, as, blisjr, a tenant farm; blis-
mar, a tenant, etc.
-bli, n. = b, H. E. i. 495.
AN, adv. [cp. Ulf. apn = ivtavrs, Gal. iv. 10, and atapni, id.], a little before, a little while ago,
erewhile; Kolr for fr seli ., Nj. 55; . er vit skildum, Lv. 34; slkt sem . tala ek, a s 7 said just
above (of the Speaker reading the law in the lgrtta), Grg. i. 49, ii. 242; nu a., just now, 656 G. 39.
r, adv. [cp. Hel. ad ro = mane] , ere, already, soon; er ek he a. (s oo n) rit brullaup mitt, Nj. 4;
er Gu hafi . bannat, Sks. 533; ok voru eir v . (already) heim komnir, Eg. 222; at n so lgra
horninu en ., than before, Edda 32; litlu ., a little while ago, Fms. viii. 130; ar sem ek em a.
(already) fullri reii Gtis, Sks. 533. 2. . en, Lat. prius quam, ante quam: a. with subj.; a. en eir
gengi, Fms. xi. 13; a. en biskups gar falli, N. G. L. i. 145. p. with indie.; var eigi langt . en
bygin tk vi, Eg. 229. y- &r simply = r en; eir hfu skamma hr seti, . ar kom
Gunnhildr, they had s a t a short while ere G. came thither, Nj. 6; en . hann rei heiman, 52; en at
var svipstund ein . (till) stofan brann, Eg. 240; en r hann let setja sguna saman, Sturl. iii. 306.
a-dreif, n. a splashing, the spray, Sks. 147.
a-dreing, f. a sprinkling upon, Stj. 78.
a-drykkir, m. pl. a 'sea' or wave dashing over a ship, Sks. 231.
a-drykkja, u, f. [drekka ], prop, a drinking to, pledging, esp. used n the phrase, at sitja fyrir
drykkju e-s; -- a custom of the olden time. The master of the house, for instance, chose one of his
guests as his cup-fellow, ' seated him over against himself in the hall, drank to him, and then sent
the cup across the hall to him, so that they both drank of it by turns. This was deemed a mark of
honour. Thus, Egill at fyrir drykkju Arinbiarnar, Egil sale over against Arinbjorn as his cup-mate,
Eg. 253; skal hann sitja fyrir . minni kveld, in the pretty story of king Harold and the blind skald
Stuf, Fms. vi. 391; :p. annat ndvegi var hinn ra pall gegnt konungi, skyldi ar itja hinn sti
rgja (the king's highest councillor) konungs fyrir hans . ok tti at mest viring at sitja fyrir
konungs ., 439; sat izurr fyrir . konungs innarr enn lendir menn, Bs. i. 19. See also the description
of the banquet in Flugumyri on the 19th Oct. in the year 1253, -- drukku eir af t-inu silfrkcri ok
mintust vi jafnan um daginn er hvorr drakk til annars, Sturl. iii. 183. COMPD: drykkju-ker, u,
f. a 'loving-cup, ' or 'gracc-cup, ' Vgl. 17.
a-eggjan, f. egging on, instigation, Hkr. i. 102, Fms. i. 139; af a. e-s, /atuln. 214, Orkn. 416, tsl. ii.
340, Fms. x. 379. COMPD: eggjanar- , n. afofjl or t oo l egged on by another; hafa e-n at .,
Sturl. i. 81, to 'ise one to snatch the chestnuts out of the re; cp. the Engl. cat's-paw.
a-fall, n. ' on-fall, ' esp. 1. a nautical term, of a ' se a' dasb- *ig over a ship, Bs. i. 422, Korm. 180,
Nj. 267, Sks. 227, Fs. 113, 153; hence the phrase, Hggja undir utollum, of one in danger at ea. 2. a
law term, the laying on of a ne or the like; . sckar, Grg. i. 138. p. a condemnatory sentence in
an Icel. court; ef eir vilja . dma ... vr dmum . honum, Grg. i. 67, 71, of the formula or
summing up and delivering a sentence in court. 3. metaph. and :hcol. = ufelii, a visitation, calamity,
623. 19, Magn. 470, II. E. i. 236. :OMPD: falls-dmr, m. a sentence of condemnation, doom,
Clem. 50, Eluc. 39, 655 xviii. 2 Corin. xi. 29, Stj. 265 (visitation). -fang, n. (fangl, rrt., Grg. i.
433), [f , to grasp] , a grasping, seizing, laying hands upon, esp. of rough bundling; harm hl
mjk mot fangi manna, Fms. vi. 203; var hann fyrir miklu spotti ok ufangi, 209. 2. a law term, a
mulct, ne, incurred by illegal seizure of another man's goods; ef mar hleypr bak hrossi manns
lofat, at varar sex aura ., if a man jumps on the back of another man's horse without leave, that
is visited with a ne of six ounces, Grg. i. 432, Gl. 520; hvatki skip er tekr skal sitt a. gjalda
hverr ..., . mar hrossi snu hvrt er hann ekr er rr, N. G. L. i. 45; at hann ha riit hrossi
manns um rj bi ... varar skggang ok f. uiga (where it is used masc. acc. pl.) me, Grg., vide
above.
a-fangi, a betting-place, v. ui-fangi.
a-fastr, adj. made fast, fastened to, joined to; ef hapt er a. hrossi, Grg. i. 436; eldhsit var .
tibirinu, Nj. 75; r (the comets) eru . hiinni, Rb. 478: nietaph., andlignrn hlutuni afastar,
connected with, H. E. i. 511.
-ftt, n. adj. defective, faulty, Nj. 49, Bad. 74: with gen., mikils er ., H. E. i. 244.
a-felli, n. a hardship, shock, calamity; at . (spell) hafi legit v flki, at hver kona fseddi
dauan frurnbur sinn er hon ol, Mar. 656; afskaplig ., Stj. 90 (also of a spell); reynging ok .,
121; me hversu miklu . (injustice) Sigurr konungr vildi heimta etta ml af honum, Hkr. iii. 257;
standa undir a., to be wider great lordship, Fms. iv. 146, vi. 147; me miklu . (of insanity), vii. i.
ô; eir vru sex vetr essu ., viz. in bondage, x. 225; hvert . jarl hafi veitt honum, what
penalties the earl bad laid upon him, Orkn. 284, Fms. iv. 310. |3. damnation, condemnation, = afall;
nu vil ek at sniir eigi sv skjtt mlinu til fellis honum, Band. 4. COMPD: fellis-dmr, m.
condemnation, Grg. Introd. clxviii, Gl. 174.
-fenginn, adj. part, [f , to lay hold on, to intoxicate] , intoxicating, used of drinks, cp. the Engl.
'stinging ale;' mjr, Edda 76; drykkr, Fms. viii. 447; vin, Stj. 409, Joh. 84.
a-fengr, adj. now more freq., id., Hkr. i. 244, Br. 174.
f-ergja, u, f. (qs. af-ergja, af- intens. ?), eagerness, and -ligr, adj. impetuous.
a-og, n. pl. [jugast a], a brawl, ghting, Fms. vi. 361.
a-utningr, m., Vm. 157, of right of laying up sh.
a-form, n. a design, purpose, H. E. ii. 167, in a deed of the I4th century, (Lat. word.)
-forma, a, prop, to form, mould; steina sem r hfu eir format, Stj. 562, Kings v. 17 ('
hewn stones'). In mod. usage only metaph. t o design, perform, Fas. iii. 449; veru vr at . (design)
ok ra, Fms. vii. 89; a. um e-t, v mundi hann etta hafa vakit, at hann mundi . vilja um
gleinas ... c arry it out, vi. 342, Pass. 7. 2.
FR (peril, better afr), m. [the r belongs to the root, cp. air, f. pl.] 1. a beverage, Eg. 204, translated
by Magnaeus by sorbitio avenacea, a sort of common ale brewed of oats; this explanation is con-
rmed by the Harbarslj, verse 2, where Thor says, t ek hvld r ek heiman for sildr ok afra
(acc. pl.), sar em ek enn ess; the single vellum MS. (Cod. Reg.) here reads hafra. In the Eg. 1. c.,
the Cod. Wolf, reads afra, the Cod. A. M. 132 afr, acc. sing.: cp. the passage Ls. 3, where jll seems
to be the Scot, yill (v. Burns' Country Lassie), and fo in Cod. Reg. a false spelling for fr, -- jll ok
fr fri tk sa sonum, ok blend ek eini sv meini mj: ftr, pronounced ir, now means buttermilk
(used in Icel. instead of common beer): cp. also brystur, f. pl. curds of cow's milk in the rst week
after the cow has calved; the milk is cooked and eaten warm and deemed a great dainty; opt eru
heitar brcstur, Snot 299 (Ed. 1865); probably qs. fr ystr.
a-fram, adv. a. loc. with the face downward, forward; fell hann a., on the face, Nj. 253, Vd. 52,
Grett. 99 new Ed. J3. temp, along, forward (rare); haun er n me jarli sumarit ., he i s now with
the earl till late in the summer, Finnb. 274. y. further on; komst aldri Icngra a. fyrir honum um
skldskapinn, be never got any further on with his poem, Fms. iii. 102; hldu eir . leiina, they
held forward on their way, 0. T. 31. In mod. usage freq. with verbs denoting to go, move; hnlda,
ganga ... fram, to go on.
-fr = orr -- fr, / ro m, cp. Swed. if ran.
-frja, , to reprove, blame; fr ek engan (better engum) yar, Fas. i. 103.
-frja, u, f. reproach, scolding, Bs. i. 622.
a-fysa and fsi, f. l. = aufusa, gratication, q. v. 2. in mod. usage = exhortation, and fsa, t, to
exhort, . e-n til e-s.
-fra, , to reproach, Fms. v. 90.
-fri, n. a law term; thus dened, af tveir menn fella einn vi jru, skal aunarr eirra bta rtt,
v at at verr . at lgum, where it seems to mean unfair dealing, shame, N. G. L. i. 309.
a-ganga, u, f. task-work, forced labour, the French corvee, = atverk, q. v.; hn (the church)
tveggja manna . hval Kjlsvk, Vm. 155; veita e-m ., D. N. ii. 133.
a-gangr, m. aggression, invasion; fyrir . Skota ok Dana, Eg. 267, Fms. 1. 224, iii. * 43) Eg-33/.
COMPDS: 6g(uasa-ma, &r, m. an aggressive man, Lv. 79, Stj. 65. agangs-samr, adj. aggressive, Fs.
9, Fms. vi. 102, Sks. 208.
-gau, n. [geyja ], barking, metaph. foul language, Gsl. 53; cp. geyr hn , 139.
-gengiligr, adj. plausible; gri hann etta . fyrir Hringi, Grett. 149 A, mod. agengiligt.
a-gengt, n. adj. trodden, beaten, of a place or path, Finnb. 336: metaph., e-m verr ., to be trodden
upon; hn byggir her miri frndleif sinni, ok verr henni v her ekki a., Stj. 613. i Kings iv. 13.
The mod. use of the phrase e-m verr . is to succeed or make progress in a thing.
a-gildi, n. value of a ewe (XT), Vm. 159, Pm. 40.
a-gildr, adj. of a ewe's value, Grg. i. 502; cp. kgildi and kugildr.
a-girnast, d and t, dep. to lust after, in a bad sense, with an acc., Fms. i. 76, 223, Orkn. 38; with an
inf., Orkn. 6 old Ed.
a-girnd, f. in old writers always for greed of power or passion generally: a. ambition, Sks. 113 B,
Fms. ix. 460; . ok ofsi, greed and insolence, viii. 195, Stj. 143, 145, 146. 0. passion; girndar-logi,
Rb. 424; . blindleiki, bli n d passion (in love), H. E. i. 505, 655 xxx; thirst for revenge, Sks. 739. -
y- since the Reformation it has been exclusively used of avarice or greed of gain; in old writers the
signication is more general; we, however, nd . fjr, Hom. 68; hann hafi dregit undir sik
Finnskattinn me ., Fms. vii. 129.
a-girndligr, adj. passionate, Sks. 720 B.
a-girni, f.; used as neut., Mar. 91, O. H. L. 22: o. = agirnd, ambition; mikit ., great ambition, O.
H. L. 1. c., Sks. 343. p. cupidity; a. manna lofs, Hom. 83; . ts ok drykkju, 53; fjur, 25, 623. 20; .
fjr ok metnadar, Edda (pref.) 144, 145.
a-gjarn, adj. ambitious; er eru gjarnir heima hrai ok ranglatir, ambitious and wrongful, Nj.
223, Orkn. 38, 66; a. ok fgjarn, ambitious and covetous, Fms. xi. 294, Hkr. ii. 146; . til rikis, iii.
174; . til fjr, covetous, Fms. xi. 440, Orkn. 66: dauntless, erce, kappar ugjarnir ok hrddir,
erce and fearless champions, Fms. x. 179; hgvrir frii sem lamb, en frii . (erce) sem
Icon, viii. 253. The use since the Reformation is solely that of avaricious, greedy after money.
a-gjarnliga, adv. insolently, Sks. 450 B.
a-gjarnligr, adj. insolent; . ran, Sks. 336, 509 B, 715.
-gi, a, m. gain, prot, benet, D. I. i. 476, sl. ii. 432 (freq.) COMPD: ga-hlutr, ar, m. a
protable share, Grug. ii. 359.
a-grip, n. [grpa , to tou c h], in the phrase, ltill gripum, small of size, D. N. iv. 99. p. at present
grip means a compendium, abridgement, epitome.
-gta, tt, to laud, praise highly, Ld. 220, Fms. vi. 71.
-gti, n. renown, glory, excellence; gra e-t til gtis sr, a s a glory t o himself, Fms. xi. 72, 109;
reyna . e-s, to put one on his trial, 142; hyggr at engu ru en kafa einum ok ., o nly bent
upon rushing on and shewing one's prowess, 389; vegr ok ., fame and glory, Fas. i. 140, Sks. 241.
In pl. glorious deeds; mikil . vni sg fr Gunnari, Nj. 41: in the phrase, gra e-t at gtum, to
laud, praise highly, Fms. viii. 139, vii. 147: in the proverb, her hverr til sins gtis nokku, every
one's fame rests upon some deed of his own, no one gets his fame for naught, the context implies, a
n d thou ha s t done what will make thee famous, Nj. 116. 2. in COMPDS gtis- and gta- are
prexed to a great many words, esp. in mod. use, to express something capital, excellent; gta-
skjtr, adj. very swift, Fms. vii. 169; agta-vel, adv. excel- lently well, Nj. 218: and even to
substantives, e. g. gta-gripr and gtis-gripr, m. a capital thing, Fms. ix. 416, x. 254, Ld. 202;
gta-naut, n. a ne ox, Eb. 318; gtis-mar, m. a great man, Landn. 324, Fms. vii. 102, xi. 329.
-gtingr, m. a goodly man, O. H. L. 55 (rare).
-gtliga, adv. capitally, Fms. i. 136, vi. 307, Boll. 346, Sks. 623.
-gtligr, adj. excellent, goodly, Fms. ii. 300, x. 223, 231, xi. 396, Sks. 622, Hom. 132, Ver. 42.
-gtr, adj. [v. the words above, from - intens. and geta -- gat -- gtu, to get and to record; the old
etymology in glossaries of the last century from the Greek ya~s cannot be admitted], famous,
goodly, excellent; . mar um allt land, Nj. 106; . at ai, Edda 19; gtir gimsteinar, precious
stones, Fms. i. 15; . skjldr, Eg. 705; compar, mun hann vera gtari (more famous) en allir nir
fraendr, Fms. i. 256; superl., gtaztr, Nj. 282, Eg. 311; gztr, contr., Edda 5, b. 14, Fms. vii. 95,
Greg. 53. In the Landn. ' mar gtr' is freq. used in a peculiar sense, viz. a noble man, nearly
synonymous to gingr in the Orkneys, or hersir in Norway, e. g. 143, 149, 169, 190, 198, 201,
203, 279, 281, 308, 312; hersir ., 173, etc.; cp. also Kristni S. ch. I.
-gr, f. gain, prot, -- vxtr; til slu ok ., for sale and prot, Bs. i. 426.
-hald, n., prop, laying hand on: 1. used esp. in pl. hld = brawl, ght, Eb. 152, Fas. i. 92; vera .
me mnnum, they came toa tussle, Sturl. iii. 262, Bs. 1. 635: the phrase, hafa eingi hld vi e-m,
to have no power of resistance, to have so great odds against one that there is no chance, Eg. 261:
hence comes probably the popular phrase, hld eru um e-t, when matters are pretty nearly equal. 2.
sing, very rare, to keep back; veita e-m ., Nirst. 3. . veita, gra . um e-t, to claim the right of
holding; hann gri . um Halland, be claimed H., Fms. x. 70, v. l.; honum tti leikdmrinn meira
. hafa kirkjum en klerkdmrinn, ... had a stronger claim or title, Bs. i. 750, 696, Fms. x. 393.
-hankast, a, dep. [hnk, a bank or coil], in the phrase, e-m ., one gets the worst of it. But it is
twisted to another sense in the dream of king Harold, Fms. vi. 312. Shortly before the battle at the
river Niz, the king dreamt that king Sweyn pulled the hank of rope out of his hand, -- ru sv
estir at Sveinn mundi f at er eir keptust um, mlti Hkon jarl: vera m at sv s, en vnna
yki mr at Sveini konungi muni hankast, most men read it so that S. would win the prize of
contest, then said earl H.: well that may be so, but it seems more likely to me that king S. will be
caught.
-heit, n. mostly or always in pl. vows to a god, saint, or the like, invocations, Hkr. i. 14, ii. 386;
hn (the goddess Freyja) er nkvmust mnnum til heita, Edda 16, Bs. i. 134. . sing. in a peculiar
sense; meir af nausyn en af heiti, more of impulse than as a free vow, Magn. 534.
-henda, d, to lay hands upon, seize; nna ok ., Grg. ii. 311: part. pass. hendr, as adj. within
reach; eir vru sv langt komnir at eir uru eigi hendir, ... out of reach, Sturl. ii. 185, Eg. 160;
au uru ., they were seized, Ld. 152.
-heyrandi, part. within hearing, present, Grg. ii. 143, Fms. i. 248.
-heyriliga, adv. worth hearing, Fms. i. 74.
-heyriligr, adj. worth hearing, well sounding, Nj. 77, Fms. i. 141; . or, ne words, Orkn. 454.
-heyris, adv. within hearing, Bs. i. 771.
-heyrsi and -heyrsla, adj. ind., vera e-s ., to get to hear, hear the rumour of, Sturl. i. 22, Orkn.
278, Fms. ii. 295.
-hlaup, n. mostly in pl. onsets, onfalls, attacks; veita e-m ., Eg. 284; vi hlaupum (incursions)
Dana, Fms. i. 28; at eigi veitti hann au . bri sinni, at geig stti, Post. 686 B. . a carnal
assault, Stj. 71: metaph., me sv strum hlaupum, so impetuously, Fms. ix. 252. COMPD:
hlaupa-mar, m. a hot-headed, impetuous person, Korm. 8, r. 43: now used of a man that
works by ts and starts, not steadily.
-hleypinn, adj. rash, Sks. 383, 437.
-hlast, dd, dep. to listen or give ear to; . vi e-t, to agree with, Fs. 141; en er eir fundu at hann
vildi eigi . vi frndr sna, when they found that he turned a deaf ear to his kinsmen, Eb. 7 new
Ed., v. l., perhaps the right reading, v. last.
-hlinn, adj. giving a willing ear, listening readily; ekki ., obstinate, self-willed, Fms. vi. 431; .
um fjrtkur, greedy of gain, vii. 209, where, however, the Morkinsk. (p. 337) reads, . um fortlur,
easy to persuade, which suits the context better; . til grimleiks, Fms. x. 380, Thom. 28.
-hrin, n. [hrna , of spells], used in the COMPD hrins-or, n. pl., esp. of spells that come true,
in the phrase, vera at hrinsorum, spells or prophecies that prove true, r. 81, Fas. ii. 432.
-hugi, a, m., prop. intention, mind; me eim . at ..., transl. of Lat. intentio, Hom. 80, 655 xxiii;
ok n segir hann llum hver fyrirtlun hans (honum?) er huga, ... what he is minded to do, sl. ii.
355. . eagerness, impulse of the mind (now freq. in that sense); ekki skortir ykkr ., Nj. 137. .
mind, opinion; eigi er v at leyna, hverr minn . er um etta, ek hygg ..., Fr. 199. . care,
solicitude, = hyggja, Fms. ii. 146. COMPDS: huga-fullr, adj. full of care, Fs. 98. huga-ltill,
adj. slow, Fms. iv. 77. huga-mar, m. an eager, aspiring man, Bs. i. 686. huga-mikill, adj. eager,
vigorous, Fms. Viii. 266. huga-samt, n. adj. being concerned about, Bs. i. 824. huga-verr, adj.
causing concern, Sturl. i. 106 (serious, momentous).
-hyggja, u, f. care, concern, Hrafn. 12; bera . fyrir, to be concerned about, Gl. 44; fr at
honum mikillar . ok reii, concern and anger, Nj. 174, Bret. 24: pl. cares, Hkon hafi sv miklar
hyggjur um vetrinn, at hann lagist rekkju, Fms. i. 82. COMPDS: hyggju-fullr, adj. full of care,
anxious, Fms. ii. 225, x. 249, Blas. 35. hyggju-lauss, adj. unconcerned, Rb. 312. hyggju-mikill,
adj. anxious, Bs. i. 328, Band. 8. hyggju-samligr, adj. and -liga, adv. with concern, gravely,
anxiously, Fms. i. 141, Sturl. ii. 78, 136. hyggju-samr, adj. anxious, careful, 655 xiii, 656 B. 7,
Sturl. iii. 234. hyggju-svipr, m. a grave, anxious face, Fms. vi. 239, vii. 30. hyggju-yrbrag, n.
id., Fms. vi. 32.
-hyggjast, a, . um e-t, to be anxious about, Stj. 443, Rm. 307.
-htta, u, f. risk, Vd. 144 old Ed.; cp. Fs. 57; (now freq.)
-hfn, f. the freight or loading of a ship, Fas. ii. 511: used to express a kind of tonnage; tu
skippund lest, tlf lestir ., 732. 16: luggage, Jb. 377, 394, 408: cp. Pl Vdal. s. v.
-hgg, f. slaughter of a ewe, Sturl. i. 69, 70 C, Ed. rhgg.
I, a, m. [cp. a and Lat. avus], great-grandfather, answering to edda, great-grandmother (at
present in Icel. langa and langamma), Rm. 2; fur er afa, . er hinn rii, Edda 208. In Sm.
118 ai seems to be an exclamatio dolentis, grttr er drykkrinn, ai! unless ai be here = i in the
sense of father; cp. the reply of Sigmund, lttu grn sa, sonr. In mod. poetry ar in pl. is used in the
sense of ancestors; r ar fddust a (gen. pl.) vorra, Bjarni 71, Eggert (Bb.) I. 20.
i-fangr, s, m.; ifangi (dat.), Grg. (Kb.) 160, and ifang (acc.), sl. l. c., follow the old declension
(so as to distinguish the dat. and acc. sing.); ifangi, a, m., Fb. ii. 340; mod. fangi, Grett. 29 new
Ed., Fb. i. 165, [ja, to bait, and vangr, campus; as to the f, cp. Vetfangr = vetvangr, and hjrfangr =
hjrvangr; Pl Vidal. derives it from fanga, to take]:-- a resting-place; ifngum, Grg. i. 441;
taka hest sinn ifngum, ii. 44; taka ifang (acc. sing.), sl. ii. 482; in the extracts from the last
part of the Heiarv. S. MS. wrongly spelt atfang (at = i); hfu eir dvl nokkura ifanga, Fb. ii.
l. c., Jb. 272. In mod. use fangi means a day's journey, the way made between two halting places,
cp. GREEK; hence the phrase, ' tveim, remr ... fngum,' to make a journey in two, three ...
stages :-- the COMPD fanga-star, m., is used = ifangr in the old sense; but 'stadr' is redundant,
as the syllable 'fangr' already denotes place.
i-fr, n. fodder for baiting, provender, Jb. 430, Stj. 214. Gen. xlii. 27.
-kafast, a, dep. to be eager, vehement; . e-t, Fr. 262 (cp. Fb. ii. 40), Fms. xi. 20: absol., Bret.
14, 60.
-ka, a, m. [kafr], eagerness, vehemence; grist sv mikill . , at ..., it went to such an
excess, that..., Nj. 62, Fms. i. 35, xi. 389; me . miklum, vehemently, Eg. 457; kafa, adverbially,
eagerly, impetuously, Nj. 70, Fms. xi. 117. 2. the gen. kafa is prexed, u. to a great many
adjectives, in the sense of a high degree, very, e. g. . reir, furious, Fms. vii. 32, x. 173; .
fjlmennr, very numerous, sl. ii. 171; . fgr, beautiful (of Helena), Ver. 25. . to some
substantives; . Drfa, a heavy snow drift, Sturl. iii. 20; . mar, an eager, hot, pushing man, Eg. 3,
Fms. i. 19, vii. 257, Grett. 100 A: in this case the kafa may nearly be regarded as an indecl.
adjective.
-kaeikr, m. eagerness, vehemence, Fms. x. 324.
-kaiga, adv. vehemently, impetuously; of motion, such as riding, sailing; fara ., to rush on, Fms.
ix. 366; sem kaigast, in great speed, at a great rate, Eg. 160, 602; also, bija ., to pray fervently.
2. very, Fr. 238, Fms. x. 308, Ld. 222.
-kaigr, adj. hot, vehement; . bardagi, orosta, styrjld, Fms. x. 308, 656 B. 10.
-kayndi, n. a hot, impetuous temper, Hkr. ii. 237.
-kayndr, adj. impetuous, Fms. viii. 447.
-kafr, adj. [cp. A. S. caf, promptus, velox, and '-' intens., cp. af D. II.], vehement, ery; . bardagi,
a hot ght, Fms. xi. 95: of whatever is at its highest point, enna dag var veizlan (the banquet) allra
kfust, 331; vellan sem kfust, Nj. 247: ardent, sv var kaft um vinttu eirra, at ..., 151: neut. as
adv., kalla kaft Br, to pray to B. fervently, Br. 169; ra sem kafast, to ride at a furious rate,
Eg. 602; bast sem ., 86; en eir er eptir Agli vru sttu kaft, ... pulled hard, 362.
-kall, n. a calling upon, invocation; . nafn Gus, 656 B. 10, Sks. 310, Bs. i. 180. . clamour,
shouting; af orum eirra ok kalli, Fms. xi. 117, Orkn. 344 old Ed., new Ed. 402 reads kall: esp. a
war cry, Fms. ix. 510. 2. a claim, demand; veita . til e-s, Eg. 470, Hkr. ii. 195, Fms. ix. 433, xi.
324, Orkn. 20 old Ed.; cp. new Ed. 54, Korm. 110. COMPD: kalls-lauss, adj. a law term, free from
encumbrance, Vm. 11.
-kals, n. an importunate, urgent request, Fms. ii. 268, vi. 239.
-kast, n. a throwing upon, casting at, Sks. 410: metaph. an assault, . dja, Hom. 14: plur. taunts,
Sturl. i. 21. COMPD: kasta-samr, adj. taunting, Glm. 364.
-kastan, f. casting upon, Js. 42.
-kef, f. = ka; vgilega en eigi me ., Fms. vi. 29, vii. 18, x. 237, K. . 202, Sks. 154.
COMPD: kefar-or, n. rash language. Mar.
-kenning, f. 1. in the phrase, hafa . e-s or af e-u, to have a smack of a thing, to savour of, Bs. i.
134. 2. a slight reprimand, (kenna ., to feel sore); gra e-m ., to administer a slight reprimand,
Sturl. i. 70, Bs. i. 341, in the last passage it is used as masc.
-keypi, n. the right of pre-emption, a law term, Fr.
-klaga, a, to accuse, (mod. word.)
-klagan and klgun, f. an accusation, charge, Bs. i. 856.
-kli, n. a carpet, covering, Pm. 109.
-kneyki, n. hurt, metaph. shame, Konr. MS.
-kfttr, adj. spherical, Sks. 630 B; cp. valr.
-kran, a doubtful reading, Eg. 47, v. l. for jn, bondage: krur, f. pl., means in mod. usage
reprimands: in the phrase, veita e-m ., to scold, esp. of reprimands given to a youth or child.
-kvma, mod. koma, u, f. 1. coming, arrival; friar ., visitation of war, Stj. 561. 2. but esp. a
hurt received from a blow, a wound, = verki, Nj. 99, Fms. ii. 67, Gl. 168: medic. of a disease of
the skin, an eruption, Fl. ix. 186, esp. on the lips, v. blstr.
-kvea, kva, to x; part, kveinn, xed, Orkn. 10; . or, marked, pointed words, Bjarn. 57, Fbr.
72, 73.
-kveja, kvaddi, = kvea, Bs. i. 773; kveddi is perhaps only a misspelling for kvi.
-kvir, m. a verdict against, perhaps to be read bera kviu (acc. pl.) separately, Bs. i. 439. -
kvi, n. 1. an uttered opinion; mun ek n segja yr hvat mitt . er, Nj. 189, Sturl. i. 65 C; Ed.
atkvi (better): a command, Stj. 312, 208; me kvum, expressly, Sks. 235: cp. atkvi. 2. in
popular tales and superstition it is specially used of spells or charms: cp. Lat. fatum from/ fari; cp.
also atkvi: the mod. use prefers kvi in this sense, hence kva-skld, n. a spell-skald, a
poet whose words have a magical power, also called kraptaskald; v. sl. js. I, where many such
poets are mentioned; indeed any poet of mark was believed to possess the power to spell-bind with
his verses; cp. The tales about Orpheus. COMPDS: kvis-teigr, m. a piece of eld to be mowed
in a day, a mower's day's work(in mod. usage called dags-ltta), Fms. Iii. 207. kvis-verk, n.
piece-work; at er ttt slandi at hafa ., ykjast eir komnir til hvldar eptir ervii sitt er verki
er lokit, Fms. v. 203, Jb. 374.
a-kynnis, adv. on a visit, Sd. 158.
-kra, , to accuse, (mod. word.)
-kra, u, f. a charge, accusation, Bs. i. 852. COMPDS: kru-lauss, adj. undisputed, Finnb. 356;
blameless, Stj. 523. kru-mar, m. an accuser, Stj. 42.
-krsla, u, f. = kra, Fr. kserslu-lauss = krulauss, id.
L, f., old form nom. dat. acc. sing, l; l heitir drykkr, en l er band, Sklda (Thorodd) 163: gen.
Sing. and nom. pl. lar; (the mod. form is l, keeping the throughout all the cases; gen. pl. lar) :--
a strap, esp. of leather; l lng, Fms. vi. 378, Edda 29, Sks. 179: a proverb, sjaldan er bagi a bandi
er byrdi a l. .. esp. the leather straps for fastening a cloak, etc. to the saddle, = slaglar, Orkn.
12, Bjarn. 68, Fbr. 57 new Ed. a bridle, rein; beislit fanst egar ok var komit lna, Bs. i. 314,
note 2. COMPDS: lar-endi, a, m. the end of a leather strap, Edda 29. lar-reipi, n. a rope of
leather, etc.
-lag, n. and laga, u, f. [ieggja ]; in some cases, esp. dat. pl., it is often difcult to decide to which
of these two forms a case may belong; they are therefore best taken together. In the neut. pl. the
notion of spell, in the fem. pl. that of tax, burden, hardship prevails. In sing, both of them are very
much alike in sense. I. fem. pl. a tax, burden, burdensome impost; sagi at bndr vildi eigi hafa
frekari lg (lgur?) af konungi en forn lg sti til, Fms. xi. 224; undan essum hans lgum ...
liggja undir slkum lgum, tyranny, yoke, Br. ch. 2; gangit til ok hyggit at landsmenn, at ganga
undir skattgjafar lafs konungs ok allar lgur, burdens, taxes, Fms. iv. 282, in the famous speech
of Einar vering, (. H. ch. 134; ba jarl vgja munum um lgur, Fms. iv. 216; jarl hlt me
freku llum lgum, Orkn. 40; hvrt mun konungr s ekki kunna hf um lgur ok harleiki vi
menn, Fms. vi. 37; rstcinn kva ekki um at leita, at rr kmist undan neinum lgum, burdens,
oppressive conditions, Bjarn. 72. 2. a law term, an additional ne; me lgum ok leigum, duties
and rents, Grg. i. 260; binda logum, to charge, 384; hlfa mtu mrk laga, a ne of three marks,
391. 3. metaph. in plur. and in the phrase, lgum, in straits, at a pinch, if needful, Vm. 18; vitr
mar ok gtr llum lgum, a wise and good man in all difculties, Fs. 120. 4. a metric. term,
addition, supplement; at er annat ley httanna at hafa drttkvum htti eitt or ea tvau me
lgum, cp. lagshttr below, Edda 124. 5. theol. a visitation, scourge, Stj. 106, 647. 2 Kings xxi.
13 (answering to plummet in the Engl. transl.); sing. in both instances. II. neut. pl. lg, spells,
imprecations. In the fairy tales of Icel. 'vera lgum' is a standing phrase for being spell-bound,
esp. for being transformed into the shape of animals, or even of lifeless objects; leggja a., to bind by
spells, cp. sl. js. by Jn rnason; var v lkast sem fornum sgum er sagt, er konunga brn
uru fyrir stjpmra lgum (v. l. skpum), Fms. viii. 18 (Fb. ii. 539): hri lstr til hans me lfs
hanzka ok segir at hann skyldi vera at einuni hbirni, ok aldri skltn or essuni lgum fara, Fas.
(Vls. S.) i. 50, 404: sing, (very rare), at er lag mitt, at at skip skal aldri heilt af ha koma er hr
liggr t, Landn. 250. At present always in pl., cp. forlg, rlg, lg. COMPDS: lags-btr, f. pl. a
kind of line, N. G. L. i. 311. lags-httr, m. a kind of metre, the rst syllabic of the following line
completing the sentence, e. g. skalda skar ek ldu | eik; Edda (Ht.) 129. lgu-laust, n. adj. free
from imposts.
lar-, la-, v. sub voce ll and l.
-lasa, a, to blame, with dat. of the person.
-lasan and lsun, f., and las, n. a reprimand, rebuke, Vgl. 25.
l-belti, n. a leathern belt, Stj. 606.
l-borinn, adj. Part. [lbera], measured with a thong or cord, of a eld, N. G. L. i. 43. In Icel. called
vabera and vaborinn.
l-burr, m. mensuration with a line, N. G. L. i. 43, = vaburr.
-leiis, adv. on the right path, opp. to aeiis; (lei) sna e-m ., metaph., 655 xiii. B; sn eim .
er her r vilta, id. forwards, onwards; fru . til skipa, Fms. 1. 136; sna fer ., to go on
(now, halda fram), Korm. 232, K. , K. 94 B: metaph., koma e-u ., to bring a thing about, Hkr. i.
169, iii. 104; koma e-u til ., id., Fas. i. 45 (corrupt reading); sna e-u ., to improve, Bs. i. 488;
vkja . me e-m, to side with, Sturl. Iii. 91.
-leikni, f. a pertness, Grett. 139 (Ed.)
-leikr, m. [leika ], a trick, Grett. 139 C.
-leiksi, adj. ind. who had got the worst of the game, Bret.
-leitar, part. assailed, Stj. 255.
-leiting, f. = leitni, Fr.
-leitinn, adj. pettish, Fms. ii. 120, Orkn. 308.
-leitligr, adj. reprehensible, Greg. 26.
-leitni, f. a pettish disposition, Fms. vii. 165, Sturl. ii. 228, Fs. 8; eigi fyrir . sakar heldr gvilja,
Al. 129, 153; spott rar ok ., invectives, Bjarn. 3, Joh. 623. 19.
-lengdar, adv. along; engum frii heit ek r ., Fms. iii. 156; eigi vildi hann vist hans ar ., he
should not be staying along there, i.e. there, Grett. 129 A, Sturl. iii. 42. . now used loc. far off,
aloof, Lat. procul.
-lengr, adv. [cp. Engl. along], continuously; essi illvirki skyldi eigi . hefnd vera, Bs. i. 533; .
er, as soon as; a. er goar koma setr snar, ..., Grg. i. 8; . er hann er sextan vetra, 197: . sv
sem eir eru bnir, in turn as soon as they are ready, 6l.
lia, v. hlfa, region.
lfkona, u, f. a female elf, Fas. i. 32, Br. 2, Art. 146.
lf-kunnigr, adj. akin to the elves, Fm. 13.
LFR, s, m. [A. S. lf, munt-lfen, s-lfen, wudu-lfen, etc.; Engl. elf, elves, in Shakespeare
ouphes are 'fairies;' Germ. alb and elfen, Erl- in Erlknig (Gthe) is, according to Grimm, a corrupt
form from the Danish Ellekonge qs. Elver-konge]; in the west of Icel. also pronounced lbr: I.
mythically, an elf, fairy; the Edda distinguishes between Ljslfar, the elves of light, and Dkklfar,
of darkness (the last not elsewhere mentioned either in mod. fairy tales or in old writers), 12; the
Elves and Ases are fellow gods, and form a favourite alliteration in the old mythical poems, e.g.
Vsp. 53, Hm. 144, 161, Gm. 4, Ls. 2, 13, kv. 7, Skm. 7, 17, Sdm. 18. In the Alvisml Elves and
Dwarfs are clearly distinguished as different. The abode of the elves in the Edda is lfheimar, fairy
land, and their king the god Frey (the god of light), Edda 12; see the poem Gm. 12, lfheim Frey
gfu rdaga tvar at tannf. In the fairy tales the Elves haunt the hills, hence their name Hulduflk,
hidden people: respecting their origin, life, and customs, v. sl. js. i. I sqq. In old writers the
Elves are rarely mentioned; but that the same tales were told as at present is clear;-- Hallr mlti, hvi
brosir n? rhallr svarar, af v brosir ek, at margr hll opnast ok hvert kvikindi br sinn bagga
bi sm ok str, ok gera fardaga (a foreboding of the introduction of Christianity), Fms. ii. 197,
cp. landvttir; lfamenn, elves, Bs. i. 417, Fas. i. 313, 96; hll einn er hr skamt brott er lfar ba
, Km. 216: lfrek, in the phrase, ganga lfreka, cacare, means dirt, excrements, driving the elves
away through contamination, Eb. 12, cp. Landn. 97, Fms. iv. 308, Br. ch. 4: lfrull, eln beam
or light, a pot. name of the sun; lfavakir, elf-holes, the small rotten holes in the ice in spring-time
in which the elves go a shing; the white stripes in the sea in calm weather are the wakes of eln
shing boats, etc.: medic. lfabruni is an eruption in the face, Fl. ix. 186: Ivar Aasen mentions
'alvgust, alveblaastr, alveld,' the breath, re of elves (cp. St. Vitus' dance or St. Anthony's re);
'alvskot,' a sort of cancer in the bone :-- grti lfa, eln tears, Hm. I, is dubious; it may mean
some ower with dew-drops glittering in the morning sun, vide s. v. glstamr (glee-steaming).
Jamieson speaks of an elf's cup, but elf tears are not noticed elsewhere; cp. Edda 39. In Sweden,
where the worship of Frey prevailed, sacrices, lfa-blt, were made to the elves, st hsfreyja
dyrum ok ba hann (the guest) eigi ar innkoma, segir at au tti lfa blt, Hkr. ii. 124 (referring to
the year 1018), cp. Korm. ch. 22. 2. metaph., as the elves had the power to bewitch men, a silly,
vacant person is in Icel. called lfr; hence lfalegr, silly lfaskapr and lfahttr, silly behaviour. II.
in historical sense, the Norse district situated between the two great rivers Raumelfr and Gautelfr
(Alhis Raumarum, et Gotharum) was in the mythical times called lfheimar, and its inhabitants
lfar, Fas. i. 413, 384, 387, Fb. i. 23, vide also P. A. Munch, Beskrivelse over Norge, p. 7. For the
compds v. above.
lfrek, n., lfrull, m., v. above.
-liinn, adj. Part. far-spent, of time; dagr, Grett. 99 A; sumar, Orkn. 448, Ld. 14.
-lit, n. [lta ], prop. a view: I. aspect, appearance, esp that of a person's face, gait, etc.; vnn at
liti, fair, gentle of aspect, Nj. 30; fagr litum, Edda 5, Eluc. 35, Br. 7: of other animate or
inanimate objects, dkkr lits, black of aspect, Fms. vi. 229; eigi rttr lits, crooked, not straight (of
a broken leg), Bs. i. 743; smi fagrt liti, Hom. 128: the whole form, shape, hvert . sem hann
hefi, Fms. xi. 433; hann hafi ymsa manna . ea kykvenda, Post. 656 C. 26. II. of a mind, a view,
thought, consideration, reection; me liti rsmanna, Fms. Vii. 139; me skjtu liti, at a glance,
Sks. 3: esp. in pl., ferr me gum vilja en eigi me ngum litum, inconsiderately, Lv. 38; meir
me kef en litum, Stj. 454. Hom. 24; gjra e-t at litum, to take a matter into (favourable)
consideration, Nj. 3, Lv. 16. 2. in mod. use, opinion; does not occur in old writers (H. E. i. 244 it
means authority), where there is always some additional notion of reection, consideration.
Compds such as almennings-lit, n., public opinion, are of mod. date. . it is now also used in the
sense of reputation; vera miklu (litlu) liti. COMPDS: lita-leysi, n. absence of reection, Fas. Iii.
91. lita-ltill, adj. inconsiderate, Fas. ii. 388. lita-ml, n. pl., gjra e-t at litamlum = gra at
litum, v. above, Lv. 16.
-litliga, adv. civilly (but not heartily); tk hann eim ., he received them pretty well, Fms. x. 132;
for allt . me eim en eigi sem er blast var, ix. 454, Bjarn. 8. 2. in the present usage,
considerably, to a high amount, etc.
-litligr, adj., Lat. consideratus, Hom. 28. 2. considerable, respectable, (mod.)
-litning, f. = lit, Thom. 259.
-lkr, adj. like, resembling, Sks. 164: -lka, adv. alike, nearly as.
-ljtr, m. [ljtr, deformis], gen. s and ar, dat. ljti; a law term, a serious bodily injury that leaves
marks, wilfully inicted; only once, Grg. ii. 146, used of a libellous speech; ljtsr is the
intention to inict ljt, and is distinguished from fjrr (against one's life), srr, and drepr,
Grg. ii. 127, 117, 146; ljtr er bani, i. 497; ljtsr, as well as fjrr, if carried out in action,
was liable to the greater out-lawry (ii. 127), but ljtr, in speech, only to the lesser, and this too even
if the charge proved to be true; ef mar bregr manni brigslum, ok mlir ljt, tt hann segi satt,
ok varar fjrbaugsgar, ii. 146; an intended ljtsr, if not carried into effect, was also only liable
to the lesser out-lawry, 127: every one was to be brought to trial for the actual, not the intended
injury; as, vice versa, a man was tried for murder, if the wound proved mortal (ben), though he only
intended to inict a blow (drep) or wound (sr), 117; cp. also i. 493. COMPDS: ljts-eyrir, s, m. a
ne for ., N. G. L. i. 171 (for cutting one's nose off). ljts-r, n. pl., Grg., v. above.
LKA, u, f. an auk, alca L., Edda (Gl.): lku-ungi, a, m. a young auk, Fs. 147: metaph. a long
neck, in the phrase, teygja lkuna (cant).
LL, m. I. an eel, Lat. anguilla, Km. 236, Edda (Gl.), 655 xxx. 2, Stj. 69. II. a deep narrow
channel in sea or river; eru n eir einir alar til lands er ek get vait, Fms. iii. 60; eir lgu t
linn (in a harbour) ok lgu ar um strengi, Sturl. i. 224; djpir eru Islands alar, of the channel of
the Atlantic between Norway and Iceland, a proverb touching the giantess who tried to wade from
Norway to Iceland, sl. js. III. in names of horses, or adjectives denoting the colour of a horse,
'l' means a coloured stripe along the back, e. g. in m-l-ttr, brown striped, bleik-l-ttr, yellow
striped; Kingla and Bleiklingr are names of horses, referring to their colour. IV. a sort of seed,
Edda (Gl.); cp. Ivar Aasen, aal, a sprout, and aala, aal-renne, to sprout, of potatoes. COMPDS: la-
ski, f. shing for eels, D. N. la-garr, m. an eel-pond, stew for eels, D. N. la-veir, f. eel
shing, Gl. 421. la-virki, n. a pond for eel shing, Gl. 421.
lma, u, f., gener. a prong, uke of an anchor, or the like, as cognom., Fms. v. 63 :-- properly perh.
a branch of an elm.
lm-bogi, a, m. a sort of bow, cross-bow, Lex. Pot.
ALMR,ERROR m. [Lat. ulmus; Engl. elm; Germ, ulme], an elm, Edda (Gl.), Karl. 310: metaph. a
bow, Lex. Pot,
lm-sveigr, m. an elm-twig, Fas. i. 271.
lm-tr, n. an elm-tree, Karl. 166.
lm-vir, m. id.
lpast qs. aplast, dep. to totter, v. apli.
LPT, more correctly lft, f. the common eel. word for swan, Lat. cygnus; svan is only pot.; all
local names in which the swan appears, even those of the end of the 9th century, use 'lpt,' not
'svan,' lpta-fjrr, -nes, -mri, v. the local index to the Landn.; Svanshll comes from a proper
name Svan. Probably akin to Lat. albus; the t is fem. Inexion; the p, instead of f, a mere change of
letter; cp. the proverb, egar hrafninn verr hvtr en lptin svrt, of things that never will happen:
pl. lptir, but sometimes, esp. in Norse, elptr or elftr; the change of the original a (alft) into (lft)
is of early date, Grg. ii. 338, 346, Eg. 132, Landn. 57; in all these passages pl. lptir; but elptr, Jb.
217, 309. Respecting the mythical origin of the swan, v. Edda 12; they are the sacred birds at the
well of Urda. COMPDS: lptar-hamr, m. the skin of a swan, Fas. ii. 373. lptar-lki, n. the shape
of a swan, Fas. ii. 375, etc.
lpt-veir, f. catching wild swans, Landn. 270, Vm. 69; lptveiar skip, 68.
l-reip, n. a strap of leather, Dipl. v. 18; vide l.
-ltr, adj. louting forwards, stooping, Thom. 201.
-lygi, n. slander, Glm. 340, Fr. 203.
-lykkja, u, f. the loop (lykkja) in the letter a, Sklda 171.
-lykt, f. issue, decision, Gl. 23. COMPDS: lyktar-dmr, m. a nal doom or judgment, Sks. 668.
lyktar-or, n. the last word, a peroration. Eg. 356, Hkr. ii. 215, Fms. vii. 116. lyktar-vitni, n. a
conclusive testimony, dened in Gl. 476.
-lykta, a, to conclude, (mod. word.)
-lyktan, f. conclusion, nal decision, Sturl. iii, 179.
-lgja, adj. ind. at heat, of a mare, Grg. i. 427.
MA, u, f. (and mu-stt, f.) erysipelas, Sturl. ii. 116; in common talk corrupted into heimakona or
heimakoma. 2. pot, a giantess, Edda (Gl.); hence the play of words in the saying, gengin er gygr or
fti en harsperra aptr komin, gone is the giantess (erysipelas), but a worse (sceloturbe) has come
after. 3. a tub, awme, Germ. ahm. 4. in Norse mod. dialects the larva is called aama (v. Ivar Aasen);
and mu-makr, spelt nu-makr, a kind of maggot, lumbricus terrestris, is probably rightly
referred to this. Fl. ix. states that it has this name from its being used to cure erysipelas.
-mlga, a, to beg or claim gently, Gl. 370.
m-tligr, adj. loathsome, piteous, Fms. v. 165, of piteously crying; Fas. ii. 149, of an ogress;
Finnb. 218, Br. 7.
m-ttigr, adj. [cp. old Germ. amahtig = inrmus], contr. mtkir, mttkar, etc., used in poetry as
an epithet of witches and giants, prob. in the same sense as mtligr, Vsp. 8, Hkv. Hjr. 17. Egilsson
translates by praepotens, which seems scarcely right.
-minna, t, to admonish.
-minning, f. warning, admonition, reproof; r menn uru til . vi hann um etta ml, ...
reminded him, called it into his recollection, Fms. xi. 286, Sks. 335; fjandans ., instigation, Fms.
viii. 54; heilsusamligar ., vi. 281; Gus ., Ver. 6, Stj. 116; var mrg . (many foreboding
symptoms) r essa lund for ...; grar minningar, beatae memoriae (rare), H. E. i. 514.
COMPDS: minningar-mar, m. monitor, Fms. v. 125. minningar-or, n. warnings, Fms. vi. 44.
minningar-vsa, u, f. a song commemorating deeds of prowess, etc., Hkr. ii. 345.
MR, adj. occurs twice or thrice in poetry (by Arnr and in a verse in Bs. i. 411), seems to mean
black or loathsome; mu bli and m hr, loathsome blood and carcases of the slain, Orkn. 70,
Fms. vi. 55; akin with mtligr. Egilsson omits the word. Metaph. of a giant, the loathsome, Edda
(Gl.)
-munr, adj. [- intens. and munr, mens], eager, only in poetry; . augu, piercing, greedy eyes, Vkv.
16; and . e-m, eager for revenge, in a bad sense, Hkv. 2. 9. COMPD: muns-aurar, m. pl.
additional payment [munr, difference] D. N. (Fr.)
-mla, t, to blame; . e-m fyrir e-t, Eg. 164, Nj. 14, Hkr. ii. 285, Orkn. 430: part, mlandi, as
subst., a reprover, Post. 645. 61.
-mli, n. blame, reproof, Nj. 33, 183, sl. ii. 338, Fs. 40, El. 22. COMPDS: mlis-laust, n. adj.
blameless, lk. 37, sl. ii. 54. mlis-or, n. reproof. Valla L. 218. mlis-samt, n. adj. shameful,
Sturl. ii. 131, Hrafn. 11. mlis-skor, f. [cp. the Engl. score], a dub. word attached to an account of
numbers in Edda 108; tta bera ., a short (not full) score (?). mlis-verr, adj. blamable, Glm.
369, Fms. ii. 182.
N, prep. [Goth, inuh; Hel. and O. H. G. ano; Germ, ohne; Gr. GREEK] , without: the oldest form
in MSS. is n, Eluc. 25, Greg. Dial, (freq.), 655 xxvii. 2, Fms. xi. in, 153; aon, Hom. 19 sqq.; the
common form is n; with gen. dat. and acc.; at present only with gen. I. with gen., ess mttu
Gautar ilia n vera, Hkr. ii. 70. . H. 49 has 'at;' n manna valda, Fms. iii. 98; . allra afarkosta, x.
7; mttim vr vel ess n vera, sl. ii. 339; in the proverb, n er ills gengis nema heiman ha, Gsl.
63, but n er illt gengi (acc.), 149, Nj. 27, sl. ii. 142, l. c..; n allra kla, Al. 171; n allrar vgar,
Sks. 229; n lasta synda, Eluc. 25. II. with dat., esp. in translations or eccles. Writings, perh. in
imitation of the Lat., and now quite out of use; esp. In the phrase, n e-s ri, without (against)
one's will, Nj. 38, Bjarn. 71, Korm. 142, Fms. xi. 153, 111; n gum verkum, Greg. 13; n ti,
incessantly, Bs. i. 97; n dmi, Eluc. 39; sannr ok on gildingi, 655 xxvii. 2. III. with acc., esp. freq.
in the Grg., n er illt gengi, v. above; skal hann n vera liit, Grg. i. 276; n r lgranda,
334; hann mun ik ekki ykjast mega n vera, Fms. vii. 26; n allan verma, Sks. 210; n alla r,
522 B; n lkamligan breyskleik, ok on dm, Eluc. 38; n ley, without leave, Fms. vii. 141. IV.
ellipt. without case, or adverbially, hvatki es betra es at hafa en n at vera (to be without), 677. 8;
au er mnnum ykir betr at hafa en n at vera, Gl. 379; eiga vilja heldr en n vera at hit
mjallhvta man, Alvm. 7 : acc. with inf., n vi lst at lifa, sine culp vivere, Hm. 68; used
substantively, in the proverb, alls ni (omnium expers) verr s er einskis bir, Sl. 38: Egilsson also,
on Hdl. 23, suggests a form n, n.; but the passage (the poem is only left in the Fb.) is no doubt a
corrupt one. Probably 'ani mi' is a corruption from Arngrmi (arngmi, the lower part of the g being
blotted out: Arngrmi | ru bornir | (gir ?) synir | ok Eyfuru, or the like).
N and n, a mythical king of Sweden, hence na-stt, f. painless sickness from age, decrepid old
age; at er san kllu . ef mar deyr verklauss af elli, Hkr. i. 35: the word is mentioned in Fl. ix.
s. v., but it only occurs l. c. as an GREEK and seems even there to be a paraphrase of the wording in
the poem, kntti endr | at Uppslum | nastt | n of standa, t. 13; even in the time of Snorri the
word was prob. not in use in Icel. 2. the hero of the n's Saga, a romance of the 14th or 15th
century, Fas. ii. 323-362; hence ni, a, m., means a fool, lubber.
nalegr, adj. clownish; and naskapr, m. clownishness, etc.
-nau, f. bondage, oppression; . ok rlkun, Fms. x. 224, v. 75: in pl. nauir, imposts, x. 399,
416, 129 (grievances), Sks. 6l (where sing.) COMPDS: nauar-ok, n. yoke of oppression, Stj. 168.
nauar-vist, f. a life of oppression, bondage, 655 viii. 4.
-nauga, a, to oppress, Js. 13, Gl. 44.
-nauigr, adj. oppressed, enslaved, Hkr. i. 40, Grg. ii. 292, N. G. L. i. 341, Sks. 463.
-nefna, d, to appoint, name, Jb. 161 B, Fms. i. 199, ix. 330.
-netjast, a, dep. to be entangled in a net; metaph., . e-u, Bs. i. 141.
-neya, dd, to force, subject, Sks. 621 B.
-ning, f. [ja, i-], resting, baiting, Grg. ii. 233.
n-tt, n. adj. a pun (v. n 2), a lot of Ans, Fas. ii. 431.
-nyt, f. ewe's milk, = rnyt, Landn. 197.
-nja, or a, to renew, Sturl. iii. 39.
-ngja, u, f. pleasure, satisfaction, formed as the Germ. vergngen; mod. word, not occurring in
old writers.
-ngja, , impers., prop. to be enough, and so to content, satisfy; eptir v sem oss ngir, Dipl. v.
9: part, ngr is now in Icel. used as an adj. pleased, content.
R, n. [Goth. jr; A. S. gear; Engl. year; Germ. jabr; the Scandin. idioms all drop the j, as in ungr,
young; cp. also the Gr. GREEK; Lat. hora; Ulf. renders not only GREEK but also sometimes
GREEK and GREEK by jr]. I. a year, = Lat. annus, divided into twelve lunar months, each of 30
days, with four intercalary days, thus making 364 days; as the year was reckoned about the middle
of the 10th century (the original calculation probably only reckoned 360 days, and made up the
difference by irregular intercalary months). About the year 960 Thorstein Surt introduced the
sumarauki (intercalary week), to be inserted every seventh year, thus bringing the year up to 365
days. After the introduction of Christianity (A. D. 1000) the sumarauki was made to harmonize with
the Julian calendar; but from A. D. 1700 with the Gregorian calendar; v. the words sumarauki,
hlaupr, mnur, vika, etc., b. ch. 4, Rb. 6, Fms. i. 67; telja rum, to count the time by years, Vsp.
6; ri, used adverb., at present, as yet, . H. 41, 42 (in a verse). II. = Lat. annona, plenty,
abundance, fruitfulness; the phrase, frir ok r, Fms. vii. 174, Hkr. Yngl. ch. 8-12; r ok fsla,
Hkr. l. c.; var r urn ll lnd, id.; ltu hlaa skip mrg af korni ok annarri gzku, ok ytja sv r
Dan- mrku, Fms. xi. 8, Sks. 323, Fas. i. 526, Hom. 68; gott r, Eg. 39; blota til rs, Fms. i. 34. III.
the name of the Rune RUNE (a), Sklda 176; in the A. S. and Goth. Runes the j has the name jr,
gr, according to the Germ. and Engl. pronunciation of this word; vide p. 2, col. 1. COMPDS: ra-
tal, n. and ra-tala, u, f. number of years; mtugr at ratali, Stj. 110, Rb. 484, Mar. 656 A. i. 29;
hann (Ari Frodi) hafi ratal fyrst til ess er Kristni kom sland, en san allt til sinna daga, Hkr.
(pref.), seems to mean that Ari in respect of chronology divided his slendingabk into two periods,
that before and that after the introduction of Christianity; Stj. 112 (periode). rs-bt, f. = rbt, Bs.
i. 343, q. v.
R, adv. I. Lat. olim [Ulf. air = GREEK; Engl. yore], used nearly as a substantive followed by a
gen., but only in poetry; in the phrase, r var alda, in times of yore, in principio, Vsp. 3, Hkv. 2. 1:
also, r var az (= at es), the beginning of some of the mythical and heroical poems, Skv. 3. i, Gkv.
1. 1; cp. rdagar. II. Lat. mane [A. S. r; O. H. G. r; cp. Gr. GREEK, Engl. early, Icel. rla], rare,
(the prolonged form rla is freq.); it, however, still exists in the Icel. common phrase, me
morgunsrinu (spelt and proncd. in a single word), primo diluculo; elsewhere poet, or in laws, r of
morgin, early of a morning, Hm. verse 1, Grg. ii. 280; rsa r, to rise early, Hm. 58, 59; r n um
ntr, Hkv. 2. 34, etc.; r, adverb. = early, sl. ii. (Hnsa r. S.) 161; snemma r, Ld. 46, MS.,
where the Ed. um morgininn r, Fas. i. 503: it also sometimes means for ever, sv at r Hmir ekki
mlti, for an age he did not utter a word, remained silent as if stupeed, Hm. 25, Lex. Pot.; ara
fu skaltu r sitja, Skm. 27; cp. the mod. phrase, r ok s og allan t, early and late and always.
In compds = Lat. matutinus.
R, f. [A. S. r; Engl. oar; Swed. re], an oar, old form of nom., dat., acc. sing. &aolig-acute;r;
dat. &aolig-acute;ru or ru, Eb. 60 new Ed., but commonly r; pl. rar, Eg. 221, 360, Fms. viii. 189,
417: metaph. in the phrases, koma eigi r sinni fyrir bor, to be under restraint, esp. in a bad sense,
of one who cannot run as fast as he likes, Eb. 170; vera rum e-s = undir ra buri e-s, v. below;
draga rar um e-t, to contend about a thing, the metaphor taken from a rowing match, Fr. 159;
taka djpt rinni, to dip too deep, overdo a thing. COMPDS: ra-burr, m. the movement of the
oars, in the phrase, vera undir raburi e-s, to be in one's boat, i. e. under one's protection, esp. as
regards alimentation or support, Hrafn. 30; rast undir rabur e-s, to become one's client, Ld. 140.
ra-gangr, m. splashing of oars, Fas. ii. 114. ra-lag (rar-), n. the time of rowing, e. g. seint, jtt
., a slow, quick, stroke; kunna ., to be able to handle an oar, r. (Ed. 1860), ch. 4. rar-hlumr,
m. the handle of an oar, Glm. 395, Sturl. iii. 68. rar-hlutr, m. a piece of an oar, Glm. l. c. rar-
stubbi, a, m. the stump of an oar, sl. ii. 83. rar-tog, n. a stroke with the oar. rar-tr, n. the wood
for making oars, Pm. 138.
r-, v. the compds of , a river.
r-angr, rs, m. [r = annona], gener. a year, season, = rfer; also the produce of the earth brought
forth in a year (season), which is at present in the east of Icel. called rsali, v. rfer; skapaist
rangrinn eptir spsgu Jseps, 655 vii. 4; ok at linum eim vetrum tk . at spillast, Gl. 77; mun
batna . sem vrar, orf. Karl. (A. A.) 111: the mod. use is only metaph., effect, result; so e. g.
arangrs-laust, n. adj. without effect, to no effect.
-rs, f. assault, attack, Fms. i. 63, ix. 372.
r-borinn, v. arfborinn: Egilsson renders GREEK by rborin (in his transl. of the Odyssey).
r-bt, f. improvement of the season (r = annona), Fms. i. 74, Bs. i. 137, Hkr. ii. 103: fem.,
surname, Landn.
r-binn, part, ready early, Sks. 221 B.
r-bll, adj. dwelling in abundance, plentiful, Fms. v. 314.
r-dagar, m. pl. [A. S. geardagas], rdaga, in days of yore, Ls. 25 (pot.)
r-degis, adv. early in the day, Eg. 2, Grg. i. 143.
-rei, f. a charge of cavalry, Hkr. iii. 162, Fms. vii. 56: an invasion of horsemen, x. 413: at present
a law term, a visitation or inspection by sworn franklins as umpires, esp. in matters about
boundaries.
-reitingr, m. [reita, Germ, reizen], inducement, Finnb. 310.
-reitinn, adj. grasping after, Ld. 318, v. l.: now in Icel. pettish; and reitni, f. pettishness.
-renniligr, adj., in the phrase, eigi ., hard or unpleasant to face.
-reyr, f. [ acc. of r, and reyr], salmo laevis femina, Fl. i. 13, Landn. 313.
rtti, n. [and rtta, tt], a thin wedge used to prevent a nail from getting loose, cp. Ivar Aasen.
r-fer, f., mod. rferi, n. season, annona, Fms. i. 51, 86, ix. 51; rfer mun af taka um alla
Danmrk, i. e. there will be famine, xi. 7; g ., Stj. 420; engi ., Grett. 137 A.
r-jtr, adj. 'oar-eet,' of a rowing vessel, Fms. vii. 382, Hkr. iii. 94.
r-gali, a, m. 'the early crying,' i. e. perh. chanticleer, used in the proverb eldist rgalinn n, of king
Harold, Fms. vi. 251.
r-galli, a, m. failure of crop, Sks. 321, 323. rgalla-lauss, adj. free from such failure, fertile, Sks.
322.
r-gangr, m. a year's course, season, Fms. xi. 441, Thom. 85; margan tma essum ., 655 xxxii:
in mod. usage, a year's volume, of a periodical.
r-gjarn, adj. eager for a good harvest (pot.), t. 5.
r-go, m. god of plenty, the god Frey, Edda 55.
r-gzka, u, f. a good season, Thom. 83.
r-hjlmr, m. an helmet of brass, A. S. r = eir, Hkm. 3.
-ria, u, f. a smearing, rubbing, [ra ], medic., Bs. i. 611.
rla, adv. [qs. rliga], early, Lat. mane, Fms. iii. 217, v. 285, Stj. 208, Hom. 86:: with gen., rla
dags, Fms. x. 218, Pass. 15. 17. in times of yore, Sks. 498, 518.
r-langt, n. adj. and r-lengis, adv. during the whole year, D. N.
r-liga, adv. I. [r, annus], yearly, Fms. ii. 454, x. 183, Vm. 12. II. = rla, early, Hkv. 1. 16. 2. [r,
annona], in the phrase, f rliga verar, to take a hearty meal, Hm. 32; cp. Sighvat, . H. 216,
where it seems to mean briskly.
r-ligr, adj. 1. annual, Thom. 24. 2. in the phrase, rligum hrsar verinum, thou hast enjoyed a
hearty meal, Hbl. 33; the word is now used in the sense of well fed, well looking.
r-mar, m. [rr, nuntius, or r, annona], a steward, esp. of royal estates in Denmark, Sweden, and
Norway, also of the earls' estates in the Orkneys. As Icel. had neither earls nor kings, it is very rare,
perhaps an GREEK in Landn. 124 (of the stewards of Geirmund heljarskinn). In Norway the
rmenn of the king were often persons of low birth, and looked upon with hatred and disrespect by
the free noblemen of the country, cp. e. g. . H. 113, 120 (synonymous with konungs rll), Eb. ch.
2; the rmenn were a sort of royal policemen and tax gatherers, Fms. xi. 261, Orkn. 444, Eg. 79,
466, Gl. 12 (where it is different from sslumar); erkibiskups ., N. G. L. i. 175. COMPD:
rmanns-rttr, m. the right of an ., i. e. the ne to be paid for molesting an rmar, N. G. L. i. 70.
r-mnar, m. a year-month, i. e. a month, Stj. 320.
r-menning, f. [rmar], stewardship, the ofce or the province, Orkn. 444, Fms. iv. 268; sslur ok
., Hkr. i. 303.
r-morgin, adv. [A. S. rmorgen], early to-morrow, Am. 85.
rna, a, I. [A. S. yrnan, pret. arn, procisci; cp. Icel. rr, evrendi, etc.], as a neut. verb, only in
poetry and very rare, to go forward; rgar brautir . aptr han, Fsm. 2, Gg. 7, Fms. iv. 282, vi.
259; hvern ann er hinga rnar, whoever comes here, Sighvat, . H. 82. II. [A. S. earnian, to earn;
Germ, erndten], act. verb with acc. and gen.: 1. with acc. to earn, get, Lat. impetrare; hvat
rnair Jtunheima, Skm. 40; hon ... spuri, hvat hann rnar, ... what he had gained, how he had
sped (of a wooer), Lv. 33; . vel, to make a good bargain, Fms. vi. 345: reex., ykir vel rnast
hafa, they had made a good bargain, Bret. 40. 2. with gen. of the thing, to intercede for, pray; . e-
m gs, to pray for good to one, bless him; . e-m ls, to curse one, Fas. iii. 439; lfs, to intercede
for one's life, Magn. 532; gria, id., Sturl. ii. 224; var at estra manna tillaga, at . Gizuri
kvnfangsins,... to favour him, to give him the bride, Fms. iv. 33; . e-s vi Go, to intercede for one
with God (of Christ and the saints), Bs. i. 352. ii. 32.
rnar, m., theol. intercession, Th. 7. COMPDS: rnaar-mar, m. an intercessor, esp. of Christ
and the saints, Magn. 504. rnaar-or, n. intercession, K. . K. 76, Grg. ii. 166, Bs. i. 181.
rnan and -un, f. intercession, = rnar, Fms. vi. 352, Bs. i. 180, Fbr. 126, 655 xii, Ver. 22, 625. 81.
rnandi, part, an intercessor, Fms. x. 318, Hom. 149.
r-nmi, n. a Norse law term, perh. qs. rnmi [nema], indemnity; . um skuldafar, N. G. L. i. 177,
cp. 182.
ro (arovi), a, m. a Norse law term; of doubtful origin, perh. akin to orf and r, an aged
witness, a freeborn man, born and bred in the district, who must have been at least twenty years of
age at the death of his father. He was produced as a witness (as an old document in modern times)
in lawsuits about local questions as to possession of landed property, (cp. in mod. Icel. usage the
witness of 'gamlir menn'); thus dened,-- skal hann fram fara alsvitni sn, arova rj, er
tvtugir vru er fair eirra var daur, N. G. L. i. 87, (ok albornir v fylki, add. Gl. 298);
skal hann setja ar dm sinn ok kveja hann jarar jafnt sem hinn ar vri, ok leia (produce)
arova sna ar ok ll vitni, sem hinn ar vri, N. G. L. i. 94.
RR, m. [Ulf. airus; Hel. eru; A. S. ar; cp. Icel. eyrindi, A. S. rend, Engl. errand], a messenger;
old gen. rar (as sar from ss); dat. ri (Fms. xi. 144); acc. pl. ru, Hkv. 1. 21, Og. 25, Greg. 35,
later ra; nom. pl. rir, Pd. 35 (12th century), later rar, v. Lex. Pot.: very rare and obsolete in
prose, except in a bad sense, but freq. in old poetry: also used in the sense of a servant, Lat.
minister, famulus; konungs rr, Gus rr, Lex. Pot.; su rr, t. 25. 2. theol., in pl.: u. the angels;
Gu grir anda ru sna, Greg. 35; engla sveitir, at eru rir ok hfu-rir, id. . evil spirits; now
almost exclusively used in this sense; fjandinn ok hans rar, Fms. vii. 37; satan me snum rum, ii.
137; cp. dji, viti, r (dat.) og lf, ldin tri s, Snt 140. . used of the number eleven, rir eru
ellefu, Edda 108.
rr, adj., Lat. matutinus; at arum degi, Hom. 121. Cp. r (adv.) II.
r-risull, adj. one who rises early, Fms. vi. 241.
r-salr and rsali, a, m. [a foreign word, introduced from Britain], precious hangings of a bed, Eb.
262, Edda 18 (rsali); rsal allan, Gkv. 2. 26; allan rsala, Js. 78; an obsolete word. II. in the east of
Icel. rsali [r, annona, and selja] means annual produce, the stores or crop of a year.
r-samr, adj. fertile, Ver. 17.
r-sinn, part. early sewed, Hm. 87.
r-sima, n. metal wire, Eg. (in a verse). Cp. A. S. r.
r-skyld, f. yearly rent, D. N. iii. 195 (Fr.)
r-sli (and rsld), f. a blessing on the year, plenty; sv var mikil . Hlfdanar, so great was the
plenty during his reign, Fagrsk. 2.
r-sll, adj. happy or blest in the year, fortunate as to season, an epithet of a king; good or bad
seasons were put on the king's account, cp. Fms. i. 51, xi. 294; gr hfngi ok ., i. 198; . ok
vinsll, Fagrsk. 2, Bret. 100; allra konunga rslstr, Fms. x. 175.
r-tal, n. tale or reckoning by years, Vm. 23, 25.
r-tali, a, m. the year-teller, i. e. the moon (pot.), the heathen year being lunar, Alvm. 15.
r-tekja, u, f. yearly rent, D. N. iv. 231 (Fr.)
r-t, n. the anniversary of a man's death, Bs. i. 139, Fms. v. 121, ix. 534, Bret. 70, Blas. 51.
COMPDS: rtar-dagr, m. id., Vm. 116. rtar-hald, n. an anniversary mass, B. K. 8, 25.
rtar-skr, f. an obituary, Vm. 4, m. 45; some of the Icel. obituaries are published in H. E. at
the end of the 1st vol. and in Langeb. Scriptt. Rer. Dan.
r-vakr, adj. (and rvekni, f. mod.), early awake, early rising, Lv. 43, Sks. 19: the name of one of
the horses of the Sun, Edda, Gm. 37.
r-vnligr, adj. promising a good season, Sks. 335.
r-vnn, adj. id., Fms. i. 92, ii. 76.
-ra, dd, to dare, have the courage to do, to attack, cp. ra ., Sturl. iii. 256.
-ri, n. courage, daring, pluck, Eg. i, Korm. 242, Al. 9, Nj. 258, sl. ii. 325: attack, veita e-m .,
to attack, Hom. 113. COMPDS: ris-fullr, adj. daring, Fas. i. 119. ris-ltill, adj. of small
courage, Hkr. ii. 79. ris-mar, m. a bold man, Grett. 141 A, Fbr. 149. ris-mikill, adj.
daring, Sturl. iii. 21, Rd. 285. ris-raun, f. proof of courage, pluck, Fms. vi. 166. ris-snarr,
adj. of great courage, Al. 9.
a-riligr, adj. and -liga, adv. [ra, to guess], likely, probable, Glm. 385, Gsl. 60, Clem. 28. .
daring, dangerous, Fas. iii. 165. . ekki riligt = ekki renniligt, not easy to face, Fms. viii. 64.
-rinn, adj. daring, Sks. 299.
sa, a, a mod. sea term, to move the yard of a sail.
-saka, a, to accuse, censure; with acc., Fms. ii. 174, Bs. i. 786, Stj. 129, H. E. i. 500.
-sakan and skun, f. a charge, censure, Fms. ii. 225, H. E. i. 404. COMPOS: sakanar-efni, n. a
matter for censure, Th. 77. sakanar-or, n. a word of reprimand, Stj. 500.
-sakari, a, m. an accuser, Th. 76.
-samt, adv. along with: 1. loc., in the phrase, vera ., to be together (now saman), esp. of married
people, Sturl. 199, Fms. i. 198, cp. Skm. 7. . koma ., to agree, (in mod. usage, koma vel, illa,
saman, to be on good, bad terms); at kom ltt ., they disagreed, Fms. iv. 369; au kmu vel .,
they lived happily together, of married people, Nj. 25, (in mod. usage, eim kom vel saman); kmu
allar rur . me eim, Eg. 750; sv sem eim kemr . (impers.), as is agreed on by them, Jb. 116.
-sannast, dep. to prove true, (mod. word.)
-saur, ar, m. a ewe, Dipl. v. 10, Hrafn. 6, 8, Vm. 9.
-sld, n. a sprinkling, metaph. of a snow storm, Sturl. iii. 20.
-sttr, adj. part, agreed upon, Edda 10, Grg. i. 1.
s-br, f. the bridge of the Ases, the rainbow, Edda.
s-drengr, m. a pillar (drengr, a short pillar), N. G. L. ii. 283.
s-endi, a, m. theend of a beam, Ld. 280.
-seta, u, f. a sitting upon, settlement, esp. = b, tenure of a farm, Bs. i. 730. setu-garr, m.
(Icel. blisjr), a tenant's farm, D. N. iv. 581 (Fr.)
-setning, f. a putting on, laying on; . stolunnar, the investment of..., Fms. iii. 168: in mod. usage,
masc. setningr, purpose, design; and also setja, tt, to design.
s-garr, m. the residence of the gods (Ases), Edda; also the name of a farm in the west of Icel.: the
mod. Norse 'aasgaardsreid' is a corruption from the Swed. ska, thunder.
s-grindr, f. pl. the rails surrounding the sgarr, Edda 46.
-sigling, f. a sailing upon, Gl. 518, N. G. L. i. 65, ii. 283.
-sj (old form sj, Nirst. 5, Hom. 35), f., gen. sj, the mod. gen. sjr seems only to occur in
late or even paper MSS. I. a looking after, help, protection; tla til sj, to hope for it, Lv. 75, Ld.
42, Fms. i. 289; bija e-n sj, to ask one for help, protection, Nj. 26 (Ed. sjr prob. wrongly);
skja e-n til sj, to seek one's help, Bs. i. 82 (sjr the paper MSS.) . superintendence, inspection;
me spekirum ok ., Fms. x. 178; me . Magnss konungs, Js. 23, Hom. 35. II. one's look,
appearance, shape, Fms. i. 97; manns sj, in the shape of man, Nirst. 5 (= snd). COMPD:
sj-ml, n. pl. a matter worthy of consideration, sl. ii. 159, Band. 15.
-sjligr, adj. handsome, pretty, sl. ii. 208, Art. 98.
-sjn, f. superintendence, inspection, Js. 46; gen. sjnar, used as adv. = eye's view (=
sjnhending), in a straight direction, Vm. 135.
-sjna (sjna older form, Ld. 122, Nirst. 6), u, f. one's look, aspect, countenance; lkami Njls
ok ., Nj. 208; kvenna vnst bi at sjnu (appearance) ok vitsmunum, Ld. 122; greppligr .,
ugly looking, Fms. i. 155; yrbrag ok ., 216, Greg. 45. . form, shape; raels sjnu (in form like
a slave) festr kross, Nirst. 6; andi Drottins dfu ., in form like a dove, 686 B. 13; engill
eldligri ., Hom. 81, Eluc. 17. . = Lat. persona; eigi skalt lta . dmi, Hom. 19 (non accipies
personam in judicio).
-skelling, f. [skella , to chide], chiding, Nirst. 6.
-skilnar, m. [skilja , to disagree], discord, Fas. iii. 335, B. K. 121, Stj. 13, 8. . separation
[skilja, to part], Stj. 130.
-skoran, f. (skora, u, f., Fagrsk. 171, bad reading?), an earnest request, challenge, Nj. 258, Fs.
22, Boll. 342.
-skot (skaut, Sks. 416; skeyti, Thom. 83), n. a shot at, only used in pl.; at menn fi eigi mein af
skotum eirra, by their heavy re (of arrows), Fms. viii. 201; sva mikil ., at menn megi eigi
vgskrum vera, so hard shooting that..., Sks. l. c.
s-kunnigr, adj. akin to the gods, Fm. 13.
-skurr, ar, m. carving, in wood or stone, Bs. i. 680. . carving of meat, (mod.)
-skynja, adj. ind., in the phrase, vera e-s ., used in old writers in the sense to learn, of arts or
knowledge, . rtta, Fr. 46, Fms. ii. 270, Sks. 25, 53, 573; with dat., Fb. i. 462: now only used of
news, to bear, be aware; not of learning, sens proprio.
-skynjandi, part, id., Barl. 24.
s-lkr, m., pot, a cock, Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Fms., Landn.
-slttr, m. an attack; . djfuls, Hom. 68; mod. a feeler, a vague proposition.
s-liar, m. pl. [lii, a champion], the champion of the Ases, Skm. 34.
s-megin (smegn, Edda 15, 29), n. gener. the divine strength of the Ases, but esp. used of Thor in
the phrases, at frast ., vaxa ., neyta ., when he displayed his strength as a god by grasping the
hammer Mjlnir, by putting on the gloves, or the girdle (megingjarar, q. v.), Edda 15, 60, 61, Hm.
31.
s-megir, m. pl. = sliar, Vtkv. 7.
s-mr, m. the divine strength of Thor, shewn in his wrath by thunder and lightning; v nst s
hann eldingar ok rumur strar; s hann r smi, Edda 58; the proper name ormr is
equivalent to smr, cp. Landn. 307 (the verse).
-skn, f. an impetuous unreasonable desire after a thing, (common word.)
-spyrna, u, f. a pressing against with the feet, Grett. (in a verse).
s-rki, n. the power of the Ases, Kristni S. Bs. 10.
SS, m. [Ulf. ans = GREEK; cp. Lat. asser, a pole], gen. ss, dat. si, later s, pl. sar, acc. sa: 1. a
pole, a main rafter, yard; u. of a house; selit var grt um einn as, ok stu t af sendarnir, Ld. 280;
Nj. 115, 202; drengja vi sa langa (acc. pl.), Fms. vii. 54, Sks. 425, Pm. 11, Dipl. iii. 8, Hom. 95;
sofa undir stkum si, Hkr. i. 43; cp. Caes. Bell. Gall. 5. ch. 36, Fs. 62: in buildings ss gener.
means the main beam, running along the house, opp. to bitar, vertr, a cross-beam, v. mnirss,
brnss, etc.: the beams of a bridge, Fms. ix. 512; in a ship, beitiss, a yard of a sail: also simply
called ss, t. 23, Fs. 113; vindss, a windlass (i. e. windle-ass, winding-pole). 2. metaph. a rocky
ridge, Lat. jugum, Eg. 576, Fms. viii. 176. s and sar are freq. local names in Iceland and
Norway. COMPD: ss-stubbi, a, m. the stump of a beam, Sd. 125.
SS, m. [that the word existed in Goth, may be inferred from the words of Jornandes--Gothi
proceres suos quasi qui fortun vincebant non pares homines sed semideos, id est Anses, vocavere.
The word appears in the Engl. names Osborn, Oswald, etc. In old German pr. names with n, e. g.
Ansgr, A. S. Oscar: Grimm suggests a kinship between ss, pole, and ss, deus; but this is
uncertain. In Icel. at least no such notion exists, and the inexions of the two words differ. The old
gen. asar is always used in the poems of the 10th century, Korm. 22 (in a verse), etc.; dat. si, in the
oath of Glum (388), later s; nom. pl. sir; acc. pl. su (in old poetry), si (in prose). The old
declension is analogous to rr; perhaps the Goth, form was sounded ansus; it certainly was sounded
different from ans, GREEK]:--the Ases, gods, either the old heathen gods in general, or esp. the
older branch, opp. to the new one, the d ascripti, the Vanir, q. v., Edda 13 sqq. . the sing, is used
particularly of the different gods, e. g. of Odin; lverk sar, the brewing of the As (viz. Odin), i. e.
poetry, Korm. 208 (in a verse); of Loki, Bragi, etc.; but GREEK it is used of Thor, e. g. in the
heathen oaths, segi ek at si (where it does not mean Odin), Glm. 388; Freyr ok Njrr ok hinn
almtki ss, Landn. (Hb.) 258: in Swed. ska means lightning, thunder, qs. s-ekja, the driving of
the As, viz. Thor: ss as a prex to pr. names also seems to refer to Thor, not Odin, e. g. sbjrn =
orbjrn, Asmr = ormr (Landri. 307 in a verse). In Scandinavian pr. names ss before the
liquid r assumes a t, and becomes st (strr, not srr; strr = srr); and sometimes even
before an l, stlkr -- slkr, Fb. i. 190; stleifr -- sleifr, Fms. xi. (Knytl. S.) COMPDS: sa-
gisling, f. hostage of the Ases, Edda 15. sa-heiti, n. a name of the Ases, Edda (Gl.) sa-orr, m.
Thor the As 'par excellence,' Edda 14, Hbl. 52. sa-tt, f. the race of Ases, Edda 7.
ss, m. [a French word], the ace at dice, in the game kvtra, q. v., Sturl. ii. 95, Orkn. 200: mod. also
the ace in cards.
ST, f., old form &aolig;st, [Ulf. ansts = GREEK; A. S. est or st; O. H. G. anst; old Fr. enst; cp.
unna (ann), to love]:--love, affection; mikla st her snt vi mik, Eg. 603; fella st til e-s, to feel
love to, Sturl. i. 194, Fms. x. 420; lkamleg st, 656 A. ii. 15, Ver. 47: with the article, stin, or stin
mn, my dear, darling, pet, love, a term of endearment used by husband to wife or parents to child;
her er n stin mn, Sighvatr bndi, Sturl. ii. 78. . in pl. love between man and woman, the
affection between man and wife; vel er um stir okkar, sagi hn, Nj. 26; takast ar stir miklar, Ld.
94 (of a newly-wedded pair), 298: love of a woman, mlti Frigg, ok spuri hverr s vri me
sum er eignast vildi stir hennar ok hylli, Edda 37: metaph. the white spots on the nails are called
stir, since one will have as many lovers as there are spots, sl. js., Fl. ix; vide elska, which is a
more common word. COMPDS: sta-fundr, m. = starfundr, Lex. Pot. sta-lauss, adj. loveless,
Helr. 5. star-andi, a, m. spirit of love, H. E. i. 470. star-angr, m. grief from love, Str. 55. star-
atlot, n. pl. = starht. star-augu, n. pl. loving eyes, v. auga; renna, lita staraugum til e-s, to look
with loving eyes, Fms. xi. 227, sl. ii. 199. star-kef, f. passion, Str. star-band, n. band of love,
656 C. 37. star-brmi, a, m. fervent love, Flov. 36. star-bruni, a, m. ardent love, Stj. star-eldr,
m. re of love, Bs. i. 763, Greg. 19. star-fundr, m. affectionate meeting, Fms. xi. 310. star-gyja,
u, f, the goddess of love (Venus), Edda (pref.) 149, Al. 6. star-harmr, m. grief from love, Stj. 4.
star-hirting, f. chastisement of love, 671 C. star-hiti, a, m. passion, Greg. 19. star-ht, n. pl.
the shewing kindness and love, Pass. 12. 23 (sing.) star-hugi, a, and -hugr, ar, m. love, affection,
Bs. i. 446, Fms. i. 34, Stj. 126. star-hygli, f. [hugall], devotion, Bs. i. 48. star-ilmr, m. sweetness
of love, Str. star-kveja, u, f. hearty greeting, Sturl. ii. 185. star-kveikja, u, f. a kindler of love,
Al. 57. star-logi, a, m. ame of love, Hom. 67. star-mark, n. token of love, Greg. 46. star-or,
n. pl. words of love; mla star orum til e-s, to speak in words breathing love, 655 xxxi. star-
pallr, m. step of love, 656 A. i. 10. star-reii, f. anger from love, Sks. 672. star-samband, n.
band of love, Stj. star-sigr, m. victory of love, Str. star-stleikr, m. sweetness of love, Hom. 13.
star-vrkunn, f. compassion, sympathy, Greg. 72. star-vekka, u, f. the dew of love (pot.), Hom.
68. star-verk, n. charity, Sks. 672, Magn. 468. star-vl, f. Ars Amatoria, of Ovid so called, Str. 6.
star-vili, ja, m. desire, passion, Str. 27. star-vngr, m. wing of love, Hom. 48. star-jnusta, u,
f. service of love, Hom. 2, Fms. ii. 42. star-okki, a, m. affection for, inclination, of a loving pair,
Fms. ii. 99, Fr. 63. star-i, n. fury of love, Br. 7.
-staa, u, f. [standa ], an insisting upon, Ann. 1392, Thom. 37.
-stand, n. state, (mod. word.)
st-blindr, adj. blind from love, Lex. Pot.
st-bundinn, part. in bonds of love, Str. 36, 55.
-stemma (&aolig;stemma), u, f. damming a river, D. I. i. 280.
st-flginn, part. beloved, dear to one's heart, warmly beloved; . e-m, Fms. vi. 45, xi. 3.
st-fstr, rs, m. love to a foster-child, (also used metaph.) in phrases such as, leggja . vi e-n, to
foster with love, as a pet child, Fms. iii. 90; fa e-n stfstri, to breed one up with fatherly care, x.
218.
st-gjf, f., theol. grace, gift; . Heilags Anda, Sklda 210, Skv. i. 7, Andr. 63; in pl., Magn. 514.
st-goi, a, m. a darling, good genius; hann tti llum mnnum ., he (viz. bishop Paul) was
endeared to all hearts, Bs. i. 137: the old Ed. reads stgi, endearment, which seems less correct,
v. goi: goi in the sense of good genius is still in use in the ditty to the Icel. game 'goa-ta' (heima
r eg goa minn).
st-hollr, adj. affectionate, Sks. 687 B.
st-hugar, adj. part, dearly loving, Njar. 380.
-stig, n. a treading upon, Sks. 400, 540: a step, 629.
st-igr, adj., contr. forms stgir, stgar, etc., dear, lovely, Vsp. 17.
st-kynni, n. a hearty welcome, Am. 14.
st-krr, adj. dearly beloved.
st-lauss, adj. loveless, heartless, = stalauss, Hom. 43.
st-leysi, n. want of love, unkindness, Hrafn. 5.
st-menn, m. pl. dearly beloved friends, Sturl. 1. 183, Hkr. iii. 250, Stj. 237, Blas. 44.
st-meer, f. a darling girl, sweetheart, Flov. 28.
st-r, n. kind (wise) advice, Fms. ii. 12 (ironically), Sklda 164, Hom. 108, Hm. 30.
-stra, u, f. passion, (mod. word.)
st-rki, n. paternal love; in the phrase, ekki hafi hann . mikit af fur snum, i. e. he was no pet
child, Fms. iii. 205, Ld. 132; . Drottins, 655 v. 2.
st-rkr, adj. full of love; . Fair, of God, Mar. 3, 24.
st-samliga, adv. (and -ligr, adj.), affectionately, Hkr. iii. 250, Fms. ix. 434, Fas. i. 91, 655 xxvii.
25, Sks. 12, Sturl. i. 183, Hom. i, Stj.
st-samr, adj. id., Hom. 58, Sks. 12.
st-sem, f. love, affection, Hkr. iii. 261, Fms. x. 409: stsemar-r, n. = str, Sks. 16, Anecd.
30: stsemar-verk, n. a work of love, Sks. 673: stsemar-vintta, u, f. loving friendship, Sks.
741.
st-snaur, adj. without love, Lex. Pot.
st-sld, f. the being loved by all, popularity, b. 16.
st-sll, adj. beloved by all, popular, b. 16, Fms. xi. 317.
-stunda, a, to study, take pains with, H. E. i. 504, 514.
-stundan, f. pains, care, devotion, Fms. i. 219; hafa . (inclination) til Gus, Br. 12; til illra
hluta, Stj. 55, Sks. 349, 655 xxxii, Thom. 335.
st-, f. [properly sth, Clem. 40, contr. from st-hug, from hugr or hyg, cp. l, ver,
haru, kind, stubborn, hard disposition; v. A. S. hydig], love, affection, Rb. 390. COMPDS:
star-frndsemi, f. affectionate kinship, Sturl. ii. 81. star-vinr, m. a dear friend, Fms. vi.
198, v. l. aldavinr, a dear old friend.
st-igr, adj. loving, Eg. 702, Fms. i. 55: as neut., stigt er me e-m, they are on friendly terms,
Ld. 236.
st-ligr, adj. lovely, Fms. vi. 19, Bs. i. 74, Stud. i. 2: as neut., . er me e-m, to be on terms of
love, Lax. 162.
st-vina, u, f. a dear (female) friend, Thom. 14.
st-vintta, u, f. intimate friendship, Eg. 728.
st-vinr, ar, m. a dear friend; rlfr gekk til frttar vi r stvin sinn, Eb. 8, Fms. i. 58, Thom.
10.
st-okki, a, m. = starokki, Fms. vi. 341.
-sti, n. [standa ], no doubt a bad reading, Eg. 304: cp. sta, u, f. (a mod. word), argument,
reason.
s-ynja, u, f. a goddess, the fem, of ss; sir ok synjur, Vtkv. i, Edda 21.
-sn, f. countenance, presence; kasta e-m burt fr sinni ., Stj. 651: appearance, shape, Hom. 155;
dat. pl. used as adv., hversu var hann snum, how did he look? Hom. 91; gtr at tt ok ., fair of
race and noble, Hkr. i. 214: gen. sing, used as adv., minna snar, apparently less, Grg. ii. 29. 2.
metaph. a view, opinion; me rangri ., Sks. 344.
-sna, , to shew, Fms. v. 345.
-snd, f. = sn, and dat. pl. and gen. sing, used in the same way, v. above, Fms. i. 101, v. 345, x.
228, Fs. 4, Ld. 82: metaph. the face, of the earth, Stj. 29, 276.
-snis, adv. apparently, Sturl. i. 1, Fms. x. 284.
-snt, n. adj. [sj ], to be seen, visible; ef eigi verr ., if no marks (of the blow) can be seen,
Grg. ii. 15; at er ., evident, Sks. 185.
-skni, n. (skinn, adj. vexatious), vexation, Finnb. 240.
-slast, d, dep. (slni, f.), . e-n, to covet another man.
-stni, f. [sitja], tarrying long, sl. ii. 440 (of a tiresome guest).
T, n. [ta, t, edere, A. S. -acute;t], the act of eating, in the phrase, at ldri ok at ti, inter
bibendum et edendum, Grg. ii. 170, N. G. L. i. 29; t ok drykkja, Fas. ii. 552, Orkn. 200; t ok
atvinna, Stj. 143: of beasts, kr hafnai tinu, the cow (being sick) would not eat, Bs. i. 194.
ta, u, f. 1. food to eat, but only of beasts, a prey, carcase; h ok ta, of a slaughtered beast, N. G.
L. i. 246; sv er ar ekki rot rinnar tu (for seals), Sks. 176; ar st lfr tu, Jd. 31. 2. eating;
gr tu, 'good eating,' Sks. 136, 137. 3. medic. a cancer, and tu-mein, n. id., Fl. ix. 190; the old
word is eta, q. v. COMPD: tu-, n. a law term, eatable things stolen, Grg. ii. 192.
-tak, n. (taka, u, f., Hom. 17), [taka ], touching: gen. taks, soft, hard, etc. to the feeling; sv .
sem skinn, Flov. 31, Magn. 522: medic. touching, v. lknishendr, Stj. 248: pl. grips, tk ok
sviptingar, in wrestling, Fas. iii. 503, Fms. xi. 442.
-tala, u, f. [telja , incusare,], a rebuke, reprimand, N. G. L. i. 309; esp. in pl., Fms. v. 103, ix. 384,
Hkr. ii. 6, Fr. 218: tlu-laust, n. adj. undisputed, Jb. 251.
tan, n. [cp. tan], an eatable, N. G. L. i. 19.
-tekja, u, f. (tekt, f., Fbr. 151, Thom. 273), prop. touching; in pl. metaph. disposition for or
against a thing, liking or disliking, Bjarn. 54 (cp. taka vel, illa e-u).
-tekning, f. touching, Stj. 35.
t-frekr, adj. greedy, voracious, Hkv. 2. 41.
t-girni, f. greediness of food, Hom. 72, and tgjarn, adj. greedy.
tjn, older form ttjn, as shewn by assonances such as, ttjn Haraldr sttir, Fms. vi. 159, in a
verse of the middle of the 11th century [Swed. adertan; Dan. atten; Engl. eighteen; Germ.
achtzehn]:-- eighteen, Edda 108, Hkr. ii. 289, N. G. L. i. 114.
tjndi, older form ttjndi, eighteenth, Hom. 164, N. G. L. i. 348.
tjn-sessa, u, f. [cp. tvtug-, rtugsessa], a ship having eighteen rowing benches, Fms. ix. 257,
xi. 56.
-tro, n. (troi, a, m., Hom. 95), a treading upon, Magn. 468: metaph. intrusion, Hom. 95.
-trnar, ar, m. [tra ], belief, creed, religion; forn ., the old (heathen) faith, Nj. 156, Fms. v. 69,
K. . 62, Joh. 623. 18, Eb. 12: trnaar-mar, m. a believer, [trmar], Andr. 66.
TT, f. a family, race, v. tt and compds.
TT and tt, f., pl. ttir and ttir [Germ. acht = Lat. ager, praedium, a rare and obsolete word in
Germ.], plaga caeli, quarter; just as quarter refers to the number four, so tt seems to refer to eight:
tt properly means that part of the horizon which subtends an arc traversed by the sun in the course
of three hours; thus dened, -- mean sl veltist urn tta ttir, Sks. 54; ok at eru rjr stundir
dags er sl veltist um eina sett, id.; the names of the eight ttir are, tnorr ., north-west; norr .,
north; landnorr ., north-east; austr a., east; landsur ., south-east; sur ., south; tsur .,
south-west; vestr ., west; four of which (the compounds) are subdivisions; tt is therefore freq.
used of the four only, Loki gri ar hs ok fjrar dyrr, at hann mtti sj r hsinu allar ttir, ... to
all (i. e. four) sides, Edda 39: or it is used generally, from all sides, drfr snr r llum ttum,
Edda 40; drfa eir til r llum ttum (= hva- anva), Hkr. i. 33; norrtt, Edda 4, 23; hence a
mod. verb tta, a; . sik, to nd the true quarter, to set oneself right, cp. Fr. s'orienter. COMPDS:
tta-skipan, f. a division of the tt, Sks. 37. tta-skipti, n. id. tta-viltr, adj. bewildered.
TTA, card, number [Sansk. ashtan; Goth, ahtau; Gr. GREEK ; Lat. octo; A. S. eahta; Germ,
acht], eight, Landn. 73, Edda 108.
ttandi and ttundi, old form tti, ord. number eighth, Lat. octavus; vi (hinn) tta mann, Landn.
304; hlfr tti tgr, Clem. 47; tti dagr Jla, Fms. iii. 137, Rb. 8, K. . 152, 218. The form ttandi
occurs early, esp. in Norse writers, N. G. L. i. 10, 348, 350, Sks. 692 B: in Icel. writers with
changed vowel ttundi, which is now the current form, Mar. 656 A. i, Hkr. ii. 286, where the old
vellum MS. . H. 173 has tta.
ttar- (the compd form of tt, a family), v. tt.
tta-tigir (mod. ttatu as an indecl. single word), eighty, Landn. 123, Edda 108; vide tigr.
tta-tugasti, the eightieth, Sturl. ii. 156 C, = ttugandi, q. v.
tt-bogi and ttbogi, a, m. lineage, Landn. 357, Eluc. 26, Stj. 425, Fms. i. 287, Post. 686 B. 14.
tt-femingr, m. measuring eight fathoms, Vm. 80, Am. 60.
tt-hagi, a, m. one's native place, home, country, where one is bred and born; tthaga sinum, Ld.
40, Fs. 61: freq. in pl.
tt-hyrndr, adj. octagonal, Alg. 368.
tt-jr and ttjr, f. -- tthagi, sl. ii. 186, A. A. 252: in mod. usage = Lat. patria, and always in
the form tt-.
tt-konr, m., pot. kindred, t. 21.
tt-leggr and ttleggr, m. lineage, Stj. 44.
tt-lera, adj. degenerate, v. ttlera.
tt-mlt, n. adj. name of a metre, a verse containing eight lines, each being a separate sentence,
Edda (Ht.) 125.
tt-nir, m. kindred, Hm. 9.
tt-runnr, m., pot. kindred, Hm. 20.
tt-rr, adj. [for the numbers twenty to seventy the Icel, say tvtugr, ... sjautugr; but for eighty to
one hundred and twenty, ttrr, nrr, trr, tlfrr]. 1. temp, numbering eighty years of age,
(hlf- ttrr, that of seventy-six to eighty): . karl, an octogenarian, Ld. 150. Eighty years of age is
the terminus ultimus in the eyes of the law; an octogenarian is no lawful witness; he cannot dispose
of land or priesthood (goor) without the consent of his heir; if he marries without the consent of
his lawful heir, children begotten of that marriage are not to inherit his property, etc.; ef mar
kvngast er . er er ellri, etc., Grg. i. 178; . mar n ellri skal hvrki selja land n goror undan
erngja sinum, nema hann megi eigi eiga fyrir skuld, 224; ef mar nefnir vtta ... mann tlf vetra
gamlan er ellra ... ttran er yngra, ii. 20. 2. loc. measuring eighty fathoms (ells ...) in height,
breadth, depth ...: also of a ship with eighty oars [cp. Germ, ruder], Eg. 599, Vm. 108; vide ttrr.
tt-stafr, m., pot. kindred, Hkv. I. 54.
attugandi = ttatugasti, Stj. (MS. 227), col. 510.
ttungr, m. I. [atta], the eighth part of a whole, either as to measure or number; cp. fjrungr,
rijungr, etc., Rb. 488; . manna, N. G. L. i. 5: as a Norse law term, a division of the country with
regard to the levy in ships, Gl. 91, N. G. L. i. 135. II. [tt or tt, familia], pot. kindred, kinsman;
Freys ., the poem Hlt., Edda 13, t. 13, 14, Al. 98 (esp. in pl.), v. Lex. Pot.: ttungs-kirkja, u, f.
a church belonging to an ttungr (in Norway), N. G. L. i. 8.
tt-vsi and ttvsi, f. genealogical knowledge or science, Sklda 161, 169, Br. 164, Bs. i. 91,
Fms. vii. 102; the ttvsi formed a part of the old education, and is the groundwork of the old Icel.
historiography, esp. of the Landnarna.
tt-ringr, m. an eight-oared boat (now proncd. ttahringr), Vm. 109.
tt-rr, adj. [r, remus], having eight oars, Eg. 142, 600 A.
t-vagl, in. a glutton, Germ. freszbauch.
-valr, adj. round, sloping, semi-rotundus; cp. svalr, rotundus [from vlr or from oval (?)]; it seems
not to occur in old writers.
v-alt and vallt, adv. always, Lat. semper, originally of-allt (from allr)= in all; but as early as the
12th century it was sounded as ofvalt or valt, which may be seen from this word being used in
alliteration to v in poems of that time, ars valt er vsir bj, Kt. 16; vestu valt at trausti, Harmsl
verse 59; styrktu of valt til verka, Leiarv. 34 (the MS. reads valt): even Hallgrim in the 17th
century says, vst valt eim vana halt | vinna, lesa ok ija. In MSS. it is not unfreq. spelt ofvalt, as
a single word, e. g. Bs. i. 150-200; yet in very early times the word seems to have assumed the
present form valt, proncd. -valt, as if from and valr: ofalt, of allt, Orkn. 90, Fms. v. 205, Fbr. 77,
87, Fr. 22: of valt, Eluc. 3, Bs. i. 349, Fms. v. 160: valt or vallt, freq. in the old miracle book, --
Bs. i-335, 343, 344, 345, 351, Hom. MS. Holm. p. 3, Hoin. (MS. 619), 129, Grg. (Kb.) 116,
Landn. 86, Fms. xi. 112, etc. etc., -- through all the Sagas and down to the present day: cp. the mod.
alltaf (per metath.), adv. always.
-vani, a, m. habits, (mod. word.)
-vant, n. adj. in the phrase, e-s er ., wanted, needed, missed, Ld. 26, Hkr. ii. 34, Korm. 92.
-varr, adj. [from - intens. and verja, part, varir, contr. varr, pro- tectus], an interesting old
word; with dat., a. e-m, protected by one, but only used of a man in relation to the gods, in the
phrase, goum varr, a client or darling of the gods, used as early as by Egil, Ad. 20, and also
three or four times in prose; at hann mundi Frey (dat.) sv a. fyrir bltin, at hann mundi eigi vilja at
freri milli eirra, Gsl. 32; skilja eir at eir ern mjk varir gounum, Rm. 292; so also of God,
ef hann vri sv . Gui, sem hann tlai, Bs. i. 464.
-varp, n. (cp. verpa tlu , to count): 1. a computation, calculation, in round numbers; at var .
manna, at fyrir Nornesi mundi eigi fra falla en rj hundru manna, Fms. viii. 143, x. 64, 139;
kallar ekki vnn mar at varpi estra manna, in the suggestion, account of most people, Bs. i. 72.
2. in mod. usage, an address, accosting, Lat. allocutio; and varpa, a, to address, Lat. alloqui; cp.
the old phrase, verpa ori e-n, alloqui.
-vaxta, a, to make to wax greater, make productive: of money, a. f, to put out to interest, Nj. III:
pass. -ask, to increase, Fms. i. 137, Stj. 12.
-vaxtan, f. a making productive, Stj. 212.
vaxt-lauss, adj. unproductive, barren, Al. 50.
-vaxtsamligr, adj. (and -liga, adv.), productive, Hom. 10.
vaxt-samr, adj. , productive, Stj. 77, 94: metaph., H. E. i. 513.
-vn, f. (now vningr, m.), a faint expectation or hint; segja e-m . e-s, to give some hint about
it, Grg. ii. 244.
-veir, f. river shery, D. I. i. 280.
-verk, n. I. as a law term, a blow (drep); thus dened, -- at er drep annat er . heitir ef mar lstr
mann sv at bltt er rautt verr eptir, er rtnar hrund er stkkr undan hold, er hrtr r munni
er r nsum er undan nglum, Grg. ii. 15; the lesser sort of drep (blow),
14; but in general use verk includes every bodily lesion, a collective expression for wounds and
blows (sr and drep); lsa s&aolig;r er drep ok kvea hver . eru, i. 35; bau hskarlinn honum
mti xi ok ., Bs. i. 341, vide verki below. II. in pl. work in a household; gra brar ok vinna au
., Grg. ii. 277: of unlawful work, e.g. cutting trees in another man's forest; verr hann tlagr
rem mrkum ok sex aura ., ef hann veit eigi, at eir eigu bir, 292.
-verki, a, m. I. a law term, lesion in general, produced by a weapon or any deadly instrument,
more general than the neut.; lsi ek mr hnd allan ann verka; ... sr, ef at srum grist; vg, ef
at vgi grist, Grg. ii. 32, Nj. 86, Fr. 223, Sturl. i. 148. II. (Norse) the plant of a household,
produce of a farm; landskyld heimilar l (Lat. fundus) ok allan verka ann er kaup eirra
kom, ... as agreed upon between landlord and tenant, Gl. 329; skipta grum eptir jararhfn (Lat.
fundus) ok llum verka (including buildings, fences, crop, etc.), 380; skal hann lggar gra ... ok
vinna ann verka landi hins ar er hvrki s akr n eng, 277. p. unlawful; tleg ok sex aura
verki, Grg. ii. 296; hvervetna ar sem mar hittir . mrk sinni, skal hann burt taka at sekju,
Gl. 363. COMPDS: verka-bt, f. compensation for an averki (II. p.), Gl. 363. verka-drep, n.
a stroke, blow producing verki (I.), Grg. ii. 16. verka-mar, m. a perpetrator of an verki (I.),
Grg. ii. 13. verka-ml, n. an action concerning averki (I.), Grg. ii. 96, Nj. 100.
-viris, mod. vera (verasamr, adj.), adv. on the weather side, Fms. viii. 340, 346, 378.
-vinna, vann, to win, make prot, v. vinna .
-vinningr, m. prot, gain, Fms. xi. 437, Gl. 212.
-vinnt, n. adj. a naval term, prob. from the phrase, vinda e-n, to turn upon one in a rowing race,
or of giving way in a sea-ght; ef Orminum skal v lengra fram leggja sem hann er lengri en nnur
skip, mun . um sxin, ... then they in the bow will have a hard pull, will be hard put to it, Fms.
ii. 308, Thom. 17, 58; grist eim . er nstir lgu, their ranks begun to give way, Sturl. iii. 66
(of a sea-ght); tla ek at mund er ek renn fr Haraldi unga, at yr afburarmnnum mun .
ykkja eptir at standa, Orkn. 474.
-viring, f. blame, fault.
-vist, f. abode, = b, Bs. i. 725.
-vita, adj. ind. in the phrase, vera e-s ., to become aware of, learn, Andr. 623. 80, Fms. x. 171; .
mannvits er rtta, Sks. 26.
-vitull, m. a law term, the indicia of a thing; skuli eir rannsaka allt; ok sv gra eir, ok nna ar
ngan vitl (acc.), Fr. 186; grunar hann n, at kerling muni hafa fengit nokkurn (MS. wrongly
nokkura, acc. fem.) vital, hverr mar hann er, Thom. 158.
-vga, adj. ind. in the phrase, vera ., of a chief on whose side most people are killed in a battle,
in respect to the pairing off of the slain in the lawsuit that followed; at vru lg , ar at (in the
case that) menn fllu jafnmargir, at at skyldi kalla jamvegit (they should be paired off, no
compensation, or 'wergeld,' should be paid, and no suit begun), tt manna munr tti vera; en eir
er . uru skyldi kjsa mann til eptir hvern mli skyldi, Glm. 383; vide Sir Edm. Head, p. 93.
-vsa, a, to point at, indicate, Lex. Pot.
-vsan, f. an intimation, indication, Stj. 78 (of instinct), Fas. iii. 541; epitaphium at er ., 732. 15.
-vt, [vti], n. pl., vtan, f., Thom. 246, Th. 19 (mod. vtur, f. pl.), a reprimand, rebuke,
castigation; vta, gen. pl., Fr. 23; bera vt (acc. pl.), Sks. 541, Hkr. ii. 200, Hom. 43. COMPDS:
vta-laust, n. adj. blameless, Sks. 802, Hom. 160. vta-samligr and vt-samligr, adj. blamable,
Sks. 577. vt-samr, adj. chiding, severe, zealous, Bs. i. 392, Greg. 64.
-vta, a, to chide, rebuke; . e-n, Fs. 58; . e-n um e-t, Fms. x. 372, Landn. 51; . e-t (acc. of the
thing), Bs. i. 766: pass., Hom. 84.
-vni, n. (vningr, m.) = vn, Gl. 51.
-vxtr, ar, m., dat. vexti, acc. pl. vxtu (mod. vexti), prop. 'on-wax,' 'on-growth,' i.e. fruit,
produce, growth, Stj. 35, Fms. ix. 265: metaph., . kviar ns, 655 xiii. p. metaph. interest, rent
[cp. Gr. GREEK], Grg. i. 195; verja f til vaxtar, Fms. v. 194, 159, iii. 18: gain, Bs. i. 141.
COMPDS: vaxtar-lauss, adj. unproductive, Grg. i. 173, Fms. x. 221. vaxtar-tund, f. a Norse
law term, a sort of income tax, opp. to hfutund; n er hverr mar skyldr at gra tund s er fjr
m aa, bi h. (tithe on capital) ok . (tithe on interest), N. G. L. i. 346.
-ekkr, adj. similar, Fms. ii. 264, xi. 6, Vsp. 39.
-tti, n. or ttr, ar, m. a law term in the COMPD ttis-or or ttar-or, n. defamatory
language, invective, liable to the lesser outlawry, Grg. (Sb.) ii. 143, Valla L. 204.
-j, , to oppress, Eg. 8, Fms. i. 21.
-jn, f. oppression, tyranny, oppressive rule, Eg. 14, 47, Fms. v. 26: servitude, heavy-burdens (=
lgur), vii. 75, x. 416 (where jnar, pl.), Sks. 79, v.l. (coercion). COMPD: jnar-ok, n. the
yoke of tyranny, Al. 7.
-rtni, f. mutual strife, Stj. MS. 227, col. 491.
-yngd, f. exaction, oppression, Js. 13.
-yngja, d, . e-m, to oppress one.
-yngsli, n. a burden, (mod. word.)
B (b) is the second letter. In the Phenician (Hebrew) alphabet the three middle mutes, b, g, d, etc.,
follow in unbroken order after a. In the Greek the same order is kept; in Latin, and hence in all
European alphabets, a confusion arose, rst, by giving to the UNCERTAIN (the old Greek gamma)
the value of k (c), and thereby throwing g out of its original place: secondly, by placing e and F
(identical in form with UNCERTAIN, the old Greek digamma) immediately after the d; thus,
instead of the old Greek (and Hebrew) a, b, g, d, e, f, we got a, b, c, d, e, f, g, etc. In the old
Slavonian alphabet v (vidil) was inserted between the b and g (Grimm Introd. to lit. B). In the old
Runic alphabet the order became still more disjointed; the common rude Scandinavian Runes have
no special g or d, and their b is put between t and l, nearly at the end of the alphabet (... t, b, l, m, y).
In all the others b kept its place at the head of the consonants, immediately after a, which stands
rst in almost all alphabets.
A. Among the vowels a begins more words than any other vowel: it contains the three great
prepositions, af, at, and , which, with their compounds, along with those of al- and all-, make up
more than half the extent of the letter; it abounds in compound words, but is comparatively poor in
primitive root words. Again, b is in extent only surpassed by the consonants h and s; in regard to the
number of root words it is equal to them all, if not the foremost. It is scanty in compounds, has no
prepositions, but contains the roots of several large families of words, as, for instance, the three
great verbs, bera, brega, and ba; besides many of secondary extent, as binda, ba, bija, etc.; and
a great number of nouns. The extent of b is greatly reduced by the fact, that the Scandinavian
idioms have no prex be-, which in the German swells the vocabulary by thousands (in Grimm it
takes up about 300 pages); the modern Swedes and Danes have during the last few centuries
introduced a great many of these from modern German; the Icel. have up to the present time kept
their tongue pure from this innovation, except in two or three words, such as betala or btala (to
pay), befala or bfala (to commend), behalda or bhalda (to keep), which may, since the
Reformation, be found in theol. writers; the absence of the prex be- is indeed one of the chief
characteristics of the Icel. as opposed to the German; the English, inuenced by the northern idiom,
has to a great extent cut off this be-, which abounds in A. S. (v. Bosworth, A. S. Dictionary, where
about 600 such words are recorded); even in the Ormulum only about thirty such words are found;
in South-English they are more frequent, but are gradually disappearing. Again, b represents p in
Scandinavian roots; for probably all words and syllables beginning with p are of foreign extraction;
and the same is probably the case in German and English, and all the branches of the Teutonic (vide
Grimm D. G. iii. 414); whereas, in Greek and Latin, p is the chief letter, containing about a seventh
of the vocabulary, while b contains from one seventieth to one ninetieth only. It might even be
suggested that the words beginning with b in Greek and Latin are (as those with p in the Teutonic)
either aliens, onomatopotics, provincialisms, or even cant words.
B. PRONUNCIATION. -- The b is in Icel. sounded exactly as in English: I. as initial it is an
agreeable sound in all the branches of the Teutonic, especially in the combinations br and bl, as in
'bread, brother, bride, bloom, blithe, blood, bless,' etc. etc. The Greek and Roman, on the other
hand, disliked the initial b sound; but the difference seerns to be addressed to the eye rather than the
ear, as the in modern Greek is sounded exactly as Icel. b, whilst p is sounded as Icel. v; thus the
Greek GREEK in Icel. rendered phonetically by vsundr, but GREEK (biskup, bishop) is in all
Teutonic dialects rendered by b, not p, probably because the Greek had exactly this sound. II. but
although agreeable as the initial to a syllable, yet as a middle or nal letter b in Icel. sounds uncouth
and common, and is sparingly used: 1. after a vowel, or between two vowels, b is never sounded in
Icel. as in modern German geben, haben, laub, leben, leib, lieb; in all those cases the Icel. spells
with an f, sounded as a v. Ullas frequently uses b, e.g. graban, haban, saban, ba, gabei, etc.; yet in
many cases he vacillates, e.g. giban, graban, gban, grbun, tvalib, but gaf and grf, etc. So
gahalaiban on the Gothic-Runic stone in Tune, but hlaifs, Ulf., Luke vi. 48. The Greek and Latin
abound in the use of the b (bh) in the middle of syllables and inexions (-bus, -bills, -bo): in Icel.
only a double b may be tolerated, but only in onomatopotic or uncouth words, as babbi (pa of a
baby), bobbi (a scrape), stubbi (Germ. stumpf), lubbi (Germ. lump), nabbi (a knob), krabbi (a crab),
gabb, babbl, babbla, etc.; cp. similar words in English. 2. joined to a consonant; o. in old Swedish b
is inserted between m and r or m and l (as in mod. Greek and are sounded p and p, e.g.
Swed. domber, komber, warmber, hambri, gamblar = Icel. dmr, komr (venit), varmr, hamri,
gamlar: Swed. kumbl and kubl (Icel. kuml, monumentum) are used indifferently. Even in old Icel.
poems we nd sumbl = suml, symposium, simbli = simli, Edda i. 256 (Ed. Havn.): mp is only found
in adopted words, as in kempa (cp. Germ. kampf), lampi (Lat. lampas), and is almost assimilated
into pp (kappi): mb is tolerated in a few words, such as umb, lamb, dramb, dumbr, kambr, vmb,
timbr, gymbr. strambr, klmbr; cp. the Engl. lamb, comb, timber, womb, where the b is not
pronounced (except in the word timber); in limb, numb the b is not organic (cp. Icel. limr, numinn);
it occurs also in a few diminutive pet names of children, Simbi = Sigmundr, Imba= Ingibjrg. In the
16th and 17th centuries the Germans used much to write mb or mp before d or t, as sambt or sampt
(una cum), kombt or kompt (venit); but this spelling again became obsolete. . the modern High
German spells and pronounces rb and lb, werben, korb, kalb, halb, etc., where the middle High
German has rw and lw, korw, kalw; the modern Scandinavian idioms here spell and pronounce rf, lf,
or rv, lv, e.g. Dan. kalv, Swed. kalf, vitulus; the Icel. spells with f, ar, klfr, but pronounces f like v.
Yet in Icel. rb, lb are found in a few old MSS., especially the chief MS. (A. M. folio 107) of the
Landnma, and now and then in the Sturlunga and Edda: nay, even to our own time a few people
from western Icel. speak so, and some authors of mark use it in their writings, such as the
lexicographer Bjrn Halldrsson, e.g. lbr, klbr, hlbr, sjlbr, silbr, lbr, klbr, orb, arbi, karbi,
rb, = lfr, etc.; only the word lb, qs. lf, is used all over Icel. . and fn are in mod. Icel.
usage pronounced bl and bn, ska, ta, nai, = skabl, tabl, nabli; nafn, hfn, safn, nefna, = nabn,
hbn, sabn, nebna; without regard whether the radical consonant be f or m, as in nafn and safn, qs.
namn and samn. This pronunciation is in Icel. purely modern, no traces thereof are found in old
vellum MSS.; the modern Swedes, Danes, and Norse pronounce either mn (the Swedes spell mn
where Icel. use fn or bn) or vl (Dan.), f (Swed.) . f is in Icel. commonly pronounced as b, e.g.
hafi, hef, sofu = habi, heb, sobu; yet a few people in the west still preserve the old and
genuine pronunciation vd (havdu, sovdu, not habu, sobu), even in the phrase, ef (si tu),
proncd. eb. The prexed particles of- and af- are often in common speech sounded as ob-, ab-, if
prexed to a word beginning with b or even m, l, e.g. ofbo, afburr, afbindi, aagi, afmn, as
obbo, abbindi, Hm. 138; abb, Korm. 116; abburr, Fms. x. 321; ablag, abmn: gef mr, lofa mr,
proncd. gbmr or gmmr, lobmr or lommr (da mihi, permitte mihi); af mr (a me), proncd.
abmr or ammr; but only in common language, and never spelt so; cp. Sunnan Pstur, A.D. 1836,
p. 180, note * *. r. b = m in marbendill = marmennill.
C. According to Grimm's Law of Interchange ('Lautverschiebung'), if we place the mute consonants
in a triangle thus:
UNCERTAIN
the Scandinavian and Saxon-Teutonic form of a Greek-Latin root word is to be sought for under the
next letter following the course of the sun; thus the Greek-Latin f () answers to Icel. and Teutonic
b; the Greek-Latin b (p), on the other hand, to Teutonic p. Few letters present so many connections,
as our b (initial) does to the Greek-Latin f, either in whole families or single words; some of the
instances are dubious, many clear: GREEK, cp. Icel. balkr; GREEK, Lat. far, cp. barr; GREEK,
GREEK, Lat. f&o-short;rare, cp. bora; GREEK, cp. barki; GREEK, GREEK, cp. bifa; GREEK,
GREEK, Lat. f&e-short;ro, cp. bera, borinn; GREEK, cp. byrr; GREEK, GREEK, Lat. f&u-
short;gio, cp. beygja, boginn, bugr; GREEK, Lat. f&a-long;gus, cp. bk, beyki; GREEK, GREEK,
Lat. fulgere, fulgur, cp. blik, blika; GREEK, Lat. &a-long;re, cp. blsa, blginn, Lat. follis, cp.
belgr; GREEK, Lat. &o-long;s, cp. blm; GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, cp. bani, ben; GREEK, cp.
barmr; GREEK, GREEK, cp. borg, byrgja; GREEK, GREEK, cp. birta; GREEK, Lat. fr&a-
long;ter, cp. brir; GREEK, cp. brunnr; GREEK, cp. brattr (brant), brandr; GREEK, cp. br;
GREEK, GREEK, cp. brk; GREEK, Lat. f&i-long;o, f&u-short;i, cp. ba, bj, Engl. to be, and the
particle be- (v. Grimm s.v. be- and bauen); GREEK, Lat. f&o-short;lium, cp. bla; GREEK, Lat.
f&o-short;cus, cp. baka: moreover the Lat. f&a-short;cio, -f&i-short;cio, cp. byggja; fastigium, cp.
bust; favilla, cp. bl; f&e-short;rio, cp. berja; f&e-short;rox, f&e-short;rus, cp. ber-, bjrn; fervere,
cp. brenna; f&i-long;dus, foedus, cp. binda; ndo, f&i-long;di, cp. bta, beit; &a-short;gellum, cp.
blaka; ectere, cp. brega; uctus, cp. bylgja; f&o-short;dio, cp. bauta, Engl. to beat; fundus, cp.
botn; fors, forte, cp. 'burr' in 'at burr;' frango, fr&e-long;gi, fr&a-short;gor, cp. breki, brak, brjta;
fraus (fraudis), cp. brjta, braut; fr&u-long;ges, fructus, cp. bjrk; fulcio, cp. blki; fr&e-short;mo,
cp. brim; frenum, cp. beisl, Engl. bridle; frons (frondis), cp. brum; -- even frons (frontis) might be
compared to Icel. brandr and brattr, cp. such phrases as frontati lapides; -- f&a-long;tum, f&a-
long;ma, cp. bo, boa, etc. The Greek GREEK, GREEK might also be identical to our blin blr.
The change is irregular in words such as Lat. pangere, Icel. banga; petere = bija; parcere = bjarga;
porcus = brgr; GREEK, cp. bekkr; probably owing to some link being lost. . in words imported
either from Greek or Roman idioms the f sometimes remains unchanged; as the Byz. Greek GREEK
is fengari, Edda (Gl.); sometimes the common rule is reversed, and the Latin or Greek p becomes b,
as episcopus = biskup; leopardus = hlbarr, Old Engl. libbard; ampulla = bolli; cp. also Germ.
platz = Icel. blettr; again, plank is in the west of Icel. sounded blanki: on the other hand, Latin
words such as bracca, burgus are probably of Teutonic or Celtic origin. . the old High German
carried this interchange of consonants still farther; but in modern High German this interchange
remains only in the series of dental mutes: in the b and g series of mutes only a few words remain,
as Germ. pracht (qs. bracht), cp. Engl. bright; Germ. pfand, cp. Engl. bond; otherwise the modern
Germans (High and Low) have, just as the English have, their braut, bruder, brod, and butter, not as
in old times, prt, etc.
D. In the Runic inscriptions the b is either formed as RUNE, so in the old Gothic stone in Tune, or
more commonly and more rudely as RUNE in the Scandinavian monuments; both forms clearly
originate from the Greek-Roman. The Runic name was in A. S. beorc, i.e. a birch, Lat. betula;
'beorc by blda les ..., ' the A. S. Runic Poem. The Scandinavian name is, curiously enough --
instead of bjrk, f. a birch, as we should expect -- bjarkan, n.; the name is in the old Norse Runic
Poem denoted by the phrase, bjarkan er lauf grnst lima, the b. has the greenest leaves, cp. also
Sklda 177: both form and gender are strange and uncouth, and point to some foreign source; we do
not know the Gothic name for it, neither is the Gothic word for the birch (betula) on record, but
analogously to aira, haira, Icel. jr, hjr, bjrk would in Gothic be sounded bairca, f.; the
Scandinavian form of the name points evidently to the Gothic, as a corruption from that language, --
a fresh evidence to the hypothesis of the late historian P. A. Munch, and in concord with the notion
of Jornandes, about the abode of the Goths in Scandinavia at early times. Thorodd (Sklda 166)
intended to use b as a sign for the single letter, B for a double b, and thus wrote uBi = ubbi; but this
spelling was never agreed to.
babbl, n., bbilja, u, f. a babble; babbla, a, to babble.
BA, n. [in Goth. probably ba, but the word is not preserved; A. S. b, pl. bao; Engl. bath;
Germ. bad; cp. also Lat. balneum, qs. badneum (?); Grimm even suggests a kinship to the Gr.
GREEK] :-- bath, bathing. In Icel. the word is not very freq., and sounds even now somewhat
foreign; laug, lauga, q.v., being the familiar Icel. words; thus in the N. T. Titus iii. 5. is rendered by
endrgetningar laug; local names referring to public bathing at hot springs always bear the name of
laug, never ba, e.g. Laugar, Laugarnes, Laugardalr, Laugarvatn, etc. The time of bathing, as borne
out by many passages in the Sturl. and Bs., was after supper, just before going to bed; a special
room, bastofa (bathroom), is freq. mentioned as belonging to Icel. farms of that time. Bathing in
the morning seems not to have been usual; even the passages Sturl. ii. 121, 125 may refer to late
hours. This custom seems peculiar and repugnant to the simple sanitary rules commonly observed
by people of antiquity. It is, however, to be borne in mind that the chief substantial meal of the
ancient Scandinavians was in the forenoon, dagverr; nttverr (supper) was light, and is rarely
mentioned. Besides the word ba for the late bath in the Sturl. and Bs., bastofa is the bathroom;
s um kveldit, ann tma er eir rr ok Einarr tluu at ganga til bas, Sturl. iii. 42; um kveldit
er hann var genginn til svefns, ok eir til bas er at lkai, ii. 117, 246, iii. 111; at var s um
kveldit ok vru menn mettir (after supper) en Ormr bndi var til bas farinn, ok var t at ganga til
bastofunnar, Bs. i. 536; eptir mltina (supper) um kveldit reikai biskupinn um baferir (during
bathing time) um glf, ok san for hann sng sna, 849; hence the phrase, skalt hafa mjkt ba
fyrir mjka rekkju, a good bathing before going to bed, of one to be burnt alive, Eg. 239. In Norway
bathing in the forenoon is mentioned; laugardags morguninn vildu lismenn ra binn, en
konungr vildi enn at eir bii ar til er estir vri bastofum, Fms. viii. 176; snemma annan dag
vikunnar ..., and a little below, eptir at tku eir ba, vii. 34, iii. 171; gengr ttleifr til bastofu,
kembir sr ok vr, eptir at skir hanu sik, ok vpnar, ir. 129, v.l.; Icel. hann kom ar fyrir dag
(before daybreak), var rr bastofu, Sturl. ii. 121, 125; vide Eb. 134, Stj. 272. COMPDS:
ba-fer, f. time for bathing, Bs. i. 849. ba-hs, n. a bathing-house, G. H. M. ii. 128 (false
reading), vide Fs. 149, 183. ba-kpa, u, f. a bathing-cloak, Sturl. ii. 117. ba-kona, u, f. a female
bathing attendant, N. G. L. iii. 15. ba-stofa, u, f. (v. above), a bath-room, Eb. l.c., Bs. i. l.c., ir.
l.c., Fms. viii. l.c., Sturl. ii. 121, 167, iii. 25, 102, 176, 198. bastofu-gluggr, m. a window in a b.,
Eb. l.c., Sturl. l.c. In Icel. the bathing-room (bastofa) used to be in the rear of the houses, cp. Sturl.
ii. 198. The modern sense of bastofa is sitting-room, probably from its being in modern dwellings
placed where the old bathing-room used to be. The etymology of Jon Olafsson (Icel. Dict. MS.),
bastofa = bakstofa, is bad. In old writers bastofa never occurs in this modern sense, but it is used
so in the Dropl. Saga Major :-- a closet, room, in writers of the 16th century, Bs. ii. 244, 256, 504,
Safn. 77, 92, 95, 96.
baast, a, dep. (rare), to bathe, Fms. iii. 171; in common Icel. act., baa hndum, to gesticulate,
ght with the arms, as in bathing.
BAMR, m. [Goth. bagms; A. S. beam, cp. Engl. hornbeam; Germ. baum], a tree, only used in
poetry, v. Lex. Pot., never in prose or common language, and alien to all Scandin. idioms: it seems
prop, to be used of the branches of a tree (in ower); hr b., the high tree, Vsp. 18; berki skal r
rista ok bami viar, Sdm. 11 (referring to the lim-rnar). Even used metaph. = gremium, sinus; er
Va ok Vilja | ltztu r Viris kvn | ba bam um teki, when thou tookest both of them into
thy arms, embraced them both, Ls. 26; vaxi r bami (bosom) barr, Hkv. Hjrv. 16. Cp.
hrrbamr (barmr is a bad reading), Vtkv. 8, a fatal twig.
BAGALL, m. [Lat. baculus] , an episcopal staff, crozier, Fms. i. 233, iii. 168, Bs. i. 42, Vm. 68.
bagga, a, to hinder, with dat.
BAGGI, a, m. [Engl. bag, baggage; Germ, pack, gepck], a bag, pack, bundle, Edda 29, Eg. 218,
Fms. ii. 197, Fas. ii. 516.
bagi, a, m. inconvenience; baga-legr, adj. inconvenient.
baglar, part. [cp. bagr, begla], broken, maimed, Fas. iii. 195.
bagr, adj. [cp. bgr], awkward, clumsy, clownish, opp. to hagr, q. v., Fas. iii. 195: baga, u, f., in
mod. usage means a plain common ditty; bguligr and ambguligr, adj., means awkward.
BAK, n. [A. S. bc], Lat. tergum, back, Eg. 218, Edda 29, 30, Hkr. i. 337: in metaph. phrases, bera
sk baki, to be guilty, Gl. 539; leggja bleyior bak e-m, to load, charge one with being a
coward. Fas. ii. 530; hafa mrg r baki, to 'carry a weight of years' sl. ii. 456: of horseback, lttr
baki, Sturl. ii. 195; fara bak, to mount; stga af baki, to dismount, Eg. 397, Grg. ii. 95: in other
relations, as adv., at hurar- baki, behind the door; at hsa-baki, at the back of the houses; a fjalla-
baki, behind the mountains; handar-bak, the back of the hand. 2. bak or baki used as a prep. or
as an adv.; bak (acc.) if denoting motion, baki (dat.) if without motion: o. loc. behind, at the
back of; baki hsunum, Hv. 49, Nj. 28; at baki eim, at their back, Eg. 91, Nj. 261, 262, 84, Eg.
583; Hrtr kvest at tla, at hans skyldi ltt bak at leita, he should not be found in the rear, Ld.
278; berr baki, unbacked, helpless, in the proverb, Nj. 265, Grett. 154: metaph., ganga bak e-u,
orum, heitum ..., to elude, evade one's pledged word, Fms. ii. 209, sl. ii. 382; gra e-t baki e-m,
in one's absence, behind one's back, N. G. L. i. 20; bak aptr ( = aptr bak), backward; falla; b.
a., Eb. 240, Nj. 9, Eg. 397, Hv. 48 new Ed.; til baks, better til baka, to back, Sturl. ii. 203; brjta
bak, prop, to break one's back, Fms. viii. 119; to break, subdue, and also to make void, annul; brjta
bak Rmverja, to 'break the back' of the R., defeat them, 625. 65; Heirekr vildi ll r fur sns
bak brjta, Fas. i. 528. p. temp. with dat. past, after; bak Jlum, after Yule, Fms. viii. 60; b.
Jnsvku, ix. 7: metaph., Hinn kvast eigi hira hvat er bak kmi, H. said he did not care for
what came after, Fas. i. 402; munt eigi vera mt Njli, hvat sem b. kemr, Nj. 193.
baka, a, [Gr. GREEK, cp. also the Lat. focus; A. S. bacan; Engl. to bake; Germ. backen.] 1. prop.
to bake; b. brau, N. G. L. i. 349; b. ok sja, to bake and cook, Gl. 376. In Icel. steikja is to roast;
baka, to bake; but in mod. usage steikja may also be used of baking on embers, opp. to baka, baking
in a pan or oven; elda ofn til braus ok b., Hom. 113; b. ofni, Fas. i. 244; people say in Icel. steikja
kku (on embers), but baka brau. 2. metaph. and esp. in the reex. bakast, to bake, i. e. to warm
and rub the body and limbs, at a large open re in the evening after day-work; v. bakeldr and
bakstreldr; v. also the classical passages, Grett. ch. 16, 80, Fms. xi. 63, 64 (Jmsv. ch. 21), Orkn. ch.
34, 89, 105, Hkr. iii. 458. In Icel. the same re was made for cooking and warming the body, sl. ii.
394, Eb. ch. 54, 55; hence the phrase, hvrt skal n ba til seyis (is a re to be made for
cooking) ... sv skal at vera, ok skalt eigi urfa heitara at baka, it shall be hot enough for thee to
bake, Nj. 199 (the rendering of Johnsonius is not quite exact); skalt eigi beiast at baka heitara en
ek mun kynda, Eg. 239: used of bathing, bakaist hann lengi lauginni, Grett. ch. 80, MS. Cod.
Upsal. This 'baking' the body in the late evening before going to bed was a great pastime for the old
Scandinavians, and seems to have been used instead of bathing; yet in later times (12th and 13th
centuries) in Icel. at least bathing (v. above) came into use instead of it. In the whole of Sturl. or Bs.
no passage occurs analogous to Grett. l. c. or Jmsv. S. p. bndi bakar bar kinnr, blushed, Bs. ii.
42; anneg sem til bakat er, as things stand, Orkn. 428; bakai Helgi ftinn, H. baked the (broken)
leg, Bs. i. 425; vide eldr. . (mod.) to cause, inict; b. e-m fund, hatr, vild (always in a bad
sense): af-baka means to distort, pervert. II. to put the back to, e. g. a boat, in oating it, (mod.)
bakari, a, m. a baker, Stj. 200. bakara-meistari, a, m. a master- baker, Stj. 201.
bak-bori, a, m. (bakbor, m., Jb. 407 A), [Dutch baakbord], the larboard side of a ship, opp. to
stjrnbori, Fb. i. 22, Jb. l. c., Fms. vii. 12, Orkn. 8.
bak-brjta, braut, to violate, transgress, B. K. 108.
bak-byringar, m. pl. the crew on the larboard side, opp. to stjrn- byringar, Fms. viii. 224.
bak-byrr, f. a burden to carry on the back, sl. ii. 364.
bak-eldr and bakstreldr, m. an evening re to bake the body and limbs at (v. baka); sitja vi
bakelda, Fs. 4, Orkn. 112, 74, Korm. 236, Grett. 91: metaph., bndr skulu eiga vn bakelda, they
shall get it hot enough, Fms. viii. 201; gra e-m illan bakeld, 383, ix. 410. bakelda-hrif, n. pl.
rubbing the back at a b., Grett. l. c. A. As the evening bakeldar are not mentioned in the Sturl., it
may be that bathing had put them out of use because of the scarcity of fuel.
bak-fall, n. falling backwards, Fas. iii. 569: esp. in pl. in the phrase, ra bakfllum, to take a long
pull with the oars, i. 215: milit. attack from behind = bakslag, Fms. viii. 115, ix. 405.
bak-fer, f. mounting on horseback, Grett. 91 A.
bak-ferla, a, [ferill], prop, to step backwards; at (viz. the word ave) snir fga, bakferla (read
backwards) nafnit Eva, 655 xxvii. 18, to break, annul; b. ofbeldi e-s, Stj. 233; at b. at allt er
Domitianus hafi boit, 623. 13; rjfa ok b., to break and make void, Sturl. i. 171 C.
bak-hlutr, m. the hind part, Stj. 253, Fs. 48.
bak-hold, n. pl. the esh on the back of cattle, Grett. 91.
bak-hverfask, , reex, to turn one's back upon, abandon, Eg. 20, v. l.
bak-jarl, m., milit. a foe attacking in the rear, Sturl. iii. 66, Karl. 164.
bakki, a, m. [Engl. and Germ, bank], a bank of a river, water, chasm, etc.; rbakki, sjvarbakki,
marbakki, arbakki, Gsl. 54; skisbakki, gjr- bakki; t eptir inni ef Hkon sti bakkanum,
Fms. vi. 282, ix. 405, Nj. 158, 224: Tempsar b., banks of the Thames, Fms. v. (in a verse). 2. an
eminence, ridge, bank; gengu eir land ok kmu undir bakka einn, Dropl. 5; hann settist undir b.
hrsrunni, Bjarn. 15; cp. skotbakki, butts on which the target is placed; setja spn bakka, to put up
a target, Fms. ii. 271. p. heavy clouds in the horizon. 3. [ = bak], the back of a knife, sword, or the
like, opp. to edge; bla skilr bakka ok egg, Jnas, Grett. 110 new Ed. COMPDS: bakka-fullr, adj.
full to the bank, brim-full; bera b. lkinn, a proverb, cp. Lat. ligna in silvam ferre, and Engl. to
carry coals to Newcastle. bakka-klfr, m., prob. a bird-bolt, thick arrow without a point, to be shot
from a cross-bow, Fms. iii. 18. bakka-stokkar, m. pl. the stocks on which a ship is built, Gl. 80,
Hkr. i. 293.
bak-kli, n. tapestry, Hkr. iii. 437.
bak-lengja, u, f. the dark stripe along the back of cattle, Grett. 91, Eg. 149, v. l.
bak-mligr (and bakmll), adj. backbiting, Hom. 34, 656 B. 1.
bak-mlgi, f. and bakmli, n. backbiting, Hom. 86; liable to the lesser outlawry, Grg. ii. 145.
bak-rauf, f. anus, a cognom., Fms. vii. 21.
bak-srr, adj. a horse with a sore back, Lv. 58.
bak-sig, n., medic, exania, Fl. ix.
bak-skiki, a, m. a back ap, a cognom., Bjarn. 12.
bak-skyrta, u, f. the back ap of a skirt, Fms. vii. 21.
bak-slag, n. a back-stroke, attack in rear, Fms. viii. 399.
bak-sletta, u, f. and bakslettr, m., Al. 27, 44; acc. pl. bakslettu, 90: milit. an attack in rear, Fms.
viii. 319, ix. 357: drawback, at rtta ann bakslett, Al. l. c.
bak-spyrna, d, to spurn or kick against; N. T. of 1540 (Acts ix. 5) GREEK is rendered by b. mti
broddunum.
bak-stakkr, m. the back part of a cloak. Fas. ii. 343.
bakstr, rs, m. baking, Fms. ix. 530: baked bread, pund b., B. K. 89, esp. wafer, Bs. ii. 15: a poultice,
fomentation, i. 786: warming, heating, ii. 10. COMPDS: bakstr-brau, n. baked bread, B. K. 89.
bakstr- bukr, m. a box in which wafers were kept, Pm. 5. bakstr-eldr, v. bakeldr. bakstr-hs, n.
a bake-house, Fms. ix. 531. bakstr- jrn, n. an iron plate for baking sacramental wafers, Vm. 15,
37. bakstr-kona, u, f. a female baker, N. G. L. iii. 15. bakstr-munnlaug, f. a vessel in which
wafers were kept, Dipl. iii. 4. bakstr- sveinn, m. a baker boy, N. G. L. iii. 15.
bak-verkr, m., medic, a pain in the back, lumbago, Nj. 130, Fl. ix.
bak-verpast, and t, dep., b. vi e-m, to turn the back to, set at deance, Stj. 362, 431, 449, Eg.
20.
bak-fa, u, f. a horse block.
BAL, n. vagina, in poems of the 15th century.
bala, d and a, to drudge, live hard, (cant word.)
baldakin, and bad forms baldrsskinn (the skin of Balder!) and baldskin [from Baldak, i. e.
Bagdad], a baldaquin, canopy, Bs. i. 713, 803, Sturl. iii. 306, Fms. x. 87, Dipl. v. 18, Vm. 52, 97,
117, m. 44, Hb. 544, 22. COMPDS: baldrskinns-hkull, m., literally a surplice of b., m. 87.
baldrskinns-kpa, u, f. a cape of b., m. 15.
baldinn, adj. [A. S. beald], untractable, unruly, Grett. 90 A, Fms. xi. 445; cp. bellinn, ballr, ofbeldi.
BALDR, rs, m. [A. S. baldor. princeps, seems to be a different root from the Goth. bals, A. S.
bald, which answers to the Icel. ball- or bald- with- out, r], prop. = Lat. princeps, the best, foremost;
in compds as mann-baldr, her-baldr, flk-baldr. p. meton. the god Balder, because of his noble
disposition, Edda. Baldrs-bra, f. Balder's eye-brow, botan. cotida foetida, Ivar Aasen ballebraa and
baldurbraa, pyrethrum inodorum, Edda 15; the B. is there called the fairest and whitest of all
owers (allra grasa hvtast). Perhaps the eye-bright or euphrasy. baldrast and ballrast, a, dep.
[cp. Germ. poltern; Ivar Aasen baldra, Ihre ballra = strepere], to make a clatter; eir sneru
hestunum ok bld- ruust sem eir vri rnir hvrt eir skyldi ra, Sturl. iii. 279: adding saman,
eir bllruust saman, Ingv. 34.
baldrekr, m. (for. word), a belt, baldrick, Lex. Pot.
BALI, a, m. a soft grassy bank, esp. if sloping down to the shore, Grett. 116 A.
BALLR, adj. [Goth, bals, audax, may be supposed from Jornandes, ob audaciam virtutis baltha, id
est audax, nomen inter suos acceperat, 109; Ulf. renders GREEK by balis, f., and baljan is
audere; in Icel. the l (lth) becomes ll; A. S. beald, audax; Engl. bold] :-- bard, stubborn: only used
in poetry, and not in quite a good sense, as an epithet of a giant, Hm. 17; bll r, telling, fatal
schemes, Hom. 27 ; ballir draumar, bad, deadly dreams, Vtkv. I; ballr dlgr, Haustl.; bll r, heavy
grief, Ls. 39, etc., vide Lex. Pot. [So old German names, Bald, Leo- pold, etc.]
BALSAM, m. (now always n.), a balsam, Bs. i. 143, (for. word.)
bana, a, [bani; Gr. root (GREEK] , to kill, with dat., ef griungr banar manni, Grg. ii. 122, Rb.
370, Fms. iii. 124; b. sr sjlfr, to commit suicide, Ver. 40; metaph., Hom. 17.
BAND, n. pl. bnd, [binda; Ulf. bandi, f. GREEK ; O. H. G. pfand, whence the mod. Dan. pant; N.
H. G. band; Engl. band and bond; Dan. baand.] I. prop. in sing. any kind of band; mjtt band, a
thin cord, Edda 20, Grg. ii. 119. . a yarn of wool, v. bandvetl- ingar. . metaph. a bond,
obligation; lausn ok b. allra vandamla, Fms. v. 248, Bs. i. 689. II. in pl. also, 1. bonds, fetters, Lat.
vincula; bndum, in vinculis, Bs. i. 190, Fms. ii. 87, 625. 95: theol., synda bnd, 656 A; lkams
bnd, Blas. 40. 2. a bond, confederacy; ganga bnd ok ei, to enter into a bond and oath, Band.
22; cp. hjnaband, marriage; handaband, a shaking of hands, etc. 3. pot, the gods, cp. hapt; of
providence ruling and uniting the world, Hkm. 10; banda v, the temples, Hkr. i. 204; at mun banda,
at the will of the gods, 210; vera manu bnd landi, the gods (i. e. lares tutelares) are present in the
land, Bs. i. 10; gram reki bnd af lndum, Eg. (in a verse); blta bnd, to worship the gods; vinr
banda, the friend of the gods; bnd ollu v, the gods ruled it, Haustl.; vide Lex. Pot., all the
instances being taken from heathen poems. Egilsson suggests a reference to the imprisoning of the
three gods, Odin, Hnir, and Loki, mentioned Edda 72; but bnd is that which binds, not is
bound; (band means vinculum not vinctus.) 4. metric, a kind of intricate intercalary burden
(klofastef). This seems to be the meaning in the word Banda- drpa, where the burden consists of
ve intercalary lines occurring in sets of three verses | Dregr land at mun banda || Eirikr und sik
geira | vermildr ok semr hildi || gunnblr ok r san | jarl govru hjarli; but as this metrical
term is nowhere else recorded, the name of the poem may have come from the word 'banda' (gen.
pl. deorum), Hkr. i. 210 sqq. COMPDS: banda-dagr, m. vincula Petri, the 1st of August, Fms. vi.
222. banda-menn, m. pl. confederates, Band. 5, and many other modern compds. banda-rki, n.
(mod.) the United States. banda-ing, n. the late German Bund, etc.
banda, a, [cp. Ulf, bandvian = GREEK and bandva, vexillum; Germ, banner; is probably alien to
binda], to make a sign with the hand, esp. in the phrase, b. mti, to drive back sheep or ocks, Hv.
41, Fas. ii. 124, v.l. The chief MSS., however, spell bannai; the word is at present freq., but only in
the above phrase, or gener. to remonstrate slightly against as by waving the hand; v. benda.
bandingi, ja, m. a prisoner, Stj. 200, Fms. vi. 16, 623. 25.
band-vetlingr, m. a knitted woollen glove, Fms. iii. 176; and band- vttr, id., a horse's name, Gsl.
19.
BANG, n. hammering, Sturl. iii. 256; mod. also banga, a, [Scot. and North. E. to bang], to
hammer.
bang-hagr, adj. knowing a little how to use the hammer, Sturl. ii. 195.
BANI, a, m. [Ulf. banja = GREEK; A. S. bana; Engl. bane; O. H. G. bano; v. ben below]. I. bane,
death, natural or violent (properly violent); Egill tk stt er hann leiddi til bana, Eg. 767; lostinn
ru til bana, Fms. i. 118; kominn at bana, sinking fast, of a sick person, vii. 166. II. a bane, and so =
bana-mar, a slayer; fjgurra manna b., Nj. 8, Grg. ii. 88, Ld. 326; pl., N. G. L. i. 163: the phrase,
vera e-m at bana, to slay one, may refer to I. or II: pot, re is called bani viar, the bane of wood,
and bani Hlfs, the bane of king Half, t. 6; the winter is bani orma, the bane of worms, etc., Lex.
Pot. COMPDS: bana-bl, n. blood shed in death, Stj. 432. bana-dagr, m. the day of death, Fas.
i. 52. bana-drykkr, m. a baneful potion, poison, Fms. i. 18. bana-dgr, n. =banadagr (freq.), Fas.
i. 160. bana- hgg, n. a death-blow, mortal wound, Nj. 8, Eg. 193. bana- kringla, u, f. vertebra
colli, atlas (in animals). bana-lag, n. stabbing to death, Sturl. iii. 62. bana-mar, m. a slayer, Fms.
i. 215. bana-or, n. death, in the phrase, bera b. af e-m, to put one to death, slay in ght, Edda 42;
betra ykir mr frndi at iggja b. af r en veita r at, Ld. 222, Bs. i. 106; kenna e-m b., to
charge one with slaying one, N. G. L. i. 306. bana-r, n. pl. the planning a person's death, a law
term, Grg. ii. 116; eigi r ek honum b., Nj. 21; sl banarum vi e-n, Ld. 218. bana-sr, n. a
mortal wound, Nj. 9, Eg. 258. bana-skot, n. a mortal shot, Jb. 324. bana-stt, f. death-sickness, the
last sickness, Jb. 192, sl. ii. 38, Gull. II, Bs. i. 426. bana-spjt, n. pl. in the pot, phrase, berast
banaspjtum eptir, to be deadly enemies, Glm. 354, Hkr. iii. 76. bana-sng, f. the death-bed.
bana-sk, f. a deed worthy of death, Fms. i. 199. bana-tilri, n. a mortal attack, Fas. i. 406.
bana-fa, u, f., in the phrase, drepa ftum banafu, to stumble against a fatal mound, Anal.
179, Hdl. 28. banlaga-r, n. = banar, Str. 14.
BANN, n. [cp. Ulf. bandva; Hel. bann, mandatum; Engl. ban; Germ. bann; A. S. geban; mid. Lat.
bannum] , prob. of foreign origin: 1. eccles. excommunication, interdict; minna b. (excommunicatio
minor), at sem forbo er kallat Norrnu, K. . 226 (App.); meira b. (excommunicatio major),
Ann. A. D. 1255; England banni, id. A. D. 1208; Bs., H. E. several times. 2. in secular sense,
prohibition of trade or intercourse; leggja b. fyrir mjl er vru, N. G. L. i. 204, 103; cp. farbann,
forbidding ships to set sail. 3. gener. a protest, prohibition, in phrases, bo ok b., Gl. 76; lof n
b., Eg. 349; leggja b. fyrir, to prohibit, sl. ii. 265. 4. =bannan, a curse, swearing. The notion of
jurisdiction common in Germany (v. Grimm) is unknown in the Scandin. idioms; yet the Laufs'
Edda, Ed. A. M. i. 586, v.l. 14, has bann as one of the names of the earth, cp. the O. H. G. banz,
regio. The passage Gsl. 16, nttlangt n lengra banni, is an GREEK and probably corrupt, = lengr
or the like; lengra banni might, however, be equivalent to lengra meli, bann here denoting spatium
temporis, a while. COMPDS: banns- atkvi, n. a sentence of excommunication, H. E. i. 465.
banns- fell and -felli, n. the condemnation of excommunication, H. E. ii. 70. banns-dmr, m. a
ban-doom, sentence of excommunication, H. E. ii. 74. banns-ml, n. a case liable to
excommunication, H.E. i. 254. banns-pna, u, f. the punishment of excommunication, H. E. i. 477.
banns-spjt, n. a spear of excommunication, H. E. ii. 77. banns- verk, n. an act liable to
excommunication, H. E. i. 390.
banna, a, [A. S. bannan =jubere; Germ, bannen; mid. Lat. bannire] , to forbid, hinder, prohibit
(freq.); b. e-m e-t, or with inn., Fms. i. 254, Nj. 157, Ld. 256, Orkn. 4; b. skifr, Grg. ii. 350, N.
G. L. i. 117. 2. to curse, [Scot, ban], with dat., Stj. 37: with acc., Hom. 31, Stj. 199, Post. 656 A, ii.
12: reex., bannast um, to swear, Sturl. ii. 126, Fms. viii. 174. 3. = banda, to stop, drive back; hann
s trll vi na, at b. honum, ok vildi taka hann, Fas. ii. 124. bannan, f. swearing, Bs. ii. 134.
bannanar-or, n. id., Stj. 153. bann-bla, u, f. a bull of excommunication, Anecd. 8. bann-fra,
, to place under ban, K. . 134, Sturl. ii. 3. bann-setja, tt, id., K. . 64, Sturl. ii. 3, H. E. i. 471;
part. pass, under ban, accursed, Fas. iii. 423, Stj. 417.
bann-setning, f. an excommunication, Sturl. ii. 3. bannsetningar- sver, n. the sword of
excommunication, H. E.
bann-syngja, sng, to pronounce the ban of excommunication, Fms. ix. 486.
ban-or, n. = banaor, Fms. x. 400, Bret. 76. ban-vni, f., medic, prognosis mortis, Fcl. ix. ban-
vnligr, adj. mortal, deadly, Bret. 56, Edda 154. ban-vnn, adj. deadly, Eg. 34. 2. medic, deadly
sick, just before death; ok er dr at v at hann (the sick) var b., when all hope of life was gone, Eg.
126, Fms. i. 86; snerist um allt srit sv at Grettir grist b., Grett. 153.
BARAR, mod. brur, f. pl. [A. S. br; Hel. bara; Engl. bier and barrow; Lat. feretrum], a hand-
bier; borinn brum um fjallit, Fms. vii. 9, Bs. i. 352: sometimes to be carried on horseback (by
two horses), bru eir Gumund brum sur til Hvtr, ... bararnar hrutu ofan, Bs. i. 508 (Sturl. ii.
49 C spells barir): esp. the funeral bier, hearse, to be carried on horseback, lagi egar kistuna
bunar barar, 655 xxii, Fms. x. 149; mddust hestarnir undir brunum, Finnb. 322, cp. lkbrur; now
also liggja ntrjm (ntr) in like sense. The sing, in D. N. i. no. 70 is perh. a bad reading.
bar-axlar, adj. part, high-shouldered, with sharp prominent shoulder bones, Fms. vii. 321.
bar-tta, u, f. [North. E. barett obsolete], gener. a ght, contest: u. a row, Gl. 176. . a ght,
battle, Fas. i. 26. . now freq., esp. = strife, contest. COMPDS: barttu-mar, m. a warrior, ir.
67. barttu-samr, adj. troublesome, Barl. 137. barberr, m. (for. word), a barber, N. G. L. iii. no. 15.
BAR, n. [identical in etymology but not in sense to Lat. barba, Engl. beard, Germ, bart; the
Scandin. dialects all call the beard skegg; Swed. skgg; Dan. skjg; bar in the sense of barba is
quite alien from the Scandin. idioms; the passages, Edda 109 (skegg heitir bar) and hggva
brum gras, Id. UNCERTAIN 12, a poem of the end of the 13th century, are isolated instances:
bart in Dan. is a mod. word] :-- Lat. ora, margo: u. a brim of a helmet or hat (hjlmbar, hattbar),
Fas. iii. 341. . the verge, edge of a hill (holtbar, tnbar, brekkubar, hlbar, etc.), freq. in local
names of farms in Icel. . the wing or side n of some shes, e. g. whales, cp. barhvalr; of at
shes, raja pastinaca (sktubar). 8. the beak or armed prow of ships, esp. ships' of war, [cp. A. S.
barda, a beaked s hi p]; so barded, of a horse in armour; hence Bari or Jrnbari is the name of a
sort of ram in olden times, e. g. the famous Jrnbari (Iron Ram) of carl Eric, described, Fms. ii.
310; cp. also Fb. i. 280: the s tem, Gr. artiprj, Jb. 398; ra fyrir bar e-rn, to thwart one, Gl. 519,
Eg. 386, Fms. vii. 195; skulu vr binda akkeri fyrir bar hverju skipi, xi. 66, ii. 273, Lex. Pot. t.
several compds are used in Icel. referring to parts of the head, e. g. hkubar, kinnbar, kjlkabar,
o r a genae, maxillae, but without any notion of ' beard, ' cp. Isid. granos et cinnabar Gothorurn, 19.
23; the cinnabar and the present Icel. kinnabar seem to be etymologically identical.
bara, u, f. a kind of axe (barbata), Edda (Gl.)
bar-dagi, a, m., prop, a ' battle day, ' cp. eindagi, mldagi, skildagi: 1. a law term, a beating,
ogging, thrashing; ef'mar lystr mann rj hgg er rim eiri, at heitir b. fullr, N. G. L. i. 73,
Grg. ii. 155, Post. 656 B, Blas. 42. 2. a ght, battle (very freq.) = orrosta, Eg. 745, Nj. 45, etc.:
metaph. a calamity, scourge (theol.), Sks. 112, 328, Fms. v. 214, Bs. i. 70. COMPDS: bardaga-frest,
n. dela y of battle, Al. 24. bardaga-fyst, f. eagerness to give battle, Al. 24. bardaga-gjarn, adj. tager
for battle, Stj. 230. bardaga- gu, n. n god of battle, Mars, Al. 33. bardaga-gyja, u, f. a goddess of
battle, Eellona, Al. 41. bardaga-laust, n. adj. -without battle, Al. 14. bardaga-list, f. the a rt of war,
Stj. 45, Al. 4. bardaga-lykt, f. the c l os e of a battle, Al. 5. bardaga-mar, m. a warrior, Fms. vi.
56, Stj. 456. bardaga-stef, n. and bardaga- stefna, u, f. a term, xed meeting for a ght, Al. 54, P'ms.
ix. 488.
bar-hvalr, m. a so rt of whale, Sks. 124, Edda (Gl.)
bari, a, m. a ship, asortofram, v. above, Fms. ii. 310, Edda (Gl.) p. a sort ofsh (Germ, bartscb),
Edda (Gl.) -y- a' shield, Edda (Gl.)
bar-mikill, adj. w ith a great bar (S.), epithet of a ship, Hkr. iii. 268.
bar-ei, n. a club, (common word.)
bar-eyskr, adj. from Barra, one of the Hebrides, Grett.
BARKI, a, m. [Gr. (pvyg; alien from the South-Teut. idioms?], the windpipe, weazand. Eg. 508,
Fas. i. 131, Fms. i. 217, vii. 191, Nj. 156: metaph. / he stem of a boat; cp. hls, sviri. COMPDS:
barka-kli, n. Adam's apple, 65. 1. 382. barka-lok, n. epiglottis. barka-op, n. glottis.
BARKI, a, m., mid. Lat. barca, a sort of small ship (for. word), Fms. vii. 82. barka-bazi, a, m., a
cognom., Sturl.
bark-lauss, adj. without bark (brkr), Lex. Pot.
BARLAK, n. (for. word), barley, Edda (Gl.); the Icel. common word is bygg, Dan. byg, Swed. bjugg.
bar-lmr, m. wailing, complaining, v. lmr.
barm-fagr, adj. with ne sides, epithet of a ship, Lex. Poet,
barmi, a, m., poet, a brother, prop. / rater geminus, not qs. St\(s, vide the following word, Lex.
Pout.
BARMR, m. [Gr. (poppus; cp. Ulf. barms = KO\TTOS and arrjoos; O. H. G. param; liel. barm; A.
S. barm; all in the sense of gremium: this sense, however, is entirely unknown to old Icel. writers,
who only apply the word in like sense as bar, namely, Engl. brim; Lat. o ra] :-- a b mrc: a. the bri
m of a vessel (fotubarmr, poUbarmr, etc.), Bs. ii. 173; hence barma-fullr, adj. or fullr barma, /z/ ll
tothe brim; the rim of a bell, Pm. 106. P. also the edge of a brook or well (lkjarbarmr, brunn-
barmr): a chasm (gjrbarmr). y. fhe border of the shore; eybarmr, o ra instdae, Hervar. S. (in a
verse); vikrbarmr; also used in many local names of farms in Icel. 8. the wing of anything;
lyptingarbarmr, the gunwale of the stern; kastalabarmr (wing of a castle] , Orkn. (in a verse);
barmr hvarma, the edge of the eye-lids, Lex. Pot. t. the aps of a thing; reif hann allan sundr ok
kastai bnnunum eldinn, Fms. iv. 339 (rare if not an air. \(y.) f. the notion of gremium, bosom,
only appears after the Reformation, and even then rare; cp. the bosom of a coat, e. g. geyma e-t
barmi sr; hsegri, vinstri b., etc.; stinga hendinni i sinn eigin barm, Exod. iv. 6. barma, a, b. sr, to
lament, is also a mod. word, Germ, barmen qs. bearmen; vide, however, bamr. barm-tog, n. a rope
for contracting the nets during shing, Ivar Aasen barma, Gl. 427.
BARN, n. pl. born, [Ulf. barn; O. H. G. parn; A. S. beam; Scot, and North. E. bairn; cp. bera and
Lat. parire] :-- a bairn, child, baby. This word, which in olden time was common to all the Teut.
idioms, was lost in Germany as early as the 13th century (Grimm, s. v.); in the South of England it
went out of use at an early time, and was replaced by ' child;' even the Ormulum uses barn only
four times, else always ' child. ' In North. E. bairu is still a household word, and freq. in popular
Scottish writers, Burns, Walter Scott, etc. In the whole of Scandinavia it is in full and exclusive use;
the Germ. ' kind' is in Icel. entirely unknown in this sense, v. the funny story sl. jj. ii. 535; ('
kind' in common Icel. means a sheep.) In Danish barn is the only word which, like the Icel., changes
the radical vowel in pl. into (born). Proverbs referring to barn; barni vex en brkin ekki; etta
verr aldri barn brk; br er barnslundin (barnskan); nema brn hva b er titt; allir hafa
brnin veri; v laera brnin mli a a er fyrir eim hatt; tvisvar verr gamall marinn barn;
brag er at barni fmnr; snemnia taka brn til meina; Gu gefr bjrg me barni, cp. Eggert
(Bb.) 1. 14; sex born, daetr rjr ok rj sonu, Nj. 30, sl. ii. 198, Vsp. 36; eiga rj sonu barna,
Fms. xi. 43; og svkjast um a eiga brn, Eggert (Bb.) 1. 14; vera me barni, to be with child, Fms.
ii. 212, i. 57, 68, sl. ii. 197; fara me barni, to gowith child, Nj. 130; fr blautu barni, from a child,
Fms. iii. 155; unni honum hvert barn, every c hild, i. e. every living creature, loved him, i. 17; hvert
mannsbarn, e very man: metaph. (rare), offspring, Nirst. IO: barn, barni gott, brn, barni mitt
(rticvov, TKVO) is with many a favourite term of endearment in talking with another, Ltum la og
ba, brn, Pal Vid. in a popular ditty: eptirltisbarn, a pet, spoilt child; olbogabarn, a bard-
treated child; oskabarn, a child of adoption; sveinbarn, a boy; meybarn, a girl; ungbarn, a baby.
COMPDS: barna- brn, n. pl. grand-children, Grg. i. 185. bama-eign, f. procreation of children, v.
barneign. barna-fri, n. the phrase, ekki b., no task for children, fjr. 97 (1860). barna-gaman, n.
child's play, El. I. barna-karl, m. child's friend, nickname of an old pirate; hann var vikingr mikill,
hann let eigi henda brn spjtsoddum sem var vkingum ttt, v var hann b. kallar, he was a
great pirate, but he did not spit babies as pirates then used to do, wherefore he was called b.,
Landn. 308; in mod. usage, one who has many children, mesti b. barna-kensla, u, f. fathering a
child upon one (kenna e-m barn), N. G. L. i. 410: mod. training children in a school. bama-leikr, m.
a child's play, Grett. 107 A, vide barnleikr. barna-messa, u, f., now barna- dagr, m. Holy Innocents'
Day, Dec. 28, N. G. L. i. 377. barna- mold, f. argilla apyra, also called Ptrs mold, argilla St. Petri,
Eggert Itin. p. 125. barna-mosi, a, m., botan. sphagnum cymbifolium, Hjalt. barna-skap, n. in the
phrase, hafa ekki b., to be nobab y, Fs. 138. barna-spil, n. a childish play, Fas. i. 88 paper MS.; spil
is a Germ. for. word. barna-vipr, n. childish tries, gewgaws, Ld. 122. barna- attr, m. the section of
law concerning infants, baptism, etc., in the Icel. Jus. Eccl., K. . K. 8. barns-aldr, m. childhood.
Eg. 118, Fms. ii. 267. barns-bein, n. in the phrase, fr blautu b., v. above, Al. 71. barns- farir, f. pl.
in the phrase, deyja af barnsfrum, to die in childbed. barns-full, za] . pregnant, Pr. 185, -- a rude
phrase; Icel. now say, klffull kr, but not barnsfull kona. barns-fylgja, u, f., medic, secundinae, a
baby's caul, Bjrn. barns-gratr, m. the cry of a baby, Fms. x. 218. barns-hafandi, part, pregnant, Jb.
114. barn. 8-h. ufa, u, f. a baby's cap, D. N. barns-lik, n. a baby's corpse, Hkr. iii. 184. barns-ml, n.
babble, El. 15. barns-skirsl, f. i/// awt baptism, N. G. L. i. 131 (Norse). barns-stt, f. = jstt, the
pains of childbirth, Bs. i. 327. barns-tkast, n. and barns-tburr, m. exposure of infants, N. G. L. i.
303. barns-verk, n. child's work, Fms. ix. 35.
barna, a, to get with child, Nj. 98: metaph. in the phrase, a barna sguna, to interrupt a tale
while being told.
barn-aldr, m. childhood, Hkr. ii. 35.
barn-alinn, part, native, Bs. i. 808.
barn-beri, a, m. pregnant, with child, N. G. L. i. 317.
barn-bur!r, ar, m. cbildbearing, childbirth, Grg. i. 375.
barn-br, f. capable of bearing children, opp. byrja, Grg. i. 323, Stj. 89: pregnant, Grg. i. 294.
barn-dmr, m. childhood, Stj. 195, 25, 655 xxx. 21.
barn-eign, f. getting children, Stj. 196: metaph. children, furu ilia b. gat Loki, Edda 20; vera or b.,
to be past childbearing.
barn-eskja, u, f. [Goth, barni s ki], childhood, Hom. 122.
barn-fa!ir, m. a child's alleged father, H. E. ii. in. barna- mir was in popish times the name for a
priest's concubine.
barn-fstr, n. ' bairn-fostering, ' a kind of adoption in olden times; at bja e-m b., t o o^ er b. to
another man, is a standing custom in the Sagas; men of wealth, but of low birth, in order to get
security for their property, offered barnfstr to noblemen, as in Ld. ch. 16 and ch. 28, Hnsa jbr.
S. (sl. ii. 125), Hard. S. ch. 9 (sl. ii. 23); or it was done as a matter of policy, it being regarded as a
homage to be the foster- father of another man's son; v at s er mselt at s s tignari sem rum
fostrar barn, Fms. i. 16; ok er s kallar minni mar, er rum fstrar barn, Ld. 108; thus Jon
Loptsson offered b. to the young Snorri, in order to soothe the wounded pride of his father Sturla,
Sturl. i. 106; Ari Frodi was fostered by Hall Haukadal, b.; Njal offered to adopt as a son the
young Hoskuld, in order to atone for the slaying of his father, Nj. ch. 95; cp. also the interesting
story of the kings Harold and Athelstan and the young Hacon, Fms. i. I. c.: as a matter of
friendship, Ld. 144, Bs. i. 73, 74, Sturl. i. 223, Ld. 25, and many other instances. COMPD:
barnfostr-laun, n. pl. a reward, fee for b., N. G. L. i. 91.
barn-fstra, u, f. a foster-mother of a child, Mar.; now a nurse.
barn-fstri, a, m. a foster-father, Eg. 401, sl. ii. 144.
barn-flga, u, f. (now in Icel. megjf), pa y/b r the maintenance of a child, N. G. L. I 30.
barn-fddr, adj. part, native, Bs. i. 80; borinn ok b., born and bred.
barn-f!i, n. nativity; eiga b., to be a native, Fr.
barn-getna!r, m. the procreation of children, Grg. i. 349, Greg. 29: pregnancy, Stj. 514. barn-
gr, adj. fund of children.
barn-glur, f. pl. lulling sounds, nursery rhymes, Fas. ii. 234.
barningr, m. [berja], thrashing, v. lamabarning: now, 'thrashing the water, ' i. e. h a rd pulling
against wind and tide.
barn-lauss, adj. childle s s. Eg. 318, Grg. i. 185, Landn. 1. 304, Hkr. i. 99.
barn-leikar, m. pl. child's play; leika barnleikum, of play-fellows, Bs. i. 417, 473, Fms. vi. 403,
Sturl. i. 62.
barn-leysi, n. the bein^- childless, Stj. 428, Mar. 656.
barn-ligr, adj. childish, Sks. 153.
barn-mar, m. the bearer of a baby tobe christened; ar at ala likmenn ok barnmenn, Vm. 77.
barn-skikkja, u, f. a child's cloak, Sturl. iii. 278.
barn-skrn, f. the christening of infants, K. j. K. 14. barnskirnar- or, n. pl. formula in b., 655 xi.
barn-sng, f. childbed, H. E. i. 492.
barn-teitr, adj. glad as a child, Hym. 2.
barn-ungr, adj. very young, youthful, Fms. ii. 98, Mirm. 31.
barn-magi, a, m. an orphan child, Grug. i. 305.
barn-meg, f. minority, Grug. 1. 305.
barn-i, n. childishness, Fl. 12. 56, transl. of Iliad ix. 491.
barn-ska, u, f. childhood, Eg. 116, Grg. ii. 392, Fms. i. 4, x. 273; br er b., the youth is
impatient, a proverb, cp. Am. 75.
BARR, n. [Norse and Swed. barr means the needles of the r or pine, opp. to ' lauf' or leaves of the
ash, eon; cp. barlind, taxus baccaia, and barskgr, ' needle-wood, ' i. e. r-wood, Ivar Aasen]. I. the
needles or spines of a r-tree; the word is wrongly applied by Snorri, Edda II, who speaks of the '
barr' of an ash; -- Icel. has no trees. In Hm. 50 (Norse poem ?) it is correctly used of a pine, hrrnar
ll er stendr orpi , hlrat henni brkr ne b., Hkv. Hjrv. 16, Edda 11. II. = barley, [Scot, and
North. E. bear, A. S. bere, is four-rowed barley, a coarse kind; bigg in North. E. and Scot, is six-
rowed barley, also a coarse kind: cp. ' the . B i gg-market, " a street in Newcastle-upon-Tyne:
barlog, sweet wort, made of barley, Ivar Aasen]; bygg heitir me mnnum, en barr me goum, me
w c all it'bygg, ' but gods' bear, ' which shews that barr sounded foreign, and that bygg was the
common word, Alvm. 33; Edda (Gl.) 231 has b. under ssheiti, v. Lex. Pot. Common phrases in
Icel., as bera ekki sitt barr, of one who will never again bear leaves or ourish, metaph. from a
withered tree: so Persarum vigui rege bcatior is rendered, lifs mns blmgara bar, en bulungs
Persa var, Snot 129. barlegr, adj. vigorous,
barr, adj. read y (paratus), Jd. 13: strong, vigorous, Lex. Pout.
barr-hadda!r, adj. barley-haired, poet, epithet of the earth, Lex. Pot.
barri, a, m. a grove, Skm. 39.
bar-skeptr, adj. high-shafted, of an axe; breix b., Bs. i. 658.
bar-skgr, m. needle-wood.
bar-sm!, f. thrashing, ogging, Bs. i. 792, Grg. i. 456: pl. ght, row, lb. 12, Grg. ii. 114.
BARN, in. [for. word, mid. Lat. bar o; A. S. b eo rna s], a baron; heita eir hersar er lendir
menn Danskri tungu, greifar Saxlandi, en bar- nar Englandi, Edda 93, THom., Art.; the title
was introduced into Norway by king Magnus, A. 0. 1277, vide Ann. s-a-' Gl-512. barna- nafn, n.
the title o/'b., Ann. 1. c.
barnia, u, f. a barony. THom. 36.
bar-vi!r, m. the wood of the r, D. N. (Fr.) iii. 473.
bar-vi!ri, n. a beating storm, Sturl. iii. 127.
basinn, m. [for. word], ba s i n xylinum, a tree, Edda (Gl.) ii. 256.
BASMIR, f. pl. an an. \ey. in a verse in Hervar. S. (Ed. 1847), p. 56; bau ek r brir basmir
skerar, f ok fjld meima; a dub. word, cp. Germ, besem, Engl. besom; mod. Germ, be s en,
North Germ, besemer, Dan. bismer (Icel. reizla), which are all connected. Ivar Aasen records a
Norse word ba s m or basma; the Norse basm means twenty threads of the warp (ba s m here means
l oo m ?) :-- the Ed. in Fas. i. 207 gives a wrong spelling skir tvr (qs. skertar), and skips the
word basrnir.
bassi, a, m. a bear, Lex. Pot.
BAST, n.; besti (Vkv. 12) seems to be a dat. masc. from bstr; in Germ, the word is freq. used
masc.; the passage 1. c. is perh. to be restored thus -- eir er af ltu besti (tiliae) byr sima
(annulos), who did pull the rings from the cord? (cp. v. 8); [Engl., A. S., and Germ, ba s t] :-- ba s t,
the inner bark of the lime-tree; bast at binda, Rm. 9; bast no band, Gl. 386, N. G. L. i. 59; s eir
bast bauga drcgna, Vkv. 7.
basta, a, to bind intoa parcel, D. N. ii. 560 (Fr.), Fms. v. 301.
bastar!r, m. bastard, appears for the rst time as the cognom. of William the Conqueror. The
etymon is dubious; Grimm suggests a Scandinavian origin; but this is very doubtful; the word never
occurs in Scandinavian writers before the time of William, sounds very like a foreign word, is rarely
used, and hardly understood by common people in Icel.; neither does it occur in A. S. nor O. H. G.;
so that Adam of Bremen says, iste Willelmus quem Franci bastardum vocant; whence the word
seems to come from some southern source; cp. the Jtv. S. (Ed. 1852), and Fl. iii. 463 sqq.; the MS.
Holm, spells bastarr, the Fb. bast- hardr. 2. name of a sword, Fms. vii. 297, referring to A. D.
1163. 3. a kind of cloth, in deeds of the I4th and 151:1 centuries, Vm. 46, 136, D. N. ii. 165.
bastari, a, m. a bastbinder, D. N. ii. 246.
bast-bleikr, adj. pale as bast, Fms. vii. 269, v. 1.
bastl, n. turmoil; bastla, a, to turmoil.
bast-lna, u, f. a cord of bast, Eg. 579.
bast-taug, f. a tie or cord of bast, Eg. 579, v. I.
bast-vesall, adj. = bastbleikr, Karl. 167.
bast-x, f., prob. a false reading, Fas. 11. 177, v-' btx.
BATI, a, m. improvement, advantage, Fs. 155, Grett. 113 A, Fas. ii. 247, Grg. (Kb.) i. 160. bata-
vn, f. hope of convalescence, recovery of health, cp. Grg. I. e.; cp. also bati, gain.
batna, a, [v. bati; Ulf. gabatnan] , to improve, get better, Nj. 52, Grg. i. 206. 2. impers. medic,
term; c-rn batnar, one recovers, Fms. iv. 369, v. 22; the disease is added in gen., e-m b. sins meins,
sjkleika, sttar, Bs. i. 343, Hkr. ii. 312, Eb. 280: at present also with nom.: proverb, batnanda
manni er bezt a lifa.
batna!r, ar, m. improvement, 623. 15, 110111. 50, 134, Hkr. 11. 178: convalescence, Grg. ii. 45.
batnan, f. id., Lex. Pot.
baug-bt, f. a law term, compensation (v. baugr II.), Grug. ii. 173.
baug-btandi, pl. -endr, part, a law term, / h os e who have to pay the baugr (II.); opp. to
baugiggendr, the receivers, Grg. ii. 172.
baug-ei!r, m. theoath upon the sacred temple ring in heathen times; b. inn hygg ek at unnit ha,
hvat skal hans trygum tra, Hm. no; cp. the phrase, vinna ei at baugi, v. baugr below; the
baugeir of heathen times answers to the Christian bkcir and vinna ei at bk, to swear, laying
the band upon the Gospel.
baug-gildi, n. a law term, the ' weregild' to be paid to the ' agnates' of the slain; opp. to nefgildi, the
same amount to be paid to the 'cognates;' dened, Grg. (Bt.) ii. 176, N. G. L. i. 186: metaph.
agnatic relationship, vera or b. er nefgildi, lifa b. etc., to be an agnate or a cognate, id.
bauggildis-menn, in. pl. agnates who are bound to pay and receive the bauggildi, Grg. ii. 180.
baug-gildingr, m. = bauggildismar, cp. nefgildingr, Grg. ii. 178.
baug-gildr, adj. payable, t to pay as bauggildi, N. G. L. i. 176.
BAUGR, m. [the root bjiig -- bang -- bog; A. S. beg; O. ll. G. pottc = armilla; lost in N. H. G. and
in Engl.] I. a ring, armlet, esp. in olden times to be worn on the wrist plain, without stones: o. the
sacred temple ring (stallahringr) on the altar in heathen temples; all oaths were' to be made by
laying the hand upon the temple ring; at sacricial banquets it was to be dipped in the blood, and
was to be worn by the priest at all meetings. The ring was either of gold or silver, open (mtlaus),
its weight varying between two, three, and twenty ounces (the last is the reading of Eb. new Ed. p. 6,
v. 1., the classical passages in the Sagas are -- Eb. I. e. (and cp. 44), Glm. 388, Landn. (Hb.) 258,
r. S. 94 (Ed. 1860); cp. also the note at the end of the new Ed. of Eb., referring to an interesting
essay of the Norse Prof. Holmboe upon the matter, Christiania, A. D. 1864. p. baugr is at present in
Icel. used of a spiral ring without a stone (e. g. a wedding ring); the third nger is called baugngr,
transl. from Lat. digitus annuli, for the wearing of wedding rings is not in use in Icel. (unless as a
Dan. imitation). Icel. also say einbaugr, tvibaugr, a single or double spiral ring. II. metaph. in
olden times, before minted gold or silver came into use, the metals were rolled up in spiral-formed
rings, and pieces cut off and weighed were used as a medium of payment; hence, in old times, baugr
simply means money, used in the poets in numberless compounds; hringum hreytti, hj sundr baug,
Rm. 35; cp. baugbroti, baugskyndir, baugskati, baughati, one who breaks, throws, hates gold,
epithets of princes, etc., v. Lex. Pot. A. S. poetry abounds in epithets such as, beaggeafa, dator
awri; the Heliand speaks of ' vunden gold. ' In the law the payment of weregild is particularly
called baugr, v. the compounds: baugatal is the Icel. section of law treating of the weregild, Grg.
ii. 171-188; hfubaugr, lgbaugr (a le^ al bang, lawful payment). In the Norse law vide esp. N. G.
L. i. 74 sqq., 184 sqq. 2. the painted circle on the round shield (clypeus); fornum skjoldum var titt
at skrifa rnd er b. var kallar, ok er vi ann baug skildir kendir, Edda 87, Eg. 699; often
embellished with scenes from the mythical age. Some poems arc preserved or on record, describing
such shields, two Berudrapur by Egil (bera, a shield), Haustlong by Thjodolf, R. agnarsdrapa by
Bragi Gamli (of the 9th and loth centuries). Some of these poems were among the chief sources
used by Snorri in composing the Edda. The shield is metaph. called baugr, Edda (Gl.) 3. ash-hook;
man eigi draga Leviathan ngli er bora kir hans me baugi (very rare, if not an air. Ae-y.),
Post. 686 C. ?. 4. the phrase, eiga (kost) a baugi, to have (a single) chance left; tti at vera et
mesta httur at berjast, en s mun baugi, ef eigi er szzt, there will be no other chance unless we
come to terms, Sturl. iii. 244; ii munt eiga slkan baugi bratt, th o?/ wilt soon have the very same
chance (viz. death), the turn will come to thee, Nj. 58; mi mun ek eiga ann baugi, at..., there will
be no other chance for me, than ..., Orkn. 46; cp. einbeygr kostr, dira necessitas, 58; kvast
lieldr vilja liggja henni, ef s vri baugi, if there were no other chance, Fas. ii. 150. The
explanation of this metaphor is doubtful, cp. Vkv. verses 5 and 7 (?), or is the metaphor taken from
the weregild ? 5. baugr also occurs in mod. usage in many compds, astron. and mathem., spor-
baugr, the ecliptic; hdegisbaugr, a meridian. COMPDS: bauga-brot, n. pl. cut off pieces of baugr, b
a d money, Band. 12. bauga-xnar, m. = bauggildismar, N. G. L. i. 81, 82, 186. bauga-tal, n. the
section of law about weregild, Grg. ii. 171-188: 0. xing of the weregild, Grg. i. 158. baugs-helgi,
i. personal sacredness, (one's death to be atoned for by a weregild); rll b. sr ef hann fylgir
drottni sinum til ings ..., N. G. L. i. 70.
baug-rei, f. a law term, an ofcial inspection (in Norway) to measure the breadth of the highway,
dened, Gl. 412-414.
baug-rygr, jar, f. pl. ir, a law term, an only daughter entitled to receive and pay weregild, in default
of heirs male. The Norse law denes thus, ef hon er einberni, ok til arfs komin, ar til er hn sezt
brstl, ... up to her wedding day, N. G. L. i. 184, 92: the Icel. law does not limit the right to her
marrying; s er kona ein er bi skal baugi bta ok baug taka, ef hon er einberni, en s kona heitir
b., en hon er dttir hins daua, Grg. ii. 183.
baug-ak, n. [ekja baug], a law term, ' baug-covering, ' i. e. the supplemental payment to be added
in due proportion to the amount of weregild (baugr), dened, Grg. ii. 171, 172; hence' at baugaki'
metaph. means in addition, to boot; kom at honum san at b. brotfallit, he was taken with ts of
epilepsy to boot, Bs. i. 336.
baug-ggjandi, pl. -endr, part, a receiver of weregild.
BAUKA, a, [Swed. b k a], prop, to dig, to rummage; hann b. til skanna, viz. in order to steal
them, Grett. 137; aldri skal ek belginn bauka, says the giant in the tale, sl. bjs. ii. 458.
BAULA, u, f. a cow, Bs. i. 635. COMPDS: baulu-fall, n. the carcase of a slaughtered cow, Bs. i.
593. baulu-ftr, m. cow's foot, cognom., Sturl. iii, 71; mod. baula, a, to low.
BAUN, f. [A. S. bean, cp. Lat. / ab a], a be an, Gl. 544, Rb. 394. bauna-lgr, m. bean-broth, Karl.
452.
bausn, f. the fore ns of a shark, Bjrn.
BAUTA, the remnant of an obsolete strong verb analogous to hlaupa -- Wjp, [A. S. b ea t an; Engl.
be a t; Germ. botzen, pulsare] , tohunt, beat; bautu, 1st pers. pl. pres. indie., Fms. v. 83 (0. H. 1853
spells bavtu); sv bavtu vr bjornuna, so ' dowe beat (chase) the bears, Gs. 13: part. pass, bautinn,
beaten, slain, Lex. Pot. s. v. sverbautinn; Farbauti, beater of ships, is the name of the giant father
of Loki; hylbauti, beater of the waves, a ship, Edda (Gl.); cp. Swed. bauter, strings for catching
birds, Ihre.
bauta-steinn, Snorri (Hkr.) constantly uses the pl. form, but bautaarsteinn, Fagrsk. 19, ^nd
bautarsteinn, Hm. 72; m. the stone monuments of the olden age, esp. in Sweden and Denmark; the
Hvaml 1. c. (sjaldan bautarsteinar standa brautu nr, nema reisi nir at ni) tells us that these
stones used to be placed along the high roads, like the sepul- chral monuments of old Rome; cp. the
standing phrase on the Swedish- Runic stones -- her skal standa steinn ' naer brautu;' or, m eigi'
brautarkuml' (a roa d monument) betra vera; the high roads of old Sweden seem to have been
lined with these monumental stones; even at the present time, after the destruction of many
centuries, the Swedish-Runic stones (of the nth and I2th centuries) are counted by thousands. A
great collection was made and drawings executed during the I7*h century (Burus, etc.), but only
published A. D. 1750, under the name of Bautil. The etymology of this word is much contested;
some render it by ' s t on e s of the slain' (bauta, to slay), but this is contradicted by the passage in
Hm. 1. c. and by the inscriptions themselves. The bauta stones were simply monuments erected by
the piety of kindred and friends without any respect to sex or manner of death, either in war, on sea,
or through sickness; some were even erected to the memory of living persons. They were usually
tombstones; but many of them are memorial stones for men that died in foreign lands, Greece,
Russia, the British Islands, etc. Neither is Snorri right in saying (Hkr. pref.) that the bautasteinar
belonged to the old burning age (brunald), and were replaced by the cairns (haugar) in the
subsequent cairn age (haugald) -- skyldi brenna alla daua menn ok reisa eptir bautasteina, en
san er Freyr hafi heygr verit at Uppslum gru margir hfingjar eigi sr hauga en
bautasteina. Svar tku lk hans ok var hann brendr vi er Skta heitir, ar vru settir
bautasteinar hans, Hkr. Yngl. ch. 17 -- the passage in Hvaml and the monuments refute this
statement. The great bulk of the Scandinavian bauta stones seem to be of the nth and even 12th
century. In Icel. no stones of that time are on record: var hann her heygr skamt fr bsenum, ok
settir upp bautasteinar, eir er enn standa her, Hkr. i. 269; hvir bautasteinar standa hj haugi Egils
ullserks, 153, -- where Fagrsk. reads, au skip var lagr valrinn, ok orpnir ar haugar utan at; ar
stendr ok bautaarsteinn (= bautarsteinn in Hm. ?) hr sem Egill fell, p. 19; -- en eptir alia
menn er nokkut mannsmt var at, skyldi reisa bautasteina, ok hlzt sa sir lengi san, Hkr. Yngl.
ch. 8. It is worth remarking that the Word ' bautasteinn' never occurs out of Icel. literature, and there
only in the above passages, viz. once in the old Hm., once in the Fagrsk., four times in the Hkr.,
whence it has passed over to modern writers. The word is most probably only a corruption from
brautarsteinar, lapides viae, (by dropping the r); cp. the analogous Swedish word, brautarkuml,
monumentum viae, which occurs in the inscriptions themselves.
BIR, adj. pron. dual, gen. beggja, neut. bi rarely, (Norse); bi, gen. bra, sometimes occur
in MSS. of the I4th century, but both of them are Norse forms, [Goth, b a i, baios; A. S. ba; Engl.
both; Germ, beide; cp. also Gr. a/j. (pai, Lat. a mb o] :-- both, Nj. 82, Sturl. iii. 314, Eg. 257, Grg.
i. 368, N. G. L. i. 33, sl. ii. 348, Fms. x. 118, etc. etc.
BG-1, a, m. (not bagi), an adversary, Stor. 23, Lex. Pot.
bgindi, n. pl. distress, difculties.
bgliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), adversely, Vgl. 30.
bg-lundr, adj. ill-disposed, bad-tempered, Lex. Pot.
bgr, adj. uneasy; honum verr bag hndin, Fas. iii. 370: eiga bgt is now in Icel. to be poor, bard
up: bag-staddr, adj. distressed.
bgr, m. [cp. Hel. bgan -- contender e, and Icel. bgja below], contest, strife, in such phrases as,
fara bag, to come athwart; for bag me eim, they came a cross, Bjarn. 28; bga (pl.), Bs. i.
622; brjta bag vi e-m, to make a struggle against, Al. 49; Pali postuli braut ar helzt bag vi valt
er rum tti torveldast, Post. 656 C. 24, Fms. viii. 42; koma bga vi, to come intostrife or
collision with.
bg-rr, adj. difcult to deal with, Fms. ii. II.
bg-rkr, adj. difcult to drive, of geese, Grett. 90.
BKN AKN, n. for. word [A. S. been; O. H. G. pauhan] , a beacon, v; sigrbkn: bkn now means a
bi g', monstrous thing.
bkna, a, [A. S. bcnan] , to beckon; eir bknuu vpnunum til eirra Hkonar, Fms. vii. 276, xi.
366.
BL, n. [old Scot, b a le, i. e. a beacon-fagot, Lay of Last Minstrel 3. 27 note]. I. aame, Nj. 199,
Ld. 100, Stj. 45 (freq.) IT. Lat. rogus, a pyre, funeral pile; hlaa b., rogum struere, Eb. 314, 2645
Fms. v. 328, esp. for burning dead bodies; a funeral pile in the old heathendom, til brands er bls,
an old law term, a d urnam, N. G. L. i. 50: the phrase, vega e-n bal, or, bera bal, to carry tothe
pyre, Vkv. 14, cp. Vm. 54, Fas. i. (Hervar. S.) 487; graphical description of those funerals, vide
Edda 37, 38 (Baldrsbrenna), Fas. i. (Vls. S.) 204; cp. 333, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 27; cp. also the funeral
of the mythical king Sigurd Ring, recorded by Arngrim Lrde in his Supplementum ad Com-
pendium Hist. Norv. MS. (composed A. D. 1597), probably taken from a lost leaf of Skjldunga
Saga (Sgubrot), and mentioned by Munch, Norske Folks Hist. i. 274: mod. of a foaming wind,
wrath, etc. -- blviri, n. and balhvass, blreir, adj., etc.
bl-fr, f. a funeral, Edda 37.
bl-ger, f. id., Edda (Ub.) 288 (Ed. 1852).
blki, a, m., v. the following word.
BLKR, old form b^lkr, Grg., dat. bselki, N. G. L. i. 399, acc. pl. bclku or blku, Lex. Pot. [A.
S. b a l e], a balk, partition [cp. naval bulk- heads]; b. um veran hellinn, of a cross w a ll, Fms. iii.
217, Fas. ii. 333, Grett. 140; s studdi hndunum blkinn, of a balk of wood across the door, Orkn.
112. /3. a low wall in a stall or house, N. G. L. 399, 2. metaph. a law term, a section in a code of
law; jfa blkr, Kristindms b., etc., criminal, ecclesiastical law ..., Grg., Jb. y. a body, a host, in
compds as frndblkr, ttblkr, herblkr; s^ndist honum renniligr b. eirra, of a host in line of
battle, Bs. i. 667; a pr. name. COMPDS: balkar-brot, n. the breaking a fence, crib, Gpl. 350, 391.
blkar-lag, n. a sort of metre (from a pr. name Balkr), Edda (Hi.) 142.
BRA A, u, f. [berja ?], a wave, billow, v. alda; as a rule bra denotes the smaller waves caused by
the wind (on the surface of larger billows), alda the rollers or swell, Bs. ii. 82, Fas. i. 186, Fms. x.
324 (of a breaker = boi), Gkv. 1. 7: the proverb, sigla milli skers ok bru, cp, inter Scyllam et
Cbarybdin, Fms. ii. 268, Fb. iii. 402; sjaldan er ein bran stk, there i s seldom a single billow: of
misfortune, cp. Aesch. Prom. 1015 KOJCUV rpiKVia., cp. also sl. js. i. 660. p. metaph. of
undulations or rough stripes on the surface of a thing, e. g. the crust of a cheese, Fs. 146; a scull, cp.
Eg. 769: baruskel, f. c a rd/ a test cordatapectinata, a shell, Eggert Itin. p. 1010. COMPDS: barn-
fall; n. a swell at sea, Al. 50. baru-skel, f., v. above. baru-skot, n. waves from a fresh breeze,
wrinkling the surface of the sea, Hkr. i. 59. baru-stormr, m. an unruly sea, Stj. 89. bru-strr, adj.
the waves running high, Bs. ii. 82, Fas. i. 72; vide mt-bra, objection.
br-ttr, adj. waved, of a skull, Eg. 769.
bsa, a, = bsa, to drive cattle into a stall, Gsl. 104.
bs-hella, u, f. a stone w a ll between two stalls in a cowhouse, Grett. 112.
BSS, m. [Ulf. bansts -- ajroOrjier); A. S. bs; Engl. provincial boose; Germ, banse] , a boose or
stall in a cowhouse; kr bsi, binda k bs, etc., Bjarn. 32, Bs. 5. 171; a cow and a bas go
together, e. g. in the . nursery rhyme lulling children to sleep; sou, so... selr sj... kyr bsi, kttr
bri..., cp. the Engl. in the cow's boose, Bosworth s. v.; has, bs is an interj. exclam. for driving
cows into stall: also used in Icel. of basins formed in rocks, e. g. at the foot of a waterfall; in local
names, Bsar, Bsendar, etc.: the phrase, hafa sr markaan bs, to have one's course of life marked
out, sl. Jjjs. i. 538; einginn veit sr tlaan bs rlaganna solli, n o o ne knows what boose is
kept for him in the turmoil of the fates, Grnd. 194; vide bjarnbass.
BSUNA, u, f. (for. word), bassoon, Fas. ii. 511.
bt-festr, f. a rope by which a boat is made fast, Jb. 398, 655 xvii.
bt-lauss, adj. and btleysi, n. being without a boat, Eb. 142, Jb. 399-
bt-mar, m. a boatman, Hkr. iii. 128, Fms. vi. 320.
BTR,, m. [a Scandin. and Low Germ, word used in A. S., Engl., Dutch, but alien to O. H. G. and
middle H. G.; even Luther (v. Grimm y. v.) never uses the word; it was later introduced into mod.
High Germ., but has a foreign sound there, (Engl. t answers to High Germ, z); the word is in Germ,
borrowed from Dutch or English] :-- a boat, either a small open shing vessel or a shi p- boat. In
Icel. only small boats are called so, those of two or four oars; an eight-oared boat is a 'ship, ' Eg.
121, 373, Eb. 142, Nj. 122, Jb. 398, Bs. 1. 422, 423: in phrases, ausa bat sinn, Fms. vii. 331; sj
fyrir bti snum, to go one's own course, to mind erne's own business, Sturl. iii. 247: alliteration,
eiga byg bti, metaph., Bs. i. 422. COMPDS: bts-bor, n. the s ide of a boat, Sturl. i. 119. bts-
farmr, m. a boat's freight, Ann. 1342.
bt-stafn, m. a boat's prow, Fms. viii. 223.
be n. c bed in a garden, (mod. and rare, cp. reitr.)
be-dkr, m. a bed-covering, Dipl. iii. 4.
beja, u, f., poet, a wife, bed-fellow, Lex. Pot.
be-ml, n. pl. a curtain lecture, Hm. 85.
BER, jar, m. pl. ir, [Ulf. badi; Hel. bed; A. S. bedd; Engl. bed; Germ, belt] , a bed; in Icel. sng is
the common word, ber pot. and rare; in the N. T. Kp&&a. rov is always rendered by sng (tak
sng na og gakk, Mark ii. 9); ber is used in alliterative phrases, e. g. beor er blaeja, Jb. 28;
bejum er blstrum, N. G. L. i. 351; deila be ok blu, (pi\6rr)Ti KO tiivrj, Od. v. 126; and
mostly in the sense of bolster; saxit nam beinum staar, Ld. 140, Gsl. 114: the sea-shore is poet.
called svar-beir (sofa ek n mtta'k svarbejum , Edda 16 (in a verse); hvl-ber, a resting bed,
Akv. 30; rsa upp vi be, to lift the body against the pillow, Bkv. 2. 23: the conjugal bed, bja
be, Ls. 52; sitja be, Gh. 19; ganga be e-m, to marry, 14: pl., sofa bejum, Hm. 96, loo:
metaph. a swelling sea, laur var lagt bei (acc. pl.), Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse); cp. skblstrar, '
bolster-clouds, ' heavy piles of cloud. COMPDS: bejar-dna, u, f. a feather-bed, Vm. 177. bejar-
ver, n. a bolster case, Dipl. 4.
be-vina, u, f. = beja, Lex. Pot.
begla, u, f. [bagr], a bungle; sem b. hj fgru smi, hence the name Rimbegla, Rb. (pref.)
BEIA, dd, [cp. A. S. beade; Old Engl. bead-roll, bidding-prayer, bedes-man; bija, ba, bei,
Lat. orare, and ba, bei, beit, Lat. expectare.] I. t o as k, beg, with the notion of right; almost as a
law term, to request [but bija, ora re]; b. e-n e-s, or b. e-m (for one) e-s; beia gria Baldri, Edda
36, Gs. verse 2; beia sr bjargkviar ba sna mm, Grg. i. 113, 275; b. sonar bta, Nj. 21; b. e-s
af e-m, Fms. i. 47: with acc., in the law term, b. lgbeiing, to m a ke a lawful request, Grg. (freq.);
ef hann vill eigi ei vinna er hann er beiddr (requested) verr hann sekr urn at tlf mrkurn,
er hann beiddr (requested) er hann er beinn (asked), K. b. K. 146: adding ut, b. e-s t, to request
the payment of a right, etc., Gl. 375; b. til e-s, t o request, 656 B. p. reex., beiast, to request on
one's own behalf; b. laga, Ld. 76; fars, Grg. i. 90; gria, Fms. viii. 423, x. 172, Nj. 10, 76, Eg. 239,
Fms. i. ii: in active sense, Land. 293; beiast t rttar sins, t o c l a im as o ne's ri^ ht, Gl. 187: with
inn., Grg. i. 489: with ' at' and a subj., Fms. i. 12, Grg. i. 7. II. [Dan. bede], as a hunting term, to
hunt, chase; b. bjrnu, to hwnt bear s: part, beiddr and beir, bunted about, Gsl. 112; hann kva
sveininn hafa veri ilia beiddan, Fs. 69, Mirm. 39: the phrase by Kormak, s er bindr beian (i. e.
beiddan) hiin, seems to mean one who pinions the young hunted bear, viz. as if it were sheep or
cattle, Edda 96 (in a verse), symbolical of the earl Sigurd, a mighty Nimrod, who surpassed the wild
deer in strength and swiftness; beir (= beiddr) for ek heiman at bija n Gurn, Am. 90, seems to
mean hunted by love, amore captus: the verse of Kormak, -- bands man ek beia rind, fascinating,
charming woman (1), by whom the poet is made prisoner in love; cp. the pot. compds beii-hlkk,
beii-sif, beii-rindr, all epithets of women, Lex. Pot., v.
beiing and beining (Mar. Fr.), f. request, demand, El. II: waiting, Fms. viii. 151 (dub. reading).
beini, f. a request, demand, Fms. i. 208; pl., 655 iii. 4; holds b., carnal lust, Hom. 17, 25 (Lat.
petulantia).
beisla, u, f. a request, demand, Sturl. iii. 231, Sks. 772. beislu- xnar, m. a person asking, Sks.
776, Anecd. 88.
BEIGR or beygr, m. fear; hafa b. af e-m (freq.) :-- beigur, m. a n athlete, one who inspires fear
(?), Edda.
BEIMAR, m. pl. [etym. uncertain], poet, men, heroes, the followers of king Beirni, according to
Edda 109; it is more likely that it is a relation to Engl. bea w, beaming, and means illustrious, Lex.
Pot.
BEIN, n. a word common to the Teut. idioms and peculiar to them j [the Goth, word is not on
record, as Luke xxiv. 39 and John xix. 36 are lost in Ulf.; A. S. ban; Engl. bone; Germ, bein; Swed.
-Dan. ben (been). Sansk., Gr., Lat., and the Slav, languages agree in a totally different root; Sansk.
asihi; Gr. oariov; Lat. os; the Slav, branch all with an initial c, cp. the Lat. cosia. Vide Grimm (s.
v.), who suggests a relation to Gr. jSeuVu;; but the native Icel. words beinn, rectus, and beina,
promovere, are more likely roots; the original sense might thus be crus, Gr. er/ceAos, but Lat. os the
secondary one] :-- a bone. I. spec. the le g" from the knee to the foot; freq. in Swed. and Dan., but
very rare and nearly obsolete in Icel., where leggr is the common word; hosa strengd at beini, Eg.
602, Fms. x. 331; klfar beinum fram, N. G. L. i. 339. II. gener. = Lat. os, a bone, but originally
the bones with marrow (Germ, knocben), as may be inferred from the passages, pa er mergund ef b.
er sundr til mergjar, at er mergr er i, Grg. ii. II, i. 442, Fms. vii. 118, Vpn. 21, Fas. i. 66, Vgl.
20; str bein andliti, with a strongly-marked, high-boned face, Band. 7, whence strbeinttr, q. v.;
vibeina, a collar-bone; hfubein, pl. he a d- b on e s, the scull around the temples and the
forehead; er gamlir grisir skyldu halda mr at hfubeinum, Grett. (in a verse); strjka h'fubeiniu;
mlbein, o s loquendi, a small bone in the head; hence the phrase, lta mlbeini ganga, of one
talking incessantly and foolishly: metaph. in phrases, lata ganga me beini, to deal blows to the very
marrow, deal severely, Ld. 230; hafa bein hendi (the Danes say, have been i nsen), to have a
boned hand, i. e. strength and power, Hrafn. 10, Al. 29. 2. pl. relics, remains (ashes); the phrase,
bera bein, to repose, rest, be buried; far t til islands, ar mun r auit vera beinin at bera,
Grett. 148, Nj. 201; ok irast n a aptr hvarf a bera b. bl vi hrjstr, Bjarni, 57 :-- of the reli cs
of saints, Bs. 468, 469; hence beina- frsla, u, f. removal of bones (translatio); in the Catholic age,
when churches were removed, the churchyard was dug up and the bones removed also, vide Eb. (in
ne), Bjarn. 19, K. b. K. 40, Eg. (in ne). COMPDS: beina-vatn, n. water in which relics have been
washed, Bs. ii. 173. Fl. ix. records many medic, terms; beina-griud, f. a skeleton; bein-ta, u, f.
necrosis, caries ossiitm; bein-brot, \\. fractura ossium, Lv. 68, Grg. ii. 17; bein-krm, f. rachitis:
bein-kveisa, u, f. osteocopus; bein- sullr, in. sarcostosis; bein-verkir, m. pl. lassitudo febrilis
dolorosa universalis, Gsl. 48, cp. Fl. ix. As a poet, circumlocution, the s to ne is foldar bein, bone
of the earth; svarbein, bone of the sea, Hit., Edda (Ht.) 19, 23; cp. the Gr. myth of
beina, d. I. to stretch out, to put into motion; b. ug, of birds, to stretch the wings for ight, Edda
13, Orkn. 28; b. skri, of a serpent, Stj. 98; b. raust, to lift up the voice, speak loud, Gsl. 57. II.
metaph. to promote, forward; b. for (fer) e-s, to help one forwards, Fms. vi. 63, Grg. i. 343, Bret.
38; b. til me e-m, to lend one help; ek vii b. til me r baenum mnum, / will ass i s t thee in my
prayers, Bs. i. 472; b. e-u til e-s, to contribute to a thing; essu vii ek b. til brennu innar, Fb. i.
355; b. at me e-m, to help, assist one; hlauptu her ut, ok mun ek b. at me r, Nj. 201; b. at e-u, to
lend a hand to, Bjarn. 64; b. fyrir e-m, to entertain, of alms or hospitable treatment (whence beini);
b. fyrir ftkum, Post. 656
bein-brjta, braut, to bre a kone's bones, Br. 167.
bein-brot, n. the fracture of bone, v. above.
bein-fastr, adj., b. sr, a wound to the bone, Stud. ii. 222, 655 xi.
bein-skr, m., v. beitskr.
bein-gjald, n. a law term, compensation for a lesion of bone, N. G. L. i. 172.
bein-grinn, part, healed (of a bone fracture), Fas. ii. 295.
bein-hkall, m. squalus maximus.
bein-hinna, u, f. periosteum.
bein-hgg, n. a blow injuring the bone, opp. to svou sr, Stud. i. 13.
beini, m. help, but exclusively used of hospitable entertainment, kind treatment, hospitality; vinna,
veita, e-m beina, Eb. 268; ykir yr eigi s b. beztr, at yr s bor sett ok genu nttverr ok san
fari r at sofa, Eg. 548; ofgorr er beininn, t oo much trouble taken, too much attendance, Lv. 38
(Ed. badly 'beinan'); hfu ar blan beina, Fms. ii. 248, iv. 336; mikit er mi um beina inn, w hat
hospitable treatment I sl. ii. 155, Bjarn. 53 -- 55, Fas. i. 79: ganga um beina, to w a it upon the
guests, in old times (as at present in Icel.) an honourable task; in great banquets the lady or daughter
of the house, assisted by servants, did this ofce; brhildr (the daughter) gkk um beina, ok bru
aer Bergra (the mother) mat bor, Nj. 50, cp. Lv. 1. c., Fms. xi. 52; Hit (the hospitable
giantess) gkk um b., Br. 174; irandi (the son of the house) gkk um beina, Fms. ii. 194; -- but
it is added, 'because he was humble and meek, ' for it was not regarded as t work for a man; cp.
er konur gengu um b. um dagver, Sturl. i. 132. COMPDS: beina- bt, f. accommodation, comfort
for guests; ar var mrgu vi slegit til b., 625. 96; sagi at honum tti at mest b. at eldr vri
kveyktr fyrir honurn, Fas. i. 230; bar var jafnan ntt mjl haft til beinabtar, Sturl. i. 23. beina-maor,
m. a promoter, H. E. ii. 93. beina-spell, n. spoiling of the comfort of the guests, Bs. i. 313, Sturl. i.
22. beina- bur, adj. ind. in need of hospitable treatment, Fas. iii. 373.
bein-knta, u, f. a joint bone, Bs. ii. 82.
bein-kross, n. a cross of bone, Magn. 512.
bein-lauss, adj. without bone, Fas. i. 251.
bein-leiis, adv. directly, Fas. iii. 444.
bein-leiki, a, m. hospitable treatment, Lv. 5, Eg. 577, Fas. i. 77.
BEINN, adj., compar. beinni, superl. beinstr or beinastr. I. Gr. pos, Lat. rectits, opp. to wry or
curved, in a straight line; b. rs, a straight course, Sks. 217; beinstr vegr, the straigbtest, shortest
way, Fms. ix. 361, Bs. ii. 132 (very freq.): ueut. beint, beinast, used as adv. straight; sem beinst
, Eg. 386; sv beint, straight on, 742: just, at kom mr beint (just) i hug, Fms. vi. 213, 369, 371;
b. sextigi skipa, precisely sixty ships, xi. 114; mi beint, just now, iv. 327; var hann beint undlati,
just breathed his last, vi. 230. 2. metaph. hospitable; Dagstyggr tok vi honum forkunnar vel, ok
var vi hana hinn beinasti, Sturl. ii. 125; varla nu eir at stga af baki, sv var bndi beinn vi ,
sl. ii. 155; Bjrn var allbeinn vi hann um kveldit, Fms. ii. 84; var kerling hin beinasta llu, Fas.
iii. 394: also as epithet of the inn or house, ar er sv beint (suc h hospitality), at varla ykkja eir
hafa komit beinna sta, ... in a more hospitable botise, i. 77; svfu af ntt, ok vru eir
allbcinum sta, Eb. 268. II. [bein, crus] , in compds, berbeinn, bare-legged, Hbl. 6: as a cognom. of
king Magnus from the dress of the Highlanders assumed by him, Fms. vii; harbeinn, hard-legged,
cognom., Ld.; mjbeinn, tape-legged, a nickname, Landn.; Kolbeinn, pr. name, black-legged;
hvitbeinn, white-legged, pr. name, Landn., etc.
BEINN, m. e&o ny, Edda (Gl.), v. basinn.
bein-serkr, m., medic. ' bone-jack, ' an abnormal growth, by which the under part of the thorax (the
lower ribs) is attached to the spine; as a cognom., Fas. iii. 326; cp. Bjorn s. v.
bein-skeyti, n. a straight-shooting, good shot, Fms. vii. 120, v. 337, viii. 140, v. I.
bein-skeyttr, adj. straight-shooting, a good shot, Fms. ii. 320.
bein-strr, adj. big-boned, Sturl. i. 8.
bein-stkkull, m. a sprinkle (stkkull) of bone, Am. 105.
bein-vaxinn, part, straight-grown, tall and slim.
bein-veggr, m. a wedge of bone, A. A. 270.
bein-verkr, v. bein.
bein-vii, n. and beinvir, m. ebony, Sks. 90, Bser. 16; Lat. ilex.
bein-vir, m. s ali ne arbuscula, Hjalt.
bein-vxtr, m. bone-growth, bonyness; ltill (mikill) beinvxtum, of small (big) frame, Bs. i. 328.
beiska and beiskja, u, f. bitterness, harshness, sourness, Sks. 532 B.
beiskaldi, a, m., Lat. acerbus, a nickname, Sturl.
beiskleiki, a, and beiskleikr, s, m. bitterness, harshness, sourness; Marat, at er b., Stj. 290, Rb.
336 of sulphur: metaph. acrimony, b. i brjsti, Post. 656 C; hjartans b.; bitr b., Stj. 51, 421, Sks. 730
B, Magn. 502, Bs. i. 743.
beiskliga, adv., esp. in the phrase, grata b., t o w eep bitterly, Fms. x. 367, Th. 6, the Icel. transl. of
Luke xxii. 62; grenja (to h ow l) b., Fms. x. 256: bitterly, grimly, bera sik b. her mti, Stj. 143.
beiskligr, adj. bitter.
BEISKR, adj. [Dan. beedsk; Swed. besk; it is always spelt with s (not 2) in the MSS., and cannot
therefore well be traced to bita, qs. beitskr] :-- bitter, sour, acrid; salt vatn ok b., Stj. 93; beiskar
srur, bitter herbs, 279. Exod. xii. 8; b. drykkr; amara, at er b. at vru mli, 421, 625. 70, Sks. 539:
metaph. bitter, Th. 6: exasperated, grim, angry, smalamar sagi Hallgeri vgit; hon var beisk
vi, Nj. 60, Al. 122.
BEISL, n. a bridle, freq. in old vellum MSS. spelt beils, Fs. 128, 62, Fms. x. 86, xi. 256 C; with z,
beizl or mod. beizli, Sks. 84, 87 new Ed., N. G. L. ii. 115, Grett. 122, Fms. viii. 52, v. 1., Fas. ii.
508; beisl (wilh s), Karl. 4, Grg. i. 439 (Kb. and Sb.), Stj. 206, Nj. 33, Fms. x. 86, Flov. 26, etc.
The word is not to be derived from bita; this may with certainty be inferred from comparison with
the other Teut. idioms, and even in the Roman tongues we nd r after the rst letter: A. S. bridle
and bridels; O. H. G. brittill; Dutch bridel; Engl. bridle; these forms seem to point to the Lat. / ren
wm; the Scandin. idioms seem to have elided the r; Swed. betsel; Dan. bidsel; Icel. beils and beisl
or bei z l; many words referring to horse taming and racing are not genuine Scandinavian, but of
foreign extraction; so is sull, saddle, derived from A. S. sa'So l, Lat. sedile. COMPDS'. beisl-al, f.
bridle-rein, Flov. beisl-hringr, m. bridle-ring, Fs. 62. beisl-tamr, adj. w sed tothe bridle, Grg. i.
439. beisl-taumar, m. pl. bridle-reins, Fms. xi. 256, Sturl. iii. 314; cp. bitull.
beisla, a, to bridle, Stj. 206.
BEIT, n. I. pasturage, Grg. ii. 224, 263, 286; beit, grazing: [in England the rector of a parish is
said to have ' the bite' of the churchyard.] COMPDS: beitar-land, n. a pasture land. beitar- mar, m.
owner of a pasture, Grg. ii. 286, Jb. 245. beitar-tollr, m. a toll or fee for pasturage. II. poet, a ship,
Lex.
BEIT, f. a plate of metal mounted on the brim, e. g. of a drinking horn, the carved metal plate on an
old-fashioned saddle, Fms. iii. 190; sklir me gyltum beitum, B. K. 84, Bs. ii. 244; cp. Caes. Bell.
Gall. 6. 28 (Germani urorum cornua) a labris argento circumcludunt.
beita, u, f. bait, Bs. ii. 179, Hm. 17, Edda 38; now esp. for sh, and used in many compds, e. g.
beitu-fjara, u, f. the shore where shell-sh for bait are gathered; beitu-lauss, adj.; beitu-leysi, n., etc.
BEITA, tt, [v. bita, beit, mordere], prop, mordere facer e. I. t o graze, feed sheep and cattle; the
animals in dat., b. svnum, Grg. ii. 231; nautum, Eg. 721: the pasture in acc., b. haga, Grg. ii. 224,
225; engi, 228; afrtt, 302, 329; land, 329, Eg. 721: absol., Grg. ii. 249: with ' i' and dat., b. skgi,
299: ' ' with acc., b. svnum land annars manns, 231: b. upp land (acc.), t o s poil the pasture by
grazing, lay it bare; beittust upp allar engjar, Eg. 712: with dat., b. upp (t o consume) engjum ok
heyjum, Fms. vi. 104. II. to handle, manage a (cutting) instrument; with dat., b. skutli, a harpoon,
Fbr. 144; sveri, a sword, Fms. viii. 96, xi. 270; vpnum, 289. III. a nautical term, to cruise, prop,
to let the ship 'bite' the wind; undu eir segl sin ok beittu t at Njcirvasundum allfagran byr, Orkn.
356; beita eir brott fr landinu, Ld. 76; fengu eir beitt fyrir Skotland, the y sailed round,
weathered S., Eg. 405; beittu sem verast austr fyrir landit, 161; b. undir verit, to tack, Vb. i.
511; b. haf t, Orkn. 402: metaph., var jafnan eirra hlutr betri, er til hans hnigu, en hinna, er fr
beittu, who steered away from him, Fms. viii. 47. IV. a hunting term, to bunt (cp. bcia), the deer in
acc., the dogs or hawks in dat.; b. e-n hundum, to set hounds on him; konungr sagi at hann skyldi
afkla, ok b. hundum til bana, Fms. ii. 173, x. 326; beita haukum, to chase with hawks, Fas. 1.
175: to chase, sv beitum vr bjrnuna, Hkr. ii. 369 MS. B, vide bauta; hann ... hafi beitt mm
trnur, be had caught Jve cranes, Fagrsk. 77, where Hkr. 1. c. has ' veitt;' sv beitu vr bjarnuna
mrkinni norr, sagi hann, O. H. L. 70, cp. above; verr Salomon konungr varr at dr hans eru
beitt, bir. 231; eir beita bar mart dr, hjrtu ok bjornu ok hindr, 232: metaph. and reex., b. e-m,
sgu eir mundu eigi eim birni bcitast, at deila um ml hans vi ofreismenn slika, the y sa id the
y would not bunt that bear, 01k. 34: metaph., b. e-n brgum, vlum, vlrum..., to hunt one down
with tricks or schemes; ykist r n allmjk hafa komizt fyrir mik viti, ok beittan brgum
essu, sl. ii. 164; vlum, 623; lilgum, Sks. 22; illu, Fas. i. 208: recipr., vi hfum opt brgum
beizt, ... schemed against each other, Fms. xi. 263; stundum beittust au vel- rum, i. 57. p. to
bait; the bait in dat., the angle in acc. V. to yoke to, of horse or cattle for a vehicle, the cattle almost
always in acc.; vru yxn fyrir slea beittir, Eb. 172; bj sr vagn ok beitti hest, Fms. x. 373, Gkv.
2. 18; ok beittu fyrir tv sterka yxn, Eb. 176, Grett. 112, Stj. 206: with dat., b. hestum, vagni, to
drive; but acc., beittu, Sigurr, hinn blakka mar, S. saddle thy black steed, Ghv. 18: metaph., b. e-n
fyrir e-t, to pwto ne at the head of it, Sks. 710: reex., beitast fyrir e-t, t o lead a cause, to manage
it, Ld. 196, Fms. viii. 22, Hkr. ii. 168. VI. to hammer iron or metal intoplates, v. beit,
beit-skr, m. sh to be caught with bait, in the phrase, bita mtti b. ef at bori vri dreginn, Fbr.
So, Gsl. 135 reads beinskr, no doubt wrongly: the proverb denotes a ne game, one played with
slight trouble.
beiti, n. pasturage, Fbr. 65 (1852).
beiti, n., botan. eri c a vulgaris, heather, ling, commonly beiti-lyng, Hm. 140.
beiti-ss, m., naut. term, a sail-yard, Fms. ii. 230, iii. 26, Hkr. i. 159.
beitill, m. (v. gibeitill), botan. equisetum arvense, mare's tail, Hjalt.
beiting, f. grazing, Grg. ii. 224, Gull. 19, Landn. 289, Ld. 148. beitinga-ml, n. a lawsuit about
right of grazing or pasturage, Landn. 287, (Ed. betting, badly.)
beiti-teigr, m. a tract of pasturage, Grg. ii. 227i 24^-
beit-lostinn, part, mounted with a metal rim, B. K. 84, D. N. i. 537 (of a book).
beit-stokkr, m., cognom., Fms. viii, 327.
beittr, adj. sharp, cutting (= bitr), of cutting instruments, Eg. 746 (freq.)
bekkjast, and t, dep. to envy one, in the phrase, b. til vi e-n, t o s eek a quarrel with, Grett. 127;
the metaphor from guests (beggars) elbowing one another off the benches, cp. Hm. 31.
bekkju-nautr, m. a bench-fellow^, Fms. ii. 48.
bekk-kli, n. the covering of a bench, Fms. vii. 307, Js. 78.
BEKKR, jar, m. pl. ir, gen. pl. ja, dat. jum, [A. S. benc; Engl. bench, bank; Germ, bank; Dan.
bcenk; Icel. per assimil. kk; the Span. banco is of Teut. origin] :-- a bench, esp. of the long benches
in an old hall used instead of chairs; the north side of a hall (that looking towards the sun) was
called ri bekkr, the upper bench (Gl. 337, Ld. 294); the southern side ri bekkr, the lower
(inferior) bench, Nj. 32, Eg. 547, Fms. iv. 439, xi. 70, Glm. 336, Ld. I. e.; thus sitja enn ra or
ra bekk is a standing phrase: the placing of the benches differed in Icel. and Norway, and in
each country at various times; as regards the Icel. custom vide Nj. ch. 34, Sturl. i. 20, 21, the
banquet at Reykhlar, A. D. 1120, ii. 182, the nuptials at Flugumri, Lv. ch. 13, Ld. ch. 68, Gunnl.
S. ch. 11, sl. ii. 250, cp. Nj. 220: ba bekki, on both sides of the ball, sl. ii. 348, cp. Gsl. 41 (in
a verse), etc.: as to foreign (Norse) customs, vide esp. Fagrsk. ch. 216, cp. Fms. vi. 390, xi. (Jmsv.
S.) 70, Glm. ch. 6, Orkn. ch. 70, Sturl. ii. 126; see more minutely under the words skli, ndvegi,
pallr, etc.; breia, str bekki, is to strew or cover the benches in preparing for a feast or wedding;
bekki breii (imper. pl., MS. breia), dress the benches! Alvm. 1; bekki at str, Em. verse 1; standit
upp jtnar ok strit bekki, kv. 22; brynjum um bekki str, the benches (wainscots?) covered with
coats of mail, Gm. 44: in these phrases bekkir seems to be a collective name for the hall, the walls
of which were covered with tapestry, the oor with straw, as in the Old Engl. halls. The passage
Vtkv. 10 -- hveim eru bekkir baugum snir -- is dubious (strir?); ba bekki, to dress the benches;
er Baldrs fer bekki bna veit ek at sumblum, Km. 25; breitt var bekki, brr sat stl, sl. js.
ii. 466; vide brarbekkr. COMPDS: bekkjar-bt, f. the pride of a bench, a bride, cognom., Landn.
bekk-jar-gjf, f. 'bench-gift,' an old custom to offer a gift to the bride whilst she sate on the bride's
bench at the wedding festival, Ld. 188, cp. Fms. ii. 133, and in many passages in Fritzner from D.
N. it seems to be synonymous with lnf (ln, a veil), as the bride's face on the wedding day was
veiled; ganga und lni is a pot. phrase used of the bride on the bridal bench, yet Fms. x. 313, lnf
ea b. 2. as a law term, cp. Engl. bench; the benches in the lgrtta in Icel. were, however, usually
called pallr, v. the Grg. 3. the coloured stripes in a piece of stuff.
BEKKR, s, and jar, m. [North. E. beck; Germ, bach; Dan. bk; Swed. bck], a rivulet, brook. In
Icel. the word is only pot. and very rare; the common word even in local names of the 10th century
is lkr (Lkjar-bugr, -ss, etc.); Skkva-bekkr, Edda, is a mythical and pre-Icel. name; in prose
bekkr may occur as a Norse idiom, Fms. vi. 164, 335, viii. 8, 217, Jb. 268, or in Norse laws as in
Gl. 418. At present it is hardly understood in Icel. and looked upon as a Danism. The phrase -- ar
er (breir) bekkr milli, there is a beck between, of two persons separated so as to be out of each
other's reach -- may be a single exception; perhaps the metaphor is taken from some popular belief
like that recorded in the Lay of the Last Minstrel, note to 3. 13, and in Burns'Tam o' Shanter -- 'a
running stream they dare na cross;' some hint of a like belief in Icel. might be in sl. js. i. 356. It
is now and then used in poetry, as, yr um Kedrons breian bekk, Pass. 1. 15. COMPDS: bekkjar-
kvern, f. a water-mill, B. K. 45 (Norse). bekkjar-rs, f. the bed of a beck, Stj. MS. col. 138.
bekk-skrautur, m. (cp. bekkjarbt), the pride of the bench, epithet to Bragi, Ls. 15.
bekk-sgn, f., pot. the people seated in a hall, Gsl. (in a verse).
bekk-ili, n. the wainscoted walls of a hall, Em. 1.
BEKRI, a, m. a ram, Lex. Pot.; in prose in the form, brjta bekkrann, to break the ram's neck,
Grett. 149: now also bekra, a, to bleat, Dan. brge (rare).
belg-bera, u, f. a 'wallet-bearer,' a beggar, wretch, in swearing; vndar belgberur, wretches! Nj.
142, v. 1., or a monster, v. the following word.
belg-borinn, part, a monster child, without any trace of face, N. G. L. i. 339.
belgja, , [Hel. belgan, ir inari], to inate, puff out, Fms. iii. 201, Anal. 200; b. augun, to goggle,
Br. 171: to drink as a cow.
BELGR, jar, m. pl. ir, [Lat. follis; Ulf. balgs = GREEK; A. S. blg; Dutch balg; Engl. belly]:-- the
skin, taken off whole (of a quadruped; hamr is the skin of a bird, hams that of a snake), nauts-belgr,
katt-belgr,otrs-belgr, melrakka-belgr, hafr-belgr, Grg. i. 500, 501, Fas. ii. 516 (of a bear), Edda 73
(otter): they were used as bags, in which to carry our (mjlbelgr), butter (smjrbelgr), liquids
(vnbelgr), curds (skyrbelgr), herbs (jafnabelgr), or the like, (bulgos Galli sacculos scorteos
appellant, Festus); laupum ea belgjum, Gl. 492, cp. Grett. 107, and the funny taunt in Fms. xi.
157 -- veri get ek hafa nkkura er aan munu hafa bori raufttara belginn (i. e. more of scars
and wounds) en sv sem her borit, v at mr ykir sj bezt til fallinn at geyma hveitimjl, the
rebuke of a lady to her sweetheart on his having ed out of battle with whole skin t to keep our in
it, cp. also Nj.141. 2. bellows (smiju-belgr), Edda 70, ir. 91. 3. the curved part of a letter of the
alphabet, Sklda 177. II. metaph., letibelgr, a lazy fellow, Fl. 12. 53: belgr also denotes a withered,
dry old man (with a skin like parchment), with the notion of wisdom, cp. the proverb, opt r
skrpum belg skilin or koma, and, a little above, opt er gott at er gamlir kvea, Hm. 135; bl
vant brir er ann belg leystir, opt r eim (urrum?) belg bll r koma, ... deep schemes
often come out of an old skin, Hm. 27: the proverb, hafa skal r r refsbelg komi, take good
advice, even if coming from an old fox-skin! Gull. ch. 18. People say in Icel. lesa, tala, lra belg,
to read, talk, learn in a bag, to read or talk on foolishly, or to learn by rote; cp. the tale about the
orabelgr, sl. js. ii. 479; cp. Asbjrnsen, Norse Tales, New Coll. Chr. 1856. 2. botan. gluma,
Hjalt.
beli, a, m. belly, a cognom., Fas. i. 347: botan. legumen.
beli, n. dat. bellowing; me beli ok skri, Fas. iii. 413.
belja, a, to bellow, Vpn. 21, Hkr. i. 319, Eb. 320.
beljan, f. bellowing, lowing, Grett. 112, Br. 19.
BELLA, ball, a defect. strong verb [cp. Lat. pello, Gr. GREEK,], to hit, hurt, tell upon; with dat.,
ekki m feigum bella, i. e. one not fated to die is proof against all shots, sl. ii. 305; tlf
berserkjum, eim er eir tluu, at ekki mundi b., Fas. iii. 140, 149; ok tluu sr ekki b. mundu,
Ver. 1O; ball r n, B (did it strike thee?) ... Ball vst, sagi hann, ok ball hvergi meir en
hugir, Eb. 240; ykir n sem eim muni ekki b., Sturl. iii. 237.
bella, d, [A. S. bealdjan; Hel. beldjan], to deal with one in a certain way, esp. of unfair dealing;
with dat., hvar viti menn slku bellt vi konungmann, who did ever see a king thus dealt with, Eg.
415; hvat skal ek gra vi biskup, er slku her bellt, ... who has dared to deal thus, Orkn. 252;
hver ... mun hafa essu bellt, at brjta gu vrn Bal, Stj. 391. Judges vi. 99; but more freq. in poetry,
bella svikum, to deal in treason, Hallfre; lygi, kv. 10; bragi, Am. 55; b. glaumi, glei, to be in
high spirits, Gkv. 2. 29; cp. mod. bralla, a, brellur, f. pl. tricks.
belli-brag, n. knavish dealing, a trick, Grett. 91, orst. hv. 46.
bellinn (mod. brellinn), adj. trickish, Grett. 22 new Ed.
bell-vsi, f. trickishness, Finnb. 294.
BELTI, n. [Lat. balteus; Engl. belt], a belt, esp. a belt of metal (silver) or embroidered, esp.
belonging to a woman, Ld. 284, Sturl. iii. 189, Nj. 2, 24: belonging to a man, with a knife fastened
to it, Fs. 101, Fms. iv. 27; knf ok belti ok vru at gir gripir, Gsl. 54, Fms. ix. 25, Fb. ii. 8, Nj.
91. COMPDS: belta-drttr, m. a game, two boxers tied together with one girdle, also in use in
Sweden: hence a close struggle, Fms. viii. 181. beltis-pss, m. a belt-pocket, Gull. 47, Sturl. l. c.,
Art. 70. beltis-star, m. the belt-waist, Gsl. 71, Fms. iv. 56. In poetry the sea is called the belt of
islands or of the earth. 2. Belti, Mare Balticum, is derived from the Lithuanian baltas = albus. 3.
astron. a zone, himinbelti, hitabelli, kuldabelti.
BEN, jar, f. pl. jar (neut., N. G. L. i. 387; str ben, acc. pl. n., Gsl. (in a verse), v. bani above. I. a
wound; as a law term, esp. a mortal wound (cp. bani); thus dened, skal ILLEGIBLE lsa, en ben
ef at bana verr, Grg. ii. 18, 29, 70; benjar hinum daua manni, 28; sv skal nefna vtta at srum
sem at benjum, 30; and in the compds, benja-lysing, f. a sort of coroner's inquest upon a slain man,
Grg. ii. 29; benja-vttr, m. a sort of coroner's jury, dened in Grg. ii. 28 -- eir eigu at bera, hve
margar benjar eru, they have to give a verdict how many mortal wounds there are; en bakvir (the
jury) hverir sannir eru at; benja-vtti, n. the verdict of a benjavttr, Grg. id. II. yet commonly
'ben' means a small bleeding wound; eirri blgri ben, er Otkell veitti mr verka, Nj. 87, Sd. 139,
Fs. 144, in the last passage, however, of a mortal wound. It is now medic. the wound produced by
letting blood. In old poetry it is used in a great many compds.
bend, f. = ben, N. G. L. i. 159, 166.
benda, u, f. a bundle, Gl. 492: now metaph. entanglement. 2. a bond, tie, v. hfubenda: naul.
term, a stay.
benda, d, laler t, [Goth. bandvian], to beckon, give a sign with the hands or eyes: wilh dat., hann
bendi eim at fylgja sr, Hom. 113, K. . K. 37, Orkn. 426: metaph. to forebode, betoken, Hom.
137, Sklda 170, Stj. 101: with acc. of the thing, Akv. 8.
benda, d, mod. t, [band], Lat. curvare, to bend; b. sver um kn sr, Fms. x. 213; benda boga, to
bend a bow, Grg. ii. 21, Fas. ii. 88, 330; b. upp, Nj. 107; benda hlfar, Rm. 39; prob. = Lat. ectere,
nectere, to join, as in mod. usage, b. tunnu, to hoop a tub: recipr., bendast um e-t, to strive, contest
about, Fms. viii. 391, v. l.: metaph. to give away, Al. 44.
bendi, n. a cord, Fms. iii. 209.
bendill, m., dimin. a small cord, string, Edda 231. 2. a sort of seed, Edda (Gl.)
bending, f., Lat. nutus, a sign, token, Rb. 348, Fms. i. 10; bo ok b., Stj. 36: foreboding,
betokening, Fms. vii. 195, Ld. 260.
benja, a, to wound mortally, Fm. 25.
ben-lauss, adj. free from wounds, N. G. L. i. 357.
ben-rgn, n. an GREEK Nj. 107 (cp. the verse, p. 118), bloody rain, a prodigy, foreboding,
slaughter, plague, or like events, cp. Eb. ch. 51, Dl. verse 1.
benzl, n. a bow in a bent state; taka boga af benzlum, to unbend a bow, Str. 44.
BER, n., gen. pl. berja, dat. jum, [Goth, basi; A. S. beria; Germ.beere; cp. also the A. S. basu]:-- a
berry, almost always in pl., Grg. ii. 347; lesa ber, to gather berries, Jb. 310, Bs. i. 135:--
distinguished, vinber, the vine-berry, grape; esp. of Icel. sorts, blber, the bleaberry, bilberry,
whortleberry; aalblber, Vaccinium myrtillus; krkiber, empetrum; einirber, juniperus; hrtaber,
rubus saxatilis; jararber, strawberry; sortuber or mulningr, arbutus, Hjalt. COMPDS: berja-hrat,
n. the stone in a berry. berja-mr, m. baccetum; fara b., to go. a-black- berrying. berja-vn, n.
berry-wine (cp. Engl. gooseberry-, elderberry-wine), Bs. i. 135.
BERA, u, f. I. [bjrn], a she-bear, Lat. ursa; the primitive root 'ber' remains only in this word (cp.
berserkr and berfjall), bjrn (q. v.) being the masc. in use, Landn. 176, Fas. i. 367, Vkv. 9: in many
Icel. local names, Beru-fjrr, -vk, from Polar bears; fem. names, Bera, Hallbera, etc., Landn. II. a
shield, pot., the proverb, baugr er beru smstr, to a shield ts best a baugr (q. v.), Lex. Pot.,
Edda (Gl.); hence names of poems Beru-drpa, Eg.
bera, a, [berr, nudus], to make bare, Lat. nudare; hon berai lkam sinn, Bret. 22: impers., berar
hlsinn (acc.), the neck became bare, Bs. i. 624.
BERA, bar, bru, borit, pres. berr, -- pot, forms with the sufxed negative; 3rd pers. sing. pres.
Indic. berrat, Hm. 10; 3rd pers. sing. pret. barat, Vellekla; 1st pers. sing. barkak, Eb. 62 (in a verse);
barkat ek, Hs. 8; 2nd pers. sing. bartattu; 3rd pers. pl. brut, etc., v. Lex. Pot. [Gr. GREEK Lat.
ferre; Ulf. bairan; A. S. beran; Germ, gebren; Engl. bear; Swed. bra; Dan. bre]. A. Lat. ferre,
portare: I. prop, with a sense of motion, to bear, carry, by means of the body, of animals, of
vehicles, etc., with acc., Egil tk mjdrekku eina mikla, ok bar undir hendi sr, Eg. 237; bar hann
heim hrs, Rm. 9; konungr lt bera inn kistur tvr, bru tveir menn hverja, Eg. 310; bera farm af
skipi, to unload a ship, Ld. 32; bera (farm) skip, to load a ship, Nj. 182; tku alla sku ok bru
(amnem) t, 623, 36; ok bar at (carried it) kerald, 43, K. . K. 92; b. mat bor, stofu, to put
the meat on table, in the oven; b. mat af bori, to take it off table, Eb. 36, 266, Nj. 75, Fms. ix. 219,
etc. 2. Lat. gestare, ferre, denoting to wear clothes, to carry weapons; skikkja dr er konungr hafi
borit, Eg. 318; b. krnu, to wear the crown, Fms. x. 16; atgeir, Nj. 119; vpn, 209: metaph., b.
gishjlm, to inspire fear and awe; b. merki, to carry the ag in a battle, Nj. 274, Orkn. 28, 30, 38,
Fms. v. 64, vi. 413; bera fram merki, to advance, move in a battle, vi. 406. 3. b. e-t hesti (burr),
to carry on horseback; Auunn bar mat hesti, Grett. 107; ok bar hrs hesti, 76 new Ed.; eir bru
sjau hestum, 98 new Ed. II. without a sense of motion: 1. to give birth to; [the root of barn, bairn;
byrja, incipere; burr, partus; and burr, lius: cp. Lat. par&e-short;re; also Gr. GREEK Lat. ferre,
of child-bearing.] In Icel. prose, old as well as mod., 'ala' and 'fa' are used of women; but 'bera,'
of cows and sheep; hence sauburr, casting of lambs, krburr; a cow is snembr, sibr, Jlabr,
calves early, late, at Yule time, etc.; var ekki vn at hon (the cow) mundi b. fyr en um vrit, Bs. i.
193, 194; kr hafi borit klf, Bjarn. 32; bar hvrrtveggi saurinn sinn bur, Stj. 178: the participle
borinn is used of men in a great many compds in a general sense, aptrborinn, rborinn, endrborinn,
frjlsborinn, goborinn, hldborinn, hersborinn, konungborinn, alborinn, samborinn,
sundrborinn, velborinn, borinn, rlborinn, etc.; also out of compds, mun ek eigi upp gefa ann
sma, sem ek em til borinn, ... entitled to by inheritance, Ld. 102; hann hafi blindr verit borinn,
born blind, Nj. 152, Hdl. 34, 42, Vsp. 2: esp. borinn e-m, born of one, Rm. 39, Hdl. 12, 23, 27,
Hm. 2, Gs. 9, Vm. 25, Stor. 16, Vkv. 15; borinn fr e-m, Hdl. 24: the other tenses are in theol.
Prose used of Christ, hans blezaa son er virist at lta berast hinga heim af sinni blezari mur,
Fms. i. 281; otherwise only in poetry, eina dttur (acc.) berr lfrull (viz. the sun, regarded as the
mother), Vm. 47; hann Gjlp um bar, hann Greip um bar ..., Hdl. 36: borit (sup.), Hkv. 1. 1. . of
trees, owers; b. vxt, blm ..., to bear fruit, ower ... (freq.); bar aldinvirinn tvennan blma,
Fms. ix. 265; cp. the phrase, bera sitt barr, v. barr. 2. denoting to load, with acc. of the person and
dat. of the thing: u. in prop. sense; hann hafi borit sik mjk vpnum, he had loaded himself with
arms, i. e. wore heavy armour, Sturl. iii. 250. . but mostly in a metaph. sense; b. e-n ofrai,
ofrmagni, ofrlii, ofrki, magni, to bear one down, to overcome, oppress one, by odds or superior
force, Grg. i. 101, ii. 195, Nj. 80, Hkr. ii. 371, Gl. 474, Stj. 512, Fms. iii. 175 (in the last passage
a dat. pers. badly); b. e-n rum, to overrule one, Nj. 198, Ld. 296; b. e-n mlum, to bearhim down
(wrongfully) in a lawsuit, Nj. 151; b. e-n bjri, to make drunk, Vkv. 26: medic., borinn verkjum,
stt, Bjarn. 68, Og. 5; blvi, Gg. 2: borne down, feeling heavy pains; ess er borin vn, no hope, all
hope is gone, Ld. 250; borinn sk, charged with a cause, Fms. v. 324, H. E. i. 561; brum borinn,
to be taken by surprise, Fms. iv. 111; b. f, gull e-n, to bring one a fee, gold, i. e. to bribe one, Nj.
62; borinn baugum, bribed, Alvm. 5; always in a bad sense, cp. the law phrase, b. f dm, to bribe
a court, Grg., Nj. 240. 3. to bear, support, sustain, Lat. sustinere, lolerare, ferre: u. properly, of a
ship, horse, vehicle, to bear, be capable of bearing; eir hlu bi skipin sem bor bru, all that
they could carry, Eb. 302; -- a ship 'berr' (carries) such and such a weight; but 'tekr' (takes) denotes
a measure of uids. . metaph. to sustain, support; dreif annig sv mikill mannfjldi at landit fkk
eigi borit, Hkr. i. 56; but metaph. to bear up against, endure, support grief, sorrow, etc., sndist
llum at Gu hefi nr tla hvat hann mundi b. mega, Bs. i. 139; bir hann friar ok ykist ekki
mega b. reii hans, Fms. iii. 80: the phrase, b. harm sinn hlji, to suffer silently; b. svviring, x.
333: absol., tti honum mikit vg Kjartans, en bar hann drengilega, he bore it manfully, Ld. 226;
er at vizka, at b. eigi slkt, not to bear or put up with, Glm. 327; b. harm, to grieve, Fms. xi. 425:
in the phrases, b. sik, b. af sr, berask, berask vel (illa, ltt), to bear oneself, to bear up against
misfortune; Gurnu tti mikit frfall orkels, en bar hon skruliga af sr, she bore her bravely
up, Ld. 326-328; lzt hafa spurt at ekkjan bri vel af sr harmana, Eb. 88; berask af; hversu bersk
Aur af um brurdauann? (how does she bear it?); hn bersk af ltt (she is much borne down) ok
ykir mikit, Gsl. 24; niun oss vandara grt en rum at vr berim oss vel (Lat. fortiter ferre), Nj.
197; engi mar hefi ar jamvel borit sik, none bad borne himself so boldly, Sturl. iii. 132; b. sik vel
upp, to bear well up against, bear a stout heart, Hrafn. 17; b. sik beiskliga (sorely), Stj. 143; b. sik
ltt, to be downcast, Fms. ii. 61; b. sik at gra e-t, to do one's best, try a thing. III. in law terms or
modes of procedure: 1. bera jrn, the ordeal of bearing hot iron in the hand, cp. jrnburr, skrsla.
This custom was introduced into Scandinavia together with Christianity from Germany and
England, and superseded the old heathen ordeals 'hlmganga,' and 'ganga undir jararmen,' v. this
word. In Norway, during the civil wars, it was esp. used in proof of paternity of the various
pretenders to the crown, Fms. vii. 164, 200, ix. Hk. S. ch. 14, 41-45, viii. (Sverr. S.) ch. 150, xi.
(Jmsv. S.) ch. 11, Grett. ch. 41, cp. N. G. L. i. 145, 389. Trial by ordeal was abolished in Norway
A. D. 1247. In Icel. It was very rarely mentioned, vide however Lv. ch. 23 (paternity), twice or
thrice in the Sturl. i. 56, 65, 147, and Grg. i. 341, 361; it seems to have been very seldom used
there, (the passage in Grett. S. l. c. refers to Norway.) 2. bera t (hence tburr, q. v.), to expose
children; on this heathen custom, vide Grimm R. A. In heathen Icel., as in other parts of heathen
Scandinavia, it was a lawful act, but seldom exercised; the chief passages on record are, Gunnl. S.
ch. 3 (ok at var sivandi nokkurr, er land var allt alheiit, at eir menn er flitlir vrn, en st
meg mjk til handa ltu t bera brn sn, ok tti illa grt valt), Fs. Vd. ch. 37, Har. S. ch. 8,
Rd. ch. 7, Landn. v. ch. 6, Finnb. ch. 2, orst. Uxaf. ch. 4, Hervar. S. ch. 4, Fas. i. 547 (a romance);
cp. Jmsv. S. ch. 1. On the introduction of Christianity into Icel. A. D. 1000, it was resolved that, in
regard to eating of horse-esh and exposure of children, the old laws should remain in force, b. ch.
9; as Grimm remarks, the exposure must take place immediately after birth, before the child had
tasted food of any kind whatever, and before it was besprinkled with water (ausa vatni) or shown to
the father, who had to x its name; exposure, after any of these acts, was murder, cp. the story of
Liafburga told by Grimm R. A.); v. Also a Latin essay at the end of the Gunnl. S. (Ed. 1775). The
Christian Jus Eccl. put an end to this heathen barbarism by stating at its very beginning, ala skal
barn hvert er borit verr, i. e. all children, if not of monstrous shape, shall be brought up, N. G. L. i.
339, 363. . b. t (now more usual, hefja t, Am. 100), to carry out for burial; vera erfr ok tit
borinn, Odd. 20; var hann heygr, ok t borinn at fornum si, Fb. i. 123; b. bl, to place (the body
and treasures) upon the pile, the mode of burying in the old heathen time, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse);
var hon borin blit ok slegit eldi, Edda 38. B. Various and metaph. cases. I. denoting motion: 1.
'bera' is in the Grg. the standing law term for delivery of a verdict by a jury (bar), either 'bera'
absol. or adding kvi (verdict); bera e-n, or b. kvi e-n, to give a verdict against, declare guilty;
bera af e-m, or b. af e-m kviinn, to give a verdict for; or generally, bera, or b. um e-t, to give a
verdict in a case; bera, or b. vitni, vtti, also simply means to testify, to witness, Nj. 111, cp.
kviburr (delivering of verdict), vitnisburr (bearing witness), Grg. ii. 28; eigi eigu bar (jurors)
enn at b. um at hvat lg eru landi hr, the jurors have not to give verdict in (to decide) what is
law in the country, cp. the Engl. maxim, that jurors have only to decide the question of evidence,
not of law, Grg. (Kb.) ch. 85; eigi eru bar skildir at b. um hvatvetna; um engi ml eigu eir at
skilja, au er erlendis (abroad) hafa grzt, id.; the form in delivering the verdict -- hfum vr (the
jurors), orit eitt sttir, berum kviburinn, berum hann sannan at skinni, Nj. 238, Grg. i. 49,
22, 138, etc.; annat sinn bru eir Flosa kviinn, id.; b. annattveggja af er ; b. undan, to
discharge, Nj. 135; b. kvi hag (for), Grg. i. 55; b. lsingar vtti, Nj. 87; b. vitni ok vtti, 28, 43,
44; b. ljgvitni, to bear false witness, Grg. i. 28; b. or, to bear witness to a speech, 43; bera
frndsemi sundr, to prove that they are not relations, N. G. L. i. 147: reex., berask r vtti, to
prove that oneself is wrongly summoned to bear witness or to give a verdict, 44: berask in a pass.
sense, to be proved by evidence, ef vanefni b. ess manns er hnd var lst, Grg. i. 257; nema
jafnmli berisk, 229; tt r berisk at faerni er segir, Fms. vii. 164; hann kvast tla, at
honum mundi berask, that he would be able to get evidence for, Fs. 46. . gener. and not as a law
term; b. , b. hendr, to charge; b. e-n undan, to discharge, Fs. 95; eigi erum vr essa valdir er
berr oss, Nj. 238, Ld. 206, Fms. iv. 380, xi. 251, Th. 78; b. e-m brnn, to throw in one's face, to
accuse, Greg. 51; b. af sr, to deny; eigi mun ek af mr b., at... (non diftebor), Nj. 271; b. e-m gott
vitni, to give one a good..., 11; b. e-m vel (illa) sguna, to bear favourable (unfavourable) witness
of one, 271. 2. to bear by word of mouth, report, tell, Lat. referre; either absol. or adding kveju,
or, orsending, eyrindi, bo, sgu, njsn, frtt..., or by adding a prep., b. fram, fr, upp, fyrir; b.
kveju, to bring a greeting, compliment, Eg. 127; b. erindi (sn) fyrir e-n, to plead one's case before
one, or to tell one's errand, 472, 473; b. njsn, to apprise, Nj. 131; b. fram, to deliver (a speech),
talai jungherra Magns hit fyrsta erindi (M. made his rst speech in public), ok fanst mnnum
mikit um hversu bernsliga fram var borit, Fms. x. 53; (in mod. usage, b. fram denotes gramm. to
pronounce, hence 'framburr,' pronunciation); mun ek at n fram b., I shall now tell, produce it,
Ld. 256, Eg. 37; b. fr, to attest, relate with emphasis; m at fr b., Dropl. 21; b. upp, to produce,
mention, tell, tt slk lygi s upp borin fyrir hann, though such a lie be told him, Eg. 59; r (viz.
charges) uru engar upp bornar (produced) vi Rt, Nj. 11; berr Sigtryggr egar upp erindi sn (cp.
Germ. ojfenbaren), 271, Ld. 256; b. upp gtu, to give (propound) a riddle, Stj. 411, Fas. i. 464; b.
fyrir, to plead as an excuse; b. saman r sn, or the like, to consult, Nj. 91; eyddist at r, er eir
bru saman, which they had designed, Post. 656 A. ii; b. til skripta, to confess (eccl.), of auricular
confession, Hom. 124, 655 xx. II. in a metaphorical or circumlocutory sense, and without any sense
of motion, to keep, hold, bear, of a title; b. nafn, to bear a name, esp. as honour or distinction; tignar
nafn, haulds nafn, jarls nafn, lends manns nafn, konungs nafn, bnda nafn, Fms. i. 17, vi. 278, xi.
44, Gl. 106: in a more metaph. sense, denoting endowments, luck, disposition, or the like, b. (ekki)
gfu, hamingju, aunu til e-s, to enjoy (enjoy not) good or bad luck, etc.; at rlfr mundi eigi
allsendis gfu til b. um vinttu vi Harald, Eg. 75, 112, 473, Fms. iv. 164, i. 218; hamingju, 219;
b. vit, skyn, kunnttu (yr) e-t, to bring wit, knowledge, etc., to bear upon a thing, xi. 438, Band.
7; hence vel (illa) viti borinn, well (ill) endowed with wit, Eg. 51; vel hyggjandi borinn, well
endowed with reason, Grg. ii; b. hug, traust, ri, or, til e-s, to have courage, condence ... to do
a thing, Gull. 47, Fms. ix. 220, Band. 7; b. hyggju, nn fyrir, to care, be concerned about, Fms. x.
318; b. st, elsku til e-s, to bear affection, love to one; b. hatr, to hate: b. svrt augu, to have dark
eyes, pot., Korm. (in a verse); b. snart hjarta, Hom. 5; vant er at af sj hvar hvergi berr hjarta sitt,
where he keeps his heart, Orkn. 474; b. gott hjarta, to bear a proud heart, Lex. Pot., etc. etc.; b.
skyndi at um e-t, to make speed with a thing, Lat. festinare, Fms. viii. 57. 2. with some sense of
motion, to bear off or away, carry off, gain, in such phrases as, b. sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the
victory from or in ...; hann hafi borit sigr af tveim orrustum, er frgstar hafa verit, he had borne off
the victory in two battles, Fms. xi. 186; bera banaor af e-m, to slay one in a ght, to be the victor;
orr berr banaor af Migarsormi, Edda 42, Fms. x. 400: it seems properly to mean, to bear off the
fame of having killed a man; verat sv rk skp, at Regin skyli mitt banor bera, Fm. 39; b. hrra,
lgra hlut, 'to bear off the higher or the lower lot,' i. e. to get the best or the worst of it, or the
metaphor is taken from a sortilege, Fms. ii. 268, i. 59, vi. 412; b. efra, hrra skjld, to carry the
highest shield, to get the victory, x. 394, Lex. Pot.; b. htt (lgt) hfuit, to bear the head high
(low), i. e. to be in high or low spirits, Nj. 91; but also, b. halann bratt (lgt), to cock up or let fall
the tail (metaph. from cattle), to be in an exultant or low mood: sundry phrases, as, b. bein, to rest
the bones, be buried; far til slands, ar mun r aui vera beinin at b., Grett. 91 A; en
hygg ek at munir hr b. beinin Norrlfunni, Orkn. 142; b. fyrir bor, to throw overboard,
metaph. to oppress; verr rhalli n fyrir bor borinn, Th. was deed, set at naught, Fr. 234; b.
brjst fyrir e-m, to be the breast-shield, protection of one, Fms. vii. 263: also, b. hnd fyrir hfu
sr, metaph. to put one's hand before one's head, i. e. to defend oneself; b. gishjlm yr e-m, to
keep one in awe and submission, Fm. 16, vide A. I. 2. III. connected with prepp., b. af, and (rarely)
yr (cp. afburr, yrburr), to excel, surpass; eigi s hvrttveggja fit er af rum berr, who gets the
best of it, Nj. 15; en bar Bolli af, B. surpassed all the rest, Ld. 330; at mannval bar eigi minnr af
rum mnnum um frleik, a ok frknleik, en Ormrinn Langi af rum skipum, Fms. ii. 252; at
hinn tlendi skal yr b. (outdo) ann sem Enskir kalla meistara, xi. 431: b. til, to apply, try if it ts;
en er eir bru til (viz. shoes to the hoof of a horse), var sem hfi hestinum, ix. 55; bera til
hvern lykil at rum at portinu, Thom. 141; b. e-t vi, to try it on (hence viburr, experiment,
effort): b. um, to wind round, as a cable round a pole or the like, Nj. 115; bar hann festi um
sik, made it fast round his body, Fms. ix. 219; 'b. e-t undir e-n' is to consult one, ellipt., b. undir dm
e-s; 'b. e-t fyrir' is to feign, use as excuse: b. , , to smear, anoint; b. vatn augu sr, Rb. 354; b.
tjru hfu sr, Nj. 181, Hom. 70, 73, cp. burr; b. gull, silfr, , to ornament with gold or silver,
Ld. 114, Finnb. 258: is now also used = to dung, b. vll; b. vpn e-n, to attack one with sharp
weapons, Eg. 583, Fms. xi. 334: b. eld at, to set re to, Nj. 122; b. fjtur (bnd) at e-m, to put fetters
(bonds) on one, Fms. x. 172, Hm. 150: metaph. reex., bnd berask at e-m, a law term, the evidence
bears against one; b. af sr, to parry off; Gyrr berr af sr lagit, G. parries the thrust off, Fms. x.
421; cp. A. II. 3. p. IV. reex., berask mikit (cp. burr), to bear oneself proudly, or b. lti , to
bear oneself humbly; hann var hinn ktasti ok barst mikit, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 219, Eb. 258; b. lti ,
Clem. 35; lta af berask, to die; ttarr vill skipa til um fjrfar sitt r hann lti af b., Fms. ii. 12:
berask fyrir, to abide in a place as an asylum, seek shelter; hr munu vit lta fyrir b., Fas. iii. 471;
berask e-t fyrir, to design a thing, be busy about, barsk hann at fyrir at sj aldregi konur, Greg. 53;
at njsna um hvat hann brist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about, Fms. iv. 184, Vgl. 19. .
recipr. in the phrase, berask banaspjt eptir, to seek for one another's life, Glm. 354: b. vpn , of a
mutual attack with sharp weapons, Fms. viii. 53. . pass., sr berask e-n, of one in the heat of
battle beginning to get wounds and give way, Nj. :-- berask vi, to be prevented, not to do; ok n lt
Almttugr Gu vi berast kirkjubrunnann, stopped, prevented the burning of the church, Fms. v.
144; en mr tti gott ef vi brist, sv at hn kmi eigi til n, vi. 210, vii. 219; ok var bit at
hann mundi egar lta hamarinn skjanna honum, en hann lt at vi berask, he bethought himself
and did not, Edda 35; v at mnnum tti sem annig mundi helzt hfa vi berask, that mischief
would thus be best prevented, Sturl. ii. 6, iii. 80. C. IMPERS. :-- with a sort of passive sense, both in
a loc. and temp. sense, and gener. denotes an involuntary, passive motion, happening suddenly or by
chance: I. with acc. it bears or carries one to a place, i. e. one happens to come; the proverb, alla
(acc.) berr at sama brunni, all come to the same well (end), Lat. omnes una manet nox; bar hann
ofan gegnt zuri, he happened to come in his course just opposite to ., Lat. delatus est, Dropl. 25:
esp. of ships or sailors; n berr sv til (happens) herra, at vr komum eigi fram ferinni, berr oss
(acc.) til slands er annara landa, it bore us to I., i. e. if we drive or drift thither, Fms. iv. 176;
(acc. pl.) bar sur haf, they drifted southwards, Nj. 124. . as a cricketing term, in the phrase, berr
(bar) t knttinn, the ball rolls out, Gsl. 26, cp. p. 110 where it is transit.; berr Gsli ok t knttinn,
vide Vgl. ch. 11, Grett. ch. 17, Vd. ch. 37, Hallfr. S. ch. 2. . Skarphein (acc.) bar n at eim, Sk.
came suddenly upon them, Nj. 144; bar at Hraldi egar allan skjldinn, the shield was dashed
against H.'s body, 198; ok skyldu sta honum, ef hann (acc.) bri ar at, if he should per chance
come, shew himself there, Orkn. 406; e-n berr yr, it bears one, i. e. one is borne onwards, as a bird
ying, a man riding; ttist vita, at hann (acc.) mundi jtara yr bera ef hann rii en gengi, that he
would get on more eetly riding than walking, Hrafn. 7; hann (acc.) bar skjtt yr, he passed
quickly, of a ying meteor, Nj. 194; e-n berr undan, escapes. 2. also with acc. followed by prepp.
vi, saman, jafnframt, hj, of bodies coinciding or covering one another: loc., er jafnframt ber
jarana tungls ok slar, if the orb of the moon and sun cover each other, Rb. 34; at kann vera
stundum, at tunglit (acc.) berr jafht millum vr ok slar (i. e. in a moon eclipse), 108; ber nokkut
jaar (acc.) ess hj slar jari, 34; Gunnarr sr at rauan kyrtil (acc.) bar vi glugginn, G. sees that
a red kirtle passed before the window, Nj. 114; bar fyrir utan at skip vpnabur (acc.) heiingja
(gen. pl.), the missiles of the heathens passed over the ship without hurting them, ew too high,
Fms. vii. 232; hvergi bar skugga (acc.) , nowhere a shadow, all bright, Nj. 118; angat sem helzt
mtti nokkut yr skugga bera af skginum, where they were shadowed (hidden) by the trees,
Fms. x. 239; e-t berr fram (htt), a body is prominent, Lat. eminet; lafr konungr st lyptingunni,
bar hann (acc.) htt mjk, king O. stood out conspicuously, ii. 308; b. yr, tti mjk bera hlj
(acc.) ar yr er lafr sat, the sound was heard over there where O. sat, Sturl. i. 21; b. milli,
something comes between; leiti (acc.) bar milli, a hill hid the prospect, Nj. 263: metaph., e-m berr
e-t milli, they come to dissent, 13, v. 1.; b. fyrir augu (hence fyrirburr, vision), of a vision or the
like; mart (acc.) berr n fyrir augu mr, ek s ..., many things come now before my eyes, 104; hann
mundi allt at er fyrir hann hafi borit, i. e. all the dream, 195; eina ntt berr fyrir hann svefni
mikla sn, Fms. i. 137, Rd. 290; veii (acc.) berr hendr e-m (a metaphor from hunting), sport falls
to one's lot; hr bri veii hendr n, here would be a game, Nj. 252; e-t berr undan (a metaphor
from shing, hunting term), when one misses one's opportunity; vel vri ... at veii (acc.)
bri eigi undan, that this game should not go amiss, 69; en ef etta (acc.) berr undan, if this breaks
down, 63; hon ba hann drepa einhvern manna hans, heldr en allt (acc.) bri undan, rather than
that all should go amiss, Eg. 258: absol., yki mr illa, ef undan berr, if I miss it, Nj. 155; viljum vr
ekki at undan beri at..., we will by no means miss it..., Fms. viii. 309, v. 1. The passage Bs. i. 416 (en
fjrhlutr s er tt hafi Ari, bar undan Gumundi) is hardly correct, fjrhlut ann would run better,
cp. bera undir, as a law term, below. II. adding prepp.; b. vi, at, til, at hendi, at mti, til handa ..., to
befall, happen, Lat. accidere, occurrere, with dat. of the person, (v. atburr, viburr, tilburr); engi
hlut skyldi ann at b., no such thing should happen as..., Fms. xi. 76; sv bar at einn vetr, it befell,
x. 201; at her n vst at hendi borit, er..., Nj. 174; etta vandri (acc.) ha n borit oss (dat.)
at hendi, Eg. 7; b. til handa, id., Sks. 327; bar honum sv til, so it befell him, Fms. 425; at honum
bri engan valigan hlut til veginum, that nothing dangerous should befall him on the way, Stj.
212; bri at sv vi, at hann ry, it then perchance might happen, that ..., 102; at bar vi at
Hgni kom, 169, 172, 82; raun (acc.) berr , it is proved by the fact, event, Fms. ix. 474, x. 185. 2.
temp., e-t berr , it happens to fall on ...; ef ing (acc.) ber hina helgu viku, if the parliament falls
on the holy week (Whitsun), Grg. i. 106; ef Crucis messu (acc.) berr Drottins dag, Rb. 44; berr
hana (viz. Petrs messu, June 29) aldrei sv optarr ldinni, 78; at er n berr oss nst, what has
occurred of late, Sturl. iii. 182: b. mti, to happen exactly at a time; etta (acc.) bar mti at enna
sama dag andaist Brandr biskup, Bs. i. 468; b. saman, id.; bar at saman, at p var Gunnarr at
segja brennusguna, just when G. was about telling the story, Nj. 269. 3. metaph. of agreement or
separation; en at (acc.) ykir mjk saman b. ok essi frsgn, Fms. x. 276: with dat., bar llum
sgum vel saman, all the records agreed well together, Nj. 100, v.l.; berr n enn sundr me eim,
Bjarna ok orkatli at sinni, B. and Th. missed each other, Vpn. 25. 4. denoting cause; e-t (acc.) berr
til ..., causes a thing; tluu at allir, at at mundi til bera, that that was the reason, Nj. 75; at
at beri til skilnaar okkars, that this will make us to part (divorce), 261; konungr spuri, hvat til
bri glei hans, what was the cause of his grief? Fms. vi. 355; at berr til tunglhlaups, Rb. 32. .
meiri vn at brtt beri at (acc.) til bta, at herviliga steypi hans rki, i.e. there will soon come help
(revenge), Fms. x. 264; fjrir eru eir hlutir er menn (acc.) berr tt landi hr, there are four cases
under which people may be adopted, Grg. i. 361. . e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person's lot; hon
arf at taka egar er undir hana berr, in her turn, 179; mikla erf (acc.) bar undir hana, Mar. (Fr.);
berr yr, of surpassing, Bs. ii. 121, 158; b. fr, id. (frburr); herimikill sv at at (acc.) bar fr v
sem arir menn, Eg. 305; er sagt, at at bri fr hve vel eir mltu, it was extraordinary how well
they did speak, Jb. 11; bar at mest fr hversu illa hann var limar, but above all, how..., . H. 74. 5.
with adverbial nouns in a dat. form; e-t berr brum, happens of a sudden; berr etta (acc.) n
allbrum, Fms. xi. 139; cp. vera brum borinn, to be taken by surprise (above); berr strum,
strrum, it matters a great deal; tla ek strrum b. hin lagabrotin (acc.), they are much more
important, matter more, vii. 305; var at gr kostr, sv at strum bar, xi. 50; her oss orit sv
mikil vanhyggja, at stru berr, an enormous blunder, Gsl. 51; sv langa lei, at stru bar, Fas. i.
116; at berr strum, hversu mr knast vel eirra ath, it amounts to a great deal, my liking
their service, i.e. I do greatly like, Fms. ii. 37; eigi berr at allsmm hversu vel mr lkar, in no
small degree do I like, x. 296. . with dat., it is tting, becoming; sv mikit sem landeiganda (dat.)
berr til at hafa eptir lgum, what he is legally entitled to, Dipl. iii. 10; berr til handa, it falls to one's
lot, v. above, Grg. i. 93. III. answering to Lat. oportet, absolutely or with an adverb, vel, illa, with
innit.; e-m berr, it beseems, becomes one; berr at ekki n stendr vlkum hfufer, at falsa, Stj.
132; berr yr (dat.) vel, herra, at sj sannindi essu mli, Fms. ix. 326; sagi, at at bar eigi
Kristnum mnnum, at sra Gu, x. 22; siu at mr beri vel, Sks. 353 B: used absol., berr vel,
illa, it is beseeming, proper, t, unbeseeming, unt, improper; ath at er vel beri fyrir konungs
augliti, 282; at ykir ok eigi illa bera, at mar ha svart skinn til hosna, i.e. it suits pretty well, 301:
in case of a pers. pron. in acc. or dat. being added, the sentence becomes personal in order to avoid
doubling the impers. sentence, e.g. e-m berr skylda (not skyldu) til, one is bound by duty; veit ek
eigi hver skylda (nom.) yr (acc.) ber til ess at lta jarl einn ra, Fms. i. 52: also leaving the dat.
out, skylda berr til at vera forsjmar me honum, vii. 280; eigi berr hr til viska mn, it is not that
I am not knowing, Nj. 135. IV. when the reex. inexion is added to the verb, the noun loses its
impers. character and is turned from acc. into nom., e.g. ar (at?) mun hugrinn minn mest hafa
fyrir borizt, this is what I suspected, fancied, Lv. 34; cp. hugarburr, fancy, and e-t berr fyrir e-n
(above, C. I. 2); her etta (nom.) vel mti borizt, a happy coincidence, Nj. 104; ef sv harliga
kann til at berask, if the misfortunes do happen, Gl. 55; barsk s hamingja (nom.) til slandi,
that mischief happened (no doubt the passage is thus to be emended), Bs. i. 78, but bar
hamingju ...; at (nom.) barsk at, happened, Fms. x. 253; fundir vrir (nom.) hafa at borizt
nokkurum sinnum, vii. 256; at barsk at einhverju sumri, Eg. 154; brist at um sir at allr
ingheimrinn berist, 765, cp. berast vi, berask fyrir above (B. V.): berast, absol., means to be
shaken, knocked about; var ess vn, at fylkingar mundu berast hergngunni, that they would be
brought into some confusion, Fms. v. 74; Hrlfr gkk at ramliga, ok barst Atli (was shaken, gave
away) fyrir orku sakir, ar til er hann fll. Fas. iii. 253; barst Jkull allr fyrir orku sakir (of two
wrestling), sl. ii. 467, Fms. iii. 189: vide B. IV.
D. In mod. usage the strong bera -- bar is also used in impersonal phrases, denoting to let a thing be
seen, shew, but almost always with a negative preceding, e.g. ekki bar (ber) v, it could (can) not
be seen; a engu bri, lta ekki bera (to keep tight), etc. All these phrases are no doubt
alterations from the weak verb bera, a, nudare, and never occur in old writers; we have not met
with any instance previous to the Reformation; the use is certainly of late date, and affords a rare
instance of weak verbs turning into strong; the reverse is more freq. the case.
ber-bakt, n. adj., ra b., to ride bare-back, i.e. without saddle, Glm. 362.
ber-beinn, adj. bare-legged, Fms. vii. 63, Harbl. 5.
ber-brynjar, part. without coat of mail, Sd. 146, Bs. i. 541.
ber-dreymr, now berdreyminn, adj. [draumr], having 'bare' (i.e. clear, true) dreams as to the
future, v. sl. js. ii. 91, sl. ii. 91, Fb. iii. 447, Gsl. 41.
berendi, n. = berf, N. G. L. i. 70, 225.
ber-f, n. a female animal, opp. to graf, Grg. i. 426, Jb. 431.
ber-fjall, n. 1. [ber = bjrn and fjall, fell = pellis], a bear-skin, Vkv. 10 (2). 2. [berr, nudus, and fjall,
fell = mons], a bare fell or rocky hill, (now freq.)
ber-fttr, adj. bare-footed, bare-legged, Bs. i. 83, Hkr. ii. 259, Fms. vii. 63, x. 331. COMPD:
berfttu-brr, m. pl. a minorite, bare-footed friar, Ann. 1265.
BERG, n. [Ulf. bairga = GREEK; A. S. biorh; Germ. berg; Dan. bjrg; Swed. berg; cp. bjarg and
borg, in Swed. and Dan. berg means a mountain gener., = Icel. fjall; in Icel. berg is a special
name] :-- a rock, elevated rocky ground, as in lgberg; vaberg, a rock on the shore where the
angler stands; mberg, a clay soil, saxum terrestri-arenaceum fuscum, Eggert Itin.; ursaberg is a
sort of whetstone, cp. Edda 58; and heinberg, hone-stone, id.; silfrberg, silver-ore, Stj.; bergi, on a
rock or rocky platform. . a rock, boulder; var b. eitt undir hfi honum, Flov. 31. . a precipice =
bjrg; framan bergi, Fms. vii. 8l, Eg. 581, Hkr. i. 151; meitilberg.
berg-bi, a, m. a berg-dweller, i.e. a giant, Landn. 271, Bar. 164.
berg-danir, m. pl. the Danes, (inhabitants) of rocks, giants, Hm. 17.
berg-hamarr, m. a rocky projection, Hom. 117.
berg-hl, f. the side or slope of a b., Fms. viii. 57, = Icel. fjallshl.
berg-hgg, n. a quarry, jal. 8; cp. berhgg.
bergi-biti, a, m. a bit to taste, Sturl. ii. 132.
bergiligr, adj. inviting to taste, Sks. 528.
berging (bergning, Eluc. 20), f. tasting, taste, Stj. 292, Hom. 53, Magn. 486, Eluc. 54.
bergisamligr, adj. = bergiligr, Sks. 528.
BERGJA, , [A. S. beorgan; Lat. gustare], to taste; with dat., rgunna vildi ngum mat b., Th.
would taste no food, Eb. 262; b. lvi, Ls. 9; eir bergu engu nema snj, Fms. viii. 52, 303, Stj. 268,
Andr. 70; b. Gus holdi ok bli, in the holy supper, 655 xviii; b. daua, to taste death, Post. 656 C,
Fb. i. 323; f margir sjkir menn heilsu, er b., that drink, Fms. i. 232, iii. 12, Hom. 82; b. e-u, Stj.
39, Fas. i. 246; b. af, Sks. 106, Blas. 43; cp. bjarga, bjargast vi e-t, e.g. Eb. 244, Eg. 204, Clem. 26,
Fs. 174.
berg-ml, n. an echo, also called dvergml. berg-mla, a, to echo.
berg-rifa, u, f. a ssure in a rock, Symb. 56.
berg-risi, a, m. [ep. berga-troll in the Norse tales], a hill-giant, Hkr. i. 229; hrmursar ok bergrisar,
Edda 10, 15; hon (Gerr) var b. ttar, 22; mikit flk hrmursa ok bergrisar, 38, Gs. 9, 23.
berg-skor, f. pl. ar, [cp. Scot. scaur], a chasm in a rocky hill, Hkv. 2. 20, Fms. vii. 202, Stj. 450. 1
Sam. xiii. 6.
berg-sns, f. [from sns = a projection, Gull. 50, ch. 4, not ns, nasus], a rocky projection. Eg.
389, Gull. 8, l.c., Fas. i. 156 spelt bergns, Sm. 131.
berg-tollr, m. a rock-toll, paid for catching fowl thereon, Sturl. iii. 225.
berg-vrr, m. a watch, look-out for rocks and cliffs; halda b., Jb. 407.
ber-hendr, adj. bare-handed.
ber-hfi, berhfa or berhfar, adj. bare-headed, Stat. 299.
ber-hgg, n. [berr, nudus, or rather = berghgg, metaph. for a quarry], in the phrase, ganga () b.
vi e-n, metaph. to make open ght, deal rudely with, Fms. xi. 248, Ld. 142; Jann gekk b. at
banna, St. John interdicted openly, 625. 93, in all those passages ':' in mod. usage ',' so Greg. 80,
Sturl. ii. 61, orst. Su-H. 7.
berill, m. a barrel for uids (for. word), Stj. 367.
BERJA, bari, pres. berr; sup. bart, barzt, O. H. L. 24, Bret. 48, 64, Fms. viii. 214, 215, xi. 16, and
later barit, barizt; part. fem. bari, Am. 84; barr, fem. br, Sturl. iii. 154; mod. barinn; either form
may now be used: [Lat. ferio. The word is not found in Ulf., and seems to be unknown in Germ. and
Engl.; it is lost in mod. Dan.] I. act. to strike, beat, smite, with acc., Fms. vii. 227, Eg. 582: as a
punishment, b. h af e-m, to scourge one, N. G. L. i. 85: to thrash to death, 341; b. grjti, to stone,
of witches, Am. 84, Ld. 152, Eb. 98, Gsl. 34: to castigate, b. til batnaar, Hkr. ii. 178; cp. the
sayings, einginn verr barinn biskup, and, vera barr til bkr, Bs. i. 410; b. steinum andlit e-m, to
throw stones in one's face, 623. 31; b. e-u saman vpnum, sverum, skjldum, knefum, to dash
weapons ... against each other, Fms. vii. 204; b. gull, to beat gold, x. 206; sem barit gull, like beaten
gold, sl. ii. 206; b. korn, to thresh corn, Magn. 520: metaph. to chide, scold, b. e-n illyrum,
vtum, Nj. 64, Hom. 35 :-- with '', 'at', to knock, rap, strike, b. hur, dyrr (or at dyrum), to rap,
knock at a door, Th. 6; b. sr brjst, to smite on one's breast, in repentance, Fms. v. 122; b. at
huru, Sturl. iii. 153; b. til e-s, e-m, to give one a thrashing, Dropl. 23; er konum barir, Hbl.
38; hjarta bari undir sunni, to beat, of the heart, Str. 6 (but hjartslttr, throbbing of the heart), in
mod. use reex., hjarta berst, hjarta barist brjsti heitt, Pass. 2. 12: in the phrase, b. brestina,
to cry off a bargain, the metaphor is taken from hammering the ssure of a ring or the like, in order
to hide the fault, Nj. 32. II. reex., berjask, [cp. Fr. se battre; Germ, sich schlagen], to ght, Lat.
pugnare, Boll. 360, Rd. 296, Fms. x. 86, sl. ii. 267, Fas. i. 255, b. 11: of a duel, ok at me, at vit
berimk her inginu, Eg. 351; b. vi e-n, to ght with, Fms. xi. 86; b. e-t, Lat. oppugnare,
borgina, i. 103, vii. 93, Stj. (freq.), seems to be a Latinism; b. til e-s, to ght for a thing; at b. til
Englands, to invade England, sl. ii. 241, v. l.; b. orrostu, Lat. pugnam pugnare, Fms. vii. 79: of the
ghting of eagles, sl. ii. 195. III. impers., with dat., it dashes against; skja grjti bari augu
eim, the hailstones dashed in their eyes, Jd. 31; honum bari vi rt kirkjunnar, he dashed
against the roof, Bs. i. 804; eim bari saman, they dashed against each other, id.
BERKJA, t, to bark, bluster; with dat., b. yr e-u, AI. 24; er oss her lengi sumar berkt, Hkr. iii.
386; her strt berkt vi oss, Fms. xi. 87, [cp. barki, digrbarkliga.]
ber-kykvendi, n. a she-beast, Fms. xi. 94.
ber-kyrtlar, adj. without cloak, wearing the kyrtill only, Fms. ii. 29.
ber-leggjar and berleggr, adj. bare-legged, Fms. vii. 63, x. 415.
ber-ligr, adj. and berliga, adv. I. [berr, nudus], open, manifest, Hom. 134; adv. openly, Fms. iv. 234,
ix. 447, sl. ii. 317; compar., Clem. 46. II. [berr, bacca] , fruitful, Stj. 15.
berlings-ss, m. [from Swed. brling, a pole, bar] , a pole; b. rettn lna langr, Fms. iii. 227,
GREEK, l. c., [cp. berling, in Engl. carpentry, the cross rafter of a roof.]
ber-mlugr and bermll, adj. bare-spoken, outspoken, Fms. x. 420.
ber-mlgi, f. bare-speech, freedom of speech, Fms. vi. 178.
ber-mli, n. pl. = bermlgi, Fms. ix. 333, Hkr. iii. 77.
ber-mltr, part. = bermlugr, Fms. xi. 53, Hkr. iii. 97.
bernska, u, f. [barn], childhood, childishness; proverb, brge er bernskan, Fms. vi. 220; vera b.,
Nj. 30, Fms. vii. 199, Sks. 596. COMPDS: bernsku-brag, n. a boyish trick, Grett. 92, Sturl. iii.
124. bernsku-mar, m. a youth, childish person, Hkr. ii. 156.
bernskligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), childish, Fms. v. 245, Sks. 553, 153, Magn. 434.
bernskr, adj. [Ulf. barnisks], childish, Fms. i. 22, vii. 237, ix. 249, Hom. 50.
ber-orr, adj. = bermll.
BERR, adj. [A. S. br; Engl. bare; Germ, bar; Slav. bos; Litt. bosus; the Goth word is not on
record, but was prob. sounded basus; the radical form is b-s, not b-r, and it is consequently different
from Lat. -perio (in aperio), or bera, ferre, v. Grimm s. v.]; :-- Lat. nudus, bare, naked; albrynjar
sv at ekki var bert nema augun, Fms. vii. 45; beran vpnasta, Nj. 9; undir berum himni, under the
bare sky, in open air, sub dio, Karl. 544; beru svi, in open eld; ber sver, naked swords, Fms.
i. 266; UNCERTAINa berum hestum = berbakt, Dl. ii. 2. metaph. naked, unprotected, Grg. ii. 8;
berr er hverr baki nema sr brur eigi (a proverb), Nj. 265. . uncovered, open, clear, manifest;
segja me berum orum, in clear words, Stj. 447; vera berr at e-u, to be convicted of a thing, 656
A, 25; berar jartegnir, Fms. ii. 221; gran sik beran at e-u, to shew openly, mostly in a bad sense, xi.
55; vru berastir v rndir, the Th. were most undisguised in it, Hkr. ii. 57; gra bert, to make
known, lay bare, Fms. i. 32, vii. 195.
ber-serkr, s, m., pl. ir: [the etymology of this word has been much contested; some -- upon the
authority of Snorri, hans menn fru 'bryn&dash-uncertain;julausir,' Hkr. i. 11 -- derive it from
'berr' (bare) and 'serkr' [cp. sark, Scot, for shirt]; but this etymology is inadmissible, because 'serkr'
is a subst. not an adj.: others derive it from 'berr' (Germ, br = ursus), which is greatly to be
preferred, for in olden ages athletes and champions used to wear hides of bears, wolves, and
reindeer (as skins of lions in the south), hence the names Bjl, Bjarnhinn, lfhinn, (hinn,
pellis,) -- 'pellibus aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur, 'Caes. Bell. Gall. vi. 22: even the old
poets understood the name so, as may be seen in the poem of Hornklo (beginning of 10th century),
a dialogue between a Valkyrja and a raven, where the Valkyrja says, at berserkja reiu vil ek ik
spyrja, to which the raven replies, lfhnar heita, they are called Wolfcoats, cp. the Vd. ch. 9; eir
berserkir er lfhnar vru kallair, eir hfu vargstakka (coats of wild beasts) fyrir brynjur, Fs.
17 :-- a 'bear-sark,' 'bear-coat,' i. e. a wild warrior or champion of the heathen age; twelve
berserkers are mentioned as the chief followers of several kings of antiquity, e. g. of the Dan. king
Rolf Krake, Edda 82; a Swed. king, Gautr. S. Fas. iii. 36; king Adils, Hrlf. Kr. S. ch. 16 sqq.;
Harald Hrfagri, Eg. ch. 9, Grett. ch. 2, Vd. l. c. (Hornklo, v. above); the twelve sons of Arngrim,
Hervar. S. ch. 3-5, Hdl. 22, 23; the two berserkers sent as a present by king Eric at Upsala to earl
Hakon of Norway, and by him presented to an Icel. nobleman, Eb. ch. 25. In battle the berserkers
were subject to ts of frenzy, called berserksgangr (furor bersercicus, cp. the phrase, ganga
berserksgang), when they howled like wild beasts, foamed at the mouth and gnawed the iron rim of
their shields; during these ts they were, according to popular belief, proof against steel and re,
and made great havoc in the ranks of the enemy; but when the fever abated they were weak and
tame. A graphical description of the 'furor bersercicus' is found in the Sagas, Yngl. S. ch. 6, Hervar.
S. l. c., Eg. ch. 27, 67, Grett. ch. 42, Eb. ch. 25, Nj. ch. 104, Kristni S. ch. 2, 8 (Vd. ch. 46); cp. also
a passage in the poem of Hornklo | grenjuu berserkir, | gur var eim sinnum, | emjau
lfhnar | ok sarn gniiu -- which lines recall to the mind Roman descriptions of the Cimbric
war-cry. In the Icel. Jus Eccles. the berserksgangr, as connected with the heathen age, is liable to the
lesser outlawry, K. . K. 78; it is mentioned as a sort of possession in Vd. ch. 37, and as healed by a
vow to God. In the Dropl. S. Major (in MS.) it is medically described as a disease (v. the whole
extract in the essay 'De furore Bersercico,' Kristni S. old Ed. in cake); but this Saga is modern,
probably of the rst part of the 17th century. The description of these champions has a rather
mythical character. A somewhat different sort of berserker is also recorded in Norway as existing in
gangs of professional bullies, roaming about from house to house, challenging husbandmen to
'holmgang' (duel), extorting ransom (leysa sik af hlmi), and, in case of victory, carrying off wives,
sisters, or daughters; but in most cases the damsel is happily rescued by some travelling Icelander,
who ghts and kills the berserker. The most curious passages are Glm, ch. 4, 6, Gsl. ch. 1 (cp. Sir
Edm. Head's and Mr. Dasent's remarks in the prefaces), Grett. ch. 21, 42, Eg. ch. 67, Flam. S. ch.
15, 17; according to Grett. ch. 21, these banditti were made outlaws by earl Eric, A. D. 1012. It is
worth noticing that no berserker is described as a native of Icel.; the historians are anxious to state
that those who appeared in Icel. (Nj., Eb., Kr. S. l. c.) were born Norse (or Swedes), and they were
looked upon with fear and execration. That men of the heathen age were taken with ts of the 'furor
athleticus' is recorded in the case of Thorir in the Vd., the old Kveldulf in Eg., and proved by the
fact that the law set a penalty upon it. Berserkr now and then occurs as a nickname, Glm. 378. The
author of the Yngl. S. attributes the berserksgangr to Odin and his followers, but this is a sheer
misinterpretation, or perhaps the whole passage is a rude paraphrase of Hm. 149 sqq. In the old Hbl.
37 berserkr and giant are used synonymously. The berserkers are the representatives of mere brute
force, and it therefore sounds almost blasphemous, when the Norse Barl. S. speaks of Gus berserkr
(a'bear-coat' or champion of God), (Jesus Kristr gleymdi eigi hlmgngu sins berserks), 54, 197.
With the introduction of Christianity this championship disappeared altogether.
bersi, a, m. a bear, Grett. 101 A, Fas. ii. 517, Sd. 165, Finnb. 246: the phrase, at taka sr bersa-ley,
to take bear's leave, i. e. to ask nobody (cp. 'to take French leave'): freq. as a nom. pr., and hence in
Icel. local names.
ber-skjaldar, adj. bare of shield, i. e. without a shield, Nj. 97.
ber-svi, n. an open eld.
ber-syndugr, adj. (theol.), a sinner, publicans and 'sinners,' Greg. 33, Post. 656, H. E. i. 585.
ber-sgli, f. [bersogull, adj.], a free, frank speech; hence ber&dash-uncertain;sglis-vsur, f. pl.,
name of a poem by Sighvat, Fms. vi. 38 sq.
ber-yri, n. pl. plain-speaking, Fms. vii. 161.
BETR, adv., compar. to vel; and BEZT, elder form bazt, superl., better, best: 1. compar., er betr er,
luckily, happily, Fms. ix. 409, Ld. 22; b. tti mr, I would rather, Nj. 17; vnu betr, Lat. spe
melius, Fms. ii. 101; b. grt, better not to do, Ld. 59; hafa b., to get the better of it, Fb. i. 174:
adding gen., ess b., er ..., so much the better ..., Sks. 426: denoting quantity, more, leggit fram b.
hit mikla skipit, advance it farther, better on, Fms. ii. 307; engi mar tk b. en xl honum, v. 67; b.
en tuttugu menn, ix. 339; rj hundru ok rr tigir ok sex b., to boot, Rb. 88; ekki mttu sumir
menn b. en f staist, i. e. they could do no more, were just able to keep up against him, Fms. xi.
136; ef hann orkar b., if he can do more, Grg. (Kb.) ch. 128; n m hann b., but if he is able to do
more..., id. 2. superl., bazt bi, best equipped, Fas. ii. 523; with a gen., bezt allra manna, Eg. 34;
manna bezt, Nj. 147; kvenna bezt hr, Landn. 151; bazt at bir vri, cp. Germ, am besten, am
liebsten, soonest, Eg. 256.
betra, a, to better, improve, Ld. 106; betrask, to become better, Fms. iii. 160: impers., ef eigi
betraist um, Rd. 277; eir sgu, at konungi betraist mjk, that the king was much better, Fms. ix.
215.
betran, f. a bettering, improving, esp. in theol., Fms. vi. 217, Stj. 158: alliter., bt ok betran.
betr-ferungr, m. a man better than his father, Fms. vi. 286.
BETRI, betra, compar., and BEZTB, baztr, batztr, the superl. to 'gr,' which serves as the
posit. :-- in the compar. the primitive a becomes e; thus old poets of the beginning of the 11th
century, as Sighvat, rhyme betri -- setrs; the old form batri however occurs, 655 xx. 4: in the superl.
the a was kept till the end of the 12th century. Sighvat rhymes, last -- bazti; old vellum MSS. now
and then still spell with a (bazt, baztr ...), Glm. 371, Hei. S. sl. ii. 324, Grg. ii. 165, 252, Fms.
xi. 214, 220, Hm. 13, 26, 47, Hkv. Hjrv. 39, Lb. 12, Pd. 11, t. 27, 625. 42, Fms. x. (grip) 418;
baztra (baztra), gen. pl., 398, 401 (but bett, 385); bazta (acc.), Eluc. 36: sing. fem. and neut. pl.
bzt, with a changed vowel, bzt heill, n. pl., Skv. 2. 19; bztu (btu), pl., Fms. x. 401, 403, 415: it
is spelt with z, tz (in grip even t), or zt, in mod. spelling often s, as in mod. Engl., and
pronounced at present as an s, [Goth. batizo, superl. batisto; A. S. batra and betsta, besta; Engl.
better and best; Germ. besser and beste] :-- better, best; meira ok betra, Nj. 45, 193; betri, Dipl. v.
18; beztr kostr, Nj. 1, Eg. 25; beztr bndi, Ld. 22. . kind, friendly towards one; with dat., er honum
hafi baztr verit, 625. 42; er mr her beztr verit, Fms. vii. 274: er r fyrir v bezt ..., it is best for
thee, thou doest best to accept it, Nj. 225; v at inn hlutr m eigi vera betri en gr, 256; betra
byr ok blara, 625. 4: with gen., mean bezt er sumars, during the best part of the summer, Sks. 29,
etc. etc., v. gr.
beygja, , [baugr], to bend, bow, Fms. ii. 108, iii. 210, x. 174: metaph., b. e-m krk, to make it
crooked for one, the metaphor taken from a game or from wrestling, Ld. 40.
beygla, u, f. to dint, of plate, metal, etc., Sturl. ii. 221.
BEYKI, n. beech-wood; beykir, m. a cooper, v. bukr.
beyla, u, f. a hump, Lat. gibbus, swelling, Bjrn, cp. Snt 98.
beyrsta and beysta, t, [old Dan. brste; Swed. bsta], to bruise, beat; b. korn, to thresh, Fms. xi.
272; the alliterated phrases, berja ok b., to og, Hom. 119; b. ok bta, Grg. ii. 118; b. bakfllum, to
pull hard, beat the waves with the oars, Am. 35.
beysti, n. [Swed. bste], a ham, gammon of bacon, ir. 222.
beytill, m., v. gibeytill, equisetum hiemale, a cognom., Landn.
beztr, baztr, bezt, bazt, v. betri and betr.
BIBLIA, and old form BIBLA, u, f. the Bible, Am. (Hb.) 10.
BI, n. pl. [A. S. bid], a biding, waiting, delay; skmm bi, Al. 118: patience, mikit megu biin (a
proverb), 119, 623. 60; vera gr bium, to be patient and forbearing, Bs. i. 141; liggja bi
(bium?), to bide the events, Fms. x. 407: in mod. usage fem. sing., l manns hart fram hleypr,
her a enga bi, Hallgr.
bia, a, to bide a bit, Stj. 298, Bs. ii. 123: with gen. (= ba), ok biuu eirra, Fagrsk. 138, Nj.
(Lat.) 110 note k, 135 note o.
bian, f. = bi, H. E. ii. 80.
bi-angr and bivangr, m. a biding, delay, Fms. ix. 259, v.l.
biill, m., dat. bili, pl. bilar, a wooer, suitor, Fms. ii. 8.
BIJA, ba, bu, beit; pres. bi; imperat. bi and biddu; pot. forms with suff. neg. 1st pers.
pres. bikat ek, Gsl. (in a verse): [Ulf. bidian = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. biddian; Old Engl. bid,
bede (in bedes-man), and 'to bid one's beads;' Germ. bitten, beten; cp. Lat. petere] :-- to beg; with
gen. of the thing, dat. of the person; or in old writers with inn. without the particle 'at;' or 'at' with a
subj.: u. with inn., Jarl ba drepa hann, ... ba hann gefa Hallfrei gri, Fms. iii. 25; hann ba
alla ba, Nj. 196; ba heila hittast, Eg. 22, Fms. vii. 351; Skapti ba Gizur (acc.) sitja, Nj. 226;
Flosi ba alla menn koma, Nj. 196, Hdl. 2; inn bi hann ganga, Skm. 16, Ls. 16; b. e-n vera
heilan, valere jubere, Gm. 3, Hkv. 1, 2: still so in the r. 65 (bir ek laf bjarga mr) of the end of
the 14th century; mod. usage prefers to add the 'at,' yet Hallgrmr uses both, e.g. hann ba Ptr me
hryggri lund, hj sr vaka um eina stund, Pass. 4. 6; but, Gu bi eg n a gefa mr n, id. . with
'at' and a subj., b. viljum vr ik, at sr, Nj. 226, Jb. 17: without 'at,' Pass. 6. 13, 3. 12. . with
gen., b. matar, Grg. i. 261; er r ess ekki bijanda. Eg. 423; b. lis, liveizlu, fruneytis,
brautargengis, Nj. 226, 223, sl. ii. 322; bnar, Fms. iv. 12; b. e-m lfs, gria, gs, bls, to beg for
the life ... of one, Hv. 39, Fms. iii. 25, Edda 38, Hm. 127; b. fyrir e-m, to beg, pray for one, Nj. 55;
b. e-n til e-s, to request one to do a thing, Grg. i. 450, Fms. v. 34: spec. to court (a lady), propose,
with gen. as object of the thing and person here coincide, b. konu, b. sr konu, Eg. 5, Nj. 2, Rm. 37.
2. to pray (to God), absol., hann ba essa lund, Blas. 41; b. til Gus, Sks. 308, Fms. iii. 48; b.
bn sinni (dat.), to pray one's prayer, 655 xvi, Hom. 114; b. bn sna, id., Blas. 50. . reex.,
bijask fyrir, to say one's prayers, Nj. 196; er sv bast fyrir at krossi, Landn. 45, 623. 34, Orkn. 51;
bijast undan, to excuse oneself, beg pardon, Fms. vii. 351: the reex. may resume the inn. sign
'at,' and even an active may do so, if used as a substitute for a reex., e.g. bir rlfr at fara norr
Hlogaland, Th. asked for furlough to go to H., Eg. 35.
bi-lund (and bilyndi, Hom. 26. transl. of Lat. longanimitas), f. forbearance, patience, Hom. 97,
Stj. 52, Pass. 8. 13, 15, 15. 13. COMPDS: bilundar-gr, adj. forbearing, Fb. ii. 261. bilundar-
ml, n. a thing that can bide, as to which there is no hurry, Grett. 150.
bi-stund, f. (bistll, Bs. i. 292 is prob. a false reading), biding a bit, Bs. i. 292, 704, Fms. viii.
151, Thom. 104.
BIFAST, , mod. a, dep. [Gr. GREEK, GREEK, cp. Lat. paveo, febris; A. S. beofan; Germ.
beben], to shake, to tremble: 1. in old writers only dep., bifisk, kv. 13, Hkv. 23, d. 17; bifaist,
Gsl. 60, Grett. 114: to fear, en bifast aldri hjarta, Al. 80. 2. in mod. usage also act. to move, of
something very heavy, with dat., e.g. eg gat ekki bifa v, I could not move it.
bifr, m., in the compd bifr, m. dislike, in the phrase, e-m er . a e-u, one feels a dislike to.
COMPD: bifr-staup, n. a cup, Eb. (in a verse).
bifra, u, f. [A. S. beber, befer], a beaver (?), a cognom., Fms.
bif-rst, f., the pot. mythical name of the rainbow, Edda 8, (via tremula); but Gm. 44 and Fm. 15
read bilrst.
bifu-kolla (byuk-, Safn i. 95), u, f. leontodon taraxacum, Hjalt. 254.
BIK, n. [Lat. pix; Gr. GREEK; A. S. pic; Engl. pitch; Germ. pech; a for. word], pitch, Stj. 46; svartr
sem. b., Nj. 195, Orkn. 350, Rb. 352. COMPD: bik-svartr, adj. black as pitch.
bika, a, to pitch, Stj. 58, Ver. 8.
BIKARR, m. [Hel. bicere; Engl. beaker; Scot. bicker; Germ. becher; Dan. bger, cp. Gr. GREEK;
Ital. bicchiere], a beaker, large drinking cup, Dipl. v. 18: botan. perianthium, Hjalt.
BIKKJA, u, f. a bitch; ann graut gaf hann blauum hundum ok mlti, at er makligt at bikkjur eti
r, Fms. ii. 163: as an abusive term, Fs. 54, Fas. i. 39; so in mod. Icel. a bad horse is called.
COMPDS: bikkju-hvelpr, m. a bitch's whelp, Fms. ix. 513. bikkju-sonr, m. son of a b., Fas. iii.
607. bikkju-stakkr, m. the skin of a b., Fas. iii. 417: all of these used as terms of abuse.
bikkja, , t, [bikka, to roll, Ivar Aasen], to plunge into water; hann biki sjinn, he plunged
overboard, Fms. x. 329; bikti sr t af borinu, ii. 183; cp. Lapp. puokljet = to plunge.
BIL, n., temp. a moment, twinkling of an eye; v bili, Nj. 115; at bil, that very moment, Stj. 149,
157, Fms. i. 45. . loc., Lat. intervallum, an open space left; b. er arna, Fas. ii. 67; orin standa
eiga tt (namely in writing), en bil milli, an Icel. rhyme. . the poetical compds such as
biltraur, bilstyggr, bilgrndur ..., (all of them epithets of a hero, fearless, dauntless,) point to an
obsolete sense of the word, failure, fear, giving way, or the like; cp. bilbugr, bilgjarn, and the verb
bila; cp. also tmabil, a period; millibil, distance; dagmlabil, hdegisbil, nnbil, etc., nine o'clock,
full day-time, noon-time, etc. II. fem. pr. name of a goddess, Lex. Pot.
bila, a, pres. bil (instead of bilar), Fas. ii. 76 (in a verse), to fail; rr vill fyrir engan mun bila at
koma til einvgis, Th. will not fail to meet, Edda 57; orsteinn kva pat eigi mundu at bila, Th. said
that it should not fail, he should not fail in doing so, Lv. 33: with dat., estum bilar rit, a
proverb, Fms. ii. 31 (Ld. 170), Rd. 260. 2. impers., e-n bilar (acc.), Finnb. 338 (in mod. usage
impers. throughout), to break, crack, er skipit hljp af stokkunum, bilai skarir nokkurar,
Fms. viii. 196; reii b., Grg. ii. 295; b. at e-u, id., Gl. 369; bil sterka arma, my strong arms fail,
Fas. ii. l.c.
bil-bugr (bilsbugr, Fas. iii. 150), m. failing of heart; in the phrase, lta engan bilbug sr sj
(nna), to stand rm, shew no sign of fear, Fms. viii. 412, Grett. 124, Fas. iii. 150, Karl. 233; f b.
e-m, to throw one back, Karl. 80.
bil-eygr, adj. a nickname of Odin, of unsteady eyes, Edda (Gl.)
bil-gjarn, adj., occurs only in the compd bilgjarn, overbearing.
bil-rst, f. via tremula, the rainbow, v. bifrst.
bil-skirnir, m. the heavenly abode of Thor, from the ashing of light, Edda.
bilt, prob. an old n. part. from bila; only used in the phrase, e-m verr bilt, to be amazed,
astonished; en er sagt, at r (dat.) var bilt einu sinni at sl hann, the rst time that Thor's heart
failed him, Edda 29; var eim bilt, Korm. 40, Nj. 169.
bimbult (now proncd. bumbult), n. adj., only in the phrase, e-m verr b., to feel uneasy, Gsl. 33,
of a witch (freq., but regarded as a slang word), mr er hlf bumbult ...
BINDA, batt, 2nd pers. bazt, pl. bundu, bundit; pres. bind; 3rd pers. reex. bizt; imperat. bind, bind
; 2nd pers. bitt, bitt , Fm. 40: [Goth., A. S., Hel. bindan; Engl. bind; Germ. binden; Swed.
binda, 2nd pers. bandt; in Icel. by assimilation batt; bant, however, Hb. 20, 32 (1865)] :-- to bind: I.
prop. to bind in fetters, (cp. bnd, vincula; bandingi, prisoner), Hom. 119, Fms. xi. 146, Gl. 179:
1. to tie, fasten, tie up, b. hest, Nj. 83; naut, Ld. 98, Bs. i. 171; b. hund, Grg. ii. 119; b. vi e-t, to
fasten to; b. stein vi hls e-m, 655 xxviii; b. blju vi stng, Fms. ix. 358; b. sk, vengi, to tie the
shoes, Nj. 143, orst. St. 53, Orkn. 430: to bind in parcels, to pack up, b. varning, Fms. iii. 91, ix.
241 (a pun); b. hey, to truss hay for carting, Nj. 74; klyf, Grett. 123; b. at, til, to bind round a sack,
parcel, Fms. i. 10; to bind a book, (band, bindi, volume, are mod. phrases), Dipl. i. 5, 9, ii. 13. .
medic. to bind wounds, to bind up, b. sr, Eg. 33, Bs. i. 639, Fms. i. 46 (cp. Germ. verbinden); b.
um, of fomentation, Str. 4. 72: metaph. phrase, eiga um srt at b., to have a sore wound to bind up,
one feeling sore; her margr hloti um srt at b. fyrir mr, i.e. I have inicted deep wounds on
many, Nj. 54: the proverb, bezt er um heilt at b., or eiga um heilt at b., to bind a sound limb, i.e. to
be safe and sound; ykir mr bezt um heilt at b., I think to keep my limbs unhurt, to run no risk,
Fms. vii. 263. 2. with a notion of impediment; b. skjld sinn, to entangle the shield: metaph.,
bundin (closed, shut) skjaldborg, Sks. 385. II. metaph. to bind, make obligatory; leysa ok b., of the
pope, Fms. x. 11: to make, contract a league, friendship, afnity, wedding, fellowship, oath, or the
like; b. r, to resolve, Ld. 4, Eg. 30; samflag, lag, vinttu, ei, tengdir, hjskap, Fms. i. 53, iv. 15,
20, 108, 210, ix. 52, Stj. 633, K. . 110: absol. with a following inn., binda (x) eir rir at
hittast kvenum sta, sl. ii. 147. III. reex, to bind, engage oneself, enter a league; leikmenn
hfu saman bundizt at setjast kirkjueignir, Bs. i. 733; bindask (b. sik) e-u, to engage in a thing;
tt hann vri bundinn slkum hlutum, 655; at b. sik veraldligu star, id.; hann bazt v, at
sslumenn yrir skyldu eigi koma mrkina, Eg. 71; em ek eigi essa binn, nema eiri bindist,
unless more people bind themselves, enter the league, Fr. 25, Valla L. 216; bindast banns
atkvi, H. E. i. 465; binda sik undir e-t, with a following inn. to bind oneself to do, Vm. 25; b.
sik vi e-t, id., N. G. L. i. 89; bindask e-m hendi, to bind oneself to serve another, esp. of the
service of great personages; b. hendi konungum, Fms. xi. 203, x. 215, Bs. i. 681, Orkn. 422;
bindast fyrir e-u, to place oneself at the head of an undertaking, to head, Hkr. iii. 40; ngull vildi b.
fyrir um atfr vi Gretti, Grett. 147 A. 2. with gen., bindask e-s, to refrain from a thing; eigi bazt
harm ferligra ora, i.e. he did not refrain from bad language, 655. 12; b. tra (only negative), to
refrain from bursting into tears, Fms. ii. 32; hltrs, Sks. 118; b. vi e-t, id., El. 21; b. af e-u, Stj. 56.
bindandi and bindendi, f. (now neut., Thom. 68), abstinence, Stj. 147, 625. 186, Fms. i. 226, Hom.
17. COMPDS: bindendis-tmi, a, m. a time of abstinence. bindandis-lif, n. a life of b., Stj. 147,
655 xiii. bindandis-mar, m. an ascetic, Bs. ii. 146; mod. a teetotaler.
bindi, n. a sheaf, = bundin, N. G. L. i. 330; mod. a volume, (cp. Germ. band.)
BINGR, m. a bed, bolster, Korm. (in a verse), prop. a heap of corn or the like, (Scot. bing,) Nj.
153; vide Lex. Pot.
birgir, f. pl. stores, provisions, Sturl. ii. 225, Fr. 53, Fas. ii. 423.
birgiligr, adj. well provided, Bs. i. 355.
BIRGJA, , to furnish, provide; skal ek vst b. hann at nkkuru, Nj. 73; segir Sigurr, at hann mun
b. me nkkuru mti, Fr. 237; hann birgi ok um bf, Ld. 144; n vil ek b. b itt at
mlnytu sumar, Hrafn. 9. [In the Edd. sometimes wrongly spelt with y, as it is quite different from
byrgja, to enclose.]
birgr, adj. [O. H. G. birig, fertilis; unbirig, sterilis: sometimes in Edd. wrongly spelt byrgr: this
form however occurs Bs. i. 868, MS. the end of the 15th century] :-- provided, well furnished; b. at
kosti, Grett. 127 A, Sd. 170; vilt selja mr augun? er ek verr b. eptir, Fas. iii. 384.
BIRKI, n. collect. = bjrk, birch, in COMPDS: birki-raptr, m. a rafter of birch-wood, sl. ii. 153.
birki-vir, m. birch-wood, Grg. ii. 355.
birkja, t, to bark, strip; b. vi, Jb. 235, Stj. 177; cp. Gkv. 2. 12, birkinn vir (= birki vir?), Fms.
viii. 33; b. hest, to ay a horse.
BIRNA, u, f. a she-bear, Stj. 530, Fs. 26, Magn. 476: astron., Rb. 468; b. er vr kllum vagn, 1812.
16. birnu-gtir, m. the name of one of the constellations, 1812. 18.
BIRTA, t, [Ulf. bairhtian], to illuminate, brighten, Stj. 15; b. sn, 655 xxx; b. blinda, id. 2. impers.,
okunni birtir af, the fog lifted, Hrafn. 6: to brighten with gilding or colouring, a ship, var birt
allt hlrit, cp. hlrbjartr and hlrbirt skip, Fms. iv. 277. 3. metaph. to enlighten; birta hjrtu vr,
Hom. 67, Rb. 390: to make illustrious, Sklda 204. . to reveal, manifest, Fms. iv. 132, viii. 101:
with dat., birti hann &aolig-acute;st sinni, x. 418. . reex, to appear; birtist skai eirra, Fms.
vii. 189, v. 344, Stj. 198, Ann. 1243; b. e-m, Fms. i. 142.
birti, f. and mod. birta, u, f. [Goth, bairhti], brightness, light, the old form birti is used Luke ii. 9,
in the N. T. of 1540, and the Bible of 1584, and still kept in the 11th Ed. of Vidal. (1829); otherwise
birta, Pass. 8. 19, 41. 10; birta also occurs Stj. 81, Fb. i. 122; but otherwise birti in old writers; birti
ok fegr, Fms. v. 344, x. 347; birti gis, the gold, Edda 69; tunglsins birti, Stj. 26, Fms. i. 77.
birting, f. brightness, Sks. 26, 656 A: metaph. manifestation, revelation, Th. 76, Stj. 378, Barl. 199:
vision, 655 xxxii. 2. day-break. COMPD: birtingar-t, f. time of revelation, Hom. 63.
birtingr, m. a sh, trutta albicolor, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Fms. vii. 157: pl. illustrious men, Eg.
(in a verse).
BISKUP, m., in very old MSS. spelt with y and o (byskop), but commonly in the MSS. contracted
'bUNCERTAIN,' so that the spelling is doubtful; but biscop (with i) occurs Bs. i. 356, byscop in the
old fragm. i. 391-394; biskup is the common form in the Edd. and at present, vide Bs. i. ii, Sturl. S.,
b. [Gr. GREEK; A. S. biscop; Engl. bishop; Germ. bischof] :-- a bishop. Icel. had two sees, one at
Skalholt, erected A.D. 1056; the other at Hlar, in the North, erected A.D. 1106. They were united
at the end of the last century, and the see removed to Reykjavik. Biographies of ten of the bishops
of the 11th to the 14th century are contained in the Bs., published 1858, and of the later bishops in
the Biskupa Annlar (from A.D. 1606), published in Safn til Sgu slands, vol. i. and Bs. ii, and cp.
farther the Biskupa, by the Icel. historian Jn Halldrsson (died A.D. 1736), and the Hist. Eccl.
(H. E.). by Finn Jonsson (Finnus Johannus, son of the above-mentioned Jn Halldrsson). During
two hundred years of the commonwealth till the middle of the 13th century, the bishops of Skalholt
and Hlar were elected by the people or by the magnates, usually (at least the bishops of Skalholt)
in parliament and in the lgrtta (the legislative council), vide the Hungrv. ch. 2 (valinn til b. af allri
alu slandi), ch. 5, 7, 13, 16, Sturl. 2, ch. 26, Kristni S. ch. 12, b. ch. 10, orl. S. ch. 9, Pls. S.
ch. 2, Gum. S. ch. 40, Jns S. ch. 7 ( kaus Gizurr biskup Jn prest gmundarson me samykki
allra lrra manna ok lrra Norlendinga fjrungi). Magns Gizurarson (died A.D. 1237) was
the last popularly elected bishop of Skalholt; bishop Gudmund (died A.D. 1237) the last of Hlar;
after that time bishops were imposed by the king of Norway or the archbishop. COMPDS: biskupa-
bningr, m. episcopal apparel, Sturl. i. 221. biskupa-fundr, m. a synod of bishops, Fms. x. 7.
biskupa-ttr, m. the section in the Icel. Jus Eccl. referring to the bishops, K. . K. 60. biskupa-
ing, n. a council of bishops, Bs. i. 713, H. E. i. 456. biskups-brunnr, m. a well consecrated by
bishop Gudmund, else called Gvendarbrunnar, Bs. biskups-br, n. a 'bishop's-bower,' chamber for
a bishop, Sturl. ii. 66. biskups-dmr, m. a diocese, Fms. vii. 173, xi. 229, b. 16, Pr. 107:
episcopate, Fms. i. 118. biskups-dttir, f. a bishop's daughter, Sturl. i. 207. biskups-dmi, n. an
episcopal see, Sturl. i. 204, iii. 124: the episcopal ofce, 23, Bs. i. 66, etc. biskups-efni, n. bishop-
elect, Bs. i, cp. ii. 339. biskups-frndi, m. a relative of a bishop, Sturl. ii. 222. biskups-garr, m.
a bishop's manor, Fms. ix. 47. biskups-gisting, f. the duty of entertaining the bishop on his
visitation, Vm. 23. biskups-kjr, n. pl. the election of a bishop, Bs. i. 476. biskups-kosning, f. id.,
Sturl. i. 33, Fms. viii. 118, v.l. biskups-lauss, adj. without a bishop, Fb. iii. 445, Ann. 1210.
biskups-mar, m. one in the service of a bishop, Fms. ix. 317. biskups-mark, n. the sign of a
bishop; geri Sabinus b. yr dkinum ok drakk sv rggr (a false reading = kross-mark?),
Greg. 50. biskups-mgr, m. a brother-in-law of a bishop, Fms. ix. 312, v.l. biskups-messa, u, f. a
mass celebrated by a bishop, Bs. i. 131. biskups-mtr, n. a bishop's mitre, Sturl. ii. 32. biskups-
nafn, n. the title of a bishop, Fms. x. 11. biskups-rki, n. a bishopric, diocese, Ann. (Hb.) 19, Fms.
xi. 229, Sturl. ii. 15. biskups-sekt, f. a ne to be paid by a bishop, N. G. L. i. 350. biskups-skattr,
m. a duty to be paid to the bishop in Norway, D. N. (Fr.) biskups-skip, a bishop's ship: the bishops
had a special licence for trading; about this matter, vide the Arna b. S. Laur. S. in Bs. and some of
the deeds in D. I.; the two sees in Icel. had each of them a ship engaged in trade, Fms. ix. 309, v.l.;
vide a treatise by Maurer written in Icel., N Fl. xxii. 105 sqq. biskups-skri, a, m. an episcopal
ornament, Fms. ix. 38. biskups-sonr, m. the son of a bishop, Sturl. i. 123, Fms. x. 17. biskups-
stafr, m. a bishop's staff, Bs. i. 143. biskups-stofa, u, f. a bishop's study, Dipl. ii. 11. biskups-stll,
m. an episcopal seat, bishopric, Jb. 16, K. . 96, Fms. x. 409. biskups-ssla, u, f. a diocese,
episcopate, Fms. vii. 172. biskups-tign, f. episcopal dignity, Bs. i. 62, 655 iii, Sks. 802, Sturl. i. 45.
biskups-tund, f. the tithe to be paid to the bishop in Iceland, v. the statute of A.D. 1096, D. I. i, b.,
K. . K. 150 (ch. 39), K. . 96. biskupstundar-ml, n. a lawsuit relating to the bishop, H. E. ii.
185. biskups-vatn, n. water consecrated by bishop Gudmund, Bs. i. 535. biskups-veldi, n.
episcopal power, Pr. 106. biskups-vgsla, u, f. the consecration of a bishop, Fms. viii. 297, Bs. i.
61.
biskupa, a, to conrm, Hom. 99; biskup er skyldr at b. brn, K. . K. 62; Gumundr biskup
biskupai hann tvvetran, Sturl. iii. 122; tk Glmr skrn ok var biskupar banastt af Kol
biskupi, Glm. 397: now in Icel. called a ferma or stafesta or even kristna brn.
biskupan, f. conrmation; ferming er sumir kalla b., K. . 20, ch. 3.
biskupligr, adj. episcopal; b. embaetti, Stj. 556, Sks. 781, 655 xxxii. (not t for a bishop.)
BISMARI, a, m. [for. word; Germ, besem, besen; Dan. bismer; v. Grimm s.v.], a steelyard, Gl.
526, Dipl. iii. 4. COMPD: bismara-pund, n. a sort of pound, N. G. L. iii. 166.
bissa, u, f., Lat. byssus, a stuff, Br. 21.
bistr, adj. [Swed. bister], angry, knitting one's brows, Sturl. iv. 82, v.l., cp. Bs. i. 750, Pass. 21. 1.
BIT, n. bite, Lat. morsus; at tnnunum er bitsins vn, Sklda 163: of cutting instruments, sax
vnligt til bits, Fs. 6: of insects, mbit, bite of gnats, Rd. 295; bit ugdra, 655 xxx; drbit, a fox
killing lambs, Bs. ii. 137. . pasture = beit, N. G. L. i. 246.
bita, a, to divide (a ship) with cross-beams (biti); skip rennum bitum t bita, Sturl. iii. 61. . to
cut food, meat into bits.
bit-bein, n., cp. Engl. bone of contention; hafa rki essi lengi at fund orit ok bitbeinum, Fr.
230.
biti, a, m. 1. a bit, mouthful (cp. munnbiti); konungr t nkkura bita af hrosslifr, Fms. i. 37, Jtv. 26,
Rd. 283: in the phrase, bija bitum, to go begging, Grg. i. 278. 2. an eye-tooth = jaxl, q.v., [Swed.
betar]; eru vr ok sv gamlir, ok sv bitar upp komnir, i.e. we are no longer babies, have got our
eye-teeth, Fms. viii. 325. 3. a crossbeam, girder in a house, Ld. 316, Gl. 346: in a ship, Lat.
transtrum, Fms. ix. 44, Sturl. iii. 61.
bitill and bitull, m., dat. bitli, the bit of a bridle, Stj. 84, 397, Hkr. i. 27, Hkv. 2. 34, Akv. 30, Fms.
iv. 75, Hkr. ii. 31.
bitlingr, m. a bit, morsel; the proverb, va koma Hallgeri bitlingar, cp. Nj. ch. 48; stela bitlingum,
to steal tries, Sturl. i. 61, v.l.; bera bitlinga fr bori, as a beggar, Fas. ii. (in a verse).
bitr, rs, adj. biting, sharp, Korm. 80, Eg. 465, Fms. ii. 255.
bitra, u, f. bitterness, a cognom., Landn.
bitrligr, adj. sharp, Korm. 80, Fbr. 58: metaph., sl. ii. (in a verse).
bit-stt, f. contagious disease, pot., t. 17.
bit-yri and bitryri, n. pl. taunts, N. G. L. i. 223.
b, b, and bum, bum, interj. lullaby!
BA, bei, biu, beit; pres. b; imperat. b, 2nd pers. b, bddu, [Ulf. beidan; A. S. bidan;
Engl. bide; O. H. G. bitan] :-- to bide. I. to bide, wait for: with gen., b. e-s, to wait for one, Eg. 274;
skal slkra manna at vsu vel b., such men are worth waiting for, i.e. they are not to be had at once,
Fms. ii. 34; the phrase, ba sinnar stundar, to bide one's time: with han, aan, to wait, stand
waiting, b han, unz ek kem, 656 C. 35; aan bei engill, Hkv. 1. 22: also, b. e-s r sta,
Lex. Pot. The old writers constantly use a notion 'a loco,' aan, han, or sta, where the mod.
usage is hr, ar, 'in loco:' absol., Fms. x. 37, Nj. 3. II. to abide, suffer, undergo, Lat. pati; with acc.,
b. harm, Nj. 250; skaa, Grg. i. 459, 656 C; mli, to be blamed, Nj. 133; bana, daua, hel, to
abide death ..., to die, Hm. 19, Fms. vi. 114; sigr, to abide defeat, be defeated; sv skal bl bta at
ba annat meira (a proverb), Fb. ii. 336, Al. 57: sometimes in a good sense, ba elli, to last to a
great age, 656 A; b. enga r, to feel no peace, be uneasy, Eg. 403; b. ekki (seint) btr e-s, of an
irreparable loss, sl. ii. 172. III. impers., e-t (acc.) br, there abides, i.e. exists, is to be had, with a
preceding negative; hvrki br ar bru n vindsbl, there is felt neither wave nor blast, Stj. 78;
bei engan ann er ra kynni, there was none that could make it out, 22; varla bei brau er fu,
was not to be had, 212; slgastr af llum em kvikendum er til br jarrki, 34. Gen. iii. 1. IV.
part. pl. bendr, v. andri.
bandi, f. a biding, waiting, delay, Fms. ii. 216.
b-fala, a, [Germ. befehlen], to recommend, command, Bs. i. 145 note 7, from paper MS., v.
Introd. p. 48.
bldr, m., and blda, u, f. an axe, Edda (Gl.); an instrument for bleeding: bld-spor, n. a scar as
from a b., Bs. i. 367. 2. a sheep witb spotted cheeks: bld-ttr, adj. (sheep) spotted on the cheeks,
Rd. 240.
bld-r, f. a blunt arrow, a bolt, Fms. ii. 320, x. 362.
b-l, n. [A. S. biliofa], luxury, Al. 17, 34, 45.
b-standa, st, [Goth. bistandan; Germ. beistehen], (for. word), to assist, Stj. MS. 227, col. 102.
bsundr, m. (for. word), a besant (Byzantius), a coin, El. 2.
BTA, beit, bitu, biti; pres. bt; imperat. bt, 2nd pers. bitt; pot. forms with the negative, beitat,
Eg. (in a verse); subj. btia, Hkv. 2. 31, [Ulf. beitan; Engl. bite; Germ. beizen] :-- to bite, Lat.
mordere: I. properly, 1. with the teeth, Eg. 508, N. G. L. i. 351; b. menn (of a dog), Grg. ii. 119; b.
skar r, Eg. 605: of a horse, N. G. L. i. 392: foxes killing sheep, Bs. ii. 138, N. G. L. ii. 34
(wolf) :-- to sting, of wasps, gnats, Landn. 146. 2. of grazing animals; b. gras, lauf, skg, Grg. ii.
229, (hence beit, pasture); hvar hestar nir bitu gras, Fs. 57: absol. to graze, Karl. 71. 3. of sharp
instruments, weapons (vpnbitinn); engir vru srir nema eir er eigi bitu jrn, except those whom
iron could not bite, Eg. 33; sverit beit ekki, did not cut, Nj. 45, Edda 7; ljrnir bta, 48; ftrinn
brotnai en eigi beit, the sword did not cut but broke the leg, Bjarn. 66. . e-m btr, one's weapon
(scythe) cuts well, bites; allt bitu honum annan veg vpnin, Eg. 93. 4. of a ship, to cruise; hr er
skip ... er vr kllum bta (bite the wind) allra skipa bezt, the best sail, Fs. 27: impers., beit eim
eigi fyrir Reykjanes, they could not clear cape R., Landn. 30. 5. in shing, to bite, take the bait; btr
vel um daginn, the sbes did bite, Ld. 40; bta mtti beitskr, q.v. 6. bta vrrinni, to bite the lip
as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 68; hann hafi biti kampinum, had bitten the beard, 209. II.
metaph.: u. of frost, cold, sickness, and the like. . to bite, sting, hurt; hvat mun oss heldr b. or
hans, why should his speech sting us any more? Grett. 95 A; eigi veit ek prestr, nema orin n ha
biti, thy words have bit, Fms. vii. 39. . as a law term; sekt, sk btr, the guilt strikes the convict,
when brought home to him, hence sakbitinn, guilty; p menn er hvrtveggja hafa biti, lg, rttindi
ok sv dmar, convicted in the face of law and justice, Sks. 655 B; um au ml sem sekt btr, i.e.
unlawful cases, liable to punishment, K. . 148; um at er sekt btr, Grett. 133 A (new Ed. 1853),
Sks. 655. . b. e-n, to cut deep, affect, make an impression upon; the phrase, lta ekki sig b., to
stand proof against all; etta lt Kjartan sik b., K. felt pain from it, Ld. 204; lttu etta ekki ik
b., do not mind it, id.; rennr at rum opt mjk brjst, er suma btr ekki (of the conscience), 655
xi. r. e-t btr fyrir, something 'bites off,' i.e. is decisive, makes a thing impossible or out of question;
at annat (the other reason) er btr skjtara, which is still more decided against it, Fms. ii. 266;
eir kvust enna kost eigi vilja, ok kvu at tvennt til vera er fyrir beit, two decided obstacles,
reasons against it, Sturl. iii. 47; ert miklu ri mar at aldri, en sv at vr ham her lgtekna
Jmsborg, ok btr at fyrir, that puts it out of question, makes it impossible, Fms. x. 93; orgilsi
ykir n etta r mega fyrir bta, Th. thought this would be quite sufcient, -- fyrir hlta would here
be better, -- Ld. 264; eir hfu jafnan minna hlut r mlum, etta bit n fyrir, they always got
the worst of it, though this was a thorough beating, Fas. i. 144; (at er) lgmanni ok
lgrttumnnum ykir fyrir b., seems a decisive proof, cuts the case off at once, N. G. L. ii. 21; b. e-
m at fullu, to prove fatal to, tell fully upon; hafa mik n at fullu biti hans r, Fs. 8; Njls bta
rin, a proverb quoted by Arngrim in Brevis Comment., written A.D. 1593, denoting the sagacity
of Njal's schemes; beit etta r, it was effective, Fs. 153; e-m btr vi at horfa, Band. 7 C, is no
doubt a false reading, = br, which is the reading l.c. of the vellum MS. 2845, vide bja. III.
recipr. of horse ght, Rd. 298.
b-tala, be-tala, a, to pay, (mod.); cp. Germ. bezahlen.
bja, interj. e! ba, to dele.
bjagar, part. wry, deformed, cp. bagr. bjag-leitr, adj. ugly, deformed, Fas. ii. 149.
bjalla, u, f. a bell, certainly an Engl. word imported into Icel. along with Christianity; bjllu gtir,
the keeper of the bell, is a nickname given by the heathen Icel. to a missionary, A.D. 998, Kristni S.
(in a verse): hann vgi klukkur ok bjllur, Bs. i. 65, Fms. i. 233: bjalla is now esp. used of small
bells, e.g. on the horns of sheep, but klukka of a church bell; cp. dynbjalla, Grett.
bjannak, n. an GREEK; at var httr hans ef hann (viz. Odin) sendi menn sna til orrostu er arar
sendifarar, at hann lagi r hendr hfu eim ok gaf eim bjannak, tru eir at mundi vel
farast, ngl. S. ch. 11; it is commonly interpreted as benedictio, but it is no doubt the Scot.
bannock, from Gael, banagh, an oat-cake; cp. Lat. panis. The whole passage in the Hkr. points to
Christian rites and ideas brought into the pagan North, but which are here attributed to Odin, (cp.
the breaking of bread and the Eucharist.)
BJARG, n. [Ulf. bairgahei = GREEK; A. S. beorg; Germ. berg; lost in Engl.], rocks, precipices: 1.
neut. pl. bjrg, precipices (in a collect. sense), esp. on the sea-side, cp. ugabjrg, sjfarbjrg,
hamrabjrg; precipices covered with gulls and sea fowls are called bjarg, e.g. Ltrabjarg,
risbjrg, mostly in pl., Bs. ii. 111, Fms. 275, Orkn. 312. 2. sing. rock; bjargit hafi nliga
sprungit fr einum hellismunna, Fms. i. 230; vatn r bjargi, water out of a rock, 655 xii, Nj. 264,
Fas. ii. 29. . in sing. it chiey means an immense stone (cp. heljarbjarg), a boulder; hann her frt
at bjarg hellisdyrnar, at ekki m hellinn komast, Fms. iii. 223; einn stein sv mikinn sem bjarg
vri, Gsl. 31; hve str bjrg (pl.) at s hestr dr, Edda 26; at sv ungr mar skyldi hefja sv strt
bjarg, Grett. 93.
BJARGA, barg, burgu, borgit; pres. bergr, pl. bjrgum; imperat. bjarg; pret. subj. byrga: in mod.
use after the Reformation this verb is constantly used weak, bjarga, a, pres. bjargar, pret. bjargat;
the only remnant of the old is the sup. borgit, etc. In Norway this weak form occurs very early, e.g.
bjargar, servat, Hom. 17; in Icel. the weak seldom occurs before the 15th century; bjargaist, Fs.
143, and bjargat (sup.) = borgit, Lv. 11, are probably due to these passages being left in paper MSS.;
the weak bjargai, however, occurs in a vellum MS. of the 15th century, orf. Karl. 388; 1st pers.
pres. bjarga, Fms. xi. 150 (MS. 13th century) seems to be a Norse idiom, [Goth. bairgan; Hel.
bergan; A. S. beargan; cp. birgr] :-- to save, help; with dat., bergr hverjum sem eigi er feigr (a
proverb), Sturl. iii. 220; s er ldum bergr, who saves mankind, viz. against the giants, i.e. Thor,
Hm. 22; nema orgeirr byrgi honum, Rd. 295: absol., Gu barg (by God's grace) er konungrinn
var eigi srr, Fms. v. 268: in theol. sense, vildu eir eigi snast til mn at ek byrga eim, 656 C. 23,
Hom. l.c.: impers., e-m er borgit, is saved, comes safe and sound out of danger, Fr. 178, Hkv.
Hjrv. 29. 2. a law term; b. sk, mli, to nd a point of defence; hann bergr eim kosti skinni, at ...,
Grg. i. 40; bergsk hann vi bjargkviinn, he is free by virtue of the verdict, 36; borgit mun n vera
at lgum, i.e. there will be some means of putting it right, Lv. 11, Nj. 36. 3. special phrases; b.
skipshfn, to pick up the shipwrecked, orf. Karl. l.c., Fms. xi. 412; skipi, to haul a ship out of the
reach of tides and waves, Grg. ii. 385; hval, to drag a dead whale ashore, Gl. 461: to help
labouring women (v. bjargrnar), Sdm. 9; b. nm (v. nbjargir), to render the last service to a dead
body, 33; b. km, to attend cows casting calf, Bjarn. 32; b. bf, to milk ewes, N. G. L. i. 10; b.
brkum, cacare, Fms. xi. 150. II. recipr. of mutual help; bjargast at allir saman, to be saved all in
common, Hkr. ii. 347. III. reex., bjargask vel, to behave well, keep the heart up, esp. in cold or
hunger; Oddr bargst vel fjallinu (in snow storm), Sturl. iii.
215, Orkn. 324, of one shipwrecked; b. ti, of cattle, to graze, N. G. L. i. 25; b. sjlfr, to gain one's
bread, Grg. i. 294; b. snar hendr (sptur), to support oneself with one's own hands, Fms. ii. 159:
of food or drink, cp. bergja; Snorri goi fann, at nafni hans bargst ltt vi ostinn, that he got on
slowly eating the cheese, Eb. 244; hann spuri, hv hann byrgist sv ltt (v. l. mataist sv seint), ...
why he ate so slowly, id.; veri r n at bjargast vi slkt sem til er, you must put up with what you
can get, Germ. fr lieb nehmen, Eg. 204; hon ba fyrir r matar ok burgust r vi at, Clem. 26;
hon bjargaist (= bargst) ltt vi fu er til var, she could hardly eat the food they had (v. l.
hjkaist), Fs. 174. Part. borginn, used as adj. and even in compar.; impers., erat hra (hri = hegri
= duck) at borgnara tt hna beri skjld, the drake is none the better off though a hen shield him,
metaph. of a craven, Fs. 174, Fms. vii. 116: [Early Engl. to borrow = to save, 'who borrowed
Susanna out of wo,' Sir Guy of Warwick.]
bjarg-aurar, m. pl. = bjarglnir, Mag. 160.
bjarg-lnir, f. pl. means enough for support, bjarglna-mar, m. a well-to-do man.
bjarg-festr, f. a rope or cord used to save men, Vm. 44.
bjarg-hagr, adj. a dexterous carpenter or smith for household work, Glm. 355; cp. Sturl. ii. 195.
bjarg-hgg, n. = berghgg, hewing rocks to make a road, Br. 166.
bjarg-kvir, m. a law term, a verdict of acquittal given by ve neighbours for the defendant,
proving an alibi or the like, and produced during the trial; the b. seems to be, in its strict sense,
synonymous with heimiliskvir or heimiskvir, q.v., cp. Grg, i. 60, 61, where it is dened; mm
bar skulu skilja um bjargkviu alla, heimilis-bar ess manns er sttr er, nema ..., vide also 48, 49,
53, 55, 56, etc.
bjarg-leysi, n. starvation, destitution, Grg. i. 238, Gl. 272, Band. 43.
bjarg-r, n. pl. a law term, help or shelter given to an outlaw, in the phrase, alandi, randi
llum bjargrum, Grg. ii. 162, etc., Nj. 40.
bjarg-rifa, u, f. a rift in a rock, Eg. 390, Stj. 450.
bjarg-rnar, f. pl. runes for helping women in labour, Sdm. 9.
bjarg-rgr, jar, f. pl. ir, a Norse law term, a female witness in a case of paternity, dened, N. G. L.
i. 358.
bjarg-ri, n. and bjargrisvegir, m. pl. means for support.
bjarg-skora, u, f. a scaur or scar on a hill, Anal. 177, Ann. 1403, Hkr. iii. 323.
bjargs-mar, m. a hard-working man, Bs. i. 309.
bjarg-sns, f. = bergsns, a crag. Fas. i. 324, Eg. 389, v.l.
bjarg-vel, adv. well enough, Fms. viii. 68, 126, v.l.
bjarg-vttr, f. (in mod. usage m.), [bjarg, mons, or bjarga, servare], a helping friendly sprite, a
good genius, answering to the Christian good angel; according to the heathen belief, the country,
esp. hills and mountains, were inhabited by such beings; in the northern creed the bjargvtter are
generally a kind of giant of the gentler kind: in mod. usage, a supporter, helper in need; muntu
vera mr hinn mesti (masc.) b., Fas. ii. 438, vellum MS. of 15th century; en mesta (fem.) b., Br.
168, new Ed. 12.
bjarg-rota, adj. destitute of means to live.
BJARKAN, n. the Runic letter B, Sklda, v. Introduction.
BJARKEY-, in the word bjarkeyjar-rttr, m. town-law, used as opposed to landslg or landsrttr,
county-law, Sks. 22; skin veit til landslaga en eigi til bjarkeyjarrttar, Fms. vii. 130; vide N. G. L. i.
303-336. It is an illustration of this curious word, that the Danes at present call a justice
'birkedommer,' and the district 'birk;' cp. local names, as in Sweden,--in Birch civitate regi,
Johann. Magnus 542 (Ed. 1554); civitas Birchensis, 556; in Birch civitate tum maxima, 541; in
Norway, Bjarkey is one of the northern islands, whence the famous Norse family Bjarkeyingar took
their name; v. Munch, the pref. to Norge's Beskrivelse. Etym. uncertain; hedged in with birch (?).
BJARMI, a, m. the beaming or radiance of light, not the light itself; slar-bjarmi, dags-bjarmi;
very freq. in mod. usage; no instances from old writers are on record; akin to brmi, bjartr, etc. II.
pl. Bjarmar (and Bjarmaland n., bjarmskr adj.), name of a people or tribe of the Russian empire, the
Perms of the present day; vide K. Alfred's Orosius i. 1, 14 sq., . H. ch. 122, Fas. ii. 511 sqq.
bjarnar-, v. bjrn.
bjarn-bss, m. a pit for catching bears, Gl. 457; used proverb., Hkr. i. 235.
bjarn-dri, and mod. bjarndr, n. a bear, Fms. vi. 298, Nj. 35, Fs. 27, 148, 182.
bjarn-eggjan, f. the egging a bear on to gbt, a Norse law term, of a brutal provocation, N. G. L. i.
74.
bjarn-feldr, m. a bear's fell, bear-skin cloak, Vm. 91, Pm. 120, Jm. 28.
bjarn-fell, n. id., Vm. 22, m. 81.
bjarn-gjld, n. pl. 'bear-gild,' reward for killing a bear, Fs. 150.
bjarn-hnn, m. a young bear, r. 17 (Ed. 1860).
bjarn-gull, m. echinus terrestris urseus, Rb. 348, Hb. 29 (Ed. 1865).
bjarn-lpa, u, f. an outer jacket of bear-skin, Korm. 114.
bjarn-skinn, n. a bear-skin, B. K. 83, Ld. 114, Korm. 112.
bjarn-staka, u, f. a bear-skin, Edda (pref.) 151.
bjarn-svia, u, f. a large knife for killing bears, Eb. 298, Fas. iii. 546.
bjarn-veiar, f. pl. bear-hunting. N. G. L. i. 46.
bjarn-ylr, s, m. bear's warmth, the vital warmth of an ice-bear; it was believed in Icel. (vide sl.
js. i. 610) that a child born on the hide of an ice-bear would be proof against frost and cold;
people hardy against cold are therefore said 'to have bear's warmth' (bjarnyl), vide Hv. 39.
bjart-eygr and -eygr, adj. bright-eyed, Fms. iv. 38, Bs. i. 66, Hkr. iii. 184, . H. 245.
bjart-haddar, adj. a fair-haired lady, Lex. Pot.
bjart-leikr, in. brightness, Hom. 60, Rb. 336, Fms. i. 228, Magn. 468.
bjart-leitr, adj. of bright countenance, bright-looking, Fms. v. 319.
bjart-liga, adv. (and -ligr, adj.), clearly, Stj. 26.
bjart-litar, adj. = bjartleitr, Hkv. Hjrv. 27.
BJARTR, adj. [Ulf. bairts = GREEK; A. S. beorht; Engl. bright; Hel. berht; in Icel. per metath.
bjartr; cp. birti, etc.], bright; Lat. clarus is rendered by bjartr, Clar. 128; bjart ljs, Fms. i. 96; bjart
tunglskin, Nj. 118; slskin, Fms. ii. 300; ver, i. 128: of hue, complexion, b. lkami, Hkr. iii. 179,
Nj. 208; hnd, Bb. 3. 20. 2. metaph. illustrious; me b. sigri, Fms. x. 253; in a moral sense, Stj. 141.
bjart-viri, n. bright weather, Br. 175.
BJLFI, bjlbi, a, m. a fur, skin, Fms. v. 207, 236; esp. in the cornpds hrein-bjl, geit-bjlbi, ug-
bjilbi, Haustl. 12. Etym. uncertain, perh. a Slav. word. 2. used as a pr. name, Landn.
BJLKI, a, m. [Hel. balco; Swed. and Dan. bjelke; Germ, balke; prob. akin to blkr], a balk,
beam, Gl. i. 346.
BJOA, bau, buu, boit; pres. by; pret. subj. bya; pret. sing, with the sufxed negative,
bauat, Edda 90 (in a verse); the obsolete middle form buumk, mibi obtulit, nobis obtulerunt,
occurs in Egil Hful. 2; [Ulf. biudan; A. S. biodan; Engl. bid; Germ. bieten; Swed. biuda; Dan.
byde] :-- Lat. offerre, proferre, with dat. of the person, acc. of the thing: I. to bid, offer; eir hfu
boit honum laun, they had offered him rewards, Fms. i. 12; orsteinn bau at gefa Gunnlaugi
hestinn, sl. ii. 213; b. gri, to offer pardon, Fms. i. 181; eir buu at gefa upp borgina, ix. 41; bau
hann eim, at gra alla bndr alborna, i. 20; br, at hann muni grast hans mar, xi. 232; en ek
b r , at synir mnir ri me r, Nj. 93; rar buu sik undir hans vald, Fms. x. 131. 2. reex,
to offer oneself, volunteer one's service; buusk honum ar menn til fylgar, Fms. ix. 4; mun ek n
til ess bjask sumar ingi, Ld. 104, Sks. 510; eim er bsk, Grg. i. 284; roddr bausk
til eirrar farar, Hkr. ii. 247; ef bsk v, Fms. xi. 121. 3. metaph., b. fri, jfnu, rangindi,
lismun, of ill usage, Ld. 148, Rb. 418; b. e-m rangt, to treat one unjustly, Hom. 155: with an
adverb, b. e-m smiliga, to treat one in seemly sort, Ld. 66; b. bo e-s, to outbid one, N. G. L. iii.
no. 49. II. to bid, invite, cp. bo, a banquet; prob. ellipt., hospitality or the like being understood;
zurr bau eim inn bina at drekka, Nj. 4; heim vil ek b. r sumar, 93; honum var boit til
bos, 50; hann bau egar ar at vera Gizuri Hallssyni, Bs. i. 128; gkk Brr mti honum ok
fagnai honum, ok bau honum ar at vera, Eg. 23; b. mnnum til bos, to bid guests to a banquet,
wedding, or the like, Ld. 104. III. to bid, order, Lat. imperare, cp. bo, bidding; sem lg buu, as
the law prescribed, Fms. i. 81; sv bau oss Gu, Post. 645. 88; b. af landi, to order one out of the
land, make him an outlaw, Fms. vii. 20; b. af embtti, to depose, Sturl. ii. 119; b. t, a Norse milit.
term, to call out, levy, cp. tbo, a levy; b. t leiangri, b. t lii, skipum, to levy troops, ships, Fms.
i. 12, 61, vi. 219, 251, 400, x. 118, Eg. 31, cp. N. G. L. i. ii; b. e-m crendi, to commit a thing to
one's charge, Fms. vii. 103; b. varna e-u, or b. til varnanar, to forbid, xi. 94, Edda 59: with
prepp., b. e-m um (cp. umbo, charge), to delegate to one, commit to one's charge; eim manni er
biskup her um boit, at nefna vtta, K. . K. 64; ess manns er biskup bau um at taka vi f v,
K. . 96, Sks. 460 B; hann keypti til handa orkatli hluti er hann hafi um boit, the things that
he had given charge about, Grett. 102 A; Hermundr bau n um Vermundi, at vera fyrir sna hnd,
Rd. 251. 2. eccl. to proclaim, announce, esp. as rendering of mid. Lat. praedicare; b. si, tr,
Kristni, to proclaim, preach a new religion, Nj. 156, 158, Fms. i. 32; b. messudag, sunnudag, to
proclaim a holy day, N. G. L. i. 348. IV. of a mental state, to bode, forebode; e-m br hugr (cp.
hugbo, foreboding), one's heart bodes, Fms. v. 38, 24, Eg. 21; mr br at eitt skap (my heart
bodes), at verir meira strandi en n ertu, Bs. i. 468; mr byr at fyrir, which makes me
forbode, Fms. ii. 193; e-m br hugr vi (whence vibjr, dislike), to abhor, dislike; er honum
hafi lengi hugr vi boit, Bs. i. 128. 2. impers., mr br vallt hita (acc.) er ek kem eirra okk,
a boding comes over me, i.e. I feel uneasy, whenever ..., Fms. iii. 189; mr bau tta (acc.), I felt a
thrilling, Bs. i. 410; b. ekt, to loathe, Grett. 111 A; b. ekt, to feel pleasure; bau eim mikla ekt
er eir s lkit, Bs. i. 208: the phrase, e-m br vi at horfa, of a frame of mind, to be so and so
minded; miklir eru r frndr bori, ef yr br sv vi at horfa, Band. 7 (MS. 2845). . the phrase,
at br, it beseems, becomes; eptir at fer veizla fram, eptir v sem br, as is due, Fms. x. 15,
Fb. l.c. has byrjai; sem br um sv gtan hfingja, Fms. x. 149. V. with prepp.; b. fram, Lat.
proferre, to produce; b. fram vitni, to produce a witness, Eg. 472; me fram bonum fgjfum,
Sturl. iii. 232; b. upp, b. af hendi, to give up, leave off; br hann upp hornit, gives up the horn,
will not drink more, Edda 32; b. undan, a law term, to lay claim to; er kostr at b. undan eim
manni varveizluna fjrins, Grg. i. 196; eigi skal undan manni b., r undir mann kemr fit, id.; cp.
the following chapter, which treats 'um undan-bo fjr;' n eru eir menn sv rr, at eigi br
undan fjrvarveizluna, viz. who are privileged guardians of the property of a minor, viz. father,
brother, mother, and who cannot be outbidden, 192; b. vi, a trade term, to make a bid; b. vi tvenn
ver, to bid double, Ld. 146; ek b r jafnmrg sthross vi, id.; at byir Rti brur num
smiliga, 66; kaupa sv jr sem arir menn b. vi, N. G. L. i. 95: b. fyrir is now more usual. VI.
part. pass. boinn used as an adj., esp. in the alliterative phrase, vera boinn ok binn til e-s, to be
ready and willing to do a thing, to be at one's service; skulu vr brr vera bnir ok bonir til ess
sem r vilit okkr til nta, Eg. 50; til ess skal ek boinn ok binn at ganga at eim mlum fyrir
ina hnd, Ld. 792.
BJR, m.; as the word is used masc. in A. S. as well as in Ulf., we have in Haustl. 5 to alter
breiu bji into breium bji; [Ulf. biuds = GREEK; A. S. bed; Hel. biod; O. H. G. biud.] I. Lat.
mensa, a table, Rm. 4, 28, 29, Haustl. l.c. II. soil, ground, cp. the Fr. plateau; Engla bj, on
English ground, Hful. 2; r Brs synir bjum um ypu, Vsp. 4.
bjr, m. [bja], pot. one who invites, Lex. Pot; cp. also compds such as vi-bjr, disgust, from
bja vi.
bjr-blandinn, part. mixed with beer, El. 21.
BJRR, m. [O. H. G. pior or bior; Low Germ, and mod. Germ, bier; Fris. biar; A. S. bior; Engl.
beer], no doubt a word of German extraction, l (ldr), ale, being the familiar word used in prose :--
bjr hardly ever occurs, vide however Hkr. iii. 447, Bk. 48, 89, 96 (Norse); and is a foreign word, as
is indicated even by the expression in the Alvisml--l heitir me mnnum, en me sum bjr, ale
it is called by men, by gods beer: bjr however is very current in poetry, but the more popular
poems, such as the Hvaml, only speak of l or ldr, Hm. 11, 13, 65, 80, 132, 138.
BJRR, m. [Lat. ber; A. S. beofar], a beaver, esp. the beaver's skin, Eg. 71, in the phrase, b. ok
savali. 2. a triangular cut off piece of skin, [cp. provincial Swed. bjaur]; at eru bjrar eir er menn
sna r skm snum fyrir tm er hael, Edda 42; still used in Icel. in that sense. II. metaph. a small
piece of land (an GREEK as it seems); bjr l numinn fyrir austan Fljt, Landn. 284.
BJRR, m., must be different from the preceding word, synonymous with brjstili, a wall in a
house, a party wall, but also in the 13th and 14th centuries freq. a costly tapestry used in halls at
festivals and in churches; hrindum hallar bjri, let us break down the wall of the hall, Hlfs S. Fas.
ii. (in a verse); eingi var bjrrinn milli hsanna, there was no partition between the houses, Sturl. iii.
177; gengu eir stofuna, var hn vel tjldu ok upp settir bjrar, 229; annarr hlutrinn stkk tar
bjrinn, sv at ar var fastr, Hv. 40. . of a movable screen between choir and nave, of cloth or
costly stuff, different from tjld (hangings) and rear; hann lt Atla prest penta allt rfr innan, ok
sv allan bjrinn, Bs. i. 132; kirkja tjld umhvers sik me tvennum bjrum, Vm. 153; kirkja
tjldu smiligum tjldum ok rr bjrar, 171, D. I. i. 402; bjrr framan um kr, tjld um alla
kirkju, Pm. 103; b. slitinn blmerktr yr altari, 108, Bs. ii. 476, 322; vide bjrili.
bjr-sala, u, f. beer-keeping, N. G. L. iii. (Fr.)
bjr-salr, m. a beer-hall (A. S. beor-sele), Vsp. 41.
bjr-skinn, n. a beaver-skin, Eg. 55, 57, Fms. x. 379.
bjr-tappr, m. a tapster, beer-house keeper, N. G. L. iii. 13.
bjr-tjld, n. tapestry, = bjrr, Vm. 135: b. um snghs, id.
bjr-tunna, u, f. a beer-tun, barrel of beer, Bs. i. 389.
bjr-verpill, m. a beer-cask, Jb. 378.
bjr-ili, n. a party wall, = bjrr; b. var milli ok vru gluggar , Vpn. N Fl. xxi. 124, Bs. ii.
322, v.l.
bjga, n. (pl. bjgu), a sausage, v. mrbjga, Bs. i. 357, 810.
bjg-leikr, m. crookedness, MS. 1812. 18.
bjg-leitr, adj. of crooked countenance (nose), Rb. 344.
bjg-nefjar, adj. with a hooked nose, Fms. i. 155.
BJGR, adj. bowed, hooked, crooked, bent; ftr lgu bjgir vi lendar, Hom. 114; me bjgum
ornum, Sks. 419; hann var b. baki, he sat bent or bowed (from age) on horseback, Fs. 183; b.
vexti, Eg. 710; me bjgum hring, Sks. 198, Rb. 344, Band. 9: metaph., hvrt er yr ykir bjgt er
beint (MS. brtt), whether it seems to you crooked or straight, i.e. whether you like it or not, Fms.
viii, 436: cp. boginn, baugr, etc.
bjgr, s, m., medic., Lat. tumor; in many compds: skyr-bjgr, scorbuticus, Engl. scorbutic; vind-
bjgr, tumor aereus; vatns-bjgr, tumor oedematosus, Fl. ix. 197.
BJRG, f., gen. bjargar [v. bjarga], help, deliverance, out of need or danger, e.g. feeding the
hungry, saving one's life; unlawful 'bjrg' is that of giving help to an outlaw, who is 'randi llum
bjargrum,' one on whom no help must be bestowed, neither food, shelter, nor ferry; Grg. in
several passages, and there commonly used in plur. (bjargir) when in this particular sense; it was
liable to a heavy punishment, and the case was to be summoned before the Fifth Court, Grg. . .
ch. 25, Ld. 42. . lgmt bjrg, a lawful point of defence in pleading in the Court (v. bjarga sk),
Grg. i. 73. 2. means of subsistence, stores, provisions, food; fjgurra (tta) missera b., Grg. i. 197,
286. 3. a freq. pr. name of a woman, Ingibjrg, orbjrg, Gubjrg, etc.; in Swed.-Dan. '-borg,' as in
Ingeborg, etc. COMPDS: bjargar-lauss, adj. starving. bjargar-leysi, n. = bjarg-leysi, Band. 15.
bjargar-vist, f. serving for food and clothing, Hrafn. 6; cp. bjargri (above).
BJRK, f., gen. bjarkar, [A. S. beorc; Swed. bjrk; Dan. and Scot. birk; Engl. birch; Germ. birke;
Lat. betula; v. birki], a birch, Edda (Gl.), Bs. ii. 5, Jb. 236. In compds bjarkar-.
BJRN, m., gen. bjarnar; dat. birni, pl. n. birnir; acc. bjrnu, mod. birni, [an enlarged form, cp.
Goth, biari, by which word Ulf. renders the Gr. GREEK, Titus i. 12; A. S. bera; Engl. bear; Germ,
br; but Swed. and Dan. bjrn] :-- a bear; hvta-bjrn, the white bear or ice-bear; and skg-bjrn,
h-bjrn, vi-bjrn, the black bear or wood-bear, Germ. wald-br; the ice-bear was unknown in
Europe till the discovery of Iceland at the end of the 9th, and Greenland at the end of the 10th
century. The very rst ice-bear was brought to Europe by Ingimund the Old as a gift to the king of
Norway about A.D. 900, Landn., Fs. (Vd.) 27; Isleif, the rst bishop of Iceland, also brought one as
a present to the German emperor about A.D. 1050, Bs. i. 61, Hv. ch. 2; cp. the little story of Audun
in Fms. vi. 297-307, Sks. 186, Sturl. iii. 82, Grg. ii. 181, Am. 17, where a hvtabjrn is mentioned,
Fs. (Flam. S.) 148; as to the black bear, vide esp. Grett. ch. 23, Finnb. ch. 11, Glm. ch. 3, Fas. i.
50; cp. an interesting paper, 'Waldbr und Wasserbr,' by Konrad Maurer, upon this subject. Bjrn
and Bjarni are freq. pr. names; also in compd. names, orbjrn, sbjrn; and as a prex,
Bjarngrmr, Bjarnhinn, etc.; vide Landn. (Gl.) COMPDS: bjarnar-broddr, m., botan.
nartheticum, Hjalt. 166. bjarnar-hamr, m. the hide, shape of a bear. Fas. i. 53. bjarnar-h, n. a
black bear's lair, N. G. L. i. 35. bjarnar-hold, n. the esh of a bear, Fas. i. 54. bjarnar-hrammr,
m. a bear's paw, Rb. 382, Ver. 26. bjarnar-sltr, n. meat of a slaughtered bear, Fas. i. 54: botan.,
Ivar Aasen records bjonnabr, rubus caesius; bjonnakamb, osmunda spicans; bjonnmosa,
polytrichum commune. For popular tales of the bear vide sl. js. i. 608-611.
BLA, n. [A. S. bld; Germ. blatt; Hel. blad. Ulf. renders the Gr. GREEK by laufs, Engl. leaf, Icel.
lauf. The Engl. say a blade of grass or corn, a leaf of a tree; and so, in Icel., herbs or plants have
bla, trees lauf] :-- a leaf; bl ess grass er ... heitir, Pr. 472; bl lauk, Hervar. S. (in a verse):
metaph. a veil, sv er mr sem hangi b. fyrir auga, Fms. iii. 126. 2. of leaf-like objects, a leaf in a
book, Germ. blatt, (never lauf, cp. blasia, u, f. a page), Rb. 210, sl. ii. 460: of a painted diptych
or the like, ar eru bl tvau pentu, Pm. 103. . the skirt of a kirtle (skaut), Stj. 481, Eb. 226,
Orkn. 474: Icel. now say kjl-laf, the skirt of a coat. . a blade, in various connections: the at part
of a thing, the blade of an oar, rar-bla, N. G. L. i. 59: of a rudder, Fms. ix. 503; knfs-ba, the
blade of a knife, Bs. i. 385: a sword's blade is in mod. usage called 'bla,' but in old writers brandr;
spn-bla, the mouth-piece of a spoon; herar-bla, the shoulder-blade, etc. Botan., blaka, u, f.,
e.g. horblaka, menyanthes: hfblaka, caltha palustris; but rjpnalauf, dryas, Hjalt.: blakr, m. in
eyrna-blakr, ear-lap.
blara, a, prob. an onomatopotic word, like Lat. blaterare, Scot. blether, Germ. plaudern, in the
phrase, b. tungunni, to talk thick, Hom. 115; tungan var ti ok blarai, Fbr. 77 new Ed.; hann
blarai tungunni ok vildi vi leita at mla, Fms. v. 152: metaph. to utter inarticulate sounds, bleat,
as a sheep. blar, n. nonsense.
blara, u, f. a bladder, Pr. 472: a blain, watery swelling, Stj. 273, Bs. i. 182. blru-stt, f. a stone
in the bladder, Pr. 475.
BLAK, n. a slap; fyrir pstr (a buffet) fjrar merkr, fyrir blak (a slap) tvr merkr (as a ne), Gl.
177, 187.
blaka, a, to slap, Ann. 1394. 2. neut. to wave, utter, of the wings of birds, b. vaengjum, to utter
with the wings, Stj. 74: of the leaves on a tree moved by a soft breeze, lauf viarins blakau
hgliga, Barl. 161; austan blakar lau ann linda, Fornkv. 129; blakir mr ari um hnakka, Fms.
vi. 376 (in a verse). In mod. usage, blakta, a or t, is freq. used of leaves, of the aring of a light,
ljs blaktir skari, the ame utters on the wick; hence metaph., ndin blaktir skari, Snt 128;
blaktir nd brjsti, 121: the phrase, blaktir ekki hr hfi, not a hair moves on one's head.
blaka, u, f. a veil of silk, Fas. iii. 337; a pan, Mar. 153: now also = blaka, v. above s.v. bla.
blakk-fjallr, adj. black-skinned, epithet of a wood-bear, Akv. 11. blakkr, m. (for. word), a sort of
measure, N. G. L. i. 324.
blakkr, m., pot, a horse, cp. Blanka, the mythical horse of Thideric (Dietrich) of Bern, Lex. Pot.
BLAKKR, adj. [A. S. blac; Engl. black; O. H. G. plak: in Icel. svartr, as in A. S. and other kindred
tongues swart, etc., represents the Lat. niger; while blakkr corresponds to the Lat. ater, dead or
dusky black], in poetry used as an epithet of wolves, etc., Lex. Pot., in prose it is very rare, Fas. iii.
592; hence blekkja, to defraud: the mod. Icel. blek, n. ink, Swed. blak, Dan. blk, come from
blakkr, corresponding to Lat. atramentum, Str. 63 (blez), Pr. 474. II. = bleikr, pale; blakkr hestr,
Ghv. 18 (perh. corrupt for bleikr, pale, cp. flvan j, Hkv. 2. 47), the colour of death; to dream of
riding on a pale horse forebodes death, Bjarni 136; on a red horse a bloody death, Fs. (Vd.) 67.
blakra, a, [blakra, Ivar Aasen, to shake, of leaves], to blink; b. augum, Hom. 89; now blakta, a,
e.g. b. augum, to move the eyes, and also used of the beating of the heart; hn fann a hjarta
blaktai, in the story of the Beauty and the Beast (Skrmsli Ga), Kvldv. ii. 176: blakra
vngjum = blakta vngjum, to utter with the wings, Barl. 88; of sails, lf. 3. 14.
bland, n. in the adverbial phrase, bland, among, Dan. i blandt, Bs. i. 802, Stj. 231, Matth. xiii. 25,
(rare in mod. usage.)
BLANDA, in early Icel. poetry and prose a strong verb; pres. 1st pers. blend, Ls. 3; 3rd pers.
blendr, Grg. ii. 389; reex. blendsk, Symb. 30; pret. 1st pers. bltt, Am. 79, Greg. 50; reex. blzk,
Orkn. 104 (in a verse from about A.D. 1046); pl. blndu, blndum, Ls. 9, Greg. 60, Edda 47; reex.
blndusk, Hkm. 8; subj. reex. blndisk, Mart. 129; blandinn (freq.), Sdm., t., etc., vide Lex.
Pot., Sklda 164; but in the 13th century and later the weak form (blanda, a) prevailed in all
tenses except the part. pass., where the old blandinn = blandar may still be used, though the weak
is more common; imperat. blanda, Pr. 471, 472, N. G. L. i. 12; pres. blandar, 13; part. blandar, Sks.
349, Pr. 470, 472 (MS. about A.D. 1250), [Ulf. blandan, a redupl. verb; A. S. bland; Engl. blend; O.
H. G. blantan; lost in N. H. G.; Swed. blanda] :-- to blend, mix, the beverage in acc., the mixed
ingredient in dat.; b. mj (drykk), eitri, meini, Greg. l.c.; drottning ok Brr blnduu drykkinn
lyfjani, Eg. 210: adding 'vi,' lti (acc. instead of dat.) verr ok vi blandit, Sklda 164; maturt
blandin vi upsa-gall, Pr. l.c.; ar fellr Jrdan gegnum, ok blendsk eigi (does not blend) vi vtnin,
Symb. l.c.; tak skgar sru ok blanda (imperat.) vi fornt vn, Pr. l.c.; b. me, id., Rb. 164; b.
saman, to mix together, Pr. l.c. II. metaph. to mix together, of fellowship or association, but partic.
used of carnal intercourse, cp. the Gr. GREEK, Lat. misceri; b. mtuneyti (dat.) vi e-n, to eat
together with one, N. G. L. l.c.; blandask samflagi, to associate with, Mart. l.c.; vr megum eigi
hjlp n heilsu af Gui f, nema vr blandimk vi hans or, 625. 181; eir blnduusk meir vi
mannflk enn n, they had more intercourse with, Fas. i. 391: to have carnal intercourse, vr skal
ingi blandask vi bf, N. G. L. i. 18; at fell hrdmum, ok blnduusk vi r konur er af
heinum jum vru, Sks. 588. III. part. blandinn is used as an adj. with the notion mixed,
mingled, bad, of temper, character, manner; Helgi var blandinn mjk (had a mixed, mingled creed),
hann tri Krist, en ht r til harraea ok sjfara, Landn. 206; ert mar vaskr ok vel at r
(thou art bold and brave), en hon er blandin mjk, but she is a woman of mixed report, Nj. 49.
blanda, u, f. any mixture of two uids, Fs. 145 (of watery blood); but esp. a beverage of hot whey
mixed up with water, Vm. 60, Fms. ix. 360. Blanda also is the local name of a stream of glacier
water in the north of Icel., v. Landn. . metaph. the name of a book, miscellanea; skal sj skr ...
heita B., v at saman er blanda skyldu tali ok skyldu, Rb. 4, v.l., in MS. Am. 625, 4to. blndu-
horn, n. a cup of blanda, a cognom., Landn. 278.
blandan, f. mixing, N. G. L. i. 153.
blasa, t; sup. blasa, [Engl. blaze], of places, in the phrase, b. vi, to lie full and open before the eye
(mod.)
blau-hugar, adj. soft of heart, cowardly, Fbr. 108.
blau-klddr, part. soft-clad, b. mann, a rendering of Matth. xi. 8, a man clothed in soft raiment,
625. 95.
blau-liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. cowardly, Hkr. iii. 162.
BLAUR, adj. [A. S. blee; Scot. blate = bashful, shy; Hel. blothi; Germ. blde; cp. Goth.
blaujan = GREEK, and Hel. bldan = inrmare], it properly means soft, weak, Lat. mollis, Gr.
GREEK, and is opposed to hvatr, brisk, vigorous; hence the proverb, fr er hvatr er hrrask tekr, ef
barnsku er blaur, Fm. 6, cp. Fms. viii. 49. . metaph. blaur means feminine, hvatr masculine,
but only used of animals, dogs, cats, shes; hvatr-lax = hingr = salmo mas; bleya, u, f., is a dam,
and metaph. a coward; blaur is a term of abuse, a bitch, coward; ha hendr (hundinum, add. p.
149) ok drepi tt b. s, take the dog and kill it, though it be a bitch, Gsl. 63; blauir hundar, Fms.
ii. 163, xi. 10. 2. metaph., Hallgerr mlti vi Gunnar, jafnkomit er me ykkr, er hvrttveggi er
blaur (a taunt addressed to the beardless Njal), Nj. 59; b n ef ert eigi b., Nj. 205, cp. Skr.
114, 496, in the last passage used = blautr; blauir eru vr n ornir, Nirst. 6.
blaut-barn, n. a baby, in the phrase, fr blautbarns beini = blautu barns beini, Barl. 41.
blaut-skr, m. a fresh sh, cod, Bs. i. 853.
blaut-holdr, adj. having soft, smooth esh; mr b., Karl. 479.
blaut-hugar, adj. faint, soft-minded, Glm. 309.
blaut-leikr, m. effeminacy, Stj. 345.
blaut-lendr, adj. soft, moist-soiled, Fms. v. 230.
blaut-liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. faintly, effeminate, Stj. 362; b. kossar, 417; b. kvi, soft, amorous
ditties, Bs. i. 237.
BLAUTR, adj. [A. S. blet = miser; Germ. blozs = nudus; Scot. blait = nudus (Jamieson); Dan.
bld; Swed. bldig = soft; the Dan. and Swed. blott, blotted, = stripped, are borrowed from Germ.;
Ivar Aasen distinguishes between bla = shy, and blaut = wet, damp; blaur and blautr are no doubt
only variations of the same word]. I. soft, Lat. mollis, in a good sense; this sense of the word
remains only in a few compds, v. above, and in a few phrases, e.g. fr blautu barns beini, from
babyhood, Fms. iii. 155, Magn. 522, Al. 71; b. skr, fresh (soft) sh, Bs. i. 853, opp. to harr (dried)
skr; in Swed., however, it means soaked sh: in poetry, b. sing, a soft bed, Gsl. (in a verse): of
stuffs, but only in less classical writers or translated romances; b. purpuri, Bret. 32; lerpt, Sks. 400
A; dnn, Mart. 126; blautir vindar, soft breezes, Sks. 214 B: a single exception is, Edda 19, fjturinn
var slttr ok b. sem silkirma, soft and smooth as silk lace. 2. = blaur, faint, imbecile; blautir
menn, Al. 34, Fas. i. 161: a paraphrasis of blaur in Fm. 6. II. but commonly metaph. = soaked, wet,
miry, [cp. Swed. blt, and the phrase, lgga sit hufuud blt, to beat one's brains: cp. also bleyta,
mud; bloti, thaw; blotna, to melt]; ar vru vellir blautir, v at regn hfu verit, Eg. 528; keldur
blautar, 266; eir fengu ekki blautt um Valbjarnar-vllu, Bs. i. 509, etc.; cp. Scot. and North. E. soft
road, soft weather, = wet, Scott's Black Dwarf, ch. 3 note.
bl, f., pl. blr, an GREEK in a verse sl. ii. 233, where it seems to mean the billows, blue waves.
Ivar Aasen records 'blaa' a Norse term for the blue horizon; cp. the Icel. phrase, t blinn (as from
blr, m.), into the blue, of what is thrown away, words spoken without need or end. In the east of
Icel. bl means a meadow covered with snow half melted away, Erik Jonsson, Dict. s.v.
bl-ber, n. pl., botan., Lat. vaccinium, as a cognom., Ann. 1393; aalblber, vaccinium myrtillus,
the bleaberry, Hjalt.
bl-brnar, adj. dark blue coloured, of stuff, Bs. i. 506.
bl-djp, n. the blue sea, i.e. deep, open sea, Bs. ii. 179, 181.
bl-eygr and -eygr, adj. blue-eyed, Nj. 29, Fms. vii. 101, Hkr. iii. 250.
bl-fastr, adj. very strong, Karl. 551.
bl-finn, adj. with a blue polish [f, to paint], Sks., Rm. 26.
bl-feldr, m. a cloak of blue fur, N. G. L. i. 75.
bl-fjallar, adj. blue-black, epithet of the raven, Landn. (in a verse).
bl-gma, u, f. labrus luscus.
bl-gras, n. a sort of geranium, the g. pratense.
bl-grti, n. blue hard stones rolled in the surf, Eggert Itin. 477.
bl-hattr, m. scabiosa, Ivar Aasen; a cognom., Stud. ii. 207.
bl-hvtr, adj. white-blue, Gh. 4.
bl-kaldr, adj. blue-cold, of purling water or iron, cp. the phrase, berja fram blkalt, hammering the
iron cold, of obstinate, dogged reasoning.
bl-kpa, u, f. a blue cape or cloak. blkpu-mar, m. a blue cloaked man, Gsl. 37.
bl-kinn, f. with a blue (black) chin, Landn. 201.
bl-klukka, u, f., botan. campanula rotundi-folia, Hjalt.
bl-klddr, part. blue-clad, Fms. iii. 116.
bl-leitr, adj. blue-faced, Karl. 5.
bl-lenzkr, adj. Ethiopian, from Blland, n. Ethiopia, Nigritia, and North-west Africa in general;
Bllendingar, in. pl. Ethiopians; cp. 625. 625, Al. 51, Rb. 568, Stj. 253, 254.
bl-mar, m. a black man, negro, i.e. an Ethiopian, Al. 51, Orkn. 364 (referring to A.D. 1152),
distinguished from the Saracens and Arabians; three 'blmenn' were sent as a present to the German
emperor Frederic the Second, Fms. x. 3: in romances blmenn are mentioned as a kind of
'berserkers,' q.v., Finnb. ch. 16, Kjalnes. S. ch. 15; cp. Scott's Ivanhoe, note B.
blman, f. the livid colour of a bruise, Stj. 46. Gen. iv. 23.
bl-mengdr and -mengjar, part, blue-mingled, Dipl. i. 168.
bl-merktr, part. marked, variegated with blue, Vm. 149, 153.
bl-mr, f. [mrr = moor, cp. landamri, borders, Caes. Bell. Gall, vi. ch. 23], the blue moor, an
GREEK in the Norse poet Eyvind Skldaspillir as an epithet of the sea about A.D. 960, Hkr. i. 154;
cp. Landn. 54, which reads bormrar, and attributes the verse to another poet. The word is still in
use in Norway in the popular phrase, ut aa blaamyra: vide Ivar Aasen s.v. blaamyr, the sea. blna,
a, to become black, livid, Nj. 203 (iron in re); Hkr. i. 103 (of a plague-stricken corpse), Fms. ii.
42.
BLR, adj., fern, bl, neut. bltt, [Scot. b!a, which has the Icel. sense of dark blue, livid: cp. A. S.
bleov; Engl. bine; Germ, blau; Swed. -Dan. bl: cp. also A. S. bleo = co lour], prop. Lat. lividtis; of
the colour of lead, Snot 231; blr sem Hel, cp. Engl. black as death, Eb. 314, cp. Edda 13; of the
livid colour caused by a blow, in the alliterative phrase, blar- ok blugr, Korm. 108; srir ea
lostnir sv bltt er rautt sc eptir, Grg. ii. 13: blr is the colour of mourning, tjalda blm reum,
Fms. xi. 17; falda bl, to wrap the head in black, sl. ii. 351 (in a verse); cp. kolblr, Blmar, etc.;
blr logi, a pale ' lowe, ' of a witch's ame, Gull. 5: of cloths; mttull, Nj. 24; kpa, 255; kyrtill,
184; murk, stripes, Ld. 244. P. metaph. /oo li s h, insipid; cp. bluheimskr; hann er ekki blur innan, a
popular phrase, he is no goose.
bl-rendr, adj. [rnd], blue-striped; braekr, Nj. 184.
BLSA, bls, bk'-su, blsit; pres. blss, [Ulf. blcsan, a redupl. verb; Germ, blasen; Swed. bla s a;
cp. Engl. blow (blast); A. S. blvan; Lat. are. ~] I. to blow, Lat. are, of the wind; the naut.
alliterative phrase, blsandi byrr, a fresh breeze, Fms. vii. 287; vindrinn bls og heyrir hans yt,
John iii. 8. 2. act. to blow a trumpet, sound an alarm, with dat. of the people and the instrument, the
act of blowing in acc.; b. lri, Fms. vii. 287; var blsinn herblastr, so unded an alarm, ix. 358; b.
lii (troops) til ofanganngu, Orkn. 350, Bret. 46; b. til stefnu, to a meeting, Fms. vii. 286; konungr
let b. llum ninnum r bnum, ix. 304; b. til ings, viii. 2IO; til herastefnu, ix. 255, v. 1.: absol.,
ba hann b., sound the attack, viii. 403. P. t o hl ow the bellows; blsu (imperat.) meir, Landn.
270 (in a verse), Edda 69, 70. Y- '0 welt, cast, the metal in acc.; hann bli's fyrstr manna raua
Islandi, ok var hnn af v kallar Rauabjrii, Landn. 'j, cp. Sks. 163; b. gullmalm, Bret. 4; sumir
blsu ok steyptu af malmi Guos Hkneski, Bad. 139; sem af glanda jrni v er karliga er blsit
eldi, Fms. viii. 8; yxn tveir or eiri blsnir (cast), Bret. 22. S. to swell, blow tip; ltt sem belgr
blsinn, Fms. x. 308. II. to breathe, Lat. spirare; sv sem andi blxsk af nmnni, Eluc. 4: to blow with
the mouth, hann bls kross yr drykk sinum, Fs. 103; bless hann b og sagi, me-taki eir
Heilagan Anda, John xx. 22; b. vi, to draw a deep breath; hn bls vi ok svarar, Clem. 50; jarl
bls vi miliga, Fs. 1O, Magn. 444: to sigh, of a sick man, Gsl. 47; b. halt vi, Bjarn. 24:
without ' vi, ' Sturl. i. 20; b. eitri, eldi (of serpents or dragons), t o snort, Edda 42; of a horse, Greg.
49. 2. theol. to inspire; Gu bids sinum auda (dat.) brjost honum, Fms. i. 142, 199; Gu bls henni
v brjst, Stj. 160 (cp. innblstr). 3. b. mod e-m, to conspire against one, Fms. vii. 164: in the
phrase, ' to blow not a hair off one's head, ' Jarl mlti, at eingi skyldi b. hr af hfi Sveini, no one
should dare to make a hair move on his head, Orkn. 252. III. impers.: 1. medic, t o ' boulne, ' swell,
from sickness, wounds ..., the wound or swollen limb in acc.; hann svall sv kaiga, at allan bls
kviinn, Bs. i. 319; sr Grims var ilia, ok bls upp ftinn, Dropl. 36, Grett. 153; hann bls allan,
Bs. i. ll6. 2. of land, to be laid bare, stripped of the turf by wind; hafi blsit hauginn ok l silfri
bert, Fms. iv. 57. 3. in supine, and partic. the personal construction reappears; Ormarsstum ar
sem er blsi allt, where all is stripped, barren, Landn. 280; meltorfa blsin mjk, stripped, barren,
Hrafn. 27: medic., hin hgri geirvartan var blsin upp, 655 xxxii. 10; hans horund var allt blsit,
Fas. i. 286, Rb. 374; syndist ftrinn blsinn ok kolblr, Grett.
bl-saumar, part, blue-embroidered, Pm. 12.
bl-silfr, n. bad silver, opp. to skirt silfr; rim tigum sinna skal b. vega mti gulli, tiu sinnurn skirt
silfr mti gulli, 732. 16: the proportion of bad to pure silver is thus as three to one.
bl-sa, u, f., cp. grsa, a cognom., sl. ii. 52.
bl-stafar, adj. blue-striped; segl. b., Fms. x. 345.
bl-stjarna, u, f. the blue star, i. e. Hesperus, Snot 131.
blstr, rs, m., dat. blstri, blsti, Hom. 47; pl. bistrar: 1. t o bla s t, Sks. 213. 2. breath; b. af lopti,
Eluc. 19; mlit grisk af blstrinum, Sklda 170: the blast of a trumpet, Fms. ix. 30: hissing of
serpents, breathing of whales (hvala blstr), Gull. 8: blowing a bellows, Edda 70. 3. medic,
swelling, mortication, Nj. 209, Dropl. 36, Bs. i. 182. COMPDS: blastr-belgri m. a bellows, Karl.
18. blstr- hol, n. the blow-hole of a whale. blstr-horn (blstrarhorn), n. a trumpet, horn, 655. 8,
Rb. 372. blstr-jrn, n. blast iron, c a s t, not wrought, Gnig. i. 501, Jb. 345. blstr-samr, adj. windy,
Sks. 41. blstr-svalr, adj. co ld blowing, Sks. 41, v. 1.
bl-tnn, f. a cognom. having a blue, black tusk, Fas. ii. 390.
bleja, a, [bla], prop, to prune, lop trees and plants, Bs. ii. 165, N. G. L. i. 241: esp. in the
metaph. phrase, b. af, to destroy, kill off one by one; mun hann sv setla at b. hirina, Fms. ii. 55,
vii. 36, Fs. 96.
blegr, m. [bleyg and blyg, Ivar Aasen; Germ, pock; Engl. plug] , a plug, Krk. 56, where in pl.
bleik-lttr, adj., bleiklingr, m., ana bleikla, f. a dun horse with a dark stripe down the back, Nj.
81, Sturl. ii. 145, Grett. 91.
bleik-hrr, adj. auburn, Hkr. iii. 174, P'ms. vii. 101. blika, u, f. light clouds foreboding storms,
such as the Engl. call 'mare's tails,' (regn-blika, vind-blika), hence the saying, e-m lzt ekki a
blikuna, when matters look threatening; freq. in mod. usage, though no instance is on record in old
writers. 2. medic, pallor, Dan. blegesot, Fl. ix. 201.
blika, a, and blkja, bleik, bliku, an old obsolete pot. form, of which only remain the forms, 3rd
pers. pl. pret. bliku, fulgebant, Vkv. 6, Fas. i. 186 (in a verse): infm., blkja, Hkr. i. 96 (in a verse);
3rd pers. pl. pres. blkja, fulgent, Grg. ii. 170, in an old law form; part, blkjanda, Edda 231, [Lat.
fulgere; Germ, blicken, cp. blitzen; Engl to blink] :-- to gleam, twinkle, Lat. micare; the stars 'blika,'
the sun 'skn;' used of arms, skildir bliku eirra vi hinn skara mna, Vkv. l.c.; bliku rei er Regin
tti, Fas. l.c.; baki ltu blkja (of the shields), Hkr. l.c.; skildir blika vi 1 Rauaskrium, Nj. 143,
cp. Grg. ii. 170; blikuu ar skildir vi, Eg. 724; blika vi slu, Fbr. 156; blkjanda (part.) bl,
gleaming bale, of the hall of Hela, Edda l.c.
blik-hvtr, adj. white-gleaming, of a shield, Lex. Pot.
bliki, a, m. a drake; andar-bliki, ar-bliki, etc.
blikna, a, [bleikr], to become pale, Fms. ii. 240, iv. 166, Flov. 41.
blikra, a, [Ivar Aasen blikra, to utter], to blink; impers. with dat., kvast hann eigi hira
bnda blikrai nokkut til hvat fyrir vri (= blskrai, felt a shudder), Grett. 100 A (rare).
blinda, a, [Ulf. blindjan], to blind, deprive of sight, Fms. v. 268, vii. 207, Stj. 619: metaph. to
deceive, Fms. ii. 46, v. 217, Gl. 215.
blindi, f. indecl., mod. blindni, blindness, Stj. 620, Greg. 35: metaph., Blas. 47: snj-blinda, u, f.
snow-blindness; ntt-blinda, nyctalopia; dag-blinda, hemeralopia, Fl.
blindingr, m. a blind or hidden peg, of pegs used to pin planks together edgeways, serving the same
purpose as tongue and groove, Edda 232.
blindleikr, m. blindness, Fms. ii. 241, Stj. 122: metaph., H. E. i. 462.
BLINDR, adj. [Ulf. blinds; A. S. and Engl. blind; O. H. G. plint; Germ. blind; common to all Teut.
idioms, whilst Gr. GREEK and Lat. caecus are of different roots] :-- blind; blindr borinn, born
blind, Nj. 152, Fms. vi. 389: proverb, misjafnir eru blinds manns bitar: metaph., with gen., mjk er
mannflkit blint ens sauna um forlgin, blind as to the fate, Al. 23: neut. as adv., dark, ekki er at
blint hvers eggjar, Fms. iv. 133; Einarr lt sr at blint vera, i.e. said that he knew nothing about
it, viii. 10; Grettir segir at eim var blint til ess at tla, a blind matter for them to guess at, Grett.
148 A: a thick storm is called 'blind-bylr;' (but the Icel. call thick darkness 'nia-myrkr,' Dan.
blgmrke); the Germans call blind what is hidden and cannot be seen; this is rare in Icel., yet
blind-sker, a hidden skerry (rock) in the sea; cp. also blindingr.
bla, u, f. [Ulf. bleiei], literally blitheness, but in usage gentleness, grace, of a woman; alla blu
lt hn uppi vi mik, Nj. 18; hfst enn at nju b. (friendly intercourse) me eim mgum, Fms.
ix. 450: in mod. usage, balminess of the air: fair words, blandishment, Sks. 540. COMPD: blu-
brag, n. a token of grace, caressing, Stj. 90, Fms. vii. 108: in a less good sense, of outward shew,
Fas. iii. 151, 209.
blask, a, dep. = blikask, Thom. 183.
blka, a, to render 'blithe,' caress, coax, Ld. 286: reex., Stj. 142.
blkan, f. caressing, Stj. 186.
blleikr and -leiki, m. mildness, balminess, of the air, Fms. x. 336, Rb. 336: blandishment, Pass.
31. 10.
blleitr, adj. of mild countenance, Fms. xi. 215, v.l.
blliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. blithely, graciously; taka, fagna e-m b., Nj. 4, Sks. 370, Fms. vii. 107,
ix. 411.
bl-lundar and -lyndr, adj. of gentle disposition, Magn. 474.
bl-lyndi, n. gentle disposition.
bl-lti, n. caressing, Bs. i. 140, Greg. 51.
bl-mli, n. fair words, blandishments, Fms. x. 307, i. 109, Pass. 6. 6.
bl-mltr, adj. bland, Sturl. ii. 189, Fms. xi. 215, vii. 239.
BLR, adj. [Ulf. bleis, GREEK, misericors; and bleii, GREEK; gableijan, GREEK; A. S.
blie; Engl. blithe; Hel. blithi = clarus, laetus] :-- in usage, mild, gentle, soft; blr is a word of
endearment, but as it denotes the outward expression of mildness in the eyes, look, voice, it also has
a bad sense, bland, fawning, enticing: alliterative proverb, bl er btandi hnd; b. ok ekkr, Bs. i.
131; b. or, Fms. x. 292; b. ok ktr, Eg. 45; bl ok eptirml, mild and charming, of a wife, Nj. 13:
of the air, bltt ver, mild, balmy, Fms. ii. 76, vi. 378: metaph., bltt ok strtt, whether it pleases or
not, in ne weather or foul, Sturl. i. 193; fyrir blu n stru, neither by fair nor foul means, 625.
95: agreeable, eigi bl baksletta, Al. 90; e-m er blara, 'tis more pleasant for one, one is better
pleased, Fms. x. 353.
bl-skapr, ar, m. mildness, kindness, friendly terms, Fms. i. 102; me blskap, m. friendly terms,
Eg. 740, Stj. 192.
bl-ver and blviri, n. mild weather, 655 xii. 2, Thom. 167.
bl-yri, n. blandishment, Sks. 530, Fms. x. 292.
BLFA, [Germ. bleiben; akin to leifa, q.v.], to remain; this word was taken from Luther's Bible into
Icel., and is used by theol. writers; pret. sing, is never used, but pret. pl. blifu. Pass. 50. 4.
BLGJA, , [Swed. bliga = to gaze, stare], to gaze; b. augum, Mirm. 70.
blgr, m. staring, gazing, a cognom., Eb.
blna, d, to store, gaze, [cp. A. S. blin.]
blstra, u, f. the month-piece of bellows, Vm. 177.
BLSTRA, a, to whistle, Fb. i. 553, Fas. iii. 337, Bret. 26: the phrase, b. spor e-m, prob. a
hunting term, to run whistling after one, Korm. 62, Fms. viii. 60. 2. of snakes, to hiss, Fr.
blstran, f. (blstr, n.), whistling, Mar. 61, Konr. 58 (Fr.): the mod. phrase, standa blstri, to be
swoln like bellows, is curious, and indicates a relation between blsa and blstra.
bljgr, adj. [Swed. blyg], bashful, shy, modest, Pass. 16. 14 (penitent).
blossi, a, m. a ame, Dan. bluss, (mod.), Pass. 3. 2.
BLOTI, a, m. [blautr], a thaw, melting of snow (freq.)
blotna, a, to become moist or soft: metaph. to lose courage; blotnar hann eigi vi at, sl. ii. 330,
Fms. viii. 137.
BL, n. [Ulf. blo, common to all Teut. idioms] :-- the blood, Lat. sanguis; 'dreyri' is cruor;
'hlaut,' q.v., is blood shed in sacrice, cp. Eb. ch. 4, Nj. 107, Eb. 242, Fms. i. 46; nema, lta (mod.
taka) b., to take, let blood (bllt), vii. 269, Grg. ii. 133; ganga bli, to have a hemorrhage, Bs. i.
337: the phrase, blanda bli saman, to mix blood together, Ls. 9, refers to the old heathen rite of
entering foster-brothership, dened in Gsl. 11, Fbr. 7, Fb. ii. 93, Fas. iii. 376: metaph. offspring,
Stj. 47; hjart-bl, heart's blood; daua-bl, life-blood, gore: metaph. compound words are rare.
In poets 'blood of Quasir' means poetry; the blood of the giant Ymir, the sea, vide Edda 47, 5. Fl.
ix. 198, 199, records many medic, compounds, blfall and bllt, menorrhagia; blhella,
congestio ad viscera; blkli, ulcus; blmiga, haematuria; blnasir, f. pl. epistaxis; blrs,
hemorrhagia; blstt, dysenteria; blhrkjur, haemoptysis; blspja, haematemesis, etc. Other
COMPDS: bla-brgumi, a, m., Stj. 42. Exod. iv. 25, the 'bloody husband' of the Engl. text.
bls-akr, in. the eld of blood, Matth. xxvii. 8. bls-litr, m. blood-colour, 656. 6, Eb. 26. bls-
peningar, m. pl. the price of blood, Matth. xxvii. 6. bls-thelling, f. a shedding of blood, Fas. i.
73.
bl-band, n., mostly in pl. a bandage to stop bleeding, Bs. i. 625, 376.
bl-bogi, a, m. a gush of blood, Nj. 210, Fms. vi. 419, Sd. 178.
bl-drefjar, f. pl. spatterings of blood, Grett. 111 A.
bl-drekkr, m. one who drinks blood, Fas. iii. 573: epithet of a fox.
bl-dropi, a, in. a drop of blood, Bs. i. 45, Fms. i. 270.
bl-drykkja, u, f. drink of blood. Thom. 150.
bl-fall, n. and blfalls-stt, f. bloody ux, dysentery, Bs. i. 317, ii. 108, 618.
bl-ekkr, m. a eck or stain of blood, Eb. 242.
bl-fors, m. a gush of blood, Nj. 244.
bl-fullr, adj. full of blood, Fbr. 12.
blga, a, to make bleed, Nj. 82: reex, to become bloody, Str. 78.
bli, a, m., pot. a brother, consanguineus, Edda (Gl.), Haustl. 14.
bligr, adj., contr. blgir, -gum, etc.; in mod. usage uncontracted through all cases, and so it is
freq. in old writers, e.g. bligan (acc.), Bjarn. 50 vellum MS.; blugri (dat. f.), Grg. ii. 192:
bloody, Nj. 19, sl. ii. 771, etc.
bl-kll, m. a blood-bag; metaph. a blood-sucker, a leech, Fms. ii. 317.
bl-lauss, adj. (blleysi, n.), bloodless, Str. 5.
bl-lt, n. loss of blood, Hkr. ii. 24: medic, blood-letting, bleeding, Fms. vii. 269, Str. 28, N. G. L.
iii. 15.
bl-ltinn, part, having blood let, bled, Bs. i. 848, Str. 27.
bl-lifr, ar, f. pl. clotted blood, Nj. 171.
bl-ligr, adj. bloody, Stj. 161.
bl-litr = blslitr, Landn. 335.
bl-lkr, jar, m. a river of blood, Fms. vi. 407.
bl-makr, m. a maggot bred in putrefying blood, Stj. 91.
bl-mikill, adj. plethoric.
bl-ntr, f. pl. bloody nights; it may originally have been a law term, the night next after a murder
or homicide; in the proverb, blntr eru hverjum brastar, i.e. the thirst for revenge rises highest
during the bloody nights, Glm. 344, Fs. 39, Bs. i. 142.
bl-raur, adj. blood-red, Fms. i. 217, Art. 120.
bl-rs, f. a 'blood-rush,' hemorrhagia, Ld. 140, Fms. x. 395, Pr. 473: mod. also circulation of
blood.
bl-rell, m. the point of a sword, Nj. 246, Eg. 216, 306, Hkr. i. 70; a curious word; does rell
here mean a snake? cp. rel-stgar, semita serpentis; cp. also Korm. ch. 9.
bl-reir, adj. very wrath, Fms. iv. 182.
bl-risa, adj. ind. [Germ, blutrise = saucius, cruentus], bruised and bloody, Eb. 46; in the
alliterative phrase, blr ok b., blue and bloody from blows, Grett. 147, Stj. 91: as to the root, cp.
hr-ramr, the outside, but hold-rosa, u, f. a tanner's term, the inside of a skin; yet blrisa in the
MSS. is not spelt with a y.
bl-segi and blsigi, a, m. a clot of blood, Bs. i. 334, Fas. iii. 296.
bl-skuld, f. blood-guilt, Pass. 2. 10, 25. 7.
bl-stt, f. monthly courses, Stj. 318, 256: dysenteria, Fl. ix. 199,
bl-spja, u, f. a spitting of blood, Fs. 153, Ann. 1393. bl-stjarna, u, f. the bloody star, prob.
Mars, Rb. 110.
bl-stokkinn, part. (mod. bl-storkinn, stark with blood), gory all over, Bs. i. 626, Nirst. 3.
bl-straumr, m. a stream of blood, Fas. i. 499.
bl-sveiti, a, m. a bloody sweat, Pass. 2. 12 (Luke xxii. 44).
bl-tjrn, f. a pool of blood, Eb. 200.
bl-vaka, u, f. [vekja bl, cp. vkvi, m. uid], a law term, the letting blood ow; sv hart at b.
yri, Bs. i. 871.
bl-varmr, adj. blood-warm, warm as blood, Karl. 240.
bl-r, f. a sheep (ewe) t for slaughter, Fms. xi. 36.
bl-sar, f. pl. (v. sar), a bad reading instead of blntr, Bs. i. 142.
bl-rn, m. 'blood eagle,' in the phrase 'rsta b.,' to cut a blood eagle, a cruel method of putting to
death in the heathen times, practised, as it seems, only on the slayer of one's father if taken alive in
a battle: the ribs were cut in the shape of an eagle and the lungs pulled through the opening, a sort
of vivisection described in Orkn. ch. 8, Fas. i. 293, 354 (Ragn. S.): so king Ella was put to death by
the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, Fms. iii. 225: it is called a sacrice to Odin of the victim, cp. the
phrase, ok gaf hann ni til sigrs sr, Orkn. l.c.; the old rite 'marka geirsoddi,' q.v., is analogous, not
identical; cp. also upon the subject Grimm D. R. A., and Hm. 139.
bl-x and -ex, f. bloody axe, a cognom. of king Eric, Fms.
BLM, n. [Ulf. bloma, Matth. vi. 28; Engl. bloom; Germ. blume; A. S. blosma, Engl. blossom,
answers to blmstr, qs. Lat. os. The Icel. has not the primitive verb. Hel. blan; Germ, blhen] :--
a bloom, blossom, ower; hvt blm grasi, El. 24; lauf ok blm ok aldin, 19; gras ok blm,
owers, Edda 145 (pref.), Fms. v. 345; tti honum einum kvistinum fegrst b., Br. 164; ekki
tti henni blmit (the bloom or blossom on the tree) sv mikit vera sem hn vildi, sl. ii. 14;
krna af drligum blmum, Bret. COMPDS: blma-mikill, adj. rich-blossoming, Br. l.c. blm-
berandi, part. bloom-bearing, Stj. 14. blm-beranligr, adj. id., Fms. iii. 174.
blmgan, f. blooming, ourishing, Stj. 29.
blmganligr, adj. blooming, Bs. ii. 183.
blmgast, a, dep. to ourish, Magn. 502, Sks. 610: part. blmgar, adj. which has blossom upon
it, Fms. xi. 9.
blmi, a, m. [Ulf. bloma, m., Matth. vi. 28; v. blm]. 1. pl. blooms, blossoms, owers; ar hrrna
aldri fagrir blmar, Clem. 40; hafa raua blma (acc. pl.), 655 xiv; allskonar fagra blma, Fms. x.
241; heilir blmar, ores integri, Magn. 468; this use is now rare. 2. sing. blooming; at tr stendr
valt san me blma, in full bloom, 656 A. 23. 3. esp. metaph. full bloom, prosperity; st hagr
hans me hinum mesta blma, sl. ii. 14, Band. 2, Fms. v. 346; bloma aldrs sns (sku blmi), in
the bloom of life, viii. 29, vii. 108 (with blooming face); eirra veldi var b. mjk langa hr, Ver.
45, Sks. 758. 4. the yolk in an egg; the phrase 'lifa sem blmi eggi,' to live like the yolk in an egg,
i.e. to live in perfect comfort.
blmstr, rs, m. bloom, blossom; allan akrsins blmstr, Stj. 29; stan b., Sks. 630 B, 499; 'os' is
rendered by b., Stj. (pref.): in writers since the Reformation always neut.; allt eins og blmstri
eina, and glandi blmstri frtt, Hallgrmr, Snt 45; blm and blmstr are synonymous, but blmi
in common usage is metaph. = prosperity.
BLRAR, a, m. [cp. Dan. blr, the refuse of ax, and the phrase, at kaste een blr jnene, to throw
dust in one's eyes] in Icel. only used in the metaph. phrase, at gra e-t blra vi e-n, to commit an
offence behind another person so that suspicion falls upon him: and blra-mar, m., en ef sv verr
sem mr er grunr at, dttir n s me barni, eru ar fir blramenn, ok vil ek ganga vi
faerni. Fas. iii. 344.
BLT, n. [Ulf. renders GREEK and GREEK by blutinassus, cp. also A. S. compd words such as
bltmnad] :-- gener. worship, and worship including sacrice, spec. a sacricial feast or banquet,
used freq. in pl. when in general sense; the feasts were, esp. the three great annual feasts, when the
winter set in (Oct.), at Yule time and mid-winter (Dec. or Jan.), and when the summer began
(April), . H. ch. 94-96, Hkr. i. 139 sqq., Hk. S. G. ch. xvi sqq., and the verse of Kormak, Hat
mar ask n eski, id., Hkr. (. T.) i. 272, Fms. x. (. T.) ch. 50, Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 531, 512. Hervar.
S. the last chapter, Eb. ch. 10, Eg. 257, Fb. i. 22; at Uppslum vru blt sv mikil ann tma, at
hvergi hafa verit meiri Norrlndum, Fas. i. 255; ann vetr fkk Inglfr at blti miklu ok leitai
sr heilla um forlg sn, Landn. 33, cp. Hm. 1, Vsp. 62; ar vru r blt ok hrgar, Bs. i. 20 (Kr.
S.), Fms. i. 131, Eb. 4; there are mentioned lfa-blt, dsa-blt, etc. 2. blt, or more correctly blti,
n. an idol, amulet, engi mar skal hafa hsum snum, stalla, vit er blt (blti) ... n ef blot (blti)
er funnit hsi lslausu, mat-blt (dough idol) er leir-blt (clay idol) grt mannslki af leiri er
deigi, ..., N. G. L. i. 383, 389; cp. Fs. (Hallfr. S.) 97. II. metaph. in Christian times the name of
the heathen worship became odious, and blt came to mean swearing, cursing, freq. in Sturl. and
Bs., and in mod. usage, Sturl. ii. 106, 152, iii. 101, Fs. (Vd.) 36, Gsl. The terms for swearing in the
heathen times were 'troll, gramir,' etc., q.v.
BLTA, in old use a strong (and originally a redupl.) verb, blta--blt--bltu--bltinn; pres. blt,
and with the sufxed negative bltka (I worship not), Stor. 22 (the Ed. wrongly blotka, without
change of vowel); this form also occurs K. . K. (Kb.) ch. 7, the Ed. 1853 has wrongly blt(a)r, but
a few lines below bltar (weak), probably altered from bltr; pret. sing, blt, Hkr. (Yngl.) 56, 269;
pl. bltu, 56; subj. bltim, 623. 61; imperat. bltt, Am. 75; part. bltinn, and sup. blti are freq.,
Hkr. i. 34, 35, 239, Landn. 47, Fas. i. 255: more freq. weak, blta, a; pres. bltar, bltast, Fas. i. 87,
Fbr. 78; pret. bltai, Landn. 224, 291, 322, Bs. i. 6 (Kr. S.), Nj. 272, Gsl. 140, Fr. 272, Fas. i.
463, 531, Bret., Fms. ii. 263, Hkr. i. 34, 35, sl. ii. 109, Fs. 50; only the weak sup. and part. are rare
in old writers; bltu, Hom. 153 (Norse); blta (sup.), Bs. i. 5 (paper transcript): [Ulf. blotan
(redupl. verb) = GREEK, GREEK, cp. gubloteins = GREEK, gublostreis = GREEK; A. S. bltan
= immolare; O. H. G. blozan; the root is probably akin to bletsian, Engl. to bless] :-- gener. to
worship, to worship with sacrice; with acc. of the being worshipped, but dat. of the object
sacriced; thus b. hof, lund, fors, go, lfa, vttir, to worship temple, grove, force, gods, elves,
beings; but b. mnnum, rlum, kvikendum, to sacrice with men, thralls, beasts, i.e. to sacrice,
slay them: also used absol.: I. with acc. or absol. to worship; skal rlfr b. ok leita heilla eim
brrum, Eg. 257, 623. 61, Landn. 40, Hkr. i. 34 sqq., Fs. 41; heinar vttir, Nj. 272, Fr. 139, cp.
Bret. 84, 94, Landn. 36, Ib. ch. 7, Bs. i. 25; b. til friar, sigrs, langls, rs, byrjar, to make a
sacrice for peace, victory, long life, good season, fair wind, Hkr. i. 239, 34, 56, 11. 97, Fs. 173: of
the worship of natural objects, at Gilj st steinn (a stone), er (acc.) eir frndr hfu blta, Bs. i.
5, Har. S. sl. ii. 109; hann bltai lundinn, he worshipped the grove (cp. Tacitus, sacrum nemus),
Landn. 224; hann bltai forsinn, 291: worship of men (rare), Grms sonar ess er bltinn var daur
fyrir okkasld ok kallar Kamban, 47, Fb. ii. 7; au vru bi bltu, Edda 83: b. hof, in the
phrase, heinir menn hof b., Grg., sl. ii. 381; blt er oss ok kvijat, at vr skulum eigi b. heiit
go, n hauga n hrga, N. G. L. i. 18: worship of animals, gvaldr konungr blt k eina, Hkr. i.
269, Fas. i. 255. . with dat. (extremely rare); bltar hann einum glt (sic!), prob. corrupt = einn
(acc.) glt, Fas. i. 187 a paper transcript. II. with dat. to sacrice; sacrices of men are recorded,
Hkr. i. 34, 35, 56, 239, Gsl. 140, Eb. l.c., Fas. i. 452 (Hervar. S.): slaves and criminals were esp.
sacriced, thus representing the executions of modern times; heiingjar blta enum verstum
mnnum, ok hrinda eim fyrir bjrg ok hamra ...; enir heinu menn hfu stefnu, ok tku at r
at b. tveim mnnum r hverjum fjrungi, Bs. i. (Kr. S.) 23: captives, . H. ch. 131; kom at samt
me eim at hafa Hallfre til blta, Fs. 102; b. rlum, Fms. x. 323; b. mnnum ok f, Fs. (Vd.) 50,
Am. 75, Fms. i. 174: a sort of self-immolation is recorded Fb. ii. 72. III. to curse, swear, vide blt
II; with dat. or absol., hann bltar hestunum, Fbr. 78; eigi kvi ek v tt biskup blti mr er
banni, Bs. i. 708; bltu ver , Hom. 153: reex, bltask, to go about swearing, Fms. viii. 294:
vide Maurer, Bekehr. ii. 195 sqq.
bltan, f. sacricing, 623. 57. II. cursing, swearing, Fms. viii. 293.
blt-auigr, adj. rich in sacrices; b. hof, Mart. 116.
blt-ba, n. a sacricial bath, Post. 138.
blt-biskup, m. a heathen priest, Bret. 34 (Laocoon), Fms. x. 323.
blt-bolli, a, m. a sacricial bowl, Fms. ii. 309.
blt-dmr, m. idolatry, Stj. 106.
blt-drykkja, u, f. a sacricial feast, Fms. x. 393, cp. Eg. 257.
blt-f, n. a sacred or accursed thing, Stj. 363 (Josh. vii. ii), Edda 83.
blt-goi, a, m. a heathen priest, Post. 656 B. 10, Hkr. i. 8.
blt-grf, f. a sacricial den in which to kill the victim, Fs. 49, 50.
blt-gu, m. a heathen god, Fms. ii. 76.
blt-gyja, u, f. a heathen priestess, Hkr. i. 8.
blt-haugr, m. a sacricial mound or cairn, cp. N. G. L. i. 18; dened Fms. v. 164; about cairns of
that kind among the Perms (Bjarmar), vide Fms. iv. 299, cp. also Hkr. i. 16.
blt-hs, n. a heathen house of worship, sometimes less than the 'hof,' used like Christian chapels
for private worship, Fms. ii. 263, sl. ii. 109: a temple in general, Stj. 391.
blt-jarl, m. a surname of the heathen earl Hacon, Fms. ii. 122.
blt-klfr, m. the golden calf, Stj. 312.
blt-kelda, u, f. a fen near the heathen temples, in which animals (or men) were killed by
drowning, sl. (Kjaln. S.) ii. 404.
blt-kli, n. garments used at sacrices, Fs. 42.
blt-kona, u, f. = bltgyja, Stj. 428.
blt-lundr, m. a sacred grove, Fms. xi. 382, Stj. 391, cp. Landn. 222.
blt-mar, m. a heathen worshipper, Bret. 57, Eg. 179, Fms. i. 294, 263, Andr. 65.
blt-matr, m. the meat of the victims, Hkr. i. 139.
blt-naut, n. an ox worshipped and enchanted, Hkr. i. 269, Fms. iii. 132, Fas. i. 255; hence in mod.
use a mad bull is called bltneyti, n. 2. a bull to be sacriced, a heathen sacrice connected with
the old holmgang, q.v., Eg. 506, cp. Korm. 212, 214, Gsl. 80.
blt-neyti, id., Fas. i. 425.
blt-prestr, m. a heathen priest, Sks. 575.
blt-risi, a, m. an enchanted champion (?), GREEK, Korm. 242.
blt-skapr, m. idolatry, heathen worship, sacrice, Fms. i. 31, xi. 134, Stj. 650, N. G. L. i. 351:
things belonging to worship, Stj. 391, Fagrsk. 28, Fms. v. 239.
blt-skgr, m. = bltlundr, Stj. 650, Rm. 199.
blt-spnn, m. divining rods or chips used at sacrices, cp. Tacitus Germ. ch. x, and Amm. Marc.
xxxi. 2. in the phrase, fella blt-spn, ramos sortidicos jactare; feldi hann b. ok vitraist sv, at
hann skyldi hafa dagr at berjast, Fagrsk. 40, in the passage of Vellekla (the source of the
narrative) the poet uses the word teinn lautar, qs. hlautar-teinn, the rod of the sacricial blood, cp.
the phrase, kjsa hlaut-vi, Vsp. 62; and hrista teina, Hm. 1; feldi nundr bltspn til, at hann
skyldi vera vss ..., Landn. 193; san var feldr bltspnn, ok gkk sv frttin, at..., Fas. i. 526, 452
(Hervar. S.)
blt-star, m. a place of heathen sacrice, Hom. 175, Hkr. i. 6, Fms. xi. 40, Fagrsk. 29.
blt-stallr, m. a heathen altar, Stj. 391.
blt-tr, n. a sacred tree, Mart. 115.
blt-trygill, m. [trog], a sacricial trough, Fs. 108.
blt-veizla, u, f. a sacricial banquet, Hkr. i. 139, Fms. i. 35, iv. 237.
blt-vir, m. = bltlundr, Greg. 80.
blt-villa, u, f. a heathen heresy, Fms. x. 243.
blt-vllr, m. a bewitched eld; eigi munu vr N optar ganga app b. inn, Fms. viii. 157.
blunda, a, to doze; ta blundandi, Edda 72; cp. mod. ganga blindandi, to go blinking, half asleep;
b. augum, to shut the eyes, Bs. ii. 481.
BLUNR, m. sleep, dozing: slumber, a nickname, Landn. 80.
blund-skaka, a, to blink with the eyes, Stj. 81.
blund-star, m. pl. rods causing sleep, in the phrase, brega blund-stfum, to awake, Sdm. 3; cp.
stinga svefnorn, sl. js.
blyg, f. [bljgr], shame, Grett. 159 A, Vgl. 20. COMPD: blygar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.),
blameless, Grett. 161 A.
blyga, , to put to shame, Fas. iii. 655, Fms. iii. 89. p. reex, to be ashamed, Sks. 494; = bleyast,
to lose heart, Fas. iii. 411; b. sn, to be ashamed, to repent, (mod.)
blygan, f. shame, disgrace, nakedness, Pass. 24. 3. COMPD: blygunar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.),
impudent.
blygjast, , = blygast, Sks. 494, v. l.
BLYS, n. [Dan. blus], a torch, Dipl. iii. 4, Bs. i. 804.
BL, n. [Germ. blei; O.H.G. pli; Lat. plumbum] , lead; skkva sem b., Blas. 49, Dipl. v. 18.
COMPDS: bl-band, n. a leaden band, Fms. x. 172. bl-kleppr, m. a plummet, Rb. 472. bl-ligr,
adj. leaden, 732. II. bl-skeyti, n. a leaden missile, Stj. 74, Pr. 401. bl-steyptr, part, cast in lead,
Sks. 392. bl-stika, u, f. a leaden candlestick, Vm. 38. bl-stokkr, m. a leaden box, Sd. 191. bl-
bungr, adj. heavy as lead.
bl-ekja, aki, to thatch, i. e. roof, with lead, Bs. i. 235.
bla, dd, to bleed, to ow, of blood, Pr. 473; blddu nasar hans (bl-nasir), Bs. i. 521: impers.,
e-m blir, one loses blood, Grg. ii. II, Sturl. iii. 113, Sd. 139, Eb. 242: absol., laust hana andliti
sv at blddi, Nj. 18: metaph. phrase, e-m blir e-t augu, it bleeds into one's eyes, i. e. one is
amazed at a thing.
blja, u, f. [cp. Germ, blege=limbus, prob. derived from A. S. bleoh=colour; prob. an Engl. word,
cp. Enskar bljur, Eb. 256]:--a ne, coloured cloth; hon hafi kntt urn sik blju, ok vru mrk
bl, Ld. 244: a burial sheet, Am. 101, Gkv. 1. 13, Grg. i. 207: the cover of a bed, Gg. 7, 25, Rm.
20, Bb. 1. 12, Eb. l. c.: cover of an altar table, Vm. 65, Dipl. iii. 4: pot., hildar b., a shield, the b. of
the mast=the sail, etc.: mod. a veil. COMPDS: blseju-endi, a, m. the end of a b., Ld. l. c. blju-
horn, n. the corner of a b., Ld. 246. blju-hvalr, m. [Germ. bleie], a kind of whale, alburnus, Edda
(Gl.)
BLR, m. [cp. Engl. to blare], a gentle breeze, puff of air, esp. with a notion of warmth; b. hitans,
Edda 4: kenna bl (to feel a draft) andliti sr. Clem. 35; vinds blr, Stj. 78; kom kaldr blr (a
cold stream of air) Skutu or jarhsinu, Rb. 319: poet, the blue sky, the pure air, undir bl himins
blan, Pass. 25. 10; blrinn hrnar vi dgri hvert, Bb. 1. 18. 2. in mod. usage metaph. the air,
character of a speech, writing, or the like; sgu-blr, frsagnar-blr, rit-blr. II. a ra m, Edda
(Gl.), hence blsma.
blsma, adj. ind. [blr, a ram], a ewe or goat at heat, Grg. i. 427, Fbr. 212, Stj. 178; cp. yxna of a
cow, breyma of a cat, ra of a sow.
blkku-mar, m. [blakkr], a blackamoor, sometimes a negro, (mod.)
BLKU-MENN, m. pl. Walachians, and Blkumanna-land, Walachia, Fms. v. 283; hann sviku
Blakumenn tfaru, Broc. Runstone, p. 179.
BLSKRA, a, to blench: 1. absol., hann br sr eigi vi n blskrai, Fms. vii. 157; hygg at
vandlega hvrt ek b. nkkut, xi. 150, and so also Jomsv. 47, and Fb. i. 198. 2. e-m blskrar--ok ba
at hyggja hvrt honum blskrai nkku, Sturl. iii. 43--ought perhaps to be ' hann;' the mod. use
is constant, ' e-m b.,' one blenches, is shocked at a thing.
BOBBI, a, m. a snail-shell, Eggert Itin., hence metaph. puzzle, in the phrase, komast bobba, to get
into a puzzle.
BO, n. [Ulf. buzns; Germ. bote, gebot; cp. bja]. 1. a bid, offer; konungr bau (offered) at f
Gunnari kvnfang ok rki mikit...Gunnarr akkai konungi bo sitt, Nj. 46; bja bo fyrir e-n, to
make bids or offers for one, Lv. 25, Vgl. 28; hvat er boi, what is the bidding? metaph. from an
auction, O. H. L. 71. 2. a feast, wedding, banquet, to which the guests are 'bidden;' veizlan fr vel
fram, en er boi var lokit, when the feast was past, Nj. 25; fru eir allir til bosins, the wedding
feast, Fms. xi. 106; skyldi bo vera at Marar, Nj. 4; hafa e-n boi snu, to entertain at one's feast,
Fms. i. 40; haust-bo, Gsl. 27. 3. [A. S. bebod], a bidding, commandment, Fms. ii. 30, 168, xi. 246;
bo ok bann, v. bann. . the right of redemption, a Norse law term; skal s alsmar er boi er
nstr brig upp hefja, Gl. 294; ok sv eigu r bo jrum jafnt sem karlar, N. G. L. i. 92, 94,
237. 4. a message; gra e-m bo, to call for one, N. G. L. i. 60. . metaph. and a law term, a
summons, being an arrow, axe, or the like sent to call people to battle or council, as symbolical of
the speed to be used, or of the punishment to be inicted, if the summons be not obeyed; cp. herr;
so the Swed. budsticka or budkae, (till tings, till tings, budkaen gr kring borg och dal! Tegner),
and the ery cross in the Lady of the Lake. In Icel., at least in the west part, a small wooden axe is
still sent from farm to farm to summon people to the mantals-thing in the spring; vide Gl. 433 sqq.,
Jb. 180, and the compds boburr, bofall, boskurr, bolei, etc. COMPDS: bos-mar, m. a
guest at a feast, wedding, Nj. 11, Fms. ii. 193. bos-vttr, m. a witness to a bo, 4. p, N. G. L. i.
237. bos-vitni, n. id., N. G. L. ii. 99, v. l.
boa, a, 1. to announce, proclaim, esp. as rendering of the eccl. Lat. praedicare, to preach the
Gospel, as a missionary; b. Kristni, to preach Christianity, Nj. 157; tr, 158, Fms. x. 298, H. E. i.
510; sji, eg boa yr mikinn fgnu, Luke ii. 10. hn boai angbrandi heini, Nj. 160. 2. to
bid, order, with dat.; lt hann b. sinn fund llum ldungum, Stj. 649; hann boai saman mrgu
strmenni, Bs. i. 470; konungr boai honum sinn fund, the king bade him come, Fr. 131; b. e-n
af lndum, to outlaw one, bid him off the land, Fms. vii. 17, 21. 3. to bode, signify; hvat etta mundi
boa, Eb. 270; e-m b. e-t, he has a foreboding of it; mundi ar til draga sem honum hafi fyrir
boat, Eg. 75: impers., e-m boar tta, one feels uneasy, Sturl. i. 109, where Bs. i. 410 spells bja
tta (better).
boa, u, f. = bo, a command, N. G. L. i. 237.
boan, f. announcement; b. dagr Maru, the feast of the Annunciation, the 2nd of July, Mar.:
preaching, proclaiming, 623. 11.
bo-burr, m. a carrying of the bo, 4. p, Gl. 432, 436, Jb. 180.
bo-fall, n. dropping the bo, 4. p Gl. 435, Jb. 182.
bo-fasta, u, f. a fast ordered by the canonical law, H. E. i. 393.
bo-fer, f. the course of a bo, 4. p, H. E. i. 393.
bo-greizla, u, f. = boburr, Jb. 184, Gl. 437 B; vide boreizla.
boi, a, m. 1. [vide bo 4, cp. A. S. boda], a messenger, used in poetry; b. hildar, the messenger of
war, Lex. Pot.: in prose, Thom. 5, and in compds such as sendi-boi, a messenger, fyrir-boi,
aforeboder. 2. esp. as a nautical term, a breaker ' boding' hidden rocks; eir undruust mjk enna
atbur, er b. fll logni, ar er engi mar vissi, at b. hefi fallit fyrr, ok djp var undir, Magn. 488,
Fms. ix. 415, x. 324, xi. 10, Eg. 161, Bs. i. 420, Grg. ii. 385: the phrase, vera sem b. skeri, like a
breaker on a skerry (rock), of a hot-tempered man, never at rest. COMPDS: boa-fall, n. the dash
of breakers, Fas. iii. 506. boa-sl, f. the surf of breakers, Orkn. 322.
bo-leggja, lagi, to offer for sale, Gl. 302, v. l.
bo-lei, f. a law term, the due course of a bo [4. p] from house to house, dened in Gl. 432, N.
G. L. i. 348, Jb. 181: in the phrase, fara (rtta) b., to go from house to house in due course, skipping
none: perhaps the true reading Nj. 185 is, fara bolei til bar; some MSS. have bnlei.
bo-ligr, adj. t to be offered, Hv. 55.
BON, f. [cp. A. S. byden = dolium, Icel. byna; Norse bina, Ivar Aasen], one of the three vessels
in which the poet, mead was kept, Edda 47, etc., hence poetry is called the wave of the bon, Lex.
Pot.
bo-or, n. order, bidding; Gus b., Hom. 34, Ver. 25, Bs. i. 67, Magn. 448: as a law term, an
ordinance, K. . 192;=penance in eccl. sense, K. . K. 26: in mod. usage, esp. the Ten
Commandments (Tiu-laga-boor, or with the article, Boorin), Sks. 671, cp. Pr. 437, where they
are termed ' Laga-or.' COMPDS: boora-breytni, f. alteration of a b., Bs. i. 545. boora-brot,
n. breach of a b., Fms. vii. 108. bo-ora-mar, m. a public ofcer, N. G. L. i. 409.
bo-reizla, u, f. = bogreizla.
bo-rfr, adj. fair bidding, Fms. iii. 122 (pot.)
bo-seti (be-seti, N. G. L. i. 315), a, m. a dub. Norse term, the benches in a law-court(?), the
bar(?); hverr eirra manna er gengr fyrir boseta (acc. pl.) fram, nema hann eigi at skja er verja,
s er sekr nu ertogum vi konung ok bjarmenn, N. G. L. i. 323, 315; beseti, qs. bekkseti (?).
bo-skapr, m. a bidding, ordinance, Stj. 82, H, E. i. 471, 677. 6, Fms. ii. 61. II. in mod. usage,
announcement.
bo-skurr, m. [skera bo, to carve a bo, 4. p], a message, summons to a meeting, N. G. L. i. 153.
bo-sletta (bo-slotti, a, m., Gl. 200), also bo-enna, u, f. an intruder at a feast, an uninvited
guest, Jb. 110.
bo-sl, f.=bolei, Jb. 181.
bo-stll, m., in the phrase, hafa e-t bostlum, to put a thing out for sale.
BOGI, a, m. [A. S. boga; Engl. bow; Germ, bogen], a bow, Nj. several times; skjta af boga, 29,
96; benda b., Fas. ii. 88, Landn. 288, Fms. ii. 321, iii. 228; lm-bogi, hand-bogi, ls-bogi, y-bogi, q.
v. 2. metaph. an arch, vault, Sks. 116: the rainbow, Stj. 62: metaph., bera ml r boga, to
disentangle a case, Sks. 654; himin-bogi, the sky; bl-bogi, a gush of blood; regn-bogi, a rainbow;
ln-bogi, an elbow. COMPDS: boga-dreginn, adj. bow-sbaped, curved. boga-hls, m. the tip of a
bow, where the string is fastened, Al. 142, Fas. ii. 88. boga-list, f. archery, now used metaph. boga-
mynd, f. the form of a bow, Fas. i. 271. boga-skot, n. bow-shot, sbooting with a bow, Fms. ii. 169.
boga-strengr, m. a bow-string, Nj. 115, 136. boga-vpn, n. a bow, Fms. viii. 184, v. 1.
boginn, adj. bent, bowed, curved, Al. 8; prop. a part. from a lost strong verb bjgan; cp. Goth.
bjgan=GREEK.
bog-mar, m. a bowman, archer, P'as. i. 382, Ingv. 34, Lv. 63, Fr. 56, Fms. vi. 413. bogmanns-
merki, n. the zodiacal sign, Arcitenens, Rb. 102.
bog-mannliga, adv. bowmanlike, Fms. ii. 450.
bogna, a, to become curved, bent, Hkr. ii. 365, Flov. 34: to give way, Fms. viii. 403, Al. 57.
bogra, a, to creep along bowed or stooping; boru bograr (creeps) hann inn, Fas. i. 393; bogra
fyrir e-m, to bow before one, orst. St. 53.
bog-sterkr, -styrkr, adj. stark or strong at the bow, Hkr. iii. 264.
bog-sveigir, m. bow-swayer, a nickname, Fas. ii.
BOKKI, a, m., means probably a he-goat, [cp. Germ. bock; Dan. bukk; Engl. buck], a familiar
mode of address; Httr heiti ek, bokki sll, and, skaltu n bana mr, bokki, my good fellow, 'old
buck,' Fas. i. 66; munt festa, bokki, tindinn kambi mnum (the old woman addressing the bishop),
Fb. iii. 446: strri bokkar, bigger men, 352, vide str-bokki.
bokkr, m. a buck, Lex. Pot.
bola, a, prop. to fell trees, to cut through the body (bolr), Fas. i. 106. II. [boli, a bull], to bully; b.
e-n t, to push one out, as a bull with the horns: reex, bolast, a wrestling term, of two wrestlers
pushing or butting at one another with their heads.
boldang, n. a sort of thick linen, (for. word.)
bol-mligr, adj. slender, agile of body, Fas. iii. 372.
bol-hlf, f. a covering for the body, opp. to the helmet, Bs. i. 667.
BOLI, a, m. a bull, Boll. 336, Edda 99, sl. ii. 26; in Icel. esp. of a bull-calf, bola-klfr, etc.
bol-jrn=bolx(?), Ingv. 13.
bol-kli, n. pl. garments (coat, waistcoat) for the body, Grett. 147 A.
BOLLI, a, m. [A. S. bolla], a bowl, Stj. 310, Rm. 4; bltbolli, a measure=UNCERTAIN ask, Gl.
525: a pr. name, Ld.
BOLR and bulr, m. the bole or trunk of a tree, Sks. 555 B. 2. metaph. the trunk of a body, N. G. L.
i. 80, Nj. 275, Fms. x. 213, ED. 244, Anec. 4: the phrase, ganga milli bols ok hfus e-m, to go
through between one's trunk and head, i. e. to knock one quite dead, deal severely with, Ld. 244, Eb.
240. 3. an old-fashioned waistcoat.
bolungr, v. bulungr.
bol-vxtr, m. the growth, form of the body; vel at bolvexti, a well-grown, stout man, Bs. i. 66, Fas.
iii. 605.
bol-x, f. [Swed. bolyxa], a pole-axe; in present usage opp. to skarxi, a carpenter's axe, Stj. 401.
Judg. ix. 48, Fms. ix. 357, Fbr. 179, Thom. 343, Ingv. 24, Vpn.
boppa, a, to wave up and down, onomatopotic and common.
BOPS, n. an onomatopotic word, [Germ, bumbs], bump or plump; mikit fall, sv at b. kva
skrokkinum, r. 16. . the faint bark of a dog: also bopsa, a.
bora, u, f. a bore-hole, Grett. 125, 133, Fas. i. 393, Vm. 65. COMPD: boru-foli, a, m. a Norse law
term, a stolen article put into an innocent man's house; even if ofcers ransacked a house without
having their persons searched, and nd something, er b. ok liggr ekki banda vi, then it is b.
and the farmer is free, N. G. L. i. 255.
BORA. a, [Lat. fUNCERTAINrare; A. S. borian; Engl. bore; O. H. G. poran], to bore, to bore
holes in, Fms. ix. 447, Ld. 116, Edda 48, 49, Eb. 182, D. I. i. 243: metaph., b. atsg at e-u, to doa
thing thoroughly, v. atsgr: reex., borast fram, to press one's way through a crowd, Fms. v. 180,
Fb. ii. 112.
BOR, n. [Ulf. baurd, in fotubaurd=GREEK; Hel. bord=margo; A. S. bor; Engl. board]. 1. a
board, plank, Lat. tabula; tk hann bor ok lausa viu, ok rak um vera stofuna, Grett. 140, N.
G. L. i. 100. . of a ship, the side (cp. starboard, larboard); hggr hann tveim hndum bor
(sides) sktunnar, ok gengu sundr borin (the planks) um tvau rm, Nj. 19; eir Erlingr hjuggu
raufar drmundinum, sumar ka niri, en sumar uppi borunum, Fms. vii. 232, Nj. 42; hence
the nautical phrases, bor, on each side; tvau bor, bi bor, on both sides, Eg. 171; me
endilngum borum, Fms. ii. 273, Eg. 122; leggja bor vi bor=sbyra, to lay a ship alongside of
another, so as to board, Fas. ii. 534; bera skip bori, to make the bulwarks rise, Fms. ii. 218; fyrir
bor, overboard, Eg. 124, Fms. xi. 140; bori, on land, Jb. 327; bor 4 stjrn=stjrn-bori, the
starboard side, Gl. 518. The planks in a ship's side have different names, e. g. aur-bor, skaut-
bor, sl-bor. 2. metaph. phrases, at vera mikill (ltill, nokkur) bori, to be of a high (or lowly)
bearing, metaphor from a ship oating high out of, or deep in, the sea, Eg. 8, Sturl. iii. 196: vera
(allr) fyrir bor borinn, to be (quite) thrown overboard, i. e. ill-used, Eb. 126, Fr. 234; vera allr
fyrir bori, id., lk. 35; hans hlutr mundi eigi fyrir bor vera borinn, id., Rd. 239; e-n brestr bori,
to fail, be beaten (metaphor from rowing), Fms. ix. 507; taka skamt fr bori, to fall short, Lv. 45;
ganga at bori vi e-n, to come to terms, yield, submit, Bs. i. 889; gkk Egill tregt at bor um etta
ml, E. was hard, unyielding, 696; hverigum skyldi htt, nema eir gengi at bori vi hann, unless
they came to terms with him, 727, 778; anna bor, on the other hand; harr mar annat bor, a
hard one to pull against, Fms. xi. 39: but also on the other hand, otherwise, else; hann vildi me
engu mti kalla orm sr til bjargar, at hann flli ofan anna bor, though he was sure to
tumble down otherwise (i. e. unless he called), Fbr. 88; hence freq. in mod. usage, e. g. ef eg anna
bor gri a, i. e. if I do it at all: navig., ganga til bors, bor, to go to one's business, Fagrsk.
167, Br. 166. 3. [A. S. bord=labrum], the margin between the rim of a vessel and the liquid; er n
gott berandi bor horninu, Edda 32; hence, fjru-bor, the shore between high and low water, vide
33, 34; cp. the saying, fullt skal frmum bera, skal bor vera, i. e. it is clownish to bring a cup
full to the brim, and, fullt skal fntum bera og ekkert bor vera. II. a board, table, Lat. mensa; rsa
fr bori, to rise from the board, from table, Rm. 17, or simply and ellipt. rsa, 30; bor is freq. used
in pl., as in the old halls small tables were set at meal time, and removed after the meal; hence
phrases, bor (pl.) ofan (upp) tekin, the tables being removed, cp. Virgil's mensisque remotis, Nj.
176, Fms. i. 41, iv. 265, v. 126, Bs. i. 854, Eg. 408; til ess er bor fru brott, 551; setjast undir bor
(pl.), to sit down; sitja undir borum, to be at table, Nj. 68, Eb. 306; ganga undir drykkju bor, Fms.
iii. 93; koma undir bor (acc. pl.), 96; ganga til bora, iv. 114, 129; koma til bors (sing.), 202, cp.
. H. 86, Fms. iv. 246; sitja yr borum, iii. 155, iv. 113; sitja yr matbori, v. 126, viii. 212; sitja
yr bor (acc. pl.), id., Bs. i. 843: the rhyming phrase, vera ar at ori, sem hann er ekki at bori,
vide Safn i. 91. It was the custom for kings or princes to give audience or receive poets whilst
sitting at table, Fms. vi. 195, Eg. ch. 63. . maintenance at table (cp. Engl. board and lodging); vera
bori me e-m, B. K. 124, D. N. (Fr.): of a chess-board, Bs. i. 635. COMPDS: bora-munr, m.
difference in the height of ships (in battle), Fms. viii. 292, cp. 288. bora-vti, n. pl. a 'board-fee,'
sconce, cp. vti, Fms. iii. 155. bors-tilgangr, m. going to table, Fms. iii. 155.
bora, a, to sit at table, eat, dine, Fas. iii. 219.
bor-bnar, m. table-service, Eg. 94, Fms. i. 292, iv. 262, Orkn. 226.
bor-diskr, m. a plate, Fas. iii. 222, vide diskr; (now freq.)
bor-dkr, m. a table-cloth, Nj. 176. Hkr. ii. 189, cp. Fms. vi. 322, Rm. 28.
bor-fastr, adj. maintained at one's table, Sks. 259.
bor-fjl, f. a plank, Sturl. ii. 109.
bor-fri, n., in the phrase, taka sr borfri,=ganga til bors, vide above, Grg. ii. 119.
bor-gestr, m. a guest at table.
bor-hald, n. one's 'board,' fare, Edda 23, Hkr. ii. 36, THom. 68.
bor-hr, adj. a ship rising high, Fms. ii. 314, Orkn. 362.
bor-hs, n. a room where the plate is kept, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Sturl. iii. 191 C.
bor-h, f. the height of a ship out of the water, Fas. iii. 260.
BORI, a, m. [cp. Engl. border; O.H.G. porto; Germ, borti; prob. akin to bor]:-- a border, Lat.
limbus; byra bora (acc.), t o embroider, Gkv. 2. 16; brega bora, to leave off embroidering, 17;
rekja bora, to embroider, Heir. 1, Og. 18; b. ok hannyrir, Fas. i. 430, 523; kona sat vi bora, a
lady sat embroidering, Fms. ii. 148; sl bora, to embroider, Fas. i. 113; cp. bora skgul, gn, etc.,
a pot. circumlocution of a lady, Lex. Pot.: tapestry, b. mtigi alna, Dipl. iii. 4, Pm. 10, Bs. i. 77:
of the tapestry of a church, esp. the choir, Nj. 6. 2. pot. a shield, Lex. Pot.
bor-ker, n. a cup at table, loving-cup, Hkr. iii. 181; b. er v tta merkr, Bs. i. 76.
bor-kista, u, f. a box for keeping the table-service in, D. N. (Fr.)
bor-knfr, m. a table-knife, Ann. 1339.
bor-leiangr, m. a levy commuted for victuals (Norse), D. N. (Fr.)
bor-lgr, adj., b. vir, timber t for cutting into planks, Vm. 176.
bor-mar, m. a table-companion, Sks. 262.
bor-mikill, m.=borhr, Fms. ii. 50, Hkr. i. 238.
bor-prestr, m. a 'board-priest,' who says grace at a bishop's table, Bs. ii. 129.
bor-pri, n. the ornaments of a table, Fas. iii. 374.
bor-slmr, m. a 'board-psalm,' grace, Bb. 1. 15 (Mark xiv. 26).
bor-siir, m. pl. rules for behaviour at table.
bor-skutill, m. a small movable table, Bs. i. 537, Mar.
bor-stokkr, m. the bulwarks of a ship, Grett. 125.
bor-stll, m. a chair used at table, D. N.
bor-sveinn, m. a butler, waiter, Mag. 66; cp. skutilsveinn.
bor-ta, n. a chess-board, Sturl. ii. 184, v.l.
bor-vegr, m. = borstokkr, Bs. ii. 50, 179, Mar.
bor-vers, m. = borslmr, N. G. L. i. 406.
bor-vir, m. boards, planks, Fms. viii. 374, D. N.
bor-ak, n. a 'thatch' or covering of planks, Hkr. ii. 11.
bor-ekja, akti, to cover with planks, Fms. v. 331.
bor-ili, n. the sides of a ship, Gkv. 1. 7.
BORG, ar, f., pl. ir, [Ulf. baurgs = GREEK, and once Nehem. vii. 2 = arx, castellum; A. S. burg,
burh, byrig, = urbs and arx; Engl. borough and burgh; O. H. G. puruc, purc; late Lat. burgus; Ital.
borgo; Fr. bourg; cp. Gr. GREEK; the radical sense appears in byrgja, to enclose; cp. also berg, a
hill, and bjarga, to save, defend. Borg thus partly answers to town (properly an enclosure); and also
includes the notion of Lat. arx, Gr. GREEK, a castle. Old towns were usually built around a hill,
which was specially a burg; the name is very freq. in old Teut. names of towns.] I. a small dome-
shaped hill, hence the Icel. names of farms built near to such hills, v. Landn. (Gl.) Hel. once uses
the word in this sense, 81; v. the Glossary of Schmeller; brann Borgarhraun, ar var brinn sem
n er borgin (viz. the volcanic hill Eld-borg), Landn. 78; gngum upp borgina (the hill) ok tlum
ar, sl. ii. 216; er borgin er vi kend, Landn. 127; Borgar-holt, -hraun, -dalr, -hfn, -fjrr, -lkr, -
sandr; Arnarblis-borg, Eld-borg (above) in the west of Icel. It may be questioned, whether those
names are derived simply from the hill on which they stand (berg, bjarg), or whether such hills took
their name from old fortications built upon them: the latter is more likely, but no information is on
record, and at present 'borg' only conveys the notion of a 'hill;' cp. hlar, borgir og hir, all
synonymous, Nm. 2. 99. II. a wall, fortication, castle; en fyrir innan jrunni gru eir borg
(wall) umhvers fyrir frii jtna ... ok klluu borg Migar, Edda 6; cp. also the tale of the
giant, 25, 26; borg sa, Vsp. 28; eir hfu grt steinvegg fyrir framan hellismunnann, ok hfu sr
at allt fyrir borg (shelter, fortication), Fms. vii. 81; hann let gra b. sunnanveru Morh
(Murrey), Orkn. 10, 310, 312, 396, Fms. i. 124, xi. 393, Eg. 160; the famous Moussaburg in
Shetland, cp. Orkn. 398. III. a city, esp. a great one, as London, Hkr. ii. 10; Lisbon, iii. 234; York,
156; Dublin, Nj. 274; Constantinople, Fms. vii. 94; Nineveh, Sks. 592; Zion, Hom. 107, etc. This
sense of the word, however, is borrowed from the South-Teut. or Engl. In Scandin. unfortied
towns have -b or -by as a sufx; and the termin. -by marks towns founded by the Danes in North.
E. COMPDS: borgar-armr, m. the arm, wing of a fort, Fms. v. 280. borgar-grei, a, m. a
borough-reeve, bur-grave (Engl.), Stj. borgar-gr, f. the building of a fort, Edda 26, Fms. viii.
180. borgar-hli, n. the gate of a fort, Edda 26, Stj. 350, Hkr. i. 217, Ver. 25. borgar-hreysi, n. the
ruins of a fort, Karl. 101. borgar-klettr, m. a rock on which a fort is built, Fms. viii. 284. borgar-
kona, u, f. a townswoman, Stj. 426. borgar-li, n. a garrison, Ver. 96. borgar-lm, n. lime for
building a fort, Bret. 106. borgar-lr, m. townsfolk, Fms. viii. 416, v.l. borgar-mar, m. a
townsman, citizen, Eg. 244, Fms. i. 103, Sks. 649, mostly in pl., Lat. concivis is rendered by b.,
Hom. 17. borgar-mgr, m. the mob of a city, Fas. i. 4. borgar-mrr, m. a city-wall, Stj. 352.
borgar-sir, m. city-manners, urbanity, Clem. 27. borgar-sm, f. the building of a town (fort), Stj.,
cp. Edda 28. borgar-star, m. the site of a town, Edda 152. borgar-veggr, m. the wall of a fort
(town), Orkn. 376, Fms. i. 104, Hkr. i. 217, Ver. 24. Borgar-ing, n. the fourth political subdivision
(ing) of Norway, founded by St. Olave, cp. O. H. L. 23, and Munch's Geography of Norway.
borga-skipan, f. a (geographical) list of cities, Symb. 32.
borga, a, [Engl. to borrow and bargain; Germ. borgen; related to byrgja and bjarga; O. H. G.
porgen only means parcere, spondere, not mutuare. In Icel. the word is of foreign origin; the
indigenous expressions are, lna, lj, to lend; gjalda, to pay; selja, veja, to bail, etc.; the word only
occurs in later and theol. writers] :-- to bail; vil ek b. fyrir rna biskup me mnum peningum, Bs.
i. 770 (thrice): now obsolete in this sense. 2. to pay, as in Matth. xviii. 25; but in old writers this
sense hardly occurs.
borgan, borgun, f. bail, security, Bs. i. 749, 770, Dipl. v. 14, Stj. COMPD: borganar-mar, m. a
bailsman, Bs. i. 770, Jb. 112, Band. 33 new Ed.
borgari, a, m. [for. word; Germ. brger; Dan. borger], a citizen, N. G. L. iii. 144; rare and hardly
before A.D. 1280. COMPD: borgara-rttr, m. civic rights, id.
borg-rzkr, adj. one from the district Borgarfjrr, Landn.
borg-hli, f. = borgarhli, Edda 30, Bret. 94.
borgin-mi, a, m., pot name of the raven, bold of mood, Lex. Pot.
borgin-orr, adj. cautious in words, reticent, reserved ( = orvarr), Fms. vi. 208: at present b. and
borgin-mannligr, adj., mean vainglorious, braggart.
borr, m. (com. bor-jrn, n.), a borer; strviar-borr, skipa-borr, Od. ix. 384: metaph. the pipe of a
marrow-bone, Eg. (in a verse). II. a less correct form of brr, q.v.
BOSSI, a, m. [Swed. buss, cp. Germ. bursch], a boy, fellow; occurs once in the Jomsv. S., Fms. xi.
(in a verse), from A.D. 994. It is still in use in Icel. in the compd word hvata-buss, a boyish fellow
who is always in a bustle; hence also hvatabuss-legr, adj. hurried.
BOTN, m. [Lat. fundus; A. S. botm; Engl. bottom; Hel. bodm; Germ. boden; Swed. batten; Dan.
bund] :-- the bottom; of a vessel, tunnu-botn, kistu-botn, etc., Nj. 133, Sturl. ii. 107, Hkr. ii. 245: the
bottom of other things, e.g. of a haycock, Eb. 324; marar-botn, the bottom of the sea. . the head of
a bay, rth, lake, dale, or the like; fjarar-botn, vatns-botn, vgs-botn, dals-botn: Botn is a local
name in Icel., Fms. xi. 125: in pl. even = bays, n er at segja hvat mts gengr vi Grnaland r
botnum eim er fyrir eru nefndir, MS. A. M. 294; Hafs-botnar, Trolla-botnar, the Polar Sea between
Greenland and Norway; the ancients fancied that these bays were the abode of the giants.
botn-hola, u, f. a pit; in the phrase, at vera kominn botnholu, to have got into a hole, i.e. into a
scrape, metaphor from fox-hunting, Sturl. ii. 62, Fms. viii. 186.
band-, v. band-.
BFI, a, m. [Germ. bube, bberl, spitzbube, v. Grimm], a knave, rogue, in Icel. only in a bad sense;
cp. the rhyming phrase, jfar og bfar, thieves and knaves; no reference from old writers is on
record (though it is common enough at the present day), except that in Eb. it is used as a nickname,
Freysteinn B; in Swed. it occurs as a pr. name, Baut. 1478, 1483.
bg-limir, m. pl., pot. = arms, Lex. Pot.
bg-lna, u, f. bow-line, Edda (Gl.)
BGR, m., old acc. pl. bgu, Nj. 95, Fms. v. 163, etc.: mod. bga; old dat. bgi, Hlt., Vkv. 31, Stj.
249, [A. S. bg; Dan. boug; Engl. bow of a ship; and in Old Engl. bowres are the muscles of the
shoulder] :-- the shoulder of an animal, (armr of a man); hinum hgra bginum, Stj. 249; ek hj
varginn sundr fyrir aptan bguna, Nj. l.c., Fms. l.c.; lr uxans tvau ok ba bgana, the shoulder-
piece of the ox (the Ob. bguna), Edda 45; cp. bgsli or bxli, the shoulder of a whale or dragon, v.
Lex. Pot. :-- the bow of a ship, v. bglna above. 2. mod. metaph. of the side of a person or thing;
hinn, ann bginn, on this, on that side; ba bga, on both sides, etc.
BK, ar, f. [Lat. f&a-long;gus; Gr. GREEK; A. S. bc; Engl. beech; Germ. buche (fem.); Swed.
bok; Dan. bge, etc.] :-- a beech, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot. Owing to the absence of trees in Icel., the
word rarely occurs; moreover the collect. beyki, n., is more freq.
BK, gen. bkar, but also in old writers bkr, pl. bkr, [Ulf. renders by bca the Gr. GREEK,
GREEK, GREEK, etc.; A. S. bc; Engl. book; Germ. buch (neut.); Swed. bok; Dan. bog: the
identity between bk f&a-long;gus and bk liber seems certain; the gender is in all Scandinavian
idioms the same; modern German has made a distinction in using buche fem., buch neut.; both are
akin to the Gr.-Lat. f&a-long;gus, GREEK; cp. also the analogy with Gr. GREEK and Lat. liber
(book and bark): bk-stafr also properly means a beech-twig, and then a letter. In old times, before
the invention of parchment, the bark of trees was used for writing on]: -- a book. I. the earliest
notion, however, of a 'book' in Scandin. is that of a precious stuff, a textile fabric with gures, or
perhaps characters, woven in it; it occurs three or four times in old poems in this sense; bk ok
blja, bjartar vir, Skv. 3. 47; bkr (bekr) nar enar blhvtu ofnar vlundum (of bed-sheets?),
Hm. 7, Gh. 4: bk-rnar, Sdm. 19, may refer to this; or is it = runes engraven on beech-wood? II.
a book in the proper sense. Icel. say, rita and setja saman bk (sgu), to write and compose a book
(story); old writers prefer saying, rita '' bk (dat. or acc.) instead of ',' perhaps bearing in mind that
the earliest writings were on scrolls, or even on stones or wooden slabs -- barbara fraxineis
pingatur runa tabellis; they also prefer to use the plur. instead of sing. without regard to volumes
(as in Engl. writings); a nst rita bkum, Fms. i. 157; bkum Ara prests hins Fra, iii. 106;
historia ecclesiarum tveim (sjau) bkum, Dipl. v. 18; bkum er sagt, Landn. (pref.); bkum
Enskum, id.; bk essi (acc.) lt ek rita fornar frsagnir, Hkr. (pref.); but sv segir bk eirri sem
Edda heitir, Sklda 222; hluti sem frammi standa bk essi, 159; sv sem hann (viz. Ari) her
sjlfr rita snum bkum, . H. 188; eir er Styrmir reiknar sinni bk, Fb. ii. 68; hr fyrr
bkinni. III. a book, i.e. a story, history (Saga), since in Icel. histories were the favourite books; cp.
slendinga-bk, Konunga-bk, bk Styrmis; Landnma-bk; bkr r er Snorri setti saman, Sturl.
ii. 123. It is used of the Gospel in the law phrases, sem bar vira vi bk, vinna ei at bk (bkar-
eir), of a verdict given or an oath taken by laying the hand upon the Gospel, Grg. (. .) several
times; as the Engl. phrase 'to swear on the book' is common; of a code (of law) = Jns-bk, after
A.D. 1272 or 1281, Bs. i. 720, 723, vide Ann. those years; hafa bk even means to hold the book,
i.e. to hold the ofce of lgmar (law-man, judge); rr Narfa son hafi bk, Ann. (Hol.) A.D.
1304; bkarinnar vegna, on the part of the book, i.e. the law, D. N. ii. 492. Mod. phrases: skrifa,
rita, semja bk, to write it; lesa bk, to read it; but syngja bk, to sing from a book; etta bk, to
turn over the leaves; lta, blaa, bk, to peruse, look into a book (hann ltr aldrei bk, he never
looks into a book); lesa bk ofan kjlinn, to read a book carefully, v. lesa bk spjaldanna milli, to
read it from end to end :-- slma-bk, okka-bk, a hymn-book; kva-bk, lja-bk, a book of
poems; sgu-bk, of histories; lg-bk, of laws; Gus ora-bk, God's word-book, a religious
book :-- also of MSS., Flateyjar-bk (Cod. Flateyensis), Orms-bk, Uppsala-bk, Konungs-bk,
Staarfells-bk, Sklholts-bk, etc. :-- phrases relating to books: a er allt eina bkina lrt, all
learnt from the same book, i.e. all of one piece (esp. denoting one-sidedness); blindr er bklauss
mar, blind is a bookless man; lra utan-bkar, to learn without book, by heart; bkvit, 'bookwit,'
knowledge got from books; mannvit, mother-wit, common sense; allra manna vit er minna en eirra
er af bkum taka mannvit sitt, Sks. 22 :-- also, setja e-n til bkr, to set one to book, i.e. put one to
school in order to make him priest; berja e-n til bkr, to thrash one to the book, i.e. into learning,
Bs. i; a book has spjld, boards; kjl, keel, back; sni, cut; brot, size. COMPDS: bka-gull, n. gold
for gilding books, Vm. 117. bka-gr, f. the transcription (or writing) of books, Bs. i. 168. bka-
kista, u, f. a book-box, Bs. i. 423, D. I. i. 402, Vm. 71. bka-lectari, a, m. a reading-desk, lectern,
Vm. 91. bka-list, f. book-lore, learning, scholarship, Bs. i. 127. bkar-bla, n. a leaf of a book,
Mar. bkar-bt, f. an appendix to a book, 1812. 72. bkar-eir, m. an oath upon the Gospel, Dipl.
ii. 2. bkar-eistafr, m. the wording of a b., D. N. bkar-lag, n. a lawful prize xed in the code,
Dipl. v. 5. bkar-skeyting, f. a written deed, Gl. 225. bkar-skr, f. an old scroll, Am. 100.
bkar-stll, m. a reading-desk, Vm. 22, 9. bkar-tak, n. the touching the Gospel in taking an oath,
D. N. bkar-vitni, n. witness upon the Gospel, Gl. 400, Jb. 276, D. N. bka-skpr, m. book-
shelves, (mod.) bka-steinn, m. paint to illuminate MSS., Bs. i. 341. bka-stokkr, m. a book-case,
Pm. 112.
bka, a, to afrm by oath on the book (Gospel), Gl. 151; bkar eir, vitni, = bkareir, D. N. i.
81, ii. 230: mod. to record, register.
bk-fell, n. [A. S. bcfell], 'book-skin,' parchment, vellum, Sklda 165, Vm. 12, Dipl. v. 18: an A. S.
word, as writing materials were imported from abroad.
bk-frr, adj. book-wise, learned, Barl. 129.
bk-fri, f. book-knowledge, Stj. 46, Bs. i. 138, Barl. 12.
bk-hlaa, u, f. a library, (mod.)
bk-lauss, adj. (bk-leysi, n.), book-less, void of learning, Bs. ii. 125, Mar. 145; = utanbkar,
Clem. 60.
bk-lest, f. [lesa], a legend of the saints, N. G. L. i. 347.
bk-ligr, adi. bookish, literary, Bs. i. 680.
bk-list, f. book-lore, learning, Stj. 84, Sks. 16.
bk-ljst, n. adj., so bright that one cannot see to read, Ann. 1341.
bk-lrr, part. book-learned, Hom. 160: the clergy, Grg. ii. 165.
bk-ml, n. the book language, learned language, i.e. Latin, Hom. 138: en at bkmli (in Latin)
vera ll hundru tr, Sks. 57, Rb. 54, 516; Heilagt b., the Holy Scriptures, Str.; blt au sem
fyrirboin eru at bkmli, i.e. in the canon of the church, N. G. L. i. 351.
bk-mnur, m. a calendar month, Clem. 22.
bk-nm, n. (bk-nmi, Bs. i. 793), book-training, learning; setja e-n til b., Bs. i. 793; vera at b.,
to be a-reading, opp. to at riti, a-writing, 91, 265.
bk-rnar, v. bk.
bk-saga, u, f. a written narrative; hla bk sgum, Bs. i. 108.
bk-setja, setti, to commit to writing, Sks. 6.
bk-skygn, adj. sharp-sighted at reading a book, Sturl. ii. 185.
bk-speki, f. book-wisdom, Greg. 17.
bk-stafr, m. [Hel. bcstabo; A. S. bcstv; Germ. buchstabe], a letter of the alphabet, Sklda
168, Hom. 1.
bk-sgn, f. = bksaga, Stj. 6.
bk-tal, n. a 'book-tale,' written computation, Rb. 4.
bk-vit, n. 'book-wit,' learning, erudition, Bs. i. 793, Acts xxvi. 24.
bk-vss, adj. 'book-wise,' a scholar, Landn. 13, Bs. i. 65. (a cognom.)
BL, n. [A. S. botl and bolt, byld, = aedes, mansio; cp. bytlian = aedicare; Engl. to build. In
Scandin. contracted in the same way as nl for nadal: bl and bll are very freq. in Dan. local
names, and even mark the line of Scandin. settlements] :-- 'built,' i.e. reclaimed and cultivated land,
a farm, abode, esp. in Norway, where bl answers to Icel. jr, Dan. grd; the value of the Norse
farms is denoted by merkr-bl, eyris-bl, or the like; taka bli, to take a farm, Gl. 328, 354. In Icel.
this sense is almost obsolete, and only remains in such words as, bl-star, bl-festa; in local names
as, Hru-bl, S-bl, Lauga-bl, Bl-star, Breiabl-star; in such phrases as, bygu bli (opp.
to wilderness), hvergi bygu bli, i.e. nowhere, nowhere among men; and in a few law passages,
Grg. ii. 279, Fms. x. 153, Otherwise, in Icel. bl and bli denote the lair or lying place of beasts or
cattle; bl and kva-bl, the place where sheep and cows are penned; bla f, to pen sheep during
the night. . a den, Eg. 41, Fas. iii. 345, cp. Edda 74 (the lair of a serpent); tku sumir heyhjlma
nokkura ok gru sr af bl, a bed of hay, Fms. vii. 296; liggja blinn, to lie a-bed, of a lazy
fellow; cp. bli.
BLA, u, f. a blain, blister (cp. Engl. boil), Stj. 272, Mar. 655 xxxii. 2. small pox, Ann. 1349: also
blna-stt, f., Ann. 1310, 1347.
bla, a, impers., b. e-u, to be just visible.
BLA, u, f. the boss on a shield, a for. word, perhaps the Lat. bulla, Valla L. 213.
bl-festa, u, f. abode, Gl. 354: in the phrase, taka sr b., to abide.
blginn, part, of a lost strong verb, swoln, Fas. iii. 307; b. sem naut, Bs. 1. 644: metaph. swollen
with anger, reii b., b. ilsku, Mar.; so, b. af reti, Fas. iii. 630; cp. bylgja, belgr.
blgna, a, [Engl. 'boulne,' Levins Manipul.], to 'boulne,' grow swollen, Mar.: metaph., 655 xi. 2.
bl-gltr, m. a pig kept in the homestead, Nj. 109, v.l.
bl-skapr, m. household, D. N. (Fr.)
bl-star, m. a homestead; hon ar blstai mikla, Edda, where Ed. A.D. 1848 has bstai, which
is a more household Icel. word; hlfan b., half the farm, Grg. i. 396, ii. 222 A. COMPD:
blstaar-gr, f. the building a homestead, Eg. 130.
BLSTR, rs, [A. S. bolster; Germ, polster], a bolster, N. G. L. i. 351, 362, Am. 6, Gkv. 1. 15: rare
and pot., metaph. in pl. piles of clouds, Bjarni 59; also sk-blstrar.
BN, f. [A. S. bene; Engl. boon, in Chaucer bone], a petition, Fas. i. 408, Ann. 1418; cp. bn.
COMPDS: bnar-mar, m. a beggarman, H. E. ii. 585. bna-vetr, m. begging winter, Ann. l.c.
BNDI, a, in.: older form bandi, or even bandi, pl. bendr or bendr; gen. banda, banda; dat.
bundum, bndum, Edda 28, Grg. i. 370, 371. . H. 203, 209-211, 215, Nj. 14, 220; banda (gen.
pl.), 211, 212, 215-217, 220; bndum, 219; bandi, Grg. i. 114, 157, 187, 377, Nj. 52; but the
common Icel. form is bndi, pl. bndr; gen. dat. pl. in old writers either bnda, bndum, or as at
present keeping the throughout all plur. cases (bnda, (gen.) bndum): properly a part. act. from
ba (turned into a noun subst., cp. frndi, fjndi), A. S. buan; Germ, bauer, and therefore originally
a tiller of the ground, husbandman, but it always involved the sense of ownership, and included all
owners of land (or b, q.v.). from the petty freeholder to the franklin, and esp. the class represented
by the yeoman of England generally or the statesman of Westmoreland and Cumberland: hence it
came to mean the master of the house, A. S. bond and hsbond, Engl. husband. I. a husbandman.
The law distinguishes between a gri-mar a labourer, bsetu-mar a cottager, and a bandi or
bndi a man who has land and stock. In the Icel. Commonwealth only the b. (but neither cottager or
labourer) could act as judge or neighbour who gave witness in acquittal of a culprit (cp.
ingheyjandi); the grimar could only partly be admitted to the tylptarkvir, not to the bakvir,
Grg. i. 35, 114; ek ry essa tv menn r kviburinum fyrir sk, at eir eru bsetu-menn en
eigi bndr, Nj. 236; cp. l.c. below, where the distinction between both is dened. The Norse law, on
the other hand, distinguishes between hersir or lendir menu (barons) and bandi, cp. the interesting
passage Fms. vi. 279 (verr mr lends manns nafn ekki at viringu; n vil ek heldr heita bndi
sem ek tt til); the Norse hauldr- or als-bndi nearly answers to the Engl. 'yeoman.' In the more
despotic Norway and Denmark, as in continental Europe, 'bndi' became a word of contempt,
denoting the common, low people, opp. to the king and his 'men' (hir), the royal ofcers, etc.; just
as the Engl. boor degenerated from A. S. gebur, Germ, bauer, Dutch boer; and in mod. Dan. bnder
means plebs, a boor; such is the use of bndi in the Fms., esp. Sverr. S. and Hk. S. In the Icel.
Commonwealth the word has a good sense, and is often used of the foremost men -- Sighvatr bndi,
Sturl. ii. 78; Rafn bndi (i.e. Sveinbjarnarsson), Bs. i. Rafn. S. several times; Rtr talai til
Marar, hugsa sv um bndi (Mord Gigja), Nj. 3; optar her glaari verit, bndi, en n, 174
(of Flosi); Njll bndi, id.; orsteinn bndi, Illugi bndi, Gunnl. S. sl. ii; Bjrn bndi, Safn i. 657;
Bjrn bndi Einarsson (Jrsalafari), Ann. 1393; Ari bndi, Dai bndi, Bs. ii. 474, 505; it is only
opp. to the clerks (clergy) or knights, etc. This notion of the word (a franklin) still prevails in the
mind of Icelanders. 2. a husband, A. S. hsbond; eigi var skegglauss orvaldr bandi inn, Nj. 52,
Grg. i. 371, 377, Fms. i. 149; hj hvlu banda ns, Nj. 14. [The learned Icel. clergyman Eyjulf on
Vellir (died A.D. 1747) has written a short essay upoii the word bndi, Icel. MSS. Bodl. no. 71.]
COMPDS: -- (in mod. use always bnda- if pl., bnda- if sing.) -- bnda-bani, a, m. a slayer of a
bndi, Fms. vi. 104. bnda-bl, n. (bnda-br, m.), a farm, Grett. 96 A. bnda-dttir, f. a bndi's
daughter, Eg. 24, Snt 18. bnda-eir, m. a bundi's oath, Gl. 67. bnda-far, n. a bndi's ferry-
boat, Hkr. ii. 292. bnda-f, n. a provincial fund, Gl. 11. bnda-flk, n. a class of bndr, Fms. vii.
293. bnda-fylking (banda-), f. a host of bndr, Fms. viii. 126. bnda-herr, m. an army of bndr,
Fms. i. 162. bnda-hlutr. m. = bndatund. Fr. bnda-hus, n. a bndi's house, K. . K. 26. bnda-
hvla, u, f. a bndi's bed, El. 9. bnda-kirkja (banda-), u, f. the church belonging to the bndi in
Thingvalla, where the parliament was held; and banda-kirkjugarr, m. the churchyard to that
church, vide Nj. and Grg. This church was erected about the middle of the 11th century, vide
Kristni S., Fms. vi. 266. bnda-kona, u, f. a good wife of a bndi, Gl. 511. bnda-laus, adj.
husband-less, widowed, Stj. 420. bnda-lega, u, f. the burial place of bndr, N. G. L. i. 368.
bnda-li, n. = bndaherr, Fms. ii. 48. bnda-ligr, adj. farmer-like. bnda-mgr, m. a crowd, host
of bndr, Fms. xi. 248. bnda-nafn, n. the name, title of bndi, Fms. vi. 279, Gl. 106. bnda-
rttr (banda-), m. the right of a bndi, Fms. ix. 135. bnda-safnar (-samnar) = bndamgr,
Hkr. ii. 307, Fms. vii. 320. bnda-skapr, m. the state of the bndr, opp. to the clergy, Bs. i. 590.
bnda-son, m. the son of a bndi, Eg. 232. bnda-tala, u, f., vera b., to be told or counted among
bndr, Fas. ii. 326. bnda-tund, f. tithe to be paid by bndr, Vm. 104. bnda-ungi, a, m. a young
bndi, Hkr. iii. 275. bnda-val, n. the elite of bndr; var gott b., there were choice bndr to be
found, Sturl. i. 130, Landn. 236. bnda-tt, f. a bndi's extraction, Fms. vi. 278.
bn-lei, f. a begging path; in the phrase, fara b., to go begging from house to house, Nj. 185: in
mod. use, fara bnarveg (a e-m) is to entertain, v. however bolei.
bn-or, f. wooing, courtship; hefja b. vi, to woo; san hf rlfr bnor sitt vi Sigur ok ba
Sigrar dttur hans, Eg. 38, 97; vekja b., Ld. 99, Nj. 17. COMPDS: bnors-fr, f. a wooing
journey; fara b., to go a-wooing, Nj. 16. bnora-ml, n. the business of wooing, Ld. 92. As to
wooing and courtship in old times, cp. Ld. ch. 7, 23, 68, Nj. ch. 2, 9, 13, 27, 33, 98, Gunnl. S. ch. 5,
9, Hnsa . S. ch. 10, Glm. ch. 11, Lv. ch. 5, Har. S. ch. 3, Eb. ch. 28, 41, Vd. ch. 3, 12, Korm S.
ch. 7, Gsl. 9, Hallfr. S. ch. 4, Bs. i. 53-56 (the story of bishop sleif), orl. S. ch. 5, Sturl. i. 197,
198, 200, 206-208 (the two sisters there), etc. The meeting of the parliament, where people from all
parts of the island were gathered together, was a golden opportunity for 'bnor' (v. the passages
above). 2. = begging, Gsl. 85.
BT, ar, f., pl. btr, [Ulf. bota; A. S. bt; Engl. boot, booty, to boot; O. H. G. puoz; Germ. bsse;
akin to bati, better, etc.] :-- bettering, improvement: 1. a cure, remedy, mental as well as bodily,
from sickness, loss, sorrow, etc.; f bt e-s, meina, Fms. vii. 251, ix. 427, Fas. i. 175; allra meina
bt; vinna e-m b., to comfort one, Landn. 212; bera til bta, to amend, Fms. xi. 236; berja ... e-n til
bta is to beat ... one so that he never recovers from it. 2. as a law term, almost always in pl.,
atonement, compensation, and esp. = mann-btr, weregild, cp. vgs-btr, sak-btr, etc., Fms. vii.
36, Hrafn. 4, 9, Eb. 106, sl. ii. 272, and in endless cases in Grg. (Vl.) and Nj.: btr and mann-
gjld are often used indiscriminately, e.g. tvennum btum, or tvennum manngjldum, a double
weregild; cp. also the phrase, halda uppi btum, to discharge, pay the b.; the sing. is rare in this
sense, Nj. 58, Grg. ii. 182. 3. in such phrases as, e-t berr til bta (impers.), it is a comfort,
satisfaction, Nj. 58, Fms. x. 264; (mikilla) bta vant, very shortcoming, Ld. 328. 4. a patch, of an
old torn garment; enginn setr bt af nju kli gamalt fat, Matth. ix. 17; svrt bt var milli hera
honum, Sturl. ii. 230. COMPDS: bta-lauss, adj. a law term, 'bootless,' getting no redress; hafa sr
btalaust, Rd. 269: irreparable, Fms. i. 264, Hom. 121. bta-mar, m. a law term, a man who has
to receive 'btr' for hurt or damage suffered, Ann. 1372, Gl. 160; hence btamar, exlex, an
outlaw, who has forfeited his right to 'btr.' bta-verr, adj. worth redress, Fbr. 33.
BTI, a, m. [Fr. botte; a for. word], a boot, Nj. 190, Fms. vii. 186, N. G. L. iii. 13.
bt-leysi, n.; lemja e-n til b. = til bta above, Grett. 154.
bt-sama, , to make better, repair, Grg. i. 123, ii. 335.
bt-ar (-arfa), adj. ind. needing 'btr' or satisfaction, Fms. vii. 154, Sturl. iii. 123.
braga, a, of the northern lights, to icker, Bjarni 69.
BRAG, n. [cp. brega]. I. the fundamental notion is that of a sudden motion: 1. temp. a while,
moment, cp. auga-brag; in adverb, phrases, af bragi, at once, Hrafn. 17, Gs. 18, Am. 2; af ()
skmmu bragi, shortly, Fms. vi. 272, viii. 236, 348; fyrsta bragi, the rst time (rare), Gl. 532,
Js. 129; skams brags, gen. used as adv. quickly, in a short time, Bs. i. 336, 337, Fms. viii. 348, v.l.;
cp. 'at a brayd,' 'in a brayd,' Engl. Ballads. 2. loc. a quick movement; vi-brag (cp. brega vi),
knfs-brag (cp. brega sveri), a slash with a knife. 3. metaph. in many phrases, vera fyrri
(skjtari) at bragi, til brags, to make the rst move; eir hafa orit fyrri at b. at stefna en vr, Nj.
241, Bs. ii. 106; sv at verir skjtari at b. at veia enna ning, Fms. i. 206, ix. 288; vera
bragi me e-m, to lend one a helping hand, mostly in something uncanny, Gsl. 5, Bs. i. 722;
snarast brag me e-m, id., Ld. 254; taka e-t brags, til brags or brag, to take some step to get
clear out of difculties, Nj. 263, 199, Fms. ix. 407, Grett. 75 new Ed.; at var b. (step, issue) Atla, at
hann hljp ..., Hv. 53; vitrligt b., a foolish step, Nj. 78; karlmannligt b., a manly issue, 194; gott
b., Fs. 39; heyriligt b., an unheard-of thing, Finnb. 212. II. [brega A. III], a 'braid,' knot, stitch,
chiey in pl.; hekla saumu ll brgum, a cloak braided or stitched all over, Fms. ii. 70; fgu
brgum, all broidered, v. 345, Bret. 34; rstu-brag, a scratched character. 2. in wrestling, brag or
brg is the technical phrase for wrestlers' tricks or sleights; mjamar-brag, leggjar-brag, hl-
brag, klof-brag ..., the 'brag' of the hip, leg, heel ..., Edda 33; [fang-brag, wrestling], hence
many wrestling terms, fella e-n sjlfs sns bragi, to throw one on his own brag. 3. gen. a trick,
scheme, device, [A. S. brg, brd; Engl. braid = cunning, Shakesp.], chiey in pl., me ymsum
brgum, margskyns brg, Fas. i. 274, Fms. x. 237; brg tai, a trick in the game, a proverb,
when things go not by fair means, Bs. ii. 318; ferr at fornum brgum, in the old way, Grett. 79 new
Ed.: but also sing., sr konungr n brag hans allt, Fms. xi. 106; hafi hann sv sett bragit, x. 305,
Eg. 196 (a trick); ek mun nna brag ar til, at Kristni mun vi gangast slandi, Hkr. i. 290; brag
hitta eir n , Lv. 82. . with a notion of deceit, a trick, crafty scheme; me brgum, with tricks,
Hkr. ii; ba yr brgum, to brood over wiles, Fas. i. 290; hafa brg undir brnum, to have craft
under one's eyebrows, look crafty, Band. 2; undir skauti, under one's cloak, id., Bs. i. 730; beita e-n
brgum, metaphor from hunting, to deal craftily with one, Rm. 42, sl. ii. 164; hafa brg vi e-n,
Njar. 382, 378; vera forn brgum, old in craft, of witchcraft, sl. ii. 399: hence such phrases as,
braga-karl, a crafty fellow, Grett. 161; braga-refr, a cunning fox; brgttr, crafty, etc. In Swed.
'bragder' means an exploit, action, whilst the Icel. implies some notion of subtlety or craft; yet cp.
phrases as, str brg, great exploits, Fb. ii. 299; hreysti-brg, hetju-brg, great deeds, (above I.
3.) III. [brega C; cp. A. S. brd, Engl. breath], countenance, look, expression; hn her hvti ok b.
vrt Mramanna, sl. ii. 201, v.l.; annig er brag r, at munir fs svfast, thou lookest as if ...,
cp. brg undir brnum above, Fms. ii. 51; heilagleiks b., to look like a saint, Bs. i. 152; at b. hafi
hann sr sem, Ld. 24; ekki her b. r sem hrlenzkir menn, Fms. x. 227; annig ertu bragi
sem ..., thou lookest as if ..., sl. ii. 149; me illu bragi, ill-looking, Sturl. i. 170; me hru, glu
b., Bs. ii. 505; me beztu bragi, stern, Pass. 21. 1; me hryggu bragi, with gloomy look; me
betra bragi, in a better mood, Nj. 11; bleyi-mannligr b., cowardly, Fms. ii. 69: metaph., Sturla
gri at brag , at hann hefi fundit ..., S. put that face on a thing, Sturl. ii. 176. IV. [bergja,
gustare], taste; vatns-brag, beisku-brag, bitter taste, of water; -brag, a bad avour, etc. 2. [ =
bragr], mode, fashion; in vinnu-brg, working; hand-brag, handicraft; lt-brag, manners; trar-
brg, pl. religion, mode of faith; aa-brg, mode of gaining one's livelihood, etc.: very freq. in
mod. usage, but in old writers no instance bearing clearly upon the subject is on record; cp. however
the phrase, brag er at e-u, a thing is palpable, tangible: lti brag mun ar at (it must be very
slight) ef nnr ekki, Ld. 136; rit b. mun at v, Nj. 58; grist ar at sv mikit b., it went so far
that ..., Fms. i. 187, Grett. 158 new Ed.
braga, a, I. = braga, of light, Sks. 202 B. II. [Engl. to breathe], to give signs of life, of a new-
born babe, of one swooning or dying; fddi hn barnit, ok fanst eigi lf me, ok hr eptir
bragai fyrir brjstinu, i.e. the infant began to draw breath, Bs. i. 618, ii. 33; at bragar sem kvikt
er, ir. 114. III. to taste = bergja, freq. in mod. usage.
brag-alr, m. a brad-awl, used in Icel. for producing re, bragals-eldr, m. re produced by a b.,
Bs. i. 616; hann tk b. millum tveggja trj, ii. 176.
brag-illr, adj. ill-looking, Fms. x. 174.
brag-lauss, adj. (-leysi, f., medic. pallor), pale, insipid.
brag-ligr, adj. expedient, Karl. 451: mod. well-looking.
brag-mikill, adj. expressive looking, Sturl. iii. 129.
brag-samr, adj. crafty, El.
brag-vsi, f. craft, subtlety, Edda 110.
brag-vsligr (and -vss), adj. cunning, Fms. ii. 140.
BRAGGA, a, [Engl. brag], to throw off sloth, Bb. 1. 24.
Bragi, a, m. the god of poetry Bragi, also a pr. name: in pl. bragnar, pot, heroes, men, Edda, Lex.
Pot.; cp. A. S. brego = princeps.
BRAGR, ar, m. [akin to brag, braga, bragi, etc.] I. best, foremost; b. kvenna, best of women, Skv.
2. 15; sa b., best of Ases, Skm. 34; b. karla er kvenna, Edda 17: only used in poetry or pot,
language, cp. the A. S. brego (princeps) Egypta, Normanna, Israelita, Gumena, Engla, etc. :--
hence the compd bragar-full or braga-full, n. a toasting cup, to be drunk esp. at funeral feasts; it
seems properly to mean the king's toast (cp. Bragi = princeps), i.e. the toast in the memory of the
deceased king or earl, which was to be drunk rst; the heir to the throne rose to drink this toast, and
while doing so put his feet on the footstool of his seat and made a solemn vow (stga stokk ok
strengja heit); he then for the rst time took his father's seat, and the other guests in their turn made
similar vows. For a graphic description of this heathen sacred custom, vide Yngl. S. Hkr. i. 49,
Hervar. S. Fas. i. 417 and 515, Hkv. Hjrv. 32, Ragn. S. Fas. i. 345. It is likely that the b. was
mostly used at funeral banquets, though the passages in the Ragn. and Hervar. S. (cp. also Hnsa.
S. ch. 12) seem to imply its use at other festivals, as weddings; cp. also the description of the
funeral banquet, Hkr. i. 231, where 'minni hans' (the toast of the dead king) answers to bragarfull;
cp. also the funeral banquet recorded in Jmsvik. S., where the Danish king Sweyn made the vow
'at bragarfulli' to conquer England within three winters. This is said to have been the prelude to the
great Danish invasion A.D. 994, Fagrsk. 44, and Hkr. to l.c. The best MSS. prefer the reading
bragar- (from bragr, princeps), not braga-. II. nearly like Lat. mos, a fashion, habit of life, in
compds as, bjar-bragr, heimilis-bragr, hbla-bragr, house life; sveitar-bragr, country life; bnda-
bragr, yeoman life; hras-bragr, lands-bragr, etc. Icel. say good or bad bjarbragr, Bb. I. 15. III.
poetry; gefr hann (viz. Odin) brag skldum, Hdl. 5, Edda 17: in mod. usage chiey melody or metre.
COMPDS: bragar-bt, f. a sort of metre, Edda 130: mod. palinode. bragar-fri, f. prosody, Icel.
Choral Book (1860), pref. 7. bragar-laun, n. pl. a gift for a poem dedicated to a king or great
person, Eg. 318, sl. ii. 223, 230 (Gunnl. S.), etc. bragar-ml, n. pl. poetical diction, Edda 134; of
using obsolete pot. forms, Sklda 189.
BRAK, n. [Ulf. brakja = GREEK; A. S. and Hel. ge-brc; cp. Lat. fragor], a creaking noise, Hkr.
iii. 139, Br. 160, Fms. ii. 100.
braka, a, [cp. Ulf. brikan = GREEK; A. S. brecan; Engl. to break; Lat. frangere] :-- to creak, of
timber, Hom. 155, Fs. 132, Gsl. 31, Fas. ii. 76.
brakan, f. a creaking, Fms. iv. 57.
BRAKUN, m. [Engl. word], a broker, Fms. v. 183; O. H. L. 56 reads brakkarnir.
BRALLA, a, to trick, job; hvat er a sem brn ei b., Jn. orl.
BRAML, n. (bramla, a), a crash, Safn i. 93, sl. rb. v. ch. 128.
BRANA, u, f. a freq. name of a cow, [brana = juvenca, cited by Du Cange from old Spanish Latin
deeds; it probably came into Spain with the Goths.] brnu-grs, n. pl., botan. Satyrium Albidum; in
Icel. lore this ower plays the same part as the German alraun or English mandrake; the b. are also
called 'Friggjar-gras' (Frigg = Freyja, the goddess of love), and 'elsku-gras,' ower of love, as it is
thought to create love between man and woman, sl. js. i. 648. Gen. xxx. 14.
branda, u, f. a little trout: the Manks call the salmon braddan.
brand-erf, f. a Norse law term, originating from the heathen age when dead bodies were still
burnt, vide arfsal, a sort of clientela, giving life-long support to a man; 'til brands er bls,' i.e. ad
urnam, and inheriting him when dead; dened N. G. L. i. 50.
brand-gs, f. anas tadorna, Edda (Gl.)
brand-krossttr, adj. brindled-brown with a white cross on the forebead (of an ox), Brand. 59; cp.
brndttr, a brindled ox.
BRANDR, m. I. [cp. brenna, to burn; A. S. brand (rare)], a brand, rebrand; even used
synonymous with 'hearth,' as in the Old Engl. saying, 'este (dear) buith (are) oun brondes,' E. Engl.
Specimens; b. af brandi brenn, Hm. 56; at brndum, at the re-side, 2, Nj. 195, 201; hvarfa ek
blindr of branda, id., Eg. 759; cp. eldi-brandr. 2. [cp. Dan. brand, Germ, brand], a ame; til brands,
ad urnam, N. G. L. i. 50 (rare); surtar-brandr, jet; v. brand-erf. II. [A. S. brand, Beow. verse 1454;
Scot. brand = ensis; cp. to brandish], the blade of a sword; brast at (viz. the sword) undir hjaltinu,
ok fr b. grenjandi nir na, Fas. ii. 484, Korm. 82, Eb. 238, Fms. i. 17, Bs. ii. 12; vga-brandr, a
war-brand, a meteor. III. a freq. pr. name of a man, Brand.
B. On ships, the raised prow and poop, ship's beak, (svri and brandr seem to be used
synonymously, Konr. S. l.c.); fellr brattr breki brndum hrri, the waves rise high above the
'brandar,' Skv. 2. 17; brandar af knerri (a b. on a merchant-ship), Grett. 90 new Ed., Fms. ix. 304;
hann tk um skipstafninn; en menn hans tku af hendr hans, v at br var eigi af brandinum (sing.
of the 'high prow' of a ship), viii. 217; leiddist mr fyrir rsbjrgum, er brandarnir skipum Bagla
stu augu mr, 372, 247; gyltir brandar ok hfu, Konr., where some MSS. 'hfu ok svirar.' 2.
ships' beaks used as ornaments over the chief door of dwellings, always in pl.; af knerri eim eru
brandar verspir fyrir dyrum, before (above?) the door, Landn. 231, cp. Grett. 116, where it can be
seen that the b. were two, one at each side of the door; hann s fatahrgu brndum, heaps of
clothes on the b., 179; b. kaiga hr fyrir hllinni sv at eir gnfu yr bust hennar (b.
exceeding high over the door so that they rose above the gable), gyltir vru knappar ofanverum
brndunum, Konr. S.: these doors are hence called branda-dyrr, Sturl. ii. 106, iii. 200, 218.
brand-rei, f. [A. S. brandreda], a grate, Stj. 310, 315, Exod. xxx. 3, xxxvii. 26, Mar. 50; steikja
b., to roast on a grate, Mar. (Fr.)
brand-skjldttr, adj. of cattle, brindled, red and white spotted.
brand-stokkr, m. a dub. GREEK a high trunk of a tree in the middle of the hall of the mythical
king Vlsung, Fas. 1. 119; Vr. 142 reads botstokk.
branga, u, f. an GREEK and dub., Hm. 21: cp. old Germ. brang = pracht.
brasa, a, to braze (Shakesp.), to harden in the re: cp. brsur, f. pl. in the metaph. phrase, eiga
brsum, to be always in the re, always quarrelling.
BRASS (cp. brasar, Fms. viii; brasi, ix. 8), m. [cp. Germ, bras = epulae; Swed. brasa; Dan.
brase = to roast; Engl. to braze], a cook, an GREEK, Am. 59.
brasta, a, [Germ, brasten], to bluster. Band. 8.
bratt-gengni, f. skill in climbing, Fms. ii. 275.
bratt-gengr, adj. skilful in climbing, Fms. ii. 169: steep, Greg. 62.
bratt-leitr, adj. with projecting forehead, Fb. i. 540.
BRATTR, adj. [A. S. brant, bront; Swed. brant; North. E. brant and brent], steep, of hills, etc.;
brtt brekka, a 'brent' hill, Hrafn. 20; brur, high waves, Sks. 40: metaph., bera bratt halann,
metaphor from cattle, to carry the tail high (in mod. usage vera brattr), opp. to lgja halann, to
droop the tail, sl. ii. 330, cp. Hkv. Hjrv. 20; reynt he ek fyr brattara, cp. Lat. graviora passus, I
have been in a worse plight, Ann. 56; einatt he ek brattara tt, Grett. 133: mr her opt boizt
brattara, id., etc.,--a metaphor from mountaineers.
bratt-steinn, m. a stone column, Hm. 29.
BRAU, n. [A. S. bread; Engl. bread; Germ, brod; Dan. brd]. This word, which at present has
become a household word in all branches of the Teutonic, was in early times unknown in its present
sense: Ulf. constantly renders GREEK as well as GREEK by hlaibs; Engl. loaf; A. S. hlf; the old
A. S. poetry also has hlf, and the old heathen Scandin. poems only hleifr, Hm. 40, 51, Rm. 4, 28. In
Engl. also, the words lord, lady,--A. S. hlfvord, hlfdige, which properly mean loaf-warder, loaf-
maid,--bear out the remark, that in the heathen age when those words were formed, bred, in the
sense of panis, was not in use in England; in old A. S. the word is only used in the compd beobred
of the honeycomb (Gr. GREEK), cp. Engl. bee-bread; O. H. G. bibrod; Germ, bienenbrod; and this
seems to be the original sense of the word. The passage in which doubtless the Goths used 'braud,'
Luke xxiv. 42--the only passage of the N. T. where GREEK occurs--is lost in Ulf. Down to the 9th
century this word had not its present sense in any Teut. dialect, but was, as it seems, in all of them
used of the honeycomb only. The Icel. calls thyme 'br-bjrg' or 'bro-bjrg' (sweet food?); cp. the
Lat. 'redolentque thymo fragrantia mella;' the root of 'brau' is perhaps akin to the Lat. 'fragrare.'
The transition from the sense of honeycomb to that of bread is obscure: in present usage the 'bread'
denotes the substance, 'loaf' the shape; b. ok smjr, Eg. 204; b. ok kl, Mar.; heilagt b., Hom. 137;
the Icel. N. T. (freq.) 2. food, hence metaph. living, esp. a parsonage, (mod.) The cures in Icel. are
divided into inga-brau and benecia.
brau-bakstr, m. bread-baking, Greg. 55.
brau-diskr, m. a bread-plate, Post. 686 B.
brau-gr, f. bread-making, Stj. 441.
brau-hleifr, m. a loaf of bread, Greg. 57, Orkn. 116.
brau-jrn, n. a 'bread-iron,' Scot. and North. E. girdle, D. N.
brau-kass, n. a bread-basket, Fms. ii. 164.
brau-moli, a, m. a crumb of bread, Stj. 155.
brau-ofn, m. a bread-oven, H. E. i. 394, N. G. L. ii. 354.
brau-skfa, u, f. a slice of bread, Andr. 68.
brau-skorpa, u, f. a bread-crust.
brau-snei, f. = brauskfa.
brau-su., n. spice eaten with bread, Anal. 180.
brauk, n., braukan, f. cracking, Konr. 30, Mag. 5; cp. Brak.
BRAUT, f., dat. brautu, pl. ir, [a purely Scandin. word, formed from brjta, braut, as Engl. road
from Ital. rotta, via rupta] :-- a road cut through rocks, forests, or the like, and distinguished from
vegr, stigr, gata (path, track); nundr konungr lt brjta vegu um markir ok mrar ok fjallvegu,
fyrir v var hann Braut-nundr kallar, Hkr. i. 46; ryja b., to cut a road, sl. ii. 400; braut ... eigi
breiari en gtu breidd, Eg. 582. II. as adv. away, either with or without the prep. '' or ',' braut
or brautu, which is the oldest form; but the common form in the old writers is brot, or with a
double consonant, brott; later by metath. burt, burtu [Dan.-Swed. bort], which are the mod.
forms, but not found in very early MSS.: it occurs in a verse in the Sklda -- rei Brynhildar brir |
'bort' s er hug n 'skorti:'--braut, brautu; braut hvarf or sal sta, Korm. (in a verse), Hm. 88; raut,
fer ek einn brautu, Grett. (in a verse); in the Grg. freq., esp. in the old fragment Ed. A.D. 1852,
pp. 19-26, where Kb. reads brott; the Miracle-book, Bs. i. 333 sqq., constantly gives braut; so also
. H. vellum of the middle of the 13th century: brott, Eg. 603, Nj. 132, Grg. i. 275: burt, burtu, in
MSS. of the 15th century; the MSS. freq. use an abbreviated spelling UNCERTAIN (UNCERTAIN
denoting ro and or), so that it is difcult to see whether it is to be read brot or burt or bort. It is used
with or without notion of motion; the acc. forms braut, brott, burt, originally denote going away; the
dat. brautu, burtu, being away; but in common use both are used indiscriminately; at var brott fr
rum hsum, far off from other bouses, Eg. 203; vera rekinn brott (braut), to be driven away, Nj.
132; fara braut, to go away, Fms. x. 216; af landi brott, Grg. i. 275, 331, 145, 258, 264, cp. also Nj.
10, 14, 26, 52, 196, Fms. ix. 431, Eg. 319, 370, and endless instances. COMPDS: brautar-gengi, n.
a law term, help, furtherance, sl. ii. 322, Ld. 26 (advancement). brautar-mt, n. pl. a meeting of
roads, Grg. ii. 114; cp. j-braut, a high road; vetrar-braut, via lactea, etc. brautar-tak, n. a law
term, bail, security, N. G. L. i. 44.
brautin compds, v. brott.
brautingi, a, m. a beggar, tramp, Hbl. 6, Fms. ii. 73: the proverb, br eru brautingja erindi, the
tramp cannot afford delay, Fas. ii. 262, cp. Hm. 2; the poor had in old times to go from house to
house; cp. gngu-mar, fru-mar; therefore misery and tramping are synonymous, e.g. vlar,
miseria; cp. A. S. vdl = ambitus :-- not till the establishment of Christianity were poor-rates and
other legal provisions made for the poor.
BR, f. [Ulf. braw; A. S. brv; Engl. brow; Germ. brau], an eye-lid; brr (gen. sing.), Edda 15;
brr (nom. pl.), 6; brm (dat. pl.), Vm. 41; br (gen. pl.), Ad. 5; cp. Baldrs-br, Gull-br, sl.
js.: in poetry the eyes are called br-tungl, -mni, -sl, -geisli, moon-, sun-beam of the brow;
tears are br-regn, -drift, rain of the brow; the head br-vllr, eld of the brow, etc., Lex. Pot.
BRD, f. [A. S. brad; Germ, brat], meat, raw esh, esp. venison; blug br (a law term), raw
meat, Grg. ii. 192, N. G. L. i. 82; brytja br, to chop into steaks, Fb. i. 321: pl. metaph. prey of
beasts, varmar brir, Hkv. 2. 41, Fas. i. 209; villi-br, venison; val-br, black spots on the face.
II. sl-br, sun-burning.
BR, n. tar, pitch, Fms. viii. 217, Anecd. 60, Vm. 21, Sks. 28, Krk. 57; fna undir brinu, Fr.
195.
BR, f. (bro, Bs. i. 341), denoting haste (cp. brr), but only used in adverb. phrases, br, at
the moment, Sturl. i. 58, Ld. 302, Bs. l.c.; br ok lengar (mod. br og lengd), now and ever,
Fms. i. 281. II. in many compds, meaning rash, sudden, hot. COMPDS: bra-bugr, m. in the
phrases, gra, vinda bra-bug at e-u, to hasten to do a thing, without a moment's delay, Grett. 98.
bra-fangs, gen. used as adv. at once, in great haste, Fms. iv. 230. bra-stt, f. sudden illness, a
plague, Fms. vii. 155, Jtv. 26: chiey of cattle, murrain, Gl. 498. bra-eyr, m. a rapid thaw,
Eg. 766.
br-bjrg (commonly proncd. bl-berg, n.), f. thyme, Hjalt., Bjrn.
br-daui, a, m. a sudden death, Hom. 12.
br-daur, adj. dead in a moment, in the phrase, vera b., to die suddenly, Ver. 47, Fms. i. 18, sl.
ii. 45, 59, Stj. 196.
br-endis, adv. of a sudden, Ld. 192, Fms. viii. 199.
br-fari, adj., vera b., to travel in baste, Krk. 59.
br-feginn, adj. exceeding glad, Fms. xi. 256.
br-feigligr (-feigr), adj. rushing to death, Fs. 74.
br-fengis = brafangs, Fms. xi. 35, Orkn. 28 old Ed.
br-fengr, adj. hot, hasty, Fms. vi. 109.
br-ger, adj. hot-tempered, Fms. vi. 220, 195.
br-grr, adj. early ripe, of a young man, Fms. vii. 111, xi. 328.
br-grviligr, adj. of early promise, Glm. 338.
br-httligr, adj. most dangerous, Lv. 59.
br-kjrit, n. part. hastily chosen, Sturl. iii. 151.
br-kvaddr, part. suddenly 'called;' vera b., to die suddenly.
br-lauss, adj. not pitched, Hkr. ii. 281.
br-ltinn, part. = brdaur, Fms. xi. 444.
br-ltr, adj. eager, impatient, Bs. i. 172.
br-liga (brla, brlla), adv. soon, hastily, at once, Sks. 596, N. G. L. i. 12, Fms. x. 419, i. 29:
quickly, ii. 180, Hkr. i. 111: rashly, Bs. i. 722, Sks. 775.
br-liti, n. part. [lta], gra b. e-t, to look (too) hastily at a thing, Fms. v. 284, Fbr. 141.
br-lyndr, adj. hot-tempered, Anecd. 48.
br-lti, n. impatience, Bb. 3. 29.
br-mlt, n. part. hastily spoken, Eg. 251.
brna, a, to melt, of snow, etc., Fms. iii. 193, Rb. 356.
br-orr, adj. hasty of speech, Lv. 85, Bjarn. 14.
BRR, adj., neut. brtt, [Swed. brd; Dan. brad; cp. br], sudden, hasty: the allit. law phrase, b.
bani, a sudden, violent death, Nj. 99, Fms. v. 289, Sks. 585 (of suicide); b. atburr, a sudden
accident, Fms. x. 328: metaph. hot-tempered, eager, rash, br er barn-skan (a proverb), Am. 75;
b. barns-hugir, id., Bev. Fr.; b. skaplyndi, Nj. 16, Hm. 21; her veri hlzi b. (too eager, too
rash), essu mli, Vpn. 13; b. ok kafr, rash and headlong, Fms. ix. 245; b. hestr, a ery horse,
Bs. i. 743. II. brtt, brum, and bran used adverb., soon, shortly; var brtt drukkinn
einmenningr, Eg. 551; brtt fanst at , it could soon be seen that ..., 147; vnu brara (Lat. spe
citius), (mod., vonum b.), very soon, in a very short time, Fms. xi. 115; sem brast, as soon as
possible, the sooner the better, Eg. 534: the phrase, e-t berr brum (or bran) at, a thing happens
of a sudden, with the notion of surprise, 361; en llum fllusk hendr (i.e. were startled), at bran
bar at, as it came so suddenly, Hkr. ii. 152, cp. Orkn. 50.
br-rinn, part. suddenly or rashly decided, Fms. ii. 25, Fr. 236; b. tindi, sudden news, Fms.
v. 289; brrakinn, Lex. Pot., seems only to be a bad reading = brrinn, the lower part of the
having been obliterated.
br-reir, adj. very wrathful, Barl. 25.
br-ri, n. rashness, Fs. 53; glappaverk ok b., 184, Fms. ii. 25.
br-sinnar, adj. hot-tempered, Nj. (Lat. Vers.) 219, v.l. (mod. word.)
br-sjkr, adj. taken suddenly ill, Fms. vi. 104.
br-skapar, adj. part. of hasty disposition, Sturl. iii. 123, Nj. 219, v.l., Fas. iii. 520: mod. skap-
brr, hot-tempered.
br-skeyti, n. rashness, Sks. 250, Karl. 495.
br-skeytligr, adj. rash, Str. 9.
br-skeyttr, adj. rash, Fms. vi. 109, sl. ii. 316, Karl. 341, 343.
br-snn, adj. soon seen, Fr.
brung, f. hurry, O. H. L. 19: gen. brungar, as adv. of a sudden, Fms. xi. 70; af brungu, at a
moment's notice, 27.
br-roska (-ar), adj. early ripe, early grown (roski, growth), Finnb. 222, v.l., Fs. 126.
BRK, f., Engl. brake (v. Johnson), a tanner's implement, in the form of a horse-shoe, for rubbing
leather, Eggert Itin. 339: a nickname, Eg. brka, a, in the phrase, brkar reyr, a bruised reed,
Isaiah xlii. 3.
BREI, a, m. [Norse br], a glacier, common in Norway, where the glaciers are called 'brer' or
'fonn;' in Icel. an GREEK, Fas. (Vls. S.) i. 116.
BREF, n. [for. word, from Lat. br&e-short;ve, like Engl. and Germ. brief; Dan. brev], in Icel.
proncd. with a long e, brf :-- a letter, written deed, rescript, etc. Letter-writing is never mentioned
in the true Icel. Sagas before the end of the old Saga time, about A.D. 1015. Brf occurs for the rst
time as a sort of dispatch in the negotiation between Norway and Sweden A.D. 1018; lt au fara
aptr me brfum eim er Ingigerr konungs dttir ok au Hjalti sendu jarli ok Ingibjrgu, . H. ch.
71; brf ok innsigli Engla konungs (viz. king Canute, A.D. 1024), ch. 120: a royal letter is also
mentioned Bjarn. 13 (of St. Olave, A.D. 1014-1030). The earliest Icel. deeds on record are of the
end of the 11th century; in the D. I., Sturl., and Bs. (12th and 13th centuries) letters of every kind,
public and private, are freq. mentioned, vide D. I. by Jon Sigurdsson, Bs. i. 478-481, etc., Fms. vii-
x, Sturl. freq. [In the Saga time, 'or ok jartegnir,' words and tokens, is a standing phrase; the 'token'
commonly was a ring; the instances are many, e.g. Ld. ch. 41, 42, Bjarn. 7, Gunnl. S.; cp. the
interesting passage in the mythical Akv. verse 8, where the sister ties one hair of a wolf in the ring--
hr fann ek heiingja riit hring rauan--as a warning token; cp. also the story of the coin used as a
token in Gsl. ch. 8. In the old Sagas even runes are hardly mentioned as a medium of writing; but v.
rune.] COMPDS: brfa-bk, f. a register-book, N. G. L. ii. 409. brfa-brot, n. breach of
ordinances, H. E. i. 422, Bs. i. 706. brfa-gr, f. letter-writing, Bs. i. 475, Fms. ix. 260. brfa-
mar, m. a letter-carrier, public courier, Fms. ix. 20. brfa-sveinn, m. a letter-boy, Fms. ix. 467.
brfa, a, to give a brief account of, Fms. ii. 257, Al. 66.
brefer, n. breviary, Dipl. v. 18, Vm. 8.
brf-lauss, adj. brieess, without a written document, Th. 78.
brf-sending, brfa-sending, f. a sending of letters, Fms. viii. 111.
brf-setning, f. the composition of a letter, Fms. viii. 298.
BREGA, pret. sing. br, 2nd pers. brtt, later brst; pl. brugu, sup. brugit; pres. breg; pret.
subj. brygi: reex, (sk, z, st), pret. brsk, brz, or brst, pl. brugusk, etc.: pot, with the neg. suff.
br-at, brsk-at, Orkn. 78, Fms. vi. 51.
A. ACT. WITH DAT. I. [A. S. bregdan, brdan; Old Engl. and Scot, to brade or braid; cp. brag
throughout] :-- to move swiftly: 1. of a weapon, to draw, brandish; b. sveri, to draw the sword,
Gsl. 55, Nj. 28, Ld. 222, Korm. 82 sqq., Fms. i. 44, ii. 306, vi. 313, Eg. 306, 505; sver brugit, a
drawn sword, 746; cp. the alliterative phrase in Old Engl. Ballads, 'the bright browne (= bruginn)
sword:' absol., breg (imperat.), Korm. l.c.: b. kn, to slash with a knife, Am. 59; b. tu sveri, to
turn it round in the band, Fms. vii. 157; saxi, Bs. i. 629: even of a thrust, b. spjti, Glm. 344. 2. of
the limbs or parts of the body, to move quickly; b. hendi, ngri, K. . K. 10, Fms. vi. 122; b. augum
sundr, to open the eyes, iii. 57, cp. 'he bradde open his eyen two,' Engl. Ballads; b. ftum, Nj. 253;
b. fti, in wrestling; b. grnum, to draw up the lips, 199, Fms. v. 220. 3. of other objects; b. skipi, to
turn the ship (rare), Fms. viii. 145, Eb. 324; b. e-m eintal, einmli, to take one apart, Fms. vi. 11,
lk. 35; b. sr sjkum, to feign sickness, Fagrsk. ch. 51; brega sr in mod. usage means to make a
short visit, go or come for a moment; eg br mr snggvast til ..., etc. 4. adding prepp.; b. upp; b.
upp hendi, hndum, to hold up the hand, Fms. i. 167; b. upp glfa, 206, Eb. 326: b. e-m lopt, to
lift aloft, Eg. 122, Nj. 108; b. e-u undan, to put a thing out of the way, to hide it, Fas. i. 6; undir,
Sturl. ii. 221, Ld. 222, Eb. 230: b. e-u vi (b. vi skildi), to ward off with ..., Vpn. 5; but chiey
metaph. to put forth as an example, to laud, wonder at, etc.; num drengskap skal ek vi b., Nj. 18;
essum mun ek vi b. slaugar runum, Fas. i. 257; n mun ek v vi b. (I will speak loud), at ek
he eigi fyr n vi ik at tala, Lv. 53: b. e-u , to give out, pretend; hann br v at hann mundi
ra vestr til Mifjarar, Sturl. iii. 197, Fms. viii. 59, x. 322. p. to deviate from, disregard; vr
hfum brugit af rum num, Fr. 50, Nj. 13, 109, sl. ii. 198, Grg. i. 359; b. af marki, to alter
the mark, 397. 5. to turn, alter, change; b. lit,
litum, to change colour, to turn pale, etc., Fms. ii. 7, Vgl. 24; b. sr vi e-t, to alter one's mien,
shew signs of pain, emotion, or the like, Nj. 116; b. e-m (or b. sik) e-s lki, to turn one (by spell)
into another shape, Bret. 13; at brtt r merar lki, lk. 37; hann br sik missa dra lki,
Edda (pref.) 149. II. to break up or off, leave off, give up; b. bi, to give up one's household, Grg. i.
153, Eg. 116, 704; b. tjldum, to break up, strike the tents, Fms. iv. 302; b. samvist, to part, leave
off living together, ii. 295; b. rahag, to break off an engagement, esp. wedding, 11; b. boi, to
countermand a feast, 194; b. kaupi, to break off a bargain, Nj. 51, Rd. 251; b. sslu, to leave off
working, Fms. vi. 349; b. svefni, blundi, to awake, Sdm. 2; smtt bregr slkt svefni mnum, Lv. 53;
b. tali, to break off talking, Vpn. 22; b. orustu, to break off the battle, Bret.: esp. freq. in poetry, b.
hungri, fstu, sulti, to break or quell the hunger (of the wolf); b. glei; b. l, fjrvi, to put to death,
etc., Lex. Pot. 2. to break faith, promise, or the like; b. mli, Grg. i. 148; trnai, Nj. 141; brugi
var llu sttmli, Hkr. ii. 121; b. heiti, Alvm. 3: absol., ef bandi bregr vi grimann (breaks a
bargain), Grg. i. 153. 3. reex., bregask e-m (or absol.), to deceive, fail, in faith or friendship;
Gunnarr kvask aldri skyldu b. Njli n sonum hans, Nj. 57; bregsk oss n eigi, do not deceive
us, Fms. vi. 17; vant er at vita hverir mr eru trir ef fernir b., ii. 11; en eim brsk framhlaupit,
i.e. they failed in the onslaught, vii. 298; at mun eigi bregask, that cannot fail, Fas. ii. 526, Rb.
50; fir munu eir, at einr sinni haldi, er slkir brugusk vi oss, Fms. v. 36, Grett. 26 new Ed.
III. [A. S. brdan, to braid, braider], to 'braid,' knot, bind, the band, string being in dat.; hann
bregr skinn rum enda, he braided the one end in the sh, Finnb. 220; hn br hrinu undir
belli sr, she braided her hair under her belt; (hann) br (untied) brkabelti snu, Fas. i. 47; er eir
hfu brugi kali um, wound a cable round it, Fms. x. 53; her strengrinn brugizk lttat af
ftum honum, the rope had loosened off his feet, xi. 152: but also simply and with acc., b. brag, to
braid a braid, knit a knot, Eg. (in a verse); b. r, to weave a plot, (cp. Gr. GREEK, Lat. suere),
Edda (in a verse); in the proper sense tta and ra, q.v., are more usual. 2. in wrestling; b. e-m, the
antagonist in dat., the trick in acc., b. e-m brag (hl-krk, sveiu, etc.) 3. recipr., of mutual strife;
bregask brgum, to play one another tricks; b. brigzlum, to scold one another, Grg. ii. 146; b.
frumhlaupum, of mutual aggression, 13, 48; bregask um e-t, to contest a thing, 66, cp. i. 34. 4.
part., bruginn vi e-t, acquainted with a thing; munu it brtt brugnir vi meira, i.e. you will
soon have greater matters to deal with, Fs. 84; hann er vi hvrttveggja b., he is well versed in both,
Gsl. 51. IV. metaph. to upbraid, blame, with dat. of the person and thing; fr bregr hinu betra, ef
hann veit hit verra (a proverb), Nj. 227; rr blgr br honum v (Thord threw it in his face),
rsnesingi, at ..., Landn. 101; Klfr br mr v dag, Fms. vi. 105; b. e-m brizglum, Nj. 227.
B. NEUT. OR ABSOL. without a case, of swift, sudden motion. I. b. e-t, as, b. leik, gaman, etc.,
to start or begin sporting, playing; Kimbi br gaman, K. took it playfully, i.e. laughed at it, Landn.
101; b. gamanml, Fms. xi. 151; eir brugu glmu ok glens, they started wrestling and
playing, Ld. 220; bregr hann (viz. the horse) leik, the horse broke into play, ran away, Fms. xi.
280; Glmr svarai vel en br sitt r, Glum gave a gentle answer, but went on in his own way,
Nj. 26, Fas. i. 250: the phrase, hnd bregr venju, the hand is ready for its old work, Edda (Ht.)
verse 26, cp. Nj. ch. 78 (in a verse). 2. b. vi, to start off, set about a thing without delay, at a
moment's notice, may in Engl. often be rendered by at once or the like; br hann vi skjtt ok fr,
he started off at once and went, Fms. i. 158; eir brugu vi skjtt, ok var eim mjk vi felmt,
i.e. they took to their heels in a great fright, Nj. 105; eir brugu vi skjtt, ok fara aan, 107;
bregr hon vi ok hleypr, Grett. 25 new Ed., Bjarn. 60; hrossit bregr n vi hart, id.; en er lafr
spuri, at orsteinn hafi skjtt vi brugit, ok hafi mikit fjlmenni, Ld. 228. . b. til e-s, br
Ingimundr til utanferar, Ingimund started to go abroad, Sturl. i. 117; b. til Grnlands ferar, Fb. i.
430. II. reex, to make a sudden motion with the body; Rtr brsk skjtt vi undan hgginu, Nj. 28,
129; b. vi fast, to turn sharply, 58, 97; bregsk (= bregr) jarl n vi skjtt ok ferr, the earl started
at once, Fms. xi. 11; hann brsk aldregi vi (he remained motionless) er eir pndu hann, heldr en
eir lysti stokk er stein, vii. 227. 2. metaph. and of a circumlocutory character; eigi tti mr
ri, hvrt ek munda sv skjtt bo brugisk hafa, ef ..., I am not sure whether I should have
been so hasty in bidding you, if ..., sl. ii. 156; bregask beina vi e-n, to shew hospitality towards,
Fms. viii. 59, cp. brega sr above. . b. yr, to exceed; heyra eir sv mikinn gn at yr brsk,
they heard an awful crash, Mag. 6; brsk at yr jafnan (it surpassed) er konungr talai, Fms.
x. 322, yet these last two instances may be better read 'barst,' vide bera C. IV; bregask kunnr,
reir ... vi e-t, to be startled at the novelty of a thing, v. 258; b. reir vi, to get excited, angry at a
thing, etc.
C. IMPERS. I. the phrase, e-m bregr vi e-t, of strong emotions, fear, anger, or the like; br eim
mjk vi, er au s hann inn ganga, it startled them much, when they saw him come in, Nj. 68; Flosa
br sv vi, at hann var andliti stundum sem bl, 177; en br fstru Melkorku mest vi essi
tindi, i.e. this news most affected Melkorka's nurse, Ld. 82; aldri he ek mannsbl s, ok veit ek
eigi hve mr bregr vi, I wot not how it will touch me, Nj. 59; br honum sv vi, at hann geri
flvan andliti ... ok ann veg br honum opt san (he was oft since then taken in such ts), er
vgahugr var honum, Glm. 342; en vi hggit br Glsi sv at ..., Eb. 324; orkell spuri ef
honum hefi brugit nokkut vi essa sslu.--Ekki sjm vr r brugit hafa vi etta, en sndist
mr r r brugit, Fms. xi. 148. . brega brn, to be amazed, shocked, Fms. i. 214; br
Gurnu mjk brn um atbur enna allan saman, Ld. 326, Nj. 14; at hlgir mik at eim mun
brn b., 239; n bregr mnnum brn mjk (people were very much startled), v at margir hfu
r enga frtt af haft, Band. 7. II. with prepp. vi, til, , af; of appearances, kynligu, undarliga
bregr vi, it has a weird look, looks uncanny, of visions, dreams, or the like; en bregr n
kynligu vi, undan ykir mr n gaait hvrt-tveggja undan hsinu, sl. ii. 352, Nj. 62, 197, Gsl.
83; n bregr undrum vi, id., Fms. i. 292. III. e-m bregr til e-s, one person turns out like another,
cp. the Danish 'at slgte en paa;' at er mlt at fjrungi bregi til fstrs, the fostering makes the
fourth part of the man, Nj. 64; en v bregr mr til foreldris mns, in that I am like my father, Hkr.
iii. 223; er at lkast, at r bregi meir rla ttina en veringa, it is too likely, that thou wilt
show thyself rather to be kith and kin to the thrall's house than to that of Thweringar, Fb. i. 434; b.
til bernsku, to be childish, Al. 3. . bregr af vexti hans fr rum selum, his shape differs from that
of any other seals, Sks. 41 new Ed. (afbrigi). IV. to cease; e-u bregr, it ceases; sv hart ... at nyt
(dat.) bregi, (to drive the ewes) so fast that they fail (to give milk), Grg. ii. 231; essu tali bregr
aldri (= etta tal bregzk aldri), this calculation can never fail, Rb. 536; verttu (dat.) br eigi, there
was no change in the weather, Grett. 91; skini slar br, the sun grew dim, Geis 19; fjrvi feigra
br, the life of the 'feys' came to an end (pot.), Fms. vi. 316 (in a verse); br fstu, hungri, lfs, ara,
the hunger of wolf and eagle was abated, is a freq. phrase with the poets. V. of a sudden
appearance; kla (dat.) br hvarmana, the eye-lids itched, Fms. v. 96: of light passing swiftly by,
br ljma af Logafjllum, Hkv. 1. 15; ljsi bregr fyrir, a light passes before the eye; mey br
mr fyrir hvarma steina, a maid passed before my eyes, Snt 117; ar vi ugg (dat.) at rjtum br,
i.e. the rogues were taken by fear, 170.
brei, f. = breia.
breia, dd, [Ulf. braidjan; Germ. breiten], to 'broaden,' unfold; b. feld hfu sr, to spread a
cloak on the head, Nj. 164; b. t, to lay out for drying, Sd. 179, Ld. 290, Fbr. 17, chiey of hay; b.
vll and b. hey a vll, Jb. 193; b. e-t yr e-n, to cover one in a thing, chiey of the bed-clothes, Nj.
20, Fms. viii. 237; b. t hendr, to stretch out the hands, vii. 250, Th. 9; b. fam, id., Rm. 16, Pass.
34. 2; b. bor (mod., b. bor), to lay the cloth on the table, Bs. ii. 42.
breia, u, f. a drift, ock, of snow, hay, or the like; also fjr-breia, a ock of white sheep; breia,
a cover, etc.
brei-blingr, m. a nickname, a man from Breiablsta, Sturl.
breidd, f. [Goth. braidei], breadth, Alg. 372, Grg. i. 498, Symb. 22, Fms. x. 272: metaph., Sklda
175.
brei-dlskr, adj. from Broaddale in Iceland, Landn., Nj.
Brei-ringr, in. a man from Broadrth in Iceland, Nj., Landn., etc.
brei-rzkr, adj. belonging to, a native of Broadrth, Landn., etc.
breika, a, to grow broad, Krk. 52.
brei-leiki (-leikr), a, m. breadth, Stj. 56.
brei-leitr, adj. broad of face, aspect, Hkr. ii. 405, Grett. 90 A.
BREIR, adj. neut. breitt, [Ulf. braids; Scot. brade; A. S. brd; Engl. broad; Germ. breit], broad,
Ld. 276, Nj. 35, 91, Grg. i. 500, Fms. iv. 42, vi. 297; fjrr b. ok langr, Eb. 8; breia stofa, b. br,
the broad chamber, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 2. . breian, adv. in breadth, Fms. viii. 416, x. 13: neut. as adv.,
standa breitt, to spread over a wide space, Edda 10.
brei-vaxinn, part. broad-framed, stout, Grett. 89.
brei-x, f. [old Dan. breth xa; Germ. breitaxt; A. S. brd x], a broad axe, N. G. L. i. 101, Fms.
ix. 33, sl. ii. 210, v.l., Bret. 84, Bjarn. 36, Orkn. 360; 'brand-ox,' Ed. l.c., is a false reading.
BREK, n. a law term, a fraudulent purchase of land, liable to the lesser outlawry, Grg. ii. 241,
242: hence the proverb, s ha b. er beiist, let him have b. that bids for it, i.e. volenti non t
injuria, Grett. 135 new Ed., Fas. iii. 202. 2. pl. freaks, chiey of children; a barna inna brekum
skalt | brosa ei n skemtan halt, Hst. 49.
breka, a, to keep asking, of importunate requests, Fms. vi. 246: the proverb, ltum barn hafa at er
brekar, ir. 51, 110: neut., b. til e-s, Al. 114.
BREKAN, n. [Gael. braecan = tartan], a stitched bed cover.
brek-bo, n. a fraudulent bidding (of land), Grg. ii. 242.
breki, a, m., pot. a breaker, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot.
BREKKA, u, f. [Swed. and Engl. brink], a slope, Orkn. 244, Eg. 766, Gsl. 33, Glm. 395; b. brn,
the edge of a slope, Sturl. ii. 75; hvel, Sks. 64, freq. in local names in Icel.: as a law term, the hill
where public meetings were held and laws promulgated, etc., hence the phrase, leia brekku, to
proclaim a bondsman free; ef rli er get frelsi, ok er hann eigi leiddr lg er b., Grg. i. 358.
COMPDS: brekku-brn, v. above. brekku-megin, n. strength to climb the crest of a hill.
brek-laust, n. adj. fraudless, Grg. i. 137, 200.
brek-r, n. pl. a law term, an attempt at fraudulent acquisition (v. brek), Glm. 347, Boll. 352.
brek-sek, f. a law term, a fraudulent, mock outlawry in order to disable one from pleading his
case, dened Grg. i. 121.
brek-vsi, f. an importunate request. Ld. 134.
brella, u, f. a trick; veii-brella, a ruse, brellinn, adj. = bellinn.
brengla, a, to distort, = beygla, Fas. iii.
BRENNA, an old obsol. form brinna; pret. brann, 2nd pers. brant, mod. branst; pl. brunnu; sup.
brunnit; pres. brenn, 3rd pers. brennr; old brer, Grg. ii. 295, Fms. vii. 20 (in a verse); brenn
(dropping the r), Hm. 56; with the neg. sufx, brennr-at (non urit), 153, [Ulf. brinnan; A. S.
byrnan; Early Engl. to 'brenn;' Germ. brennen; the strong form is almost obsolete in Germ.] :-- to
burn: 1. of a light; eir ttust sj fjgr ljs b., Nj. 118, Fas. i. 340; hrlog brunnu (blazed) af
vpnum eirra, Bs. i. 509: of a candle, to burn out, eigi lengr en kerti at brennr, Fas. i. 341, 342;
cp. Fms. viii. 276. 2. to be consumed by re; kyrtillinn var brunninn, Fms. xi. 420; n brer viara
en hann vildi, the re spreads wider than he would, Grg. l.c. . of a volcano; er hr brann hraunit,
er n stndu vr , Bs. i. 22; brann Borgarhraun, Landn. 78, Ann. several times. . b. upp, to be
burnt up. Grg. i. 459, K. . K. 42; b. inni, to perish by re, Gl. 252, Nj. 198, 200. . to fester,
Fms. xi. 288. r. to be scolded, Eb. 198; skulu grnir grautar dlarnir eir er brant, 200. 3. metaph.
in the phrase, e-t or e-s hlutr brennr vi, one's lot or portion of meat gets burnt in the cooling, one
gets the worst of it; broth 'brennr vi,' is burnt: ortu bndr egar um bardagann (they made an
onslaught), en brann brtt eirra hlutr vi, but it grew soon too hot for them, Fms. iv. 250;
Sigurr kva sitt skyldu vi brenna, quoth Sigurd, he would get the worst of it, i.e. it would never
do, Fr. 236: the phrase, e-t brennr fyrir, or e-t rautt brennr fyrir, of bright hopes, rautt mun fyrir b.
ok til viringar sna, Fs. 68; mun enn nokkut fyrir b. er r komit heim, Fas. iii. 81.
brenna, d, with acc. to burn; b. bl, to burn or light a balere, Hervar. S. (in a verse). 2. to destroy
by re, devastate, Fms. xi. 391, Ann. 1329, 1289: b. upp, to burn up, Eg. 49; b. e-n inni, to burn one
alive, Nj. 115, Grg. ii. 128, Landn. 215, v.l. 3. medic, to cauterise (of hot iron), Grg. ii. 133; b. e-
m dla, to burn spots on one's back, body (medic.), Bs. 1. 644. . metaph. to brand one's back; eigi
urfu Danir at hlast vi oss Normenn, margan dla hfum vr brent eim frndum, Hkr. iii. 148;
b. e-m illan dla, id., Fbr. 190 (in a verse). . b. kol, to burn, i.e. make charcoal (cp. charcoal-
burner), Grg. i. 200. . part., brennt silfr, gull = skrt silfr, gull, pure silver, gold, K. . K. 172, 152;
eyrir brendr (= eyrir brends silfrs), mrk brend, Fms. ix. 421, Hkr. iii. 12; b. gull, Fms. xi. 77.
brenna, u, f. re, burning, Grg. ii. 129, Nj. 158, 199; Njls brenna, Blundketils brenna, etc., Ann.
962, 1010: the burning of a dead body, Edda 38 (= blfr). . astron., according to Finn Magnusson
(Lex. Mythol.) Sirius is called Loka brenna, the conagration of Loki, referring to the end of the
world. COMPDS: brennu-mar, m. an incendiary, Nj. 203. brennu-ml, n. action for re, Nj. 210.
brennu-saga, u, f. a tale of a re, Nj. 269. brennu-star, m. the place where a re has been, Grg.
ii. 128. brennu-sumar, n. a summer of res, Sturl. i. 165. brennu-vargr, m. a law term, an
incendiary (outlawed), dened N. G. L. i. 46, Sturl. iii. 261.
brennandi, m. re, Fms. i. 63 (in a verse).
brennir, m. id., Edda (Gl.)
brenni-steinn (brennu-steinn, brenna-steinn), m. brimstone, sulphur, Sks. 391; Icel. sulphur
mentioned in the 12th and 13th centuries, Arna b. S., D. I., H. E., etc.; b. logi, a sulphur lowe or
ame, Rb. 336; b. vatn, a sulphur well, Stj. 91; b. efr, a smell of brimstone, id.
BRESTA, pret. brast, pl. brustu; part. brostinn; pres. brest, [A. S. berstan, per metath.; Engl. to
burst; Germ. bersten; Swed. brista; Dan. briste] :-- to burst, be rent; jrin brast (the earth burst)
undir hesti hans, Nj. 158; steinninn brast, the rock was rent, Bs. i. 5. . to break with a crash; brast
boginn tv hluti, Hkr. i. 342, Gsl. 81; brestr rng, the rib of a barrel creaks, Jb. 398: the hoops
of a vessel bresta (burst), Fs. 132; skulfu lnd, en brustu bnd (of a tub), Jn orl. 2. to crash, of the
sound alone; hfarnir brustu veggjunum, the hoofs dashed against the wall, Grett. 25 new Ed.;
hvat brast ar sv htt, Hkr. i. 342; brast strengr skipi, then twanged the bowstring on the ship,
Fms. i. 182; brestandi bogi, the twanging bow, Hm. 84. . to burst forth, of a stream, avalanche, or
the like; brestr , of an avalanche, Gsl. 33; skria brast, id., Fms. v. 250; bl brestr t, the
blood bursts out, from a blow, N. G. L. i. 342. . a milit. term, tti brestr, the ranks break in ight,
when the host is seized by panic; brast tti lii Flosa, Nj. 246; er meginttinn brast, Fms.
viii. 229; brast tti Vindum, xi. 233; bardagi brestr, the battle bursts out, begins, (rare and as it
seems GREEK.), Fas. i. 34. . b. or b. , to burst or break out, a storm, gale, cp. Bs. i. 78 (vide
however s.v. bera C. IV): b. or b. t, to ebb, but only of the rst turning of the tide, Bb. 2. 15; augu
b., the eyes break in death, v. auga; hence helbrosti auga. II. impers., e-n (acc.) brestr e-t (acc.),
one lacks, falls short of; brast Sigri (acc.) mm tigi hundraa, Dipl. v. 3; ef oss brestr bori, if
we fall short, get the worst of it, Fms. ix. 507; eigi brestr mik rdi, Fs. 62; mi au er aldri mun
sk (Ed. wrongly skr) b., Br. 169; ef eitt or (acc.) brysti, Fms. iv. 71; hann vissi essa sna
tlan brostna (frustrated), Bs. i. 289; at mun aldri b., that will never fail, Grett. 24 new Ed.:
hamingjuna brestr, Fms. vi. 155 (Ed. hamingjan).
brestr, m. pl. ir, (old acc. pl. brestu, Jd. 25), an outburst, crash, Eb. 230, of a blow against a metal
ring; steinarnir kmu saman, ok var ar vi b. hr, Glm. 375 (cp. heras-brestr, v-brestr), Fms.
xi. 6, 7, Fbr. 148, Hkr. i. 342; her-brestr, the crash produced by a sort of powder (cp. Albertus
Magnus), Bs. i. 798, 799; eim eldi lku laus bjrg str sem kol ai, sv at eirra samkomu
uru brestir sv strir, at heyri norr um land (of a volcano), 803; mtti heyra stra bresti, i.e. the
clash of spears, Flov. 33. II. a chink, ssure, esp. in jewellery; b. gulli, Vkv. 25, cp. 24; vru
gimsteinar sv heilir at eigi var b. eim, Joh. 623. 20; kom mr hug, at b. hafi verit
hringnum, ... eiri brestina, Ld. 126; cp. the phrase, berja brestina, v. berja, to cry off a bargain,
Nj. 32. 2. metaph. a crack, chink; bresti er eim rahag hafa verit, Ld. 128. . want, loss; hvert
bati er b. var, Fms. xi. 441; ar eptir fylgir b. bs, Bb. i. 12; hbla-brestr, domestic misfortune,
Gsl. 79. III. a rattle (hrossa-brestr).
bretta, tt. [brattr], to turn upwards; b. halann, Hkv. Hjrv. 20; cp. bera halann bratt: in mod. use of
the clothes, sleeves, etc., to fold up; b. ne, brrnar: hence brettur, f. pl. comical contortions of
the face.
breyma, used as adj. ind., b. kttr, a she-cat at heat.
breysk-leikr (-leiki), m. weakness of body, Stj. 21: in moral sense, Magn. 504, K. . 200.
BREYSKR, adj. (akin to brjsk), properly brittle: b. leirpottr, a brittle earthen pot, Sks. 543; kerin
b., Stell. 1. 72: chiey metaph. in moral sense, weak, inrm; andinn er fs, en holdi er b. . Matth.
xxvi. 41, Stj. 55, 248, Sks. 688. 13: in mod. writing often spelt with i.
BREYTA, tt, [braut, via], to alter, change: brega implies the notion of breach, breyta simply
denotes change: with dat.; b. farveg (of a river), to form a new channel, Grg. i. 350, Nj. 4, Ld. 158,
Fms. ii. 158, Fb. i. 292; estar jir urfa at b. (transform) nafni hans til sinnar tungu, Edda 14;
vru snjvar miklir ok breyttir (changed, become impassable) vegir allir, Eg. 543, Rb. 262 (where
the acc. is wrong;). . reex., hafa au ekki breyzk san, they have not changed since, Fms. viii. 5.
. to vary; b. httum, to vary the metre, Edda 121; b. hri snu, to dress the hair, Greg. 45; b.
mlum, to speak rhetorically, dress one's words, Fms. vi. 392; rttr ok b., plain and articial, Edda
120; breyttr, plain. II. metaph., absol. without case, to conduct oneself, act, do, behave; ef vi
breytum sv, if we do so, Nj. 202, sl. ii. 181, Fms. i. 150; b. eptir e-m, to imitate, Symb. 15; b. til e-
s, to attempt, Grg. ii. 94. 2. in mod. use chiey in moral sense, to behave, conduct oneself; b. vel,
illa, kristilega, cp. breytni, N. T., Vidal., Pass.
breyti-liga, adv. strangely, Fs. 42, Korm. 54. Lv. 77, Fms. vi. 374.
breyti-ligr, adj. strange, Sturl. iii. 302.
breyting, f. change, N. G. L. i. 382.
breytinn, adj. variable, Post. 645. 90.
breytni, f. change; gra b. um e-t, to make an alteration in a thing, Fas. iii. 155, Mag. 5, Fs. 98;
b. klnai, fashion, N. G. L. iii. 262: new fashion, Grg. i. 338; n-breytni, Snt 68; hann kvast
eigi nenna enn um sinn at hafa essa b., he said that he was not yet minded to, viz. to be baptized,
Fs. 77, Nj. 13 (shape, nature). 2. in mod. usage chiey moral conduct, acting; eptir-breytni,
imitation.
Brezkr, adj. Welsh, Fms., etc.; mod. British.
BRIG, f. [brega A. H.], a law term, 'jus retrahendi,' a right to reclaim, chiey of landed
property; eiga b. til lands; fyrnist eigi brigin, then the right of reclamation will not be lost, Grg.
ii. 202 sqq.; cp. Landbrig and Landbriga-ttr, one of the sections of the law; cp. also als-brig
(Norse), vide Gl. 295 sqq.: also brig dmi, change of a doom or sentence, Sks 588 B: kaupa e-t
brig vi annan, to purchase a thing already bought by another man, Rd. 252; engi brig (neut.
acc. pl. enga?) mun ek her gra, where brig nearly means protest, Fms. ii. 25. 2. gener. breaking,
breach; vinttu-brig, breach of friendship, ckleness, Hm. 83. COMPD: brigar-mar, m. a law
term, one whose lands are escheated, but may be redeemed, Grg. ii. 253, Gl. 290.
briga, , (mod. a), [brega], a law term, to escheat; with acc., b. land, lnd, Grg. ii. 202 sqq.; b.
e-m frelsi, to abrogate, i. 203; b. f (of the forfeiture of a deposit), 183. In the Norse sense, vide
Gl. 295 sqq., Jb. 188 sqq., Dipl. v. 16. 2. with dat. (irreg.), b. jru, Gl. 300: to make void, b.
dmi, 23; b. sttmli, Stj. 382: part, brigandi = brigarmar, Grg. ii. 204.
brigi, n. = brig, Anecd. 14, Mk. 144: cp. compds lit-brigi, gloaming; ver-brigi, change of
weather; af-brigi, etc.
brigi-ligr (brigligr), adj. and -liga, adv. variable, Stj. 117, Sks. 203, 627 B, 677. 8, 2.
brig-kaup, n. a void bargain, because of another man having a prior right of purchase, N. G. L. iii.
177.
brig-lyndi, f. ckleness, Hkr. iii. 273.
brig-lyndr, adj. ckle, Sturl. iii. 123.
brig-mli, n. breach of promise, Korm. 56, Fms. vii. 305.
brigr, adj. faithless, ckle, Hm. 90, 125; brigt (unsafe) yki mr at tra rndi, Fr. 226.
brig-ri, n. ckleness, a whimsy, Edda 110 (new Ed. i. 544, note 26).
brig-ull, adj. variable, ckle, unsafe, Fas. iii. 456.
brig-verpi, n. a cast in another man's shery, Gl. 426.
brigzla, a, (derived from brig and brega), to upbraid, with dat. of the person and thing; b. oss
v, at vr ..., Fms. ii. 227; honum s v brigzlat, that it be thrown in his teeth, Fr. 100, Al. 2: with
acc. of the thing (rare), Stj. 42, Anecd. 30: in mod. use, b. e-m um e-t, Mar. 153 (Fr.): absol., b. e-m
ok ha, Mar. l.c. II. medic. of broken bones (brixla saman) when they are only rudely healed.
brigzli and brigzl, n., chiey in pl. blame, shame, Stj. 176. Gen. xxx. 23; b. ok lygi, Hom. 76,
Fms. i. 270, ii. 69; eilft b., everlasting shame, x. 222; fra e-m e-t brigzli, to throw a thing in
one's teeth, Lv. 59; hafa at brigzlum, Nj. 223; brigzla-lauss, blameless, Fms. viii. 136. II. medic.
callicatio ossium, the callus left after bone-fractures.
brigzl-yri, n. pl. words of blame, Nj. 223, v.l.
BRIM, n. [A. S. brim = aestus], surf, Fr. 174, Eg. 99; boar ok b., Grg. ii. 385; sker ok b., Eg.
161, Landn. 84, 276, Hkr. i. 228. . pot, the sea.
brim-gangr, m. the dashing of surf, Ann. 1312.
brim-hlj, n. the roar of surf.
brimill, m. pl. lar, [bremol, Ivar Aasen], phoca fetida mas, also called brim-selr = tselr, a big sort
of seal, Hful. 5: Brimils-gj, a local name.
brim-lauss, adj. (-leysa, u, f.), suress, calm, N. G. L. i. 139.
brim-orri, a, m. anas nigra, a duck, Edda (Gl.)
brim-rt, n. furious surf.
brim-saltr, adj. salt as the sea.
brim-sornn, part. (rocks) surf-worn, Eg. 142.
brim-steinn, m. brimstone (?), a nickname, Fms. ix.
brim-stormr, m. a gale raising surf, Stj. 26, 89.
brim-tog, n. a rope used to tug a boat through the surf, Gl. 427.
BRINGA, u, f., Lat. sternum, the chest (brjst, pectus), Nj. 24, Eb. 182, Eg. 719: the phrase, e-m
sktr skelk bringu, one gets frightened, Eg. 49, Fb. i. 418. . the breast-piece, brisket, Stj. 310.
Exod. xxx. 27, = bringu-kollr. . metaph. a soft grassy slope, hence Gull-bringur, the golden slopes,
whence Gullbringu ssla in Icel. COMPDS: bringu-bein, n. the breast-bone, Finnb. 256. bringu-
breir, adj. broad-chested, Ld. 296, Sturl. ii. 133. bringu-kollr, v. above. bringu-sr, n. a wound in
the chest, Sturl. ii. 138, Ld. 140. bringu-teinar, m. pl. = bringspalir, Fas. iii. 392.
bring-spelir, m. pl. (mod. bringspalir, sl. ii. 55, 447, or bringsmalir, f. pl.), the 'breast-rails,
breast-bars,' the brisket or part where the lower ribs are joined with the cartilago ensiformis (the
hertespone of Chaucer), sl. l.c., Fms. ii. 151, Gull. 21; bringsplum (dat.), Grg. ii. 16; bringsplu
(acc.), Gsl. 106; bringspala (gen.), Sturl. i. 140; bringspeli (acc.), Grett. 123 new Ed.: often in such
phrases as, nna til (to feel pain) fyrir bringsplunum; [cp. Fr. espalier.]
brinni, a, m. a ame, Haustl. 13.
BRIS, n., medic. schirrus, gristle, Fl. ix. 208: the phrase, bta brisinu, metaphor from a gristly
piece of meat.
BRK, f., gen. ar, pl. brkr, [Engl. brick; Fr. brique; Swed. bricka; Dan. brikke = chess-man in a
game], properly a square tablet, e.g. altaris-brk, an altar-piece, Vm. 10, Bs. ii. 487: in the Sagas
often of a low screen between the pillars (star), separating the bedrooms (hvlurm) from the chief
room, Gl. 345, Fms. v. 339, Sturl. ii. 228, iii. 219, Korm. 182 :-- in mod. usage brk means a small
tablet with carved work, one at the foot and one at the head of a bed, (hfa-brk, fta-brk.) . in
Norway (Ivar Aasen) used of a small table placed at the door; in this sense it seems to be used Bs. i.
(Laur. S.) 854. COMPDS: brkar-bningr, m. and brkar-kli, brkar-tjald, n. covering for a
tablet, D. I. i. 268, Vm. 10, 24. brkar-nef, n. a nickname, Bs. i.
brmi, a, m. re, pot., Edda (Gl.): brmir, m., pot, a sword, Lex. Pot.: a mythic. abode, Vsp. 43.
brj, , (cp. braga), to icker, Stj. 389, ir. 114; brjndi birti, Bs. ii. (in a verse). brjndi, part.
ickering, Stj. 389.
brjl, n. showy tries, in a poem of A.D. 1410; cp. ora-brjl, showy words.
brjla, a, to utter; to confound, disorder: reex., Orkn. 204 old Ed. (mod. word). brjlar, part.
one deranged of mind.
BRJSK, n. [Swed. and Dan. brusk], gristle, cartilage, Fas. i. 351; bein ea b., Grg. ii. 12, 120.
BRJST, n. (brysti, provinc. Icel.), [Ulf. brusts, f. pl. = GREEK and GREEK; A. S. breost; Engl.
breast; Hel. briost, n. pl.; Swed. brst; Dan. bryst, n.; Germ, brust, f.] :-- the breast; b. ok kvir, Eg.
579, Nj. 95; nd brjsti, K. . K. 26; Lat. uber, a woman's breast, in pl., fa barn brjsti, feed a
bairn at the breast, Bs. i. 666, Str. 18, Stj. 429: mod. chiey in pl. = Lat. mammae; hafa barn
brjstum; brjsta-mjlk, milk from the breast; brjsta-mein, medic. ulcus or abscessus mammarum,
Fl. ix. 202; brjsta-verkr, mastodynia (of women), id. II. with the ancients the breast was thought
to be the abode of the mind, as well as of feeling, hence it is pot, called hug-borg, mun-strnd, rei
rnis, minnis knrr, etc., the castle, strand, wain, ship of mind, of thought, of memory, etc., vide
Lex. Pot., Edda 105, Hful. 1, Stor. 18; thus brjst freq. metaph. means feeling, temper,
disposition; hafa ekki b. til e-s, to have no heart for it; kenna brjsti um e-n, to 'feel in the breast'
for one, feel compassion for; mun hann vera rlyndr sem fair hans, en hafa brjst verra, a harder
heart, Sturl. iii. 144, Bs. ii. 70, 41; lta eigi allt fyrir brjsti brenna, of a hardy, daring man; e-m
rennr brjst, of a light slumber, esp. of one sick. . the front, of a wave, Bs. i. 484; b. fylkingar, of
a line, Eg. 268, Fms. v. 77. . metaph. the breast-work or protector of one; b. ok hlfskjldr, Hom.
95; bera (vera) b. fyrir e-m, to be one's defender, to shield one, Fms. vii. 263, x. 235; the phrase,
vinna ei fyrir brjsti e-s, on one's behalf, Gl. 484.
brjst-a, n. strength of chest, Sks. 372.
brjst-barn, n. a child at the breast, Stj. 227, Fs. 154.
brjst-bjrg, f. a breast-plate, Sks. 406.
brjst-brag, n. compassion, Barl. 4.
brjst-bnar, m. a breast ornament, brooch, Js. 78.
brjst-drekkr, m. = brjstbarn, Grg. i. 240.
brjst-fast, n. adj. xed in the heart, Fms. xi. 433.
brjst-festa, t, to x in mind, Barl. 142.
brjst-frir, m. peace of mind, 655 xxvii. 16.
brjst-gjr, f. a saddle-girth, Stj. 397. Judg. viii. 26, Lv. 82.
brjst-gr, adj. (brjst-gi, n. pl.), tender-hearted.
brjst-heill, adj. having a sound chest, Fbr. 94, Mar. 655 xxxii.
brjst-kringla, u, f. a 'breast-disk,' brooch, Vkv. 24, 34.
brjst-leysi, n. heart-sinking, prostration, Bs. i. 387.
brjst-megin, n. strength of mind or heart, Bs. i. 238, Mag. 88.
brjst-mikill, adj. broad-chested, Sks. 227 (of waves).
brjst-milkingr, m. a suckling, Matth. xxi. 16.
brjst-reir, adj. enraged, ir. 116.
brjst-reip, n. a breast-rope, girdle, a nickname, Orkn.
brjst-stofa, u, f. a front room, D. N. (Fr.)
brjst-sullr, m. a tubercle in the lungs, Greg. 74.
brjst-svii, a, m. heartburn, Fas. iii. 392, Fl. ix.
brjst-veiki, n. (brjost-veikr, adj.), chest-disease, Fl. ix,
brjst-veill, adj. having a delicate chest.
brjst-vit, n. mother-wit, Bs. i. 164, Pass. 44. 17.
brjst-vitra, u, f. id., Bs. ii. 11.
brjst-ili, n. = bjrili, a front wall, Sturl. ii. 66, Hom. 94.
brjst-ungt, n. adj., Bs. i. 644, (-yngsli and -reyngsli, n.), asthma.
BRJTA, pret. braut; 2nd pers. brautt is obsolete; commonly brauzt or brauztu, . H. 24 (in a
verse), Fms. vi. 139 (in a verse of A.D. 1050); pl. brutu; sup. broti; pres. brt: [this word does not
occur in Ulf. and is unknown in Germ.; the A. S. has bretan, bretan, but rarely and in the sense to
destroy, demolish: but the Scandin. dialects all have it; Swed. bryta; Dan. bryde; whereas the Goth,
braican, Germ. brechen, Engl. break are unknown to the Scandin. idioms. Du Cange records a
Latin-Spanish britare = destruere; it is therefore likely that it came into Spain with the Goths,
although Ullas does not use it] :-- to break; with acc., Nj. 64, Bs. i. 346; eir brutu ba ftleggi
honum, Hom. 115; sumir brutu (hurt) hendr snar, sumir ftr, Bs. i. 10; ef mar brtr tennr or hfi
manns, Grg. ii. 11; hvrz at er hggit, er broti, cut or broken, id.; eir kmu vi sker ok brutu
stri, Fms. ix. 307; ormr kva betra at ra minna ok brjta ekki, Grett. ch. 50: phrases as, b.
bak, to break the back, Fms. vii. 119; hls, the neck, Vgl. 21; b. hjli (hveli), to break on the
wheel, of capital punishment, Fms. xi. 372, Hom. 147; eim hring stendr rs steinn, er eir menn
vru brotnir um (on which the men were broken) er til blta vru hafir, Eb. 26. 2. denoting to
destroy, demolish; b. skurgo, Fms. x. 277, Bs. i. 10; eir hfu broti hof en kristna land, Fms. i.
32; Valgarr braut krossa fyrir Meri ok ll heilg tkn, Nj. 167. . b. skip, to shipwreck (skip-brot);
brutu ar skipit allt span, Nj. 282, Ld. 8, Landn. 149: absol., hn kom Vikarsskei, ok braut ar,
110: n er (a river) brtr af annars manns landi, Gl. 419; cp. land-brot. 3. adding prepp.; nir,
sundr, af, upp, to break down, asunder, off, or the like; s er nir braut alla Jerusalem, 673. 51; b.
nir bltskap, Fms. iii. 165, viii. (pref.); brutu Baglar af brna, B. broke the bridge off, x. 331; b.
sundr, ix. 482; b. upp, to break up; eir brutu upp ilit, Eg. 235; eir brutu upp br hans (of
burglars), 593; b. upp kirkju, Fms. ix. 12; b. upp hli, to break up a fence, K. . K. 84. . b. upp, to
break up a package, unpack; brtr hann n upp gersemar snar, Fr. 6 :-- as a naut. term, b. upp
means to bring out victuals for the mess, Dan. bakke op; jarl ok hans menn b. upp vistir ok setjast til
matar, Fms. xi. 147: milit., b. upp vpn means to take arms, prepare for battle (in a sea ght); brjta
upp vpn sn ok berjask, Fr. 85; menn brutu upp um annan ll vpn, Fms. vi. 313 (in a verse). . b.
or b. saman, to fold (clothes or the like); b. sundr, to unfold, Nj. 171: in mod. usage also b. brf, to
fold a letter (hence brot, to denote the size of a book); b. upp brf, to break a letter open, Barl. 181;
b. bla, to fold down a leaf in a book, etc.; b. t, to break (a channel) through, Landn. 65 (of a
river); var t brotinn ssinn, Bs. i. 315. 4. various metaph. phrases; b. bg vi, to ght, v. bgr,
Fas. i. 43; b. odd af oti snu, to break the point off one's pride, to humble oneself, Nj. 94 (where
to disgrace oneself); b. straum fyrir e-u, to break the stream for one, metaphor from a post or rock
in a stream, to bear the brunt of battle, Orkn. 344; b. bekrann, vide bekri, Grett. 5. metaph. to break,
violate, lg, rtt, etc.; mun ek eigi fyrir nar sakir brjta lgin n konungs tignina, ea sv
landsrttinn, Fms. iv. 263; en r, konungr, brutu lg Agli, you broke the law in Egil's case, Eg.
416, Fms. x. 401; at brjtir lg n, xi. 93; engi skydi annars r brjta, Bret.; b. bak, to
infringe, Fas. i. 528 (cp. lg-brot, laga-brot); b. af vi e-n, to wrong one, iii. 551: in theol. sense, H.
E. i. 460 (vide af-brot, mis-brot, crime, sin): absol. to transgress, brjta au ok bi, ok gra
hrdm, K. . 134. . denoting force, to force, compel; b. menn til Kristni, Ld. 178, Fms. i. 142; til
trar, Fs. 98; til hlni, to force to submission; allt landsflk var undir broti rki eirra, all people
were brought under their rule, Fms. iv. 64; hn er hernai ok brtr undir sik vkinga, Odd. 22; b.
konu til svefnis, a law term, violare, Grg. i. 338. II. reex., with prepp. , r, um, t, vi, or adv.
braut; brjtask, to break in, out, etc.; hann brauzk haug Hrlfs Kraka, Landn. 169; brjtumk vr
burt r hsinu, to break out of the house, Fas. i. 88; brjtask , to break in upon, press; nundr
brauzk hurina, Onund tried to break in the door, Fs. 101, Fms. vii. 187; b. fram, to break forth,
Bb.; b. milli, to break out between, Bs. i. 634; b. t, to break out, esp. in the metaph. sense of
plague, disease, re, or the like; er t brzk vkvi ok hreinindi, Greg. 22 (t-brot, a breaking out,
eruption); b. um, to make a hard struggle (e.g. of one fettered or pinioned); v harara er hann
brauzk um, Edda 20; bjrn einn brauzk um vk, Fs. 146; af ofrgangi elds ess er um brtsk (rages)
grundvllum landsins, Sks. 151; b. vi e-t, to struggle (wrestle) hard against; eir brutusk vi
skga er stra steina, of enraged berserkers, Fas. i. 515: metaph. to ght hard against, hann brauzk
vi heiinn l, Fms. xi. 396; b. vi ofrei, to ght against odds, sl. ii. 394: absol. to strive hard,
Stj. 411; Hkoni jarli var ekki mikit um at b. vi borgargrina, Haco did not care to exert himself
much about making the burg, Fms. ix. 46: with dat., b. vi e-u, to ght against (in a bad sense); b.
vi gfu sinni, to break with one's good luck, iv. 233; b. vi forlgunum, to struggle against fate,
Fs. 20; b. e-u, to be busy, exert oneself in a thing; eigi arft essu at brjtask lengr, i.e. give it
up, Fms. iii. 102; v at essi mar lafr brzk miklu ofrei, this man Olave struggles against
great odds, iv. 77. 2. recipr., eir rrust sv nr, at brutusk rarnar fyrir, that they broke one
another's oars, Fms. viii. 216. III. impers. in a pass. sense; skipit (acc.) braut spn, the ship was
broken to pieces, Ld. 142; skip angbrands braut austr vi Blandshfa, Nj. 162; tk t skip
angbrands ok braut mjk, Bs. i. 15: of a house, or the like, destroyed by wind or wave, braut
kirkju (acc.), the church was blown down, 30: the phrase, straum (acc.) brtr skeri, the stream is
broken against a skerry (rock); strauminn braut xlinni, the stream broke against his shoulders,
Grett. 140 (the new Ed.), the old Ed. straumrinn -- not so well; l (acc.) brtr, the surf breaks,
abates, Edda (Ht. verse 78). IV. part. brotinn, broken; sver sl ok brotin, Hkr. i. 343: as adj. in
such compds as ft-brotinn, vng-brotinn, hls-brotinn, hrygg-brotinn, etc., with broken leg, wing,
etc.
brjtr, m. one that breaks, a destroyer, mostly in compds or pot., Hm. 17, Lex. Pot.
BRO, n. [Engl. broth; Germ. brod], broth: still used in the east of Icel.: occurs in the compd word
bro-ggr, a broth-cook, in a verse in the Laufs Edda, and wrongly explained in Lex. Pot, to be =
brau-ggr.
brodd-geiri, a, m. a spear-formed piece (geiri, goar) of land, Dipl. iv. 15, Grett. 89, new Ed. brot-
wrongly.
brodd-hgg, n. a blow from a pike, Fms. ix. 528.
BRODDR, m. [A. S. brord; O. H. G. brort; Goth. brozds is suggested], a spike, Eg. 285. . a kind
of shaft, freq. in Lex. Pot., Fms. vii. 211, Fas. ii. 118; handbogi (cross-bow) me tvennum tylptum
brodda, N. G. L. ii. 427; rfa skeptra (shafts) er brodda, i. 202. . a sting, of an insect, Grnd. 46:
metaph., daui, hvar er inn b., 1 Cor. xv. 55. . of the spikes in a sharped horse-shoe or other shoe,
mannbroddar, ice-shoes, orst. Hv. 46, Eb. 238, 240, Acts ix. 5; in a mountaineer's staff (Alpen-
stock), Br. 170. 2. metaph. [cp. O. H. G. prurdi = ordo], milit. the front (point) of a column or
body of men, opp. to hali, the rear; b. fylkingar and fylkingar broddr, Al. 56, 32; cp. ferar-broddr,
farar-broddr, Ld. 96, of a train of cattle and sheep. . the phrase, vera broddi lfsins, to be in the
prime of life, Al. 29. . the milk of cows and ewes immediately after calving and lambing. . botan.
a spike on a plant.
brodd-skot, n. a shot with a shaft (b.), Fms. viii. 359, ix. 528.
brodd-spjt, n. a pike in the form of a bayonet, Fas. ii. 29.
brodd-stng, f. a (mountaineer's) pole with an iron spike, Valla L. 212.
brodd-r, f. a shaft, = broddr, Fas. ii. 344.
BROK, n. bad, black grass; hence Brok-ey, an island, Landn.; cp. broki, a, m. a nickname, Fms. ix.
brokkari, a, m. [brocarius = a cart, Du Cange], prop. a cart-horse, hence a trotter, Karl. 48; from
brokk, n. a trot; brokka, a, to trot; freq. but of foreign origin.
BROKKR, m., prop. a badger (?), [Germ., Scot., and Old Engl. brock.] . the name of a dwarf,
Edda. 2. a trotter, of a horse.
BROSA, brosti; pres. brosi; sup. irreg. brosat, -- to smile; brosti Rtr, Nj. 35, Fms. ii. 197; b. at
e-u, to smile at a thing; at v brosi ek, at ..., id., r. 26, Orkn. 374, Fms. v. 178; b. vi, to smile in
reply; Gurn leit vi honum ok brosti vi, Ld. 246, Fms. vi. 359; b. ltinn ann, Lat. subridere, iv.
101.
brosa, u, f. so in old writers, in mod. usage always bros, n., -- a smile: in the phrase, mla, svara,
me (vi) brosu, to reply with a smile; vi brosu, Sturl. ii. 195; me brosu, Orkn. 464.
bros-leitr, adj. of smiling face, jal. 18.
bros-ligr, adj. comical, Sturl. i. 24, Fms. iii. 113.
BROSMA, u, f. gadus monopterygius, a sh, Norse brosme, Edda (Gl.)
BROT, n. [brjta, cp. O. H. G. broti = fragilitas], gener. a broken piece, fragment: 1. esp. in pl.,
gimsteina brot, 623. 20, 544. 39; brota-silfr, old silver broken to be recast; n eru tekin Grsu
brot, Gsl. 18; gullhringrinn stkk tv hluti, ok er ek huga at brotunum ..., Ld. 126; trogs
brotin, 655 xxi; brutu bar Vkinni ok tluu at gra sr skip r brotunum (a wrecked ship), Grett.
88: in the compds um-brot, fjr-brot, a hard struggle, convulsions, agony; land-brot, desolation of
land by sea or rivers. 2. metaph. only in pl. violation; lagabrot, breach of law; mis-brot, af-brot,
transgression, freq. in theol. writers: arithm. fractions; tuga-brot, decimals, etc. 3. sing. breaking,
bein-brot, q.v.; sigla til brots, to run ashore under full sail, Eg. 405 (skips-brot); cp. haugs-brot,
hrygg-brot. . a fragment; sgu-brot, the fragment of a tale, story; bkar-brot, the fragment of a
MS. and the like. . a shallow place in a river, a rth, where the stream breaks and widens, Grg. ii.
346. . medic. in the phrase, falla brot, to have an epileptic t; for the etymology see brotfall below:
it is not qs. braut (away) because it is constantly spelt with an o, even in MSS. that give 'braut'
constantly, e.g. the Miracle-book, Bs. i. 332-356; hann fll brot, ok vissi ekki til sn lngum,
335, 336: a skin eruption (t-brot). r. a sort of sledge of felled trees = broti; lt hann fra undir
hann brot (a lever?) ok vi etta kmu eir honum upp r dysinni, Eb. 315, Mar. 89 (Fr.)
brot-fall, n. [Ormul. bro-fall], an epileptic t; the spelling in the Ormulum shews the true
etymology, viz. br-fall or br-fall, a sudden fall; brot- is an etymologizing blunder, 544. 39; fll
sveinninn nir ok hafi brotfall, 655 xxx; hann gri sr rar, ok lt sem hann flli brotfall, Landn.
(Hb.) 214, Bs. i. 335, 317, 120, where spelt brottfall, COMPD: brotfalls-stt, f. id., Fms. v. 213,
Bs. i, 317.
brot-feldr, adj. epileptic, Karl. 547.
brot-hlj, n. a crashing sound.
brot-httr, adj. brittle; b. gler, brittle glass.
broti, a, m. trees felled in a wood and left lying, Fms. vii. 320; rngvar merkr ok brota stra, viii.
31, 60, ix. 357.
brot-ligr, adj. guilty, Fms. xi. 444, Jb. 55, 112, 339.
brotna, a, [brotinn], to be broken, Lat. frangi, Nj. 19, K. . K. 54, Fms. iv. 263; b. span, to be
broken to pieces, Eg. 405. This word is used instead of pass. to brjta.
brotning, f. breaking, Hom. 137; rendering of Gr. GREEK, Acts ii. 42.
BROTT- [vide braut II] :-- away, in many compds.
brott-bningr, m. preparation for departure, sl. ii. 59, Fms. ix. 128.
brott-fer, f. an away-going, departure, Fms. i. 69, Grg. i. 274, Sks. 337, Fs. 7, Eg. 750.
brottferar-l, n. a parting banquet, Hkr. i. 216.
brott-utning (mod. -ingr, m.), f. carrying off, Grett. 88, Fms. viii. 251.
brott-fsliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), eager to depart, Hkr. ii. 100.
brott-fss, adj. eager to depart, Fms. xi. 128.
brott-fsi, f. eagerness to come away, Fb. i. 188.
brott-frsla, u, f. transportation, Grg. ii. 358, 379, Jb. 219.
brott-fr, f. = brottter, Eg. 587, Fms. ix. 129, Grg. i. 151. COMPDS: brottfarar-ley, n. leave to
go away, vacation, Orkn. 60, Hkr. ii. 158. brottfarar-l, n. = brottferarl, Fms. i. 58.
brott-ganga, u, f. departure, Fms. v. 183.
brott-gangr, m. = brottganga. . a law term, divorce, Ld. 134 (spelt brautgangr). brottgangs-sk, f.
a divorce-case.
brott-hald, n. a going away, Fms. vii. 197.
brott-hlaup, n. a running away, Fms. iv. 265, Eg. 422.
brott-hvarf, n. disappearance, Fms. ix. 341.
brott-hfn, f. law term, a taking off, Grg. i. 217, 332, 420.
brott-kvma, u, f. a going away, Fms. ii. 298.
brott-laga, u, f., naut. a retiring, after battle, opp. to atlaga, Fms. ii. 297.
brott-rei, f. a riding away, Sturl. iii. 25.
brott-rekstr, rs, m. a driving away, expulsion, Stj. 43.
brott-sending, f. a sending away, Stj. 41.
brott-sigling, f. a sailing away, Fms. ii. 95.
brott-sngr, m. divine service performed out of the curate's own parish, Bs., Sturl., D. I.
brott-taka, u, f. (-tekning, f.), a taking away, Ann. 1218.
brott-tkiligr, adj. removable, Stj. 4.
brott-varp, n. a throwing away, Sks. 388.
brott-vist, f. (-vera, u, f.), a being away, absence, Fms. vii. 48.
brerni, n. brotherhood, Lat. fraternitas, Bs. ii. 72, Mar. 24 (Fr.)
BRIR, gen. dat. acc. brur; pl. nom. acc. brr, gen. brra, dat. brrum: in mod. common
usage irregular forms occur, as gen. sing. brurs; nom. sing., and gen. dat. acc. are also sometimes
confounded, esp. in keeping the nom. form brir through all cases, or even the reverse (but rarely)
in taking brur as a nom.; another irregularity is acc. pl. with the article, brur-nar instead of
brur-na, which latter form only survives in writing, the former in speaking. There is besides an
obsolete poetical monosyllabic form brr, in nom. dat. acc. sing, and nom. acc. pl.; gen. sing,
brrs; cp. such rhymes as brr -- ri, in a verse of Einar Sklason (died about 1170); brr
(dat.) Sinfjtla, Hkv. 2. 8, as nom. sing., Fagrsk. 54, v. l. (in a verse), etc., cp. Lex. Pot. This form
is very rare in prose, vide however Nj., Lat. Vers. Johnsonius, 204, 333, v. 1., and a few times in
Stj., e. g. sns brr, sinn brr, 160; it seems to be a Norse form, but occurs now and then in Icel.
poetry even of the 15th century, e. g. brr nom. sing, rhymes with rr, Skld H. 3. 11, G. H. M.
ii. 482, but is quite strange to the spoken language: [Gr. GREEK Lat. fr&a-long;ter; Goth, brar;
A. S. brar; Engl. brother; Germ. bruder; Swed.-Dan. broder, pl. brdre] :-- a brother: proverbs
referring to this word -- saman er brra eign bezt at sj, Gsl. 17; einginn or annars brir leik;
mur-brrum vera menn lkastir, Bs. i. 134: a distinction is made between b. samferi or
sammri, a brother having the same father or mother, Grg. i. 170 sqq.: in mod. usage more usual
al-brir, brother on both sides; hlf-brir, a half-brother; b. skilgetinn, frater germanus mur-
brir, a mother's brother; fur-brir, a father's brother, uncle; afa-brir, a grand-uncle on the
father's side; mmu brir, a grand-uncle on the mother's side; tengda-brir, a brother-in-law: in
familiar talk an uncle is called 'brother,' and an aunt 'sister.' The ties of brotherhood were most
sacred with the old Scandinavians; a brotherless man was a sort of orphan, cp. the proverb, berr er
hverr baki nema sr brur eigi; to revenge a brother's slaughter was a sacred duty; n tku eir
etta fastmlum, at hvrr eirra skal hefna annars er eptir mla, sv sem eir s sambornir brr,
Bjarn. 58: the word brurbani signies a deadly foe, with whom there can be no truce, Hm. 88,
Sdm. 35, Skm. 16, Hdl. 28; instances from the Sagas, Dropl. S. (in ne), Heiarv. S. ch. 22 sqq.,
Grett. S. ch. 50. 92 sqq., E ch. 23, Ld. ch. 53 sqq., etc. The same feeling extended to foster-
brotherhood, after the rite of blending blood has been performed; see the graphical descriptions in
Fbr. S. (the latter part of the Saga), Gsl. ch. 14 sqq., etc. The universal peace of Fri in the
mythical age is thus described, that 'no one will draw the sword even if he nds his brother's slayer
bound,' Gs. verse 6; of the slaughter preceding and foreboding the Ragnark (the end of the world)
it is said, that brothers will ght and put one another to death, Vsp. 46. II. metaph.: 1. in a heathen
sense; fst-brir, foster-brother, q. v.; ei-brir, svara-brir, 'oath-brother;' leik-brir, play-
brother, play-fellow: concerning foster-brothership, v. esp. Gsl. ii, Fbr., Fas. iii. 375 sqq., Hervar.
S., Nj. 39, Ls. 9, the phrase, blanda bli saman. 2. in a Christian sense, brother, brethren, N. T., H.
E., Bs. . a brother, friar; Svrtu-brr, Blackfriars; Berfttu-brr, q. v.; Krs-brr, Fratres
Canonici, Bs., etc. COMPDS: I. sing., brur-arfr, m. a brother's inheritance, Orkn. 96, Fms. ix.
444. brur-bani, a, m. a brother's bane, fratricide, Ld. 236, Fms. iii. 21, vide above. briir-
baugr, m. weregild due to the brother, N. G. L. i. 74. brur-bl, n. a brother's blood, Stj. 42.
Gen. iv. 10. brur-btr, f. pl. weregild for a brother, Lv. 89. brur-daui, a, m. a brother's
death, Gsl. 24. brur-deild, f. = brurhluti, Fr. brur-dttir, f. a brother's daughter, niece,
Grg. i. 170, Nj. 177; brurdttur son, a brother's son, N. G. L. i. 76. brur-drp, n. the slaying
of a brother, Stj. 43, Fms. v. 290. brur-gildr, adj. equal in right (inheritance) to a brother, Fr.
brur-gjld, n. pl. = brur-btr, Eg. 312. brur-hefnd, f. revenge for the slaying of a brother,
Sturl. ii. 68. brur-hluti, a, m. the share (as to weregild or inheritance) of a brother, Grg. ii. 175.
brur-kona, u, f. a brother's wife, K. . 142. brur-kvn, f. id., N. G. L. i. 170. brur-l, n. a
brother's share of inheritance. brur-son, m. a brother's son, nephew, Nj. 122, Grg. i. 171, Gl.
239, 240; brursona-baugr, Grg. ii. 179. II. pl., brra-bani, v. brurbani, Fbr. 165. brra-
br, n. a friar's bower in a monastery, Dipl. v. 18. brra-brn, n. pl. cousins (agnate), Gl. 245.
brra-dtr, f. pl. nieces(of brothers), Gl. 246. brra-eign, f. property of brothers, Gsl. 17.
brra-garr, in. a 'brothers-yard,' monastery, D. N. brra-lag, n. fellowship of brethren, in
heathen sense = fstbrralag, Hkr. iii. 300; of friars, H. E., D. I.; brotherhood, Pass. 9. 6. brra-
mark, n. astron., the Gemini, Pr. 477. brra-skli, a, m. an apartment for friars, Vm. 109.
brra-skipti, n. division of inheritance among brothers, Hkr. iii. 52, Fas. i. 512. brra-synir, m.
pl. cousins (of brothers), Gl. 53.
brur-ligr, adj. brotherly, Fms. ii. 21, Hom. 26.
BRK, pl. brkr, [Lat. braca, only in pl.]; this word is of Celtic origin, and identical with the
Gaelic braecan = tartan: I. tartan or party-coloured cloth, from Gaelic breac = versicolor. Roman
writers oppose the Celtic 'braca' to the Roman 'toga;' Gallia Bracata, Tartan Gaul, and Gallia
Togata; 'versicolore sagulo, bracas, tegmen barbarum indutus,' Tac. Hist. 2, 20, where it exactly
answers to the Scot, tartan, the national dress of Celts; a similar sense remains in the Icel. names
lang-brk, a surname to a lady because of her tall stature, Nj., Landn.; h-brk, the pot. name of
the hawk, from his chequered plumage (?), Gm. 44; lo-brk, the name of the famous mythical
Danish king, shaggy coat, though the reason for the name is otherwise given in Ragn. S. ch. I; the
name of the Danish ag of war Dannebrog, qs. Dana-brk, pannus Danicus. II. breeches. Scot,
breeks, the sing, denoting one leg; ftinn ok brkina, Eb. 242; ok let hann leika laust knt
brkinni, Fms. vii. 170: pl. skyrtu gyra brkr, Hv. 39, Ld. 136, Stj. 63. Gen. ix. 22, Fbr. 160,
Fms. xi. 150, Vpn. 4; leista-brkr, breeches with the socks xed to them. Eb. 1. c.; blrendar (blue-
striped) brkr, Nj. 184; the lesser outlawry might be inicted by law on a woman wearing breeches,
v. the curious passage in Ld. 1. c. ch. 35; the passage, berbeinn stendr ok her brautingja grvi,
atki har brkr nar, bare-legged thou standest, in beggarly attire, without even thy breeches
on, Hbl. 6 -- the poet probably knew the Highland dress; cp. also the story of king Magns of
Norway (died A. D. 1103); hann hafi mjk siu um kla bna, sem ttt var Vestrlndum
(viz. Scotland), ok margir hans menn, at eir gengu berleggjair, hfu stutta kyrtla ok sv
yrhafnir, ok klluu margir menn hann Berbein er Berftt, Fms. vii. 63: proverbs, barni vex, en
brkin ekki, the bairn grows, but the breeks not, advice to mothers making the rst pair of breeks
for a boy, not to make them too tight; etta verr aldri barn brk, this will never be a bairn in
breeks, i. e. this will never do. COMPDS: brka-belti, n. a breeches belt, to keep them up, Sks.
405. Fas. i. 47, Sturl. iii. 190. brka-vaml, n. cloth or stuff for b., Rd. 246. brkar-stt, f.
nymphomania, Fl. ix.
brk-lauss, adj. breekless, Fms. viii. 448.
brk-lindi, a, m. a girdle (lindi) to keep up the b., Fbr. 160, Ld. 78.
bruningr, m. [bryja), hard bad food, Snt 216.
brugning, f. (m., Stj. l. c., v: l.), [brega]. breach, violation. Stj. 548, 656 A, Sklda 183.
brugg, n. brewing, N. G. L. iii. 197. 2. metaph. machination, scheming, Mar. 52, Thom. 37.
BRUGGA, a. [Germ, brauen; A. S. brewan; Engl. brew; Dan. brygge; Swed. brygga] :--to brew,
but rare in this sense, the current word being heita or gra l, to heat or make ale; cp. l-hita, l-
gr, cooking, making ale. 2. metaph. with dat. to trouble, confound; b. sttmli, Stj. 652: more
often with acc., 610: to concoct, scheme (in a bad sense, freq.)
brugginn, part, brewed, an GREEK Vtkv. 7 (b. mjr): the sole relic of a strong verb answering to
the A. S. breovan, brv, and the old Germ. strong verb.
bruggu-kanna, u, f. a brewing can, Fr.
bruggu-ketill, in. a brewing kettle, Fr.
brullaup, v. brkaup.
BRUM, I. neut. a bud, Lat. gemma; hit fyrsta tk brum at rtna um vrit llum aldinvii til
laufs, Sks. 105; af bruminu, Bs. ii. 165; birki-brum, a birch-bud, Eyvind (in a verse), Lex. Pot. II.
metaph. and masc. spring, only in the phrase, ndveran brum (acc.), in the early spring time,
Sighvat (in a verse); ndveran brum inna daga, Bs. ii. 7. . a moment, in the phrase, enna
(sama) brum; enna brum kom Hringr Dagsson, in the description of the battle at Stiklasta, . H.
218, cp. Fms. v. 81 (where v. l. tma); ' essu bruni,' Fms. ix. 24. is certainly a misspelling for '
enna brum:' cp. also the compd word na-brum, novelty, newfangledness.
brumar, part, budded, Lex. Pot.
bruna, a, to advance with the speed of re; b. fram, of a standard in the heat of battle, Mag. 2: of
ships advancing under full sail, Fins, viii. 131, 188: freq. in mod. usage, Helius rann upp af v
fagra vatni, og brunai fram a eirsterka himinhvolf, Od. iii. 1. Bb. 3. 18.
brundr, m. [Germ. brunft, semen animalium, Sti. 45. brund- t, f. the time when the ewes are
blsma (in Icel. usually the month of December), Bs. i. 873, Vm. 80.
BRUNI, a, m. [cp. Ulf. brunsts; Engl. to burn, burning], burning, heat; slar-bruni, Hkr. i. 5; er
hsit tk at falla ofan af bruna (from the re), Orkn. 458; reykr er b., Nj. 201, Sks. 197. . a barren
heath or burnt lava-eld as a local name in the west of Icel. 2. metaph. a burning passion, mostly in
bad sense; b. fundar, of envy, Fms. ii. 140; losta b., of lust, K. . 104; but also trar b., re of faith
(but rarely), Fms. v. 239: medic. caustic, 655 xi. 2. COMPDS: bruna-belti, n. the torrid zone.
bruna-dmr, m. a sentence to be burnt, Stj. 46. bruma-ekkr, m. a burnt eck (spot), Fms. xi. 38.
bruna-hraun, n. a burnt lava-eld, Br. 179. bruna-vegr = brunabelti, Sks. 197. bruna-efr m. a
smell of burning, 656 B. Bruna-ld, f. the Burning-age, i.e. the heathen time when the dead were
burnt, preceding the Hauga-ld (Cairn-age) according to Snorri, Hkr. pref.; at vr munim hafna
trnai vrum eim er fer vrir hafa haft fyrir oss, ok allt foreldri, fyrst um Bruna-ld, ok san
um Hauga-ld, i. 141: the 'Burning-age' is in Scandin. pre-historical; relics are only found in the
mythological time (v. above s.v. bl) and in law phrases and old sayings, such as branderf, q.v., til
brands ok bls, v. brandr: 'brendr' is synonymous to 'dead' in the old Hm.; at kveldi skal dag leyfa,
konu er brend er, praise no wife till she is 'burnt' (i.e. buried), 70; and blindr er betri en brendr s,
ntr mangi ns, better to be blind than burnt, i.e. better blind than dead and buried, 80; but it does
not follow that burning was used at the time when the poem was composed; the saving had become
proverbial.
brunn-lkr, m. a brooklet coming from a spring, = bjarlkr, Grg. ii. 289, Jb. 247, sl. ii. 91,
Fms. ii. 201.
brunn-migi, a, m. 'mingens in puteum,' a kind of hobgoblin who polluted the wells, Hlfs S. ch. 5.
Fas. ii. 29, mentioned only here, and unknown to the present Icel. legends :-- name of the fox, Edda
(Gl.); cp. the proverb, skmm hundum, skitu refar brunn karls, shame on the hounds, the foxes
deled the carl's burn, Fms. vii. 21.
BRUNNR (old form brur), m. [Ulf. brunna; A. S. brne; Scot. and North. E. burn; O. H. G.
brunna; Germ. brunn, all of them weak forms, differing from the Scandin.-Icel. brunnr; Dan.
brnd; Swed. brunn] :-- a spring, well; the well was common to all, high and low, hence the
proverbs, (allir) eiga sama til brunns a bera, i.e. (all) have the same needs, wants, wishes, or the
like; allt ber a sama brunni, all turn to the same well, all bear the same way, Grett. 137; seint a
byrgja brunninn er barni er dotti, it is too late to shut the well when the bairn has fallen in; cp.
the Engl. proverb, 'It is useless to lock the stable door when the steed is stolen.' In mythol., the
brunnr of Mmer (Edda 10, 11) is the well of wisdom, for a draught of which Odin pawned his eye;
probably symbolical of the sun sinking into the sea; the pit Hvergelmir (Edda 3) answers to the Gr.
Tartarus; Stj. 612, Fms. ii. 83: the word may also be used of running water, though this is not usual
in Icel., where distinction is made between brunnr and lkr, Grg. ii. 289, vide brunn-lkr. 2.
metaph. a spring, fountain; b. hita (the sun), A. A. 5; esp. theol. of God, Christ, b. gzku,
miskunnar ..., Greg. 33; me brunni Gulegrar spekar, 673 A. 49; b. mlsku, Eluc. 56.
brunn-vaka, u, f. a third horn in the forehead of an ox with which he opened the ice during winter
to get at the water; hit fjra horn st r enni, ok nir fyrir augu honum, at var b. hans, Ld. 120.
brunn-vatn, n. spring-water, Bs. ii. 177.
brunn-vgsla, u, f. consecration of wells, Bs. i. 450, cp. sl. j.
brutla (brutl, n., brutlan, f.), a, [brytja] :-- to waste, spend, esp. in tries; prop. to chop.
BR, gen. brar; nom. pl. brar, Grg. i. 149, ii. 277, Eg. 529; brr, Bs. i. 65 (Hungrvaka), is a bad
spelling, cp. Landn. 332 (Mantissa); mod. pl. brr, which last form never occurs in old writers; dat.
sing, br, gen. pl. bra, dat. brm: [A. S. brycg and bricg; Scot. brigg; Germ. brcke; Dan. bro; cp.
bryggja] :-- a bridge, Sturl. i. 244, 255, 256, iii. 24. In early times bridges, as well as ferries, roads,
and hospitals, were works of charity, erected for the soul's health; hence the names slu-hs
(hospital), slu-br (soul-bridge). In the Swedish-Runic stones such bridges are often mentioned,
built by pious kinsmen for the souls of the dead, Baut. 41, 97, 119, 124, 146, 559, 796, 829, 1112,
etc. The Icel. Libri Datici of the 12th century speak of sheltering the poor and the traveller, making
roads, ferries, churches, and bridges, as a charge upon donations (slu-gjar); at f arf eigi til
tundar at telja, er r er til Gus akka get, hvart sem at er til kirkna lagit er bra, er til slu-
skipa, K. . K. 142, cp. D. I. i. 279, 402. COMPDS: brar-fundr, m. the battle at the Bridge, Sturl.
ii. 256 (A.D. 1242). brar-gr, f. bridge-making, Grg. ii. 266. brar-sporr, m. [sporr, the tail
of a sh], tte-de-pont, Germ. brckenkopf, whereas the Icel. takes the metaphor from shes
touching the banks with their tails, Nj. 246, Bs. i. 17.
bra, a, to bridge over, Fms. i. 123: metaph., Sks. 788.
bra, u, f. a doll, puppet, Fms. xi. 309; stl-bra (literally chair-bride), the pillar in carved work
on the side of an old-fashioned chair; in Fbr. 98 the head of Thor was carved on the chair; Grma
kona Gamla tti stl einn mikinn, en brum stlsins var skorinn rr, ok var at mikit lkneski,
cp. the classical passage Eb. ch. 4; var hr hennar bundit vi stlbrurnar, Br. 175 (in the vellum
MS. distinctly brurnar UNCERTAIN): a distinction in form and inexion is always made between
brr, a bride, and bra, puppet; hence the saying, 'to sit like a bra,' i.e. motionless, not stirring
a limb; blum skrddr skra, skikkanlegri en bra, more quiet than a b., Sig. Pt. 229; the sense
of GREEK and GREEK in Greek is analogous.
br-bekkr, m. the bride's bench; in old wedding feasts the bride and bridesmaids were seated on
the bride's bench, the bride in the middle; the ladies were seated on the pallr or verpallr (the dais
or ladies' bench), turning their faces to look down the hall; the brbekkr was the seat of honour,
and the central part of the dais; cp. the phrase, brr sat 'a midjum palli,' i.e. ' brbekk,' Ld. 296,
Sd. 151, Lv. 37, sl. ii. 250, Nj. 50; vide bekkr, pp. 56, 57.
br-f, n. a bride's fee; cp. the 'duty to the priest and clerk' in the Engl. service; the bride's fee is
mentioned in the beautiful heathen poem rymskvia (our chief authority in these matters), 29, 32;
where it is a fee or gift of the bride to the giant maid. It seems to be a fee paid by the guests for
attendance and waiting. Unfortunately there is a lacuna in verse 29, the last part of which refers to
the bekkjargjf (vide 57); the poem is only left in a single MS. and the text cannot be restored. It is
carious that kv. 32 calls this fee 'shillings,' cp. Germ. braut schilling (Grimm); it shews that the
bride's fee was paid in small pieces of money.
br-fr and br-fr, f. a bride's journey, Landn. 304, cp. Fs. 124, Rd. 255, Fms. iv. 180, Eg.
701, Grg. i. 441 A; as a rule the bridegroom was to carry his bride home, or she was carried home
to him, and the wedding feast was held at the house and at the cost of the bridegroom or his parents.
The bride came attended and followed by her bridesmaids, friends, and kinsmen, sometimes a host
of men; hence originate the words brfer, brfr, and perhaps even brhlaup, etc. 'Dress the
hall! now the bride is to turn homeward with me,' says the bridegroom-dwarf in the beginning of the
poem Alvsml; so the bride Freyja travels to the wedding at the giant's, kv., cp. Rm. 37; -- bu
hennar, ok heim ku, giptu Karli, gkk hn und lni, Ld. ch. 7, Nj. ch. 34, Har. S. ch. 4, Sturl. iii.
181 sqq. In some cases, to shew deference to the father of the bride, the feast might be held at his
house, Nj. ch. 2 (skyldi bo vera at Marar), ch. 10, 14, Lv. ch. 12; cp. the curious case, Sturl. i.
226. In Icel., where there were no inns, the law ordered that a bride and bridegroom, when on the
bride's journey, had the same right as members of parliament on their journey to the parliament;
every farmer was bound to shelter at least six of the party, supposing that the bride or bridegroom
was among the number, K. . K. 94. One who turned them out was liable to the lesser outlawry,
Grg. i. 441.
br-gumi, a, m. [Ulf. uses brufas, not bruguma; A. S. brydguma; Hel. brudigomo; O. H. G.
prutigomo; Germ. brutigam; Dan. brudgom; Swed. brudgumme; from brr, a bride, and gumi, a
man = Lat. homo; the Engl. inserts a spurious r, bridegroom] :-- a 'bride's man,' bridegroom; sv
sem gumi er kallar brfr, Edda 107, Grg. i. 175, Nj. 25, Sturl. iii. 182, sl. ii. 250. COMPD:
brguma-rei, f. a 'bridegroom's ride;' at weddings the bridegroom, as the host, had to meet his
guests (bosmenn) a quarter of a mile from his house; here he entertained them in tents, where they
remained and enjoyed themselves till evening; when darkness began to set in, the party rode home
in a procession drawn up two and two; this was called brguma-rei. The last bridegroom's ride on
record in Icel. was that of Eggert Olafsson, just a hundred years ago, at his wedding at Reykholt in
the autumn of 1767 A.D. A minute description of this last Icel. b. exists in a MS. (in the possession
of Maurer, in Munich). An interesting treatise upon the wedding feasts in Icel. in the Middle Ages,
down to the 18th century, is among the Icel. MSS. in the Bodleian Library, no. 130.
br-hjn, n. pl. the wedding pair.
br-hvla, u, f. a bridal bed (lectus nuptialis), Bret.
br-kaup and brul-laup, n. a wedding feast, bridal; these two words are identical in sense, but
different in etymology; brkaup, prop. bride's bargain, refers to the old notion, that marriage was
a bargain or purchase, not that the bride was bought herself, but the word refers to the exchange of
mundr (by the bridegroom) and heimanfylgja (by the bride's father), vide these words; hence the
allit. phrase, mey mundi keypt, and mundr and mey ('mund' and maid); again, brullaup, [qs. br-
hlaup, bride's leap, cp. Germ. brautlauf, M. H. G. brtlouf, Swed. brllopp, Dan. bryllup; Grimm
mentions an A. S. brydlop (not found in Grein's Glossary or Bosworth's A. S. Dictionary); the full
form brhlaup scarcely occurs in very old MSS., it is found in the Jtv. S. MS. A.D. 1360, but only
assimilated, Grg. i. 303, 311, l. i] refers either to the bride's journey = brfr, or to some bridal
procession on the wedding day, probably the rst; but in fact both words are only used of the
wedding feast, the Engl. 'bridal,' A. S. bryd-eala. At the wedding feast the contract, though agreed
upon at the espousals (festar), was to be read: to make a lawful 'brkaup' there must be at least six
guests -- er brullaup gert at lgum, ef lgrandi fastnar konu, enda s sex menn at brullaupi et
fsta, ok gangi brguminn i ljsi sama sing konu, Grg. i. 175; ra b., to x the wedding day.
Nj. 4; vera at brullaupi, Ld. 70; drekka b., to drink, i. e. hold, a wedding, 16, Fms. iv. 196; koma til
b., Sturl. iii. 182; gra b., Fms. i. 150; gra b. til, to wed, Eg. 160, Landn. 243; veita b., Eb. 140: as
to the time of wedding, vide Grg. i. 311. COMPDS: brkaups-fer, f. = brfer, Sturl. iii. 177.
brkaups-gr, f. holding a wedding, Fs. 21, K. . K. 114, N. G. L. i. 16. brkaups-kli, n. a
wedding-garment, Matth. xxii. ii. brkaups-kostr, m. the cost of a wedding, D. N. iv. 174.
brkaups-stefna, u, f. a wedding meeting, wedding feast, Nj. 40, Fms. ii. 49, vi. 395. brkaups-
veizla, u, f. a wedding feast, Fms. vii. 278, ix. 345, Hkr. iii. 404. brkaups-vitni, n. a marriage-
witness, Gl. 224.
br-kona, u, f. a bridesmaid; ha bann (viz. the bridegroom) br-menn, en hon (the bride) br-
konur, N. G. L. i. 27: skal hann (the bridegroom) sitja millum brmanna, en hon (the bride)
millum br-kvenna, ii. 305.
br-mar, m. a bridegroom's man, N. G. L. i. 27: collect. the bridesmen and bridesmaids when on
a bride's journey, Grg. i. 436, Eg. 201, Rd. 270.
br-messa, u, f. the marriage-service, H. E. i. 527.
BRR, f., dat. acc. bri; pl. brir: [Ulf. renders the Gr. GREEK by brus, Matth. x. 35 (where
the Gr. word means nurus); John iii. 29 (where it means bride) is lost in UIf., but no doubt 'brus'
was also used there: A. S. bryde; Engl. bride; O. H. G. prut; Germ, braut; Dan.-Swed. Brud] :-- a
bride; Germans use 'braut' in the sense of betrothed, but Icel. call a girl festar-mey (betrothed) from
the espousal till she sets out for the wedding journey, when she becomes 'bride'; in mod. usage the
word only applies to the wedding day; konur skipuu pall, ok var brrin dpr, Nj. 11; sat Hallgerr
palli, ok var brrin allkt, 18; var brrin fr me eim, 50; brr sat mijum palli, en til
annarrar handar orgerr dttir hennar, 51; brr sat midjan pall ok orlaug ara ok Geirlaug
ara (the ladies' seat of honour was nearest to the bride on her right and left hand), Lv. 37; konur
stu palli, ok sat Helga hin Fagra nst brinni, sl.. ii. 251. . in a wider sense, the bridesmaids
( = brkonur) sitting on the 'bride's bench' are called brides; sat orgerr (Ed. and MSS.
wrongly rhalla) meal bra, then Thorgerda was seated among the 'brides,' i. e. on the bride's
bench, being herself bride, Ni. 51; cp. also kv. 25, hvar sattu 'brir' (acc. pl.) bta hvassara?
Answ., ska ek brir bta en breiara: in poetry, girls, maids in general. Lex. Pot.: metaph. and
theol., b. Gus, b. Kristi = the church, H. E., Vidal., etc. COMPDS: brar-bekkr, m. = brbekkr.
brar-efni, n. a bride to be, bride-elect, Br. 175. brar-gangr, m. the bridal procession; both
the procession to and from the church (rst the maids and women, then the ladies, and the bride, as
the chief person, last); and again, the procession of the bride and ladies from the bride's room
(brarhs) into the hall, where the men were assembled with the bridegroom. After grace had been
said, both in the stofa, to the men, and in the bride's-bower, to the ladies, two dishes were served; a
toast, called Heilags Anda skl or Heilags Anda minni (Holy Ghost's toast), perhaps a continuation
of the heathen Bragarfull, was then given; at this signal the marshal (siamar) went up to the
bride's room and summoned the brides (ladies) to come down to the stofa and join the men; this was
the second procession. The bride then sat on the bride's chair, and every one took his lady, and the
feast went on in common. This custom is obsolete, but the word remains: a slow, stately walk, with
an air of importance in measured steps, is called in Icel. a 'bride's walk,' like that of brides on a
wedding day; [cp. Germ. brautgang.] brar-hs, n. a bride's chamber, the room where the bride
and ladies were seated at a wedding during the morning and the beginning of the wedding feast,
625. 167. brar-ln, n. the bride's veil; the bride was veiled during the wedding, and according to
kv. 19 she took the veil when she set out for the 'brfr.' This was the only time in life when a
woman was veiled, hence ganga und lni, to walk under veil, to be veiled, is synonymous with to
wed, marry; giptu Karli, gkk hn und lni, Rm. 37; setjask und ripti, id., 20; bundu eir r
brar lni, kv. 191, 15; laut und lnn, lysti at kyssa, he (viz. the bridegroom) louted under the veil,
him list to kiss, 27; Gurn (the bride) sat innar verpalli, ok ar konur hja henni, ok hafi ln
hfi, i. e. she sat wearing a veil, Ld. 296. brar-stll, m. the bride's chair, N. G. L. i. 184.
BRK, n. dried heaps of sea-weed, Bs. i. 527, Sturl. ii. 69, Njar. 380, Fms. vi. 376 (in a verse):
metaph. big words, Grett. 101 C.
BRKA, a, [cp. Lat. Fr&u-long;gi, frux, fructus, frui; A. S. brucan; (Germ. brauchen; Dan.
bruge; Swed. bruke, borrowed from Germ.] :-- to use, with acc., borrowed from Germ. through
Dan.; it seems not to have come into use before the 17th century; it never occurs in the Icel. N. T.,
and even not in Pass.; in Vdaln (died A. D. 1720) it is used now and then; and at present, although
used in common talk, it is avoided in writing. It is curious that the language has no special
expression for to use, Lat. uti (hafa, beita neyta, or other words indirectly bearing that sense are
used); derived forms--as brkandi, brkanligr, adj., brkanligr, adj. unt, useless--are used, but
sound ill. brkan, f. use, is preferred for brk, n., Dan. brug = use, etc.
BRN, f., old pl. brnn, mod. brr; the old form remains in the phrase, bera e-m e-t brn (qs.
Brnn) :-- eye-brow (br = eye-lid), Fms. xi. 274; kom (the blow) brnina, ok hljp hn ofan fyrir
augat.... bindr upp brnina, orst. St. 49; r brnunum ofan ne, sl. ii. 368; skegg ok brnn, Stj.
318; br er brna. Edda 109. . in reference to frames of mind; to lift the eye-brows denoting a
pleasurable state; to drop them, a moody frame; in phrases, brega brn ; (brnn?), to be amazed,
v. brega; lypta brnum, to lift the eye-brows, to be glad, cheerful, Fs. 18: hf upp brn
(impers.), their faces cleared, Bs. i. 637, Eg. 55; sga ltr brnn fyrir brr, cp. the Engl. to knit
the brows, Hkv. Hjrv. 19; er hann s at rr lt siga brnnar ofan fyrir augun, Edda 28; hleypa
brnum. id., Eg. 305, hence ltt-brnn. glad; ung-brynn, moody; brn-lvi, id.; hafa brg undir
brnum, to look uncanny, Band.; vera (so and so) undir brn at lta, to look so and so, esp. in an
uncanny sense, Nj. 55, Orkn. 284; bera e-m e-t brnn (vide bera B. 1. ), Greg. 51, Rd. 241. II.
metaph. the brow of a fell, moor, etc. (fjalls-brn, heiar-brn, veggjar-brn); is-brn, the edge of
ice; framanverri brninni, efstu brninni, on the mountain edge, Sturl. i. 84: the rst beam of day
in the sky (dags-brn), litil brn af degi; lands-brn, the 'lands-brow,' i. e. the rst sight of a
mountain above the water. COMPDS: brna-bein, n. pl. the bones of the brow, Sturl. i. 180,
Heiarv. S. (in a verse). brna-mikill, adj. heavy-browed, Eg. 304. brna-sr, adj. having long
overhanging brows. Eg. 304, v. 1. brna-skurr, m. cutting the hair straight across the brows (as
in the later Roman time), Ld. 272.
BRN, f. a kind of stuff or tapestry (for. word), Vm. 24, 31, 146, 177, Pm. 25, Bs. i. 762.
brnar, adj. (dark) coloured, Fms. viii. 217, Sks. 286.
brn-ss, m. the wall-plate, i. e. the beam (ss) along the edge (brn) of the walls on which the
cross-beams rest, Nj. 114, 202, Bs. i. 804.
brn-gras, n. 'brown-grass,' probably Iceland moss, Finnb. 214; or = brnngrs, q. v. (?)
brn-hvtr, adj. white-browed, epithet of a fair lady, Hm. 8.
brn-klukka, u, f. 'brown-bell,' name of an insect found in stagnant pools, Eggert Itin. 600.
brn-malttr, adj. (a horse) of mouse-grey colour with a black stripe down the back, Hrafn. 5.
BRNN, adj. [A. S. brn; Germ. braun], brown, Hkr. iii. 81, Fas. iii. 336; brn kli, black dress,
of the dress of a divine, Bs. i. 800: 'svartr' is never used of a horse, but brnn, dark-brown, whereas
a bay is jarpr, Nj. 167, Grett. 122 A, Bs. i. 670, cp. Sturl. ii. 32; a black horse is called Brnn, a
mare Brnka; dkk-brnn, rau-brnn, dark-brown, red-brown, etc. The word is not much in use.
brn-sr, adj. = brnasr, with overhanging brows, ir. 179.
brn-lvi, adj. a word spelt in different ways, found in about three passages. brnlr, Bjarn. 62;
brnvolvi, Fb. i. 186; brnvaul, iii. 357; brnlvi, Fms. xi. 114; brnlfr, Jmsv. S. 32 (Ed.
1824) :-- frowning, with a wolsh brow, look, [from brn and lfr, a wolf.]
BRSI, a, m. a buck, he-goat, Edda (Gl.): name of a giant, Fms. iii. 214. In Norway (Ivar Aasen), a
lock of hair on the forehead of animals is called 'bruse.' In Icel. u. an earthen jar, to keep wine or
spirits in (cp. Scot. greybeard, Scott's Monastery, ch. 9), no doubt from their being in the shape of a
bearded head. This has given rise to the pretty little poem of Hallgrm called Skeggkarlsvsur,
Skyldir erum vi Skeggkarl tveir, a comparison between Man and Greybeard (Skeggkarl = Beard-
carle); cp. leir-brsi = brsi; ot-brsi, Hym. 26. . a bird, columbus maximus, called so in the
north of Icel., but else heimbrini, Eggert Itin. 556. II. a pr. name of a man, Landn.
brskr, m. a 'brush,' tuft of hair, crest of a helmet, etc.
br-steinn, m. pavement, Eb. 120.
brydda, dd, [broddr], to prick, point: u. to sharp or rough a horse, in shoeing him, Hm. 89: to spit,
pin, Sturl. iii. 85 C. . to shew the point; sv langt sem bnar-krossinn Svarlandi bryddir undan
Melshorni, of a view, just shewing the point, Dipl. iii. 11: metaph. to prick, torment, Str. 25; b.
illu, jafnai, to shew, utter, evil, injustice. II. to line a garment, (akin to bor, bori.)
brydding, f. lining, N. G. L. iii. no. 2 and 10, D. N., freq. in mod. use.
bryja, u, f. a sort of trough, Stj. 178. Gen. xxx. 38. II. a rude woman, a hag, v. the following
word.
BRYJA, bruddi, brutt, no doubt qs. brytja, prop. to chop with the teeth, used of chewing biscuits
or other hard brittle food: cp. provincial Ital. rott, which is used in the very same sense, from Lat.
rumpere, as bryja comes from brjta, brytja.
BRYGGJA, u, f. [v. br, Scot. brigg], a pier, landing-stage, gangway, Eg. 75, 530, Hkr. ii. 11, Ld.
190, Fms. i. 158, ix. 478, 503, xi. 102. The piers were movable, and were carried about in trading
ships; hence such phrases as, skjta bryggjum (skut-bryggja), to shoot out the gangway, for
embarking or loading the ship. 2. seldom = bridge, D. I. i. 404. In English local names, Stanfuru-
bryggja, Lundna-bryggja, Stamford-bridge, London-bridge, Hkr., Fms. vi. COMPDS: bryggju-
b, f. a pier-shop, N. G. L. iii. no. 49. bryggju-ftr, m. the head (end) of a pier, a cognom., Fms.
bryggju-ker, n. a tub at the pier, Fms. x. 153. bryggju-lgi, n. a lying with the gangway shot out,
Grg. i. 92, Hkr. ii. 213. bryggju-mangari, a, m. a 'bridge-monger,' shopkeeper at a landing-pier,
N. G. L. iii. bryggju-sporr, m. the end, head of a pier, Grg. i. 92, Eg. 121, Fms. iv. 41.
bryn-brk, f. war-breeches, Sks. 405.
bryn-gl, a, m. a war-glove, gauntlet, N. G. L. i. 247, El., Karl., etc.
bryn-hattr and -httr, m. and -hetta, u, f. a war-hat, Al. 78, Karl. 179, 239.
bryn-hosa, u, f. war-hose, greaves, Stj. 461, Sks. 405. 1 Sam. xvii. 6.
BRYNJA, u, f. [Ulf. brynio; A. S. burn; Hel. bry-nio; O. H. G. brunja; Swed. brynja; Dan.
brynie] :-- a coat of mail, in olden times woven of rings (hringa-brynja, ring-mail), hence in poetry
called hring-skyrta, a chain-mail sark or shirt, with epithets such as 'iron sewed, knit, woven,' and
the like, Lex. Pot.: the breast-plate, spanga-brynja (Fms. vii. 264, viii. 95, 388), is of later date, viz.
of the time of the Crusades and the following ages, vide Fms. i. 43, ii. 309, iv. 65, vi. 410, 411, vii.
45, 46, viii. 403, xi. 137, v. 1. etc. etc., Bs. i. 526, 528, 624. COMPDS: brynju-btr, m. mail-biter,
name of a sword, Sturl. brynju-bnd, n. pl. cords to fasten the b., Karl. brynju-hattr and -hetta =
brynhattr. brynju-hlsbjrg, f. a hauberk, brynju-hringr, m. the ring of a coat of mail, Fas. i. 197.
brynju-lauss, adj. without a coat of mail, uncovered, Sturl. ii. 146, Fms. vi. 416 (in a verse).
brynju-meistari, a, m. a smith of a b., N. G. L. ii. 246. brynju-rokkr, m. a coat [Germ. rock] of
mail, Karl.
brynja, a, to cover with a coat of mail, Rm. 219; mostly in part. pass. brynjar, wearing a coat
of mail, Fms. v. 161, Orkn. 148: reex. to put on a coat of mail, El. 103.
bryn-klungr, m. a sort of weapon, = Lat. lupus, Sks. 419.
bryn-knfr, m. a war-knife, dirk, Sks. 406.
bryn-kolla, u, f. = mid. Lat. collare, a collar of mail, Fms. viii. 404.
brynna, t, [brunnr], to water cattle, with dat. of the beasts; b. nautum, Sklda 163, Dropl. 34.
bryn-stakkr, m. a mail-jacket, Fr. 110, Lv. 107.
bryn-stka, u, f. a mail-sleeve, Fms. ii. 323, viii. 387.
bryn-trll, n. a sort of halberd, Ld. 148, Valla L. 208, Eg. 121, 122, K. . K. 170, Thom. 343, Stj.
461. 1 Sam. xvii. 7, where the translator says of the spear of Goliah -- slikt er m kallat b.
bryn-vari, a, m. a sort of halberd, probably synonymous to bryn-trll, dened in Eg. 285, Fas. iii.
387.
BRYTI, old gen. brytja, mod. bryta, m. [A. S. brytta = villicus; old Dan. bryde] , a steward, bailiff.
This word occurs twice or thrice in Icel. books, of the bailiffs, of private farms, Nj. 201, orf. S.
Karl. 408, Fs. 147; also of the two bishops' bailiffs, Bs. i. 247, 477, 839, 848, where bryti is inferior
to reth;smar, a steward, and denotes the head-labourer in the bishop's homestead. In Denmark it
was more in use, cp. a treatise of N. M. Petersen ('Bonde og Bryde') upon the subject, publ. in Ann.
for Nord. Oldk. 1847; even used in Denmark as a pr. name, as Steward, Stewart in the Brit. Isles,
Hkr. i. 228; bryta er hinum bezta manni er b er staddr, Gl. 428: the bryti was in Norway the
head-bondsman, tveir rlar, jnn ok bryti, N. G. L. i. 70, 36.
brytja, a, [brjta-brotinn; A. S. bryttjan = to deal out], to chop, esp. of butcher's meat, sl. ii. 337;
sv brytju vr grsina, Sd. 163; b. bf, Al. 80, Stj. 411. Judg. xiv. 6 (as he would have 'rent' a kid);
b. nir, to cut down, as a carcase, Fms. vii. 123; b. mat, to chop meat, viii. 221.
brytjan, f. chopping, Grg. i. 148, 466.
bryt-sklm, f. a chopper, Gsl. 80.
bryt-trog, n. a butcher's trough, ryml. 3. 60.
brna, d, [brn], to whet, sharpen, 'bring to an edge'; b. lj, knf, sver, to whet a scythe, knife,
sword, Edda 48, sl. ii. 348, Fs. 62. . naut. to drag a boat or ship half a-shore, put her on the 'edge'
of the sea-board; b. upp skipi, Nj. 19, Fs. 145, 147, Fms. viii. 333, v. 1. 2. metaph. to egg on, incite,
Al. 33.
brna, u, f. whetting; mowers call 'brna' the amount of mowing done before the scythe wants
whetting again.
brni, n. a whetstone, sl. ii. 348, Fas. iii. 43, 44. 2. metaph. spices (rendering of the Lat.
incitamenta gulae), Rm. 306.
brning, f. a whetting, sharpening, esp. metaph. egging on, sharpening; ek veit grst um yr sonu
mna, ur r brningina, Ld. 240; segir, at hefi eir teki brningunni, Hkr. ii. 239.
brnligr, adj. = brnn.
brnn, adj. [brn], prop, 'edged'; but only used metaph. prompt, ready; ef brn ffng lgi fyrir,
ready means, Fms. iv. 298; brn mla-efni, an evident, plain case, Ld. 66, Gsl. 119, 123; brn sk,
a just, cogent cause, Sturl. iii. 237; brn vrn, a clear case of defence, Band. 15 new Ed.; brnt
erindi, a pressing errand, business; brnn byrr, a straight, fair wind, Sklda 163, Fagrsk. 173 (in a
verse). 2. [brn, brow], having such or such a brow, in compds, ung-brnn, ltt-brnn, sam-brnn,
q. v.
bra, dd, [br], to melt, Sks. 145; b. jkul, snj, s, Fms. iii. 180, ix. 355, K. . 6; b. lsi, to
make oil. 2. metaph. to hurry; n seinkaa ek, en brddir heldr, I tarried, but you hurried, Dropl.
25. 3. [br, n.], to tar, pitch; b. hs, skip, timbr, kirkju, etc., Fms. i. 291, v. 331, Vm. 62, Eg. 90, N.
G. L. ii. 247, Gl. 81.
bri, f. [brr], anger, ire, temper, Eluc. 41; bri, in a passion, Fms. vii. 130, Pass. 8. 14; me
bri, with ire, Stj. 153. bri-mli, n. pl. angry language, Sks. 25.
brrunga, u, f. [brir], a female rst cousin, Grg. i. 346, Fms. vii. 274, Post. 656 A. ii. 15.
brrungr, m. [brir], a rst cousin (agnate), Grg. i. 171, ii. 172; also = brrunga; hn var
brrungr, he was rst cousin, snjar, Grett. 87. COMPDS: brrungs-barn, n. child of a rst
cousin, Gl. 244. brrungs- and brrunga-baugr, m. the share of weregild due to rst cousins,
N. G. L. i. 75, Grg, ii. 185.
brkja, u, f. a brackish, bad taste. brkir, m. a cognom., Landn.
brklingar, m. pl. [brk], 'breechlings,' a nickname of the Irish, Morkinsk. (Fr.)
brkta, t, [Dan. brge; Ivar Aasen, brka, brkta], to bleat; b. sem geit, to bleat like a she-goat,
Fbr. 212 (rare).
brla, d, [Fr. brler], to burn, in the allit. phrase, brenna ok brla.
brla, u, f. thick smoke and re (= svla).
brgttr, adj. [brag], crafty, cunning, Eg. 283, Glm. 379, Hv. 56.
brgu-ligr, adj. cunning-looking, Mag. 7.
BRLTA, t, [bratl and bratla, Ivar Aasen], to tumble about (as a cow in a bog), Ld. 328, Nj. 27,
Jmsv. S. (Ed. 1824), p. 38 (breylti); Fms. xi. 129 has a false reading breysti. brlt, n. a tumbling
about.
brrr, m. [A. S. brr], a briar, Haustl. 14; the explanation given in Lex. Pot. is scarcely right.
BRSK, n. a noise, crackling, Eb. 97 new Ed. note 1.
brstuliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), in the phrase, lta b., to brag, Sturl. i. 140 C, [cp. braska = to twist,
Ivar Aasen.]
budda, u, f. a purse, (mod.)
BUKR, baukr, Art. 7, mod. contr. baukr, m. [a for. word derived from Gr. GREEK; mid. Lat.
apotheca; Ital. bottega; Fr. boutique; O. H. G. buttick; mod. Germ. bttich; hence Germ. bttcher,
Dan. bdker, mod. Icel. beykir = a cooper] :-- a box, originallv a box to keep herbs and balsams in;
tv buka me balsamum, Bs. i. 872, Mar. 43: bukr nokkurr er hsfreyja tti, Glm. 378, Stj. 215:
Bauka-Jn, Pillbox-John, was a nickname given to a bishop in Icel. for having made money by
dealing in medicine-boxes; klluu vinir hans hann Bauka-Jn, sgu hann hafa selt i sm-
baukum, at er hann lti sem vri drindi nokkur, Espol. rb. 1685; hence prob. banka, q. v.
COMPD: bauka-grss, n. pl. herbs kept in a box, Str.
bulungr, m. a king, pot., Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot.
buffeit, n. [Engl. buffet], a buffet, Gisl, 27.
buffeita, tt, (for. word), to buffet, Br. 20, Mar. 60.
buga, a, to bow; in shing for trout with nets people in Icel. say, buga fyrir, to draw the net round;
but mostly used metaph. and in compds, vr-buga, to bow down, subdue; 3rd pers. pret. reex.
bugusk, from an obsolete strong verb bjga, baug, occurs in Eyvind, bugusk lmar, bows were bent,
Fms. i. 49.
buga, u, f. a bow or bent, of a serpent's coil.
BUGR, m. pl. ir, a bowing, winding; so Icel. call the bight or bend of a river, brook, creek, or the
like; renna bugum, to ow in bights, hence r-bugr, lkjar-bugr: the bight (inside) of a ring, nger,
bow-string, etc.; bug hringinum, Eg. 306; b. ngranna, Sturl. i. 189; grpa bug snrum, pot, to
grip the bight of the bow-string, Jd. 27: the scythe has j-bugr, q. v.: the concave side of the sails,
s af landi bug allra seglanna, Fms. vii. 94: a curve, disorder, of a line of men or ships (in battle),
rtta ann bug, er var orinn otanum, i. 174; hence the phrase, aka e-m bug, vide aka; vinda
(gra) bra-bug a e-u, to make haste, Grett. 98 A: bug, Scot. abeigh (aloof), lf. 3. 27; mein-
bugir, impediments. . convexity; b. jarar, Rb. 468, unusual in this sense.
bugt, n. bowing, servile homage: bugta, a, to make many bows, Snt 163. . a bight, bay, Dan.
bugt (for. and rare). . [boughtes, Spencer] = buga, Fms. iii. 190, or false reading = beit (?).
BUKKR, m. [A. S. bucca; Engl. buck; Germ. bock; Swed.-Dan. bukk; cp. bokki] :-- a he-goat,
rare; hafr is the common word, Stj. 177, . H. 15 :-- Lat. aries, a battering ram, Al. 89. COMPDS:
bukka-bl, n. the blood of he-goats, 544. 39. bukka-skinn, n. the skin of he-goats, Sks. 184.
bukka-vara, u, f. id., Bs. ii. 177, Sks. 184.
bukk-ram, n. a buck-ram, ram, Vm. 124, Dipl. iii. 4 (a for. word). COMPD: bukkrams-hkull, m.
the scapular of a ram, Vm. 70.
BUKL, n. [mid. Lat. bucula], the boss of a shield, Al. 40, (a for. word.)
buklari, a, m. [Fr. bouclier], a buckler, shield, Sks. 374, Eg. 202, Fms. viii. 170, 317, ix. 533, Fas.
i. 179, Sturl. ii. 44, 221, etc. COMPDS: buklara-bla, u, f. the boss of a buckler, Sturl. i. 196.
buklara-fetill, m. the strap of a buckler, Sturl, i. 147.
bulla, a, to boil up; b. og sja; cp. Lat. ebullire: metaph. to chat, talk nonsense, and bull, n.
nonsense :-- all mod.
bulla, u, f. the shaft in a churn or pump, bullu-ftr, m. a pr. name, Grett.
bulungr, m., proncd. bulungr, [bolr, bulr], a pile of logs, re-wood, Stj. 593, sl. ii. 417.
bumba, u, f. [onomatopotic, cp. Engl. bomb, to boom, etc.], a drum, Stj. 289, Sks., Al., Karl., Fas.
iii, etc. 2. the belly of a tub, kettle, or any big jar; ketil-bumba, Od. viii. 436.
BUNA, u, f. [akin to ben], a stream of purling water; lkjar-buna, vatns-buna: bunu-lkr, m. a
purling brook, Jnas 137; bl-buna = blbogi. 2. one with the stocking hanging down his leg,
ungartered; a cognom. (Bjrn buna), Landn.
buna, a, to gush out, of blood, water-spring, etc.
BUNDIN, n., mod. byndini, Pass. 17. 27, [binda], a sheaf, bundle, Stj. 192. Gen. xxxvii. 7, Greg.
40; korn-bundin, a sheaf of corn, Blanda MS.
bunga, u, f. elevation, convexity.
bunki, a, m. a heap, pile, v. blki.
bunungr, m. a sort of whale, Edda (Gl.)
burdeiga, a, (a for. word; vide burt), to tilt, ir.
BURR, ar, m. pl. ir, [Engl. birth; Hel. giburd; Germ. geburt; cp. bera A. II] :-- birth, esp. of the
birth of Christ; fr Gus, Drottins, Krists buri, Bs. i. 112, 145, 158, 173; fr hinga-buri Christi,
id., 64, 75, 79, 85; til burar Christi, Rb. 84: of men, stt burar = jstt, labours, K. . 104. 2. of
domestic animals, calving, lambing, hence sau-burr, the lambing-time; eim km er bezt bast til
burar, Bs. i. 194. 3. birth, the thing born, an embryo; Fllinn gengr tv r me burinum, Stj. 70; at
r (viz. the ewes) skyldi sinn bur geta, 178; fa sinn bur, 97; me konum leysisk burr (abort),
Bs. i. 798. 4. in pl. birth, extraction; heiinn at burum (MS. sing.), heathen by birth, Ver. 40;
burir ok tt, kith and kin, Fms. i. 83; er ekki er til Noregs kominn fyrir bura sakir, ix. 389; Hkon
jarl hafi buri til ess, at halda fourleif sinni, ok hafa jarlsnafn, i. 223; ykkjumk ek hafa til ess
buri ok frnda styrk, Eg. 474; hence in mod. usage burir means one's 'physique,' strength;
buramar mikill, a mighty strong man; hafa litla buri, to have little strength; yr-burir, superior
strength (cp. bera yr), and afburir, q.v. II. the bearing of limbs, body; lima-burr, fta-burr,
hfu-burr. III. [bera C], the compds at-burr, vi-burr, til-burr, hop, accident; fyrir-burr,
vision. IV. answering to bera A. I, vide byrr, and compds like -burr. . saman-burr, comparison.
COMPDS: bura-munr, m. distance of birth, Fs. 125. burar-dagr, m. a birthday, Hom. 106; b.
Maru, the nativity of the Virgin Mary, Rb. 8. burar-mar, m. a bearer, Fms. i. 271. burar-
sveinn, m. an errand-boy, Fms. vii. 222. burar-tmi, a, m. birth-time, Stj. 97; natal hour, 101.
burugr, adj. [Germ. ge-brtig], of high birth, Grett. 161 A, Stj. 238 (unclass.)
burgeiss, m. [Fr. bourgeois; Chaucer burgeis; a for. word, of Teut. origin, from burg] :-- a burgess,
Fas. iii. 358: in mod. usage, a big man.
buris, m. (a for. word), borax, N. G. L. iii.
burkni, a, m. [Scot. bracken or breckan, cp. Engl. brake,], the common fern, Hjalt.
BURR, m., gen. ar, pl. ir, a son, akin to bera and barn, but pot., being used in prose only in allit.
phrases such as, eigi buri vi bnda snum, Stj. 428; sem burr er brir, Fms. xi. 75; ttu brn og
buru (acc. pl.) grfu rtr og muru is a standing peroration of Icel. nursery tales, sl. js. ii. 319,
vide Lex. Pot.: else in prose only used in the weak form in the compd words tv-buri, twins; r-
buri, three at a birth, (in modern statistics even eir-buri.)
BURST, f. I. [A. S. byrst, Germ. borste; Swed. bsta], a bristle, Hb. (1865) 22; but also of a hog's
back and bristles, Edda 70; cp. Gullin-bursti, Gold-bristle, the mythical hog of the god Frey; Fas. i.
532 (of the snargltr, the sacred hog); Fms. v. 165: the phrase, draga bust r ne e-m, to draw a
bristle out of one's nose, to cheat, gull one, lk. 36, does not occur anywhere else that we know of;
the Engl. say, 'to lead one by the nose,' in much the same sense. II. metaph. the gable of a house
(hs-burst), Hkr. iii. 14 (of a shrine), Mar. 106, Konr. 57; og gogginn bustinni brnir (of a raven
sitting on the top of a house and whetting his bill), Sig. Breifjr. COMPDS: bursta-kollr, m.
bristle-scalp, a nickname, Nj. 181. burstar-hr, n. bristly hair, Fas. i. 105.
bursti, a, m. a brush, Dipl. v. 18 :-- from bursta, a, to brush.
burst-gull, m. a hedge-hog, Thom. 145, 147; vide bjarngull.
BURT-, v. brott-.
BURT, [Ital. bagordo; Fr. bohourt; bord in Chaucer; vide Du Cange s.v. bohordicum], in the
phrase, ra burt, to ride a tilt; hence burt-rei, f. a tilt, tournament, Br. 17, Fas. ii. 295, Karl.,
ir., etc.; freq. in romances. COMPDS: burtreiar-mar, m. a tilter, Mag. 8, Fas. iii. 241.
burtreiar-vpn, n. a tilt-weapon, Fas. ii. 281. burt-stng, f. a lance for tilting, Mag. 8, Fas. iii.
369, Karl., etc.
busi, a, m. a bad, clumsy knife.
BUSSEL, n. (a for. word), a cask, bushel, Art. 99.
BUST, n. a kind of sh, Edda (Gl.)
BUSTL, n. bustle, sl. ii. 59, Snt 217; of a sh splashing in the water, Bb. 2. 28: bustla, a, to
bustle, splash about in the water.
BUTTR and butraldi, a cognom., Dipl. v. 26, Fbr.: short, cp. btr; Dan. butted.
BUZA, u, f. [a for. woid; mid. Lat. bussa; O. H. G. buzo; Dutch buise; Engl. herring-buss], a sort
of merchant-ship, Fms. vii. 289, ix. 304, xi. 425; freq. in the Ann. of the 14th century; it occurs rst
A.D. 1251, then 1299: in the 14th century, during the Hanseatic trade with Icel., nearly every ship
was called buza, vide Ann. COMPD: buzu-skip, n. = bza, Ann. 1251, etc., Hkr. iii. 118.
B, n. [Hel. b = domicilium; O. H. G. b; mod. Germ. bau = tillage, cultivation; Hel. also uses
beo or beu, = seges, cp. also Teut. bouwt = messis, in Schmeller Heliand Glossary :-- the root of this
word will be traced more closely under the radical form ba; here it is sufcient to remark that 'b'
is an apocopate form, qs. 'bug' or 'bugg;' the root remains unaltered in the branch to which Icel.
bygg, byggja, and other words belong] :-- a house; b and b (br) are twins from the same root
(bua); br is the house, b the household; the Gr. GREEK (GREEK) embraces both; eir eta upp b
mitt, Od. i. 251; bila til mur minnar og eya bi hennar, 248; b mitt er frum, iv. 318; gott b,
ix. 35; etr upp b hans btalaust, xvi. 431; svo hann er fr uni a veita binu forstu, xix. 161;
hs og bjr, og gan kvennkost, xiv. 64; the Prose Translation by Egilsson. In the Northern
countries 'b' implies the notion of living upon the produce of the earth; in Norway and esp. in Icel.
that of living on the 'milk' (mlnyta) of kine, ewes, or she-goats; at er b, er mar her mlnytan
smala, it is 'b' if a man has a milking stock, Grg. i. 158; the old Hm. says, a 'b,' however small it
be, is better to have than not to have; and then explains, 'though thou hast but two she-goats and a
cottage thatched with shingle, yet it is better than begging;' Icel. saying, sveltr saulaust b, i.e. a
sheepless household starves: 'b' also means the stores and stock of a household; gra, setja, reisa
b, to set up in life, have one's own hearth, Bs. i. 127, Bb. 1. 219, Sturl. i. 197, Eb. 40; brega bi,
to give up farming or household; taka vi bi, to take to a farm, Sturl. i. 198; eiga b vi e-n, to
share a household with one, 200; rask til bs, id.; fara bi, to remove one's household, it, 225;
hafa b, hafa rausnar-b, 226; eiga b, iii. 79, Eg. 137: allit. phrases, brn og b, Bs. ii. 498; bndi
er b-stlpi, b er landstlpi, the 'bndi' is the stay of the 'b, ' the 'b' is the stay of the land; ba
bi snu, Fas. iii. 312; ba umegar-bi, to have a heavy household (many children), K. . K. 90;
hafa kr ok r bi, Nj. 236: housekeeping, in the phrase, eiga einkis b at bija, to have plenty of
everything, Bs. i. 131, 132; bi arf bit mjl ok skrei, Nj. 18: home, house, rei Hrtr heim til
bs sns, 4; bi, adv. at home, Fms. iv. 256, Hm. 82. 2. estates; konungs-b, royal demesnes; ar
er b hans vru, Eg. 42, 43, Landn. 124, fara milli ba sinna, to go from one estate to another, id.;
eiga b, to own an estate. 3. the stock in a farmstead; sumir lgu ti fjllum me b sn, Sturl. iii.
75; drepa nir b, hggva b, taka upp b, to kill or destroy one's stock, Fms. ix. 473, Stj. 90.
COMPDS: bs-aeifar, f. pl. remains of stores, Grg. i. 299. bs-bhlutir, m. pl. implements of
husbandry, Grg. i. 200, 220, 221, Dipl. iii. 14, Bs. i, D. I. (freq.) bs-efni, n. pl. household goods,
Sturl. i. 197. bs-far, n. = bfar, Bs. i. 477. bs-forr, n. pl. management of household affairs,
Sturl. i. 131, Grett. 107. bs-gagn = bgagn, Jb. 166. bs-hagr, m. the state, condition of a 'b,'
Fas. ii. 469. bs-hlutir = bsbhlutir, Hrafn. 22. bs-hgindi, n. pl. comfortable income derived
from a 'b,' Bs. i. 688, Hrafn. 22. bs-ker, n. movables of a household, Grg. ii. 339 A, 249, where
bsker, an obsolete and dubious word. bs-tilskipan, f. the settling of a household, Fms. ii. 68.
bs-umsvif, n. pl. the care, troubles of a 'b,' business, Band. ii. bs-umssla, u, f. the management
of a 'b,' Ld. 22. Eg. 333, 334. Band. l.c.
BA, pret. sing. bj, 2nd pers. bjtt, mod. bjst; plur. bjoggu, bjggu, and mod. bjuggu, or even
buggu; sup. bit, bi, and (rarely) contr. b; part. binn; pret. subj. bjggi, mod. byggi or bjyggi;
pres. sing, indic. b; pl. bm, mod. bum: reex. forms bsk or bst, bjsk or bjst, bjggusk,
bisk, etc.: pot, forms with sufxed negative bj-at, Skv. 3. 39: an obsolete pret. bjoggi = bj, Fms.
ix. 440 (in a verse); bjggisk = bjsk, Hom. 118. [Ba is originally a reduplicated and contracted
verb answering to Goth. ban, of which the pret. may have been baibau: by ban Ulf. renders Gr.
GREEK, GREEK; Hel. ban = habitare; Germ. bauen; Swed. and Dan. bo. The Icel. distinguishes
between the strong neut. and originally redupl. verb ba, and the transit. and weak byggja, q.v.: ba
seems to be kindred to Gr. GREEK, GREEK (cp. Sansk. bh, bhavmi, Lat. fui); byggja to Lat.
f&a-short;cio, cp. Swed. -Dan. bygga, Scot, and North. E. to 'big,' i.e. to build; cp. Lat. aedicare,
nidicare: again, the coincidence in sense with the Gr. GREEK, GREEK, Lat. vicus, is no less
striking, cp. the references s.v. b above. Ba, as a root word, is one of the most interesting words
in the Scandin. tongues; b, br, bygg, byg, byggja, etc., all belong to this family: it survives in
the North. E. word to 'big,' in the Germ, bauen (to till), and possibly (v. above) in the auxiliary verb
'to be.'] A. NEUTER, to live, abide, dwell, = Gr. GREEK, Lat. habitare; s synd sem mr br,
Rom. vii. 17, 20; mr, at er mnu holdi, br ekki gott, 18; hann sem br ljsinu, 1 Tim. vi. 16;
fyrir Heilagan Anda sem oss br, 2 Tim. i. 14; Lti Christs or rkulega ba meal yar, Col. iii.
16; tr ... sem r fyr bj inni mmu Loide, 2 Tim. i. 5; at hit ga sem oss br, 14; hann
sem br ljsinu, ar einginn kann til a komast, 1 Tim. vi. 16; hence b, living in, etc.; in many
of those passages some Edd. of N. T. use byggja, but ba suits better: of a temporary abode, hann
bj tjldum, he abode in tents, Fms. x. 413. 2. a naut. term; eir bjuggu ar um nttina, they
stayed, cast anchor during the night, Fms. vii. 3: on board ship, to have one's berth, s mar bj
skipi nst Haraldi er ht Loinn, 166; engi mar skyldi ba essu skipi yngri en tvtugr, x. 321. 3.
to live together as man and wife; henni hagar a b. vi hann, 1 Cor. vii. 12; hagar honum hj henni
a b., 13; b. me hsfr sinni, Stj. 47; b. vi; Helgi prestr bj vi konu , er rds ht (of
concubinage), Sturl. i. 141; but ba saman, of wedded life, K. . 134. 4. b. fyrir, to be present in the
place: at Selrir muni fyrir b. hverju holti, Fms. iv. 260: recipr., sjr ok skgr bjoggusk grend,
Sklda 202, Baruch. 5. esp. (v. b) to have a household, cattle, sheep, and milk; hence bandi,
bndi, br, and b; ba vi mlnytu (milk), ok hafa kr ok r at bi, Nj. 236, Grg. i. 168, 335; b.
bi (dat.), 153, K. . K. 90; ba bi snu, to 'big ane's ain biggin,' have one's own homestead. .
absol., mean vilt b., so long as thou wilt keep bouse, Hrafn. 9; b. vel, illa, to be a good (bad)
housekeeper; vnt er a kunna vel a ba, Bb. 3. 1; Salomon kngur kunni a b., 100; fara a b., to
begin housekeeping, 2. 6; b. jru, to keep a farm, gefa eim ul sn er bjoggu, Fms. i. 21. .
ba ..., at ..., i ..., with the name of the place added, to live at or in a place; hann bj Velli (the
farm) Rangrvllum (the county), Nj. 1; Hskuldr bj Hskuldstum, 2: hann bj at Varmalk,
22; hann bj undir Felli, 16; Gunnarr bj at Hlarenda, 29; Njll bj at Bergrshvli, 30, 38, 147,
162, 164, 173, 174, 213, Landn. 39-41, and in numberless passages; Eb., Ld., Eg., Sturl., Bs., sl. ii,
etc. (very freq.): also b. brjsti, skapi, huga e-m, to be, dwell in one's mind, with the notion of
rooted conviction or determination, ess hins mikla huga, er r br brjsti, Fms. iv. 80; v er
mr her lengi skapi bit, 78; ekki muntu leynask fyrir mr, veit ek hvat br skapinu, Lv. 16. II.
metaph. and with prepp.; b. um e-t, or b. yr e-u, almost in an uncanny sense, to brood over hidden
schemes, designs, resentment, or the like; ba um hverfan hug, to be of a ckle mind, Skv. 3. 39; b.
eigi um heilt, to brood over something against one, to be insincere, Fms. xi. 365; b. um skoll, to
brood over some deceit, id.; b. um grun, to be suspicious, ii. 87: in good sense, b. um eitt lunderni,
to be of one mind, Jb. 17; b. um rek, hug, to have a bold heart, Lex. Pot.: b. or undir e-u, to be at
the bottom of a thing; en essu vinttu merki bjoggu enn eiri hlutir, . H. 125; mart br
okunni (a proverb), many things bide in the mist; en at b. mest undir fer ka, at ..., Fms. xi. 45;
ttusk eigi vita hvat undir myndi b., Nj. 62: b. yr e-u, to brood over something, conceal;
(ormrinn) bj yr eitri, i.e. the snake was venomous, Fms. vi. 351: the saying, ltill bkr br yr
miklu viti, little bulk hides mickle wit, Al.; b. yr r ok vlum, to brood over falsehood and
deceit, id.; b. yr brgum, Fas. i. 290: b. undir, vi e-t, to live under or with a thing, to bide, put up
with; eiga undir slkum ofsa at b., to have to put up with such insolence, Fms. xi. 248; at hart mun
ykkja undir at b., Nj. 90, 101; ok mun eigi vi at mega b., i.e. it will be too hard to bide, 164; v
at bndr mttu eigi vi hitt b., Fms. xi. 224. III. in a half active sense; b. at e-u, or b. e-u (with
dat.), to treat; eir hfu spurt hvern veg rlfr hafi bit at herbergjum eirra, how Th. had used
their premises, Eg. 85; eir bjoggu bi sem eim lkai (where with dat.), i.e. they treated it
recklessly, Bs. i. 544; Haraldr jarl fr til bs Sveins, ok bj heldr spakliga kornum hans, Orkn.
424 (in all passages in bad sense): ba vel saman, to live well together, be friendly, Fms. xi. 312;
hence sam-b, living together; b. vi e-n, to treat one so and so; srt br vi mik, ra, thou
treatest me sorely, vii. 203.
B. ACTIVE, to make ready: the sense and form here reminds one of the Gr. GREEK: [this sense is
much used in Old Engl., esp. the part. bone, boon, or boun, ready, ('boun to go,' Chaucer, etc.); in
later Engl. 'boun' was corrupted into 'bound,' in such naut. phrases as bound for a port, etc.: from
this part, the ballad writers formed a fresh verb, to boun, 'busk ye, boun ye;' 'busk' is a remnant of
the old reex, bask, see Dasent, Burnt Njal, pref. xvi. note, and cp. below III.] I. to make ready,
'boun,' for a journey; b. fer, fr sna; and as a naut. term, b. skip, to make ready for sea; bjoggu
eir fer sna, Fms. ix. 453; en er eir vru bnir, Nj. 122; ok vru mjk brott bnir, they were
'boun' for sea, Fms. vii. 101; bj hann skip sitt, Nj. 128; en skip er broti, sv at eigi er fr banda
v sumri, i.e. ship unt to go to sea, Grg. i. 92; b. sik til gngu, to be 'boun' for a walk, Ld. 46;
b. sik at keyra, to make one ready for ..., Nj. 91. . as a law term, b. sk, ml, or adding til, b. til
sk, ml hendr e-m, to take out a summons against one, begin a lawsuit; b. ml dm, of the
preliminaries to a lawsuit, hence mlatilbningr, in numberless cases in the Grgs and Sagas. .
generally to prepare, make; b. smyrsl, to make ointments, Rb. 82. 2. = Old Engl. to boun, i.e. to
dress, equip; b. sik, to dress; sv binn, so dressed, Fms. xi. 272; hence bningr, dress (freq.); vel
binn, well-dressed, Nj. 3, sl. ii. 434; spari-binn, in holiday dress; illa binn, ill-dressed; san bj
hon hana sem hon kunni, she dressed her as well as she could, Finnb. 258; b. be, rekkjur, to make
a bed, Eg. 236; b. upp hvlur, id., Nj. 168; b. ndvegi, hs, to make a high seat, dress a house for a
feast, 175, (hs-bnar, hs-bningr, tapestry); ba bor, to dress the table, (bor bnar, table-
service); b. stofu, Fms. iv. 75. . ba til veizlu, to make 'boun' (prepare) for a feast, Eg. 38, Fms.
vii. 307; b. til seyis, to make the re 'boun' for cooking, Nj. 199; b. til vetrsetu, to make 'boun' for a
winter abode, Fms. x. 42; til-ba, and fyrir-b., to prepare; eg fer han a til-b. yr sta, John xiv.
3; eignizt a rki sem yr var til-bi fr uppha veraldar, Matth. xxv. 34. . b. um e-t, in mod. use
with the notion of packing up, to make into a bundle, of parcels, letters, etc.; hence um-bningr and
um-bir, a packing, packing-cover; b. um rm, hvlu, to make a bed; ba um e-n, to make one's
bed; var bi um rodd seti, ok lgusk eir til svefns, Th.'s bed was made on the benches,
and they went to sleep, . H. 153; skalt n sj hvar vit leggumk nir, ok hversu ek b um okkr (of
the dying Njal), Nj. 701; er mr sagt at hann ha illa um bit, of a dead body, 51; eir hfu (sv)
um sik bit (they had covered themselves so) at mtti eigi sj, 261; kvu n Gurnu eiga at ba
um raua skr Bolla, said that G. would have to comb B.'s (her husband's) bloody head, Ld. 244;
ba sv um at aldri mtti vkna, pack it up so that it cannot get wet, Fms. vii. 225; rlfr lt setja
upp skip ok um ba, he had the ship laid up and fenced it round (for the winter), Eg. 199; b. um
andvirki, to fence and thatch bay-ricks, Grg. ii. 335: metaph. to manage, preserve a thing, Fms. ix.
52; aumlega binn, in a piteous state, Hom. 115. 3. to ornament, esp. with metals or articial work
of any kind, of clothes laced with gold; kyrtill hlabinn, sl. ii. 434, Nj. 48, Vm. 129: of gloves, B.
K. 84: of a belt with stones or articial work, Fms. xi. 271: of a drinking-horn, D. N. (Fr.); but esp.
of a weapon, sword, or the like, enamelled with gold or silver (gull-binn, silfr-binn); bin gulli ok
silfri, Fms. i. 15; binn knfr, xi. 271; vpn bit mjk, much ornamented, ii. 255, iv. 77, 130, Eb.
226, 228. . part., binn at e-u, or vel binn, metaph. endowed with, well endowed; at estum
rttum vel binn, Nj. 61, Fms. x. 295; at au vel binn, wealthy, 410; vel binn at hreysti ok allri
atgrvi, Eg. 82; bezt at viti binn, Fms. xi. 51. II. particular use of the part. pass, 'boun,' ready,
willing; margir munu bnir at kaupa, ready, willing to buy, Fms. vi. 218; hann kvask ess fyrir
lngu binn, Ld. 66, Fms. iii. 123; nefna vtta at eir eru bnir (ready) at leysa kvi ann af hendi,
Grg. i. 54; vru allir til ess bnir, Fms. xi. 360: compar., engir menn sna sik bnari (more
willing) til liveizlu, Sturl. i. 103: the allit. phrase, vera boinn og binn til e-s, vide bja VI:
denoting tted, adapted, ek em gamall, ok ltt b. at (little t to) hefna sona minna, Nj. 200; tt ek
s verr til b. en hann fyrir vanheilsu sakir, Fms. vii. 275; eiga vi bi (mod. vera vi binn), to
keep oneself ready, to be on one's guard, Bs. i. 537. 2. on the point of doing, about to do so and so;
hann var binn til falls, he was just about to tumble, Fms. x. 314; en r eir kmu var bi til hins
mesta va, ix. 444, v.l. . neut. bi is used almost adverbially, on the point of, just about to; ok
bi vi skipbroti, sl. ii. 245; bi vi va miklum, Fms. ix. 310; sagi at var bit vi geig
mikinn me eim fegum, Eg. 158: this is rare and obsolete in mod. usage; and the Icel. now say,
liggja vi mr l vi a detta, where an old writer would have said, ek var binn at detta; the sense
would else be ambiguous, as binn, vera binn, in mod. usage means to have done; g er binn a
eta, I have done eating; vera binn a e-u (a work, business of any kind), to have done with it; also
absol., eg er binn, I have done; thus e.g. vera b. a kaupa, fyrir lngu b., b. at gra, leysa, etc., in
mod. sense means to have done, done long ago; only by adding prepp. vi, til (vera vi binn, til
binn) the part. resumes its old sense: on the other hand, binn in the sense of having done hardly
ever occurs in old writers. . b (bi) is even used adverbially = may be, may happen; with subj.
with or without 'at,' b, sv s til tla, may be, it will come so to happen, Nj. 114; b, dragi til
ess sem vera vill, 185; b, eigi fari fjarri v sem gazt til, id., Ed. Johns. 508, note c; b, sv
ykki sem ek grpa gulli vi , 9, note 3; b, eigi hendi hann slk gipta annat sinn, 42; b, ek
lta annars vti at varnai vera, 106; b, vr urm enn hlfanna, Sturl. ii. 137 (vellum MSS.; um
r, Ed., quite without sense), cp. also Eb. 27 new Ed.: in mod. usage it is freq. to say, a er bi,
vel bi, albi, etc., it is likely, most likely that ... . sv bit, adverbially, and proncd. as if one
word, as matters stand, or even temp. at present, as yet; eigi mun hla sv bit, i.e. it will not do
'so done,' i.e. something else must be done, Eg. 507; eigi munu r f at unnit sv bi, i.e. not as
yet, Fms. vii. 270; stendr ar n sv bit (i.e. unchanged), um hr, xi. 81; en berjask eigi svo bit,
not ght as yet, Nj. 229; segja Eyjl til sv bins, they tell Eyolf the state of things, viz. that
nothing had been done, Gsl. 41; eir skildu vi sv bit; eir lgu fr vi sv bi, implying 'vain
effort,' Germ. 'unverrichteter Sache,' sl. ii, Hkr. i. 340: at sv bnu, adverbially, as yet, at present;
hann kvask eigi fsask til slands at sv bnu, Nj. 123, Fms. xi. 131; enna draum segjum vr
engum manni at sv bnu, this dream we will not tell to anybody as yet, Nj. 212; en at sv bnu tjr
ekki, Fas. i. 364. III. reex. to 'boun' or 'busk' oneself, make oneself ready, equip oneself; gengu
menu skip sn, ok bjoggusk sem hvatligast, Fms. v. 15: adding the innitive of a verb as
predicate, bjsk hann at fara norr til randheims, Eg. 18; or ellipt., where bask thus denotes the
act itself, n bsk hann t til slands, i.e. he 'busked' him to go ..., Nj. 10; bjoggusk eir fstbrr
herna, they went on a free-booting trip, Landn. 31; seg Agli at eir bisk aan mmtn, 94: or
adding another verb denoting the act, in the same tense, bjsk Haraldr konungr r rndheimi me
skipalii, ok fr sur Mri, he 'busked' him ... and went south, Eg. 7; the journey added in gen.,
bask ferar sinnar, Fms. i. 3; bask menu fera sinna, Ld. 177. . denoting intention, hidden or not
put into action; fr s kurr, at Skli byggisk land upp, Fms. ix. 483. 2. to prepare for a thing;
bask vi boi, veizlu, etc., Nj. 10, Korm. 10; b. (vel, kristilega) vi daua snum, andlti snu,
(eccl.) to prepare for one's death, Fs. 80, Bs. i. 74; bask vi vetri, to provide for the winter, get
store in, Fms. xi. 415; b. vi frii, vii. 23. . to be on one's guard, take steps to prevent a thing; n
ra hr vinir nir at r; skaltu sv vi bask, i.e. be sure of that, make up thy mind, Nj. 264;
bstu sv vi, skal hann kvea, at ..., Grg. ii. 244. . such phrases as, bask um = ba um sik, to
make one's own bed, encamp, make oneself comfortable, Nj. 259; tjlduu bir ok bjggusk vel
um, 219; var hr vertta, sv at ekki mtti ti um bask, Fms. x. 13. Ld. 348; in the last passage
the verb is deponent. 3. metaph., b. vi e-u, to expect, freq. in mod. usage; in phrases, a er ekki
vi a bast, it cannot be expected; bast vi e-m, to expect a guest, or the like. . to intend, think
about; eg bst vi a koma, I hope to come; eg bjst aldrei vi v, I never hoped for that, it never
entered my mind, and in numberless cases. 4. passive (very rare and not classical); um kveldit er
matr bjsk = er m. var binn, Fms. ix. 364.
bandi, a, m. = bndi, q.v.
band-karl, m. a farmer; b. er orpari, Fms. ii. 48, Eg. 49.
band-ligr, adj. yeomanlike, sturdy, stout, Ld. 274.
band-mar, m. = bandi. Grg. i. 479, 480, Fms. v. 77.
B, f. I. [Engl. booth; Germ. bude; Dan. bod: not from ba], a booth, shop; farmanna bir,
merchants' booths: setja bir, Eg. 163; hafa bir landi, Grg. i. 91, the booths in the harbour
being but temporary and being removed as soon as the ship went to sea. . specially used of the
temporary abodes in the Icel. parliament, where, as the meeting only lasted two weeks a year, the
booths remained empty the rest of the year; hence tjalda (to dress) bir, viz. during the session for
the use of its owner. But every goi (priest) and every family had their own 'booth,' which also took
their names from a single man or ruling family, e.g. Allsherjar b., Sturl. ii. 44; Snorra b., 125; b.
Skapta, Nj. 220; b. Haia, Sturl. i. 44: from families or districts, lfusinga b., Nj. 181;
Mruvellinga b., 182, 247; Skagringa b., 182; Jklamanna b., Sturl. ii. 158; Austringa b., 158,
159; Saurbinga b., 82; Dalamanna b., Nj. 48; Mosfellinga b., 164; Ranginga b., 48, 180;
Ljsvetninga b., 183, 223; Norlendinga b., 228; Vatnsringa b., 248; Vestringu b., Bs. i. 21;
Svnfellinga b., Lv. 18; Skarverja b., Sturl. i. 199, etc.: other names, Byrgis-b, 31; Grta, ii. 45;
Dilkr, 158; Valhll, 126; Hla-b, 82, Nj. 244; Virkis-b, 247. As the aling was a public
meeting, other booths are also mentioned, e.g. Tra bir, booths of Jugglers, Troubadours, Grg.
ii. 84; lb, an Ale-booth, beer-shop, Sturl. ii. 125; Stara b, a Souter's (cobbler's) booth, Grg.
ii. 84; Sver-skria b., a Tanner's booth, id.; and Gngumanna bir, Beggars' booths, a troop of
beggars being an appendage to any old feast or public meeting, cp. Gsl. 54-56: the law (Grgs)
forbade the sheltering of beggars at the parliament, but in vain; see numberless passages referring to
aling or fjrungsing, esp. Grg. . ., Nj., Sturl., Gsl. l.c., Korm. S., Kristni S. A short treatise,
called 'Catastasis of Booths,' composed about A.D. 1700, is mentioned in Dasent's Burnt Njal; but it
is the mere work of a scholar, not founded upon tradition. As b is opposed to b, as a temporary
abode to a permanent xed one, so bsetumar (b-seta), a cottager, is opposed to bndi; fara
bum is to change one's abode, Hkr. ii. 110. . in eccl., Tjald-b is the Tabernacle. II. esp. in
compds, -b, living in; sam-b, living together; vs-b, a cold berth, i.e. wet and cold; hafa
hara, kalda b, to have a hard, cold abode, Fms. x. 158 (belongs perh. to I.) COMPDS: bar-
dvl, f. dwelling in a booth, Sturl. i. 147. bar-dyr, n. pl. door of a booth, Lv. 11, Nj. 37, 165, Eb.
196, Grg. i. 31. bar-ggn, n. pl. implements of a booth, Grg. ii. 399, 402. bar-hamarr, m. a
pier or rock for embarking, Eb. 196. bar-ketill, m. a booth-kettle, Eb. 196. bar-kvir, m. a law
term, a sort of verdict given by the inmates of a booth at the parliament, a kind of bakvir, dened
in Grg. ii. 84, 85, where it is laid down that the inmates of the booths of shopkeepers, jugglers, and
beggars cannot be summoned to serve on a jury, nor the dwellers in a booth which has not at least
ve inmates (ve being a minimum in a jury). bar-li, n. the inmates of a booth, Sturl. i. 32.
bar-mar, m. an inmate of a booth, Fr. 222. bar-nagli, a, m. a booth-peg, Stj. 388. Judges iv.
bar-rm, n. lodging in a booth, Grg. i. 24, ii. 55, Lv. 93. bar-setumar, m. = bsetumar,
Nj. 236. bar-star, m. a booth-stand, N. G. L. i. 342. bar-sund, n. a passage, lane between
two booths, Band. 5, Grett. 115. bar-tpt, f. the walls of a (deserted) booth, without thatch, Rb.
274, Nj. 166, sl. ii. 194. bar-veggr, m. the wall of a booth, Ld. 290, Eg. 724. bar-virki, n. a
fortication round a booth, Sturl. ii. 126, cp. Virkisb. bar-vist, f. a lodging in a booth, Lv. 11.
bar-vrr or bar-verr, m. [verr = cibus], the cooking and stewardship in a vessel, work
which the crew was bound to do in turn day by day; cooking and dairy work was thought unworthy
to be the sole business of a man, and therefore the sailors were obliged to take it turn about, cp. Eb.
194, 196, 220 :-- metaph. meat, meal, eigi hafa ek ina vera ... mr til barvarar, the rams of
thy ock I have not eaten, Stj. 181. Gen. xxxi. 38; lofa mr at ba r barvr, 'let me set a
morsel of bread before thee,' in the Engl. V., Stj. 493. 1 Sam. xxviii. 22; ra til b., to prepare for a
meal, Fms. v. 287, viii. 357; honum tti ar gott til blaut-sks ok barvarar, Bs. i. 853, D. N. i.
311, ii. 16, Fas. ii. 209.
b-deigja, u, f. a dairy-maid; cp. deigja; (Norse.)
b-fastr, adj. living in a booth, Grg. i. 32.
b-drift, f. a drove of cattle, D. N.
b-seta, u, f. living in a cottage. COMPD: bsetu-mar, m. a cottager, answering to 'husmand'
in Norway, or bandi bndi in Icel., Nj. 236, Grg. i. 294; vide bndi above.
bu-nautr, m. a fellow inmate of a booth, Grg, i. 34, 35.
b-eyrir, m. value in stock, D. N.
b-fang, n. domestic necessaries. K. . 176.
b-far, n. household condition, Sturl. i. 216, Bs. i. 477.
b-fellir, m. a failing of stock, starvation of stock, Bs. i. 743.
b-ferli, n. household, in the phrase, fara bferli, or b. snn, to move, change one's household and
home; lafr fr anga b. snu, Eg. 138, Fms. iii. 107: esp. live stock, Hallsteinn fr hit efra me
bferli, Gull. 12; hafi hann me sr skulda-li (people, family) ok b. (stock), Eb. 8: but sometimes
the word is evidently used masc., an emigrant, mover of one's household, cp. Rm-ferlar; en bferla
(v.l. bferlar) eigu utan at fara eir er mgum snum megu vr um veita, Grg. ii. 409.
b-ferski, n. = bsker, Grg. ii. 339 B.
b-f, n. live stock, esp. the milch kine, Dipl. v. 28, Grg. i. 414, 427, ii. 301, Jb. 192, Eg. 532.
COMPOS: bfjr-eyrir, m. = beyrir, Grg. i. 428. bfjr-fer, f. = bdrift, D. N. bfjr-fr, n.
food for cattle. Fms. v. 219. bfjr-gangr, m. = bfjrhagi, Grg. i. 435. bfjr-gildr, adj. a being
in proper condition, of cattle, D. N. bfjr-hagar, m. pl. the pasture elds on an estate, esp. the
home-pastures or closes, used daily for the home cattle, and opp. to afrttr, q.v.: hence the phrase in
Nj., ra upp r b., denoting a pale of about three or four miles, 34; b., within the pale of the b.,
Glm. 355. Eb. 54. bfjr-hagr, m. the condition of stock, Vpn. 30. bfjr-hald, n. the keeping of
stock, Grg. i. 427. bfjr-lauss, adj. living without stock, Grg. i. 294. bfjr-leiga, u, f. the rent
of stock, Gl. 62. bfjr-matr, m. food for cattle, stores of fodder, Fms. x. 400.
b-flag, n. fellowship in housekeeping, Fb. ii. 340.
b-frsla, u, f. a removing of one's household, Landn. 207.
b-gagn, n. household utensils, B. K. 20.
b-garr, m. a farm, esp. a big one, Fms. iii. 85, 251, xi. 422.
b-gr, f. the making a household, Sturl. ii. 21, Bs. i. 658.
b-hlf, f. a sparing of provender, Fms. v. 306.
b-hlutr = bsbhlutr above.
b-hldr, m. a thriving householder.
BI, a, m. [ba]. I. a dweller, inhabitant, only in compds as haug-bi, hellis-bi, berg-bi, a
dweller in cairns, caves, rocks, of a ghost or a giant; ein-bi, an anchorite, a bachelor; himin-bi,
an inhabitant of heaven, an angel; lands-bi, Lat. incola; n-bi, a neighbour; -bi or inn-bi,
incola, Snt 71; stafn-bi, q.v. II. a neighbour = nbi; kom Steinn at mli vi orbjrn ba sinn,
Krk. 36; vi Brr bi minn, Nj. 203; au sndu bum snum okkasvip, Fs. 31; Steinlfr b.
hans, Landn. 269; cp. bi-sifjar, bi-graungr, bi-mar (below), rare in this sense. 2. hence a law
term in the Icel. Commonwealth, a neighbour acting as juror; the law distinguishes between
neighbours of place and person; as, vetfangs-bar, neighbours of the place where (e.g.) a
manslaughter was committed; or neighbours either of defendant or plaintiff, e.g. heimilis-bar,
home-neighbours, opposed to dmstaar-bar, Grg. ii. 405, and ingvallar-bar, neighbours of
court or parliament: the number of the neighbours summoned was various; in slight cases, such as
compensation for damage or the like, they were commonly ve--sem bar mm meta; in cases
liable to outlawry they were usually nine, Grg. ii. 345; the verdict of the neighbour is called kvir,
the summoning kv, and kveja ba, to summon neighbours; the cases esp. in the Grgs and
Njla are almost numberless. The standing Icel. law phrase 'sem bar meta' reminds one of the
English mode of xing compensation by jury. According to Konrad Maurer, jury is of Scandinavian
origin, and rst appears in English law along with the Normans after the Conquest; but this does not
preclude an earlier usage in the Scandinavian parts of England. In the old Danish law they were
called 'nvnd,' in Sweden 'nmd;' cp. esp. Nj. ch. 142 sqq. and Grg. . . and Vgsli. The
classical reference for this institution, Grg. i. 167, Kb. ch. 85, is quoted p. 58 s.v. bera B. I. 1.
COMPDS: ba-kviburr, m. = bakvir, Grg., Nj. ba-kvir, m. a verdict of neighbours, opp.
to tylptarkvir, q.v., Nj., Grg. ba-kv, f. a summoning of neighbours, Grg. ii. 52. ba-viring,
f. a xing compensation by verdict of neighbours, Grg. ii. 343. III. a pr. name of a man, Jmsv. S.;
mod. Dan. 'Boye' or 'Boy,' hence the mod. Icel. Bogi, Fega-, 27.
bi-griungr, m. a neighbour's bull, Vpn. 46.
bi-mar, m. a neighbour-man, Sturl. i. 82 C, 167.
b-jr, f. a farm, estate.
b-karl, m. = bandkarl, Fms. v. 186, vi. 139.
b-kot, n. a cottage, Hkr. iii. 131.
BKR, m. [Hel. bc = alveus; Germ. bauch], the trunk, body, Eg. 289; esp. the trunk without the
head, Nj. 123, Fms. i. 218, Bs. i. 625.
b-lag, n. joint housekeeping, Sturl. i. 64, 75.
b-land, n. [Hel. bland = arvum], home land, Grg. ii. 315, 324, Jb. 51.
b-lauss, adj. having no 'b,' opp. to bandi, D. N. ii. 14, Jb. 12.
b-leiga, u, f. rent of a 'b,' H. E. i. 394.
BLKI, a, m., in mod. spelling bunki, heap [cp. a ship's bunks]; this form occurs in the
Hrokkinsk., a MS. of the 15th century, vide the references below; [cp. Engl. bulk, in the naut.
phrase, to break bulk or begin to land a cargo] :-- the cargo or freight of a ship; the allit. phrase,
binda bulka, to bind bulk, shut the hold, just when the ship is bound for sea, and leysa b., to break
bulk, when in harbour; fyrir framan or aptan blka, the b. was, namely, in the middle of the ship,
Fms. vi. 108, 378, 381, N. G. L. i. 340, 371, Eb. 196, Grg. i. 209, Nj. 134, Fms. ix. 145, 468, Bs. i.
422, Fbr. 53. COMPDS: blka-brn, f. the edge of the b. as it stood out of the ship, Jb. 398, 407,
Fbr. 62 new Ed., where a sailor kept the look out, Sturl. iii. 106. blka-stokkar, m. pl. the bulwark
fencing the blki in the middle of the ship, Edda (Gl.) In mod. usage, blkast, a, to be bulky;
blka-legr, adj. bulky.
b-mar, m. a husbandman; gr, mikill b., a good householder, skilled husbandman, Band. 8,
Finnb. 334.
b-missa, u, f. loss in stock, Gl. 389.
bnar, m., gen. ar, [ba.] I. household, housekeeping, Bs. i. 76; reisa bna -- reisa b, Sturl. iii.
106; fra b. sinn -- fara bferli, to move one's household, Jb. 288; bnaar-mar = bmar, O. H. L.
30; Bnaar-blkr, the name of the section in the code of law Jb. answering to the Landbriga ttr
of the Grg., treating of household matters; and in mod. times the name of the very famous poem
(of Eggert Olafsson), the Icel. 'Georgics' (marked Bb. in this Dict.) II. dress, equipment, = bningr,
Sklda 181, Fms. iv. 75, xi. 331; but esp. with the notion of ornaments in gold, silver, tapestry, Nj.
131, Eg. 701 (of a shield); altaris dkr glitar me bnai, Am. 95. . baggage, luggage, Bjarn. 19.
a getting 'boun' (ready) for sea; in the naut. term, halda bnai snum, Fms. ii. 254.
bnask, a, dep., in the phrase, e-m b. vel, illa, one has good, bad, luck in his business as bndi.
b-nautn, f., in the phrase, til b., for household use, Vm. 96, D. I. i. 419.
bningr, m. [ba], dress, clothing, attire; hvers dags b., every day dress, K. . K. 140; opp. to spari
b., Sunday dress; karlmanns b., a man's dress; kvennmanns b., a woman's dress, etc., Nj. 190. .
equipment, of a ship; reii ok b., Fms. v. 103: the dressing and arrangement of a table, Bjarn. 27. .
ornaments, laces, Nj. 48, v.l. COMPDS: bnings-bt, f. dress-improvement, a piece of new or
smart attire, Ld. 208, Fas. ii. 329. bnings-lauss, adj. without ornament, Pm. 65. bnings-munr,
m. difference in apparel, Sturl. ii. 94.
b-nyt, f. the milk of sheep and cattle, on a farm also more usually called mlnyt or mlnyta, Jb.
375, Hkr. i. 110.
b-prestr, m. a curate-farmer, Vm. 59.
BR, n. [Hel. br = habitaculum; A. S. br; Engl. bower; Scot. and North. E. byre; Germ. bauer],
a word common to all Teut. idioms, and in the most of them denoting a chamber; this sense only
occurs a few times in some of the old poems, esp. the Vls. kviur, and even only as an allit. phrase,
Brynhildr bri, Og. 18; bjrt bri, Gkv. 2. 1: in prose now and then in translations of foreign
romances, El. 22. 2. in Icel. only in the sense of larder, pantry (the North. E. and Scot. byre = cow-
stall); this sense is very old, and occurs in Hallfred, Fs. 89, where bri (not bri) is the right
reading, as the rhyme shews--'stri' ek brag, fyrir 'bri;' skellr n lass fyrir brin eirra
Reykdlanna, Bs. i. 512. 601, Ld. 242; dened, br at er konur hafa matreiu , Grg. i. 459. . a
house where stores are kept = ti-br, Nj. 74; now called skemma. In Icel. a game, in which
children try to force open one's closed hand, is called a fara br e-s, to get into one's larder.
b-rakki, a, m. a shepherd's dog.
b-r, n. household management, Nj. 51, Grg, i. 333.
b-rn, n. a law term, a kind of burglary, theft, to the amount of three cows at least, or three cows'
value; dened N. G. L. i. 180: metaph. damage, Bs. i. 350.
br-brot, n. the breaking into a pantry, Sturl.
br-dyrr, n. pl. a pantry-door, Bs. i. 601.
br-hilla, u, f. a pantry-shelf, Glm. 367.
br-hringr, m. the door ring of a brhur, D. N.
br-hundr, m. a pantry-dog, Fs. 89.
br-hur, f. the door of a 'br,' Gpl. 344.
bri, a, m. and br-hvalr, m. a sort of whale, physiter macrocepbalus Sks. 177 B: for a popular
superstition as to this whale v. sl. js. i. 629.
b-risna, u, f. the keeping open-house, Sturl. i. 194.
br-lykill, m. a pantry-key, Sturl. iii. 7.
br-rakki, a, m. = brhundr, Ld. 112.
b-sifjar [qs. bi-sifjar, from bi, a neighbour], f. pl. relation between neighbours; gar b., a
good neighbourhood, Karl. 536; the phrase, veita e-m illar, ungar b., to be a bad neighbour,
aggressive, Eg. 730, Fms. iii. 222; m vera at batni b. okkar, Fs. 31.
b-skapr, m. household life, state of life as 'bndi,' D. N.; cp. the saying bl er b., hryg er
hjskapr, illt er einl, og a llu er nokku.
b-skjla, u, f. a pail for measuring milk, Jb. 375.
b-skortr, m. the failure of stores, Nj. 18.
b-skylft, n. adj.; eiga b., to have an expensive household, Sturl. i. 136.
b-slit, n., in bslits-mar, m. a 'bndi' without homestead, Gl. 330.
b-sl, f. cattle and chattels, household gear.
b-smali, a, m. sheep and cattle, sometimes also including horses; naut ok saui ok annan b., Fs.
26; esp. the milch cattle, Ld. 96, where it is opp. to barren cattle, Fms. i. 151; vide smali.
b-sorg, commonly proncd. bk-sorg, f. care for worldly affairs, esp. in a bad sense; thirst for
gain.
b-star (bstar, Grg. ii. 222), m. a dwelling, abode, Fs. 31; taka sr b., to x one's abode, Eg.
127, Landn. 37, 56, Nj. 173.
b-stjrn, f. management of household affairs, Eb. 204.
b-stra, u, f. a female housekeeper, Gull. 13, Hv. 39.
b-ssla, u, f. household business, Glm. 335, sl. ii. 68; bsslu-mar = bmar, Eg. 2.
BTR, m. a log of wood. bta, a, to cut logs of wood.
b-verk, n. dairy work in the morning and evening, milking, churning, and the like, Fs. 72; vinna
heima b. me mur sinni (as a taunt), Fas. iii. 595; hence bverka, a, to do the dairy work;
bverka-tmi, a, m. the time, morning and evening, when dairy work is to be done: in the Grg. i.
147 bverk means generally every kind of household work, but esp. the lower part of it.
b-egn, in. a husbandman, in allit. phrases, bndr ok b., Fms. i. 33, Sks. 603; illr b., a bad
husbandman, Fms. i. 69, where it is used in a morally bad sense; elsewhere a bad householder, vi.
102, Sklda 203.
BYG, f. [ba, byggja]. I. gener. habitation: 1. a settling one's abode, colonisation; slands b.,
colonisation of Iceland, b. (begin.); Grnlands b., id. 2. residence, abode; var eirra b. ekki vinsl,
Ld. 136; the phrase, fara byg, or bygum, to remove one's house and home, change one's abode,
Grg. i. 457, Nj. 25, 151; fra b. sna, to remove, Fas. ii. 281; banna, lofa e-m byg, to forbid or
allow one's residence, Grg. l.c.; hitta b. e-s, abode, home, Band. 10: metaph., Hom. 16. II.
inhabited land, opp. to bygir, deserts; but also opp. to mountains, wild woods, and the like,
where there are no human dwellings: byg thus denotes the dwellings and the whole cultivated
neighbourhood; thus in old Greenland there was Eystri and Vestri byg, the Eastern and Western
colony, and bygir, deserts, viz. the whole Eastern side of this polar land, cp. Landn. 105, Antt.
Amer., and Grnl. Hist. Mind, i-iii. In Norway distinction is made between bygir and str, Fms. i.
5. Icel. say, snjr ofan b., when the mountains are covered with snow, but the lowland, the
inhabited shore, and the bottom of the dales are free; Noregi er ltil b. ok sundrlaus, i.e. Norway
is thinly peopled, Fms. iv. 140, viii. 200, 202, 203, Eg. 68, 229, Orkn. 8: spec. = county = hra, b.
eirri er Heggin heitir, Fms. ix. 232; b. eirri er Strnd heitir, 358; heima bygum, Gl. 34; miklar
bygir (great inhabited districts) vru inn landit, Fms. i. 226. COMPDS: bygar-eygr, adj.
rumoured through the byg, Jb. 161. bygar-flk, n. the people of a neighbourhood, Fms. ii. 88.
bygar-lag, n. a district, neighbourhood, county, Grett. 101 A, Jb. 223, Fs. 50. bygarlags-mar,
m. a neighbour, Stj. 197. bygar-land, n. and in possession or to be taken into possession, Stj. 74.
bygar-ley, n. leave to settle, Fs. 31, Valla L. 208, Grg. i. 457. bygar-lr, m. the people of a
land, Bs. ii. 80. bygar-menn, m. pl. id., Fs. 31, Stj. 649, Dipl. v. 19, Fms. i. 226, etc. bygar-
rmr, m. a rumour going about in the neighbourhood, Krk. 34. bygar-stefna, u, f. a meeting of
the neighbourhood, D. N.
byg-eygr, byg-eyttr, = bygareygr, N. G. L. i. 389.
BYGG, n. [Scot. and North. E. bigg; Swed. bjugg; Dan. byg; Ivar Aasen bygg; derived from
byggja] :-- barley, a common word over all Scandinavia, cp. Alm. 33, Edda (Gl.), Stj. 99, Bs. ii. 5,
532. 5; vide barr II.
bygg-brau, n. barley-bread, 655 xxi. 4.
bygg-hjlmr, m. a barley-rick, Magn. 516.
bygg-hlaa, u, f. a barley-barn, Stj. 344.
bygg-hleifr, m. a barley-loaf, Stj. 393, Rb. 82.
bygg-hs, n. a barley-barn, Orkn. 196.
byggi or byggvi, m. an inhabitant, obsolete, but in compds as Eyr-byggjar, stafn-byggjar, fram-
byggjar, aptr-byggjar, etc.
byggi-ligr, adj. habitable, Hkr. i. 108.
bygging, f. habitation, colonisation, Landn. 24, v.l., Stj. 176. 2. tenancy, letting out land for rent, H.
E. i. 495: in compds, byggingarbrf, b. skilmli, an agreement between tenant and landlord. .
buildings or houses, Matth. xxiv. 1; scarcely occurs in old writers in this sense; cp. Dan. bygning,
Scot. and North. E. biggin, = building.
BYGGJA, older form byggva, , [for the etymology v. ba], gener. to inhabit, settle, people,
always in a transitive sense--not neut. as. ba--but often used absol. or ellipt., land being
understood: u. to settle as a colonist; Hrollaugr bygi austr Su, Ketilbjrn bygi sur at
Mosfelli, Aur bygi vestr Breiari, Helgi bygi norr Eyjari, all these instances referring
to the rst settlers of Icel., b. ch. 1. 2; en at vas es hann tk byggva landit, id.; sumar at er eir
Inglfr fru at b. sland, the summer before Ingolf settled in Iceland, ch. 6; nglfr ... bygi fyrstr
landit, i.e. Ingolf was the rst settler, id.; so in numberless instances, esp. of the b. and Landn., e.g.
Landn. 42, 334, Eb. 8, Hrafn. 4, Eg. 99, 100; eptir Na- lifu tta menn eir er heiminn bygu
(peopled), Edda (pref.) . to inhabit, live in a country; esskonar j es Vnland her bygt, b. ch.
6; er landit hafi sex tigi vetra bygt verit, Landn. 321; eir b. at hra Vindlandi er R heitir,
Fms. xi. 378, H. E. i. 494, Bret. 100: allit. phrases, bygu bli, i.e. among men, where men live;
bygr blstar, possessed land, Grg. ii. 214: the proverb, me lgum skal land byggja, with laws
shall man build land, i.e. law builds (makes) lands and home; and some add, en me lgum eya;
eya (to lay waste) and byggja are thus opposed to one another, Nj. 106; b. b, to settle on a farm;
segi ek af v fyrst hversu brinn her bygzk Sklaholti ... Ketilbjrn bygi ann b fyrstr er
Sklaholti heitir, Bs. i. 60; hann bygi b ann er Eyju heitir, Gsl. 91, where it does not mean to
build houses, as in the mod. use of this phrase, but to settle, Lat. inhabitare. . in more special or
law phrases, to dwell in, occupy; b. sng, to keep one's bed, sleep, Fas. i. 314; b. eina sng, of
married people, Fms. ii. 134; b. me e-m, to cohabit, Stj. 176; b. hll, to occupy a hall, Fms. vi.
147, x. 236; b. skipum, undir tjldum, to live aboard ship, in tents, vii. 138; b. hlfrmi, a naut.
term, viii. 199: metaph., cf Gu byggvir eim, Eluc. 52, cp. also the references from the N. T.
above under ba, where most of the Icel. Edd. use byggja. 2. to build a house, ship, or the like,
[Scot. and North. E. to big; Dan. bygge; Swed. bygga]: this sense, common over all Scandinavia
and North Britain, seems not to occur in Icel. writers before the 15th century or the end of the 14th,
but is freq. at the present time; it occurs in the Ann. 1401, 1405, etc. Old writers always say, reisa or
gra hs, skip ..., not byggja. 3. reex. to be inhabited; sland bygisk fyrst r Noregi, b. ch. 1;
Grnland fansk ok bygisk af slandi, ch. 6; hundrai ra fyrr en sland bygisk af Normnnum,
Landn. (pref.); en r sland bygisk, id.; er sland fansk ok bygisk af Noregi, id. II. [Goth.
bugjan, by which Ulf. renders GREEK, and once GREEK, which is elsewhere rendered by
frabugjan; A. S. bycgean; Engl. buy; Hel. buggean] :-- to let out, esp. land or cottage; konungr m
b. almenning hverjum sem hann vill, Gl. 453; ef umbosmar konungs byggir jarar (acc.)
konungs ... v at sv skal konungs jarir b. sem um arar jarir skill lgum, 336; n byggir mar
drra (lets out at a higher rent) en vandi her verit, 337; Ingimundr bygi eim Hrollei binn
si, Fs. 34; er eir bygu lnd sn er tku sr hj, Grg. i. 445; hann tk mikit af landnmi Una,
ok bygi at (parcelled it out) frndum snum, Landn. 244; byggja e-m t, to expel a tenant; b. e-m
inn, to settle a tenant on one's estate. 2. more properly, to lend money at interest; at er ok ef menn
b. dautt f, er krefja framar af eim hlutum er menn lj, en innsta, K. . 204; engi skal b. dautt
f leigu, Bs. i. 684; um okr, er menn b. dautt f, H. E. i. 459; Rtr ... bygi allt fit, R. put all the
money out at interest, Nj. 11. 3. the peculiar eccl. law phrase of the forbidden degrees; b. sifjar,
frndsemi, to marry into such or such degree; this phrase may refer to buying (cp. brkaup), or to
cohabitation; at er nmli, at jafn-nit skal b. sifjar ok frndsemi at mta manni hvrt, i.e.
intermarriage in the fth degree is allowed, according to the decision of the council of Lateran, A.D.
1215, Grg. i. 304; frndsemi er eigi byggjandi, i.e. is forbidden, 307, 308, 321, N. G. L. i. 350; en
at var bannat me sum at b. sv nit at frndsemi, Hkr. Yngl. ch. 4. III. part. as subst.
bygg-mjl, n. barley-meal, Gl. 100.
byggning = bygging, D. N. (freq.), Fr.
bygg-s, n. barley-seed, N. G. L. i. 385.
byggvandi, byggjandi, pl. byggendr, byggvendr, inhabitants, mostly in poetry, Stj. 399, Haustl. 10.
byggvi-ligr = byggiligr.
bygill, m. [Germ. bgel], a stirrup, Gl. 359.
bygsla, u, f. = bygging, D. N.
BYLGJA, u, f. [cp. Dan. blge, Swed. blja, akin to blginn, belgr], a billow, Stj. 27, Fs. 142, etc.
bylja, buldi, pres. bylr, old byll, to resound, roar, of a gale; byll llum fjllum, Al. 35; buldi
hmrunum. Fas. i. 425; freq. in mod. use.
byljttr, adj. gusty, Bs. i. 138.
BYLR, m. pl. bylir, gen. sing. byljar or rarely byls, a squall, gust of wind; kom b. hsit, Gsl. 22;
er bylirnir kmu, when the squalls passed over, Fms. viii. 52.
bylta, u, f. a heavy fall, Grnd. 147; bylting, f. a revolution; and bylta, t, with dat. to overthrow.
byra, , I. [bori], to embroider, Gkv. 2. 16. II. [bor], to board, in compds = s-byra, inn-byra,
to pull on board; ykkbyrt, Fms. viii. 139.
byra, u, f. a large trough, Stj. MS. 127, Ed. 178 reads bryjum, N. G. L. i. 255, B. K. 52.
byri, n. the board, i.e. side, of a ship. Edda (Gl.), Jb. 147.
byringr, m. [old Dan. byrthing, from byrr], a ship of burthen, merchant-ship, Eg. 53, Nj. 281,
Fr. 12, 195, 196, Fms. iv. 255, vii. 283, 286, 310, viii. 208, 274, 372, ix. 18, 44, 46, 299, 470, x.
25, xi. 430, etc.; this is the genuine Scandin. word, wilst kjll, kuggr, kar (q.v.) are all of foreign
origin. COMPDS: byrings-mar, m. a merchant-seaman, Fr. 4, Fms. ix. 18. byrings-segl, n.
the sail of a byringr, Fms. iv. 259.
byrr (mod. byri), f., gen. ar, pl. ar, mod. ir, [bera A. I.] :-- a burthen, Nj. 19, Edda 74, Fas. ii.
514, Fms. v. 22, vi. 153, Fb. i. 74: hver einn mun sna byri bera, Gal. vi. 5. . metaph. a burthen,
task. Fms. ix. 330; ha s byri er hann bindr sr sjlfum, 671. 1.
byrgi, n. [borg; A. S. byrgen = sepulcrum], an enclosure, fence, Eb. 132; helvtis byrgi, the gates of
hell, Stj. 420, Post. 656 C. 6: metaph., b. hugar = hugborg, the breast, Hom. 148. COMPDS:
byrgis-kona, u, f. a concubine, N. G. L. i. 327 (where spelt birg-), Bs. i. 663. byrgis-skapr, m.
concubinatus, Fms. iii. 145.
byrging, f. a shutting up, Grg. ii. 110.
byrgja, , [borg; cp. A. S. byrgjan, byrian; Engl. to bury] :-- to close, shut; b. dyrr er vindaugu,
Grg. ii. 286; byrgja hs, Grett. 91 new Ed.; Hallfrer byrgi hsit, Fms. ii. 83; b. sinn munn, to
shut one's mouth, Bs. i. 786; byrgum kvii sinnar mur, 655 xxvii. 10: metaph., byrg syndum,
overwhelmed with sins, Greg. 41. 2. adding prepp. aptr, inn, to shut; Grettir byrgi aptr hsit, Grett.
l.c. MS. A; b. aptr gar, to shut a fence, Grg. ii. 283; b. aptr hli gari, id., Jb. 242; b. inann inni
hsum, to shut a man up in a house, Grg. ii. 110, Sks. 140; hvrki byrgr n bundinn, 656 C. 32. 3.
metaph. to hide, veil, of the face of God, the sun, or the like; slin v ljma sinn fkk byrgt, Pass.
44. 1; himna-ljsi var honum byrgt, 3. 2; byrg ig eigi fyrir minni grtbeini, Ps. lv. 2. 4. the
phrase, b. e-n inni, to shut one in, outwit; alla menn byrgir inni fyrir vitsmuna sakir, Fms. x. 247,
xi. 31; b. e-n ti, to leave one outside in the cold, and metaph. to prevent, preclude; b. ti va, to
prevent mishap, x. 418, Sks. 44, Mar. 656 A. 18; byrg ti hrsluna, Al. 25. 5. reex., Fas. ii. 281.
II. [borga], reex. byrgjask, to be answerable for, vide byrgjask.
-byrja in compd byrja.
BYRJA, a, [Swed. brja; lost in Dan., which has replaced it by begynde; Germ. beginnen; and
probably also extinct in the mod. Norse dialects, vide Ivar Aasen, who seems not to have heard the
word; it is in full use in Icel. and is a purely Scandin. word; the root is the part. pass. of bera A.
II] :-- to begin. I. in the phrase, b. ml e-s, to plead one's cause, O. H. L. 5; ek skal byrja (support)
itt ml, sem ek kann, Fs. 10, Fms. ii. 65; hann byrjai hennar ml vi laf konung, x. 310; me
einum hundras-hfingja eim er byrjai ml hans, Post. 645. 96; her fram byrjat itt erindi,
655 xxx. 13, Al. 159: this sense, however, is rare and obsolete. II. to begin; b. fer, to begin one's
journey, to start, Edda 1, Fms. iv. 232, Eg. 106, Ld. 162; b. ru, to begin a speech, Sks. 238; b. e-t
upp, to begin, Bs. i. 825: reex., Rb. 210: the word is not very freq. in old writers, who prefer the
word hefja, incipere, hence upphaf, beginning; in mod. writers hefja is rather archac, but byrja in
full use, and is used both as act., impers., and reex.; Icel. say, sagan byrjar, sguna byrjar, and
sagan byrjast, all in the same sense. III. [bera A. II], mostly in pass. to be begotten, Lat. suscipi;
Elias af hjskap byrjar, Greg. 16; eim mnuum er barn var byrja, Grg. i. 340; eirri smu
ntt sem hann byrjaisk, Stj. 176; sem au hittusk fjallinu Brynhildr ok Sigurr ok hon (viz. the
daughter slaug) var byrju, Fas. i. 257; heldr ertu brr a byrja ann er bein her engin, 250 (in a
verse). IV. impers. with dat.: 1. [bera C. III], to behove, beseem, be due; sem konungs-syni byrjar,
Fms. i. 81; hann gefr slu vrri slkan mtt sem henni byrjar, Hom. 157; sv byrjai (behoved)
Christo a la, Luke xxiv. 46; at byrjar mr meir at hla Gui en mnnum, 623. 11; sem
ailjanum byrjai, Grg. i. 394; sem eim byrjai at manntali, i.e. in due proportion to their
number, ii. 381; sem byrjar (as it behoves) hlnum syni ok eptirltum, Sks. 12; er helzt byrjar
kaupmnnum at hafa, 52. 2. [byrr], the phrase, e-m byrjar vel, illa, one gets a fair, foul, wind; eim
byrjai vel, Eg. 69; honum byrjai vel, 78, Eb. 8; byrjai eim vel um hausti, Fms. iv. 293; eim
byrjai illa, Eg. 158.
byrjun, f. beginning.
byrla, a, [A. S. byreljan and byrljan; whence the word is probably borrowed] :-- to wait upon,
with dat., esp. to hand the ale at a banquet, (answering to bera l, Fs. 121); st ar upp Snjfri
dttir Svsa, ok byrlai ker mjaar fullt konungi, Fms. x. 379, Hkr. i. 102; hann setti annan mann til
at b. sr, Post. 656 C. 32: metaph., hann byrlar optliga eitr sinnar slgar mannkyninu, Fms. ii. 137:
to ll the cup, san byrlar hann hornin, Fas. ii. 550: in mod. use, to mix a beverage, esp. in bad
sense, by putting poison in it.
byrlari, a, m. [A. S. byrele], a cup-bearer, Fms. i. 291.
byr-leii, n. a favourable course, Fms. x. 291, Sks. 175.
byr-lttr, adj. gently blowing, Hkr. ii. 143.
byr-leysa, u, f. lack of fair wind, or a foul wind, Ann. 1392.
byrli, a, m. = byrlari, Fms. x. 302.
byr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), promising a fair wind; v at ekki er byr- ligt, Sd. 174, in the phrase,
blsa byrlega, to blow fair for one; ekki b. draumr, a bad dream, Fas. i. 14.
byr-ltill, adj. of a light (but fair) breeze, Fms. iv. 297.
BYRR, gen. byrjar, nom. pl. byrir, acc. byri: [Swed.-Dan. br; cp. usage of Gr. GREEK] :-- a fair
wind; it is freq. used in pl., esp. in the impers. phrase, e-m gefr vel byri (acc. pl.), one gets a fair
wind, rarely, and less correct, byr (acc. sing.), Nj. 10, Vpn. 9, but sing. Nj. 4, Eg. 98; byri gefr hann
brgnum, Hdl. 3; me hinum beztuni byrjum, Bs. i. 781; ba byrjar, Fms. i. 131; liggja til byrjar, to
lie by for a fair wind, Eg. 183; byrr rennr , a fair breeze begins to blow; rann byrr ok sigldu
eir, Nj. 135, Eg. 158; fll byrrinn, Eb. 8; tk byrr at vaxa, Eg. 390: allit, naut. phrases,
blsandi byrr, blr byrr, beggja skauta byrr; hagstr byrr, fagr byrr. hgr, r byrr, Hm. 89; hra-
byri, etc.: also metaph., hafa gan, mikinn, ltinn byrr, to be well, much, little favoured: in poetry
in many compds, byrjar drsull, the horse of the wind, a ship; byr-sk, byr-rann. a ship; byrr
always denotes the wind on the sea. byrjar-gol, n. a fair breeze, Fms. ix. 21.
byrsta, t, [bursti], to furnish with bristles or spikes, Sks. 418; gulli byrstr, Fas. i. 184. 2. metaph. the
phrase, b. sik or byrstask, to raise the bristles, to shew anger, Fms. ii. 174, Finnb. 248, Pass. 26. I.
byr-sll, adj. having good luck, fair wind, Fms. x. 314.
byr-vnligr, byrvnn, adj. promising a fair wind, Orkn. 332, Fms. ii. 5.
BYSJA, [Dan. buse; Swed. busa = to gush], to gush, a defect, verb, occurs only twice or thrice, viz.
in pres. sing, bss, . H. (in a verse), busti (pret. sing.), gushed, of blood, Hkv. 2.8; of tears, Edda
(append.) 217: the inn. never occurs, and the word is never used in prose.
byssa, u, f. [Lat. pyxis], a box, Vm. 117, D. N.: mod. a gun (Germ, bchse).
bytna, a, [botn], to come to the bottom, Krk. 20 new Ed.: metaph., b. e-m, to tell on or against
one.
BYTTA. u, f. [Dan. btte], a pail, small tub, K. . K. 82, Stj. 444, Fms. x. 54, Jm. 29, N. G. L. i.
3-27: of the bucket for baling a ship with, Fbr. 131, Grett. 95; hence byttu-austr, the old mode of
pumping is dened, Fbr. and Grett. 1. c.
byxa, t, to box, Bev. Fr.; byxing, f. boxing, Finnb. 344 (Engl. word).
B, n. [Lat. apis; the Goth, word is not on record; A. S. beo; Engl. bee; O. H. G. pia; Germ, biene,
and older form beie, Grimm i. 1367; Swed.-Dan. bi] :-- a bee; the spelling in Icel. with is xed by
long usage, and by a rhyme in the Hful., Jfurr sveigi | ugu unda b, where (a bow) and b
(bee j) rhyme; because perhaps an etymology from b oated before the mind, from the social
habits of bees, Barl. 86; the simple by is quite obsolete in Icel. which only uses the compd,
b-uga, u, f. a 'bee-y,' bee, Edda 12, Stj. 91, 210, etc.; b-ygi, n. id., Bs. i. 210, Stj. 411.
bfur, f. pl. the feet, with a notion of awkwardness; retta bfur, to stretch the legs out in an
awkward manner; ar l Kolnnr son hennar, ok rtti bfur hlzti langar, sl. ii. 416: the passage
Od. ix. 298 -- GREEK -- Egilsson in his rhymed translation renders graphically, ok meal bfjr
bfur rtti.
bli, n. [bl], an abode, mostly in compds, -bli, etc.
bll, adj. [bl], living, in compds, r-bll, har-bll, ung-bll.
br, v. br.
b-skip, n. the ship of the bees, the air, sky, pot., Hful. 17 (dub.)
BSN, n. [cp. A. S. bysen, bisen, which means example, whilst the Icel. word means] a wonder, a
strange and portentous thing; commonly Used in pl., uru hverskonar bsn, 625. 42; ar sem essi
bsn (acc. pl.) bar fyrir, Fms. xi. 13; etta eru str bsn, 64; slkt eru banvn bsn, Fas. iii. 13 (in a
verse); sing., Fms. xi. 10, 64: in mod. use fem. sing., Fb. i. 212, Pr. 76, 91; bsna-ver, portentous
weather, Fms. iii. 137; bsna- vetr, a winter of portents, when many ghosts and goblins were about,
Bs., Sturl. i. 115; bsna-sumar, in the same sense, Ann. 1203. In mod. use bsna- is prexed to a
great many words in the sense of pretty, tolerably, Germ, ziemlich; bsna-vel, b. gr, langr, jtr,
pretty well, pretty good, etc. in early writers the sense is much stronger.
bsna, a, to portend, bode; etta bsnar tjn ok sorg, Karl. 492; the proverb, bsna skal til
batnaar, i. e. things must be worse before they are better, Old Engl. 'when bale is highest, bote is
nighest,' Fms. v. 199, (spelt bisna, O. H. L.); er bsna skal at betr veri, x. 261.
bta, tt, [btr], to deal out, give, with dat. of the thing; btti Hrafn silfrinu, Fas. iii. 256: esp. bta
t, or t bta, to give alms, Hebr. xiii. 16, Gal. vi. 6. p. to exchange, Dan. bytte; bttum vi jrum
okkar, Dipl. i. 12, H. E. i. 561.
bti, n. exchange, barter, Krk. 65; bting, f. spending, Ann. 1408.
BI, [v. bir, where in p. 54, col. 2, 1. 7, the words 'rarely Norse' should be struck out], used
adverbially, both, Scot. ' baithh, 'with conjunctions connecting two parts of a sentence: a. bi, ...
ok, both ... and; bi vitr ok framgjarn, both wise and bold, Nj. 6; b. blr ok digr, Fms. vii. 162;
vitandi bi gott ok illt, knowing both good and evil, Stj. 145. Gen. iii. 5; b. fyrir sna hnd ok
annarra, Bs. i. 129; b. at viti ok at ru, 127; b. at lrdmi, vitrleik, ok atgrvi, in learning, wisdom,
and accomplishments, 130 (where the subdivision after bi is triple); b. lnd ok kvikf, sl. ii.
61; mun n vera rot bi blkinn ok annat, Fms. vi. 381; bi var at hann kunni betr en estir
menn arir, ok hafi betri fri ..., Bs. i. 129; sometimes in inverse order, ok ... bi; hr og
himnum bi, Pass. 24. 7; fagrt ok fttt b., Hom. 117; undruu ok hrmuu b., 120. p. bi...
enda, where the latter part of the sentence, beginning with 'enda,' is of a somewhat disjunctive
character, and can scarcely be literally rendered into English; it may denote irony or displeasure or
the like, e. g. a er b. hann er vitr, enda veit hann af v, i.e. he is clever, no doubt, and knows it; b.
er n, jarl, at ek yr margan sma at launa, enda vili r n hafa mik hina mestu httu, it is true
enough, my lord, that I have received many good things from you, but now you put me in the
greatest danger, i. e. you seem to intend to make me pay for it, Fb. i. 193: or it denotes that the one
part of a sentence follows as a matter of course from the other, or gives the hidden reason; b. mundi
vera at engi mundi ora at etja, enda mundi engi hafa hest sv gan, i. e. no one would dare to
charge him, as there would hardly be any who had so good a horse, Nj. 89.
bgi-ftr, m. [bgr], 'lame-foot,' a cognom., Eb.; Egilsson renders GREEK (Od. viii. 349) by bgi-
ftr.
bging, f. thwarting, Finnb. 344.
bginn, adj. cross-grained, Fms. iii. 95; bgni, f. peevishness; or- bginn, q.v.; mein-bginn,
pettish.
bgja, , (an old pret. bagi, Haustl. 18), [bgr], with dat. to make one give way, push one back;
trll-konan bgir honum til fjallsins, Bs. i. 464; b. skipi r lgi, to push the ship from her moorings,
Fms. vii. 114; b. vist sinni, to change one's abode, remove, Eb. 252; eim bgi ver, of foul wind,
Eg. 245; honum bgi ver, ok bar hann til eyja eirra er Syllingar heita, the weather drove him
from his course, and he was carried to the islands called Scilly, Fms. i. 145. p. absol. to binder; ef
eigi b. nausynjar, Grg. i. 446. 2. metaph. to treat harshly, oppress one, Bs. i. 550. 3. reex. with
the prep. vi; b. vi e-n, to quarrel; vill hann eigi vi bgjask, Ld. 56; var vi enga at
bgjask (none to dispute against) nema mti Gus vilja vri, Bs. i. 128. p. bgjask til e-s, to
contend about a thing, but with the notion of unfair play; betra er at vgjask til viringar en b. til
str-vandra, Fms. vii. 25. . impers., bgisk honum sv vi, at ..., things went so crookedly for
him, that..., Grett. MS.
bki, v. beyki; bki-skgr, m. a beech-wood, Fms. xi. 224.
bklingr, m. [bk], a 'bookling,' little book, Lat. libellus, Bs. i. 59.
bla, d, I. [bl], to burn = brla, in the allit. phrase brenna ok b., 671. 4, Fms. iv. 142, vi. 176; vide
brla, Fas. i. 4. II. [bl], to pen sheep and cattle during the night; reex., dr blask eim stum,
Greg. 68.
bli, n. [bl], 1. in the Norse sense, a farm, dwelling, = bli, Gl: 452. 2. in the Icel. sense, a den,
Fas. ii. 231, of a vulture's nest; arnar-bli, an eyry, a freq. local name of farms in Icel., Landn.;
dreka- bli, orms-bli, a dragon's lair, serpent's den, Edda; even used of the lair of an outlaw,
Grett. 132 (Grettis-bli), Ld. 250.
BN and bn, f. [bija], prayer, request, boon; these two words are nearly identical in form, and
sometimes used indiscriminately as to sense; but in most cases they are different, bn having a
deeper sense, prayer, bn, request, boon; we may say bija e-n bnar, and bija e-n bnar, but the
sense is different; only bn can be used of prayer to God; gra e-t at bn e-s, Fs. 38; er su bn allra
var, at ..., we all beg, that..., Eg. 28; skalt veita mr bn er ek mun bija ik, Nj. 26; fella bn
at e-m, to pray one earnestly, sl. ii. 305. p. prayer to God, often in plur.; vera bnum, to be at
prayers; hon var lngum um ntr at kirkju buum snum, Ld. 328; hann hellir t bnir fyrir
dmstl Krists, Hom. 13, 156; bn ok lmusugjar, Bs. i. 370, Pass. 4. 22, 44. 17: the phrase, vera
e-m gr (illr) bna (gen. pl.), to turn the ear (or a deaf ear) to one's prayers, Hom. (St.) 95; ver
mr n sv bna, sem vilt at Gu s r dms- degi, Orkn. 174; Drottinleg bn, the Lord's
Prayer; kveld-baen, evening prayer; morgun-bn, morning prayer; lesa bnir snar. to say one's
prayers, etc. COMPDS: bna-fullting, f. support of prayers, Fms. vi. 114. bna-hald, n. a
holding of prayers, Landn. Hi, Gl. 41; baenahalds- mar, a man who prays to God, a religions
man, Bs. i. 72, Hom. 154. bna-hs, n. a chapel, Grg. i. 459, Bs. i. 646; b. tollr, 647: a house of
prayer, Matth. xxi. 13. bna-star, m. entreaty, intercession, prayer; at er b. minn til allrar alu,
Nj. 189; ek tlaa, at r mundu lta standa minn b. um einn maun, Fms. vi. 101; gra e-t fyrir
bnasta e-s, to do a thing because of one's intercession or prayer, Lv. 13: supplication, Bs. i. 740;
me beztu manna ri ok b., Gl. 13. bnar- brf, n. a letter of entreaty, Ann. 1330; bnar-brf,
1392. bnar- or, n. pl. prayers, entreaties, Fs. 10, Fms. ii. 235, Sks. 515.
bna, d, to pray, entreat one; bndi hann til at hann skyldi, Fms. x. 387; prestr s er baendr er.
requested, K..K. 8, 40; v tla ek at senda hann til keisarans sem hann bndi (ased) sjlfr, Post.
645. 98, cp. Acts xxv. 25; grt-bna, to pray 'greeting,' i.e. with tears. . bna sik, (in mod. use) to
cover the face with the hands in prayer.
bn-heyra, , esp. theol. to hear one's prayer, N.T.
bn-hs = bnahs, Pm. 41, Dipl. iii. 2, iv. 9, Vm. 78.
bn-rkinn, adj. diligent in prayer, Hkr. ii. 191.
BR, br, or br, gen. baejar or bjar; gen. biar also occurs, esp. in Norse MSS. of the 14th
century, Fb., but is rare and unclassical; pl. -ir, gen. -ja, dat. -jum. In Icel. people say br; in
Norway b in Swed. and Dan. (always with y) by; the root word being ba, b: this word is very
freq. in local names of towns and villages throughout the whole of Scandinavia; and wherever the
Scandinavian tribes settled the name by or b went along with them. In the map of Northern
England the use of this word marks out the limits and extent of the Norse immigration, e.g. the
name Kirkby or Kirby; about twenty or thirty such are found in English maps of the Northern and
Midland Counties, denoting churches built by the Norse or Danish settlers, as Whitby, Grimsby,
etc., cp. Kirkjubr in Icel. In Denmark and Sweden local names ending in -by are almost
numberless. I. a town, village, this is the Norse, Swed., and Dan. notion; eir brenna bi at kldum
kolum, Fms. xi. 122; til bjarins (of Niars), vii. 30; of Bergen, viii. 360, 438; Tunsberg, ix. 361;
of the town residence of the earl of Orkney, Nj. 267: allit., borgir ok bi, castles and towns, Ann.
1349, etc. etc.; baejar-biskup, a town-bishop, Fms. vii. 32; bjar-prestr, a town- priest, D.N.; bjar-
lgmar, a town-justice, id.; bjar-lr, bjar-li, bjar-menn, town's-people, Fms. viii. 38, 160,
210, Eg. 240, Bs. i. 78; baejar-brenna, the burning of a town, Fms. x. 30; bjar-byg, a town-
district, viii. 247; bjar-gjald, a town-rate, N.G.L. i. 328; bjar-ssla, a town-ofce, Fms. vi. 109;
bjar-starf, id., Hkr. iii. 441; bjar-seta, dwelling in town, Ld. 73, sl. ii. 392. II. a farm, landed
estate, this is the Icel. notion, as that country has no towns; br in Icel. answers to the Germ, 'hof,'
Norweg. 'bl,' Dan. 'gaard,' denoting a farm, or farmyard and buildings, or both together; hence the
phrase, reisa, gra, setja b, efna til bjar, to build the farmstead, Eb. 10, 26, 254, Ld. 96, 98, Fs.
26, Landn. 126, 127, Eg. 131, Gsl. 8, 28, Bs. i. 26, orst. hv. 35; byggja b, Bs. i. 60; the phrase,
br heitir..., a farm is called so and so, sl. ii. 322, 323, 325, Ann. 1300, Hrafn. 22, Dropl. 5; the
allit. phrase, ba b..., orst. hv. 37; the passages are numberless, and 'br' has almost become
synonymous with 'house and home;' and as it specially means 'the farm-buildings,' Icel. also say
innan-bjar, in-doors; utan-bjar, out-of-doors; b, within doors; milii baejar ok stuls, K..K.
78; milli bja; b fr b, from house to house; b og af b, at home and abroad: things
belonging to a br, bjar-dyr, the doors of the houses, the chief entrance; bjar-hur (janua);
bjar-veggr, the wall of the houses; bjar-bust, the gable of the houses; bjar-lkr, the home-
spring, well; bjar-hla, the premises; bjar-sttt, the pavement in the front of the houses; bjar-
lei, a furlong, a short distance as between two 'bir;' bjar-sund, passage between the houses;
bjar-hs, the home-stead, opp. to fjr-hs, etc., where cattle is kept, or barns and the like; fram-
br, the front part of the houses; torf-br, timbr-br, a 'br' built of turf or timber: phrases
denoting the 'br' as hearth and home, hr s Gu b, God be in this house, a form of greeting, cp.
Luke x. 5; bjar-bragr, the customs or life in a house; nema brn hva b er ttt (a proverb).
bra, , [bera, bru], to move, stir, esp. reex. to stir a limb, Bb. 3.31; enginn s hans varir brast,
no one saw his lips move.
bri-ligr, adj. t, seemly, Stj. 141.
brr, adj. due, entitled to, cp. Germ, gebhrend; the proverb, b. er hverr at ra snu, every one has
a right to dispose of his own property, sl. ii. 145; vera b. at dma um e-t, to be a t judge in a
matter (a proverb); unbecoming, Yt. 11.
bsa, t, [bss], = bsa, to drive cattle into stall, Gsl. 20; the saying, fyrr gmlum uxanum at b. en
klnum, Fms. vi. 28.
bsingr, m., prop, one born in a bss (q.v.); hence, as a law term, the child of an outlawed mother;
at barn er ok eigi arfgengt (that child is also not entitled to inheritance), er s kona getr er sek er
orin skgarmar, -at hon geti vi bnda snum sekjum, ok heitir s mar bsingr, Grg. i. 178.
Is not the name Bastard, which rst occurs as. the surname of the Conqueror, simply a Norman
corruption of this Scandin. law term? The son of an outlawed father was called vargdropi, q.v. 2.
pot. the name of a sword, Edda (Gl.)
BTA, tt, [bt; Ulf. btjan = GREEK; Hel. btian; A. S. btan; O.H.G. bzau; Germ. bssen] :--
to better, improve, amend, also t o restore, repair, Nj. 163, Gl. 411; b. aptr, to restore, Grg. ii. 336;
b. upp, to restore, atone for, Fms. ix. 43; b. at e-u, to repair, 367; bta r sitt, to better one's
condition, to marry, Nj. 2: theol. to better one's life: Gu btti honum af essi stt, God restored
him to health, Fms. ix. 391; with gen. of the sickness, O.H.L. 84. . to mend, put a patch on a
garment. 2. reex., e-m btisk, one gets better, is restored to health; at fur hans bttisk helstr,
Landn. 146: absol., bttisk honum egar, he got better at once, Bs. i. 318, 319, 325: with gen.,
baettisk Ba augna-verkjarins, sl. ii. 428 (rare); cp. heilsu-bt, recovery of health. II. a law term, to
pay weregild, the person slain in acc., the money in dat.; Hrafnkell btti engan mann f, i.e. H. paid
no weregild whomsoever he slew, Hrafn. 4; ek vil engan mann f b., 9; Styrr v mrg vg, en btti
engin (viz. vg), S. slew many men, but paid for none, Eb. 54; bta menn alla er ar ltusk er
fyrir srum uru, 98; b. sakir (acc.) f (dat.), Grg. ii. 169: the allit. law term, b. baugum, to pay
weregild, 174: the amount of money in acc. to pay out, bt heldr f at er ert sakar vi hann,
Fms. iii. 22; ok hann eigi at at b., he has not to pay that, Grg. ii. 168; b. fandar bt, Gl. 358:
part. bttr, Eb. 98, 246. 2. metaph. to redress, adjust; b. vi e-n, or b. yr vi e-n, to give one
redress, make good a wrong inicted; her yr btt vi mik um etta brri, Fms. ii. 25, xi.
434: also used in a religious sense, skaltu b. vi Gu, er her sv mjk gengit af tr inni, ii. 213
(yfr-bt, repentance); b. sl, or b. fyrir sl sinni, to do for the health of the soul, iv. 63, Fb. i. 345
Bs. i. 642 (in a verse); b. um e-t, to make a thing better (um-bot, bettering, improvement), Orkn.
442: reex., ekki btisk um, matters grow worse, Fms. ii. 53; b. vi, to add to (vi-bt, addition),
Hv. 45. 3. part. pass, used as adj. in compar.; ok er eigi at bttra, tt ..., things are no better,
though ..., Fms. vii. 36; ykir mr lafr ekki at bttari, tt..., i.e. it is no redress for Olave's death,
though ..., Fas. ii. 410; er mr ekki sour minn at bttari tt Bolli s drepinn, my son's death is none
the more atoned for though B. is slain, Ld. 226. 4. part. act. as noun; btandi, pl. -endr, a law term,
one who has to pay weregild, Grg. ii. 174, etc.
BXL, mod. bxli, n. [bgr], the shoulder (Lat. armus) of a dragon, whale, shark, or the like,
Fms. vi. 351, Bret. 544.16, Gull. 7.
B, f., gen. bvar, [A. S. beadu], a battle, only in poetry, in which it is used in a great many
compds; hence come the pr. names Bvarr, Bvildr, Bmr, vide Lex. Pot.
bull, m., dat. bli, [Dan. bddel], an executioner, (mod. word.)
bvask, a, dep. to rave, Hm. 21.
BGGR, m., dat. bggvi, an obsol. word, a bag; breir b., a big bag, in a metaph. sense, Glm. (in
a verse): the dimin. bggull, m. a small bag, is in freq. use as a nickname, Arn. S. Bs. i. bgla, a,
to shrivel, v. bagla.
BL, n., dat. blvi, gen. pl. blva, [cp. Goth, balva-vesei and balveins = GREEK, GREEK; A.S.
balew; Engl. bale; Hel. balu; O.H.G. balv; lost in mod. Germ, and Dan.] :-- bale, misfortune; allit.
phrases, bl and bt, 'bale' and 'bote;' blva btr, Stor. 22; egar bl er hst er bt nst, 'when bale
is hest, bote is nest,' Morris, E. Engl. Spec, 100; sv skal bl bta at ba annat meira (a proverb),
Grett. 123, Fbr. 193; bl er bskapr (a proverb).
bl-bn, f. imprecation, Sks. 435, Anecd. 10.
bl-fengi, f. malice, O.H.L. 32.
bll-ttr, adj. ball-shaped, Sks. 634; b. eggskurn, Stj. 12; b. manna hfu, Fms. v. 343, Rb. 466.
BLLR, m., gen. ballar, dat. belli, [Engl. ball; O.H.G. balla] :-- a ball, globe: the ball, in the game
of cricket, Gsl. 26 (in a verse, A.D. 963), but hardly ever used, knttr being the common word: a
globe, Al. 18; b. jarar, Sks. 205 B; b. slar, id., v. 1.: the front of a phalanx, belli svnfylktar
fylkingar, 384 B: a small body of men, Lat. globus, Fms. viii. 406, where some MSS. read bjllr,
probably to avoid the ambiguity: a peak, mountain, in the local name Ballar-, a farm in the west of
Iceland, Eb. 2. anatom. the glans penis, Grg. ii. 16.
blva, a, [Ulf. balvjan = GREEK], to curse, with dat. or absol., Stj. 37, 199, Sks. 539, 549, Hom.
33. . to swear, Sturl. iii. 239. blv, n. swearing, (mod.)
blvan, f. a curse, Stj. 37, 483: swearing, Fr. 239, Hom. 86.
bl-vss, adj. [Ulf. balva-vesei, Hel. balu-veso, = diabolus], 'bale-wise,' detestable, Hbl. 23:3
nickname, Hkv.
BRGR, m. [Dutch and Germ. barg; Engl. barrow], a barrow-hog, Hd., Lex. Pot.
BRKR, m., gen. barkar, dat. berki, bark, Stj. 177, Pr. 473, Am. 17; brku (acc. pl.), N.G.L. i. 242:
a pr. name of a man, Landn.
brr, m. a kind of tree, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot. II. a son = burr,
brur, m., pot, an ox, Edda (Gl.)
bstl, f., pl. bstlar, arrows, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot.
C (c), the third letter, has all along been waning in Icel. The early Gothic Runes (Golden horn) use
RUNE for k, e.g. RUNE for ek, ego; the later common Runes have no c. The Anglo-Saxon Runes
follow the Gothic, and use c tor k, as cn, a torch. A. SPELLING. -- The rule given by the rst Icel.
grammarian, Thorodd (A.D. 1140), is curious; he says that he will follow the Scots in using c with
all the vowels, as in Latin, and then makes c serve instead of k; but, though in other cases he makes
the small capitals serve for double consonants, e. g. uBi, braT, meN, haLar, dG, = ubbi, bratt,
menn, etc., he admits k to mark a double c, and spells sc sake, but sk sank; lycia to shut, but lykja
a knot; vaca to wake, but vaka vagari; ecia to thatch, but ekia to know. Thorodd gives as his
reason that other consonants have different shapes as small or capital, but c is uniform, whereas he
says that k suits well for a double c, being a Greek letter itself, and having a shape similar to a
double c, namely, RUNE; this k or double c he calls ecc, but the single c he calls ce, Sklda 108.
The second grammarian (about the end of the 12th century) only admits c as a nal letter, ranking
with , z, or x, which are never used as initials: all these letters he calls 'sub-letters;' he thus writes
karl, kona, kunna, but vc, sc, tac. Such were the grammatical rules, but in practice they were
never strictly followed. As the Anglo-Saxon, in imitation of the Latin, used c throughout for k, so
the earliest Icel. MSS., inuenced by the Anglo-Saxon or by MSS. written in Britain, made free use
of it, and k and c appear indiscriminately; k is more frequent, but c is often used between two
vowels or after a vowel, e.g. taca, lcu, vica, hoc, etc. etc. In such cases, t and c (k) can often hardly
be distinguished; and readings can sometimes be restored by bearing this in mind, e.g. in Bjarn. S.
(all our MSS. come from a single vellum MS.) the passage 'ltu heim at landinu' should be read
'lcu (lku) honum landmunir,' 16; ' sttvarr' is 'sacvarr,' i.e. sakvarr, 51; cp. also such readings as
bikdlir instead of Hitdlir, Gull. 3; drickin = dritkinn, id. In Ad. 20 it is uncertain whether we are
to read veclinga- or vetlinga-ts, probably the former. B. FOREIGN WORDS. -- Throughout the
Middle Ages the spelling remained unsettled, but k gained ground, and at the time of the
Reformation, when printing began, c was only kept to mark the double k, ek (cut on one face), and
in foreign proper names; but it was not admitted in appellatives such as kirkja, klaustr, klerkr, kr,
kross, kalkr or kaleikr, church (Scot, kirk), cloister, clericus, choir, cross, calix, etc., or in kista,
kastali, kerti, keisari, kr, krleiki, kyndill, krona or krna, kurteisi, kumpan, komps, kaptuli,
cista, castellum, cern, caesar (as appell.), carus, caritas, candela, corona, courtesy, company,
compass, chapter. All words of that kind are spelt as if they were indigenous. The name of Christ is
usually in editions of the N.T. and Vidal. spelt Christus or Christur, but is always sounded as a
native word Kristr or Kristur, gen. Krists, dat. Kristi; in modern books it is also spelt so, and almost
always in hymns and rhymes, ancient as well as modern, e.g. Strsmenn hfu krossfest Krist |
skiptu stai fjra fyrst, Pass. 36. I, 19.1, 3, 10.1, 14.1, 15.2, 16.1, 49.4; Postula kjri Kristur rj,
41; Strsmenn Krist r kpu fru, 30.1; Framandi mar mtti Kristi | hr m fnna hvern a
lystir, 30.6, 46.12. Icel. also spell Kristinn, Kristilegr, Christian; kristna, to christen, etc. . in the
middle of syllables k for c is also used in words of foreign origin, Pskar = Pascha, Passover; dreki
= draco; leikmenn = laici; Sikley or Sikiley = Sicilia; Grikland or Grikkland = Greece. In modern
books of the last fty years ck is turned into kk; and even C in proper names is rendered by K,
except where it is sounded as S; thus Icel. spell Caesar, Cicero, Cyprus; for Sesar, Sisero, Syprus,
Silisia -- although even this may be seen in print of the last ten or twenty years -- is a strange
novelty. There is but one exception, viz. the proper name Cecilia, which, ever since the
Reformation, has been spelt and pronounced Sesselja; where, however, the name occurs in old
writers, e.g. the Sturl. i. 52 C, it is always spelt in the Latin form. Latin and foreign words are spelt
with c in some MSS. communis-bk, f. a missal, Vm. 52. concurrentis-ld, f. dies concurrentes,
Rb. crucis-messa = kross-messa, K..K. &hand; A digraph ch = k is at times found in MSS., as
michill = mikill, etc. C is used in nearly all MSS. to mark 100; the Arabian gures, however, occur
for the rst time in the Hauks-bk and the chief MSS. of the Njla (all of them MSS. of from the
end of the 13th to the beginning of the 14th century), but were again disused till about the time of
the Reformation, when they came into use along with print. An inverted c (&c-reversed-long;) is
sometimes in very early MSS. used as an abbreviation for con (kon), thus &c-reversed-long;ugr =
konungr, &c-reversed-long;a = kona, &c-reversed-long;or = konor = konur; hence the curious
blunder in the old Kd. of Pls. S., Bs. i. 140, viz. that a bishop had to take charge of women and
clergy instead of choir and clergy, the word cr of the MSS. being mistaken for &c-reversed-
long;or (konor). In MSS. of the 15th century c above the line is used as an abbreviation, e.g. t&c-
super;a = taka, t&c-super;r = tekr, m&c-super;ill = mikill, etc.
D
D (d) is the fourth letter of the alphabet; it is also written (e). The Gothic Runes have a
special sign for the d RUNE or RUNE, namely, a double D turned together; this d is found on the
Runic stone at Tune, the Golden horn, and the Bracteats. The reason why this character was used
seems to have been that the Latin d RUNE was already employed to mark the th sound (RUNE),
which does not exist in Latin. The Anglo- Saxon Runes follow the Gothic; again, the common
Scandinavian Runes have no d, but use the tenuis t, to mark both d and t.
A. PRONUNCIATION, etc. -- The Icel. has a double d sound, one hard (d) and one soft (
commonly called 'stungi (cut) d'); the hard d is sounded as the Engl. d in dale, day, dim, dark; the
soft as the soft Engl. th in father, mother, brother, but is only used as a nal or medial, though it
occurs now and then in early MSS. to mark this sound at the beginning of words, e. g. ar, inn,
egar, but very rarely.
B. SPELLING. -- In very early Icel. MSS. the soft d in the middle or end of words was represented
by (th); thus we read, blo, fair, moir, gu, or, eym, sek, dyp, etc., blood... depth, etc. Even
Thorodd docs not know the form , which was borrowed from the A.S. at the end of the 12th
century, and was made to serve for the soft th sound in the middle or end of words, being only
used at the beginning of syllables; but the old spelling with in the middle and at the end of
syllables long struggled against the Anglo-Saxon , and most old vellum MSS. use and
indiscriminately (blo and blo); some use as a rule, e. g. Cod. Upsal. (Ub.) of the Edda, written
about A.D. 1300, Ed. Arna-Magn. ii. 250 sqq. At the beginning of the 14th century prevailed, but
again lost its sway, and gave place to d, which marks both the hard and soft d sound in all MSS.
from about A.D. 1350 sqq. Thenceforward was unknown in Icel. print or writing till it was
resumed in the Ed. of Njla A.D. 1772 (cp. also the introduction to the Syntagma de Baptismo, A.D.
1770), and was nally introduced by Rask in common Icel. writing about the beginning of this
century; yet many old people still keep on writing d throughout (fadir, modir). On the other hand,
Norse (Norwegian) MSS. (laws) never use. a middle or nal ; and such words as or, gor in a
MS. are a sure mark of its Icel. origin.
C. CHANGES: I. assimilation: 1. d change into dd, as in the feminines breidd, vdd, sdd, from
breir, vr, sr; pret. beiddi, leiddi, rddi, hddi, hlddi, etc., from beia, ra, hla, etc. 2. t
into tt, adj. neut., gott, tt, brtt, leitt, from gr, r, brr, leir. 3. the Goth, zd, Germ, and Engl.
rd into dd in words such as rdd = Goth. razda; oddr = Germ, ort; hodd = Engl. hoard, Goth. huzd;
gaddr = Goth. gazds, etc. Those words, however, are few in number. II. the initial of a pronoun, if
sufxed to the verb, changes into or d, and even t, e.g. far-u, gr-u, sj-u, f-u, b-u, = far
(imperat.), etc.; kalla-u, tala-u, = kalla , tala ; or kon-du, leid-du, bd-du, sn-du, sen-du,
= kom , lei , etc.; or t, hal-tu, vil-tu, skal-tu, ben-tu, hljt-tu, = hald , vilt , skalt , bend
, hljt u; and even so the plur. or dual -- komi-i, haldi-i, tli-i, vili-i, gri-r, gangi-
r, = komi i ... gangi r; or following conjunctions, efa- = ef a , san- = san ,
ren- = r en . III. change of d into : 1. d, whether radical or inexive, is spelt and
pronounced after a vowel and an r or f, g, e.g. bl, j, bija, lei, nau, h, brr, bi, bor,
or, garr, fer, gr, brag, lagi, hg, hafi, hfum (capitibus), etc. This is without regard to
etymology, e.g. Goth, iuda (gens) and ju (bonum) are equally pronounced and spelt 'j;' Goth.
daus and dds, Icel. daui and d; Goth, gu (deus) and gds (bonus), Icel. gu, gr; Goth.
fadar, bruar, Icel. fair, brir, cp. Germ, vater, mutter, but bruder; Goth, vaurd and gards, Icel.
or, garr; Engl. burden and birth, Icel. byrr, burr, etc. Again, in some parts of western Icel. r,
g, and fd are pronounced as rd, gd, fd, ord, Sigurd, gerdu (fac), bragd (with a soft g, but hard d),
hafdi (with a soft f and hard d); marks of this may be found in old MSS., e.g. Cod. Reg. (Kb.) of
Stem. Edda. 2. an inexive d is sounded and spelt : u. after k, p, e.g. in pret. of verbs, steypi,
gleypi, klpi, drpi, gapi, glapi, steiki, rki, seki, hrki, hneyki, bleki, vaki, blaki,
etc., from steypa, klpa, drpa, gapa, glepja, steikja, rkja, sekja, hrkkva, hneykja, blekkja, vekja,
or vaka, etc.; and feminines, sek, eyk, dp, etc. . after the liquids l, m, n in analogous cases,
vali, duli, huli, deili, and dmi, smi, dreymi, geymi, sami, frami, and vani, breni,
etc., from dylja, deila, dreyma, semja, venja, brenna, etc.; feminines or nouns, sm, frem, vani
(use), yni (delight), ani (breath), syn (sin): these forms are used constantly in very old MSS.
(12th century, and into the 13th); but then they changed -- l, m, n into ld, md, nd, and k, p into
kt, pt, etc. . after s (only on Runic stones; even the earliest Icel. MSS. spell st), e.g. raisi = reisti
from reisa. In MSS. of the middle of that century, such as the .H., Cod. Reg. of the Eddas and
Grgs, the old forms are still the rule, but the modern occur now and then; the Grgs in nineteen
cases out of twenty spells sek (culpa), but at times also 'sekt;' k, p were rst abolished; the
liquids kept the soft d till the end of the century, and l, m, n is still the rule in the Hauksbk;
though even the chief vellum MS. of the Njla (Arna-Magn. no. 468) almost constantly uses the
modern ld, md, nd. As to kt and pt, the case is peculiar; in early times the Icel. pronounced dp or
dp etc. exactly as the English at present pronounce depth; but as the Icel. does not allow the
concurrence of two different tenues, the modern pt and kt are only addressed to the eye; in fact,
when became t, the p and k were at once changed into f and g. The Icel. at present says dft, segt,
just as he spells September, October, but is forced to pronounce 'Seft-,' 'Ogt-.' The spelling in old
MSS. gives sometimes a clear evidence as to the etymology of some contested words, e.g. the
spelling eyk (q.v.) clearly shews that the word is not akin to Lat. octo, but is derived from auka
(augere), because else it would have been formed like ntt, tta, dttir, Lat. noct-, octo, Gr. GREEK
so ani, syn, shew that the d in both cases is inexive, not radical, and that an, syn are the roots,
cp. Gr. GREEK and Germ, shnen; but when editors or transcribers of Icel. MSS. -- and even
patriotic imi- tators of the old style -- have extended the to radical ld, nd, and write lan, ban,
hn, val, etc., they go too far and trespass against the law of the language. It is true that 'land' is in
Icel. MSS. spelt 'l,' but the stroke is a mark of abbreviation, not of a soft d.
D. INTERCHANGE (vide p. 49): I. between Greek, Latin, and Scandinavian there are but few
words to record, GREEK = dttir, GREEK = dyr, GREEK = dyrr, GREEK and GREEK = d and
deyja, GREEK = dar, GREEK = dalr (arcus), and perhaps GREEK = dmr; Lat. truncus = draugr,
trabere = draga. II. between High German on the one hand, and Low German with Scandinavian on
the other hand, a regular interchange has taken place analogous to that between Latin-Greek and
Teutonic; viz. Scandin.-Engl. d, t, answer to H.G. t, z, d, e.g. Icel. dagr, Engl. day = H. G. tag;
Icel. temja, Engl. tame = H.G. zhnen; Icel. ing, Engl. thing = H.G. ding.
&hand; In very early Icel. MSS. we nd the old Latin form d, which sometimes occurs in the Kb. of
the Sm. Edda, but it is commonly UNKNOWN, whence is formed by putting a stroke on the
upper part, A.S. this shews that the is in form a d, not a (th); vide more on this subject in the
introduction to Thorodd calls the capital D edd, the d d.
dara, a, d. runni, dat. to wheedle.
da, a, m. or dafar, f. pl. a dub. word, a shaft (?), Akv. 4, 14.
daa, a, and damla, with dat. to dabble with the oar, up and down, metaph. from churning, Krk.
59 C. damla, u, f., is used of a small roll of butter just taken from the churn, a er ekki fyrsta
damlan sem fr, Brnn, sl. js. ii. 124.
dafna, a, to thrive well, a nursery term, used of babies. dafnan, f. thriving; dfnunar-barn, etc.
daga, a, to dawn; eptir um morguninn er trautt var daga, Eg. 360; egar er hann s at dagai,
Fms. v. 21; hvern daganda dag, Mar. (Fr.): impers., e-n dagar uppi, day dawns upon one, in the
tales, said of hobgoblins, dwarfs, and giants, uppi ertu n dvergr um dagar, n sknn sl sali, Alm.
36, cp. Hkv. Hjrv. 29, 30; en Brdlingar segja hana (acc. the giantess) ha dagat uppi au
glmdu, Grett. 141: single stone pillars are freq. said in Icel. to be giants or witches turned into stone
on being caught by daylight, and are called Karl, Kerling, vide sl. js. i. 207 sqq.
dagan, dgur (deging, Sturl. i. 83 C), f. dawn, daybreak; dagan, Edda 24; en er kom at d., 29;
litlu fyrir d., 30, O.H.L. 51; um morguninn d., Fms. ix. 258; dgun, Eg. 261; i ndvera d.,
Sturl. ii. 249.
dag-drykkja, u, f. a morning-draught, which was taken after the dagverr, Orkn. 276, Fas. iii. 42.
dag-far, n. a 'day-fare,' journey, used in dat. in the phrase, fara dagfari ok nttfari, to travel day and
night, Fms. i. 203; hann hafi farit noran dagfari, in a single day's journey, ix. 513. 2. mod. and
theol. the 'journey of life,' daily course, conduct; hence dagfars-gr, adj. good and gentle.
dag-fasta, u, f. fasting by day, K..K. 106, Hom. 73.
dag-ftt, n. adj., in the phrase, vera d., to lose the daylight, to be over-taken by night, Fms. xi. 142,
Rb. 376, Ver. 24.
dag-fer, dag-fr, f. a day's journey, Symb. 15, Fms. xi. 440, Stj. 65.
dag-ganga, u, f. a day's walk, Fas. iii. 643.
dag-geisli, a, m. a day-beam, Bjarn. 46, name given to a lady-love.
dag-langr, adj. [A.S. dglang], all day long; d. eri, toil all day long, Sks. 42; daglangt, all this
day long, for this day, Eg. 485, Fms. ii. 268.
dag-lt, n. pl. day-dreams, vide dreyma.
dag-lei, f. a day's journey, Fms. vii. 110, Hkr. i. 45; fara fullum dagleium, Grg. i. 48.
dag-lengis, adv. all day long, Korm. (in a verse), Karl. 481.
dag-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), daily, Fms. ix. 407, Sks. 42, Dipl. iii. 14, H. E. i. 432, Vm. 139.
dag-ml, n. (vide dagr), prop. 'day-meal,' one of the divisions of the day, usually about 8 or 9
o'clock A. M.; the Lat. hora tertia is rendered by 'er vr kllum dagml, 'which we call d., Hom.
142; cnn er ekki liit af dagmlum, Hom. (St.) 10. Acts ii. 15; in Glm. 342 we are told that the
young Glum was very lazy, and lay in bed till day-meal every morning, cp. also 343; Hrafn. 28 and
O.H.L. 18 -- einum morni milli rismla ok dagmla -- where distinction is made between risml
(rising time) and dagml, so as to make a separate dagsmark (q.v.) of each of them; and again, a
distinction is made between 'midday' and dagmal, sl. ii. 334. The dagmal is thus midway between
'rising' and 'midday,' which accords well with the present use. The word is synonymous with
dagverarml, breakfast-time, and denotes the hour when the ancient Icel. used to take their chief
meal, opposed to nttml, night-meal or supper-time, Fms. viii. 330; even the MSS. use dagml and
dagverarml indiscriminately; cp. also Sturl. iii. 4 C; Rb. 452 says that at full moon the ebb takes
place 'at dagmlum.' To put the dagml at 7.30 A.M., as Pl Vdalin does, seems neither to acccord
with the present use nor the passage in Glum or the eccl. hora tertia, which was the nearest hour
answering to the Icel, calculation of the day. In Fb. i. 539 it is said that the sun set at 'eyk' (i.e. half-
past three o'clock), but rose at 'dagml' which puts the dagmal at 8.30 A.M. COMPDS: dagmla-
star, m. the place of d. in the horizon, Fb. I. dagmala-ti, f. morning terce, 625. 176.
dag-messa, u, f. day-mass, morning terce, Hom. 41.
DAGR, m., irreg. dat. degi, pl. dagar: [the kindred word dgr with a vowel change from (dg)
indicates a lost root verb analogous to ala, l, cp. dalr and dlir; this word is common to all
Teutonic dialects; Goth. dags; A.S. dag; Engl. day; Swed.-Dan. dag; Germ, tag; the Lat. dies seems
to be identical, although no interchange has taken place] :-- a day; in different senses: 1. the natural
day :-- sayings referring to the day, at kveldi skal dag leyfa, at eventide shall the day be praised,
Hm. 80 ; allir dagar eiga kveld um sir; mrg eru dags augu, vide auga; enginn dagr til enda tryggr,
no day can be trusted till its end; allr dagr til stefnu, Grg. i. 395, 443, is a law phrase, -- for
summoning was lawful only if performed during the day; this phrase is also used metaph. = 'plenty
of time' or the like: popular phrases as to the daylight are many -- dagr rennr, or rennr upp, and kemr
upp, the day rises, Bm. 1; dagr austri, day in the east, where the daylight rst appears; dagsbrn,
'day's brow,' is the rst streak of daylight, the metaphor taken from the human face; lysir af degi, it
brightens from the day, i.e. daylight is appearing; dagr ljmar, the day gleams; fyrir dag, before
day; mti degi, undir dag, about daybreak; komi at degi, id., Fms. viii. 398; dagr lopti, day in the
sky; rla, snemma dags, early in the morning, Pass. 15. 17; dagr um allt lopt, etc.; albjartr dagr,
hbjartr d., full day, broad daylight; hstr dagr, high day; nd-verr d., the early day = forenoon,
Am. 50; mir dagr, midday, Grg. i. 413, 446, Sks. 217, 219; liinn dagr, late in the day, Fas. i.
313; hallandi dagr, declining day; at kveldi dags, s dags, late in the day, Fms. i. 69. In the evening
the day is said to set, hence dag-sett, dag-setr, and dagr setzt; in tales, ghosts and spirits come out
with nightfall, but dare not face the day; singing merry songs after nightfall is not safe, a kallast
ekki Kristnum leyft a kvea egar dagsett er, a ditty; Syrpuvers er mestr galdr er flginn, ok eigi
er lofat at kvea eptir dagsetr, Fas. iii. 206, sl. js. ii. 7, 8: the daylight is symbolical of what is
true or clear as day, hence the word dagsanna, or satt sem dagr, q.v. 2. of different days; dag, to-
day, Grg. i. 16, 18, Nj. 36, Ld. 76, Fms. vi. 151; gr-dag, yesterday; fyrra dag, the day before
yesterday, Hv. 50; hinni-fyrra dag, the third day; annars dags, Vgl. 23, Pass. 50. I; hindra dags,
the hinder day, the day after to-morrow, Hm. 109; dag eptir dag, day after day, Hkr. ii. 313; dag fr
degi, from day to day, Fms. ii. 230; hvern dag fr rum, id., Fms. viii. 182; annan dag fr rum.
id., Eg. 277; um daginn, during the day; dgunum. the other day; ntt ok dag, night and day;
lilangan dag, the 'life-long' day; dgunum optar, more times than there are days, i.e. over and over
again, Fms. x. 433; deyjanda degi, on one's day of death, Grg. i. 402. p. regu-dagr, a rainy day:
slskins-dagr, a sunny day; sumar- dagr, a summer day; vetrar-dagr, a winter day; htis-dagr, a
feast day; fegins-dagr, a day of joy; dms-dagr, the day of doom, judgment day, Gl. 82, Fms. viii.
98; hamingju-dagr, heilla-dagr, a day of happiness; glei- dagr, id.; brkaups-dagr, bridal-day;
burar-dagr, a birthday. 3. in pl. days in the sense of times; arir dagar, Fms. i. 216; ek tlaa ekki
at essir dagar mundu vera, sem n eru ornir, Nj. 171; gir dagar, happy days, Fms. xi. 286,
270; sj aldrei glaan dag (sing.), never to see glad days. p. e-s dgum, um e-s daga eptir e-s
daga, esp. of the lifetime or reign of kings, Fms.; but in Icel. also used of the lgsgumar, Jb.
repeatedly; vera dgum, to be alive; eptir minn dag, 'after my day,' i.e. when I am dead. .
calendar days, e.g. Hvita- dagar, the White days, i.e. Whitsuntide; Hunda-dagar, the Dog days;
Banda-dagr, Vincula Petri; Hfu-dagr, Decap. Johannis; Geisla-dagr, Epiphany; Imbru-dagar,
Ember days; Gang-dagar, 'Ganging days,' Ro- gation days; Dri-dagr, Corpus Christi; etc. 4. of the
weekdays; the old names being Sunnu-d. or Drottins-d., Mna-d., Ts-d., ins-d., rs-d., Frj-
d., Laugar-d. or vtt-d. It is hard to understand how the Icel. should be the one Teut. people that
have disused the old names of the week-days; but so it was, vide Jns S. ch. 24; fyrir bau hann at
eigna daga vitrum mnnum heinum, sv sem at kalla Trsdag insdag, er rsdag, ok sv um
alla vikudaga, etc., Bs. i. 237, cp. 165. Thus bishop John (died A.D. 1121) caused them to name the
days as the church does (Feria sccunda, etc.); viz. rii-d. or riju-d., Third-day = Tuesday, Rb.
44, K..K. 100, sl. ii. 345; Fimti-d., Fifth-day -- Thursday, Rb. 42, Grg. i. 146, 464, 372, ii. 248,
Nj. 274; Fstu-d., Fast-day = Friday; Miviku-d., Midweek-day = Wednesday, was borrowed from
the Germ. Mittwoch; throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, however, the old and new names were
used indiscriminately. The question arises whether even the old names were not imported from
abroad (England); certainly the Icel. of heathen times did not reckon by weeks; even the word week
(vika) is probably of eccl. Latin origin (vices, recurrences). It is curious that the Scandinavian form
of Friday, old Icel. Frjdagr, mod. Swed.-Dan. Fredag, is A.S. in form; 'Frj-,' 'Fre-,' can hardly be
explained but from A.S. Fre-, and would be an irregular transition from the Norse form Frey. The
transition of ja into mod. Swed.-Dan. e is quite regular, whereas Icel. ey (in Frey) would require the
mod. Swed.-Dan. or u sound. Names of weekdays are only mentioned in Icel. poems of the 11th
century (Arnr, Sighvat); but at the time of bishop John the reckoning by weeks was probably not
fully established, and the names of the days were still new to the people. 5. the day is in Icel.
divided according to the position of the sun above the horizon; these xed traditional marks are
called dags-mrk, day-marks, and are substitutes for the hours of modern times, viz. ris-ml or
mir-morgun, dag-ml, h-degi, mi-degi or mi-mundi, nn, mir-aptan, ntt-ml, vide these
words. The middle point of two day-marks is called jafn-nrri-bum, in modern pronunciation
jfnu-bu, equally-near-both, the day-marks following in the genitive; thus in Icel. a man asks,
hva er fram ori, what is the time? and the reply is, jfnubu mismorguns og dagmla, half-
way between mid-morning and day-meal, or stund til (to) dagmla; hallandi dagml, or stund af
(past) dagmlum; jfnu-bu hdegis og dagmla, about ten or half- past ten o'clock, etc. Those
day-marks are traditional in every farm, and many of them no doubt date from the earliest settling
of the country. Respecting the division of the day, vide Pl Vdal. s.v. Allr dagr til stefnu, Finnus
Johann., Horologium Island., Eyktamrk slenzk (published at the end of the Rb.), and a recent
essay of Finn Magnusson. II. denoting a term, but only in compounds, dagi, a, m., where the weak
form is used, cp. ein-dagi, ml-dagi, bar-dagi, skildagi. III. jis a pr. name, Dagr, (freq.); in this
sense the dat. is Dag, not Degi, cp. inn li Dag (dat.) geirs sns, Sm. 114. COMPDS: daga-tal,
n. a tale of days, Rb. 48. dags-brun, v. above. dags- helgi, f. hallowedness of the day, Sturl. i. 29.
dags-ljs, n. daylight, Eb. 266. dags-mark, v. above. dags-megin, n., at dags magni, in full day,
623. 30. dags-munr, m. a day's difference; sv at d. sr , i.e. day by day, Stj.
dag-r, n. [A.S. dagrd = daybreak], this word is rarely used, Eg. 53, 174, Fms. i. 131; in the last
passage it is borrowed from the poem Vellekla, (where it seems to be used in the A.S. sense; the
poet speaks of a sortilege, and appears to say that the sortilege told him to ght at daybreak, then he
would gain the day); the passages in prose, however, seem to take the word in the sense of early, in
good time.
dag-rki, n. (dag-rikt, n. adj., N. G. L. i. 342, 343, v.l.), in the phrase, bta sem d. er til, of the
breach of a Sunday or a holy day, to pay according to 'the day's might,' i.e. according to the time of
the day at which the breach is committed, N.G.L. i. 342, 343, 348, 349; or does it mean 'the
canonical importance' of the day (Fr.) ?
dag-rr, m. a day's rowing, A.A. 272.
dag-sanna, u, f. true as day, Nj. 73, Fr. 169, Fas. i. 24, cp. Eb. 60.
dag-setr (dag-ster, Sturl. iii. 185 C), n. 'day-setting,' nightfall; um kveld nr dagsetri, Landn. 285;
d., Fms. v. 331, ix. 345; lei til dag- setrs, Grett. III; d. skei, Fms. ix. 383. dag-sett, n. adj. id.,
Hv. 40; vide dagr.
dag-sigling, f. a day's sailing, journey by sea, Rb. 482.
dag-skemt, f. a day's amusement, games, telling stories, or the like, Sturl. i. 63 C, (dagskemta, gen.
pl.)
dag-skjarr, adj. 'day-scared,' shunning daylight, pot. epithet of a dwarf, t. 2.
dag-sltta, u, f. a day's mowing, an Icel. acre eld, measuring 900 square fathoms (Icel. fathom =
about 2 yards), to be mown by a single man in a day, Dipl. v. 28, sl. ii. 349.
dag-stingr, m. the 'day-sting,' daybreak, Greg. 57, (rare.)
dag-stjarna, u, f. the morning star, Lucifer, Al. 161, Sl. 39.
dag-stund, f. day time, a whole day, K..K. 6; dagstundar Lei, a 'Leet' (i.e. meeting) lasting a day,
Grg. i. 122 :-- elsewhere dagstund means an hour in the day time = stund dags.
dag-stddr, adj. xed as to the day, Thom. 56, Fms. xi. 445.
dag-t, f. [A. S. dagtid], day-service, 673. 60, 625. 177, Sks. 19.
dag-veizla, u, f. help to win the day, = liveizla, Fas. iii. 336.
dag-verr and dg-urr, m., gen. ar, pl. ir, [Dan. davre], 'day- meal,' the chief meal of the old
Scandinavians, taken in the forenoon at the time of dagml, opp. to ntturr or nttverr (mod. Dan.
nadver), supper; corresponding as to time with the mod. Engl. breakfast, as to the nature of the
meal with the Engl. dinner. The old Scandinavians used to take a hearty meal before going to their
work; cp. Tac. Germ. 22. An early and a hearty meal were synonymous words (vide rlegr); the old
Hvaml advises men to go to the meeting 'washed and with full stomach' (veginn ok mettr), but
never to mind how bad their dress, shoes, or horse may be; and repeats the advice to take 'an early
meal' even before visiting a friend, 32, cp. Hbl. 3. Several places in Icel. took their name from the
settlers taking their rst ' day-meal, ' e.g. Dg- urar-nes, Dgurar-, Landn. 110, 111, cp. also
Gsl. 12. The Gr. GREEK is rendered by dagverr, Greg. 43. Matth. xxii. 4; but in the Icel. N. T. of
1540 sq. GREEK is constantly rendered by kveld-mlt; eta dgur, Landn. l.c., Nj. 175, Gsl. 1.
c.; sitja yr dagveri, Eg. 564, 577, sl. ii. 336, Fms. iv. 337, ix. 30; dgurar bor, a day-meal
table, in the phrase, sitja at dgurar bori, to sit at table, Fms. i. 40, vi. 411, Hkr. i. 153, iii. 157;
dgurar-ml and dgurarml-skei, the day-meal time, time of the day-meal, Fms. viii. 330, v.l.;
um morguninn at dagverar mli, 443, Eg. 564, Edda 24, Hom. 91 (in pl.), O. H. L. 19. COMPD:
dagverar-drykkja, f. = dagdrykkja, the drinking after dagverr, Fas. iii. 530, Mag. 3.
dag-villr, adj. 'day-wild,' i. e. not knowing what day it is, K. . 190, N. G. L. i. 342.
dag-vxtr, m. daily growth; in the phrase, vaxa dagvxtum, to wax day by day, Finnb. 216, Eb. 318.
dag-ing, n. and dag-ingan, f. a conference, Ann. 1391; vera d. vi e-n, Fms. iii. 201, Bs. i. 882,
freq. in Thom.
dag-inga, a, to hold conference with one, D. N., Thom. (freq.)
dala, a, to be dented; dalai ekki n sprakk, Eg. 769, cp. Fas. iii. 12 (the verse).
dal-bi (dalbyggi, Sd. 214), a, m, a dweller in a dale, Grett. 141 A.
dal-byg, f. a dale-country, Stj. 380, Hkr. ii. 8.
dal-land, n. dale-ground, Grg. ii. 257.
DALLR, m. a small tub, esp. for milk or curds; bi byttur og dallar, Od. ix. 222, Snt 99.
dalmatika, u, f. a dalmatic, Stj., Fms. iii. 168, Vm. 2, 123.
DALR, s, m., old pl. dalar, acc. dala, Vsp. 19, 42, Hkv. i. 46; the Sturl. C still uses the phrase, vestr
Dala; the mod. form (but also used in old writers) is dalir, acc. dali, Hkv. Hjrv. 28; old dat. sing,
dali, Hallr Haukadali, b. 14, 17; jrsrdali, rnlfsdali, 8, Hbl. 17; mod. dal; dali became
obsolete even in old writers, except the earliest, as Ari: [Ulf. dais = GREEK Luke iii. 10, and
GREEK vi. 39; A.S. dl; Engl. dale; Germ, tal (thal); cp. also Goth, dala = GREEK and dala
above; up og dal, up hill and down dale, is an old Dan. phrase] :-- a dale; allit. phrase, djpir dalir,
deep dales, Hbl. 1. c.; dali dggtta, bedewed dales, Hkv. 1. c.; the proverbial saying, lta dal mta
hli, let dale meet hill, 'diamond cut diamond,' Ld. 134, Fms. iv. 225: dalr is used of a dent or hole
in a skull, dalr er hnakka, Fas. iii. 1. c. (in a verse): the word is much used in local names, Fagri-
dalr, Fair-dale; Brei-dalr, Broad- dale; Djpi-dalr, Deep-dale; ver-dalr, Cross-dale; Langi-dalr,
Lang- dale; Jkul-dalr, Glacier-dale, (cp. Langdale, Borrodale. Wensleydale, etc. in North. E.);
'Dale' is a freq. name of dale counties, Breiatjarar-dalir, or Dalir simply, Landn.: Icel. speak of
Dala-menn, 'Dales-men' (as in Engl. lake district); dala-f, a dale-fool, one brought up in a mean
or despised dale, Fas. iii. 1 sqq.: the parts of a dale are distinguished, dals- botn, the bottom of a
dale, ii. 19; dals-xl, the shoulder of a dale; dals- brn, the brow, edge of a dale; dals-hlar, the
sides, slopes of a dale; dala- drg, n. pl. the head of a dale; dals-mynni, the mouth of a dale, Fms.
viii. 57; dals-barmr, the 'dale-rim,' = dals-brun; dals-eyrar, the gravel beds spread by a stream over
a dale, etc. :-- in poetry, snakes are called dale- shes, dal-reyr, dal-skr, dal-ginna, etc., Lex. Pot.
[It is interesting to notice that patronymic words derived from 'dale' are not formed with an e (vowel
change of a), but an , (vowel change of ), Lax-drlir, Vatns-dlir, Hauk-dlir, Hit-dlir, Sr-
drll, Svarf-dlir ..., the men from Lax(r)dalr, Vatnsdal, Haukadal, Hitardal, etc.; cp. the mod.
Norse Dlen = man from a dale; this points to an obsolete root word analogous to ala, l, bati, bt;
vide the glossaries of names to the Sagas, esp. that to the Landn.] II. a dollar (mod.) = Germ.
Joachims-thaler, Joachims-thal being the place where the rst dollars were coined.
dalr, m., gen. dalar, pot. a bow. Lex. Pot.; this word has a different inexion, and seems to be of a
different root from the above; hence in poetry the hand is called dal-nau, the need of (force applied
to) the bow,' and dal-tng, as the bow is bent by the hand.
dal-verpi, n. a little dale, Nj. 132, Fms. vi. 136, Al. 41. damma, u, f. [domina], a dame, Fr. (for.
and rare); hence in mod. use madama, madame.
dammr, m. a dam, D. N. COMPDS: damm-stokkr, m. a sluice. damm-sti, n. a dam-yard, D. N.
(for. and rare).
dampr, danpr, m. [Germ, dampf], steam, (mod. word.) 2. a pr. name, Rm., Yngl. S.
dan, m. [dominus], sir. D.N.; hence comes perhaps the mod. Icel. word of-dan, a er mr ofdan,
'tis too great a honour for me; else the word is quite out of use.
Danskr, adj., Danir, pl. Danes; Dan-mrk, f. Denmark, i.e. the mark, march, or border of the
Danes; Dana-veldi, n. the Danish empire; Dana-virki, n. the Danish wall, and many compds, vide
Fms. xi. This adj. requires special notice, because of the phrase Dnsk tunga (the Danish tongue),
the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue. It must be borne in mind that the
'Danish' of the old Saga times applies not to the nation, but to the empire. According to the
researches of the late historian P.A. Munch, the ancient Danish empire, at least at times, extended
over almost all the countries bordering on the Skagerac (Vk); hence a Dane became in Engl.
synonymous with a Scandinavian; the language spoken by the Scandinavians was called Danish;
and 'Dnsk tunga' is even used to denote Scandinavian extraction in the widest extent, vide Sighvat
in Fms. iv. 73, Eg. ch. 51, Grg. ii. 71, 72. During the 11th and 12th centuries the name was much
in use, but as the Danish hegemony in Scandinavia grew weaker, the name became obsolete, and
Icel. writers of the 13th and 14th centuries began to use the name 'Norrna,' Norse tongue, from
Norway their own mother country, and the nearest akin to Icel. in customs and idiom. 'Swedish'
never occurs, because Icel. had little intercourse with that country, although the Scandinavian
tongue was spoken there perhaps in a more antique form than in the sister countries. In the 15th
century, when almost all connection with Scandinavia was broken off for nearly a century, the
Norrna in its turn became an obsolete word, and was replaced by the present word 'Icelandic,'
which kept its ground, because the language in the mean time underwent great changes on the
Scandinavian continent. The Reformation, the translation of the Old and New Testaments into
Icelandic (Oddr Gotskalksson, called the Wise, translated and published the N.T. in 1540, and
bishop Gudbrand the whole Bible in 1584), a fresh growth of religious literature, hymns, sermons,
and poetry (Hallgrmr Ptrsson, Jn Vdaln), the regeneration of the old literature in the 17th and
18th centuries (Brynjlfr Sveinsson, Arni Magnsson, ormr Torfason), -- all this put an end to
the phrases Dnsk tunga and Norrna; and the last phrase is only used to denote obsolete
grammatical forms or phrases, as opposed to the forms and phrases of the living language. The
translators of the Bible often say 'vort slenzkt ml,' our Icelandic tongue, or 'vort mur ml,' our
mother tongue; mur-mli mitt, Pass. 35. 9. The phrase 'Dnsk tunga' has given rise to a great
many polemical antiquarian essays: the last and the best, by which this question may be regarded as
settled, is that by Jon Sigurdsson in the preface to Lex. Pot.; cp. also that of Pl Vdaln in Skr.
s.v., also published in Latin at the end of the old Ed. of Gunnl. Saga, 1775.
DANZ, mod. dans, n. a word of for. origin; [cp. mid. Lat. dansare; Fr. danser; Ital. danzare; Engl.
dance; Germ. tanz, tanzen.] This word is certainly not Teutonic, but of Roman or perhaps Breton
origin: the Icel. or Scandin. have no genuine word for dancing, -- leika means 'to play' in general:
the word itself (danza, danz, etc.) never occurs in the old Sagas or poetry, though popular
amusements of every kind are described there; but about the end of the 11th century, when the
Sagas of the bishops (Bs.) begin, we nd dance in full use, accompanied by songs which are
described as loose and amorous: the classical passage is Jns S. (A.D. 1106-1121), ch. 13. Bs. i.
165, 166, and cp. Jns S. by Gunnlaug, ch. 24. Bs. i. 237 -- Leikr s var kr mnnum r en hinn
heilagi Jn var biskup, at kvea skyldi karlmar til konu danz blautlig kvi ok rgilig; ok kona
til karlmanns mansngs vsur; enna leik lt hann af taka ok bannai styrkliga; mansngs kvi
vildi hann eigi heyra n kvea lta, en fkk hann v eigi af komi me llu. Some have thought
that this refers to mythical (Eddic) poetry, but without reason and against the literal sense of the
passage; the heathen heroic poems were certainly never used to accompany a dance; their ow and
metre are a sufcient proof of that. In the Sturl. (Hist. of the 12th and 13th century) dancing is
mentioned over and over again; and danz is used of popular ballads or songs of a satirical character
(as those in Percy's ballads): imt (loose song) and danz are synonymous words; the Sturl. has by
chance preserved two ditties (one of A.D. 1221, running thus -- Loptr liggr Eyjum, btr lunda bein
| Smundr er heium, etr berin ein. Stud. ii. 62, and one referring to the year 1264 -- Mnar eru
sorgirnar ungar sem bl, Sturl. iii. 317) sufcient to shew the ow and metre, which are exactly
the same as those of the mod. ballads, collected in the west of Icel. (gr) in the 17th century under
the name of Fornkvi, Old Songs, and now edited by Jon Sigurdsson and Svend Grundtvig. Danz
and Fornkvi are both of the same kind, and also identical with Engl. ballads, Dan. kmpeviser.
There are passages in Sturl. and B.S. referring to this subject -- fru Breiblingar Lopt imtun
ok gru um hann danza marga, ok margskonar spott annat, Sturl. ii. 57, cp. 62; Danza-Bergr, the
nickname of a man (Stud, ii), prob. for composing comic songs; danza- gr, composing comic
songs; fylgar-menn Kolbeins fru me danza- gr, ... en er Brandr var varr vi imtan eirra,
iii. 80; hrkti rr hestinn undir sr, ok kva danz enna vi raust, 317. . a wake, Arna S. ch.
2; in Sturl. i. 23; at the banquet in Reykhlar, 1119, the guests amused themselves by dancing,
wrestling, and story-telling; var sleginn danz stofu, ii. 117; Vivk var glei mikil ok gott at
vera; at var einn Drottins dag at ar var danz mikill; kom ar til fjldi manna; ok rr hann
Vivk til danz, ok var ar at leik; ok du menn mjk danz hans, iii. 258, 259; honum var kostr
boinn hvat til gamans skyldi hafa, sgur ea danz um kveldit, 281; -- the last reference refers to
the 21st of January, 1258, which fell on a Sunday (or wake-day): in ballads and tales of the Middle
Ages the word is freq. :-- note the allit. phrase, dansinn dunar, sl. s. ii. 8: the phrases, stiga
danz; ganga danz; brir danz, dansinn heyra; dans vill hun heyra, Fkv. ii. 7. Many of the
burdens to the mod. Icel. ballads are of great beauty, and no doubt many centuries older than the
ballads to which they are afxed; they refer to lost love, melancholy, merriment, etc., e.g. Bltt ltur
verldin, flnar fgr fold | langt er san mitt var yndi lagt mold, i. 74; t ert vi ginn bl, eg
er hr Drngum, | kalla eg lngum, kalla eg til in lngum; Skn skildi Sl og sumari fra, |
dynur velli er drengir burtu ria, 110; Ungan leit eg hofmann fgrum runni, | skal eg hlji
dilla eim mr unm; Austan blakar lau ann linda, 129; Fagrar heyra eg raddirnar vi Niunga
heim; Fagrt syngr svanrinn um sumarlanga t, | mun list a leika sr mn liljan fr, ii. 52:
Einum unna eg manninum, mean a var, | hlaut eg minn harm a bera leyndum sta, 94;
Svanrinn va. svanurinn syngr via, 22; Utan eptir rinum, sigla fagrar eyr | s er enginn glaur
eptir annan reyr, 110; Svo er mr illt og angrsamt v veldur , | mig langar ekki lundinn me
jungfr, Espol. Ann. 1549. The earliest ballads seem to have been devoted to these subjects only; of
the two earliest specimens quoted in the Sturl. (above), one is satirical, the other melancholy; the
historical ballads seem to be of later growth: the bishops discountenanced the wakes and dancing
(Bs. l.c., Sturl. iii), but in vain: and no more telling proof can be given of the drooping spirits of
Icel. in the last century, than that dancing and wakes ceased, after having been a popular amusement
for seven hundred years. Eggert Olafsson in his poems still speaks of wakes, as an eyewitness; in
the west of Icel. (Vestrir) they lasted longer, but even there they died out about the time that
Percy's ballads were published in England. The Fornkvi or songs are the only Icel. poetry which
often dispenses with the law of alliteration, which in other cases is the light and life of Icel. poetry;
vide also hofmar, viki-vakar, etc. In the 15th century the rmur (metrical paraphrases of romances)
were used as an accompaniment to the danz, hldar danza harla snart, ef heyrist vsan mn; hence
originates the name man-sngr (maid-song), minne-sang, which forms the introduction to every
rma or rhapsody; the metre and time of the rmur are exactly those of ballads and well suited for
dancing. An Icel. MS. of the 17th century, containing about seventy Icel. Fornkvi, is in the Brit.
Mus. no. 11,177; and another MS., containing about twenty such songs, is in the Bodl. Libr. no.
130.
danza, mod. dansa, a, to dance, Sks. 705, not in Sturl. and Bs., who use the phrase sl danz; the
verb danza occurs for the rst time in the ballads and rmur -- Ekki er dagr enn, vel d. vin, Fkv. ii.
102.
danz-leikr, m. dancing, Sturl. i. 23.
dapi, a, m. a pool, Ivar Aasen: a nickname, Fms. viii.
DAPR, adj., gen. rs, of a person, downcast, sad, Nj. 11, Isl. ii. 248, 272, Band. 9: of an obicct,
dreary, d. dagr, Am. 58; 'd. ntr, SI. 13; dpr heimkynni, Hbl. 4, Fms. x. 214: the proverb, fyrr er d.
en daur, one droops before one dies, i.e. as long as there is life there is hope: daprt bl, Pass. 44.3;
dpr dauans pna, Bs. ii. 501; dpr augu, weak eyes, Vdal. i. 25; augn-dapr, weak-eyed; hence
depra or augn-depra, weak sight: a faint ame of a light is also called daprt, tv dpur Ijs sitt log,
Jn orl. i. 146.
dapra, a, to become faint, in swimming; e-m daprar sund, he begins to sink, Njar. 374; more
usually dep. daprask, Fbr. 160, Fas. iii. 508.
dapr-eygr, adj. weak-sighted, Bjarn. 63.
dapr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), dismal, sad; hnipin ok d., sl. ii. 196; kona d., a dreary looking woman,
Sturl. ii. 212; d. sjna, a sad look, Fms. i. 262; d. draumar, dismal dreams, vi. 404.
darka, a, to walk heavily, to trample, (a cant term.)
DARRAR, m., gen. ar, [A.S. dearod; Engl. dart; Fr. dard; Swed. dart] :-- a dart, Hkm. 2 (in the
best MSS.), cp. DL, where vefr darraar simply means the web of spears; the common form in
poetry is darr, n., pl. drr, vide Lex. Pot., in mod. poetry dr, m., lf. I. 16, 4. 47, 7. 61; the word
is probably foreign and never occurs in prose. 2. a sort of peg, Edda (Gl.)
dasask, a, [Swed. dasa], to become weary and exhausted, from cold or bodily exertion, Bs. i. 442,
Fr. 185, Fms. ii. 98, Orkn. (in a verse), Sturl. iii. 20, O.H.L. 16; dasar, exhausted, weary, Ld. 380,
Fas. ii. 80, Fms. viii. 55, Bb. 3. 24.
DASI, a, m. (dasinn, adj., Lex. Pot.), a lazy fellow, Edda (GL), Fms. vi. (in a verse).
datta, a. to sink, of the heart, Fbr. 37, vide detta.
dau-dagi, a, m. a mode of death, sl. ii. 220, Lv. 68, Fas. i. 88, Greg, 67.
dau-dagr = dauadagr, Bs. i. 643
dau-drukkinn, part, dead-drunk, Fms. xi. ioS, Orkn. 420.
dau-frandi, part, death-bringing, 623. 26, Greg. 14.
dau-hrddr, nd] . frightened to death.
DAUI, a, m. [Ulf. dauits = Ovaros; A. S. d c a'S; Engl. death; Germ. to d; Swed. and Dan. d
d] :-- death; the word is used in the strong form in all Teut. dialects from Gothic to English, but in
Icel. it is weak, even in the eaj-licst writers; though traces of a strong form (daur, s or ar) are found
in the phrase til daus (to death) and in compds, as mann-daur: cp. also Hm. 69, where daur
seems to be a substantive not an adjective: Fagrsk. 139 also writes dauar-or instead of daua or;
an old song, Edda 52, has Dvalins daus-drykkr = daua-drykkr, i. e. the death-drink of the dwarf;
the strong form also remains in such words as dau-dagi, dan- hrddr, dau-yi, dau-ligr, dau-
vna, which could not possibly be forms of a weak daudi, Nj. 198; at daua kominn, Fms. i. 32; d.
for a hann, Nj. 27; the references are numberless, though heathen proverbs and sayings prefer to
use ' hel' or ' feig, ' which were more antique, whereas dauoi recalls Christian ideas, or sometimes
denotes the manner of death. 2. medic, mortication. COMVDS: daua-bl, n. ' death-blood, '
gore, Fe'L ix. daua-bnd, n. pl. death-bonds, Greg. 48. daua-dagr, m. death's day, Nj. 109, Stj.
168. daua-d, n. a death swoon, daua- dnir, m. death's doom, Sks. 736. daua-drep, \\. plagne,
Stj. 437, 438. daua-drukkinn, adj. dead-drunk, Fms. ix. 22. caiia- drykkr, in. a deadly draught,
Fms. i. 8. daua-dyrr, f. gates of death. daua-dmdr, adj. doomed to death, Us. i. 222. daua-
fylgja, u. f. a ' death-fetch' an apparition boding one's death, Ni. 62. v. 1.: vide fylgja. daua-
hrddr -- dauhrddr. claua-kvl, f. the death-pang, Mar. daua-leit, f. searching for one as if
dead. daua- litr, m. colour of death. 623. 61. daua-mar, in. a man (loomed to die, Fms. vii. 33;
hafa e-n at dauamanni. 656 A. I. 25, Eg. 416. daua-mark, -merki, id, n. a sign of death (opp. to
lifs-mark), medic. de c a y or the like, Nj. 154, 656 C. 32; a type of death, Hom. 108. daua- mein,
n. death- si c k H e ss, Bs. i. 616. daua-or (v. 1. and better daua- yrr, f., from yrr- urr, weird,
fate), n. death, ' dea/h-weird, ' t. 8. daua-r, n. ' death-rede, ' fatal counsel, Gsl. 35. daua-rg,
n. deadly slander, Laiuln. 281. Daua-sjr, m. the Dead Sea-. Rb., Symb. daua-skattr, m. tribute of
death, Nirst. 6. daua-skellr, m. a death-blow, 15s. ii. 148. daua-skuld, n. the debt of nature, 655
xxxii. 19. daua-slag, n. -- -dauaskellr, Stj. 280. daxia-slig, n. deadly splay, a disease of horses,
15s. i. 389. daua-snara, u, f. swa;v of death, Hom. 144. daua-steytr, in. [Dan. st d], = dauaslag,
Bs. ii. 182. daua-str, n. the death-struggle. daua-stund, f. the hour of death, Al. 163. daua-
svefn, n. a deadly swoon, fatal deep, as of one fated to die, Fas. iii. 608: medic, catalepsis, also
called stjarti, Fiji. . x. 43. daua-sk, f. a cause for death, a deed deserving death, Fms. i. 48, iii. 20,
vi. 383. daua-tkn, n. a token of death, Bret. 66, cp. 11. xx. 226. datia-teygjur, f. pl. the death-
spasms, Fl. ix. daua-tleg, f. penalty of death, Sturl. ii. 2. daua- verk, n. a ivork deserving
death, (si. ii. 413.
dau-leikr, m. mortality, Stj. 21, Greg. 17.
dau-ligr, adj. deadly, Sks. 533, Hom. 52, Stj. 92, K. . 202, Fms. xi- 437-
daur, adj. [Ulf. datijts; A. S. dead; Engl. dead; (onn. todt; Dan. d ot/1 :-- dead, Gnig. i. 140, Nj.
19; the phrase, vera d., to become dead, i. e. to die, 238, Jb. ch. 3, Am. yS; d. verr hverr (a
proverb), Fs. 114 (in a verse); falla nir d., Fms. viii. 55: metaph. eccl., 623. 32, Hom. 79, 655 xiv.
A; dau tnia, Greg. 13, James ii. 17, Pass. 4. 33. 2. inanimate, in the law phrase dautt f, K. .
204. P. medic, dead, of a limb. 3. compds denoting manner of death, s-daur, vpn-daur, stt-
daur; sjlf-daur, of sheep or cattle, - svidda, q. v.: again, hlf-daur, half dead; al-daur, quite
dead; stein-daur, stone-dead; the ok! writers prefer to use andar or latinn, and iu mod. vise daiini
ii a gentler term, used of a deceased friend; daudr sounds rude and is scarcely used except of
animals; in like manner Germ, say abgelebt.
dau-vna, adj. ind., and dau-vnn, adj., medic, sinking fast, when Ho hope of life is left, Grett.
155, Fms. vi. 31, U. K. i. 480.
dau-yi, n. (cp. Goth, daupublis - iinOavaTLOs, t Cor. iv. 9), a c ar- c a s e, lifeless thing, Stj.
317 (Lev. xi. 38).
dauf-heyrask, , dep., d. vi e-t, to tarn a deaf ear to, Fms. xi. 134, THom. 374.
dauf-heyrr, adj. one who turns a deaf car to, 655 xxxi, Fms. vi. 30.
daungi, a, in. a drone, sluggard.
dauf-leikr, in. deafness, sloth. Fas. i. 7.
dauf-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), ' deaf-like, ' lonely, did!, Eg. 202, 762, Lv. 22, Fms. vi. 404 (dismal).
DAUFR, adj. [Gr. rw^Xos; Goth. daubs îrfncapcaptvos. Mark viii. 17; A. S. deaf; Engl. dea/;
Germ, taub; Swed. di'if; Dan. dih'] :-- deaf, 623. 57- Luke vii. 22: allit. phrase, daufr ok dumbi.
deaf and dumb, Stj. 207; dumbi s;i er ekki mlir, d. sa er i-kki heyrir, K. . 56; blindr er d., Gl.
504, Mom. 120. 2. metaph., 15s. i. 728. p. (mod.) without savour, -- dauigr.
daun-mikill, adj. stinking, Bs. ii. 23.
DAUNN, m. [Goth, dauns = oaM; cp. Swed. -Dan. duns!; O. H. G. dauns] :-- a smell, esp. a bad
smell, Anecd. 8; illr d., Rb. 352; opp. to ilmr (sweet smell), 623. 22; in Ub. 3. 27 used in a good
sense.
daunsa or daunsna (mod. dunsna), a, in smell at, s-nijf at, esp. of cattle; gkk Glsir (an ox) at
honum ok daunsnai um hann, lib. 320.
daun-sem, f. = daunn, M:ir.
dauss, m. [mid. H. G. ts; Fr. denx~\, the dice; kasta daus, to cast a die, Sturl. ii. 95. II. the rump, of
cattle, Fas. ii. 510, cp. dot.
D, n. [the root word of deyja, daurl. 1. catalepsy; Icel. say, liggja dai or sem di, to lie
motionless, without stirring a limb and without feeling pain; hann vissi ekki til sin longum, ok
ui sem hann lgi di, Bs. i. 336, Fas. ii. 235: falla da, to fall into a senseless state, Bs. i.
451. 2. it is medic, used of the relieving swoon, like the sleep which follows after strong paroxysms,
Fl. ix. 204; it is different from aungvit (swoon) or brotfall (epilepsy).
d, , to admire, be charmed at, a word akin to the preceding, denoting a sense of fascination, a
kind of entrancemetit (cp. dar); with acc., d e-t, du menu nijok danz hans, Sturl. iii. 259; du
at allir, 625. 96, Konr. 59 (Fr.); but esp. and in present usage only ilep., dust (mod. clsi) a e-u,
Fms. ii. 192, xi. 429.
d- is esp. in mod. use prexed to a great many adjectives and adverbs, denoting very; d-gr,
very good; da-vel, very well; d-vrm, d-fallegr, v. below; da-fagr, very handsome; d-ltill, in the
west of Icel. pronounced dulti, dultill, very little.
D, f. [Ulf. dr. ds, in missdedf. -- -ira. pa&aais, Germ, missethat, F. ngl. mi-deed; A. ' S. d "'d;
Engl. deed; 0. 11. G. tat; mod. Germ, that; Dan. daad\ :-- deed; allit. phrase, drygia duo, to do a
daring deed, Sturl. iii. 7, 10; d ok drengskapr, Band, jo: cp. the compds -dxi. a misdeed; for-
da, an evil-doer; the adverbial phrase, at' silfs-dum, of one's own accord. p. valour; ef nokkur
d er per, Fms. xi. 86, 623. 49: the word is not much in use. or merely poet, in compels as d-
framr, d-imr, d-gjarn, d-gfugr, d-kunnr, d- mildr, d-rakkr, d-sterkr, d-sll, d-
vandr, etc., all of them ' epitheta ornantia, ' bold, valiant. Lex. Pot., but none ot them can be used in
prose without affectation.
di, a, in. a dainty. Snot 216.
d-lauss, adj. 'deedless'lubberly, Ld. 236, Lv. 53: impotent, Fl. ix. 204.
d-leysi, f. meanness, impotency, Grett. 131.
d-leysingi, a, m. (7 j'oo d-/o r- na M^' ht, (/i i/c; a//1). a t V' b f r, Stnrl. iii. 35.
d-rakkr, adj. bold, Sks. 358.
d-semi, d-samliga, v. d-semi, etc.
d-vandr, adj. virtuous, Sks. 486.
d-fallegr, adj. very pretty, Fas. iii. 3, v. 1.
dindis-, pretty, rather, as an adverb, prex to adjectives and adverbs.
dinn (v. deyja), dead, deceased, (freq.) P. masc. the name of a dwarf, Edda ((31.): cp. Dan. daane
= to swoon.
d-la, adv. very, quite; ekki d., not quite, Bjarn. 42.
d-leikar, m. pl. (prop, charms), intimacy, Nj. 103.
d-ligr. adj. (-liga, adv.), [Dan. daarlig] , bad; d. tr, Sti. 24; d. deyning, b a d smell. 51; d. ler, Ld.
324; d. kostr, Fms. i. 202; d. dmi, Sks. 481: wretched (of a person), Magn. 494, Stj. 157, 473.
DLKR, m. [cp. moil. Germ, dolch, which word docs not appear in Germ, till the i6lh century
(Grimm); Bohcrn. and Pol. titlich; mod. Dan. dolk] :-- the pin in the cloaks (fcldr) of the ancients,
whence also called feldar-dalkr, Glm. ch. 8, Korm. ch. 25, Fms. i. 180, Gsl. 55, Hkr. Hk. S. Ga
ch. 18; cp. also the verse I. e., where the poet calls it feldar-stingr, cloak-pin, cp. T. ic. Germ. ch. 17.
2. /he vertebrae of a sh's tail: it is a child's game iu Icel. to hold it up and ask, hva cru margar
rar bori nndir spori ? whilst the other has to guess how many joints there are, cp. the Ital. game
morra, Lat. ' micare digitis. ' p. a column in a book.
dlpa, v. daa.
d-lti, n. fondness, intimacy.
dmar, adj. avoured, Sks. 164.
dmgast (proncd. dngast), a, to get seasoned: metaph. to thrive; hence, dmgan, dngun, f.
thriving; dngvdigr, adj., etc.
dm-gr, adj. well-avoured, N. G. L. ii. 419.
DMR, m. [peril, akin to the Germ. dampf\, avour; gri san af dm ekki gan, Bs. i. 340; il'tr
d., Konr. 57; the phrase, draga dam af e-u, to take a (bad) avour from a thing; hver dregr dam af
sinuin sessu- nautum: Icel. also use a verb dma, a, in the phrase, e-m dumar ekki e-t, i. e. to
dislike, to loathe; a lthy person is called -dnir, etc.
dnar-, a gen. form from d or damn, in dnar-arfr, m. a law term, inheritance from one deceased,
Hkr. iii. 222: dnar-b, n. estate of one deceased; dnar-dagr, m. or dnar-dgr, n. day, hour of
death, Fins, i. 219, Hs. verse 44 (where it nearly means the manner of death); dnar- f, n. property
of a person deceased, Grg. i. 209, Fms. vi. 392, cp. Dan. dannef, but in a different sense, of
property which is claimed by no one, and therefore falls to the king.
DR, n. scoff; in the allit. phrase, draga d. at e-m, to make game of one, Hkr. iii. 203; gys og dar,
Pas?. 14. 2.
dr, adi. [d;i], scarcely used except in the neut. dtt, in various plir ites; e-iu ver dtt (or dtt uin e-
t), numbness comes toone. one is benumbed, 623.:o; vi au tcndi var honum sv d. sem hanu
vri stcini lostinn, at those tidings he was a s ' dumbfounded' as if be bail been struck by a stone,
Bs. i. 471. P. in phrases denoting a charm or fascination exercised over another, always of
uncertain and fugitive nature (cp. d, ); gra sr dtt vi e-n (v. d-leikar), to become, very
familiar with one, Korm. 38: svi'i var d-tt me eim at ..., they . so charmed one another that..., Ni.
151; var mi dtt efni koinit, i. e. they c awe tobe close friends, Sd. 138; var mnnum dtl inn
at. people were, much charmed by it, Bjarn. g. 20, cp. Hm. 50. Y. Jar glevmsku-svcfn, a
benumbing sleep of forgetfulness, Pass. 4. n.
dra, a. to mock, make sport of, with acc., Fas. i. 9. Sti. 22, 165, 199, Grett. 139.
dri, a. in. [Germ, tor or tbor; Dan. d warf], a fool, buffoon. Fms. i. x. 272; clra-samlegr, ;u\\.
foolish. Stj. 269; dra-skapr and dru- skapr, in. mockery, Fas. ii. 337. Grett. 108 A, 144.
d-sama, a, to admire, Fms. vi. 57, Magn. 504: dusamamli, par'., FIDS. v. 23(j, Mar. 39; this word
and the following are bv mod. theol. writers much used of God. the grace of God.
d-samligr, adi. (-liga, adv., Bs. i. 30/0, wonde r/i d, glorious, Fms. x. 234, iv. 71; d. takn. 15s. i.
325, Magn. 504. 532, Clan. 46.
d-semd and da-semi, f. glory, gracc. Mar. 33, 68, Post. 188. d- semar-verk, n. work of glory:
mikil em dsemar verkin Drottins, great are the glorious works of the. Lord. cp. 1's. cxi. 2.
d-vnn, adj. very pretty, Fr. 157, Fas. ii. 343.
deging, f. dawn, Eluc., Stnrl. i. 83 C.
deig, n. [1. It. dtiigs, m. (jtvpana: A. S. diig; Fngl. dough: Genii, teig; Swed. de e""):- -dough,
Ann. 1337, Matth. xiii. 33, Cor. v. 6-8. Gal. v. 9; the earliest trace of this word is the Goth, deigan.
a strong verb bv which Ulf. renders the Gr. nâafftiv, as also iiffT/tuicivus bv the part, divans. Tr
\afffj. a by gadik in Rm. ix. 2O, and r\aaOi; by gddigans in J Tim. ii. 3: to this family belong the
following Icel. words, deigr (moist), deigja. dig;-n. deigla, digull, the fundamental notion being
plasticity: vi-lethe following.
deigja, u, f. a dai ry-w ai t/; this word i. - the humble mother of the Engl. lad y, c)s. l n- dy (vide p.
76. s. v. brau). A. S. hhef-dige bread-maid: cp. Norse bii-dei:;ja (q. v.). Chaucer's dey (a matter
dey), and We^t Fngl. day- (or dey-) house, a dairy. The deigia in old Norse farms was the chief
maid, but still a bondwoman, N. G. 1, . i. 70, 1!. E. i. 5 10: (ill erti'i d. dritin. Ls. 56, where it is
curiously enough addressed to the daughter of Bytrgvir (bygg -- -barley'), a handmaid ot the gods;
deigja seems to mean a baker-woman, and the word no doubt is akin to deig. dough, and Goth,
deigan, to knead, the same person being originally both ilairy-womnn and baker to the farm: in Icel.
the word is never used, but it survives in the Norse bu-deia, scuter-deia. agtar-deia, reid-deia (Ivar
Aasen). and Swed. deja. -- a dairy-maid.
deigja, u, 1. wetness, dump.
deigla, u, f. a crucible. Germ, tiegel. v. digull.
deigr, adj. ' doughy. ' damp, wet; Icel. say, vera d. f. i'irna, to br weftisb, less than vatr, wet, and
mine than rakr. damp. P. soft, ol steel, and niftaph. timid; d. brandr, Kb. 23S, jjir. 79; deigan skal
ileigum bja (proverb), llv. 40, Fms. i. 143 (in a verse), iii. 193, pl. 173.
deigull -- dignll, in.: deigul-mr, in. a sort of clay.
DEILA, d, [Goth, dailjan and ga-dailjan - fj. (pt^v, jj. tra?ii5uvai. Siaipftv, etc.; A. S. dcclan;
Engl. to deal; Germ, the/ l ev/; (.). H. G. lail- ja?i; Swed. dela; Dan, dele.] I. with acc. (never dat.),
to deal, divide; the phrase, vilja Ixri kjsa ok deila, will both choose and deal, of unfair dealing, a
metaphor taken from partners, e. g. shermen, where one makes the division into shares (deilir),
and the others choose (kjsa) the shares they like best, Ld. 38; deildr hlutr, a dealt lot. i. e. s hare
dealt or allotted !o one, drag. i. 243; d. e-m e-t, to allot one a thing, to deal out to one, ii. 294: deila
dgur, d. mat (in mod. usage skamta), to deid out portions of food in a household. Is!, ii. 337; sr
at ar var inanni matr deildr, Gsl. 47; kunuir aldregi d. monnum mat, Ls. 46: ;i er mar ;'i brot
heilinn ef honum er eigi deildr matr maltim. Gn'tg. i. 149; cp. the proverb, djarfr er hver inn
deildan ver; d. fc. Skin. 22; d. bauga, Rm. 20; d. e-t lit. to deal out, give, Fms. xi. 434. 2. of places,
to divide, bound; frir deila. the rths are the boundaries, Grg. ii.; j 7; vatnsfoll (r iver s) d. til
sjuvar. Eg. 131: sva vitt sem vatnsfoll deila til sjvar, Landn. 57. K. p. K. 34. P. used irnpers. as it
seems; deilir norr vatnsfollum, si. ii. 345; Ijiill au er vatnsfoll deilir at" milli hi'raa, the fells
that divide the waters, form the water-shed, between the counties. Grug. i. 432; ar er vikr deilir,
Hit. 3. metaph. to distinguish, discern; eptir at s;'i sl, ok mttu . d. . f. ttir, after that the sun
broke forth, and they could discern the airts (of heaven), Fb. i. 431, Fms. iv. 38; deila liti, to discern
colours (lit-deili). hence the proverb, eigi deilir litr kosti (acc. pl.), colour (i. e. l oo k, appearance)
is no sure test, Nj. 78: metaph., d. vig, to act as umpire in a ght, tourney, or the like, Ls. 22: we
ought perh. to read deila (not beia) tilt me tveim, 38. 4. various phrases, drila ser illan hint af, to
deal on self a had share in, to deal badly in a thing, Ld. 152: the phrase, e-t deilir mli (impers.), it
goes for a great deal,:s of great importance. Us. 65. mod. usage skipta mali. miklu, etc.: d. mill, to
dealwith a thing, Hom. 34; d. mal e-s, to deal speech, to discuss or confer with one, 0. H. 82 (in a
verse): d. e-n mlum, to deal, i. e. speak, confer, with one, Krk. 36 C: d. orspeki vi e-n, to deal,
i. e. contend in learning with one, Vm. 55; n'mar, Rm. 42; eiga vi e-t at d., to have to deal with a
thing, Fms. viii. 288: the phrase, d. ml brotum, to deal piecemeal with a case, take a partial or
false view of a thing, or is the metaphor taken from bad payment (in bauga-br*ot, q. v.) ? Eb. 184;
eir ha fa eigi deilt etta ml brotum, i. e. they have done it thoroughly, have not been mistaken,
Konr. 52: to share in a thing, o. knit ok kjtstykki, to share knife and meat, Grg., sl. ii. 487: the
phrase, d. hug, /o ' deal one's mind. ' pay attention to, with a notion of deep concern and afiction;
heil vertii Svfa, hug skalt d., thy heart shall tbou cleave, Hkv. lljorv. 40: deildusk hngir, sv at
huskarlar hldu varla vatni, their minds ivere so distraught, that the house-carles could hardly
forbear weeping, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hence a hardened man is called ltill skapdeildar mar,
(Hugdeila, mind's concern, is the name of a poem of the 171)1 century): at eir deildi enga uhsefu,
that they should forbear dealing outrageously, Fms. i. 22; d. heiptir. to deal hatred, to hate (poet.),
Hkv. 41: d. afti, ofriki vi e-n, to deal harshly and overbear- ingly u'itb one. Fms. i. 34; d. illyruni,
ill-deil(!um. t o c hide, abuse one another, Hv. 37, Ld. 158. II. neut. to be at feud, quarrel; the
saying, sjaldan veldr einn egar tveir deila; deili grom vi ig, Hkv. 43; ek ba og d. vi au.
Sighvat: d. til e-s, to quarrel for a thing, Eg. 510: d. npp e-n, to complain of one, Sij. 29.;. Exod.
xvii. 2, ' Why chide ye with me?' P. impers., ef at deilir. if there be dissent on thai point, Grng. ii.
125; et deilir me eim, if they dissent, i. 58. 2. d. uni e-i, to contend about a thing, as a law term;
eir deildu (they hail a lawsuit) um jarir, Fms. iv. 201; eir deildu nm landaskipti, 315; eir deildu
um land at er var ... . Landn. 125; eir dei'du inn levsingia-arf, JOO, IOI: metaph., d. nm stafn, to
come to a close ght, Orkn. 232. III. reex, to spread, branch off; vatnsfoll deilask milli hraa,
Grg. ii. 218; sv via sem lion (i. e. Christianity) deilisk \\m heim. Hom. 49. 2. inean mr deilisk
llit til, as long as life be dealt (i. e. granted) mt, Fins, viii. 205; e-t deilisk af, a thing comes to pass,
Hkr. iii. 55 (in a verse); kllun eir, at lengi muiuli viirn deilask al liti. that a long defence would
be dealt out, i. e. there woidd b, - a long struggle, Sturl. i. =, 9, cp. the Goth. afditiljan -- fo pay off;
hugr deilisk (vide above): bat mun oss drjiigt deilask, it will cost us dear. Am.
deila, u. f. disagreement, a contest, often as a law term, law contest (laga-deila, ing-deila), Ni. 90,
Fms. i. 68. iv. 19, 198. vi. 136. viii. 1^6, Sturl. i. 105, Eg. 367, Rd. 304, Ld. 204. COMPHS: deilu-
gjarn. adj. nuarrehMtie. -r. 59. deilu-nil, n. a quarrel, Sturl. i. 30. deilu-vnligr, adj. likely
tolead to a quarrel. Eg. 725.
deild (deilj), deil), f. a deal. dole, share. Edda 147: fara at deildum, t o be parcelled out. Orkn. 88,
sl. ii. 337 (a portion of meat); giira d., t o ^ ive a dole, N. (. L. i. 142; the phrase. fVi illt or
deildum, to get a bad share, be worsted. Sighv. it (in a verse). 2. dealings; harar deildir, h n rd
dealings, Fbr. (in a verse); sannar (leiKhr. jus! dealings. Lex. Pot.; ill-deildir, ill dealings; grip-
deildir, dealings of a robber, robbery; skap- dcild. temper. 3. seldom used ^\ ghting with weapons
(N. G. L. i. 64), but fre(|. ol" a Inu'si/it (Jiing-eili!), Nj. 138. 141, 86, 36, Eg. 738. Fms. vi. 361,
viii. -'S. Gl. 47;: the parliamentary phrase, leggja m:il i ileild, to 'lay a case under division' in
court (cp. leggja ml gor), a phrase which recalls to mind the English parliamentary phrases '
division' and 'divide. ' Sturl. (. 59; leggia mal til deildar, id., Laxd. 204 (MS. . Ed. deilu). P. cp. also
local names, Deildar-Umga, -hvamrnr, -hialli, Landn., Sturl. -y. in Icel. a boundary river is often
called Deild or I)eildar-a, Deildar-lkr, etc.; or of other boundary places. Deildar-hvammr, etc. 8.
metaph. . aora d., riiu d., etc., secondly, thirdly, etc., Stj. 9, 21. coMi'ns: deildar-ar, m.
inheritance in shares, (rg. i. 172. dcildai'-li, n. a strong body of men, so that some can be kept in
reserve, Fms. v. 14. deildar-mar, v. da-ldarmar.
deili, n. pl. mark. -, whereby to discern one thing (person) from another; s;'i. "ill d. a. honum, all
his features were visible, Fas. i. 298; the metaph. phrase, kunna, vita, deili;'i e-n (e-m), to know the
marks of a thing (man), i. e. to know it so as to discern it from another thing; vita oil d. a, to know
exactly; vita eingi d.;'i, to know nothing about, Eg. 185, Fas. ii. 13, Fms. v. 316.
deili-ker, n. a cup, Js. 78, cp. N. G. L. i. 211.
deiling, f. division, dealing.
deilir, m. a dealer. Lex. Poi:t.: arithm. divisor.
deili-steinn, in. a ' mark-stone, ' land-mark. I). N.
deill, m. [Germ, th c il; Goth, dail s; Engl. deal; Swed. -D. -ui. d if l, del], I). N.; this word never
occurs in old writers, and can scarcely be said to be in use at present. Icel. use the fern, deild and
deila, vide above.
dekr, n. [mid. Lat. di c ra], ten hides, H. K. 125. 2. \deck -- to dress] , irtation, nery.
dekret, n. a decree (Lat. word). 15s. i. ArnaS.
dekstra, a. to coax fur one; in phrases as, verlu ekki a d. harm, or hann vill h'ita d. sig (of spoilt
children).
deli, a. m. a dog, (cant word.)
Dellingr, qs. deglingr, m. [dagr], . Da y. ' pr;X^, the father of the Sun, Kdd. i.
demant, in. diamond, (mod.)
demba, d, with dat. to pour out.
demba, u, f. a pouring shower. p. awi s t ( -- diimba), Ivar Aasen.
demma, u, f. [dammr], hi dam, D. N.; demning, f. damming, id.
denging (deng, Grg. ii. 338), f. the whetting a scythe by hammering the edge, Grg. i. 200.
dengir, m. ne who whets, a cognom., F'ms. x. 219.
dengja, d, [Swed. danga~\, to hammer and so whet a scythe; d. Ija, Grg. ii. 211.
dengsla, u, f. = denging.
dent-inn, adj. dainty. Snot (Stef. 01.) 212.
depill, in., dat. depli, [depil- a pond, little pool, from dapi-=a pool. Ivar Aasen ], a spot, dot; hvitr,
svartr d., O. II. L. 59: a dog with spots over the eyes is also called depill.
depla, a, d. auguin, to blink with (he eyes.
depra, u, f. [daprj, vide aug-depra or augn-tepra, p. 33.
der, n. the peak or, - h ri de of a cap.
des, f., gen. desjar, pl. desjar, = Scot. and North. E. da. s. s or de. ss (a bay- rick), cp. also Gael, dai
s, - menu cru vi heygar inn ok reyna desjarnar, Boll. 348; hey-des, a hay-tlass, Bs. 54, Sturl. i.
83, 196: it exists in local names as Desjar-myri in the cast, Des-ey in the west of Icel.
des, n. [cp. Swed. desman'] , musk, in the coinpd des-hs, n. a smelling box for ladies to wear on the
neck, of gold or ivory.
DETTA, pret. datt, 2nd pers. da/, l, pl. duttu; part, dottinn; pres. dett; pret. subj. dytti :-- to drop,
fall: d. nir daur, to drop dmvn dead, Fms. iii. 132; of a bird when shot, i 79; eir tku brandana
jalhskjott sem ofan duttu, Nj. 2OI; spjti datl or hendi, Kl. 91; duttu a:r ofan, they tumbled down,
Fas. ii. 84; draga :i suinduin npp, en lla stundum d., Karl. 161: to drop, die suddenly, sautY-nar
datt nir unnvrpuni megr, Bs. i. 873; au hafa n nir dotti hor, tbf cattle dropped down from
starvation, 875: to sink, of the heart, Fbr. ioS: nietaph., lit' dettr or e-m, the life drops out of one,
Fms. iii. 214: denoting to come on suddenly, daudinn dettr;'i, Al. 90; lttu nidr d., cngn er nytt,
ilrop it, it is all false, Fs. 159: the phrases, t-in dettr e-t hug, a thing drops i, ito one's mind, i. e.
one recollects it suddenly; d. ofan ylir on, to be overwhelmed, amazed; d. slu. tn full in pieces
(as a tub without hoops), to be amazed: cp. datta, dotta.
dett-hendr, adj. a kind of metre, F. dda 124, 129: cp. Ht. -29.
dettr, in. the sound of a heavy body falling; heyra dett, Fms. iv. 168.
dett-yri, n. dropping unregarded words, Minn.
DEYA, dd, [v. dauor; lilt", danjyan; Germ, t de w; Swed. doda] :-- to kill, put to death, with
acc. . Ld. 54, Nj. 158, Fms. ii. 270: allit., deya ilium daua, to put to an ill death, Clem. 57; dnepr
ok deyandi, a law term, Gvim. vogelfrei, Gl. 137; drpr ok deyr, N. G. I., i. 351: metaph.
(theol.), Fms. ii. 238; d. sik, to mortify one's lusts, Bs. i. 167.
DEYFA, , [ v. daufr; Ulf. ga-danbjan; Germ, betiiuben; Dan. d ov e; Swed. d ii/ va] :-- -to make
blunt; d. sver, v;'ipu, eggiar (ot weapons blunted by the look of a wizard), Korin. 220, Gsl. 80, sl.
ii. 225; r er d. sver ok sefa, Sdrn. 27, Eg. 509 (in a verse), Dropl. 36, llm. 149, where this power
is attributed to Odin himself. 2. to deave' (Scot, and North. E.), i. e. stupefy; medic., d. hnd, Fas.
iii. 396: metaph. to soothe or . stupefy, d. sakar, to soothe, Ghv. 2. 23; d. sefa, Sdrn. 1. c. II. =^Goth.
datipjan, Germ. tar/fen, -- to dip; d. vain, to dip in water, N. G. L. i. 339, 378, v. 1.; vide dvfa.
deyf, f. '(deyfa, u, f.), [Ulf. ' d aM& i/xij, deafness, N. G. L. 1. 228; numbness, having no savour.
DEYJA, pret. do, 2nd pers. dtt, later dost, pl. do, mod. don; prut, dinn; pres. dey, 2nd pers. deyr
(in mod. familiar use deyr): pret. sub), daei; in the south of Icel. people say di, inserting a
spurious : old poems with neg. sufx, deyr-at, d-at; a weak pret. forTn deyi (died) occurs in the
Ann. 1400-1430, and was much used in biographies of later centuries, but is borrowed from Dan. d
u d e, unclassical and unknown in the spoken tongue; Icel. alwavs say do: [the root is akin to d, q.
v., Gr. varos, etc.; Ulf. uses a part, divans, by which lie sometimes renders the Gr. 6vrjrs,
(apTs; iindivans = Ovaros, (/)apros; undiiianei -- Qavaaa; but the Gr. Oraictiv he
renders not by divan but by ga- sviltan; llel. uses do/an, but rarely; the A. S. seems not to know the
word, but uses sviltan, whereas in Icel. svelta means to starve, die of hanger; the Engl. perhaps
borrowed the verb to die from the Scandiu., whereas to starve (used by Chaucer = Germ, sterben)
now means to die of hunger or co ld] :-- to die: deyr f, deyja frndr, Hin. 76; hann do af eitri, 623.
27; er at sgn manna, af hn hati af v dit, Korin. 164; hann do r srum, Fs. 120; eir d allir,
Landn. 294; do bar undir ellifu naut, Bs. i. 320; hann d litlu sarr. Fms. i. 108; at ttu eptir sem
erast er, ok at er at d., Nj. 56: betra er at d. me sa'm en hta nie skinm, Orkn. 28: the
proverb, deyia verr hverr inn sinn, om/ies nna manet nox: the allit. phrase, deyjanda degi, l. d.
106, Grug. ii. 207, Hkr. iii. 50: eccl., daua deyia. Gen. iii. 3, Matth. xv. 4, 'let him die the death, '
Engl. A. V.; d. guni, ilium daua, to die a good, bad death, etc.: it sometimes has in it a curious
sense of motion, hann kaus at cl. 'Mlifell, Landn. 192; eir Selrir fr. Tndr d Jx'irisbjiirg. 78;
trni at hann inundi deyia fjallit. Kb. 7 new Kd., v. I., where it means to die (i. e. pass by death)
into the fell, i. e. they believed that after death they would pass into the fell; cp. hinnig deyja r
lleliu halir, Vm. 43. 3- medic, to die, of a limb, Pr. 239. "y- "^ inanimate things; dinn arfr, a law
phrase, a dead inheritance, i. e. left to the heir, Gl. 263; hence dnar-f, dnar-arfr, q. v.
DEYNA, d, [daunn], t o . s tink, 544. 39, Hom. 151, 623. 22, Stj. 91
deyning, f. a stink, bad smell, Stj. 51.
digla, a, to drip, prop, of a running at the nose (v. dignll), Sd. 168: to drip, of wet clothes hung out,
Konr. 32.
digna, a, to /income moist (deigr): to lose temper (of steel), Nj. 203: metaph. to lose heart, Karl.
390, . T. 20. Flv. 44, Fas. iii. 540, G. H. M. ii. 71 2.
DIGR, adj., iieut. digrt, [the Goth, probably had an adj. tligra; Ulf. renders 5pTTjs by digrei;
Swed. diger; the Germ, di c k is different, and answers to Icel. jokkr, ykkrj:- stout, big; a pole is
digr, a wall ykkr: the phrase, d. sem naut, big as an ox, Kb. 314; liar ok d. . Anal. 79; d. fotr, Nj.
219; lafr Digri', Olave the Fat. . H.: er kalli var digrastr, Nj. 247: digrt men (nionile), Fms. vi.
2/1; talr langr ok digr, Kg. 285; disrir fjtrar, Sks. 457: (hon) !;''kk dii^r nie tveini, * h f was big
with twins, Str. 16. P. irregularly - ykkr; d. pan/ari, Sturl. ii. 59; d. ok feit nan'. ss. i. a thick side
of bacon, Fms. ii. 139. 2. metaph., gra sik digran, to puff oneself out, Bs. i. 719. Karl. 197; digr
or. big U'ords, threats, sl. ii. 330, Bs. i. 758. p. gratnm. deep, of a tune, sound, Sklda 177, sl. ii.
467, v. 1.
digrask, a, to grow big, of a pregnant woman, Fms. . xi. 53; d. i gerum, id., Br. 173, Fb. i. 157:
metaph. to make oneself big, d. ok dramba, Th. i.
digr-barkliga, adv. ' big-throated, ' haughtily, Finnb. 252, Bs. i. 7(14.
digr-beinn, adj. big-legged, Fms. iv. 28.
digr, f. bigness, stoutness (cp. lengd, ha:. breidd. |iykt), Fms. iii. 209.
digr-hlsar, adj. -- hls-digr, big-necked, Jjir.)8.
digr-leikr, in. (-leiki, a, in.), bigness, Edda 20, Ann. 1345, Bs. ii. 167, 173: aspiration, Sklda 180.
digr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), big. boastful. Bs. i. 728, Eg. 711, v. 1.
digr-nefjar, adj. -- nef-digr. big-nosed, Sturl. iii. (I C.
digr-yri, n. pl. big words, Stj. 461.
DIK, n. a run. leap; taka dik (taka undir sig d.), to take a spring, Bs. ii. 143: the word is probably
foreign, but root uncertain; hence conies mi-dik, n., pronounced mi-bik, the middle of a thing;
him (i. e. the Reformation) hetir upphaiit illt og efnis'aust, mi-diki mta- laust. og endann
afskaplegau, Bs. ii. 313, a pastoral letter of the old popish bishop gmund, A. D. 1539.
dika, . ad, to run, (mod.)
dikt, n. composition in Latin, Ltinu-dikt, Fms. iii. 163, Bs. i. 869, ii. 121; at nvja dikt, 77:
sngva-dikt, composition of songs, Srla R. I. 5.
DIKTA, a, [Lat. di e/ar e], to compose in Latin; Gunnlaugr ninnkr er Ltiui sguna tlikta her,
Bs. i. 215, 786; dikta ok skrif;. brt'-f Ltmi; bri'-f skrifa ok dikta, 798; d. bkr. 79; d. vers, 655
xxxii. 17; d. rksemdir, Bs. i. 786: in old writers dikta is only used of Latin (not Icel.) compositions,
but as these compositions were in an affected and articial style, the word also got the sense of
ction, cp. Germ, dichten, dicbter -- a poet, dichtu ng ~- poetry; mod. Dan. digter; Engl. ditt y; in
Icel. mostly with the notion ot falsehood, not as in Germ, and mod. Dan. of fancy. 2. to romance,
lie; logi er dikta, Stj. 40; diktau bar audsvr au er eigi vru snn, 248: menu hugu etta r
dikta (feigned), Bs. i. 757; sem fjandinn liafi dikta. Mar. (Fr.); Dra li'/. t dikta Ij. dri ig
srhver niar, Vidal. (a ditty).
diktan, f. composition in Latin, Bs. i. 798.
diktr, m. a poem (rare1), seldom used but as a name of several legendary poems of the i-;th and
[6th century, Ceciliu-d., etc.
dilk-f, n. ewes together ivith their lambs, Bs. i. 7'9-
DILKR, in. a sucking lamb, Grett. 137, orst. St. 51. Grg. 1. 417, ii. 307, in the last passage also
of sucking pigs, calves or kid s, - kviga (a ''jney' or young cow) me tv dilka, sl. ii. 401; in Icel.
households the lambs are separated from the mother in June, this is called ' fra fr, ' the time '
trfrur, ' the lamb; frfrn-lamb;' the lambs that are left with the mother all the summer are called
'dilkar' as opp. to ' frfru- larnb. ' 2. metaph. the small folds all round a great sheepfold. p. the
phrase, e-t dregr dilk eptir sr. it brings trouble in its train.
dilk-saur, in. a sheep with a lamb, Gr. ig. i. 418.
dilk-r, f. a ewe with a lamb, Grug. ii. 304.
dilla, a, with dat. to trill, lull; dillandi rodd, a sweet voice: dillindo, interj. lullaby: dillari, a, in. a
triller, of the nightingale; hjartans danspipu dillarinn, Jn orl. i. 131.
dimma, d, (but dinimaisk, Fb. i. 91; dimmat, part. . Mar.) :-- to become dim; neut. or impers., um
kveldit er d. tok. when it began to grow dark, Fms. viii. 305; dinnnir af nott, the night darkens, iii.
135: also of clouds, to grow dark (of a gale, storm); hvesti ok dimdi i fjorinn, Kspol. rb.
^76<S.
dimma, u, f. dimness, darkness, esp. of clouds, nightfall; segli bar fjarar-dimmuna, Espol. rb.
I. e.: metaph. gloom, Pass. 4. ii; the phrase, dimmu dregr a e-t, it becomes clouded, looks
threatening, Band. IO.
dimm-hljr, adj. -- -dimmraddar, Fas. ii. 231.
DIMMR, adj. [A. S. and Engl. dim~] , dim, dark, dusky; d. ok dkt sky, a dim and dark sky, Fms.
xi. 136; vera dimt fyrir augun), t o s ee dimly, esp. of sudden changes from darkness to light, iii.
217; var dimt hit nera, dark below, Hv. 40; d. himin, Matth. xvi. 3; harla dimt var af nott, Pass. II.
I; dimm ntt, a dark night; d. stigr, a dim path, Fms. i. 140; dimt el, a dark storm, lf. 7. 63; d.
regn, Lex. Pot.; d. dreki, the du s ky dragon, Vsp. 66. |3. of voice, hollow, sl. ii. 467; vide the
following word.
dimm-raddar, adj. deep-voiced, Grett. ill.
dimm-viri, n. d ar k, cloudy weather.
dindill, m. the tail of a seal.
dingla, a, to dangle; dingull, m. a small spider, cp. dor-dingull.
dirfa, , (vide djarfr), to dare, always with the reex, pronoun separated or sufxed, dirfask or d.
sik, with inn. to dare, Fms. xi. 54, si. ii. 331; d. sik til e-s, to t a ke a thing to heart, Al. 88, 656 A.
I. 36: reex., dirfask, to dare; bndr dirfusk mjok vi Birkibeina, became bold, impudent, Fms. ix.
408; er eir dirfusk at hafa me hndum hans pslar-mark, vii. 195; engi mar dirfisk at kveia
ess, i. 83, K. . 114; dirfask e-u, dirfumk ek ru ok spurningum, 7 grew more bold in
Speech. Sks. 5.
dirf, f. boldness, often with the notion of impudence, arrogance, Eg. 47, Glm. 309, Fms. iv. 161,
xi. 54, Post. 645. 71; of-dirf, impudence.
dirfska, u, f. = dirf; of-dirfska, temerity.
DISKR, m. [a for. word: from Gr. oiaicos; Lat. discus; A. S. and Hel. di sc; Engl. d es k and di s k;
Germ, tis c h] :-- a plate; vru ngir diskar, sl. (Heiarv. S.) ii. 337, O. H. L. 36, Fms. i. 259, Bs.
i. 475; silfr-d., gull-d., silver and gold plate are mentioned as a present given to a king, O. H. 154,
cp. Fb. iii. 332; both the words used in this sense, diskr and skutill (Lat. scuiellum, Germ, schssel)
are of for. origin; cp. also Rm. 4, 39: in the earliest times small movable tables also served as plates.
dispensera, a, to dispense (Lat. word), H. E. i. 510.
dispenseran, f. dispensing, Stj., Bs.
disputa, disputera, a, to dispute (Lat. word), Stj.
dametr, n. diameter (Gr. word), 732. 7-
DAR, in. pl. [the Icel. has two words, but both of them poetical and obsolete, viz. diar answering,
by the law of Interchange, to Gr. Oeos (Icel. d -- Gr. 0), and tivar, by the same law, to Lat. de!/s
(Icel. t- Lat. d); cp. Sansk. devas, Gr. oefos, Lat. dvus, Ital. di o, Fr. die?/] :-- ô ds or priests; this
word occurs onlv twice, Yngl. S. ch. 2 -- at var ar sir, at tlf hofgoar vru stir, skydu eir
ra fyrir bltum ok dmum manna milli; at eru dar kallair er drottnar, -- where diar means
not the godi themselves but the priests; and by the old poet Kormak in an obscure periphrasis, in a
poem addressed to the staunch heathen earl Sigurd; Snorri (Edda 96), in quoting Kormak, takes the
word to mean ô d s; but the version given in Yngl. S. seems more likely; the diar of the Yngl. S.
were probably analogous to the Icel. goi, from go (deus). The age of Kor- mak shews that the
word was probably not borrowed from the Latin.
dgull, m. [deig]. I. the mucus of the nose; d. er horr, Edda (Lauf.), Lex. Pot.; hence hor-digull,
Fas. ii. 149; mod. hor-dingull, as if it were from dingla. II. [Swed. -Dan. digel; Germ, tiegef] , a
crucible; hence poet., gold is called digul-farmr, digul-snjr, -jkull, the l on d, snow, icicle of the
crucible, Lex.
DKI and dik, n. [Germ, tei c h], a dike, ditch, Eg. 529-531, Hkr. iii. 154, Jb. 245, Grett. 161, Fms.
iii. 187, vi. 406, 0. H. 21 (in a verse), Orkn. 452; dikis-bokki, a, in. aneel, poet., Kormak.
DLI, a, m. a s pot, mark; alloin nenia d. undir vinstri hendi, Fms. iii. 125. P. esp. medic., b. dila,
to burn with caustic; this operation was in olden times performed (caustic being unknown) with a
pointed hot iron, and is described in an interesting passage in Bs. i. 379, cp. also Rafns S. ch. 4, Bs.
i. 644, Nj. 209. -y. a brand (on thieves), esp. on the back (v. brenna); fyrr skulu grnir grautar-
dlarnir hlsi r, eir er brant... en ek myna gipta r systur mna, Eb. 210, Hkr. iii. 148, Fbr.
190; vide brenna.
DS, f., pl. disir, and an older but obsolete form j-ds, which remains in the earliest poems, jds
(the sister of) lfs ok Nara = 7/ ela, t. 7; but Loga dis, the sister of Logi, 9; cp. Edda 109: it also
remains in the Icel. fern. pr. name Jds, -- the explanation given in Sklda 183 (from jr, equus,
and dis) has no philological value, being only the poet's fancy: [Hel. idis = virgo; A. S. ides; Grimm
ingeniously suggests that the Idistaviso in Tacitus may be corrupt for Idisiaviso, the virgin- mead,
from idi s and visa = Germ, w ie s e.] I. a sister, t. I. e.; heitir ek systir, dis, jodis, a sister is called
dis a nd jds, Edda 109; dis skjldunga, the sister of kings, Bkv. 14. II. generally a goddess or
priestess (?), a female guardian-angel, who follows every man from his birth, and only leaves him
in the hour of death, cp. the very interesting passages, Hallfr. S. Fs. 114, orst. Su H. Anal. 184,
185, Gsl., Fms. ii. 192-195 (cp. Nj. 148); hence the phrase, ek kve aima ornar r disir, the disir
have left thee, tbou art a lost matt, Am. 26; cp. also the phrase, heillum hornn. 2. poet, a maid in
general, Lex. Pot. 3. freq. in Icel. as a fern. pr. name, in compds, J-ds, Her-ds, Val-ds, Vig-ds,
Hjr-ds, etc. COMPDS: dsa-blt, n. a sacrice to the disir, Eg. 205, Yngl. S. ch. 33. disa-salr, m.
th e temple of the disir, Yngl. S. ch. 33, Hervar. S. Fas. i. 454. disa-skald, n. the ' disir-Scald, '
surname of a heathen Icel. poet who composed a poem in honour of the disir, Edda, Skldat.
dvisera, a, to distribute (Lat. word), Stj. 42, 80.
djarf-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), courage, Edda 16, Fs. 6, Jjir. 273.
djarf-ligr, adj. bold, daring, Fb. i. 380, 445. djarf-liga, adv., Fms. i. 27, ix. 302, Nj. 48, Ld. 214.
djarf-mannligr (djarfa-mannligr), adj. daring, Br. 164.
djarf-mltr, adj. bold-spoken, Nj. 6, Fms. xi. 53.
DJARFRj adj. [cp. dirfa above; Hel. derbi or derui -- audax, im- probus; mod. High Germ, derb --
hard is a different word, answering to A. S. \*eorf, and originally meant unleavened (of bread);
kindred words are, Engl. dare, daring, Gr. appeV] :-- bold, daring, but also in a bad sense,
audacious, impudent; d. orrustum, bold in battle, Edda 16; d. ok dularfullr, impudent and
arrogant, Fms. i. 75; at lafr digri mundi eigi sv d. vera at..., sofoolishly daring, iv. 107; n ver
eigi san sv d., at talir smilig or vi Harald, be not so presumptuous as to speak unseeming
words to Harold, vii. 168; rna djrf kona ertii ok heimsk, impudent and foolish, xi. 54; djarfastr
(boldest) ok bezt hugar, Edda 16; vg-djarfr, skn-djarfr, hug-djarfr, valiant; u-djarfr, s h y.
djarf-tkr, adj. bold in taking, Stj. 422 (of Ruth gleaning).
djkn, m. (djkni, a, m., Sturl. i. 180 C), the Lat. diaconus, a deacon, Dipl. v. 22, Bs., K. ., K. .
K., Vm., etc.
djsn, n. a diadem, D. N. i, 321, 590, etc. (freq. in mod. use); prob. a foreign word, though the root
is uncertain.
djp, n. the deep; djpum vatna, in the depths of the waters, Sks. 628; mikit djp (a great gulf)
milli vor stafest, Luke xvi. 26; at eigi svelgi oss djpit, 655 xxxii; djp rinnar, the channel in a
river, Fas. i. 151. p. the deep sea off the shore is called djp; kastai hann xinni fyrir bor djpi,
Eg. 196; san br Agnarr sik til ok kafar djpit, Fas. i. 27: the shers distinguish between grunn-
mi and djiip- mi, vide mi; Icel. also say, hundra, sextigi... fama djp: a large bay may be
called djup, e. g. safjarar-djp, Landn. 147; sjvar-djp, hafs- djp, the main; hann lot grafa t d.
(a ' deep, ' i. e. channel) vi Skeljastein, Fms. x. 153. Y- nietaph., eilift d., 656 6. 9: eccl. used of
God, d. miskunnar, gzku, depth of mercy, grace, etc.; cp. dpt, dpl.
djp-auigr or -igr, adj. the cognom. of Auda, Landn.; it probably means the wise, deep.
djp-fyndni, f. ' deep-nding, ' wit, ingenuity, Pass. 21. 3. djp- fundinn, part. ' deep-found, '
ingenious, Krka Refs R. 4. 2.
djp-hugsar, adj. deep-musing, Sturl. ii. 202.
djp-hyggja, u, f. (-hyggni, f.), sagacity, Fagrsk. 32.
djp-leiki (-leikr), a, m. depth, Magn. 514, Karl. 394.
djp-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), deep, deeply, Sks. 552.
DJPR, adj., compar. djpari, superl. djpastr; djpust, Greg. 62; djpari (fern.), Eg. 99; djiipara,
Ld. 78; djpastan, Edda 34; djpasti, Hom. 144; but in mod. use more freq. dy'pri, dpstr: [Goth.
djps; A. S. and Hel. diop; Engl. deep; Germ, tie/; Swed. d/w p; Dan. dyb] :-- deep, of water; d.
vatn, Grg. ii. 131; d. tjrn, Greg. 62; hinn djpa s, Edda 18, Sturl. ii. 202; djp , Eg. 99: of
other things, a dale, pit, etc., djpr dalr, Fms. i. 210, Edda 34; dkkva dala ok djiipa, 38; djpar
grar (pits), Sks. 426; d. pyttr, Hom. 144: of a vessel (the ark), 625. 7; djpt sr, a deep so re, i. e.
wound, Dropl. 29; d. httr, a deep hat, coming down over the eyes, Fms. viii. 368; d. hver, a deep
kettle, Hy'm. 5. p. neut. as^dv. deep, deeply; bitu hvelin djnpt jrina, Al. 140. 2. metaph., d, tkn,
Hom. 134. heavy, severe, d. laun, loo: the phrase, leggjaskdjpt, to dive deep, Nj. 102: in mod.
usage freq. in a metaph. sense, deep, profound.
djp-rigr and -rr, adj. deep-counselling, Jjir. 135, Fagrsk. 32.
djp-ri, n. deep-scheming, Fagrsk. 32, v. 1.
djp-settr, adj. deep, deep-laid; d. r, Magn. 466, Fas. iii. 218; d. or, Stj. 4; d. mar, a deep man,
Fms. xi. 44.
djp-skygn, adj. (-skygni, f.), deep-seeing.
djp-si, f. the seeing deep, profoundness, Stj. 560.
djp-sr (-sligr), adj. seeing deep, penetrating, Eb. 224, Sks. 552.
djp-igr, adj. [A. S. deop-hydig] , deep-minded.
djp-vitr, adj. deeply wise, Orkn. 230, Fas. iii. 53.
DJFULL, m., dat. dji, pl. lar; [Gr. SmoAos; eccl. Lat. diabolus; A. S. de o/o l; Engl. devil;
Germ, teufel; Swed. djefvul; Dan. djcevel; the nearest to the Icel. is the A. S. form, which shews
that the word came from England with Christianity; of course in the old Saga time the word was
almost unknown; the evil spirits of the heathens were trolls and giants] :-- a devil, Nj. 273, Fms. ii.
184; but in Bs., Fms. viii. sqq., the legendary Sagas, etc. it is freq. enough: as a term of abuse, Sturl.
ii. 115, Fms. viii. 95, 368, ix. 50; dja-blt (vide blot), Mart. 115; dja-mt, meeting of d., Greg.
51; djofuls-kr*ptr, devil's craft, diabolical power, Fms, x. 283, Fas. i. 254.
djful-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), devilish, 623. 24, 625. 72, Fms. x. 289 290, Barl. 149, Mar. 60.
djful-r, adj. ' devil-wud' possessed, Orkn. 518, Clem. 51, N. T.
djful-rr adj.= djfulr, Mar. 656 B. 7.
djrfung, f. [djarfr], boldness, in a good sense, Fms. iv. 133, Pass. 40. 17: impudence, Fms. ii. 184,
H. E. i. 503: cp. dirf, dirfska.
DOI, a, m. '[daur], deadness, insensibility.
doka, u, f. the bird tringafusca, lkjar-dura, Fl. i. 17, Edda (Gl.)
do-na, a, to become insensible, Anal. 196.
dor-kvisa, u, f. a kind of bird, Edda (Gl.)
do, a, m. [daufr], medic, torpor, in the hands, feet, etc., -- handar-do, fota-do; as to the art, stein-
do, anaesthesia; nla-do, 'needle-torpor, ' 'pins and needles, ' Fl. ix. 205, 206: metaph. torpor,
numbness, Stj. 97, Hom. 108.
donn, adj. de a d, of a limb; d. er mr ftr minn, Vpn. 21: metaph. drowsy, [Dan. d oi/ en], Al. 71.
dofna, a, [Goth, daubnan; Swed. domna] , to become dead, of limbs; dofnai hndin, Fms. vi.
203, Stj. 296, 297: of water, at, Sks. 165: metaph. the phrase, dofnar yr e-u, the matter begins to
die out, people cease to talk about it, Fms. x. 301, Bs. i. 348, Band. 4; hugr dofnar, the mind gets
heavy, Brandkr. 60.
dogg, n. a pillow (?), in the phrase, a sitja upp vi dogg, to lie half erect in bed, leaning the head
upon a high pillow.
dokk, dokka, u, f. a windlass, Fms. x. 53.
doparr, m., and doppa, u, f. a boss of metal, ir. in, Karl, 550 (in a saddle); of earrings, D. N. i.
321*: (the last word is freq.)
dor-dgull (dordingull), m. a small spider; araneus tolas ater splen- dens, lo demissorio, Eggert
Itin. 609; also called ski-karl, sher-carle; the word is no doubt to be spelt dorg-digull, i. e.
angling spider; for popular lore as to the dordigull vide sl. js. ii. 547, 548: the small spider's
web is called hgmi, q. v.
dorg, f. a n angler's tackle, rod and line, etc., for trout or small sh; eir rru tveir bti me dorgar
snar at sm-ski, Sin. Gm. (introd.), p. 32; land-dorgar, the land of dorg, the se a, Edda 66;
dorgar-skot, a kind of shing implement, D. N. iii. 201; cp. dorga.
dorga, a, to sb with a dorg: in mod. use dorg is only used of shing through holes in the ice;
metaph. Icel. also say, d. vi e-t, to go angling for a thing, go dangling after it.
dorma, a, [Lat. dormire] , to doze.
dornikar, m. pl. [from Doornik in Flanders], a kind of water-tight boots, Jn orl.
dorri, a, m. a wither.
dotta, a, (dott, n.), to nod from sleep; dottr, m. a nodder, Hv. 44.
dlg (dolg), n. [A. S. dolg = vidnus, O. H. G. tolg~] , direful enmity, only in poetry in compds, as
dlg-brandr, -eisa, -Ijos, the re, embers, light of the d., = swdrd; dlg-li, the ale of the d., i. e.
blood; dlg-linnr, the d. snake, i. e. spear; dolg-. svala, the battle-swallow, i. e. the shaft; gaping
wounds are called dlg-spor, Hkv. 2. 40.
dlg-ligr, zdj. endish, Finnb. 326.
dlg-mar, m. = dlgr, Hkv. 2. 49 (Ed. dlgar maer).
DLGR (dolgr), m. [Ulf. renders xpfaxpXfrrjs, Luke vii. 41, by ditlgisskula; and oavaarijs, id., by
dulgahaitja] : -- a end; duuir dlgar, ghosts, Hkv. 2. 49 -- vera gari allir nttuin dauir
dlgar mr, en um daga Ijosa -- used synonymous to 'devil, ' djufull. Fms. iii. 200, vi. 143, x. 172
(of a giant); ar sat dlgr hsti, mikill ok illiiigr (of witches), Fas. ii. 184; svartir dlgar, Karl.
525; sgu at s d. vri kominn bygina er eim tti eigi dll vifangs, Grett. 127; sku-dlgr, a
criminal; vide dylgja.
dli, a, m. [dole, Ivar Aasen; cp. Engl. dull], a drudge, Edda. (Gl.)
dlpr, m. a so rt of dress, Edda (Gl.) 232.
dlpungr, m. the l ar v a of a caterpillar, Bjrn.
dmandi, a, m., pl. dmendr, [A. S. dmend'] , a judge, Fas. ii. 32, Grg. i. 27, 65, 79, Nj., N. G. L.
i. ii, Eg. ch. 57, Stj. 378 sqq.; as to the Icel. judges cp. esp. Grg. J). f). ch. i, 6, and numberless
passages in the laws and Sagas.
dmari, a, m. [Dan. dommer; Swed. d owza re], a judge, this is the common form instead of
dmandi, Edda 93, K. . 202, Sks. 472 B, Pass. 27. 5, 28. 10; dmara-sti, n. judgment-seat, Sks.
480 B; Dmara-bk, f. the . Boo k of Judges: used besides in many compds, lands-domarijC hie/l/w
d^f, of Pilate, Matth. xxvii. 27, Pass. 25. i; yr-domari, undir-domari, etc.
dm-f, n. ay ee or payment xed by sentence, D. N.
dm-festa, u, f. submitting to subpoena, N. G. L. i. 22, 221.
dm-ogi, a, m. a law term, a runaway from court, used either of the plaintiff" or judge if they do
not appear in court, or quit the court, or even rise in court, without leave; in which case the judge
forfeits his seat, and the plaintiff his case; dened N. G. L. i. 23, 220.
dm-hringr, m. 'doom-ring, ' 'judgment-ring;' (cp. also v-bnd, the sacred bounds ^r b a r): the
courts of heathen times were surrounded by the domhringr, about a bow-shot from the centre where
the benches were placed; no evil-doer might enter this hallowed ring, or commit an act of violence
within it; if he did so, he was called a vargr veum (lupus in sanctii); the Engl. law term ' bar'
answers to this old word, cp. Gr. SpvcaKTOi, Lat. cancelli; the Goth, staua, = court and judge,
properly means a staff, bar; the bar was, according to Eg. 1. c., a pole of hazel- wood, hesli-stengr:
classical passages referring to this, -- ar sr enn dmhring ann, er menu vru dmdir til blts,
eim hring stendr Jjurs steinn, etc., Eb. ch. lo; ar stendr enn rs steinn ... ok ar ' hj' (better) er
s;i domhringr er (in which) menu skyldi til blts dma, Landn. 98: another classical passage is Eg.
ch. 57 beginning; cp. also Fas. iii. Gautr. S. ch. 7, Edda 10, though the ' ring' is not expressly
mentioned in these last two passages: hann gengr domhringinn ok setzk nir, Band. 6; en peir eigu
at rsa r dminum ok sitja dmhring innan mean um sk er dmt, Grg. i. 78, cp. 17, 26: in
early heathen times this sacred circle was formed by a ring of stones, cp. dm-stcinar: no doubt
some of the so-called Celtic or Druidical stone circles are relics of these public courts, e. g. the
Stones of Stennis in the Orkneys; cp. Scott's last note to the Pirate, referring to this subject: even in
later times, when the thing was obsolete, the name still remained.
dm-hs, n. the 'house of doom, ' court-bouse, Sks. 784; the idea is foreign, though the word is
native: the old courts and meetings were always held in the open air.
dm-kirkja, u, f. [Germ, dom-kirche, from Lat. domus~\, a cathedral, (mod.)
dm-leggja, lagi, a law term, to lay before a court, Dipl. iii. 13.
dm-nefna, u, f. the nomination of judges in the Icel. court, described in ib. ch. 5; in parliament the
goar (priests) had the right to appoint the judges, Grg. i. 25; eir (viz. the priests) skyldu
domnefnur eiga ingum, Fms. iii. 106.
DMR, in. [Goth, dams, which occurs once, but not in Ulf., vvho only uses the word in compds,
and renders Kpiais and Kptrris by siaua; A. S. dm; F, ngl. d oow and the termin. -dom; O. H. G.
torn; known in Germ, only from the termin. -turn (-thum)'] . I. a court of judgment, the body of
judges, or the 'court' itself; the Icel. law of the Common- wealth distinguishes between several
bodies of judges; in parliament there were Fjrungs-dmar, ' Quarter Courts, ' one for each of the
political quarters of the country, Breiringa-d. or Vesttiringa-d. for the West, Rangaeinga-d. for
the South, Eyiringa-d. or Norlendinga-d. lor the North, and Austringa-d. for the East; these
courts were instituted by Thord Gellir A. D. 964: at a later date a fth High Court, called Fimtar-
domr, the Fifth Court, was erected about A. D. 1004; vide Nj. ch. 98, b. ch. 8, Grg., esp. f). fx in
the rst chapters, and many passages in the Sagas, esp. Nj., Sturl.; and of mod. authors, Konrad
Maurer in his essay, Die Entstehung des Icel. Staates, Ed. 1852, Dasent's Introd. to Burnt Njal; --
the treatise of Maurer is an indispensable guide in matters of the Fimtar-domr. There are other
courts on record, e. g. dyra-dmr, a court at the door of the defendant, vide Eb. ch. 18 and N. G. L.;
mi skal dm setja fyrir durum verjanda, en eigi . bak hnsi; hann (viz. the plaintiff) skal setja dm
sinn eigi nr hsi en sv, at verjandi (the defender) megi setja sinn dm milli dura ok dms hans ok
aka hlassi viar milli dms ok dura (vide dma), N. G. L. i. 22: technical law-phrases as to the
courts, setja dom, to set the court, let the judges take their seats; durmr fara lit, the courts 'fare out, '
i. e. open; faera lit dom, dma-iitfrsla, i. e. the opening of the courts, Grug. i. 27, -- the judges
went out in a body in procession and took their seats; ryja dm, to challenge the court, Nj.; ganga
at dmi, to go info court; nefna dom, to name the judges (iK'. ui- nefna); sitja dmi, t o s it in
court; ml ferr dom, a case goes into court; hleypa upp dmi, to break up the court by force; bera
K i dm, to bribe the court; dms-afglapan, vide afglapan; -- for all these phrase?, vide Grg., |x .
in the rst chapters, Nj., esp. ch. 140 sqq., Eg. ch. 57, N. G. L. i, Gl. This sense is now almost
obsolete, but it remains in the Manx demster and Scot, dooinster. II. doom, judgment, sentence,
and this may be the original sense; dms-atkvi, dms-or, and dms-uppsaga mean doom,
sentence, as pronounced by the pre- siding judge, Nj., H. E. ii. 115, Sks. 159, Band. 6, Grg. i. 3,
83; dma- dagr, doomsday, 'he day of judgment; Norna-dmr, the doom of the Norns, their weird,
fate, t. 23, Fm. 11; skapa-dmr, id. (3. judgment, opinion. III. denoting s t a te, condition, age, in
words such as heiin-dmr, Kristin-dmr, the heathen, Christian age, faith; konung- domr, a
kingdom; biskups-dmr, a bishopric, etc.; hefja r heinum dmi, to lift out of heathendom, baptize,
Sighvat. 2. helgir dmar, relics, Bs., H. F, ., Grg. ii. 165, Fms. i. 230, v. 143, Gpl. 70 :-- but
helgidmr, Old Engl. halidom, Germ, heiligthum: leyndr d., mystery, fji\iaTrjpl. ov of the N. T.;
leynda donia hirnnarikis, Matth. xiii. ii; enna leyndan dom, Rom. xi. 25; sji, a eg segi yr
leyndan dom, Cor. xv. 51. 3. in many compds = Engl. -dom, -hood, -head; Gu-dmr, Godhead;
mann- dmr, manhood,
dm-rof, n. disregard of judgment, Grg. i. 87, cp. Gl. 21.
dm-runing, f. a challenging of judges, Gnig. i. 27.
dm-seta, u, f. sitting in court, judgment, Sks. 638, 641.
dm-setning, f. opening the court, N. G. L. i. 220.
dm-star, m. court, tribunal, Grg. i. 448, ii. 405, Edda 10.
dm-staurr, m. a co urt b a r, properly court rails, but used in N. G. L. i. 220 of select men who
stand outside and pronounce an opinion on the case,
dm-stefna (-stemna), u, f. a citing, summoning, Grg. i. 448.
dm-steinar, m. pl. ' court-stones, ' cour-ring, Sturl. i. 31, vide dmhringr.
dm-stll, m. the judgment-seal, John xix. 13, Sks. 622, 637, Horn, j 46, Fms. x. 443. I
dm-sti, n. = dmstll, Sks. 488, 606.
dm-str, adj., in the phrases, vera d., N. G. L. i. 84; eiga domsaett, to be qualied to sit in a court,
a lawful judge, Grg. i. 64.
dm-varzla, u, i. guarding a court, Grg. i. 65. dmvrzlu-inar, m. a man whoguards the court, a
javelin-man, Grg. I. e.
DNI, a, m. (and compels dna-legr, -skapr, -h. attr); this is a college word, by which the students
of the old colleges at Skalholt and Hlar called outsiders as opposed to collegians, like the Pbilisler
of Germ, universities: it is still used: from Span, don, through the E. Engl. done, (' / n i dy sc h
selte not b i spone, noer on e brynke, as -unlernyd done, " -- einsog lrr dni, as an illiterate
clown (used mockingly), Bodl. Ashm. MSS. no. 61, about A. D. 1500, Boke of Curtesy, E. Engl.
Text Society, 1868.)
ds, f. |"cp. Engl. d os e, Dan. daase] , a small box, snuff-box, (mod. word.)
dt, n. [North. E. doit], trumpery, tries, (cant word.)
DTTIR, f., gen. dat. acc. dttur, plur. dtr, later dtr or dtur: gen. dtra, dat. dtrum; the Icei.
keeps a single t throughout in the plur., whereas Swed. and Dan. have dttre; ditr also occurs in
Sks. B. (a Norse MS.), and at least once or twice in poetry, cp. the rhyme, gis dttr ok tttu, Edda
(Ed. A. M.) i. 324; and Hies dttr, Sklda 198: [Gr. Bvyrrjp; \J\f. daugbtar; A. S. dogbtor; Engl.
daughter; Swed. dotler; Dan. datter; O. H. G. tobtar; Germ, tocbter; the Greek has a short v, and
the Goth, has au, answering to Gr. o; the diphthongal 6 and the double t in the Scr. ndin. is only
caused by the suppression of the middle consonant g h] :-- a daughter; hann tti dttur eina er Unnr
ht, Nj. i; fjra dttir Sigurar Orms auga; jborgeir dttir orsteins ens Raua, 2; Hskuldr tti
sr dtur er Hallgerr ht, id.; er it at eiga dlausa sonu, ok vst aetla ek yr til ess betr felda at
r vrit dtr furs yvars ok vrit giptar, Ld. 236; gott skaplyndi hefit r fengit, ef tr
vrit dtr einhvers bnda, 216; n veit ek at ert d. en ekki sonr, er orir eigi at verja frndr
ina, Hv. 43. If sufxed to a name, -dttir denotes a woman, -son a man, e. g. orsteinn Egils-son,
but his sister orgerr Egls-dttir; Halldrr lafs-son, but Halldra lafs-dttir, vide the Index uf
Names to Landn., the Sagas, etc.: this custom, in early times common to all Teut. people, is still in
almost exclusive use in IceL, where a lady keeps her name all her life, whether married or not:
einga- dttir, only daughter; sonar-dottir, son's daughter; dtur-dttir, a daughter's daughter, a
granddaughter, Grg. i. 171; dttur-mar, a so n- in-law, Germ, eidam, Fms. ix. 240, Grg. 1. 175:
the waves are poet, called Ranar-dsetr, Hls-dtr, gis-dtr, the daughters of Ran, etc., Edda: the
Earth is daughter ofunar, and, on the mother's side, of Night, Edda; the Sun is daughter of Mundil-
fari, 7. 2. Dtta is a fern, pr. name in Denmark, prob. akin to daughter, Fms. vi.
drabba, a, (drabb, n., drabbari, a, m.), to ' drab, ' to dirty.
draf, n. draff, husks, N. G. L. iii. nos. 2, 8, Luke xv. 16.
drafa, a, to t a lk thick; a drafai honurn, of a drunken person.
drafa, ir. 116, v. 1., 205, 289, from the M. H. G. drabe or darabe, = thereby, which the Icel.
translator did not understand.
dra, n. tattl e, Fas. iii. 423.
drai, a, m. cuddled milk when cooked, Grett. (in a verse); rau-seyddr d., a red-cooked d., a dainty.
drafna, a, d. sundr, to become rotten as draff, Fas. iii. 325, 451.
drag, n. [draga], in compds as in drag, a bow-shot, of distance: spec, a soft slope or valley, i hverri
laut og dragi, Arm. ii. 94: in pl. drog, the watercourse down a valley, dals-drg, dala-drg; Gljufrr-
drg, Pm. 46; K!fadals-drg, id.; fjalla-drog. P. sing, the i ro n rim on the keel of a boat or a
sledge; the metaph. phrase, leggja drag uridir e-t, to lay the keel under a thing, i. e. to encourage it,
Eb. 20. Y- a lining, in erma- drg, Bv. 16 (Fr.) S. Icel. also say, leggja drog fyrir e-t, to lay a drag
(net) for a thing, i. e'. to take some preparatory steps for a thing. e. metric, term, a supernumerary,
additional line to a stanza, Edda (Ht.) 124, Fms. vi. 347.
draga, u, f., vide drgur.
DRAGA, pret. dr, pl. drgu; part, dreginn; pres. dreg: pret. subj. drsegi: [Lat. trabere; Ulf. dragon,
but only once or twice, = ttnaupfveiv in 2 Tim. iv. 3; Hel. dragon =portare, ferre (freq.); A. S.
dragon; Germ, tragen; the Engl. distinguishes between to dra g- and draw, whence the derived
words to draggle, trail, drawl; Swed. draga; the Danes have drage, but nearly obliterated except in
the special sense to travel, -- otherwise they have trkke, formed from the mod. Germ. tragen\ :-- to
draw, drag, carry, pull. A. ACT., with acc. I. to dra g", carry, pull; hann dr au oil xit, Nj. 131;
dja er yr munu d. til eilifra kvala, 273; d. heim vi, to drag the logs home, 53; d. saui, to
pick sheep out of a fold, Bs. i. 646, Eb. 106; d. skip fram, to launch a ship; d. upp, to draw her up,
dra g' her ashore, Grg. ii. 433; dr fwrgils eptir sr skinn, Fs. 129; Egill dr at sr skipit, E.
pulled the ship close up to himself, Eg. 221, 306; dr hann af grunninu, Fms. vii. 264; hann hafi
dregit (pulled) htt san yr hjlm, Eg. 375, cp. Ad. 3; d. ft, skkli af e-m, to dr a w off clothes,
shoes; var dregin af (stripped off) hosa likinu, Fms. viii. 265; dr hann hana hnd ser, he pulled
it on his band, Eg. 378; d. hring hnd sr, to put a ring on one's band, 306; (hann) tk gullhring,
ok dr (pulled) blrenn, id.: phrases, er vi ramman reip at d., ' ti s t o pwll a rope against the
strong man, i. e. to cope with the mighty, Fms. ii. 107, Nj. 10, -- the metaphor from a game; d. rar,
to pull the oars, Fms. ii. 180, Grett. 125 A: absol. to pull, ok drgu skjtt eptir, they s oo n pulled up
to them, Gull. 24, Krk. 52: metaph., um margar rttir dr hann fast eptir la, in many
accomplishments he pressed bard upon Olave, Fms. iii. 17: d. boga, to draw the bow, x, 362, but
more freq. benda (bend) boga: d., or d. upp segl, to hoist the sails, Eg. 93, Fms. ix. 21, x. 349, Orkn.
260: d. ska, or simply draga (Luke v. 7), to sh with a book, to pull up sh with a line (hence sk-
drttr, drttr, shing), Fms. iv. 89, Hm. 21, 23, Fs. 129, Landn. 36, Fas. ii. 31: d. drtt, Luke v. 4; d.
net, to sh with a drag-net; also absol., draga (o n or in) (a river), to drag a river; hence the
metaphor, d. langa not at e-u, = Lat. longae ambages, Nj. 139: d. steiria, to grind in a hand-mill, SI.
58, Gs. 15: d. bust or ne e-m, vide bust: d. anda, to draw breath; d. ndina um barkann, id., (andar-
drttr, drawing breath); d. tnn, to draw a tooth. 2. phrases mostly metaph.; d. seim, prop, to draw
wire, metaph. to read or talk with a drawling tone; d. nasir af e-u, to smell a thing, sl. ii. 136; d.
dam af e-u, to draw avour from; draga dmi af e-u, or d. e-t til dmis, to draw an example from a
thing, Stj. 13, cp. Nj, 65; d. yu er samri til e-s, to draw towards, feel sympathy for, Sks. 358;
d. grun e-t, to suspect, Sturl.; d. spott, skaup, gys, etc. at e-u, to hold a thing up to ridicule, Bs. i.
647; d. sik dul ok clramb, to assume the air of..., 655 xi. 3; d. sik ofbeldi ok dramb, Fms. vii. 20;
d. e-n talar, to deceive one, metaphor from leading into a trap, 2 Cor. xii. 17 d. vl at e-m, to
deceive one, draw a person into wiles, Nj. 280, Skv. i. 33; d. vetr, t o ^ etone's s heep and c
attlethrough the winter; Hrafnkell dr vetr klf ok ki hin rstu misseri, Hrafn. 22, cp. Germ.
anbinden, and in mod. Icel. usage setja vetr; d. nafn af e-m, to draw, derive the name from, Eb.
126 (App.) new Ed.; the phrase, (hann skyidi ekki) eiri r yr hfu d., more years should not pass
over his head, be must die, |jr. II. to draw a picture; kross let hann d. i enni llum hjlmum me
bleiku, Fms. iv. 96; a dr Tjrvi lkneski eirra kamarsvegg, Landrt. 247; var dregit skjldinn
leo me gulli, Ld. 78, Pr. 428; ann tma sem hann dregr (draws) kla-fllin (the folds), Mar.
(Fr.): d. til stafs (mod.), to draw the letters, of children rst trying to write; d. fjr yr e-t, a
metaph. phrase, to draw a pen over or through, to hide, cloak a thing: gramm. to mark a vowel with
a stroke, -- - a long vowel opp. to a short one is thus called ' dreginn;' hljstar hafa tvenna grein,
at eir s styttir (short) ea dregnir (drawn, marked with a stroke), ok er v betr dregit yr ann
staf er seint skal at kvea, e. g. ri Ari, r er-, mnu minni, Sklda 171: to measure, in the phrases,
draga kvara vi varnl, Grg. i. 497, 498; draga lrept, N. G. L. i. 323. III. to line clothes, etc.;
treyja var dregin utan ok innan vi rauu silki, Flov. 19. IV. metaph. to delay; dr hann sv sitt ml,
at..., Sturl. iii. 13; hann dr um at engan hlut, hemade nosubterfuge, Hkr. ii. 157; Halldrr dr
heidr fyrir eim, H. then delayed the time, Ld. 322; vii ek ekki lengr d. etta fyrir r, 284; vii ek
essi svr eigi lta d: fyrir mr lengr, Eb. 130. V. with prepp. af, at, a, fram, fr, saman, sundr, etc.,
answering to the Lat. attrdbere, abstrabere, protra- bere, detraherf, distrahere, contrahere, etc.; d.
at li, to collect troops; d. saman her, id., Eg. 172, 269, Nj. 127; d. at fng, to collect stores, 208,
259: metaph., dr at honurn sttin, the sickness drew nearer to him, be grew worse, Grett. 119; d.
af e-m, to take off", to disparage a person, Fms. vi. 287; d. af vi e-ri, ok mun lian af ekki af
dregit vi oss, we s hall not be neglected, stinted, Bjarn. 54: mathem. term, to subtract, Rb. 118: d.
fram, to bring forward, promote; d. fram rla, Fms. x. 421, ix. 254, Eg. 354; skil ek at, at at
man mina kosti her fram d. (it will be my greatest help here), at tt ekki vald mr; d. fram
kaupeyri, to make money, Fms. vi. 8; d. saman, to draw together, collect, join, Bs. ii. 18, Nj. 65, 76;
d. sundr, to draw asunder, disjoin; d. e-t , to intimate, (-drttr) drag eigi at, Sturl. iii. no; d.
undan, to escape; kmu segli vi ok drgu undan, Fms. iv. 201; mi lgir segl eirra ok d. eir mi
undan oss, v. 11: metaph. to delay, Uspakr dr undan allt til ntr, Nj. 272; hirin s etta at sv
mjk var undan dregit, Fms. ix. 251 (undan-drattr, delay); hvi dregr undan at bja mr til n,
Glm. 326, Fms. ix. 251, Pass. 16. 13: mathem., d. rot undan, tofxtract a root, Alg. 366; d. upp, to
draw a picture (upp-drattr, a drawing), to pull up, Edda I; to pull out of the snow, Eg. 546; d. lit, to
extract, draw out, 655 xxxii. 2; d. undir sik, to draw under oneself, to embezzle, Eg. 6l, Fms. vii.
128; d. upp akkeri, to weigh anchor, Jb. 403; d. upp segl, t o hoist sail, vide above; Ijos brann
stofunni ok var dregit upp, Sturl. i. 142; ar brann Ijos ok var dregit upp, en myrkt hit nera, ii. 230;
ok er mnnum var sti skipat vru log upp dregin stofunni, iii. 182; herbergis sveinarnir drgu
upp skriljsin, Fas. iii. 530, cp. Gsl. 29, 113, -- in the old halls the lamps (torches) were hoisted up
and down, in , order to make the light fainter or stronger; d. e-n til e-s, to draw iatvards a thing;
mikit dregr mik til ess, Fs. 9; engi ofkti dregr' mik til essarar ferar, i. e. it i s no(by my own
choice that -undertake this journey, Fms. ix. 352; slkt dr hann til vinsldar, ibis furthered him in
popularity, vii. 175, Sks. 443 B; mun hann slikt til d., it will move, inuence him, Nj. 210; ef hann
drgi ekki til, if he was not concerned, 224. 2. dragatil isusedabsol. or ellipt., denoting the course of
fate, and many of the following phrases are almost impers.; nema til verra dragi, unless matters turn
out worse, Nj. 175; b, dragi til ess sem vera vill, Lat. y at a evenient, 185; ef honum vill etta til
daua d., if ibis draw to his death, prove fatal to him, 103, Grett. 114; at samband eirra er eim
dregr bum til bana, which will be fatal to both of them, Nj. 135; enda var at fram at koma sem
til dr, sl. ii. 263; sagi Kveldlfr at (then) mundi ar ti! draga sem honum hafi fyrir boat, Eg.
75; dr til vanda me eim Rti ok Unni, it was the old story over again, Nj. 12; dr til vanda um
tai eirra, 129; at her mundi til nnkillar ugiptu draga um kaup essi, that mickle mischief would
arise from this bargain, 30; dr enn til sundrykkju me eim Svum, the old feud with the
Swedes began over again, Fms. x. 161; ok er vst til hvers um dregr, Fs. 6; sv er at, segir
Runlfr, ef ekki dregr til, unless some unforeseen things happen, Nj. 75; hn kva eigi tilikligt at til
mikils drsegi um, sl. ii. 19; dr n til hvrttveggja. Bret.; hence til-drg. n. pl. cause. B.
IMPERS. 1. of clouds, shade, darkness, to be drav-'n before a thing as a veil; dimmu (acc.) ykir
draga rit Odds, it looked as if gloom were drawing over Odd's affairs, Band. 10; ok er lk at
draga skurirnar (acc.), it began to draw into showers, i. e. clouds began to gather, Fms. iii. 206:
often ellipt., hratt stundum fyrir en stundum dr fr, [clouds] drew sometimes over, sometiin. es off,
of the moon wading through them, Grett. 114; dregr fyrir sol, \a veil] draws over (be sun, be is bid
in clouds; sky vnarleysu dpur drjugum dr iyrir mna glei-sl, Bb. 2. 9; dregr glei biskups,
[clouds'] drew over the bishop's gladness, it was eclipsed, Bs. ii. 79; eclipsis heitir er fyrir dregr sl
rr tungl, it is called an eclipse when [a veif] draws over the sun or moon, 1812. 4; tunglskin var
Ijost, en stundum dr fyrir, the moonshine was clear, and in turn [a veil] drew over it, Nj. 118; s
lti af tungli Ijst ok dr ymist til eor fr, sl. ii. 463; at gerisk, at dregr tunglit, ok verr
eclipsis, A]. 54. 2. in various connections; dr yr (acc.) undir hrakningina, en oss (acc.) undan, you
were drawn into a thrashing (i. e. got one] , but we escaped, Nj. 141; hann (acc.) dr undan sem r.
auuligast, he bad a narrow escape, Fms. ix. 392: absol., a noun or personal pronoun in acc. being
understood, ltt dr enn undan vi ik, there ivas little power of drawing out of thy reach, i. e. thy
blow did its work right well. Nj. 199, 155; hvrki dr sundr n saman me eim, of two running a
dead heat: metaph. phrases, mun annarsstaar meira sla (acc.) draga, there will be elsewhere a
greater trial left, i. e. the consequences will be still worse elsewhere, 54; saman dr hugi eirra,
their hearts were drawn together, of a loving pair, Br. 271; saman dr kaupmla me eim, they
struck a bargain, literally the bargain was drawn tight, Nj. 49; hann hreinsar at skjtt at nokkut
im (acc.) ha oss dregit af samneyti (although we have been a little infected by the contact witb)
annarlegs siferis, Fms. ii. 261; allt slafr (acc.) dro af Hafri, i. e. //. became quite mute, Grett. (in a
verse): in a temp, sense, til ess er dr at degi, till the day drew nigh, Fms. x. 138; er dr at miri
ntt, Grett. 140; er dregr at Joluni, Yule drew nigh, Fbr. 138; dregr at hjaldri, the battle-hour
draws nigh, Fms. vi. (in a verse); dr at v (the time drew nigh), at hann var banvnn, Eg. 126: of
sickness, hunger, or the like, to sink, be overcome by, sv dregr at mr af elli, svengd ok orsta, at...,
Fms. iii. 96; n vkki mr sem fast dragi at r, th ow art sinking fast, Fas. ii. 221; ok er loki var
kvinu dregr at Oddi fast, O. was sinking fast, 321: of other things, tk at d. fast at heyjum
bans, hi s s to ek was very low, Fms. iii. 208; oku dregr upp, a fog draws on, rises, 97 (in a verse),
but ok taki s poka (nom.) fyrir at d. norrljsit, Sks. an (better oku, acc.) C. REFLEX, to draw
oneself, move; ef menn dragask til fruneytis eirra (Join them) beit, Grg. ii. 270; Sigvaldi
dregsk t fr otanum, 8. draws away from the eet, Fms. xi. 140; ofmjk dragask lendir menn
fram, i. e. the barons drew far too forward, vii. 22; hyski drsk tta, they drew away to ight,
Fms. vi. (in a verse); skeir drgusk at vigi, the ship s drewon tobattle, iii. 4 (in a verse); dragask
undir -- draga undir sik, to take a thing tooneself, Grg. ii. 150; dragask hendr e-m, drgusk opt
eir menn hendr honum er uskilamenn voru, Sturl. i. 136; dragask e-n heridr, hann kva ess
enga van, at hann drgisk hendr, ii. 120; dragask aptr lei, to remain behind, Rb. 108;
dragask t, to recede, of the tide, 438; dragask saman, to draw back, draw together, be collected,
Fms. i. 25, Bs. i. 134; e-m dragask peimingar, Fms. vi. 9; d. undan, to be delayed, x. 251; the
phrase, herr, li dregsk e-m, the troops draw together, of a levy, i. 94, vii. 176, Eg. 277; dragask
legg, t o gro w up, Hkr. iii. 108; sem aldr hans ok vitsmunir drgusk fram, increased, Fms. vi. 7;
egar honum drsk aldr, when he grew up, Fs. 9; dragask legg, to grow into a man; dragask vi e-
t, t o become discouraged, Fms. via. 65; d. vel, ilia, to do well, ill, Fs. 146: to be worn out,
exhausted, drsk liit mjk af kulda, Stud. i. 20; drsk hestr hans, ii. 75 ' part, dreginn, drawn,
pinched, starved, hestar mjk dregnir, Fms. ix. 276; grisk fnar dreginn mjk, drawn, thin, iii.
208; st ar heykleggi einn ok dregit at o!lu megin, a tapering hayrick, Hv. 53: of sickness,
Herra Andrs lagisk sjkr, ok er hann var dreginn mjk, Fms. ix. 276. /3. recipr., au drgusk um
einn gullhring, they fought, pulled. Fas. iii. 387. From the reex, probably originates, by dropping
the reex, sufx, the mod. Swed. and Dan. at draga -- to go, esp. of troops or a body of men; in old
writers the active form hardly ever occurs in this sense (the reading drogu in the verse Fms. iii. 4 is
no doubt false); and in rrod. usage it is equally unknown in Icel., except maybe in allit. phrases as,
e. g. t djpi hann Oddr dr, Snot 229 new Ed.; to Icel. ears draga in this sense sounds strange;
even the rerlex. form is seldom used in a dignied sense; vide the references above.
draga, u, f., only in pl. drogur, timber carried on horseback and trailing along the ground, Ghun.
368; dragna-hross, a dray-horse, 369: metric, term, a s or t of anadiplosis, when a stanza begins
with the last word of the preceding one, Edda (Ht.) 126, Sklda 191.
dragi, a, m. a trail or long line of laden horses or c art s, Bjarn. 36: cp. heim-dragi, a loiterer, Lex.
Pot.
drag-kyrtill, m. a trailing kirlle or gown, Fins, vi. 440, viii. 336.
drag-loka, u, f. a bolt; metaph. a loiterer, Finnb. 300.
drag-mll, adj. drawling. Fas. i. 382.
dragna, a, [ngl. drain] , intrans. to dra g-, trail along, Fas. iii. 525, Siurl. ii. 49; Ski d. eptir,
Sd. 169; hann dragnar san heim at burinu, Hv. 54; hafi losna annarr vengrinn, ok dragnai
skfrinn, Eb, 220: reex., Fas. ii. 497.
drag-nl, f. a bodkin, Fas. iii. 631.
drag-net, n. a drag-net, opp. to lag-net, a laying-net.
drag-reip, n. a 'draw-rope, ' halyard, Bs. i. 276, Edda (Gl.), Fms. vi. 303-
dragsa, a, -- dragna, Karl. 147, 554.
drag-sr, adj. trailing behind, of a gown, Eg. 702.
dralla, a, (dralls n.), qs. dragla, to loiter, (slang word.)
DRAMB, n. I. prop, a roll of fat on the neck of fat men or beasts, hnakka-dramb, hnakka-drembi,
cp. drambr, m. a knot in charcoal or logwood; hence II. metaph. arrogance, Nj. 47; ofbeldi ok
dramb, Fms. vii. 20. J3. pomp, Fms. x. 232: drambs-fullr, adj. arrogant, Hoin. 151, Fms. x. 222:
drambs-mar, m. a haughty, pompous person, Fms. x. 254. Hkr. ii.
dramba, a, to be haughty, por. -. pom, Flv. 29, Hom. 135; d. viringu, 656 C. II; d. yr e-m,
Greg. 22, Nirst. 7; d. yr sr, to boast, Fas. i. 36; d. mti e-u, Fms. xi. 11.
dramb-hosur, f. pl. a sort of' court-breeches, ' Fms, vi. 440.
dramb-lauss, adj. (-leysi. n.), unpresuming, Bs. i. 275.
dramb-ltr, adj. haughty, Greg. 24, Hom. 7, Fas. i. 89, Luke i. 51, Pass. 35. 7.
dramb-lti, n. pride, Fas. i. 18, Str. 81.
dramb-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.). haughtily, Hkr. iii. 244, Sks. 451.
dramb-samr, adj. haughty, Sks. 701, Fas. i. 49, Pass. 21. 7.
dramb-semi, f. haughtiness, H. E. i. 519, Al. 153.
dramb-vsi, f. = drambsemi, Str. 82.
dramb-vss, adj. = drambsanu, Hom. 152, Karl. 135.
dramb-yri, n. pl. haughty language, Sks. 558.
DRANGR, m. a lonely up-standing rock, Dipl. v. 23; kletta-drangr, fjall-drangr, etc., freq. in Icel.,
vide Eggert Itin. 497: many, places take their names from these basalt rocks, Drangar (pl.), Drang-
ey, Dranga- vk, Dranga-jkull, etc.; in popular lore these rocks were thought to be giants turned
into clones, sl. jjs.
drang-steinn, m. -drangr, Greg. 62, Bs. i. 346, Mar. 93 (Fr.)
drasa, u, f. [dros], prattle; drosu ok lygi. Anecd. 14; drsur (pl.) ok hgmlig or, 78; hence the
mod. drsla or drusla, u, f. a vulgar ditty.
drasill, drsull, m., poet, a h or se, cp. Ygg-drasill, vide Lex. Pot.
dratta, a, (qs. dragta), to t ra il or walk like a cow, Fas. ii. 128, i. 484: Homer's zlKi-xovs is
rendered by drattandi.
draug-hentr, n. adj. a sor t of metre, Edda (Ht.) 137; a supernumerary syllable being added to every
line, this syllable seems to have been called drangr, a plug or log.
DRAUGR, m. [Lat. truncus is perhaps akin]: I. a dry log; Edda (Gl.); this sense, however, only
occurs in old poets, in compds such as el-draugr, beu-d., hiri-d., her-d., al-d. . j-d., gervi-d., in
poetical circumlocutions of a man, cp. Edda 68, 85. II. metaph. in prose (as it is now used), a ghost,
spirit, esp. the dead inhabitant of a cairn was called draugr, Ld. 326, Fms. iii. 200, Bs. i. 256, Stj.
492. Sam. xxviii. 15, Rm. 186, 217, Orkn. 210 (in a verse), Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 436-438, Hkv. 2.
49, fsl. (Har. S.) ii. 47 (in a verse); it also occurs in the verse on the Runic stone in Schonen,
quoted and explained in Rafn Antiq. Orient. 178, but it is uncertain whether it is here used in the
rst or second sense. P. a sluggard, a drone who walks about as a ghost; draugs-ligr, adj.; drauga-
skapr, m.; draugast, a, to w a lk about like a ghost. -y- metric., vide draughentr above. COMPOS:
drottinn, m. the lord of ghosts, is one of the names of Odin, Hkr. i. II. drauga-fe, n. boards in cairns
or tombs, Fas. ii. 368. drauga- gangr, m. a gang of gbosts. drauga-sgur, f. pl. g h os t stories in
nursery tales, for a collection of such, vide sl. Jjjs. i. 222 -- 354.
draum-kona, u, f. a 'dream-woman, ' a spirit in dreams, Gsl. 41, orst. Su H. 185.
draum-mar, ni. a man who appears to another in a dream, Fms. ii. 230, viii. 107: a dreamer, Stj.
193. Gen. xxxvii. 19.
draum-rar f. pl. (now m. pl.), dream-phantasies, Fas. iii. 79.
DRAUMR, m. [A. S. dream; Hel. drorn; Engl. dream; Swed. -Dan. drain; Germ, traum; Matth. i.
and ii, and by a singular mishap Matth. xxvii. 19, are lost in Ulf., so that we are unable to say how
he rendered the Gr. vap'. -- the A. S. uses dream onlv in the sense of jo y, music, and dreamer= a
bar per, musician, and expresses draumr, Engl. dream, by sveofnas, -- even the Ormul. has drm =
a sound; so that the Engl. dream seems to have got its present sense from the Scandin. On the other
hand, the Scandin. have dream in the proper sense in their earliest poems of the heathen age, ballir
draumar, Vtkv. I; Hvat er at draurna, Em. I; it is used so by Bragi Gamli (gth century), Edda 78 (iu
a verse); cp. draum-ing, Hkv. 2. 48, whilst the A. S. sense of song is entirely strange to Icel.: it is
true that svefnar (pl.) now and then occurs in old poets = Lat. somnium, but this may be either from
A. S. inuence or only as a poetical synonyme. Which of the two senses is the primitive and which
the metaph. ?] :-- a dream. Many old sayings refer to draumr, -- vakandi d., a day dream, waking
dream, like the Gr. virap; von er vakandi draumr, hope is a waking dream, or von er vakanda maims
d.; ekki er mark at draumum, dreams are not worth noticing, Sturl. ii. 217; opt er Ijotr d. fyrir litlu,
Bs. ii. 225. Icel, say, marka drauma, to believe in dreams, Sturl. ii. 131; segâ e-m draum, to tell
one's dream to another, Nj. 35; ra dranm, to read (interpret) a dream, Fms. iv. 381, x. 270, xi. 3;
draumr raetisk, the dream proves true, or (rarely) draum (acc.) rsir, id., Bret.; vakna vi vndan
(eigi gan) draum, to wake from a bad dream, of a sudden, violent awakening, Fms. iii. 125, ix.
339, Stj. 394. Judg. viii. 21, 22; vakna af draumi, to waken from a dream; dreyma draum, to dream
a dream; lta e-n njta draurns, to let one enjoy his dream, not wake him: gen. draums is used
adverb, in the phrase, e-m er draums, one is benumbed, dreamy: st hann upp ok fylgi englinum,
ok hugi sr draums vera, Post. 656 C; draums kve ek ber vera, Hkv. Hjorv. 19; tti honum
sjlfum sern draums hefi honum verit, 0. H. L. 81; hence comes the mod. e-m er drums, of stupid
insensibility. Passages referring to dreams -- Hkr. Hlfd. S. ch. 7, Am. 14. 25, Edda 36, lb. ch. 4, Nj.
ch. 134, Ld. ch. 33, Gunnl. S. ch. 2, 13, Har. S. ch. 6, Lv. ch. 21 (very interesting), Gsl. ch. 13, 24
sqq., Glm. ch. 9, 21, orst. Su H., Vpn. 21, Bjarn. 49, Fbr. ch. 16, 37, orl. S. ch. 7, Sturl. i.
200, 225, ii. 9, 99, 190, 206-216, iii. 251-254, 272, RafnsS. ch. 7, 14, Laur. S. ch. 2, 65, Sverr. S. ch.
I. 2. 5, 42, Fms. vi. 199, 225, 312, 403, 404, vii. 162, Jinsv. S. ch. 2, etc. etc. COMPDS: drauma-
mar, m. a great dreamer, Gsl. 41. drauma- rning, f. the reading of dreams, Anal. 177. drauma-
skrimsl, n. a dream monster, phantasm, Fas. ii. 414. drauma-vetr, m., Gsl. 63.
draum-skrk, n. a dream phantasm, Ld. 122.
draum-spakr, adj. skilled in interpreting dreams, Fms. vi. 361.
draum-speki, f. s kill in interpreting dreams, Fms. iv. 30.
draum-spekingr, m. a skilful interpreter of dreams, Stj. 491. Sam. xxviii. 3.
draum-stoli, adj. (cp. vit-stola), a -dream-stolen' man, i. e. one ivho never dreams, -- -- the ancients
thought this a disease; at er ekki inanns eli at hann drcymi aldri, Fms. vi. 199, cp. also Hkr. i. 71.
draum-ing, n. dream-meeting, poet, sleep, Hkv. 2. 49.
DRK, f. (draka, u, f., THom. I. e., mod. rk, f.), a streak; la eptir ein bl-drk lreptinu, ... fagra
heilsu barnsins ok bl-drkina, Bs. ii. 170; hafi hann blrs merkiligasta, at ein draka (drk)
gkk af hgra veg hanns kinnis skakk um vert andliti vinstri kinninni, ok me v sarna marki
vitraist hann san mrgum mnnum, THom. 356; ein rau bldrg, MS. Holm. no. 17 (Fr.), vide
driig: ruk is at present a very freq. word in Icel., but is hardly found in old writers; the identity of
these two words cannot be doubted.
drp, n. [drepa], slaughter, Eg. 222, Fms. v. 235, etc.; mann-drp, man-slaughter, homicide.
DRPA, u, f. a heroic, laudatory poem; this word is probably derived from drepa, to strike, i. e. to
strike the chords of an instrument, vide drepa A. I, as poems were at early times accompanied by
instrumental music: the drpas were usually composed in the so-called ' drtt- kvt' metre, q. v.,
and were much in fashion from the loth to the I2th or even to the i^th century, but esp. ourished at
the end of the loth and during the ith; the earliest poems of this kind on record are of the end of the
9th century: even poems in honour of gods, Christ, the holy cross, saints, etc. are called drapur if
composed in the proper metre; but most of them are in honour of kings, earls, princes, or eminent
men, vide Skldatal. A drapa usually consisted of three parts, upp-haf introduction, stef or
stefjaml the burden or middle part interpolated with articial burdens, whence the name stefja-
drupa, and lastly slaemr or * peroration; according to the length, a drupa is tvitug or a poem of
twenty stanzas, sextug or si A ty stanzas, and so on; it is called er-drpa if in praise of a deceased
man, mansngs-drpa (Germ, minne-sang) if addressed to a lady-love, etc.; as to metre, we have
tog-drpa, hrynhend drpa, etc.; drpa is sometimes distinguished from okkr, a less laudatory and
shorter poem without burdens, Fms. vi. 391; hv ortir okk um konunginn, er tti r hann
ekki drpunnar verr, sl. ii. 237, and the classical passage Knytl. S. ch. 19. Passages in the Sagas
referring to the delivery of these poems are very numerous, e. g. Gunnl. S. ch. 7-9, Eg. ch. 62, 63
(Hfu-lausn), 80 (Sonatorek and Arinbjarnar-d.), 81 (Beru- drpa), Ld. ch. 29 (Hs-drpa), Hallfr.
S. ch. 6, II, Bjarn. 6, 39, Fms. iii. 65, v. 173-175, Knytl. S. I. e., O. H. L. ch. 60, 61, Har. S. Har.
(Fms. vi.) ch. 24, 66, no (the interesting story of Stuf the Blind), Skldat. 252, 268, Fb. iii. 241, 242,
Hkr. i. 185, 186; the last on record is Sturl. iii. 303-306, referring to A. D. 1263, cp. also Sturl. ii.
56; most of these poems derive their name from the king or person in whose honour they were
composed, e. g. Olafs-d., Knuts-d. (king Canute), Eiriks-d., etc., vide Fms. xii, s. v. kvi, or
Jmsvkiuga-d., Islendinga- d., the name of a laudatory poem addressed to the Icelandic people; or
referring to other subjects, as Vell-ekla (want of gold), Hafgeringa-d., Landn. 106, or Kross-d.,
Ra-d. (the Holy Rood), etc. Mythical drapas are, e. g. Ragnars-d., Haustlng, Hs-d. COMPDS:
drapu-mal, n. a lawsuit for a d., viz. a love song (mansongs-d.), which songs were forbidden, Fs.
87. drpu-stfr, m. a nickname for a poetaster, Landn. 168.
drp-gjarn, adj. blood-thirsty, Sks. 89.
drp-ver, n. a furious, destructive gale, Lv. 59.
DRTTR, m., gen. ar, dat. drtti, pl. drttir, acc. drattu and drtti, [draga, cp. Engl. draught] :--
pulling, Jm. I: metaph. hesitation, Fms. x. 11: a draught, of shing (ski-druttr), but esp. of a drag-
net, Luke v. 4.
DREGG, f., gen. sing, and nom. pl. dreggjar, dregs, lees; eir gulegu skulu dreggjarnar af spa,
Ps. Ixxv. 8, Fas. ii. 26: metaph., N. G. L. i. 339.
dregill, m., dimin., dat. dregli, a ribbon, Nj. 214, Hkr. i. 320, Edda. 20, O. H. L. 65, H. E. ii. 113;
dregla-li = dreglat li, soldiery decorated with ribbons, Fb. ii. 337, -- a reference to the custom of
neophytes after baptism wearing a white ribbon round their heads.
dregla, a, to lace, furnish with a ribbon, Sturl. iii. 218.
dreif, f. scattering; drcif, id.; v ok dreif, scattered abroad, Grnd. 166. 2. a chain; haukr
bundinn gull-dreifum, and haukr- inn konist hvergi vat dreifarnar hldu honum, El. (Fr.)
DREIFA, , [Ulf. draibjan; v. drifa], to scatter, disperse, with dat.; dreifu eir llu liinu. Nj.
207, Hkr. i. 250; er dreifir sv mjk fr Or fjlmenni v er ..., Fms. vii. 182: metaph. to
divert, d. hug e-s, Hom. 38: with the notion of violence, to scatter, Post. 656 C. 14: to streiv, tak duft
ok dreif . srit, Prver 471: to sprinkle, d. vatni, Fms. i. 262, sl. ii. 403. Bad. 185: adding acc. of
the person, d. e-n bli, to bedabble with blood, Am. 19; ok dreir mer blinu, Stj. 78. P. with
acc. to disperse, dissolve; dreifum vr Gus vini (acc.), 655 xxxii; vru dreif ll bein hans, 623.
33 (very rarely). II. reex, to be spread out, Eg. 530; of the branches of a tree, Edda 10: or dreifask
(gramm.), words are derived from, Sklda 205.
dreing, f. scattering, diffusing, Stj. 244, H. E. i. 500.
dreift, n. adj. ' adrift, ' scattered, in the phrase, fara d., of troops, t o march in loose order, Fms. i.
71, v. 56; dreifara, viii. 213.
dreita, tt, [drita], in the phrase, d. e-n inni, to lock one up so that he is forced to do his business
within doors (a disgrace), Sturl. i. 198, Ld. 209.
DREKI, a, m. [from the Gr. bpaicoiv; Lat. draco; A. S. draca; Germ. drache; Engl. dragon; Swed.
drake; Dan. drage] :-- a dragon, Al. 160, 656 A, Gull. ch. 4; this word, which undoubtedly is of
foreign origin, is however very old; it occurs in Vsp. 65 (there is no reason to suspect the
genuineness of this verse); it is most freq. used by poets of the loth and nth centuries, and is
especially used of ships of war bearing a dragon's head as beaks. Fms. ii. 179, 182, 217, 303, iv.
354, v. 311, vi. 314, 360, vii. 51, 109, 248, x. 36, 77, 204-206, xi. 45, 375. p. the constellation
Scorpion, Rb. 408. 2. naut. a s m a ll anchor. COMPDS: dreka-hamr, m. the slough of a dragon,
Fas. ii. 378. dreka- hfu, n. a dragon's bead as a ship's beak, Eg. 42, Hkr. iii. 94. dreka- liki, n. the
shape of a dragon, Nirst. I. dreka-merki, n. the sign of a dragon, Karl. 35 1; the constellation
Scorpio is also called Spor-dreka- merki. The language distinguishes between ug-dreki, the ying
dragon of the tales, and spor-dreki, a tailed dragon, i. e. a scorpion.
drekka, u, f. drink, beverage, Edda 48: a banquet, N. G. L. i. 91, Og. 13; cp. gis-drekka, the
banquet at gir, Edda.
DREKKA, pret. drakk, pl. drukku; sup. drukkit; pres. drekk; pret. subj. drykki; [Ulf. drigkan; A. S.
drinkan; Engl. drink; O. H. G. trinkan; M. H. G. trinken; Dan. drikke; Swed. dricka] :-- to drink,
the beverage or feast in acc.; d. mj, Hm. 18; mungat, el, Fms. viii. 166, Hm. 82; d. full, minni (a
toast), Eg. 552, Fms. vi. 442; d. horn, t o drain, drink off a born, a cup, Hkr. i. 35; san tk
Kolskeggr justu eina af mii fulla ok drakk, Nj. 43; d. drykk, to drink a draught, Fms. xi. 233; eptir
at tk Jjrir kalkann ok drakk af tv drykki, Gull. 7 ', skalt d. af tva drykki, id.; d. brjost (acc.),
to suck (v, brjost-drekkr), Mar. 656 A. 23, cp. Gl. 504. /3. to hold a feast, the feast in acc.; d. Jl,
Fms. vi. 100, Fagrsk. 4 (in the poem of Hornklo); d. veizlu, Nj. ii; d. brullaup, Fms. xi. 88; d. er,
Nj. 167. "y- denoting the modq of drinking; d. ein-menning, to drink one t o o ne, Eg. 551; d. tvi-
menning, to drink twoto two, id.; d. fast, to drink hard, Eb. 184; d. mlt, to drink without measure
(cp. ml-drykkja), Fms. iii. 18; d. til e-s, to drink toa person, Eg. 552, Sturl. iii. 305, Bs. i. 848, 798;
d. e-n, id., Fms. iv. 333, vi. 442 (cp. a-drykkja); d. e-n af stokki, to drinkone under the table, iv.
167; d. fr sr vit, to drink one's wits away, ix. 339, Hm. u; the allit. phrase, d. ok dma, to drink
and chatter, Rm. 29: adding the prepp. af, or, to drink off a cup; . af dra hornum, Fms. vi. 442,
Eg. 206, 207: absol. to drink, bold a feast, Eg. 43. 8. impers. (vide a-drykkir) of a ship, to ship a
sea, metaph., Al. 139. t. recipr., drekkask , to drink to one another, Hkr. ii. 249, N. G. L. i. 211, Js.
78. 2. part. pass, drukkinn, drunken, tipsy, Eb. 154, Fms. i. 59, Eg. 552.
drekk-hlainn, part. ' drench-loaden, ' a ship laden till she sinks.
drekkja, t and , [Ulf. dragkjan; Engl. dren c h], to drown, with dat., Edda (pref.) 144, Fms. iii. 28,
Fas. ii. 35: metaph. to swamp, Fms. x. 395: with acc., Hom. 154 (rarely): reex, to be submerged,
Fms. xi. 66.
drembi-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), haughtily, Fms. vi. 155, x. 237, Nj. 78, Fas. i. 39; cp. rembiligr.
drengi-liga, adv. brave, bravely, Korm. 238, Nj. 180, 258, Ld. 206.
drengi-ligr, adj. brave, valiant, Ld. 272, Fms. vii. 105, xi. 57: generous, vi. 96, Nj. 73, Boll. 348.
drengja, d, a naut. term, to bind fast, haul taut to a pole (drengr); taka akkeri ok d. vi sa, Fms.
vii. 54; d. me klum, 82.
dreng-leysi, n. want of generosity, unmanliness, Stj. 396.
dreng-lundar and -lyndr, adj. noble-minded, Hkr. i. 327, Nj. 30, Fms. ii. 220; hogvaerr ok
drenglyndr, gentle-minded and high-minded, Nj. 30 (ofNjal).
dreng-mar, m. a bachelor, opp. to bndi, N. G. L. i. 31, 98: a stout doughty man, Lex. Pot.
dreng-mannliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), bravely, doughtily, Nj. 78, v. l.
dreng-menska, u, f. boldness, Fas. i. 404.
DRENGR, m., pl. ir, gen. drengs, pl. drengir, on Runic stones drengjar; this is a most curious word,
and exclusively Scandinavian; it occurs in the A. S. poem Byrnoth, but is there undoubtedly
borrowed from the Danes, as this poem is not very old. 1. the earliest form was probably drarigr, q.
v., a rock or pjllar, which sense still remains in Edda (Gl.) and in the compd as-drengr, cp. Ivar
Aasen; it also remains in the verb drengja. 2. it then metaphorically came to denote a young
unmarried man, a bachelor, A. S. hagestald, N. H. G. hagestolz; drengir heita ungir menn ok
blausir, Edda 107; ungr d., a youth, 623. 22, Post. 656 C. 32, Edda 35; drengr, a youth, Stj. 409;
hverrar ttar ert d., 465; (hence the mod. Dan. sense of a boy); far-d., a sailor. 3. hence came the
usual sense, a bold, valiant, worthy man, and in this sense it is most freq. in all periods of the
language. Drengr is a standing word in the Swed. and Dan. Runic monuments, gr drengr, drengr
hara gr, denoting c. good, brave, gallant man, a bold and gentle heart; lagi hverr fram sitt
skip sem d. var ok skap hafi til, Fms. vi. 315; drengir heita vaskir menn ok batnandi, Edda 107;
hraustr d., a gallant d., Ld. 50; d. fullr, a bluff, out-spoken man, sl. ii. 363; gfuligr d., Br. 12; d.
gr, noble- minded; auigr at f ok d. gr, Fms. vi. 356; hann var enn bezti d. ok hfsmar um
allt, Ld. loo; drengr gr ok riggr llu, Nj. 30; ekki yki mr sterkr, en drengr ert gr, thou
art not strong, but tbou art a good fellow, Lv. 109; drengs d, a ' derring do, ' the deed of a drengr,
Fbr. 90 (in a verse): also used of a lady, kvennskrungr mikill ok d. gr ok nokkut skaphr, Nj.
30 (of Bergthora); allra kvenna grimmust ok skaphrust ok (but) d. gr ar sem vel sk)'ldi vera,
147 (of Hildi- gunna): the phrases, litill d., a s mall dreng, or d. at verri, denoting a disgraced man,
Nj. 68; at kalla ik ekki at verra dreng, to call thee a dreng none the le ss for that, Ld. 42; drengir en
eigi dleysingjar, ' drengs' and no lubbers, Sturl. iii. 135; drengr and ningr are opposed, N. G. L.
ii. 420: at Hallgerr yri eim mestr drengr, greatest helper, prop, Nj. 76; at mttir drengrinn af
vera sem beztr, that thou couldst get the greatest credit from it, Gsl. 48: the phrase, hafa dreng i
serk, to have a man (i. e. a stout, bold heart) in one's sark, in one's breast, Fms. ix. 381: in
addressing, gr d., my dear fellow, Eg. 407: cp. ' et quod ipsi in posterurn vocarentur Drenges, ' Du
Cange (in a letter of William the Conqueror). COMPDS: drengja-mir, f. a mother of heroes, a
cognom., Hdl. 18. drengja-val, n. chosen, gallant men, Fas. i. 73, 304. drengs-aal, n. the nature of
a d., Km. 23. drengs- bt, f. w hat make s a man the better d., Fms. ii. 276, vi. 107, Karl. 120.
drengs-brag, n. the deed of a d., brave deed, Sturl. ii. 84.
dreng-skapr, m., gen. ar, courage, high-mindedness; the phrase, falla me drengskap, to fall sword
in hand, Fms. ii. 42; vit ok d., xi. 112; deyja me drengskap, opp. to Ufa me skmm, v. 136; num
drengskap (manliness) skal ek vi brega, Nj. 13: allit., d ok d.; me litlum drengskap, cowardly,
Fms. viii. 29; m at vera til drengskapar, sl. ii. 366; drengskapar-raun, trial o/d., Sturl. ii. 62.
drep, n. [A. S. drepe; Germ. treff~\, a smart, blow; the legal bearing of this word is dened Grg.
Vsl. ch. 10-13; wound and ' drep' are distinguished -- at ero sr er ar blir sem kom, en drep
ef annars-staar blir, ch. 51, cp. N. G. L. i. og, 164, Eb. ch. 23: trail, vide dgg. 2. slaying,
killing, = drp, Grg. Vsl. ch. in. 3. plague, p es t, = drep- sutt, Stj. 546, Bret. 46, Sks. 731 B: a
malignant disease, N. G. L. i. 145; metaph., Al. 86. 4. medic, mortication, gangrene, Fms. iii. 184.
ix. 36, Bs. i. 346, Fl. ix. 207.
DREPA, pret. drap, 2nd pers. drapt, mod. drapst, pl. drpu; pret. subj. draepi; part, drepit; pres.
drep; with the suft". neg. pret. drap-a. Orkn.: [A. S. drepan; Dan. drbe; Swed. drapa; O. H. G.
trefan; mod. Germ. treffen, whence the mod. Dan. treffe, in the sense to hit; Ulf. uses slahan and
stautjan, but never dripan; in Engl. the word is lost.] A. WITH ACC., OR ABSOL. hgg (a blow)
or the like being understood, to strike, beat: I. act. of music, to strike the chords, (cp. phrases such
as, sl danz, to strike up for a dance; slagr is battle and poem, Trolla-slagr and Gygjar-slagr are
names of poems); hann tk hrpu sna ok drap strengi (struck the strings) til slags, Stj. 458 (hence
drpa, a so?ig); d. e-n vendi, t o s trike with a rod, Skm. 26: to knock, . dyrr, or d. hogg dyrr, to
knock at a door, Nj. 150; san gengu au heim bi ok drpu dyrr, 153; cirpu ar dyrr, Sturl.
iii. 154: metaph., d. e-t, to tou c h slightly on a matter; d. botn or keraldi, to knock the bottom out
of a jar, Fms. xi. 34; d. jam, to beat iron (a blacksmith's term) with a sledge-hammer, Grett. 129, cp.
drep-sleggja. 2. esp. with the sense of violence, to knock, strike; fallit hafi drepit hann inn
btinn, Bs. i. 422; at eigi drepir mik djp, that thou knockest me not into the deep, Post. 6568.
9; hera klett drep ek r hlsi af, Ls. 57. p. as a law term, to smite, strike; ef mar drepr (smites)
mann, ok varar at skggang, Grg. ii. 116; eigu menu eigi at standa fyrir eim inanni er drepit
her annan, id.; ef mar drepr mann sv at bein brotna, 14; n vnisk s mar v er drap, at..., 15;
at er drep cf bein brotna, ok verr s ll till dms er drepit her, 16; mi vnisk hinn v, at hann
ha drepit hann, 19. y- tnc phrases, d. e-n til heljar, Grg. ii. 161, or d. til daus, to smite todeath;
Josua drap til daua alia j Anakim, Stj. 456; d. hel, id., Hbl. 27; hence 3. metaph. or ellipt. to
kill, pwt todeath, cp. Lat. caedere, Engl. smite; eigi er manni skylt at d. skgarmann, tt..., Grg.
ii. 162; skulu vr mi fara at honum ok d. hann, Nj. 205; ar var ilia me eim v at sgrmr drap
Gaut, 39; til ess at d. Grim, Eg. 114; tku eir af eignum jarla konungs en drpu suma, Fms. i. 6; er
drepit hafi fstra hans ..., eigi hr at d. sv fran svein ..., d. skyldi hvern mann er mann
dman v, 80; konung drpum fyrstan, Am. 97; drap hann (smote with the hammer) hina ldnu
jtna systur, ^kv. 32; d. mtti Freyr hann me hendi sinni, Edda 23. p. in a game (of chess), to take a
piece; drap jarl af honum riddara, Fms. iv. 366; asins er hann hafi drepit, vi. 29; Hvtserkr hlt
t einni er hann hafi drepit, Fas. i. 285. y. adding prepp. af, nir, to slaughter, kill off'; tt
hirmenn nir so drepnir nir sem svn, Fms. vii. 243: d. af, to slaughter (cattle); yxni mm, ok d.
af, sl. ii. 330; lttu mik d. af enna ly, Post. 656 B. 9. 4. metaph. phrases; d. e-m skta, to taunt,
charge one with; felli at er konungr drap oss skvita um, Fms. iv. 310; hjarta drepr stall, the heart
knocks as it were against a block of stone from fear, Hkr. ii. 360, Orkn., Fbr. 36 (hence stall-drpt
hjarta, a ' block-beating'faint heart): d. upp eld, to strike re, Fms. iv. 338: d. sik or droma, to throw
off the fetter, Edda 19: d. e-t undir sik, to kn oc k or dra g- down, skahii standa hj er fjandi s drepr
mik undir sik, Grett. 126, 101 A: d. sl, to make a slot or sleuth (trail); d. kyrtlarnir slina, the
cloaks trailed along the ground so as to lea. vea track, Gsl. 154: to trail or w ake a tr ac k of droves
or deer, Lex. Pot.: d. e-t t, to divulge a thing (in a bad sense), Fms. vi. 208; d. yr e-t, to hide,
suppress,, dTzp hann brtt yr (he soo n mastered) harm sinn, Bs. i. 140 (hence yr-drep, hyp o- c ri
s y, i. e. cloaking). II. reex., drepask, to perish, die, esp. of beasts; f hans drapsk aldrei af megr
ok drephrum, Eb. 150; drapsk allt hans folk, Fms. v. 250. 2. recipr. to put one another to death;
drepask brr fyrir girni sakar, Edda 40; mi drepask merm (smite one another), er srask er
vegask, Grg. ii. 92; ef menu d. um ntr, Fms. vii. 296; er sjlr brusk vpn ok drpusk, viii. 53;
en er bndr fundu at eir drpusk sjlr, 68; drepask nir iei fram, Ld. 238; drepask menn fyrir,
to killone another's men, Fms. vii. 17?! grisk af v fjandskapr me eim Steinl sv at eir
drpusk ar (menn ?) fyrir, Gull. 14. III. impers., drepr honum aldregi sk (acc.) augu, hi s eyes
never get clouded, of the eagle ying in the face of the sun, Hom. 47; ofrkappit (acc.) drepr fyrir
eim (their high spirits break down) egar hamingjan brestr, Fms. vi. 155; drap heldr fyrir
honum, he rather grew worse, i. e. his eyes . gr ew weaker, Bjarn. 59; n drcpr r hlj (acc.) fyrst
or konunginum, the kin g" became silent at once, Fms. xi. 115; stall drepr or hjarta e-s, Fbr. 36 (vide
above, I. 4); ofan drap augina (acc.), the aug wa s knocked down, Bs. 1. 422; regn drepr ggnum
e-t, the rain beats through the thatch or cover, Fagrsk. 123 (in a verse). p. in mod. usage, drepa is
even used in the sense to drip (= drjupa), e. g. ak, hs drepr, the thatch, house lets water B. WITH
DAT,; I. denoting gentle movement; in many cases the dat. seems to be only instrumental: 1. of the
limbs; hendi drap kampa, be put his hand tohis beard, Hom. 21; d. fti (ftum), t o stumble, prop,
to strike with the foot, Nj. 112, Fas. ii. 558, Bs. i. 742, Hom. 110, Grett. 120; d. fti e-t, to stumble
against, 103; d. fti vi e-t, id., Fas. ii. 558; d. hfi, to droop, nod with the head; drap gras hfi,
(tliu horse) drooped with the head, let it fall, Gkv. 2. 5; d. nir hfi, id., Nj. 32; Egill sat sv opt, at
hann drap hfinu nir feld sinn (from sorrow), Eg. 322, O. H. L. 45 (tor shame); d. ngri niunn
sr, to put the nger into the mouth, Edda 74! ngri drap munninn sinn (of a child), the words of a
ditty; d. hendi til e-s, or vi e-m, to give one a slap with the hand (inst. dat.), Nj. 27; hence metaph.,
d. hendi vi e-u, to wave away -with the hand, to refuse a kind offer, Bs. i. 636; d. hendi vi bouu
gulli, Al. 75: the phrase, d. hendi vi sma snuni, cp. Al. 162. 2. to tuck tip the sleeves or skirts of a
garment; d. skautum (upp), Fms. vii. 297; hann hafi drepit upp skautunum, Lv. 85; hann hafi
drepit upp fyrir blunum undir belli, Eb. 226: Sigurr drap blunum undir belli sr, Orkn. 474;
d. hri undir belli sr, to titck the hair under the belt (of a lady), hrit tk ofan bringuna ok drap
hon (viz. v) undir belli st-r, Nj. 24; liafi hr sv mikit, at hann drap undir belli MT, 272. II. to
dip; d. skcggi Breiafjr nir, t o dip the beard in the Brcitlaord, i. e. to be drowned, L. 316; d.
hendi, or lingri vatn, to dip the hand, nger into water (vide above); d. barni vatn, to dip a baby
into water, i. e. to baptize, K. . K. 10: the phrase, d. eski kl, to dip bacon into kale broth, Fas.
iii. 381; n taka eir hafrstkur tvr. ok d. ehn syrukerin, sl. 7. P. the phrase, d. e-u, of wax,
lime, butter, or the like, to daub, plaster, ll up with; Jm skalt taka vax ok d. v eyru frunauta
inna, Od. xii. 77; san drap eg v eyru olluni skipverjuni, 177; vaxi er eg hafi drepi i eyru
eim, 200; d. smjri iit, to ll a box -with butter. y. metaph. phrases; d'. dul e-t, to throw a veil
over, Hkr. ii. 140, in mod. usage, draga dulur e-t: the phrase, d. skrin (the tongue understood),
to talk indistinctly, from loss ol teeth; d. ori, dini e-t, to talk, reason, judge of a thing, Fms. ix.
500; d. huldu a, to hide, cloak, keep secret, xi. 106: d. e-u a dreif, prop, t o ' throw adrift, ' throw
aside, i. e. think littl e of a thing, essu var dreif drepit, it was hushed up, Orkn. 248; r hafi
mik veril;'i dreif drepit urn mal Bjarnar (there had been much mystery about Bjorn), livart hann
var lfs er eigi, sagi annarr at logit, en annarr sagi salt, i. e. no one knew anything for certain,
Bjarn. 20; en eigi var vsan dreif drepin (the song was not thrown aside or kept secret) ok kom til
cyrna Birni, 32; drpu llu dreif um essa fyrirtlan, hushed it all up. Eg. 49: d. egg e-u, prop, to
bate the edge of a thing, to turn a deaf ear to, Orkn. 188, metaphor from blunting the edge of a
weapon. 8. d. e-u nir, to suppress a thing (unjustly); d. uir konungs rtti, N. G. L. i. 7 5; d. nir
sind e-s, to pull down a person's reputation, Boll. 346; d. iiir illu ori, to keep down a bad
report, suppress it, Nj. 21; d. nir mli, to quash a lawsuit, 33; drepit sv nir herorinni, Fms. iv.
207. *. d. glaumi, glei, teiti e-s, t o s poil one's joy, Lex. Pout.; d. kosti e-s, to destroy one's
happiness, Am. 69: inipers., drap brtt kosti, the cheer was soon gone, Rm. 98.
drep-hr, f. a killing snow storm, Eb. 150.
drepill, m., in knatt-drepill, a bat, in the game of cricket.
drep-r, n. pl. a law term (cp. ljts-r, snr-r, bana-r, fjr-r), an intended affray or assault,
Grg. ii. 116, 117, Vsl. eh. 75.
drep-samligr, adj. deadly, destructive, Stj. 71.
drep-sleggja, u, f. a sledge-hamnur, Eg. 272.
drep-stt, f. a plague, pest, Yer. 21, Kb. 478.
drep-sttr, part, plague-stricken, Bs. ii. 33.
drettingr, in. [dratta], a loiterer, a cognon;., Sturl. i. 89.
DREYMA, d and , pout, obsol. pret. retlex. dreyindumk; [draumr; A. S. dry man -- psallere; Hel.
drornian -- jubilari; Engl. dream; Germ. triiumen; Dan. drmme; Swed. driitnina'] :-- to dream; in
Icel. impers. and with a double acc., that of the dreamer and the dream or person appearing; thus,
mik dreyindi draum, inik dreymdi mann, etc.; at dreyindi mik, Nj. 95; hvat her ik dreymt, id.;
hiiin veg d. mik , 53; hann kva sik dreymt hafa Hkon jarl (acc.), 122; dreymt her mik mart
vetr, Ld. 126; enn dreyindi hann enu rija draum, Fms. xi. 8; or poet., draum dreymdumk = draum
dreymdi mik, I dreamt a dream, Bjarn. 49; or with ' at' with subj., hann (acc.) dreymi at, at hann
vri at logbergi, tb. ch. 4, cp. 385: konung dreyindi aldri, the king never had a dream, Hkr. i. 171;
the phrase, at dreyma fyrir daglatununi, esp. of light merry dreams at daybreak, which people in
Icel. consider a sign of good health, Fl. ix. P. pers., the appearance in nom., (rare), s mar (nom.)
dreymir n;ik jafnan, Fs. 98; dreymdi Svein p-rr heldr fryniligr, Fms. ii. 162; at er fyrir eldi er
jam (nom. pl.) dreyma, Gkv. 2. 38; um vetrinn vru dreymdir draumar margir, Bs. i. 497; vide
draumr.
DREYPA, t and , [drjtipa, draup], to drop, put a drop of uid, wine, medicine, etc., into the mouth
of one sick, fainting, and the like, the uid in dat.; d. e-u e-t, or munn em; hann dreypir vgu
vatni munn henni, Bs. i. 199; at hann dreypi vatni tungu mina, Greg. 23. Luke xvi. 24; d. vni
e-n (of fainting), Fas. iii. 508, 571; hann dreypti konuna ar til at hon raknai vi, . 151: to dip,
at hann 'dreypi vatn enum minsta ngri sinum, Greg. 22. Luke xvi. 24, where the N. T. of !
54Osqq. has, at hann ' drepi'hinu fremsta sinsngrsi vatn.
dreyra, , to bleed, ooze (of blood from a slight wound), always abscl. or neut.; tti inr dreyra r
hlutunum, Ld. 126; ok dreyri r hlutunum, Fb. i. 67; eigi dreyri r hvirinum, Ems. ii. 272;
hann reist i lota sr krossmark sv at dreyri, sothat blood owed, v. 185; n- dreyrl bl, new-bled
blood, fjir. 199.
dreyr-blandinn part. W ent, mixed with blood, Lex. Pot.
dreyr-fr (-far), part, blood-stained, Hkv. Hjrv. 9, Lex. Pot.
dreyr-gjarn, adj. blood-thirsty, dreary, Al. 31.
DREYRI and drri, a, in. [as to the root, cp. Goth, drjsan, pret. draus, = to drop, fall, a verb
analogous to frjsa, fraus, and frri; this strong verb is lost in the Icel., only the weak dreyra is used;
A. S. drear = go re; . H. G. t r r :-- are A. S. drerig, Engl. dreary, from the same root, in a
metaph. sense?] :-- blood, esp. gore, properly blood oozing oul of the wound; vekja e-m dreyra, to
bleed one, Fms. vii. 145; nil vkva eir sr bl, ok lla renna saman dreyra sinn. Gsl. 11; manna
d., human blood, Fms. xi. 233; the phrase, raur sein dreyri, = dreyr- raur, red a s blood, i. e. dark
red, v. 127; raur d., Vsp. 33: allit., er hann etr hold mitt ok drekkr dreyra miun, 625. 195; dreyriun
dundi, the blood gushed, Pass. 23. 3: poet, phrases, dais d., jarar d., the Woo d of the dales, earth,
rivers, Lex. Pot.; Kvsis d., the Woo d of K., poetry, Edda. COMPD: dreyra-runninn, part,
spattered with blood, Ems. vii. 89.
dreyrigr, dreyrugr f drrigr, t. 5, 11), adj. [cp. Engl. dreary, Germ. tra wr i g-| :-- bloody, gory;
unconlr., dreyruga, Al. 41; dreyruga hufu, Gsl. 64, 151; dreyrugra benja, Bragi: contr., dreyrgan
mki, t. n; dreyrga steina, Sb. 58; dreyrgra darra, Jd. 9.
dreyr-raur, adj. blood-red, Eg. 113, Fms. vii. 145.
dreyr-star, in. pl. dreary, bloody runes, SI. 40.
DREYSSA, a, [drussi], d. sik, to vaunt oneself foolishly, Pass. 1. 1 2.
DRIF, n. [drifaj, driven snow; hvitt sem d., Fms. iv. 372, v. 1.: the foaming sea, sjr var hvitr fyrir
drili, Bs. ii. 116. COMPDS: drifa- stormr, m., drifa-ver, n. a strong storm.
drif-hvtr and drift-hvitr, adj. white as driven snow, Karl. 546: naut., leugja til drifs, to lie adrift.
drift, dript, (. a snow-drift; ar var snjar driptum, Sturl. i. 84; hvitt sem dritt, white as driven snow,
0. H. 170.
DRIT, n. (mod. dritr, in.), [Engl. dirt, cp. drita], dirt, esp. of birds, fugla-d., dufna-d., Stj. 620. 2
Kings vi. 25; san tekr hann fugla driti, ir. 79, v. 1.: local names, Drit-sker, Eb. ch. 4; Drit-vk,
Br. ch. 4: nicknames, Dnt-kinn, Gull.; Drit-lj, Ems. ix; Drit-loki, Sturl. i. 30.
DRFA, pret. dreif, pl. dritu; pres. drif; pret. subj. dri; part. drinn: [Ulf. dreiban = /cySAAttr/;
A. S. drlfan; Engl. drive; O. H. G. triban; mod. Germ, treiben; Swed. drifva; Dan. driv e, all in a
transitive sense -- to drive.] I. to drive like spray, either pers. or impers., with dat. or even neut.;
kemr fall inikit ... ok dreif yr blkann, Bs. i. 422; lauri dreif lypling tan, the spray drove over
the poop, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hence metaph. phrases, lta yr d., to let drift before wind and wave,
sl. ii. 461: or even reex., lata yr (fyrir) drifask, to let drive or drift away, let go, give in; ran ok
tlegir eirra manna er eigi ltu fyrir dritask, Fb. i. 70; at dugir enga lei, at menu lti yr
drifask, Bs. ii. 51; ok er at r, at lta eigi fyrir drifask, Karl. 386, 452: allit. phrase, drfa
dagana, e. g. fnart her drit dagana, many things (splashes) have happened; driiinn ddggu,
besprent ivith dew, Vtkv. 5: naut., roa drifanda, to pull so thai the spray splashes about, pull hard,
Ems. viii. 263, 431: to drift, of a snow storm or the like, tr me drifandum kvistum, a tree with the
branches full of snow. Sks. 49; ver var drifanda, it snowed, Sturl. iii. 50, 0. II. 85; egar dreif
Loginn krmmu, there fell soft snow in the Lake, i. e. it began to sleet, Fms. v. 196; drfr snr r
llurn ttuni, Edda 40: metaph. of missiles, to shower as akes of snow, borgarmena lta egar d.
skot , Al. II; lata eir d. vpn pa, Fb. i. 135. II. neut. to crowd, throng; drfr ofan
inannfjldi mikill til strandar, a great crowd rushed doiun to the shore, Ld. 76; tkn menu at d.
brott fr hertoganum, the men began to desert (run away) from the duke, Fms. ix. 531, dreif allt folk
hans fund, all people rushed to see him, i. 21, iv. 105; d. dyrr, to rush to the door, Vkv. 19. III.
to perform; eiga e-t at d., to have a thing to perform, Gl. 15, 16; en annan sta ek at d. mikinn
vanda, / am in a hard strait, Fms. i. 221; d. leik, to play, Fas. i. 37: the sense to drive out, expel, so
common in all other Tcut. dialects, hardly occurs in old writers, and sounds foreign even now; the
proverb, me llu skal illt lit drifa; d. sig, to exert oneself, etc., (cant
drfa, u, f. a fall of snow, sleet; fjk ok d., Bs. i. 185; ver var ykt ! ok d., Fms. v. 341; skotvpn
ugu sv ykt sem d., i. 45; um kveldit gri drifu-l blantt, Orkn. 414; kom drfu-l mikit, ok
var all- myrkt, Fms. ix. 23.
drli, n. a petty heap of peat or the like, hence metaph. drildinn, adj. petty; drdni, f. pettiness.
DRTA, pret. dreit, dritu, dritinn, to dirty, cacare; hann sgu eir dn'ta;l alla ;i er vi hann ttu af
hrpi sinn, Sturl. ii. 39: part. fern, dritin, dirty, Ls. 56.
drjli, a, m. a drone, (cant word.)
drjni, a, m. a n ox, Edda (Gl.) II. [Swed. drnare] , a drone.
drjg-deildr, part, substantial, Sturl. i. 166.
drjg-genginn, part, taking long to walk or pass, of a road, Lex. Pot.
drjg-ltr, adj. wanton.
drjg-liga, drg-liga, adv. with an a irof importance; lta d., Fms. ii. 145, Nj. 76.
drjg-ligr, adj. substantial, solid, Sks. 383.
drjg-mltr, adj. long-winded in speaking, Greg. 39: neut., Vgl. 24.
DRJGR, adj., compar. drjgari, superl. drjgastr; in mod. use more freq. drgri, drgstr, so lid,
substantial; the phrase, vera drjgari or drjgastr, to get the better or be s t of it, to prove the
better (of two champions); var rir eirra drjgari, Br. 170; , Kri, munt eim llum drjgari
vera, hou, K., wilt outdo them all, Nj. 171; hvrir ar mundi drjgari vera, Ld. 222; tti eim,
sem hann myndi drjgastr, Br. 170; hverr yar drjgastr (strongest) er hfingjanna, sl. ii. 165,
Grett. 151. p. the neut. drjgt and drjgum is used as adv. in great numbers, much; Kolskeggr v
drjgt menu, Kolskegg slew men in numbers, Nj. 108; aan af muntu d. spekjask, 677. 12; vegr
Gunnarr drjugum menu, Nj. 96; l drjgum fyrir eim, Hrafn. 27: almost, nearly, drjugum allr,
almost all, Fms. ix. 318; drjugum allra manna viring, Bret. 38; drjugum hverr bndi, Landn.
(Mant.) 330; drjgum daur af kulda, Fms. ix. 467: drjugan (acc. masc.) as adv., id., Fb. i. 304,
Karl. 246, 181 (Fr.): the proverb, at er drjugt sem drypr, i. e. many drops make a ood; ar var
drjgt manna, a good many people, Bs. i. 536. 2. substantial, lasting, rich, ample, [Swed. dryg,
Dan. drj] , in compds as, drjug-virkr, vinnu-d., one who works slowly but surely; ra-d.,
hamingju-d., etc. p. saving, blanda agnar vi brau, ... til ess at s drjgari fz'an en r, Sks.
321 j til ess at rit veri niinna, ok bkfell drjgara, i. e. t o s ave parchment, Sklda 168; at
jafndrjg veri sagan ok John, that the story shall last as long as Yule, Fms. vi. 355.
DRJPA, pret. draup, pl. drupu; subj. drypi; sup. dropit; pres. drp; [Engl. drip; Germ, traufen;
Dan. drypp] :-- to drip; bl drypr, Fms. x. 366; drupu or bdropar, 625. 98; sv at brnai
ok draup, Edda 4: absol., sveittisk ran helga, sv at draup altarit ofan, Fms. via. 247; rlfr
kva d. smjr af hverju stri, Landn. 31. P. to let in rain, of houses or things not water-tight; oil
hlaan draup, Fms. ix. 234; ok tku hsin at drjpa, Gsl. 22.
drokr, m., one MS. wrongly dirokr, [cp. Dan. d rog, Engl. drudge] , a drudge, Edda (Gl.)
drolla, a, [drjli], Old Engl. to droil, i. e. loiter, (cant word.)
dropi, a, m. [A. S'. dropa; Engl. drop; Swed. droppe; Germ, tropfen; Dan. draabe~\, a drop, Ld.
328, H. E. i. 488. COMPDS: dropa-lauss, adj. water-tight, Gl. 331. dropa-rm, n. a dripping-
place, from the eaves, Gl. 433. dropa-tal, n., dropa-tali, in drops, drop by drop.
dros, f. [A. S. dres; Ulf. dr ws = TTTKJIS; Swed. drosse -- a heap of corn; cp. also the Dan. dry
ss e], dross, poet., in the compd lm-dros, the dross of the bow, the arrows, Lex. Pot.
drg, f. (drogi, a, m., Edda (Ub.) 277), = drak, Rb. 478, 480; ssk drg himni bjrt sem tungl,
Ann. 1334; bl-drg, a streak of blood, THom. (Fr.) 2. a jade.
drmi, a, m. [cp. Swed, drum -- thrums] , the fetter by which the Fenrir (Wolf) was fettered, Edda
19; used in the phrase, keyra droma, t o tie ' ne c k and heels;' Drottinn droma keyrr, Pass. 6. 10;
keyri hann saman drma, lf. 7. 134.
drmundr, m. a kind of ship of war (for. word), [Gr. 5pu/j. cuv; mid. Lat. dromon; O. H. G.
drahemond] , Orkn. 358 sqq., Fms. vii. 3: a nickname, Grett.
drs, f. [cp. Ital. druda -- a sweetheart] , pout, a girl; drsir heita r er kyrltar eru, Edda 108,
Fas. iii. 618, Al. 70, 152.
DRTT, f. I. the s ill or beawabove a door, also a door-post (dyra-drott). II. household, people,
Vm. 24, (iun-drtt, sal- drtt, Lex. Pot.); dyggvar drttir, good, trusty people, Vsp. 63; dverga d.,
the dwarf-people, 9; d. rskrar iar, theIrish people; Engla d., English persons, etc. . Lex. Pot.;
oil drtt, all people, Hkv. 2. 48: twenty people make a drott, Edda 108. 2. esp. the king's body-
guard; cp. Goth, ga-draubls, by which word Ulf. renders the Gr. arpanUTr] S (drjugan, pret. draub
= ffrpar(vdv); A. S. dright; the Scan- dinavian drtt thus answers to the comitatus of Tacitus, Germ.
ch. 13, 14, in the Saga time called ' hir. ' Dr. tt is obsolete in prose, but occurs in Hkr. Yngl. S. ch.
20, -- r vru eir (viz. the kings) drttnar kallair, en konur eirra drttningar, en drtt
hirsveitin: pot., vg-drtt, her-d., folk-d., hjalm-d., etc., warriors. III. a fern. pr. name, Yngl. S.
ch. 20; cp.
drtta, a, d. e-u at e-m, to bring to one's door-post, i. e. impute to one.
drttin-hollr, adj. /a ith/w l t o o n e' s master, Fms. vi. 401.
drttin-lauss, adj. without a master, Fms. iii. 13.
drttin-ligr, adj. lord-like, of the Lord, Bs. i. 171, Stj.; Drottinleg baen, the Lord's Prayer, Mar.,
Hom. 26; d. dmi, 656 A. 24.
drttinn, mod. drottinn, but in old poetry always rhymed with an 6, e. g. ttstyggr -- drttni,
Sighvat; dat. drttni or drottni, pl. drttnar or drottnar, etc.; [A. S. drighten; Hel. druhtin --
dominvs~] :-- the master of a ' dr o' tt' or household, a lord, master: the proverb, drt er drttins
or, e. g. strong is the master's word, Bs. i. 484, Al. 128, Ld. 212; rll ea d., Hom. 29; Josep fkk
sv mikla viring af drttni snum, 625. 16, Grg. ii. 86; rj drttna tti hann essi herleiingu,
Fms. x. 224; eigi er rllinn ri enn drttininn, Post. 656. 37, cp. John xv. 20; en eta hundar af
molum eim sem detta af borum drottna eirra, Matth. xv. 27; verit hlugir yrum lkamligum
drottnum, Ephes. vi. 5: in mod. usage this sense remains in prose in the compd lnar-drttinn, q. v.
p. old name for a king, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 20 (vide drtt). y. as a name of heathen priests; at eru
darkallair er drttnar, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 2. 2. the Lord, which also is the standing phrase in mod.
usage, in the Bible, sermons, hymns, ever since the Reformation; lofar s Drottinn, Nj. 165; af
miskun Drottins, Mar. 656 A. 6; greiit Drttins gtur, 625. 90; Christr Drottinn, Grg. ii. 167; an
grts var Drottinn fddr, Rb. 332; Drottinn sagi mnum Drottni, Matth. xxii. 44; elska skalt
Drottinn Gu inn, 37; Drottinn Gu Abrahams, Luke xx. 37, xxiv. 34; he eg eigi s Drottinn
vorn Jesuni Christum, eru r ekki mitt verk Drottni ? i Cor. ix. i, 5, 14, x. 21, 22, 26, 28, 30, xi.
10, 19, 22, 25, 26, 28, 31, xii. 3, 5, etc1, etc. COMPDS: Drottins-dagr, m. the Lord's day, K. . K.
68, Rb. 112, 655 iii, Sturl. iii. 37, 159, 226, Nj. 165; Drottinsdaga hald, hallowing the Lord's day,
Nj. 165; Drttinsdags ntt, Saturday night, 194; Drottinsdaga veir, K. Jj. K. 85. Drottins-kveld, n.
Sunday evening, Fms. ix. 19. Drottins-myrgin, m. Sunday morning, Sturl. iii. 37. Drottins-ntt, f.
Sunday night, Fins, vii. 187.
drttin-svik, n. pl. treason towards a lord or master, Hkr. ii. 132, Sks. 571, Hom. 23 (Judas).
drttin-svikari (-sviki), a, m. a traitor to his master, Nj. 260, K. . 60.
drtt-kvr, adj. (-kvsei, n.), in the heroic metre, the metre used in the drpas (q. v.) or poems
which were recited before a king and the king's men (drtt), whence the name probably comes;
drttkvr is opp. to kviu-httr, the epic, narrative metre, and Ija-httr, the metre of didactic
poems or poems in the form of dialogues, Edda (Ht.)
drtt-lt, f. adj. beloved by the household, gentle, epithet of a queeiij Am. 10.
drtt-megir, m. pl. men, people, Vm. n, 12.
drttna or drottna, a, [Ulf. drauhtirion -- arpaTfvfaOai] , to rule, govern, hold sway; d. yr e-m,
to rule over one, Stj. 396, Fms. viii. 242: with dat., ltr hann at eigi d. huga sinum, Greg. 33; at
oss drottni eigi daui san, Nirst. 8; fyllit jorina, stjrnit henni ok drottni, Stj. 21.
drttnan or drottnan, f. sway, rule, 625. 5, Stj. 20, H. E. i. 502; drottnunar-gjarn, adj. ambitious;
drottnunar-girni, f. ambition.
drttnari, a, m. a ruler, Stj. 20.
drttning and drottning, f. a mistress; rll s er vegr at drottai (master) snum er drttningu
(mistress), Grg. ii. 86 (vide above); ef rll verr sekr skgannar urn vg drttins sins er
drttningar, 161; drottning hans girntisk hann, Ver. 16. Gen. xxxix. 7; this sense is quite obsolete
except in old law phrases and translations. 2. a queen, common to all Scandinavians, Swed.
draining, Dan. dronning, whereas drottinn = king is obsolete, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 20, Fms. i. 99, vi.
439, Sks. 468; the instances are endltss. COMPDS: drottningar-efni, n. a future queen, Fas. iii. 456.
drottningar-mar, m. a queen's husband, a prince consort, Nj. 5, v. l. drottningar-nafn, n. the title of
queen, Fms. i. 101.
drtt-seti, a, m. a ateu/ard at the king's table; this word occurs in various forms throughout the
Saxon parts of Germany, Holland, Belgium, Friesland, Brabant, etc. Du Cange records a '
drossardus Brabantiac;' it is in mid. Lat. spelt drossatus, Germ, and Saxon drost, land-drost, reichs-
drosf (drozerus regni), Fris. drusta, vide Grimm; the Dutch prefer the form drossardus: in the court
of the king of Norway the ofce of drttseti is not heard of before the beginning of the 2th century
(the passage Bs. i. 37 is monkish and of late composition), and is there a kind of head-cook or
steward at the king's table, who was to be elected from the king's skutilsveinar; d. spuri hvat til
matar skyldi bua, the d. asked the king what meat they should dress, Fms. vii. 159 (about A. D.
1125), ix. 249, x. 147; d. ok skenkjari, N. G. L. ii. 413, 415; cp. also Hirskr (N. G. L. I. e.) ch. 26,
Fms. x. loo refers to the drost of the German emperor. In the i4th century the drttseti became a
high ofcer in Sweden and Denmark. The derivation from drott and seti (seti can only mean a sitter,
not one who makes to sit, cp. land-seti, a land- sitter, a tenant) is dubious; the Norse word may be
an etymologising imitation of the mid. Lat. drossatus.
drukna, a, [drukkinn, drekka], to be drowned, Nj. 59.
druknan, f. being drowned, death by drowning, Ld. 58, Orkn. 246, Ann. 1260, 1026.
drumbr, m. a log ol dry or rotten wood, Fms. viii. 184; drumba, u, f. a cognom., Rm.
drungi, a, m., medic, heaviness, fulness in the head, drunga-legr. adj.
drunur, f. pl. [drynja], a rattling, thundering, Dan. d r n.
drussi, a, m. a drone; d. (auppw), Cor. xv. 36.
DRPA, t or , to droop (from sorrow), different from drjiipa, to di'i['; dnipa is in Icel. an almost
obsolete word, in old poets and writers esp. used in a metaph. sense; at the death of a dear person,
the country, hills, mountains are said to droop; sv dnipir mi Dan- inurk, sein daur s Kiu'itr sour
minn. Fms. i. IlS: sv. tti drpa Island eptir tal! Gizur. ir biskups, sun Romaborgar riki eptir
trafall Gregurii piifa, Bs. i. 71; Ari preslr hinn Kri segir hve mik vrt land drpi eptir fr. ifall
Gi/urar biskups. 145; starinn Sklholti dnipti ni'uk eptir fn'tfall bins s;tla orlks biskups, 301;
dnipir Hifi daur er engill, hlia hliar vi Hallseini, Landn. 224 (in a verse): hnpi dn'itt ok
dnipi fold, Lex. Pot.: dnipir orn ylir, Gm. io; Vinga incir (/be g(dl'nv*) dnipir;'i nesi, Hit.; en
Ska-rci Skirings-sal of brvnjlts bi-inum dnipir. "ft. 22; lians nnin drup um drnpa, dynnennis nier
kenna, Si^'hvat; kni'ittu livarms af harmi hniipgnipur mer d., my bead drooped -'im grief. Eg. (in a
verse): drpu dlgrar, the swords drooped (to drink blood), Hkm. 2: in mod. usage drjiipa and
drnpa are confounded, avi, live inn eg aumr rll, angrar uir drjipa, Pass. 41. 4.
drpr, in. drooping s pirit s, coldness; ok at ar liefi orit nokkurr d. me eim, ..., Fms. xi.
76.
drykk-ftt, n. adj. s h or t of drink, llkr. iii. 117.
drykkja, u, f. [drukkinn], a drinking-bout, carousal, banquet: sitja vi drykkiu, Eg. 88; var vei/la
bin be/ta, ok d. mikil inni stofunni, 205; at eim vei/. lum er drykkiur vuru, Bs. i. 394; inatmala
milli ef tiiî vru alu-drvkkjur, a public banquet, I. e.; gora d., to make a banquet, Og. 27;
var r mikit ok drykkjur miklar, (). U. 71; bar var oi-il. ok fast drukkit. Kb. 184. cp. Flain. S. ch. 2;
taka til drykkju, to take to drinking. Fms. ii. 266; drvkkja (banquet] skvlili vera at livi'irra- tveggia,
(jsl. 27; tku menu til drykkju nm kveklit, 28; hafa sam- d., to have a carouse, (rett. c!i. 8; Jla
bo ok sain-drvkkjnr, C). H. ch. 95- CP- 33' 34' . Vi J'-g- C'K J1i 44! u-drykkia, ij. v., liar. S. Harr.
ch. 2/!, Fms. vii. 203, cp. Orkn. ch. 33, 34, 70, IOI, 104, Sverr. S. ch. 36, 98, 103, 104, Fagrsk. ch.
11, 219. 220: the ancients drank hard, 'diem noctemque continuare potando nulli probrum, ' Tac.
Germ. ch. 11: with kim;s ti;e drinking (dag-drykkia, q. v.) began immediately after the dav-nical,
vide the rcferenc'. -s above; the words of Tacitus, 'turn (viz. after breakfast) ad nei'otia, nee minus
sacpe ad convivia. procedunt arniati, ' I. e., are therefore true enough, Fdda (Gg.) ch. 39, 46; the
phrase, revta drykkju (cp. kapp-d., a drinking match'). Edda 32. The Icelanders of the Saga time
seem to have been of much more abstemious habits than their Norse kinsmen ot the same time, and
drinking is scarcely mentioned but at public banquets: the Sturlunga time is worse, but only those
who had been abroad are mentioned as strong drinkers (cp. Arons S. ch. 19); cp. also a treatise of
the end of the 12th century, named De profectione Daiiorum, ch. II -- 'in cunctis illius regni (i. e.
Norway) civi- tatibus nnitormis consuetudo sed vitiosa inolevit, scilicet jugis ebrietas, ' etc. 2. -- -- -
beverage = drvkkr (rare), Egill ba f sr drykkju, Eg. 107. coMi'Ds: drykkju-bor, n. a drinking-
table. Fms. xi. 2. drykkjufng, n. pl. drinkables, Sturl. iii. 289. drykkju-litill, adj. sober, Bs. i. 275.
drykkju-mar, in. a great drinker. Fms. vii. 175, viii. 238, Fdda 32. drykkju-mal, n. drinking at meal
time. Anal. 195, Fas. ii. 266. drykkju-ru. tr, m. n drunkard. drykkju-skapr, in. hard drinking,
drunkenness, Fms. iii. 191, Ann. 1389. drykkju-skli, a, in. a banquet ball, Orkn. 244, Fms. i. '299.
drykkju-stoi'a, u, f. - drykkjuskali. Fms. vii. 147, Eg. 553. drykkju-stutr, in. a drinking-can, Bs. i.
877.
drykkja, r, part, drunk, Rb. iii. 384, Karl.
drykk-langr, adj., in the phrase, drykklanga stund, ~/'//s t a moment, a measure of time whilst one
drinks a draught.
drykk-lauss, adj. (-leysi, f.), without drink, Bs. i. 822, Finnb. 234, K. . 34.
drykkr, jar, in., pl. ir, ("A. S. drinc; Engl. drink; Germ, trunk; Dan. drik j :-- drink, beverage, Fms.
xi. 108, 233; eiga drykk ok sess vi e-n, Eg. 95: a draught, Fdda 32, 48; hvat hafa Finherjar at
drykk? 24; vatns-d., n draught of water, id.; svala-d., orsta-d., a thirst-draught; niuntu mi eigi
sparask til eius drykkiar, one draught more, 32: rcyta drvkkinn, to take a deep draught, id.;
drekka tveimr, rernr ... drykkiuni, to drain in tico, three ... draughts, id.; undarliga inundi nn'-r
ykkja ef vlkir drykkir vri sv litlir kallair, id. P. sour whey, proned. drukkr, KnJk. 64; freq. in
western Icel. COMPIIS: drykkjar-bolli, a, in. a drinking-boiul, Mart. J19. drykkjar- long, n. pl.
drinkables. drykkjar-horn, n. a drinking-horn, Fr. drykkjar-ker, n. a drinking-cup, Greg. 50, Sks.
725, Stj. 486. drykkjar-kostr, in. drinking cheer, Vm. -^6.
drykk-sll, adi. lucky in drink or brewing, Bs. 108.
dryllr, m. a nickname, Fins, i; drylla, u, f., 81161184; also spelt with u, proluvies alvi, (vulgar.)
drymba, u, f. a kind of stockings (?), Art. (Parcevals S.)
DRYNJA, drundi, pres. dryn, t o roar. This root word is common to Goth., Scandin., Fris., and
Dutch; for Ulf. drnnjns -- -(pOoyyos, Rm. x. 18, is a sufcient proof; in Swed. we have druna, and
d ro n neut.; Dan. drone and dron; Dutch dreunen; North. E. to drone, as a cow; Fris, drone; the
mod. High Germ, drbnen was, in the i7th century, 'borrowed from Low Germ. In old Icel. no
instance happens to be on record, except dryn-rann in Gsp. 23. Fas. i. 480; in mod. usage it is freq.
enough, and the absence in old writers seems to be accidental; draugr dinimr og niagr, drundi
bjrgum undir, 8nt 226, a ditty by Stefan Olafsson; drvnja and dynia are different in sense, drynja
denotes roaring, dvnja crushing; hevri hilmir htt vi kletta drafnar drynja dunur ungar, of the
roaring surf, Od. (poet.) v. 401.
drynr, in. pl. [Dan. and Swed. dron] , roaring; drunur, f. . vide above.
dryn-rann, n., poet. ' the roaring inn of drink. ' a drinking-horn, Fas. I. e.
drysil-, dusil-, a term of contempt, paltry, in the CO. MPDS drysil- djfull, in. a petty, paltry devil,
devilkin, Fms. iii. 201, in the amusing ghost story, opp. to the big inmates of hell. drysil-hross (spelt
dusil-), n. n paltry horse, sl. iii. 333. drysil-menni, n. a paltry, petty man, Ediia (Gl.)
DRGJA, , j driugr; A. S. dregan -- -to endure; North. E. and Scot. to dree -- to endure,
suffer] :-- to commit, perpetrate, mostly in a bad sense; d. synd, to commit a sin. K. . 202; d. gip,
id.; d. hrdm, to commit whoredom, Sks. 340; skalt ekki hrdin d., thou shall not commit
whoredom; d. misru vi konu, id., Gn'ig. i. 338; d. herna, to pirate, ii. 70; d. ilsku, Orkn. 32: it
is a standing phrase in eccl. or sacred writers, N. T., Pass., Vidal.: in a good sense only in a few
phrases as the allit., d. d, Sturl. iii. 7; or in poets or bad old prose; orlog d., A. S. orli'g dreogan
(cp. the North. E. to dree one's weird -- to abide one's fate), to try one's luck, Vkv. i, cp. also the
Germ, tales, in die ivelt gehen; d. hlyni, Sks. 675; d. mannliga nattiiru, to pay the debt of nature,
447; d. e-s vilja, to comply li-ith one'swi s he s, Br. 14, -- -the last three passages are bad prose. p.
to make to keep longer, to lengthen, Bs. ii. 173, l!b. 3. 30.
drgr, adj. that which can be pulled against.
drmt, n. adj. [from dranmr ?], slowly, sv.
drplingr, ni., dimin. [drpa"j, a paltry drpa, Hkr. ii. 82. Fms. xi. 204.
drpr, adj. ivho may be killed with impunity, N. G. L. i. 82, Grg. i. 92, Nj. ill.
DRFN, f., gen. drafnar, pl. drafnir, [akin to drear1, s pot s, s p ra y- like spots; hence dr'nttr,
adj. spotted; rau-d., bl-d., etc., red-, blue- spotteil; poet, the foaming sea is called droiii, Fdda.
drsla, a, to roam about; cp. drasill, drsall.
dubba (dybba), a, (for. word), to dub a knight; mi her n dybbat mik til riddara, B;rr. 5, 18, Fms.
x. 109, Karl. 193: to arm, dress, Stj. 464. Sam. xvii. 38; upp dubbar, dressed in full dress, Finnb.
226; d. sik, to t rwz oneself, Fms. vi. 208.
dubban, f. dubbing a knight, Karl. 222.
dubl (du), n. double, Alg. 366 (niathem.) P. gambling, Gl. 521, Grett. (in a verse). II. naut. a
buoy.
dubla, dua, a, [dubla = a co in, Dti Gauge], to gamble, Gl. 521; dublari, a, m. a gambler, Rm.
161.
DUGA, pret. dugi; pres. dugi; sup. dugat; imperat. dugi , mod. dugu; [ A. S. dugan; Scot, and
North. E. to dow; O. H. G. tgan; Germ. taitgen: Dan. due; Swed. ditga; Engl. d o, in phrases such
as, that will d o]: -- to help, aid, with dat.; dugi i mr Hvta-Kristr, Fs. IOI; d. frndum sinnni,
Post. 658 C. 19; ok vill eigi d. heimi, will not support her, Grg. i. 368; haiin ilugi lieinurn
ninnum, 655 iii. 4: with the notion t o Jo, sufce, at er JX'T man d., which will do for thee, Nj. 13;
heiir oss (') dugat essi tninar, thi s- faith has done well for us, Fms. i. 34; nnin at d. minum
hesti, it will do for my horse, Mag.: the proverb, ftt er sv ilk at einu-gi dugi, cp. the Engl. ' 'tis an
ill wind that blows nobody good, ' Al. 46, Hni. 134; mun r eigi at d. at sofa her, itwill not d o (i s
not safe) for thee to sleep here, Fms. v. 307: adding prepp. vi, at, til, to succour, lend help, en Gisli
for at d. eirn vi, Gsl. 22; d. eir mi at eim ninnum er lis var van, Finnb. 316, cp. at-dugnar;
lin dugir eigi verr til enn einhverr karlmar, Fb. i. 533: impers., e-m dugir e-t, it does well,
beseems, becomes; hn dugir IIH'T ilia (vcl), Mar. - (Fr.), Hkv. I. 45; inyndi mer enn vel d. (it
would do well for me), ef ek fengja at drekka, tsl. ii. 369. P. absol. or even neut. to shew prowess, do
one's best; dugi n enn, help! Fms. ii. 75; dugi hverr sem niiitti, every one did his best, viii. 139;
dugi mi hverr sem drengr er til; mundi eigi nausyn at d. sein drengilegast, ix. 509: denoting
moral force, vel siair menu ok jafnan vel dugat, honest men and who have ever done well, Eg. 96;
cl. urft e-s, Hom. 47. y. to sufce, be strong enough; ef itt i dugir, if thy wit does sufce, Vm.
20, 22; ef vitni d., if the witnesses do, i. e. fail not, N. G. L. i. 136; dugi ver it bezta, the weather
did well.
dugandi- or dugandis-, as a prex to nouns, denoting doughty; d. inar (dugand-mar, Fms. viii.
104), a doughty man, Dipl. i. 3, Orkn. 456, Rd. 260, Rm. 137.
dugan-ligr, adj. doughty, t. 15.
DUGGA, u, f. a ' dogger, ' small (Dutch or Ens\.)jsbing vessel, Ann. 1413, where it is reported that
thirty English ' ski-duggur' came shing about Icel. that summer; (hence the Engl. Dogger-
bank) :-- duggari, a, in. the crew of n dugga, D. N. ii. 651. 2. a lazy dogged fellow, Edda (GL), Trist.
(Fr.)
dug-lauas, adj. (-leyai, n.), good for nothing, r. 47 (Ed, 1847).
dugnar, ar, m. doughtiness, valour, aid, assistance; bija e-n sr dugnaar, to a s kone's help, 655
v. I, sl. ii. 262, 293; veita e-m dugna, to give help t o o ne, Fms. v. 259: skyrtunnar d., the virtue of
the kirtle, Fas. iii. 441: in pl., Greg. COMPDS: dugnaar-mar, m. an aider, "help in need, 656 A,
Fms. vi. 118, Fas. iii. 181: a honest hard-working man (mod.) dugnaar-stigr, m. the path of virtue,
Hom. 14.
dugr, m. pl. ir, [North. E. d ow], doughtiness, strength of soul and body, Fms. viii. 411; aldri er d.
r, thou a rt good for nothing, Grett. 24 new Ed.
DUL, f. [dylja]. I. prop, concealment, in phrases, me dul, secretly, Br. 168; drepa dul e-t, to
conceal, Hkr. ii. 140; and in the COMPDS dular-bnar, m. a disgznse, Fms. vi. 61; dular-ku, m. a
c loak used for a disguise, Grett. 139 A. II. metaph. self-conceit, pride, iu phrases as, dul ok vil,
pride and wilfulness, Sklda 163, SI. 34; tla sr dul, to be soconceited, Fiimb. 282; tlask
mikla dul, Fas. ii. 521; dul ok dramb, 655 xi. 3; mikinn dul (masc.), jr. MS. (wrongly): the
phrase, ganga fram dul, to go forth in one's conceit, Hm. 78, (mod., ganga fram eirri dulunni):
proverb, mar verr dlskr af dul, conceit makes an envious, moody man, Hm. 56; dul n, Band.
(MS.) 13.
dula, u, f. a worn strip of cloth.
dula, , (cp. dylja), a law term, to deny, with gen., N. G. L. i. 93, 94, 330: with subj., Js. 77: absol.,
83.
dul-eir and dular-eir, m. [Swed. dwl s- ed], a law term, an oath of denial, Gl. 199, Js. 58.
dul-httr, m. a disguise-hood, hood used for a disguise, Fms. x. 383; dr ek dulhtt (MS. wrongly
djarfhtt) urn dkkva skor, Ad. 3.
dul-kli, n. disguise, Fas. ii. 441.
dul-kofri, a, m. = dulhottr, (v. kofri.)
dulnar, m. = dul, Fr.
dulr, adj. silent, close; the phrase, ganga duls e-s, to be unaware of a thing, Fms. v. 265.
dul-remmi, f. stubborn self-conceit, Sks. 5368. dul-rna, u, f. id., v. 1.
dul-samr, adj. self-conceited, Stj. 122.
dulsi, a, m., poet, a dwarf, t. 2.
dul-vgi, n. a law term, s e c ret manslaughter, = laun-vig, not so strong as murder, Gl. 150.
dumba, u, f. a mist; cp. the mod. dumbungr, m. a dark, misty, gloomy sky. dumbungs-ver, m.
gloomy weather. In the east of Icel. dumba is the bran of oats when ground, Fcl. ii. 155; in Edda
(Gl.) it is even mentioned as a sort of seed; hann (the wizard) hristi einn poka, ok ar r fykr ein
dumba svrt (black powder like ?nisl) ... bles ar r vindi miklum mod dumbunni, sv at hon iauk
aptr augu Grms mnnum, sv eir uru egar blindir, Fas. iii. 338. dumbr, m. id., also occurs as
a name of a giant, the misty; the Polar Sea is called Dumbs-haf = the Misty, Foggy Sea, cp. Br.
ch. 1; cp. also Gr. rvcos, Tvv, which probably are kindred words.
dumbi, adj. dumb; dauf'ok dumba skurgo, Stj. 207, K. . 56.
dumbttr, adj. of dark misty colour (of cows).
DUMBR, adj. [Ulf. dumb s = Katys; A. S. dumb; Engl. dumb; O. K. G. tumb; Germ, dum =
stupid, whence Dan. dum; Gr. rv(\s and rvtos are kindred words, the fundamental notion being
dusty, clouded^ :-- dumb, 656 C. 34; dumbir ok daur, 623. 57: gramm. a mute letter, Sklda 176. In
Norway dumine or domme means a peg inside doors or gates.
dumpa, a, [Ivar Aasen dump = a gust; Dan. ditmpe] , to thump, Lv. 8l (OTT. \fy.)
DUNA, a. (cp. dynja), to thunder, give a hollow rushing1 sound; dunar i skginum, Edda 30; sv
skal danzinn duna, sl. js. (nf dancing).
duna, esp. pl. dunur, f. a rushing, thundering noise, Eb. 174, Fms. iii. 184; hence the Dan. tor-den,
qs. Thor-dn, the din ofThor, i. e. thunder, supposed to be the noise of the god Thor in his wain.
dunda, a, to dally, Bb. i. 9.
dun-henda, u, f. (-hendr, adj.), a sor t of metre, having four anadi- ploses, Edda (Ht.) 124, 128.
dunn m. a band, gang, drove; ganga e-m duni, to march in one hand, Sturl. iii. 185 C; saua-
dunn, a drove of sheep, Sd. 164: a number of ten is called dunn, Edda 108.
dunna, u, f. the wild duck, Edda (Gl.), cp. Engl. dun.
DUPT, m., better duft, [it properly means the powder of owers or the like; so duft in Germ, means
a sw eet sme ll as from owers; in old writers duft is rare, dust (q. v.) freq.; in mod. use dust is
almost obsolete, and as these two words can hardly be distinguished in old MSS. (where ft and s t
look like one another), the transcribers have often substituted duft, where the old MS. has dust:
again, dufta (a verb) is never used, but only dusta: duft is probably a foreign South-Teutonic word;
the Swedish uses only the more homely sounding nga, vide angi] :-- powder; d. ok aska. Stj. 204,
Sks. 2ii, Magn. 448: botan. pollen; dupt- beri, a, m. thestamen of a ower; dupt-knappr, m. the
anther; dupt- fcrr, m. the lament, Hjalt.
dura-, v. dyrr.
durgr, m. [dvergr], a sulky fellow, durgs-legr, adj. sulky.
durna-legr, adj. sulky, rude, durna-skapr, m., etc.
durnir, m. a dwr. rf, t. 2: metaph. a sulky man.
durtr, m. = durgr. durts-legr, adj. s ulky, rude.
dur-vrr, m. a door-keeper, Eg. 409, Fms. ii. 160.
dusil-, v. drysil-.
dusla, a, to bustle, be busy, Njar. 368, (cant word.)
DUST, n. [A. S. dwst; Engl. dust], dust, Fms. v. 82, 324, xi. 12, Stj. 336. Num. xxiii. 10, Greg. 98:
owers ground to dust, Pr. 471, 472, 474. 475-
dust, n. [Dan. dy s t; Swed. dust] , a tilt; halt eitt d. me mik, Karl, 72; d. ok turniment, Fr.
dusta, a, to dwst.
dustera, a, to tilt, ght, Bev. (Fr.)
dusti, a, m. a grain of dust; engi d. saurs, 656 A. ii. 8.
da, a, to swatLe (in clothes).
di, a, m. swaddling clothes.
DFA, u, f., gen. pl. dfna; [Goth, dwb o; A. S. duva; Engl. dove; Dan. due; Swed. dufva; O. H. G.
tuba; Germ, taube] :-- a dove, Stj. in, Hom. 57, 65, Al. 168: as a term of affection, my dove. 2. poet,
a wave, one of the daughters of Ran, P^dda. COMPDS: dfu-ligr, adj, dove-like, 655 xxxii. 7. dfu-
nef, n. a cognorn. ' dove-neb, ' dove-beak, Landn. dufu-ungi, a, m. the young of a dove, Mar. 656,
Stj. 317.
dka, a, t o co ver with a cloth, Fas. iii. 187, 373.
dk-lauss, adj. without a cloth, Pm. 108.
DKR, m. [Engl. dwck; Swed. duk; Dan. dug; Germ, tu c h] :-- any cloth or texture, Br. 160;
vamls-d., ln-d., etc., a cloak ofwadmal, linen, etc.: carpet, Fms. ix. 219: tapestry in a church,
mm duka ok tv ar buna, annarr me rautt silki, Vm. 77, vide altaris-dukr, 20: a neck-kerchief of
a lady, dkr hlsi, Rm. 16. ft. a table-cloth (bor- dkr); as to the ancient Scandin. custom of
covering the table with a cloth, vide esp. Nj. ch. 117, Bs. i. 475, Gum. S. ch. 43; and for still earlier
times the old heathen poem Rm., where Mir, the yeoman's good-wife, covers the table with a '
marked' (i. e. stitched) white linen cloth, 28; whilst Edda, the old bondman's good-wife, puts the
food on an uncovered table (verse 4); by a mishap the transcriber of b. (the only MS. wherein
this poem is preserved) has skipped over a verse in the second line of verse 17, so that we are
unable to say how Amma, the husbandman's good-wife, dressed her table: the proverb, eptir duk og
disk, i. e. post festum. y. a towel; at banquets a servant went round to the guests in turn bearing a
basin and a towel on the shoulder, Lv. ch. 13; to be served rst was a mark of honour; cp. also Nj. I.
e., Har. S. Harr. ch. 79 (the Danish king and the old woman): a napkin, Blas. 45, 655 xvii. 5:
belonging to the priest's vestment, Pm. 133; d. ok corporale, Vm. 154, Stj. Gen. xxiv. 65 (a veil).
dk-slitr, n. r a^ s of a d., Vm. 77.
dn-ber, m. a bed of down-clothes, D. N. (Fr.)
dn-grind, f. a frame whereon to clean eider-down.
dn-hgindi, n. a pillow or bolster of down, D. N.
dn-kli, n. pl. bedclothes of eider-down, Js. 78, Sturl. iii. 108, Bs. i. 802.
DNN (dnn, Mart. 126), m. [Dutch dune; Engl. down: Swed. and Dan. dun; Germ, daun is prob.
of Saxon or Dutch origin, as the d remains unchanged] :-- down; taka dun ok dna, N. G. L. i. 334;
esp. used of bedclothes of down; the word occurs in the old heathen poem Gs., soft hann duni, 5;
blautasti d. . Mart. I. e.; duni ok guve, Fms. x. 379; vttu (pillows) duns fulla, a verse of
Hornklo. In Icel. ' dn' is chiey used of eider-down, which word is undoubtedly of Icel. origin,
Fr. dre-don, Germ, eder-don or eider-daun; the syllable e r is the Icel. gen. ar-dn, from nom.
ser (the name of the eider duck), acc. i, gen. ar. The eider-down, now so important as an
article of trade, is never mentioned in old Icel. writers or laws; they only speak of the eggs (egg-
ver). The English, during their trade with Icel. in the I5th century, seem rst to have brought the
name and article into foreign markets. At rst it was bought in a rough state; Bogi Bene- diktssun in
Fega- Ii records that a certain Jn Brokey (born 1584), after having been in England, was the
rst who taught the Icel. to clean the down -- var hann lka s fyrsti her vestra sem tk a hreinsa
ar-dn ..., en r (i. e. during the English and Hanseatic trade in Icel.) seldist hreinsar dun eptir
Ba-lgum. Icel. say, hreinsa dn, hrla dun. The Danes say, have dun p hagen, to h a ve down on
the chin.
dn-tekja, u, f. gathering eider-down.
dra, a, t o n ap, . Sklda 163.
DRR, m. a nap, slumber, Hom. 116, O. H. L. 80: in mod. usage in such phrases as, milli dura;
sofa gan, vran, dr.
DS (dos, Bjrn), n. [Norse duus~\, a lull, dead calm, in the proverb, opt kmr iregn or dsi, a
lull is often followed by a heavy shower, Eb. (in a verse).
dsa, u, f. a sugar-teat for babies to suck.
dsa, a, prob. to d oz e, Og. 18.
dvala, u, f. [Dan. dvale~\, -- dvol, Fr.
dvala, a, to delay, with dat.; at dvala ekki frinni, Fms. xi. 2J; ef r dvalit ferinni, 115; dvalar
hann ekki brotferinni, Fb. ii. 147; muna n Helgi hjring (hjringi or -ingum, better) dvala,
Hkv. 1. 49: with inn., Kjartan ba ekki dvala, Ld. 176.
dval-samr, adj. dilatory, Stj. 122; e-m verr dvalsamt, one is delayed, Greg. 80, Fbr. 136.
DVELJA, dvaldi, dvali; pres. dvel; part. dvalr, dvalinn; sup. dvalit: [A. S. dveljan; Engl. dwell;
O. H. G. tvelan; Swed. dvljas; Dan. dvle] :-- to 'dwell,' delay, with acc.; d. fr, fer, to keep back,
delay, Grg. ii. 385, sl. ii. 266; v dvala ek daua inn, Blas. 47; d. dm (a law term), to defer
judgment, Grg. i. 67; d. r fyrir konu, to put off a woman's marriage, 307; at at dveli garlagit,
ii. 332; gtu eir hann eptir dvalit, they managed to keep him back, Fms. vii. 169; d. e-n fr e-u. to
keep one from doing a thing, Jb. 380; dvelr mik engi hlutr, at ek geng ekki..., i.e. I will go at once,
Fms. ii, 37: the proverb, mart um dvelr ann er um morgin sefr, Hm. 58: absol., dvaldi at fyrir fer
eirra, that caused delay, Njar. 374. 2. in neut. sense = dveljask, to tarry, cp. Engl. to dwell on a
thing; ok vildu eigi dvelja, ok eigi ba lafs konungs, Fms. iv. 118. 3. with acc. of time, to wait,
abide; konungr dvaldi mestan hluta sumars Hlogalandi, Fms. iv. 233; d. af stundir, to kill time,
Band. 8; d. stund e-s, to hold one up, Karl. 62. II. reex. to stop oneself, i.e. to stay, make a stay;
myndi ar dveljask um hr, Nj. 122; ok er eir hfu ar dvalisk til ess er ..., Eg. 28; dvaldisk ar
um hr, 59; ok er konungr hafr dvalsk ar um hr, Fms. viii. 428: d. at e-u, to tarry over a thing,
D. I. i. 223. 2. the phrase, e-dvelsk, one is kept, loses time by a thing; dvaldisk eim ar lengi, Eg.
230; dvaldisk eim ar at v, in (doing) that they lost much time, Nj. 241. 3. with pass. notion; s
dagr mun dveljask, that day will not soon come, will come late, Ld. 174; dveljask munu stundirnar,
the hours will be taken up, it will take many hours, it will grow late before all is told, Edda 15; ef
at dvelsk, at ek koma eigi hingat, if I should be hindered from coming, Fms. xi. 51: to tarry, er ek
he sv lengi dvalisk at skja yvarn fund, Ld. 32.
DVERGR, m. [A. S. dveorg; Engl. dwarf; Germ. (irreg.) zwerg; Swed. dverg] :-- a dwarf; about
the genesis of the dwarfs vide Vsp. 6-16, Edda 9: in mod. Icel. lore dwarfs disappear, but remain in
local names, as Dverga-steinn, cp. the Dwarfy Stone in Scott's Pirate, and in several words and
phrases: from the belief that the dwarfs lived in rocks, an echo is called dverg-ml, n. (-mali, m.),
dwarf-talk, Al. 35, 37, Fas. iii. 369; and dverg-mla, a, to echo: from the skill of the dwarfs in
metal-working, a skilful man is called dverg-hagr, adj. (skilled as a dwarf), or dvergr, a dwarf in
his art; dverga-smi, n. dwarf's-work, i.e. all works of rare art, such as the famous or enchanted
swords of antiquity, Hervar S. ch. 2, Fas. i. 514, ii. 463-466 (smund. S.), Gsl. 80: crystal and
prismatic stones are in Norway called either dwarf's-work or 'dwarfy-stones,' as people believe that
they are worked out by the dwarfs in the depths of the earth: botan., dverga-sleyg, f. ranunculus
glacialis, Hjalt. . from its dwarfed shape, a dog without a tail is in Icel. called dvergr or dverg-
hundr, m., Clar.: short pillars which support the beams and rafters in a house are called 'dvergar;'
this sense occurs as early as Hom. (St.) 65, and is still in use in some parts of Icel.: the four dwarfs,
East, West, North, South, are in the Edda the bearers of heaven, Edda 5. . ornaments in a lady's
dress worn on the shoulder are called 'dvergar,' Rm. 16; smokkr bringu, dkr hlsi, dvergar
xlum, prob. a kind of brooch. For COMPDS vide above.
DVNA or dvina (in old writers even dvena), a, [North. E. dwyne], to dwindle, pine away;
dvenar tmr mar, Hom. 26; dvinar allr roti (of a tumor), Sks. 235; lt hann eigi dvina kveandina,
Fms. v. 174; aan fr sgu menn at dvinai liveizla Smundar vi orgrm, Sturl. i. 171; grir
n eigi at dvina vi, it will not do to saunter, Karl. 380; dvina munda ek lta ferina, I would let the
travelling cease, Fs. 172; heit dvinuu Heina, their bragging dwindled away, Lex. Pot. In early
times this word was probably sounded with an i (short), which may be inferred from the form
dvena; and the word was rather common, and occurs rarely. In later times it was ennobled by the
frequent use made of it in Pass., and with altered inexion, viz. an throughout, the pres. indic.
either strong, dvin, or weak, dvnar; thus, hr egar mannlig hjlpin dvn, Pass. 44. 12; grvll
heimsins glein dvn, 41. 8; n lfsins dvn, 36. 10; but holds megn og kraptr dvnar, 44. 1;
dvnar og dregst hl, 47. 4: inn., sjn og heyrn tekr a dvna, 41. 10.
dvl, f., gen. dvalar, old pl. dvalar, mod. dvalir, [cp. 'dwelling' = delay, Engl. Ballads], a short stay,
stop; dvalir ok nttstai, Stj. 294; eiga dvl, to stop, Nj. 181; afhvarf manna ok dvalar (acc. pl.), Ld.
204; mean essi dvl (pause) var, Fms. xi. 135: delay, iv. 179; bera til dvala, to cause delay, Fas.
iii. 543 :-- used once as neut. pl., uru dvl dgra, Am. 102. . gramm. quantity, Sklda 175.
dyrill or dyrill, m. a nickname, seems to mean a tail, = mod. dindill, Fms. i. 186, ii. 253, 279; cp.
dara, to wheedle.
DYG, f. [A. S. dugu = doughtiness, valour; O. H. G. tugad; Germ. tugend; Swed. dygd; Dan.
dyd] :-- virtue, probity, only used in a moral metaph. sense; the original sense (from duga, q.v.) of
valour, strength, which prevails in the A. S., is quite obsolete; tra e-m til dygar um e-t, to trwst in
one's integrity, Fs. 121 (of a judge); fyrir sakir innar dygar, probity, Fms. vi. 58; li ok d. (help
and faithful service) gs drengs, 227; fyrir sna dyg, for his faithfulness, vii. 158. . in mod. eccl.
writers the Lat. virtus is rendered by dyg, Vdal., Pass., etc.; -dyg, wickedness, . virtue, of an
inanimate thing, of a tree, Stj. 256. COMPDS: dygar-lauss, adj. wicked, K. . 230: bad, 24.
dygar-leysi, n. faithlessness, wickedness, Stj. 487, Bs. i. 40. dygar-mar, m. a trusty man, Grett.
147 A. dygar-verk, n. faithful work, Mar.: cp. dugr, dugnar.
dygugr, adj. 'doughty,' faithful, trusty; d. jnusta, Fas. i. 90; d. mar, Grett. 143 A, Th. 12:
efcient, having virtue in them, of inanimate things, Stj. 99, 215. . in mod. eccl. writers, virtuous,
good.
dyggiligr, adj. faithful, Stj. 198.
dygg-leikr, m. faithfulness, H. E. ii. 66, Fms. viii. 29.
dyggliga and dyggiliga, adv. faithfully, trustily, Stj. 9, 152, Fms. iii. 115, 138, Bs. i. 40.
dyggr, adj., mostly with v if followed by a vowel, e.g. dyggvar, dyggvan, superl. dyggvastr, compar.
dyggvari, but sometimes the v is dropped :-- faithful, trusty; dyggvar drttir, worthy, good people,
Vsp. 63; d. ok trr, Fms. x. 233; d. ok drengileg mefer, vi. 96; dyggra ok dugandi manna, Stj.
121; enn dyggvasti hirmar, Magn. 484; reynda ek hann enn dyggvasta llum hlutum, Fms. i. 69;
dyggvastr ok drottin-hollastr, Hkr. iii. 150; but dyggastr, Fms. vi. 401, l.c.; -dyggr, faithless: in
mod. usage esp. as epithet of a faithful servant, d. jn, dygt hj; dyggt hj, a bad servant, etc.: of
inanimate things, dyggir vextir, Stj. 234.
DYKR (mod. dynkr, with an inserted n), m. a cracking, snapping noise; var af v d. mikill, it
gave a great crack, Grett. 96 A, cp. new Ed.; heyru eir dyki mikla, Br. 32 new Ed.; mikill dykr,
Al. 76; dunur ok dynki, Fas. iii. 412 (paper MS.); var at sv mikill dykr, sem nauts-bk egnum
vri kasta nir glt, Eb. 220 (new Ed. 78); dynkr, Grett. 178 new Ed.
dyl-dkr, m. a veil, B. K. 83.
dylgjur, f. pl. [dlgr], suppressed enmity, nding vent in menaces, hootings, and the like; vru
dylgjur miklar me eim, Eb. 22; n eru dylgjur miklar at er eptir var ingsins, Band. 13; vru
dylgjur miklar millum eirra allra, Sturl. i. 196.
DYLJA, pret. duldi and duli, part. duldr, dulir, Fms. ii. 97; dulinn, Fb. i. 11 (Hdl. 7), Fs. 97 (MS.
Arna-Magn. no. 132); [Swed. dlja; Dan. dlge] :-- to conceal, hide, with acc. of the person, gen. of
the thing concealed; d. e-s, to disavow, deny, dissemble; tla ek v alla ( varla ?) kunna at dylja
essa ra, they can hardly deny it, Eg. 49; rir dylr ess ekki, 173; Eysteinn duldi ok eirra ora
fyrir sik, E. said he had never said such a thing, Fms. ix. 329; duldu eir ekki illvirkja sinna,
they denied not their guilt, confessed it, Sks. 583: with following subj., en allir duldu at n eitt vissi
til Hrapps, all dissembled, Nj. 133; en ef umbosmar dylr (disavows), at hann ha vi umboi
teki, Gl. 375. II. reex. to conceal, hide oneself; ok kendi brtt ... at hann dyldisk, Fms. ii.
173; ok fkk hann sv dulzk fyrir honum, at eigi vissi jarl ..., he hid himself (his thoughts) so well,
that ..., viii. 16; at at s ugumenn, ok vili dyljask (disguise themselves) undir mnka bnai, vi.
188. 2. metaph., d. vi e-t, to conceal for oneself; urfu vr eigi at dyljask vi, at ..., Fms. v. 1;
megu eir eigi vi dyljask, at ek he drepit hann, Grett. 155 A; en Sveinn duldisk vi at, S.
shrank from believing it, Orkn. 298; ekki dyljumk ek vi (I don't disavow) skuldleika okkra, Ld. 40;
en ef goi dylsk vi (disavows) ingfesti ess manns, Grg. i. 23; trit essu eigi mean r megit
vi dyljask, believe it not as long as you can disavow it, i.e. till you get full evidence, Fms. ix. 477:
dyljask e-u; Eirikr konungr arf n ekki at d. v, at ..., king E. cannot conceal it for himself,
that ..., Eg. 424, ir. 118, 191, 196. III. part. pass., the phrase, vera (ganga) dulir (duldr, dulinn)
e-s, or vera d. at e-u, to be unaware, to be kept in ignorance of a thing; her hon veri alls essa
duld, Vgl. 33; en at gangir lengr dulir ess er skylt er at vita, than that thou shouldest be longer
ignorant of things which all people ought to know, Edda 13; veit engi tt m/ina, ok ganga ess allir
duldir, Fms. viii. 21; dulin ert Hyndla, H., thou art mistaken, Hdl. 7; ok ert of mjk dulinn at
honum, herra, thou, my lord, art too much mistaken about him, i.e. trustest him too well, Fs. 97, cp.
Fms. ii. 57: the phrase, e-t fer, gengr, dult, is hidden, kept secret.
dylma, d, [Dan. dulme]; d. yr e-t, to be careless or indifferent about a thing, Fr.; dylminn, part.
careless, indifferent, Stj. 122.
dymbil-dagar, m. pl. the 'dumb-bell days,' i.e. the three days before Easter; hence dymbildaga-
vika, u, f. [Swed. dymmel-vecka; Dan. dimmel-uge], Passion week, Bs. i. 71, Fms. x. 72, H. E. i.
491, Sturl. i. 25; during the dymbildagar the bells in Icel. were rung with a wooden tongue called
dymbill, m.; a dymbill is often mentioned among the inventories of Icel. churches of the 14th
century, e.g. kirkja dymbil, Vm. 47, 51: it is, however, likely that the word dymbill itself is simply
derived from the Engl. dumb-bell, as in the Roman church the bells were dumb or mufed in the
Passion week: Bjrn (Lex.) mentions that in the century before his time people used to strike the
time to a dance with the dymbill. It was also an old Icel. custom that the father of a house inicted a
general chastisement on his children and household on Good Friday for the sins of the past year,
gently or strongly as they had been obedient or not; hence the popular phrase, lr a dimbildgum,
or koma dymbildagar, = the dimmel-days are nigh, i.e. the day of reckoning will surely come; cp. H.
E. iv. 180, 181 (note).
dymbil-ntt, f. the three nights next before Easter, Vm. 144.
dyn-bjalla, u, f. a tinkling bell, Grett, 129.
dyndr, adj. = dunhendr, Bs. ii. 103 (in a verse).
DYNGJA, u, f. a lady's bower, in old Icel. dwellings. Eg. 159, Nj. 66, Bjarn. 68, Rd. 270, Korm.
10, Fs. 88, Gsl. 15; in those passages it is different from 'stofa,' and seems to have been a detached
apartment: [as to the root, cp. A. S. dyng, O. H. G. tunc, Engl. dungeon;--the common sense prob.
being that both the bower and the dungeon were secluded chambers in the inner part of the house
or castle] :-- Trolla-dyngjur, a mountain in Icel., a bower of giantesses. 2. a heap, dung, Dan. dynge,
(mod.)
DYNJA, dundi; pres. dyn, duni; [cp. A. S. dynnan; Engl. din; the Icel. word is irregular in regard
to the interchange of consonants; for the Lat. tonare, Engl. thunder, Germ. donner would properly
answer to Icel. ynja, a word which does not exist] :-- to gush, shower, pour, of rain, with the
additional notion of sound; dundi kaft regn r lopti, Stj. 594. 1 Kings xviii. 45; of blood, bl er
dundi or srum Drottins, 656 A. I. 31, Pass. 23. 3: dundi blit um hann allan, Nj. 176: of air
quivering and earth quaking, Haustl. 14. Vtkv. 3: of rain and storm, steypi-dgg gri, ok
vatnsi kom, og vindar blsu og dundu hsinu, Matth. vii. 25, 27; dynjandi logi, t. 6, Mar. 2.
metaph. to pour, shower, like hail; Otkell ltr egar d. stefnuna, O. let the summons shower down,
Nj. 176: of weapons, dundu vpnin, the weapons showered upon them, Fms. viii. 126; spjtin
dundu eim, xi. 334: the phrase, dynja , of misfortune; eigi var mr vn, at skjtara mundi
dynja, vii. 125; hvat sem dynr, whatever so happens. 3. metaph. also of men, to pour on or march
in a body with a din; dundu jarlar undan, Lex. Pot.; dynja b, to march to battle, Sighvat; dynja
eir fram ingit, Lv. 31; konungs menn dynja egar hla eim. Al. 11.
dynr, m. pl. ir, [A. S. dyn; Engl. din; Swed. dn; Dan. dn], a din; engi d. verr af hlaupi kattarins,
noiseless are the cat's steps, Edda 19; gnr ea rymr, dynr ea dunr, Sklda 169; d. ok brestr, Br.
15: marching as troops, ra mikinn dyn, to ride with mickle din (of horsemen galloping), sl. ii.
333: the phrase, koma e-m dyn fyrir dyrr, to make a din before one's door, take one by surprise,
Fms. viii. 60, 189; gera sem mestan dyn, to make the greatest noise, 403: in pl., heyri Gangleri
dyni mikla, Edda 44.
dyn-skot, n. a shot making a din, but harmless, Fms. v. 198.
dynta, t, to dint.
dyntr, m., dynta, f., dyntill, m. a dint, a cognom., Fms.; vide dyttr.
dyrgja, u, f. [durgr], a dwarf woman, a hag, jal. Jn. 17.
dyrgja, , to sh with a dorg, = dorga, ir. 91.
dyri-gtt, f. a door-frame, Sd. 158, Odd. 16.
dyri-stafr (mod. dyru-), m. a door-post, Stj. 279. Exod. xii. 7, Sd. 153, Grett. 121, Ver. 21, Sturl. ii.
49.
DYRR, n. or f. pl., in mod. usage always fem., and often so in old writers; sometimes even in old
MSS.: neut. with the article; dyrrin with a double r (or dyrin, Kb. 42 new Ed., Stj. 520, Edda 29, Nj.
198): fem. dyrnar; arar dyrr, Fms. iv. 220, 221; dyrr byrgar, Stj. 40; einar dyr, Sturl. i. 189; dyr
opnar, id. (but dyrin, id., one line below, perhaps wrongly by the transcriber): in most cases,
however, the gender of the gen. and dat. cannot be discerned: there is hardly any instance of its
neuter use if joined to an adjective; thus, in Njala we read, gengu eir inn allir ok skipnusk
dyrrin (neut.); but only four lines below, ef nokkurar vri laundyrr : hversu margar dyrr eru
Valhll ea hversu strar, Edda 25; but settisk rr dyrrin, 29: in old writers the gen. and dat. are
spelt with u, dura, durum, and that they were so pronounced may be seen from Sklda 163--egar
gestrinn kver 'dura,' skyldi eigi bndinn 'dra;' cp. also Grg. ii. 194, Fms. iv. 221, viii. 161,
Gm. 23, Sturl. iii. 218, Edda 25, Landn. 231; but dyra, dyrum, sl. ii. 342 (rare): in mod. usage y
throughout (spelt dyra, dyrum, proncd. as i) :-- [Gr. GREEK; Goth. daur, neut., and dauro, fem.; A.
S. duru; Old Engl. dore (now door); Dan. dr; Swed. drr: Germ. thre: the root vowel is short in
Gr. and Goth. as well as the Scandin.] :-- a door, viz. the opening (hur is Lat. janua); karl-dyrr,
branda-d., ti-d., leyni-d., and-d., eldahs-d., Sturl. iii. 218: synztu-d., id.: ti-dyrr enar syri, 185;
sur-dyrr, 186; syri-d., 190; skla-d. nyrri, 187; kvenna-skla-d., 188; eim dyrum er sklar
mttusk, 189; and-dyri hit syra, 218; sund-d. (= sur-dyr?), ii. 106; stofu-d., 181; drshfus-d., i.
106, a door over which a stag's head is placed. COMPDS: dura-dmr, m., vide dmr. dura-gtti =
dyrigtti. dura-stafr = dyristafr. dura-sto, f. a door-post, N. G. L. i. 55. dura-umbuningr, m. a
door-frame. Grett. 114 A. dura-veggr, m. a door-jamb, Sturl. i. 178. dura-vrr, m. a door-keeper,
Sks. 289. dyra-drtt, f. a door-sill, vide drtt.
dyr-sk, n. = dyrigtti (?), D. N.
DYS, f., gen. sing. nom. pl. dysjar, [Dan. ds and dysse], a cairn, less than haugr, Ld. 152, Eb. 172,
176, Dropl. 9, Fas. i. 438 (in a verse), Hbl. 45, r. 73; kumbl-dys, Gg. 1.
dysja, a, [Dan. dysse = to hide], to bury in a cairn, heap stones over a witch, criminal, or the like,
never used of a proper burying, Eb. 172, Grett. 112, Fms. v. 222, Landn. 107.
dytta, tt, [Engl. dint], to meddle: recipr., r hfut til dytzt, Stj. 510: in mod. usage, dytta a e-u, to
varnish.
dyttr, m. a dint, a nickname, Fms. ii. 67; hnakka-d., a 'neck-dint,' i.e. a shot by a bolt in the nape of
the neck, Orkn. 416 (in a verse); the hnakka-dyz of the MS. is = dytts, as vaz = vatns, braz = bratts.
D, n. a bog, Sturl. iii. 50, Gl. 393, Rm. 259.
dbliza, diza, u, f. a dark dungeon, Al. 94, Fms. i. 258, iii. 89, vi. 164, Eluc. 12, 42, Sks. 457,
ir. 63, Grett. 158. Fagrsk. 111: [no doubt a foreign word, perhaps from 'diabolus' = the dungeon
of hell.]
DFA, , [cp. Goth. daupjan = GREEK; O. H. G. taufjan; Germ. taufen; Dan. dbe; A. S. dyppan,
akin to djpr; cp. also dfa, a billow; all these words are akin, but the Engl. dive is the same
word] :-- to dip, with dat.; d. e-m vatn, to dip one into water, Hom. 139, K. . 6, cp. N. G. L. i.
339; d. sr, to dive: the word is now freq., but rare in old writers, who preferred drepa; in Germ. etc.
it is only used in the sense of christening = baptizare, prop. to dip into water, but never so in the
Icel., which renders baptize by skira.
dfa, u, f. dipping in.
DJA (mod. da), di, to shake, quiver, of spears or the like; d. frkkur, drr, to shake spears,
ght, Rm. 32, Fms. vi. (in a verse); d. skr, to shake the locks, kv. 1; hann di spjti inn dyrnar,
Sturl. iii. 218, Ld. 278: in mod. usage, a dir undir, of boggy ground that shakes under the feet.
dna, u, f. [dnn]. a down-bed, feather-bed, a pillow or bolster, Fms. iii. 125, vi. 279, ix. 26, x. 186,
Dipl. iii. 4, Bs. ii. 167, Lex. Pot. 2. boggy ground, Dropl. 26, v.l.
dna, , to cover, belay with down, N. G. L. i. 334.
dpi, n. [djpr; Ulf. diupei; Germ. tiefe], depth.
dpka, a, to become deeper, deepen.
dpt (and dp), f. [Goth. djupipa], depth, Clem. 33, Bs. i. 209.
DR, n. [Gr. GREEK; Ulf. djs = GREEK, Mark i. 13, 1 Cor. xv. 32; A. S. der; Engl. deer; Germ.
thier; Swed.-Dan. dyr] :-- an animal, beast: u. excluding birds, dr ok fuglar, Edda 144 (pref.);
fuglar, dr er skvikindi, Sklda 170; drum (wild beasts) ea fuglum, Grg. ii. 89. . used of wild
beasts, as bears, Nj. 35, Grett. 101, Glm. 330, Fs. 146 (bjarn-dyra): in Icel. esp. the fox, Dropl. 27,
Bs. ii. 137, the fox being there the only beast of prey, hence dr-bit; arga-dr, the lion; villi-d., a
wild beast. . used esp. of hunting deer, the deer of the forest, as in Engl. deer, the hart, etc., Hkv. 2.
36, N. G. L. i. 46, Str. 3, Fas. iii. 4, ir. 228-238; hrein-d., the reindeer; rau-d., the red deer.
COMPDS; dra-bogi, a, m. a trap to catch foxes. dra-garr, m. a yard or inclosure to catch wild
beasts, Gl. 456. dra-grf, f. a pit to catch wild beasts, Gl. 456, 457. dra-kjt, n. the esh of
animals, Stj. 8. dra-rdd, f. the voice of beasts, Sklda 170. dra-skinn, n. the skin of wild beasts,
Fas. iii. 124. dra-veiar, f. pl. deer-hunting, ir. l.c., 655 x. 2, Gl. 447. drs-belgr, m. a beast's
skin. Fas. ii. 518 (of a bear). drs-horn, n. a deer's horn used for a drinking cup, Eg. 306, 307, 551,
Edda 82. drs-hfu, n. the head of a deer, Sturl. i. 106.
dr-bit, n. 'deer-bite,' of the worrying of lambs by a fox, Bs. i. 587.
DR, f. [Engl. dearth], glory; himinrkis d., the glory of heaven, Fms. v. 143, 230, Fr. 137, 625.
163, Fms. v. 216 (a glorious miracle): in pl., 623. 32, Eluc. 47; tm d., vain-glory, 655 xxvi. 3: in N.
T. and eccl. writers since the Reformation this word is much in use; the GREEK of the N. T. is
usually rendered by dr. COMPDS: drar-dagr, m. a day of glory, Hom. 90, Fms. ii. 142.
drar-fullr, adj. full of glory, Fms. ii. 199, vii. 89. Drar-konungr, m. the King of Glory
(Christ), Nirst. 4. drar-krna, u, f. a crown of glory, Magn. 502, Pass. 25. 11. drar-mar,
m. a glorious man, Hkr. iii. 250, Bs. i. 90. drar-samliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. glorious, Stj. 288,
655 xxxii. 17, Fms. iv. 32, Stj. 34. drar-star, m. a glorious place, Ver. 3. drar-sngr, m. a
song of glory.
dr-gildr, adj. dearly paid for, Fms. vi. 106.
dr-gripr, m. a jewel, treasure, a thing of great value, Eg. 4, 55, 179, Orkn. 354.
dr-hundr, m. a deer-hound, esp. a fox-hound, Eb. 216.
drka (and drka), a, with acc. to worship, Stj. 103: to glorify, Ver. 6; d. Drottinn Gu inn, Stj.
4. 58; d. Gus or, 655 C. 15; d. kenning postulanna, 14: to celebrate, d. enna dag. Hom. 8: to
exalt, n er t Drottinn, s er d. oss ambttir nar, Blas. 47; ek em Gu s er ik drkaa'k, ok
mun ek enn d. ik, 50: hann drkai vlaan, Greg. 24; d. e-n me e-u, Fms. x. 315; d. e-n, to pray
one reverentially; hn kastar sr fram glt, drkai hann, sv segjandi, Stj. 522. 2 Sam. xiv. 4;
hence the common Icel. phrase, vertu ekki a d. hann, don't beg (coax) him. 2. reex. to magnify
oneself; mundu Gyingar drkask sjlfum sr, Stj. 392; hir eigi mar at d. krafti num,
thou man, glory not in thy strength, Hom. 8; s er drkask, kva Paulus postuli, drkisk hann me
Gui, 23: in pass. sense, Fms. xi. 415; drkaisk olinmi rttltra, Hom. 49; verit r olinmir
litla stund, at r drkisk, 623. 32. In N. T. and mod. eccl. writers the Gr. GRREK is sometimes
rendered by drka, e.g. Matth. v. 16.
drkan, f. worship, adoration, 623. 11: veita goum d., 655. 1: in pl., Stj. 54: glorifying, drkan
andar ok likama. 50; afgua-d., skurgoa-d., idolatry.
dr-klfr, m. a deer-calf, Hkv. 2. 36.
dr-klkr, m. a dub. reading (of a horse), Glm. 356.
dr-keyptr, part. dearly bought, Fbr. 56 new Ed.
dr-lagr, part. dearly rated, Ld. 30.
dr-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), dearness, Dipl. ii. 5.
dr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), glorious. Fms. iv. 82, vii. 85, x. 223, xi. 51, Eg. 478; d. veizla, Bs. i. 133:
d. matr, 139.
drlingr (drlingr, Hom. 115. Bs. i. 202, Fms. i. 227). m. [A. S. derling; Engl. darling] :-- a
saint, holy man; Gus d., Ver. 1. Fms. iv. 227, 232, v. 214, Bs. i. (freq.)
dr-menni, n. a glorious man, Lex. Pot.
dr-mtr, adj. precious, Stj. 180, 204, Fas. i. 455, Sks. 183.
DRR, adj., compar. drri, superl. drstr, mod. more freq. drari, drastr; dyrztum, Fb. i. 211:
[Ulf. does not use this word, but renders GREEK etc. by reiks or svrs; A. S. deore; Engl. dear;
Dan. and Swed. dyr; O. H. G. tiuri; Germ. theuer] :-- dear: 1. of price, of such and such a price:
referring to the weregild, at s mar s vel drr, Hrafn. 9; fstt sv mikla, at engi mar ha drri
verit hr landi enn Hskuldr, i.e. that there has never before been paid so high a weregild as for
Hoskuld, Nj. 189; munu at margir tla at hann muni drstr gerr af eim mnnum er hr hafa ltizt,
250; drr mundi Haii allr, Sturl. i. 47: of other things, ek met hana drra en arar, I put her at a
higher price than the rest, Ld. 30; hversu dr skal sj kona, how much is she to cost? id.; kaupa
dru veri, to buy dearly, at a high price; r eru dru veri keyptir, 1 Cor. vi. 20. 2. precious,
costly; bkina dru, Fms. vii. 156; skjldinn ann inn dra, Eg. 698: enn Dri dagr, vide dagr, Ann.
1373, Mar. 96; eigi var annarr (gripr) drri Noregi, Fas. ii. 65; v betr sem gull er drra en silfr,
Ld. 126; drar hallir, lordly halls, Rm. 45; enn dri mjr, the nectar, the godly mead, viz. the
poetical mead of the gods, Hm. 106; hence dr-gripr, a jewel. . as a metrical term; enn Dri httr,
the articial metre, Edda 131: hence the phrase, kvea drt, to write in an articial metre; drr
bragr, bragar-httr, an articial air, tune, opp. to a plain one. . -drr, common, Lex. Pot., mod.
cheap: fjl-d., glorious, and many other pot. compds: the proverb, drt er drottins or, vide
drttinn. . of high worth, worthy; en dra drottning Mara, Mar. 18; Abraham er kallar drstr (the
worthiest) allra hfufera, Ver. 12; skatna drstr, the best of men, Edda, Ht. 82; Jn Loptsson, er
drstr mar er landi essu, Sturl. i. 105; at v er at gta vi hversu dran mann (noble, worthy
man) tt mlaferli, 33; af hinum drustum hfingjum, Fb. l.c.: drr is not used in Icel. in the
exact Engl. sense of beloved.
dr-skinn, n. a deer-skin. N. G. L. iii. ch. 47.
dr-t, n. a time of dearth, famine, N. T.
dgi-ligr, adj. [Dan. deilig], fair, (mod. and rare.)
dgn (dgn), n. [Swed. dygn; Dan. dgn], = dgr, q.v., N. G. L. i. 335, Sklda 190; this form is
very rare.
DGR (dgr), n. [dagr; in Dan. dgn means the natural day = 24 hours, and answers to Icel.
slar-hringr, whereas Icel. dgr usually means both night and day, so that one day makes two
dgr]: hence dgra-mt or dgra-skipti, n., denotes the twilight in morning and evening, Hom.
41, Sks. 218; degi dgr tvau, dgri stundir tlf, in a day two dgr, in a dgr twelve hours, Rb. 6;
au (Day and Night) skulu ra hverjum tveim dgrum umhvers jrina, Edda 7; tuttugu ok
fjrar stundir skulu vera tveimr dgrum, Sks. 54: hann sigldi tta dgrum til ess er hann tk
Eyjar slandi, and below, ek skildumk fyrir fjrum nttum (viz. Sunday to Thursday) vi laf
konung Haraldsson, Fms. iv. 280; eir vru rj dgr leitinni, Nj. 265; hverju dgri, Grg. ii.
169; dgrinu, 360; tvau dgr, Fb. i. 539; rj d., 431; skipti at mrgum dgrum, id. :-- in all
these passages the sense seems clearly to be as above. 2. in some few cases it seems to be used of
the astronomical day = 24 hours, or the Danish dgn; such is the case with the interesting passage
Landn. 1. ch. 1; the journey between Iceland and Ireland is here reckoned as ve dgr, between
Norway and Iceland seven, between Iceland and Greenland four, and to the deserts of Greenland
(the east coast) one, etc.: sjau dgra sigling, fjgra d. sigling, mm dgra haf, i.e. a sail of six, four,
ve dgr, Landn. 25, 26. COMPDS: dgra-far, n. the division of day and night, Sks. 26, Fms. iv.
381. dgra-stytting, f., in the phrase, til dgra styttingar, to shorten the time, of pastime, Fas. iii.
39. dgra-tal, n. 'day-tale,' calculation of time, Rb. 488: sam-dgris (sam-dgnis, O. H. L. 86),
adv. the same day; also sam-dgrs: jafn-dgr or jafn-dgri, equinoctial time.
dgr-sigling, f. a day's sail, Landn. 26.
dl (dl), f. [dalr, dl], a little dale, Nj. 253. Sd. 173, Sturl. ii. 100 C: of fjalldala ok dlar, Greg.
59.
dla, u, f. I. a small dale, Sturl. ii. 100 (Ed.) II. a naut. term, a contrivance to serve the purpose of
a ship's pump, Edda (Gl.); hence dlu-austr, m. emptying a ship by a dla, Fbr. 131, Grett. 95;
dlu-ker, n. a kind of bucket: hann ha rlinn fra sr d. at er hann kaliai sj, Landu. 251;
hence the metaph. phrase, lta dluna ganga, to pour out incessantly, chatter without ceasing, Grett.
98. The ancients cannot well have known the pump; but as dlu-austr is distinguished from byttu-
austr, where the buckets were handed up, so dla seems to have been a kind of groove through
which the bilge water was made to run out into the sea instead of emptying every bucket by handing
it overboard: in Norse dla means a groove-formed trough, eaves, a trench, and the like, D. N. iv.
751, Ivar Aasen s.v. dla, p. 75.
dld, f. = dl, Fms. x. 319.
dld, f. [a], gentleness, in the COMPD dldar-mar (deildar-mar, v.l.), m. a gentle, easy man,
Ld. 68, 276.
dlir (dll, sing.), m. pl. dales-men, O. H. L. 23: mostly in compds, as Lax-dlir, Vatns-dlir, Sr-
dlir, Svarf-dlir, Fljts-dlir, etc., the men from Laxeydale, Waterdale, etc.
dll, adj. gentle, familiar, forbearing; this word is no doubt akin to deila (qs. deill), i.e. one who is
easy 'to deal with;' vertu n dl (i.e. keep peace, be gentle) mean ek em brautu, Nj. 52; ekki tta
ek n dll heima, I was not good to deal with at home, Fms. xi. 51; ekki d. vifangs, not easy to
deal with, Grett. 127; dll (easy, affable) llu lands flki, Orkn. 184: engum tti dlt at segja
konungi hersgu, Fms. i. 41; at er eigi sv dlt (easy) at taka Sigur jarl af lfdgum sem at drepa
ki er klf, 53; tti eim dlla at taka at er aut laust, vi. 262; tti n sem dlst mundi til at
kalla, er ungr konungr r fyrir rki, Eg. 264: the phrases, gra sr dlt vi e-n. to put oneself on a
free, familiar footing towards one; rr gri sr d. vi au orvald ok Gurnu, Ld. 134; ek mun
n gera mr dlt um ragr vi ik, I will take the liberty to give thee straightforward advice, Nj.
216; hann gri sr vi dlt, Grett. 144; mun dlt vi mik ykja, ef ert eigi fr, they will
pay me little heed, unless thou art with me, Lv. 37; tti vera spottsamr ok grr vi alla er honum
tti sr dlt vi, rude and taunting against all whom he thought his match to deal with, Bjarn. 3:
proverb, dlt er heima hvat, at home anything will do, Hm. 5.
dl-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), familiarity, often with the notion of over great freedom, easy dealing;
mjk kennir n dlleika af vrri hendi ... er sv vndr dkr er undir diski num, Bs. i. 475; fyrir
dlleika sakir, Sks. 553; til eirra dlleika, 482; gr allt dlleikum vi oss, make no ceremony
with us (the king's words to his host), Fms. vi. 390; hann (Moses) var sv dlleikum vi Gu, M.
was in such familiarity with God, Ver. 23: affability, condescension, mildi ok dlleika, Fms. ix. 535,
v.l. (of a duke): -dll, overbearing; inn-dll, delightful.
dllig-leikr (-leiki), m. = dlleikr, Sks. 482, 553, v.l., Sturl. i. 215 C.
dl-ligr, adj. [hence Dan. deilig], genteel, ne to look at, Edda 58. . = dll, familiar, Al. 33.
dlska, u, f. familiarity. . idle talk, nonsense, Edda 110, Karl. 437.
dlskr, adj. [], belonging to a dale, mostly in compds: Brei-dlskr, from Broaddale, Sturl. i. 112
C. . [Engl. dull], moody, dull; en til dlskr af dul, Hm. 56; d., flskr, impertinent, foolish. Fms. iv.
205.
DMA, d or , [dmr; Ulf. dmian; A. S. dman; Engl. deem (as in demster); O. H. G. tomjan;
lost in mod. Germ.; Swed. dmma; Dan. dmme] :-- a law term, to give judgment, pass sentence; d.
ml, to give judgment in a case, Nj. 56, Eg. 417; hvat sem at dma er, orst. St. 55; lt dma
vrnina, caused judgment to be given on the part of the defence (in relerence to a curious Norse
custom, by which both plaintiff and defendant pleaded before different courts, which had nally to
adjust the sentence according to rules varying with the circumstances), Nj. 240; d. dm, to pass
sentence, Fms. xi. 246; d. rangan dm, Sks. 109 B: the nes etc. in acc., d. f, tlegir, sek, to pass
sentence to a ne, outlawry, payment, etc., Grg. i. 320; tlegir r er alingi eru dmar, 3; f
at dmask heimili ess er sttr er, 320; at dmask fit annug, then the money is to pass
(by sentence) to them, 378; dma eindaga f, to x a term for payment, 3; d. lg, to pass a lawful
sentence, Fms. xi. 224; d. af, to make void, Sks. 11: d. um e-t, to judge of a thing, 625. 60: with acc.
of the person, d. e-n skgarmann, to proclaim one an outlaw, Nj. 240; d. sknan, sekan, etc.: adding
dat. of the person, d. e-m e-t, to adjudge a thing to one; d. e-m f, or the like; even, dma e-m dm,
to deal a sentence out to one, Fms. xi. l.c.: adding prep. af, d. f af e-m, to give judgment against his
claim, Bs. ii. 91; but more usually, d. e-n af e-u, to declare one to have forfeited; the instances in
Grg., N. G. L., and the Sagas are almost endless. . to 'deem,' give an opinion, judge. II. to chatter,
talk, mostly in poetry; esp. in the allit. phrase, drekka ok d., vide Lex. Pot. and drekka; en er eir
ttu of essa hluti at d., when they were talking of those things, 623. 55.
dmi, n., usually in pl., [dmr.] 1. an example, case; hr dmi, a hard fate, Hkv. 2. 2; lfa d., the
case (doings) of wolves, Hm. 30; kvenna d., womanish example, behaving like a woman, orst. St.
52; at mr veri vargsins d., Band. (MS.) 35: in plur., forn dmi ok siu foreldra sinna (cp. the
Germ. weisthmer, alterthmer), old tales and customs of their forefathers, Fagrsk. ch. 219; essi
dmi (i.e. verses) ll eru kvein um enna atbur, Mork. 114; hafa mrg dmi ori forneskju,
many things have happened in olden times, . H. 73 (margs d., Fms. iv. 172, less correctly), cp.
dmi-saga; spekingr at viti ok at llu frr, lgum ok dmum (old lore, tales), mannfri ok
ttfri, Fms. vii. 102; Ari prestr hinn Fri, er mrg d. spakleg her saman tld, Bs. i. 145, cp.
also Barl. 47, 73, 112; hence f-dmi, an unexampled, portentous thing; eins dmi, in the proverb,
eins dmin eru vest, viz. a singular, unexampled fate is the worst: used even of pictures, a story
represented by drawing, Pm. 122: gramm. a citation, proof, n skal lta heyra dmin, now let us
hear the proofs, Edda 49; essi dmi (those references) ok ng nnur, Anecd. 6, 15, 18, 21; draga
dmi af bkum, Sks. 468. . example, generally; djarfari en d. eru til, Fms. iv. 311; vita dmi til e-
s, Rm. 234; umfram d., or dmum, unexampled, portentous, Stj. 143, Fms. i. 214, viii. 52; sv sem
til dmis at taka, to take an example. Mar. 40, Bs. ii. 116; hence the mod. adverb, til dmis
(commonly written short t.d. = e.g.), for example; sem d. nnask, Fagrsk. ch. 9, Barl. 50; meir en til
dma, beyond example, Stj. 87, 167, 179. . example for imitation (eptir-dmi, example); eptir
dmum Kristinna manna, Fms. v. 319; eptir num dmum, Nirst. 4; d. dmi af e-u, to take
example by it, Greg. 134. 2. judgment, only in compds as, sjlf-dmi, rtt-dmi, justice, etc.
COMPDS: dma-ftt, n. adj. almost unexampled. dma-frr, adj. wise in old lore, Fms. iv. 89.
dma-lauss, adj. unexampled, Stj. 391. dma-mar, m. a man to be imitated, Greg. 12.
dming, f. judgment, Grg. i. 235, Sklda 211.
dmi-saga, u, f. a fable, parable; in old eccl. translations, the parable of the N. T. is rendered by
'dmisaga,' Greg. 22; but in mod. versions and writers since 1540 a distinction is made, and
dmisgur are fables, e.g. of Aesop, Reynard, or the like; whereas the parables of the N. T. are
called 'eptir-lking;' heyrit mik ok mna dmisgu, Stj. 399. Judges ix. 7: an old saw, Fms. vii. 102,
v.l.: a proverb, Stj. 560. 1 Kings iv. 32, (rare.)
dmi-stll, m. the judgment seat, 623. 12, 13, 73, 625. 79.
dsa, t, to utter a deep groan, Sturl. ii. 154: reex. to lose breath from exhaustion, Sks. 231: part.
dstr, exhausted, breathless, Grett. 98.
DF, f., pl. dafar, the rump, Scot. doup; hr yr skipunum uppi mttusk dn ok hfuit drsins
(of a bear), Fas. ii. 172, while 510 has dausin; cp. Norse dov = rump, Ivar Aasen. 2. a kind of spear,
Edda (Gl.), Akv. 4, 14. II. [cp. dafna, and Swed. dfven = moist], suck (?) and metaph. rest, in the
pot. phrase, vr df, sweet rest; milli Belindar brjsta-klna bi he eg r vra df, Grnd. 67;
hreppa vra df, sweet rest (of one dead), Fega-, 83 (in a verse).
DGG, f., old gen. dggvar. Korm., Sks. 606, Fms. ii. 278, mod. daggar; old pl. dggvar, Vsp. 19,
Vm. 45; mod. daggir, Sks. 40; dat. sing. dggu, Vtkv. 5, 656 A. 18: [A. S. deaw; Engl. dew; Germ.
thau; Dan. and Swed. dug] :-- dew; ntt-dgg, night-dew; morgun-dgg, morning-dew, Vm. 45,
Hkv. Hjrv. 28. COMPD: (mod. daggar-, old dggvar-), dggvar-drep, n. a dew-track, Fms. ii. l.c.
dgg-fall, n. dew-fall, Stj. 17.
dgg-litr, adj. dew-besprinkled, Hkv. 2. 41.
dggttr, adj. bedewed, Hkv. 1. 46.
dgg-skr, m. [Swed. dopsko], the tip or chape of a sheath, etc., Fas. i. 173, Gull. 47, Gsl. 115.
dgg-sl, f. the slot or track left in the dew, Gsl. 67.
dggva, a or , to bedew; pres. dggvar, Stj. 73, 397; hon dggvai, ftr Drottins, 655 xxxi. 2;
morni hverjum dggvir hann jrina af mldropum snum, Edda 7; dggu andlit sin trum, 623.
58; d. hjrtu manna, Sklda 210, Hom. 45.
dggvan, f. bedewing, Stj. 14.
Dglingr, m., pot, a king, descendant of king Dag, Edda 105, Hdl. 18. 2. mockingly, a draggle-
tail, Sturl. i. 62.
dgun, dgurr, v. dagan, dagverr.
dkk, dk, f. [dock], a pie, pool, Gl. 393, Mart. 107.
dkk-blr, adj. dark blue, Sturl. ii. 212.
dkk-brnar, adj. dark brown, Fas. i. 172.
dkk-grnn, adj. dark green, Stj. 62.
dkk-hrr, adj. dark haired, Hkr. iii. 281.
dkk-jarpr, adj. dark auburn, Ld. 274.
dkk-litar, adj. dark coloured, Sturl. ii. 212, Fms. vii. 239.
dkkna, a, to darken, Fms. i. 216, x. 284, Fas. iii. 12.
DKKR, adj., acc. dkkvan etc., with v inserted, [Swed.-Dan. dunkel], dark, Rb. 108; sk dkt ok
dimt, Fms. xi. 136; dkkvir hjlmar, vi. 150; dkkt yrbrag, i. 97; d. har, dark of hair, Nj. 39;
dkkvan skima, Sks. 229: compar., dkkvara lis, 203; dkkvir villustigar, Fms. i. 138.
dkk-raur, adj. dark red, ir. 178.
dkkva, , to darken; eigi dktusk augu hans, Stj. 348. Deut. xxxiv. 7; a er dkkvir skilning, 656
C. 33: impers., dkkvir ik, andskoti, art thou in darkness? 623. 31; dag (acc.) dki, the day
darkened, Sklda (in a verse).
dkkvi, a, m. a dark spot, Fas. iii. 560.
E
E (a), the fth letter, is in the old Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Runes represented by RUNE, being in
Anglo-Saxon called 'eoh;' the common Scandinavian Runes have no character for e, but mark it
either ia or i, and, still later, RUNE, with a knob in the middle ('stunginn ss' RUNE).
A. PRONUNCIATION, etc. -- The Icel. e is sounded as English a in same, take, and in modern
printed books is only used in radical syllables without regard to etymology; but there is sufcient
evidence that in early times in Icel. the e had a double sound, one long, like the Italian e or English
a (long), the other short, like e in English wet. These two sounds are etymologically different; the
rst is of comparatively late growth and derived from a by vowel change or otherwise; it is
therefore in kindred languages (Swed., Germ.) often spelt , so as to indicate its origin from the
mother-letter a: the other e is much older, nearly akin to i, being related to that letter as o to u.
Grimm suggests that e is derived from i as o from u (only admitting a, i, u as primitive vowels), but
in the Icel. at least e and o are in spelling as old as i or u, and seem to be primitive. The Runes in
Tune and on the Golden horn have special marks for e and o. At the time of Ari and Thorodd the
two seem to have been distinguished in Icel. The latter grammarian uses a special sign for each; he
proposes to represent the long sound (Engl. a) by UNCERTAIN (commonly &e-hook;), adding (as
he says) the bight of a to the body of e, to express a sound intermediate between and e; he
therefore would have written UNCERTAIN (I take), UNCERTAIN, UNCERTAIN (to tame), but
er, en, ef, etc., Sklda 161-163; in the unique vellum MS. (and in Edd.) the characters are not
given correctly, as transcriber and editors did not fully understand the bearing of the author's words.
About 700 years later, Jacob Grimm (without knowing the Icel. grammarian or the spelling of MSS.
not then edited) recalled the old double e sound to life, guided by the analogy of other Teutonic
languages. He proposed to represent a (the &e-hook; of Thorodd) by e, and the genuine e by . He
(Gram. i. 281-284) drew out a list of words founded on the supposed etymology, and kept this
distinction wherever he spelt Icel. words. It is curious to observe the difference between Grimm's
articial list of words and the phonetic spelling in some MSS.; there are especially two MSS., both
of them Norse, which are remarkable for their distinction of the two sounds, the long e being spelt
with , the short with e: these MSS. are the O. H. L., published from a vellum MS. Ups. De la
Gard. no. 8, written in Norway at the beginning of the 13th century, and edited by C. R. Unger; the
second, small fragments of Norse law MSS., published in N. G. L. ii. 501-515 and i. 339 sqq. Some
words compiled from them are as follow: I. : the verbs, brja, blkkja, rja, ggja, frja,
hngja, glja, hfja, hrja (to harry), kvja, lggja, sgja, slja, stja, strngja, vja (to
bail), vrja, etc.; bnda, brnna (brndi), brsta, a, fna (Swed. mna), flla (to fell), frgna,
ggna, hmna ( = hfna), hvrfa (to turn), knna, mtta, nmna (Swed. nmna), rnna (to let
run), rfsa, spnna, stmna (stafn), tlja, vra (to become), vrka, vkra (vakr), vrra: nouns,
bn, a wound (but ben, N. G. L. iii. 388); br, a berry; br, a bed; blgr; brsrkr; blti, a belt;
dpill; drngr, a man; drgg; kkja, a widow; ndi, end; ldr, re; mni ( = fni = Swed.
mna); mbtti (Germ. amt); ldri (in for-ldri, forefathers, Germ. ltern); lja, a concubine;
rendi, an errand; rndr, exanimis; ngill, an angel; rmr, a sleeve (armr); rvi, rngi, rf
(arfr); nni, the forehead; rtog (a coin); ng, a meadow (ang = a sweet smell); rlingr (a pr.
name); rki-, Engl. arch- (GREEK); rvei, toil, and rver, toilsome; gg, an edge; fgar
(fair); flmtr (falma); fr (fara); frlsi (frjals); hl, hell; hlviti; hlla, a stone; hllir, a cave;
hrra, a lord; hrr, troops; hrbir; hrnar; hra, a county (but hera in N. G. L. i. 344 sqq.);
hrar, shoulders; ki (Swed. kae); kr, a jar; klda (kaldr), a well; ktill, a kettle; ftill;
kvld, evening; kvrk, the throat; lggr, a leg; mrki, a mark; mrg (margr); mgn, mgin,
main; mrr, a mare; nf, nose; nss, a ness; rll, tapestry; rkkja, a bed; skt, sake; skgg,
beard; skllibrg; skpna, a creature (skapa, Dan. skbne); svr, a sword; snna, sound; vfr,
weaving; vrk (but verk better, N. G. L. i. 339 sqq., cp. virkr): vstr, the west; vl, a trick; vtr,
the winter (but vittr or vitr better, N. G. L. ii. 509); vr (in sel-vr); vrr, a meal; ngill, a king;
kja, thatch; gn, thane; ngland, England; nskr, English; nglndingar, the English
(Angli); Tmps, the Thames, etc.: datives, dgi, hndi, vndi, vlli, htti (httr), blki (balkr):
adjectives, compar. and superl., frmri, frmstr; skmri, skmstr; ldri, lztr; lngri, lngstr;
btri, bztr; vrri, vrstr; hldri, hlztr: skr, guilty; vrr, due; fginn; hlgr, holy; brr, bare;
strkr, stark, etc.: prepositions, hnni, hnnar (hann); tvggja, duorum; hvrr, who; nginn,
none; kki, nothing (but also engi, which is better), etc.: particles, ftir, after; vl, well; lligar,
or: inexive syllables, -smd (-sanir); -ndi; -spki, wisdom, etc.: the diphthongs i and y = ei
and ey, lita, bita, hyra, yra, etc. II. e: the pronouns and particles, ea, or; ek, ego; enn, still;
en, but; sem, which; ef, if; me, with; mean, while; meal, between; nema, nisi; snemma, early;
er, i s, and em, are; em, lam; essi, thi s; etta, that; sex, s i x: sek, mek, ek, sometimes instead of
sik, mik, ik: nouns, elgr, an elk; sef, s ib; brekka, brink; ver, weather; nevi, a kinsman (Lat.
nepos); nevi, a neave, st; segl, a sail (cp. segla); vetr, a wight; selr, a se a l; net, a net; nes, a ne ss;
el, a gale; messa, a mass (Lat. missa); hestr, a horse; prtstr, a priest; egn (O. H. L. 47); vegr, a
way, honour; sel and setr, shielings; verold, the world; vesold, misery: verbs, gera, to ' gar, ' to do;
drepa, to kill; bera, to bear; bresta, to burst; gefa, to give; geta, to get; meta, to measure; kvea, to
say; drekka, to drink; stela, to steal; vera, to be; mega, must; nema, to take; eta, to e a t; vega, to
weigh; reka, t o drive; skera, to cut: participles and supines from iggja, liggja, bija, sitja, egit,
legit, beit, seti: preterites as, hengu, gengu, fengu (Germ. gingen, ngen); greru, reru, srxeru
(from gra, ra, sna): e if sounded as , e. g. hot, bls, let, rttr, lttr; even in the words, her, here;
mr, scr, r, mihi, sibi, tibi; nean (nir), hegat ( -- hue); han, hence: adjectives, mestr, estr,
rennr, etc.: inexions, -legr, - ly; -lega, - ly; -neskja, -neskr (cp. Germ, - i sc h); in the articles or
the verbal inexions, -en, -et, -er, -esk, etc. The e is often used against the etymology, as dreki,
dragon; menu, men (from mar). In some other Norse MSS. the two sounds are marked, but so
inaccurately that they are almost useless, e. g. the chief MS. of the Bad. S.; but in other MSS. there
is hardly an attempt at distinction. The list above is mainly but not strictly in accordance with the
etymology, as phonetical peculiarities come in; yet the etymology is the groundwork, modied by
the nal consonants: both old spelling and modern pronunciation are of value in nding a word's
etymology, e. g. the spelling drsengr indicates that it comes from drangr; hra and haer, troops
(but her, here), shew that hra (hra) is to be derived from hrr (herr), exercitus, and not from
her (her), etc. The Icel. idiom soon lost the short e sound in radical syllables, and the long e sound
(like the Italian e) prevailed throughout; there was then no more need for two signs, and e,
prevailed, without regard to etymology. Some few MSS., however, are curious for using almost
throughout in radical syllables, and thus distinguish between the e in roots and the e in inexions
(vide B below); as an example see the Arna- Magn. no. 748, containing an abridgement of the Edda
and Sklda and poems published in the edition of 1852, vol. ii. pp. 397-494; cp. also Vegtamskvia,
published by Mubius in Sm. Edda, pp. 255, 256, from the same MS.; this MS. uses in radical
syllables, but e or i in inexions. It is clear that when this MS. was written (at the latter part of the
i^th century) the Icel. pronunciation was already the same as at present. In some other MSS. e and
ce, and e and g now and then appear mixed up, till at last the thing was settled in accordance with
the living tongue, so that the spelling and sound went on together, and CE (or g) was only used to
mark the diphthong; vide introduction to . B. SPELLING of e and i in inexions. -- The Germans,
Swedes, Danes, English, and Dutch all express the i sound in inexional syllables by e, not i, as in
Engl. y a her, mother, brother, taken, bidden, hidden, heaven, kettle; or in Germ., e. g. hatte,
mchte, sollte, lange, bruder, mutter, soltesf, himmel, etc.: in the earliest times of Icel. literature also
it is almost certain that e was used throughout: Ari probably signed his name Are (en ek heitcr Are,
tb. ne): Thorodd, too, seems to have followed the same rule, as we may infer from several things
in his treatise, e. g. the words framer and fr mr, which would be unintelligible unless we suppose
him to have written framer, not framir: even the name of Snorri is twice spelt Snorre in the
Reykholts-mldagi, probably written by one of his clerks. Some old vellum fragments may be
found with the e only; but even in the oldest extant, i is used now and then. The reason is clear, viz.
that the Icel. never admits the long e in inexive syllables, and in roots it never admits the short e,
consequently the same sign would not do both for roots and inexions; hende, velle, gefe have each
two vowel sounds; therefore the short i was admitted in inexions; yet in most MSS. both e and i
are used indiscriminately, a. g. fair and faer, tmi and time, manni and manne, kominn and
komenn, komi and komet, hihidin and hundcn, fjallit and fjallet; even those that use i admit e if
following or d, . g. vie, be, lie, lande, but fjalli, vatni. As the spelling was partly inuenced
from abroad, the e even gained ground, and at the time of the Reformation, when printing became
common, it was rcassmned throughout, and remained so for nearly 230 years, when (about A. D.
1770-1/80) i was reinstated and e expelled in all inexions, as being inconsistent with the spelling
and ambiguous; but the sound has undoubtedly remained unchanged from the time of Ari up to the
present time: the English father, mother, German vater, mutter, and lcd. fadir are, as to the inexion,
sounded exactly alike. C. INTERCHANGE of e and i. -- The adjectival syllable -ligr, -liga, is in
MSS. spelt either -ligr or -legr; in modern pronunciation and spelling always -legr, -lega (Engl. -ly).
|3. in a few root words e has taken the place of i, as in verr, qs. virr (food); brenna, qs. brinna;
remr and rimr; tvenna and tvinna; ef, efa, e, = if, ifa, i; einbirni and einberni (horn): e has
taken the place of a in such words as hnetr (nuts) from hnot, older form hntr: so also in eli and
li; efri efstr from fri fstr: e and the derived ja make different words, as berg and bjarg, fell and
fjall, bergr and bjargar, etc. D. DIPHTHONGS: I. ei answers to Goth, ai, A. S. , Germ. ei, Engl. a
(oa or the like); in Danish frequently expressed by ee; in Swedish and Northern English the
diphthong is turned into a plain e and a, which, however, represent the same sound: Goth, stains, A.
S. stan, Swed. sten, North. E. s to ne. The o sound is English-Saxon; the a sound English-
Scandinavian; thus the forms, home, bone, oak, oath, broad, one, own, more, none, no, may be
called English-Saxon, from A. S. ham, ban, etc.; the North. E. and Scottish harne, bane, aik, ai/h,
braid, ain, mair, /tain, may be called English-Scandinavian: cp. Swed. hem, ben, ek, ed. bred, en;
Icel. heimr, bein, eik, eidr, breidr, einn, meir, neinn, nei; cp. also Icel. bleikr, Swed. blek, North. E.
blake, etc. The Runic stones mark the ei with a + i or i simply, e. g. sti w or s tain. Old Norse and
Icel. MSS. frequently for ei give i. II. ey is in modern usage sounded as ei, and only
distinguished in writing; in old times a distinction was made in sound between ei and ey. Norse
MSS. almost always spell 'y, and in Norway it is to the present time sounded accordingly, e. g.
iiyra, -- Icel. eyra, sounded nearly as in English toil: the ey is properly a vowel change of au: ey
frequently answers to an English e (ea) sound, as heyra, to hear; eyra, e ar; dreyma, to dream;
leysa, to lease. In very old MSS., e. g. Ib. (ai in the Ed. is a wrong reading from aj in the MS.), au
and ey are even spelt alike (aj or a;^), though sounded differently. In some MSS. ey is also used
where it is not etymological, viz. instead of or o, in such words as hreyqva, seyqva, stcyqva,
deyqvan, greyri, geyra, seyni, etc., = hrkva, skva, ... greri or grori, syni, e. g. the Cod. Reg. of
S;em. Edda, the Rafns S. Bs. i. 639 E. is sounded almost as English y e (or y a); it is produced, 1.
by an absorption of consonants, in words as rttr, lttr, ttr, stti, tta, n'-tta, cp. Germ, recht,
Engl. right; Germ. Icicht, Engl. light: or in fo, kno, tr, hit:, sc (Icel. fe = Engl. / ee, Goth. / aih w,
Lat. pe cws), etc. 2. by a lost reduplication in the preterites, fell, grot, r, h-t, bls, hot, gkk, hkk,
Ick, fkk, from falla, grata, etc.; in some old MSS. this is replaced by ie, e. g. in the Hulda Arna-
Magn. no. 66 fol. we read ell, liet, hiet, griet, gieck, liek, cp. mod. Geim. fel. hiess, Hess, etc.;
perhaps in these cases e was sounded a little differently, almost as a bisyllable. 3. in such words as
the pronouns vt'-r, r or r (you), nir, sr, r (tibi): the particles her (here), han (hence), hra,
vi'-l, el. 4. t' is also sounded after g and k, and often spelt ie in MSS., gieta, giefa, kier, kierti; this
sound is, however, better attributed to g and k being aspirate. In Thorodd and the earliest MSS. is
marked with ' just like the other long or diphthongal vowels; but the accent was subsequently
removed, and e and are undistinguished in most MSS.: again, in the 15th century transcribers
began to write ie or ee (mier or meer). In printed books up to about 1770 the ie- prevailed, then e,
and lastly (about 1786) (; (cp. the 5th and 6th vols. of El.): is an innovation of Rask, and is used
by many, but mttr, drttr, and rettr, slttr, etc. are etymologically identical, though the sound of K
is somewhat peculiar: the spelling~/e is also a novelty, and being etymologically wrong (except in 2
above) is not to be recommended.
Ebreskr, adj. Hebrew, Sklda 161, 167, Stj. 26. Ebreska, f. the Hebrew tongue, Ver. 11, Ann. (H.)
14.
e, a particle, vide er.
eal-, noble, in compds, borrowed from Germ, and rare.
EDDA, u, f. a great-grandmother, Rm. 2. 4; mir (mother) heitir ok amma (grandmother), rija
edda (the third is edda), Edda 108: this sense is obsolete. II. metaph. the name of the book Edda,
written by Snorri Sturluson, and containing old mythological lore and the old articial rules for
verse making. The ancients only applied this name to the work of Snorri; it is uncertain whether he
himself called it so; it occurs for the rst time in the inscription to one of the MSS. of Edda, vi/, .
the Ub., written about fty or sixty years after Snorri's death: Bk essi heitir Edda, hann her
saman setta Snorri Sturlusonr eptir eim htti sem her er skipat (vi'/, . consisting of three parts,
Gylfagynning, Skldskaparml, and Httatal), Edda ii. 250 (Ed. Arna-Magn.); sva segir i bk eirri
er Edda heitir, at s mar sem gir hot spuri Braga ... . 532 (MS. of the 14111 century); hann (viz.
Snorri) samansetti Eddu, he put together the Edda, Ann. 1241 (in a paper MS., but probably
genuine). As the Skldskaparml (Ars Poe'tica) forms the chief part of the Edda, teaching the old
articial poetical circumlocutions (kenningar), poetical terms and diction, and the mythical tales on
which they were founded, the Edda became a sort of handbook of poets, and therefore' came
gradually to mean the ancient articial poetry as opposed to the modern plain poetry contained in
hymns and sacred poems; it, however, never applies to alliteration or other principles of Icel.
poetry: reglur Edda, the rules of Edda, Gd. (by Arngrim) verse 2, Lil. 96, Nikulas d. 4; Eddu list, the
art of Edda, (id. (by Arni) 79; -- all poems of the 141)1 century. The poets of the 15th century
frequently mention the Edda in the introduction to their Rimur or Rhapsodies, a favourite kind of
poetry of this and the following time, Reinalds R. i. I, ns R. 7. 2, Sturlaugs R., Sigurar gla R.
5. 4, Rimur af 111 Verra og Vest, 4, 3, Jarlmanns R. . I, 5i Ir- 3' Dmis R. 2. 4, Konras R. 7. 5; --
all these in vellum and the greater part of them belonging to the I5th century. Poets of the j6th
century (before 1612), Rollants R. 9. 6, 12. 1, Pontus R. (by Magnus Gamli, died 1591), Valdimars
R., Ester R. 2. 2, 6. 3, Sy'raks R. i. 2, 6. 2, Tobias R. I. 2; from the rst half of the yth century,
Grett. R., Flores R. 6. 3, 9- 2t Kroka Refs R. I. 7, Lykla Ptrs R. 4. 2, 12. 1, Apollonius R. 1. 5,
FloventsR. 6. 3, Sj MeistaraR. i. 7, 2. 1, 3. 8; -- all in MS. In these and many other references, the
poets speak of the art, skill, rules, or, if they are in that mood, the obscure puerilities and empty phr
a ses of the Edda, the articial phraseology as taught and expounded by Snorri; and wherever the
name occurs (previous to the year 1643) it only refers to Snorri's book, and such is still the use of
the word in Icel.; hence compd words such as Eddu-lauss, adj. void of Eddie art; Eddu-borinn, part.
poetry full of Eddie phrases; Eddu-kenningar, f. pl. Eddie circumlocutions, Ktlu Draumr 85, e. g.
when the head is called the ' sword of Heimdal, ' the sword the 're or torch of Odin/ etc.; Eddu-
kendr = Edduborinn; Eddu-bagr, adj. a bungler in the Eddie art, etc. The Icel. bishop Brynjolf
Sveinsson in the year 1643 discovered the old mythological poems, and, led by a fanciful and
erroneous suggestion, he gave to that book the name of Smundar Edda, the Edda ofSmund;
hence originate the modern terms the Old or Poetical and New or Prose Edda; in foreign writers
Eddie has been ever since used in the sense of plain and artless poetry, such as is contained in these
poems, opposed to the articial, which they call Scaldic (Skald being Icel. for a poet); but this has
no foundation in old writers or tradition. Further explanation of this subject may be seen in Ersch
and Grubar's Encyclopedia, s. v. Graagaas.
EDIK, n. [from Lat. acidum or acetum; A. S. eced; Germ, essig; Dan. dik] :-- vinegar (qs. acidum
vini); the word is modern in Icel., being borrowed from Danish, and probably rst used in Matth.
xxvii. 34, 48; edik galli blanda, Pass. 33. i, 2.
ELA (eyola, O. H. L. 27), u, f. [old Swed. ydhl a], a viper, Hkr. i. 103.
ela-, in compds [from Germ, edel-, Dan. del-], noble, Pass. 48. 6, (rare and mod)
ELI, n., akin to and derived from al, q. v.; old MSS. also always use the form li (eyli, D. I.
I. e.), Fms. x. 301, Hom. 47, n8, Greg. 48, O. H. L. 86, Eluc. 16, Hkr. i. 225, Hbl. 9, Bs. i. 335, 342;
eli is more modern, but li is still preserved: 1. nature; mannligt e., human nature or character,
623. 19, Eb. no, Fms. x. 301; nttrligt e., human condition, Mag. (Fr.); vera e. sinu, to be in one's
own nature or frame of mind, Fs. 59; eptir e., natural, ordinary, Fms. iii. 118; inoti e., against
nature, extraordinary; me likindum ok e., Edda 69; undruusk er jrin ok drin ok fuglarnir
hfu sarnan e. sumum hlutum, 144. (prefc); eli and nttra (natura) are used synonymously, id.;
engla li, the nature of angels, Eluc. 16; arnar li, the eagle's nature, Hom. 47; allt mann- kyns
li, Greg. 48; rlez (= lis) skepna, O. H. L. 86. 2. birth, origin, extraction, in the alliterative
phrases, tt ok li, Fms. i. 149; hann var Valskr (H^ el s h) at tt ok eli, vii. 56; Danskr at li,
Danish by origin, Hom. 118; nafn ok li, n ame and family, Hbl. 9: the phrase, at alda-li, for
ever and ever, D. I. i. 266: in mod. usage, fr alda li, from the birth of time, from the beginning,
only used of ' past time;' the Dan. ' fra Arildstid' is probably a corruption of the same phrase. 3.
embryo, Lat. / et ws, Mar. 156. COMPDS: elis-fri, f. physic, (mod.) el8-b. ttir, m. pl.
constitution, Bb. 2. 14. elis-skapan, n. and elis-skepna, u, f. o ne's nature, Fms. v. 216, Hom. 123.
eli-borinn, part, noble-born, well-born, Hkr. ii. 135.
eli-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), natural, proper.
elingr, m. = lingr, pot. an ' etheling. '
el-vina, adj., probably corrupt, a s a viper (?), Hdl. 45.
ER or ea, which is the more freq. form in mod. use, conj., [Goth. aua; A. S. o'S'o' e; Engl. o r;
Germ. O der] :-- o r; joining two nouns, verbs, or adjectives, hold er bl, heitr ea kaldr, illr ea
gr, etc., esp. after the pronouns annahvrt, hvrt, either; hrasektir e. utanferir, Nj. 189; slkr
vetr ea verri, tsl. ii. 138; kaupmenn e. formenn, Fms. i. II; Bllandi er Arabia, Bb. 468; kirkjum
er klaustrum, H. E. i. 419; skgum er rum fylsnum, Fms. iv. 384; skjta e. kasta, e. hggva
e. leggja, Sks. 430; fyrr e. sar, sooner or later, Hkr. ii. 368. P. in comparison of two unlike things,
the two things are connected with the disjunctive ea instead of the copulative ok, where the Engl.
may use a n d, e. g. the proverb, sitt er hva, gfa er grfuleiki, there's a difference between luck
and wit; er glkt at ha fa me sr ga drengi ok hrausta er einhleypinga, sl. ii. 325; vilikr er
essi ea hinn fyrri, he is unlike and the rst one, Mar. (Fr.); mun nokkut allikt, garpskapr Bersa er
stuldir borarins, i. e. ca none compare the valour ofB. and the thievishness ofThorarinf Komi. 142. -
y- aftcr a comparative, or even, sooner; ek em eigi verri riddari en Salomon konungr, er nokkuru
betri, 7 a m no worse a knight than king S., nay, rather somewhat better, br. 161; eigi sr, ... er
nokkrum mun heldr, not les s, but rather a little more. Bad. 97: otherwise, el s e, = ella, lykt skal
landskyld vera fyrir sumarml, er..., N. G. L. ii. 106 (rare): ellipt. = enn, than, meta hvrt au s
meiri, er hennar fng s, Js. 61. 8. denoting a query, exclamation, abrupt sentence, or the like, as
Engl. or, what, but; ek heiti Augisl, er ert Hallfrer, my n a me i s A.,or art thou Hallfred? Fms.
ii. So; ek heiti onundr, ... ea hvert tli it at fara, but whither do you think of going? 81; n vil ek
gera at skapi nu, er hvar skulum vit leita ? Nj. 3; sagi, at eir mundi vera menn strltir, er
hvat eir mundi fyrir tlask, Eg. 17; er me hverjum frstu noran ? Finnb. 256; vitu r enn, er
hvat? Vsp. 22, 31, 38, 39.
er, adv. still, yet, older form instead of ' enn, ' only in poetry; er of sr, o ne s till ha s to see, i. e.
the next thing is ..., Haustl. 14; st er hausi, stood, i. e. remains, still in his head, 19.
EF, A. neut. subst., older form if, Bad. 114, 124, Hkv. e., Vellekla I. e., Hkv. Hjorv. 33 :-- doubt,
used in plur., hver s if, what doubt can there bet Vellekla: it still remains in the phrase, mr er til
efs, 7 doubt; en ar sem ef er , wherever it is doubtful, K. . 28; hvervetna ar sem ef er nokkuru
mli, 204; ekki er til efs, at eir menn ra at grindhlii, it cannot be doubted, that..., Lv. 19;
smilig til efs, dubiously good, rather had, Vm. 55; utan ef, -without doubt, Fms. vii. 37, Stj. 421;
fyrir utan allt ef, H. E. i. 519, Bad. I. e. B. conj. [Goth, ibai; A. S. and Scot, gif; Engl. if; O. H. G.
ipu; Germ. o&; lost in Swed. and Dan.] :-- if, in case; en ef it eigit erngja, Nj. 3; ef eigi (unless)
vri jafnhugar sem ek em, 264; ef i tt rjr orrostur vi Magnus konung, Fms. vi. 178; ef hann
er varmr, if he is warm, 655 xxx. I: very freq. as a law term -- in c a s e that, Grg., N. G. L.; en ef
eir gjalda eigi, , i. 127; en 'ef (MS. en) eir vilja eigi festa, id. P. in poetry often with subj. (as in
Engl.); inn bj, cf Eirikr sc, if it be Eric, bid him come in, Em. I: nlgastu mik, ef megir, if
thou may'st, Gm. 53; vega i gakk, ef rtir sr, if thou be wroth, Ls. 15; ef Gunnars missi, Akv.
ii; ef hann at yr lygi, Am. 31; ef sr geta maetti, Hm. 4; heilindi sitt ef mar hafa ni (better than
nair), 67: ellipt. passages where 'if is omitted, but the subj. retained, v. Lex. Pot.; skr er skapar
ilia er skapt s rangt ( -- ef skapt s rangt), Hm. 127; but indie, sometimes occurs, ef hann freginn
erat, 30; ef itt i dugir (indie.) ok Vafrnir vitir (subj.), Vm. 20: in prose the subj. is rare,
and only in peculiar cases, e. g. n munu vr httu leggja, ef (if, i. e. granted, supposed that)
ek ra ok binda ek vi hann vinttu, Fms. iv. 82; ok b~ta um at, ef konunginum ha yrgezt, xi.
283; at var httr Erlings, ef vinir hans kmi fyrir hann, vii. 319; en skoti , ef eir faeri nr
meginlandi, viii. 419; ef ek li ok mega'k ra, Edda 34. II. if, whether, Germ, o b, with indie, or
subj.; sj n, ef Jakob leysir hann af essum bndum, 655 xxx. 3; spyrr Frigg, ef s kona vissi,
then Frigg asks, if the woman knew, Edda 37; hann kom opt ml vi konung, ef hann mundi vilja
bta brlf, Eg. 106; Egill spuri, ef hann vildi upp or grnni, 234; at Blverki eir spuru, ef
hann vri me bndum kominn, Hm. 109; hitt vil ek fyrst vita, ef frr sr, Vm. 6; vittu ef
hjlpir, see if tboit canst help, Og. 5 :-- this sense is now obsolete, and 'hvrt' (hvort) is used
efa, a, in old writers usually spelt with i, ifa; efa occurs in Nj. 207, Hkr. ii. 326, Sks. 153, Stj. 256,
Fms. ii. 42, iii. 115, vi. 184, Al. 43, Grett. no A, Bs. ii. 169, etc.; in mod. usage always with e :-- to
doubt, with acc.; engi ifar at, Fms. x. 319: the phrase, efa sik, to hesitate, Grett. 1. c.; skulu r eigi
e. yr (doubt), at ..., Nj. 307: used as neut. to feel a doubt, i r nokkut, at, Fms. v. 38, Hkr. I. e.,
623. 33; ifa (efa) um e-t, to doubt about a thing, Hkr. i. 223, Grg. ii. 47, Fms. ii. 283, v. 37, vi. 184.
2. reex., efask (ifask) e-u, to doubt or he s i- tate in a thing; v m engi mar ifask, at ..., Sks.
272 B; ekki efumk ek v, 153, Stj. 1. c.; Freysteinn efaisk , hvrt ..., F. was in doubt, whether...,
Fms. iii. 115; r esk um eirra almtt, . 42: efask um e-t, to doubt about a thing, x. 392; hvrt
isk er um ok hrisk, Nirst. 2. p. absol. to doubt, hesitate, Sir. 22; statt upp ok ifask alls ekki,
Hom. 119. y. with gen., efask e-s, to change one's mind in a matter, Grg. i. 312, 313.
efan, ifan, f. (almost always with i; efan, H. E. 1. c.), doubt, hesitation, Barl. 149, H. E. i. 396, Br.
14, Hom. 23. COMPD: efanar-lauss, adj. undoubted, Stj., 655 xxvii. 2: neut. as adv. undoubtedly,
Fms. ix. 347, El. 2, Str. 35, K. . 202.
efan-laust, n. adj. undoubtedly, Hom. 15 (spelt ifan-).
efan-leikr, m. doubtfulness, Sklda 188.
efan-ligr (ifan-ligr), adj. doubtful, Sklda 188, Ld. 58, Fms. x. 317, 369 (in the last two passages
spelt with i).
e, a, m., in old writers almost always i :-- doubt, Greg. 37i Fms. iii. 8, x. 392, Hkr. i. 223; vera
ifa, to be in doubt, Mar. 17; enn er eptir i hug minum, 623. 26; an ifa (efa), without doubt, Fms. x.
336, Sklda 210: suspicion, Fms. x. 260. COMPDS: efa-lauss (ifa- lauss), adj. undoubted, clear, Nj.
87: neut. as adv. undoubtedly, Grg. ii. 189. efa-lausligr, adj. id., Bs. i. 263. efa-samr, ifa-samr,
efa-samligr, adj. doubtful, Al. 5, Stj. 172. efa-samliga, adv. doubtfully, Bs. ii. 153. efa-sem and
efa-semi, f. doubt, Bs. i. 272. efa-sk, f. a doubtful case, Grg. i. 73.
EFJA, u, f. [Swed. fja] , mud, ooze, Fms. vi. 164, Hrafn. 26.
EFLA, d, [a and ai], to strengthen: I. act., a. to make strong, build; ea veggi, to build walls. 655
xxv. i; ltu eir ea at
nju Danavirki, they restored the Danish wall, Fms. i. 121. . to found, raise, endow; ea sta,
kirkju, to endow or raise a church, bishopric, Barl. 65, Fms. iv. 110; e. b, to set up one's house,
Band. (MS.) 3: milit., e. her, li, to raise troops. Fms. v. 279; e. okk, to raise a party, 140; e. fri,
to raise a rebellion, make war, xi. 268: e. e-n, to aid, side with one, in a ght or lawsuit; edi Dofri
hann san til rkis Noregi, Br. 164; ok ht honum liveizlu sinni at hann skyldi e. Steinar, Eg.
722: e. e-n til rangs mls, to help one in a wrong case, Js. 8; Danir hfu herrana et upp
Svarki, Fms. x. 50; ba liit e. sik, Fagrsk. ch. 179. . to perform solemnly; e. heit, to make a vow,
Gsl. 90; e. blt, to perform a sacrice, Nj. 158; e. at brullaupi, to hold a wedding, Fms. ix. 21:
pot., e. d (d eir, a hero); e. ta, to play a game, Orkn. (in a verse), Lex. Pot. . neut. to be
able; sem vr eum ok orkum, Stj. 149; sem eir ok orkar, id., 186, (rare.) II. reex. to grow
strong; hversu starinn her ezk ok magnask. Bs. i. 59; hann fann at mtstumenn hans edusk,
grew strong; eask at her, lii, to gather, raise troops, Gsl. 7, Fms. i. 199, vii. 23; san var edr
(raised) okkr mti honum, iv. 140: eask til rkis, to win a kingdom, get a kingdom by force of
arms, Br. 165: erlask vi e-n (pot.) = mgjask, to marry into one's family, Hdl. 15.
ef-lauss and if-lauss, adj. undoubted, Greg. 25, Mart. 121, Fas. ii. 539.
eing, f. growth, increase in strength and wealth, Bret., Greg. 43: strength, help, assistance, Glm.
346, 347, Ld. 88, Hkr. iii. 185, Mork. 128.
eir, m. a helper, promoter, Lex. Pot.
EFNA, d, (a, Nj. 189, Fms. ix. 453, xi. 286), [Swed. mna; A. S. efnan, fnan, = to perform] :-- to
perform, chiey to full a vow or the terms agreed upon; e. or sn, to keep one's word, Fms. i. 4;
at efndi Gunnarr, Nj. 45; at skal ek e. sem ek ht ar um, Fms. i. 217; e. stt, to full an
agreement, Nj. 258: lafr efnir vel vi ambttina, Olave behaved well to the handmaid, Ld. 156. .
reex. to turn out so and so, come to a certain issue; efndisk at ok vel, Nj. 72; at efnask (better
efnisk) opt illa, it comes to a bad end, 189. II. efna, a, to prepare for a thing, make arrangements;
ekki er ess geti at hann efnai til um fgjaldit, Fms. xi. 286; hann efnai ar til vetrsetu, x. 1; eir
efnuu til vetrsetu Oslo, ix. 453; ar hafi lafr konungr efnat til kaupstaar, king O. had there
founded a town, iv. 93: efnai lafr konungr til gtrar veizlu, king O. made a great feast, ii.
133; eir Ingjaldr efna ar sei, Ingjald made a great sacrice, feast, Fs. 19.
efnar, adj. rich, having ample means.
efnd, f. fullment of a pledge, promise. Sturl. iii. 170, Fms. vi. 29, vii. 121.
EFNI, n. [Swed. mne = stuff, materia, and Dan. vne = achievement] :-- a stuff, originally like
Lat. materia, timber; and so the stuff or material out of which a thing is wrought; auskf mrar
e., Ad. 16; at allir hlutir vri smair af nokkru efni, that all things were wrought (created) of some
stuff, Edda 147 (pref.); skapa af engu efni, to create from nothing (of God), Fms. i. 304; efni
(materials) til garbta, Grg. ii. 263, Sks. 287 (of a cloth); ek em grr af styrku efni, I am made
of frail stuff, 543, Barl. 140, Stj. 17, 67; smar-efni, materials; efni-tr, a block, tree; efni lj, orf,
etc., or of any piece tted as materials. . in a personal sense; manns-efni, a promising young man:
karls-efni, a thorough man, a nickname, Landn.: the proverb, engi veit hvar sls manns efni sitr, of
youths of whom no one can tell what may be hidden in them; egns e. = manns-efni, Stor. 11: gott
manns-e., gott bnda-e., promising to be an able man; and on the other hand, ntt, illt manns-e., in
whom there is nothing. . merely in temp. sense, applied to persons designate or elect; konungs-e.,
a crown prince; biskups-e., a bishop-elect; brar-e., a bride-elect; konu-e., one's future wife. . a
subject, of a story, book, or the like, Lat. argumentum, plot; yrkis e., d. 11; e. kva, a plot, subject
for poetry; sgu-e., a subject for tales or history; in old writers it rarely occurs exactly in this sense:
the contents of a written thing, brfs-e., efni bk; hence efnis-laust, adj. void, empty writing;
efnis-leysa, u, f. emptiness in writing; Bjrn hafi ort im um r, en au vru ar efni , at ..., but
that was the subject of the poem, that ..., Bjarn. 42; tti mnnum ar mikit um, hversu mikil efni
ar vru til seld, i.e. people thought the tale interesting, Ld. 200; eigi me snnu efni, falsely, with
untrue statements, Sturl. iii. 305: hvrt efni eir hfu um rgit, how they had made (mixed) their
lies up, Eg. 59; meir en efni s til seld, i.e. (related) more than what was true, the tale was
overdone, Bs. i. 137; talar af sama efni (subject) sem fyrrum, Fms. ix. 252. 2. metaph. a matter,
affair; til sanninda um sagt e., Dipl. i. 8; segir konungi fr llu essu e., Sturl. i. 3; er at merkjanda
essu e., Rb. 250; ftt er betr lti enn efni eru til (a proverb), few things are reported better than
they really are, Band. 2; fyrir hvert efni, for this reason. . a cause, reason; ltask bir af v e.,
both died from this cause, sl. ii. 197; me hverju e. Sturla hefi essa fr grt, what was the reason
of S.'s doing so? Sturl. ii. 132; glei e., sorgar e., matter of joy, sorrow, etc.: the proverb, en hvert
ml, er mar skal dma, verr at lta tilgr me efnum (causes), Eg. 417; fyrir at efni (for that
reason) keypti hann landit, Hrafn. 22, H. E. i. 471; en etta efni (cause) fundu eir til, Sks. 311. . a
state, condition, affair; Rtr sagi allt e. sitt, Nj. 4; vnt efni, a hopeless state, Band. (MS.) 13,
sl. ii. 225; ek veit eigi grla efni Gunnlaugs, I know not how Gunlaug's matters stand, 240; Helgi
kva eigi at efni , at lta lausan jf fjlkunnigan, H. said that it would never do, to let a thief and
wizard go, Sturl. i. 62; ef ess eru efni, if that be so, Grg. i. 76; sr, hvers efni eru, he saw how
matters stood, Band. (MS.) 11; sagi hver efni voru, said how matters stood, Nj. 99; mr ykir
sem mlum vrum s komi ntt efni, ef ..., 150; munu ill efni , some mischief may have
happened, Fs. 144; gott, ungt e., Karl. 402, Bs. i. 815; e-t gengr, kemr sv til efnis, happens so and
so, Mar. (Fr.); skipta sitt lf betra e., to repent, id.; bera til efnis, to happen, Pr. 410. 3. plur. means,
ability; minni nytjamenn af meirum efnum en hann, Sturl. i. 126; eptir snum efnum, to the best of
their ability, Hom. 123; ok bjoggusk um eptir eim efnum sem eir hfu til, Orkn. 360; sji r
nkku r (possibility) er efni vr (means), 358; grunar mik, at rlfr muni eigi grr kunna at sj
efni sn, i.e. I fear that Th. will overrate his own means, power, Eg. 76; vri at efni n vru
mli, it would be a chance for us, Fms. ix. 239; ar vru engi efni nnur, there was no other chance,
xi. 144; n eru ess eigi efni, if that be impossible, Grg. ii. 140; hr eru engin efni til ess at ek
muna svkja hann, i.e. I will by no means deceive him, it is out of the question that I should do so,
Eg. 60. . in mod. usage, means, property, riches. COMPDS: efna-f, f. want of means, Bs. i.
457. efna-lauss, adj. wanting means. efna-leysi, n. want of means, Hrafn. 5. efna-ltill, adj. poor;
vera vel vi efni, to be a well-to-do man. efna-skortr, m. shortness of means, Bs. i. 525.
efni-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hopeful, promising, e.g. of a youth, Nj. 39, Eg. 147, 599, Fms. i. 17, v.
263, Orkn. 202; efniligt r, a wise issue, Fms. xi. 21; sgu allt hit efniligasta, made a attering
report, ix. 488; ekki efniligt, not advisable, Sturl. i. 186.
efni-mark, n. a sign, 732. 17.
efning, f. keeping ( = efnd), Grg. i. 316
efni-tr, n. a block, timber, Gsl. 146, Fas. ii. 210, Stj. 618, Mork. 91.
EFRI, compar.; EFSTR, superl.; older form fri, Hkv. 2. 36, . H. ch. 248 (in a verse), Greg. 42,
N. G. L. i. 10, 384, b. 5, Hom. 116; fstr, Fms. x. 394, 686 C. 2, Ls. 50, 51, Hbl. 18, Edda 115, 116
(Gl.); compar. and superl. without the positive [as Lat. superior, supremus. Gr. GREEK, but formed
from the root syllable 'of-,' cp. ofar, yr; very old MSS. therefore mostly spell with , a vowel
change of o; the mod. form, as well as that of most MSS., is with e, efri, efstr, Am. 50, Og. 23: I.
the upper, higher; the phrase, bera efra skjld, to carry the higher shield, i.e. carry the day, Fms. x.
394 (MS. fra): opp. to neri = upper, at Mosfelli enu fra, b. 5: the adverb, phrase 'it efra'
denoting the upper or inland road, opp. to the shore; allt hit efra sur, Eg. 58; sumir fru it efra til
rhyrnings-hlsa, Nj. 207; hit efra um Upplnd, Fms. i. 22: by land, opp. to the sea, Hkr. ii. 8: of
the inner part of a building, opp. to fremri or the part nearest the door, Eg. 43: in the air, opp. to the
earth, Sks. 115: superl. efstr, the hindermost, e. lir, the hindermost joint, 623. 32: neut. efst as adv.
highest up, uppermost, efst stlpanum, 655 xxv. 2. . metaph. superior, better; er llum fri er,
Greg. 43. II. the latter, last part: 1. temp., efra aldri, in the decline of life, Eg. 4; inn fri, the
latter, opp. to fyrri, N. G. L. i. 342; efri hluti sumars, in the decline of summer, Eg. 712; lafs-messa
hin fri ( = sari), the latter (i.e. second) day of St. Olave (viz. Aug. 3), opp. to lafs-messa fyrri
(July 29), N. G. L. i. 10; efsti dmr, the last judgment, Stj. 58; fsti dmr, id., 686 l.c.; efsta vika,
the last week of Lent = the Passion week, Orkn. 386, Mar. 78; fsti dagr Paska, the last day in
Easter, N. G. L. i. 348; efsta bn, the last prayer, 623. 50; eim gef ek erni efstum brir, Fas. i.
429 (in a verse); efsta sinni, for the last time, 227; vr ritim hana fri en arar, Hom. 116. 2. loc.,
where aptari and aptastr or eptri and eptstr are the common words; fyrstr and efstr are opposed,
foremost and last, in a rank, Ls. l.c.; s fyrstr er efstr gekk inn, Grg. i. 32.
EFSA, t, [cp. Swed. efsing = thrum, stump], to cut; e. e-m skr, to cut one's head off, Sighvat,
(GREEK)
egir, m., pot, an eagle.
Egskr, adj. from Agir, a county in Norway, Fms., Landn.
EGG, n. [A. S. g; Engl. egg; Swed. gg; Dan. g; Germ. ei], an egg, Eg. 152, Grg. ii. 346;
arnar-e., ar-e., lptar-e., hrafns-e., dfu-e., kriu-e., etc., an eagle's egg, eider duck's, swan's,
raven's, dove's, etc.; also, hggorms egg, a snake's egg: eggja-hvta, f. the white of an egg: eggja-
raua, f. or eggja-blmi, m. the yolk; verpa eggjum, to lay eggs; liggja eggjum, to sit on eggs,
brood; koma, skra r eggi, of the young, to come out of the egg, Fagrsk. 4 (in a verse): an egg is
glntt fresh, stropa half-hatched, unga hatched; vind-egg, a wind-egg, addled egg; fl-egg, a
rotten egg; vera lostinn flu eggi, proverb of a sad and sulky looking fellow that looks as if one had
pelted him with rotten eggs, Gsl. 39 (in a verse); fullt hs matar og nnast hvergi dyrnar , a riddle
describing an egg; but fullt hs drykkjar og nnast hvergi dyrnar , the berry: eggja-fata, f. a
bucket in which to gather eggs: eggja-kaka, f. an 'egg-cake,' omelet: eggja-leit, f. a gathering of
eggs, etc.
EGG, f., gen. sing, and nom. pl. eggjar, old dat. eggju, mod. egg; [Lat. acies; A. S. ecg; Engl. edge;
Hel. eggja; lost in Germ.; Swed. gg; Dan. g] :-- an edge, Eg. 181, 183, Nj. 136: the phrase, me
oddi ok eggju, with point and edge, i.e. by force of arms, with might and main, . H. ch. 33, Grg.
ii. 13, Nj. 149, 625. 34; oddr ok egg, 'cut and thrust,' Hom. 33; drepa egg, to blunt: as the old
swords of the Scandinavians were double-edged (only the sax had a single edge), egg is freq. used
in pl.; takattu eggjum, eitr er bum, touch not the edges, poison is in both of them, Fas. i. 522
(in a verse); the phrase, deyfa eggjar, vide deyfa: the sword is in poetry called eggjum-skarpr, m.
with sharp edges; and the blade, tongue of the hilt, Lex. Pot.; svers-eggjar, sword edges; knfs-
egg, xar-egg, the edge of a knife, axe. 2. metaph., fjalls-egg, the ridge of a mountain, Hkr. ii. 44;
reisa egg, to set (a stone) on its edge, opp. to the at side, Edda 40: eggja-broddr, m. an edged
spike, Fms. x. 355.
egg-bitinn, part. bitten, smitten by an edge, Bs. i. 644.
egg-daur, adj. slain by the edge of the sword, Lex. Pot.
egg-elningr, adj. having an ell-long edge (of a scythe), Grg. i. 501.
egg-farvegr, m. the print of an edge, r. 54 new Ed.
egg-frnn, adj. sharp-edged, Lex. Pot.
egg-hvass, adj. sharp, Lex. Pot.
egging, f. an egging on; eggingar-f, n., v.l. for eggjunar-f, Nj. 52.
eggja, a, to egg on, incite, goad, with acc. of the person, gen. of the thing; (e. e-n e-s), er
eggjai hins vesta verks, Nj. 213; allmjk muntu eggjar hafa verit essa verks, Fs. 8; e. li, a milit.
term, to encourage, cheer troops just before battle, Fms. v. 73: proverb, illt er at e. bilgjarnan, 'tis
not good to egg on an overbearing man, Grett. 91; e. e-n e-t, to egg one on to do a thing, Nj. 21,
Pass. 22. 9: absol., er at grta annari stundu er eggja annari, orst. St. 52. 2. reex., lta at
eggjask, to yield to another's egging on; eigi mun konungr lta at eggjask um ll ningsverk n,
Eg. 415; Haraldr konungr lt at eggjask, Fms. xi. 23; eggjask upp e-n, to thrust oneself upon one,
provoke one, Rm. 120: recipr. to egg one another on in a battle, eggjuusk n fast hvrirtveggju,
Nj. 245.
eggjan (eggjun), f. an egging on, Fms. v. 75, vii. 260, Eg. 473, 623. 29. COMPDS: eggjunar-f,
n. a fool, a cat's paw, Nj. 52; vide eggingar-f. eggjunar-or, n. pl. egging words, Fms. ii. 290,
viii. 219.
eggjari, a, m. an egger on, inciter, Barl. 52.
egg-leikr, m., pot. the play of edges, battle, Gkv. 2. 31.
egg-mr, adj., pot, epithet of the slain in a battle-eld; e. valr, mown by the sword, Hom. 31, Gm.
53; no doubt from m, to mow, not from mr, weary.
egg-skurn, n. (mod. egg-skurmr, m.), an egg-shell, Edda. 12, Stj. 10.
egg-slttr, adj. 'edge-plain,' i.e. quite plain, of a meadow to be mown.
egg-steinn, m. an edged, sharp stone, Edda. (Ub.) 290.
egg-teinn, m. 'edge-rim,' one of the two rims running along the ancient swords, with a hollow
between them; blnar 'annarr' eggteinninn, Nj. 203; sv at fal ba eggteina, the blade sank so
deep that both edge-rims were hidden, 125, sl. ii. 55, Fas. ii. 415; rita gullstfum fram eptir
eggteinum, of the sword of Charlemagne, Karl. 178.
egg-t, n. 'egg-tide,' the egg-season (May), Edda 103.
egg-ver, n. 'egg-eld,' a place where the eggs of wild fowl are gathered in quantities (cp. sel-ver,
sld-ver, lpta-ver), Grg. ii. 263, 338, Jb. 217, Eg. 42: gathering eggs = varp, Bs. i. 350; eggvers-
hlmi = varphlmi, Jm. 1.
egg-vlr, m. the slope on the edge (as of scissors), Fbr. 142, Bs. ii. 94.
egg-unnr, adj. thin-edged; e. x, Ann. 1362.
Egipzkr, adj. Egyptian; Egiptaland, n. Egypt, Al., Fms., etc.
EGNA, d, [agn], to bait, with dat. of the bait, Edda 154, Hm. 22: the prey for which the bait is set
either in acc., e. rria, to bait for trout, Sighvat; e. veii, to set bait for the prey, Sturl. i. 18; or in
mod. use, e. fyrir sk: even used, e. neti (better acc.), to cast a net, Fms. ii. 140; e. snrur, gildru,
Mar. passim; egnd snara, Grett. (in a verse). 2. metaph. to provoke, Sks. 232, Fas. i. 39; reii
Drottins uppegnd er, Pass. 40. 3.
egning, f. = eggjan; egningar-kvir, m. a kind of verdict, v. kvir.
EI and ey (cp. also ), adv. [cp. Gr. GREEK; Lat. aevum; Goth. aivs = eternity, everlasting time:
hence are derived the O. H. G. eva, A. S. , Hel. o, in the metaph. sense of law (the law being
symbolical of what is everlasting), which word still remains in the mod. Germ. ehe = marriage;
whence the mod. Germ. echt = genuine, mod. Dan. gte, mod. Icel. ekta, q.v. (Grimm)] :-- ever; the
phrase, ei ok ei, or ey ok ey, for ever and ever; gott ey gmlum mnnum, gott ey ungum mnnum,
Landn. 45; llungis muntu hafa au ei ok ei, Hom. 15, Al. 120; hans rki stendr ei ok ei, 160; Gus
ei lifanda, Blas. 43: the proverbs, ey sr til gyldis gjf, Hm. 146; ey getr kvikr k, 69; ey lsir mn
af mari, Vm. 12; ey ba hon halda, Hkv. 1. 4; ey var mr tja, Akv. 27; lifa ey, Hm. 15, 34; er ok
ey ea ei at er aldregi rtr, Sklda 172; ei at vera, 677. 3; til hins sama var ey at tla, Bs. i. 108.
II. [Dan. ei, Swed. ej], not ever, not, properly a contraction from ei-gi, in the MSS. freq. spelt or
UNCERTAIN; ei is often used in mod. writers, but not in speech; it is also used now and then in
Edd. of old writers, though it is doubtful whether it is there genuine. 2. ey in a negative sense; ey
manni, no man, Vm. 55; vide eyvit.
EI, n. an isthmus, neck of land; mjtt e., Eg. 129; rastarlangt ei, Fms. ix. 402; hence the names
of places, Satris-ei, the Mull of Cantire, Orkn. 152; Skalp-ei, Scalpa (in Orkney), 244; Eiar (a
farm), Eia-skgr (in Sweden), Eia-fjrr, Eis-berg, Eis-vgr, Eis-vllr (in Norway), Ei = Aith
(in Shetland).
EIA, u, f. [Ulf. aiei; Finn. aiti], a mother, Edda 108; an obsolete word, which only occurs once
or twice in old poetry; perhaps akin to edda, q.v.
ei-brir, m. an oath-brother, confederate, Fms. ix. 294, Br. 16: metaph., arnar e., the oath-
brother of the eagle, the raven Fagrsk 4 (in a verse).
ei-bundinn, part. bound by oath, Hkr. iii. 26.
ei-byggjar, m. pl. inhabitants of an isthmus, Fms. viii. 194.
ei-fall, n. a law term, failing in one's oath, Grg. ii. 22, Glm. 387, K. . K. 146.
ei-falli, a, m. one who fails in an oath, N. G. L. i. 431.
ei-fra, , a law term, to charge one with a thing by an oath, Grg. i. 244. 245, Sturl. iii. 98, (in a
case of alimentation.)
ei-fring and ei-frsla, f. charging by an oath, Grg. i. 235, 244, 245.
ei-frr, adj. able, competent to take an oath, Fb. i. 555.
ei-hjalp, f. a Norse law term, 'oath-help,' metaph. last help, issue; sv er, segir rarinn, ok er
nokkur eihjlpin, Band. (MS.) 16, H. E. i. 467, v.l.
ei-laust, n. adj. without an oath. K. . K. 72.
EIR, m. [Ulf. ais; A. S. a; Engl. oath; North. E. aith; Swed. ed; Dan. eed; Germ. eid] :-- an
oath; vinna ei, but also sverja ei, to take an oath, to swear, Glm. 387, Nj. 36, Grg., Sdm. 23;
ganga til eia, to proceed to the taking an oath, Nj., Grg.; eiar, or ok sri, Vsp. 30; fullr e., a
full, just oath, Grett. 161; rjfa ei, to break an oath (ei-ro); perjury is mein-sri, rarely mein-
eir (Swed.-Dan. men-ed, Germ. mein-eid); eiar srir, false, equivocal oaths, Sks. 358; hence the
proverb, lti skyldi eii srt, with the notion that few oaths can bear a close scrutiny, Grett. 161;
trnaar-e., hollustu-e., an oath of fealty, allegiance: cp. the curious passages in Sturl. i. 66 and iii.
2, 3; dr eir, a solemn oath; sluhjlpar-e., sverja dran sluhjlpar-ei, to swear an oath of
salvation (i.e. as I wish to be saved). In the Norse law a man was discharged upon the joint oath of
himself and a certain number of men (oath-helpers, compurgators, or oath-volunteers); oaths
therefore are distinguished by the number of compurgators,--in grave cases of felony (treason etc.),
tylptar-e., an oath of twelve; in slighter cases of felony, sttar-e., an oath of six, (in N. G. L. i. 56,
ch. 133, 'vj hvra hnd' is clearly a false reading instead of 'iij,' three on each side, cp. Jb. b. ch.
20); grmu-eir, a mask oath, a kind of sttar-e.; lrittar-e., an oath of three; and lastly, ein-eii or
eins-eii, an oath of one, admissible only in slight cases, e.g. a debt not above an ounce; whence the
old law proverb, eigi verr einn eir alla, a single oath is no evidence for all (cases), Sighvat, Fms.
iv. 375, v.l., Bjarn. 22, Nj. 13: other kinds of oaths, dular-e., an oath of denial; jafnaar-e., an oath
of equity, for a man in paying his ne had to take an oath that, if he were plaintiff himself, he would
think the decision a fair one: vide N. G. L. i. 56, 254-256, 394, Jb. and Js. in many passages. In the
Icel. law of the Commonwealth, oaths of compurgators are hardly mentioned, the kvir or verdict of
neighbours taking their place; the passage Glm. ch. 24, 25 is almost unique and of an
extraordinary character, cp. Sir Edmund Head's remarks on these passages in his notes to the Saga,
p. 119, cp. also Sturl. iii. 2; but after the union with Norway the Norse procedure was partly
introduced into Icel.; yet the Js. ch. 49 tries to guard against the abuse of oaths of compurgators,
which led men to swear to a fact they did not know. As to the Icel. Commonwealth, it is chiey to
be noticed that any one who had to perform a public duty (lg-skil) in court or parliament, as judge,
pleader, neighbour, witness, etc., had to take an oath that he would perform his duty according to
right and law (baug-eir ring-oath, bk-eir gospel-oath, lg-eir lawful-oath), the wording of
which oath is preserved in Landn. (Mantissa) 335, cp. r. S. (Ed. 1860) p. 94, Band. (MS.)
COMPDS: eia-brigi, n. breach of oath, Band. 6. eia-fullting, n. an oath help, Fas. ii. 204. eia-
konur, f. pl. women as compurgators, Grett. 161. eia-li, n. men ready to take an oath, Eg. 503,
referring to Norway, the men elected to an oath of twelve. eia-ml, n. an oath affair, Sturl. iii. 2.
eia-sekt, f. a ne for an (unlawful) oath, N. G. L. i. 211. eia-tak, n. giving security for an oath,
bail, N. G. L. i. 314, 321. II. a pr. name, Landn.
ei-rof, n. breach of an oath, perjury, K. . 148.
ei-ro (ei-rofa), a, m. a perjurer, violater of an oath, Fms. viii. 387, K. . 148, N. G. L. i. 152,
429, Edda 43.
Ei-sifjar, m. pl. 'Oath-sibs,' the name of a confederation of kinglets in southern Norway: whence
the name Eisifja-lg, m. pl. a collection of laws in N. G. L. i. The word is differently spelt,
Heisifjar, Heisvi, etc. But the syllable ei- may be derived from ei, an isthmus, because their
parliament was held on an isthmus, Eid, now called Eidsvold; vide Munch.
ei-spjall, n. delivery of an oath, in the Icel. law phrase, hla til eispjalls e-s, to listen to one's
oath, Nj., Grg. i. 39, 76, etc.
ei-stafa, a, to say the oath formula for another to repeat, D. N.
ei-stafr, m. the form or wording of an oath; sverja me essum eistaf, Gl. 7, Fms. vi. 53, viii.
150, x. 418.
ei-svari, a, m. a confederate, one bound by oath, Nj. 192: a liegeman bound by a hollustu-e.,
Orkn. 106, Fms. v. 44 (Hkr. ii. 333).
ei-srr, adj. such that it may be sworn to, absolutely true, Eg. 347 (in a verse, MS.; Ed. ausrt).
ei-unning, f. the taking an oath, Grg. i. 57.
ei-vandr, adj. 'oath-fast,' religious as to an oath, Lex. Pot.
ei-varr, adj. cautious (conscientious) as to an oath, sl. ii. 98.
ei-vinning, f. = eiunning, K. . K. 156.
ei-vtti, n. testimony on oath, Jb. 448.
EIGA, pret. tti; pret. subj. tti, pres. eigi; pres. ind. , 2nd pers. tt (irreg. eigr, Dipl. v. 24), pl.
eigum, 3rd pers. pl. old form eigu, mod. eiga; imperat. eig and eigu; sup. tt; with sufxed neg.
pres. ind. 1st pers. 'k-at, 2nd pers. tt-attu; pret. subj. ttim-a: [Gr. GREEK; Goth. aigan; A. S.
gan; Hel. gan; O. H. G. eigan; Swed. ga; Dan. eje; Engl. to owe and own, of which the former
etymologically answers to 'eiga,' the latter to 'eigna'] :-- to have, possess.
A. ACT. I. denoting ownership, to possess: 1. in a proper sense; allt at gz sem eir eiga er
eigandi vera, D. N. i. 80; hann eigr hlfa jrina, Dipl. v. 24; Bjrn hljp sktu er hann tti,
Eb. 6; Starkar tti hest gan, Nj. 89; au ttu gntt bi, 257; hn allan arf eptir mik, 3; tti hn
au fjr, Ld. 20; ef annarr mar ferr me goor en s er , Grg. i. 159; annat vpnit, ok at
orbjrn, en orgautr etta, sl. ii. 341; eignir r er fair hans hafi tt, Eb. 4; rki v er Dana
konungar hfu tt ar lengi, Fms. xi. 301, Rb. 494, Eb. 54, 118, 256, 328, Sturl. ii. 60, Eg. 118; e.
saman, to own in common, Grg. i. 199; ef tveir menn eigo b saman, ii. 44; e. skuld (at e-m), to be
in debt, Engl. to owe; en ef hann tti engar skuldir, if he owed no debts, i. 128; ar til tti honum
(owed him) meistari orgeirr ok mrk, D. N. iv. 288 (Fr.); e. f undir e-m, to be one's creditor,
Nj. 101; in mod. usage, e. f hj e-m, or ellipt., e. hj e-m. 2. in a special sense; u. eiga konu, to
have her to wife; hann tti Gr, Eb. 16; hann tti Ynghvildi, 3; orgerr er (acc.) tti Vigfss, ...
Geirrr er (acc.) tti rlfr, 18; hann gkk at eiga ru, he married Thora, id.; uri hafi hann
r tta, Thorida had been his rst wife, 42; enga vil ek essa e., I will not marry any of these, Nj.
22; Bjrn tti konu er Valgerr ht, 213, 257; fair Hrnjar er tti orsteinn, Landn. 90; sdsi
tti sar Skli, S. was A.'s second husband, 88; orgerr er tti nundr sjni, 89; Vigds er tti
orbjrn enn digri, 87; rnrr er tti rir hersir, 66; Hnger er tti Svertingr, 6l, 86, and in
numberless passages: old writers hardly ever say that the wife owns her husband--the passages in
Edda 109 (vide elja) and Nj. 52 (til ltils kemr mr at eiga hinn vaskasta mann Islandi) are
extraordinary--owing to the primitive notion of the husband's 'jus possessionis' (cp. brkaup); but
in mod. usage 'eiga' is used indiscriminately of both wife and husband; Icel. even say, in a recipr.
sense, eigast, to own one another, to be married: au ttust, they married; hann vildi ekki at au
ttist, hann bannai eim a eigast, he forbade them to marry :-- to the ancients such a phrase was
almost unknown, and occurs for the rst time in K. . 114. . eiga brn, to have children, of both
parents; ttu au Jfrir tu brn, J. and her husband had ten bairns, Eg. 708; hann tti dttur eina
er Unnr ht, Nj. 1; au orsteinn ok Unnr ttu son er Steinn ht, Eb. 10, Nj. 91, 257; ttu au
rhildr rj sonu, 30; e. mur, fur, to have a mother, father, Eb. 98; vnti ek ok, at eigir
illan fur, id. . the phrase, e. heima, to have a home; eir ttu heima austr Mrk, Nj. 55; v at
ek tek eigi heim kveld, ar sem ek heima t slandi, 275; in mod. usage = to live, abide, in
regard to place, cp. the questions put to a stranger, hva heitir marinn? hvar ttu heima? used in a
wider sense than ba. . eiga sr, to have, cp. 'havde sig' in Dan. ballads; Hskuldr tti sr dttur er
Hallgerr ht, Nj. 3; ef hann sr v veru, Hm. 25, (freq. in mod. use.) 3. without strict notion of
possession; e. vini, vini, to have friends, enemies, Nj. 101; hverja liveizlu skal ek ar e. er ert,
what help can I reckon upon from thee? 100; e. vn e-s, to have hope of a thing, to reckon upon,
210; e. til, to have left; ekki eigu it annat til (there is nothing left for you) nema at bija postulann.
Jh. 623. 22: in mod. usage e. til means to own, to have left; hann ekkert til, he is void of means,
needy; eiga ga kosti fjr, to be in good circumstances, sl. ii. 322; e. vald e-u, to have within
one's power, Nj. 265; the phrase, e. hlut at e-u, or e. hlut e-u, to have a share, be concerned with;
eptir at tti hann hlut at vi mtstumenn Gunnars, 101, 120; ar er ttir hlut at, where thou
wast concerned, 119; mik uggir at hr muni eigi gfu-menn hlut e., 179: hence ellipt., e. e-u, to
be engaged in, chiey of strife, adversity, or the like; thus, e. stri, ftaekt, barttu, to live, be
deep in struggle, want, battle, etc. II. denoting duty, right, due, obligation: 1. to be bound, etc.; eir
menn er fylg ttu me konungi, the men who owed following to (i.e. were bound to attend) the
king's person, Fms. vii. 240; ek ar fyrir at sj, I am bound to see to that, Eg. 318; Tylptar-kvir
tti um at skilja, Eb. 48; eir spuru hvrt Njli tti nokkut e. at lsa vgsk Gunnars, Nj. 117; n
ttu, Sigvaldi, now is thy turn, now ought thou, Fms. xi. 109, Fs. 121; menn eigu (men ought) at
spyrja at ingfesti, Grg. i. 19; ann kvi einskis meta, that verdict ought to be void, 59; ef s
mar (owns) f t hr er magann (who ought) fram at fra, 270; n hafa eir menn jammarga
sem eir eigu, as many as they ought to have, ii. 270; tunda mar f sitt, ... hann at at
tunda, ... hann at gefa slugjar, i. 202 :-- 'eiga' and 'skal' are often in the law used
indiscriminately, but properly 'ought' states the moral, 'shall' the legal obligation,--elska skalt
fur inn og mur, skalt ekki stela, where 'tt' would be misplaced; sometimes it is merely
permissive, gefa mar vingjar at sr lifanda, ef hann vill, a man 'may' whilst in life bequeath to
his friends, if he will, id.; mar at gefa barni snu laungetnu tlf aura, ef hann vill, fyrir r
skaparfa sinna, en eigi meira nema erngjar lo, a man 'may' bequeath to the amount of twelve
ounces to his illegitimate child without leave of the lawful heir, etc., 203; ef at til at vilja, if that is
to happen, Fas. i. 11. 2. denoting claim, right, to own, be entitled to, chiey in law phrases; e. dm,
sakir, to own the case, i.e. be the lawful prosecutor; ok s eirra sakir, er ..., Grg. i. 10; er eigu
eir eigi at lgum, or if they be not entitled to it, 94; e. ml e-m, to have a charge against one, Nj.
105; e. rtt e-u, to own a right; s sem rtt henni, who has a right to her, K. . 16; eir sgu
at eim tti slkr mar mikinn rtt sr e., such a man had a strong personal claim to redress, Nj.
105; hence the phrase, eiga ngan rtt sr, if one cannot claim redress for personal injury; eigu
eir eigi rtt sr, then they have no claim to redress whatever, Grg. i. 261; e. sk, saka-stai e-u,
to have a charge against; at er hann tti ngva sk , Nj. 130; saka-stai er hann tti eiga,
166; kalla Vermund eigi (not) eiga at selja sik, said V. had no right to sell them, Eb. 116: hence in
mod. usage, eiga denotes what is t and right, tt ekki a gra a, you ought not; eg tti ekki, I
ought not: in old writers eiga is seldom strictly used in this sense, but denotes the legal rather than
the moral right. . eiga f at e-m (mod. e. hj e-m), to be one's creditor, Grg. i. 90, 405, Band. 1 C:
metaph. to deserve from one, ok ttu annat at mr, Nj. 113; e. gjar at e-m, 213; in a bad sense,
kvusk mikit e. at rni, they had much against Thrain, 138. . the law phrase, e. tkvmt, frt,
to have the right to return, of a temporary exile, Nj. 251: at hann skyli eigi e. frt t hingat, Grg. i.
119; ok eigi ingreitt, is not allowed to go to the parliament, ii. 17; e. vgt, Grg., etc. III.
denoting dealings or transactions between men (in a meeting, ght, trade, or the like), to keep, hold;
tti mr rliga at vr ttim einn mtardm, Nj. 150; e. orrustu vi e-n, to ght a battle, Fms. i. 5,
Eg. 7; e. hgg vi e-n, to exchange blows, 297; e. vpna-viskipti, id., Fms. ii. 17; eiga handsl at e-
u, to shake hands, make a bargain, x. 248; e. r vi e-n, to consult, hold a conference with, Nj.
127; e. tal vi e-n, to speak, converse with one, 129; e. ml vi e-n, id., Grg. i. 10; e. fund, to hold
a meeting, Nj. 158; e. ing, samkvmu, stefnu, to hold a meeting, Eg. 271; etta haust ttu menn
rtt (a kind of meeting) fjlmenna, Eb. 106; e. kaupstefnu, to hold a market, exchange, 56; e.
frnsdm, Grg. i. 94; e. gott saman, to live well together, in peace and goodwill, Ld. 38; e. illt vi
e-n, to deal ill with, quarrel with, Nj. 98; e. bisifjar, q.v., of intercourse with neighbours, Njar.
366; e. drykkju vi e-n, to be one's 'cup-mate,' Eg. 253; e. vi e-n, to deal with one; ekki ek etta
vi ik, this is no business between thee and me, Nj. 93; gott vilda ek vi alla menn e., I would live
in goodwill with all, 47; e. vi e-n, to ght one; eigum vr ekki vi elligar (in a hostile sense),
else let us not provoke them, 42; er hvrt vili it Helgi e. vi Lting einn er brr hans ba, 154;
brtt fundu eir, at eir ttu ar eigi vi sinn maka, Ld. 64; Glmr kva hann ekki urfa at e. vi
sik, G. said he had no need to meddle with him, Glm. 338; e. um a vera, to be concerned; ekki er
vi menn um at e., Nj. 97; ar sem vi vini mna er um at e., where my friends are concerned, 52;
vi fri er um at e., ef Kri er einn, there are fewer to deal with, to ght, if K. be alone, 254; vi
brgtta ttu n um, Fms. v. 263; tla ek at oss mun lttara falla at e. um vi Svein einn, iv. 80;
Sveinn svarar, at eir ttu vi ofrei um at e., that they had to deal with odds, 165. . almost as an
auxiliary verb; e. skilt (skilit), to have stipulated; hafa gripina sv sem hann tti skill, Fms. vi. 160;
at tta ek skilit vi ik, ii. 93; sem Hrani tti skilt, iv. 31; e. mlt, of oral agreement; sem vit ttum
mlt me okkr, xi. 40; vil ek at mlt e., 124: in mod. usage e. skilit means to deserve, eg ekki
etta skilit af hr, etc. . sometimes used much like geta; vi v tti Bi eigi gert, B. could not
guard against that, Fms. i. 117, cp. xi. 109 :-- also, e. bgt, to be in a strait, poor, sickly; e. heimilt,
to have at one's disposal, Eb. 254. IV. to have to do; skal orleifr eigi (not) e. at v at spotta, Eb.
224; e. hendr snar at verja, to have to defend one's own hands, to act in self-defence, Nj. 47; e. e-m
varlauna, to stand in debt to one, 181; e. um vandri at halda, to be in a strait, Eb. 108; e. erindi,
to have an errand to run, 250; en er eir ttu um etta at tala, when they had to talk, were talking, of
this, Stj. 391; e. rkis at gta, to have the care of the kingdom, Nj. 126; en ek hverki at telja vi
ik mgir n frndsemi, i.e. I am no relation to thee, 213; ok tti eir vi annan at deila fyrst,
111; e. miki at vinna, to be much engaged, hard at work, 97; e. e-t eptir, to have left a thing
undone, 56; e. fr, fer, to have a journey to take, 11, 12; hann tti ar f at heimta, 261; e. eptir
mikit at mla, 88. 2. metaph. in the phrases, e. mikit (lti) 'at' ser, or 'undir' sr, to have much (or
little) in one's power; margir menn, eir er mikit ttusk at sr e., Sturl. i. 64; far vi marga
menn, sv at eigir allt undir r, go with many men, so that thou hast the whole matter in thy
hands, Ld. 250; en valt tta ek nokku undir mr, Vgl. 33; kann vera at hann eigi mikit undir sr,
Fas. i. 37; eigum heldr undir oss (better keep it in our own hands), en ganga greipar eim
mginum, Fs. 37; sem eir, er ekki eigu undir sr, who are helpless and weak, orst. St. 55; e.
ykisk hann nokkut undir sr, i.e. he bears himself very proudly, Grett. 122; etta r vil ek undir
sonum mnum e., I will leave the matter in my sons' hands, Valla L. 202; e. lf sitt undir e-m, to have
one's life in another's hands, Grett. 154; mun ek n senda eptir mnnum, ok e. eigi undir jfnui
hans, and trust him not, 110: hence in mod. usage, e. undir e-u, to risk; eg ori ekki a e. undir v,
I dare not risk it: e. saman, to have or own in common; the saying, a ekki saman nema nafni, it
has nothing but the name in common; rautt gull ok bleikt gull ekki saman nema nafn eitt, Fms. v.
346: the proverb, eygi saman gamalt og ungt, lf. 3. 44; e. skap saman, to agree well; kemr
r v vel vi Hallgeri, at it eigit meir skap saman, you are quite of one mind, Nj. 66; eigi veit ek
hvrt vi eigum heill saman, I know not whether we shall have luck, i.e. whether we shall live
happy, together, 3. . to deal with one another (sam-eign); er vr skulum sv miklu gfu saman e.,
that we are to have so much mischief between us, Nj. 201; e. e-t yr hfi, to have a thing hanging
over one's head, Sks. 742. V. to agree with, to t, to suit one: 1. with acc., a ekki vi mig, it
suits me not, it agrees not with me. 2. with dat., medic. to agree, heal, the sickness in dat., thus the
proverb, margt vi mrgu, cp. 'similia similibus curantur,' Vidal. ii. 109. 3. absol. to apply to; at
hann skyldi eigi tra lgum manni rauskeggjuum, v at meistarinn tti etta, the description
suited to the master, Fms. xi. 433; at muntu tla, at ek muna e. hinn bleika uxann, that the dun ox
means me, Vpn. 21.
B. REFLEX., in a reciprocal sense, in the phrase, eigask vi, to deal with one another, chiey to
ght; en er eir hfu langa hr vi tzk, when they had fought a long time, Eb. 238, 74; eigask vi
deildir, to be engaged in strife, 246; ttusk eir hggva-viskipti vi, they came to a close ght,
Fms. i. 38; ttusk eir f hgg vi, r ..., they had a short ght before ..., Eg. 297; ftt ttusk eir
vi jstlfr ok orvaldr, Thostolf and Thorwald had little to do with one another, kept aloof from
each other, Nj. 18; var n kyrt ann dag, sv at eir ttusk ekki vi, tbat day passed quietly, so that
they came not to a quarrel, 222. . to marry, vide above (A. I. 2).
eiga, u, f. ownership, property; er af hans e., Grg. ii. 304, Gl. 312; alla eigu sna (al-eiga), Nj.
11; eiga eigunni (mod. eigu sinni), to own, possess, Fms. vii. 156, 280; kasta eigu sinni , to take
in possession, Eg. 335. COMPD: eigu-ligr, adj. worth having, precious, Fms. i. 294, v. 260, Sks.
696, Sturl. i. 2.
eigandi, pl. eigendr, part. possessor, owner, Grg. i. 419, 420, 623. 21.
ei-gi, sometimes (though rarely) egi, or even contracted ei, adv. (vide ei 2, p. 117); [the negative eigi
is particular to the Scandin., mod. Dan. ei, Swed. ej] :-- not. Old Icel. writers usually make a
distinction between ekki, neut. adj. = nullum, nihil, and eigi, non; but in mod. usage ekki has, as
adv., taken the place of eigi (whilst ekkert is used as the neut. adj.), e.g. ekki gr, ekki vel, where
the oldest writers use eigi gr, eigi vel; this use of ekki is, however, very old and freq. used, e.g. in
the Njla, and even in as old a vellum MS. as the Miracle-book (Bs. i); in most cases ekki and eigi
are difcult to distinguish, because of the contraction in MSS. (vide ei); editors commonly print
eigi :-- that old poets used eigi, not ekki, may be seen from rhymes such as eigi var ens gja, Fms.
vi. 420: vide the negative -gi.
eigin, n. [Ulf. aigin = GREEK], one's own, of property; sitt eigin, his own, Stj. 448; girnask annars
eigins, Hom. 54, Fms. ix. 453, v.l., Grg. ii. 191 (rare), vide eign. II. a seed, Edda (Gl.); cp. the
Norse iend or ejende = the rst sprouts of corn, Ivar Aasen.
eigin-bndi, m. one's own husband, K. . 122, 655 xxxi. 3.
eigin-brr, f. one's own bride, Lex. Pot.
eigin-byg, f. one's own county, Fms. ii. 185.
eigin-dttir, f. one's own daughter, Stj. 516.
eigin-gipt, f. part. one's own wife, H. E. ii. 111.
eigin-giptask, dep. to marry, Bs. ii. 167.
eigin-girnd and eigin-girni, f. selshness, Stj. 134, Fas. i. 396.
eigin-gjarnligr and eigin-gjarn, adj. selsh, Sks. 528.
eigin-hsfr, f. one's own housewife, Stj. 251.
eigin-kona, n, f. one's own wife, Eg. 342, Grg. i. 376, K. . 122, Fms. vii. 306, x. 265, Sturl. ii.
197.
eigin-kvngar and eigin-kvntr, part. lawfully married, 671 B. 17, Sturl. i. 226.
eigin-kyn, n. 'own-kind,' peculiarity, Stj. 22.
eigin-leikr (-leiki), m. peculiarity, quality, Sklda 174.
eigin-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv. properly), one's own, Fms. v. 232, x. 230, Magn. 496, K. . 432: gramm.,
e. nafn, a proper name, Sklda 185.
eigin-mar, m. one's own wedded husband, K. . 136, Titus i. 6.
eiginn, adj. [A. S. gen; Engl. own; North. E. ain; Germ. eigen; Swed.-Dan. egen] :-- own, one's
own; this word is in mod. usage indecl. in case and number, only marking the gender, e.g. mn,
minnar, mnum eigin ..., but mitt eigi, etc.; old writers use a full declension, til eiginnar konu, K.
. 110; eigna konu, Str. 20; snum eignum brur, Hom. 158; spju sna eigna, 159; snu eignu
fstrlandi, Stj. 103; fyrir snum eignum sonum, 240; hafa at eignum manni, one's own husband,
Fagrsk. 10; eiginnar konu barn, 13.
eigin-or, n. as a law term, ownership, possession, Grg. i. 417, ii. 259, . H. 98; f at eiginori, to
get into possession, Eg. 511. 2. metaph. a wedding, betrothal, Korm. 74, Grg. i. 162, 174, 310,
Vgl. 20.
eigin-spsa, f. = eiginkona, Str., (for. word.)
eigin-tunga, u, f. one's own native tongue, Edda 153 (pref.)
eign, f. property, possession, patrimony; rki essu er ek kalla mna eign, Fms. i. 201; f til eignar,
to get, Stj. 484; kasta sinni eign e-t, to take into possession, Fms. iv. 238, Eg. 466. . chiey in pl.
estates, landed property, opp. to lausaf or movable; hann tti eignir Vk austr, Eg. 466, K. . 84:
sing., en ef eign (a landed estate) er egngildi, Gl. 131; eignir ea lausaf, N. G. L. i. 121; eignir
er hann tekr, 122. COMPDS: eigna-lauss, adj. without estates, Fagrsk. 33. eignar-br, n. one's own
barn, N. G. L. i. 383. eignar-hluti, m. private share, property, Dipl. ii. 6: part of an estate, Bs. i.
762. eignar-jr, f. a patrimony, landed inheritance, Bs. ii. 11. eignar-kona, f. = eiginkona, Fms.
x. 152, K. . 136. eignar-lr, m. one's own people, Stj. eignar-lrittr, m., vide lrittr, Grg. ii.
204. eignar-mar, m. an owner, possessor, Jb. 371, Dipl. v. 9. eignar-mark, n. a mark of ownership
(on cattle), Jb. 121. eignar-nafn, n. a proper name, Stj. 258, Fms. xi. 444. eignar-skipti, n. [mod.
Dan. mageskifte], exchange of land, Jb. 192, D. N. eignar-vitni (-vtti), n. a witness of ownership,
Jb. 191.
eigna, a; e. e-m e-t, to attribute to one, Stj. 25, Grett. 147 A, Fms. v. 277: to dedicate, name after
one, mikit hof ok eignat r, i. 294; kirkju ok e. hinum helga Kolumba, Landn. 43; eigna daga
vitrum mnnum heinum, Bs. i. 237; eigna sr, to declare a thing to be one's own property; f minu
ok eignir ykkr Helgu, say that you and Helga are the owners, Nj. 257; e. sr land, to take land into
one's own hands, Fms. v. 168: the proverb, sr eignar smalamar f, enga eigi hann kindina, the
shepherd calls the ock his own, though he owns not a sheep. 2. reex. to get, become the owner of,
Grg. i. 4, Nj. 94, Fms. i. 28, iv. 79, Edda 145 (pref.): part. eignar, having possession, Fms. iv. 23,
v.l.
ei-gr, adj. 'ever-good,' dear, beloved, a nickname, Fms.
eigra, a, to walk heavily, denoting pain from age or debility, Fas. ii. 130 (in a verse), now freq.
eigu-ligr (eigur-ligr, Barl. 205), vide eiga.
EIK, gen. eikar, pl. eikr, [O. H. G. eik; Germ. eiche; A. S. c; Engl. oak; North. E. aik; Swed. ek;
Dan. eg] :-- an oak, Sklda 151. 2. used in Icel. (where are no trees) in the general sense of tree,
Lat. arbor; and wherever found it is a sure test of Icel. authorship; brotna eikrnar fyrir v, Fb. i.
133; skg vi eik eina, Fs. 69; hann reist honum kviinn ok leiddi hann um eik, Nj. 275, Fms. xi.
9, 12 (Jmsv. S.), (an 'oak' with apples); tu hverjar arar v eikrnar me skyndi, Nm. 2. 98;
'saepius ventis agitatur ingens pinus' (of Horace) is by Stefan Olafsson rendered, opt vindar 'eik' j
ef a hn er mjg h, Snt 87: but in the oldest proverbs the sense is probably that of oak, e.g. at
her eik er af annari skefr, cp. one man's meat, another man's poison, Hbl. 22, Grett. 53 new Ed.;
or, verr eik at fga sem undir skal ba, Eg. 520;--this last proverb seems to refer to an old
custom of building houses under an old oak as a holy tree.
eiki, n. oak timber, Lex. Pot.
eiki-ss, m. an oaken beam, El. 12.
eiki-kylfa, f. an oaken club, Lex. Pot.
eiki-kstr, m. a pile of oak-wood, Gh. 20.
eikinn, adj. savage (of a bull), freq. in mod. use; in Skm. 17, 18 it is used of wild-re. II. oaken,
Edda i. 430 (in a verse).
eiki-skgr, m. an oak-shaw, oak-wood, Fms. vi. 426, xi. 224.
eiki-stobbi, a, m. the stump of an oak, Flv.
eiki-stokkr, m. an oak-stock, Fms. vii. 37.
eiki-sla, u, f. an oaken column, Rm. 148.
eiki-tindar, part. with oaken pegs, Sks. 418.
eiki-vir, m. an oak-wood, Sks. 415.
eiki-vndr, m. a twig of an oak-tree, Sks. 416.
EIKJA, u, f. [eikja, Ivar Aasen], a small ferry-boat, Hbl. 7, Fms. iv 185, viii. 37, N. G. L. i. 239,
243; for Bs. i. 674 vide eykr.
ei-ligr, adj. eternal, 677. 2, 3, (rare.) ei-lf, f. everlasting life, eternity, Mar., (freq. in mod. use.)
ei-l, n. = eilf, Barl. 76, 93.
ei-leikr, m. eternity, Stj. 8.
ei-liga, adv. to eternity, Fms. i. 202, Fb. i, 322, Eluc. 3, Fr. 137, 655 xxxii. 10, N. T.
ei-ligr, adj. everlasting, eternal, N. T.
ei-lfr, adj. everlasting, eternal, 625. 188, Fms. i. 75, K. . 228, N. T.; at eilfu, for ever and ever,
Nirst. 8, Hkr. i. 19.
ei-ltill, adj. 'ever-little,' very little.
EIMR, m. and eimi, a, m. [this word may be akin to O. H. G. tam; Germ. athem; Fris. ethma,
adema, omma; A. S. dm,--a Scandin. contracted form would be sounded eim; Dan. em; Norse m,
Ivar Aasen] :-- reek, vapour, from re or embers, different to gufa, steam from boiling; eimr ok
reykr, Stj. 58; e. ok aldrnari, vapour and re, Vsp. 57; eim hratt, vapour gushed out, Orkn. (in a
verse); eimr skaut hrmi, the vapour sent forth soot, Lex. Pot.: when the poets (Edda Gl.) call re
eimr, this can only be in a metaphorical sense; the sword is pot, called eimnir, m. reeking (with
blood). . in mod. usage eimr is also used of sound, a faint sound, tune; fyrir snglistar stan eim,
Bb. 1. 4.
ei-muni (and ey-muni), a, m. an ever-memorable thing; at er eim eimuni, they will never forget,
Fms. iv. 249; at man r eymuni, thou wilt never forget it, Bjarn. 25 (in a verse); eymuni hinn
mikli (name of a very severe winter), Ann. 1291. . nickname of a Dan. king, the everbeloved, Fms.
xi; vide ein-muni.
eim-yrja, u, f. [Dan. mmer; Ivar Aasen eimor], embers; in allit. phrases, eldr ok e., Fms. iii. 180,
Fas. ii. 75 (in a verse), or eisa ok e.; hann var borinn eimyrju, Greg. 57; akin to eimr, qs. eim-
myrja, a quantity of eimr, q.v.
EIN- in compds denoting only, or only one in an intensive sense, vide the following words.
ein-angr, m., Lat. angustiae, a narrow passage: metaph. a great strait; the proverb, margr verr
vaskr einangrinum, tt ltt s vaskir ess milli, many a man is bold in perils, though ..., Eb. 60;
tilleitinn (unprovoking) en ruggr i einangri, but bold if put in a strait, Grett. 120.
ein-angra, a, to put one in a strait, drive into a corner, Stj. 71.
einar-liga, adv. rmly, Fms. ix. 509, v.l.: heartily, 625. 195; vel ok e., well and heartily, Fms. x.
35; eigi mjk e., not very heartily, 99.
einar-ligr, adj. rm, trusty looking, Fms. ii. 39.
ein-arr (qs. ein-harr), adj. rm, and metaph. honest, sincere; einr tr, rm belief, Hom. 38,
159; rskr mar ok e., a bold and trusty man, Nj. 223; e. ok skelegr, rm and undaunted, Sturl. iii.
217; djarfr ok e., daring and bold. Fms. iv. 204: faithful, trusty, ix. 256, opposed to tvdrgr. II.
single; einr sng, a single bed, D. N. ii. 94 (Fr.); bta einrum rtti, to pay a single ne, N. G.
L. i. 69, 71,--this sense is Norse and obsolete and rarely occurs in Icel. writers; einart ak, a single
thatch, Ld. 280; en hann sltr af sr bndin eigi seinna en einaran vef, Stj. 416. Judges xiv. 12 ('like
a thread,' A. V.)
einart, mod. einatt, or even einlagt, adv. incessantly; gkk annarr mar t en annarr inn einart, one
went out and another in incessantly, Fms. iv. 261; sitja einart vi drykk, xi. 366; mrin grt einart,
the girl 'grat sore,' kept on weeping, Eg. 481; fylgja e., to follow on one's heels, 371; gmundr var
e. (always) me Karli, Sd. 171; sttusk e. kafa, sl. ii. 268; hann ferr einart (straight, directly) til
himna-rkis, Hom. 159; boginn m eigi e. uppi vera, a bow must not be ever bent, 623. 19; l allr
herrinn Dana ok Sva einart skotmli, Fms. ii. 313.
ein-asta, adv. only, solely, Sks. 439: in mod. usage also adj. indecl.
ein-bakar, part. once-baked, Stj. 279.
ein-bani, a, m., pot, the only, i.e. the great, slayer, Hm. 22, Hkm. 3.
ein-baugr, m. a single ring, opp. to tv-baugr, a double ring.
ein-beittr, adj. resolute.
ein-berni, mod. ein-birni, n. [barn], the only bairn, only heir, Grg. ii. 183, Eg. 25, 83.
ein-berr, adj. sheer, pure.
ein-beygr, part. (cp. baugr II. 4), in the phrase, e. kostr, dire necessity, only chance, Hkr. ii. 172,
Orkn. 58.
ein-bjargi (ein-bjarga), adj. able to help oneself, Bs. i. 328.
ein-brega, br, to braid a single knot.
ein-breir, adj. of a single breadth, half a yard broad, of stuff, opp. to tv-breir, N. G. L. iii. 114.
ein-bi, a, m. a single dweller, Eg. 109.
ein-bli (ein-bli), n. [bl], a single household, opp. to tv-bli, Fms. iv. 93, Fagrsk. 57.
ein-daga, a, to x a day for pay or the like, with acc.; e. f, ing, brullaup, etc., Grg. i. 102, 266,
391, Gl. 212.
ein-dagi, a, m. a term for pay or any other duty to be done, Grg. i. 3, 383, Fms. v. 278, N. G. L. i.
7, 27, 83.
ein-dreginn, part., e. vili, decided, rm will.
ein-drgni, f. (ein-drgr, adj.), unanimity, harmony, Ephes. iv. 3.
ein-dll, mod. and more freq. inn-dll, adj., prop, very easy: metaph. agreeable, Fas. ii. 492; vide
inndll.
ein-dmi, n. a law term, the right to be an absolute, sole umpire or judge in a case, Sturl. ii. 2,
Fms. ii. 11, O. H. L. 36; cp. sjlf-dmi. 2. a single example, Sks. 649: an unexampled thing, cp. the
proverb, eindmin eru verst, Grett. 93 A, vide dmi; cp. also endemi.
ein-eggjar, part. one-edged, Stj. 383.
ein-eii, n. (eins-eir, m., K. . 150, Gl. 25), a single oath (vide eir), Gl. 196, 361, K. . K. 42,
Jb. 119, 120, 123, 126, 443, passim.
ein-eigis, adv. with sole ownership, D. N.
ein-eign, f. sole ownership, D. N.
ein-elti, n. the singling one out.
ein-eygr (ein-eygr), adj. one-eyed, Br. 178, Fas. i. 379.
ein-falda, a, to 'single,' address with 'thou,' Sks. 303.
ein-faldleikr (ein-faldleiki), m. simplicity, Stj. 34, 44, Hom. 67.
ein-faldliga, adv. simply, Stj. 60, K. . 224: specially, singularly, Sklda 190, Alg. 354.
ein-faldligr, adj. simple, singular, Sklda 190.
ein-faldr, adj., prop. having 'one fold,' Lat. simplex, simple, single, Vm. 135: metaph. simple, plain,
of men or things, Bs. ii. 39, 147, Hom. 49, Hkr. iii. 97, Fas. i. 76: simple, silly, (mod.)
ein-farir, f. pl. walking alone, Hkr. ii. 106; fara einfrum, with the notion of melancholy, (freq.)
ein-feldr, part, [fella], resolute, bent on one thing, sl. ii. 36.
ein-fyndr, adj. as nder entitled to the whole, N. G. L. ii. 146, l. 9, 13, or belonging only to the
nder, id. l. 13, 14.
ein-frr, adj. able to do for oneself, Fas. ii. 113, Glm. 344.
ein-ftingr, m. a one-legged man, Rb. 344, cp. orf. Karl. 432.
ein-fttr, adj. one-legged, Grett. 87.
EINGA- [from einigr; Ulf. ainaha; A. S. nga; Germ. einig], only, single; only used in COMPDS:
einga-barn, n. an only bairn, Barl. 174, ir. 130, Sturl. ii. 197, Br. 14. einga-brr, f. the only
beloved bride, Lex. Pot, (the Church, the bride of Christ). einga-dttir, f. an only daughter, Fas. i.
(in a verse), Stj. 407. Judges xi. 34, ir. 224, Fas. i. 76. einga-drttinn, m. the only Lord, Hom.
74. einga-saur, m. an only sheep, Stj. 516. 2 Sam. xii. 4. einga-sonr, m. an only son, Mar. 43, Gg.
2, Karl. 209. einga-vinr, m. an only friend, bosom friend, Nj. 77. In mod. usage einka- (q. v.) is
used instead of einga-, which is an obsolete form; and even in old MSS. both forms occur, e.g. Stj.
(l.c.), v.l.: ir. 130 spells 'einka-,' and it even occurs in old vellums as 623, p. 41; einka-sonr, Luke
vii. 12.
ein-ganga, u, f. = einfarar, N. G. L. iii. 36: eingngu, as adv. solely.
ein-getinn, part., eccl. only begotten, Clem. 40, Sks. 604 (of Christ).
EINGI, einginn, in old writers more freq. spelt 'eng' (which accords with the mod. pronunciation),
engi, enginn, qs. einn-gi from einn, one, and the negative sufx -gi :-- none.
A. THE FORMS vary greatly: 1. the adjective is declined, and the sufx left indeclinable; obsolete
forms are, dat. eino-gi or einu-gi (nulli), gishjlmr bergr einugi, Fm. 17; einugi feti framar, not a
step further, Ls. 1; sv illr at einugi dugi, Hm. 134; in old laws, ef mar svarar einugi, Grg. (. .)
i. 22; acc. sing, engi, engi mann, Hkv. 1. 37; engi fri, Hm. 15; engi jtun (acc.), Vm. 2; engi
eyjarskeggja, Fas. i. 433 (in a verse); also in prose, engi mann, . H. 68; engi hlut, 33, 34: engi
lisamna, 36, Mork. passim; engi knt fkk hann leyst, ok engi larendann hreift, Edda 29. 2. the -
gi changes into an adjective termination -igr; gen. sing. fem. einigrar, Hom. 22, Post. 645. 73; dat.
sing. fem. einigri. Hom. 17; acc. sing. fem. einiga, Fas. i. 284 (in a verse); nom. pl. einigir, Jd. 1;
fem. einigar, Grg. i. 354; gen. pl. einigra, Post. 73; dat. einigum: this obsolete declension is chiey
used in the sense of any, vide below. 3. declined as the pronom. adj. hverr or nekverr (= nokkur);
dat. sing. fem. engarri; gen. pl. aungvarra, Fms. ix. 46, Stj. 70; dat. sing. fem. aungvarri, Mork. 187;
hereto belongs also the mod. neut. sing, ekkert. 4. the word is declined as the adj. rngr, with a
nal v; nom. fem. sing, ng sorg (no sorrow), Hm. 94; nom. masc. ngr or aungr, Skv. 2. 26, Nj.
117 (in a verse), Fms. vi. 42 (Sighvat), i. 132 (Vellekla), etc. 5. adding -nn, -n to the negative sufx,
thus einginn, fem. eingin, neut. pl. eingin (or enginn, engin); in the other cases this n disappears.
Out of these various and fragmentary forms sprung the normal form in old and modern writings,
which is chiey made up of 1, 4, and 5: old writers prefer nom. engi or eingi, but modern only
admit einginn or enginn; gen. sing. masc. neut. eingis, einskis or einkis (enskis, Grg. i. 163;
einskis, 25 C), engis or eingis, Eg. 74, 714, 655 xxxii. 10; einkis, Fms. x. 409: in mod. usage einskis
and einkis are both current, but eingis obsolete: neut. sing, ekki assimilated = eit-ki or eitt-ki, in
mod. usage ekkert, a form clearly originating from 3 above, but which, however, never occurs in
old MSS.,--Fms. iii. 75, Landn. (Mant.) 329, Gl. 343 (cp. N. G. L. ii. 110), are all paper MSS.,--nd
only now and then in those from the end of the 15th century, but is common ever since that time;
the N. T. in the Ed. of 1540 spelt ekkirt: in the nom. sing. old writers mostly use eingi or engi alike
for masc. and fem. (eingi mar, eingi kona), whereas modern writers only use einginn, eingin
(einginn mar, eingin kona); this form also occurs in old MSS., though rarely, e.g. engin hafi ess
g, Stj. 6; einginn karlmar, 206; eingin atkvi, Fms. v. 318: eingin hey, sl. ii. 138; chiey in
MSS. of the 14th or 15th centuries: acc. sing. masc. engan or ngan is in MSS. much commoner
than eingi (engi), see above, e.g. engan hska, Fms. ii. 322; fyrir engan mun, Gl. 532, etc.: in the
other cases the spelling and pronunciation are at variance. Editions and mod. writers usually spell
engra, engrar, engri, engum, engu, engan, enga, engir, engar, but these forms are pronounced
throughout with or au, ngra, ngrar, ngri, ngum or ngvum, ngu or ngvu, ngan or ngvan,
nga or ngva, ngir or ngvir, ngar or ngvar; that this is no mod. innovation is amply borne out
by some of the best vellum MSS., e.g. Arna-Magn. 468, . H., Fb., Mork.; ngum manni, Nj. 82;
ngri munu, 10; ngvar sakir, 94; nga frskapi, 52; aungu vtta, Stj. 208; ngvan ef, 7; ngu
ntr, Fb. i. 284, 365; ngvan hlut, 166; ngum, 25; aungum vrum brra, 63; avngir, . H. 184;
ngva, 146; ngu, 184 (freq.); avnga menu, sl. ii. 349 (Hei. S. MS. Holm.); ngvir diskar, 337;
ngum, Grg. i. 27; avngver menu, Bs. i. 337 (Miracle-book); ngom, 346, 347; nga bjrg, 349; en
sr ngu at una, Hm. 95, Mork. passim, etc.: these forms are clearly derived from 4 above. [The
word is exclusively Scandin.; Dan. ingen, neut. intet; Swed. ingen, inga, intet; Ivar Aasen ingjen,
neut. inkje.]
B. THE SENSE: I. 'not one;' used as adj. with a subst. none, no, not any; eir vissu sr eingis tta
vn, Eg. 74; man hann einigrar (= ongrar) mbunar vtta af Gui, Post. 73, and in numberless
cases. 2. used absol. (Lat. nemo) as subst. none, naught; ekki er mr at eigna af essu verki, Fms. ii.
101; enda virask einkis vtti au er eir bera, Grg. i. 25; enginn konungs manna, Fms. i. 104; ok
lt ekki (naught) hafa af furar snum, Eg. 25; eingi eirra, Sklda 165; fur hann var enskis
rvnt, sl. ii. 326; en svarar engu, Ld. 202; at ngu, for naught, Fms. iv. 317; ngum eim er sarr
kemr, Grg. i. 27; a skal enga veia, none of them, ii. 338; engi einn, none, Fms. v. 239; sem engin
veit fyrri gert hafa verit, K. . 28; ekki skorti (ekkert, Ed. from paper MS.), Fms. iii. 75. . neut.
ekki with gen. pl. in a personal sense, ekki manna, 'nought of men,' = engir menn or enginn mar,
no man, not a single man, . H.; ekki vtta, nought, Fms. viii. 18; ngu vtta, nought (dat.), xi. 90;
ekki skipa, not a single ship, etc. (freq. in old writers): einskis-konar, adv. in nowise, Sks. 713:
engan-veginn, adv. noways. 3. neut. ekki is freq. used as adv. = eigi, q.v., Edda 20, Fms. ii. 81, vii.
120, xi. 22, Grg. i. 206, Eg. 523. II. any; this sense is rare and obsolete, and probably also
etymologically different from the preceding (cp. A. S. nig): u. after a negative; hn eigi at selja
fjrheimtingar snar, n sakar einigar, Grg. i. 354; er eigi saurgisk einigri lkams hreinsun, Hom.
17; hvat sem engi segir, ir. 178; aldregi skalt at heyra n engi annarra, 128; aldri fyrr engri
herfer, 29; m eigi ar fyrri undir ba eingi s er tempraan blsta vill hafa, Sks. 45 new Ed.; n
nnur eingi, Sklda (Thorodd) 165; v at hanu m hvrki vaxa n verra, n engi veg skapask
snu at kvi, 166; eigi skal mar gildra mrku annars til einigra dyra, N. G. L. i. 242. . after a
comparative; prettvsari en ekki annat kvikendi, Mar.; ari ok fegri en engi mar annarr, Stj. 524;
smilegri en engan tma fyrr hafi hann verit, 196; um at fram (= framar) en engi hans frnda
her haft fyr hnum, Fagrsk. 11.
ein-girni, n. [garn], single-threaded yarn.
ein-hagi and ein-agi, a, m. a piece of ladies' dress, Edda (Gl.), Bjarn. 42 (in a verse).
ein-hama and ein-hamr, adj. 'one-shaped,' as equivalent in the phrase eigi e., 'not single-shaped,' a
werewolf; it is also used with berserkr, q.v.; sem httr er eirra manna sem eigi eru einhamir ... er af
eim gengr berserks-gangrinn, Eb. 136; rndr var kallar eigi e. (Thrand was thought to be a
werewolf), mean hann var heiinn, en tk af estum trllskap er skrir vru, 306; ykkir sem
hann hati eigi san dyggilega e. verit, Fb. i. 260; v at ert eigi e., sl. ii. 29: without a preceding
eigi (less correctly), at hann ha sterkastr mar verit ... s er e. her verit, i.e. of those who were not
berserkers, Fb. i. 524, Fas. ii. 261; cp. hamr, hamramr, hamremi, hamask, etc.
ein-hendis, adv. straight, off-hand, Bs. i. 13 (in a verse).
ein-hendr, adj. single-handed, Edda 17, Landn. 186.
Ein-herjar, m. pl. the 'only' or great champions, the dead warriors in Valhalla; about this
mythological word vide Edda (Gg.) 23-25, Em. 1, Hkm. 16, Gm. 23, Vm. 40, 41: sing. voc.
einheri, thou great champion! (of Thor), Ls. 60: the name Einarr is properly = einheri; cp. einarr
bold, einr valour, all kindred words.
ein-hjal, n. secret gossip, . T. 2.
ein-hleypi, n., einhleypis-mar, m. = einhleypingr, Gl. 94.
ein-hleypingr, m. one who goes alone, hence a vagabond or person without hearth or home (cp.
Scot. landlouper), Hrafn. 13; e. flausir, Stj. 398. Judges ix. 4 ('vain and light persons,' A. V.)
ein-hleypr, adj. a single man without xed household, unmarried, K. . 126, N. G. L. i. 142; opp. to
bandi, 26.
ein-hltr, adj. [hlta], trusting to oneself alone, self-condent, not needing the help of another; vera
sr e. e-u, Eb. 90, Orkn. 283; lta sr e-t einhlitt, to think it enough, rest satised, Fms. iv. 78; at
var mlt at hn lti mik eigi einhltan, it was said that she was untrue to me (a euphemism), Sturl. i,
44; sv mundi , ef hn hefi bnda sinn einhltan, gjrt, Dropl. 9; vera e. um e-t, to have to decide
a thing; eigi em ek e. um svr essa mls, ok vil ek rask um vi mur hennar, sl. ii. 159.
ein-hugsa, a, to make up one's mind, Fs. 18.
ein-hverfa, , to decide upon, determine, with acc., Fms. v. 39.
ein-hverfr, adj. determined, Sturl. i. 213.
ein-hverr, v. einn.
ein-hyrndr, adj. having one born, Stj. 69.
ein-hyrningr, m. 'one-horn,' a unicorn, Karl. 386.
ein-hfr, adj. only t for one thing.
einigr, v. eingi.
eining, f. unity, Hom. 55, Ver. 46, Fms. i. 281, Sks. 604.
EINIR, m. [Swed. en] juniper, Edda (Gl.), Stj. 396, Hjalt. einir-ber, n. berries of the juniper, Hjalt.
einir-lauf, n. leaves of the juniper, Bjrn.
ein-jrnungr, m. all of one piece of iron, e.g. a knife, Krk. 40.
einka, a, to appoint for a peculiar use; hann einkai til ess eitt hs, Sks. 622; hlutr einkar
kirkjunni, H. E. i. 258; ok var ar til einkar Gumundr prestr, Bs. i. 452: to dedicate, Karl. 301.
EINKA- (rarely einkar-), in COMPDS denoting, I. special, personal, particular: einka-gjf, f. a
special gift, Lex. Pot. einka-gri, n. special truce, N. G. L. i. 417. einka-gripr, m. a special family
heir-loom, Glm. 339; bi rnar ok e., runes and tokens, Fms. vi. 274. einka-hlutr, m. a special,
particular, personal thing, 625. 195. einka-jartein, f. a special token, Sklda 167. einka-ley, n. a
law term, an especial leave, Grg. i. 364, ii. 491, 492: (mod.) a privilege. einka-lof, n. id., Grg. i.
6. einka-lkning, f. an especial remedy, Hom. einka-mar, m. a person of special rank, a
dignitary, Sks. 271, N. G. L. i. 4. einka-ml, n. pl. a special, personal agreement, treaty, Eg. 37,
Fagrsk. 179, Fms. i. 23, ii. 290; binda stt eium ok einka-mlum, vii. 282: a privilege, e. ok
rttarbaetr, Bs. i. 699, Js. 47, Jtv. 8. einkar-eli (einka-li), n. especial nature, Sklda 171, 677. 3.
einkar-nafn, n. a special name, proper name, Edda 108. einka-skriptargangr, m. a special
confession, Hom. 74. einka-sla, u, f. happiness, beatitude, Greg. 18. einka-vinr, m. a particular
friend, Br. 173, Nj. 77, v.l., Orkn. 448, (vide einga-vinr.) II. only: einka-dttir, -barn, -sonr, etc.,
vide einga- above.
einkan-liga, adv. especially, particularly, Fms. i. 20, 191, K. . 216, 230, Bs. i. 771.
einkan-ligr, adj. especial, Stj. 6, H. E. i. 502, 655 xxxii. 8: extraordinary, Bs. ii. 18, 159, 170.
ein-kanna, a, = einka, to attribute, N. G. L. ii.
ein-kanna- in einkanna-hlutr, m. an especial thing, Fms. vii. 120.
einkar- prexed to adjectives or adverbs = Scot. unco = specially, greatly, very; e. vel, very well,
Fms. xi. 18; e. fagr, very ne, beautiful, ii. 300; e. skjtt, with great speed, Eg. 354; e. traur, very
unwilling, Fms. xi. 98; e. mjk, very much, viii. 186; e. ltill, very small, Fbr. 99 new Ed.: cp. Lex.
Pot., (very freq. in mod. use.)
ein-kenna, d, to mark, signalise, Stj. Josh. ii. 18, Hkr. iii. 264, v.l.
ein-kenniligr, adj. especial, particular, Str. 3, 39.
ein-kenning, f. distinction, Karl. 288.
ein-kili, m. [cp. Swed. kela; Dan. kjle = to fondle], a fondling, Edda (Gl.); hence einkilju-legr,
adj. fondled, spoilt, Bjrn.
ein-kleyfr, adj. clear, unequivocal, Hkr. iii. 203, v.l.
einkum, dat. used as adv. 'unco,' chiey, especially, Landn. 282, Fms. xi. 25, viii. 102, Fs. 21, K. .
K. 162. 2. = einkar, very; e. g, Hom. 111; e. vel, 655 xxx. 7; e. lti, Sks. 188; e. bezt, Mork. 79.
3. particularly, Fms. xi. 45, 127.
ein-kunn, f. a mark, sign, Grg. i. 414, 415, ii. 303, Hkr. iii. 364.
ein-kunna, a, = einkenna, Grg. ii. 345.
ein-kynna, t, = einkenna, esp. of marking sheep or cattle, to brand or mark their ears, Grg. i. 414,
415, ii. 303, 348.
ein-lagi, adj., vera, gerask e. um e-t, to act alone in a thing, Ld. 266, Fms. iv. 87.
ein-lt, n. pl. 'letting alone,' deserting one's wife, Grg. i. 178.
ein-leikit, part. neut., in the phrase, a er ekki e., of an uncanny thing, not by fair means.
ein-leitr, adj. singular, odd, particular, Mar.
ein-litr, adj. of one colour, Stj. 45, H. E. i. 492, Rd. 251.
ein-lyndr, adj. odd, strange, stubborn, Nj. 184, Sks. 435.
ein-lgni, f. sincerity, earnestness.
ein-lgr and einlg-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), sincere.
ein-lti, n. = einlt, Hkr. i. 245.
ein-man, n. solitude, in the phrase, einmani; n ef mar br einmani rum mnnum fjarri, in
solitude, far from other men, N. G. L. i. 340; n er mar staddr einmani, 343.
ein-mani (ein-mana), adj. solitary, alone, lonely; e. sv langt fr rum mnnum, Fas. i. 48, iii.
227: with the notion of a helpless, orphan state, ttisk hann n mjk e., left alone, Nj. 260; ar
ert kominn hr e. (single-handed), Fbr. 154; ungr ok e., young and friendless, Fms. viii. 3; hversu e.
(how bereft) margir fara, Sl. 48.
ein-mll adj, one-sided in speech, Sklda 164. ein-mnur, m. the 'single month,' i.e. the last
month of the winter, thirty days long, beginning on the Tuesday between the 9th and 15th of March
(old style), Grg. i. 166, Edda 103, Rb. 516. COMPD: einmnaar-samkvma, u, f. a meeting
held (in northern and eastern Icel.) at the beginning of the Einmanad, mentioned in Sturl. iii. 311,
Lv. 65, Vpn. (N Fl. xxi. 124), Jb. 301, Fs. 67.
ein-menningr, m., drekka e., to toss off a bumper at one draught, Eg. 551.
ein-mitt, n. adj. as adv. just, exactly.
ein-muna, adj. 'alone remembered,' memorable, always in a good sense; e. blr, exceedingly mild;
e. ver, ne weather, cp. eimuni.
ein-munaligr, qs. ein-manaligr, adj. lonely.
ein-mli, n. private talk or conference, Eg. 54, 741, Nj. 10, Sks. 363, Fms. i. 204, iv. 123, 303:
common talk, var at allra manna e., Fagrsk. 179.
ein-mling, f. = einmlt, Mar. 155.
ein-mlis, adv. once a day, N. G. L. ii. 359.
ein-mlt, n. adj. [ml = meal], one meal a day; eta, matask e., Fms. viii. 447; fasta e., K. . K. 102.
ein-mltr, part. spoken by all, Fms. ix. 501, Eg. 514, Eb. 310.
EINN, adj., pl. einir, acc. sing, einn, but also einan, esp. in the sense al-einan etc.; [Gr. GREEK;
Lat. &u-long;nus, and early Lat. oinos; Ulf. ains; A. S. n; Engl. one, in E. Engl. proncd. like stone,
bone; Scot, ane; Swed. en; Dan. een] :-- one.
A. Cardinal number, one; einn, tveir, rr ..., opp. to bir, eiri, etc.; einum er eirum, Grg. i.
108; eina sk er eiri, 78; unnu bir eins verk, Fas. i. 515; einum ok einum, one by one, ii. 252;
tveir menn vemltu um einn grip, Grg. i. 412. 2. in old poems it is used as an ordinal number;
Ur htu eina, ara Verandi, Vsp. 20; segu at it eina ..., opp. to at it annat, Vm. 20; hjlp heitir
eitt, help ranks rst, Hm. 147, Vkv. 2; but this use is quite obsolete. 3. with the notion of sameness,
one and the same (unus et idem;) einu hsi, in the same house, Grg. ii. 42; ein ero lg um, hvrt
sem ero naut er sauir, i. 422; allt eina lei, all one way, Fms. ii. 315; til einnar gistingar bir,
vii. 274; einu brjsti, Alm. 36; allr einn, the very same, Nj. 213. II. indenite, a, an, a certain one;
einn vetr, a winter, Fms. i. 57; einn dag, x. 11, Fas. i. 514; eitt kveld, Ld. 38; einn hinn versti mar,
Fr. 91; Breilingr einn, a man from Broaddale, Sturl. ii. 249; einn vinr ris, a certain friend of
Thorir, Fms. vi. 277: einn as the indenite article is hardly found in old writers; and though it is
freq. in the Bible, sermons, hymns, etc., since the Reformation, it was no doubt borrowed from the
German, and has never been naturalised. . about, before numbers; ein tvau hundru vamla,
about two hundred pieces, Sks. 30; einar mm sudir, about three thousand, Al. 111,--obsolete, in
mod. usage hrum-bil or the like. III. alone, Gr. GREEK, Lat. solus, used both in sing. and plur.;
Gurn skyldi ein ra, Ld. 132; Hallr tk einn upp fang, 38; lta einan, to let alone; lttu mig
Drottinn einan ekki, Pass. 34. 11; as a law term, to let one's wife alone, lt hann eina Gurnu,
Fms. x. 324 (cp. einlt); Gunnarr mundi vera einn heima, Nj. 113; sj einn hlutr, that one thing only,
112; au ein tendi (plur.), only such news, 242. . if put after the noun, einn denotes, only, but,
sheer, and is almost adverb.; segja etta prett einn, a mere trick, Sturl. ii. 249; raufar einar, all in
holes, Nj. 176; uru borin bli einu, the tables were bedabbled with blood all over, 270, . H.
116; ll orin at hvlum einum, all turned into whales, Fas. i. 372; gabb eitt ok h, sheer mockery,
Sks. 247; or ein, mere words, Nj. 123; gangs-kli ein, Eg. 75; vin eitt, wine only, Gm. 19;
heiptyri ein, Fm. 9; hamingjur einar, Vm. 49; ofsamenn einir, Ld. 158; ntt eina, for that one
night, N. G. L. i. 240: also after an adj., lti eina, only a little, Stj. 177; at eina, er hann tti sjlfr,
Eg. 47, Fms. v. 303; nema gs eina, naught but good, Eg. 63; ftt eitt, few only, but few; vilt eitt,
but what is agreeable, Hm. 125; mikit eitt skala manni gefa, a proverb, 'small gifts shew great love,'
51; s einn, er ..., he only, who ..., 17; satt eitt, sooth only, Fm. 9; the sense differs according as the
adj. is placed before or after the noun, einn Gu, the one God; but, Gu einn, God only, none but
God. IV. plur. in a distributive sense, single; ein gjld, a single weregild, opp. to tvenn, renn, fern,
double, triple, quadruple, Grg. ii. 232; thus Icel. say, einir sokkar, skr, vetlingar, a pair of socks,
shoes, gloves; einar brkr, a pair of breeches; also with nouns which have only plur., e.g. ein,
tvenn, renn Jl, one, two, three Christmasses (Yules); einar (tvennar) dyrr, a single ... door; eina
Pska, one Easter. V. gen. pl. einna is used in an intensive sense; einna manna bezt, best of all single
men, Fms. ix. 258; mesta lagi einna manna, foremost of all single men, Bjarn. 65; ftt er sv einna
hluta, at rvnt s at hitti annat slkt, . H. 75. . ellipt., manna, hluta, or the like being omitted,
einna becomes almost an adverbial phrase, by far, exceedingly; at engi viti einna miklogi grr (=
einna manna), that no one (no single man) shall know it much better, Grg. i. 2; einna verst, by far
the worst, Orkn. 162, Nj. 38; einna sizt, by far the least, least of all, Fms. i. 37; einna mest verr,
Ld. 8; er einna var rkastr, who was the mightiest of all, Fms. i. 297; engan rtt einna meir kunnan at
gra (= einna rtta meir), Sks. 22; engi er einna hvatastr (= e. manna), there is none so mighty but
be may nd his match, Hm. 63: in mod. usage einna, joined with a superlative, is used adverbially,
e. beztr, e. jtastr, the best, the eetest, but in a somewhat depreciatory sense. VI. used adverb.: 1.
gen. sing, eins, u. eins ok, as, as if; eins ok vri hann me llu ttalauss, Hkr. iii. 275; allt eins ok
(just as) rakkar metja me tungu, Stj. 392. . likewise, in the same way; mikill orri var at er r
sgu eins bar, Landn. (Hb.) 320; this use of eins is very rare in old writers, but freq. in mod. use;
in the spoken language at least 'eins' (= as) has almost replaced the old 'sem.' . only; er ek he r
spurn til eins, Fms. iv. 139 (rare). . at eins, only, but, Grg. i. 235; vel at eins, ironically, well
enough, Ld. 248; eigi at eins, not only, Fms. i. 266; me snum at eins kostnai, vii. 184; v at eins,
only in that case, Nj. 228; ar at eins, sl. ii. 400; allt eins, not the less for that, 216: in mod. use,
just as (vide allr A. V. 5). 2. dat. at einu = at eins; daur at einu, Ld. 242; v at einu = v at eins,
Fms. iv. 195; v at einu er rtt ..., Grg. i. 164; sv at einu, id., Nj. 103; s evkr syndir snar at einu,
he but adds to his sins, Hom. 157; allt at einu, all the same, sl. ii. 216, v.l.: af v einu, only
because, Mork. 140.
B. Joined to another pronominal adj. or adv.: I. einn hverr, adj. pron., in old writers usually in two
words and with a double declension (see below), but now and then (and in mod. usage always) in a
single word, einn being indecl.; einhverja (acc. f.), Hbl. 30; einhverjum (dat. sing.), Hm. 122, Fms.
x. 71; einhverjo hrai, Al. 98, Nj. 2; einhverra (gen.), Fms. iv. 75; einhverir (nom. pl.), viii. 202;
einhver, einhverir, etc.: the form eins-hverr is peculiar, keeping the gen. indecl. through all the
cases, nom. einshverr, N. G. L. i. 6; acc. einshverja, Stj. 156, 655 xxxii. 18, Gl. 135; dat.
einshverjum, Stj. 22, 442, 448; this form seems to be chiey Norse, is very rare in old writers, and
now quite obsolete; neut. sing, eitthvert, Vm. 73, or eitthvat, Stj. 442, the mod. usage makes a
distinction, and uses eitthvert only as adj., eitthva as subst.: 1. each one, each single one; mar er
einn hverr, Edda 108; r eru sv margar, at ein hver m vel endask, Eg. 414; r eirra fjrungi
sem r einum hverjum rum, b. ch. 5; skal einn hverr (each) eirra nefna sr vtta, Grg. i. 74;
jafnmikinn arf sem einn hverr (each) sona hans, Sturl. ii. 77; ftt er sv herra einhverra hluta, of any
single thing, Fms. iv. 175. . joined to a superl. it strengthens the sense; gtastr mar einn hverr,
one of the very rst men, Nj. 282; vinslastr hfingi einhverr, highly popular, Fms. vii. 4; einhver
drengilegust vrn, ix. 515. 2. in an indenite sense, some, somebody, a certain one; eitthvert rki,
Sks. 350; eina hverja ntt, some night, 686 B. 4; eitthvert sinn, once, sometime, Sturl. i. 77, Nj. 79;
einhverju sinni, id., 2; einhvern dag, some day, Fms. v. 177, sl. ii. 212; eina hverja essa t, about
this time, N. G. L. i. 355; til einnar hverrar stefnu, to some meeting, Fb. i. 354; eins-hverja hluti, Stj.
156; me eins-hverjum sveini, 442; at ekki s minna vert, at hla prests-messu nvgs hinni
fyrstu, heldr en biskups-messu einhverri, Bs. i. 131. . used as subst.; einn hverr vrr bandanna,
Fms. i. 34; einn hvern manna hans, Eg. 258; einhverr hverjum dal, Ld. 258, Nj. 192. . einhver-
staar (eins-hver-staar, Fms. vii. 84), adv. somewhere, Grett. 130, Fms. iv. 57, Sd. 181. II. einn-
saman, adj. 'one together' (vide einsamall), i.e. quite alone; marinn lir ekki af einu-saman
braui, Matth. iv. 4; me einni-saman sinni sn, me einni-saman sinni efan, Stj. 93; ef tlegir
fara einar-saman, if it be solely a matter of outlay (ne), Grg. i. 103; ef at fri eitt-saman, ii. 10:
of a woman, vera eigi ein-saman, to be not alone, to be with a child, Fms. iii. 109. III. with other
words; einir ... missir, 'one and sundry;' various, mixed, Stj. 88, 204; eina hluti ok missa, Fb. i.
191. . hverr ok einn, 'each and one,' every one, 677. 1, H. E. i. 393, Rb. 492; fyrir hvern mun ok
einn, Fas. i. 396. . einn ok sr-hverr, one and all. . einn sr, apart, for oneself, alone; Mspells-
synir hafa einir sr fylking, Edda 41; einn sr, sole, Fms. ii. 308; sr einir, Sturl. ii. 53: metaph.
singular, peculiar, ein var hn sr lsku, Fs. 30. r. sr-hverr, adj. every one, q.v.: eins-konar, adv.
of one kind, Sklda 165; mod. indef. of a certain kind, a kind of: eins-kostar, adv. particularly, sl.
ii. 322, Mork. 81. . n einn, not one, none; in old writers usually so, but now and then contracted
neinn (q. v.), and in mod. usage always so; n eina sek, Grg. i. 136; n eitt hreint, Stj. 409; n
einu sinni, not once, Fms. xi. 13; n eins, not a single thing, 112; n eina herfer, vii. 28. q. fir
einir, only a few, in mod. usage in one word, nom. feinir, dat. feinum, gen. feinna: ein-stakr,
single, q.v.: al-einn, alone, q.v.: ein-mana, q.v. (cp. Gr. GREEK): einum-megin, adv. on one side,
Nj. 248 (vide vegr).
ein-nefna, d, to appoint specially, Grg. i. 11.
einn-ig (einn-eg, einn-og, einn-ug), in mod. pronunciation and in MSS. of the 15th century
einninn or einneginn (qs. einn veginn), adv. [from einn and vegr, qs. einn veg; cp. hvernig, how;
annig, thus; hinnig, otherwise] :-- in the same way, likewise, also; the subst. notion is still seen in
the phrase, einneg, in the same manner, 686 B. 12, Hom. (St.) 64; ek vil sj hvernog markar
inn hlut, at eigi markim vit einnog bir, Hkr. iii. 59; eigi tti llum einnug, sl. ii. 352; Torfa
Svartsson einnig (likewise), Sturl. i. 103; einneginn lver, O. likewise, Fas. iii. 470; fylgir honum
ok einninn s kappi, Fas. i. 419; ltu eir einninn syngja kirkju, Bs. (Laur. S.)
ein-nttr, adj. one night old, Sturl. i. 174, Hm. 85.
ein-rit, sup., hafa e., to have resolved, made up one's mind, Greg. 60, Eg. 424, Fms. ii. 266, v. 44,
Orkn. 34: masc., Mork. 84.
ein-rr, adj. self-willed, Ld. 314, Fms. xi. 246, Fas. ii. 113, Bjarn. 70.
ein-reikull, adj. straying alone, Bs. i. 243.
ein-rendr, part. having a single stripe (of cloth), Nj. 96, v.l.
Ein-rii, a, m., pr. name, also Eind-rii, mod. Indrii, but freq. in good MSS. spelt ein-, Mork., .
H., Orkn.; it properly means the great rider. . nickname of Thor the god of thunder from his
driving in the clouds, Edda (Gl.); cp. rei, thunder.
ein-rm, n. a privy; einrmi, privately.
ein-ri, n. self-will, obstinacy, Fms. ii. 254, Ld. 4, 188, Mork. 83.
ein-rnligr, adj. singular, strange, odd, Fms. vi. 217.
ein-rnn, adj. of singular temper, self-willed, Eg. 573, Fms. ii. 154, iii. 202, Bs. i. 144, in the last
passage probably a false reading, = einvnn.
ein-samall, adj., einsmul, einsamalt, pl. einsamlir, etc., alone, rarely, in old writers, who use einn
saman in two words, and it only occurs in later MSS., Fas. i. 91, iii. 469 (paper MSS.)
ein-seta, u, f. hermitage, Hom. 26, Mart. 125. COMPDS: einsetu-kona, u, f. a female anchorite,
Bs. i. 478, Ld. 332, Hkr. i. 316. einsetu-lf, n. and einsetu-lifnar, m. the life of an anchorite, Bs. i.
204, Stj. 154, 158. einsetu-mar, m. an anchorite, Fms. i. 145. einsetu-munkr, m. a hermit, Greg.
70, 655 iii. 4.
ein-setja, setti; e. sr, to resolve rmly.
ein-skapan, f. the right to x one's own terms, Orkn. 214, Fms. xi. 24.
ein-skepta, u, f. stuff woven with a single weft, a kind of annel.
ein-skilt, n. adj. taken aside for a private purpose, (Fr.)
ein-skipa, adj. with a single ship, Fms. ii. 5, vii. 214, ix. 499.
ein-skrr, adj. quite clear; e. ver, Njar. 374.
ein-skjaldar, gen. as adv. under one shield, acting together, Fms. ix. 249.
ein-skora, a; e. hug sinn, to make one's mind up, Br. 11.
ein-skrligr, adj. pure; e. rdd, a pure voice, Thom. 151.
ein-skrr, adj. pure; e. n, pure grace.
ein-skpur, m. a sole judge or umpire, Lex. Pot.
eins-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), alone, by oneself, Sks. 2: singly, Fms. i. 139, Stj. 184: especial, Magn.
512: gramm. singular, Sklda 185, 191.
ein-staka, adj. single, isolated (with the notion of few, now and then, here and there); e. vg, Fms.
xi. 99; e. slg ok skeinur, Hv. 50; e. kossar, Fb. i. 304; e. vsur, extemporised ditties (hence staka, a
ditty), Fbr. 69.
ein-stakr, adj. = einstaka. . mod. famous, notorious, chiey in a bad sense; e. armingi, svingr,
jfr, galdramar, etc.
ein-stapi, a, m. a kind of fern, pteris aquilina, Str. 45.
ein-stigi, a, m. a single path, so narrow that only one can pass. Eg. 576, 577, 583, Fr. 267, Rd.
246, 247, Fms. ii. 110, viii. 49.
ein-strengja, d, to resolve rmly, Fms. iii. 49: reex. to grow bold, ix. 50.
ein-stingr, m. an orphaned (bereft) person, einstings-skapr, m. a state of bereavement.
ein-str, adj. left alone, bereaved, widowed, Hm. 5.
ein-snn, adj. = eineygr, one-eyed, Fas. i. 41, Fms. ii. 138, x. 301. . at einsnu, clearly, evidently,
Hom. 5.
ein-stt, n. adj. evident, what clearly ought to be done; e-t er e., i.e. that and nothing else is to be
done; ok er r e. at jna eigi lengr fjanda, Fms. ii. 39, 124, vi. 154, 242, vii. 19, 25, 27, Boll. 342,
Orkn. 408.
ein-tal, n. private conversation, Nj. 103, Fms. i. 205, iv. 145, 308, vi. 11, vii. 103, Mork. 176.
ein-talat, part., vera e-t um e-t, to speak of nothing but that, sl. ii. 245.
ein-teiti, adj. quite merry, in high spirits, Eg. 526, Fms. iv. 167.
ein-tmi, adj. at one's ease, undisturbed, Orkn. 266.
ein-tmis, adv. alone.
ein-tmr, adj. sole, alone, sheer.
ein-trjnungr, m. made of one piece of wood, Karl. 96, v.l.
ein-vala, adj. ind. chosen, excellent (Lat. egregius); e. kappi, a great champion, Stj. 512: e. ker, a
chosen vessel, of a saint, Orkn. 226, Bs. ii. 148; e. li, chosen, picked troops, Fr. 79, Stj. 480; e.
mar, a choice man, Blas. 37; e. riddari, a ne horseman, Stj. 450.
ein-vald, n. monarchy, sovereignty, Stj. 499; koma einvaldi landit, to make the country (i.e. the
Icel. Commonwealth) submit to the monarch, Fms. ix. 435; tundi vetr einvalds hans, the tenth year
of his reign, x. 161. COMPDS: einvalds-hfingi, a, m. a monarch, Ann. 492. einvalds-konungr,
m. an absolute king, Fms. i. 4, Eg. 6, 118, 263. einvalds-riki, n. an empire, Stj. 576, Fms. i. 19.
ein-valdi, a, m. and ein-valdr, s, m. a monarch, Fms. i. 2, iv. 126, Eg. 6, Fb. i. 40.
ein-valinn = einvala, Bs. ii. 70, 183.
ein-veldi, n. = einvald.
ein-verugr, adj. = einviruligr, (Fr.)
ein-vili, a, m. self-will, Fms. x. 418.
ein-viring, f. one's own choice, Bs. ii. 46, H. E. i. 523.
ein-viris, adv. in particular, Mar. 49, 139.
ein-viruliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), especially, Lv. 37, H. E. i. 518.
ein-virki, also ein-yrki, a, m. [verk]. a single worker, one who works single-handed, a poor
husbandman that has no servants; the einyrki is reckoned partly as bndi, and not cottager; he could
serve as a neighbour (bi) in case of his property amounting to two cows' value per head of his
household (wife and children), Grg. i. 145, dened in ii. 42, 43: the Norse sense of the word, Gl.
438, cp. Jb. 184: in N. G. L. i. 199 distinction is made between bndr, einhleypingar, and einyrkjar.
ein-vist, f. in the phrase, vera einvistum, to live alone, 625. 88, Bs. n. 45.
ein-vgi, n. [A. S. nvig], a single combat; distinction is made between the hlmganga (q.v.) and
einvgi, the rules of einvgi being plain, cp. the curious passage in Korm, 84; Edda 18, Nj. 33, Fms.
vii. 229. COMPD: einvgis-mar, m. one who ghts in single combat, Fms. x. 88.
ein-voldugr, adj. absolute, Fs. 17.
ein-vnn, adj. [vn]: medic., liggja e., to lie in a hopeless state, to be sinking fast, Bs. i. 353; hn
hafi aldri orit einvnni, her life had never been in greater danger, id.; fylgi bi svefnleysi ok
matleysi, ok tti hann einvnn vera, and they thought he was in a hopeless state, 144, (Ed.
emrnn, which no doubt is a misspelling in the MS.)
ein-vrum, adv. specially, D. N., Sks. 787.
ein-ykkr, adj. (ein-ykkni, f.), stubborn, self-willed, Fb. i. 543.
ein-ri, n. [r]. a termof one year, D. N.
ein-rr, adj. lasting one year, D. N.
ein-ti, n. pl.; eta eintum, to eat 'off-hand,' Glm. 340, cp. Edm. Head's Transl. 24.
ein-r, mod. einur (Norse form einar), f. [einarr], frankness, boldness, fairness; vit ok e.,
Fms. ix. 333; ef vilt heldr tra lygi ... en e., rather to believe a lie than simple truth, Eg. 63; e. ok
vintta, frankness and friendship, sl. ii. 234; munu r tla, at s muni eigi e. til hafa vi at
ganga, that he has not the fairness (boldness) to confess, Ld. 172, Fms. ii. 32; n vilju vr sna e.
vrrar frsagnar, we will shew the fairness of our story, viii. 48. . faith, delity; at engi skjoplisk
einurinni (delity) vi annan, . H. 61; a landflkit mundi snit fr einrinni vi konung, 177;
fir munu n vera Noregi eir er einr sinni haldi n vi mik, 194. . in mod. usage, einur
means frankness, as opp. to shyness; thus einarar-lauss, adj. = shy: einarar-leysi, n. shyness,
einarar-ltill, adj. rather shy, whereas in old writers these words mean faithless or irresolute;
vera einarar ftt, to fail in courage, Nj. 208; einarar-lauss, wavering, Al. 71, Sks. 357, N. G. L.
ii. 420: einarar-mar, m. a stedfast, trusty man, Sturl. ii. 64: einarar-skortr, m. = einurarleysi,
Nj. 208, v.l.
EIR, m. [Lat. aes; Goth. aiz; A. S. r; Engl. ore; O. H. G. er; Hel. erin; Germ. erz] :-- brass, Stj.
340, 656. 7, Greg. 80, Hkr. i. 265, Fms. x. 284. COMPDS denoting brazen, of brass: eir-altari, m.
a brazen altar, Stj. eir-baugr, m. a brazen ring, Fb. i. 370. eir-hestr, m. a brazen horse, Merl. eir-
hjlmr, n. a brazen helmet, Stj. 461. eir-ketill, m. a brass kettle, Grg. i. 504, Eg. 396. eir-kross,
m. a brazen cross, Vm. 49. eir-kyrtill, m. a brazen cloak (used for torment), Blas. 46, 655. 14. eir-
lampi, a. m. a brass lamp, Jm. 2. eir-ormr, m. a brazen serpent, Stj. 333. Numb. xxi. 9. eir-
penningr, m. a penny of brass, Post. 645. 78. eir-skjldr, m. a brazen shield, Stj. 461. 1 Sam. xvii.
6. eir-stlpi, a, m. a pillar of brass, Stj. 564. eir-teinn, m. a wire of brass, Fms. ii. 129. eir-uxi, a,
m. an ox of brass (image), Stj. 2 Kings, xvi. 17.
EIR, f. peace, clemency; this word occurs several times in old poetry (Kormak), but not in prose,
cp. Lex. Pot., and in COMPDS: eirar-samr (eir-samr), adj. mild; eirar-lauss and eirar-vanr, adj.
merciless, martial. II. one of the heathen goddesses, Edda.
eira, , [A. S. rian = parcere], to spare, with dat.; hafa allir hlutir unnit eia at e. Baldri (not to
hurt Balder), Edda 37; hann eiri ngu hvrki orum n verkum, he spared naught either in word
or work, Nj. 184, Fms. vii. 312; at eir skyldu e. konum ok kirkjum, spare women and churches,
Sturl. iii. 40; e. undan e-u, to yield; hfum vr lengi undan eirt fjandskap yrum, Ld. 204; kva
hann ekki mundu tj at letja sik, kvask lengi hafa undan eirt, Fms. vii. 244; ok meir ykjumk
vr undan eira, Sturl. i. 72; eptir etta ra eir gmundr brott, ok eirir hann undan enn fyrst,
iii. 103. . impers., e-m eirir e-t illa, it displeases one, i.e. to feel ill at rest with a thing; illa eiri
mr fall itt, Flv. 29; Eirki konungi eiri etta strilla, Fms. i. 19; honum eirir illa ef hann her
eigi sitt ml, sl. ii. 236; Bergi eiri hit versta, Fs. 53; eira vel (ironically), to be well pleased, meira
efni her hann til eldingar en honum megi vel eira inni at vera, 45: to do for one, vitum hve oss eiri
l at er Brr of signdi, let us see how Bard's draught will agree with us, Eg. ch. 44 (in a verse);
Egill fann, at honum mundi ekki sv bit eira, E. felt, that this would not do, Eg. 552. In mod.
usage, eira means to feel at rest (= una), of a man or beast who is restless or runs from one place to
another,--it is said 'hann eirir hvergi,' he can nowhere rest; the other senses are obsolete.
eira, u, f. rest, = eir.
eir, f. clemency, mercy, Fms. ix. 36, v.l, Hkr. iii. 257, Gull. 48, O. H. L. 40. 2. mod. rest,
quietness; pl. -eirir, uproar, tumult.
eirinn, adj. forbearing, Bs. i. 766; -eirinn, overbearing, mod. restless. eir-ligr, adj. brazen, Stj.
377.
EISA, u, f. [Swed. ssia; Norse eisa and esja], glowing embers, Edda (Gl.), esp. in the allit. phrase,
eisa ok eimyrja.
eisa, a, in the phrase, e. eldum, to shower down embers, Fas. ii. 469: pot., ganga eisandi, to go
dashing through the waves, of a ship, Hkv. 1. 2; lta skeir e., id., Sighvat; vargr hafs eisar, the sea-
wolf (the ship) goes dashing, Edda (in a verse); eisandi ur, foaming waves, Bs. i. 483 (in a verse),
vide Lex. Pot.
eiskald, n., pot, the heart, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot.: in pl., eiskld, Fm. 27.
eiskra, a, to roar or foam, rage; gkk hon tar ok innar eptir glnu eiskrandi, sl. ii. 338; grvir
at eiskra, enraged, Hm. 11; hann eiskrai mjk ok hlt vi berserksgang, Fas. i. 524; eiskrai
st berserkjunum, 425: in mod. usage, a skrar honum, it roars within him, of suppressed rage.
EISTA, n., gen. pl. eistna, a testicle, Sturl. ii. 182, Fas. ii. 342, Bs. i. 615, Fb. ii. 161; sels-eista, a
nickname, Fbr.
EITILL, m. a nodule in stone, iron, or the like; hence the saying, harr sem e., 'hard as a int,'
pot. name of a giant, Edda (Gl.)
eitla, a, in the phrase, eitla augum, 'to set the face as a int,' Sks. 230 B.
EITR, n., gen. eitrs, [A. S. tor; O. H. G. eitar; Dan. dder; Old Engl. atter-cop; the spider is in A.
S. tor-coppa, whence Dan. dder-kop = cup of poison] :-- poison, Br. 15, Fms. vi. 166, viii. 303,
Edda 155 (pref.), Al. 49, Fas. i. 522 (in a verse).
eitra, a, to poison, Ann. 1360: part. eitrar, empoisoned.
eitr-, f. a poisonous stream, Edda 42.
eitr-blandar (eitr-blandinn), part. poisoned, Rb. 358.
eitr-blstr, m. inammation from poison, Bs. ii. 95, 157.
eitr-blginn, part. swoln with poison, Greg. 79.
eitr-dalr, m. dales with rivers of poison, Vsp. 42.
eitr-drep, n. deadly poison, mortication, Stj. 97.
eitr-dropi, a, m. a drop of poison, Vsp. 44.
eitr-drykkr, m. a poisoned draught, Fas. iii. 392.
eitr-eggjar, part. having a poisoned edge, Fms. iii. 78.
eitr-fr, adj. glittering (of poison), venomous (of snakes), Edda (Gl.)
eitr-uga, f. a venomous insect, Bs. ii. 183.
eitr-fullr, adj. full of poison, Magn. 470.
eitr-herr, part. tempered in poison (of steel), Bret.
eitr-kaldr, adj. deadly cold, Lex. Pot.
eitr-kveisa, f. venomous sore, a nickname, Fms.
eitr-kvikendi, n. a poisonous animal, Sks. 88, Stj. 253, Al. i, 623. 26.
eitr-kvikja, u, f. poisonous yeast, Edda 3.
eitr-ligr, adj. poisonous, Stj. 91.
eitr-makr, m. a venomous maggot, Stj. 97.
eitr-nara, a, u, f. a poisonous adder.
eitr-ormr, m. a viper, Stj. 37, 96, Rb. 344, Fms. vi. 164.
eitr-tandrar, adj. = eitrfr, Al. 168.
EK, pers. pron., mod. eg, proncd. g or jeg; eg occurs as early as in MSS. of the 15th century, Arna-
Magn. 556 A; jak, Fms. x. 287, cp. the mod. Swed. form and the mod. Icel. jeg; old poets make it
rhyme with ek, as, Halldrr ok ek | hfum engi rek, Korm. 154 (in a verse), cp. Ld. 108: [Ulf. k,
but ek on the Golden horn and on the stone in Tune; A. S. ic; Engl. I; Germ. ich; old Swed. jak,
mod. jag; Dan. jeg; cp. Lat. ego, Gr. GREEK] :-- I, Nj. 10, 30, 132, etc. 2. in poetry and old prose a
pronominal 'k or 'g is sufxed to the verb; em'k binn annan at nefna, Grg. i. 103; ek em'k, 623.
56, Blas. 41, Mork. 89, 94, 99, 104, Vm. 8, Ls. 14, Ad. 1, Post. 645. 33; jk'k, 'I eked' (added), b.
(pref.); vas'k ar fjrtn vetr, ch. 9; er ek var'k bnum, Blas. 40, Hm. 12; ek ba'k, Post. 645.
54; ek kom'k, Skm. 18; ek sit'k, Mork. 168; ek nn'k, 141; ek nam'k, 73; s'k, 75; ek s'k (video),
103, 168, Fms. xi. 110; mun'k-at ek, Mork. 50; sv ek vind'k, Hm. 156; ok rt'k essa lund, Sklda
(Thorodd) 166; sj'k (sim), Mork. 183: g before k becomes by assimilation k, e.g. hyk'k = hygg'k,
Skm. 5: the pronominal k is inserted between the sufxed negative and the verb, ek skal'k-a, hef'k-a,
mon'k-a, sa'k-a, ma'k-a, veit'k-a, or skal'k-a ek, hef'k-a ek, etc.: even a double k after a diphthong,
si'kk (sim), Mork. 89, 134, but chiey in poetry with the sufxed negative, e.g. ek s'kk-a: this
form is obsolete, whereas the sufxed g (or k) in bisyllables or after a vowel is more freq.; sv at ek
f'k eigi leyzt mik, Edda 20; er ek vilda'g helzt, Fms. xi. 146; eigi munda'k tra, Edda 32; ef ek li
ok mega'k ra, 34; hafa'k bundit me gresjarni, id.; sem nga frg muna'k af hljta, 20;
snda'k bi eim ok Smundi, b. (pref.); er ek var heima heyra'k sagt, Edda 81; er ek aeva
kenni'g, Hm. 164; draums tli'g r, Hdl. 7; ora'g, Ad. 1; rka'g, mtta'g, Stor. 8; sky't ek ok r'k
(r'g, v.l.), Fms. vi. 170 (in a verse); lkara at ek vitja'g hingat essa heita, Eg. 319; na'k (or
na'g), if I could reach, Eb. 70 (in a verse); at ek nemni menn alla ok beii'g, Grg. ii. 317;
vilja'k, I will, Ht. 1; vat ek tla'g, . H. 59; ok na'k sv llu rki eirra, 74; vat ek tri'k yr
bezt, 88; ek setta'k, Mork. 62; ytta'k, 94; geri'k, heyra'k, 36; mli'g, 39; ek vetti'g, 175; tei'g,
186; setta'g, laga'g, id.; vilda'g, 193; vide Lex. Pot. and the word '-at' [p. 2]: sometimes a double
pronoun occurs, g and k, mtti'g-a'k, Og. 32; bjargi'g-a'k, Hm. 153; stvi'g-a'k, 151; hversu ek
m'k, Fms. vi. 102; vide Lex. Pot, and Frump. 228 sqq.
B. DAT. AND ACC. are from a different root :-- dat. mr, [Ulf. mis; Germ. mir; lost in Dan.], Nj.
10, etc. etc.; acc. mik, mod. mig, which form occurs even in MSS. at the beginning of the 14th
century, e.g. Hauks-bk: mek occurs now and then in MSS., e.g. O. H. L., N. G. L., Sks. B, else it is
rare and obsolete, Al. 42, . H. 107, [Ulf. mik; A. S. mec; Engl. me; Germ. mich; Dan. mig.] As the
word is so common, we shall only mention the use of mik which is special to the Scandinavian
tongue, viz. its use as a verbal sufx. The ancients had a double form for the reexive; for 1st pers.
-mk, i.e. mik sufxed to the plur. of the verb; for the 3rd pers. -sk, i.e. sik sufxed to sing. and plur.
alike; thus, ek (vr) ykkjumk, I (we) seem to myself (ourselves); but hann ykkisk, he seems to
himself; eir ykkjask, they seem to themselves: the -mk was later changed into -mz, or -mst of
editions and mod. use; but this is a grammatical decay, as if both -mst and -st (ykjumst and ykist)
arose from the same reex. sik. 1. the subject may be another person or thing (plur. or sing.) and the
personal pronoun mik sufxed as object to the verb, a kind of middle voice found in very old
poems, and where it occurs freq. it is a test of antiquity; in prose it is quite obsolete: jtna vegir
stum'k yr ok undir, the ways of giants (i.e. precipices) stood above and beneath me, Hm. 106; er
lgum'k arm yr, the lass who laid her arms round me, 108; mgr htum'k fgru, my son promised
me fair, Egil; hilmir buum'k l (acc.), the king gave me leave, i.e. bade me, sing, Hful. 2; lfs
bagi gfum'k rtt, the wolf's foe (Odin) gave me the art (poetry), Stor. 23; Ragnarr gfum'k reiar
mna, R. gave me the shield, Bragi; at erum'k snt, it is shewn to me, id.; stndum'k ilmr fyrir yndi,
the lass blights my joy, Kormak; hugr tjum'k, courage helped me, Egil; snertum'k harmr vi
hjarta, grief touches me to the heart, Landn.; stndum'k til hjarta hjrr, the sword pierces me to the
heart, Fm. i; feldr brennum'k, my cloak catches re, Gm. 1; draum dreymum'k, I dreamed a
dream; grimt vrum'k hli, the gap (breach) was terrible to me, Stor. 6; hlf vn fllum'k, half my
hope failed me, Grfeldar-drpa; heinir rekkar hnekum'k, the heathen men turned me out,
Sighvat; dsir hvttum'k at, the 'dsir' hooted us, Hm. 29; gumi grum'k at vigi, the man made us
ght, id.; lyst vrum'k, it list me, Am. 74: very common is erum'k, 'tis to me (us); erum'k van, I (we)
have to expect; mjk erum'k tregt tungu at hrra, 'tis hard for me to move the tongue, i.e. the tongue
cleaves to my mouth, Stor. 1, 17, Ad. 16. 2. sometimes oneself is the subject, freq. in prose and
poetry, either in deponent verbs or as reex. or recipr.; at vit skilim'k sttir, . H. 119; at vr
komim'k, that we shall come, 85; nnum'k hr , 108; ef vr nnum'k, 111; ek skildum'k vi laf
konung, 126; ef ek komum'k braut, 140; sigrom'k, if I gain the victory, 206; rom'k, 214; ef ek
ndum'k, if I die, Eg. 127; ek berum'k, I bear myself, Grg. ii. 57, Mork. passim; ek ykkjum'k,
ttum'k, rum'k, ltum'k, setjum'k, bjum'k, skildum'k, kveljum'k, etc., = ek ykisk, ttisk,
rsk, ltsk, setsk, bsk, skildisk, kvelsk, etc.: even at the present day the forms eg ykjumst,
ttumst are often used in writing; in other words the sufx -mst (-mk) is almost obsolete. . the
obsolete interjection er mik = I am; vel er mik, well is me (= 'bless me!'), O. H. L. 71; er mik, ah
me! 64; kendr er mik, I am known, 66: with a reex. notion, hvat er mik at v, what is that to me?
Skv. 1. 28; er mik at undir frtt eirri, that is my reason for asking, Grg. i. 19 :-- this 'er mik' is
clearly the remains of the old erum'k.
C. DUAL AND PLUR. also from a different root: 1. dual vit, mod. vi, a Norse form mit also
occurs, Al. 170, 171, [cp. mi, Ivar Aasen] :-- we two; gen. and dat. from a different root, okkar and
okkr, [cp. Goth. ggqis; A. S. inc and incer; O. H. G. inch and inchar; Ivar Aasen dikke and
dykk] :-- our. 2. plur.: u. nom. vr and vr, the last form now obsolete, [Goth. veis; A. S. and Engl.
we; Germ. wir; Dan. vi] :-- we. . gen. vr, mod. vor, Eg. 524, Fms. viii. 213, 398, etc. . dat. and
acc. oss, [Goth. uns (acc.), unsis (dat.); A. S. us; Germ. uns; Swed. oss; Dan. os] :-- us: it need only
be noticed that in mod. familiar usage the dual--vi, okkr, okkar--has taken the place of the plural,
vr, oss; but that in written books the forms vr, oss are still in freq. use, except in light or familiar
style; old writers, on the other hand, made a clear distinction both in speech and writing.
EKJA, u, f. [aka], a carting, carrying in a cart; tku sumir til ekju, en sumir hlu heyinu, Eb.
260; cp. Swed. ska, vide ss [p. 46]. COMPD: ekju-vegr, m. a cart-road, D. N.
EKKI, a, m. [akin to ngr, Lat. angustus], as a medic, term, a convulsive sobbing, caused by the
repression of tears, Fl. ix. 208, Hkv. 2. 43, Skv. 1. 20, Gsl. 64 (in a verse), Rafns S. (in a verse),
Am. 44, Hkr. iii. (in a verse of Sighvat), Stor. 2, where we ought to read, v at ekki stendr hfugligr
(not 'r') hyggju sta, because a heavy sobbing oppresses, sties my breast; angrs ok ekka, Stj.
428, (freq.)
ekki, adv. not, vide eingi.
ekkill, m. a widower, akin to the preceding; freq. in mod. use; that no reference from an old writer
is on record seems to be a mere accident. II. pot. name of a sea-king, Edda (Gl.): botan.,
Ekkilsjurt, Achillaea L., Bb. 3. 75.
ekkja, u, f. [Swed. enka and Dan. enke shew that the root consonants are nk; this word is peculiar to
the Scandin. tongue; even Ulf. renders GREEK by vidovo, which is the Lat. vidua] :-- a widow,
Grg. i. 108, 306, Blas. 21, Bs. ii. 161, Fas. i. 223. COMPDS: ekkju-bnar, m. widow's weeds,
Stj. 197. ekkju-dmr, m. widowhood, Stj. 197. ekkju-nafn, n. a widow's name, widowhood, Fas. i.
223, Am. 98 (MS. ekkiunam clearly a false reading = namn). ekkju-skapr, m. widowhood, Fms. x.
433. ekkju-sonr, m. a widow's son, 656 A. ii. In Edda 108 there is a distinction between hll, a
widow whose husband is slain, and ekkja, the widow of one who died a natural death; hll is
merely a pot. word and obsolete, but ekkja is in full use. In old poetry ekkja is used = a lass, girl,
cp. Lapp. akka = Lat. mulier; cp. also Lex. Pot.
ekla, u, f. dearth, want, Sks. 218, v.l.; Vell-ekla, Dearth of Gold, the name of a poem, Hkr.; suml-e.,
scarcity of drink, Eg. (in a verse): the word is rare in old writers, but still in use in Icel., e.g. hey-e.,
scarcity of hay; matar-e., dearth of meat; vinnu-flks-e., scarcity of servants.
ekla, adv. scarcely; eir Helgi tku e. til matar um kveldit, konungr spuri hvrt eir vri sjkir,
Fms. v. 317 (GREEK)
EKRA, u, f. [from akr, p. 10], an acre, corn-eld, Landn. 125, Al. 52, N. G. L. i. 217, Stj. 400.
Judges ix. 32.
ektar- and ekta-, [Germ. echt], adj. genuine, mod. (vide ei). . wedded; taka til ekta, to marry:
chiey used in COMPDS, ekta-mar, m. a husband; ekta-skapr, m. matrimony, etc.; ektar-kona,
u, f. a wedded wife, occurs in D. N. i. 591, (mod.)
L, n., spelt iel, Edda (Kb.) 72, Fms. xi. 136; l, Hom. 109; gen. dat. pl. la, lum; mod. lja; ljum,
inserting j; [cp. Dan. iling] :-- a snow-shower; the proverb, ll l linna um sir, every 'l' comes to
an end; l eitt mun vera, ok skyldi langt til annars slks, Nj. 200; gri l mikit ok illviri, Fms.
i. 175; lum ok hreggi, x. 135, xi. 136, 137; drfu-l, Orkn. 414; mean l dr , 396; li einnar
stundar, 656 B. 12; l augna (pot.), tears, Edda 72. . metaph. a shock, uproar, Hom. 109: a hot
ght, ok verr et harasta l, Fms. xi. 32. lja-drg, n. pl. (qs. lja-drg, f. ?), streaks of snow-
showers seen far off, etc.
elda, d, mod. also a, [eldr], to light, kindle a re, with dat. of the fuel; e. vii, Grg. ii. 211, 338; ef
eir e. grum, grindum er andvirki, Gl. 422: absol., at vr eldim sparliga Hvammi, Sturl. i.
67: to heat, warm, skulu eir e. hs at manntali, Jb. 225; e. ofn, Hkr. iii. 115: metaph., elda hug
e-s, to kindle one's mind, Hom. 107; ek skal yra h e. knliga me klungrum (make you smart),
Stj. 395; e. vita, to kindle a beacon, Orkn. 264; en eldi hr lengi af me eim brrum, the spark
of resentment was long felt among the brothers, Lv. 34; e. jrn, to forge iron, Rkv.: the phrase, elda
grtt silfr, to be bad friends, is a metaphor taken from smelting drossy silver that cannot stand the
re; eir Strlfr eldu lngum grtt silfr, en stundum vru me eim blskapir, Fb. i. 522. 2. to
cook, or gener. to expose to a light re. II. reex. to be kindled; m vera at eldisk hr langr okki
af, it may be that long ill-feeling will be kindled therefrom, Lv. 50.
eldask, d, [aldr], to grow old; eldisk rgalinn n, Fms. vi. 251; er tk mjk at eldask, viii. 108;
hann tekr n at eldask (MS. ldask) mjk, xi. 51; ek nn at ek eldumk, en verr kraptrinn, Orkn.
464; eir hrymask eigi n eldask, Rb. 346. . part. eldr, old, worn by age; Gsli kvask eldr vera
mjk fr frii, Sturl. iii. 10: equivocal is the phrase, eldir at rum ok at rotum komnir (in the
dream of king Sverrir), Fms. viii. 108, cp. Orkn. ch. 34. . impers. in the phrase, ntt (acc.) eldir,
the night grows old (cp. elding); er ntt eldir, Fas. i. 147.
eld-bakar, part. baked on embers, Stj. 595. 1 Kings xix. 6.
eld-beri, a, m. a brasier, lantern, H. E. ii. 107, Pm. 26, 73, Jm. 12, Vm. 164; eldbera-ker, id., Pm.
106.
eld-borg, f. a volcanic crag, vide borg.
eld-bruni, a, m. re, conagration, D. N.
eld-bllr, m. a re-ball, Dipl. v. 18.
eld-mr, adj. inammable, easily catching re, Sks. 427.
eld-fjall, n. a re-hill, volcano.
eld-fri, n. pl. an apparatus, for striking re, tinder-box, Jb. 145.
eld-gamall, adj. [from Dan. ldgammel = Icel. elli-gamall], stone old, (mod. word.)
eld-glringar, f. pl. 're-glare,' seen in darkness.
eld-gos, n. 're-gush,' a volcanic eruption.
eld-grf and eld-grf, f. a 're-groove,' sl. ii. 405, 417, Eb. 272, v.l.
eld-ggr, m. a crater.
eld-ggn, n. pl. cooking-vessels, D. N.
eld-heitr, adj. hot as re.
eld-hraun, n. a 're-eld,' lava-eld.
eld-hs (elda-hs, Eg. 397, 603, Sturl. iii. 219, Gl. 344), n. the 're-house,' i.e. the hall or parlour,
one of the chief rooms in ancient dwellings, where the re was kept up, used synonymously with
eldaskli, but opp. to stofa, the ladies' room; stofa, eldhs, br, Grg. i. 459; stofu-hur, br-hur,
eldahs-hur, Gl. 344, H. E. i. 495; eldhs er stofur, Grg. i. 468; gauga milli stofu ok eldhss,
Fbr. 164; cp. Gsl. 14, 15, 97, (Mant.) 324, Eb. ch. 52, vide new Ed. 98, v.l. 1, 3, 4; gkk orgerr
egar inn eldahs, Eg. 603; eldhss dyrr, Lv. 89, Ld. 54, Sturl. iii. 218, 219; eldhss-skot, n. id.,
cp. Eg. 397; eldhs-hur, f. the hurdle of an e., N. G. L. i. 38, Gl. l.c.; eldhs-f, n. a 'reside
fool,' an idiot who sits all day by the re, Fas. ii. 114; in Sturl. iii. 219 eldahs and skli seem to be
used differently. . it may also be used of any room having a hearth and re, eldahs ... var at brott
fr rum hsum, Eg. 203; and even of a kitchen, 238, cp. Nj. 75. In mod. usage eldhs only means
a kitchen.
eldi (eli, Grg.), n. [ala], feeding, maintenance, Grg. i. ii 7, 143: the person maintained, 236: in
mod. usage esp. of keeping another's lambs, sheep, in winter, hence lambs-eldi, 'lambs-keep,' an
obligation on every householder to feed a lamb for the priest in winter; elda-skildagi, m. the time
when the lambs are sent back (middle of May); the phrase, skila r eldum, to send back (lambs):
eldis-hestr, m. a horse kept in stall, opp. to tigangs-hestr. 2. a thing born; mislit eldi, Stj. 179.
Gen. xxxi. 8; e. at er fram fer af kvii konunnar, 656 B. 7; skalt iggja at at Gui at hann ge
r gott eldi, Mar. 3, 6, 19; komask fr e. snu, to be delivered of a child, Fas. iii. 276; cp. upp-eldi,
breeding.
eldi-brandr, m. re-wood, fuel, Grg. ii. 261, Fms. ii. 82, viii. 358, v.l., Fbr. 97: a re-brand, Stj.
402, Fs. 45, ir. 332, Grett. 117: metaph., Post. 645. 84.
eldi-ligr, adj. elderly, Fas. i. 120, Mag. 5.
elding, f. ring, fuel, Scot. eilding, Grg. ii. 338, 358, Fs. 45; eldingar-steinar, (bituminous?) stones
to make a re, Karl. 18: smelting metals, gull er stenzk e., gold which resists the heat of the
crucible, Grg. i. 501; cp. elda grtt silfr. II. lightning, also in plur., Fms. x. 30, xi. 136, Fas. i. 372,
Sks. 229, Stj. 300, Al. 41: eldinga-ug, n. a ash of lightning, Rb. 102: eldinga-mnar, m. the
lightning month, id.
elding, f. [aldr], the 'eld' or old age of the night, the last or third part of the night; allt fr eldingu ok
til mis aptans, Hrafn. 7; vakti rhildr upp sna menn egar elding, Fms. ii. 231; elding ntr,
vii. 214; kmu elding ntr Jaar, . H. 117. The ancients divided the night into three equal parts,
of which the last was called either tta (q.v.) or elding, ( er rijungr lir ntr, i.e. where the third
part of the night is left): the mod. usage is, a er fari a elda aptr, it begins to rekindle; and aptr-
elding, rekindling, as though 'daybreak' were from re 'eldr;' but in old writers 'aptr' is never joined
to these words (Anal. 193 is taken from a paper MS., cp. Fb. iii. 405, l. 6); the phrase elding 'ntr'
also shews that the word refers not to daylight, but to night, and means the last part of the night,
opp. to midnight, mi-ntti.
eldi-sk, m. a log of re-wood, Fs. 6, ir. 262; loganda e., a re-brand, Stj. 413.
eldi-stokkr, m. a log of re-wood, Glm. 338.
eldi-torf, n. turf for ring, sl. ii. 112, Dipl. v. 23, Bs. ii. 135.
eldi-vir, m. re-wood, Fms. ii. 82, vii. 97, K. . K. 90: but, as Icel. is barren of trees, eldivir
means fuel in general, peat, etc., Orkn. 16; torf-skur sv sem hann arf til eldividar, digging peat
for fuel, Vm. COMPDS: eldiviar-ftt, n. adj. wanting fuel, Fbr. 97. eldiviar-lauss, adj. short of
fuel. eldiviar-leysi, n. want of re-wood (fuel), Fms. vi. 146, Stj. 150. eldiviar-stika, u, f. a stick
of re-wood, Stj. 268.
eld-ker, n. = eldberi, Am. 5.
eld-knttr, m. a re-ball.
eld-kveykja, u, f. kindling re, Nj. 194: metaph., 625. 74, Mork. 7.
eld-ligr (elligr, Al. 65), adv. ery, of re, Greg. 19, Nirst. 6, Fas. iii. 414, Sks. 208, Rb. 442, Stj.
98.
eld-neyti, n. fuel, Gl. 369.
eld-nmr, adj. easily catching re, Sks. 427, Fms. xi. 34, Mork. 7.
ELDR, m., gen. ellds, also spelt ellz, [a word that may be taken as a test of Scandin. races; Dan.
ild; Swed. ld; for the Teut. nations use the word feuer, re, which is wanting in Scandin., though
used by old Icel. poets, who probably borrowed it from A. S.; on the other hand, Ulf. constantly
renders GREEK by fon, Icel. funi, q.v.; in A. S. poetry and in Hel. led = incendiary occurs a few
times, and lan = Lat. urere (Grein and Schmeller); Rask suggests a Finn. origin] :-- re. In cold
climates re and life go together; hence the proverb, eldr er beztr me ta sonum, ok slar sn, re
is best among the sons of men, and the sight of the sun, Hm. 67: in reference to the healing power of
re, eldr tekr vi sttum, re consumes (cures) fevers, 138; s er eldrinn heitastr er sjlfum brennr,
Grett. 136 new Ed.: allit., e. n jrn, re nor iron, Edda 82; hvrki egg n eld, 162; eldr (sparks of
re) hraut or sverum eirra, Flv. 29; e. tti af hrjta er vpnin kmu saman, Sturl. iii. 187, vide
Fms. i. 292, vi. 153, vii. 338 (MS. ell), viii. 74, 202, x. 29. Nj. 74, Eluc. 19, 625. 178. . the
eruption of a volcano, Bs. i. 803, 804; jar-eldr, 'earth-re,' subterranean re. COMPDS: elds-
bruni, a, m. burning of re, Stj. elds-daunn, m. smell of re, Finnb. 242. elds-gangr, m. the raging
of re, Fms. i. 128, x. 29, Sturl. iii. 132, Bs. i. 327, Orkn. 368, 458, Sks. 141. elds-glr, n. glare of
re, Fas. iii. 471. elds-gneisti, a, m. a spark of re, Greg. 74. elds-glf, n. a hearth-oor, N. G. L. i.
256. elds-ggn, n. pl. materials for ring. Vm. 177- elds-hiti, a, m. ery beat, Fms. x. 379. elds-
kveykja, f. = eldkveikja, Greg. 77. elds-litr, n. orbs of re, Nj. 194, Rb. 336. elds-MM, n. a likeness,
shape of re, Clem. 30, Rb. 388. elds-ljs, n. re-light, Fms. ix. 49. elds-logi, a, m. aame, Stj. 414.
elds- matr, n. /oo d of re, Th. 19. elds-neyti, n. pl. fuel, Band. 10, Fms. ix. 339, Fas. i. 84. elds-
stlpi, a, m. a pillar of re, Stj. 326. elds- uppkvma, u, f. the eruption of a volcano, Landn. 269,
Bs. i. 148, 498. elds-velar, f. pl. ^ re de-vices, Flv. 43. elds-vimr, m. 're-whims, ' ickering re, of
the aurora borealis, re-gleam, Sks. 203. elds- virki, n. a tinder-box, Fms. vii. 225, Orkn. 208, Band.
30. II. esp. in plur. a re on the hearth; the proverbs, vi eld skal ol drekka, by the reside sbalt
tbou drink ale, Hm. 82; allir eldar brenna t um sir, all res (beacons') burn out at last (of the
death of an aged man): allit., eldr ami (vide arinn). In the old halls in Scandinavia an oblong
hearth was built in the middle of the hall, and the res kindled were called langeldar, long res, with
an opening in the thatch called ljuri for a chimney; the benches in the hall were ranged on both sides
of the langeldar, vide Edda 82 (the hall of king Adils); hence the phrase, bera ol um eld, to hand the
ale round the re, viz. to one's cup fellow on the opposite bench, Fagrsk. ch. 219, Grett. ch. 10, new
Ed. p. 23; elda- sklar vru strir bjuni, stu menu vi langelda ptnuin, voru bor sett fyrir
menn fyrir (inrian MS. Holm.), svfu menu upp (ut MS. Holm.) fr eldunurn, Kristni S. ch. 2;
vru grvir eldar strir eptir endilonguni skalanum, sem ann tnia var titt, at drekka l vi eld, Bs.
i. 42; cp. Orkn., eldar vru glnu, on the oor, ch. 18, where the re seems to have been made in
a pit (vide eldgrf) in the middle of the oor, cp. also kipti honum upp at pallinum, vide bakeldr:
again, at the evening and morning meals people gathered round the 'meal-res' (m;d- eldar), hence
the phrases, sitja vi elda, t o s it at the re; vru grrir mleldar hvert kveli] elda-skla sern sir
var til, stu menn lngum vi eldana r menn gengu til matar, Eb. ch. 52: maleldr, the' meal-re' or
the small re, is distinguished from laugeldr, the great re, 276; at var ann tma er eir Snorri
stu vi mlelda (yr mlbori, v. 1.), ch. 26; hfu menn orit vtir ok vru grvir mleldar
(langeldar, v. 1.), Nj. ch. 8; ok er sklabinn var mettr sat hann vi eld, Fs. 6; snr at dyruin, er
menn stu vi langelda (i n the evening), Korm. ch. 15; um kveldit er menn stu vi elda, Orkn.
448: the phrase, sitja milli elda, to sit between two res, to be in a strait, vide Gin. COMPDS: elda-
hs, n., vide eldhiis. elda-skali, a, m. = eldhs, Eb. 1. c., Grett. 1. c., cp. Eb. 170; einn laugaraptan
sat Helga elda-skla, sl. ii. 274; hafi hann lagzt uir elcla- skla eptir dagver. Gsl. 97; rndr
hafi lti gora elda mikla elda- skla, Fzr. 183; ekki lagisk Ormr elda-skla, Fb. i. 521, Eg.
238. elda-skra, u, f. (elda-skri, a, m., Lex. Run.), a 're-rake, ' poker, Nj. 236. elds-gr, f. making
re, Fs. 45. III. a beacon, bale-re, Gs. 18. IV. in old poetry the re of wounds or of Odin =
weapons, the re of the sea = gold; hauga-eldar, magical re in old cairns; maur-ildi, a glow-worm;
hraevar-eldr, a Will o' the wisp, ignis fatuus. V. as a prex to pr. names, Kld-grinir, Kld-jrn, Kld-
r, etc.: in names of places it denotes volcanic ground, Kld-borg, eld-fjall, eld-gj, etc.
eld-raur, adj. ery-red.
eld-skn, f. fetching re, Grett. 89.
eld-stokkr, m. a burning beam, Nj. 202.
eld-st, f., pl. star, a ' re-stove, ' hearth, Br. 2 new Ed., Nj. 236, Fb. iii. 446, Fas. ii. 115, Mork.
9; sitja vi eldst mur sinuar, Fs. 6.
eld-srr, adj. hot as re, of vinegar or the like.
eld-str, adj. always sitting b y the reside, as a spoilt boy; Oddr var eldstr sku ok seinlegr ok
kallar kolbitr, Landn. 235 (Hb.); Grimr var mikill ok eldstr, ok tti vera nr afglapi, Gull. 14,
Krk. 33 (Kd. eldseti), Fas. ii. 112 (Ed. eldssetirm).
eld-tinna, u, f. a int stone, Fas. i. 447.
ELFR, f., gen. elfar, acc. dat. el, a pr. name of the three rivers called Elbe, Lat. Albis, viz. Gaut-
Elfr, the Elb of the Gants (a Scaiulin. people) = the River Gotha of the present time; Sax-E., the Elb
of the Saxons, the Elbe; Raum-E., the Elb of the Rauws (a people in Norway), i. e. the present
Glommen and Wormen, Br. 3, Nj. 42. Fms. i. 6, ii. 1 28, iii. 40, iv. 121, ix. 350, 393, 401, x. 292:
Elfar-bakki, the bank of one of these Elbes, Bser. 3, Fms. ix. 269, 274; Elnar-bakki, Fms. i. 19;, of
the river Ochil in Scotland, is a ulse reading = Ekkjals-bakki, vide Orkn. 12. COMPDS: Elfar-
grimar, in. pl. dwellers on the banks of the Gotha, Fms. vii. 17, 19, 321. Elfar-kvislir, f. pl. the arms
of the Gotha, Fms. i. 7, iv. 9, ix. 274; used of the mouths of the Nile, Edda 148 (pret'.) Elfar-sker, n.
pl. the Skerries at the mouth of the Gotha, Fms., Fas.; cp. lfr, p. 42. 2. melon, used of any great
river, (rare in Icel. but freq. in mod. Dan.)
Elfskr, adj. a dweller on one of the Elbe rivers, Landn., Fms. ii. 252.
elgja, , to bel c h.
ELGR, m., gen. elgs or elgjar, [Lat. alces; O. H. G. elah; Engl. elk\, an elk, Gl. 449, Fms. viii. 31,
Fas. i. 54; elgja-grf, f. an elk pit, a hunting term, D. N.; elgja-veir, f. hunting elks, Gl. 448;
elgjar-galgi, a, m., pot. 'elks-gallow, ' the ice, as elks were hunted on the ice, Stor. 15; but some
explain the phrase = tree, cp. Caes. Bell. Gall. vi. 27. II. deep pools of half-melted ice; akin to lga,
ylgr.
elg-skgr, m. a forest with elks, Gl. 449.
eligr, adj. [Swed. elig] , vile, Hom. 151; e, ambtt, a poor handmaid, Stj. 484. r Sam. xxv. 24; aeitt
er elikt, vile and refuse, 456. Sam. xv. 9; illr ok e,, Hb. 31: it is probably akin to el-, Germ, elend,
vide aulandi, p. 34.
Eli-vgar, m. pl. the Ice-waves, a mythol. name, Edda.
ELJA, u, f. a concubine, as opp. to a wedded wife; this word is either akin to eljan in the sense of z
eal, jealousy, or to the word eligr, as these women were often captives of war and handmaids; cp.
the case of Melkorka, Ld., cp. also Gen. xxi. 10 :-- the word is dened in Edda 109, -- aer konur
eru eljur, er einn mann eigu, th os e women are called ' eljur, ' whoare wives of one man; statt upp
r binginum fr elju minni, Nj. IS3; en elja hennar gri henni jafnan skapraun, Stj. 428. Sam. i. 6
(' and her adversary also provoked her sore, ' of the two wives of Elkanah); systur konu innar
skalt eigi taka til elju hennar, Stj. 320. Lev. xviii. 18: in poetry the earth is called the elja of Rinda,
one of Odin's wives, Fms. vi. (in a verse): this word points to the remotest time; the sole passage
where it occurs in an Icel. hist, work is Nj. (above), where it is wrongly used, the wedded wife
being called the elja by the concubine; cp. arin-elja.
ELJAN, f. (in mod. usage elja, u, f.), [Ulf. aljan = ^r)\os; cp. A. S. ellian; Hel. elhui] , endurance,
energy; eljun ok styrk annarra manna, Fms. vii. 228; heilsu ok eljun, 277; a ok eljun, Fas. i. (in a
verse); atfer ok eljun, Ld. 318; ok tari ar e. eptir ok (ill tilri, Fs. 4. COMPDS: eljanar-lauss,
adj. [ellennlss, Ormul.], weak, feeble, Al. 100, Fbr. 157. eljimar-leysi, n. weakness, want of energy,
Fms. iv. 163. eljunar-mar, in. an energetic man, Fms. iv. 163, viii. 447. P. in mod. usage elju-lauss,
adj., elju-leysi, n., with the notion of impatience; hann her enga elju e-u, he i s t oo restless to
perform anything.
eljara-gletta, u, f. [cp. elja], pertness,:auciness, Sky'r. 53 (pref.)
Elj-nir, in. the hall of Hela, Edda (Gl.)
l-kaldr, adj. ice-cold, epithet of a stream, t. 23.
ELLA, adv., in Norse laws treq. ellar, and so in Fms. vi. 214, vii. 7, 115, etc.; in mod. Icel. usage
ellegar; elligar, 0. H., Grg., Mork., passim, etc., which seems to be the original form, qs. ell-vegar,
'other- ways, ' cp. ann-ig, hinn-ig, einn-ig; ella, though it is the usual form in the MSS., would be
an apocopated form, the r being dropt: [A. S. elle s; Engl. e/s e; Swed. eljest; cp. Lat. alius, Gr.
AAos] :-- else, otherwise; er yr m annat-hvrt til at leggja brott egar, ella bisk r vi sem
skjtast, Nj-44; en ann eirra e. er rettari er, Grg. i. 78; en ella jamt skera sem at skuldadmi, 84;
ella liggr r vti, Fms. iv. 27; hann ht vinttu sinni ef essu vildi jta en elligar afarkostum, 0. H.
141; ella man ek lta drepa ik, Nj. 74; ea -- ella, o r -- else, Fms. vi. 196 (in a verse); ea heit
hvers manns ningr ella, o r el s e be called the ' nithing' of every man, Nj. 176; ea drepit hann
ella, Fms. xi. 100; er stkki hann af eignum sinum ellar, vii. 17.
ELLI, f. indecl. [Dan. lde], 'e ld, ' o ld age; the saying, llum her elli kn komit, o ld age has
brought all on their knees, cp. the tale in Edda 33, 34, where the old giantess Elli wrestles with
Thor, whence in poetry she is called ' the antagonist of Thor, ' Eg. (in a verse); engi her s orit...,
at eigi korni ellin ollum til falls, Edda 34; fyrir elli sakar, Eg. 107; eigi er at sr en elli..., Nj. 171.
COMPDS: elli-belgr, m., in the mythol. phrase, kasta e., t o cas t the 'slough of age, ' to be young
again, Mag. 3, (freq.) elli-bjgr, adj. bowed down with age, Mag. elli-dagar, m. pl. o ld days, Stj.
190, Sks. 458. elli- daur, adj. de a d (dying] from old age, Nj. 58, Fms. i. 117, Edda 18. elli-dmr,
m. o ld age, Stj. 192. elli-gamall, adj. exceeding oltl, Stj. 190, Sks. 92, Al. 3. elli-glp, n. pl. dotage
from old age, Fas. i. 421. elli-hamr -- eliibclgr (of serpents shedding their slough), Stj. 98. elli-
hrumr, adj. tottering from old age, Stj. 432. elli-hrur, f. pl. the hoariness of age, Stj. 214. elli-karl,
in. an old carle, Barl. 164. elli-lyf, f. medicine to bar old age, elixir vitae, (mythol.). Haustl. 9, cp.
Edda 63. elli-mr, adj. worn, weary from age, Ld. 1 i, Landn. 117. elli-sjukr, adj. sick from age.
fjir. 30. elli-sto, f. the stay of old age. elli-t, f. time of old age, Mom. 13. elli-vafur, n. pl.
wavering from age, decrepitude, Bret. 162 (of king Lear); in Eg1 756 (the verse), the od poet said,
vals hell'k vfur elli -- elli-vafur; the comparison with the passage in Brtt. is decisive, and the
explanation in Lex. Pot. s. v. vafur is undoubtedly wrong. elli-vam, n. the being a dotard, Bret.
1(12. elli-Jiokki, a, in. looking old; hratt hn af st'r clliokka, Stj. 627. 2 Kings ix. 30 (of the old
queen Jezebel).
ellii, a, m. a kind of ship with a high poop, Edda (Gl.), Fas. ii. 5; hence Ellia-ey, f. the name of an
island, from its resemblance to these old-fashioned ships, Landn., Kb.; Ellii, a, in. a farm, Konn.;
Ellia- Grmr, in., pr. name of a man, Landn., Nj.
ellifti, mod. ellefti, ord. numb, the eleventh, Landn. 199, Fms. ix. 412.
ellifu, niod. ellefu, ore!, iiiinib., the Goth, ainlif; A. S. ellefne; Engl. êleven; Germ, eilf; Swed.
elfva; Dan. elleve: -- ' lif is an obsolete word. denoting ten, so that 'eleven, twelve' are formed just
like thirteen, fourteen, etc.
l-ligr, adj. [l], stormy, Vpn. 51.
ellri (eldri), compar. elder, and ellstr (eldstr), superl, eldest; vide gamall.
elma, u, f. [almr], a branch, twig, Mar. 183.
-eln, adj. in compds, tv-e., r-e., etc., two, three ...ells long.
elna, a, [cp. Goth. aljanon; A. S. elnjan -- aemulari] to wax, grow, a medic. term, in the phrases,
stt elnar hendr e-m, the fever grows upon one's bands, i. e. becomes worse; en stt elnai hendr
Gizuri biskupi, Bs. i. 69; enai stt hendr Kveldl, en er dr at v at hann var banvnn, etc.,
Eg. 126; e-m einar stt, id.; ok elnar honum sttin, Band. 14; en Lopthnu einai sttin (of a
woman in labour), Fas. ii. 162; stt elnai vi Lopthnu, 504.
elptr, f. = lpt, a swan, Str. 52, 62, etc.
elrir, m. . and elri, n. the alder-tree, Lat. alnus, A. S. alor, aler, Germ, erle, Edda (Gl.), . H. 250,
Fbr. 10.
elska, a, to love, love dearly, with acc.; elskar sem s er framast elskai sannan Gu, Fs. 80;
konungr elskai Hkon meir en nokkurn annan mann, Fms. i. 17; Birkibeinar elskuu v meir
sveininn, sem..., ix. 244; halt vel tr na ok elska Gn, ii. 255; Hrafnkell elskai ekki annat go
meir enn Frey, Hrafn. 4; kona ess hins rika maims elskai Joseph, Sks. 455: hann s at Gu elskai
David (acc.), 708; ok er sva aur sv sem hann er elskar til, 442.2. reex., elskask at e-m, to grow
fond of; orkell var lengi me jarlinum ok elskaisk at honum, Fms. iv. 217 ('elskai' at jarli, act.,
. H. 93, is scarcely right). . recipr. to love one another; hfu au Jn elskask fr barnsku, Bs.
i. 282; essir ungu menu elskask sin millum mjk hjartanliga, 655 xxxii. 20. Icel. have a playful
rhyme referring to lovers, running thus -- elskar hann (hn) mig, |af llu hjarta,|ofrheitt
UNCERTAIN harla lti |og ekki neitt, which calls to mind the scene in Gthe's Faust, where
Gretchen plucks off the petals of the ower with the words, liebt mich -- nicht -- licbt mich -- nicht.
ELSKA, u, f. (lska, Barl. 6, O. H. L.), [this word is peculiar to the Scandin. races; it is probably
derived from l and an inexive, sk, and properly means storm, whence metaph. passion; the
Swedes and Danes have not the single word, but lskog and elskov, qs. elsk- hogr; Icel. elskhugi or
elskogi] :-- love; me Gus elsku ok nungs, Hom. 48; hafa elsku e-m, to love one, Bs. i. 36;
mikla elsku hafi jarl konungs svni, Fms. ix. 242; vit hfum lengi saman haldit okkarri elsku, vii.
140; sv mikla st sem her hinum digra manni ok elsku vi hann lagt, iv. 182. COMPDS:
elsku-band, n. a bond of love, Mar. elsku- brag, n. a deed of love, Mar. 220. elsku-fullr, adj. full
of love,ERROR Barl. 179. elsku-ge, n.a loving kindness, Pass. 30. II. elsku- gras, n. love's ower,
vide brnugrs s. v. brana, p. 76.elsku- lauss, adj. loveless, and elsku-leysi, n. want of love, Lex.
Pot. elsku-merki, n. a love token. elsku-semi, f. lovingness. elsku- vattr, m. a love token. Elska
never occurs as a verb or noun in old heathen poets; Arnor is the rst poet on record who uses it; old
writers prefer using st; with Christianity, and esp. since the Reformation, it gained ground;
GREEK of the N. T. is usually rendered by elska (to love) and GREEK by elska (love) or krleiki
(chanty); so, mann-elska, humanity, kindness.
elskandi, part. a lover, Greg. 30.
elskan-liga, adv. lovingly, 655 xxxii. 17.
elskan-ligr, adj. beloved, N. T.
elskari, a, m. a lover, Barl. 88, 187, Karl. 545, Mar. 197, (rare.)
elsk-hugi or elsk-ogi, a, m. [Swed. lskog; Dan. el s kov], love, Edda 21; vinttu ok elskhuga, Stj.
8; st ok e., 130, Bev. 8 (Fr.) ; elskugi (lskugi), Barl. 6: a sweetheart, minn sti herra ok -gtr
elskugi (my love), Fb. i. 514.
elskr, adj., in the phrase, e. at e-m, fondly attached to one, fond of one, of the attachment of
children, or to children; hann var elskr at Agli, he loved the boy Egil, Eg. 187; Egill (the father) mini
honum mikit, var Bvarr (the child) ok e. at honum, 599: also used of animals, ok sv elskir hvarr
at rum, at hvrr rann eptir ruiii, two steeds that never left one another, Nj. 81; hann (the ox) er
injok elskr at mr, Fms. iii. 132; hence mann-elskr, of pet lambs or tamed animals (but never used
of cats, dogs, or animals that are constant companions of man); heima-e., home-loving, one who
never leaves the hearth, Fs. 4.
elsku-liga, adv. lovingly, heartily, Fms. i. 140.
elsku-ligr, adj. loving; e. alvara, warm affection. Fms. iii. 63, K. . 22: dear, beloved, itt e. andlit,
655 xxxii. 7; e. sonr, Th. 7; var henni mjk e., Fms. i. 8l; GREEK of the N. T. is usually rendered by
elskuligr.
l-skr, f. a snow-shower, Sks. 227.
ELTA, t, to chase, with acc.; eir eltu einn hjrt, Flv. 27 ; elta dr spori, Barl. 199; e. saui, to
run after sheep, in order to fetch them back, Nj. 27, Korm. 28 (in a verse); eltu jlfa, Hbl. 39; eir
hfu elt af skipum Tryggva konung, they had driven king T. from his ships, Fms. i. 37; Styrkrr elti
sur Karmsund, ix. 54; hljpu land upp ok eltu , iv. 304, Gull. 21; e. xn me vendi, to
drive cattle with a goad, Karl. 471,p reex, to pursue one eagerly; eltask eptir e-m, ... Fms. ix. 305:
Icel. now say, eltask vi e-n, e. g. of catching a horse, sheep, when grazing wild in an open eld. II.
t o knead, work; elta leir, to mix lime, Stj. 247, cp. Exod. i. 14. 2. a tanner's term; e. skinn, to tan a
hide, i. e. rub, scratch it, so as to make it soft; ek skal yra h elta me klungrum, Stj. 395. Judges
viii. 7; elt skinn, tanned hide; elt skinn, rough hide, (freq.) 3. = velta, t o overthrow, in the Runic
phrase, at rita sa vari es ailti stain ansi ea hean dragi, Rafn 188, 194.
elting, f., chiey in pl. pursuing, chasing, Fms, vii. 128, 294, Fs. 50. II. botan., proncd. elking,
[Swed. ltgras] , spearwort, equisetum vulgare, arvense, Bjrn.
eltur, f. pl. pursuing, Fms. vii. 407, viii. 406, Rm. 276.
Embla (in Ub. spelt Emla), u, f. a mythol. word, which only occurs in Vsp. 17; and hence in Edda
(where it is said that the gods found two lifeless trees, the askr (ash)ERROR and the embla; of the
ash they made man, of the embla (woman))ERROR, it is a question what kind of tree the embla
was; some suggest a metathesis, qs. emla from ahnr, elm, but the compound emblu-askr, in one of
Egil's poems, seems to shew that the embla was in some way related to the ash.
embtta, tt, mod. a, to attend, wait upon, with dat.; e. gestum, t o wait upon guests; kann vera at
Gu yvarr s mlstefnu, er eii gestum at e., Stj. 593. I Kings xviii. 27; eigi samneytti hon, heldr
e. hon, she ate not with the people, but waited on them, 655 xxxi A. 3; e. f, to serve the cattle, to
milk, sl. ii. 334, 482.2. eccl. to say mass, to celebrate the eucbarist, D. N. p. in mod. usage since
the Reforma- tion, to ofciate as a clergyman.
embtti (embu, Anecd. 38), n. [Germ, amt; Dan. embede; as to the root vide ambtt, p. 19],
service, ofce; bja. e-m af e., to depose one from ofce, Bs. i. 550; Gus e., Hom. 121, 160, Stj.
613. 2 Kings iv. 13; mikit e., hard work, a great task, Hom. 153; veita e-m e. . to serve one, Fms.
viii. 332, 406; bindask e-s e., to enter one's service, Sks. 357; fremja e., to perform a service, Bs. i.
426; Guligt e., holy service, Fms, ii. 198; heilagt skirnar e., holy baptism, i. 148: ofciating at
mass, D. N. 2. in mod. use, a. divine service, answering to 'mass' in the Roman church; fyrir, eptir
e., before, after service. p. in a secular sense, [Germ, ami, Dan. embede], a public ofce. COMPDS:
embttis-frr, adj. able to perform one's duties, Ann. 1332. embttis-gr, f. ofciating (of a
clergyman), Bs. i. 811. embttis- lauss, adv. holding no ofce (of a priest), Sturl. ii. 118. embttis-
mar, m. a minister (priest), Hom. 119, Sks. 162, Fms. v. 146: in mod. use, embttismar, -lauss,
etc. ( -- Germ, beamter, Dan. embedsman) mean an ofcer, chiey in a secular sense.
emendera, a, to amend (Lat. word), Fb. i. 517.
EMJA, a, to h ow l, Fms. vi. 150. x. 383, Fas. i. 213, 656 B. 10, Fagrsk. 8.
emjan, f. howling, Fs. 44.
EN, disjunctive conj.; in MSS. spelt either en or enn, [a particle peculiar to the Scandin.; in Danish
men; in Swedish both men, n, and endast; Norse enn and also men. Ivar Aasen] :-- but; en ef hann
her, ..., but if he has, then..., Grg. i. 261; en ef menn gefa eini mat, id.; en heima mun ek sitja,
but will stay at home, Fms. vi. 100; en fjldi fll, but a great many fell, Fas. ii. 514; eyrum hlir
en augum skoar, Hm. 7; en ekki eigu annarra manna or, Grg. i. 84, 99, 171; en Skblanir
skipa. en ja Sleipnir, en hunda garmr, Gin. 44; en r sveita sjr, en or beinum bjrg, Vm. 21; and
passim. It is even used with a slight conjunctive sense; ykki mr sem v muni hgt saman at
koma, kappi inu ok dirf 'en' skaplyndi konungs, methinks it will be hard to make the two things
go together, thy vehemence and rashness 'and' (on the other hand) the temper of the king. Eg. 521;
ek kann rum Gunnhildar 'en' kappsemd Egils, I know the devices of Gunnhilda ' and' (on the
other hand) Egil's eagerness, 257: used in narratives to begin a sentence, merely denoting the
progress of the tale, much the same as ' and' cp. the use of auk III, p. 33; thus in t. some verses
begin with 'en, ' -- Eu dagskjarr ..., 2, 3, 14, 23; En Gunnlaugr grimman taini. Hit.; En Hralds
hfubami, Ad. 19, without any disjunctive notion.
EN, temporal adv., better spelt enn, [prob. akin to endr and er, q. v.] :-- yet, still; her enn eigi
(not yet) heyra kenning Drottins, Mar. 656 A. ii. 14; vildi hann enn sv, Fms. i. II; at hann mundi
enn sv gra, vi. 100; rkir hann enn fyrir mik, Al. 29; til betri tima en (than) enn (still) er
kominn, Sks. 596 B.2. before a comparative; enn sarr, still later, N. G. L. i. 94; enn betr, still
better; enn fyrr, still later; enn verri, still worse; enn ri, still worthier; enn hrri, still higher; enn
rr. still further off; enn nr, still nearer; enn heldr, still more, Sks. 304: separated from the
comparative, enn vru eiri dtr Haralds, the daughters of H. were still more, i. e. H.had more
daughters yet, Fms. i. 5. p. curious is the use of en (usually spelt in or inn) in old poems, viz. before
a comparative, where in prose the 'en' can be left out without impairing the sense; thus, h-lt-a in
lengr rmi, be kept not his place longer, i. e. ran away, Am. 58; r en lengr dvelja, to delay no
longer, 6I; menu in slli, a happier man, Skv. 3. 18; n in mtri mg, Worthier afnity, id.; inann
in harara = harara maim, a hardier man, Hbl. 14; nema in snotrari scr, unless ibou art wiser,
Vni. 7 drekka in meira mj, to drink more mead; bita en breiara, to bite broader, i. e. eat with
better appetite, Jjkv. 35; ars tti skld in verri, where poets were kept in less honour, Jomsv. S.
(in a verse); no in heldr, neither; n hests in heldr, neither for his horse, Hrn. 60; no in heldr hugir
sem var Hiigni, neither are ye minded as H., Gh. 3, Sdni. 36, Hkv. I. 12, Skv. I. 21: in prose, eigi in
heldr tla ek, pat..., neither do think, that..., Nj. 219. 3. to boot, further, moreover; boloxar ok enn
ambo nokkur, pole-axes and some tools to boot, Dipl. v. 18; ok at enn, at, and that still more,
that, Rum. 302; Ingibjorg hot enn dttir Haralds, Ingeburg was further Harold's daughter, Fms. i. 5.
EN or enn, conj., written an in very old MSS., e. g. Hom., Greg., Eluc., but in the great bulk of
MSS. en is the standing form, both ancient and modern; [formed by anacope, by dropping the initial
; Ulf. fjanub; A. S. anne; Engl. than; Hel. than; O. H. G. danna; Germ. dann, but here almost
replaced by ' als;' Swed. unn; Dan. end; Norse enn, Ivar Aasen; the anacope is entirely Scandin.] :--
than, Lat. quam; heldr fair an mir, more father than mother, Eluc. 5; bjartari an sol, brighter
than the sun, , C2; meira an arir, more than others. Grep. o t ' î*" *' 7 o 51; viara an r,
wider than before, id.; betr an egja, better than being silent, 96; ri an etta, Eluc. 51; annat an
annat, one thing rather 'ban another, 50; Ijosara an mi, 44; heldr an vr, 17; annat an dauan, 15;
meira an Gu, 13; fyr an, 6; annat an ert, 59; framarr an eir hafa, id.; framar an vesa, 60; heldr
an fri er eiri, Hom. 45; heldr an, 63; betra er agat an mlt, 96; helgari an annarra manna, 126;
framar an sin. 135, etc.; cp. Frump. 158-163: 'en' however occurs in Hom. 126. II. the form ' en' (or '
enn') occurs passim, Grg. i. 173, ii. 13, Al. 29, Sks. 596 B, N. G. L. i. 32, etc. etc. &&* The
particle en differs in sense when placed before or after the comparative; if before, it means still; if
after, than; thus, fyrr enn, r enn, before, Lat. prinsqnam, but enn fyrr, still earlier, sooner; enn
heldr, still more, but heldr enn, rather than; enn betr, s till better, but betr enn, better than; enn
sar, s till late r, but sar enn, later than, etc. Again, there is a difference of sense, when neither en
is a comparative; en ef, but if; ef enn, if still, etc.
EN is now and then in MSS., esp. Norse, used = or, ef, q. v., but this is a mere peculiarity or false
spelling: 1. when; mr vrum hj en ( -- er) eir, when they, D. N. i. 271; til ess en = til ess er, 8
t. 2. as a relat. particle, which; s hin rika frn en (which), Str.; nina clttur en allra meyja er fegrst,
my daughter who is the fairest of all women, ir. 249; af v en hann her ngit, Al. 145; s tti en,
107; en suiigin er, which is sung, Hom. 41; but hvrt en er, whether, N. G. L. i. 349. 3. = ef, if, [cp.
Old Engl. an]; slar yri slurnar, en r vissi, if they knew, Al. 114; en eir vildi = ef eir vildi,
118; en ver frirn = ef vr friin, 120, esp. freq. in D. N. (vide Fr.) Very rare in Icel. writings or
good MSS., e. g. en ek he me Gus miskunn (i. e. er ek heti), as 7 have, because have, Bs. i. 59,
Hung. ch. 1; vide er.
ENDA, a copul. conj. with a slight notion of cause or even disjunction: [the use of this copulative
is commonly regarded as a test word to distinguish the Scandin. and the Saxon-Germ.; the A. S.
ende, Engl. and, Hel. end, Germ, imd being represented by Scandin. auk, ok, or og: whereas the
disjunctive particle is in Scandin. en, enn, or even enda, answering to the PIngl., A. S., and Germ,
aber, but; the Gothic is neutral, unless jab, by which Ulf. renders /ecu, be -- auk, ok :-- this differ-
ence, however, is more apparent than real; for the Icel. 'enda' is probably identical with the Germ,
and Saxon und, and: in most passages it has a distinct copulative sense, but with something more
than this] :-- and, etc. I. with subj., a standing phrase in the law, connecting the latter clause of a
conditional premiss, i/so and so, and if..., and again if... ', or it may be rendered, and in c a s e that,
and supposing that, or the like. The following references will make it plainer; ef goitui er um sttr,
enda haft hann rum manni hnd selt..., skal 'hann ok sekja ..., ifa suit lies against the priest, '
and'he h as named a proxy, then the suit lies also against him (viz. the proxy), Grg. i. ()=;; ef skip
hverfr ok so eigi til spurt rim vetrum, enda se spurt ef eim lndum llum er vr tunga er ,
..., if a ship disappears without being heard of for three years, 'and' inquiry has been made from
all the countries where ' our tongue' is spoken, then ..., 218; ef goinn gerr eigi nemna frnsdrn,
enda s hann at loguni beiddr ..., varar goanum fjrbaugsgar, if the priest name not the
court of ftirn, 'and' has been lawfully requested thereto, then he is liable to the lesser outlawry, 94;
nu her mar sveinbarn fram frt sku, enda veri s mar veginn sian, ..., i/- a man has
brought a. boy up in his youth, ' and in case that' he (the boy) be slain, then ..., 281; ef mar frir
meybarn fram ..., enda beri sv at..., ok (then) skal s mar ..., id.; ef menn selja maga sinn af landi
han, ok eigi vi veri, enda veri eir magar frir t hingat san, ..., 274; hvervctna ess er
vegnar sakir standa nbttar milli manna, enda vili menn sttask au ml..., ..., ii. 20; ef s
mar var veginn er (who has) vist me konu, enda s ar ingheyandi nokkurr., ., ..., 74; at
vru log, ef rlar vri drepnir fyrir manni. enda (a?i d in case thai) vri eigi fr rlsgjldin
fyrir hina riju sl, ;i ..., Eg. 723, cp. Eb. 222; tt mar fri fram ellri mann, karl er konu,
banisku, enda (a;z d in case that) berisk rttartar san um menn, skal..., 281; ef orir,
enda sr nokkut at manni, if tboti darest, 'and supposing that' thou art something of a man, Fb. i.
170, segja m ek honum tendin ef vilt, enda vekir hann, 'and supposing that' thou wilt
awake him, Fms. iv. 170; en eir eru skilnaar- menn rttir er me hvrigum fru heiman visir
vitendr, enda (and even) vildi eir sv skilja , Grg. ii. 114; enda fylgi eir hvrigum brant
(supposing they), id.; hvat til berr er veizt orna hluti, enda sr eigi spmar, supposing that
thou art a prophet, Fms. i. 333. 2. rarely with indie.; ef kona elr burn me heimilum manni, enda
gelzt f um, hn eigi..., Eb. 225. II. even, even if, usually with indie.; kona sakir r allar ef
ruin vill reiask vi, enda komi (even if) eigi fram loforit, Grg. i. 338: in single sentences, skal
hann segja bum sinum til, enda ingi, even in parliament, ii. 351: the phrase, e. sv (even so),
eigi au handsl hennar at haldask, enda sv au er, i. 334; enda er rtt viring eirra, ef..., and
their taxation is even (also) lawful, if..., 209: in mod. usage very freq. in this sense (= even). III.
denoting that a thing follows from the premiss, and consequently, and of course, and then, or the
like, and forsooth, freq. in prose with indie.; man ek eigi optar heiinta etta f, enda vera r aldri
at lii san, 7 shall not ca ll for this debt any more, ' and also' lend thee help never more, Vpn. iS;
ef eir eru eigi eiri en mm, enda eigi eri, if they are not more than ve, and also not less, Gn'ig.
i. 38; enda eigu menu at taka annan logsogumann ef vilja, and they shall then elect another
speaker if they choose, 4; enda skuluni vr i'v leysa ik, and then of course we shall loose thee,
Edda 20; varar honum skggang, enda verr hann ar heilagr, and of course or and even, and to
boot, Grg. ii. 114; skal hann segja til ess;'i nianna- mtum, enda varar honum eigi vi log, i.
343; s sk er hross ;'i, enda verr s jamt sekr um nautnina sem arir menu, 432; siik .
hvrr er vill, enda skal lgsgumar ..., 10; enda hann kost at segja lglcigor fit, ef hann vill at
heldr, 217; tnii ek honum miklu betr en (than) rum, enda skal ek essu ra, and besides will
settle this myself, Eg. 731; synisk at jafnan at ek em fgjarn, enda man svti enn, it is well knoivn
that am a money-loving man, and so it will be too in this case, Nj. 102; bei ek af v inna
atkva, enda num llum at bezt gegna, 7 waited for thy decision, and (as) that will be the best for
all of us, 78; er at ok likast at r skit me kappi, cnd. munu eir sv verja, and sowill they do
in their turn, 227; Hall- gerr var fengsm ok storlyiul, enda (and on the other hand) kallai hn til
alls ess er arir ttu nnd, 18; mikit ma konungs gfa um slika hluti, enda mun mikill frami fsk
ferinni ef vel tekst, Fms. iv. 29; lver var mlsnjallr ok muldjarfr, e. var hann vitr mar, 235;
ekki mun ek halda til ess at brjtir log n, enda eru au eigi brotin, ef..., neither are they
broken, if..., Fb. i. 173, Mork. 81. 2. with a notion of disjunction, and yet; eigi nenni ek at hafa at
saman, at veita Hgna, enda drepa brur hans, 7 cannot bear to do both, help Hogni and yet kill
his brother, Nj. 145; er r tldut Grnland vera vergott land, enda er at fullt af jklum ok
frosti, that you call Greenland a mild climate, and yet it is full of frost and ice, Sks. 209 B. 3. ellipt.
in an abrupt sentence, without a preceding premiss; enda tak nu xi na, and now take thy axe
(implying that can no longer prevent thee), Nj. 58; enda arf her mikils vi, 94; marinn segir,
enda fauk hfuit af bolnum, the man continued, -- nay, the bead ew off the body, Ld. 290: even in
some passages one MS. uses ' enda, ' another ' ok, ' e. g. skorti nu ekki, enda var drengilega eptir
soft (ok var drengilega eptir stt, v. l.), Fms. viii. 357; cp. Fb. iii. 258, 1. 16, and Mork. 7, 1. 15: the
law sometimes uses ' ok' exactly in the sense of enda, ef mar selr maga sinn af landi brott, ' ok'
veri hinn aptrreki er vi tk, ..., Grg. i. 275.
ENDA, d, (enda, a, Fs. 8, Ld. 50, Bs. i. 865; mod. usage distinguishes between enda a, to end,
nish, arid enda t, to full) :-- to end, bring to an end; ok endi ar lit" tt, Fms. i. 297; af rinn ok
endar, Fs. I. e.; endair snu valdi, Bs. i. 865. 2. ruetaph. to bring to an end, full, perform a
promise or the like; sy'slu er hann endi eigi, work which he did not perform, Grg. ii. 267; tti
Heinreki biskupi Gizurr eigi enda vi konung at sem hann hafi heiti, Fms. x. 51; enda eir at er
Pali postuli mlti, Hom. 135; her komit ok ent at er i lofair, Nirst. 8. II. reex, to end,
come to an end; reii mannsins cndisk einu augabragi, 656 A. ii. 17; er sv hefjask upp at eigi
endask, 656 B. 3; endisk s enn mikli hfingskapr Dana konunga, Fms. xi. 205; r endask ok
byrjask jafnfram avail, Rb. 232. 2. to last out; ok endisk , allt sumar fram, Nj. 18; medan mer
endask fng til, Eg. 66; en honum endisk eigi til bess Hf, Bs. i. 77; en er veizlor endusk eigi fyrir
fjolmennis sakir, Hkr. ii. 92; ok endisk v etta hti lengst, Gsl. 50; mean ek endumk til, as long
a s 7 la s t, i. e. live, Fms. iv. 292. 3. to end well, do; enda mun at fm bndum vel endask at synja
mr maegar, sl. ii. 215; ek veil, at at ni honum eigi endask, ef..., Rd. 311; ok nguni skyldi
ruin hans kappa enzk hafa betta nema -ber, Fas. i. 104; sesrir honum eici ella endask Fms. iv. 143.
III. impers. in the phrase, sgu endar, endar ar sgu fr honum, it ends the tale, i.e. the tale is
ended, Ld. 50: in mod. usage Icel. can say, saga endar, sgu endar, and saga endast, here the story
ends.
endemi and endimi, n. pl. an abomination, scandal, shame, esp. in exclamations; s undr ok
endemi! Nirst. 6; ok ykir nausyn, at eigi veri au e. , Fms, xi. 27; n era slkt mikil e., vii. 36;
heyr endemi, hear the abomination! for shame! heyra rn ok e., 21, ii. 14; heyr e., segir
Hallgerr, gerir ik gan, Nj. 74; vissum vr eigi vnir slkra vla ok endema, Blas. 46; mrg e.
tku menu til nnur, Bs. i. 62; hr lstr e., segir hann, Fms. xi. 94. endemismar, m. a monster,
Fs. 38. The etym. is doubtful, either = ein-dmi, what is unexampled, or rather from dmr and the
prex and-; endemi is always used in a very bad sense; the passage Fms. v. 206--veiztu ef au e. (=
wonder) eru snn, at konungrinn s heilagr hj okkr--is an exception and perhaps incorrect.
ENDI, a, m., and endir, s, m. [Ulf. andeis = GREEK; A. S. ende; Engl. end; O. H. G. enti; Germ.
ende; Swed. nde; Dan. ende] :-- the end, conclusion; as in the proverbs, endirinn skyldi uppha
skoa, Lat. quidquid incipias respice nem; allt er gott ef endirinn er gr, all's well that ends well;
sj fyrir enda e-u, to see the end of a thing (how it will end); gra fyrir enda e-u (a weaver's
term), to bring to an end, Grett. 100 new Ed.; leysa e-m illan (gan) enda (a weaver's term), to
bring to an ill (good) end, Korm. 164 (in a verse); mun einn endir leystr vera um giptu. it will
all come to one end, Gisl. 82; binda enda e-t, to full, nish, Snt 169; gra enda , to bring to an
end, Dipl. i. 6; vera enda, to be at an end, Fms. xi. 427 (to be at one's wit's end); standask
endum, Nj. 111; allt me endum, adv. from end to end, Lex. Pot.; til annars endans, Nj. 176; rum
endanum, Eg. 91; dyrr bum endum, Fms. iv. 220; at snum enda hvrir, Grg. ii. 48; til enda
jarar, 656 B. 4; endanum (with the article), 655, xxxii; til enda, to the end of life, Nj. 39; endir
lkams, Hom. 103; upphaf ok endir, 146; engi endir, 157; hr skal n ok endir vera, it shall come
to an end, Nj. 145; s var endir a, at ..., that was the end of it, that ..., Fas. ii. 514; annarr endir
hersins, Fms. ix. 353; hinn neri endir, Sks. 167 B. COMPDS: enda-dagr, m. (enda-dgr, n.), the
last day, day of death, Fms. viii. 93, x. 388, Sks. 355, Fas. i. 223. enda-fjl, f. a gable end, Pr. 413.
enda-kntr, m. the 'end-knot,' nal issue. enda-lauss, adj. endless, Fms. v. 343, Sks. 617, Hom. 87.
enda-lok, n. pl. and enda-lykt, f. the end, conclusion, Finnb. 248, Fbr. 29, Hom. 152, Fms. iii. 163,
v. 343, Stj. 20, 49. enda-mark, n. the end, limit, H. E. ii. 70, Fms. v. 343. enda-merki, n. id., D. N.
enda-mjrr, adj. thin at the end, tapering, in the phrase, lta eigi vera endamjtt vi e-n, to treat
one well to the end; Icel. say, e-t verr enda-sleppt, n. adj. it has an abrupt end, etc. enda-armr,
m. the great gut, Pr. 473.
endi-land, n. borders, connes, Stj. 406, 531, 546.
endi-langr, adj. 'end-long,' from one end to another; eptir endilangri mrkinni, Eg. 58; me
endilngum bekkjum, along the benches, Nj. 220; tlaga fyrir endilangan Noreg, 368, Fms. iv. 319,
Grett. 97: as adverb. phrases, 'endwise,' opp. to 'across,' at endilngum skipum, Fms. vii. 94; um
endilangan, Stj. 290; um endilangt, Bs. i. 644; at endilngu, El. 32.
endi-lauss, adj. endless, Hom. 87.
endi-leysa, u, f. nonsense, 'without end or aim,' Fms. vi. 375.
endi-liga, adv. nally, Stj. 225, Fms. ix. 355, v.l.
endi-ligr, adj. nal, Stj. 110, Dipl. ii. 11, Bs. i. 8.
endi-lok, n. pl. the end, conclusion, 625. 172.
endi-mark, n. esp. pl. a boundary, conne, Grg. ii. 166, Hom. 48, Stj. 275, 345, Sks. 338, Dipl. ii.
4, Pm. 92: a limit, end, Hom. 52, Sklda 206, Gl. 44, Sks. 272 B, Fms. ii. 89, H. E. i. 466.
endi-merki, n. (and endi-mrk, f.) = endimark, Sks. 207, 338 B.
ending, f. ending, termination, Fms. v. 225, Vgl. 16.
endir, v. endi.
end-langr, adj. = endilangr, Grg. ii. 257, Vkv. 7.
ENDR, adv. [cp. Lat. ante]. I. in times of yore, erst, formerly, before; very freq. in old poetry, Am.
1, Ad. 3, t. 12, 13, Eg. 751 (in a verse), vide Lex. Pot.; in prose very rare, or only in the phrase,
endr fyrir lngu, a long time ago, Fas. iii. 250, 347; cp. er. 2. in the phrases, endr annan veg en
endr = now one way, now another, 677. 2; endr ok sinnum, mod. endrum og sinnum, from time to
time, now and then, Sks. 208; endr ok stundum, id., 703 B. endra-nr and endrar-nr, adv. at
other times, otherwise; bi ok endra-nr, Bs. i. 533; sem jafnan endra-nr, as always else, 526,
538; sem valt endrar-nr, Fas. ii. 144; at enum sama htti sem e., Rb. 28; en at er endra-nr,
at ..., but else, that ..., Fms. viii. 410. II. again; sv kom ins son endr at hamri, kv. 32. Mostly
as prex to nouns and verbs, answering to Lat. re-, chiey in a biblical and theological sense, esp.
after the Reformation.
endr-borinn, part. born again, Sm. 118, Sturl. iii. 269, Fas. iii. 68.
endr-bt, f. making good again, repentance, Hom. 41.
endr-ba, bj, to restore, 655 xiii B. 3.
endr-bta, tt, to repair, restore, 671. 3, 655 A. 13: reex., 625. 69, Fms. ii. 212, Greg. 34, Stj. 53,
228, 632.
endr-bting, f. restitution, restoration, Stj. 52, 632, 625. 69.
endr-btingr, m. a thing repaired, patchwork, N. G. L. i. 75.
endr-frn, f. an offering, presenting again, Stj. 49.
endr-frna, a, to offer, present again, Stj. 49.
endr-fa, dd, to regenerate, Hom. 154, 1 Peter i. 3.
endr-fing, f. regeneration, Matth. xix. 28.
endr-gefendr, part. those who give again, Hm. 40.
endr-geta, gat, to bear (give birth to) again; sonu na sem Heilg Kristni endrgat, 623. 28;
endrgetinn fyrir vatn ok Helgan Anda, Hom. 55, Fms. iii. 166; endrgetinn af vatni ok Helgum Anda,
Hom. 3: reex. to be born again, Post. 656 B. 11, Nirst. 104.
endr-getnar, m. the being horn again, Nirst. 104.
endr-getning, f. = endrgetnar, 655 vi. 2, Titus iii. 5.
endr-gjalda, galt, to reward, Mar. 175, Bs. ii. 25, Rom. xii. 19.
endr-gjaldari, a, m. a rewarder. Heb. xi. 6.
endr-gra, dd, to heal again. Barl. 148.
endr-gra, , to restore, reconstruct, K. . 28.
endr-hreinsa, a, to purify again, Hom. (St.)
endr-hrra, , to move again, Barl. 130.
endr-kaupa, t, to redeem, 2 Peter ii. 1.
endr-laginn, part. replaced, Skv. 3. 65.
endr-lausn, f. redemption, Luke xxi. 28, 1 Cor. i. 30; this and the following two words were
scarcely used before the Reformation.
Endr-lausnari, a, m. the Redeemer, Job xix. 25, etc.
endr-leysa, t, to redeem, Matth. xvi. 26, Luke xxiv. 21.
endr-lifna, a, to come to life again, Stj. 221, Greg. 58, Luke xv. 32.
endr-lfga, a, to call to life again, Stj. 30.
endr-lfgan, f. a refreshing, revival, Acts iii. 19.
endr-minnask, t. dep. to remember, call to mind, Stj. 23, 40, 51.
endr-minning, f. remembrance, recollection, Hom. 9, Sklda 204.
endr-ming, f. tribulation, Stj. 49.
endr-mla, t, to repeat, Matth. vii. 2.
endr-mling, n. repetition, Sturl. iii. 71 C.
endr-nja, a, to renew, repeat, Fms. ix. 248, 499, Jb. 156, K. . 28: impers., Eb. 278: reex. to
grow again, Str.
endr-njung, f. renovation, renewing, Titus iii. 5.
endr-nra, , to refresh, Matth. xi. 28, Rom. xv. 32, 2 Cor. vii. 13.
endr-nring, f. refreshing.
endr-reisa, t, to raise again, Fms. x. 276.
endr-rja, adj. ind. downcast, forlorn; Ketill kva mjk e., K. said that they were much cast
down, disheartened, Fas. ii. 16, Fspl. 12; it occurs only in these two passages, see a note of Dr.
Scheving to Fspl. l.c., where he says that the word still survives in the east of Icel.
endr-semja, sami, to recompose, renew, Bs. i. 735.
endr-skapa, a, to create anew, Eluc. 52, Str. 52.
endr-skikka, a, to restore, Acts iii. 21.
endr-taka, tk, to retake, Stj. 29.
endr-tryggja, , to reconcile, Bs. i. 686.
endr-vinda, vatt, to turn back (of things), Orkn. 202.
endr-ga, u, f. retribution, Hm. 4.
ENG, f., pl. engjar, (spelt ng, O. H. L.), [Dan. eng; Swed. ng; A.S. ing, found in local names in
North. E., as Ings, Broad Ing] :-- a meadow; opp. to akr, in the allit. phrase, akr n eng, Grg. i. 407,
Hrafn. 21, Gl. 136, 360, K. . K. 90; enginni, Stj. 193; veitti hann lkinn eng sna, Landn. 145;
hlfs mnaar eng, half a month's meadow-land, Dipl. ii. 12: in pl. engjar is in Icel. used of the
outlying lands, opp. to tn, the home-eld, and hagi, the pasturage, vide Grett. ch. 50; engjar
manna, Grg. ii. 264: tt f gangi engjar, 233: used in many COMPDS: engja-brig, f. the
escheatage of an eng, Grg. ii. 277. engja-grasnautn, f. right of grazing, making hay in the eng,
Vm. 48. engja-hey, n. hay of the eng, = t-hey, 'out-eld hay,' opp. to taa, hay from the well-
manured home-eld. engja-merki, m. marks, borders of the eng, Grg. ii. 219. engja-skipti, n.
division of the eng, Grg. ii. 259. engja-slttr, m. the time of mowing the eng, in August, opp. to
tna-slttr, mowing of the home-eld, in July. engja-vinna, f. and engja-verk, n. making hay in the
eng. engja-vxtr, m. meadow-produce, Jb. 146.
engi, n. (= eng), meadow-land, a meadow, Grg. i. 123, ii. 264, Hv. 51. COMPDS: engis-hfn, f.
possession of a meadow, Grg. ii. 274. engis-l, m. a scythe to mow a meadow, Korm. 4 (in a verse),
(engissler, MS.); this seems to be the correct reading of the passage. engis-mar, m. the owner of a
meadow, Grg. ii. 289.
engi-bi, a, m. a neighbour who has to appear in an engidmr.
engi-dalr, m. a meadow-valley, Stj. 163.
engi-dmr (or engja-dmr), m. a court to decide the possession of n meadow, sitting on the spot,
Grg. (L. . ch. 17) ii. 269 sqq.
ENGILL, m. [Gr. GREEK; Lat. eccl. angelus: hence in the Teut. dialects, Goth. aggilus; A. S. and
Germ. engel; Engl. angel] :-- an angel, Rb. 78, Nj. 157, 625. 4, N. T., Pass., Vdal., etc.; englar,
hfu-englar, veldis-englar, Hom. 133; engils andlit, 623. 55. COMPDS: engla-fylki, n, a host of
angels, Stj., Hom. 133, Fms. v. 340, Mar. 656 A. 8.
engla-li, n. a host of angels, Greg. 37, Hom. 49, 154. engla-lf, n. life of angels, Hom. 16. engla-
mjl, n. 'angel-meal, ' i. e. manna, Stj. 145. engla-sveit, f. a host of angels, Hom. 154. engla- sn,
f. a vision of angels, 625. 84.
engil-ligr, adj. angelical, Stj. 4, Nirst. 4. .
Engilskr, adj. English, D. N. (freq. but mod., vide Enskr).
engi-mark, n. the boundary of a meadow, Grg. ii. 233, 287.
engi-skipti, n. = engja-skipti; engiskiptis-bi, m. = engi-bi, Grg. ii. 276.
engi-spretta, u, f. [Swed. grsshoppa; Dan. grshoppe] , a grass- hopper, locust, Matth. iii. 4,
Exod. x.
engi-teigr, m. a piece of meadow-land, Grg. ii. 259, Eg. 745, Vm. 15.
engi-verk, n. meadow work, Eb. 150; = engja-slttr; um e., during the time of mowing the meadows,
Grg. i. 149, K. . K. 136.
engi-vxtr, m. meadow-produce, Grg. ii. 287.
engja, , [Gr. GREEK; Lat. ango; Germ. engen] , to press tight, com- press; engdr (vexed) me
ufrii, Str.: with dat., hn engvir honum (makes him anxious, vexes him,) ok angrar, id.: the mod.
phrase, engja sig (or engjask), Swed. wrida sig, = to writhe with pain, chiey used of a worm.
engja, u, f. and enging, f. [Germ, enge] , narrowness (rare): medic., garn-engja, constriction of the
bowels.
eng-liga, adv. narrowly; vera e. staddr, to be in a strait, Str.
Englis-mar(Engils-mar), m. an Englishman, Fms. v, Fas. iii. 354.
ENGR, adj. [Lat. angustus; Goth, aggvus; A. S. enge; Germ, eng] , narrow, close; engri gzlu, in
close watch, Str.; vide ngr.
enn, art. the, = hinn.
enn, v. en.
enna, adv. [en with a demonstrative -na], in the phrase, eigi enna, not yet or not forsooth ! Glm.
378, Fms. vi. 360, viii. 119.
ENNI, n. [a word peculiar to the Scandin.; Swed. nne, but usually in mod. Ssved. and Dan. panna
or pande; root uncertain] :-- the forehead; spratt honum sveiti enni, Nj. 68, Pr. 471; um vert
ennit, Fms. i. 178: also brow, metaph. a steep crag, precipice, Landn., Eb.
enni-brattr, adj. having a straight forehead, Sd. 146.
enni-breir, adj. having a broad forehead. Eg. 304, Fms. v. 238.
enni-dkr, m. a llet worn round the head by heathen priests at sacricial ceremonies, Lat. vitiae,
Kormak (GREEK)
enni-ler, n. the skin of the forehead of animals, Fas. i. 80.
enni-snaur, adj. having a low forehead, Fms. vii. 343.
enni-spnir, . m. pl. [cp. Swed. nnespan = bead-wreath, ornament] , carved work, such as
dragon-beads on old ships of war, both fore and aft, Fms. v. 304, vi. 120, viii. 197, Orkn. 332, Fas.
iii. 113.
enni-svell, n. boulders of ice, Sturl. i. 61.
Enska, u, f. the English tongue, Sklda 161.
ENSKR, adj. English, Grg. i. 504, Eg. 517; Enskir menn, m. Englishmen, Fms., Orkn., Hkr.
EPJA, u, f. [apr], chilliness, Bjrn.
EPLI, n. [A. S. ppel; Engl. apple; Swed. ple; Dan. ble; O. H. G. aphol; mod. Germ, apfel]:--
an apple, Fms. xi. 9, Rb. 346; it occurs even in old poems, Skm. 19, 20; cp. Edda 17, the apples of
Idunna, of which the gods ate and became young again, cp. also Vls. S. ch. 2; Heljar e., the apple
of death, sl. ii. 351 (in a verse). COMPDS: epla-t, n. eating of an apple, Stj. 40. epla-garr, m.
[Dan. abildgaard] , an 'apple- yard, ' orchard, Gl. 144, Vgl. 17. epla-kyn, n. 'apple-kind, ' Stj.
175. epla-stng, f. an apple-stalk, a cognom., Fms. viii.
epli-berandi, part, apple-bearing, Stj. 14.
eplttr, adj. = apal-grr, q. v., Karl. 306, 334.
EPTIR, better spelt eftir, in common pronunciation ettir, a prep, with dat. and acc. and also used as
adv. or ellipt. without a case: an older form ept or eft only occurs in poetry, Skin. 39, 41, t. 2, Edda
91 (in a verse); ept vig, Hkr. i. 349 (in a verse), iii. 50 (Arnr); [cp. Goth, afar; Runic stone in Tune,
after; A. S. ft; Engl. after, aft; Swed. -Dan. efter]:-- after. A. WITH DAT., LOC.; with verbs
denoting following, pursuing, or the like; hann rei e. eim, Eg. 149; hann bar merkit eptir honum,
he bore the standard after him, 297; ra e. eim, to pull after them, Ld. 118; egar e. Kara, on the
heels of Kari, Nj. 202; var ekki e. honum gengit, none went after him, 270. . with the notion to
fetch; senda e. e-m, to send after one, Eb. 22, Nj. 78, Fms. i. 2; ra Hornafjr e. f yru, ride to
H. after your things, Nj. 63. . ellipt., viljum vr eigi e. fara, we will not follow after them. Eb. 242;
ek mun hlaupa egar e., Nj. 202. 2. metaph., u. with verbs denoting to look, stara, lta, sj, g, horfa,
mna, etc. e. e-u, to stare, look after a thing while departing, sl. ii. 261: leita, spyrja, frtta etc. e.
e-u, to ask, ' speer, ' seek after a thing, Nj. 75, Eg. 155, 686, Fms. i. 71, x. 148, etc. . segja e. e-m,
to tell tales, report behind one's back in a bad sense, 623. 62; at ek sega eigi happ eptir
tengda-mnnum mnum, Sturl. i. 66; sj e. e-u, to look after, miss a thing, Nj. 75; leggja hug e. e-u,
to mind a thing, sl. ii. 426; taka e., to mind, mark a thing; ganga e. e-u, to retain a thing, Fms. x. 5.
. verbs denoting to expect; ba, vnta e. e-u, to expect, wait for a thing; vaka e. e-m, to sit -up
waiting for one, but vaka yr e-m, to sit up nursing or watching one, cp. Fas. ii. 535. . II. denoting
along, in the direction of a track, road, or the like; nir e. hlsinum, down the bill, Fms. iii. 192; t
e. ri, stood out along the rth, i. 37; innar e. hllinni, Nj. 270; upp e. dal, Eb. 232; ofan e.
dalnum, Nj. 34; ofan e. eyrunum, 143; upp e. eyrunum, 85; innar e. binni, 165; t e. vertrnu,
202; ofan e. reykinum, Eb. 230; inn e. Skeium, 224; inn e. lptari, id.; innar e. sum, 236; inn e.
sum, 316; t e. snum, 236; t e. Hafsbotnum, Orkn. I; e. endilngu, from one end to another, Fms.
x. 16; e. miju, along the middle, vii. 89. 2. metaph. after, according to; e. v sem vera tti. Ld. 66;
e. si eirra ok lgum. Fms. i. 81; e. num fortlum, ii. 32; hann leiddisk e. fortlum hennar, he
was led by her persuasion, v. 30; gkk allt e. v sem Hallr hafi sagt, Nj. 256; gkk al!t e. v sem
honum hafi vitra verit, all turned out as he had dreamed, Fms. ii. 231; e. minni vsan, i. 71. .
denoting proportion, comparison; eigi e. v sem fair hans var, yet not like his father, Eg. 702;
ftt manna e. v sem hann var vanr, few men in comparison to what he used to have, Sturl. ii. 253;
at var or , at ar fri arar e., people said that the rest was of one piece, Ld. 168. with verbs
denoting imitation, indulgence, longing after, etc.; lifa e. holdi snu, to live after the esh, Hom. 25;
lifa e. Gui, 73; lit e. mr, follow after me, Blas. 45; lta e. e-m, to indulge one; mla e. e-m, to
take one's part, Nj. 26: breyta e. e-m, to imitate; dma e. e-m, to give a sentence for one, 150;
fylgja e. e-m, to follow after one, N. T.; herma e. e-m, to mimic one's voice and gesture, as a juggler;
mun ek ar e. gera sem r gerit fyrir, 7 will do after just as you do before, Nj. 90; hann mlti e. (he
repeated the words) ok stefndi rangt, 35; leika e. e-m, to follow one's lead; telja e., to grudge; langa
e., to long after, Luke xxii. 15. 8. kalla, heita e. e-m, to name a child after one; kallai Hkon eptir
fur snum Hkoni, Fms. i. 14; kallar e. Mrkjartani mur-fur snum, Ld. 108: lcel. now
make a distinction, heita hfuit e-m, of a living person, and heita e. e-m, of one deceased. III.
denoting behind; fundusk e. eim rskar bkr, Irish books were found which they had left behind,
Landn. (pref.), Fms. xi. 410; draga ik blindan e. sr, vi. 323; bera e-t e. sr, to drag behind one;
hann leiddi e. sr hestinn, he led the horse after him, Eg. 766. . as an adv., er eigi hins verra e.
vn er slkt ferr fyrir, what worse can come after, when such things went before? Nj. 34. 2. but
chiey ellipt. or adverb.; lta e., to leave behind, Sturl. i. 60; sitja e., to sit, stay behind, Fms. i. 66;
ba e., to stay behind; vera e., Grett. 36 new Ed., Bs. i. 21; standa e., to stay behind, remain, be left,
Fms. ii. 231, vi. 248; dveljask e. , to delay, stop, Sturl. ii. 253; leggja e., to lay behind, but liggja e.,
to lie behind, i. e. be left, Karl. 439; eiga e., to have to do, Nj. 56; ef ekki verr e., if naught remain
behind, Rb. 126; skammt get ek e., innar , I guess that little is left of thy life, Nj. 182; au
bjoggu ar e., they remained, stayed there. 25. B. WITH ACC., TEMP, after; vetri e. fall lafs, Eb.
(ne); sextn vetrum e. drp Eadmundar konungs ..., vetrum e. andlt Gregorii, ... e. bur Christi,
b. 18; e. fall jarls, Eg. 297; e. verk essi, Nj. 85: esp. immediately after, var kom e. vetr, spring
came after winter, Eg. 260; hvern dag e. annan, one day after another, Hom. 158; r e. r, year after
year, Rb. 292; dag e. dag, day after day, Fms. ii. 231; e. at, or e. etta, after that, Lat. deinde,
deinceps, Nj. 151, Eb. 58, Bs. i. 5, etc. etc.; e. ingit, after the meeting, Eb. 108; e. stt Kyrbyggja,
252. 2. denoting succession, inheritance, remembrance, etc.; eptir in this sense is frequent on the
Runic stones, to the memory of, after; hn arf allan e. mik, Nj. 3; tekit arf e. fur inn, inherited
after thy father, Fms. i. 256; ef skapbtendr eru eigi til e. bauga, i. e. to receive the weregild, Grg.
ii. 184; eir er sektar-f eiga at taka e. ik, Nj. 230; tk konungdm e. fur sinn, took the
kingdom after his father, Fms. i. 2; orkell tk lgsgu e. rarinn, Thorkel took the speakership
after Thorarin, b. ch. 5, cp. ch. 8, 10: metaph., vita skmm e. sik, to know that shame [will be]
after one, i.e. leave such a bad report, Ld. 222; skai mikill er e. menn slka, there is a great loss in
such men, Eg. 93; hann fastai karfstu e. son sinn, he fasted the lenten fast after his son's death,
Sturl. ii. 231; sonr ... e. genginn guma, a son to succeed his deceased father, Hm. 71; mla e. en, or
eiga vgsml (eptir-ml) e. e-n, to conduct the suit after one if slain, Nj. 254 (freq.), hence eptir-ml;
eptir vg Arnkels vru konur til erfar ok aildar, Eb. 194; hefnd e. e-n, to revenge one's death, Nj.
118; heimta gjld e. menn sna, to claim weregild, Fms. viii. 199. . the phrase, vera e. sig, to be
weary after great exertion. II. used as Adv. after; san e. rum degi. on the second day
thereafter, Hom. 116: san e., Lat. deinceps, Fms. x. 210; um vrit e. . the spring after, Eb.125 new
Ed.; annat sumar e., the second summer after. Nj. 14; annat haust e., Eb. 184; annan dag e., the
second day after. Nj. 3; um daginn e., the day after, Fms. vii. 153, Bs. i. 21; nsta mnu e., Rb.
126. . by placing the adverb, prep, at the beginning the sense becomes, different, later; e. um vrit.
later during the spring, Eb. 98. III. used adverb. with the relat. particles er, at; e. er, Lat. postquam,
Grg. i. 10; e. at, id., K. . K. 32. p. eptir , afterward; the proverb, eptir (mod. eptir ) koma
svinnum r hug, the fool is wise too late, Vpn. 17, Fas. i. 98; eptir , kva hinn..., 'after a bit,'
quoth the..., (a proverb.)
eptir-btr, m. an 'after-boat,' ship's boat, Eg. 374, Fms. vii. 195, 214, Orkn. 420: metaph. a
laggard, Fr. 49, sl. i. 236.
eptir-bi, f. waiting for.
eptir-breytni, f. imitation, following, (eccl.)
eptir-brrasynir, m. pl. second cousins (Norse), N. G. L. i. 189.
eptir-burr, m. second birth, Stj. Gen. xxxviii. 29.
eptir-drag, n. a trail, track; hafa eptirdragi.
eptir-dmi, n. example, Stj. 132, Fms. i. 141, Fr. 137, Bs. i. 263.
eptir-farandi, part. following, Stj. 10, Bs. i. 263.
eptir-fer, f. pursuit, Eb. 296, Orkn. 442.
eptir-frtt, f. asking after, inquiry, Sks. 52, Bs. i. 632.
eptir-fylg, f. following after one.
eptir-frilegr, adj. = Lat. investigabilis, Hom. 16.
eptir-fr, f. pursuit, Eg. 593.
eptir-ganga, u, f. a going after, following, attendance, Eb. 112, Sturl. i. 14, iii. 10: prosecution of a
thing, Fms. vii. 358. eptirgngu-mar, m. a follower, Eb. 112.
eptir-gangr, m. = eptirganga. COMPDS: eptirgangs-munir, m. pl. importunity. eptirgangs-samr,
adj. pressing-one's claims, importunate. eptirgangs-semi, f. insisting upon a claim.
eptir-gengi, n. id., Bs. i. 852.
eptir-glkjari, a, m. an imitator, follower, Bs. i. 90.
eptir-grenzlan, f. investigation.
eptir-gr, f. 'after-making,' i. e. funeral-honours, esp. gifts for the soul of the dead, Fms. x. 103,
234, Gl. 61.
eptir-hermur, f. pl. mimicking one's voice and gesture.
eptir-hreyta, u, f. the 'after-milk,' Grnd. 182.
eptir-komandi, part. following, future, Edda 150 (pref.): a successor, Fms. ix. 328, v. l., Dipl. i. 2:
in pl. offspring, Landn. 254, Stj. 386.
eptir-kra, u, f. prosecution, Rd. 275.
eptir-kst, n. pl. after-whims.
eptir-ltligr, adj. pleasing, Bs. i. 636.
eptir-ltr, adj. buxom, complaisant, obedient, Nj. 68, Fms. xi. 71, Fas. iii. 196, Stj. 71, Fs. 80.
eptirlt-samr, adj. id., Stj. 11.
eptir-leiis, adv. for the future.
eptir-leifar, f. pl. remains, Stj. 543.
eptir-leikr, m. after-play; in the proverb, vandari er eptirleikrinn.
eptir-leit, f. search, pursuit, Nj. 133, Eb. 218, Fms. xi. 240.
eptir-leitan, f. searching for, pursuing, Fms. i. 68, vii. 106, x. 268 : metaph. request, Sturl. ii. 80,
Sks. 234.
eptir-lit, n. looking after a thing. eptirlits-samr, adj. (eptirlits-semi, f.), careful, attentive.
eptir-l, n. indulgence, Stj. 155, Rb. 384, Sks. 619.
eptir-lfr, adj. indulgent, Mar.
eptir-lking (-glking), f. imitation, 623. 26, Hom. 44, Fms. vi. 28, Stj. 51, Bs. ii. 157. 2. a parable,
N. T.
eptir-lkjandi, part, imitator, Hom. 48, 51.
eptir-lti, n. enjoyment, Stj. 31, 51, 144, 509, Nj. 13. 2. fond indulgence (esp. foi a child), Ld. 88,
Gsl. 85, Gl. 64. COMPDS: eptirltis-barn, n. a pet child, spoilt child. eptirltis-lf, n. a life of
indulgence, Ver. 28, 625. 28. eptirltis-jnusta, u, f. an act of indulgence, Stj. 78.
eptir-lngun, f. a longing after, desire for.
eptir-ml, n. an 'after-suit,' i. e. prosecution undertaken after a person is slain, properly by the next
heir (aili, q. v.), Nj. 120, 128, 166, Fms. i. 224. COMPDS: eptirmls-mar, m. a prosecutor, Br.
171. eptirmla-star, m. = eptirml, Hv. 55.
eptir-mli, a, m. an epilogue, (mod.)
eptir-mll, adj. indulgent, consenting, Nj. 13.
eptir-mjlt, f. = eptirhreyta.
eptir-mynd, f. a copy, drawing, (mod.)
eptir-mlandi, part. the prosecutor in an eptirml, Js. 40, Nj. 175.
eptir-mli, n. fond indulgence. Fms. x. 375, Nj. 26. 2. = eptirml. Nj. 176. 3. good report, Mar.,
Rm. 289.
eptir-rs, f. a running after, pursuit, Grg. i. 440, Js. 39.
eptir-rei, f. pursuit on horseback, Nj. 254, Landn. 152.
eptir-rekstr, m. a driving one to go on.
eptir-rit, n. an after-writ, copy (mod.), opp. to frumrit.
eptir-rr, m. the rowing in pursuit of one, Hkr. iii. 94.
eptir-rning, f. the prying into a thing, Eb. 54. COMPDS: eptirrninga-mar, m. a prying,
inquisitive person. eptirrninga-samr, adj. a prying man, Eb. 54, v. 1.
eptir-seta, u, f. sitting back, i. e. remaining behind, N. G. L. i. 156.
eptir-sj (-sjn), f. the looking with desire after a lost thing, hence loss, grief, Fms. i. 258, vii. 104,
Ld. 194: attending to, 298, Sturl. i. 27.
eptir-skoun, f. a looking after, 655 xxxii. 13.
eptir-skn, f. a seeking after, pursuing, Blas. 38, Fms. i. 222.
eptir-spurn, f. speering after, inquiring for.
eptir-staa, u, f. (-stvar, f. pl.), remains, arrears, B. K. 118.
eptir-stasi, adj. remaining behind, Fms. xi. 1.
eptir-sn, f. looking after one, . T. eptirsnar-mar, m. = eptirmlsmar, N. G. L. i. 170.
eptir-takanlegr, adj. (-liga, adv.), perceptible.
eptir-tekja, u, f. produce, revenue.
eptir-tekt, f. attention: eptirtektar-samr, adj. mindful.
eptir-tlur, f. pl. an 'after-counting,' grudging.
eptir-vnting, f. expectation, N. T.
eptir-rf, f., in the phrase, koma ekki e., to be not amiss.
eptir-tlandi, part, one who intends to prosecute, N. G. L. i. 165.
EPTRI, compar., and EPTSTR or epztr, superl. (also sometimes aptari, aptastr), the aftermost,
hinder, hindmost: 1. loc., eptra fti, the hind leg, Edda 28; ba ftr hina eptri, Vgl. 21 (aptr-ftr,
hind leg's); til hins eptra austr-rms, the hindmost, opp. to fremri, Fms. viii. 139; framstafninn ok
hinn eptri (viz. stafn), ii. 304; eptra (aptara) hjalt (of a sword), Fas. iii. 244; at aptara stafni, 429;
eigi vil ek vera aptastr allra minna manna, I will not be the hindmost of all my men, Fms. ii. 307; er
raddar-staf her eptra nafninu, Sklda 165. 2. temp. later, last; en eftri burar-t en hin fyrri,
Hom. 56; hina eftri hingatkomu Krists, 106; eru eir skrkvttar er eftri bru, that last bore
witness, N. G. L. i. 32; vide efri and aptr.
ER, old form es, mod. sometimes e, but usually 'er;' indecl. Particle used as relat. pron. or as relat.
adv.; in very old MSS. always es, and rhymed so by old poets; in the 12th century it changed into er.
In poems and in law phrases the particle 'es' is sufxed to the pronoun or adverb, as s or z, e. g. thus:
as pron., s's = s es (so in 'people's Engl.' he as, him as, for he who, etc.), Hkr. iii. 11 (Sighvat); dat.
eim's = eim es, illi qui, Hm. 3, Fms. vi. 38 (Sighvat); acc. masc. ann'z or ann's = ann es, illum
qui, Vsp. 45 (MS.), Od. i, Hm. 44, 120, Hm. 39, Am. 90; neut. atz = at es, illud quod, Hm. 39,
Am. 37, Hkv. Hjrv. 3, Fms. iii. 9 (Hallfred): as conj. or adv., hvrt'z ... ea = hvrt es ... ea,
utrum ... an, Grg. (Ed. 1853); hvrt'z hann vill at reia ea ..., i. 25, 145, 152, 155, 156, 161, 233,
ii. 50: as adv., egar's = egar es, as soon as, Grg. (Ed. 1853) i. 94, Am. 30; san's = san es,
since (Old Engl. sithens, sithence), 78; even sem's = sem es, Am. 103; hvar's = hvar es, wherever,
47, Mork. 138, Hm. 138; hve's = hve es, however, 140 (MS. hvers), Sklda 190 (in a verse); ar's =
ar es, there where, i. e. where, Grg. i. 46, 153, Hm. 66, Hbl. 60, Gm. 8, Ls. 50, Mork. 18, 34, 37,
62, 170, Sklda 189 (Bragi), Edda (Ht.) 124, where this anastrophe is called bragar-ml, poetical
diction; hvarge's = hvarge es, wherever, Grg. ii. 44. The Icel. has no relat. pron. but only the relat.
particles er and sem, both of them indecl. in gender, case, and number; in simple sentences the
sense (gender etc.) is clear from the context; and the language has certain expedients to meet the
deciency. A. Used as relat. pron. which, who, that: I. used alone, where there is perhaps an ellipse
of the demonstrative, er = er hann (eir, r, eim, etc.); GREEK. nom., eim b, er Abia heitir,
625. 83; Mrr ht mar, er kallar var Gigja, Nj. 1; hann tti dttur eina, er Unnr ht, id.; skulu
eir, er fr eru (who are) saman, Grg. i. 9; mar, er essa ur, id.; at eim svrum, er vera, 19;
li at, er eim hafI angat fylgt, Fms. i. 62; konur r, er vlfur vru kallaar, iii. 212; eim unga
manni, er ar sitr hj r, id. GREEK. acc., ingfesti manna eirra, er (quos) menn vilja skja,
Grg. i. 19; sakar eirrar, er (quam) ek he hfa, id. GREEK. gen., ara hluti , er (quorum)
menn viidu vsir vera, Fms. iii. 212. GREEK. dat., ann einn, er (cui) hann ann lti, Fms. i. 86.
GREEK. joined to a demonstrative; allir rndir, eir er..., all the Th., who..., Fms. i. 62. II. with a
prep., which, as often in Engl., is placed at the end of the sentence; er hann kom til, whom he came
to; land, er hann kom fr, the land he came from; so Lat. quocum venit = er hann kom me sub
quibus = er ... undir; in quibus = er ... i, etc.: the prep, may also be a penultimate, e. g. the phrase, er
mr er vn, wlich I have a hope of; or, er hann var yr settr, whom he was set over, etc.; this use of
the pronoun is undoubtedly elliptical, the corresponding demonstrative pronoun being left out,
although the ellipse is not felt; vengrinn s er murinn Loka var saman rifjar me (Kb. omits the
prep.), the lace that the mouth of Loki was stitched with, Edda 71; rum hfingjum, eim er
honum tti lis at vn (that is to say, eim, er honum tti lis van at eim), at whose hands, i. e.
from whom he thought help likely to come, Fms. i; eir er ek mli etta til ( = er ek mli etta til
eirra), those to whom I speak, xi. 12; er engi her r til orit, Nj. 190; in strgi jtunn, er r
steini var hfuit ( = er r steini var hfuit honum), whose head was of stone. Hbl. 15; v er
vr urum sttir, Fms. xi. 34; vi glugg ann loptinu, er fuglinn hafI r vi seti. the window
close to which the bird sat. Eg.: nokkurum eim hfingja, er mr s eigandi vintta vi (viz. ).
. H. 78: sjn, er mr ykir mikils um vert (viz. hana), 74; er mr at at sn orit, er ek he opt
heyrt fr sagt (= fr v sagt), 57; til vatns ess, er en Helga fellr r, 163: til kirkju eirra, es bein
eru fr til, Grg. i. 13 new Ed. 2.ellipt. the prep, being understood, esp. to avoid the repetition of
it; ekirinn s er brendr vr sgarr (viz. me), Edda (pref.); hann gkk til herbergis ess, er konungr
var inni (viz. ), he went to the house that the king was in, . H. 160, Fb. iii. 251; dyrr r, er ganga
mtti upp hsit (viz. gegnum, through), the doors through which one could walk up to the house,
Eg. 421; r eim ttum er mr ttu fuglarnir jga (viz. r), the airt (quarter) that I thought the
birds ew from, sl. ii. 196; yr eim manni, er Mrr hafi sk sna fram sagt (viz. yr), the man
over whose head (to whom) Mord had pleaded his suit, Nj. 242; rj ing, au er menn tluu (viz.
), three parliaments, in (during) which men thought ..., 71; nr borg eirri, er konungr sat (viz. ),
near the town the king resided in, Eg. 287; Montakassin, er dyrkast Benedictus, Monte Cassino,
where B. is worshipped, Fms. xi. 415; eir hafa n lti lif sitt fyrir skmmu, er mr ykir eigi vert
at lifa (viz. eptir), they, whom methinks it is not worth while to outlive, 150; fara eptir me hunda, er
eir vru vanir at spyrja upp (viz. me), er undan hljpusk, they pursued with hounds, that they
were wont to pick up fugitives with, i.e. with bloodbounds, v. 145; at er rem stum, er dauum
m sk gefa (viz. ), it is in three places that a man can be slain with impunity, N. G. L. i. 62; at er
einum sta, er mar hittir (viz. ), it is in one place that ..., id. III. a demonstrative pron. may be
added to the relat. particle, e.g. er eirra = quorum, er eim = quibus, er hans, er hennar = cujus; but
this is chiey used in old translations from Lat., being rarely found in original writings; ann
konung, er undir honum eru skatt-konungar, that king under whom vassals serve, Edda 93; ekkja
heitir s, er bandi hennar (whose husband) var stt-daur; hll er s kona kllu er bandi
hennar er veginn, 108; s sam-stafa, er raddar-stafr hennar er nttrlega skammr, that syllable, the
vowel of which is naturally short, Sklda 179; s mar, er hann vill, that man who wishes, Grg. i.
19; s mar, er hann skal fasta, 36; nema ein Gurn, er hn va grt, G. that never wailed, Gh. 40;
ess manns, er hann girnisk, Hom. 54; sl er s bygghlaa ... er r eirri ..., felix est illud
horreum ... unde ..., Hom. 15; engi er hrri speki en s, er eirri ..., nulla melior est sapientia
quam ea, qua ..., 28; varveita boor hans, fyrir ann er vr erum skapair, ejusque mandata
custodire, per quem creati sumus, 28; hara gfugr er httr hfsemi, fyrir er saman stendr ...,
nobilis virtus est valde temperantia, per quam ..., id.; elskendum Gu ann er sv mlti, Deum
diligentibus qui ait, id.; skrn Grara vrs, er eirri, 56; er eim = in quibus, 52: rare in mod.
writers, enginn kann a jta er irast rttilega eirrar syndar, er hann ekkir ekki str hennar og
lsku, Vdal. i. 226. IV. in the 14th century, the relat. pron. hverr was admitted, but by adding the
particle er; yet it has never prevailed, and no relative pronoun is used in Icel. (except that this
pronoun occurs in the N. T. and sermons, e.g. Luke xi. 1, whose blood Pilate had mingled, is
rendered hverra bli Pilatus hafi blanda; an old translator would have said, er P. hafi blanda
bli eirra): hvern er eir erfu, M. K. 156; hverjar er hn lauk mr, id.; af hverju er hann megi
marka, Stj. 114; hvat er tkna mundi, Fms. xi. 12. V. the few following instances are rare and
curious, er , er ek, er mr, er hn; and are analogous to the Germ. der ich, der du, I that, thou
that; in Hm. l. c. 'er' is almost a superuous enclitic, eyvitar fyrna er mar annan skal, Hm. 93; sttir
nar er ek vil snemma hafa, Alm. 7; jafnt skipta er mundir, Hbl. 25; rr hafar er ek he, Fsm.
50; aui fr er mr tlu var, sandi orpin sng, Sl. 49; lauga-vatn er mr leiast var eitt allra hluta,
50; rr ertu Loki, er yra telr, Ls. 29, cp. 21, Og. 12, Hkv. 2. 32; trll, er ik bta eigi jrn, sl. ii.
364. This want of a proper relat. pron. has probably preserved Icel. prose from foreign inuences; in
rendering Lat. or mod. Germ. into Icel. almost every sentence must be altered and broken up in
order to make it vernacular.
B. Conj. and adv. joined with a demonstrative particle, where, when: 1. loc., ar er, there where =
ubi; ar er hvrki s akr n eng, Grg. i. 123; hvervetna ess, er, N. G. L. passim. 2. temp. when; ok
er, and when; en er, but when: er, then when; ar til er, until, etc., passim; annan dag, er menn
gengu, Nj. 3; br eim mjk vi, er an s hann, 68; sjaldan fr sv, er vel vildi, Ld. 290; ok
v er rgils, and in the nick of time when Th., id.: lt hamrinum sem er (as when) rei gengr,
sl. ii. 434; nst er vr kmum, next when we came, Eg. 287; er vr, when we, id. II. conj. that
(vide 'at' II, p. 29); at er (is) mitt r er (that) kallir til tals, Eg. 540; ok at, er hann tlar, Nj. 7:
ok fansk at llu, er (that) hon ttisk vargen, 17; en essi er (is) frsgn til ess, er (that) eir
vru Heljar-skinn kallair, Sturl. i. 1; ok nna honum sk, er (en MS.) hann hafi verit, that he
had been, Fms. vii. 331; af hverju er hann megi marka, from which he may infer, Stj. 135; hvrt er
(en MS.) er (is) ungr ea gamall, either that he is young or old, N. G. L. i. 349; spuri hann at, hvrt
er, asked him whether, Barl. 92; mikill skai, er slkr mar, that such a man, Fms. vi. 15; hlgligt
mr at ykkir, er (that) inn harm tnir, Am. 53; er r gengsk illa, that it goes ill with thee, 53,
89; hins vilt geta, er (that) vit Hrungnir deildum, Hbl. 15. 2. denoting cause; er dttir mn er hr
skapi, for that my daughter is hard of heart, Nj. 17. . er , although, Sklda 164. 3. egar er, as
soon as, when, Fms. iv. 95, cp. egar's above: alls er ert, for that thou art, i. 305; san er, since,
after that, Grg. i. 135; en sian er Freyr hafi heygr vert, Hkr. (pref.); but without 'er,' N. G. L. i.
342. In the earliest and best MSS. distinction is made between eptir er (postquam), egar er (quum),
mean er (dum), san er (postquam), and on the other hand eptir (post), egar (jam), mean
(interdum), san (post, deinde); cp. mean's, san's, egar's, above; but in most old MSS. and
writers the particle is left out, often, no doubt, merely from inaccuracy in the MSS., or even in the
editions, (in MSS. 'er' is almost always spelt UNCERTAIN and easily overlooked): again, in mod.
usage the particle 'at, a,' is often used as equivalent to 'er,' mean a, whilst; san a, since that;
egar a, postquam, (vide 'at' V, p. 29.)
ER, 3rd pers. pres. is, vide vera.
R, pl., and it, dual, spelt ier, . H. 147 (twice), 205, 216 (twice), 227; [Goth. jus = GREEK; A. S.
ge; Engl. ye, you; Germ. ihr; Swed.-Dan. I) :-- ye, you. That r and not r is the old form is clear
from the alliteration of old poems and the spelling of old MSS.: allit., r munu allir eia vinna,
Skv. 1. 37; it (GREEK) munut alla eia vinna, 31; hlait r jarlar eiki-kstinn, Gh. 20; lt einir r
tta ttar minnar, Hm. 4; ra al en r hat, Rm. 45 (MS. wrongly r); r sji undir strar
yvars Grara bla, Lb. 44 (a poem of the beginning of the 13th century). It is often spelt so in
Kb. of Sm.; hvers bit r, Hkv. 2. 4; ykkisk r, Skv. 3. 36; brusk r brr ungir, Am. 93;
uru-a it glkir, Gh. 3; ef it, id.; en r heyrt hat, Hm. 38; er (when) r, ye, Ls. 51; er it heim
komit, Skv. 1. 42: r knttu, Edda 103 (in a verse): in very old MSS. (12th century) no other form
was ever used, e.g. er it, 623. 24: at er r (that which ye) heyrit, 656 A. 2. 15; r brr ..., mnnisk
r, ye brethren, remember ye, 7; treystisk r, 623. 32; hrisk eigi r, 48. In MSS. of the middle of
the 13th century the old form still occurs, e.g. . H., r hat, 52; r skolu, 216; egar er r komit, so
soon as ye come, 67; sem r mynit, 119; r hat, 141; til hvers er r erot, that ye are, 151; ef r vilit
heldr, 166; r erot allir, ye are all, 193; sem r kunnut, 196; sem ier vilit, 205; sem r vito, as ye
know, 165; ef r vilit, 208; eim er r sendo, those that ye sent, 211: the Heiarv. S. (MS. of the
same time)--unz r, (sl. ii.) 333: ef r urfut, 345; er it farit, 346 (twice); allz r erut, id.; er r
komi, as ye come, id.; en r sex, but ye six, 347; ok r, and ye, 361; r hat rsamliga, 363; ea it
fegar, 364: Jmsvk. S.--ef r, (Fms. xi.) 115, 123: Mork. 9, 63, 70, 98, 103, 106, passim. It even
occurs now and then in Njla (Arna-Magn. 468)--r erut, ye are, 223; hverrar liveizlu r ykkisk
mest urfa, 227: r ertu hann, Sklda 171; Fari-a r, fare ye not, Hkr. i. (in a verse). It is still more
freq. after a dental , t, ; in old MSS. that give for it runs thus -- vito r, ha r, skolu r,
megu er, li r, etc., wot ye, have ye, shall ye, may ye, live ye, etc.; hence originates by way of
diresis the regular Icel. form r, common both to old and mod. writers; vide , where the other
forms will be explained.
ERI, n. [akin to arr], a heavy balk of timber, Grett. 125; hence the phrase, ungt sem eri, heary
as a balk.
erenda, d, to perform an errand. Vgl. 29.
erendi, etc., v. eyrendi.
erfa, , with acc. to honour with a funeral feast, cp. the Irish phrase to 'wake' him, Eg. 606; san lt
Egill e. sonu sna eptir fornri svenju, 644, Fms. i. 161, xi. 67. 2. to inherit, N. T. and mod. writers.
. metaph. in the phrase, e. e-t vi e-n, to bear long malice, to grumble.
ERF, f. [(Germ. erbe], inheritance; for the etymology vide arfr; the law distinguishes between
frnd-erf, family inheritance, and t-erf, alien inheritance, N. G. L. ii. 146; within the frnd-erf
the law records thirteen degrees of kin, Gl. 232-242, N. G. L. i. 49, Jb. 128 sqq., Grg. i. 170. sqq.:
special kinds of 't-erf' are, brand-erf (q.v.). gest-erfd, skip-erf, gjaf-erf, land-erf, flaga-erf,
litla-erf, leysings-erf, N. G. L. i. 50: again, in mod. usage erf implies the notion of a family, and
t-erf, t-arfar are used of distant kinsfolk, inheritance in a different line, or the like; vide Grg.,
Nj., and the Sagas freq. . inheriting, succession, Gl. 48-55. COMPDS: erfa-blkr, m. the
section of law treating of inheritance. Ann. 1273. erfa-einkunn, f. an hereditary mark (on cattle),
Grg. ii. 304. erfa-f, n. an heirloom, inheritance, Grg. i. 206. erfa-goor, n. hereditary
priesthood, Sturl. i. 198. erf-land, n. patrimony, land of inheritance, Stj. 50, 66, Orkn. 126, Fms.
iv. 224, vi. 20. erfa-mar, m. an heir, Js. 38. erfa-mark, n. = erfa-einkunn, Grg. i. 422, 423.
erfa-ml, n. a lawsuit as to inheritance, Nj. 6, 92. erfa-partr, m. share of inheritance, Stj. 110.
erfa-skipan, f. a law, ordinance of inheritance, N. G. L. i. 49. erfa-star, m. hereditary estates,
used in a special sense of church demesnes held by lay impropriators, vide Arna S., Bs. i. 794.
erfa-tal, n. the section of law respecting inheritance, Gl. 55. erfa-magi, a, m. an 'magi'
having an inherited right to support, Grg. i. 134, 237. erfa-ldr, n. [Dan. arvel], a funeral feast,
N. G. L. i. 432.
er, n. a wake, funeral feast, Nj. 167, Fms. i. 161, xi. 68, Ld. 16, Gl. 275, Rb. 344, N. G. L. i. 391,
Am. 83, Gh. 8. For the sumptuous funeral feasts of antiquity, vide esp. Landn. 3. 10, where the
guests were more than fourteen hundred, Ld. ch. 26, 27; var n drukkit allt saman, brullaup lafs
ok er Unnar, ch. 7, Flam. S. ch. 2, Jmsv. S. ch. 21, 37. COMPDS: ers-drykkja, u, f. a funeral
feast, Pass. 49. 16. ers-gr, f. = er, Fms. xi. 69.
era or ervia, a, [Goth. arbaidjan = GREEK; early Germ. erbeiten; mod. Germ. arbeiten; mod.
Dan. arbeide is borrowed from Germ.] :-- to toil, labour, Edda 149 (pref.), 677. 11; allir r sem
ervii og unga eru hlanir, Matth. xi. 28: metaph., e. e-m, to cause one toil and trouble, Bs. i.
726: trans., e. jrina, to till the earth, Stj. 30: impers., sttar-far hans erai, his illness grew
worse, Fms. x. 147. In the Icel. N. T. it is sometimes used in the same passages which have
arbaidjan in Ulf., e.g. heldr he eg miklu meir era en allir eir arir, 1 Cor. xv. 10; llum eim
sem styrkja til og era, xvi. 16; a eg ha til einskis era hj yr, Gal. iv. 11; heldr eri og ai
me hndum, Ephes. iv. 28; hvar fyrir eg era og stri, Col. i. 29; sem era meal yar, 1
Thess. v. 12; v at til ess hins sama erum vr einnig, 1 Tim. iv. 10; in 2 Tim. ii. 6 the Icel. text
has 's sem akrinn erjar.'
er-drgr, adj. difcult, Sturl. iii. 271.
eri or ervii (rfai, N. G. L. i. 391; rfu, id. I. 10), n. [Ulf. arbais = GREEK; A. S. earfo;
O. H. G. arapeit; mod. Germ. arbeit, which shews that mod. Dan. arbeide and Swed. arbete are
borrowed from the Germ.; lost in Engl. The etymology of this word is uncertain; the Icel. notion is
to derive it from er- priv. and via = vinna, to work, but it is scarcely right; Grimm, s.v. arbeit,
suggests it to be akin to Lat. labor; Max Mller refers it to the root AR, to plough, Science of
Language, p. 258, 3rd Ed.; but ari (Bjrn, p. 41) instead of ervii is a ctitious form, and the
statement that in old Norse or Icel. it means ploughing rests only on a fancy of old Bjrn (Dict. l.c.),
to which he was probably led by the similarity between Lat. arvum to Germ. and mod. Dan. arbeit,
arbeide: in fact the Icel., ancient or modern, conveys no such notion; even in the old heathen poems
the word is used exactly in the present sense, which again is the same as in Ulf.] :-- toil, labour, and
metaph. toil, trouble; in the allit. phrase, e. en eigi eyrendi, toil but no errand, i.e. lost labour, kv.
10, 11, Hkv. Hjrv. 5; vl ok e., toil and trouble (of travelling), Hbl. 58, Sklda 163; kvusk hafa
haft mikit e. ok ngu lei komi, Fms. v. 21, Post. 645. 58, Sks. 235, v.l., N. G. L. l.c. 2. metaph.
distress, suffering; drgja e., to 'dree' distress, Gm. 35 (heathen poem),--in N. G. L. i. 391 this
phrase is used of a priest ofciating; hungr, orsti, e., Hom. 160: in pl., mer mrgum erum er
hana leggjask, Stj. 51: an old poet (Arnor) calls the heaven the eri of the dwarfs, vide dvergr. In
the Icel. N. T. eri is often used in the very same passages as in Ulf., thus--yvart e. er eigi ntt
Drottni, 1 Cor. xv. 58; eri, vkum, fstu, 2 Cor. vi. 5; og hrsum oss eigi tram yr mlingu
annarlegu eri, x. 15; og vort e. yri til ntis, 1 Thess. iii. 5, cp. Ulf. l.c. . medic. asthma,
difculty in breathing; brjst-eri, heavy breathing. COMPDS: eris-daui, a, m. a painful, hard
death, 655 xxxii. 17. eris-laun, n. pl. a recompense for labour or suffering, Nirst. 5, Fms. vi.
149, Barl. 95. eris-lttir, m. a reliever of labour, Stj. 19. eris-munir, m. pl. toils, exertion,
Br. 180, Fas. i. 402, Fb. i. 280. eris-nau, f. servitude, grinding labour, Stj. 247, 265. eris-
samr, adj. toilsome, Stj. 32. eris-semi, f. toil. erviis-verk, n. hard work, Stj. 263, 264.
er-leiki, m. hardship, difculty.
er-liga, adv. with pain and toil; er hann stti e. til hans, he strove hard to get up to him, Edda 60;
e-t horr e., looks hard, Nj. 139; ba e. vi e-n, to treat one harshly, Fas. ii. 96; at skipi essu farisk
e., that his ship will fare ill, make a bad voyage, vi. 376; var mr ar erviligast um, there I met
with the greatest difculties, Nj. 163.
er-ligr, adj. toilsome, difcult, adverse; margir hlutir e. ok ungligir, adverse and heavy, Fms.
viii. 31, Sks. 235.
er-l, n. a life of toil, 655 viii. 2.
err, adj. toilsome, hard, difcult; ok var af v honum ertt bit, a heavy, troublesome household,
Bs. i. 63; era fer hafa eir fengit oss, they have made a hard journey for us, Fms. v. 22; Gurn
var er gripa-kaupum, G. was troublesome (extravagant) in buying nery, Ld. 134; e-m verr e-t
ertt, one has a difculty about the thing, Fms. vi. 54. . hard, unyielding; var Flosi err, en arir
erri miklu, F. was hard, but others much harder, Nj. 186, 187; jarl var lengi err, the earl
long remained inexorable, 271: ek var yr err, 229. . hard breathing; ok er hann vaknai var
honum ertt orit, when he awoke he drew a deep breath, after a bad dream, sl. ii. 194; hvldisk
Helgi, v at honum var orit ertt, H. rested, because he was exhausted (from walking), Dropl. 22;
honum vri mli ertt, though he spoke with difculty (of a sick person), Bs. i. 110. . var ess
erar (the more difcult) sem..., Fas. i. 81: so in the phrase, e-m veitir ertt, one has hard work,
Bs. i. 555, Nj. 117; ertt mun eim veita at ganga mti giptu inni, 171.
er-drpa, u, f. a funeral poem, Fbr. 16, Fms. vi. 198, v. 64.
er-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), toilsome, hard, 677. 10.
er-vinnr, adj. hard to work, Grett. 114 A.
er-okkr, m. a short funeral poem, Fms. vi. 117.
er-kvi, n. a funeral poem, = erdrpa. Eg. 605.
erngi, ja, m., (arngi, Fms. ix. 328, Gl. 287), pl. erngjar, [arbingjas (pl.), Runic stone in Tune;
Ulf. renders GREEK by arbja or arbinumja; Dan. arving; Swed. arfvinge] :-- an heir, Grg. i. 217,
Eg. 25, Nj. 3, 656 C. 36, Fms. l.c., etc. etc. erngja-lauss, adj. without heirs, Fms. v. 298, x. 307.
er-veizla, u, f. a funeral banquet, Bs. i. 837.
er-vrr, m. [A. S. erfeveord], an heir, pot., Gh. 14, Akv. 12, cp. the emendation of Bugge to
Skv. 3. 60.
er-l, n. [Dan. arvel], a wake, funeral feast, N. G. L. i. 14.
ERG, n., Gael. word, answering to the Scot. shiel or shieling; upp um dalinn ar sem var erg
nokkut, at kllu vr setr = der som vaar noget erg, det kalde vi. stter (in the Danish transl.), Orkn.
448 (Addit.), cp. local names in Caithness, e.g. sgrms-erg, Orkn. 458.
ERGI, f. [argr], lewdness, lust; ergi, i ok ola, Skm. 36, Fas. iii. 390; e. keisara dttur, Br. 15,
El. 10; lsku ok e. ok hrdm, Barl. 138: wickedness, me e. ok skelmisskap, Gsl, 31, Yngl. S. ch.
7: in mod. usage ergja, f., means greediness for money or the like; the rare sense of moodiness is
quite mod., and borrowed from Germ. through Dan.
ergjask, , dep. to become a coward, only in the proverb, sv ergisk hverr sem eldisk, Hrafn. 25,
Fms. iii. 192, iv. 346.
erill, m. [erja], a fuss, bustle.
ERJA, ari, pres. er, sup. arit: mod. pres. erjar, erjai, 2 Tim. ii. 6; [A. S. erjan; Old Engl. to ear;
cp. Lat. arar, Gr. GREEK] :-- to plough; prlarnir skyldi erja, Landn. 35, v.l., cp. Fms. i. 240; eitt
nes at fyrrbau hann at e., lngum tma eptir ru menn hlut af nesinu, Bs. i. 293; r hat arit
me minni kvgu, Stj. 412: in the saying, seint s man erja, he will be slow to put his hand to the
plough, will be good for nothing, Glm. 341. . metaph. to scratch; hann ltr e. skinn um legginn
tan, O. H. L. 45; kom blrellinn enni Ketils ok ari nir um net, Fas. ii. 126.
erjur, f. pl. brawl, fuss, quarrels.
ERKI-, [Gr. GREEK; Engl. arch-, etc.] I. eccl. arch-, in COMPDS: erki-biskup, m. an archbishop,
Gl. 263, Fms. i. 106, N. G. L. i. 166. erkibiskups-dmi and erkibiskups-rki, n. archbishopric,
Fms. xi. 392, vii. 300, x. 88, 155; e. stll. an archiepiscopal seat, Rb. 422. erki-biskupligr, adj.
archiepiscopal, Bs. Laur. S., Th. 12. erki-djkn, m. an archdeacon, Fms. ix. 325. xi. 416, 625. 45,
Stj. 299. erki-prestr, m. an archpriest, Bs. i. 173, Stj. 299. erki-stll, m. an archiepiscopal seat.
Symb. 28, Fms. iv. 155. II. = great, portentous; erki-bsn, f. portent, Bs. i. 423.
erlendask, d, to go into exile, Stj. 111, but in 162 spelt r-.
erlending, f. [Germ. elende], an exile, Stj. 223.
erlendis, adv. abroad, in a foreign land, Grg. i. 167. Gl. 148, K. . K. 158; e. drep, committing
manslaughter in a foreign land, Grg. ii. 142; e. vg, a manslaughter committed abroad, i. 183.
ERLENDR, adj., r-lendr, Gl. 148, [Hel. elilendi = a foreigner; Germ. elende], foreign, Grg. i.
217, Sks. 462; the spelling with er- and r- is less correct than el- or ell-, cp. aulandi, p. 34. II. m. a
pr. name, Orkn.
Erlingr, m. a pr. name; prop. a dimin. of jarl, an earl.
erm-lauss, adj. arm-less, sleeve-less, Fms. vii. 21, Sturl. iii. 219.
ERMR, f., mod. ermi, dat. and acc. ermi, pl. ermar, [armr], an arm, sleeve, Fms. v. 207, vi. 349, xi.
332, Nj. 35, Clem. 54, Landn. 147: so in the saying, lofa upp ermina sr, to make promises in
one's sleeve, i.e. to promise without meaning to keep one's word. COMPDS: erma-drg, n. pl.
sleeve-linings, Bret. erma-kpa, u, f. a cape with sleeves, Band. 5. erma-kjs, f. the armpit, 656 C.
28. erma-langr, adj. with long sleeves, Fas. ii. 343. erma-lauss, adj. sleeve-less, Fms. xi. 272, Sks.
406. erma-stuttr, adj. with short sleeves. erma-vr, adj. with wide sleeves. erma-rngr, adj. with
tight sleeves.
Ermskr, adj. Armenian, K. . K. 74, b. 13, Fas. iii. 326.
erm-stka, u, f. a short sleeve, Karl.
ERN, adj. brisk, vigorous, Bs. i. 655, Fms. v. 300; hence Erna, u, f. a pr. name, Rm. 36, Bs. i. 32,
v.l.
ern-ligr, adj. of brisk, stout appearance, Nj. 183, Eb.
erpi, n. a sort of wood, Al. 165.
erri-ligr, adj. = ernligr, Fms. iii. 222, Eb. 94 new Ed.
erring, f. a brisk, hard struggle, Fbr. (in a verse).
errinn, adj. = ern, Lex. Pot.; fjl-e., very brisk and bold, Hallfred.
ERTA, t, to taunt, tease, with acc., Rd. 302, Hkr. iii. 130, Sklda 171, Fms. vi. 323; er eigi gott at e.
llt skap, a saying, Mirm.: reex., ertask vi e-n, to tease one, Fms. ix. 506.
erting, f. teasing, provoking, Lv. 26; engi ertinga-mar, a man who stands no nonsense, Eg. 417.
ertinn, adj. taunting; ertni, f. a taunting temper.
ERTLA, u, f., proncd. erla or atla, [arta], the wagtail, motacilla alba, now called Mratla or ln-
erla.
ERTR, f. pl. [early Germ. arbeiz; mod. Germ. erbse; Dutch erwt or ert; Dan. rt; Swed. rter] :--
peas; the Scandin. word is probably borrowed from Dutch or Fris. and occurs in the 13th century; in
old writers the r is kept throughout, ertr, ertrnar, Stj. 161; ertrum (dat.), 655 xxxiii. 4; ertra (gen.),
Gl. 544; ertra-akr, a pea-eld, id.; ertra- reitr, a bed of peas, N. G. L. ii. 172; ertra-vellingr, Stj.
160, 161, Gen. xxv. 29: in mod. usage it is declined erta, u, f., gen. pl. ertna, ertum, etc.
es, older form of er.
ESJA, u, f. a kind of clay, freq. in Norway in that sense, vide Ivar Aasen; the name of the mountain
Esja in Icel. no doubt derives its name from this clay, which is here found in abundance, Eggert Itin.
ch. 21; hence Esju-berg, n. name of a farm, Landn., [eisa, and even Germ. esse, Dan. esse, Swed.
ssa are kindred words.]
Esk-hyltingr, m. one from the farm Eskiholt, Sturl. ii. 145.
eski, n. [askr], an ashen box, Edda 17, 21, Fms. ii. 254, Fas. i. 237, sl. ii. 79; mod. spelt askja, and
used of any small box.
eski-mr, f. a lady's maid, Gm. (pref.)
eskingr, m. [aska], ashes or ne snow driven by a gale, Br. 20 new Ed.
eski-stng, f. an ashen pole, Rm. 232.
ESPA, a, to exasperate, irritate, probably = to make one shake like an aspen, Vdal.
espi, n. aspen wood (vide sp), hence Espi-hll, m. a farm, Landn.: Esphlingar, m. the men from
E., id.
espingr, m. [Swed. esping], a ship's boat, Fr.
ess, n. [for. word; old Swed. rs], a steed, Fms. x. 139, Fas. iii. 471, 582, much used in romances.
ETA, proncd. ta; pret. t, pl. tu; pres. et, proncd. iet, Greg. 82; part. eti; pret. subj. ti; imperat.
et; [Lat. &e-short;dere; Gr. GREEK; Ulf. tan; A. S. and Hel. etan; Engl. eat; O. H. G. ezan; mod.
Germ. essen; Swed. ta; Dan. de] :-- to eat, Grg. ii. 347; sem mtt vel e., Nj. 75; e. dagver,
Ld. 10; ar's ek hafa eitt eti, Hm. 66; e. kjt, Greg. l.c.; at engi er hr s inni er skjtara skal eta
mat sinn en ek, Edda 31 (hence jt-tinn, sein-tinn, rash or slow eating); t hvrrtveggi sem
tast, id.; Logi hafi ok eti sltr allt, id.; et mat inn, trll. Fas. iii. 179. 2. metaph. to eat,
consume; eigu at eta alla aura magans sem hann sjlfr, Grg. i. 288; eyddir ok etnir, Fms. xi. 423;
sorg etr hjarta, sorrow eats the heart, Hm. 122; etandi fund, consuming envy, Str.; Gyingar tusk
innan er eir heyru etta, the Jews fretted inwardly on hearing this, 656 C. 17. . medic., 655 xxx.
8. . the phrase, eta or sn, to eat one's own words, Karl. 478; or, eta ofan sig aptr, id., of liars or
slanderers. . the dubious proverb, lfar eta annars eyrendi, wolves eat one another's fare or prey,
Ld. 92; and recipr., etask af lfs munni, to tear one another as wolves, sl. ii. 165; ok her mr farit
sem varginum, eir eta ar (etask?) til er at halanum kemr ok nna eigi fyrr. Band. 12, where MS.--
at tla ek at mr veri vargsins dmi, eir nnask eigi fyrr at en eir hafa etisk ok eir koma at
halanum, 26: as to this proverb cp. also the allusion, Hm. 30: the mod. turn is--lfr rekr annars
erindi, so used by Hallgr.--annars erindi rekr lfr og lngum sannast a--and so in paper MSS. of
Ld. l.c., but prob. a corruption.
eta, u, f., mod. jata, a crib, manger, Hom. 36, 127, Mar. 26; in the proverb, standa llum ftum
etu, to stand with all feet in the crib, to live at rack and manger. Gsl. 46. etu-stallr, m. a crib,
manger, Orkn. 218. II. medic. cancer, Magn. 480: mod. ta or tu-mein.
etall, adj. eating, consuming, Lat. edax, 655 xxix. 6.
ETJA, atti; pres. et; part. att; but etja, Andr. 625. 73; [it means probably 'to make bite,' a causal of
eta] :-- to make ght, with dat., esp. etja hestum, of horse ghts, a favourite sport of the ancients; for
a graphic description of this ght see Bs. i. 633. Arons S. ch. 18, Glm. ch. 18, Rd. ch. 12, Nj. ch.
58, 59, Vgl. ch. 7, N. G. L. ii. 126; vide hesta-ing, hesta-at, vg-hestr, etc. 2. gener. to goad on to
ght; atta ek jfrum en aldri stta'k, Hbl. 24. . etja hamingju vi e-n, to match one's luck with
another, Fms. iv. 147; e. kappi vi e-n, to match one's force against one, Ld. 64, Eg. 82; e.
vandrum vi e-n, 458; e. saman manndrpum, to incite two parties to manslaughter, Anecd. 14:
in a good sense, to exhort, ok etja olinmi, Andr. l.c. (rare). . ellipt., etja vi e-t, to contend
against; e. vi aamun, to ght against odds, Al. 110; e. vi lismun, id., Fms. i. 42, ix. 39, Fs. 122;
e. vi ofrei, id., Fms. iii. 9; e. vi reii e-s, Fb. i. 240. 3. to stretch forth, put forth; hann etr fram
berum skallanum, he put forth his bare skull to meet the blows, Fms. xi. 132; (Icel. now use ota, a,
in this sense.) II. reex., lt eigi sama at etjask vi kennimenn gamla, said it was unseemly to hoot
old clergymen, Sturl. i. 104; er ofstopi etsk gegn ofstopa, if violence is put against violence, 655
xxi. 3. 2. recipr. to contend mutually; ef menn etjask vitnum , if men contend (plead) with
witnesses, N. G. L. i. 247; ok ef eir vilja andvitnum etjask, Gl. 298. III. the phrase, ettja heyvi
(spelt with tt), to fodder (cattle) upon hay, Grg. ii. 278, 340; ettja andvirki, to fodder upon a
hayrick, Gl. 357.
etja, u, f. ghting, biting. COMPDS: etju-hundr, m. a deer-hound, fox-hound, Sturl. ii. 179. etju-
kostr, m. a beastly choice, sl. ii. 89, Fms. viii. 24, v.l. etju-tk, f. = etju-hundr; bndi tti e. stra,
Fb. ii. 332, Br. 32 new Ed.
expens, n. (for. word), expences, Stj. 127, Bs. i. 742.
EY, gen. eyjar; dat. eyju and ey, with the article eyinni and eyjunni; acc. ey; pl. eyjar, gen. eyja, dat.
eyjum; in Norway spelt and proncd. y; [Dan. e; Swed. ; Ivar Aasen y; Germ. aue; cp. Engl.
eyot, leas-ow, A. S. g-land, Engl. is-land; in Engl. local names -ea or -ey, e.g. Chels-ea, Batters-
ea, Cherts-ey, Thorn-ey, Osn-ey, Aldern-ey, Orkn-ey, etc.] :-- an island, Fas. ii. 299, Sklda 172, Eg.
218, Grg. ii. 131, Eb. 12; eyjar nef, the 'neb' or projection of an island, Fb. iii. 316. 2. in various
compds; varp-ey, an island where wild birds lay eggs; eyi-ey, a deserted island; heima-ey, a home
island; bjar-ey, an inhabited island; t-eyjar, islands far out at sea; land-eyjar, an island in an
inlet, Landn.: a small island close to a larger one is called a calf (eyjar-klfr), the larger island being
regarded as the cow, (so the southernmost part of the Isle of Man is called the Calf of Man): it is
curious that 'islanders' are usually not called eyja-menn (islandmen), but eyjar-skeggjar, m. pl.
'island-beards;' this was doubtless originally meant as a nickname to denote the strange habits of
islanders, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse), Fr. 151, 656 C. 22, Fms. ii. 169, viii. 283, Grett. 47 new Ed.; but
eyja-menn, m. pl., Valla L. 228, Eb. 316 (and in mod. usage), cp. also Gtu-skeggjar, the men of
Gata, a family, Landn.; eyja-sund, n. a sound or narrow strait between two islands, Eg. 93, Fms. ii.
64, 298. 3. in local names: from the shape, Lang-ey, Flat-ey, H-ey, Drang-ey: from cattle, birds,
beasts, Fr-eyjar, Lamb-ey, Sau-ey, Hrt-ey, Yxn-ey, Hafr-ey, Svn-ey, Ki-ey, Fugl-ey, Arn-ey,
-ey, M-ey, ern-ey, lf-ey, Bjarn-ey: from vegetation, Eng-ey, Akr-ey, Vi-ey, Brok-ey, Mos-
ey: from the quarters of heaven, Austr-ey, Norr-ey, Vestr-ey, Sur-ey (Engl. Sudor): an island at
ebb time connected with the main land is called rris-ey, mod. ffurs-ey (cp. Orr in the
Orkneys): from other things, Fagr-ey, Sand-ey, Straum-ey, V-ey (Temple Isle), Eyin Helga, the
Holy Isle (cp. Enhallow in the Orkneys). Eyjar is often used GREEK of the Western Isles, Orkneys,
Shetland, and Sudor, hence Eyja-jarl, earl of the Isles (i.e. Orkneys), Orkn. (freq.); in southern Icel.
it is sometimes used of the Vestmanna eyjar. . in old poets ey is a favourite word in
circumlocutions of women, vide Lex. Pot.; and in poetical diction ey is personied as a goddess,
the sea being her girdle, the glaciers her head-gear; hence the Icel. poetical compd ey-kona. For
tales of wandering islands, and giants removing islands from one place to another, vide sl. js. i.
209. 4. in female pr. names, r-ey, Bjarg-ey, Landn.: but if prexed--as in Eyj-lfr, Ey-steinn, Ey-
mundr, Ey-vindr, Ey-ds, Ey-frr, Ey-vr, Ey-jfr, etc.--ey belongs to a different root. COMPD:
eyja-klasi, a, m. a cluster of islands.
ey-, a prex, ever-, vide ei-.
ey-bi, a, m. an islander, Lex. Pot.
EYA, dd, [aur; A. S. an; Dan. de; Germ. den; Swed. da], to waste: I. with dat. denoting to
waste, destroy, of men or things; hann eyddi (slew) llum fjlkunnigum mnnum, Stj. 491, Fms. ii.
41, vii. 8; ekki muntu me essu e. llum sonum Haralds konungs, i. 16. . of money; eya f, etc.,
to spend money, Eg. 70, Grg. i. 327, Nj. 29, Fms. i. 118: to squander, 655 iii. 1, Nj. 18, Fms. xi.
423, Fs. 79: reex., hann tti land gott en eyddusk lausaf, but his loose cash went, Fms. vi. 102. II.
with acc. to lay waste, desolate, or the like; upp eya (lay waste) alla eirra byg, Fms. v. 161;
vru eydd skip Sva-konungs tjan, eighteen of the Swedish king's ships were made void of men, x.
353; hann eyddi bygina, iv. 44. 2. to desert, leave; en skyldi t bera ok e. skemmuna, Fms. v. 262;
fllu sumir en sumir eyddu (deserted from) hlfrmin (in a battle), viii. 226; skip broti ea eytt, a
ship wrecked or abandoned, Grg. i. 91; en hn er n eydd af mnnum, forlorn or deserted of men,
Al. 1. . impers., ea hru eyi, if counties be laid waste, K. . K. 38; hence eyi-hs, etc.
(below). 3. as a law term, of a meeting, to terminate, dissolve; ef eir eru eigi saminga, er vr-
ing eru eydd, or if it be past the vring, Grg. ii. 271; en er s dagr kom er veizluna skyldi eya,
when men were to depart, break up the feast, Fms. xi. 331. 4. a law term, eya ml, skn, vrn, to
make a suit void by counter-pleading; e. dm ml, Grg. ii. 23; munu vr e. mlit me xar-
hmrum, Fs. 61; ok eyir mlit fyrir Birni, 125; eyddi Broddhelgi enn mlit, Vpn. 13; at hann
vildi v hans sk e., ef hann vildi hans ml v e., of unlawful pleading, Grg. i. 121; vera m at
Eysteinn konungr ha etta ml eytt me lgkrkum snum, Fms. vii. 142; eyddusk sknir ok
varnir, Nj. 149: with dat., eytt vgsmlum, 244; hlt Snorri fram mlinu ok eyddi bjargkvinum,
Eb. 160, Arnkels (but no doubt less correct).
eyi, n. [aur, Germ. de], waste, desert; leggja e., to leave in the lurch, desert, Jb. 277; jrin var
e. og tm, Gen. i. 2; yart hs skal yr e. lti vera, Matth. xxiii. 38: in COMPDS, desert,
forlorn, wild; eyi-borg, f. a deserted town (castle), Stj. 284. eyi-byg, f. a desert country, Fs. 19.
eyi-dalr, m. a wild, desolate vale, Hrafn. 1. eyi-ey, f. a desert island, Fms. x. 154. eyi-fjall, n. a
wild fell, Sks. 1. eyi-fjrr, m. a desert rth county, Fs. 24. eyi-haf, n. the wild sea, Stj. 636.
eyi-hs, n. deserted dwellings, Hkr. ii. 379. eyi-jr, f. a deserted household or farm, Dipl. iii.
13, Jb. 183. eyi-kot, n. a deserted cottage, Vm. 61. eyi-land, n. desert land, Hkr. i. 96. eyi-
mrk, f. a desert, wilderness, Fms. i. 118, iv. 336, v. 130, Fr. 62, Stj. 141, 283. eyi-rjr, n. a
desert plain, Stj. 527, 2 Sam. xv. 28. eyi-skemma, u, f. a desert barn, Hkr. ii. 383. eyi-sker, n. a
wild rock, skerry, Fs. 18. eyi-skgr, m. a wild 'shaw' (wood), Stj. 485. eyi-star, m. a barren
place, 655 xiii B, Bs. i. 204. eyi- tr, f. a desolate lane. Sturl. ii. 209, cp. aua tr, Hkm. 20.
eyi- veggr, m. a deserted building, ruin, Karl. 2.
eyi-legging, f. desolation, Matth. xxiv. 15.
eyi-leggja, lagi, to lay waste, N. T.
eyi-liga, adv. in a forlorn state, Stj. 113.
eyi-ligr, adj. empty, in metaph. sense, sad, cheerless; veikligr ok e., weakly and cheerless, Fas. ii.
30; e. veraldar riki, v. 343; mislegt n e., 677. 2: medic., e-m er eyiligt, one feels empty (hollow)
and uneasy: also in the phrase, e-t er eyiligt, strange, unpleasant.
eysla, u, f. waste, squandering. COMPDS: eyslu-mar, m. a spendthrift, orst. hv. 35. eyslu-
semi, f. extravagance.
Ey-rzkr, adj., Ey-ringar, m. pl. men from Eyjarth in Icel., Landn.
eygir, m. one who frightens, a terror, Lex. Pot.
eygja, , to furnish with a loop or eye, Fins. xi. 304. p. [Dan. jne], to see, esp. to see far off, Clar.
176.
ey-gl, f. the ever-glowing, pot, the sun, Alm. 17.
ey-gr, adj. [Dan. ejegod], 'ever-good,' cognom. of a Danish king, Fms. xi.
EYGR, later form eygr, which, however, is freq. in MSS. of the 14th century, adj. [auga]:-- having
eyes of a certain kind; vel e., with ne eyes, Stj. 460. I Sam. xvi. 12, Nj. 39: e. manna bezt, sl. ii.
190, Fms. vi. 438, xi. 79; mjk eygr, large-eyed, orf. Karl. 422; eigi vel eyg, not good looking,
Fms, iii. 216; e. mjk ok vel, with large and ne eyes, Eb. 30, Fb. i.545; e. forkunnar vel, with eyes
exceeding ne, Fms. iv. 38; esp. freq. in compds: in the Sagas a man is seldom described without
marking the colour, shape, or expression ol his eyes, fagr-e., bjart-e., dkk-e., svart-e., bl-e., gr-e.,
m-e.; the shape also, opin-e., t-e., inn-e., sm-e., str-e., etc.; the lustre of the eye, snar-e., fast-e.,
hvass-e., frn-e., dapr-e., etc.; expressing disease, vt-e., rau-e., ein-e.; expressing something
wrong in the eye, hj-e., til-e., rang-e., etc., Fl.ix.192.
eyj-ttr, adj. full of islands, Fb. i. 541.
eyk-hestr, m. a cart-horse, Eg. 149, Fb. ii. 332.
eyki, n. a vehicle; hestr ok e., Dropl. 26.
EYKR, m., pl. eykir, gen. eykia, [Swed. k Dan. g: akin to ok, a yoke]:-- a beast of draught;
lfalda ok eyki, Stj. 393; hross er eyk, Grg. i. 434; at er einn e. m draga, ii. 362; eir hvildu sik
ar ok eyki sna, Eg. 586 (travelling in a sledge); eykja fr, fodder for eykr, N.G.L. i. 38: eykr
includes oxen, horses, etc.,-- eykjum, hestum ok uxum, cattle, whether horses or oxen, Fms. v. 249;
eyk, uxa er hross, Jb. 52; uxa ok asna, smu eyki ... , Mar.; he ek ngva frtt af at nokkurr
eirra ha leitt eyki rs (of Thor in his wain with the he- goats), Fb. i. 321: metaph., Bs. i. 294. II.
the passage Bs. i. 674 --ar er eir hfu eykinn bit -- ought to be read 'eikjuna,' vide eikja.
eykja-ger, n. the harness of an eykr, t. 10; jtuns-e., the giants' e., i. e. a wild ox, pot., 14: in
poetry ships are called the eykir of the sea- kings and the sea.
eyk-reii, n. the harness of an eykr, Gl. 358.
EYKT, eyk, f. three or half-past three o'clock P. M.; many commen- taries have been written upon
this word, as by Pal Vidalin Skr., Finn Johnson in H.E. i. 153 sqq. note 6, and in Horologium, etc.
The time of eyk is clearly dened in K..K. 92 as the time when the sun has past two parts of the
'tsur' (q.v.) and has one part left, that is to say, half-past three o'clock P.M.: it thus nearly
coincides with the eccl. Lat. nona (three o'clock P. M.); and both eykt and nona are therefore used
indiscriminately in some passages. Sunset at the time of 'eyk' is opposed to sunrise at the time
of 'dagml,' q.v. In Norway 'ykt' means a luncheon taken about half-past three o'clock. But the
passage in Edda--that autumn ends and winter begins at sunset at the time of eykt--confounded the
commentators, who believed it to refer to the conventional Icel.winter, which (in the old style)
begins with the middle of October, and lasts six months. In the latitude of Reykholt--the residence
of Snorri-- the sun at this time sets about half-past four. Upon this statement the commentators have
based their reasoning both in regard to dagml and eykt, placing the eykt at half-past four P.M. and
dagml at half-past seven A.M., although this contradicts the denition of these terms in the law.
The passage in Edda probably came from a foreign source, and refers not to the Icel. winter but to
the astronomical winter, viz. the winter solstice or the shortest day; for sunset at half-past three is
suited not to Icel., but to the latitude of Scotland and the southern parts of Scandinavia. The word is
also curious from its bearing upon the discovery of America by the ancients, vide Fb. 1. c. This
sense (half-past three) is now obsolete in Icel., but eykt is in freq. use in the sense of trihorium, a
time of three hours; whereas in the oldest Sagas no passage has been found bearing this sense, -- the
Bs. i. 385, 446, and Hem. l.c. are of the 13th and 14th centuries. In Norway ykt is freq. used
metaph. of all the four meal times in the day, morning-ykt, midday-ykt, afternoon-ykt (or ykt
proper), and even-ykt. In old MSS. (Grg., K..K., Hem., Hei.S.) this word is always spelt eyk or
eyk, shewing the root to be 'auk' with the fem, inex. added; it probably rst meant the eke-meal,
answering to Engl. lunch, and thence came to mean the time of day at which this meal was taken.
The eccl. law dilates upon the word, as the Sabbath was to begin at 'hora nona;' hence the phrase,
eykt-helgr dagr (vide below). The word can have no relation to tta, eight, or tt, plaga coeli. At
present Icel. say, at eykta-mtum, adv. at great intervals, once an eykt, once in three hours. I. half-
past three; er eyk er tsurs-tt er deild rijunga, ok her sl gengna tv hluti en einn
genginn, K..K. 92; net skal ll upp taka fyrir eyk, 90; helgan dag eptir eyk, 88; ef eir hafa
unnit eyk, 94; enda skal hann undan honum hafa boit fyrir mijan dag en hinn skal hafa kosit at
eyk, Grg. i. 198; ok mar kost at stefna fyrir eyk ef vill, 395; at mund dags er tk t eyktina,
Fms. xi. 136; eptir eykt dags, rendering of the Lat. 'vix decima parte diei reliqua,' Rm. 313; eir
gengu til eyktar, ok hfu farit rla morguns, en er nn var dags, etc., Fs. 176; at eyk dags
kmu heim hskarlar Bara. sl. ii. 329; n vttir mik at ar komi r nr eyk dags, 345; var at
nr eyk dags, 349; var hn at veraldligu verki angat til er kom eyk, fr hn til bnar sinnar
at nni, . Hom. (St.) 59. COMPDS: eykar-helgr, adj. = eykthelgr, Hom. (St.) 13. eyktar-star, m.
the place of the sun at half-past three P. M.; meira var ar jafndgri en Grnlandi er slandi, sl
hafi ar eyktar-sta ok dagmla-sta um skamdegi, Fb. i. 539, -- this passage refers to the
discovery of America; but in A.A. l.c. it is wrongly explained as denoting the shortest day nine
hours long, instead of seven; it follows that the latitude xed by the editors of A.A. is too far to the
south; fr jafn- dgri er haust til ess er sl setzk eykarsta, er vetr til jafndgris, Edda 103.
eykar-t, n. the hour of eyk,=Lat. nona, Hom. (St.) 1.c. II. trihorium; en er liin var nr ein
eykt dags, Bs. i. 446; at at mundi verit hafa meir en hlf eykt, er hann vissi ekki til sn, 385; essi
aug vanst um eina eyk dags, Hem. (Hb.)
eykt-heilagr, adj. a day to be kept holy from the hour of eykt, or half- past three P.M., e.g. Saturday,
Grg. i. 395.
ey-kyndill, m. 'isle-candle,' cognom. of a fair lady, Bjarn.
ey-land, n. an island, Fms. i. 233, xi. 230, Eb. 316. p. the island land in Sweden, A.A. 290.
ey-lfr, v. eilfr.
EYMA, d, [aumr], to feel sore; in the phrase, e. sik, to wail, Hom. 155: reex., eymask, id., Post.
(Fr.) p. impers., in the metaph. phrase, a eymir af e-u, one feels sore, of after-pains, Fas. iii. 222:
in mod. usage also of other things, whatever can still be smelt or felt, as if it came from eimr, q.v.
eymd (eym), f. misery, Fms. i. 223, ii. 126, vi. 334, viii. 242: in pl., Stj. 38; af ltilli e., Fas. i. 215.
COMPDS: eymar-skapr and eymdar-httr, m. wretchedness. eymar-t, f. and eymar- tmi,
a, m. time of misery, 655 xxxii. 2. Stj. 404, Karl. 248.
eymar-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), pitiful, piteous, Post.
eymstr, n., medic. a sore, sore place.
EYRA, n., pl. eyru, gen. eyrna, [Lat. auris; Goth, aus: A. S. ere; Engl. ear; O.H.G. ra; Germ,
ohr; Swed. ra, ron; Dan. re, ren]: --an ear; eyrum hlir, en augum skoar, he listens with his
ears, but looks with his eyes, Hm. 7:--proverbs, mrg eru konungs eyru, many are the king's ears,
Orkn. 252; ar eru eyru smst sem xu, the ears t best where they grow, i.e. a place for everything
and everything in its place, Nj. 80; lta inn um eitt eyrat en t um hitt, to let a thing in at one ear
and out at the other; lta e-t sem vind um eyrun jta, to let a thing blow like the wind about one's
ears, i.e. heed it not; Grmi var sem vi annat eyrat gengi t at er orsteinn mlti, Brand. 60; sv
var sem Kl fri um annat eyrat t tt hann heyri slkt tala, Fms. xi. 46; skjta skolla-eyrum
vi e-u, to turn a fox's ear (a deaf ear) to a thing; ar er mr lfs vn er ek eyru s'k, I can guess the
wolf when I see his ears, Fm. 35, Finnb. 244; vi eyra e-m, under one's nose, Ld. 100; mla e. e-
m, to speak into one's ear, Fg. 549; hafa nef eyra e-m, to put one's nose in one's ear, i.e. to be a
tell-tale, Lv. 57; leia e-n af eyrum, to get rid of one, sl. ii. 65; setja e-n vi eyra e-m, to place a
person at one's ear, of an unpleasant neighbour, Ld. 100; UNCERTAIN (hnefann) vi eyra Hmi,
gave Hymir a box on the ear, Edda 36; e-m loir e-t eyrum, it cleaves to one's ears, i. e. one
remembers, Bs. i. 163; reisa, sperra eyrun, to prick up the ears, etc.; koma til eyrna e-m, to come to
one's ears, Nj. 64; rona t undir bi eyru, to blush from ear to ear. COMPDS: eyrna-bla, n.
(Sks. 288, v.l.), eyrna-blakr, m., eyrna-snepill, m. (Korm. 86, H. E. i. 492), the lobe of the ear.
eyrna-bnar, m. (Stj. 396), eyrna-gull, n. (Stj. 311, 396), eyrna-hringr, m. ear-rings. eyrna- lof,
n. 'ear-praise,' vain praise, Barl. 63. eyrna-mark, n. ear-crop- ping, of animals, Grg. ii. 308, cp.
309, Jb. 291. eyra-runa, u, f. a rowning of secrets in one's ear, pot, a wife, Vsp. 45, Hm. 116.
eyrna-skell, m. an ear-pick. II. some part of a ship, Edda (Gl.) p. a handle, e.g. on a pot. ,.
anatom., hljs-eyru, the auricles of the heart. o. hunds-eyru, dogs-ears (in a book).
eyra-rs, f., botan. a ower, epilobium montanum, Hjalt.
EYRENDI or reneji, erendi, n. [A. S. rend = mandatum; Engl. errand; Hel. arundi; O.H.G.
arunti; Swed. rende; Dan. rende; akin to rr, a messenger, vide p. 45, and not, as some suggest,
from r-andi; the reference Edda l.c. is quite isolated; there is, however, some slight irregularity in
the vowel] :-- an errand, message, business, mission; eiga e. vi e-n, to have business with one, Eg.
260; reka eyrendi, to do an errand, message (hence erind-reki), 15; ess eyrendis, to that errand or
purpose, Stj. 115, 193; hann sendi menn sna me esshttar erendum, Fms. i. 15; bru eir fram sn
erindi, 2, b. 11; hn svarai eirra erindum, Fms. i. 3; ok lti yr fram koma snu eyrendi, 127;
koma brtt essi rendi (news) fyrir jarlinn, xi. 83; hann sagdi eyrendi sn eim af hlji, Nj. 5; mun
annat vera erindit, 69; gagna at leita er annarra eyrenda, 235; tk orgils eim eyrendum vel, Sturl.
iii. 170; sns rendis, for one's own purpose, Grg. i. 434; ek leynt e. (a secret errand) vi ik, Fs.
9; ervii ok ekk rendi, kv. (vide eri); hafa eir hingat stt skapnaar-erindi, a suitable errand
or end, ir. 202; ef eyrindit evisk, if my errand turns to naught, Bs. ii. 132; ek em smiligr slks
erendis, unwortby of such an errand, Sturl. i. 45; annog var mikit eyrendi margra manna, many
people ocked to that place, Bs. i. 164. . the phrase, ganga rna sinna, to go to do one's business,
cacare, Eb. 20, Landn. 98, Stj. 383 (where eyrna), Judges iii. 24, Bs. i. 189, Fs. 75 (spelt erinda);
setjask nir at eyrindi, id., Bs. ii. 24; stga af baki rna sinna, Sturl. 172. 2. a message, speech; tali
hann mrg rendi me mikilli snild, Fms. x. 274; Snorri Goi st upp ok talai langt eyrindi ok
snjallt, then Snorri Godi stood up and made a long and ne speech (in parliament), Nj. 250; en er
Sigurr jarl hafi heyrt sv langt ok snjallt eyrendi, Orkn. 34; konungr talai snjallt eyrindi yr
greptinum, of a funeral sermon, Fms. x. 151, v.l.; mlti Gizurr Hallsson langt erendi ok fagrt,
Bs. i. 299; ok r hann vri smurr mlti hann mjk langt rindi, 296; allir rmuu etta eyrendi
vel, all cheered this speech, Sturl. ii. 217; talai Haii langt e. um mlit, i. 35; langt e. ok snjallt,
id.; skaut konungr eyrindi, the king made a speech, Fms. i. 215; en er ing var sett st Sigmundr
upp ok skaut lngu eyrendi, Fr. 140. 3. a strophe in a secular poem, vers (a verse) being used of
a hymn or psalm; ok jk nokkurum erendum er vsum, Hkr. ii. 297; hversu mrg vsu-or (lines)
standa einu eyrendi, Edda (Ht.) 120; eptir essi sgu orti Jrunn Skldmr nokkur erendi
Sendibt, Hkr. i. 117; gef ek r at r at snum sumum rendum ok fellum r sum, O. H. L. 46;
allt stafro er svo lst | erindin essi ltil tv, a ditty. 4. the breath; en er hann raut eyrendit ok
hann laut r horninu, when the breath left him and he 'louted' from the drinking horn, removed his
lips from the horn, of Thor's draught by tgara-Loki, Edda 32. COMPDS: erindis-lauss, n. adj.
going in vain; fara at erindislausu, to go in vain. Fs. 5. eyrindis-leysa, u, f. the failure of one's
errand, Hg. 21. eyrindis-lok, n. pl. the result of one's errand, Fms. xi. 69.
eyrend-laust, n. adj. purpose-less; fara e., to go in vain, Fms. vi. 248, Glm. 351, Th. 18, Al. 34.
eyrend-reki (rend-reki and erind-reki), a, m. [A. S. rend-raca], a messenger, Post. 645. 27,
Gl. 12, 42, Greg. 44, Stj. 524, Barl. 52.
eyri-lauss, adj. penniless, N. G. L. i. 52.
EYRIR, m., gen. eyris, dat. and acc. eyri; pl. aurar, gen. aura, dat. aurum; a word prob. of foreign
origin, from Lat. aurum, Fr. or, Engl. ore; (A. S. ora is, however, prob. Danish.) The rst coins
known in Scandinavia were Roman or Byzantine, then Saxon or English; as the old word baugr
(q.v.) denoted unwrought, uncoined gold and silver, so eyrir prob. originally meant a certain coin: I.
an ounce of silver or its amount in money, the eighth part of a mark; an eyrir is = sixty pennies
(penningar) = three ertog; tuttugu penningar vegnir rtug, rr rtugar eyri. tta aurar mrk,
732. 16; silfr sv slegit at sextigir penninga gri eyri veginn, Grg. i. 500; penning, at skal hinn
tundi (prob. a false reading, x instead of lx) hlutr eyris, 357; hlfs eyris met ek hverjan, I value
each at a half eyrir, Glm, (in a verse); leigja skip rem aurum, to hire a boat for three aurar,
Korm.; einn eyrir ess fjr heitir alasfestr, Grg. i. 88: the phrase, goldinn liverr eyrir, every ounce
paid; galt Gumundr hvern eyri egar, Sturl. i. 141; gjalda tv aura fyrir einn, to pay two for one,
Grg. i. 396, ii. 234; verr at hlfri mrk vamla eyrir, then the eyrir amounts to half a mark in
wadmal, i. 500; brent silfr, ok er eyririnn at mrk lgaura, pure silver, the ounce of which amounts
to a mark in lgaurar, 392; hring er stendr sex aura, a ring worth or weighing six aurar, Fms. ii. 246;
hence baugr tv-eyringr, tvtug-eyringr, a ring weighing two or twenty aurar, Eb., Glm. . as a
weight of other things beside silver; hagl hvert v eyri, every hail-stone weighed an ounce, Fms. i.
175; stltr l ok vegi ttjan aura, eggelningr, eir skulu rr fyrir tv aura, a scythe of wrought steel
and weighing eighteen aurar, an ell-long edge, three such cost two aurar (in silver), the proportion
between the weight in wrought iron and the worth in silver being 1:28, Grg. i. 501. . the amount
of an ounce, without any notion of the medium of payment, hence such phrases as, tlf aura silfrs,
twelve aurar to be paid in silver, Nj. 54; eyrir brendr, burnt eyrir, i.e. an eyrir sterling, pure silver, D.
N. II. money in general; skal ar sinn eyri hverjum dma, to every one his due, his share, Grg. i.
125; in proverbs, ljsir aurar vera at lngum trega, bright silver brings long woe, Sl. 34; margr
verr af aurum api, Hm. 74; illr af aurum, a miser, Jd. 36; vra aura, our money, Vkv. 13; leggja
aura, to lay up money, Eg. (in a verse); gen til aura (= til fjr), wedded to money, sl. ii. 254 (in a
verse); telja e-m aura, to tell out money to one, Skv. 3. 37, cp. 39: the phrase, hann veit ekki aura
sinna tal, he knows not the tale of his aurar, of boundless wealth. Mar. 88: the allit. phrase, lnd
(land, estate) ok lausir aurar (movables, cp. Dan. lsre, Swed. lsren), Eg. 2; hafa fyrirgrt
lndum ok lausum eyri, K. . 94. 2. money or specie; the allit. phrase, aurar ok al, money and
estates, N. G. L. i. 48; ef hann vill taka vi aurum slkum (such payment) sem vttar vitu at hann
reiddi honum, 93; eim aurum llum (all valuables) sem til bs eirra vru keyptir, Grg. i. 412;
Flosi spuri hverjum aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, F. asked in what money he wished to he paid, Nj.
259; lgaurar, such money as is legal tender; skalt gjalda mr vaml, ok skilra hann fr ara
aura, other kinds of payment, Grg. i. 392; tborinn eyrir, in the phrase, mr er a enginn utborinn
(or tburar-) eyrir, I do not want to part with it, offer it for sale; eyrir vamla, payment in wadmal
(stuff), 300, Bs. i. 639: for the double standard, the one woollen (ells), the other metal (rings or
coin), and the confusion between them, see Dasent's Burnt Njal, vol. ii. p. 397 sqq.: at different
times and places the ell standard varied much, and we hear of three, six, nine, twelve ell standards
(vide alin, p. 13): in such phrases as 'mrk sex lna aura,' the word 'mrk' denotes the amount, 'sex
lna' the standard, and 'aura' the payment = payment of 'a mark of six ells,' cp. a pound sterling, K.
. K. 172; hundra (the amount) riggja lna (the standard) aura, Sturl. i. 141, 163, Boll. 362, sl. ii.
28; mrk sex lna eyris, Fsk. 10, N. G. L. i. 65, 101, 389, 390; rem mrkum nu lna eyris,
387-389; sex merkr tlf lna eyrir, 81. . in various compds, etc.; land-aurar, land tax, Jb. ch. i, .
H. 54; fundar-eyrir, money which brings envy, Fs. 12; sak-metinn e., sak-eyrir, sakar-eyrir, money
payable in nes, Fms. vii. 300; maga-eyrir, the money of an orphan, K. . K. 158, Grg. ii. 288;
liksngs-eyrir, a 'lyke-fee,' burial fee (to the clergyman); vsa-eyrir, a tax: gr e., good payment, D.
N.; ver-aurar, articles used for payment, id.; forn-gildr e., standard, sterling payment, id.; fri-
eyrir = lausir aurar, Skv. 3. 50; ytjandi e., id., Fr.; kaupmanna e., trade money; bmanna e., D. N.;
Norrnn e., Norse money, Lv. 25; Hjaltenzkr e., Shetland money, D. N. (vide Fritzner s.v.); frr e.,
'kind,' i.e. sheep and cattle, Grg. COMPDS: I. pl., aura-dagr, m. pay-day, D. N. aura-lag, n. the
standard of money, Fms. vii. 300, 304. aura-ln, n. worldly luck, 656 i. 3. aura-lgan, f. the
squandering of money, 655 iii. 1. aura-lykt, n. payment, D. N. aura-skortr, m. scarcity of money,
D. N. aura-taka, u, f. receipt of money, N. G. L. i. 93, Gl. 298. II. sing., eyris-bt, f. ne of an
eyrir, Grg. i. 158. eyris-kaup, n. a bargain to the amount of an eyrir, Gl. 511. eyris-land, n. land
giving the rent of an eyrir, Fms. x. 146. eyris-skai, a, m. loss to the amount of an eyrir, Jb. 166.
eyris-tund, f. tithe of an eyrir, K. . K. 148. eyris-tollr, m. toll of an eyrir, H. E. ii. 95.
EYRR, f., mod. eyri, gen. eyrar, dat. and acc. eyri, pl. eyrar, [aurr; Dan. re; Swed. r: it remains
also in Scandin. local names, as Eyrar-sund, the Sound; Helsing-r, Elsinore, qs. Helsingja-eyrr] :--
a gravelly bank, either of the banks of a river (r-eyrar, dals-cyrar) or of small tongues of land
running into the sea, Fms. v. 19, Eg. 196, Nj. 85, Grg. ii. 355, N. G. L. i. 242, and passim in local
names, esp. in Icel., vide Landn.: eyrar-oddi and eyrar-tangi, a, m. the point or tongue of an eyrr,
Gsl. 93, Grg. ii. 354, Jb. 314, Hv. 47; Eyrar-mar, m. a man from the place E., Sturl. iii. 11,
Band. 9; Eyr-byggjar, m. pl. id., hence Eyrbyggja Saga, the history of that name, Landn., Eb., Bs. i.
409. A great meeting used to be held at Haleyr, now Copenhagen (P. A. Munch), Fr. ch. 2, hence
Eyrar-oti, a, m. the eet at Eyrar, Eg. 78. Another meeting was held in Drondheim (Niars) on
the gravel banks of the river Nid, hence Eyrar-ing, n., Fms. vi. 24, viii. 49, ix. 91, 449, etc. II.
duels usually took place on a gravel bank or on an island, hence the phrase, ganga t eyri, to go to
ght, sl. ii. 256 (in a verse); mr her stillir stkt til eyrar, the king has challenged me to ght a
duel, Hkv. Hjrv. 33. . in poetry used in circumlocutions of a woman, Lex. Pot.
eyr-silfr, n. 'ore-silver,' mercury, 655 xxx. 7; mod. kvika-silfr.
eyrskr, adj. a dub. GREEK, in the phrase, j eyrskan, a shod (?) horse, Akv. 32; vide aurskr.
eysill, m., dimin. [ausa], little ladle, a nickname, Fms. xii.
eystri, [austr], compar. the more eastern; austastr, superl. the most eastern, Nj. 8, 281, Hkr. i. 137,
Eg. 100, Fms. i. 252, vii. 259, xi. 414. Eystra-salt, n. the Baltic, Fms. i. 100, Fr. 10, etc.
Ey-verskr, adj. from the Orkneys, Landn. 27, B. K. 29, Lex. Pot.
ey-vit or ey-t, ey-fvit, ey-vitar, adv. [ey = not, and vit = wight], naught; used as subst. eyvitar,
gen., Hm. 93; eyvitu, dat., 27; but else used as adv., blandask eyvitar (blend not) vi ara sa, Sks.
40 new Ed.: the proverb, eyt tr (it boots not) tt skyndi seinn, Mkv.; eyt hef ek f, I have no
money, Fbr. 49 new Ed.; en biskup hafi eyfvit at sk vi enna mann, the bishop could do
nothing with this man, Bs. i. 170; hn matti eyt mla er sofa, she could neither speak nor sleep,
180; hn mtti ok eyt sofa, 195.
eyx, vide x.
ey-olinn, m. the rivet in a clasp knife, now called olin-mr, Edda (Gl.)
F (eff), the sixth letter, was in the Gothic Runes, on the Bracteats, and on the stone in Tune, marked
RUNE, a form evidently derived from the Greek and Latin; hence also comes the Anglo-Saxon
RUNE called feoh, and in the Scandinavian Runes RUNE called f (=fee, money), f veldr frnda
rgi, Rkv. I. The Runic alphabet makes f the rst letter, whence this alphabet is sometimes by
modern writers called Fuork. The rst six letters are called Freys-tt, the family of Frey; perhaps
the Goths called this Rune Frauja = Freyr, the lord. Only in very early Icel. MSS. is the old Latin
form of f used: at the beginning of the 13th century the Anglo-Saxon form RUNE (derived from the
Rune) prevailed; and it was employed in printed Icel. books till about A. D. 1770, when the Latin f
came into use. In very early MSS. ff and ft are very difcult to distinguish from ff and ft.
Emendations may sometimes be made by bearing this in mind, e. g. hst, Am. 95, should clearly
be read hft = hft , from hefja, -- proving that this poem was in writing not later than about A.
D. 1200, when the Anglo-Saxon letter was introduced. A. PRONUNCIATION. -- At the beginning
of a syllable always sounded as Engl. f; but as a medial and nal, it is often pronounced and
sometimes spelt v, especially after a vowel, so that in af, ef, lauf, gefa, hafa, grafa, lifa, lf, grf, f is
pronounced like the v, as in Engl. grave. Foreign proper names, Stefan (Stephen), etc., are
exceptions, where f not initial has an aspirate sound. For the exceptional spelling of f as b vide
introduction to B, (pp. 48, 49.) The Icel. dislike a double f sound, which is only found in a verv few
modern foreign words, such as kaffe, coffee; straff, Germ, strafe, punishment; koffort, a box (from
French or Germ.); offur, an offer; skofn, a monster; skeffa, a 'skep' or bushel; skffa, a drawer;
eff, the name of the letter itself, cp. Sklda 166. B. SPELLING: I. as an initial the spelling never
changes; as medial and nal the form f is usually retained, as in lfr, klfr, sjlfr, silfr, arfr, orf, lfr,
etc., af, gaf, haf, etc., although the sound is soft in all these syllables. Some MSS. used to spell fu,
especially after an l, sialfuan (ipsum), halfuan (dimidium), etc.; in the 14th century this was
common, but did not continue; in Swedish it prevailed, hence the mod. Swed. forms gifva, drifva,
etc. II. the spelling with f is against the true etymology in many cases, and here also the spelling
differs; this is especially the case with the nal radical v or u (after a vowel or after l or r), which,
being in some cases suppressed or obsolete, reappears and is differently spelt; thus, rfar, arrows
(from r); snjfar (nives), snow, and snjfa, to snow (from snjr); hfan (acc.), high (from hr);
mjfan, thin (from mjr); sfar (gen.), the sea (from sr): the partly obsolete dat. forms lvi,
mjlvi, Mvi, blvi, heyvi, hrvi, smjrvi, lvi from l (ale), mjl (meal), hey (hay), etc. are also
spelt l ... hey, cp. e. g. Eb. 94 new Ed. note 8: so also adjectives, as rfan (acc. from rr),
liberal: nouns, as vlfa or vlva, a prophetess. III. the spelling with pt in such words as, aptan,
evening; aptr, after; leiptr, lightning; dript, drift; dupt, Germ. duft; heipt, cp. Germ. heftig; kraptr,
Germ. kraft;; aptari, eptri, = aftari, eftri, aft, behind; eptir, after; skipta, to shift; lopt, Germ. luft;
kjptr, Germ. UNCERTAIN; opt, often; nipt (from ne), a sister; hapt, a haft, hepta, to haft; gipta, a
gift; raptr, a rafter; tpt, cp. Engl. toft, Dan. toft; skapt, Engl. shaft, Dan. skaft; opta, Dan. tofte, --
is against the sense and etymology and is an imitation of Latin MSS. The earliest MSS. and almost
all Norse MSS. use ft, and so also many Icel. MSS., e. g. the Flateyjar-bk, Hauks-bk, etc.; pt,
however, is the regular spelling, and hence it came into print. The present rule appears to be to use
pt wherever both consonants are radicals, but ft if the t be inexive -- thus haft, part. from hafa, lft
from lifa, hlft from hlfa; but in speaking pt and ft are both sounded alike, regardless of etymology,
viz. both as ft or vt with a soft f sound; hence phonetic spelling now and then occurs in MSS., e. g.
draft -- drapt, from drepa, Fb. i. 149; efe = pi = pti, from pa, to weep, Bs. i. 342; keyfti, from
kaupa, Greg. 50; steyfti, from steypa. . a digraph fp or pf occurs a few times in MSS., efptir, 673
A. 2; lopfti = lopti, Greg. 72 (vide Frump. 100), but it never came into use; it reminds one of the pf
which in modern German is so frequent: fm -- f or m, e. g. nafm -- nafn or namn, Mork. 60 and N.
G. L. passim; fft=ft also occurs in old MSS. C. CHANGES. -- The nal soft Icel. f answers to Engl.
f, ve, e. g. Icel. lf = Engl. life, but Icel. lifa = Engl. to live; gefa, to give; hafa, to have; leifa, to
leave. Again, the spurious Icel. f (B. II) usually answers to Engl. w or the like, e. g. rfar = Engl.
arrow; snjfar = Engl. snow; mr n, cp. Engl. mew; Icel. nr (the v is here suppressed), cp. Engl.
narrow; Icel. lvi, cp. Engl. lewd, etc. etc. In Danish the soft f is usually spelt with v, e. g. halv,
kalv, hav, give, love, sove, -- Icel. hlfr, klfr, haf, gefa, lofa, sofa, whereas the Swedes frequently
keep the f. In German a nal b answers to Icel. f; Germ. geben = Icel. gefa, Engl. give; Germ. kalb,
erbe, = Icel. kalfr, ar, etc., see introduction to B. Again, in German a nal f or ff answers to Icel.
and Engl. p, e. g. Germ. lauf =Icel. hlaup, Engl. leap; Germ. kauf = Icel. kaup, Engl. cheap; Germ.
schiff = Icel. skip, Engl. ship, also skiff; Germ. treff = Icel. drep; Germ. tief = Icel. djpr, Engl. deep;
Germ. haufen = Icel. hpr, Engl. heap; Germ. rufen = Icel.hrpa; Germ. schaffen = Icel. skapa,
Engl. shape; Germ. saufen = Icel. spa, Engl. to sup; Germ. UNCERTAIN = Icel. huppr, Engl. hip;
Germ. greifen = Icel. grpa, Engl. to grapple, grip; Germ. gaffen = Icel. gapa, Engl. gape; Germ.
offen = Icel. opinn, Engl. open; Germ. affe = Icel. api, Engl. ape; Germ. triefen = Icel. drjpa, Engl.
drip; Germ. tropfen = Icel. dropi, Engl. drop. As to the use of the initial f, the Engl., Icel., Swed.,
and Dan. all agree; the High Germ. spelling is confused, using either f or v, but both of them are
sounded alike, thus voll = Engl. full, Icel. fullr; vier = Engl. four, Icel. fjrir; vater = Engl. father,
Icel. fair, etc.: but sch = Engl. sh, Icel. skr; fest = Engl. fast, Icel. fastr. This German v,
however, seems to be dying out (Grimm, introduction to F). 2. for the change of fn and mn, see
introduction to B: f changes to m in a few Icel. words, as himin, qs. hifn, cp. Engl. heaven;
helmingr, a half, from halfr, half. D. INTERCHANGE. -- The Greek and Latin p answers to
Teutonic and Icel. f; thus, pater, paucus, piscis, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, pecu, pellis, GREEK,
pinguis, plecto, pes, GREEK, pallor, etc., cp. Icel. fair, fr, skr, mm, furr, foli, f, fell (feldr),
feitr, tta, fet and ftr, flr, etc.; Lat. portare = fra, Engl. to ford; se-pelio = fela; GREEK = fjr
and r; GREEK and GREEK, cp. fnasa; Lat. per, pro, GREEK cp. fyrir; Lat. pl&e-long;nus, pleo,
GREEK, GREEK, cp. fullr; GREEK = ey; Lat. prior, GREEK, cp. fyrir, fyrstr: Lat. primus, cp.
frum-; Lat. pl&u-long;res, pl&e-long;rique, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK = fjl-, fjd, eiri, estr;
Lat. plicare = falda; Lat. pr&e-long;tium, cp. frir, frendi, etc. (vide Grimm). Again, where no
interchange has taken place the word is usually borrowed from the Greek or Latin, e. g. forkr, Engl.
fork = Lat. furca; Icel. fals, falskr = Lat. falsus; Icel. flki = Lat. falco, etc. faerni, n. fatherhood,
paternity, Fms. vii. 164; at f. er merni, on father's or mother's side, Eg. 267, Fms. ix. 251; vera
sekr um f., to be convicted of fatherhood, Grg. i. 86; ganga vi f., to acknowledge one's
fatherhood, Fms. i. 257, ii. 19, iii. 130; faerni opp. to merni, vi. 223. . patrimony, Skv. 3. 67. .
a parent, the father; ekki var breytt um f. Kolla, Bjarn. 45 MS. (Ed. wrongly furinn); hann var
ljss ok fagr eptir f. snu, as his father, Edda 7. . eccl. = Lat. paternitas, Bs. ii. 14, 80, 151, Th. 12,
Mar., etc. FAIR, m., gen. dat. and acc. fur: pl. nom. and acc. fer, gen. fera, dat. ferum; there
also occurs a monosyllabic nom. fr or fer, gen. frs or fers, dat. and acc. fr or fer, the pl.
as in fair; this form occurs passim in MSS. and editions, but is less correct and quite obsolete, Eg.
178, Fms. i. 6, N. G. L. i. 52, Stj. 130: in mod. usage in gen. both fur and furs, better frs:
fer nd ver are rhymed, Edda 95; cp. also the compds all-fr (of Odin), but Al-fair of God in
mod. usage: [Goth, fadar; A. S. fader; Early Engl. fader, mod. father; O. H. G. fatar, mod. vater;
Swed.-Dan. fader; Lat. p&a-long;ter; Gr. GREEK all of them bisyllabic] :-- a father, N. G. L. i. 30,
Grg. i. 170, Stj. 71, Hom. 47, passim :-- in eccl. sense, Lat. pater, a father of the church, Stj. 126;
speki fera, Eluc. 2, K. . 30; fair ok forstjri, father and ruler, Mar. :-- God, heavenly Father, N.
T.; Foir Vor, Our Father (i. e. the Lord's Prayer, Lat. Pater Noster). Proverb or saying, eygir
fsum til fur hsa, swift is the ride towards a father's house. COMPDS: fur-a, u, m. a
grandfather on the father's side. fur-arfr, m. inheritance after a father, Eg. 470, Rd. 282, Fb. ii.
172. fur-bani, a, m. slayer of another man's father, Nj. 120, Landn. 286, Fms. vi. 367, vii. 220,
Fb. i. 555. Fur-betringr, m. better than one's father, Grett. 110. fur-brir, m. a father's
brother, uncle, Grg;. i. 171, ii. 185, Nj. 4: furbrur-sonr, a father's brother's son, Fms. x. 390.
fur-btr, f. pl. weregild for a father, Fms. ii. 109, Hkr. iii. 387. fur-daui, a, m. a father's
death, sl. ii. 116, Fas. i. 34. fur-drp, n. a father's slaughter, sl. l. c., v. l. fur-erf, f. =
furarfr, Landn. 214, v. l. fur-fair, m. a father's father, Grg. i. 171, ii. 185, Jb. 14, Fms. i. 67,
vii. 16. fur-frndi, a, m. a kinsman on the father's side, Gl. 261, Ld. 24. fur-garr, m. a
father's house, Fas. iii. 250, cp. K. . 58. fur-gjld, n. pl. weregild for one's father, Edda 48, sl.
ii. 216. fur-hefndir, f. pl. revenge for one's father if slain, Ld. 260, Rd. 305, Vd. 94, Al. 7; as to
this heathen custom, vide Sdm. 35, Skv. 3. 12, Nj. ch. 120 (en er r meiri nausyn at hefna
fur ns), Heiarv. S. (the revenge of Gest), Fms. vi, Har. S. harr. 103 (the taunts of Halli), Ld.
ch. 60, cp. also Eb. ch. 38, etc. fur-hs, n. a father's house, Stj. 398, 463. fur-kyn, n. father's
kin, Eg. 266. fur-land, n. [Germ. vaterland, Dan. fdreland], fatherland, Br. 17, a rare word,
sounding even now affected and mod.; Icel. prefer saying tt-jr, fstr-jr, or the like. fur-
lauss, adj. fatherless, H. E. i. 237. fur-leif (fur-leif, Br. 5, Fms. x. 386), f. a patrimony, viz.
land and estates, Fms. i. 52, v. 117, vii. 176, Ld. 104. fur-liga, adv. and fur-ligr, adj. fatherly,
Stj. 63, Fms. vi. 70, Finnb. 226. fur-mir, f. a father's mother, Nj. 25, Grg. i. 171. fur-
systir, [whence Dan. faster], f. a father's sister, Grg. i. 171, Fms. iv. 24; fursystur-dttir, the
daughter of a father's sister, a niece, Hkr. iii. 170. fur-verringr, m. a degenerate son, Mag.
fur-tt (or -tt), f. kinsfolk on the father's side, Grg. i. 171, Nj. 25, Gl. 158. II. in many
COMPDS used as adj., e. g. fur-st, f. and fur-elska, u, f. fatherly love; fur-hendr, f, pl.
fatherly fur-hirting, f. fatherly punishment; fur-hjarta, n. fatherly heart. 2. gu-fair, a god-
father; tengda-fair, a father-in-law; stjp-fair, a step-father; fstr-fair, a foster-father; al-fair,
all-father. fama, a, to embrace, Stj. 185, Barl. 29, Gg. 3: recipr. to embrace one another. Sks.
572: metaph. to grasp with the arms, Sturl. i. 169, Al. 86. faman, f. embracing, Str. fam-byggvir,
m., pot, a dweller in one's arms, husband, Lex. Pot. fam-lag, n., esp. in pl. embraces, sl. ii. 269,
Fms. iii. 129, Bret. 24: metaph., Sks. 550, Mar. 119. FAMR m. [cp. Goth. faa = GREEK A. S.
fem; Engl. fathom; O. H. G.fadam; Germ. faden or fadem = Lat. lum; Dan. favn; Swed. famn;
the root is akin to that of Gr. GREEK, cp. Lat. patere, pandere, prop. to stretch out]:-- a fathom: 1. a
measure = two passus, Hb. 732. 5, Grg. ii. 262, 336, Landn. 35, 131, Fms. viii. 416, Eluc. 43, Gsl.
14; very freq. used in measuring depths or heights; thus fertugt djp, rtugr hamarr, etc. invariably
means forty fathoms deep, thirty fathoms high; whereas roads are measured by 'fet', stuffs, etc. by
'ells'. 2. the arms; brjst ok f., Fms. v. 344, Sturl. i. 214, Rm. 16, Th. 9, Am. 73; sofa fami e-m, to
sleep in one's arms, Hm. 114; hafa barn fami, Fms. vii. 31: the bosom, Stj. 260. Exod. iv. 6: often
in the phrase, fallask fama, to square one thing with another, set off against, Landn. 307, Orkn.
224, Glm. 396, Bs. i. 696, Fs. 139, Gull. 19. FAGNA, a, [Ulf. faginon = GREEK; A. S. fgnian;
Hel. faganon; cp. Engl. fain, Icel. feginn]:-- to be fain, to rejoice, Greg. 20, 40, Sks. 631; fagni er
og veri glair. Matth. v. 12, John xvi. 20; fagni me fagnendum, Rom. xii. 15: with dat., fagna e-
u, to rejoice in a thing; allir munu v fagna, 623. 43, Nj. 25, Ld. 62. 2. fagna e-m, to welcome one,
receive with good cheer, Nj. 4; var honum ar vel tagna, 25, Eg. 36, Fms. iv. 131, ironic, vii. 249,
x. 19. . with prep., fagna e-u, to rejoice in a thing, Th. 76; fagna af e-u, id., Stj. 142, Th. 76. .
the phrase, fagna vetri (Jlum, sumri), to rejoice, make a feast at the beginning of winter (Yule,
summer); at var margra manna sir at f. vetri ... ok hafa veizlur ok vetrntta-blt, Gsl. 18; ef
ek mtta ar veita haust vinum mnum ok f. sv heimkomu minni, Fms. i. 290; at er sir eirra
at hafa blt haust ok f. vetri, . H. 104. fagnar and fgnur, m., gen. fagnaar, pl. ir, [Goth.
faheds = GREEK], joy, Greg. 68, Hom. 85; gaudium er fgnur, Bs. i. 801; eilfr f., Hom. 42, Stj.
44; himinrkis f., heavenly joy, Fms. x. 274; vina-fgnur, triumph, joy for one's foes, Nj. 112. .
metaph. welcome, good cheer, Hkr. i. 50, Eg. 535, Fms. i. 72, iv. 82; gru henni fagna viku
alla, 625. 86: the phrase, kunna sr ann fagna, to be so sensible, so clever, Band. 9, Hkr. ii. 85, v.
l.; l ok annarr fagnar, ale and other good cheer, Grett. 98 A. In the N. T. GREEK is often
rendered by fgnur, Mark iv. 16, Luke i. 14, ii. 10, viii. 13, x. 17, xv. 7, 10, John iii. 29, xv. 11, xvi.
21, 22, 24, xvii. 13, Rom. xiv. 17, xv. 13, 2 Cor. ii. 2, etc., in the same passages in which Ulf uses
faheds; fgnur is stronger than glei. COMPDS: fagnaar-atburr, m. a joyful event, Barl. 88.
fagnaar-boskapr, m. glad tidings. fagnaar-dagr, m. the day of rejoicing, Fms. x. 226.
fagnaar-eyrendi, n. a joyful message, Bs. fagnaar-eyru, n. pl., heyra f., to hear with joyful ears,
Hom. 143. fagnaar-fullr, adj. joyful, Bs. i. 201, Fms. i. 244. fagnaar-fundr, m. a joyful meeting,
Fms. x. 405, xi. 438. fagnaar-grtr, m. weeping for joy, 655 xxvii. 9. fagnaar-heit, n. a joyful
promise, Th. 9. fagnaar-kenning, f. joyful teaching. fagnaar-krs, f. a dainty, Stj. 443.
fagnaar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.). joyless, Bs. i. 462, 801: wretched, poor, 464, Fms. xi. 445.
fagnaar-lr, m. a trumpet of joy, Stj. 631. fagnaar-mark, n. a sign of joy, Hom. 104.
fagnaar-p, n. a shout of joy, Al. 13, Rm. 214. fagnaar-raust, f. a voice of joy, Stj. 434.
fagnaar-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), joyful, Hom. 140, Stj. 148. fagnaar-skr, n. raiment of joy,
Eluc. 46. fagnaar-star, m. a place of joy, Hom. 147. fagnaar-sll, adj. delightful, Fms. vi. 441,
Pass. xxvii. 12. fagnaar-sngr, m. a song of joy, Hom. 140, Sks. 754, Stj. 434. fagnaar-t, f.
and fagnaar-tmi, a, m. a time of joy, Stj. 141, Bs. i. 131, Fms. ii. 196. fagnaar-tindi, n. pl.
joyful, glad tidings, Hom. 88, Fms. ii. 253, iv. 250. fagnaar-veizla, u, f. a feast of joy, Stj.
fagnaar-vist, f. an abode of joy, 625. 6. fagnaar-l, n. a joyful banquet, merry feast, Al. 150,
Hkr. ii. 31. fagna-fundr, m. a joyful meeting (of friends); var ar f., there was great joy, good
cheer, Eg. 130, 180, 198, 515, sl. ii. 387, Fms. iv. 305, v. 41, x. 405, Stj. 478. . a happy discovery,
Stor. 2 (MS.), of the poetical mead; the edition wrongly agna-fundr. FAGR, adj., fem, fgr, neut.
fagrt; compar. fagrari or better fegri, superl. fagrastr or better fegrstr; mod. fegurri, fegurstr; [Ulf.
fagrs = GREEK; A. S. fger; Engl. fair; O. H. G.fagar; Dan. favre, in Dan. ballads favre m = fair
maid; Swed. fager]:-- -fair; used very freq. and almost as in Engl., except that the Icel. does not use
it in a moral sense, like Engl. fair, unfair: 1. of persons, the body, etc.; fgr mr, a fair maid, Nj. 2,
Vkv. 2; fagr snum, fair to see, Fms. i. 116; f. litum, id., Edda 5, Skv. 1. 27; fgr hnd, a fair hand
(hand-fgr), Fms. ix. 283; fgr augu, fair eyes (fagr-eygr); fagrt hr, fair hair, sl. ii; fagrar brir,
fair brides, Sdm. 28; mr undarliga fgr, a wonderfully fair maid, Hkr. i. 40; fegra mann (a fairer
man) er tgurlegra, Fms. vi. 438. 2. of places; fgr er Hlin sv at mr her hn aldri jafnfgr
snzk, Nj. 112; fagra tna (gen.), a fair abode ('toun'), kv. 3; salr slu fegri, Vsp. 63; fagrar
lendur,fair elds, Ld. 96: freq. in local names, Fagra-brekka, Fagr-ey, Fagri-dalr, Fagra-nes, Fagri-
skgr, etc., = Fair-brink, -isle, -dale, -ness, -wood, etc., Landn. 3. of light, wind, weather, etc.; fagrt
ljs, a bright light, Hom. 111, Fms. i. 230; skna fagrt, to shine brightly (of the sun); fagr byrr, a fair
wind, Fms. ii. 182, Orkn. 356; fagrt ver, fair weather, H. 216. 4. as an epithet of tears; in the
phrase, grta fgrum trum, cp. Homer's GREEK GREEK; hence grt-fagr, beautiful in tears, Edda
63. 5. of the voice; fgr rdd, a sweet voice; fagr sngr, a sweet song, Bs. i. 168; fgr or, a ne
speech, Mork. 6. of other things; fagrt skip, a ne ship, Eg. 173; fagr bori, Nj. 24; fagrt kvi, a
ne poem, sl. ii. 237. II. metaph., fagrt lf, a fair, goodly life, Mork. 72; lifa fagrt, to live a happy
life, Hm. 53; fagrir siir, ne manners, Sks. 279. . as an epithet of victory; fagr sigr, me fgrum
sigri (freq.) . mla (tala) fagrt, to speak fair, Hm. 91, sl. ii. 339; talai fagrt, en hugi tt, spoke
fair, but thought false, Fms. ii. 91; heita fgru, to promise fair, Hm. 131, Eg. (in a verse); lota llu
fgrv, cp. the Dan. 'love guld og grnne skove'; bija fagrt, to bid fair (with false intention), Am.
37. B. In COMPDS, with nouns, adjectives, fair, ne, gracious: I. prexed, e. g. munn-fagr, ne-
mouthed; augna-fagr, fair eyed; hand-fagr, fair-handed; gang-fagr, with a fair, gracious gait; lit-fagr,
of fair hue; hr-fagr, fair-haired, etc. II. sufxed, e. g. fagra-hvel, n. the fair wheel or disk, the sun
(pot.), Alm. 17. fagra-rfr, n. the fair roof, the sky (pot.), Alm. 13. fagr-blinn, m. fair blue, a
shield (pot.), Lex. Pot. fagr-blr, adj. light-blue. fagr-blm, n., botan. trientalis, Hjalt. fagr-
binn, part. 'fair-boun', bright-dressed, chiey as an epithet of a lady, Eg. 77, Hkr. iii. 290, Hom.
120, Am. 29: of a ship, Hkv. 1. 31. fagr-bygg, n. the fair 'bigg', gold (pot.), Lex. Pot., cp. Edda
83. fagr-dll, adj. a man from Fair&dash-uncertain;ale, Sturl. iii. 181, Landn. fagr-eygr (-eygr),
adj. fair-eyed, Bs. i. 127, 178, Hkr. ii. 2, Fms. xi. 205. fagr-ferugr, adj. graceful, virtuous, Stj.
136, v. l. fagr-ekkttr, adj. fair-ecked (of a snake), Stj. 97. fagr-gali, a, m. a fair, enticing song,
enchantment, attery. fagr-gim, n. the fair gem, the sun (pot.), Lv. 2. fagr-gla, adj. fair-glowing,
bright (pot.), Alm. 5 (the Sun as bride). fagr-grnn, adj. light-green, Fms. xi. 335, Hkr. i. 71 (of a
eld or tree). fagr-gulr, adj. light-yellow. fagr-hrr (-hrr), adj. fair-haired, Nj. 16, Fms. xi. 205.
fagr-hljr (-hljandi, -hljar), adj. sweet-voiced, Grett. 159, Fms. ii. 199. fagr-kinn, f.
(fgrum-kinni, m., Fms. xi), fair-cheek, soubriquet of a lady, Sd. fagr-klddr, part. fair-clad,
Greg. 24, Dropl. 25. fagr-kolla, u, f., botan. hieracium, hawkweed, Hjalt. fagr-limi, a, m. 'fair-
branch', a wood (pot.), Alm. 29. fagr-lti, n. blandishment, Barl. 119. fagr-mll, adj. fair-spoken,
Fms. vi. 52. fagr-mli, n. fair language, Barl. 24, 117, Nj. 167. Fms. i. 74. fagr-mltr, part. bland,
Fms. vi. 52, v. 1. fagr-orr (-yrr), adj. fair-spoken, bland, Sks. 370, 432, Sturl. ii. 133. fagr-
raddar, part, sweet-voiced. fagr-raur, adj. light-red (opp. to dkk-raur or dumb-raur, dark-
red), ir. 181, Fas. i. 172, Vsp. 34. fagr-rendr, part. painted with ne stripes (of a shield),
Hornklo. fagr-skapar, part. fair-shapen, Sks. 627. fagr-skrifar, part. nely drawn, painted in
bright colours, Greg. 26. fagr-skygr, part. transparent as crystal (of a shield), Lex. Pot. fagr-
strykvinn, part. painted with fair streaks (of a ship), Lex. Pot. fagr-varinn, part. wearing ne
clothes (of a lady), Vkv. 37. fagr-vaxinn, part. of fair stature (of a lady), Band. (in a verse). fagr-
yri, n. pl. fair words, Fms. x. 104. fagrendi, n. pl. costly, fair things, Barl. 176. fagr-leikr, m.
beauty, Fms. v. 281, xi. 428. fagr-leitr, adj. of fair complexion, beautiful, Fms. vii. 321, Gsl. 71.
fagr-liga (fagrla, 0. H. in a verse), mod. fallega, adv. fairly, beautifully. Fms. i. 141, vii. 147, x.
243, Fs. 145. fagr-ligr, adj., mod. contracted fallegr (cp. fallega above), which word is at the
present time in Icel. used very much as ne, nice are in Engl., that is to say, of almost everything,
whereas this form is hardly found in old writers:-- fair, ne, Vtkv. 6; f. penningar, ne money, Fs. 6;
f. skri, a ne dress, Stj. 142; f. sigr, Fms. x. 231; f. hljan, sweet tunes, Bs. i. 155. FALA, a,
[falr], to demand for purchase, with acc., Fms. i. 135, iii. 159, Ld. 28, Eg. 714; f. e-t af e-m (better
f. e-t at e-m), Fms. iii. 208, x. 4, Nj. 73, Ld. 144. FALDA, in old writers this word (if used in sense
II) always follows the strong form and is declined like halda, viz. pret. flt, Landn. 166, vide Lex.
Pot, passim, pl. fldu; pres. sing. feld; imperat. falt; pret. subj. fldi, Orkn. (in a verse); part,
faldinn; but in signf. I (to fold) it is weak (faldar, faldai), though it seldom occurs in old writers in
this sense: in mod. usage the weak form only is used: [Ulf. falan=GREEK in Luke iv. 20. to fold or
close the book; A. S. fealdan; Engl. to fold; Germ. falten; Dan. folde; Swed. flla; Fr. fauder; cp.
Lat. plicare] :-- to fold, with acc.: I. gener. to fold; ek skal f. hana saman, I shall fold her up, Str. 9;
tk hn skyrtuna ok faldai saman, id.; sem hn hafi saman faldat, id.; f. fald eptir, to unfold a
fold, id.; at engi mundi ann fald aptr f., id.; ef hn gti aptr faldat skyrtu na, 13. . to hem; falda
dk, klt, etc., to hem a towel, kerchief, or the like; cp. faldar, faldar. II. esp. to hood or cover
the head, chiey used of ladies wearing the fald, q.v.: u. with acc. of the person, dat. of the dress; ek
mun falda ik me hfudki, Nj. 201; at hn hefi n faldit sik vi motrinum, Ld. 210; Brandr var
faldinn, B. was hooded as a lady, Fs. 109; Hildr Eyvindar-dttir flt honum, H. hooded him, 194
(Ed. fylgi wrongly); at hn hefi n faldit (Ed. wrongly faldat) sik vi motrinum, that she had
hooded herself with the motr, Ld. 210; mundi Gurn ekki urfa at falda sik motri til ess, at sama
betr en allar konur arar, id.; hennar hfut er faldit remr skautum, her head is hooded in three
sheets (hence skauta-faldr), Mar. 48 (Fr.) . with dat. of the person; segir Hrefna, at hn vill falda
sr vi motrinn (better motrinum), Ld. 192; ef mar feldr sr til vlar vi konu, er ferr hann
kvennkli, if a man hoods his head wilily mocking a woman, Grg. i. 338 (liable to the lesser
outlawry); f. r vi hfudki, Nj. l.c., v.l.; aldri he ek frtt at konur fldi hfudkum, Orkn. (in
a verse); ek flt hjlmi, I covered my head in a helmet, Sighvat. . the phrases, falda stt, to hood the
head so that the eyes and face cannot be seen; far meal kvenna, ok falt r stt, at ekki verir
kend, Post. 656 B. 11; brirnar falda stt, sv at gerla m sj eirra yrlit, Fms. xi. 106; enn fyrsta
aptan hafa brirnar s-faldit, Jv. 29 (Ed. 1824); s (kona) hafi stt faldit, Fms. vii. 161, cp. Gen.
xxxviii. 14; falda htt, to wear a tall fald, cp. Eb. 136 (in a verse); falda bl, or svrtu, to hood the
head in black, to mourn, sl. ii. 351 (in a verse): the metaph. phrase, f. rauu, to hood the head in
red, to die a bloody death, Landn. l.c. 2. part. faldinn, used as adj. hooded, mod. faldar, hooded,
bordered, hemmed, etc., in compds, eld-faldinn, hooded with ames, pot. epithet of the foaming
waves, Lex. Pot.; hjlmi faldinn, hooded with a helmet (pot.), Hkv. 1. 47; jrn-faldinn, iron-
hooded, helmed, Eb. 208 (in a verse): hag-faldin, hooded with hedges, pot. epithet of the goddess
Earth, Fms. vi. 140 (in a verse); hvt-faldin, white-hooded, of glaciers or foaming waves, Snt 12,
16.
falda, u, f. = faldr, Korm. 240 (in a verse).
fald-laus, f. adj. hoodless, having her fald pulled off, Sd. 181.
FALDR, m. [A. S. feald; Engl. fold; Germ. falte; O. H. G. fald; Dan. fold; Ital. falda, and faldetta
(in Malta); Fr. fauvetta and faudage] :-- a fold, of a garment, Str. 9, 13, l. 19, 21, where it is even
spelt foldr; in Icel. hardly ever used in this sense. . the hem of a garment; hn gkk bak til ok
snart fald hans kla, Luke viii. 44; og fald sinna kla stkka eir, Matth. xxiii. 5; og bu hann,
a eir mtti snerta a eins fald hans fata, Mark vi. 56; kyrtill hlabinn fald nir, a kirtle laced
down to the hems, Fms. iv. 337; allt fald nir, Mag. (Fr.) 63; kla-faldr, Pass. 36. 9. II. a white
linen hood, the stately national head-gear worn by ladies in Icel., of which drawings are given by
Eggert Itin. pp. 24, 27, Sir Joseph Banks in Hooker's Travels, the account of the French expedition
of the year 1836 sq., and in almost all books of travels in Iceland. In old Sagas or poems the fald is
chiey recorded in Ld. ch. 33 (the dreams of Gurn Osvifs datter), cp. Sd. ch. 25; in the Orkn. S.
ch. 58 the two sisters Frakk and Helga, daughters of the Gaelic Moddan, wore a fald ( hnyktu
ar af sr faldinum, ok reyttu sik), 182. In the Rm. (a poem probably composed in the Western Isles.
Orkneys) all the three women, Edda, Amma, and Mir, wore the fald; the words in kv. 16, 19 --
ok haglega um hfu typpum, and let us cleverly put a topping on his head, of Thor in bridal
disguise -- seem to refer to the fald. Bishop Bjarni, a native of the Orkneys (died A.D. 1222), gives
the name of 'fald' to the helmet; Kormak, in the 10th century, speaks of the 'old falda.' In Normandy
and Brittany a kind of 'fald' is still in use; it may be that it came to Icel. through Great Britain, and is
of Breton origin; a French fald (Franseiskr, i.e. Britain?) is mentioned, D. N. iv. 359. In Icel. the
fald was, up to the end of the last century, worn by every lady, -- r srhver fald bar fr | falleg
tti venja s, a ditty. The ladies tried to outdo each other in wearing a tall fald; keisti faldr, the fald
rose high, Rm. 26; falda htt, Eb. (the verse); hence the sarcastic name stiku-faldr, a 'yard-long
fald;' stfan teygja stiku-fald, agnarml 53, a poem of 1728; 1 Tim. ii. 9 is in the Icel. version
rendered, eigi me fldum (GREEK) er gulli er perlum, -- since with ancient women, and in Icel.
up to a late time, braiding of the hair was almost unknown. In mod. poetry, Iceland with her glaciers
is represented as a woman with her fald on; minn her faldr fengi fjka-ryk og km, Eggert: the
sails are called faldar mastra, hoods of the masts, faldar mastra blktu stilt, lf. 3. 14; hestar hls
hvta skku falda trs, id., 10; faldr skja, the folds of the clouds, pot., Nm. 1. 11; faldr af degi, of
the daybreak, 4. 86; vide krk-faldr, sveigr, a crooked fald. falda-feykir, m. a magical dance in
which the falds ew off the ladies' heads, Fas. iii; cp. Percy's Fryar and Boy, also the Wonderful
Flute in Popular Tales.
Fal-hfnir, m. barrel-hoof, hollow-hoof, a mythol. horse, Edda.
FALL, n., pl. fll, [common to all Teut. idioms except Goth.], a fall: -- dened in law, at er fall ef
mar styr nir kn er hendi, Grg. ii. 8, sl. ii. 246, Al. 76, Sd. 143: the proverb, fall er farar heill,
a fall bodes a lucky journey, Fms. vi. 414 (of king Harold at Stamford-bridge), viii. 85, 403, Sverr.
S.; s er annarr ors-kvir at fall er farar heill, ok festir n ftr landi, Fb. i. 231, cp. Caesar's
'teneo te, Africa;' falls er vn a fornu tr, Stj. 539; stir eru gamalla manna fll; as er falli nst,
urry is nigh falling: fll berask e-n, one begins to reel, stagger. Fas. iii. 429; koma e-m til falls,
to cause one to fall, Edda 34; reiddi hann til falls, he reeled, Eb. 220. 2. a fall, death in battle, Lat.
caedes, Fms. i. 11, 43, 89, Nj. 280, Eg. 37, 106, . H. 219, passim; the proverb, tta er fall vest,
Fms. viii. 117; val-fall, Lat. strages; mann-fall, loss of men in battle. . the 'fall,' a plague in cattle
or beasts, murrain, 655. 2, Bs. i. 97, 245, 456. . the carcase of a slaughtered animal; baulu-fall,
sauar-fall, nauts-fall, hrts-fall, Stj. 483. 3. medic. in compds, brot-fall, the falling sickness,
epilepsy; bl-fall, kla-fll, bloody ux; lima-fall, paresis. . childbirth, in the phrase, vera
komin a falli, to be in an advanced state, (komin a buri is used of sheep, cows.) 4. the fall or
rush of water; vatns-fall, a waterfall, large river; sjvar-fll, tides; a-fall, ood-tide; t-fall, ebb-
tide; boa-fall, a breaker, cp. Bs. ii. 51. 5. in gramm. a case, Lat. casus, Sklda 180, 206: quantity,
159, 160, Edda 126: a metric. fault, a defective verse, dropping of syllables, Fb. iii. 426. II. metaph.
downfall, ruin, decay; fall engla, the fall of the angels, Rb. 80; til falls ok upprisu margra srael,
Luke ii. 34; hafa sr e-t til falls, to run risk of ruin, Hrafn. 30; gzin eru at falli komin, the estates
are dilapidated, Mar.; -fall, a shock; fr-fall, death; -fall, mishap; jar-fall, an earth-slip. 2. eccl.
a sin, transgression, Bs. i. 686, Mar. 77 (Fr.) 3. a law term, breach, failure, non-fullment, in ei-
fall, vegar-fall, Gl. 416; messu-fall, or-fall, veizlu-fall. 4. mod. a case, occasion.
FALLA, pret. fll, 2nd pers. fllt, mod. fllst, pl. fllu; pres. fell, pl. fllum; part. fallinn; reex.
fllsk, fallisk, etc., with the neg. sufx fellr-at, fll-at, fllsk-at, Am. 6, vide Lex. Pot. [Common to
all Teut. languages except Goth. (Ulf. renders GREEK by drjsan); A. S. feallan; Engl. fall; Germ.
fallen; Dan. falde; Swed. falla.]
A. to fall; as in Engl. so in Icel. falla is the general word, used in the broadest sense; in the N. T. it is
therefore used much in the same passages as in the Engl. V., e.g. Matth. v. 14, vii. 25, 27, x. 29, xii.
11, xiii. 4, xxi. 44, Luke xiv. 5, John xii. 24, Rom. xi. 11, xiv. 4, 1 Cor. x. 12, 1 Tim. vi. 9, Rev. viii.
10: blmstri fellr, James i. 11: again, the verbs hrynja and hrapa denote ruin or sudden fall, detta a
light fall, hrasa stumbling; thus in the N. T. hrynja is used, Luke xxiii. 30, Rev. vi. 16; hrapa, Luke
x. 18, xi. 17, xiii. 4, Matth. xxiv. 29; hrasa, Luke x. 30; detta, xvi. 21: the proverb, eigi fellr tr vi
hit fyrsta hgg, a tree falls not by the rst stroke, Nj. 163, 224; hann fll fall mikit, Bs. i. 343; hn
fll geigvnliga, id.; falla af baki, to fall from horseback, 344; f. fram, to fall forwards, Nj. 165; f.
bak aptr, to fall on the back, 9; f. um hls e-m, to fall on one's neck, Luke xv. 20; f. til jarar, to
fall to the ground, fall prostrate, Fms. vii. 13, Pass. 5. 4: to fall on one's face, Stj. 422. Ruth ii. 10; f.
fram, to fall down, Matth. iv. 9; f. daur ofan, to fall down dead, Fr. 31; ok jafnsnart fll hann
dimma og myrkr, Acts xiii. 11; hlutr fellr, the lot fell (vide hlut-fall), i. 26. 2. to fall dead, fall in
battle, Lat. cadere, Nj. 31, Eg. 7, 495, Dropl. 25, 36, Hm. 159, Fms. i. 8, 11, 24, 38, 95, 173, 177,
178, ii. 318, 324, 329, iii. 5, iv. 14, v. 55, 59, 78, 85, vi. 406-421, vii-xi, passim. 3. of cattle, to die of
plague or famine, Ann. 1341. 4. medic., falla brot, to fall in a t, Bs. i. 335; f. vit, to swoon, Nj.
210: the phrase, f. fr, to fall, die (fr-fall, death), Grg. i. 139, 401, Fms. iv. 230, vii. 275; f. svefn,
to fall asleep, Acts xx. 9. II. to ow, run, of water, stream, tide, etc.: of the tide, srinn fll t fr
landi, ebbed, Clem. 47; fll ar sr fyrir hellismunnann, the sea rose higher than the cave's mouth,
Orkn. 428; san fll sjr at, the tide rose, Ld. 58; ok er t fll sjrinn, orf. Karl. 420; sjrinn
fll sv skjtt land, at skipin vru ll oti, Fms. iv. 65: also used of snow, rain, dew, Vsp. 19;
snj-fall, a fall of snow: of the ashes of a volcano, cp. sku-fall, s.v. aska: of a breaker, to dash,
menn undruusk er boi fll logni, ar sem engi mar vissi vn til at fyrri hefi fallit, Orkn. 164:
of a river, nema ar falli s er eigi gengr f yr, Grg. ii. 256; vtn au er r jklum hfu fallit,
Eg. 133; fll (owed) vi skla slfs, Landn. 50, A. A. 285; eir s s (fors, Hb.) mikinn falla
sjinn, Landn. 29, v.l., cp. Fms. i. 236; Markar-jt fll millum hfu-sa, Nj. 142; fellr austan,
Vsp. 42; falla forsar, 58; lk er fll meal landa eirra, Landn. 145: of sea water, sjr kolblr fellr at
eim, the ship took in water, Ld. 118, Mar. 98; sv at inn fll um sxin, that the tea rushed in at the
stern, Sturl. iii. 66. 2. to stream, of hair; hrit silki-bleikt er fll (streamed) herar honum aptr,
Fms. vii. 155. . of clothes, drapery, Edda (Ht. 2) 121. III. to fall, of the wind; fll verit ok gri
logn, the wind fell, Eg. 372; fll byrrinn, Eb. 8; ok fellr verit er eir koma t at eyjum, Ld. 116;
hn kvask mundu ra at verit flli eigi, Gull. 30; v bili fellr andvirit, Fbr. 67; fll af
byrrinn, Fms. vi. 17. 2. falla nir, to fall, drop; mitt kvi mun skjtt nir f., my poem will soon be
forgotten, Fms. vi. 198; mun at (in the poem) aldri nir f. mean Norrlnd eru byg, 372; fll sv
eirra tal, their speech dropped, they left off talking, Fas. iii. 579; as a law term, to let a thing drop,
lt nir f., Fs. 182; fllu hlfar btr nir fyrir sakastai er hann tti eiga, Nj. 166, 250, Band.
18; at eitt fellr nir, Grg. i. 398, Fms. vii. 137; falla veri, to fall in price, etc. IV. to fail, be
foiled, a law term; s (viz. eir) fellr honum til tlegar, i.e. if he fails in taking the oath he shall be
liable to outlawry, N. G. L. i. 84 (ei-fall); en ef eir fellr, fari hann tlgr, K. . 214; fellr aldri
sekt handa milli, the ne is never cancelled, N. G. L. i. 345; f. verkum snum, to have been
caught red-handed, to be justly slain, Eg. 736; vera fallinn at skn, to fail in one's suit, N. G. L. i.
166; hence metaph. fallin at frndum, failing, bereft of friends, Hm. 5; fallinn fr minu mli,
having given my case up, Sks. 554, 747; v dmi ek fyrir drp hans fallnar eignir ykkar, I sentence
your estates to lie forfeited for his slaughter, Fs. 122; f. konungs gar, to forfeit to the king's
treasury. Fms. iv. 227; reex., ef honum fellsk essor brig, if his right of reclamation fails, Gl.
300; ef menn fallask at v, if men fail in that, N. G. L. ii. 345; ef ger fellsk, if the reparation
comes to naught, id.; ef gerar-menn lta fallask, if they fail to do their duty, id., cp. i. 133, 415; to
fail, falter, in the phrase, e-m fallask hendr, the hands fail one; bliknai hann ok fllusk honum
hendr, . H. 70; fllusk llum sum ortk ok sv hendr, their voice and hands alike failed
them, Edda 37; en bndum fllusk hendr, v eir hfu engan foringja, Fms. vi. 281; fllusk
eim allar kvejur er fyrir vru, their greeting faltered, i.e. the greeting died on their lips, Nj. 140;
vill s eigi fallask fta andsvr, he would not fail or falter in replying, Hkr. i. 260; fllskat sar
sviri, her judgment did not fail, Am. 6. V. metaph., falla villu, to fall into heresy, Ver. 47; f.
hrdm, to fall into whoredom, Sks. 588; f. vald e-s. to fall into one's power, Ld. 166; f. fullslu,
to drop (come suddenly) into great wealth, Band. 31; f. fullting vi e-n, to fall a-helping one, to
take one's part, Grg. i. 24; lyktir falla e-t, to come to a close, issue, Fms. ix. 292. xi. 326; f. , to
fall on, of misfortune, vide -fall. 2. falla undir e-n, to full to one's lot, of inheritance, obligation;
arfr fellr undir e-n. devolves upon one, Gl. 215; f. frjls jr to be free born, N. G. L. i. 32; f.
nanigr jr, to be born a bondsman, Grg. ii. 192. 3. falla vi rar, to fall to at the oars, Fms. xi.
73, 103; orgeirr fll sv fast rar (pulled, so bard), at af gengu bir hirnir, Grett. 125 A; f.
fram vi rar, id., Fas. ii. 495 (in a verse). VI. to fall out, befall; ef auna fellr til, if it so falls out by
luck, Fms. iv. 148; ef auna vildi til f. me eim, xi. 267; litlu siar fellr til fagrt leii, a fair wind
befell them, 426; alla hluti er til kunni f., Nj. 224; ll ingvti er til f., all the nes that may fall
in, be due, Gl. 21; nema rf falli til, unless a mishap befalls him, i.e. unless he be in a strait, 76;
mr fll sv gfusamliga, it befell me so luckily, Barl. 114; veruliga er fallit mik etta tilfelli, this
accident has justly befallen me, 115; sem sakir f. til, as the case falls, Eg. 89. 2. to fall, be
produced; at (the iron) fellr ri eim er Ger heitir, Fas. iii. 240; ar fellr hveiti ok vn, 360. VII.
impers. in the phrases, e-m fellr e-t ungt, ltt, etc., a thing falls lightly, heavily upon, esp. of
feeling; etta mun yr ungt f., it will fall heavily on you, Band. 18; felir keisaranum yngra
bardaginn, the battle fell out ill to (turned against) the emperor, Fms. xi. 32; at oss mundi ungt f.
essi ml, Nj. 191. 2. the phrases, e-m fellr e-t nr, it falls nigh to one, touches one nearly; sv fellr
mr etta nr um trega, Nj. 170; sj einn var sv hlutr, at Njli fll sv nr, at hana mtti aldri
klkvandi um tala, this one thing touched Njal so nearly, that he could never speak of it without
tears, 171; mr fellr eigi rr en honum, it touches me no less than him, Blas. 41; henni fll meinit
sv, nr, at ..., the illness fell on her so sore, that ..., Bs. i. 178; fll henni nr allt saman, she was
much vexed by it all (of illness), 351; e-t fellr bgliga, hrmuliga etc. fyrir e-m, things fall out sadly
for one. Vgl. 30, El. 15.
B. Metaph. to fall in with, agree, t, suit, Germ. gefallen: I. to please, suit; kva sr at vel falla til
aftekta, said that it suited him well for drawing taxes from, Fb. ii. 122: en allt at, er hann heyri fr
himnagui, fll honum harla vel, pleased him very well, Fms. i. 133; honum fll vel eyru lofsor
konungs, the king's praise suited his ears well, tickled, pleased his fancy, Bret. 16: reex., at lof
fellsk honum eyru, 4; jarli fellsk at vel eyru, the earl was well pleased to hear it, Bjarn. 7. .
falla saman, to fall in with, comply, agree; en at eigi flli allt saman me eim, though they did
not agree in all, Bs. i. 723. . fllsk vel me eim, they loved one another, Fas. i. 49; fll vel
me eim Styrkri, i.e. he and S. were on good terms, Fms. iii. 120. . honum fllsk at vel skap,
it suited his mind well, pleased him, Fas. i. 364; fllsk hvrt ru vel ge, they agreed well, liked
one another well, Band. 9; fallask e-t, to like a thing; brtt kvartar a mr fellst ei , Bb. 3. 23. 2.
to beseem, bet; heldr fellr eim (it bets them), at sna rum me gvilja, Str. 2. 3. falla at e-u,
to apply to, refer to; etta eitt or er at fellr eistafnum, Band. MS. 15 (Ed. 18 wrongly eirinn
instead of einum). 4. the phrase 'falla vi' in Luke vi. 36 (btin af v hinu nja fellr eigi vi hi
gamla) means to agree with; hence also vifeldinn, agreeable :-- but in the two passages to be cited
falla vi seems to be intended for falda vi, to enfold; hvergi nema ar sem falli vi akr ea eng,
unless eld or meadow be increased or improved, N. G. L. ii. 116; ekki m falla (qs. falda) vi
hamingju-leysi mitt, 'tis impossible to add a fold to my bad luck, it cannot be worse than it is, Al.
110. II. part. fallinn; sv f., such-like, so framed; eitt lti dr er sv falli, at ..., a small animal is
so framed, that ..., Stj. 77; hv man hinn sami mar sv fallinn, how can the same man be so
framed? Fms. xi. 429 :-- in law phrases, such-like, as follows, sv fallinn vitnisbur, testimony as
follows, Vm. 47; svo fallinn rskur, dm, etc., a decision, sentence ... as follows, a standing
phrase; lei fallinn, such, such-like (Germ. beschaffen), Stj. 154. 2. fallinn vel, illa, etc., well, ill-
disposed; hann var vnn mar ok vel fallinn, Fms. xi. 422; au vru trll bi ok at llu illa fallin,
Br. 165; tted, worthy, bezt til konungs fallinn, Fms. i. 58; ok er hann bezt til ess f. af essum
remr, vi. 386; at hann vri betr til fallinn at deyja fyrir sk en fair hans, that he more deserved
to die than his father did, x. 3; lafr er betr til yrmanns f. enn mnir synir, Ld. 84; margir eru betr
til fallnir fararinnar, sl. ii. 327; Hallgerr kva hann sr vel fallinn til verkstjra, Nj. 57; s er til
ess er f., Sks. 299; 'worthy,' 1 Cor. vi. 2. 3. neut. t; ok htti er honum tti fallit, when he
thought t, Fms. vi. 364; slk reip sem f. ykir, as seems needful, Sks. 420; vri at vel fallit, at ...,
it would do well, to ..., Fms. ii. 115; at mun n vel fallit, that will be right, that will do well, Nj.
145; kallai vel til fallit, said it was quite right, Fms. xi. 321. 4. of a thing, with dat. suited to one;
eigi yki mr r s fer vel fallin, i.e. this journey will not do for thee, will not do thee good, Fms.
vi. 200; cp. -fallit, unt.
fallegr, adj. fair. falliga, adv., vide fagrligr.
fallerask, a, dep. [for. word, Lat. fallere], to prove false, Stj. 4, K. . 224; to fall, of a woman, H.
E. ii. 190.
fall-htt, n. adj. staggering, in danger of falling, Eb. 240.
fall-jkull, m. or fall-jaki, a, m. an ice-berg, Sks. 176.
fall-stt, f. a murrain, plague, Grg. i. 458.
fall-star, m. a falling place, Fms. viii. 435.
fall-valtr, adj. reeling, metaph. in eccl. writers, faltering, changeable, uncertain, of worldly things,
opp. to heavenly; f. heimr, f. lf. Post. 656 B. 11, Magn. 504; f. hlutir, opp. to eilfr hlutir, Hom. 42;
f. fagnar essa lfs, Fms. i. 225; fallvaltan rikdm, 1 Tim. vi. 17.
FALR, m. [fal, Ivar Aasen], the socket of a spear's head in which the handle is put, often richly
ornamented (spjts-falr), Fas. iii. 388, Stj. 461, Eg. 285, 726, Edda 83, Ld. 98, Nj. 108, K. . K. 96,
Fms. iv. 278, 338, Fs. 127; vide Worsaae 344 sqq., 498.
FALR, adj. [A. S. fle; O. H. G. fali; Germ. feil; Swed. and Dan. fal] :-- venal, to be sold, Fms. i.
185, Sd. 188, Ld. 146; e-m er e-t falt, or eiga (lta) e-t falt, to have a thing for sale, Grg. ii. 243, N.
G. L. i. 237, Fms. vii. 20, Nj. 32; gjaf-falr, Fms. vii. 124; metaph., er mr eru falastir til ungs
hlutar, i.e. I should not mind if they fared ill, Lv. 105, Mag. 59, Trist. 8, 11 (Fr.)
FALS, n. [for. word, Lat. falsum], a fraud, cheat, deceit, imposture, Fms. viii. 265; f. ok svik, ix.
283; illusion, in a dream, xi. 371; adulteration, ii. 129, Gl. 490-493.
fals, adj. = falskr, false, Barl. 134, 144, 149, 152, Fms. ii. 210.
fals-, in compds, false, fraudulent, forged: fals-blandar, part. blended with fraud, Stj. 142; fals-
brf, n. a forged deed, Bs. i. 819; fals-gu, n. a false god, Fms. i. 304, Sks. 308; fals-heit, n. pl.
false promises, Art.; fals-kona, u, f. a false woman, harlot, Korm. 76; fals-konungr, m. a false
king, pretender, Br. 15, Fms. ix. 433, Gl. 35; fals-kristr, m. a false Christ, Matth. xxiv. 24; fals-
penningr, m. false money, Karl.; fals-postuli, a, m. a false apostle, 1 Cor. xi. 15; fals-silfr, n. bad
silver, Fr. 217; fals-spmenn, m. false prophets, Matth. vii. 15, xxiv. 24; fals-tr, f. false doctrine,
heresy, Barl.; fals-vitni, n. a false witness, H. E. i. 522, Barl. 142.
falsa, a, to defraud, impose upon, Nj. 106, Fms. ii. 129; to cheat, Hkr. i. 8; f. e-t af e-m, to cheat
one of a thing, Fms. viii. 295; to spoil, El. 12; brynjan falsaisk, the coat of mail proved false. Fas.
i. 507. 2. to falsify, forge; f. brf, K. . 222; neut., f. ok hgma, to use false and vain language. Stj.
131; part. falsar, false, Fms. i. 139, Stj. 58. 592.
falsari, a, m. an impostor, deceiver, Fms. viii. 295. ix. 261, 262, El. 31.
falskr, adj. [for. word, Germ. falsch], false; f. brr, 1 Cor. xi. 26; it occurs rst in the 15th century.
fals-lauss, adj. guileless, Edda 20; f. mli. good money, Fms. vi. 245; f. kaup, a bargain in good
faith, Bs. i. 719. falslaus-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), sincere, in good faith, Stj. 149.
fals-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), crafty, vile, Flv. 43; false, Fms. v. 242.
fals-ttr, adj. deceitful, Stj. 144.
fals-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), false, crafty, Sks. 404.
fals-vitr, adj. crafty, cunning, Stj. 144 (MS. 227).
faltrask, a, dep. to be cumbered; f. vi e-t, to be puzzled about a thing, Fr. 174; cp. fatrask.
fal-vigr, f. a spear with an ornamented socket, Mork. 200.
FAMBI, a, m. a simpleton, Hm. 103.
FANG, n. [for the root vide f], a catching, fetching: 1. catching sh, shing, Eb. 26, m. 32; halda
til fangs, to go a-shing, Ld. 38: a take of sh, stores of sh, hann ba lta laust fangit allt, at er
eir hfu fangit, Fms. iv. 331; af llu v fangi er eir hljta af dauum hvlum, m. 36; f. at er
eir ttu bir, cp. veii-fang, her-fang, prey. 2. in plur., u. baggage, luggage, Nj. 112; fng ok
farggn, luggage and carriage, 266; ok er eir hfu upp borit fngin, carriage, Orkn. 324: stores,
forn korn ok nnur fng, Fms. iv. 254. . provisions, esp. at a feast; ll vru fng hin beztu, Fms. iv.
102; kostnaar-mikit ok urfti fng mikil, Eg. 39; rlfr spask mjk um fng, 42; veizla var hin
prlegsta ok ll fng hin beztu, 44; hann leitai alls-konar fanga til bs sns, 68, Fs. 19, 218;
hence, bor me hinum beztum fngum, board with good cheer, Fms. i. 66; ba fer hennar
smiliga me hinum beztum fngum, x. 102. . metaph. means, opportunity; v at eins at engi s
nnur fng, Fms. iv. 176; mean sv g fng eru sem n, 209; hafa fng e-u, or til e-s, to be
enabled to do a thing, viii. 143, x. 388, Eb. 114, Gull. 30, Eg. 81, Ld. 150, Odd. 18; uru engi
fng nnur, there was no help (issue) for it (but that ...), Fms. vii. 311; af (eptir) fngum, to the best
of one's power, x. 355; af beztu fngum br hn rmi, Bb. 3. 24; at-fng, q.v.; b-fng (b-fang),
q.v.; l-fng, vn-fng, store of ale, wine. 3. the phrase, f konu fangi, to wed a woman, N. G. L. i.
350: fangs-t, n. wedding season, 343; hence kvn-fang, ver-fang, marriage. II. an embryo, fetus,
in sheep or kine; ef graungr eltir fang r k, Jb. 303: the phrase, lta fangi, to 'go back,' of a cow.
. a metric. fault, opp. to fall, Fb. iii. 426 (in a verse). III. that with which one clasps or embraces,
the breast and arms; kom spjti fang honum, the spear pierced his breast, Gull. 23, Fms. ii.
111; reka fang e-m, to throw in one's face, Nj. 176; hafa e-t fangi sr, to hold in one's arms, Bdl.
344; hn hn aptr f. honum, sl. ii. 275; taka sr fang, to take into one's arms, Mark x. 16; cp.
hals-fang, embraces. 2. an apron, Edda (Gl.) 3. frask e-t fang, to have in one's grip, metaph. to
undertake a thing, Fms. vii. 136; frask e-t r fangi, to throw off, refuse, Sturl. iii. 254: the phrase,
hafa fullt fangi, to have one's hands full. 4. wrestling, grappling with, sl. ii. 445, 446, 457; taka
fang vi e-n, Edda 33; ganga til fangs, Gl. 163: the saying, fangs er vn at frekum l, there will
be a grapple with a greedy wolf, Eb. 250, Ld. 66, Fms. v. 294, Skv. 2. 13. . the phrases, ganga
fang vi e-n, to grapple with one, provoke one, Ld. 206; ganga fang e-m, id., Band. 31; slka menn
sem hann her fangi, such men as he has to grapple with, Hv. 36; f fang e-m, or f fang af e-
m, to get hold of one; fkk engi eirra fang mr, Nj. 185, Fms. x. 159; s eir, at eir fengu ekki f.
af Erlingi, they saw that they could not catch E., vii. 300, xi. 96. 5. an armful; ska-fang, viar-
fang, an armful of fuel: Icel. call small hay-cocks fang or fng, hence fanga hey upp, to put the hay
into cocks: fanga-hnappr, m. a bundle of hay, armful. IV. in the compds vet-fangr, hjr-fangr, etc.
the f is = v, qs. vet-vangr, hjr-vangr, vide vangr. COMPDS: fanga-brekka, u, f. a wrestling
ground, Glm. 354. fanga-ftt, n. adj. falling short of provisions, Fms. viii. 367. fanga-hella, u, f. =
fanghella. fanga-kvir, m. a law term, a body of jurymen taken at random, opp. to ba-kvir,
dened Grg. ii. 99, 140. fanga-lauss, adj. void of means, of provisions, Fms. viii. 419. fanga-leysi,
n. want of stores, Rm. 263. fanga-ltill, adj. vile, not worth fetching, Vm. 119. fanga-mark, n.
mark of ownership, a monogram. fanga-r, n. a device, stratagem, a wrestling term, Nj. 253, Lv.
92, Orkn. 50. fanga-stakkr, m. a wrestling jerkin, sl. ii. 443. fanga-vttr, m. a law term, a witness
fetched (summoned) at random, Gl. 547-549.
fanga, a, [Germ. fangen = to fetch, whence Dan. fange], to fetch, capture, Stj. 122, Vgl. 29, Bs. i.
881, ii. 118, Fb. i. 240; r en hann var fangar, sl. (Har. S.) ii. 105; f. daua, to catch one's death,
to die, r. 39: this word is rare and borrowed from Germ., it scarcely occurs before the end of the
13th century; part. fanginn vide s.v. f and below.
fangar, part. having means (fng) for doing a thing, K. . 118, Ann. 1425.
fangari, a, m. a wrestler, Sd. 142, Barl. 148: a gaoler, (mod.)
fang-brg, n. pl. wrestling, Fs. 131.
fang-elsi, n. [Dan. fngsel; Swed. fngelse], a prison, gaol, Fms. iv. 167, xi. 240, (a rare and
unclass. word); cp. dissa, myrkva-stofa.
fang-hella, u, f. a stone set on edge in the arena, sl. ii. 446.
fangi, a, m. a prisoner, Mar., (rare and unclass.); cp. Dan. fange.
fanginn, part. captured, Stj. 71, Ann. 1299, Bs. i. 698: metaph. enticed, Fas. i. 60; cp. st-fanginn,
captured by love, in love.
fang-ltill, adj. yielding little produce, Bs. i. 335.
fang-remi, f. a deadly struggle, Korm. (in a verse).
fang-star, m. something to grasp or lay hold of, in the phrases, f f. e-m, to catch hold of one,
Vpn. 14, Th. 14; lj fangstaar sr, to let oneself be caught, Fms. iv. 282.
fang-sll, adj. having a good grasp, Eb. 250: lucky, Vellekla.
fang-taka. u, f. taking hold, in wrestling, Barl. 8.
fang-vinr, m. and fang-vina, u, f. an antagonist in wrestling, Grett. 124 (in a verse), Eg. 103 (in a
verse).
FANIR, f. pl. [Swed. fan, Engl. fan; cp. Germ. fahne, Goth. fana], a fan, in tlkn-fanir, the gill-aps
of a whale.
fann-fergja, u, f. heavy snow-drifts.
fann-hvtr, adj. white as driven snow (fnn), Stj. 206.
fann-koma, u, f. a fall of snow.
fann-mikill, adj. snowy, Grett. 112.
FANTR, m. [Ital. fanti = a servant; Germ. fanz; Dan. fjante = an oaf; the Norwegians call the
gipsies 'fante-folk,' and use fante-kjring for a hag, lle-fant for the Germ. rle-fanz, a ragamufn,
etc.: the word is traced by Diez to the Lat. infans, whence Ital. and Span, infanteria, Fr. infanterie,
mod. Engl. infantry, etc., -- in almost all mod. European languages the milit. term for foot-soldiers.
In Norse and Icel. the word came into use at the end of the 12th century; the notion of a footman is
perceivable in the verse in Fms. viii. 172 (of A. D. 1182) -- fant s ek hvern hesti en lendir menn
ganga, I behold every fant seated on horseback whilst the noblemen walk :-- hence it came to mean]
a landlouper, vagabond, freq. in Karl., Str., El., Flv.; fantar ok glpar, Mar.; hversu vegsamligr var
konungrinn af srael dag, hver e afklddist fyrir ambttum nara sinna, og lk nakinn sem
fantar, and danced naked like a buffoon, Vdal. i. 220, cp. 2 Sam. vi. 20.
fanz, m. a gang, tribe; Odd s ekti allr fans, Stef. l.; rla-fanz, a gang of thralls. . lumber, lf.
8. 64; akin to fantr.
FAR, n. I. motion, travel; rare in this sense, as the fem. fr and fer, q.v., are used instead. . of the
clouds, in the phrase, far lopti, drift in the sky. II. a means of passage, a ship; far er skip, Edda
110, Sklda 163: the allit. phrase, hvert jtanda far, every oating vessel, Fms. xi. 125, Fr. 260; at
bjarga fari oti, Hm. 155. 2. in compds, a trading vessel; slands-far, an Iceland-trader, Fms. vi.
370, vii. 32; Englands-far, an English-trader, ix. 41; Drlinnar-far, a Dublin ship, Eb. 254; fjgra-,
tveggja-, sex-manna-far, a four-, two-, six-oared boat. 3. passage, in the phrases, taka sr (e-m) fari,
f sr fari, ra sr fari, usually so in dat., but in mod. usage acc. (taka, ra sr far), to take a
passage in a ship, Gl. 516, Grg. ii. 400, 406 (acc.), Ld. 50, Landn. 307, Eg. 288, Nj. 111, 112, sl.
ii. 199, Eb. 194; beiask fars, id., Grg. i. 90, Fms. vi. 239; banna e-m far, to forbid one a passage,
stop one (far-bann), Landn. 307; synja e-m fars, to deny one a passage (far-synjan), Hbl. 54; at eir
ha allir far, Jb. 393. III. a trace, track, print, Hom. 120; Sveinki rak lmb sn til fjru frin, at
eigi mtti sj tveggja manna fr, Njar. 376; n villask hundarnir farsins, the hounds lost the track,
Fms. v. 147, cp. O. H. L. 83: metaph., of et sama far, on the same subject, of a book, b. (pref.): in
many compds, a print, mark of anv kind, fta-fr, footprints; skaa-fr, the print of a sharp-shod
horse; nlar-far, a stitch; ngra-fr, a nger-print; tanna-fr, a bite; nagla-fr, the marks of nails,
John xx. 25; knfs-far, a knife's mark; eggjar-far, the mark of the edge, in a cut; jrna-far, the print of
the shackles; kjal-far, the keel's track, wake of a ship; um-far, a turn, round; saum-far, a rim on a
ship's side. IV. metaph. life, conduct, behaviour; hugar-far, ges-far, lundar-far, disposition,
character; ttar-far, a family mark, peculiarity; dag-far, daily life, conduct of life; gra manna
fari ok vndra, 677. 3; hvat ess mundi vera fari konungsins, in the king's character, Fms. v. 327;
ek vissa marga hluti fari Knts konungs, at hann mtti heilagr vera, xi. 287; nokkut af fyrnsku
eptir fari hans, iii. 131. 2. estate, condition; ok gefa eir eigi gaum um hennar far, N. G. L. i. 226;
sem hann hafi skrt far sitt, made known his state, how he fared, 34; aldar-far, Lat. genius seculi;
dgra-far, q.v.: sra-far, the state of the wounds; vga-far, q.v.; heilindis-far, health, Mar. 124; far
veranna, the course of the winds, Eb. 218. 3. the phrase, at forni fari, of yore, of old, Gl. 85, 86,
Eg. 711; at fornu fari ok nju, of yore and of late, D. N.; at rttu fari, justly. . the phrase, gra sr
far um e-t, to take pains about a thing.
B. = fr, q.v., bale, ill-fate (rare); far er reii, far er skip, Edda 110; at hann mundi fara at far sem
hans formar, that he would fare as ill as his predecessor, Bs. i. 758: cp. the dubious phrase, muna
yvart far allt sundi tt ek hafa ndu lti, your ill-fate will not all be aoat, i.e. cleared off,
though I am dead, Skv. 3. 51; vera illu fari, to fare ill, be in a strait, Orkn. 480; ok vru illu fari
hr um, Stj. 394. Judges viii. 1, 'and they did chide with him sharply,' A. V.; at hann skyldi engu
fari mti eim vera, that he should not be plotting (brooding mischief) against them, Sturl. iii. 121
C.
FARA, pret. fra, 2nd pers. frt, mod. frst, pl. fru; pres. ferr, 2nd pers. ferr, in mod. pronunciation
fer; pret. subj. fra; imperat. far and faru ( = far ); sup. farit; part. farinn; with the sufxed neg.
fr-a, Am. 45; fari-a (depart not), Hkr. i. 115 MS. (in a verse). [In the Icel. scarcely any other verb
is in so freq. use as fara, as it denotes any motion; not so in other Teut. idioms; in Ulf. faran is only
used once, viz. Luke x. 7; Goth. farjan means to sail, and this seems to be the original sense of fara
(vide far); A. S. faran; the Germ. fahren and Engl. fare are used in a limited sense; in the Engl.
Bible this word never occurs (Cruden); Swed. fara; Dan. fare.]
A. NEUT. to go, fare, travel, in the widest sense; gkk hann hvargi sem hann fr, he walked
wherever he went, Hkr. i. 100; n ek ek ferr, I y not though I fare, Edda (in a verse); ltt er
lauss at fara (a proverb), Sl. 37: the saying, verr hverr me sjlfum sr lengst at fara, Gsl. 25; cp.
'dass von sich selbst der Mensch nicht scheiden kann' (Gthe's Tasso), or the Lat. 'patriae quis exul
se quoque fugit?' usually in the sense to go, to depart, heill farir, heill aptr komir, Vm. 4; but
also to come, far hingat til mn, come here, Nj. 2. 2. to travel, go forth or through, pass, or the
like; skalt fara Kirkjub, Nj. 74; fara r landi, to fare forth from one's country, Fms. v. 24; kjll
ferr austan, Vsp. 51; Surtr ferr sunnan, 52; snjr var mikill, ok llt at fara, and ill to pass, Fms. ix.
491; fru eir t eptir nni, Eg. 81; sian fr Egill fram me skginum, 531; eim sem hann vildi at
fri ... Njll ht at fara, Nj. 49; fara munu vr, Eg. 579; Egill fr til ess er hann kom til lfs. 577,
Fms. xi. 122; fara eir n af melinum slttuna. Eg. 747; fara heiman, to fare forth from one's
home, K. . K. 6; alls mik fara tir, Vm. 1; fjl ek fr, far I fared, i.e. travelled far, 3: the phrase,
fara utan, to fare outwards, go abroad (from Iceland), passim; fara vestr um haf, to fare westward
over the sea, i.e. to the British Isles, Hkr. i. 101; fara fund e-s, to visit one, Ld. 62; fara at
heimboi, to go to a feast, id.; fara fti, to fare a-foot, go walking, Hkr.; absol. fara, to travel, beg,
hence fru-mar, a vagrant, beggar; in olden times the poor went their rounds from house to house
within a certain district, cp. Grg. i. 85; magar er ar eigu at fara v ingi er um au ing, id.;
magar skolu fara, 119; omeg er ar ferr, 296: in mod. usage, fara um and um-fer, begging,
going round. . with prep.: fara at e-m, to make an inroad upon one, Nj. 93, 94, 102 (cp. at-fr);
fara e-n, to mount, e.g. fara bak, to mount on horseback; metaph., dauinn fr , death seized
him, Fms. xi. 150; f. saman, to go together, Edda 121, Grg. ii. 256; f. saman also means to shudder.
Germ. zusammenfahren, Hm. 24: metaph. to concur, agree, hversu m at saman f., Nj. 192; eim
tti at mjk saman f., Fms. iv. 382; fara hl, or hli, to go a-heel, i.e. step back. retreat, xi.
278, Eg. 296; fara undan, metaph. to excuse oneself, refuse (v. undan), Nj. 23, Fms. x. 227; fara
fyrir, to proceed; fara eptir, to follow. 3. with fer, lei or the like added, in acc. or gen. to go one's
way; fara leiar sinnar, to proceed on one's journey, Eg. 81, 477, Fms. i. 10, Grg. ii. 119; fara
ferar sinnar, or fera sinna, id.. Eg. 180, Fms. iv. 125; fara der sina, id.. Eg. 568; fara frum
snum, or fr sinn, id., K. . K. 80, 90; fara dagfari ok nttfari, to travel day and night, Fms. i. 203;
fara fullum dagleium, to go full days-journeys, Grg. i. 91; or in a more special sense, fara essa
fer, to make this journey, Fas. ii. 117; f. stefnu-fr, to go a-summoning; f. bnors-fr, to go a-
courting, Nj. 148; f. sigr-fr, to go on the way of victory, to triumph, Eg. 21; fara sendi-fr, to go on
a message, 540. . in a metaph. sense; fara hneykju-fr, to be shamefully beaten, Hrafn. 19 (MS.);
fara sigr, to be defeated, Eg. 287; fara mikinn skaa, to 'fare' (i.e. suffer) great damage, Karl. 43;
fara v verrum frum, fara skmm, hneykju, erendleysu, sm, to get the worst of it, Fms. viii.
125. 4. with the road in acc.; hann fr Vnar-skar, Landn. 226; f. sj-veg, land-veg, K. . K. 24;
fr mrg lnd ok strar merkr, Fas. ii. 540; fara smu lei, Fms. i. 70; f. sama veg, Luke x. 31; f.
fjll ok dala, Barl. 104; fara t-lei, j-lei, Fms. iv. 260; also, fara um veg, fara um fjall, to cross
a fell, Hm. 3; fara lii, to march, Fms. i. 110. II. in a more indenite sense, to go; fara bum,
bygum, vistum, to move, change one's abode, Ld. 56, Hkr. ii. 177, Nj. 151, Vigl. 30; fara bferla,
to more one's household, Grg. ii. 409; fara vunarfrum, to go a-begging, i. 163, 294, ii. 482. 2.
the phrases, fara eldi ok arni, a law term, to move one's hearth and re. Grg. ii. 253; fara eldi um
land, a heathen rite for taking possession of land, dened in Landn. 276. cp. Eb. 8, Landn. 189, 284.
3. fara einn-saman, to be alone. Grg. ii. 9; the phrase, f. eigi einn-saman, to be not alone, i.e. with
child, Fms. iii. 109; or, fr hn me svein ann, Bs. i. 437; cp. ganga me barni. 4. adding an adj.,
to denote gait, pace, or the like; fara snigt, to stride haughtily, Nj. 100; fara mikinn, to rush on,
143; fara att, to fall at, tumble, Br. 177; fara hgt, to walk slowly. . fara til svefns, to go to
sleep, Nj. 35; f. sti sitt, to go to one's seat, 129; f. sess, Vm. 9; f. bekk, 19; fara sng, to go
to bed, N. G. L. i. 30; fara rmi, id. (mod.); fara mannjfnu, sl. ii. 214; fara lag, to be put
straight, Eg. 306; fara vxt, to wax, increase, Fms. ix. 430, Al. 141; fara ur, to wane, Ld. 122,
l. 1 (MS.); fara efni, to go to the wrong side, Sturl. iii. 210; fara at skakka, to be odd (not even).
Sturl. ii. 258; fara at slum, to be put out for sale, Grg. ii. 204. 5. fara at fuglum, to go a-fowling,
Orkn. (in a verse); fara at fugla-veium, id., Bb. 3. 36; fara herna, vking, to go a-freebooting,
Fms. i. 33, Landn. 31; fara at f, to watch sheep, Ld. 240; fara at f-fngum, to go a-fetching booty,
Fms. vii. 78. . with inn., denoting one's 'doing' or 'being;' fara sofa, to go to sleep, Eg. 377; fara
vega, to go to ght, Vsp. 54, Gm. 23; fara at ra, Vgl. 22; fara leita, to go seeking, Fms. x. 240; fara
a ba, to set up a household, Bb. 2. 6; fara a htta, to go to bed. . akin to this is the mod. use of
fara with an inn. following in the sense to begin, as in the East Angl. counties of Engl. it 'fares'
to ..., i.e. it begins, is likely to be or to do so and so; a fer a birta, a er farit a dimma, it 'fares'
to grow dark; a fer a hvessa, it 'fares' to blow; fer a rigna, it 'fares' to rain. etc. :-- no instance
of this usage is recorded in old Icel., but the Engl. usage shews that it must be old. . with an adj.
etc.; fara villr, to go astray, Sks. 565; fara haltr, to go lame, Fms. x. 420; fara vanstiltr, to go out of
one's mind, 264; fara hj sr, to be beside oneself, Eb. 270; fara apr, to feel chilly, Fms. vi. 237 (in a
verse); fara duldr e-s, to be unaware of, Sklda 187 (in a verse); fara andvgr e-m, to give battle,
Stor. 8; fara leyniliga, to go secretly, be kept hidden, Nj. 49. 6. to pass; fr s skipan til slands,
Fms. x. 23; fara essi ml til ings, Nj. 100; hversu or fru me eim, how words passed between
them, 90; fru au or um, the runner went abroad, Fms. i. 12; ferr or er um munn lr (a saying),
iv. 279; fr ferligt oran, a bad report went abroad, Hom. 115. 7. fara fram, to go on, take
place; ferr etta fram, Ld. 258; ef eigi ferr gjald fram, if no payment takes place, K. . K. 64; ferr
sv fram, and so things went on without a break, Nj. 11, Eg. 711; veizlan ferr vel fram, the feast
went on well, Nj. 11, 51; spyrr hvat ar fri fram, he asked what there was going on. Band. 17; fr
allt smu lei sem fyrr, it went on all the same as before, Fms. iv. 112; fara fram rum e-s, to
follow one's advice, Nj. 5, 66, Fms. vii. 318; allt mun at snu fram f., it will take its own course, Nj.
259; n er v ferr fram um hr, it went on so for a while, Fms. xi. 108; a law term, to be produced,
ggn fara fram til varnar, Grg. i. 65; dmar fara t, the court is set (vide dmr), Grg., Nj., passim.
8. bor fara upp brott, the tables are removed (vide bor), Eg. 247, 551; eigi m etta sv f., this
cannot go on in that way, Nj. 87; fjarri ferr at, far from it, by no means, 134; fr at fjarri at ek
vilda, Ld. 12; fr at ok sv til, and so if came to pass, Fms. x. 212. 9. to turn out, end; hversu tlar
fara hesta-ati, Nj. 90; fr at sem likligt var, it turned out as was likely (i.e. ended ill). Eg. 46;
sv fr, at ..., the end was, that ..., Grett. 81 new Ed.; ef sv ferr sem ek get til, if it turns out as I
guess, Dropl. 30, Vgl. 21; ef sv ferr sem mn or horfa til, Fms. v. 24; ef sv ferr sem mik varir, if
it comes to pass as it seems to me, vi. 350; sv fr um sjfer , Bjarni 202; smu lei fr um
ara sendi-menn, Eg. 537; to depart, die, ar fr ntr mar, Fs. 39; fara dana-yri, to pass the
death-weird, to die, t. 8. 10. to fare well, ill, in addressing; fari r vel, fare ye well, Nj. 7; bija e-
n vel fara, to bid one farewell, Eg. 22, Ld. 62; far heill ok sll, Fms. vii. 197: in a bad sense, far
n ar, ill betide thee! Hbl. 60; far (impers.) manna armastr, Eg. 553; Jkull ba hann fara brla
armastan, Finnb. 306; fari r sv gramendr allir, Dropl. 23. 11. fara fat, brynju (acc.), etc., to
dress, undress; but fara r ftum (dat.), to undress, Fms. x. 16, xi. 132, vii. 202, Nj. 143, Gh. 16,
etc. III. metaph., 1. to suit, t, esp. of clothes, hair, or the like; ekki ykkir mr kyrtill inn fara betr
en stakkr minn, Fas. ii. 343; hri fr vel, Nj. 30; jarpr hr ok fr vel hrit, Fms. ii. 7; gult hr sem
silki ok fr fagrliga, vi. 438, Fs. 88; kli sem bezt farandi, Eb. 256; var s konan bezt f., the most
graceful, lady-like, sl. ii. 438; fr lla hestinum, it sat ill on the horse, Bs. i. 712. 2. impers. it
goes so and so with one, i.e. one behaves so and so: e-m ferr vel, lla, etc., one behaves well, ill, etc.;
honum hafa ll mlin verst farit, he has behaved worst in the whole matter, Nj. 210; bezta ferr r,
Fms. vii. 33; vel mun r fara, Nj. 55; at honum fari vel, 64; er her vel farit til mn, Finnb. 238; e-
m ferr vinveittliga, one behaves in a friendly way, Nj. 217; ferr r bezt jafnan ok hfinglegast
er mest liggr vi, 228; mun honum nokkurn veg vel f., Hrafn. 10; drengiliga her r farit til vr,
Ld. 48; ferr r illa, Nj. 57; hversu Gunnari fr, how (well) G. behaved, 119. 3. fara at e-u, to deal
with a thing (i.e. proceed) so and so; sv skal at skn fara, thus is the pleading to be proceeded with,
Grg. i. 323; sv skal at v f. at beia ..., 7; fara at lgum, or lgum at e-u, to proceed lawfully or
unlawfully, 126; hversu at skyldi f., how they were to proceed, Nj. 114; fara mjklega at, to proceed
gently, Fms. vii. 18; hr skulu vr f. at me rum, to act with deliberation, Eg. 582; Flosi fr at
ngu ara (took matters calmly), en hann vri heima, Nj. 220. . impers. with dat., to do, behave;
lla her mr at farit, I have done my business badly, Hrafn. 8; veit Gu hversu hverjum manni mun
at f., Fms. x. 212: in mod. phrases, to become, ironically, r ferr a, or r ferst a, it becomes
thee, i.e. 'tis too bad of thee. . hv ferr konungrinn n sv (viz. at), Fms. i. 35; er slkt smiliga
farit, so shamefully done, Nj. 82; hr ferr vnt at, here things go merrily, 232; karlmannliga er farit,
manfully done, 144. . to mind, care about; ekki ferr ek at, tt har svelt ik til fjr, it does not
matter to me, I do not care, though ..., Nj. 18; ekki munu vit at v fara (never mind that), segir
Helgi, 133. r. fara eptir, to be in proportion; hr eptir fr vxtr ok a, his strength and stature were
in proportion, Clar. 4. fara me e-t, to wield, handle, manage; fr Hroptr me Gungni, H. wielded
Gungni (the spear), Kormak; f. me Grar-vl, to wield the staff G., d. 9: as a law term, to wield,
possess; fara me goor, to keep a goor, esp. during the session of parliament, Dropl. 8, Grg.
and Nj. passim; fara me sk, to manage a lawsuit, Grg., Nj.; or, fara vi sk, id., Nj. 86. .
metaph. to practise, deal in; fara me rn, to deal in robbing, Nj. 73; fara me spott ok h, to go
sporting and mocking, 66; f. me fals ok dr, Pass. 16. 5; fara me galdra ok fjlkyngi, K. . K. 76;
f. me hindr-vitni, Grett. 111; cp. the phrase, faru ekki me a, don't talk such nonsense. . to
deal with, treat, handle; munt bezt ok hgligast me hann fara, thou wilt deal with him most
kindly and most gently, Nj. 219; fara af hlji me e-t, to keep matters secret, id.; Ingimundr fr vel
me sgum (better than sgur, acc.), Ing. dealt well with stories, was a good historian. Stud. i. 9. .
with dat.; fara me e-u, to do so and so with a thing, manage it; hversu eir skyldi fara me vpnum
snum, how they were to do with their weapons, Fms. ix. 509; s mar er me arnum ferr, who
manages the arfr, Grg. i. 217; ef eir fara annan veg me v f, 216; fara me mlum snum, to
manage one's case, 46; mean hann ferr sv me sem mlt er, 93; Gunnarr fr me llu (acted in
all) sem honum var r til kennt, Nj. 100; ef sv er me farit, Ld. 152; f. vel me snum httum, to
bear oneself well, behave well, Eg. 65; Hrafn fr me sr vel, H. bore himself well, Fms. vi. 109;
undarliga fara munkar essir me sr, they behave strangely, 188; vi frum kynlega me okkrum
mlum, Nj. 130; vant yki mr me slku at fara, difcult matters to have to do with, 75; f. mlum
hendr e-m, to bring an action against one, Ld. 138; fara skn (to proceed) sem at ingadmi, Grg.
i. 463; fara sv llu mli um sem ..., 40, ii. 348; fara me hltri ok gapi, to go laughing and scofng,
Nj. 220; cp. p above. IV. fara um, yr e-t, to pass over slightly; n er yr farit um landnm, shortly
told, touched upon, Landn. 320; skjtt yr at f., to be brief, 656 A. 12; fara myrkt um e-t, to mystify
a thing, Ld. 322; fara mrgum orum um e-t, to dilate upon a subject, Fbr. 124, Nj. 248, Fms. ix.
264. . in the phrase, fara hndum um e-t, to go with the hands about a thing, to touch it, Germ.
befhlen, esp. medic. of a healing touch; jafnan fengu menn heilsubt af handlgum hans, af v er
hann fr hndum um er sjkir vru, Jtv. 24; ok p fr hann hndum um hann, Bs. i. 644; lt
Arnoddr fara ara hndina um hann, ok fann at hann var berfttr ok lnklum. Dropl. 30; cp.
fru hendr hvtar hennar um essar grvar, Fas. i. 248 (in a verse): note the curious mod. phrase,
a fer a fara um mig, I began to feel uneasy, as from a cold touch or the like. . impers. with dat.;
eigi ferr r nr Gunnari, en Meri mundi vi ik, thou camest not nearer to G. than Mord would
to thee, i.e. tbou art just as far from being a match for G. as Mord is to thee, Nj. 37; ferr honum
sem rum, it came to pass with him as with others, 172; mun mr rst um fara, I shall fall much
short of that, Fms. vi. 362; v betr er eim ferr llum verr at, the worse they fare the better I am
pleased, Nj. 217. V. reex., esp. of a journey, to fare well; frsk eim vel, they fared well, Eg. 392,
Fms. xi. 22; honum fersk vel vegrinn, he proceeded well on his journey, ii. 81; hafi allt farizt vel
at, all had fared well, they had had a prosperous journey, b. 10; frsk eim seint um daginn,
they proceeded slowly, Eg. 544; mnnum frsk eigi vel um fenit, Fms. vii. 149; hversu eim hafi
farizk, Nj. 90; at eim frisk vel, sl. ii. 343, 208, v.l.: the phrase, hamri frsk hgri hnd, he
grasped the hammer in his right hand, Bragi; farask lnd undir, to subdue lands, Hkr. i. 134, v.l. (in
a verse). 2. recipr., farask hj, to go beside one another, miss one another, pass without meeting, Nj.
9; farask mis, id., farask mti, to march against one another, of two hosts; at bar sv til at
hvrigir vissu til annarra ok frusk mti, Fms. viii. 63, x. 46, Fas. ii. 515. VI. part., 1. act.,
koma farandi, to come of a sudden or by chance; kmu hjarsveinar ar at farandi, some
shepherds just came, Eg. 380; Moses kom farandi til flksins, Sks. 574; koma inn farandi, 369, Fbr.
25. 2. pass. farinn, in the phrase, frnum vegi, on 'wayfaring,' i.e. in travelling, passing by; nna
e-n frnum vegi, Nj. 258, K. . K. 6; kveja fjrins frnum vegi, Grg. i. 403; also, fara um
farinn veg, to pass on one's journey; of the sun. sl var skamt farin, the sun was little advanced, i.e.
early in the morning, Fms. xi. 267, viii. 146; var dagr alljs ok sl farin, broad day and sun high
in the sky, Eg. 219; also impers., sl (dat.) var skamt farit, lf. 4. 10: the phrase, aldri farinn,
stricken in years, Sturl. i. 212; vel farinn andliti, well-favoured, Ld. 274; vel at ori farinn, well
spoken, eloquent, Fms. xi. 193; mod., vel ori, mli farinn, and so Ld. 122; gone, ar eru baugar
farnir, Grg. ii. 172; ftrnir s farnir, Fas. iii. 308. . impers. in the phrase, e-m er annig farit,
one is so and so; veri var annig farit, at ..., the winter was such, that ..., Fms. xi. 34; veri var sv
farit at myrkt var um at litask, i.e. the weather was gloomy, Grett. 111; hversu landinu er farit, what
is the condition of the country, Sks. 181; henni er annig farit, at hn er mikil ey, lng ..., (the
island) is so shapen, that it is large and long, Hkr. ii. 188; er eigi einn veg farit gfu okkari, our
ill-luck is not of one piece, Nj. 183: metaph. of state, disposition, character, er hnum vel farit, he is
a well-favoured man, 15; undarliga er yr farit, ye are strange men, 154; honum var sv farit, at
hann var vesal-menni, Boll. 352: adding the prepp. at, til, eim var lkt farit at mrgu, they were
at variance in many respects, Hkr. iii. 97; n er annan veg til farit, now matters are altered, Nj. 226;
n er sv til farit, at ek vil ..., now the case is, that I wish ..., Eg. 714; hr er annig til farit, ... at
leiin, 582; ar var annig til farit, Fms. xi. 34. UNCERTAIN Hence comes the mod. form vari (v
instead of f), which also occurs in MSS. of the 15th century--veri var sv varit, Sd. 181; r honum
vel vari, Lv. 80, Ld. 266, v.l.; sv er til vari, Sks. 223, 224,--all of them paper MSS. The phrase,
e-m er nr farit, one is pressed; sv var honum nr farit af llu samt, vkum ok fstu, he was
nearly overcome from want of sleep and fasting.
B. TRANS. I. with acc.: 1. to visit; fara land herskildi, brandi, etc., to visit a land with 'war-shield,'
re, etc., i.e. devastate it; gkk sian land upp me lii snu, ok fr allt herskildi, Fms. i. 131; land
etta mundi herskildi farit, ok leggjask undir tlenda hfingja, iv. 357; (hann) lt Halland farit
brandi, vii. 4 (in a verse); hann fr lvist eldi, 41 (in a verse); hann her farit ll eylnd brandi, 46 (in
a verse); fara hungri hrund, to emaciate the body, of an ascetic, Sl. 71. 2. to overtake, with acc.;
hann gat ekki farit hann, he could not overtake (catch) him, 623. 17; tunglit ferr slina, the moon
overtakes the sun, Rb. 116; r hana Fenrir fari, before Fenrir overtakes her, Vm. 46, 47; knegut
oss flur fara, ye witches cannot take us, Hkv. Hjrv. 13; hann gat farit fjra menn af lii Steinlfs,
ok drap alla, ... hann gat farit hj Steinlfsdal, Gull. 29; hann rei eptir eim, ok gat farit
t hj Svelgs, milli ok Hla, Eb. 180; n hrsmagi var eirra skjtastr ok getr farit sveininn, Ld.
242; viku eir enn undan sem skjtast sv at Danir gtu eigi farit , Fms. (Knytl. S.) xi. 377
(MS., in the Ed. wrongly altered to n eim); hrinn hljp undan, ok gtu hundarnir ekki farit hann
(Ed. frit wrongly), Fas. iii. 374; ok renna allir eptir eim manni er vg vakti, ... ok verr hann
farinn, Gl. 146: cp. the phrase, vera farinn, to dwell, live, to be found here and there; tt hann s
rr um farinn, Hm. 33. II. with dat. to destroy, make to perish; f. sr, to make away with oneself;
kona hans fr sr dsar-sal, she killed herself, Fas. i. 527; hn var stygg ok vildi fara sr, Landn.
(Hb.) 55; ef r gangit fyrir hamra ofan ok farit yr sjlr, Fms. viii. 53; hv tla menn at hann
mundi vilja f. sr sjlfr, iii. 59; fara l, fjrvi, ndu, id.; skal hann heldr eta, en fara ndu sinni,
than starve oneself to death, K. . K. 130; ok verr nu fjrvi um farit, Lv. 57, t. 20, Fas. i.
426 (in a verse), cp. Hkv. Hjrv. 13; mnu fjrvi at fara, Fm. 5; her sigr vegit, ok Ffni (dat.)
um farit, 23; farit hafi hann allri tt Geirmmis, Hkv. 1. 14; ok ltu hans fjrvi farit, Sl. 22; hann
hafi farit mrgum manni, O. H. L. 11. . to forfeit; fara sknu sinni, Grg. i. 98; fara lndum ok
lausaf, ii. 167. 2. reex. to perish (but esp. freq. in the sense to be drowned, perish in the sea);
farask af sulti, to die of hunger, Fms. ii. 226; fellr fjldi manns dkit ok farask ar, v. 281; frusk
sex hundru Vinda skipa, xi. 369; alls frusk nu menn, sl. ii. 385; mun heimr farask, Eluc. 43;
er himin ok jr her farisk, Edda 12; farask af hita, mi, Fms. ix. 47; frsk ar byringrinn, 307;
hvar ess er menn farask, Grg. i. 219; heldr enn at flk Gus farisk af mnum vldum, Sks. 732: of
cattle, ef f hins her troisk er farisk lund sem n var tnt, Grg. ii. 286. . metaph., fersk n
vintta ykkur, your friendship is done with, Band. 12. . the phrase, farask fyrir, to come to naught,
Nj. 131; at sr mun fyrir farask nokkut strri, sl. ii. 340; en fyrir frusk mlagjldin af konungi,
the payment never took place, Fms. v. 278; lt ek etta verk fyrir farask, vii. 158; mun at fyrir
farask, Fs. 20; en fyrir frsk at au misseri, Sd. 150: in mod. usage (N. T.), to perish. . in act.
rarely, and perhaps only a misspelling: fr v er fit fr (frsk better), K. . K. 132; fru (better
frusk, were drowned) margir slenzkir menn, Bs. i. 436. 3. part. farinn, as adj. gone, undone; n
eru vr farnir, nema ..., Lv. 83; hans ta var mjk sv farit, his game was almost lost, Fas. i. 523;
er farnir vru forstumenn Trju, when the defenders of Troy were dead and gone, Ver. 36; tungl
farit, a 'dead moon,' i.e. new moon, Rb. 34; farinn af sulti ok mi, Fms. viii. 53; farinn at e-u,
ruined in a thing, having lost it; farnir at hamingju, luckless, iv. 73; f. at vistum, xi. 33; f. at lausa-
f;. iii. 117: in some cases uncertain whether the participle does not belong to A.
far-ald, n. [A. S. fareld], a journey, only in the phrase, hverju faraldi, how, by what means,
expressing wonder at one's appearance, escape, or the like; mtti at engi mar vita hverju f. angat
mundi farit hafa, Bs. i. 338, Rd. 235, Sturl. iii. 219, Fs. 147 (where wrongly fem.), Mar. 98.
far-aldr, m. (neut. Fb. l.c.), medic. pestilence, cp. Bs. i. 662 (the verse), Fb. i. 583 (the verse): in
mod. usage plague, among animals.
farand-kona, u, f. a beggar-woman, Nj. 66; vide fara A. I. 2.
far-angr, m., gen. rs, luggage, sl. ii. 362, Fbr. 140.
farar-, vide fr, a journey.
far-bann, n. a stopping of trade, an embargo, Eg. 403, Fms. vii. 285, ii. 127, Ann. 1243, Bs. i. 510.
far-bauti, a, m. a 'ship-beater,' destroyer, an ogre, Fms. xi. 146: mythol. a giant, the father of Loki,
Edda.
far-beini, a, m. furthering one's journey, Eg. 482, v.l.; better forbeini.
far-bori, a, m. a ship's board or bulwark above water when loaded, cp. Grg. ii. 399; hence the
metaph. phrase, sj (or leita) sr farbora, to take precautions, so as to get safe and sound out of a
danger, Fms. vi. 430, vii. 142, v.l.
far-binn, part. 'boun' to sail (or depart), Hkr. iii. 193.
far-bnar, m. equipment of a ship, 673. 61.
far-dagar, m. pl. itting days, four successive days in spring, at the end of May (old style), in which
householders in Icel. changed their abode; this use is very old, cp. Glm. ch. 26, Grg. . . ch. 56,
Edda 103, Bs. i. 450, the Sagas and laws passim; hence fardaga-helgi, f. the Sunday in fardagar,
Grg. ii. 12; fardaga-leiti and fardaga-skei, n. the time of fardagar, sl. ii. 26.
FARI, a, m. [Fr. fard; Old Engl. fard. farding; Norse fare, Ivar Aasen], scum (in milk, curds), and
fara, a, to have scum formed on it.
far-drengr, m. a sea-faring man, Edda 107, Fms. ii. 23, orf. Karl. 402.
FARFI, a, m. [Germ. farbe], colour, (modern and scarcely used.)
far-tti, adj. fugitive, exiled, Hkr. i. 252: with gen., Fas. iii. 103.
far-fss, adj. eager for departing, Bs. ii. 35, 130.
far-fsi, f. eagerness to depart or travel, Fms. iii. 45, Fs. 46.
FARG, n. [cp. Ulf. fairguni--a mountain], a press, press-weight; vera undir fargi, to be under a
press, Bjarni 132.
farga, a, I. with acc. to press, Hom. 152, Bs. ii. 118. II. with dat. to destroy, make away with, Bb.
1. 7.
farga, u, f. [for. word, cp. farga. Du Cange], a sort of stuff, Pm. 6.
far-ggn, n. pl. luggage, Nj. 266: sing., Stj. 367.
far-grvi, n. travelling gear, Eg. 727, Edda 110.
far-hirir, m. a ferryman, Gl. 415, Hbl. 52 (f-hrir MS.)
fari, m. a sea-farer, in compds, Dyinnar-fari, a Dublin trader; Englands-fari, an English seaman,
Baut. 387, Rafn 217, Fms. vi. 240; Hlymreks-fari, a Limerick seaman, Landn.; Hallands-fari;
Hlmgards-fari, one who trades to Holmgard; Jrsala-fari (a traveller to Jerusalem). Fms., Ann.
far-kona, u, f. a beggar-woman, Sturl. ii. 108. farkonu-stt, f., medic. erysipelas (?), Ann. 1240.
far-kostr, m. [Swed.-Norse farkost; Scot. farcost], a ferry-boat, a ship, Fms. vi. 219, Edda 48,
Grg. ii. 130, Fb. i. 546, Ver. 8, Thom. 29.
far-lami, adj. lame and unable to go, Bs. i. 303.
far-land, n., pot. the land of ships, the sea, Lex. Pot., cp. Og. 31.
far-leiga, u, f. passage-money, Gl. 415.
far-lengd, f. travels, journey, Bs. i. 450, 758. Fms. v. 273. Thom. 173.
far-ligr, adj. comfortable: farlig sng, a soft bed, Vellekla.
far-ljs, f. adj. light enough for travelling, of the night, Eg. 88, Fbr. 97 new Ed.
far-lg, n. pl. nautical law, Grg. ii. 399.
far-mar, m. a seaman, sea-faring man, Landn. 180, Bs. i. 66, Nj. 61, Eg. 154, Fms. i. 11, iv. 124,
174. orst. hv. 44, Grg. i. 190. COMPDS: farmanna-bir, f. pl. merchant booths. K. . K. 34.
farmanna-lg, n. pl. = farlg, Jb. 7.
far-mr, adj. weary from travelling, Fms. ix. 233, v. 288.
FARMR, m. a fare, freight, cargo, Jb. 411, Eg. 129, Band. 5, Fms. iv. 259, Grg. ii. 395: metaph. a
load in general, vide Lex. Pot.: in the Edda, Odin is Farma-gu and Farma-tr, m. the god and
helper of loads,--he also was invoked bv sailors; skips-f., a ship's freight: viar-f., timbr-f., korn-f.,
hey-f., etc., a load of wood, timber, corn, hay, etc.
farnar and frnur, m., gen. ar, furtherance, speed; tl farnaar mr ok til ferar, Grg. ii. 21,
Skv. 1. 8, Fms, viii. 31; -farnar, bad speed; ar til hon kynni sr f., till she knew how to speed in
the world, Ld. 116.
far-nagli, a, m. the water-peg in a ship's bottom, in mod. usage negla, Edda (Gl.); cp. var-nagli.
farnask, a, dep. to speed well, Fms. iv. 56.
far-nest, n. viands. Eb. 196, Sklda 173.
farning, f. a ferrying over, passage; veita e-m f., Pd. 16, K. . K. 24, Glm. 371, Fbr. 158, Sturl. i.
18. sl. ii. 386, Grg. i. 98.
far-rek, n. shipwreck, in a metaph. sense; at hafi ri orit til farreks, at hestar hans bir vru
brottu, i.e. Th. was wrecked, in that he had lost both his ponies, sl. ii. 318; skulu vr frndr nir
veita r styrk til ess at komir aldri san slkt f., in such a strait, Fms. iv. 270.
FARRI, a, m. [A. S. fearr; Germ. farre = a bullock], a bullock, t. 14, Edda (Gl.) . [farri, Ivar
Aasen], a landlouper, vagrant, Clar. (Fr.) COMPD: farra-einn, m. prop. a landlouper; Alm. 5
spells fjarra-einn, N. G. L. ii. 154, v.l. ra-einn, both wrongly as it seems, cp. farra-trjna, f.
'bullock-snout,' t. l.c., cp. also Germ. farren-schwanz and farren-kope (Grimm); the verse in Alm.
5 is probably addressed to the dwarf, not (as in the Edd.) the dwarf's own words.
far-serkr, m. travelling sark or jacket, a nickname, Landn.
far-skip, n. a ferry-boat, Gl. 416.
far-snilli, f. nautical art, Fb. iii. 385.
far-sumar, n. the season for sea-faring, Ann.
far-synjan, f. refusing to ferry one, Hbl. 59.
far-sla, u, f., prop. good speed (in travelling); but only used metaph. good speed, prosperity,
happiness, freq. in that use, esp. in eccl. sense, 623. 52. Stj. 327; f. essa heims, Hom. 29, 76. Fms.
i. 104, vi. 155, x. 276, 409.
far-slask, d, dep. to speed, have luck, Fs. 34.
far-sld, f. = farsla; frir ok f., peace and happiness, Fms. xi. 438, Barl. 62: in pl., 655 xxxii. 9;
-farsld, misfortune.
far-sll, adj. speeding well in voyages; sv f. at hann kaus sr jafnan hfn, Korm. 140; at er mlt
at srt mar farslli en arir menn estir, Fb. iii. 385: farslli en arir menn, Band. 5, Barl. 195:
of a ship, farslla en hvert annarra, Fs. 27 (obsolete). 2. metaph. prosperous, very freq., esp. in eccl.
sense: -farsll, unhappy.
far-slligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), prosperous. Fms. ii. 36, v. 37.
far-tlmi, a, m. hinderance in one's journey, Gl. 417, Al. 61.
far-tekja, u, f. taking a passage in a ship, Jb. 377, N. G. L. i. 58.
far-tr, m. a ferry-boat, Germ. fahrzeug (pot.), Edda (Gl.)
far-vegr, m. a track, Fms. v. 225, ix. 366, xi. 316; manna f., a track of men, Gl. 538, Stj. 71:
metaph., Sks. 565 B. 2. a 'fair way,' a channel, bed of a river, Landn. 65, Grg. ii. 281, Stj. 230,
Fms. iv. 360 (freq.) 3. a road, journey; langr f., Fms. xi. 16, v. 225.
far-vir, m. [farvid, Ivar Aasen], faggots, Bjrn.
far-egi, a, m. [iggja], a passenger, Finnb. 278, Ann. 1425, Ld. 86, 112, Bs. ii. 47, Fas. ii. 171.
FAS, n. gait, bearing; Icel. say, vera hgr, stilltr fasi, or fas-gr, fas-prr, adj. of gentle gait
and bearing; fas-mikill, adj. rushing: this word, though in freq. use at the present time, seems never
to occur in old writers, unless it be in arga-fas, q.v.: the etymology is uncertain, perhaps from Engl.
fashion, face; it seems at all events to be of foreign origin; at the time of Pal Vdaln it was in full
use, cp. Skr. 90.
fasi, a, m. a nickname, Fms. x. 27.
FASTA, u, f. [Ulf. fastubni; O. H. G. fast; Germ. faste; Swed. fasta; Dan. faste; a word introduced
along with Christianity; the old Scandinavians could have no such word, as voluntary fasting was
unknown in the heathen rites, and at the rst introduction of Christianity the practice was sorely
complained of, cp. Hkr. Hk. S. Ga, ch. 17] :-- a fast, fasting, Hom. 73, K. . K. 122, Rb. 82; the
word therefore occurs rst in poets of the beginning of the 11th century, e.g. Fms. vi. 86, cp. bo-f.,
lg-f., etc. COMPDS: fstu-afbrig, f. breaking the fast, K. . 192. fstu-bindandi, f. abstinence
in fasting, Stj. 147. fstu-dagr, m. a fast-day, K. . 186, 187, Nj. 165; the Icel. name of Friday, Rb.
112, Grg. i. 146; Fstudagr Langi, Good Friday, Nj. 158. Fstudags-ntt, f. Friday night, K. . K.
122. Fstu-kveld, n. Friday evening, Fms. vii. 159, Nj. 187. fstu-matr, m. fast-day food, Sturl. i.
139, Fms. iv. 283, v.l. Fstu-morgin, m. Friday morning, Orkn. 370. Fstu-ntt, f. Friday night,
Nj. 186: fast-nights, K. . K. 122. fstu-t, f. fast-time, Fms. v. 199, K. . K. 134, Am. 37. fstu-
tmi, a, m. fast-time, Stj. 148. II. Lent, Fms. viii. 28, Ld. 320, N. G. L. i. 12; distinction is made
between the Easter Lent, (sj-vikna Fasta, seven weeks Lent, also called langa F., the long Fast, K.
. K. 122, Bs. i. 801, and passim; nu-vikna F., the nine weeks Lent, K. . K. 122, Grg. i. 325), and
Jla-f., (the Yule Lent, the time from Advent to Yule, Grg. l.c., Rb. 46, K. . K. 124.) Fstu-gangr
or Fstu-gangr and -inngangr, m. beginning of these seasons, esp. Lent; mm eru fstu-gangar,
Clem. 58, Sturl. iii. 81, Rb. 4 (v.l.), 48, 76. Fstu-prdikan, f. a Lenten sermon. Fstu-tjald, n.
hangings used in churches during Lent, Vm. 52, 109.
fasta, a, to fast: 1. eccl., Hom. 71, 73, Ld. 200, K. . 160, Bs. passim, Fms. ii. 250, N. G. L. i.
141, 144. 2. secular; af fastanda manns munni, Sks. 450, Lkn. 471.
fasta, adv. = fastlega, Lex. Pot.
fasta-eign, mod. fast-eign, f. landed property, Stj. 224, H. E. ii. 85, 223.
fasta-far, n., fastafari, eagerly, Th. 76, Stj. 287, 291.
fasta-land, n. the mainland (Germ. festes land), opp. to ey-land.
fast-aldi, a, m. a cognom., Landn., prop. of a bear.
fastendi (fastyndi), n. pl. surety, N. G. L. i. 449, H. E. i. 247.
fast-eygr, adj. rm-eyed, Sturl. ii. 133, Bs. i. 127.
fast-garr, m. a fastness, stronghold, Fas. i. 266.
fast-haldr, adj. fast-holding, tenacious, saving, Fms. x. 409. . as subst. a key, Edda (Gl.): a
shackle, Fastaldr var Fenri lagr, Mkv.
fast-heitinn, adj. true to one's word, Sturl. iii. 122.
fast-heldi, f. tenacity, perseverance, Stj. 155, Fb. ii. 14.
fast-hendr, adj. close-sted, Sks. 440.
FASTI, a, m., pot. re, Lex. Pot., root uncertain: the phrase, fra e-n fasta, to bring one into a
strait, 'between two res,' d.
fast-liga, adv. rmly, strongly, Sks. 374. . metaph., Hom. 114, Fms. v. 217, Fas. i. 4; tra f., to
believe rmly, Fms. v. 242; bja f., Stj. 54: e-t horr f., it looks hard, unyielding, difcult, Lv. 94;
vera f. kominn, to be fast shut up, Eg. 519, Ld. 52.
fast-ligr, adj. fast, rm, strong, Stj. 26, Sturl. iii. 140, Bs. i. 517.
fast-lyndr, adj. strong-minded, Finnb. 210.
fast-mll, adj. trusty.
fast-mli, n. a fast engagement, Fms. i. 206, iii. 85, vii. 164, Bjarn. 58.
fast-mltr, adj. hard-speaking.
fastna, a, to pledge; f. lgbt, K. . K. 24. . esp. to betroth, to give the bride away at the
betrothal, Grg. i. 302 sqq.; fastnai Mrr Rti dttur sna, Nj. 3, 51, Band. 3, sl. ii. 8, 163, 206,
Ld. 22. . reex. to be betrothed, given awav. Fms. x. 284.
fastnar, m. betrothal, H. E. i. 246, 247; vide festar.
fastnandi, part. a betrother, one who gives a bride away, Grg. i. 305.
fast-nmr, adj. fast, rm, trusty, Dropl. 6, Valla L. 208, Fs. 13.
fast-onn, part. stout, of stuff, Lex. Pot.
fast-orr, adj. true to one's word, Fms. vi. 52, vii. 120.
FASTR, adj. [wanting in Ulf., who renders GREEK etc. by tulgus; but common to all other Teut.
idioms; A. S. fst; Engl. fast; O. H. G. fasti; Germ. fest; Swed.-Dan. fast] :-- fast, rm, esp. with the
notion of sticking fast to the spot; hrtr f. (held fast, entangled) meal via, 655 vii. 2; fastr velli,
standing fast, e.g. in a battle, Fms. xi. 246; vera, standa f. fyrir, to stand fast, orst. St. 53; f.
ftum, of a bondsman whose feet are bound fast to the soil, Grg. ii. 192, Nj. 27: gri-fastr, home-
bound, of a servant: the phrase, e-t er fast fyrir, a thing is hard to win, difcult, Lv. 94, Fms. xi. 32,
Ld. 154. . fast, close; f. verkum, hard at work, Grg. i. 135 (Ed. 1853); eir menn allir er dmi
sitja er ggnum eru fastir, engaged, 488; fastr ok fgjarn, close and covetous, Fms. x. 420; f. af
drykk, Sturl. iii. 125. . of a meeting; er sknar-ing er fast, i.e. during the session, Grg. i. 422:
sam-fastr, fast together, continuous, 156; -fastr, q.v. . rm; metaph., fast heit, lofor, etc., a fast,
faithful promise, word, Eg. 29; fst tr, fast faith, cp. sta-f., steadfast; ge-f., tr-f., vin-f., etc. r.
bound to pay; at aurum eigi meirum en hann var fastr, to the amount of his debt, N. G. L. i. 36. .
gramm., fast atkvi, a hard syllable ending in a double consonant, Sklda 171. 2. neut. in various
phrases; sitja fast, to sit fast, Sks. 372; standa fast, to stand fast, Edda 33; halda f., to hold fast, Fms.
i. 159; binda fast, to bind fast, sl. ii. 103, Fas. i. 530; liggja fast, to be fast set, steadfast, of the eyes,
Sturl. ii. 189; drekka fast, to drink hard, Fms. ii. 259; sofa fast, to be fast asleep, i. 9; egja fast, to
be dumb, not say a word, 655 xxxi A. 4; leita fast eptir, to urge, press hard, Ld. 322; fylgja fast, to
follow fast, Dropl. 26, Fas. ii. 505; eldask fast, to age fast, Eb. 150; ryjask um fast, to make a hard
onslaught, Nj. 9; leggja fast at, to close with one in a sea-ght, Fms. ii. 312, hence fastr bardagi, a
close engagement, Rm. 272; telja fast e-n, to give one a severe lesson, Fms. ii. 119. . as adv.,
hyrndr fast, very much horned, Lv. 69. . the phrase, til fasta, fast, rmly; ra, mla, heita til f., to
make a rm agreement, Bjarn. 61, Band. 20, Fms. ii. 125; cp. the mod. phrase, fyrir fullt ok fast,
denitively.
FASTR, n. the prey of a bear which he drags into his lair; cp. Ivar Aasen s.v. fastra, of a bear, to
drag a carcase into his lair (Norse); hence the phrase, liggja fasti, of a wild beast devouring its
prey, Landn. 235 (of a white bear). Icel. now say, liggja pasti, and in metaph. sense pastr, vigour,
energy; pastrs-lauss, weak, feeble, etc.
fast-rinn, part. determined, Eg. 9. 19, Fms. ix. 252.
fast-rki, n. a strong, fast rule, Ver. 54.
fast-teki, part. n. resolved, Fms. ii. 265.
fast-tkr, adj. headstrong, stubborn, Fms. ii. 220, Glm. 323.
fast-igr, adj. staunch, rm, Fms. vii. 102, viii. 447, v.l.
fast-ligr, adj. = fastigr, Hkr. iii. 252.
fast-vingr, adj. a fast friend, ir. 20, = vinfastr.
FAT, n., pl. ft, [as to the root, cp. Germ. fassen = to compass, which word is unknown to Icel.; A.
S. ft; Old Engl. fat, mod. vat; O. H. G. faz; Germ. fass; Dan. fad; Swed. fat] :-- a vat; kona vildi
bera vatn, en hafi ekki fati, Bs. ii. 24: eitt fat (basket) me vnberjum, G. H. M. iii. 98; vn ok
hunang ftum fullum, N. G. L. iii. 122. . luggage, baggage; bera ft sn skip, Jb. 406; bera ft
land, Eg. 393; elti Hkon land ok tk hvert fat eirra, Fms. vii. 215; hafa hvert fat skipi, vi. 37,
Grg. ii. 59; fyrr en hann fari brot r vist me ft sn fr banda, i. 300. 2. in pl. clothes, dress;
hann hafi ft sn fangi sr, en sjlfr var hann naktr, Lv. 60, Bs. ii. 47, Hrafn. 23: metaph., falla r
ftum, to be stripped, forgotten, 655 xxxi. 1. COMPDS: fata-bningr, m. apparel, 656 C. 24. fata-
br, n. [Swed. fata-bur; Dan. fade-bur], wardrobe, Stj. 205, Grett. 160, 44 new Ed., Bs. i. 840.
fata-grvi, n. luggage, gear, Eg. 727. fata-hestr, m. a pack-horse, Flr. 77. fata-hirzla, u, f.
wardrobe, Grg. fata-hrga, u, f. a heap of clothes, Landn. 179, Grett. 176 new Ed. fata-kista, u, f.
a clothes-chest, Rd. 314, Sturl. i. 10. fats-tturr, m. tatters, Bs. i. 506.
fata, u, f. a pail, bucket, Fb. i. 258, Bs. ii. 24, N. G. L. i. 30, Stj. 394; vatns-fata, a pail of water,
freq. in western Icel.; in the east of Icel. usually skjla, q.v. ftu-barmr, m. the rim of a pail, etc.
fata, a, to clothe (mod.): to step = feta, Bs. i. 291.
fat-kanna, u, f. a vat, Dipl. v. 18.
fatlar, part. impeded; fjtri fatlar, fettered, Bkv. 16: in mod. usage, impeded as to the limbs, e.g.
lame.
fat-lauss, adj. without luggage, Fas. iii. 537. . without clothes, Karl. 534.
fatl-byrr, f. [fetill], a burden fastened with straps, N. G. L. i. 380.
fatli, a, m., bera hnd fatla, to have one's arm tied up, vide fetill.
fatnar, m. clothing, Fms. x. 379, 655 x. 2.
fat-prr, adj. dressy, Hom. 97, 656 C. 24.
fat-pri, f. dressiness, Greg. 24.
fatr, n. impediment, delay, Mork. 109; cp. fjturr.
fatrask, a, dep. to be entangled and puzzled, Mork. 106.
FATTR, adj. bowed backward; standa fattr, opp. to ltr. . slender, of the ngers; fatta hafi hann
ngr og sm, Snt 202; ngr fattir ok at llu vel vaxnir, ir. 6, v.l., freq. in mod. usage; cp. fetta.
fatt-skolptar, part. with upturned snout, of the hippopotamus, Stj. 78.
FAUSKR, m. (fouski, a, m., Hom. 152), a rotten dry log, esp. dug out of the earth; fausk ok fka,
Bad. 206; f. ok stofna, Grg. ii. 297, Jb. 239, Bs. ii. 183, Barl. 134; fauska-grptr, m. digging dry
logs out of the earth for fuel, Landn. 303. II. metaph. of an old man, ert nliga f. einn, Rm. 195;
sem finn f., Karl. 361. Hom. l.c.; karl-fauskr, an old man.
FAUTI, a, m. a headstrong man, hence fauta-legr, adj. frantic, headstrong; fauta-skapr, m. frenzy.
FAX, n. [A. S. feax], a mane, Edda 7, Sks. 100, El. 29: pot., vallar-fax, the eld's mane, the wood,
Alm. 29.
faxar, part. = fextr, matted, Al. 168.
faxi, a, m., freq. name of a horse, cp. Sturl. iii. 155; Skin-faxi, Hrm-faxi, Edda; Frey-faxi, Hrafn.;
Gl-faxi, etc.
F, pret. sing. fkk, sometimes spelt feck or eck, pl. fengu; pres. f, 2nd pers. fr, mod. fr, pl.
fm, mod. fum; pret. subj. fengja, mod. fengi; pres. f, mod. fi; imperat. f; sup. fengit; part.
fenginn: the forms ngit, nginn, and pret. ngu (cp. Germ. ngen) are obsolete, but occur in some
MSS. (e.g. Arna-Magn. 132 and 122 A): the poets rhyme -- Erlingr var ar nginn; with the neg.
suff., fr-at, fkk-at, Lex. Pot.: [Goth. fahan and gafahan = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. fn; Hel.
fhan; Germ. fahen, whence fahig = capax; in the Germ., however, the nasal form fangen prevailed,
but in the Scandin., Swed., and Dan. f or faae; the Dan. fange is mod. and borrowed from Germ.;
Icel. fanga is rare and unclass. and only used in the sense to capture, whereas f is a standing word;
the ng reappears in pl. pret. and part. pass. fengu, fengit, vide above; cp. Old Engl. fet, mod.
fetch] :-- to fetch, get, etc. 1. to fetch, catch, seize; fengu eir Gunnar, they fetched, caught G., Akv.
18; Hildibrandr gat fengit kirkju-stoina, Sturl. i. 169; hn her fengit einn stein, she has fetched a
stone, sl. ii. 394; f e-u, to get hold of, grasp with the hand, fair Ma fkk remi, Hm. 34. .
also, f e-t, to grasp; fengu snri, they grasped the bow-strings, bent the bow, Am. 42; hann fkk
xl konungi, he seized the king's shoulder, Fms. viii. 75. . to take, capture, but rare except in
part.; hafi grei Heinrekr fengit Valdimar, Fms. ix. 324; vera fanginn, to be taken, Germ.
gefangen werden, i. 258, Stj. 396. 2. to get, gain, win, with acc. of the thing; s fr er frjr, he who
wooes will win (a proverb), Hm. 91; hann skal f af Svart-lfum, he shall get, obtain from S., Edda
69; f brau, mat, drykk, Fms. x. 18; at fkk hann eigi af fur snum, xi. 14; ba konunnar ok
fkk heiti hennar, he wooed the woman and got her hand, Edda 23; f sitt eyrindi, to get one's
errand done, Fms. i. 75; fa js st, to win a woman's love, Hm. 91; f hrra hlut, to get the better,
40; ek tla at f at vera yvarr faregi, Ld. 112; hence f, or f ley, to get leave to do a thing: eg
f a, fkk a ekki, f a fara, etc.: Icel. also say, eg f a ekki af mr, I cannot bring myself to
do it. . to suffer, endure; f sigr, to get the worst of it, Fms. iv. 218; sumir fengu etta (were
befallen) hvern sjaunda vetr, Sks. 113; f skaa, to suffer a loss, Hkr. ii. 177; f vit, to fall
senseless, Nj. 195; f lt, to fall lifeless, Grg. i. 190; f bana, to come by one's death, Nj. 110. .
f gar vitkur, to get a good reception, Eg. 460, 478, Fms. iv. 219; s mun sll er ann trna
fr, blessed is he that gets hold of that faith, Nj. 156; hann hafi ngit grynni fjr, Fms. xi. 40; f
skilning e-u, to get the knowledge of a thing, i. 97. 3. to get, procure; fkk konungr sveitar-
hfingja er honum sndisk, Eg. 272; ek skal f mann til at bija hennar, Fs. 88; eir fengu menn
til at ryja skip, they got men to clear the ship, Nj. 163; mun ek f til annann mann at gra etta, I
will get another man to do it, 53; f sr bjargkvi, Grg. i. 252; hann fkk sr gott kvn-fang, Fms.
i. 11; fm oss lteiti nkkura, let us get some sport, vii. 119; f sr (e-m) fari, to take a passage,
vide far; fengu eir ekki af mnnum, they could fetch no men, ix. 473; eir hugusk hafa fengit
(reached) megin-land, vii. 113. 4. f at veizlu, blti, to get provisions for a feast, etc.; hann fkk at
blti miklu, Landn. 28; lt orri f at blti, Orkn. 3; rlfr Mostrar-skegg fkk at blti miklu, Eb.
8; er fengit at mikilli veizlu, Fas. i. 242; var san at samkundu ngit, a meeting was brought about,
623. 52; s dagr er at Jlum skal f, the day when preparations are to be made for Yule, K. . K.
110, hence atfanga-dagr, the day before a feast, q.v.; var fengit at sei, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 17. II. to
give, deliver to one, put into one's hands; hr er eitt sver, er ek vil f r, sl. ii. 44; f mr (fetch
me, give me) leppa tv r hri nu, Nj. 116; er keisarinn hafi ngit honum til fru-neytis, Fms.
xi. 40; konungr fr honum veizlur, Eg. 27; horn at er Brr hafi ngit lvi, 207; fit n konungi
festu (give the king bail) er honum lki, Fms. iv. 268; f e-m sk, to charge one, Sks. 708; var s
sveinn fenginn hendr okkr, delivered into our hands, Fms. i. 113; fkk hann bit hendr Valgeri,
iii. 24, Nj. 4; honum fkk hverr mar penning til, b. 5; hon fkk biskupinum tuttugu mnaa
matabl, B. K. 125; f e-m e-t at geyma, to give a thing into one's charge, Stj. 177; f sonum
num hendr til geymslu, id. III. metaph. with a following pass. part. or sup. to be able to do; hn
fr me engu mti vakit , she could by no means awaken them, Fms. i. 9; fkkt ekki leikit at
er mjkleikr var , vii. 119; eir munu mik aldri f stt, they will never be able to overcome me, Nj.
116; ok fit r hann eigi veiddan, if you cannot catch him, 102; hann fkk engi knt leyst, Edda 29;
fengu eir honum ekki n, they could not catch him, Fagrsk. 167; at Vagn mun f yr-kominn
Sigvalda, that V. will overcome S., Fms. xi. 96: skulu vr freista at vr fim drepit , i. 9; skalt
hvergi f undan hokat, thou shalt have no chance of sneaking away, xi. 61; f gaum genn at e-u, to
take heed to a thing. Fas. ii. 517; menn ngu hvergi rtt hann n hat, Eg. 396; at eir mundu komit
f til lands hvalnum, Grg. ii. 381; en fkk eigi vss orit ..., but he could not make out for
certain ..., Fms. x. 170. . to grow, get, become; Hjrleif rak vestr fyrir land, ok fkk hann vatnftt,
he became short of water, Landn. 34: of travellers, to fall in with, etc., ar fengu eir keldur blautar
mjk, they got into bogs, Eb. 266; eir fengu hvergi blautt um Valbjarnar-vllu, Sturl. ii. 50; fengu
eir ver str, they met with foul weather, Eg. 160. IV. with gen., 1. to take, gain, earn, win; renna
eir land upp, ok f mikils fjr, Fms. v. 164; eir fengu fjr mikils, they took a rich booty, Nj. 137;
gu eir eigi fyrir veium at f heyjanna, ok d allt kvikf eirra um vetrinu, Landn. 30; vel er
ess fengit, it is well earned, well done, 7; n mun ek fara essa fer ef vill; hann segir, vel er
ess fengit, well done, said he, Fas. ii. 517; hann var eigi skld, ok hann hafi eigi eirrar listar
fengit, he had not got that gift, Fb. i. 214; at mundi ykkja fengit betr, people would think that it
suited better, Nj. 75; f verar, to take a meal, Hm. 33; hann fkk sr sveitar (raised a band) ok
grisk illvirki, 623. 15: but chiey in the phrase, f konu, to get a wife, marry; Haraldr fkk eirrar
konu, Fms. i. 4; at ek munda f n, that I should get thy hand, Nj. 24; betr er s fyrir kosti
systur minnar at fir hennar (gen., i.e. that thou marry her), en vkingar fi hana (acc., i.e. to
fetch, capture her) at herfangi, Fs. 8; hn var tjn vetra er orsteinn fkk hennar, sl. ii. 191. 2. to
conceive, of sheep, cattle; f burar, Stj. 97; er hann (saurinn) fr lambs, Sklda 162: absol., vi
eim hafi hn (the mare) fengit, Landn. 195; at eigi fi r vi, Grg. i. 418, (cp. fang, fetus.) 3.
denoting to affect, touch, etc.; at fkk mikils hinum hertekna menni, it touched much the captive,
Orkn. 368: sv fkk honum mikils, at hans augu vru full af trum, Fms. i. 139; henni fkk etta
mikillar hyggju, it caused her great care, iv. 181; fr honum at mikillar hyggju ok reii. Nj.
174; n fr mr ekka (gen.) or at mlir, Skv. 1. 20; f e-m hlgis, to make one a laughing-
stock, Hm. 19: even with acc. or an adv., fr orbirni sv mjk (Th. was so much moved) at hann
grtr, Hrafn. 13. . f e-n, to affect, chiey of intoxicating liquors; er drykkr fkk Hkon jarl,
when the drink told on earl Hacon, Magn. 508; fr mjk drykkrinn, Fms. xi. 108; aldregi
drakk ek vn er annan drykk sv at mik megi f, Stj. 428; en er lei daginn ok drykkr fkk
menn, Fms. vii. 154; drykkr her fengit yr hfu, Fas. i. 318; -fengr or -fenginn, q.v. . opt f
(entice) horskan, er heimskan n f, lostfagrir ltir, Hm. 92. V. impers. to be got, to be had, cp.
Germ. es giebt; vpn sv g, at eigi fr nnur slk (acc.), so good, that the like are not to be got,
Nj. 44; at varla fi vitrara mann, a wiser man is hardly to be found, Sks. 13; eigi fr at rita, it
cannot be recorded, viz. being so voluminous, Fms. viii. 406; at skip fr vel varit eldi, that ship
can well be guarded against re, ix. 368; sv mikill herr at varla fkk talit, a host so great that it
could hardly be numbered, xi. 261 (Ed. fkst wrongly). VI. reex. in the phrase, fsk e-u, to be
busy, exert oneself in a matter; drottningin mtti ar ekki fsk, Fms. x. 102; Helgi leitai ef
Sigurr vildi fsk vi orvald, if S. would try with Th., Fb. i. 379; vildir fsk v sem r er
ekki lnat, 215; segir hana ljga ok fsk rgi, (and deal in slander) fyrir hfingjum, Karl. 552. .
fsk vi e-n, to struggle against; ef nokkut vri at er hann mtti vi fsk, which he could try,
Grett. 74 new Ed.: to wrestle with, skalt fsk vi blmann vrn, sl. ii. 444; um fangit er fkksk
vi Elli, when thou strugglest against Elli, Edda 34; at orleikr tti ltt vi elli at fsk, Ld. 160;
fmsk vr eigi vi skrafkarl enna, let us have naught to do with this landlouper, Hv. 52; ok fsk
eigi vi fjnda enna lengr, sl. ii. 45; fst um e-t, to make a fuss about a thing: the passage, Hrl
fkksk hugr, Fas. iii. 203, is prob. an error for Hrl gkksk hugr, H. was moved: the phrase, fsk
at viri vel, take thou a good meal, Hm. 117. 2. as a pass., esp. in the sense to be gotten; sumt
lausa-fit hafi fengisk (had been gotten) hernai, Fms. i. 25; at honum fengisk engi fararbeini,
that no means of conveyance could be got, Grg. i. 298; eigu eir at allt er (ailunum) fsk, all
the nes that accrue from the ail, 281; fkksk at, it was obtained, Jb. 17; er hlj fkksk, when
silence was obtained, so that he could speak, Fms. i. 34: ef eir fsk eigi, if they cannot be taken,
Odd. 12 (very rare); sem via muni inn jafningi fsk, thy match is not easily to be got, Nj. 46.
VII. part. fenginn as adj. given to, t to; ok er hann vel til ess fenginn, Fms. vi. 389; Jn var mjk
fenginn (given) fyrir kvenna st, Bs. i. 282; fsk eigi v nta, it cannot be denied, Am. 32. 2. again,
fanginn denotes captured, hence taken by passion; fanginn lsku, Fb. i. 280.
F, , part. ft, f or fi, cp. finn or fnn; a contracted verb = fga :-- to draw, paint, Fms. v.
345; gulli fr, gilded, Gsl. 21; f rnar, to draw runes, magic characters, Hm. 143; vr hfum
fa unga bri vegg, we have painted the young bride on the wall, Landn. 248 (from a verse
about the middle of the 10th century): of precious stuffs, f ript, Skv. 3. 63.
fan-ligr, adj. to be gotten.
f-bjni, a, m. an idiot.
f-bygr, part. few, i.e. thinly, peopled, Glm. 359.
f-dmi, n. pl. monstrosities,, portents, 623. 39, Fms. v. 206: me fdmum, ofdirf ok
ningskap, vii. 18; vera me fdmum, to be portentous, viii. 52, v.l., Sturl. iii. 274; heyrit f.,
shame! Hv. 45: joined to an adj. or adv., f-dma-, portentous; f. mikill, f. str, f. vel, etc., ir.
187, Krk. 49.
f-dmiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), portentous, Fms. iii. 167.
f-einn, adj., chiey in pl. only a few, Eg. 573, Sturl. iii. 3; vide einn.
f-fengiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), vain, empty.
f-fengr, adj. empty, Luke i. 53.
f-frr, adj. 'few-knowing,' ignorant, Fms. viii. 447, Barl. 13, 17.
f-fri, f. want of knowledge, Fms. vi. 265, Gl. 266, Bs. i. 137, 280.
fga, a, to polish, clean; f. saltkatla, Fas. ii. 499, Eg. 520 (vide eik); f. hest, to curry a horse, Sks.
374; ll fgu (painted) me brgum, Fms. v. 345. 2. metaph. to cultivate; fga jrina, to till the
earth, 549 B; f. akr, Mar. 188: of arts, science, sem hann fgai in lengr, Lv. 115. . to worship;
f. heiin gu, Stj. 576; f. heiin si, Lex. Pot.; f. helga menn, H. E. i. 243.
fgan, f., Lat. cultus, worship, Stj. 577, Fms. v. 163, Barl. 138.
fgandi, part. a tiller; vngars f., Greg. 48.
fgari, a, m. a tiller, cultivator, Magn. 474.
f-gljar, part. sad, of little glee, Hkr. i. 167 (in a verse).
fgu-ligr, adj. neatly polished, Rm. 302.
f-gtr, adj. 'few to get,' rare, Nj. 209, Fms. i. 99, vi. 142.
f-heyrr, part. unheard, Finnb. 248, Sks. 74, Fms. v. 224, 264, xi. 247.
f-heyriligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unheard, Fms. viii. 279. v.l., Barl. 65, Mar. 234.
f-hjar, part. few in family, Fas. iii. 209.
f-hfr, adj. of little use, valueless, Vm. 9, Pm. 55.
fi, a, m. a painted gure, vide mann-fi.
finn and fnn, [faaen = pale, Ivar Aasen], pale, white; fnn hrosti, the pale brewing, of the good
ale of the giant Egir, Stor. 18; fn (MS. fanz) eski, light-coloured hams, bacon, Rm. 29.
f-ktr, adj. sad, gloomy. Fas. i. 50.
fk-hestr, m. = fkr, Karl.
f-klddr, part. thinly clad, Grett. 141.
FKR, m. [Dan. fag]. a horse 'uno testiculo,' a jade, in prose, Sturl. i. 40; it occurs in Kormak, and
is often used in poetry of any horse.
f-kunnandi, f. ignorance, Fms. iv. 318: as part. ignorant.
f-kunnasta, u, f. id., Fr.
f-kunnigr, adj. 'few-knowing,' ignorant, Barl. 62, Jb. 4.
f-kunnligr, adj. unusual, rare, Bs. i. 348, 355.
f-kynstr, n. a shocking accident, Gsl. 34.
FLA, u, f. a giantess, Edda (Gl.): a romping lass, Fas. iii. 521; cp. ag, enna, skass, skersa, all
of them names of giantesses, but also used of hoydenish women.
f-ltr, adj. silent, cold, Fs. 23, Nj. 177, Fms. i. 19, ix. 246.
f-leikr, m. coldness, melancholy, Nj. 14, Fms. vi. 147, vii. 103.
f-lir (flia, fliar, Fb. ii. 285), adj. with few followers, Sturl. ii. 5 C, Ld. 242, Fms. iv. 370, ix.
43, xi. 358, Bs. i. 763.
f-liga, adv. coldly, Fms. i. 237, iii. 79, vii. 113, Bs. ii. 27.
f-ligr, adj. cold, reserved, Fms. iii. 116, iv. 301, v. 306.
FLKI, a, m. [from Lat. falco], a falcon, Jb., rna S., Hk. S. (Fms. x). COMPDS: flka-kaup, n.
buying falcons, Bs. i. 738. flka-veir, f. catching falcons, Bs. i. 720, 737. This foreign word came
into use as a trade term, and only occurs in the 13th century. The white falcon ('falco Islandicus')
was during the Middle Ages much sought for, and sometimes the king or bishops claimed the
exclusive right of exporting these birds: they were sent to England even as late as A.D. 1602, and
sought for by English noblemen of that time; cp. the anecdote told in Fega- 10.
FLMA, a, [Dan. famle; Swed. famla], to fumble, grope about, as in blindman's-buff: Hrappr
vildi f. til mn, Ld. 98; hann flmai til Egils (of the blind giant), Fas. iii. 385; flma hndum, to
fumble with the hands, Fms. iii. 125; or with a weapon, f. jtuninn til agn-saxinu, Edda 36. 2.
metaph. to inch; lta ge f., to inch or falter (Eyvind); f. ok skjlfa, Nirst. 107; f. af hrslu, 5;
ja er f., Fms. vii. 260, 297, vide Lex. Pot.
f-lyndi, n. coldness, reserved manners, Bjarn. 50.
f-lyndr, adj. cold, reserved, Fms. iv. 109, v. 240; eigi flyndr, i.e. gay, merry, Lv. 75.
f-lti, n. = fleikr, melancholy.
f-mligr, adi. 'few-speaking,' silent, Fms. i. 155, iv. 76, xi. 78; hljtt ok fmlugt, Bjarn. 54.
f-menni, n. few men, a little host, Nj. 93, Fms. x. 407.
f-mennr, older form f-mer, mod. f-menntr, adj. having few men, few followers, Fas. i. 25, Fs.
71, Nj. 95, Fms. vii. 250: compar., fmennari, iii. 18; fmeri, Hkr. ii. 22. . neut., fmennt, thinly
peopled, solitary; f. og danigt, Lv. 22: cp. the Icel. phrase, hr er fmennt og gmennt, here are
few but good people.
f-mltr, part. few-speaking, . H. 94, Fms. x. 39: melancholy, vii. 162.
f-nefndr, part. seldom named, having a strange name, Fbr. 93.
FNI, a, m. [Ulf. fana; A. S. fana; Hel. and O. H. G. fano; Germ. fahne; Lat. pannus] :-- a
standard, gunn-fni, Hbl. 40, etc.; else it is rare and hardly used in old prose; even in old poetry v
is the usual word :-- metaph. a buoyant, high-ying person is now called fni; so, fna-ligr, adj.
buoyant; fna-skapr, m. buoyancy in mind or temper.
f-ntr (f-neytr), adj. worn, of little use or value, Vm. 98, B. K. 83, Pm. 18, 19, 22, Sks. 244.
f-orr, adj. of few words, Sturl. iii. 80.
FR, f. [Dan. faar], a sheep, D. N. ii. 312, Boldt 165; vide fr.
FR, n. [A. S. fr; Hel. fr = dolus; Germ. fahr = treason, gefahr = danger; Engl. fear = terror;
cp. also Germ. furcht :-- but in the old Scandin. languages the word does not rightly mean either
fear or danger; the mod. Dan. fare and Swed. fara are borrowed from Germ.] :-- evil passion, bale,
harm, mischief; fr ok fjandskapr, Gsl. 125; eigi standa or n af litlu fri, baleful words, Fas. i.
195; lesa fr um e-n, to speak foul calumnies of one, Hm. 23; af fri, from evil passion, Og. 12. Hm.
151; er felldir mr fr af hndum, that thou brakest my spell, Og. 10; ytjandi frs, bringing
mischief, Am. 4; ef ek vissa at fr fyrir, if I could foresee that bale, Skv. 2. 7; halda kvi til frs e-
m, to withhold the verdict to the injury of the other party, Grg. i. 58; vera e-m at fri, to be one's
bale, Korm. 12 (in a verse); full skal signa ok vi fri sj, i.e. make a sign over the cup to prevent
harm in it, Sdm. 8; at er fr mikit ('tis a bad omen), ef fti drepr, Skv. 2. 24; er hann
rttlauss ef hann iggr fr sr, if he receives bodily harm, N. G. L. i. 255. 2. plague, esp. of
animals; hunda-fr, sickness among dogs; ka-fr, nauta-fr, cattle plague, cp. heljar-fr, mor-fr,
murderous pestilence; urar-fr, a weird plague, Sturl. ii. 213 (in a verse); feikna-fr, deadly pain,
Pass. 2. 11; vera fri, to be in an extremity; dauans fri, in the death-agony, etc. . of men, a
dangerous illness; l hann essu fri nr viku, Bs. i. 761; cp. fr-veikr, dangerously ill; fr er
nokkurs-konar nau, Edda 110, cp. far B. . wrath; fr er reii, Edda 110; vera llu fri (vide far
B), to be bent on doing mischief. 3. as a law term, fraud, such as selling sand or dirt instead of our
or butter, dened N. G. L. i. 24; kaupa fals, r ea fr, 324. COMPDS: fr-hugr, m. wrath, Am.
86. fr-leikr, m. disaster, Greg. 40, where it is opp. to frir. fr-liga, adv. wrathfully, Fms. xi. 94,
Bs. i. 813, Pass. 4. 13. fr-ligr, adj. disastrous, Fms. xi. 433, Fas. i. 394. fr-ramr, adj. awfully
strong, Fs. 7. fr-reir, adj. wroth, erce. fr-skapr, m. erceness, Nj. 54. fr-stt, f. pestilence, Bs.
i. 325, N. G. L. i. 29. fr-sumar, n. the plague summer, Ann. fr-veikr, adj. very ill. fr-verkr, m. a
severe pain, Bs. i. 339. fr-viri, n. a hurricane, tempest, Bjarn. 34, Gull. 6, Gsl. 106. fr-yri, n.
pl. foul language, Nj. 50, 185. frs-kona, u, f. a hag, violent woman, Gsl. 52. frs-mar, m. an
abusive man, orst. Su H. 175. frs-stt, f. dangerous illness.
FR, fem. f, neut. ftt; dat. fm; acc. f (paucos and paucam); fn (paucum); fr (paucae and
paucas), but in mod. usage dissyllabic, fum, fa, fan, far: gen. pl. fra, mod. frra :-- compar.
fri, mod. frri with a double r; superl. fstr, in books of last century sometimes spelt frstr,--a
form warranted neither by etymology nor pronunciation: frst, however, occurs in the old MSS.
Arna-Magn. 132. Ld. 210: [Lat. paucus; Ulf. faus; A. S. fe Engl. few; Hel. fh; O. H. G. foh; lost
in mod. Germ.; Dan. and Swed. f or faa] :-- few; Margr vi Mvatn, en Fr Fiskilkjar-hver (a
pun), Rd. 311, Glm. 361; me f lii, with few men, Eg. 51; fra sauf, fewer sheep, Grg. (Kb.)
159; fri saui, i. 423; fm orum, in few words, Stj. 29; vi f menn, Fms. i. 35; vi fra manna
vitni, Ld. 260; fri fundarmenn, 204; eiri ... fri, Grg. i. 38; fir einir, only a few; f eina menn,
Sturl. iii. 3; hjn f ein, Eg. 573, vide einn. 2. used as noun, few, in the sense of few or none, none at
all; fir hafa af v sigrask, Nj. 103; eir kvu f fna hafa fyrir honum, 263. . esp. in old
sayings; e.g. fr er fagr ef grtr, Fb. i. 566; fr veit hverju fagna skal, Kvldv. i. 47; fr bregr hinu
betra ef hann veit hit verra, Nj. 227: fr er hvatr er hrrask tekr ef bernsku er blaur, Fm. 6; fr er
full-rninn, Am. 11; fr hyggr egjanda rf, Sl. 28; fs er frum vant, Hm. 107; ftt er of
vandlega hugat. Kvldv. ii. 198; ftt veit s er sefr, Mork. 36; ftt er svo fyrir llu llt a ekki boi
nokku gott; ftt segir af einum, Volks. 62; ftt er ramara en forneskjan, Grett. 144; ftt er skpum
rkra, Fs. 23; fr gengr of skp norna, Km. 24; ftt er betr lti en efni eru til, Band. 2; fr er vamma
vanr, Mirm. 68; ftt veit fyrr en reynt er, Fms. vi. 155; ftt gat ek egjandi ar, Hm. 104. Many of
these sayings are household words, and this use of the word is typical of the dry northern humour.
II. metaph. dismal, cold, reserved; Sigurr konungr hafi verit nokkut fr (dismal, in low spirits)
ndveran vetr, en n var hann glar ok spurall, Fms. iv. 82; var hann fyrst fr ok ktr, 192; vru
menn allir fir vi , v. 307; Vigdis var f um, Vigdis became silent about it, i.e. disliked it much,
Sturl. iii. 180; var Gunnarr vi hana lengi fr, for a long time G. was cold to her, Nj. 59. 2. neut.
ftt, coldness, coolness; ftt var me eim Rti um samfarar, there was coolness between R. and his
wife, Nj. 11; var ftt um me eim brrum, 2, Eg. 199; var et fsta me eim, Ld. 234; veri her
ftt me okkr, Gsl. 100: ftt kom me eim Gretti, Grett. 99. III. neut., konungr svarar f (dat.),
. H. 94; Gurn talai hr fst um, Ld. 210; var eigi boit fra en hundrai, not fewer than a
hundred, Nj. 17; ftt af eirra mnnum, only a few of their men, Fms. v. 290; ftt eina, only a few,
Ld. 328: with gen., ftt manna, few men, Nj. 130; ftt gs, but little good, Hom. 38; ftt einna
hverra hluta, few of things, i.e. few things, Fms. iv. 175: eir ugu ftt at sr, they heeded them but
little, Fms. vii. 201; hlutask til fs, Hrafn. 17. . as adv., in the phrases, sofa ftt, to sleep but little,
be wakeful; leika ftt, to play but little, i.e. be in a dismal humour; tala ftt, to speak but little;
syrgja ftt, to sorrow but little, i.e. to be gay, cp. Lex. Pot. . with numerals, less than, short of,
minus, save; vetri ftt fjra tigu, i.e. forty years save one, i.e. thirty-nine, Fms. x. 2, v.l.; tveimr
ertogum ftt tta merkr, eight marks less two ortogs, B. K. 84; lti ftt mm tigi vetra, little short
of fty years, Fms. iii. 60; hlfum eyri ftt tta merkr, eight marks less half an ounce; remr
mrkum ftt laup, a bushel less three marks, B. K. 84, 11: at fstu, the fewest, least, the minimum;
tveir et fsta, two at least, Grg. i. 9; sex menn et fsta, 378; cp. the neut. a-ftt, svefn-ftt, dag-
ftt, q.v.
frast, a, dep., in the phrase, f. um e-. to make a fuss about a thing.
f-rr, adj. little-prudent, helpless, Fms. ii. 96.
f-rinn, adj. 'few-talking,' silent, Fms. ii. 144, iv. 218, Fas. iii. 654.
f-rtt, part. n. little spoken of, Bjarn. 34, Fms. ii. 154.
f-snn (f-sr), part. seldom seen, costly, Ld. 84, Fms. x. 260, xi. 428.
f-sinna, u, f., Lat. amentia, want of reason, melancholy, (mod.)
f-sinni, n. loneliness, isolation, Nj. 185, Fb. i. 543.
f-skiptinn, adj. little meddling, quiet, Ld. 94, Finnb. 336, Fas. iii. 529.
f-staar, adv. in few places, Fms. vii. 90.
FT, n. fumbling; gra e-t fti, to fumble about a thing; ft kemr e-n, to be confounded. fta, a,
to fumble.
f-talar, part. 'few-speaking,' silent, Fms. ii. 76, ix. 52, Sks. 474: gramm., sem essi er tungan
ftalari, as this language has fewer vowels, Sklda 161.
f-tindi, n. pl. rare, strange tidings, Bs. i. 148.
f-tligr, adj. rare, strange, Hom. 114. f-tliga, adv., Bs. ii. 110.
f-tr, adj. id., Fms. v. 211, Hom. 108, Fas. i. 183.
f-tkdmr, m. [Dan. fattigdom], poverty, Stj. 212, Mar.
f-tki, n. [taka], want, poverty, Stj. passim, Al. 61; ganga f., to go a-begging, Jb. 174, 655 xxxii.
COMPDS: ftkis-flk, n. poor folk, Stj. 652, Fms. v. 95. ftkis-land, n. land of afiction, Stj.
212, Gen. xli. 52. ftkis-li, n. poor people, Bs. i. 332. ftkis-mar, m. a poor man, 655 xxxii.
24.
ftk-leikr, m. poverty, Sklda 211.
f-tkliga, adv. poorly, Stj. 423, Fms. i. 70.
f-tkligr, adj. poorly, Fms. i. 69, v. 194.
f-tkr, adj. [Swed.-Dan. fattig], poor, Nj. 196, Fs. 84, Fms. i. 33, 197, Edda 81, Bs. i. 81, 104,
110, 139, 840, 850 (passim), Sl. 70, K. . K. (passim): ftkr is the standing Icel. word, answering
to Lat. pauper.
f-tkt, f. poverty, Barl. 8, Stj. 212, 421; old writers prefer ftki, which is now obsolete, but in
mod. usage ftkt is a standing word; snaur, q.v., is only used in a peculiar sense; ftkt (from fr
and taka) properly means 'few-taking,' having little between the hands, hence poverty, want; it
occurs in many compds.
f-vingat, part. n. having few friends, Fms. iii. 144.
f-vitr, adj. 'few-wise,' little-wise, Stj. 558, v.l. f-vizkr, adj. id., id.
f-vizka, u, f. folly, Fms. i. 104, vi. 211, Fb. i. 379.
f-vss, adj. little-wise, Ld. 268, Fms. viii. 31 (v.l., = barbarous).
f-ykkja, u, f. coldness.
F, n., irreg. gen. fjr, dat. f; pl. gen. fj, dat. fjm; with the article, fit, finu, fin, mod. f, fnu,
fn: [Lat. pecu; Goth. faihu; A. S. feoh; Engl. fee; Hel. fehu; O. H. G. fehu; Germ. vieh; Dan. f;
Swed. f] :-- cattle, in Icel. chiey sheep; f n menn, Grett. 101; fjlda fjr, Ld. 210; gta fjr, to
mind sheep, 232; en ef eir brenna hsin at f manna s inni, Grg. ii. 164; eir rku fit (the
sheep) upp geilarnar, Ni. 119; kvik-f, live-stock, q.v.: ganganda f, id., opp. to dautt f, dead
property, Grg. passim. COMPDS: fjr-beit, f. pasture for sheep, Vm. 130. fjr-borg, f. a 'burrow'
or shieling in which sheep are kept in the east of Icel., vide Eggert Itin. ch. 816. fjr-breia, u, f. a
ock of white sheep. fjr-daui, a, m. cattle-plague, Ann. 1284. fjr-fellir, m. falling of cattle, from
plague or starvation, Ann. 1341, Bs. i. 548. fjr-fr, n. fodder, Bs. i. 477. fjr-fi, n. = fjrfr.
Vpn. 30. fjr-fling, f. [fli], stealing cattle, Gl. 395. fjr-ganga, u, f. and fjr-gangr, m. a
sheep-walk, Grg. ii. 304. Jb. 287 A, Ld. 54. fjr-geymsla, u, f. keeping sheep and cattle, Krk. 37.
fjr-gzla, u, f. id., Grett. 111 C, Eg. 741. fjr-hagi, a, m. pasture-land, Grett. 115. fjr-heimtur, f.
pl. sheep returning from the mountain pastures. fjr- hirir, m. a shepherd. fjr-knappr and fjr-
hpr, m. a ock. fjr-hundr, m. a shepherd's dog. fjr-hs, n. a shed or shieling for sheep. fjr-
kaup, n. pl. purchase of sheep. fjr-kli, a, m. the scab on sheep. fjr-nyt, f. sheeps'-milk, Grg. i.
428, 431. fjr-pest, f. the cattle-plague. fjr-rekstr, m. a drove of sheep, Grg. ii. 228, Sd. 149.
fjr-rttr, m. the driving of sheep from the mountain pastures in the autumn, Eg. 741; grazing,
Grg. (Kb.) 200. fjr-saur, m. = frsaur, sheep, Tristr. (Fr.) II. property, money; hvrt sem f at
er land er annat f, Grg. ii. 237: the allit. phrase, f ok fjrvi, Sl. 1; hafa fyrir grt f ok fjrvi, to
forfeit property and life, Nj. 191: the proverbs, f er fjrvi rr, life is dearer than money, 124; f
veldr frnda rgi, money makes foes of kinsmen, Mkv. 1. Common sayings, hafa fullar hendr fjr;
aa fjr ok frgar, to gain wealth and fame, Fms. i. 23 (a standing phrase); aa fjr ok frama, Fs.
7, fjr ok viringar, id.; seint munu n augu fylld vera fnu, Gull. 7; munt rit mjk elska
fit r lkr, id.; lt mk sj hvrt f etta er sv mikit ok frtt, Gsl. 62; at orgils tki vi fjm
snum, Fs. 154; fagrt f, ne money; at eir ni finu, Fms. x. 23; egn af f, liberal, sl. ii. 344;
Aur tekr n fit, A. took the money, Gsl. 62; hr er f at (the money) er Gunnarr greiddi mr, Nj.
55; f at allt er hann tti, Eg. 98; alvpni en ekki f annat, Fms. i. 47: skemman var full af
varningi, etta f ..., v. 255; Hskuldr fri f allt til skips, Nj. 4; hversu mikit f er etta, id.;
heimta f sn, Grg. i. 87; iggit at herra, f er v, there is value in it, Fms. vii. 197. COMPDS:
fjr-afhlutr, m. a share of money, Fas. iii. 198. fjr-aan, f. making money, Fms. x. 305. fjr-ai,
a, m. stock, Eg. 137, Ld. 88, Fms. xi. 422. fjr-aun, f. losing all one's money, Stj. 570, Fms. v.
270. fjr-agirnd (-girni), f. greed for money, Nj. 15, Bs. ii. 159, Rb. 424. fjr-bn, f. begging, Nj.
141. fjr-burr, m. bribery, Fms. vi. 12. fjr-drttr, m. (unfairly) making money, Eg. 71, Fms. vi.
191. fjr-efni, n. means, Grett. 31 C. fjr-eigandi, part. owner of means, Fbr. 19 new Ed. fjr-eign,
f. wealth, property, Fms. vii. 33, sl. ii. 216. fjr-eysla, u, f. spending money. fjreyslu-mar, m.
a spendthrift, Fms. iii. 83. fjr-fang, n. booty, plunder, Sks. 183, Anecd. 30, Fms. ii. 2. fjr-far, n.
money affairs, Nj. 40, Fms. ii. 12. fjr-forr, n. administration, management of one's money, Nj.
98, Bs. i. 128, 129. fjr-framlag, n. laying out contributions of money, Band. 1. fjr-fundr, m. a
'nd' of money, Fms. vi. 272, Fas. i. 20. fjr-gjald, n. payment, Fms. v. 162. fjr-gjf, f. a gift of
money, Fms. v. 175, v.l. fjr-gri, a, m. making money, Stj. 176, v.l. fjr-gzla (fjr-geymsla), u,
f. hoarding money. fjrgzlu-mar, m., mikill f., a thrifty man, Sturl. i. 225. fjr-hagr, m. money-
matters, Nj. 10, Sd. 176, Bs. i. 854, Sturl. ii. 195. fjrhaga-mar, m., gr, ltill f., a good, bad,
manager, Fms. v. 321. fjr-hald, n. money affairs, Edda 48; withholding one's money, Sturl. ii. 22,
iii. 292; administration of one's money, esp. of a minor, Gl. 222, 259; hence, fjrhalds-mar, m. a
guardian, 260. fjr-heimt (-heimta and -heimting), f. a claim for money owing one, Eg. 519, Nj.
15, Grg. i. 280 (and Kb. 158). fjr-hirsla, u, f. a money-chest, Fas. iii. 395, Sks. 229, Acts viii.
27. fjr-hlutr, m. a lot, share of money, Eg. 182, Sks. 668, Landn. 226, Fms. v. 216, vii. 152, xi.
116. fjr-kaup, n. a bargain, Gl. 211, v.l. fjr-kostnar, m. expenses, Bs. i. 686. fjr-kostr, m.
means, Sturl. fjr-krafa, u, f. pecuniary claim, N. G. L. i. 21. fjr-lag, n. the xed value of
property, D. I. i. 316; a money contract, Grg. i. 226; partnership = f-lag, Gl. 257. fjr-ln, n. a
loan of money, sl. ii. 223. fjr-lt, n. loss of money, sl. ii. 359. fjr-leiga, u, f. rent, N. G. L. i. 25,
Fms. i. 256. fjr-megin, m. amount of stock, Gl. 257, N. G. L. i. 4, K. . 82. fjr-met, n.
valuation of property, Grg. i. 452. fjr-missa, u, f. (fjr-missir, m.), loss of money, Hom. 111, H.
E. i. 561, Grett. 136. fjr-munir, m. pl. property, valuables, Fms. xi. 321, Hkr. iii. 114, Hom. 111.
fjr-nm, n. seizure of money, plunder, Hkv. 1. 11, D. N. fjrorku-mar, m. a wealthy man, Fas.
iii. 30. fjr-pna, fjr-pind, f. extortion, H. E. i. 391, Bs. i. 720. fjr-rn, f. robbery, cheating for
money, Grg., Kb. 224, Ld. 140. fjr-reia, u, f. money-matters, used chiey in pl., Glm. 364,
Grg. i. 332, 334, 383, Bjarn. 39, 40, Ld. 212. fjr-reita, u, f. cheating, plunder, Bjarn. 17. fjr-
saknar, m. = fjraun, Grett. 159 C. fjr-sekt, f. a ne in money, Lv. 94. fjr-sjr, m. a treasure,
Fas. i. 20. fjr-skai, a, m. loss in money, Bs. i. 146, Grg. ii. 195. fjr-skakki, a, m. an unjust
sharing, Fms. ii. 201. fjr-skilor, n. conditions (as to payment), N. G. L. i. 75. fjr-skipti, n.
division of property, heirship, Nj. 22, Sturl. ii. 77. fjr-skuld, f. debt, N. G. L. i. 332. fjr-san, f.
expenditure, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) fjr-skn, f. a lawsuit or money claim, Gl. 475, N. G. L. i. 143, K. .
182, cp. N. G. L. i. 14. fjr-star, m. a place for money, i.e. an investment, Band. 11, Vpn. 13.
fjr-tak, n. (fjr-taka or fjr-tekja, u, f.), seizure of money, conscation, Fas. ii. 350, Fms. vii.
209, Grg. i. 188, Sturl. i. 76. fjr-tal, n. and fjr-tala, u, f. payment to the full amount or to a
certain proportion, Bs. i. 287, Grg. i. 335, ii. 250. fjr-tapan, f. loss of money, N. G. L. i. 321.
fjr-tilkall, n. a claim for money, Eg. 341. fjr-tillag, n. and -tillaga, u, f. a contribution, Fms. xi.
79. fjr-tjn, n. loss of money, Fms. iii. 12, Sks. 352. fjr-upptak, n., -upptaka, u, f., and -
upptekt, f. seizure of one's property, Band. 10, Fms. xi. 153, sl. ii. 146, Sturl. i. 13, Fas. ii. 468.
fjr-tlt, n. pl. outlay, Fms. xi. 430. fjr-varveizla, u, f. management, administration of
another's property, Grg. i. 410, Nj. 4, Landn. 304, Grett. 111. fjrvarveizlu-mar, m. a trustee,
Grg. i. 282. fjr-vn, f. expectancy of money, by inheritance or the like, Grg. i. 410. fjr-verr,
adj. valuable, Fms. x. 417. fjr-vitaka, u, f. receipt of money,, sl. ii. 146. fjr-vxtr, n. increase
of rent or money, Dipl. iii. 14. fjr-arfnar, m. and fjr-urft, f. need of money, H. E. i. 562, Fms.
xi. 299, Hkr. iii. 429. fjr-ur, f. an emptying of one's purse, H. E. i. 563. fjr-ur, adj. wanting
money, El. 22.
B. F- in COMPDS, usually in sense II, sometimes in sense I: f-auna, u, f. money luck. faunu-
mar, m. a man lucky in making money, Band. 4. f-bo, n. an offer of money, Lv. 62, Fms. v. 26,
369, 656 A. 17; a bribe, Grg. i. 72. fbta-laust, n. adj. without compensation, Glm. 358. f-
brg, n. pl. devices for making money, Fms. xi. 423, 623. 21. f-btr, f. pl. payments in
compensation, esp. of weregild, opp. to mann-hefndir, Nj. 165, Eg. 106, Fs. 53, 74, sl. ii. 386. f-
bttr, part. paid for weregild, Gull. 12. f-drengr, m. an open-handed man, Nj. 177. f-drjgr,
adj. having a deep purse, Ld. 46. f-fastr, adj. close-sted, sl. ii. 392, Bs. i. 74. f-ftt, n. adj. in
want of money, Eg. 394, Fms. iii. 180, Hkr. iii. 422. f-fellir, m. losing one's sheep, Lv. 91. f-festi,
f. close-stedness, Grett. 155 C. f-etta, tt, to strip one of money, cheat one, Fas. iii. 103, v.l. f-
frekr, adj. greedy for money, Rd. 314. f-fng, n. pl. booty, plunder, spoil, Fms. iii. 18, vii. 78, Eg.
57, 236, Gull. 5, Sks. 183 B. f-genn, part. given for (and to) gain, Band. 4, Valla L. 201. f-
girnd, f. avarice, Hom. 86, Al. 4, Pass. 16. 7, 10. f-girni, f. = fgirnd, Sks. 358, Band. 11, Sturl. i.
47 C. fgjafa-gu, m. the god of wealth, Edda 55. f-gjald, n. a payment, ne, Nj. 111, 120, Band.
11, Fms. vii. 248. f-gjarn, adj. greedy, avaricious, Eg. 336, Fs. 133, Nj. 102, Fms. i. 52, vii. 238.
f-gjf, f. a gift of money, Fs. 11, 21, Fms. i. 53, xi. 325, Ld. 52. f-glggr, f. close-handed, Eb. 158.
f-gr, adj. good, i.e. current, money, D. N. f-gri, n. pl. security for property, Grg. ii. 21. f-
gyrill, m. [early Dan. fgrthil], a money bag, purse, worn on the belt, Gsl. 20, Fbr. 66, ir. 35.
f-gtni, f. saving habits, Glm. 358. f-gfugr, adj. blessed with wealth, sl. ii. 322. f-hirir, m.
a shepherd, Fas. i. 518, Fms. viii. 342, Gl. 501: a treasurer, Hkr. i. 36, Eg. 202, Fms. x. 157, vi.
372, viii. 372. f-hirzla, u, f. a treasury, Fms. vi. 171, vii. 174, Eg. 237, Hom. 9. fhirzlu-hs, n. a
treasure-house, Stj. 154. fhirzlu-mar, m. a treasurer, Karl. 498. f-hs, n. = fjs, a stall, D. N.
(Fr.): a treasury, Rm. 299. f-kaup, n. a bargain, N. G. L. i. 9. f-ktr, adj. proud of one's wealth,
Rm. 126. f-kostnar, m. expenditure, expense, Stj. 512, Fms. iv. 215, xi. 202, Hkr. i. 148. f-
kostr, m. = fkostnar, Orkn. 40. f-krkar, m. pl. money-angles, wrinkles about the eyes marking
a greedy man (vide auga), Fms. ii. 84. f-kvrn, f. a small gland in the maw of sheep, in popular
superstition regarded, when found, as a talisman of wealth, vide Eggert Itin. ch. 323. f-lag, n.
fellowship, and f-lagi, a, m. a fellow, vide p. 151. f-lauss, adj. penniless, Fms. vi. 272, Fs. 79,
Gull. 5, Landn. 324 (Mant.) f-lt, n. loss of money, Landn. 195. f-leysi, n. want of money, Fms.
viii. 20. f-ligr, adj. valuable, handsome, Fms. viii. 206. f-ltill, adj. short of money, Eg. 691, Sturl.
i. 127 C, Fms. v. 182, vi. 271: of little value, Vm. 74, Jm. 13; f-minstr, yielding the least income,
Bs. i. 432. f-mar, m. a monied man, Sturl. i. 171, iii. 97, Dropl. 3. f-ml, n. money affairs, Nj. 5;
a suit for money, Fms. viii. 130, Nj. 15, Grg. i. 83. f-mikill, adj. rich, monied, Sks. 252, Sturl. i.
171 C: costly, Fms. v. 257, xi. 85, Bs. i. 295, Hkr. iii. 247, Eb. 256: expensive, Korm. 224 (in a
verse). f-mildr, adj. open-handed, Nj. 30. f-missa, u, f. and f-missir, m. loss of cattle, Jb. 362:
loss of money, Grett. 150 C. f-munir, m. pl. valuables, Hkr. i. 312, Grg. i. 172, Hrafn. 19, 21,
Fms. vi. 298, viii. 342. f-mta, u, f. a bribe in money, Nj. 215, 251, Gull. 7, Fms. v. 312, Bs. i.
839, Thom. 72. f-mtr, adj. 'money-worth,' valuable, Fms. i. 105, sl. ii. 154, Orkn. 386. f-neytr
(f-ntr), adj. money-worth, Fms. iv. 340, cp. Hkr. ii. 253. f-nta, tt, to turn to account, make use
of, Bs. i. 760, Grg. ii. 155. f-penningr, m. a penny-worth, Bs. i. 757. f-pna, u, f. a ne, H. E. i.
511. f-prettr, m. a money trick, N. G. L. i. 123. f-pynd, f. extortion, Bs. i. 757. f-r, n. pl.
advice in money-matters, 656 C. 16. f-rn, n. plunder, Fs. 9, Fms. vi. 263, Fb. i. 215 (in a verse) :--
execution, conscation, in the law phrase, frns-dmr, m. a court of execution or conscation to
be held within a fortnight after the sentence at the house of a person convicted in one of the two
degrees of outlawry, vide Grg. . . ch. 29-33, and the Sagas passim, esp. Hrafn. 21, Sturl. i. 135;
cp. also Dasent, Introd. to Burnt Njal. f-rkr, adj. rich, wealthy, Fms. ix. 272, Gull. 7, Ld. 102,
Sklda 203. f-samr, adj. lucrative, Sturl. i. 68 C. f- stt (f-stt), f. an agreement as to payment,
of weregild or the like, Grg. i. 136, Nj. 189, Ld. 308. f-sekr, adj. ned, sentenced to a ne, Grg.
i. 393. f-sekt, f. a ne, Nj. 189, Finnb. 276. f-sinki, f. niggardliness, Sks. 421, 699. f-sinkr, adj.
niggardly, Sturl. i. 162. f-sjr, m., prop. a bag of money, Band. 6, Fbr. 35 new Ed., Nj. 55, Fas. iii.
194: mod. esp. in pl. a treasury, treasure, in Matth. vi. 20, Col. ii. 3, Heb. xi. 26. f-skai, a, m. loss
in money, Bs. i, Fs. 4, Fms. iv. 327. f-skipti, n. a sharing or division of property, Nj. 118, Ld. 134.
f-skjlgr, adj., fskjlg augu, eyes squinting for money, Band. 6. f-skortr, m. shortness of money,
Rd. 284. f-skuld, f. a money debt, Finnb. 350. f-skurr, m. detriment, Ld. 44. f-skygn, adj.
covetous, Fms. v. 263. f-skylft (f-skylmt), n. adj., in the phrase, e-n er f., one has many expenses
to defray, Grett. 89, 159, Eb. 98. f-snaur, adj. poor in money, penniless, Bs. i. 335. f-snkja, u, f.
(f-snkni), begging, intruding as a parasite, Sks. 669, 451, 585. f-snr, m. lucre, Band. 5, 655
xi. 4. f-sparr, adj. sparing, close-handed, Band. 6, Fms. iii. 190. f-spjll, n. pl. an GREEK in
Vsp. 23, fee-spells, i.e. spells wherewith to conjure hidden treasures out of the earth, where we
propose to read, -- vali hn (MS. henne, dat.) Herfr (dat.) ... f. spakleg, she (the Vala) endowed
the father of hosts (Odin) with wise fee-spells; the passage in Yngl. S. ch. 7 -- inn vissi of allt
jarf hvar flgit var -- refers to this very word; Odin is truly represented as a pupil of the old Vala,
receiving from her his supernatural gifts. f-sterkr, adj. wealthy, Fms. iv. 231, Sks. 274. f-stofn, m.
stock. f-sla, u, f. wealth, Hkr. i. 15, Edda 16. f-sll, adj. wealthy, Edda 15. f-sk, f. a suit,
action for money, Nj. 15, Grg. i. 138. f-tlega, u, f. a ne, outlay, N. G. L. i. 85. f-vani, adj.
short of money, Fms. iv. 27. f-vn, f. expectancy of money, Gull. 7, Eg. 241, Fms. iv. 27, Orkn.
208. f-veizla, u, f. contributions, help, Sks. 261, v.l. f-vl, n. a trick, device against one's
property, N. G. L. i. 34. f-vti, n. mulct, Grg. f-vnliga, adv. in a manner promising prot, Fms.
v. 257. f-vnligr, adj. promising prot, protable, Sturl. i. 138, Fms. v. 257. f-vnn, adj. =
fvnligr, Sturl. i. 138. f-vxtr, m. increase in property, gain, Eg. 730. f-ur, adj. in need of
money, Eb. 164, Fms. ii. 80, Lv. 108, Fas. i. 392. f-fa, u, f. a 'money-mound,' used in the Tales
like Fortunatus' purse; in the phrase, hafa e-n fyrir ffu, to use one as a milch cow, to squeeze
money out of one. f-yr and f-rf, f. need of money, poverty, Rd. 236.
fegar, m. pl. [fair], father and son (or sons), Eg. 18; Kveldlfr ok eir fegar, Kveldulf himself
and his son, 84; vi fegar, we, father and son, Nj. 8, Stj. 190; eim fegum, Fms. vii. 65, Fbr. 22;
vin eirra Sturlu fega, a friend of Sturla and his father, Sturl. ii. 111; lang-fegar, q.v., lineage of
agnates.
FEGIN, n. pl. parents, (in Icel. the neut. is the collective gender for male and female); in old
writers only in this sense, but about the time of the Reformation it was replaced by foreldrar, Germ.
vorltern, which word in old writers means forefathers, whereas fegin is the word for parents
only; vrra fyrstu fegina, of our rst parents (Adam and Eve), Stj. 39; fegin vr, Lil. 18; hans
feginum, Stj. 127; einberni sinna fegina, Mar.; brn ok eirra fegin, K. . 146; frnda er
fegina, Bad. 122; feginum ea n-frndum, parents or near kinsfolk, Fms. ii. 227; fegrina
barnsins, N. G. L. i. 392; hj feginum snum ok forellris-mnnum, by his parents and forefathers,
Stj. 190; sing., hvrttveggja feginit, 97: this sense still remains in gu-fegin, q.v., god-parents;
and it has slipped into two passages of the Icel. N. T., viz. etta sgu hans fegin, John ix. 22; fyrir
v sgu hans fegin, 23; (for in all the other passages foreldrar or foreldri is used.) II. mod. father
and daughter, cp. mgin, mother and son; systkin, brother and sister, all of them neut.
fema, d, [famr], to span or encompass with the arms, Fas. ii. 149.
fera, a, to father.
fegin-grtr, m. tears of joy, Pass. 31. 17.
fegin-leikr, m. joyfulness, Lv. 54, Fms. x. 231, Bs. ii. 172.
FEGINN, adj. [fagna; A. S. fgen; Engl. fain; Hel. fagin], glad, joyful; vera feginn, to rejoice, Eg.
567; fegnari en fr megi segja, exceeding happy, Th. 9: with dat. to rejoice in a thing, Bs. i. 133;
vera eyrindi feginn, to enjoy one's errand, bring it to a happy end, sl. ii. 340; uru menn eim
fegnir, people were fain to see them again, Nj. 47; ok er fegit orit hjarta mitt tilkvmu inni, 175;
Ingi konungr var honum hinn fegnasti, i.e. king Inge was fain at his coming, Fms. vii. 247; llu
feginn ver aldregi, never rejoice in mischief, Hm. 129; glar ert n Sigurr, ok gagni feginn,
rejoiced at thy victory, Fm. 25: with subj., feginn ltsk Hjalli at hann fjr gi, H. would fain
save his life, Am. 59 (rare). . freq. with inn. or absol. and almost adverb, as in Engl., e.g. eg vil
feginn gera a, I will fain do that; a vil eg feginn, or eg var feginn a sleppa, I was fain to
escape. II. the phrases, fegins-degi, on the day of joy, the day of resurrection, re-meeting, Fms.
viii. 98, Sl. 82; taka fegins-hendi vi e-u, to receive with glad hand, with heart and hand, Fms. iii.
98, Fb. i. 257, Nj. 106; fegins-lri, on the mill of joy (pot.), Gs. 5. COMPDS: fegin-saga, u, f.
joyful news, 623. 40, Hkr. i. 73, Bs. i. 134. fegins-morgun, m. a morning of joy, Fms. vii. 86 (in a
verse).
fegin-samliga, adv. joyfully, Eg. 149, 169, Bs. i. 76, Fms. iii. 228, iv. 207.
fegin-samligr, adj. joyful, Greg. 27.
fegra, a and , fegre, . T. 1, and fegrir (pres.), Sklda 180, Eluc. 4, Hom. 149, Mork. (in a
verse), cp. Fms. vi. 336: but fegrai, Fms. x. 320; fegra (sup.), Bs. ii. 165, and in mod. usage
always so, [fagr] :-- to adorn, beautify, make fair; at kanna siu manna ok fegra, to improve, better,
Bs. i. 521; ekki arf at orum at fegra, nothing is gained by extenuating it, Nj. 175; fegra um e-t, to
mend, polish, Bs. i. 60.
FEGR, mod. fegur, f. beauty, fairness, of a woman; fegr hennar, Fms. vi. 71, Stj. 548; fegr
slarinnar, 26; fegr Baldrs, Edda 15; fegr ok pri (pomp), Fms. vii. 157: in pl., 677. 10, Sks.
228; freq. in mod. use. fegrar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), void of beauty, Stj. 16.
fegringr, m. a cock (pot.), Edda (Gl.)
fegrir, m. an adorner, Lex. Pot.
feig, f. [A. S. fg], 'feyness,' approach or foreboding of death: in proverbs, koma mun til mn
feigin hvar sem ek em staddr, Nj. 103; ferr hverr er feigin kallar, Fas. i. 420; tla ek etta munu
vera fyrir feig yvarri, a foreboding that you are 'fey,' Fms. v. 66; v at hn feig fra fjl-margra
s, Gs. 20; stt egar dag feigina honum, thou sawest the 'fey-tokens' on him to-day, Fms. xi.
154; r (the Valkyrjur) kjsa feig menn ok ra sigri, Edda 22: cp. the phrase, feig kallar a e-
m, the 'feig' (death) calls upon him, one behaves as a 'fey' man. feigar-or, n. or feigar-yrr, f.
the death-weird, t. 1.
feig-ligr, adj. looking 'feylike,' Al. 30.
FEIGR, adj., [this interesting word still remains in the Dutch a veeg man and in the Scot. fey; cp. A.
S. fge, early Germ. veige; in mod. Germ. feig, but in an altered sense, viz. coward, craven, whence
mod. Dan. feig] :-- in popular language a man is said to be 'fey' when he acts in an unusual or
strange manner, as when a miser suddenly becomes open-handed, Icel. say, eg held hann s feigr, I
hold that he is 'fey;' cp. feig; or when a man acts as if blinded or spell-bound as to what is to come,
and cannot see what all other people see, as is noticed by Scott in a note to the Pirate, ch. 5; again,
the Scottish notion of wild spirits as foreboding death is almost strange to the Icel., but seems to
occur now and then in old poetry, viz. mad, frantic, evil; sv ferr hann sem f. mar, he fares, goes
on like a 'fey' (mad) man, Fagrsk. 47 (in a verse); alfeig augu = the eyes as of a 'fey' man, Eg. (in a
verse); feigr (mad, frantic) and framliinn (dead) are opposed, Skm. 12; feikna fir, hygg ek at
feig sr, breeder of evil, I ween thou art 'fey,' Skv. 3. 31, and perhaps in Vsp. 33, where the words
feigir menn evidently mean evil men, inmates of hell; cp. also Hbl. 12, where feigr seems to mean
mad, frantic, out of one's mind :-- cp. Scott's striking picture of Kennedy in Guy Mannering. II.
death-bound, fated to die, without any bad sense, Hm. 10; the word is found in many sayings -- f
er bezt eptir feigan, Gsl. 62; skilr feigan ok feigan, Bs. i. 139, Fb. iii. 409; ekki m feigum fora,
sl. ii. 103, Fms. vi. 417, viii. 117; ekki kemr feigum hel, 117; ekki m feigum bella, Gsl. 148;
allt er feigs fora, Fm. 11; fram eru feigs gtur, Sl. 36; verr hverr at fara er hann er feigr, Grett.
138; mun hverr deyja er feigr er, Rd. 248; bergr hverjum nokkut er ekki er feigr, Fbr. 171, Sturl.
iii. 220, all denoting the spell of death and fate; it is even used of man and beast in the highly
interesting record in Landn. 5. 5; cp. also the saying, plar hnd feigu tai (of chess), the hand
fumbles with a 'fey' (lost) game, also used of children fumbling with things and breaking them: the
phrases, standa, ganga feigum ftum, with 'fey' feet, i.e. treading on the verge of ruin, sl. ii. (in a
verse); mla feigum munni, to talk with a 'fey' mouth, of a frantic and evil tongue, Nj. 9, Vm. 55;
gra e-t feigum hondum, with 'fey' hands, of an evil doer causing his own fate, Lv. 111; fjr og blr
r feigum nsum lr, Snt 129: of appearances denoting 'feig,' vide Nj. ch. 41, Glm. ch. 19, cp.
Hkv. Hjrv. (the prose), Am. 26, Heiarv. S. ch. 26, Nj. ch. 128, the last two passages strongly
resembling Homer's Od. xx. (in ne), sl. js. ii. 551, 552; gerum vr sem fair vr vill, at mun
oss bezt gegna; eigi veit ek at vst, segir Skaphinn, v at hann er n feigr, Nj. 199; en fyrir
sk at ormr var eigi f., slitnai ..., Fbr. 160; en fyrir gn ok elds-gangi, ok at eir vru eigi
feigir, kmusk eir undan, Fs. 84; tla ek at ek s eigi ar feigari en hr ..., at er hugbo mitt at
eir muni allir feigir er kallair vru, Nj. 212; at her Finni st r, at s mundi feigr, er
segir drauminn, Lv. 70, Fms. iii. 212; vilja e-n feigan, to wish one's death, Nj. 269, Fms. iii. 70,
190.
feikinn, feikn (feikr, Lil. 9), adj. awful, monstrous, Hdl. 39.
FEIKN, f. [A. S. fcen], portent, Skv. 3. 31, Landn. 153 (in a verse); in compds feikna- denotes
portentous, immense. COMPDS: feikna-li, n. an immense host, Hkv. i. 32. feikna-mikill, adj.
immense. feikna-ver, n. a hurricane, Fas. ii. 117.
feikn-ligr, adj. terrible, Nj. 185, v.l.
feikn-star, m. pl. [A. S. fcen-stafas], banes, evils, Gm. 12, Fas. i. (in a verse): baleful runes, Sl.
60.
FEILA, a, [early Germ. feilen, mod. fehlen, usually derived from Lat. fallere], to falter, be shy;
Sinfjtli lt sr ekki feilask, Fas, (Vls. S.) i. 133; mod., feila sr, id. This word hardly occurs before
the 14th century; cp. however fl, flinn, fla, which are all of Teut. origin.
feilinn, adj. faltering, shy, vide -feilinn.
feima, u, f. [prob. of Gaelic origin, fjamh = fear, Armstrong], pot. a bashful girl, a young lass, in
Edda 108, Gl., Rm. 22, Fms. xi. (in a verse of the year 994).
feiminn, adj. bashful, and feimni, f. shyness, bashfulness.
feita, tt, to fatten, K. . K. 130, Hm. 82, Hom. 72, Greg. 44.
feiti, f. fatness, Stj. 106, 309.
feiting, f. fattening, Eb. 316.
feit-laginn, part. disposed to grow fat.
feit-leikr, m. fatness, ubertas, Stj. 167.
feit-meti, n. fat meat, butter, etc.
FEITR, adj. [Lat. pinguis; Gr. GREEK; A. S. ftt; Engl. fat; Hel. feit; early High Germ. feiss; mod.
but Low Germ. form fett; Dan. feed; Swed. fet] :-- fat, Nj. 52, Eg. 137, Fbr. 19, Lv. 18, Fms. i. 36, v.
93, x. 303, Stj. 42; vide ta.
feit-ti, n. = feitmeti; feit-tr, adj. liking fat.
FEL, f. [ll or fela = a maw, Ivar Aasen], the rough inside of an animal's maw. . metaph. a ragged
coat: hann lagi felina (acc. sing. with the article), he pierced the rags of the cloak, Lv. 85.
FELA, pret. fal, 2nd pers. falt, pl. flu; pres. fel; pret. subj. fli; part. flginn: in mod. usage, pret.
faldi, part. falinn, and sup. fali, with weak declension, if in the sense to hide; but fl, pl. flu, part.
flginn, if in the sense to commend; thus, undir trjnum sig faldi, Pass. 33. 6; einn fyrir engum
faldist, 33. 7; but, Frelsarinn Furs hnd fl n blessar sna nd, 45. 1; fl and falinn,
however, never occur in old MSS. :-- [Ulf. lhan = GREEK, GREEK; Hel. bi-felhan; O. H. G.
felahan; Germ. be-fehlen and emp-fehlen; Lat. se-p&e-long;lio contains the same root, properly
meaning to hide, shut up: cp. Engl. bury, which really means to hide.] I. to hide, conceal; allt veit
ek in, hvar auga falt, Vsp. 22; falt f itt sv mikilli oku, Band. 12; hrs-kjarrit at er
Vai risi fal sverit, ir. 69, Gm. 37; flu eir gullit Rn, Edda 76; tku likit ok flu ar, . H.
225 (flu, Hkr. ii. 380, wrongly); ek mun fela yr her gamma mnum, Fms. i. 9: barnit var flgit,
Fs. 60, Gull. 26; fel sver itt, sheathe thy sword, Fms. xi. 348; felu (= fel ) sver itt
umgr, 656 C. 4; r austr ok vestr enda flu, Hkv. 1. 2; flgit, hidden, preserved, Vsp. 31;
flginn, hid, kv. 7, 8; rlg flgin e-m, fate hidden, in store for one, Vsp. 36, Akv. 16; flginn endi
lfs, pot. the hidden thrum of life, i.e. death, t. 17. . to bury, t. 24; liggja fulginn, to lie buried
(in a cairn), on a Runic stone, Rath 178. 2. metaph., her flgit nafn hennar vsu essi, Eg. 325;
flgit rnum, Edda 47; yrkja flgit, to use obscure phrases (in poetry), 110. 3. impers., fal sn
(acc.) milli eirra, they lost sight of one another, with the notion of a hill or object coming between,
. H. 182; egar er sn fal milli eirra Egils, Eg. 545. 4. the phrase, fela e-n brott (= in mod.
usage koma e-m fyrir), to put one out (for alimentation), of one sick or old, a child, etc., Grg. i.
155; or, fela e-n inni, id.; s bandi er hann felr sik inni, the husbandman with whom he boards and
lodges, 158; ef s mar andask er flginn var inni, 155: of cattle, to put out to keep, n felr mar
bf inni at manni at flgu-mla rttum, N. G. L. i. 25; hence flga, q.v. = megjf. II. to give into
one's keeping, entrust; hann fal ni allan ann val, he gave all the slain to Odin, Fas. i. 454; mey
frumunga fal hann (entrusted to) megi Gjka, Skv. 3. 4: to invest, au he ek minn lla flginn,
Fms. vii. 49 (in a verse). . in the phrase, fela e-m e-t hendi (mod. hendr); r fel ek hendi,
Skarphinn, at hefna brur ns, Nj. 154; fal hn sik ok allt sitt fruneyti hendr lifanda Gui,
Fms. i. 226; Kristi hendi flgin, 655 xxiii; fel'k r hendi byrg hans at llu, Grg. i. 245; flu
sik ok slur snar Gui Almttkum hendi, Bs. i. 139; at Jn Loptsson fli Petri postula hendi
hjr ... en Jesus Kristr fal sna hjr hendr Fur snum, 145; fela undir e-m, to put under one's
charge; er und einum mr ll um flgin hodd Niunga, i.e. all the hoard of Niung is kept by me
only, Akv. 26; fela vn sna alla undir Gui, 686 B. 2; mun hr ll vr vintta undir felask, all our
friendship will depend upon this, Eb. 130: a law term, skulu eir fela undir ei sinn, they shall
avouch it on their oath, Grg. i. 9; fela undir egnskap sinn, to vouch upon one's honour; rangt
s undir egnskap flgit, 33. III. reex. to hide oneself; ek mun felask, Fs. 48: hann falsk Kru-
helli, Landn. 183; mrg leyni au er felask mtti , Fms. x. 218; skgi ar er eir hfu flgizk, .
H. 152; en flusk at degi, id.; felask fami e-m, to be shut in one's arms, Hkv. 2. 27. 2. felask
hendi e-m, to put oneself in another's hands, enter his service; Kolskeggr falsk hendi Sveini
Dana-konungi, Nj. 121.
F-LAG, n. [this word and the following are of Scandin. origin, and found neither in early A. S.
nor South-Teut. dialects; the Germans use genosse and genossenschaft; the E. Engl. felaw (mod.
fellow) is a northern word] :-- prop. a laying one's fee together, i.e. fellowship, partnership, Grg. i.
330, ii. 72, 73 (passim); eiga flag saman, Fbr. 102; n leggja menn flag sitt saman, ok verja r
einum sj, Jb. 406; skipta til flags, to share in partnership, Sks. 32; eiga flag vi e-n, to be in
partnership with one, Eg. 76; leggja flag vi e-n, to enter into partnership with one, Fms. iv. 124;
hafa flag vi e-n, id., 296: Hallr fr milli landa, ok hafi flag lafs ens Helga konungs, Hall
traded in divers countries, and was in partnership with king Olave, . H. (pref.), Fb. iii. 239; leggja
til flags, to contribute to a common fund, Fms. vi. 183, viii. 20: in the law even matrimony is a
flag or partnership (between man and wife),--in respect to the common fund of mundr and
heiman-fylgja, vide the Grg.--In COMPDS, denoting common: flags-b, n. household in
common, Sturl. i. 180; flags-f, n. a common fund, Landn. 33; flags-gr, f. entrance in
partnership, Grg. i. 331, Sks. 33, 632: a contract, nema annan veg ha mlt vert f. eirra, Grg.
i. 331; flags-hross, n. a horse owned in partnership with others, Grg. i. 436; flags-lagning, f. a
'laying' of, or entering into, partnership, Grg. i. 331; flags-mar, m. a partner, Hkr. ii. 157, Sks.
32; flags-vtti, n. a witness in matters of flag, Grg. i. 330, v.l. II. a society, association; mann-
flag, an association of men; mannlegt flag, etc.; vsinda-f., etc., literary society, is a modern turn
of the word, and scarcely occurs earlier than the 17th or 18th century. It is now used in a great many
compds: the passage in Sd. ch. 5, p. 123, where it means agreement, is a sure proof that these
chapters are spurious.
f-lagi, a, m. [E. Engl. felaw, vide flag] :-- prop, a 'fee-layer,' i.e. a partner, shareholder of any
kind, esp. in trade, Fbr. 74 new Ed., cp. konungs-flagi, a king's partner, for the kings of old carried
on trade, Fbr., Fb. iii. l.c.; sailors who had food in common were flagar; the law provides that even
a poor man, if he contributes all that he has, is a lawful flagi, Grg. ii. 72; enda hann hvrki
flaga n mtu-naut, er einn mtu-neyti ok engan flaga, 73, passim in the Grg.: flaga-erf, f.
a partner's inheritance, N. G. L. i. 50. . in the law it is also used of married people (vide flag), a
partner, mate, consort; hvat segir mr fr Hrti flaga num, Nj. 12; ef v hjna batnar heilsa
er vitrring hafi, skal at hverfa aptr til flaga sns ok hjskapar, Grg. i. 287; ek vil skilja vi
flaga minn, I wish to part with my mate, a formulary in pleading before a court of divorce, 326. 2.
metaph. a fellow, mate, comrade; this sense of the word occurs as early as the old Hm. 51,--me
hlfum hleif ok me hllu keri fkk ek mr flaga, where it however has some slight notion of
partnership, with half a loaf and a half-drained cup I got me fellows; flagi is a frequent word in
Icel., both ancient and modern, and used just as in English; gamansamr flagi, a merry fellow, Sks.
634; flagi minn ok frndi, my fellow and kinsman, Fms. x. 88; gr flagi, a good fellow, Sks. 432:
in addressing one, hverr ertu, f., who art thou, fellow? Fb. iii. 239: a dear fellow, r mun ek ykkja
lklega spyrja, f., Ld. 268; hversu her dag at farit, f., Vpn. 4. . in a pun, Fms. xi. 150. 3. mod.
a fellow, member of a society.
flag-ligr, adj. 'fellowlike,' kind, H. E. i. 470.
flag-skapr, m. fellowship, partnership. Eg. 1. . metaph. fellowship, friendship, Eg. 27; grisk
ar brtt f. gr, they soon became intimate friends, Fms. iv. 127; binda saman lag sitt ok flagskap,
to bind their fellowship together, enter into close alliance, 295; var eirra f. at llu merkilegr, Fs.
15; grisk me eim llum enn mesti f., 29; ykki mr hafa lst v vi mik mikinn flagskap,
Boll. 346. II. association, mod. in many compds.
feld-kpa, u, f. = feldr, Ld. 274, v.l.; vide fellikpa.
FELDR, m., gen. feldar, pl. feldir, a cloak worn by the ancients, esp. one lined with fur; hvtr-f., a
white cloak, Fbr. 145 sqq.; rau-f., a red cloak, Landn. (a nickname); gr-f., a grey cloak, Hkr. i.
176; skinn-f., a skin cloak, Orkn. 326 (in a verse); bjarn-f., q.v., a bear-skin cloak; rggvar-f., a
woollen cloak, Grett. 114; varar-f., a common cloak; lo-f., a shaggy cloak, a fur cloak, = loi; bl-
f., a blue cloak, N. G. L. i. 74; feldr mm alna skaut, a cloak measuring ve ells square, Korm. 86;
a feld four ells long and two ells broad, Grg. i. 500, was in trade the usual size, but here the ell is a
'thumb ell,' measuring only about sixteen inches; stutt-f., a short cloak, Fms. vii. 152 (a nickname);
feldr, kpa, and skikkja seem to be synonymous, cp. Ls. ch. 14, 15, Glm. ch. 3, 8, Grett. ch. 23, Lv.
ch. 17. Tac. Germ. ch. 17 -- 'tegumen omnibus sagum, bul, aut, si desit, spin consertum;' the
cloaks were often made of (or lined with) costly furs, Glm. ch. 6; breia feld hfu sr, to wrap
the head in a cloak, Nj. 164, Kristni S. ch. 11, Fms. vi. 43 (Sighvat), as a token of deep thinking:
feldar-dlkr, m. a cloak-pin, Hkr., vide dlkr; feldar-rggvar, f. pl. the patches or 'ragged' hairs
on the outside of a cloak, Lv. 55, cp. Grg. i. 500; feldar-skaut, n. (-bla, n., Finnb. 342), a cloak's
skirt, Fb. i. 416; feldar-sltr, n. pl. the tatters of a cloak, Grett. The etymology of feldr is uncertain,
scarcely from Lat. pellis, but rather from falda, to fold, wrap; even Tacitus, l.c., makes a distinction
between the 'sagulum' (= feldr) and 'ferarum pelles,' the latter being a mark of more savage habits,
such as that of the berserkers; feldr is never used of a woman's cloak (mttull, skikkja); the passage
Fm. 43 is corrupt: the phrase, a er ekki me feldi, it is not right, something is wrong, is a corrupt
form instead of me felldu, part. from fella, q.v.
feljttr, adj. [lled, Ivar Aasen], shabby; f. sem laki, rough as a sheep's maw, Fbr. 156.
FELL, n. a fell, wild hill, Hrafn. 4, sl. ii. 76, passim: freq. in local names; Helga-fell, Mos-fell,
Mi-fell, Meal-fell, rlfs-fell, and Fell alone, vide Landn. In Icel. fell is a single hill, and in pl. a
range of hills; fjall (= Lat. mons) is a general name.
FELLA, d, a weak causal verb, answering to the strong neuter form falla; [absent in Goth.; A. S.
fellan; Engl. fell; Germ. fllen; O. H. G. fallian; Swed. flla; Dan. flde.]
A. [Answering to falla A], to fell, make fall; fella vi, to fell timber, Fms. ii. 84; fella mann, to fell a
man, dened in the law, Grg. Vsl. ch. 3, cp. ch. 31; fella tr, to let tears fall, Sighvat; fella mel-
dropa, to let the drops fall, Vm. 14; fella segl, to take down sails, Br. 14; fella jr undir e-m, to
make the earth slip under one (by means of sorcery), Bs. i. 12; fella vatn fornan farveg, to make
the stream ow in its old bed, Grg. ii. 281. 2. to fell or slay, in battle, Eg. 80, 296, 495; Brir
felldi Brjn, Nj. 275; fella e-n fr landi, to slay or dethrone a king; hann hafi fellt hinn helga laf
konung fr landi, Orkn. 82; var felldr fr landi Haraldr Grfeldr, H. Graycloak was slain, Fr. 38;
san felldu eir fr landi Hkon brur minn, Fms. viii. 241, v. l.; fella her, val, etc., to make
havoc, slaughter, (val-fall, strages), Lex. Pot. . to lose sheep or cattle from cold or hunger (v.
fellir); var vetr mikill ok felldu menn mjk f sitt, Sturl. iii. 297. II. to make to cease, abolish; hann
felldi blt ok bltdrykkjur, Fms. x. 393; f. nir, to drop, put an end to, abandon; var hans villa sv
nir felld, Anecd. 98; at felldi hann allt nir, Fms. vii. 158; ef fellir nir (gives up) ann
trna, ii. 88: to drop a prosecution, a law term, at konungr mundi etta ml ekki nir fella, vii.
127 (cp. nir-fall at skum); fella ru sna, to close one's speech, ix. 331; ar skal nir f. rj-tigi
ntta, there shall [they] let drop thirty nights, i.e. thirty nights shall not be counted, Rb. 57; fella
bo, f. herr, to drop the message, not let the arrow pass, N. G. L. i. 55, Gl. 83 (vide bo, p. 71);
fella skjt, to fail in supplying a vehicle, K. . 22. 2. to lower, diminish; fella rtt manns, fella
konungs sakar-eyri, Gl. 185; hann skal fella hlfri mrk, [they] shall lower it, i.e. the value shall be
lowered by half a mark, Grg. ii. 180. 3. the phrases, fella heitstrenging (ei) sik, to bring down on
one's head the curse for a breach of faith (vow, oath, etc.), Hrafn. 8. 4. fella hold af, to starve so that
the esh falls away, K. . 200, K. . K. 130; hence fella af, absol. ellipt. to become lean, starved;
cp. af-feldr: the phrase, f. bltspn, q.v., p. 71; fella dm, to pass sentence, is mod., borrowed from
Germ.
B. [Answering to falla B], to join, t: I. a joiner's term, to frame, tongue and groove; fella innan
kofann allan ok ilja, Bs. i. 194; felld s, a framed board, wainscot, Fms. vi. (in a verse), hence
fellis; fella stokk horn, to put a board on the horns of a savage bull, Eb. 324; eru fastir viir
saman negldir, eigi s vel felldir, the boards are fast when nailed together, they are not tongued
and grooved, Sklda 192 (felling); fella stein skr, to t a stone to the crevice, Rm. 247:
metaph., fella lok e-t, to bring to an end, prop. to t a cover to it, Grg. i. 67: also a blacksmith's
term, fella jrn, to work iron into bars, ir. 79. II. metaph. in the phrases, fella st, hug, skilning,
etc., til e-s, to turn one's love, mind, etc., towards one; fellim vrn skilning til einskis af llum eim,
Stj. 4; Geirmundr felldi hug til urar, G. fell in love with Th., Ld. 114; rr bar eigi aunu til at
fellasv mikla st til Helgu, sem vera tti, i.e. they did not agree, Sturl. i. 194; fella bn at e-m, to
apply prayer to one, beg of him, sl. ii. 481; fella sik vi e-t, to t oneself to a thing; ek he byrja
itt erindi, ok allan mik vi fellt, and have done my best, 655 xxxii. 13; felldi orkell sik mjk vi
umruna, Th. took a warm part in the debate, Ld. 322; hence such phrases as, fella sig (eigi) vi
e-t, to take pleasure (or not) in a thing; fella saman or sn, to make one's words agree, Grg. i. 53:
to appropriate, fellir hann me v dalinn sr til vistar, Sd. 137. III. part. felldr, as adj. = fallinn;
sv felldr, so tted, such; me sv felldum mta, in such a way, Rb. 248; vera vel (illa etc.) felldr til
e-s, to be well (ill) tted for a thing, Fms. xi. 76; gamall ok ekki til felldr, Bs. i. 472, Fms. iii. 70;
Hallgerr kva hann sr vel felldan til verkstjra, H. said he was well tted to be her steward, Nj.
57, v.l.: neut., r er ekki fellt (it is not t for thee) at ganga greipr mnnum Haralds, Fms. vi. 210;
sv lzt oss sem slkum mlum s vel fellt at svara, such cases are well worth consideration, Ld. 90;
ekki hldu eir vel lg au nema at er eim tti fellt, they observed not the rules except what
seemed them t, Hkr. i. 169; eirrar stundar er honum tti til fellt, the time that seemed him t, Bs.
i. 161: in many compds, ge-felldr, skap-f., hug-f., pleasant, agreeable; hag-felldr, practical; s-
felldr, continuous.
fella, u, f. [Engl. falling], framework, a framed board, Fas. i. 393.
felli-, in compds: I. a falling off; felli-stt, f. sudden illness, Fr. 190; felli-vetr, m. a hard winter
when the cattle die, Sturl. i. 127, Ld. 120. II. a joining, framing; felli-hur, f. a wainscotted door,
Art. (Fr.); felli-kpa, u, f. a plaid, Ld. 274; felli-stokkr, m. a kind of plane Pm. 13, 112, 124; felli-
s, f. a kind of frame or wainscot, opp. to skar-s.
felling, f. I. a felling, knocking down, Grg. ii. 133. II. a joining, framing, Sklda 192, Fas. i. 229.
. the folds of a garment.
fellir, m. death, esp. of cattle, Ann. 1377, 1380; vide mann-fellir.
fellu-jrn, n. wrought iron, Grg. i. 501.
felmta, t, mod. felmtra, a,--en hjarta mitt tta fer | felmtra brjsti lyptir sr, Snt 128.
[flma] :-- Lat. trepidare, to be in a state of fright and alarm; fari menn stilliliga ok felmti eigi,
Fms. vii. 262; s mar felmti mjk, Bret. 90; felmtandi mar, a man who has lost his head, Sks.
383.
FELMTR, m. [flma], alarm, fear; f. ea tti, Fms. i. 45, viii. 226. felms-fullr (or felmts-fullr),
adj. alarmed, frightened, Fms. i. 217, Orkn. 16, Grett. 124.
felmtr, part. frightened; fara f., Njar. 370: cp. the phrase, e-m verr felmt, to be terried, panic-
stricken, Nj. 105, Fms. viii. 189, v.l.
felur, f. pl. a lurking-place; hlaupa felur, to run and hide oneself.
FEN, n., gen. pl. fenja, dat. fenjum, [Ulf. fani = GREEK; A. S. fenn; Engl. fen; O. H. G. fenna;
Dutch venn; a word common to all Teut. idioms] :-- a fen, quagmire, Symb. 26 (of the Pontine
marshes); mrar ok fen, Hkr. iii. 227; fen er fora, Gl. 383; kelda er fen, Ld. 204; frsk eim
seint um fenin, the bogs, Fms. vii. 69; djpt fen ok breitt fullt af vatni, a deep pool and broad, full
of water, vi. 406, vii. 70, Orkn. 444, Eg. 577, 582, 767, Nj. 21, Eb. 326, orst. Su H. 186.
fna, a, to gain, prot; heldr fnar n, Fms. vi. 349; fnai r n, i. 167: reex., Fas. iii. 4.
fnar, m. pl. ir, [answers to Lat. pecunia as f to pecus], sheep, cattle, Nj. 119, Fms. ii. 92, xi. 33,
Br. 170, Eg. 219, sl. ii. 155, Gl. 119; menn ok f., man and beast, Grg. ii. 164, Fms. i. 266.
fengari, a, m. [Byzant. GREEK], the moon, an GREEK, Edda (Gl.)
fengi-ligr, adj. (fengi-liga, adv.), promising. a good haul, Bs. ii. 133.
feng-ltill, adj. of little value, Sturl. ii. 182, 238, Fms. vi. 367.
FENGR, m., gen. jar, pl. ir, (fengi, n., Fms. vii. 213, xi. 83, Hom. 130), [f, fanga], a haul, take, of
sh, K. . 90: gain, booty, Fr. 70, Fms. v. 287, Hkr. ii. 73: a store, supply, sl. ii. 138.
fen-grani, a, m. a kind of sh, Edda (Gl.)
feng-samr, adj. making large provision, Nj. 18, Bs. i. 652.
feng-semi, f. being fengsamr, Bs. ii. 88.
feng-sll, adj. making a good haul, Sturl. i. 77.
fenjttr, adj. fenny, boggy, Fms. x. 261.
FENNA, t, to be covered with snow (fnn); fennt yr ofan, Bs. i. 196: impers., fennti f (acc.), the
sheep perished in the snow, Ann. 1380.
FENRIR, m. the monster wolf of heathen mythology, Edda, Vm., Ls.
FER-, in compds, in fours: fer-elingr, m. four ells long, of a sh, Finnb. 220. fer-falda, a, to make
fourfold, Stj. 148. fer-faldr, adj. fourfold, Rb. 334, El. 13, Fas. ii. 215, 343, Sturl. iii. 206, 656 A.
33. fer-ftingr, m. a quadruped, 656 C. 8. fer-fttr, adj. four-footed, Stj. 56, Sks. 628, Fas. iii.
272, N. G. L. i. 82; fjr-f., id., Sks. 628 B. fer-hyrndr, part. four-cornered, square, Stj. 57, 171,
205, Al. 109. fer-hyrningr, n. a square. fer-menningr, m. a fourth cousin, vide fjr-menningr. fer-
nttingr, m. a period of four nights, K. . 182. fer-skepta, u, f. a stuff with fourfold warp, Vm. 52,
93, 115, Am. 50, 90, Jm. 9. fer-skeyta, tt, to square, 415. 18. fer-skeyttr, part. 'four-sheeted,'
square, Edda, 623. 24: mathem., ferskeytt tala, a square number, Alg. 366; ferskeytt vsa, a
quatrain, like the common ballad metre, as in the ditty -- yrkja kvi ln bj | eptir estra sgu |
en gaman er a geta | gert ferskeytta bgu. fer-skiptr, part. divided into four parts, Stj. 148, v.l.
fer-strendr, adj. four-edged, Eg. 285, Sturl. ii. 134, Magn. 450. fer-sngr, m. a quartett, Bb. 2. 11.
fer-tugandi, fer-tugasti, adj. fortieth, Fms. x. 73, v.l. fertug-faldr, adj. fortyfold, Stj. 147. fer-tugr
(-tgr), adj. forty years old, Stj. 624, N. G. L. i. 106, Fms. iii. 26 :-- measuring forty (ells, fathoms,
etc.). Fas. i. 298, Stj. 563; fertug drpa, a poem of forty verses, Fms. iii. 93; f. at rma-tali.
numbering forty 'rooms,' Fb. ii. 277. fer-rr, adj. four-oared, sl. ii. 74. fer-ringr, m. a four-
oared boat. fer-rr, adj. four years old, Dipl. ii. 16.
FER, f. (farir, pl. exploits, Haustl.), travel, journey, Fms. i. 3, iv. 3, Nj. 7, sl. ii. 126, Ann. 1242,
Sturl. iii. 38, Ld. 96, Dipl. v. 18; ekki vera allar ferir til fjr (a saying); um-f., a round, circuit;
vel-f., welfare. COMPDS: fera-bk, f. a book of travels, Dipl. v. 18. fera-lag, n. travelling, r.
64. fera-mar, m. a traveller, Stj. 400. Sturl. i. 89. ferar-broddr, m. the van, Fms. viii. 400, Fas.
ii. 178, Ld. 96. ferar-ley, n. leave to travel, Stj. 406. ferar-mt, n. a meeting, Hkr. ii. 194: fer
is very freq. in compds, whereas fr (q.v.) is more obsolete. II. -fer, the texture of cloth.
ferask, a, dep. to travel, 655 xxxii. 20, Sturl. i. 24, Fms. ii. 136, sl. ii. 359.
fer-binn, part. (ferar-binn, Fms. vii. 3, Boll. 356, Finnb. 248), boun, i.e. ready, for a journey,
r. 69, Boll. 356.
fer-linn, adj. weary from travelling, Br. 181.
fer-ugr, adj. [borrowed from Germ. fertig], well-doing; vin sl ok vel ferug, Bs. i. 264: t, belgir
me ferugum skinnum, Vm. 177.
fergin, n., botan. veronica, Hjalt.
fergir, m. [farg], pot, an oppressor, enemy, Lex. Pot.
FERILL, m., dat. ferli, a track, trace, Eg. 579, Gl. 448; kross-f., Pass. 11. 3; lfs-f., the course of
life; bl-f., q.v. . the phrase, vera ferli, to be on one's legs, rise, be out of bed, Nj. 55, Grett. 145
(Ed. felli); vera snemma ferli, to rise early. II. of persons, a traveller, esp. in pl. and in the
compds, Rm-ferlar, pilgrims to Rome; veg-ferill, q.v., a way-farer.
ferja, u, f. a ferry, Bs. i. 355, D. I. i. 319, 320, Ld. 56, 324. COMPDS: ferju-r, f. a ferryman's oar,
Sturl. ii. 70. ferju-bi, a, m. one who lives near a ferry, Grg. ii. 267. ferju-hald, n. charge of a
ferry, Grg. ii. 266. ferju-karl, n. a ferry carle, ferryman, Sm. 62. ferju-land, n. land belonging
to a ferry, D. I. i. 319. ferju-mar, m. a ferryman, Vm. 16: the inmate of a ferry-house, Sd. 226.
ferju-mldagi, a, m. a ferry contract, D. I. i. 320. ferju-skattr, m. a ferry-toll, ir. ferju-skip, n. a
ferry-boat, Bs. i. 354. ferju-smi, n. building a ferry, r. 62. ferju-star, m. a ferry place, Vm.
15. ferju-sttr, m. the post to which a ferry-boat is fastened, Fbr. ferju-tollr, m. a ferry-toll, ir.
ferja, old form fari, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Vellekla; pl. fru, Grg. i. 274; part. farr, K. . K. 24,
Blas. 5, Grg. ii. 267; acc. fran, i. 273 (Kb., Ed. Arna-Magn. fran wrongly); pres. ferr, Grg. i.
272; imperat. fer, Hbl. 3; mod. pret. ferjai, Fms. v. 182, K. . 12: [Engl. ferry, cp. Germ. frge] :--
to transport, carry by sea, and esp. to ferry over a river or strait; ferja e-n af landi, to carry one
abroad, Grg. i. 145; eigi skal ferja yr vtn er reia, K. . K. 82; ferja e-n aptr, to carry one
back, 24: as a law phrase, -ferjandi, outlawed, Germ. vogelfrei, Grg., Nj. passim.
fer-liga, adv. monstrously, Lv. 78, Rd. 273, Karl. 476, Stj. 3, Bs. i. 349. The syllable ferin this and
the four following words denotes anything monstrous, and seems akin to rn and rin, q.v.
ferlig-leikr, m. abnormity, monstrosity, Barl.
fer-ligr, adj. [cp. Scot. ferlie], monstrous, Fms. iv. 175, vii. 156, 162, Nj. 185, Orkn. 218, Bs. i. 802,
Fas. i. 194: metaph. monstrous, Orkn. 164, Ld. 86, Hom. 115, Fms. v. 150.
fer-lkan, n., prop. a monstrous shape: medic. an abnormity, monster, Fas. iii. 654, Bs. ii. 33.
fer-lki, n. = ferlkan, Fas. i. 244, Al. 95, Greg. 52, Barl. 87, Karl. 157.
ferma, d, [farmr], to load, Ld. 32, 86, Sturl. iii. 33. II. [Lat. rmare is from a different root], eccl. to
conrm, K. . 148, N. G. L. i. 350.
fermi-dregill, m. a ribbon worn at conrmation, N. G. L. i. 16.
ferming, f. conrmation, K. . 20.
fern, adj. distrib. esp. in pl. = Lat. quaterni, in sets of four, Fb. i. 521, Nj. 150, K. . K. 86, Grg. i.
4; vide einn.
FERSKR, adj. [O. H. G. frisc; Germ. fersch; Engl. fresh], fresh, of food, meat, sh, fruit, etc.;
ferskr skr, N. G. L. iii. 193; fersk grs, fresh herbs, Bs. i. 258; fersk lykt, a fresh smell, Clar. 85;
ferskar gjar, Stj. 109: scarcely used in a metaph. sense as in Engl.
FESTA, t, [fastr], to fasten; lm er festir allart vegginn, Rb. 390. 2. to fasten with a cord, to fasten a
thing aoat; festa skip, to make a ship fast, moor it, Eg. 161, Fms. vii. 314; eir festu sik aptr vi
lyptingina, they made the ship fast, ii. 327; festa hval, Grg. ii. 337; festa vi, of drift-timber, id. .
to hang up; festa t til erris, to hang out for drying, Ld. 290; ef mar festir upp vpn sitt ar er
sjlft fellr ofan, Grg. ii. 65; festa glga, to hang on the gallows, Am. 55, Hm. 22, Fms. i. 89;
festa upp, to hang up, Nj. 9, Fr. 188, Fms. vi. 273, ix. 410; festa stagl, to make fast to the rack,
656 C. 38; cp. stagl-festa, 623. 51. II. metaph. in many phrases; festa trna, to x one's faith on, to
believe in, Eg. 59, Fms. i. 100; festa yndi, to feel happy in a place, 135; festa hug vi e-t, to x the
mind upon a thing, hence hug-fastr; festa byg, sta, to x one's abode (sta-fastr, steadfast); festa
r, to make one's mind up, iv. 149; festa e-t minni, to x in the memory, Edda (pref.), Fms. iv. 116,
hence minnis-fast; also absol., festa kvi, to x a poem in the memory, learn it by heart; San orti
Egill alla drpuna, ok hafi fest, sv at hann mtti kvea um morguninn, Eg. 421. 2. in law phrases,
to settle, stipulate; festa ml, sttml, to make a settled agreement, Eg. 34, Fms. x. 355; festa gri,
to make a truce, Grg. ii. 194; festa kaup, ver, to wake a bargain, 399; festa f, to give bail, Gl.
482, N. G. L. i. 23, Fms. vii. 290; festa ei, to pledge oneself to take an oath, Gl. 539; festa jrn, to
pledge oneself to the ordeal of red-hot iron, Fms. vii. 230; festa dm e-s, or f. e-m dm, iv. 227, vii.
311, Hkr. i. 168, N. G. L. i. 23; festa eindmi, q.v., Sturl. ii. 22; festa e-t dm e-s, id., Fms. vii.
302; festa e-t dm e-s, id., iv. 327; festa lg fyrir e-t (= lg-festa), to claim a thing as one's lawful
property, and thus forbid another any use of it, K. . 184, N. G. L. i. 154, Gl. 333, Jb. 151-249
(passim), cp. Vdal. Skr. s.v. festa: absol. to pledge oneself, Eysteinn konungr festi at gjalda hlfan
mta tg marka gulls, Fms. vii. 290. . to bind in wedlock; sgrmr festi Helga dttur sna, Asgrim
(the father) bound his daughter in wedlock to Helgi (dat.), betrothed her to him, Nj. 40; ltu eir n
sem fyrr, at hn festi sik sjlf, she should bind herself, 49: also of the bridegroom, the bride in acc.
as the bargain stipulated, festi orvaldr Hallgeri, 17; n festir mar sr konu, N. G. L. i. 350,
Glm. 351, cp, Grg. F. . passim. III. impers. in a pass. sense, to cleave, stick fast to; spjti (acc.)
festi skildinum, Nj. 43, 262; kemr skjldinn sv at festi, 70; rekr hann (acc.) ofan vait ok festi
ar steini, stuck fast on a stone, of a thing oating, 108; vi er hval festir vatns-bkkum, timber
or whales aground in the shoals, Grg. ii. 355; ef vi rekr at m ofan, ok festir eyrum, and sticks
on the gravel banks, id.; nema festi miju vatninu, id.; eld festir, the re catches, takes hold, Fms.
i. 128. . medic., bein (acc.) festir, a bone joins (after a fracture); ft festir, the leg grows rm, Bs. i.
743, cp. Eb. 316 and Bs. 5. 424. IV. reex. to grow to, stick fast to; nafni festisk vi hann, Ld. 52,
Fas. i. 86; ryr festisk, rust sticks to it, it grows rusty, 519; festask landi, rki, absol. to get a fast
footing in the land, Fms. i. 32, xi. 343: the milit. phrase, bardagi, orrosta festisk, the battle closes up
fast, when all the ranks are engaged, Sturl. iii. 63, Fms. ii. 313.
festa, u, f. a bail, pledge; svardagi ok f., Nj. 164, 240, Fms. iv. 268, 285, ix. 432, Eg. 227, Js. 40.
COMPD: festu-mar, m. a bail, surety, Fms. vii. 39.
festi-band, n. a cord, string, Sks. 627 B.
festi-liga, adv. rmly, Eg. 711, Bs. Laur. S.
festing, f. a xing, fastening, Gl. 462; festingar-hvalr, m. a whale driven ashore and secured, Jb.
320. 2. the rmament, Stj. 12, Fas. iii. 664; festingar-himin, m. id., Rb. 78, 110, Fas. l.c., 655 xvii.
3. = festar, betrothals (rare), K. . 112, Jb. 131, Gl. 236; festingar-f, n. = festarf, Stj. 468;
festingar-stefna, u, f. a betrothal-meeting, N. G. L. i. 382; festingar-vttr, m. = festarvttr, Jb. 162
A.
festv-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), festive (Lat. word), Bs. i. 791, Stj. 51.
festr (mod. festi), f., dat. and acc. festi, gen. festar, pl. festar :-- prop. that by which a thing is
fastened, a rope, cord, Grett. ch. 68, 69, vide Gum. S. ch. 54, Bs. ii. 111, Fms. ix. 3, 219, Eg. 324,
Sks. 419, sl. ii. 49 :-- the cable to moor a ship to the shore, Eg. 195, Jb. 314, 319, Grg. ii. 354; cp.
skut-festar, land-f., stafn-f., bjarg-f. :-- a trap (rare), Hrafn. 27. COMPDS: festar-auga, n. the loop
or eye at the end of a rope, Grett. 141, Fas. ii. 369. festar-garmr (and -hundr), m. nickname of a
sailor, Ld. festar-hald, n. holding the rope, Grett. 96, 141. festar-hll, m. a fastening pin, put in the
eye of the rope to secure it, Edda 20, Grg. i. 150, Grett. 141. festar-lauss, adj. without a festr, Vm.
29, 56. festar-stfr, m. the stump of a rope, a rope's end, Grg. ii. 361. festar-vrr, m. watcher of
the moorings, Jb. 407: a chain, gull-f., silfr-f.; ketil-f., a kettle-chain, whereon to hang the kettle in
cooking, = hadda. II. metaph. and as a law phrase, bail; festar-penningr, m. a pledge, bail, Fms. x.
199, Stj. Gen. xxxviii. 17, Fas. iii. 548. III. esp. in pl. festar, betrothals; respecting this matter see
the rst eight chapters of the Festa-ttr, in Grg. i. 305-319, and the Sagas passim, Ld. ch. 9, 23,
34, 43, 68, Nj. ch. 9, 13, 33, Gunnl. S. ch. 4, Band. 3, Lv. ch. 12, Hnsa . ch. 11, Har. S. ch. 3,
Sturl. passim; festar fara fram, the betrothal is performed, Fb. ii. 196, Ld. 92, 186; sitja festum is
said of a bride between betrothal and wedding, Nj. 4. COMPDS: festar-f, n. a dowry, Fms. x. 284,
Stj. 468. 1 Sam. xviii. 25. festar-gjf, f. id., D. N. festar-gull, n. a bridal ring, D. N. (does not
occur in old writers). festar-kona, u, f. a betrothed woman, = Germ. braut, viz. from the betrothal
to the wedding, sl. ii. 217. Fms. ii. 9, Grg. i. 355. festar-mar, m. a betrothed man, Grg. i. 355,
Gl. 212. festar-ml, n. pl. betrothal, afance, Lv. 33, Fms. vi. 395, x. 393. festar-mr (mod.
festar-mey), f. a betrothed maid, = festarkona, Fms. iv. 164, v. 33, r. 67, Fas. i. 412. festar-or,
n. = festarml, Mar. festar-vttr, m. a witness at betrothals, Grg. i. 335. festar-l, n. betrothal-ale,
Fas. iii. 62. festa-vttor and festar-vtti, n. a witness or evidence to a betrothal, Grg. i. 313,
330. Festa-ttr, m. the section in the Icelandic law treating of betrothal, Grg. l.c.
FET, n. [Swed. fjt = a track; it answers to Lat. p&e-short;d-is, ftr to Gr. GREEK] :-- a pace,
step; ganga, stga, feti framar, to go a step forward, Lv. 59, Skm. 40; ekki fet, not a step; hann gkk
fram rj fet, Karl. 438; ganga nu fet, Vsp. 56; ok bar nu fet, Fms. i. 129; Jn gkk fet fr
kirkjunni, ok fll nir, Sturl. ii. 119; ganga, fara fullum fetum, to go at full pace, Fms. iv. 299,
also used metaph. to proceed in one's own course; me linlegum fetum, with slow steps, Sks. 629;
fetum (dat.) as adv. at a pace, Akv. 13. 2. as a measure, a foot, and so in mod. usage, three palm
breadths make a 'fet,' Hb. 732. 5; a wall ve 'fet' thick, Grg. ii. 262; 'fet' is called a subdivision of
'passus,' Rb. 482; a tombstone fourteen 'fet' long, Hkr. i. 122; it may, however, mean a pace in
Korm. 86, K. . K. 98, and Karl. 396.
feta, in old writers strong, pret. fat, pl. ftu; in mod. usage weak, fetai, and so in paper MSS., Fas.
iii. 492; ftuu, Bs. i. 291, is undoubtedly an error for ftu: I. to step, with the notion to nd one's
way, of one walking in a fog or darkness, u. act. with acc.; feta braut, Eb. 208 (in a verse); feta lei
(acc.), Grg. ii. 44; feta veg sinn, Bs. l.c.; menn ftu trautt lei sna sumum stum, Ann. 1300, cp.
Bs. i. 804. . absol., feta burt r vlundar hsi, to nd the way out of a labyrinth, Lil. 91; en sv
fjarri ferr at ek feta (subj.) angat, Fas. ii. 284; blindr ok fat eigi til dyranna, Orkn. 192; var ok sv
at hann fat af v heim, Grett. 46 new Ed.; ftu eir eigi heim, Fb. i. 97; tlai at hann mundi feta til
sarr, Landn. 146; ok ftu hvergi, and could not nd the way, Fas. iii. 401. II. as an auxiliary verb
with an inn.; hve ek yrkja fat, how I did make my poem, Hful. 19; hve ek ylja fat, how I did
speak, 3; fazt at rna, thou didst earn, Sighvat; ek fet sma, I do (can) work, Fms. vi. 170; hann
fat gera, he did gird, Fagrsk. 48; ek fat kjsa, I did choose, Edda 229 (App.); ek fet inna, I do
record, Rekst. 29, v.l.; this use, however, although freq. in the poets of the 10th century, became
obsolete, and is never met with in prose. . in mod. usage, to step, esp. in the phrase, feta ftspor
e-s, to step in one's foot-prints; eg feginn feta vildi ftspor n, Pass. 30. 10.
feti, a, m. a stepper, pacer, in compds, h-feti, ltt-feti, ml-feti, a high-stepper, light-stepper, etc.,
pot. names of a race-horse.
feti, a, m. [fete, Ivar Aasen], the blade of an axe, Nj. 27, 209. 2. a strand in the thread of the warp.
fetill, m., dat. fetli, pl. fetlar; an older dat. form fatli (cp. katli) seems to be left in the phrase, bera
hnd fatla (qs. fatli), to carry the arm in a sling: [Germ. fessel] :-- the strap by which a bag is
hung on the shoulder, N. G. L. i. 349: the strap or belt of a shield or sword (skjaldar-fetill, sverds-f.,
Gr. GREEK), umgr ok fetlar, Fas. i. 414, El. 22, 33, Edda 123, N. G. L. ii. 422; hence the sword
is in poetry called fetil-stingi, a, m. a 'belt-pin,' etc. fetla-byrr, f. a burthen carried by straps, N.
G. L. i. 143.
fet-ml, n. a measured step, pace.
fetta, tt, [fattr], to bend back; fetta ngr, to bend the ngers back; fetta ngr ti e-t, to criticise
(unfairly); vide ngr.
fettr, adj. slender, = fattr.
fettur, f. pl. mimics, in the phrase, fettur og brettur.
FEYJA, , in mod. usage inserting g, feygja, [cp. finn], to let decay, go to ruin; hann feyr (mod.
feygir) hs nir fyrir rktar sakir, he lets the house decay, Gl. 332.
FEYKJA, t, [fjka], to blow, drive away, with dat., Ps. i. 4, Rd. 272: absol., Fas. ii. 238: metaph.,
feykja at e-m, to rush at one, Al. 40; hann feykir (rushes) inn hsit sem kl skyti, Fms. vii. 342.
feyra, u, f. mites in cheese, etc.; feyrr, part. mity.
feyskinn, adj. [fauskr], rotten, esp. of timber.
FILA, u, f. [A. S. dele; Germ. edel], a ddle, Fms. vii. 97, xi. 353 (in a verse); lu-slttr,
playing on a ddle, Hom. 106.
lari, a, m. a ddler, Hkr. i. 30.
ra, a, to touch or tickle with a feather; ringr, m. the effect of being tickled; rar, part.
feathered, of arrows, Fas. ii. 173.
FIRI, mod. r, n. feathers (vide fjr), Edda 46, Stj. 83, Fms. vi. 85 (in a verse); sngr-f., the
feathers of a bed; lptar-f., swan feathers; gsar-f., goose feathers; again, a quill is fjr.
rildi, n. a buttery, vide ffrildi.
r-varinn, part. wearing feathers, of a bird, Fas. i. 477 (in a verse).
ka, a, in the phrase, ka sig upp, to climb nimbly as a spider.
kta, a, to fumble, grope with a thing, as a child, (mod.)
la, u, f. [vide fjl], a deal, thin board, N. G. L. i. 75.
FILLA, u, f. the greasy fat esh, e.g. of a halibut; esp. the thick lm of the head, in vanga-lla,
kinn-f., haus-f., hnakka-f.
lungr, m. one who cuts deals, N. G. L. i. 101, Gpl. 80. II. a bird, procellaria maxima.
mask, a, dep. to hasten, Karl. 382, (rare.)
FIMBUL-, [cp. Germ. mmel = an iron wedge; Bohem. mol; Swed. mmel-stng = the handle of
a sledge-hammer; in Icel. obsolete, and only used in four or ve compds in old poetry], mighty,
great, viz. mbul-fambi, a, m. a mighty fool, Hm. 103; mbul-lj, n. pl. mighty songs, Hm. 141;
mbul-tr, m. the mighty god, great helper, Vsp. 59; mbul-vetr, m. the great and awful winter
preceding the end of the world, Vm. 44; mbul-ul, f. the roaring of a river, Gm. 27, Edda (Gl.);
mbul-ulr, m. the great wise man, Hm. 143.
mi, mod. mni, f. nimbleness; vide vpn-mi.
m-leikr (-leiki), m. nimbleness, agility, Fms. ii. 5, 170, vi. 5, 225. mleika-mar, m. a nimble
man, sl. ii. 191.
m-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), nimbly, Fms. ii. 268, Br. 19.
FIMM, a cardinal numb. [Lat. quinque; Gr. GREEK; Goth. mf; A. S. f; Engl. ve; Germ. fnf;
Swed.-Dan. fem] :-- ve, passim; mm sinnum, ve times, passim. COMPDS: mm-deila, u, f. the
fth part, m. 111. mm-deila, d, to divide into ve shares, m. 84. mm-faldr, adj. vefold, Sks.
416. mm-nttungr, m. a law phrase, a summons with ve nights' notice, N. G. L. i. 124, K. .
182, v.l. mm-tu, indecl., old mm-tigir, m. pl. fty. mm-tugandi, mod. mm-tugasti, the
ftieth, 686 C. 1, Stj. 110, Orkn. 360, Greg. 73. mm-tgr or mm-tugr, adj. fty years old, Fms.
xi. 75 :-- measuring fty (ells, fathoms, or the like), cp. ttrr.
mmta, a, to summon (v. mt), Gl. 423.
mm-tn, a cardinal numb. fteen, passim, mmtn-sessa, u, f. a ship with fteen seats, Hkr. i.
215.
mm-tndi, an ordinal numb, the fteenth, passim.
mmti, an ordinal numb, the fth, passim. mmti-dagr, mod. mtu-dagr, m. the fth day,
Thursday (vide dagr), 415. 8, Bs. i. 237, Rb. 112, Fms. v. 97; Nj. 274.
mmtungr, m. the fth part, Eg. 266, Fms. i. 23, Rb. 136, N. G. L. i. 79, Gl. 283.
FIMR, adj. nimble, agile, in bodily exercise; mr vi leika, Fms. ii. 91; mr ok hverjum manni
grvari at sr um alla hluti, viii. 343; sterkr ok mr, Hkr. i. 290; mr ok skjtr, Fms. x. 314; mr
orrostum, ii. 106 :-- neut. as adv. dexterously, speedily, bndum fr eigi mt at reka ttann, viii.
407; n lt vi mt at leita duranna, Hom. 120; vg-mr, skilled in ght; or-mr, ml-mr, quick of
tongue, eloquent: the prop. noun Fima-fengr prob. means nimble-ngered, Ls.
FIMT or mmt, f. a number of ve: mtar-tala, u, f. a set of ve or multiple of ve (as fteen,
fty, etc.), Bs. i. 190. 2. [Swed. femt = a kind of court], a law phrase, a summoning before a court
with a notice of ve days: a standing phrase in the Norse law, so that the verb mta means to
summon: so, mtar-gri, n. pl. a truce during a mt, N. G. L. i. 342, 351; mmtar-nafn, n. a
citation with a mt's notice, 86; mmtar-stefna, u, f. a citation before a court with a mt's notice,
K. . 184: the phrase gera e-m mt simply means to summon, N. G. L. i. 346, passim; one mt is
the shortest notice for summoning, ve mts the longest, -- mm mtum hit lengsta, ef hann veit
nr ing skal vera, 21 :-- the law provides that no summoning shall take place on Tuesday, because
in that case the court-day would fall on Sunday, the day of summoning not being counted, N. G. L.,
Jb., and K. . passim. -- This law term is very curious, and seems to be a remnant of the old
heathen division of time into mts (pentads), each month consisting of six such weeks; the old
heathen year would then have consisted of seventy-two mts, a holy number, as composed of 2
36 and 6 12. With the introduction of the names of the planetary days (vide dagr) and the
Christian week, the old mt only remained in law and common sayings; thus in Hm. 73, -- 'there are
many turns of the weather in ve days (viz. a mt), but more in a month,' which would be
unintelligible unless we bear in mind that a mt just answered to our week; or verse 50, -- 'among
bad friends love ames high for ve days, but is slaked when the sixth comes;' in a few cases, esp.
in ecclesiastical law, sjaund (hebdomad) is substituted for the older mt, N. G. L. passim; it is
curious that in Icel. law (Grg.) the mt scarcely occurs, as in Icel. the modern week seems to have
superseded the old at an early time. COMPDS: Fimtar-dmr, m. the Fifth High Court in the Icel.
Commonwealth, vide dmr, Grg. . ., etc.; the form of the word is irregular, as it means the Fifth
Court (added to the four Quarter Courts) = dmr hinn mmti, as it is also called in Grg. . . ch.
24 sqq.; the old Scandin. law term mt seems to have oated before the mind of the founders, as
mtar-dmr etymologically answers to Swed. femt, i.e. a court before which one has to appear a
'mt' from the citation. Fimtardms-eir, m. the oath to be taken in the Fifth Court, Grg. . . ch.
26. 27, Nj. 241; in Sturl. ii. 128 used of an oath worded as the oath in the Fifth Court. Fimtardms-
lg, n. pl. the institution of F., b. 13, Nj. 166. Fimtardms-mal, n. an action before the Fifth
Court, Nj. 231. Fimtardoms-stefna, u, f. a citation before the Fifth Court, Nj. 168. Fimtardms-
sk, f. a case to be brought before the Fifth Court, Grg. i. 360, Nj. 244. mtar-ing, n. a (Norse)
meeting called so, Js. 41.
FINGR, m., gen. ngrar, mod. ngrs; dat. ngri; pl. ngr; a neut. ngr occurs in O. H. L. 73, 74,
which gender is still found in Swed. dialects; the acc. pl. is in conversation used as fem., an Icel.
says allar ngr, not alla ngr: [Goth. ggrs; A. S. nger, etc.; whereas Lat. digitus and Gr. GREEK
etymologically answer to Icel. t, Engl. toe, Germ. zehe, a nger of the foot] :-- a nger, Grg. i.
498, Hkr. ii. 380, 384, Magn. 518, passim: the names of the ngers -- umal-ngr, the thumb; vsi-
f., the index nger, also called sleiki-f., lick-nger; langa-tng, long-prong; gri-f., leech-nger,
also, but rarely, called baug-f., digitus annuli; litli-f., the little nger. Sayings or phrases :-- playing
with one's ngers is a mark of joy or happiness -- leika ngrum (Rm. 24), or leika vi ngr sr
(sna), Fms. iv. 167, 172, vii. 172, Orkn. 324, mod. leika vi hvern sinn ngr; also spila ngra, id.,
Fbr. 198; vita e- upp sinar tu ngr, to know a thing on one's ten ngers, i.e. have at one's ngers'
ends; fetta ngr t e-t, to nd fault with; rtta e-m ngr, digito monstrare, Grett. 117; sj ekki
ngra sinna skil, not to be able to distinguish one's ngers, of blindness, Bs. i. 118: other phrases
are rare and of foreign origin, e.g. sj gegnum ngr vi e-n, to shut one's eyes to a thing, etc.; ngr
digrir, thick ngers, of a clown, Rm. 8; but mj-ngrar, taper-ngered, epithet of a lady, 36;
ngra-mjkr, nimble-ngered; ngrar-ykkr, a nger thick, Al. 165; ngrar gmr, a nger's end,
Fs. 62; ngra star, the print of the ngers, Symb. 59; ngrar breidd, a nger's breadth. In the
Norse law (N. G. L. i. 172) the ngers are taxed, from the thumb at twelve ounces, to the little
nger at one ounce -- not so in the curious lawsuit recorded in Sturl. i. ch. 18-27. Also a measure, a
nger's breadth, Nj. 27, cp. MS. 732. 5: arithm. any number under ten, Alg. 362: botan., skolla-
ngr, a kind of fern, lycopodium. ngra-jrn, n. a 'nger-iron,' a thimble (?), Dipl. v. 18. ngr-
h, f. a nger's height, as measure.
ngr-bjrg, f. [Swed. nger-borg], a 'nger-shield,' a thimble.
ngr-brjtr, m. a 'nger-breaker,' a false move in chess, but uncertain which, Fms. iv. 366.
ngr-gull, n. a 'nger-gold', a ring, Nj. 16, Boll. 356, Bs. i. 641, Fms. iv. 130, Worsaae 243-246,
381-383, 433 sqq.
ngr-hggva, hj, to hew one's nger off, Ann. 1342.
ngrungr, m. a nger-ring, Stj. 191.
FINNA, pret. fann, 2nd pers. fannt, mod. fanst; pl. fundu; pres. nn and nnr; in old MSS. and
poetry freq. r, Hm. 23, but nnr 63; pret. subj. fynda; part. fundinn; sup. fundit; the forms funnu
and funnit may be found in MSS., but were probably never so pronounced; for even in Haustl. hund
and fundu rhyme together; with the neg. suff. fannka, Hm. 38: [Ulf. nan; A. S. ndan; Engl. nd;
Germ. nden; Swed. nna; Dan. nde] :-- to nd; Finnar kmu aptr ok hfu fundit hlutinn, Landn.
174; hann leitar ok r, sl. ii. 321; Kntr hinn Fundni, Canute the Foundling, Fms. i. 112; hann
herjai sland ok fann ar jarhs mikit, Landn. 32; fundu eir Hjrleif dauan, 35; ar fundusk
undir bein, Ld. 328. 2. to meet one; hversu opt hann fyndi smala-mann rar, Ld. 138; ok vildi eigi
nna Hkon konung, Fms. x. 3. . to visit; en gakk at nna konung, Nj. 7; veiztu ef vin
tt ... far at nna opt, Hm. 120. 3. to nd out, invent, discover: orsteinn er fann sumar-auka,
Landn. 131, Ld. 12; Ni fann vn at gra, Al. 64, Stj. 191; rnar munt nna, Hm. 143: hann fann
margar listir, r sem r hfu eigi fundnar verit, Edda (pref.) . to discover a country; leita lands
ess er Hrafna-Flki hafi fundit, Fms. i. 238: er sland fannsk ok bygisk, Landn. 24; rak
vestr haf ok fundu ar land mikit, 26; land at er kallat er Grnaland fannsk ok bygisk af slandi,
b. 9; ann tma fannsk sland, Eg. 15. . metaph. nna e-n at e-u, a law phrase, to bring a charge
home to one, Fms. xi. 75; hence also, vera fundinn a e-n, to be guilty of a thing; vera ekki at v
fundinn, to be not guilty of a thing; cp. the Engl. to 'nd' guilty. II. metaph. 1. to nd, perceive,
notice, feel; fannt at ek lauss li, Fm. 8; Gunnhildr nnr at, Nj. 9; fundu eir brtt, at angat
var skoti llum mlum, Eb. 330; hitki hann r tt en um hann fr lesi, Hm. 23; at nnr er
at ingi kemr, 24, 63; eir fundu eigi fyrr en fjlmenni dreif at eim, Fms. i. 136, Nj. 79. . impers.
fann at , it could be perceived, Eg. 51; fann mjk Dofra, er eir skildu, i.e. D. felt much at
their parting, Fms. x. 175; fann litt honum, hvrt honum tti vel er illa, it was little to be seen,
whether ..., Eb. 42. . nna til, to feel hurt, feel a sore pang, is a freq. mod. phrase, but rarely occurs
in old writers: nnr nkkut til hverr fjndskapr, etc., Anal. 175; en Aldran fann ekk til essa
sjlfr, r einn riddari tk brandinn af honum, ir. 358; hence tilnning, feeling. 2. to nd, bring
forward; nna e-t til, in support of a charge; ok nna at til forttu, at ..., Nj. 15; hvat nnr helzt
til ess, how dost thou make that out? 49; hann fann at til, at ..., Fms. vii. 258; Eylfr fann at
til, at ..., Nj. 244; hvat nnr til ess, what givest thou as the reason? Eb. 184; nna e-t vi, to
make objection to; hvrtz hinn r vi, at hann s eigi ar ingi, Grg, i. 22; fundu eir at vi,
um gjafor etta, Fms. x. 87, v.l. 3. as a law phrase, to nd money, to pay, lay out; hann skal eigi
nna meira af f v, en kaupa leg, Grg. i. 207; allra aura eirra er maginn skal nna me sr,
206; ok slka aura f. honum, ii. 210; hann enga heimting til ess er hann fann vi, Jb. 421 (MS.);
ef mar selr maga til frafrslu ok nnr f me, Grg. i. 266; eim rli er hann her fulla
veraura fyrir fundit, 358; hence in the old oath, ek hefka f boit dm enna, hefka ek fundit, ok
monka nna, hvrki til laga n laga (where bja and nna are opposed, i.e. bja to offer, nna to
pay actually], 75: hence is derived the law phrase, at nna sjlfan sik fyrir, to pay with one's self,
according to the law maxim, that 'he that cannot pay with his purse shall pay with his body,' used
metaph. to pay dear, to feel sorely; kva makligt at hann fyndi sik fyrir, Sturl. iii. 213, Eb. 154;
skalt sjlfan ik fyrir nna, Fms. iii. 110, xi. 256, orst. Su H. 9; the pun in Anal. 177 is a mere
play of words. 4. nna at e-u, to censure, Fbr. 112, Edda (pref.), very freq. in mod. usage, hence a-
nnsla and a-fyndni, censure; nearly akin is the phrase, at eitt nn ek Gunnlaugi, at mr ykir
hann vera rinn, that is the only fault I nd with Gunlaug, sl. ii. 217; ef nokkut vri at er at
mtti nna, if there was anything to blame, Sks. 69 new Ed. III. reex., 1. recipr. to meet with one
another, Fms. i. 19, Nj. 8, 48; eigi kemr mr at vart tt vit nnimk Islandi, Fs. 20. 2. for
some instances where the sense seems purely passive, see above. 3. freq. in a half passive reex.
sense, to be found, to occur; nnask dmi til, examples occur, Gl. 45; at nnsk rita, it is found
written, occurs in books, Fms. ii. 153; nnsk kvum eim er ..., Eg. 589. . metaph. to be
perceived, fannsk at mjk ru Erlings, Fms. vii. 258: adding , fannsk at opt jarli, Nj. 46;
fannsk at llu, at, it was easy to see, that ..., 17, 90; at fannsk Arnkatli goa, at ..., Eb. 178. .
nnask til e-s, to be pleased with a thing: impers., fannsk Grmi ftt til hans, Grim was little pleased
with him, Eg. 190; ekki fannsk Eirki til essa verks, Eric was not much pleased with it, Fs. 149;
fannsk mr eira til hans en annarra, I liked him better than the rest, Fms. i. 141; e-m nnst til e-s,
to value; honum nnsk ekki til, he thinks naught of it, thinks it worthless; Fas. i. 317, freq. in mod.
usage: nnask at e-u, to admire, Sighvat (obsol.): so in the phrase, lta sr lti um nnask, to pay
little heed to, rather dislike, Hkr. iii. 244; konungr lt sr ekki um at nnask, Fms. iv. 195; lt hann
sr ftt um nnask, vii. 29; Dagr lt sr ekki um nnask er ftt, iv. 382; lvi fannsk mikit um
hann, O. admired him much, Nj. 41; fannsk mnnum mikit um tal eirra, 18; honum fannsk um
mikit, he was much surprised, Hkr. iii. 355: e-m nnsk, one thinks, it seems to one; mr nnsk sem
hann ha nga verki, methinks he feels no pain, Barl. 101: nnsk mr sv, at engi mar, methinks
that no man, 15: very freq. in conversation, with inn. it seems to me, methinks. IV. part. nnandi,
a nder, 655 xii. 2; nnanda-spik, n. blubber which is the perquisite of the nder of a whale, Grg.
ii. 383: part. pass. fundit, beseeming, n mun ok vel fundit, at ..., Anal. 173.
FINNAR, m. the Finns and Lapps; Finnr, m. a Finn; Finna and Finn-kona, u, f. a Finn woman,
Fms. x. 378; Finn-mrk, f. Finmark, Fms. passim; Finnland, n. Finland; Finnlendingar, m. pl.
the Finns; the name Lapps only occurs in Orkn. ch. 1. and Ann. of the 14th century; Finn-fer or
Finn-fr, f. or Finn-kaup, n. travelling or trading with the Finns or Lapps, Fms. vii, Eg. 25, Hkr. ii.
162; Finn-skattr, m. tribute paid by the Finns, Eg. 53, Fms. vi. 377; Finn-skref, n. cargo in a Finn
merchant ship, Fas. ii. 515. 516; Finnskr, adj. Finnic, Lapp, etc., vide Fms, passim. The trade with
the Finns or Lapps was in old times regarded as a royal monopoly, cp. esp. Eg. ch. 10, 14. . H. ch.
122, Har. S. harr. ch. 104, 106. and the deeds and laws passim. II. again the Finns or Lapps were in
old times notorious for sorcery, hence the very names Finn and sorcerer became synonymous, cp.
Vd. ch. 12, Landn. 3. 2, Har. S. hrf. ch. 25, 34, Hkr. l. S. Tr. ch. 36; the law forbids to believe in
Finns or witchcraft (tra Finn er fordur), N. G. L. i. 389, 403 :-- often in the phrase, Finn-
fer, f. going to the Finns; fara Finn-farar, f. pl. (N. G. L. i. 350) and fara Finn-mrk at spyrja
sp (352) are used like Germ. 'to go to the Blocksberg;' Finn-vitka, a, to 'Finn-witch,' i.e. bewitch
like a Finn, Fb. ii. 78; Finn-blur, f. pl. or Finnar, m. pl., medic. 'Finn-pox,' pustules in the face,
Fl. ix. 209; Finn-brkr, f. pl. 'Finn-breeks,' wizard-breeks, concerning which see Maurer's
Volkssagen.
nnerni, mod. rnindi, n. pl. a wilderness, desert, in the phrase, fjll ok f., Fms. viii. 432.
nn-glkn, n. (nn-galp, Fas. iii. 473, wrongly), a fabulous monster, half man, half beast, Nj. 183,
Landn. 317. v.l., Fms. v. 246: the word centaur is rendered by nnglkn, 673. 2, Rb. (1812. 17);
hence nn-glkna, part. n. a gramm. term to express incongruous metaphors and the like, cp.
Horace's 'desinit in piscem ...,' Sklda 187, 204.
nnungr, m., botan. juncus squarrosus; sinu-f., tu-f., nardus stricta, Norse Finna-skg = Finn's
beard.
FIPA, a, pa fyrir e-m, to disturb, confuse one in reading or speaking: reex., e-m past, one is
confounded, in reading or talking.
pla, a, to touch, nger, Grett. 203 A: for the proverb vide feigr.
pling, vide fing.
rin-verk, n. pl. lechery, Hkv. 1. 40.
rn, n. pl. (mod. rni), [Ulf. fairina = GREEK], an abomination, shocking thing; mltu margir at
slkt vri mikil rn, Nj. 156, Fs. 62, Sturl. i. 12, Fms. vi. 38, Gull. 13; sv miklum rnum, Eg.
765; f. ok endemi, or heyr rn, what a monstrous thing! Fms. vii. 21, 25: the saying, rnum ntr
ess er rnum fr, cp. the Lat. 'male parta male dilabuntur,' Fbr. 28, Grett. 16 new Ed.: gen. pl.
rna-, used as a prex to adjectives and nouns, shockingly. COMPDS: rna-djarfr, adj. mad, Fms.
vii. 65, xi. 54. rna-frost, n. an awful frost, Hom. 87. rna-fullr, adj. awful, Fas. i. 24. rna-harr,
adj. violent, Fms. viii. 225. II. in mod. usage, rni = a great deal, a lot; rnin o:ll, a vast lot.
rna, a, [Ulf. fairinon = GREEK], to blame, with acc. of the person, gen. of the thing, Hm. 92, 93;
rnattu mik, blame not me, Korm. 100 (in a verse); rna e-n um e-t, id., Mork. 36.
rnari, compar. one degree farther, of odd degrees of cousinship. e.g. three on one side and four on
the other, Grg. i. 50. 171, passim: cp. D. l. i. 385.
FIRRA, , [fjarri], to deprive one of a thing, with dat. of the thing, acc. of the person; egar er hann
ri r augum, whenever he lost sight of Thord, Fms. vi. 201; rr rki ok fstrlandi, bereft of
kingdom and 'fosterland,' iii. 6; rra e-n festar-konu sinni, Grg. i. 314; rra konu ri lgranda,
343, cp. Kb. ii. 50. . to save, defend; vir v rri (defend) oss Gus son, Stj. 152; rra e-n mli,
Fms. v. 307; rra e-n hfu. vi. 383; hppum, Lv. 94 (Ed. frum). 2. reex. to shun; rrask fund e-
s, Eg. 70: hann vildi f. alu ys, Fms. i. 272; rsk eigi gfu na, don't shirk thy good luck,
Glm. 382; rrask e-n er ja, Grg. i. 233; ef kona rrisk bnda sinn, if a wife elopes from her
husband, 353, cp. Hm. 163; heilsa rrisk e-n, health departs from one, Sturl. ii. 114 C. II. part. rr
or rrr, as adj. bereft of, void of, Skv. 2. 7, 3. 13, 24; vammi r, faultless, holy, Stor. 23.
rri, adj. compar. farther, Nj. 124, (vide fjarr.)
rring, f. a shunning, removal, Bs. i. 740.
rtur, f. pl. fretfulness; rtinn, adj. fretful; rtast, t, dep. to fret.
rzkr, adj. from fjrr, q.v., in a great many compds, Brei-rzkr, Ey-rzkr, Skag-rzkr, etc.,
Landn., Sagas, passim.
ska,, a, to sh, vide skja. sk-bein, n. a sh-bone, Blas. 40, Bs. i. 368.
sk-bleikr, adj. pale as a sh, Fms. vii. 269.
sk-gengd, f. a shoal of sh, Grg. ii. 350.
sk-hryggr, m. a sh-spine, Fms. viii. 221.
ski, f., irreg. gen. skjar (as if from skr), shing, Grg. ii. 383, Gl. 422, Bs. i. 360; leysa net til
skjar, 656 C. 2; ra, fara til skjar, to go a-shing, Edda 35, Bs. i. 654, Fas. ii. 113; fara ski,
Grg. i. 150; ra ski, Gull. 5, Fbr. 158; ra at ski, Bs. i. 654; ll ski Lax, Am. 91.
COMPDS: ski-ai, a, m. shing stores. ski-, f. a sh-river, Jb. 305. ski-btr, m. a shing-boat,
625. 63. ski-bekkr, m. a brook full of sh, Fr. ski-brg, n. pl. shing, ski-b, f. a shing-
booth, Grg. i. 471. ski-drttr, m. catching sh. ski-dugga, u, f., vide dugga. ski-fang, n. a
catch of sh, Eg. 130, Fms. xi. 225; in pl. stores of sh, Bjarn. 34. ski-fla, u, f. 'sh-fouler,' a
nickname of one who returns without having caught any sh, fara flu, Finnb. 352. ski-fri, n.
shing-gear. ski-fr, f. a shing expedition, Gl. 425. ski-gangr, m., -ganga, u, f., and -gengd, f.
a shoal of sh, Vigl. 22. ski-garr, m. a sh-pond, B. K. 119. ski-gjf, f. a contribution in sh,
N. G. L. i. 257. ski-ggn, n. pl. shing-tackle, Gl. 424. ski-hylr, m. a sh-pond, Fr. ski-karl,
m. a sherman, Fas. i. 6: metaph. a spider = dordingull, q.v. ski-ku, m. a shing-jacket with a
cowl or hood, Fms. vi. 388. ski-ligt, n. adj. t for shing, Bs. ii. 141. ski-lkr, m. a brook full of
sh, Glm., Karl. 486. ski-mar, m. a sherman, Bs. i. 360, Blas. 38, Fms. vii. 121, 122. ski-
ml, n. the range within which shing is carried on, Gl. 461. ski-mi, n. the place where the sh-
shoals are. ski-net, n. a shing-net. ski-rr, m. rowing out for sh in an open boat, Eb. 26, 28,
Br. 169. ski-saga, u, f. sh-news, viz. of shoals of sh, in the saying, gr skisaga, jal. 35.
ski-setr, n. a shing-place, Boldt. ski-skli, a, m. a sherman's hut, Fms. v. 305, Grg. i. 471.
ski-skip, n. a shing-boat, 656 C. 2, Bs. i. 326. ski-st, f. a shing-place, N. G. L. i. 257. ski-
stng, f. a shing-spear, Gsl. 21. ski-tollr, m. sh-toll, Vm. 149. ski-vatn, n. a lake full of sh,
Gl. 455, Stj. 91; in pl. as local name, Ld. ski-veir, f. a catching of sh, Fms. v. 232, Grg. ii.
337, Vm. 158, 170. ski-vl, f. a shing device, D. N. ski-ver, n. a shing-place, shing, Fms. xi.
225, Pm. 74, Band. 4, Hkr. ii. 272. ski-vist, f. a sherman's abode, Vm. 155.
skinn, adj. good at shing.
skja, t; pret. pl. sktu, Landn. 271; ski, Grg. Kb. i. 132; skja, N. G. L. i. 139, Bs. i. 326; pres.
skir, Grg. i. 470, 471; scar, Kb. i. 132, is undoubtedly wrong; skt (sup.), 656 C. 2: in mod.
usage always a, and so in MSS. of the 15th century; pres. skar, Gl. 427; pret. skai, Bs. i. 360;
pl. skau, Fas. ii. 111, B. K. 120 :-- to sh; skja sld, Fms. x. 22.
sk-laust, n. adj. 'sh-less;' and sk-leysi, n. bad shing.
sk-lsi, n. sh-oil.
FISKR, m. [Lat. piscis; Ulf. sks; A. S. sc; Engl. sh; Germ. sch; Swed.-Dan. sk] :-- a sh, of
both sea and fresh-water sh, esp. cod, trout, salmon are often GREEK called 'sh,' Sks. 180, Hkr.
ii. 385; var ar undir f. ngr, Br. 169; at mii v er ik man aldri sk bresta, id.; ar var hvert
vatn fullt af skum, Eg. 134; fugla ok ska, Grg. ii. 345, Sturl. ii. 165, passim; of the zodiacal
shes, 1812. 17 :-- different kind of sh, heilagr skr (mod. heilag-ski), halibut, orf. Karl., Bs. i.
365; atr f., id., Edda 35; hval-f., a 'whale sh;' beit-f. (q.v.), bait sh; ill-skar, ill or evil shes,
sharks; skel-f., shell sh; blautr f., fresh sh, N. G. L. iii. ch. 2, 5; skarpr f., dried sh, Bs. i. 209,
365, 367, in mod. usage harr skr; fre-f. = frer-f., frozen sh, preserved by being frozen: as to
shing vide Hm. 17 sqq., Bs. ii. ch. 2, 87, Gum. S. ch. 87, Nj. ch. 11, Edda l.c., Eb. ch. 11, Fbr.
ch. 40, Landn. 2. 5, Ld. ch. 12, 58, Br. ch. 9, Rafn S. ch. 10, D. I. and Bs. passim in the Miracle-
books: the section of law regarding this important branch of livelihood in Iceland is wanting in the
present Grgs, proving that this collection is not complete, but in a fragmentary state. . the esh
of a sh, for in Icel. the word esh can only be used of a land-animal; thus, hvtr skinn, having
white esh. II. metaph., kinn-skar, the esh on the cheeks (of a man); kinnska-soginn, with
sunken cheeks: the phrase, e-m vex skr um hrygg, one's back gains muscle, i.e. one gains strength:
fjr-skr, live sh, a phrase for spasms of the muscles, the 'growing pains' common in children, --
the fjr-skr is said to bound or leap (sprikla), which is regarded as a sign of good health and
growth. III. sh were used as units of value, each = half an ell's worth (vide alin), esp. in southern
and Western Icel., cp. skviri; hence the standing phrase in the title-page of books of later times,
'charge so many shes.' COMPDS: ska-, f. = ski, Jb. 305. ska-fer, f. = skigangr, B. K. 119.
ska-kaup, n. the purchase of (dried) sh, Bjarn. 34. ska-kyn, n. a kind of sh, Stj. 18. ska-
merki, n. the zodiac, Rb. 104. ska-pollr, m. a sh-pool, Bret. ska-skip, n. a shing-vessel, Fms.
v. 101. ska-st, f. = skist, Ld. 4. ska-stng, f. = skistng, Gsl. 104. ska-tund, f. sh-
tithe, Vm. 173. ska-tollr, ska-ver, vide ski-, Am. 3, Fms. iv. 330, and endless other compds.
sk-reki, a, m. 'sh-driver,' a kind of whale, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 125; as a nickname, Eb., Landn.: sh
drifted ashore, Vm. 18.
sk-veir, sk-ver, etc., vide ski-.
sk-viri, n. the value of a sh, about two-pence Engl.; cp. skr III.
sk-ti, n. sh-meat.
FIT, f., pl. tjar, gen. tja, dat. tjum, the webbed foot of water-birds, (hence t-fuglar opposed to
kl-fuglar), Grg. i. 416, Sks. 169: also of a seal, 179. tja-skamr, adj. havinga short f. (of a seal),
Ld. 56. 2. the web or skin of the feet of animals, t af fremra fti, ok gra af sk, N. G. L. i. 31,
Fas. iii. 386, Fms. iv. 336. II. metaph. meadow land on the banks of a rth, lake, or river, Fms. iv.
41, Vm. 168; tjum r eirrar er fellr millum hsa, Krk. 38, Eg. 132; Agnat (in Sweden), very
freq. in Icel. names of places, vide Landn. 2. the edge or hem of a sock, knitted things, etc., hence
tja upp, to begin knitting a piece; dkr tja-lagr, a hemmed kerchief, Pm. 99.
ta, u, f. [feitr], fat, grease, Fms. iii. 186; in many compds.
t-fugl, n. a web-footed bird, water-bird, Sks. 169.
tja, a, [cp. A. S. fettan, Engl. to t], to web, knit; hann lt tja saman ngrna, he webbed the
ngers together, like the foot of a duck or seal, in order to swim better, Grett. 148. . tja upp sokk,
etc., to 'cast on' a sock or the like, i.e. make the rst stitches in knitting it: metaph., tja upp nef
sr, to knit or screw up the nose in anger, Dan. 'slaa krller paa nsen;' so in Engl. 'to knit the
brows.'
tla, a, to nger, to dget; f. me ngrinum, Clar.; and tl, n. dgeting.
tna, a, to become fat, Karl. 448.
t-skr, m. a shoe made of t (I. 2 = hemingr), Fms. vii. 297.
FFA, u, f. [Gr. GREEK], cotton grass, eriophorum, Stj. 40; Icel. say, lttr sem fa, light as f.; ffu-
kveykr, m. a wick of f. . metaph. and pot. an arrow, Edda (Gl.): the name of a ship, from her
swiftness, Orkn.
fl-bleikr, adj. dandelion-yellow, used only of a horse, Vgl. 20, Finnb. 278.
FFILL, m., dat. fi, pl. far, a dandelion; the withered fll is called bifu-kolla, q.v.: used in
compds of divers wild owers of similar kind, unda-fll or skari-fll, hawk-weed; Jakobs-f.,
Jacob's staff; fjalla-f., common avens or herb bennet, geum; heia-f., liver-wort, hepatica alba; tn-
f. = common fll, Bjrn, Hjalt.: metaph. a ower, blossom; renna upp sem fll brekku, to run up
like a weed on a bank (of youth); fegri man eg fl minn, I mind when my bloom was fairer, i.e.
remember happier days, Eggert.
FFL, m. [A. S. fal = monster], a fool, clown, boor, Gsl. 46 sqq., Korm. 76, Sd. 176, Fms. vi. 217;
f ok afglapi, ii. 156: the proverb, v er f a ftt er kennt, no wonder one is a fool, if one has
never been taught; dala-f, a 'dale-fool,' one born and bred in a low dale, Gautr. S. (Fas. iii), ch. 1
sqq., Parcevals S.; for popular tales respecting such characters vide sl. js. ii. 505 sqq.; eldhs-
f = Germ. asch-brdel; skld-f, a potaster, Edda. fs-ligr, adj. foolish; f. hjal, foolish talk,
Flv. 43.
fa, u, f. a girl, Grett.
fa, d, [vle, Ivar Aasen], with acc. to fool one, Sklda 168. 2. to beguile a woman, Glm. 377, Fs.
60, Nj. 107: reex., fask at konu, id., Rd. 318, Bs. i. 663: of a woman, to fall into illicit love, Stj.
321, Bs. i. 653.
fingar, f. pl. beguilement, Lv. 5, Fs. 138, Eb. 142, Bs. i. 447.
f-megir, m. pl. an GREEK, Vsp. 51, 'monster-men,' ends; cp. A. S. fal = monster.
f-ra, u, f. foolish talk, nonsense, Mag. 6.
fska, u, f. foolishness, folly, Eg. 729; fsku-fullr, adj. full of folly, Hkr. iii. 274.
f-skapr, m. folly, 625. 192; hence the phrase, hafa e-t skaparmlum, to speak vainly of a thing
(viz. sacred things).
fskr, adj. foolish, Landn.; a nickname.
f-yri, n. pl. foolish, foul language, Gsl. 53.
FFRILDI, mod. rildi through a false etymology, as if it were from ri, [O. H. G. viveltre; A.
S. falde; provinc. Germ. feifalter; Swed. fjril; Norse vreld or brelde; Lat. p&a-long;pilio] :-- a
buttery, Flor. 18.
fgra, u, f. [Lat. word], a metaphor, Sklda 160, Alg. 356: a gure of speech, Sklda 183, 211, Stj.
524.
fkinn, adj. [Dan. gen; Swed. ken; wanting in Germ., Engl., and A. S.] :-- greedy, eager; freq. in
pot. compds, b-f., gunn-f., mor-f., sigr-f., etc., warlike, valiant, Lex. Pot.
FKJA, u, f. [Lat. cus; Germ. feige], a g, Stj. 331. COMPDS: fkju-kjarni, a, m. the kernels or
seeds of a g, Stj. 645. fkju-tr, n. = fk-tr, N. T.
fkjask, t, dep. to desire eagerly; f. f, Sl. 34; f. eptir e-u, id.
fkjum, dat. used as adv. eagerly, very, freq. in the Jd.; kjum grimm, 12; fkjum llt, 26; fkjum
haukligt, 41; fkjum htt, exceeding high, Hom. (St.) 58.
fkni, f. eagerness.
fkr, adj. eager, greedy, Fms. vi. 404 (in a verse).
fk-tr, n. a g-tree, Stj. 36, 325, 399, 403, Mar. 32.
fkula, adv. greedily, Fms. vi. (in a verse).
FLL, m. [early Swed. and Dan. l], an elephant; this interesting word, which is still in exclusive
use in Icel., was borrowed from the Persian l, and came to Scandinavia in early times, probably by
the eastern road of trade through Russia and Constantinople; it occurs in a verse of the 10th century
(Fb. i. 209), the genuineness of which may be doubtful, but at all events the word is old; freq. in Al.,
Stj., Flv., and romances. But lfaldi, Goth. ulbandus, A. S. olfend or olvend, a corruption of the Gr.
GREEK, means camel. COMPDS: fls-bein or fla-bein, n. ivory, Al., Edda (pref.), Str. fls-tnn, f.
ivory, Mar.
FNN, adj. [Ital. ne and no = perfect, from Lat. nis; Engl. ne; Germ. fein] :-- ne; it occurs in
the Icel. poems Nikulas-drpa and Ska-rima, and prob. came to Icel. along with the English trade
at the beginning of the 15th century; sax fnt sem spegill, Fas. iii. 543 (MS. 15th century): in a good
sense, girnst barn mitt blezan f, bjrg lfs og gfu fna, ne luck, happiness, Pass. 37. 4. . of
clothes, 'fnn' is opp. to 'coarse,' but the use of the word is rare in Icel.
FRAR, m. pl. [A. S. ras], pot. men, people, Ls. 25, Hm. 25, Edda (Gl.); fjl er at er fra tregr
(a saying), Sdm. 30, passim.
fsa, a strong verb, pret. feis, [Swed. sa; Dan. se; akin to Lat.], pedere, Hbl. 26; en hann feis vi,
sl. ii. 177.
fsi-belgr, m. small bellows.
fsi-sveppr, m. a kind of fungus, = gor-kla.
ftn-, in compds; hence the mod. ftungr, m. frenzy; [from the Gr. GREEK; mid. Lat. phitones =
wizards, Du Cange; phitoness = GREEK, a witch, Chaucer.] COMPDS: ftns-andi, a, m. magic,
Fms. i. 76, x. 223, Fas. iii. 457: mod. frenzy. ftns-kona, u, f. a sorceress, Stj. 491. ftns-list, f.
magical art, Edda (pref.) ftns-mar, m. a sorcerer, Stj. 647, 651.
fjara-, vide fjr, a feather.
fjar-hamr, m. a 'feather ham,' winged haunch (in northern tales), like that of Icarus in the Greek
legend, kv. 3, 5, 9, ir. 92, 93, Al. 72.
fjar-kli, n. pl. a feather-bed used as a coverlet, Js. 78.
fjar-lauss, adj. featherless, Edda 77.
fjar-srr, adj. feather-wounded, of a bird changing feathers, K. . K. 112, K. . 164.
fjar-spjt, n. a kind of spear, Grett. 121, Fs. 64.
fjar-stafr, m. the barrel of a quill, Stj. 79.
fjala-, vide fjl, a deal, plank, board.
fjal-hgg, n. a chopping block, Vpn. 24, Bs. i. 696.
FJALL, n., pl. fjll, [a Scandin. word, Swed. fjll, Dan. fjld, but wanting in the Germ. and Saxon,
not even used in the Ormul., but freq. in North. E. and Scot., where it is of Dan. origin] :-- a fell,
mountain, Nj. 25, Hkr. i. 228, Grett. 149, in endless instances: in the phrase, a gengr fjllunum
hra, it mounts higher than the fells, cries to heaven, of injustice: in allit. phrases, fjll og rnindi,
fells and deserts (vide nnerni); fjall er fjrr, fells or rths, Hm. 117, N. G. L. i. 117: the pl. fjll
is used of a mountain with many peaks, Eyja-fjll, Vala-fjll, Hafnar-fjll, Fbr.; but Akra-fjall,
Fagraskgar-fjall, of a single mountain: the pl. is also used of a chain of mountains, thus, Alpa-fjll,
the Alps; Pyrenea-fjll, the Pyrenees; but Dofra-fjall, the Dofra range in Norway: in biblical names
it is usually prexed, e.g. fjalli Sina, fjalli Horeb, etc.; but also Gilboa-fjll, Sam. Slm. 2. 1,
prob. for the sake of euphony: fjall is also used GREEK, and as a pr. noun, of the Alps, in the
phrase, fyrir noran fjall, i.e. Germany north of the Alps; sunnan um fjall, i.e. Italy; the German
emperor is called keisari fyrir noran fjall, Fms. ix. 229, x. 101, Landn. 24, Fas. i. 223; Norway is
also divided into sunnan fjall (i.e. Dofre) and noran fjall; in mod. Norse, Norden-fjlds og Snden-
fjlds, Fms. x. 3. COMPDS: fjalla-bak, n. the back of a fell, the sun sinks a fjalla baki, behind the
fells. fjalla-dalr, m. a valley, 673. 53. fjalla-f, n. sheep on the fells or hill-pastures. fjalla-gol, n. a
light breeze from the fells, Fr. 203, opp. to haf-gola, a breeze off the sea. fjalla-grs, n. pl., botan.
lichen Islandicus. fjalla-klo, a, m. a cleft or pass between fells, Stj. 87, Al. 26. fjalla-la, u, f.
'fell-sneaker,' a mist leaving the fells clear, but covering the low land. fjalla-sn, f. mountain-view,
Bs. ii. 179, freq. in names of places, vide Landn. fjalla-tindr, m. a peak. fjalls-brn, f. the brow,
edge of a fell, Stj. 402, D. I. i. 471. fjalls-hl, f. a fell-side, Fms. i. 211, ix. 527. fjalls-hyrna or
fjalls-gnpa, u, f. the horn of a fell, a sharp peak. fjalls-hir, f. pl. summits, Stj. 59, 607. fjalls-
mli, a, m. a 'mull' or crag projecting between two valleys, Landn. 313. fjalls-rtr, f. pl. the roots
of a f., i.e. the foot of a mountain; the fells are metaph. regarded as trees rooted in the earth, but cp.
the mythical tale in Edda 19 and 221 (App.) fjalls-xl, f. the shoulder of a fell, Stj. 529, Fas. i. 53.
fjall, n. a fell, skin, Lat. pellis, vide berfjall, (rare.)
fjalla, a, to clothe with a fell, cover with fur; fjalla um ik me gum klum, Clar.: metaph. to
treat; hence comes the part. fjallar, adj. tinted, coloured; bl-fjallar, black, etc.; gull-fjallar, gilt,
Fas. ii. 173.
fjall-berg, n. a crag, precipice, Fms. ii. 277.
fjall-borg, f. a hill-fort, Stj. 380.
fjall-byg, f. a county among fells, 625. 87, Eg. 58, Hkr. ii. 65.
fjall-dalr, m. a dale in the fells, Eg. 137, Hkr. i. 47.
fjall-dr, n. a beast of the fells, wild beast, Bs. ii. 137 (of a fox).
fjall-fer, f. a 'fell-trip,' mountain excursion, Fs. 71.
fjall-ganga, u, f. going into the fell-pastures to gather sheep, Jb. 284, Vpn. 22. fjallgngu-mar,
m. men searching the fells for sheep.
fjall-garr, m. a wall of fells, range of hills, Hkr. i. 8, A. A. 287 (of the Alps), Sks. 143.
fjall-gola, u, f. a breeze from the fells.
fjall-hagi, a, m. a fell-pasture, Eb. 54, Jb. 243.
fjall-hola, u, f. a 'fell-hole,' cavern, Sks. 714.
fjalligr, adj. hilly, mountainous, Sks. 42, (rare.)
fjall-kona, u, f. 'fell-queen,' a giantess, Bs. ii. 26, (rare.)
fjall-mar, m. = fjallgngumar, Sd. 156.
fjall-nr, m. a law term, a man put to death by being exposed on a fell, opp. to glg-nr hanged, s-
nr drowned, vide Grg. Vsl. ch. 90, cp. Rd. ch. 21, 22.
fjall-rapi, mod. fjall-drapi, a, m. a kind of dwarf birch, Bs. i. 7, Edda (Gl.), Hjalt., Bjrn.
fjall-rota, u, f. [Norse rutte], a kind of wild partridge, Edda (Gl.)
fjall-rnn, adj. blowing from the fells, Kristni S. (in a verse).
fjall-skar, n. a gap in the fell, mountain-pass, Krk. 64.
fjall-skera, , a pun, Krk. l.c., = gilja, to beguile, (fjallskar = gil.)
fjall-skora, u, f. a 'fell-scaur,' Hkr. iii. 323, v.l.
fjall-skgr, m. a mountain forest, Stj. 256, 644.
fjall-sltta, u, f. a mountain plain, table land, Flor.
fjall-stng, f. a fellsman's staff, Eb. 106.
fjall-tindr, m. a mountain peak, = fjalla-tindr, Edda (pref.)
fjall-vegr, m. a mountain road, Stj. 352, v.l., sl. ii. 349, Fms. viii. 50.
fjall-vir, m. timber from the fells, Gl. 455.
fjall-vindr, m. a land wind, opp. to hafvindr, Eg. 370.
fjall-oka, u, f. fog from the fells.
fjalms-fullr, adj. = felmsfullr, O. H. L. 27.
FJARA, u, f., gen. fjru, [a Scandin. word, which remains in Orphir in the Orkneys, vide ey] :-- the
ebb-tide, ebb, 415. 10, Edda 32-34, Fms. xi. 6, Fs. 157, Grg. ii. 352-366, passim. 2. [cp. fore- in
the Engl. fore-shore], the fore-shore, beach, sea-board, Edda l.c., Grg. i. 91, Fas. ii. 148, Nj. 19,
Eb. 292, Grett. 89, Orkn. 336, passim: the allit. saying, milli fjalls ok fjru, between fell and fore-
shore; var skgr milli fjalls ok fjru, at that time it was forest between fell and fore-shore, i.e. all
over the low land, Landn. 28, b. ch. 1; ar sem mtisk gras er f., where the grass and sea-beach
join, Dipl. iii. 11. COMPDS: fjru-bor, n. the sea-board, the breadth of the fjara, metaph. from a
cup, cp. the mythical tale in Edda l.c. fjru-grjt, n. the gravel on the beach, Fms. ii. 93, Fas. ii.
112. fjru-grs, n. pl., botan. a kind of sea-weed, opp. to fjallagrs. fjru-kngr (fjru-kfungr),
m. a kind of snail. fjru-makr, m. a kind of worm used for bait. fjru-mar, m. the owner of the
shore, Grg. ii. 367, Jb. 318. fjru-mark, n. the land-marks on the shore, Jb. 320, Dipl. ii. 5, Grg.
ii. 361. fjru-ml, n. the rim of the shore between the ood line and the ebb, more usually
arml, Sturl. ii. 35, v.l. fjru-nytjar, f. pl. used of drift-timber, dead whales, sea-weed, or the
like, Engl. jetsum, Vm. 75, 80. fjru-steinn, m. shingle on the beach, Bs. i. 506 :-- mark stones,
shewing the tide is so far out as to leave a way along the beach, 656 C. 31. fjru-stfr, m. a piece
of strand or strand right belonging to a farm, Dipl. iii. 11.
fjara, a, (but fjari, Korm. 118), to ebb; er fjari, fjarar (pres.), Vm. 96, Korm. l.c.; fjara uppi, of a
ship, to be aground, Hkr. i. 152; so, fjarai um ntt t undan skipinu, the ship was left on dry land,
Fms. xi. 241; fjarar n undan skipinu, Ld. 56: metaph. to be upset, Str. 32 (badly): impers., skip
(acc.) hans fjarai uppi, his ship ran aground, Fms. iv. 65; sum skipin vru uppi fjru, Hkr. i.
152.
fjarar-, vide fjrr, a rth.
fjarg-hs, n. pl. [farg, fergja, fjrgyn], huge, big houses, Akv. 39, 42.
fjarg-vefjask, dep. to groan and lament, Bjarn. 69 (in a verse), (MS. argvear, r = z = sk; the
explanation given in Lex. Pot, cannot be right. Ls. 19 is corrupt, so that there is no evidence for the
word fjrg = gods.)
fjarg-virask, a, dep. to groan as under a weight; f. drin sein og ung, Bb. 3. 35: the phrase, f.
um e-t, to groan, make a fuss about nothing.
fjar-lg, f. distance, Rb. 476, passim.
fjar-lgjask, , to leave far behind, A. R. ii. 151, Stat. 282.
fjar-lgr, adj. 'far-lying,' distant, Fms. i. 289, x. 227, Mar. 207.
fjarr, adj. being far off, an obsolete word; as to the dubious passage Alm. 5 vide farri.
fjarran, adv. [A. S. feorran; Old Engl. ferne; Germ. fern; Swed. fjrran; Dan. fjern], far off, Hkr.
ii. 37, D. N. v. 24, = fjarri.
fjarri, compar. rr, mod. fjr, superl. rst or rrst, mod. fjrst; [Gr. GREEK; Goth. fairra,
which is also used to transl. GREEK: A. S. feor; Engl. far; Hel. and O. H. G. fer] :-- far off; v at
tlendir hfingjar vru eim jafnan fjarri, . H. 34; sv at fjarri ugu brotin, ew far off, Edda 19;
vide sl. ii. 483, passim; skattlndin au er fjarri lgu, the provinces that were at a distance (fjar-
lgr), Eg. 536: with dat., slu fjarri, Vsp. 44; hvrt sem eru nr kirkju ea fjarri kirkju-gari, far
from the churchyard, K. . K. 28; standa f. e-m, to stand far from one; hamingjan st honum eigi
fjarri, Al. 82; sttu mr fjarri, Nj. 19; tibr at er rst var hsum, farthest from the houses,
168; hvar fjarri rum mnnum, quite far from other men, Grett. 127; eim mnnum er rst bygu
megin-hruum, who lived farthest from the chief counties, Fms. iv. 144; at horn lands sns er
rst er lrittar-vrn hans, Grg. ii. 224; ttusk eir bazt hafa er rst vru eirra samgangi, the
farther off the better, Glm. 380; sv htt at mtti heyra gerla tt eir vri rr, Nj. 118; at
skip leggi rr b (dat.) en sv, Grg. i. 91; eigi rr gari en rskots-helgi, 82; far rr sundi,
begone from the sound, Hbl. 54; farit rr hsi, Am. 37; the phrase, ganga e-m hendi rr, to go out of
one's hand, be lost, Rd. 283, Grett. (in a verse); ykki mr hann jafnan betri rr mr en nr, Fms.
iv. 330; hvrt at er nr honum ea rr, Rb. 38, (mod., nr ea fjr); me hramminum eim er rr
var berginu, Grett. 101; rr meir, farther aloof; bnda-mgrinn sat rr meir, Fms. i. 280; ok v rr
meir, at ..., and so much more aloof, in order that ..., Sks. 365: in the proverb, allt er fjrvi rr, all is
farther than life, i.e. life is the nearest, dearest thing,, Ld. 266, (or, f er fjrvi rr); at rr, much
less, Eg. ch. 14; tt hann s rr farinn, though be be far away, Hm. 33. II. metaph., taka e-u fjarri,
to take a thing far, i.e. to take it coolly, deny it atly; Ormr tk v ekki fjarri, Fms. i. 209; eir tku
v ekki fjarri, 229; ek tla at n eigi fjarri, well, I think it's not far wrong, Nj. 248: with dat., ok er
at ekki fjarri hennar skapi, 'tis not far from her mind, 49; at er fjarri skapi fur mns, Lv. 87;
talar at eigi fjarri rttu, thou sayest what is not far from right, Fms. ii. 14; eigi fjarri v at lengd,
i.e. about so long a time, Bs. i. 61; ferr eigi fjarri getu minni, Fms. iv. 312, vi. 104; the phrase, fjarri
fer v, it 'fares' far from that, i.e. far from it, by no means; ok er v fjarri orit er ek vilda at vri,
it is far from what I had wished for, Valla L. 221; n s ek eigi at mr mtti rr um fara en r, now
I see not how I can fare worse than thou, Grett. 150. . far from, bereft of; fjarri fer-munum, bereft
of my patrimony, Fm. 8; fjarri vinum, friendless, Sighvat; fjarri augum sem menjum, bereft of eyes
and treasures, i.e. losing both life and money, Akv. 27.
fjarski, a, m. a far distance; vera, liggja, fjarska, to be afar off, Fms. xi. 57, Sks. 183, Fas. iii.
459 :-- metaph. in mod. usage immensity, and in many COMPDS: fjarska-legr, adj. immense.
fjarska-liga, adv. immensely, fjarska-mikill, fjarska-str, adj. immensely big, etc.
fjar-str, adj. 'far-standing,' far from; fjarsttt er um a vrt, there is a long way between our
strength, i.e. no comparison, Fms. iii. 187.
fjar-snis, adv. far off, out of sight, Mar.
fjar-tki, n. [taka fjarri], a at refusal, Fas. iii. 527.
fjar-vist, f. living far off, Sks. 190.
FJ, , [Goth. nan = GREEK; A. S. feon or fjan], to hate; an obsolete word, but occurs in Hm.
22, Ls. 35: reex., fjsk e-n, to hate one, Skm. 33. Its participle however remains in all Teut.
dialects, vide fjndi below.
fjr, part. [f], monied, Bjarn. 18.
fjlbr or fjlfr, n. a dubious word, [akin to fela (?)], the deep, an abyss, Haustl. 18; undir-f., the
lower deep, the abyss, d. 19.
fjlg-leikr, m. [felegbed = security, Dan. ballads], trust, faith, Hom. 122.
fjlgr, adj. [feleg = safe in Dan. ballads; fjelg = comfortable, Ivar Aasen; prob. from fela] :-- safe,
well kept, only in compds, gl-fjlgr, hid in embers, of a re, t. 21; inn-f., stied, of tears, Hkv. 2.
43.
fjnd-okkr, m. a host of enemies, N. G. L. i. 34.
fjndi, a, m., mod. fjandi, pl. fjndr, mod. also fndr; dat. fjndum, mod. fjndum; [Ulf. ands =
GREEK; A. S. feond; Engl. end; Germ. feind; Swed. ende; Dan. fjende; the nd indicates the part.;
whereas, Engl. foe seems to be formed from the inn.] :-- prop. a hater. 1. an enemy, Hkv. 2. 30, 35,
Rb. 380; freq. in old poetry, vide Lex. Pot.: in the allit. phrase, sem frndr, en eigi fjndr, as
friends, not foes, sl. ii. 380: the heathen maxim, gefat num fjndum fri, give no truce to thy foes,
Hm. 128. 2. [Dan. fanden; Swed. fan], after the introduction of Christianity fjndi came to mean a
end, the end, Bs. i. 452, Nirst. 4; fjndr en eigi menn, ends and no men, Fas. ii. 535: Satan, K.
. 74, Fms. i. 202, Stj. 40; ber sjlfr fjnda inn, carry thy end thyself (of a bewitched banner),
Nj. 274; fjnda-kraptr, endish power, Fms. vii. 295; fjnda-limr, a devil's limb, viii. 221; fjnda-
sonr, a end's son, 656 C. 14; fjnda-villa, a endish heresy, Post. 645. 99: in mod. usage fjndi
means a end. fjnda-fla, u, f., botan. fuga daemonum, angelica, Germ. engel-kraut.
fjnd-ligr, adj. (fjnd-liga, adv.), endish, endishly, Fms. v. 162, Br. 10, orst. hv. 44, Fas. ii.
150.
fjnd-mar, m. a foe-man, Lv. 106, Fms. v. 273, Orkn. 224.
fjnd-mli, n. the words of a foe, invectives, Lv. 39.
fjnds-bo or fjnd-bo, n. a law term, a foe's bidding, a sham bidding at an auction; ok s eigi
fjndsbo, eigi skal hann at fjndsboi annars hafa, N. G. L. i. 117, cp. Gpl. 292.
fjnd-semi, f. enmity, Stud. iii. 13.
fjnd-skapar, part. hostile, Fms. xi. 261.
fjnd-skapask, a, dep. to shew hostility towards, Sks. 337, Orkn. 226.
fjnd-skapr, m. hostility, Fms. i. 37, iv. 270, ix. 268, Nj. 49, Hom. 86, 196, Bret. 22. fjndskapar-
fullr, adj. hostile, Sturl. iii. 223.
fjr-, vide f, money.
fjrungr, m. gryllus, a locust, Fl. x. 226.
fjla, u, f. a violet, Hjalt. (mod.)
fjn, f. [fj], hatred; an obsolete word, occurs in old prose in the phrase, reka e-n fjnum, to
persecute, Ver. 29, Rb. 388; or else in poetry, leggja fjn e-n, to hate one, Hallfred: in pl., konungs
f., the king's wrath, Ad. 11; vekja f., to stir up quarrels, Sl. 76, vide Lex. Pot.; gu-fjn, an
abomination, that which drives the gods away, Fbr. (in a verse): mod. poets use a verb fjna, a, to
hate (Bjarn. 67, 122), probably misled by the corrupt passage in Sl. 27.
FJR-, in many compds = fer-, q.v.: fjr-fttr, adj. four-footed; fjor-menningr, m. a fourth
cousin, Js. 71, 96, Fms. i. 285, Gl. 145; fjor-mynntr, part. 'four-cloven,' Sks. 394; fjr-nttingr,
m., fjr-skeyttr, adj., vide fer-; fjr-skiptr, part. quartered, Stj. 148.
fjri, adj. [Germ. vierte; Dan. fjrde], the fourth, Fms. i. 67 (passim).
fjrungr, m., generally the fourth part, quarter, D. I. i. 470, Grg. i. 144; f. hrasmanna, N. G. L.
i. 352; f. rastar, the fourth part of a mile, Fms. viii. 63; fjrungr vsu, the fourth part of a verse-
system or stanza, = two lines, Edda (Ht.); hence fjrunga-lok, n. the last quarter of a verse, Fms.
vi. 387: a coin (cp. Engl. farthing), N. G. L. iii. ch. 13. 2. a liquid-measure = ten pots or twenty
'merkr;' fjrungs-fata, a vat holding a quarter. 3. a weight = ten pounds or twenty 'merkr,' Jb. 375,
Grg. Kb. 232, Dipl. iii. 4, Grg. ii. 362: the law allows a person to bequeath the fourth part of his
property, this is called fjrungs-gjf, f., Gl. 270, cp. Jb., Dipl. v. 1. 4. the Icel. tithe (tund) was
divided into four shares, each of them called 'fjrungr,' -- to the poor, bishop, church, and priest,
Grg., Tl., passim. II. in Norway counties were divided into fjrungar quarters (rijungar
ridings, sextungar sextants, ttungar octants, etc.), vide D. N.; hence fjrungs-kirkja, a quarter
church, parish church, N. G. L.; fjrungs-mar, a man from the same quarter or parish; fjrungs-
prestr, the priest of a fjrungs-kirkja; fjrungs-ing, the meeting of a f.; fjrungs-korn, corn due
to the priest, D. N., N. G. L., the statutes passim; fjrungs-bl, a farm yielding a certain rent, and
many others. Again, in Icel. the whole land was politically divided into quarters or fjrungar (this
division seems to have taken place A. D. 964, and exists up to the present time), thus, Austringa-,
Vestringa-, Norlendinga-, Sunnlendinga-fjrungr, or east-, west-, north-, and south quarters;
each of the quarters had three or four shires or ing, and each had a parliament called Fjrungs-
ing or Fjrunga-ing, and a court called Fjrungs-dmar, Quarter-courts, Eb. ch. 10, Landn.
2. 12; (it is uncertain whether the writer Eb. l.c. intended to make a distinction between Fjrunga-
ing and Fjrungs-ing, denoting by the latter a 'general quarter parliament,' cp. also Landn. 150.)
COMPDS: fjrunga-mt, n. pl. the borders of the f., Grg. ii. 323, Landn. 251 (v.l.), 237.
fjrunga-skipti, n. a division into quarters. fjrungs-hfingi, a, m. a Tetrarch, N. T.
fjrungs-menn, m. pl. the inhabitants of a fjrungr, Grg. . ., Landn. 98, Nj. 100. fjrungs-
sekt, f. outlawry, exile from one of the quarters, Bs. ii. 75. fjrungs-magi, a, m. a pauper
charged to a f., Grg. i. 445.
fjrir, num. adj., fem. fjrar, neut. fjgur (fjugur); gen. fjogurra or fjgurra (fjugurra, N. G. L. i. 77,
Sks. 173 B), mod. fjgra; dat. fjrum; acc. masc. fjra, fem. fjrar, neut. fjgur: [Goth. dvar; A. S.
feover; Engl. four; Hel. var; O. H. G. or; Germ. vier; Swed. fyra; Dan. re; cp. also Lat. quatuor,
Gr. GREEK, Aeol. GREEK] :-- four (passim). fjgra-manna-far, n. a four-oared boat.
fjr-tn, card. numb., [older form fjgr-tn or fjugr-tn, B. K. 9, 60, 62, 125, Sks. 179 B] :--
fourteen (passim). fjrtn-sessa, u, f. a ship with fourteen oars, Fms. ix. 408, v.l.
fjr-tndi, ord. numb., [older form fjgr-tndi or fjugr-tndi, N. G. L. i. 49, 348, 350; fjogr-
tndi, Fms. x. 398] :-- fourteenth.
fjr-tugti, the fortieth, Dipl. ii. 15.
FJS, n., contr. form = f-hs = 'cow-house,' [Norse fjs; the contracted form is usual even in the
earliest writers] :-- a cow-house, byre, stall, Ld. 98, Gsl. 28 sqq., Dropl. 28, Njar. 368, Sturl. ii.
43, iii. 54, Fms. ix. 508; vera fjsi, or fara fjs, to attend to the cows. COMPDS: fjs-dyr, fjs-
haugr, fjs-hlaa, fjs-hur, fjs-reka, fjs-veggr, etc., the door, mound, barn, hurdle, spade,
wall, etc. of a fjs. fjs-gata, u, f. the byre-path, Landn. 51. Fjsa-karlar, m. pl. the 'byre-carles,'
the three stars in the sword of Orion. fjsa-kona, u, f. a byre-maid, Landn. (Hb.) 51: fjsa-konur,
the 'byre-maids,' the three stars in the belt of Orion, because the dairy-work is in the winter months
(Dec., Jan.) xed by the rising of these stars. fjsa-verk, n. 'byre work,' attendance on the cows, Nj.
185, v.l.
FJS, mod. js, f. the carcase of a whale, Grg. ii. 360, 372, Jb. 310 B (passim).
fjk, n. [cp. Engl. fog], a snow-storm: allit., frost ok fjk, Fbr. 23; fjk ok drifa, Bs. i. 158; fjk var
ti, 672; fjki, Landn. 235; stormr me fjki, Fas. ii. 74: in swearing, fi at fjk, a 'fjk' upon it.
FJKA, pret. fauk, 2nd pers. faukt, mod. faukst, pl. fuku; pres. fk, pl. fjkum; pret. subj. fyki;
part. fokinn; sup. fokit: [Swed. fyka; Dan. fyga] :-- to be driven on, tossed by the wind, of snow,
dust, spray, or the like: allit., fjka sem fys, as chaff; mold er fkr, 623. 25; axhelmur r sem
fjka ... ef nokkut fkr fr oss, Stj. 422: of snow, tk at f., it began to snow, Grett. 111; var
fjkanda ver, there was a snow-storm, 144: hafi fokit yr ndveran vetr, they had been buried
(had perished) in the snow, Glm. 341; hence the metaph. phrase, n er foki est skjl, now all
places of shelter are lled with snow, no refuge left, Gsl. 63, Nj. 258; tvegar Hreks eru foknir, all
H.'s outgoings are stopped, Fms. xi. 423; sndisk eim sem eldr fyki um alla gluggana, of embers,
Bs. i. 7; fauk sv sandrinn, at ..., of the ashes from a volcano, 804, (sand-fok, a drift of sand or
ashes.) 2. metaph. to y off; fauk af hfuit, Nj. 97, Ld. 291; fuku tennrnar r Ba. Fms. xi. 139;
lta fjka kvelingum, to reply with sarcastic, extemporised ditties, Grett. 94.
fjk-renningr, n. a snow-drift, Sturl. i. 155 C.
fjk-viri, n. a snow-storm, Sturl. ii. 31.
fjr, and compds, vide fjarri, farther off.
FJR, gen. fjarar; old pl. fjarar, later fjarir; dat. fjrum: [A. S. feer; Engl. feather; Germ.
feder; Gr. GREEK] :-- a feather, it may be used of either the plume or the quill, but usually a
distinction is made between ri or r, plumage, and fjarar, quills; vng-fjr, a wing-feather;
stl-fjr, a tail-feather; dynja hana fjarar, Bm. 1; hr ok fjarar, Edda (pref.); plokkai af
fjararnar, 77: phrases and sayings, a er ekki fjr af fati nu, 'tis no feather of thy gear, thou
needst not be proud of it, cp. Aesop's fable; verr hverr a jga sem hann er fjarar, every one
must y as he is feathered; draga fjr um e-t, to slur over a thing (vide draga), Fms. vii. 20: cp. the
proverb in Rafns S. Bs. i. 647, -- lti er nef vrt, en breiar fjarar, our neb is small, but the
feathers large, perhaps somewhat corrupt in the text, being taken from some fable about birds; the
sense seems to be something like the Fr. 'l'homme propose, Dieu dispose.' 2. metaph. of feather-
formed things, u. the blade of a spear, Eg. 285, Stj. 461, Ld. 244, Grett. 121, Sturl. ii. 60, Fas. ii.
209, Fb. 111. 409. . the n of a sh, Fas. ii. 131; skr nir fr beltis-sta ok fjr , Fms. iv. 56
(rare). COMPDS: fjara-broddr, m. a feathered, i.e. double-edged, spike, Br. 170. fjara-lauss,
adj. featherless, Fas. ii. 378; in the riddle, fuglinn aug fjara-lauss, elti fuglinn fta-lauss. fjara-
srr, adj. = fjar-srr. fjara-spjt, n. a kind of sword-spear to thrust with, = fjar-spjt.
FJL, f., gen. fjalar, old pl. fjalar, later fjalir, a deal, thin board, Fms. vi. 15, 281, x. 404: metaph.
of snow shoes, Sks. 81 B: so in the proverb, a er ekki vi eina fjl fellt, 'tis not joined with a
single deal, 'tis no plain matter, Mag. 86; or, hann er ekki vi eina fjl felldr, i.e. t for many things;
fta-fjl, a foot-board; hfa-fjl, the head-board of a bed; rm-fjl, the side-board of a bed; ga-
fjl, the barge-board in a gable, etc. COMPDS: fjala-br, f. a bridge of planks, Fms. xi. 280. fjala-
hlass, n. a load of deals, N. G. L. i. 142. fjala-kttr, m. a mouse-trap, Fms. iii. 74. fjala-stll, m. a
deal stool, Pm. 90, etc.
FJL-, [akin to Gr. GREEK; Ulf. lu = GREEK; A. S. fela; O. H. G. lu; Germ. viel; lost in Engl.
and mod. Dan.; in Icel. freq., esp. as a prex in poetry, but never used as an independent adj.] :--
much, manifold. I. in a bad sense: fjl-beini, f. begging, intruding, Al. 91. fjl-breytinn, adj. false,
whimsical, Edda 18. fjl-kunnigr (fjl-kundr, Barl. passim), adj. [kunna], skilled in the black art,
Grett. 150, 153, Eg. 119, 179, Nj. 17, 272, Fms. i. 18, ii. 134, Hm. 114, passim. fjl-kyngi (fjl-
kyndi, Barl. passim), f. the black art, witchcraft, Fms. i. 10, Korm. 222, Landn. 84, Grett. 151, Rb.
408, Stj. 647; galdrar ok fjlkyngi, K. . K. 76, Grett. 155, etc., passim; fjlkyngis-bkr, f. pl.
magical books, Post. 645. 61; fjlkyngis-flk, n. wizard-folk, Hkr. i. 267; fjlkyngis-rtt, f.
magic art, 623. 31, Fms. x. 307; fjlkyngis-kona, u, f. a sorceress, Fas. ii. 273; fjlkyngis-liga,
adv. (-ligr, adj.), with sorcery, Gsl. 31; fjlkyngis-list, f. magic art, Stj. 73; fjlkyngis-ver, n. a
gale produced by sorcery, Fms. iv. 44. fjl-lyndi, f. looseness, Lv. 78. fjl-lyndr, adj. ckle, loose,
Sturl. i. 225. fjl-mligr, adj. tattling, Karl. 439, 686 B. 2. fjl-mli, n. tittle-tattle, slander, Fms.
ix. 250, Hkr. ii. 35, Gl. 195, N. G. L. i. 57, H. E. i. 479. fjlmlis-mar, m. a tatler, slanderer,
Gl. 197. fjl-orr, adj. = fjlmligr, Fs. 36, Fms. ix. 277, v.l. fjl-rr, adj. ckle, loose, Fb. ii.
701. fjl-ri, n. ckleness, looseness, 655 ix. C. 2. fjl-rinn, adj. too intimate, Fms. vi. 109.
fjl-skrigr, adj. dressy, showy, Eb. 256. II. in the simple sense of many: fjl-auigr, adj. very
rich, wealthy, Landn. 79. fjl-bygr, part. thickly peopled, Landn. 168, 270, 321 (App.) fjl-
menna, t, to crowd, meet in crowds, Nj. 75: become peopled, Rb. 392, Edda (pref.) fjl-menni, n.
many people, a crowd, Nj. 2, Eg. 38, 271, Fms. i. 54, ii. 152, passim: the common people, bndr ok
f.. Anecd. 6, Sks. 5. fjl-mennr, older form fjl-mer, adj. with many people, Fms. i. 37; rikr ok f.,
Bs. i. 651; riu menn fjlmennir til ings, sl. ii. 254; far sem fjlmennastr, Fms. vii. 221: peopled,
fjlmennt ing, veizla, etc., Nj. 167; gildi f., Eg. 22, 46, sl. ii. 259, Fms. vii. 265: neut., vera, hafa
fjlmennt, Eg. 5, Sturl. ii. 245; fjlmennt ok gmennt, many people and good, Eg. 201. fjl-
skylda and fjl-skyld, f., Rd. 293; fjl-skyldi, n., N. G. L. ii. 9, Fms. xi. 68, Hom. i, Grg. i. 225:
much business, many duties, with a notion of toil and trouble, Fms. i. 53, iv. 179, vi. 60, xi. 68, 429,
Hom. 135, Bs. i. 90, 686 (of debt); ming ok f., Sks. 569; lg n f. (duties), Fms. xi. 224; annask
um f., to be very busy, Rd. l.c.; eiga f. um at vera, id., N. G. L. l.c.: in Hom. 1. Lat. occupatio is
rendered by fjlskyldi; hvrki f n fjlskyldi, neither in money nor in work, Grg. i. 225 :-- in mod.
usage, encumbrance with many people (children), a large family, household, but this scarcely
occurs in old writers. fjl-skyldr (-skyldugr, Mar. 232), adj. busy; f. embtti, Sks. 38, 257 B. III.
pot. as a prex to adj. as an ornamental epithet, e.g. fjl-blr, -dyggr, -drr, -errinn, -gegn, -
gr, -kostigr, -knn, -mtf, -nenninn, -snerrinn, -svir, -varr, -vitr, denoting exceeding good,
wise, valiant, etc. fjl-hfar, adj. many-headed, Vm. fjl-margr, adj. very many, Gs. 20; vide
Lex. Pot.
fjl, f. = fjldi, a multitude, Fms. ii. 199, Rm. 383: esp. in poetry, with gen. a plenty of, Hful.
16, Am. 8. 92, Gs. 5, kv. 23, Skv. 3. 2, Gh. 18: used as adv. [Germ. viel], much, Vm. 3, passim,
Hm. 17, 73, Sdm. 30.
fjldi and fjli, a, m. multitude, Fms. i. 37, Eg. 74, 79, Nj. 8; fjldi manna = fjlmenni, N. G. L. i.
30.
fjlga, a, to make to increase, Sturl. iii. 242: impers., Fas. i. 73. 2. to become numerous, Edda
(pref.) . reex., Fas. iii. 10, Stj. 21.
fjlgan, f. increase in number, Fms. v. 276.
fjllttr, adj. mountainous, Fb. i. 431, Stj. 94.
fjl-mi, a, m. the sea-snipe, tringa maritima, so called from its wailing note, Edda (Gl.); hence
fjlma-vl, n. pitiful wailing, vide sl. js. pref. p. xi.
FJR, n., dat. fjrvi, mod. fjri, [Ulf. renders GREEK by fairvus; A. S. feorh, pl. feoru = life; Hel.
rah; obsolete in Engl., Germ., Swed., and Dan.] :-- life, Vsp. 33; me fjrvi, 623. 49: esp. freq. in
allit. phrases, eiga ftum fjr at launa; fjr ok f, Fms. iv. 77, Grg. ii. 21, Sl. 1; frekr er hver til
fjrsins, orst. St. 54, Nj. 124; allt er fjrvi rr, Ld. 266. 2. in poetry it seems to be used of the vital
parts, the body; einn hitti fjr, Hful. 9, Hm. 7, Vellekla Hkr. i. 175, Gh. 18, Skm. 20; cp. Germ.
leib, leben, and the Goth. and A. S. sense of this word. 3. in mod. usage freq. in the sense of vitality,
vigour, energy, spirits; thus, fjr-skr, m., vide skr: fjr-klfr, m. one bounding with life as a
young calf, -- hann er mesti fjrklfr; vera me fullu fjri, to be in the full vigour of life; fjr-lauss,
adj. life-less, listless: fjr-mar, m. a vigorous man: fjr-mikill, adj. full of life. II. in poetry fjr is
used in a great many compds, chiey those denoting loss of life, death, e.g. fjr-bann, -grand, -lag,
-lt, -lot, -nm, -rn, -spell, -tl: the heart is fjr-segi, a, m. the 'life-clod,' Fm. 32.
fjr-baugr, m. 'life-money,' a law term, a fee amounting to a mark, to be paid by a convict of the
lesser degree to the executive court (frnsdmr); and if this was not paid, the convict was
henceforth a full outlaw: :-- hence the convict is called fjrbaugs-mar and the lesser outlawry or
conviction fjrbaugs-garr, m., because within a xed space (garr), the convict was safe, having
paid the life-money, vide esp. Grg. . . ch. 32 sqq., ch. 40, Nj. 240, and the Sagas and laws
passim. In two passages, viz. Flam. S. ch. 10 and Glma ch. 24, fjrbaugsgarr is used in the same
sense as ing-helgi, q.v., viz. of the sacred boundary of a meeting, regarded by the heathens as a
sanctuary, cp. Eb. ch. 4 ne; in the Edit. of Flam. S. the passage 'til Lns' is false, the probable
reading being 'til Lopz,' i.e. Lopts; in the old MS. Vatnshyrna the shank of the p was prob.
obliterated so as to make it look like n, and so one transcriber read 'Lns,' another 'Jns;' the reading
' Lopts' is born out bv the historical context, cp. also Landn. 5, ch. 8; the word fjrbaugr is diffusely
commented on in H. E. i. 137 sqq. COMPDS: fjrbaugs-sekt, f. penalty of f., = fjrbaugs-garr,
Grg. . . ch. 40. fjrbaugs-sk, f. a case liable to fjrbaugr, Eg. 723, Nj. 164, Grg. i. 90.
fjr-brosa, n, f. a lovely smile; sumir menn mla at mir n s engi f., some people say that thy
mother is no f., Mirm. 69.
fjr-brot, n. pl. the death-struggle, esp. of wild beasts, Fr. 49, Fm. 21, Bs. i. 345: Norse, a taking
of life, manslaughter, N. G. L. i. 156.
FJR or fjor, adv. [early Germ. fert, used by Luther, but obsolete in mod. Germ.; Swed. and
Dan. fjord; cp. Sansk. parut] :-- the past year; in Icel. this word is obsolete, and scarcely ever
occurs in old prose writers; but the mod. ' fyrra' is derived or corrupted from an older phrase '
fjr,' which is still used all over the Scandin. continent; in D. N. ' fjr' repeatedly occurs, cp. Fr.;
the 'fjr' in the following passages -- Hkr. i. 186, Fms. ii. 328, vi. 88, Fs. 95 (Hallfred), all of them
poems of the 10th and 11th centuries -- is doubtless to be taken in this sense; and the explanation
given in Lex. Pool., s. v. fjr and following, cannot be right.
fjr-gamall, adj. a year old, D. N.
fjringi, a, m. one who has dwelt for a year in a place, N. G. L. i. 201.
FJRR, m., gen. fjarar; dat. ri; pl. rir, gen. fjara: acc. fjru, mod. ri: [Swed.-Dan.
fjord; North. E. and Scot. rth, frith; Engl. ford is a kindred word, but not identical] :-- a rth, bay,
a Scandin. word; but a small crescent-formed inlet or creek is called vk, and is less than fjrr,
hence the saying, fjrr milli frnda, en vk milli vina, let there be a rth between kinsmen, but a
creek between friends, denoting that kinship is not always so trustworthy as friendship: the allit.
phrase, fjall ok fjrr, vide fjall; freq. in Icel. and Scandin. local names combined with some other
word expressing the shape, etc., Breii-f., Mj-f., Djpi-f., Grunni-f., Eyja-f., Lima-f. or Eylma-
f., Arnar-f., Alpta-f., Vatns-f., etc. In Icel. and old Scandin. countries the shore districts are freq.
divided into counties, bearing the name of the rth, just as the inland is divided into dales; thus
Eyja-f. and Skaga-f. denote both the rth and the county bordering on the rth. The western and
eastern parts of Icel. are called Vest-rir and Aust-rir; in Norway a county is called Firir; cp.
Rb. 324 sqq., where over a hundred names of Icel. fjords are recorded, Landn. (Index), and the
Sagas: fjara-gol, n. a breeze blowing off a fjord, Fr. 203, Fms. iv. 302; fjarar-botn, m. the
bottom or head of a fjord, Eb. 188; fjarar-horn, n. the creek at the head of a fjord, Gsl. 55, also
freq. as a local name; fjarar-ss, m. fjord-ice, Eb. 242, Bs. i. 327; fjarar-kjptr or fjarar-
minni, n. the mouth (opening) of a fjord, Sturl. i. 121, Hkr. iii. 118; fjarar-menn, m. pl. the
inhabitants of a fjord county, Sturl. ii. 199.
fjr-gamall, adj. stone-old, (mod.); cp. fjrgamall.
fjr-gja, a, m. one who saves another's life, = lfgja, Al. 98, Mork. 109.
fjr-gri, n. pl. truce for one's life, Grg. ii. 21.
Fjrgyn, f. [Goth. fairguni = a mountain], Mother-earth, Edda.
fjr-lstr, m. loss of life, Grg. i. 187, Fms. xi. 135; used in the phrase, vera e-m a fjrlesti, to
cause one's death, Gsl. 62.
fjrr, m. a kind of tree, the r (?), Edda (Gl.)
fjr-r, n. a law term, a plotting against one's life (cp. Germ. verrathen), Grg. ii. 116, Al. 127.
COMPDS: fjrra-sk, f. a case of fjrr, Sturl. ii. 152. fjrrs-mar (fjrs-mar, Fagrsk.
181), m. a traitor against one's life. fjrrs-ml, n. a suit for fjrr, Eb. 129.
fjrri, n. = fjrr, Matth. x. 21.
fjr-sjkr, adj. sick unto death, Og. 9.
fjr-skai, a, m. 'life-scathe,' injury to one's life, N. G. L. i. 169.
fjrsungr, m. [Norse fjrsing], a sh, draco marinus, Edda (Gl.); arfr fjrsunga, the heirloom of
dragons, a hoard, cp. Ffnis arfr, Hkv. 2. 23.
fjr-vl, f. a plot against one's life, N. G. L. i. 34.
fjtra, a, to fetter, Eg. 239, Nj. 136, Fms. iv. 264, vi. 378; fjtra hest, to hobble a horse, Glm.
378, = mod. hepta (q.v.)
fjtur-lauss, adj. unfettered, Fms. xi. 226.
fjtur-lss, m. a fetter lock (for a door), Fms. viii. 341, v.l.
FJTURR, m., dat. fjtri, pl. fjtrar; [A. S. fetor; Engl. fetter; Germ. fesser; cp. Lat. com-ped-
is] :-- a fetter of iron, a shackle; sprettr mr af ftum fjturr en af hndum hapt, Hm. 150; fjturr
ftum, Fms. iv. 15; fjtur allsterkan, annan fjtur, Edda 19; fjturr af hinu sterkasta stli, Fms. x.
172, Hom. 118, 119; sitja fjtri, Fms. ii. 12; sitja fjtrum, id.; eir brutu af sr fjtrana, Nj. 136.
. metaph., slea-fjtrar, the straps of a sledge, Sdm. 15: the straps on a smith's bellows, Vkv. 22,
32. COMPDS: fjtra-brot, n. pl. the fragments of a fetter, Fms. xi. 290. fjtrar-rauf, f. the holes in
a sledge through which the straps go, Eb. 190.
FLAR, n. low attery, fawning.
ara, a, to fawn; f. at e-m, to fawn on one, Fas. iii. 282 (mod. ara upp e-n). arari, a, m. a
fawner, [cp. Germ. and Engl. atter.]
FLAG, n. [Engl. aw], the spot where a turf has been cut out; m-ag, moldar-ag, freq. :-- so also
aga, n, f. a ag or slab of stone. Bs. i. 609, cp. Fms. viii. 320. In the East Angl. counties of Engl.
ag is still used of turf as well as stone.
agari, a, m. a loose person, an impostor.
ag-brjska, n. the cartilage of the breast-bone, Edda 76, Bs. i. 378.
FLAG, n., pl. g, an ogre, giantess, Fas. i. 59. Fms. iii. 122, 125, 133, xi. 136, Bs. i. 468: the
saying, opt eru g fgru skinni, oft is a witch under a fair skin, Eb. 46: demons = trll, Hkr. iii.
299 (in a verse), Fas. iii. 35 (in a verse). COMPDS: aga-httr, m. a kind of metre, Edda (Ht.) 34.
aga-lag, id., Ht. R. 32.
ag-kona, u, f. a giantess, Fas. ii. 518, iii. 560, Gull. 20.
agna, a, to ake off, as skin or slough. Bs. i. 618.
ag-spilda, u, f. a slice, cut, sl. ii. 32.
FLAK, n. the hood of a cap; ok saumat kin at hfi hennar, Sturl. ii. 77 C, (Ed. kinn); hence
aka-lpa, u, f. a cap with a hood or ap, Sturl. l.c. . the apper or n, e.g. of a halibut.
aka, , to gape, esp. of wounds; f. sundr af srum, Fas. iii. 485; akti fr san, ii. 139. . to ap,
be loose, of garments etc.
aki and eki, a, m. a 'ake,' esp. a hurdle or shield wicker-work, used for defence in battle, Fms.
ix. 30 (v.l.), 421, Hkr. ii. 11, Sks. 416 B.
akk, n. a roving, roaming about.
akka, a, to rove about as a beggar, Fas. ii. 228, Fms. viii. 240, Sturl. i. 70 (MS.): metaph., Vpn.
4.
akna, a, to ake off, split, Fms. viii. 380, v.l.
FLAN, n. a rushing; feigar-an, 'mad-rush' (a saying).
ana, a, to rush heedlessly.
angi, a, m. a coaxer, fawner; hence angsast, dep. to fawn and coax.
ann-uga, u, f. an adulteress, one who runs away from her wedded husband, a law term, N. G. L.
i. 28.
anni, a, m. a giddy person.
FLAS, n. and as-fengni, f. a headlong rushing.
asa, a, to rush, cp. Germ. atschen.
aska, a, to split, in the popular phrase, aska skeri, to split on a skerry or rock, of a ship, cp.
Grett. 148 (in a verse).
aska, u, f. [a word prob. of Byzantine origin, from Gr. GREEK, GREEK; Dan. and Swed. aska
or aske; Germ. asche; Engl. ask; Ital. asco; Span. asco; Fr. acon; cp. Du Cange s. v. asco
and asca] :-- a ask; but it must be old, as sku-skegg, n. bottle-beard, occurs in Landn. as a
nickname of an uncle of the old Njal.; sku-bakr, m. bottle-back, which occurs as a nickname in
Grett., cp. Landn.
aski, a, m. a aw in timber or the like.
at-bytna, u, f. a at-bottomed boat, a barge, Jm. 1.
at-ligr, adj. at; at-liga, adv. atly, Bs. ii. 129.
at-maga, a, to bask in the sun, lie as a dog, (cant.)
at-nefr, adj. at-nebbed, Lat. simus, a nickname, Landn.
atneskja, u, f. a plain, Lat. planities; cp. Engl. ats, as in the Essex ats etc.
atningr, m. a at sh, Mk. 53.
FLATR, adj., fem. t, neut. att; [Engl. and Swed. at; Dan. ad; Germ. platt] :-- at, level, of
land; sltta dala ok ata vllu, Sks. 629: of other things, att skjaldili, Eg. 233; attr skr, a at
sh, Edda 35, Fs. 129, Bs. ii. 179. . at; falla atr, Sturl. i. 85, Hkr. i. 38; draga e-n atan, to drag
one at on the ground, Nj. 247; kasfa sr tum nir, to throw oneself down at, Fas. i. 53. . or the
ank of a thing, the phrases, stra att, to steer on the ank (side) of another ship, Korm. 230,
Fas. ii. 523; brega tu sveri, to deal a blow with the at of a blade, Fms. vii. 157; xin snerisk
t, the axe turned so as to strike at, Grett. 151; brega vi tum skildi, Nj. 262: metaph., fara
att fyrir e-m, to fare ill, be worsted, metaphor from a ship, Sturl. iii. 233, Fms. vi. 379; koma att
upp e-n, to come 'at' on one, take one by surprise. ata-fold, f. a at-eld, Bs. ii. 69.
at-sigling, f. sailing with a side wind.
at-skjldr, m. = Lat. pelta, Stj. 572. 1 Kings x. 16, 17.
at-smi, n. things wrought at with a plane or hammer, Grg. i. 504.
at-streymi, n. an eddy coming on the side of a ship.
at-sng, f. a bed made on the oor, Fr. 259.
at-sri (proncd. assri), n. a at wound, as from a blister.
at-vegr, m. the at, broad side, Grett. 151; opp. to an edge.
at-vir, m. at timber, planks, boards, Gl. 455.
FLAUG, f. [jga], ying, ight, Sks. 114 B; fugla f., 655 B. 3; fugl aug (mod. fugl ugi), Sks.
81; essi f., Hem. 40; hefja aug, Hom. 142: metaph., Am. 23, Sks. 423 B: the phrase, vera fr ok
augum, to be unsteady and uttering, Nj. 196. II. [Dan. j], a vane, Bs. i. 422, ii. 50, Edda (Gl.);
hence augar-skegg, n. the edge or tail of the vane.
aum-si (mod. umsa), adj. rushing heedlessly on, metaph. from the sudden swelling of a
torrent, Gsl. 30, Fs. 30.
FLAUMR, m. [Norse om; A. S. eam; Dutch. eem] :-- an eddy, Bs. ii. 5: pot. the din of battle,
hildar f., gndlar f., Lex. Pot. 2. metaph. a bevy, crowd; kvenna f., a bevy of ladies, Fs. (Hallfred):
in the phrase, nema e-n aumi, to bereave one of company and glee, Jd. 5, sl. ii. 252 (in a verse);
aums felli-dmr, the hasty judgment of a crowd, (Sighvat). COMPDS: aum-semi, f. imsiness,
Mar. aum-slit, n. pl. a forsaking one, abandonment, Hm. 122.
FLAUST, n. [akin to ey], pot. a ship, Lex. Pot, passim.
austr, n. uster, hurry; austra, a, with dat. to be ustered.
FLAUTIR, f. pl. [A. S. et; Dan. de = cream], a kind of whipped milk, Sturl. iii. 16, 31.
, f. the oat or quill of a net, Jb. 317, Grg. ii. 358: metaph. strips of meadow land = t, Rm.
310.
FL, pres. ,; pret. , pl. gu or u; part. eginn; [akin to ag]: -- to ay, Finnb. 250; ok u
af skinn, Sd. 154; r enn i h af, Gl. 502; ll h af honum sem egin vri, Fms. vii. 227,
Edda 72; egnir, 28; e-n kvikan, Fms. viii. 227: the saying, ar er ekki feitan glt a : metaph.
to strip, e-n at gripum, to strip one for one's money, Bjarn. 16: san gu eir hann r klum,
stripped him, Fms. vii. 352; gu eir r ftum, 623. 33: also with acc. of the thing, hann
af sr yr-kli sitt, stripped his over-garment off him, Sturl. ii. 231 C: reex., zk hann r
kyrtlinum, he pulled the cloak off, Bs. i. 442.
ki, a, m. at moors, moor-land; fa-f., ma-f., etc.
FLR, fem. , neut. tt, compar. ri, superl. str, prop. gaping; r saumr, a loose ill-stitched
seam. 2. metaph. in the saving, mla fagrt, en hyggja tt, to speak fair, but think false, Fms. ii. 91,
Hm. 90, Bjarn. 21, Al. 102.
-r and -ri, n. falsehood, Boll. 348, Fms. x. 390. Sks. 618.
-rr, adj. false, deceitful, Fas. i. 23, Hm. 119.
ea, u, f. a sleek, bland person. eu-ligr, adj. bland.
ega, u, f. = ag, a giantess.
FLEINN, m. [A. S. n], a bayonet-like pike, Fms. iii. 224, Sks. 394, cp. Grett. 141. . the uke of
an anchor, Nj. 42, Orkn. 362; vide akkeris-einn. 2. a kind of shaft, a dart, = A. S. n, Hful. 10.
13, Rm. 32, Fms. i. 45, cp. Hkr. i. 159, Hm. 85, 151; hence pot. ein-drfa, u, f. a drift or shower
of shafts; ein-stkkvandi and ein-varpar, m. epithets of archers. 3. a pr. name, Landn.; hence
Fleins-httr, m. a metre attributed to an old poet of that name, Edda (Ht.)
FLEIPR, n. babble, tattle, Mag. 56.
eipra or eipa, a, to babble, prattle, Gsl. 98, sl. ii. 151, Grett. 148 B, Fas. ii. 507.
FLEIRI, compar., and FLESTR, superl., (eirstr is a bad form, freq. in books of the 18th century),
[cp. Lat. plerique, pl&u-long;res; Gr. GREEK, GREEK; Dan. ere, est; Ulf. uses managistr =
GREEK and managiza = GREEK; vide margr] :-- more, most; sex dmendr ea eiri, Grg. i. 37;
eru eir eiri er at sanna, Fms. x. 275; hinir vru miklu eiri (more numerous), Ld. 170; ef
hann arf eiri bjargkviu, Grg. i. 55; v vgi eigi eirum mnnum hendr at lsa, ii. 34; vil ek
heyra eiri manna rskur, Fms. i. 42: neut. eira, more, fll miklu eira li hans, 121: with gen.,
hafi hann nokkuru eira manna, Eg. 77, Bs. ii. 167; eira barna, Fs. 75; ekki sagi hann essum
manni eira, Fms. i. 145. . metaph. more communicative, hearty, cp. fr and margr; er n eira
frndsemi me eim, Band. 20 new Ed.; hann grisk vi hann eiri ok eiri, more and more
intimate, Finnb. ch. 7; fannsk mr ok san eira til hans, i.e. I liked him then and better ever
since, Fms. i. 141: in the sense of more, er eira drekkr, the more he drinks, Hm. 12; eiri vsb
hafi hann, en vr hfum haft, Fb. i, . T. ch. 26. II. superl., forsjlir um est, Eg. 73; r erut um
est einrir slendingar, Ld. 314; est allt, almost all (vide allr), Fs. 174; est allt strmenni,
Landn. 39, v.l.; est ll hof, Sks. 234; eir eru hr estir menn at mikils munu vira mn or, Ld.
184; estir allir nema fir menn, Nirst. 7; est li, the greater part of the people or troops, Korm.
236, Eg. 92. . with the notion of all; estr mar, most people, Hful. 3; at tel ek fyrst er estr um
veit, Ad. 17; reyndr var estr fastri eindrfu, Fbr. (in a verse); estan dag, all day long, Gm. 15;
estan aldr, all ages, for ever, Arnr; dag-lengis estan, all day long, Kormak; v at ek brar
est um r sem fair, Alm. 5, Lex. Pot.: the saying, estir kjsa fyrar lf, all men cling to life,
Kvldv. i. 194, as motto to the fable of Death and the Old Man with the Sack.
eka, a, with acc. to deceive, beguile.
eki, a, m. = aki, Fms. v. 167, viii. 429, ix. 30, 421, v.l., Sks. 417.
FLEKKA, a, to eck, stain, pollute, 655 xxxii. 4, Magn. 474: reex., H. E. i. 476, Stj. 142.
ekka, u, f. a kind of chequered jacket, Sturl. ii. 218: a eck, spot, in ekku-stt f. scarlet fever,
Fl. ix.
ekkan, f. pollution, 655 xxxii. 3, Stj.
ekkja, a, to rake the hay into rows for drying.
ekk-lauss, adj. unspotted, eccl., 625. 70, 183, Stj. 49.
ekk-ttr, adj. ecked, spotted, of sheep, dogs, cattle (skjttr, of horses), Stj. 98, 177, 178, Rb. 354;
ekktt hekla, Landn. 319, v.l.; rau-f., svart-f., bl-f., etc., red-, black-, blue-ecked, etc.
FLEKKR, m., pl. ekkir, gen. ekkja, a eck, spot, Stj. 124, Fms. x. 332, Nj. 68, Fb. i. 258:
metaph. a blot, stain, orst. St. 51, H. E. i. 505; bl-f., q.v.; n ekk, sine contaminatione, Mar. 2.
a row of hay spread out for drying.
enging, f. whipping, Grett. 135.
engja, d, to whip, Fas. iii. 312: to ride furiously, (mod.)
enna, t, to put wide open (cant word), Eg. 305, v.l., Fb. iii. 335, 427.
enna, u, f. [anni], a gadding, giddy woman.
enn-eygr, adj. having wide-staring eyes, Fb. i. 276.
ens, n. kissing, licking, coaxing; kossa-ens, kissing and coaxing.
ensa, a, [Germ. ansen], to kiss, lick (cant word), Fms. vi. 359, cp. Mork. 75, where it is spelt
enssa: of an ox, Fas. iii. 500.
eppinn, adj. [Scot. ypin], crest-fallen.
FLES, f., pl. esjar, [cp. as, aska], a green spot among bare fells and mountains, Edda 52 (in a
verse), d. 12.
FLESK (eski, Rm. l.c.), n. [A. S. sc; Engl. esh; Germ. eisch; not in Ulf.; in Icel. and all
northern languages kjt (Swed. ktt, Dan. kjd) is the common word, and esk is only used of pork
or bacon; Dan. sk; Swed. sk] :-- pork, esp. ham and bacon, often used in pl.; fn eski, Rm.
29; eska bezt, Gm. 18; forn eski, Snt 226; brau ok lti eski, Bs. i. 819; galtar esk, Edda 23;
hveiti ok esk, Fms. vi. 263: a dish of kale and bacon was a dainty, hence the saving, drepa eski
kl, to dip bacon into kale, Fas. iii. 381; e-m fellr esk kl, the bacon drops into one's kale, cp. the
Engl. 'roasted larks ying into one's mouth;' honum tti, ef etta prfaisk satt, nliga esk fallit
kl sitt, Bs. i. 717; feitt esk fll r kl (Ed. ketil wrongly), ef kannt at spa, Fms. xi. 348.
COMPD: eski-snei, n. a cut or slice of bacon, Finnb. 212, v.l., Fms. iii. 112.
FLET, n. [cp. Scot. and Engl. at = a story of a house; Dan. ed in ed-fring; A. S. ett = aula; O.
H. G. azi; Hel. etti = coenaculum, domus; mod. provinc. Germ. etz] :-- a set of rooms or
benches, and hence metaph. the house itself; often in pl., chiey used in poetry and in law. 1.
rooms; et fagrlig, Vtkv. 6; sitja eti fyrir, Hm. 1; ef lengi sitr annars etjum , 34; ets str,
rooms strewed with straw, Ls. 46; setjask mira etja, to be seated in the middle, Rm. 4; vaxa upp
etjum, 34; lttu et vaa gull-sklir, let the golden goblets go round the benches (as the Engl.
loving cup), Akv. 10; stra etjum, to dwell, keep house, Helr. 10; bera hrr af etjum, Scot. to lift
and carry a body out of the house, to bury, Stor. 4; um et ok um bekki, Fas. ii. 164. 2. in law
phrases, a house; setja hann nir bundinn et sslu-manns, to place him bound in the bailiff's
house, Gl. 147, cp. 534; skulu eir hafa vitni til, ok setja ann mann bundinn et hans, N. G.
L. i. 162, of compulsory alimentation, cp. Dan. ed-fring; er dttir hans eti, if he has a daughter
in the house, 341; ganga et ok bor e-s, to board and lodge with one, D. N. ii. 442. 3. a couch,
in the phrase, rsa r eti, to rise up from bed, of a lazy fellow, Gull. 14; the word agrees with the
mod. use of et, a at bed on the oor, = at-sng. COMPDS; et-bjrn and et-vargr, m., pot. =
a house.
et-genginn, part. a law phrase = arfsals-mar, q.v., Dan. ed-fring.
etja, atti; pres. et; part. attr :-- to cut open; orskr attr, dried cod, stock sh, Grg. ii. 354 B,
Jb. 317: reex. to stretch oneself, Fas. ii. 147: impers., skip (acc.) etr, to drift aside (with the
current).
et-ro, n. a 'clearing the ats,' of a furious onslaught in battle, Jmsv. 39.
etta, tt, to strip; etta klum, Nj. 209, Fms. viii. 77, 264; etta e-n af brynju, vii. 227, viii. 121;
etta e-u af e-m, to strip (the clothes) off, iii. 125, Al. 89: metaph., Th. 24. . to strip, plunder, Sturl.
ii. 208, Fms. ix. 383, Stj. 282; cp. f-etta. 2. the phrase, etta bk (dat.), to turn the leaves of a
book, (mod.)
FLTTA, tt or a, [Lat. plectere; Ulf. ehtan; Germ. echten; Dan. ette; the word is scarcely
borrowed from the Germ.] :-- to plait; hr tta, Karl. 335: reex., hri ttask nir bringu, the
hair fell down in braids on the breast, 226.
tta, u, f. a braid, string; hr-f., plaited hair. COMPDS: ttu-band, n. plaited string, cord.
ttu-grjt, n. sling-stones, Sks. 422, . H. 185 (in a verse). ttu-skepta, u, f. a kind of shaft,
hasta amentata, = skepti-tta, q.v.
etting, f. a stripping, plunder, Ann. 1242.
ttingr, m. braids, knots, Karl. 299, 335, Mag. 33, El. 27, 29.
ettu-selr, m, a kind of seal, Sks. 177.
FLEY, n. a kind of swift ship (= snekkja, q.v.); only found in poets, as Thiodolf calls the sea eyja
atvllr, the at-eld of the eys, cp. Hkv. 2. 4; ey ok fagrar rar, a ey and beautiful oars, Egill;
used by poets also in many compds, as ey-braut, ey-vangr, the road-eld of the eys, etc.; never
in prose, except in pr. names, as Gesta-ey, Fms. viii, Sverr. S.; but ey-skip occurs not only in
verse, Fb. i. 528, but also in a deed of the year 1315, N. G. L. iii. 112 :-- also used of merchant
ships, Ann. The Span. ibte, Engl. y-boat (Johnson) point to a form ey-btr = ey-skip, though
that form has not been found; from the Span. ibte prob. came the Ital. ibustiero, Anglo-
American libuster: perh. also the Germ. freibeuter, Engl. freebooter, Dutch vrijbuiter represent the
same word, altered so as to give an intelligible sense in the respective languages.
eyr, n. a scratch.
eygi-fer, f. ying speed.
eygi-gaok, n. a javelin, Sks. 386, 387.
eygi-kvittr, m. a loose rumour, Fagrsk. ch. 277.
FLEYGJA, eygi, [iga, aug], to 'let y,' throw, with dat., Fms. ii. 17, v. 223, xi. 72, Ld. 166,
Bs. ii. 87, Rm. 32 (where read eini): absol., Vsp. 28, Fms. vi. 137; eygja af hendi, 623. 31. .
impers., mnnum ok fnai eygi (were thrown) til jarar, Ann. 1339.
eygr, adj. able to y, Grg. ii. 346, Hom. 89.
eygr, m. a wedge.
eymingr, m. [aumr], jest, sport, in the phrase, hafa e-t eymingi, to make sport of, 655 xxxii.
15, Hkr. ii. 187, Grett. 95 A, Sturl. passim; sometimes spelt ymingi or mingi, but less correct.
ey-skip, n. a 'y-ship,' Fb. i. 528 (in a verse), N. G. L. iii. 112, where it is opp. to langskip: cp.
ey.
FLEYTA, tt, [jta, aut], to oat, launch, with dat.; eyta skipum, Hkr. iii. 433, Eg. 359. . to lift
slightly from the ground, Fms. iii. 211: reex. eytask, metaph. to pass, go through, but with the
notion of a narrow escape, as a boat in shallow water, Band. 7 (v.l.) new Ed.
FLIKKI, n. a itch of bacon, Fms. x. 204, Fas. ii. 473, Dipl. iii. 4. COMPD: ikkis-snei, n. a cut
or slice of bacon, Fms. iii. 112.
FLIM and imt, n., esp. as a law phrase, a lampoon, libel (in verses), Nj. 70, Bjarn. 42.
im-beri, a, m. a outer, Fb. iii. 242.
imska, u, f. mockery, Hb. 14.
imta, a and t, to out, lampoon; ef imtar mik, Fms. ii. 9; imtai, Fs. 89; but eir imtu
orgrm, Fms. vi. 31 (imtuu, v.l.); imtai (subj.), Fs. 89.
imtan, f. a lampooning, quizzing, satire, Nj. 50, Eg. 209, Fms. vi. 193, Sturl. ii. 57, iii. 80; vide
danz.
FLIPI, a, m. a horse's lip; (granir, of a cow; vr, of a man.)
FLISSA, a (and iss, n.), [Swed. iss], to titter.
FLK, f., pl. kr (but kar, orf. l.c.), [Germ. ick and icken], a 'itch,' tatter, rag, ap, orf.
Karl. 436, Pass. 24. 1, 2.
rur, f. pl. caresses; ru-ligr, adj. bland; ru-lti, n. pl.
FLS, f. [Germ. iese; Swed. isa; Dan. ise], a splinter, N. G. L. i. 38, Fms. x. 30: a slice, Mar.
(Fr.)
sask, a, dep. to be split into slices, be splintered, Stj. 641.
FLJ, n. a woman, only used in poetry, Hm. 78, 91, 101, Alm 5, Rm. 22, Edda 108; etym.
uncertain. II. in pl., a local name in Norway, Fms. xii.
FLJT, n. [A. S. et = ostium; cp. the Fleet River in London, whence Fleet Street, Northeet and
Southeet in Kent; Germ. iess, usually uss, whence Dan. od] :-- in old writers scarcely used
except as a pr. name of a river, viz. Markar-jt (and simply Fljt) in the south of Icel., whence
Fljts-hl, f. the county, Landn. and Nj. passim; and the county Fljt (pl.) in the north of Icel.,
whence Fljta-menn, m. pl. the men from Fljt, Sturl. i. 138: in mod. usage it may be used as an
appell. a river, as in Dan. and Germ., but scarcely except in poetry, e.g. Nm. 7. 1. 2. jti, aoat,
Fms. iv. 6;; better oti, vide ot.
FLJTA, pret. aut, 2nd pers. auzt; autt scarcely occurs, pl. utu; pres. t, pl. jtum, pret.
subj. yti; part. otinn; sup. oti: [A. S. etan; Engl. oat; O. H. G. iozan; Germ. iessen; Dan.
yde; Swed. yta] 1. to oat on the water; s ar jta langskip tjaldat, Eg. 88; ar sem at aut
hfninni, 359; lta eir f. skipit, Fms. x. 347; par s eir f. fyrir skip orvalds, Korm. 234; hverir
lta jta ey vi bakka, Hkv. 2. 4; tr mean lir en skkr egar dautt er, Rb. 352: in the saying,
tr mean ekki skkr, a phrase answering to the Engl. sink or swim; fugla er f. vatni, fowls that
swim, Grg. ii. 346; tr hann til lands, oats ashore, Sks. 94; s hve otinn tr, Sklda 163.
. metaph. to oat about, spread, of news, Bs. ii. 143; lta or f., Mar. 14; at her oti um rj
bi er fjra, N. G. L. i. 141, Hom. 45. . reex., lta jtask, to drift, Sks. 133. 2. to run, stream,
of running waier; sv sem rennandi vtn f. at missum uppsprettum, Fms. ii. 89: to form a pool,
vtnin utu fjrtn lna djp, Stj. 58; me jtandum trum, with gushing tears, Mar. . intrans. to
be ooded; aut hann allr trum, he was in oods of tears, Fms. x. 24; utu vatni augun klr,
Pass. 2. 11; aut bli glf allt, the oor was ooded with blood, Eg. 217; jrin aut af hunangi,
Stj. 453; ketillinn tr me feiti, Bs. ii. 135; aut allt land af mnnum, Fms. viii. 400.
jt-endi, n. the oat or cork of a net, Gl. 428.
jt-fanga, adj., Bs. i. 360, read jt fanga-rs.
jt-leikr (-leiki), m. eetness, speed, Fms. x. 344. xi. 428, Sks. 82.
jt-liga, adv. eetly, swiftly, Fms. i. 69: metaph. promptly, iv. 295.
jt-ligr, adj. eet, Ld. 232: metaph. speeding, Bs. i. 423.
jt-mltr, part. talking quickly, opp. to sein-mltr.
jtr, adj. eet, swift, of a horse, Flv. 30: of a ship, Fs. 28, Fms. vi. 262. . metaph. ready, speedy;
lafr var ess ekki jtr, ok fr at bn Bolla, Ld. 186. II. neut. used adverb. eetly, swiftly; n
lt vi jtt ok leita dyra, Fms. v. 147; sv jtt, so soon, 168; sem jtast, the soonest, at once, Fb.
i. 539; at jtast sem getr, as soon as thou canst, Fms. iii. 94; jtara, sooner, Dipl. v. 5. 2.
metaph. promptly; hann tekr honum eigi jtt, he received him coolly, Sd. 139; eir tku eigi jtt
undir at, Fms. ii. 32.
jt-rr, adj. rash, Hkr. iii. 87, v.l.
jt-ri, n. rashness.
jt-tkr, adj. quick at taking in or apprehending, Fms. xi. 427.
jt-virki, f. quickness in working, Fms. xi. 431, Th. 19.
jt-virkni (jt-virkt, Bs. ii. 96), f. hurried work.
jt-virkr, adj. quick in working, Mar.; but also opp. to gvirkr, working hastily, 'scamping' the
work.
FLJGA, pres. g, pl. jgum; pret. aug, 2nd pers. augt, mod. augst, pl. ugum; another old
pret. , Haustl. 2, 8, kv. 5, 9, Gh. 17, t. 14, and prose passim; the form aug is very rare, in old
poets; is now quite obsolete, aug, pl. ugu, being the current form: part. oginn; sup. ogit;
pret. subj. 1st pers. ygja, 3rd pers. ygi; with the neg. suf. grat, Hm. 151: [not on record in
Goth., as the Apocal. is lost in Ulf.; A. S. egan; Engl. y; O. H. G. igan; Germ. iegen; Dutch
vliegen; Swed. yge; Dan. yve: cp. ug] :-- to y, Lat. volare, of birds; in the allit. phrase, fuglinn
jgandi; valr gr, Grg. ii. 170; s hrafn aptr um stafn, Landn. 29; hann angat til, Nirst.
4; at jga eigi upp fyrr, Edda 60; Johannes aug upp til himins, Hom. 47. 2. metaph., jga e-n
(-og, q.v.), to y at one another, in a ght, Nj. 32: recipr., jgask , to join in a ght, N. G. L. i.
46, Nj. 56. . of weapons, sparks, rumour, and the like; spjti yr hann fram, Nj. 58: kesjan
aug vllinn, Eg. 379; gneistarnir (the sparks) ugu, Fms. viii. 8; at vpn skyli falla at manni er f.
at honum, Grg. Kb. 108; jgandi einn, Hm. 85, 151; einn oginn, Hful. 12: um konu
t ferlegt oran, Hom. 115; s kvittr byginni, Fms. ix. 237: aug at sem sinu-eldr, i. 21. .
of shooting pains (vide og); aan af hann mein at, Bs. i. 446. II. in old poetry and on Runic
stones, used = ja (q.v.), to ee, Lat. fugere; s er eigi at Uppslum, who ed not at Upsala,
Baut. 1169; en nir fjndr ugu, Hkm. 12; r landi, ed from the land, t. 14.
og, n. [jga], a ying, ight, old form = ug, Barl. 56: medic. a shooting pain, verkjar-og, or
og-verkr, m., and og-kveisa, u, f. rheumatism, Fl. ix.
ogall, adj. volatile, Lat. volatilis, Hb.
FLOKKR, m. akin to flk, [A. S. oc; Engl. ock; Dan. ok; Swed. ock] :-- a body of men; in law
ve men make a okkr; okkr eru mm menn, Edda 108; at heitir f. er mm menn eru saman, N.
G. L. i. 61: -- a company, host, party, eir gengu allir einum okki, Nj. 100; engla okkar, a host
of angels, Greg. 34; marga okka, Th. 3; hlaupa gegn r rum okki, Grg. ii. 10: adverb.,
okkum, in crowds, 656. 18; okkum eir fru, Sl. 63 :-- a troop, band, hefja okk, to raise a band,
to rebel, Fms. viii. 273, ix. 4; ofrki okkanna, vii. 293; fara me okk, to roam about, 318 :-- a
tribe, company, in a good sense, Stj. 321, 322, passim, and so in mod. usage. COMPDS: okka-
atvgi, n. an attack in bands, uproar, N. G. L. i. 165. okka-fer, f. a marching in troops, Grett.
124 B. okks-foringi, a, m. a captain, leader, Fbr. okks-hfingi, a, m. a head, chief, Stj. 322.
okks-mar, m. a man belonging to a f. Fms. vii. 252, Sturl. iii. 242. okks-vg, n. a law term,
manslaughter in a faction ght or mle, N. G. L. i. 64. II. a short poem, sl. ii. 237, Fms. v. 227, vi.
391, xi. 203, 204: as the name of poems, Brands-okkr, Sturl. iii. 90; Tryggva-f., Fms. iii. 54, 116;
Klfs-f., 123; Valjfs-f., vi. 426; cp. esp. Gunnl. S. and Knytl. S. l.c., vide drpa. 2. in mod. usage
an epic poem consisting of several cantos is called okkr or rmna-okkr; thus lfars-rmur, Nma-
rmur, rymlur, etc. are each of them a okkr, but the Ska-rma or lafs-rma, being single
rhapsodies, are not so called.
okk-stjri, a, m. a captain or leader of a f., Ld. 268.
orin, m. (for. word), a orin, Bs. ii. 43.
FLOS, n. the 'oss' or pile of velvet.
osa, u, f. a splinter, = s, Bev.
osi, a, m. a pr. name, Landn., Nj. . [Norse s], a fop. COMPDS: osa-httr, m. utter. osa-
legr, adj.; cp. ysjungr.
osna, a, to hang loose, prop. of threads: to wither, ar osna aldregi blmar, Hb. 6. . metaph.,
osna upp, to break up one's household, be bankrupt.
FLOT, n. [jta], the fat, grease, esp. from cooked meat, Fms. i. 36, Sd. 163, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18: in
the phrase, sjaldan he eg otinu neita, sl. s. i. 437. II. aoat, only in the phrases, ot, with
the sense of motion, 'setting' aoat, Fms. vi. 249; oti, 'being' aoat; vera oti, Hm. 155, Fms.
vii. 287, Grg. ii. 357, N. G. L. i. 45.
ota, a, to oat, launch, with dat., Fr. 162, Fms. ii. 107, ix. 447.
ota-hlmr, m. an islet, = um-otin ey, Sks. 93.
ot-brsi, a. m. a oating jar, pot. a boat, Hm. 26.
ot-bytta, u, f. a grease-tub, a cognom., Fms.
ot-fundinn, part. found aoat, of a whale, Grg. ii. 383.
oti, a, m. [Germ. oss; Dan. aade], a oat, raft, Lat. ratis, Sklda 163, Gl. 411, Fms. viii. 32. 2.
a eet, Lat. classis, Hkv. 1. 27, 35, 2. 18, Fms. i. 169, viii. 222, passim. II. = et, a movable seat,
bench, Fms. v. 332, v.l., perhaps a misspelling.
otna, a, to come aoat, Fms. viii. 380, Stj. 123: metaph., otna upp, to oat up, come to the
surface, Bs. i. 724.
otnar, m. pl., pot. seamen, freebooters, Edda 107, Lex. Pot.
ot-rennr, adj. passable by a oat or raft, of a river, Gl. 414.
FL, f., pl. r, a layer, stratum, Edda 83. II. [A. S. e; Engl. ea; Germ. oh], a ea, Fas. i. 394:
the saying, vera eins og skinni, i.e. never at rest; mar- [Germ. oh-krebs], cancer pulex.
a-bit, n. ea-bite.
FLA, a, to boil milk or uids; hence, u mjlk, boiled milk; u mjlk, unboiled milk; slin
heitir ok ar alla verld, Mar. 56; hn ar ok heitir klnu hjrtu. 60. II. to ood; Lgrinn gengr
sv upp lndin at va ar, . H. 17; af hans srum ai sv mikit bl, Mar. (Fr.): in mod.
usage always declined with , ir and i, if in this sense.
FL, n. [Ulf. dus = GREEK, Luke vi. 49; A. S. d; Engl. ood; Swed.-Dan. od; Germ.
uth] :-- a ood, inundation, deluge, Rb. 336; it mikla, Ann. 1199, Fms. xi. 393; vatns-,
water-ood. 2. of the tide, ood = r, Fms. vii. 272, Eg. 195; er , er tungl er vestri ok
austri, 415. 10; er fjara, Gull. 13; at i, Fms. viii. 389, Orkn. 428, v.l., Landn. 57: in the
west of Icel. always r, q.v. 3. a ood, river or sea, only in old poetry; the allit. phrase, skr
i, sh in ood, esp. of salmon, Gm. 21; hvat er at ska er renn i , Skv. 2. 1, Fas. i. 483 (in a
verse); fold skal vi i taka (a saying), Hm. 138; cp. mean jr heldr i, vide Lex. Pot. 4. a
snow-slip, avalanche, Gsl. 33; sn- or snj- (freq.) II. metaph. tumult, uproar; en hinn
vegni yri fyrir v i, that the slain should be swept away in that ood, Grg. ii. 140; var Pll
v i, Paul perished in the tumult, Sturl. iii. 83 C; essu i uru eir Hringr, Fms. v. 268;
veit ek hverir hr munu andask, ok monat v i vera, thou shalt not perish along with
them, Greg. 75; v i uru fjrir tigir riddara, Blas. 38: in a good sense, v i grddi hann
konu er Sintica heitir, Post. 656 B. 11: in the mod. phrase, vera i e-s, to be in one's train,
under one's protection.
-sktr, m. a duck, podiceps cornutus, Edda (Gl.), = a-sktr.
FLI, a, m. [Norse aa-vand, aa-bygd; cp. the Kelpie's ow in Scott's Bride of Lammermoor;
also the ice-oe of Arctic navigators] : -- a marshy moor, sl. ii. 345, Fms. iv. 359, Jb. ii. 280; fa-
i, a rotten fen; a-bar, n. the edge of a f.; a-sktr, m. = -sktr; a-sund, n. a strip of
moor; and many other compds. . a district in the south of Icel., hence Fla-menn, m. pl. the men
of F., and Fla-manna Saga, u, f. the name of a Saga. II. a bay or large rth, r. 7 new Ed.: freq.
in local names, Stranda-i, Grett. 13 new Ed.; Hna-i, Sturl. iii. 58 sqq.; Faxa-f. (old Faxa-ss).
Fla-fundr, m. the battle in F., Sturl., Ann. -- Deep water in a bay is also called i, opp. to the
shallow water near the coast, Bjarneyja-i.
FLKI, a, m. 'ock,' felt, hair, wool, etc.; ullar-ki, Edda 237, Fas. ii. 207 (freq.): of a goat's
beard, Eb. 92. COMVDS: ka-hattr, m. and -hetta, u, f. a felt-hat, Hkr. ii. 202, Eb. 240. ka-
lpa, u, f. a jacket with a felt cowl, Sturl. ka-stakkr, m. id., Fas. ii. 242. ka-trippi, n. a foal
with a shaggy skin, Fas. i. 9. 2. metaph. of dense black clouds, Vgl. 22; sk-ki, Eb. 260. II. [A.
S. c], a kind of halibut, passer, solea, Edda (Gl.) III. a pr. name, Landn.; hence in names of
places, Flka-dalr, etc., Landn.
kinn, part. clotted, entangled, Fms. x. 192: of a cloud, Sks. 226.
FLN, m. an oaf, fool; nska, u. f. foolishness; ns-httr, m. id.; no example has been found in
old writers.
na, a, to become warm; tk at na lkit, Stj. 615, 2 Kings iv. 34; na eir til star vi
Gu, Mar. 99.
FLR, m. [for. word; A. S. r; Engl. oor; O. H. G. uor; Germ. ur; Dutch vloer] :-- a oor,
pavement, in Icel. only used of the oor of a cow-stall, Bjarn. 32; moka r, to clean the oor. Fas.
ii. 341: in Norway = cow-stall, Bk. 98, D. N. i. 233. r-li, n. oor-deals, N. G. L. i. 38.
FLTTI, a, m. [Engl. ight; Germ. ucht, whence Dan. ugt; cp. ja] :-- ight = Lat. fuga (never
= volatus): kom tti li Eireks-sona, Fms. i. 38, Al. 142, passim; sna tta, Eg. 290; tti
brestr, Fms. passim, vide bresta. . a ying host; reka tta, to pursue the ying host, Eg. 290, 299,
Fms. passim. COMPDS: tta-gjarn, adj. craven, Stj. 263. tta-menn, m. pl. a ying host, Fms.
i. 45, Orkn. 106. tta-rekstr, m. pursuit of the ying host, Stj. 483, Fms. vi. 323. tta-stigr, m. a
path of ight, Sks. 728. Pot. compds: tt-skjarr, tt-styggr, adj. 'ight-shy,' i.e. valiant, Lex.
Pot.
tt-reka, rak, to put to ight, Bs. ii. 82, (rare.)
FLUG, n., but in old writers usually, if not always, ugr, m. [cp. jga I] :-- ight, Lat. volatus;
fuglanna ug (acc.), Stj. 17; beinir hann uginn, Edda 60; (hann) dr arnsg ugnum, 46;
snum ug, Stj. 270: the phrase, ugi, in the ight; fugl ugi, a bird of ight, Od. xii. 62; mtir
hn hamrinun ugi, Edda 58; fer ok ugi, 'faring and ying,' all in motion, Fas. i. 6, Nm. 2.
99: metaph., var hn ll ugi, she was all in a utter, Fb. ii. 335. II. = tti, Lat. fuga, ight, only
in poetry; traur ugar, unwilling to ee, bold, Hkv. 1. 52, Fms. xi. 186 (in a verse); ugar-traur,
adj. bold, Hkv. 1. 54; cp. ug-skjarr, ug-styggr, ug-traur, ug-varr, adj., ug-verrir, m. rm
in battle, uninching, all epithets of heroes, Lex. Pot. III. neut. a sheer precipice; hann er sv hr,
ok at ug fyrir ofan at ..., Fas. ii. 231; hence uga-bjrg, n. pl. and uga-hamarr (mod. ug-
hamarr), m. precipices, Bs. i. 330, Fms. viii. 18. 49, Fb. iii. 408, Fas. ii. 231: also of a current,
uga-fors, m., Mag.; uga-straumr, m. a rapid vortex, eddy, Edda 67 (in a verse) :-- other compds
in mod. use, ug-beittr, adj. keen-edged, as a razor; ug-gfar, ug-nmr, ug-skarpr, adj. keen,
acute, quick to learn; ug-hll, adj. (ug-hlka, u, f.), very slippery; ug-rkr, adj. immensely rich.
uga, u. f., gen. pl. ugna, a y, gnat, moth, Stj. 23, 91, Pr. 474, Edda 70, Ver. 20; gesta-uga, a
moth; m-f., a gnat; b-f., a bee; randa-f., a wasp; hunangs-f., a honey-y, a kind of Icel. bee; mel-
f., a clothes-moth; ev-f., a kind of tipula: myki-f., a dung-y: maka-f., a maggot-y, all three
musca, etc., vide Eggert Itin. ch. 688: the phrase, eins og uga, swift as a y. Wizards were said to
bewitch ies and send them to kill their enemies (vide galdra-uga, gand-uga), hence the phrase,
gna vi ugu, or taka ugu, to swallow the y or to carry the y, i.e. to be the tool of another man,
esp. in a wicked and fatal business, Eb. 164; ef Hallgerr kemr annarri ugu munn r, if H. puts
another y in thy mouth, i.e. makes thee to carry another lie, Nj. 64; eir gina vi essi ugu, Al. 9;
era mnligt ugu at gna, 'tis not 'mine-like' to open the mouth for ies, i.e. lies and slander, Kristni
S. (in a verse of the year 998); hann fr komit eirri ugu munn eins skiptings, Fms. xi. 445.
COMPDS: ugu-mar, m. 'a man of ies,' a wizard, occurs in this sense in the old Swed. law
(Verel.): hence metaph. a hired bandit, an assassin, Landn. 181, N. G. L. ii. 51, Fms. v. 45, 190, vi.
188, Glm. 361, Rd. 307, Lv. 57. ugu-mannligr, adj. looking assassin-like, Fs. 65.
ugi, a pret. of a lost verb ygja, to shudder; hn ugi ll, she shuddered all over (from horror),
Eb. 318.
ug-dreki, a, m. a ying dragon, a mythic monster, Nj. 183, Bjarn. 12, Gull., Al., Sks. 79; cp.
dreki jgandi, Vsp.
ug-dr, n. a ying insect, Pr. 476.
ug-ormr, m. a ying snake, winged serpent, mythol., Pr.
ug-sjr, m. the giddy deep, Fas. ii. 231, v.l.
ug-skjtr, adj. swift as one winged, Fas. iii. 455.
ug-snarr, adj. = ugskjtr, Art. 149.
ug-stigr, m. a path of ight, pot., Hkv. 2. 47: the popular phrase, eg var kominn ugstig a fara,
I was just about to go (or do a thing), but always with the notion that one is prevented at the last
moment.
utning, f., used as masc. (utningr) in Norse writers, Gl. 432, in mod. usage masc. throughout,
[ytja] :-- transport, carriage of goods; utning hlfa, Pm. 122; f. ll, Vm. 150; allar utningar,
Grg. ii. 357, 359, Fms. iv. 121, viii. 179, Band. 2 :-- conveyance of persons, Eg. 75, 477: in mod.
usage also = farmr. 2. masc. in the metaph. sense, help, negotiation, intervention, Hrafn. 14, Fms.
vii. 17, ix. 295; mla-f., pleading, Hrafn. 17 :-- report, var at eirra utningr, they reported, Fms.
x. 97, Bs. i. 702, 775; but fem., 701. COMPDS: 1. fem., utningar-mar, m. a carrier of goods,
Grg. ii. 383, Glm. 393, Vm. 16. utninga-skip, n. a ferry-boat, Vm. 15. 2. masc., utnings-
mar, m. a pleader, Eg. 172, 467, Hkr. iii. 27, Sturl. ii. 17.
FL, f. low skerries or reefs ooded by the sea; ea skeri, Mar.; ok fall, Bs. ii. 51.
FLR, n. [for. word; Lat. os], a ower, blossom, Fms. v. 345, Barl., Flor., Stj., Bs. ii, freq. in old
translations, but now obsolete, except in a metaph. sense, a owery style of writing. II. our, Fms.
viii. 250, v.l., Bs. i. 707, 713. COMPDS: r-brau, n. our-bread, Stj. 121, Fms. ix. 241. r-
hleifr, m. a our-loaf, El. 21.
rar, part. owery, esp. in a bad sense, of an affected style, etc.
FLYRA, u, f. a ounder, Edda (Gl.), Bs. ii. 179.
ygill, m. [Germ. gel], a wing, ir. 92, where it seems borrowed from German ballads.
yka (and yksa), u, f. a ake, rag, metaph. a phantom, Grett. 111.
ykkjask, t, dep. [okkr], to crowd, Fms. viii. 81, 411, Hom. 65, Fas. ii. 80, Orkn. 372 (in a verse).
ysja, a, [os], to split or cut into slices, Hv. 31 new Ed.; cp. s.
ysjungr, m. a fop, charlatan.
FLYTJA, pres. yt: pret. utti; sup. utt :-- to cause to it, carry, Gsl. 133; ytja vru til skips, Nj.
4, Sklda 163, Eg. 125, 194: of trade, to export or import, enna fjrhlut f. menn aan, Sks. 184;
kaupmenn er mest gi ytja landi essu, Fms. vii. 122; frillu er her utt af Noregi, Ld. 34.
2. metaph., ytja frn, to bring an offering, Sks. 781. . to perform; ytja skrslu, jrnbur, Ld. 58,
Fms. viii. 149, Hkr. ii. 229. . to proclaim, preach; hvaa skiru hann ytti, 625. 90: pass., Fms. x.
161: to recite, deliver a poem, speech, etc., ytja kvi, sl. ii. 222; ytja ru, to deliver a sermon
(mod.): metaph., var s vsa mjk utt, the verse was much repeated, went abroad, Fms. i. 48: pass.
to be told, Stj. 59, K. . 200. . to help, plead, intercede; ytja eyrindi, Fms. x. 44, v.l.; gfgir
menn uttu etta ml me honum, Fms. i. 13; n he ek utt sem ek mun at sinni, Hrafn. 17; cp. af-
ytja, to disparage: pass., Sks. 185 B. r. to entertain, support; ytja meg, Mar. (Fr.): pass. to
support oneself, Bs. i. 705. II. reex. to it, migrate; hann uttisk til fjalls upp, Fms. x. 411; uttisk
herrinn, ix. 353; uttusk eir upp rs einn, Landn. 57: lta skjta bti ok uttisk t skipit, Nj.
133, Fms. xi. 143; ytjask eir lafr angat ok kasta akkerum, Ld. 76: ef r ytisk eigi r
hfninni, sl. ii. 127; ytjask fram, to pass, succeed tolerably, Helgi kva sr vi slkt hafa fram
utzk nokkura stund, Fms. v. 257: at n ytisk fram bi er ert vi, Band. 2. III. part.
ytjandi, in the phrase, f. eyrir, movables, money, Grett. 90, m. 3, Pm. 22, Dipl. iii. 6. . a
conveyer, Grg. ii. 358: metaph. a promoter, . H. 126, Glm. 349.
ytjan, f. a helping, promoting, Stj. 111.
yxa, v. yka.
FLJA, pres. ; pret. i; sup. ; part. ir: mod. a, pret. i, part. inn, pres. ; an
older form with -- ja, pres. , pret. i -- occurs in poetry and old prose; skr and i
rhyme even in Pd. 47 (of the 12th century): this older form is rightly formed from the part. ; sup.
it, Fms. i. 26; r (pres.), 623. 26; u (pret.), Bret. 74; but u, 40; yir (part.), Edda 154
(pref.): ja (inf.), Sdm. 21, 677. 10, 655 xiv. A. 1, 623. 16; eoi -- i, Hom. (St.) 3; pret.
indin. u (fugisse), d. 9; pret. subj. im (fugeremus) Fms. ii. 181 (in a verse): [cp. Ulf.
ljhan; A. S. eon; O. H. G. ihan, mod. iehen; Engl. ee; no strong verb corresponding to this
occurs in the Scandin., except jga, which in very old times served for both fugere and volare,
vide s. v.] :-- to ee, Lat. fugere; eir u til Upplanda, Fms. i. 19; vst vil ek eigi ja, x. 348;
Kjtvi hinn augi yi, Eg. 33, Sks. 716 B; er Eirekr hafi brott it, Fms. i. 26: landsmenn fllu
ok u, Bret. 40; Tyrkir vru yir borgina, 88; ja undan, to ee from one pursuing, Eg. 269;
or, yja undan e-m, 623. 16; ja undan banvnligu hggi, Edda 154. 2. adding acc., ja land, to
ee the land, Fms. i. 1, Ld. 4; u margir gfgir menn ul sn, Eb. 3, Fs. 123: to ee from, shun,
hgt mun forlgin at ja, to shun fate, 20; ja hvrki eld n jrn, Edda 82; ek a banann, I
shunned death, Bret. 90; er s bani, er ing r, one who shuns the meeting, i.e. appears not, N.
G. L. i. 62.
FLTA, tt, [hence jtr], to hasten, make haste, with dat.; ta ferinni, to hasten on one's journey,
Grett. 99, Bs. i. 130; ta sr, to hasten, speed oneself, Stj. 221, r. 69.
tir, m. eetness, speed, Stj. 172, Lv. 41, Fas. iii. 219. tis-verk, n. hurried work. II. of a person,
an instigator, Lex. Pot.
a, dd, [], to ood over, Stj. 56, 284, Ann. 1345: to ow, of the tide, Fms. vi. 163, ix. 44, x.
98: impers., f ok skip (acc.) ir, the ood-tide overtakes sheep and boats, i.e. they are lost by the
tide, (mod.)
i-, in COMPDS: i-bakki, a, m. 'ood-tide-banks,' banks covered at high water, Gsl. 138,
cp. 52. i-sker, n. a skerry which is ooded at high water, Fms. ii. 142: the phrase, hann er ekki
i-skeri staddr, he is not on a ., i.e. is in safety.
FLR, f., gen. ar, acc. and dat. i, pl. ar, ood-tide, high water, a word used in
western Icel. instead of , which is used in the south, north, and east; var rin s dags, Eg.
600; r svar, Sturl. ii. 70; sandi ar er r gkk yr ( ar-mli, Landn. l.c.), Fms. i. 248;
biu eir ar, Eg. 129; af nlg tunglsins vaxa ar, Rb. 478; fyrir arinnar skyld, Stj. 57;
at um, Orkn. 428; at i svar, 422; strstraums-f., hbakka-f., smstraums-f. COMPDS:
ar-bakki, a, m. = ibakki, Gsl. 52. ar-ml, n. ood-mark, i.e. the space between low
and high water, N. G. L. i. 13, Landn. 117. ar-ms, f. 'ood-mouse,' a fabulous animal in
nursery tales, vide sl. js. and Maurer's Volksagen; the word is, however, probably only a
corruption from Germ. 'eder-maus,' the bat. ar-pyttr, m. a pit on the beach, Fs. 158. ar-
sker, n. = isker, Edda 48. ar-tmi, a, m. ood-time, high water, Stj. 57. ar-ur, f. rocks
reached by high water, Grett. 99. The word r may be used as a test, to shew whether a MS. was
written in the west of Icel. or not; but for authorship it is not sufcient, as copyists were apt to alter
such things; thus the Gull. S. (a western Saga) uses not r; at the present day an Icel. from
the west is ridiculed in other counties of Icel. for his r.
kingr, m. vagrancy, also a stroller.
kja, t, [ki], to entangle: reex., kja fyrir e-m, to cross one's path, Fas. iii. 380, Grett. 134.
kja, u, f. entanglement.
FLMA, d, to drive away ignominiously, Mart. 119, Fms. v. 304, x. 262, Fr. 133: = slma, q.v.,
Nj. 262, a bad reading: reex. to roam about, rove, (mod.)
mi, n. a waste, open place.
mingr, m. a stroller, landlouper, (mod.)
Flmska, n, f. the Flemish language. Flmskr, adj., and Flmingi, a, m. Flemish, Fas. iii. 262,
Bs. Laur. S., Vm. 62.
FLR, f. [r II], falsehood, deceit, Gl. 492, Stj. 169, 631, Hom. 86, 158, Fms. i. 74. . with
the notion of blandness, (mod.) COMPDS: rar-fullr, adj. full of deceit, Stj. 78, Fms. x. 221.
rar-lauss, adj. sincere, Sks. 20, 632, Bret. 82. rar-or, n. false (but fair) language, Fas. i.
193. rar-samligr and rar-samr, adj. false, 625. 65, Sks. 308. Flrar-senna, u, f. Siren-
song, name of a poem, cp. Loka-senna.
rari, a, m. an impostor, Fms. viii. 235.
r-lauss, adj. = rarlauss, Stj. 554, Fms. viii. 239, Hom. 150.
rr, part. blended with falsehood, Fas. i. 142.
r-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), false, Stj. 554, Fms. i. 59, x. 260.
r-samr, adj. = rarsamr, Sks. 308 B.
gra, a, to utter, ap, Grett. 111.
kr, n. a roving, roaming about, = mod. akk, Bs. i. 97.
kra, a, = kta; jga ok f., Barl. 137.
krt, n. adj. a 'uttering' feeling, nausea; mr er kurt, I am like to be sick; kr-leiki, a, m. a
feeling rather sick, Fl.
kta, t, to utter and y about, Fas. i. 393, Greg. 79, Fms. vi. 62, x. 139.
sur, f. pl. aws in iron, Eg. 184 (in a verse).
FLT, f., pl. atir, a plain, freq. in mod. use. Fltr, f. pl. a local name, Eb. 15 new Ed., Bs. i. 629.
FNASA, a, [mid. H. G. phnasen], to sneeze, snort, Lat. fremere, metaph. to snort in rage, kv. 13,
Korm. 220 (in a verse).
fnasan and fnsun, f. a sneezing, snorting, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse).
fnaui, a, m. a craven, Edda (Gl.), Fms. xi. 141, Mork. 148, used only in poetry.
FNJSKR, mod. hnjskr, m. [Swed. fnske, cp. Swed. fnas = husk] :-- touchwood, Fms. vii. 225:
metaph., synda-f., Mar. 23; fnjskr er kveyking, id.; hence local names in Icel., as Fnjska-dalr,
Fnjsk-, Landn., Eggert Itin.
fnjsk-urr, adj. dry as touchwood.
FNYKR, m., also spelt nykr, [cp. Dan. fnug == an atom, a light substance; Swed. fnugg] :-- a
stench, Bs. ii. 5 (spelt snykr); slri illum fnyk (MS. fnycc) af lkamanum, Fms. x. 379 (grip);
fnykr ok fla, 213; nykr ok fla, Bs. i. 199; ar til er t ferr fnykr (MS. frykr) um nasar yrar, Stj.
323, Numb. xi. 20, Barl. 86, v.l.
fnsa (and older form fnsa, Fm. 18, Gkv. 1. 27; fnstu, d. 5), t, [Swed. fnysa; Dan. fnyse] :-- to
sneeze, Lat. fremere: with dat., fnsa eitri, to blow out poison, Fms. i. 160, Fm., Gkv., d. l.c.; fnsa
bli, Hkr. i. 86 (in a verse).
fogl, m. a fowl, vide fugl.
FOK, n. [fjka], spray, any light thing tossed about by the wind; hey-fok, fjara-fok, hay, feathers
tossed about :-- a snow-drift = fjk, Bjarn. 51. COMPDS: fok-reir, adj. wroth, frantic. fok-sandr,
m. drift-sand.
folald, n. a young foal, Lv. 93, Sturl. i. 144.
FOLD, f. [A. S. folde; cp. Engl. eld, Germ. feld], a eld of soft grass; ata-foldir, elds, Bs. ii. 79;
hence fyldinn, adj., q.v. Foldir, f. pl. local name of a grassy oasis in western Icel.; rare in prose, but
freq. in poetry: -- generally the earth, Alm. 11, Vsp. 57, Hm. 24, Haustl. 5, Edda 97 (in a verse);
foldu, on earth, Hyndl. 40. II. the name of a fjord and county in Norway, the modern Christjania-
fjord; Vest-fold, West-fold, a county; perhaps 'fold' is to be taken in this sense, viz. = fjrr in Hm.
138.
fold-vegr, m. = fold, Vtkv. 3.
FOLI, a, m. [A. S. fola; Germ. fllen; Dan. fole; Swed. fle] :-- a foal, freq.: in a phrase, Gsl. 27:
of a camel, Stj. 183; asna-foli, Sams. 15. fola-ftr, m. a nickname, Fms. vii. 51.
FONTR, m. [for. word; Lat. fons], a font, Vm. 6, 52, K. . 20, H. E. i. 480, Stj. 289, Pm. 126.
COMPDS: font-kli, n. a font-cover, Vm. 4, B. K. 83. font-kross, m. the cross on a font, Vm.
103, 117.
FOR, f., pl. forar, a drain, sewer; forum eim er hann grefr, Grg. Kb. ch. 187; stur (dikes) ea
forar (drains, ditches) er hann her grvar me vatns-veitingum, Grg. ii. 289: in mod. usage, a
cess-pit, bjar-for, hland-for; for og bleyta, mud and dirt.
FORA, n., in pl. foru or for, mod. fori, a dangerous place, precipice, abyss, pit; allt er
feigs fora, Sl.; elta e-n fora, Grg. ii. 117, 120, 157, Bs. i. 200, Gg. 15, Gl. 393, 411, N. G. L. i.
342, Vpn. 8, Blas. 46, Thom. 256, Fsm. 9, 40; fallanda f. (stumbling-block) reskldr hennar, Edda
(Gl.): freq. in mod. usage, a bog, quagmire, morass, esp. in the allit. phrase, fen og fori, fens and
bogs. . metaph. a dangerous situation; vera forai, Fms. ix. 517; kom hann sr mikit fora, 623.
15; in Post. Luke xvi. 26 is rendered by fora (N. T. djp). . a bugbear, ogre, monster; hann er et
mesta fora, Edda 42; Mystus heitir fora, Pr. 472; ert et mesta fora, Nj. 176: cp. the saying,
foruin sjsk bezt vi, cp. also the Germ. 'ein fuchs riecht den andern,' Orkn. 308: in COMPDS,
horribly, awfully; foras-hr, adj. terribly tall, Fms. iii. 124. foras-llr, adj. abominable, sl. ii.
162. foras-ligr, adj. awful, Thom. 256. foras-ver, n. abominable weather. Sturl. ii. 50, Bjarn. 54,
56, Post. 656 B. 12.
fora-skapr, m. abominable nature, Stj. 483. 1 Sam. xxv. 25.
for-akt, n. (for. word), intention; me vilja er f., H. E. i. 561. . in mod. usage = Germ. veracht,
contempt.
for-akta, a, [Germ. verachten], to despise, scorn, (mod. word.)
fortta, u, f., an older form forurtir, contr. forttir, f. pl. occurs, -- forutta-laust, Grg. i. 329, 377
(Kb. ii. 42 fortta-laust), 468; fortta-laust, Kb. i. 133, 136; but fortta, Nj. 15, Eb. 40: [the
etymology of the word seems to be 'for' in a privative sense, and 'verk,' cp. A. S. forwyrht =
peccatum; in the Icel. it is used as a law term] :-- a cause of forfeiture, an act whereby the other
party has 'forfeited' his right, but it is not used in a criminal sense = Germ. verbrechen; ef honum
ykkja forurtir til ess, Grg. l.c.: the phrase, fortta-laust or forurta-laust (foryfta-laust, N. G. L.
i. 29, is a false reading), sine causa legali, Grg. l.c.: chiey in divorce cases, the phrase, nna til
forttu, to plead as an excuse, Nj., Eb. l.c. II. in mod. usage = fora; forttu-brim, forttu-ver, n.
a heavy surf, strong gale, etc.
for-beini, a, m. furtherance, Eg. 162, 163, 568, Hkr. i. 189, Bs. ii. 80.
for-bending, f. a foreboding, Stj. 81.
for-berg, n. a projecting rock, Grett. 141, Fas. iii. 257.
for-bergis, adv. down-hill, Hkv. 1. 41.
for-blindar, part. blinded, Pass. 34. 3.
for-bo, n. a foreboding, Fms. vii. 157. II. eccl. an interdict, the Germ. verbot, K. . 46, 62, 226,
H. E. ii. 75.
for-boa, a, to forbid, Germ. verbieten, esp. eccl. to put under an interdict, K. . 44, 108, Bs. i.
141, Sturl. i. 123, ii. 4, H. E. i. 466.
for-boan, f. an interdict, H. E. i. 419.
for-brekkis, adv. down-hill, Grett. 134.
for-brekkt, n. adj. down-hill, Fms. ii. 98, Lv. 112.
for-brjta, brant, to transgress, Vidal.
for-bnir, f. pl. imprecations, sl. ii. 220, Fas. iii. 205.
FORA, a, prop. to 'forth' oneself, help oneself forth or forward, esp. to save one's life, escape
danger, with dat.; fora sr, Orkn. 556, Fms. i. 72, v. 87, Eg. 70, Finnb. 320, Magn. 458; halt
undan ok f. r, Fb. iii. 407; fora fjrvi, l, to save one's life, Hbl. 12, Fms. vi. 46, Grg. ii. 13:
with a double dat., to be ware of a thing, sl mn r fri f., Pass. 11. 9, 16. 10; but usually, fora sr
fyrir e-u, or vi e-u. . hv forar enni hgri hendinni, why withholdest than thy right hand? 623.
17. II. reex. to shun, escape, avoid, the thing avoided in acc., Fs. 180; forask fund e-s, to shun
one, Eb. 92, Fms. ii. 136; forask forlgin, Fs. 24; ekki m f. (nothing can escape them) hvrki
menn n dr, Fms. i. 9: in pass. sense, Sks. 331 B: absol. to escape, Edda 21, Nj. 43, Fms. x. 290.
fori, a, m. respite; skammr f., a short respite, Fms. viii. 154, v.l.: in mod. usage, stores, viands; lfs
f., what supports life, a livelihood, -- this sense seems not to occur in old writers; hence fora-br,
n. a store-house.
for-djarfa, a, [Germ. verderben], to disgrace, Art. 73, Fas. iii. 289: reex. to disgrace oneself, Stj.
144, H. E. i. 514: mod. to spoil, destroy.
for-djrfun, f. destruction.
for-drfa, dreif, [Germ. vertreiben], to drive away, Clar. 19, Fb. i. 402.
forum, adv. [akin to fjr, q.v.], aforetime, formerly, once, erst, Stj. 121, Fms. x. 413, Sks. 108;
forum daga, in former days, Fms. i. 141, ii. 183, vi. 38; ungr var ek forum, young was I once,
Hm. 46: freq. in mod. usage, but esp. in the sense of yore, in days of old; the saying, rysvar var
allt forum, Sturl. iii. 253; cp. 'all good things come in threes.'
for-dkr, m. a curtain, Vm. 10, 22, 29.
for-dyktr, adj. equipt, Fms. x. 139, (for. word.)
for-dyld, f. [dul], conceit, vanity, show, Pass. 32. 3.
for-dyri, n. a 'fore-door,' vestibule, Fms. viii. 14, Orkn. 368 old Ed.
for-da, u, f. [for- negative and d = an 'evil-doer,' cp. Germ. 'missethat;' the etym. given in Js.
(Gl.) is inadmissible; only used as a law term] :-- a witch, sorceress, in the worst sense, N. G. L. i.
70, 342, 351, Ls. 32, Korm. (in a verse), Grett. 108 new Ed.; blvu f., accursed witch! Fms. xi.
435. COMPDS: fordu-mar, m. an execrable man, Fms. xi. 432. fordu-skapr, m. witchcraft,
sorcery, Hom. 86, Bs. ii. 97, N. G. L. i. 182, dened K. . K. 76 :-- objects used for sorcery, N. G.
L. i. 351. fordu-verk, n. an execrable crime (slaying a man asleep), Vgl. 86 new Ed.
for-dma, d, to condemn, Germ. verdammen, Rb. 338, K. . 224, Bs. ii. 159: eccl., Stj. 151, N. T.
passim.
for-dming, f., esp. eccl. damnation, Germ. verdammung, Stj. 151, Anecd. 28.
for-ellri or foreldri, n., later forellrar, mod. foreldrar, m. pl. (inserting d); masc. foreldrar occurs
Nj. 224; forellar (eliding the r), Fms. x. (grip), 410, 413, 418; [Germ. vorltern] :-- forefathers,
elders, ancestors, in old writers always in this sense; fer ok forellri. Stj. 240, Fms. i. 34; likir snu
forellri, 195; um at bregr mr til forellris mns, vii. 64; enir fyrri forellrar vrir, . H. 69; frndr
ok forellrar, id.; frnda ok forellra, Fms. i. 33; sumir hans forellrar, viii. 101; fair ok forellar, x.
418 :-- eccl. predecessors, H. E. i. 512. forellris-menn, m. pl. forefathers, Fms. ix. 334, Fas. i. 351,
Stj. 63, 139, Barl. passim. II. in mod. usage, parents, and only in masc. pl. foreldrar; this sense
occurs as early as the N. T. (vide fegin), but is unknown to older writers.
for-eysla, u, f. desolation, N. T.
for-fair, m. a forefather, Stj. 124; chiey in pl., Edda (pref.), Stj. 128, freq. in mod. use :-- eccl. a
predecessor, H. E. i. 514, 655 xxxii. 2.
for-fall, n. a let, hindrance, esp. in pl. as a law phrase, Gl. 102, H. E. ii. 82: a drawback, Fas. ii.
466. forfalla-laust, n. adj. and adv. = in case that there be no let or hindrance, Jb. 222, Gl. 13, K.
. 22, H. E. i. 516: in N. G. L. i. 351 it is used = without legal cause = forttu-laust. II. sing, a bed-
curtain, Edda (Gl.), Ed. Arna-Magn. ii. 494; hann br upp forfalli, ok s at ar l madr, Mag. 1:
used as masc. (for-fallinn), El. 24.
for-fgar, part. painted, whitewashed, Gr. GREEK, Matth. xxiii. 27.
for-fegin, n. pl. 'fore-parents,' Stj. 134.
for-fjl, f. a side-board, Str.
for-tti, adj. exiled, fugitive, Fms. i. 212, Eg. 284: a landlouper, Stj. 43: ight, Bs. ii. 66; far-tti,
q.v., is not so good a reading.
for-ganga, gkk, [Germ. vergeben], to perish, Ann. 1368, 1412, N. T.
for-ganga, u, f. [A. S. fore-gengd], a 'going before,' help, Hkr. ii. 122. forgngu-kona, u, f., Mar.,
Stj. forgngu-mar, m. a guide (either man or woman), leader, Hkr. iii. 103, Th. 15.
for-gangr, m. = forganga, Hv. 57. forgangs-mar, m. a leader, Hkr. i. 274, Fms. i. 299, vii. 138.
for-garr, m. a 'fore-yard,' the fore-court of a house, Fsm. 2, 3: the metaph. phrase, vera
forgrum (mod. fara a forgrum), of stores, to go out of doors, i.e. to be wasted and squandered,
Fas. iii. 51.
for-gens, adv. [Germ. vergebens], in vain, (mod.)
for-gildi, n. an GREEK = Lat. praefatio, a preamble, 625. 90.
for-gildra, a, to lay a trap for, Thom. 159.
for-gipt, f. payment for alimentation, = mod. megjf, Sd. 149, Fms. vi. 298, vii. 112, Fas. ii. 438,
Fs. 29, 64. forgiptar-laust, adj. without costs, 655 xx. 4. II. [Germ. vergift], poison, Bb. 3. 68, but
in this sense it can scarcely be called an Icel. word.
for-gsl, m. a hostage, Karl. 79.
for-gsla, a, to give as hostage, Karl. 57, O. H. L. 65.
for-gr, adj. exceeding good, Safn i. 92.
for-grpa, greip, [A. S. forgrpan; Germ. vergreifen], to do amiss.
for-gyltr, part. (Germ. word), gilded, Vm. 21, 39, Pm. 120, Dipl. iii. 4.
for-hagr, adj. skilful in handicraft, Stj. 22.
for-harnar and for-hertr, part. hardened.
for-hellir, m. the fore part of a cave, Sams. 19.
for-hera, t, to harden, the Bible passim, [cp. A. S. for-heard, very hard.] for-hering, f. hardness
of heart, Bible.
for-hleypi, n. a 'fore-leaping,' in the phrase, hafa e-n at forhleypi, or at forhleypis-manni, to use one
as a 'fore-leaper,' i.e. as a cat's paw, Nj. 224, Sturl. i. 181.
for-hraustr, adj. exceeding valiant, Lex. Pot.
for-hugsan, f. forethought, Bs. ii. 40, 76. for-hugsar, part. musing.
for-hs, n. a porch, Eb. 220, Fms. viii. 360, v.l., H. E. i. 510.
fori, a, m. a bell-wether, Bb. 3. 55; eins og forinn feitr, a ditty.
foringi, a, m., gen. ja, pl. jar, a leader, captain, Fr. 106, Hom. 111, Fs. 57, Vpn. 25, Bs. i. 48,
Fms. iv. 147, v. 295; hers-f., lis-f., a captain of troops; skips-f., a ship's captain.
forka, a, to 'fork' or punt a ship, push it on with a pole, Nj. 273, Fas. ii. 360.
for-kast, n. throwing (hay) before cattle, sl. ii. 141.
for-kirkja, u, f. a church-porch, Stj. 562, Sturl. ii. 59.
for-klrar, part. (Germ. word), gloried, Rb. 312.
for-klran, f. transguration.
for-klrast, a, dep., in the Icel. N. T. to be transgured, Mark ix. 1.
for-kostuliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), very nely, Grett. 154 new Ed.
for-klfr, m. a 'fore-bolt,' metaph. a head, chief, Al. 127; the reading gjrklfr in Eb. 86 is prob.
false.
FORKR, m. [for. word; Lat. furca], a fork, pole, Landn. 154: a punting pole, Eg. 220, Fms. vii.
195, viii. 337, ix. 24, 257, passim, Ld. 56, it occurs even in a verse of the 10th century in Landn. 3.
14 (if the verse be genuine): a fork to eat with is in Icel. called gaffall, a mod. word borrowed from
Germ. gabel, Dan. gaffel.
for-kur, f. [kunna], eagerness to learn, curiosity; var mnnum n f. skemtan, sl. ii. 326; hluti
er eim er f. at vita, Orkn. 100 old Ed., 138 new Ed. reads forvitni: gen. forkunnar- in compds
means remarkably, exceedingly; f. margir, sl. ii. 226; f. mjk, Orkn. 332; f. vel, Eg. 253, Nj. 230,
v.l.; f. vn, Fms. i. 70; f. fagr, Edda 46: with a subst., forkunnar or, eloquent words, Hom. (St.)
for-kunna, adj. eager to learn; vru allir f. at heyra or hans, Clem. 52.
for-kunnliga, adv., prop, remarkably, exceedingly; f. vn, Rb. 404, Joh. 623. 15; f. frr, Fms. i.
212; f. jtr, viii. 382; f. vel, Grett. 154 new Ed.; sver bit f., Eb. 226; bija f., to beg ardently,
Sks. 616.
for-kunnligr, adj. remarkable, beautiful, Hkr. ii. 73, Fms. x. 319.
for-lag, n. what is 'laid' up: I. esp. in sing, provision for living, a livelihood, Bs. i. 137, Fms. vi.
304; uru aan fr g forlg manna, Bs. i: metaph. of marriage, sl. ii. 416, 453: fate in store for
one = forlg, Lv. 33, Glm. 333. forlags-eyrir, m. livelihood, Gl. 259, 442, N. G. L. i. 52: means,
Jb. 166. II. in pl. for-lg, n., properly 'fore-law;' hence law or fate, destiny, cp. r-lg and lg; the
word is not very freq. in old writers, and chiey occurs in Sagas such as Vd., Flam. S., in old
poetry only in Km. 23, but rare in genuine heathen Sagas; the very word conveys some Christian
notion; rlg and skp are solely heathen, e.g. Hm. 55; this distinction is rightly marked in a ditty of
Pal Vdaln -- forlg koma ofan a | rlg kringum sveima | lgin r ymsum sta | en lg fast
heima; in mod. usage forlg is current, but orlg, skp, obsolete; etta mun vera forlg hennar,
Glm. 333; Hkon kvask heyra vilja forlg sin, ... ef vilt vita forlg n, Orkn. 140, Fs. 19;
hgt mun forlgin at ja, 20; eigi mundi tja at brjtask vi forlgunum, id.; ok mtti it njta
lengri forlaga, that ye might enjoy a longer life, 84; honum var annarra forlaga auit, 6; verr hverr
eptir snum forlgum at leita, 11; torstt er at forask forlgin, 24; forlg ekki forumst ill | fram
kemr a hamingjan vill, lf. 3. 69; m vera at hr s hennar forlg (destiny), Fs.
for-lagr, part. done with, forlorn, orst. St. 51.
for-lt, n. forgiveness, Karl. 552, Pass. 31. 16.
for-lta, lt, to forgive, with dat. II. to forsake, [A. S. forltan], with acc., N. T., Pass.
for-leiga, u, f. rent paid in advance, N. G. L. i. 241.
for-leistr, m. the fore part of a sock, N. G. L. iii.
for-lendi, n. 'fore-land,' the land between sea and hills, Finnb. 242, Bs. ii. 25, Orkn. 324; now
undir-lendi.
for-lii, a, m. a leader, Nj. 192, v.l., = fyrir-lii.
for-liga, adv. vehemently; f. reir, Thom. 204; vide forr.
for-lkan, f. reconciliation (the Gr. GREEK), Rom. v. 11.
for-lkast, a, dep. [cp. Germ. vergleichen], to come to terms, Sturl. iii. 232: in mod. Icel. law, in all
but criminal cases, the litigants have to appear (in person or by delegates) before two or more
'peace-makers' or umpires called forlkunar-menn, -- usually the parson and one or more of the
chief men of the parish; the ofce of the peace-makers is to try to bring about a friendly settlement
called forlkan, and this meeting is often repeated; only after a forlkan has been tried in vain, can
the case be taken before a law-court; by this judicious proceeding more than half the quarrels are
nipped in the bud; there seems to be nothing like this in the old law, and the custom was probably
borrowed from Denmark. There is a saying, 'a lean forlkan is better than a fat lawsuit.'
for-ltill, adj. exceeding small, Mar. 195.
for-ljtr, adj. exceeding ugly, Bs. i. 802.
for-lta, tt, to blame, Fms. viii. 4.
for-lg, n. pl. fate, vide forlag II.
FORM, n. [Lat. forma], form, shape, 655 xxxii. 17, 18, xxv. 1, Rb. 360, Fms. xi. 436, (rare.)
for-mar, m. a 'fore-man,' captain, Fms. vii. 246. ix. 348, xi. 243, 402, Nj. 43, Magn. 486 :-- a
master, ruler, Edda (pref.); formar konunga, the foremost among kings, Fms. ii. 292; f. annars
flks, the foremost man of other folk, vi. 38. COMPDS: formanns-lauss, adj. without a leader, H.
E. i. 562. formanns-skapr, m. leadership, Stj. 50. II. mod. the foreman or captain in a shing
vessel or boat; in many compds, e.g. formanns-hlutr, m. the captains share (of the sh caught).
formann-ligr, adj. leader-like, Fms. vii. 63, Valla L. 203.
for-ml, n. a preface, preamble, 625. 90.
for-mli, a, m. a preamble, Eg. 389, 390, 552; konungr skipaisk eigi vi slkan formla; Fms. vii.
65; hverjum gistingar-sta hafi hann (the bishop) formla sjlfr, i.e. saying grace, prayers, or the
like, Bs. i. 140: a stipulation, condition, me vlkum formla sem ..., Fms. i. 90, Str. 55: a preface,
rendering of the mid. Lat. praefatio; in mod. usage, the preface to a book = Germ. vorwort, vorrede.
for-megan, f. [Germ. vermgen], means, wealth, (mod.)
for-meistari, a, m. a head-master, Edda (pref.)
for-menntr, part. well-trained, highly skilled, Finnb. 290; f. jrnsm, Fms. xi. 427, Bs. i. 681,
850, ii. 32.
formera, a, mod. forma, vide forma, (Lat. word), to form, Stj. 14, 20, Bs. ii. and Mar. passim,
Magn. 478, Dipl. iii. 5.
formeran, f. form, shape, Stj. 5, 12.
for-merking, f. a symbol, Stj. 281.
for-merkja, t, [Germ. vermerken], to perceive, N. T., Pass. 12.
for-messa, u, f. 'fore-mass,' matins, Fms. vii. 145, viii. 174, ix. 48, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18.
formi a, m. (Lat. word), the case in which the chalice is kept, Vm. 29, Pm. 71. forma-dkr, m. id.,
Pm. 40.
for-mikill, adj. exceeding great, Bs. ii. UNCERTAIN.
for-mir, f. a 'fore-mother,' ancestress, Stj. 141.
for-myndari, a, m. [Germ. vormund], a ward, of a minor.
for-myrkvast, a, dep. to be eclipsed, for-myrkvan, f. an eclipse.
for-mla, t, to appoint, El. 21. II. to curse, with dat., N. T.
for-mlandi, part. a spokesman, Hm. 24, 62, Stj. 157, Fms. ii. 45.
for-mlari, a, m. id., Fms. v. 241.
for-mli, n. pleading, Stj. 603, Fms. vii. 39, Sd. 155, Bs. i. 168: a prescribed form, formula, Grg.
ii. 249, Stj. 342 :-- eccl. saying pravers, tir ok f., Bs. i. 167; in Vm. 6 it seems to mean the mass or
liturgy, = formla-bk, f. a book of f., Vm. 21.
for-mling, f. an imprecation; f. llan nnr sta, Pass. 28. 9.
FORN, adj. [Ulf. fairnis = GREEK; A. S. fyrn; Hel. furn; Swed. forn; lost in Engl.] :-- old; forn
vintta, Eg. 729; forn fjndskapr, old enmity, Nj. 49; forn rk, Ls. 25; fornt vn, old wine, Pr. 472; en
forna fold, the old earth, Hm. 24; forn timbr, the old timbers, Akv. 42: inn forni fjndi, the old
end, Satan, 686 C. 2; forn jtunn, the old giant, Hm. 13; fornar tptir, old abodes. Gm. 11: stores
preserved from the past year are called forn, forn mjr, old mead, Skm. 37; fornari hey, K. . K.
163. 2. with the notion of old, worn, rotten, or the like; byrings-segl vrt hi forna, Fms. iv. 259;
forn mrr, Bjarn. 29 (in a verse). 3. old, in temp, sense; in the Icel. Commonwealth the old
priesthoods were called forn goor and forn goorsmar, an old priest, opp. to the priesthoods
instituted along with the Fifth Court, which were termed 'new.' 4. time-honoured, old; forn lg, forn
lands-sir, Bs. i. 682. 5. at fornu, formerly, in times past, Eg. 767, K. . 152, D. I. i. 635; til forna,
id., cp. Dan. til forn. 6. in old writers forn is often used of the heathen times with the old mythical
lore; forn sir, the old (heathen) rite, Fb. i. 215; fornir menn, the men of old, Eb. 132; fornum
skjldum, on shields of old, Edda 87; fornar frsagnir, old tales, Hkr. pref.; forn-menn, forn-tindi,
forn-sgur, the men, lore, or saws of the olden age, (forn-fri, id.; forn-spjll); forn trnar, forn
tra, the old creed, heathenism; forn-kveit ml or hi forn-kvena is a standing phrase for an 'old
saw,' proverb, the Sagas passim, and vide below. . metaph. old, i.e. versed in old lore or
witchcraft; hann var forn mjk (he was a great wizard) ok hafi jafnan ti seti, Orkn. 234; fr ok
forn skapi, sl. ii. 332, Fb. i. 250 (forneskja).
fornar, m., in the phrase, at fornai, furthermore, Fms. ix. 27, Grg. (Kb.) ii. 85, 145, where Sb.
umfram.
fornar, part. worn; f. bnar, Hkr. i. 90.
for-nafn, n., gramm. a pronoun, Sklda 178, 180, Edda 108, 121.
for-nm, n. an obstacle, Bs. ii. 106, 179 :-- the haft on the hilt (nema fyrir), Stj. 383. Judges iii. 16,
22.
forn-brf, n. an old deed.
for-nema, nam, to perceive, (the Germ. vernehmen), scarcely in use.
for-nes, n. a promontory, (cp. Furness in Lancashire), Orkn. 442.
forneskja, u, f. the old heathen time, 'heathenesse;' gtis-mnnum eim er verit hafa forneskju,
Fms. viii. 6; f. kla-bnar, old-fashioned gear, vii. 321. forneskju-legr, adj. antique looking. II.
old lore, witchcraft, Grett. 144, sl. ii. 391, Nj. 273; f. ok fjlkyngi, Fms. ii. 134; fremja forneskju,
Grett. 150; fara me f., Orkn. 136. forneskju-mar, m. a sorcerer, Orkn. 136.
forn-fguligr, mod. forn-fligr, adj. old and worn out, Fms. iii. 166.
forn-frr, adj. skilled in old lore, in a bad sense, of sorcery, Fbr. 163: mod. learned in old things.
forn-fri, f. old lore (of witchcraft), Fms. iii. 90. . archology, (mod.)
forn-fringr, m. an antiquarian, a scholar in old lore, (mod.)
forn-gildr, adj. of old standard value, Dipl. v. 20, Ann. 1392.
forn-gripr, m. pl. antiquities. forngripa-safn, n. a collection of antiquities, (mod.)
forn-haldinn, part. time-honoured, Hallfred.
for-njsn, f. looking ahead, Sdm. 27.
forn-konungr, m. an ancient king, Fms. ii. 138, ix. 455, Fs. 21, Sklda 194.
forn-kveit, n. part. said of old, epithet of old saws, Eg. 520; satt er hit fornkvena, sv ergisk hverr
sem eldisk, Fr. 218, passim; a nnst mr sem fornkveit er, a ftt segir af einum, a ditty.
forn-kvi, n. an old poem, Edda 135. . a ballad, vide danz.
forn-leifar, f. pl. old relics, antiquities, (mod.)
forn-ligr, adj. old, with the notion of worn out, decayed, Fr. 186, Pm., Fms. ii. 142, Fas. ii. 300;
fri f., old lore, Fms. iii. 90.
forn-mar, m. a man of the olden time: forn-menn, m. pl. the ancients, in many compds: the old
biographies of the kings of Norway edited 1825 sqq. are by the editors (less correctly) called
Fornmanna-sgur, instead of the true old name Konunga-sgur or Konunga-.
forn-menjar, f. pl. old relics, antiquities, (mod.)
forn-menni, n. a man of the olden time, Fms. ii. 59.
forn-mli, n. an old saw, Fas. iii. 365.
forn-mltr, part. = fornkveit, Fms. vi. 4.
forn-orr, adj. using old phrases, (mod.) II. swearing, Bs. i. 712.
forn-ortr, part. composed in olden time, ir. 2.
forn-rit, n. pl. old writings, (mod.)
forn-saga, u, f. an old tale, esp. of the mythical age, Fas. i. 417 (v.l.), Eg. 698: mod. forn-sgur, old
legends.
forn-skld, n. an ancient scald or pot, Edda 124, 135, Al. 48.
forn-skr, f. an old scroll, Vm. 122.
forn-skra, u, f. = fornskr, Fas. iii. 237, v.l.
forn-spekingr, m. an old wise-man, Stj. 377.
forn-spjll, n. pl. old spells, old lore, Vsp. 1.
forn-spurr, part., in the phrase, gra e-n fornspuran at e-u, or gra e-t at e-m fornspurum, to do
a thing without asking one's leave, Fas. i. 48.
forn-sngr, m. an old song, ir. 181.
forn-tindi, n. pl. old tales, Hkr. i. 269, Fms. vii. 97, Ht. R. 2.
forn-troinn, part.; stgr f., an old trodden path, Fas. iii. 279.
forn-vinr, m. an old friend, Fas. ii. 422.
forn-yri, n. old words or saws: fornyris-lag or fornyra-lag, n. a kind of old metre: this word is
an GREEK in Edda lit., whence it has spread into mod. use, but it is better called kviu-httr: mod.
an archaism.
forn-yrtr, part. archaizing.
for-nmi, n. a law phrase, plundering another's properly; the law distinguishes between rn (by
personal violence) and fornmi, plunder before the owner's eyes, but without the use of force, Jb.
426, cp. also Gl. 402, 416, N. G. L. i. 227.
forn-ld, f. the olden time, mythical age: Fornaldar-sgur, f. pl. mythical stories, (mod.)
for-prs, m. (for. word), great praise, honour, Mar. (Fr.), Pass. 35. 3.
for-prsa, a, to praise, H. E. i. 404, Stj. 9.
for-prsan, f. glory, Stj. 7, 109, 161.
FORR, adj. forward; of sljr er of forr, too slow or too forward, Thom. 279 :-- haughty, forr ok
framhvass, 180; harla forr, ef nkkut reis vi, id. :-- as adv. quickly, vinna fort, to work eagerly, Bs.
ii. 93; snast fort, to whirl (as a wheel or a spindle), 443 (in a verse): the mod. phrase, fara fort (of
fort) e-t, to go too far (too keenly) into a thing.
for-r, n. management, superintendance; me forri ok umsslu e-s, Rb. 400: the phrase, kunna
ekki ftum snum forr, Stj. 558 :-- administration, stewardship, hann hafi f. me Aui, Landn.
109; hann tk ar vi forrum llum, Eg. 36, 84; staar-forr, the management of church domain-
land, Bs. i. 479; til eignar ok forra, Ld. 14; forr sakar, the leading of a suit, Grg. i. 489 :-- as a
law term, the holding a goor (q.v.) of the heathen time, manna-forr, Hrafn. 14, Nj. 149, v.l.;
hence rule, sway, Fms. vii. 209, xi. 201, Eg. 50, 401. COMPD: forra-mar and forrs-mar,
m. a manager, warden, Grg. ii. 405, Vm. 108; f. kristninnar, the leaders of the church, 656 C. 17,
Hom. 95; f. ok hfingi, Ver. 18, Hkr. i. 83; f. skipi, the captain of a ship, Landn. 56.
for-ra, r, [Germ. verrathen], to betray, Bev. 10 (Fr.), N. T., Pass. 5. 1.
for-randi, part. an overseer, manager, Fms. x. 330; f. skips, Bjarn. 15, Fms. ii. 63 :-- a law term,
a guardian, rttr f. fjr hennar, Grg. i. 377; frnda er f., 343.
for-rennari, a, m. a forerunner, Stj. 204: a predecessor, 118.
for-rkr, adj. exceeding rich, Bs. i. 852, Fb. ii. 187.
for-ra, u, f, .[Germ. vorrede], a preface, Str. 1, (rare.)
for-ri, n. I. = forr, management; f. fjr, Gl. 217: rule, sway, Fms. i. 4, vii. 105, x. 231, xi.
326: esp. as a law term, keeping a goor (priesthood); manna-f., Hrafn. 19, Grg., and the Sagas
passim, forris-mar, m. = forramar, N. G. L. i. 151, 152, Barl. passim. II. [Germ. verrath],
treason, mod. and rare. Pass. 16. 6.
FORS, n. wrath, rage, ire; sna fors fri, grimd gri, 655 xxxii. 24, Bs. ii. 97; me forsi,
haughtily, Sturl. iii. 144, Pass. 13. 2; ferr erkibiskup fors mikit, he fell into great wrath, Fms. xi.
441; fors ok atkst, Fas. iii. 91; fors ok lska, Stat. 398. COMPDS: fors-fullr, adj. wrathful,
insolent, Grett. 106 A. fors-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), insolent, Bs. ii. 66. fors-mar, m. an angry man,
Korm. 80.
FORS, mod. foss, m., prob. akin to the preceding word and forr, [Swed.-Dan. foss, North. E. force;
a test word of Scandin. language and origin; cp. the curious passage in Constant. Porph. De Admin.
Imperii, ch. 9, where the Byzantine author gives some names of waterfalls in Russia in two
languages, GREEK and GREEK (Russian and Slavonic), with a Greek translation; GREEK, a
waterfall, being called GREEK or GREEK (e.g. GREEK = Icel. Hlm-fors, GREEK = Icel. Bru-
fors), whereas GREEK it is called GREEK, i.e. porog or prag: Constantine in another passage
states that the Russians were Teutonic or 'Franks:' the Garar (Russia Minor) of that time was in fact
a Scandin. country; even the name Russia is by some (P. A. Munch) explained as Scandin.,
afterwards adopted for the whole empire; it was still regarded so by the Byzantine authors of the
10th century, as opposed to Slavonic] :-- a 'force,' waterfall, Landn. 291, 292; fors mikill er Sarpr
heitir, . H. 49, Landn. 277, v.l.: in many local names, Skga-f. in southern Icel.; Ggjar-f. in the
north (Goa-f. is a corrupt form, cp. orlks-kver, p. 288, and Grett. ch. 68, 69, whence the name);
Gull-f., Gold-force, a freq. name in western Icel. 2. a brook, stream; this sense is curious, and
peculiar to the Stj. (by bishop Brand, a native of south-eastern Icel.); it is well suited to the district
of Skaptafells-ssla, where all brooks are torrents rushing from glaciers into the ocean; til forsins
Bison, Stj. 387. Judges iv. 13; hann grpr einn stein upp r forsinum, 227; Dav tk mm steina r
einum forsi, 464. 1 Sam. xvii. 40; vi forsinn Besor, 490. 1 Sam. xxx. 9; yr fors Cedron, 527. 2
Sam. xv. 23; af forsi drakk hann gtu, 656 C. 2: in the old poem Vsp. fors is evidently used in the
same sense; sr hn ansask aurgum forsi, 31; falla forsar, 58. This idiom perhaps gives a hint as to
the native place of this poem; falla forsum, to fall in torrents, Fas. ii. (in a verse). fors-fall, n. a
'forcefall,' torrent, Stj. 32, . H. 17, Fms. iv. 361.
forsa, a, to stream in torrents: to be enraged, Mar.
for-sala, u, f. a law term, a mortgage, Gl. 304. COMPDS: forslu-jr, f. a mortgaged estate, N.
G. L. i. 214. forslu-mli, a, m. a mortgage contract, Gl. 304.
for-samliga, adv. unduly, cp. forsma, Bs. i. 733.
for-st, f. an ambush, Bs. i. 289, ii. 70, 97.
for-senda, u, f. a part of an angler's line, Od. xii. 253.
for-sending, f. a sending one to certain death, a dangerous mission, Eg. 540, Fms. iii. 68, Hkr. ii.
76, iii. 104 (where forsenda).
for-seti, a, m. the myth. name of a heathen god, Edda, where it however seems to mean an umpire
or peace-maker, cp. Gm. 15. II. in mod. usage a 'fore-sitter,' president, chairman; but in 1793 (Fl.
vol. xiii), the chairman is called for-mar or forstu-mar, as forseti was not then an established
word.
for-sj and for-sj, f., gen. as nom. foresight, prevision, Nj. 210, Sks. 224 B, Fr. 79, Fms. v. 284,
vii. 134, x. 9. COMPDS: forsj-lauss, adj. helpless, Njar. 380. forsj-leysi, n. want of foresight,
Bret. 38, Grett. 95, Fms. viii. 364. forsj-mar, m. a warden, overseer, Stj. 243, Fms. i. 290, x. 421,
Sturl. i. 198. II. Providence, Sks. 559 B.
for-sjll, adj. foresighted, prudent, Nj. 222, Fms. v. 150, Sks. 436, Al. 8, Eg. 73.
for-sjlliga, adv. prudently, Bs. i. 742, Fms. vi. 325, Fas. ii. 245.
for-sjlligr, adj. prudent, Greg. 32, Fas. ii. 469, Sturl. i. 113.
for-sjlni, f. prudence.
for-sjn, f. = forsj; eccl. since the Reformation, Providence, in hymns, sermons, etc. forsjnar-
mar, m. = forsjmar, Karl. 500.
for-skli, a, m. an ante-chamber, lobby, Dropl. 28, Bs. i. 451, Sturl. ii. 173, iii. 193.
for-skepti, n. the 'fore-haft' of a hammer, Edda 70, Fb. iii. 427.
for-skot, n. a vestibule, porch, Stj. 562. 1 Kings vi. 3.
for-skp, n. pl. bad times, ill fate, Hkv. 2. 32.
fors-lgja, , to lower one's pride, Stj. 621.
for-sm, , [Germ. verschmhen], to despise, Stj. 142, 621 (v.l.), Sturl. ii. 15, Fms. iii. 89, (now
freq.)
for-smn, f. disgrace, H. E. i. 497, Ann. 1394, (now freq.)
for-smir, m. a 'fore-smith,' chief builder, Edda (pref.), Bret.
for-snjallr, adj. exceeding wise, Vellekla.
for-sorga, a, [Dan. forsrge; Germ. versorgen], to provide for; for-sorgan, f. provision.
for-sma, a, [Germ. versumen], to neglect, (mod. word.)
for-sman, f. neglect, (mod. word.)
for-sp, f. a 'fore-spaeing' (Scot.), prophecy, Fms. i. 88, 96, 263, ii. 79, x. 275, Bret. 62, Stj, 202,
Bs. ii. 7.
for-spr, adj., often used in the description of the wise men of antiquity, such as Njl, Snorri :--
'fore-spaeing' (Scot.), prophecying, Eb. 42, Nj. 30, Fms. iv. 24, 87, Eg. 20, Fs. 54; of Odin, Yngl. S.
ch. 5.
for-spell, n. a heavy loss, Gkv. 1. 3, Fagrsk. 173 (in a verse).
for-spjall, n. a 'fore-spell, ' preamble. Forspjalls-lj, n. name of a poem.
for-sprakari, a, m. [for. word; Germ. sprechen], a 'for-speaker' spokesman, Sti. 266; hence the
mod. for-sprakki, a, m. a ringleader.
for-staa, u, f. standing up for one, shielding one, Gl. 265, Ld. 180, Lv. 4, Orkn. 40; mla e-m
forstu, to say a good word for one, Hkr. ii. 147. COMPD: forstu-mar, m. a manager, Ver. 36,
Rb. 404.
for-stand, n. [the Germ. verstand], understanding in household matters, forstanda-kona, u, f. (-
mar, m.), a good house-keeper.
for-standa, st, (for-st is freq. in poetry of the 16th century), [for. word: Germ. verstehen] :-- to
understand, Bs. i. 802.
for-stjri, a, m. a 'fore-steerer' foreman, overseer, leader, Eg. 52, 201, 646, K. . 34, 224, Fms. i. 2,
v. 72, vii. 238, 265, x. 311, Sklda 202.
for-stjrn, f. rule, management, Fms. viii. 5. forstjrnar-mar, m. a manager, Glm. 360.
for-sto, f. = forstaa, N. G. L. i. 60, 68, Fms. iv. 216.
for-stofa, u, f. = forskli, Eb. 136, Fms. vi. 34, . H. 116, Eg. 216, v.l.
for-strr, adj. exceeding tall, Vgl. 20.
for-streymis, adj. down stream, opp. to andstreymis, Edda 60, Sturl. iii. 163, Fms. vii. 253, . H.
20, Bs. ii. 175.
for-stndugr, adj. [Germ. verstndig], clever in household matters.
for-svar, n. [Dan. forsvar], defence, (mod. word.)
for-svara, a, [from Dan. forsvare, cp. Germ. verantworten], to answer for one, defend.
for-svaranligr, adj. justiable, Bs. i. 733, but prob. wrongly; forsamliga (in the MS.), q.v.
for-syma, , = forsma, Boldt and D. N.
for-sn, f. foresight, foreboding, Bs. ii. 38.
for-snn, adj. gifted with foresight, Fms. xi. 423, cp. Bs. ii. 81.
for-sla, u, f. [sl], a shade from the sun, Bb. 3. 85, Fas. i. 467 (freq.) COMPD: Forslu-dalr, in.
name of a valley, Landn.
for-sti, n. 'fore-seats,' front benches, Nj. 220, Fms. v. 332, v.l.
for-sgn, f. order, superintendance, Fms. i. 290, x. 433, Orkn. 286, Sturl. i. 46 C. . prophecy, Stj.
114. . a law term, previous declaration, N. G. L. i. 88, 89. forsagnar-vitni, n. a witness to a
declaration, N. G. L. i. 32, Gl. 475.
for-sngvari, a, m. a precentor in a church.
for-tak, n. denial, protest, Dipl. i. 7. COMPDS: fortaks-laust, n. adj., in the phrase, segja, lofa f.,
to state, promise without reserve, positively, fortaks-or, f. words of contradiction, Bs. ii. 23.
for-taka, tk, to deny positively, Bs. ii. 31.
for-tapar, part. forlorn, Matth. x. 6: for-tapan, f. damnation, N. T.
for-ta, dd, to forsake; hann fortddi Gu, Bret. (Verel.)
for-tjald, n. a curtain, Ld. 29: a bed-curtain, Fms. iii. 196, Fas. iii. 391, Hv. 54, Sams. 11: the veil
of the Temple, Stj. 321, Pass., N. T.
for-tlur, f. pl. persuasions, Nj. 200, Eg. 9, Hom. 108, Fb. ii. 56, 85.
for-urtir, f. pl., vide fortta.
forusta, vide forysta.
for-va, n. shoal water between the cliffs and the owing tide: hence the phrase, sustu forv, to
pass the last shoal water before the tide cuts the passage off, also metaph. to delay till the last
moment; gra ekann allan, ok halda upp forvunum ar hj, D. N. vi. 167, where it seems to
mean a ford.
for-vai, a, m. a cliff projecting into the forva, where the rider has to wade through water, Fbr. 45,
Vm. 107.
for-vara, a, [Germ. verwahren], to keep, Matth. xvi. 25.
FORVE, n. an GREEK. in the eccl. law of the county Vkin or Borgaring, a coast district in the
south of Norway, N. G. L. i. 339, 363, where the law orders that a monster child (i.e. an abortion, a
birth without human shape) shall be brought to a place 'forve,' and buried where neither man nor
beast comes by; at skal forve (forre, v.l.) fra ok ryra (put in a cairn) ar er hvrki gengr yr
menn n fnar, at er forve (forfue, v.l.) hins lla. In N. G. L. i. 13 it is ordered that felons (e.g.
traitors, murderers, self-murderers, etc.) were not to be buried in consecrated soil, but in the 'ood-
mark where sea and green turf meet;' cp. the curious story in Landn. 2. 19, where the Christian lady
Auda ordered herself to be buried between high and low water mark ( armli), as she would
not rest in heathen earth; so, on the other hand, a monster child must not rest in Christian earth.
Thus forve is probably derived from fyrva, q.v., to ebb, and denotes the ood-mark or beach in
which the grave was to be dug; the concluding words, at er forve hins lla, probably mean this
place is the forve of the evil one, i.e. an unhallowed place. The etymology given in H. E. i. 75
cannot be right.
for-veja or for-vei, adj. a law term, forfeitable or forfeited, Vm. 16, Grg. ii. 234, N. G. L. i. 27
(Js. 124), 391.
for-vejar, part. forfeited, Bs. i. 227.
for-vegr, m. a trace, foot-print, N. G. L. i. 83, Str. 78, Barl. 10, 142.
for-verari, a, m. a predecessor, Dipl. i. 4, ii. 11, (mod.)
for-ver, n. price, worth, Dipl. iii. 10.
for-verk (for-virki, Hrafn. 5), n., prop. humble work, farm work; ef mar kaupir mann til forverks
sr, Grg. i. 272; vrt f., our task, Hom. (St.); of gamall til rls, ok tti ekki forverk honum, too
old for a thrall, and unt for work, Hkr. i. 199, Fms. i. 77; etta sumar var lti forverk Krossavk,
Vpn. 29; ok var lti forverk orit, en hann tti meg, Sturl. i. 137; arf eig meira forvirki en
etta li orkar, Hrafn. 5; forverk heys, carting hay, K. . K. 100; skal hverr bandi fara er forverk
sr, N. G. L. i. 128: munt f fur mnum forverk ef ek ferr fr, orst. St. 53: forverks-ltill, adj.
one who is able to do but little f., Fas. iii. 158: forverks-mar, m. a labourer, workman, Gl. 6, Eb.
150: forverks-t, f. work-time, Hom. (St.): r skal f rla til forverks, orst. St. 55. II. metaph.
[cp. A. S. for-wyrht = peccatum], in the phrase, gra ekki forverkum vi e-n, to treat one well, not
meanly, not like a drudge; er at lkast at aldri s forverkum vi ik grt, Band. 10; skal aldri
forverkum vi ik gra mean vi lifum bir, 54; ekki skal forverkum vi ik gra at sem vel er,
Fas. ii. 238; vr munum etta eigi forverkum gra, we shall do no hireling's work, i. 100; at eir
gri ltt forverkum (that they did it thoroughly) at hefna eim Dnum spottsins, Mork. 51, 153.
for-via, adj. ind. [qs. forveja, q.v.], upset in a ght, Nj. 228. 246; Gestr var allr f. fyrir, Br. 43
new Ed., Rm. 150 :-- in mod. usage, amazed, greatly surprised.
for-viris, adv. before the wind, Rd. 276, Sturl. iii. 198, Rm. 369, Bs. ii. 5.
for-vindis, adv. before the wind, Fms. iii. 235.
for-vista, n, f. = forysta (forvist, Fms. vii. 25). Eb. 142, Fms. x. 273.
for-vitinn, adj. curious, chiey in a bad sense. Greg. 27, Sturl. i. 216.
for-vitligr, adj. curious, Mag. 8.
for-vitna, a, to pry into, enquire; f. e-t, Sks. 183 B; f. um e-t, to enquire about, 6, 182 B. 2. reex.,
forvitnask e-t, to enquire, Bret. 94, Fms. i. 147, 252, vii. 258, Eg. 764, Ld. 268: absol., Lv. 15; f. til
e-s, id., Fr. 53; f. um e-t, id., Landn. 51, Grett. 96, 160. 3. impers., e-n forvitnar e-t, or with inn.,
it makes one curious to know, Fr. 54, Sks. 182 B, Fas. i. 22.
for-vitni, f. curiosity (often in a bad sense), Fas. i. 71, Sks. 183, 553, Fms. i. 145, 260, Glm. 327,
Johann. 625. 89; fa leiir gott af forvitninni (a saying), Vdal. i. 58.
for-vitri, adj. (-vitra, Fms. vi. 56, 428), very wise, deep, Fms. iv. 24, 239, vi. 56, xi. 79, Band. 3,
Eg. 3, Bs. i. 66 (forvitr).
for-vitringr, m. a wise man, Matth. xi. 25.
for-vgi, n. an outwork. forvgis-mar, m. a head champion, defender.
for-yask, d, dep. (foriask, Al. 110 and 655 xxix; for-fask, Hom. 151), in the phrase, f. e-s, only
used with neg., to shrink from nothing; Lucinia forydisk eigi llra ra, Br. 14; Halli forydisk
eigi at mla at er honum sndisk, Fms. vi. 360 (foryldiz, Mork. 93); at eir muni foriaz at etja
vi aa-muninn, Al. l.c.; forsk (foryisk?) eigi eia, thou shrinkest not from perjury, Hom. l.c.
for-ynja, u, f. an appearance or foreboding: hygg ek at etta s f. n, Fb. i. 67; n hygg ek at etta
beri na forynju, ok sr svikinn, . T. 3; f. er fyrirfari hinnar fremri tignar, Bs. i. 682. . a
spectre, Germ. scheusal; egi yr eim, f. (thou monster!), Ld. 326, v.l.; and so in mod. usage.
for-ysta, u, f. (forosta, Fms. ii. 88, Fs. 8, Grg. i. 503, sl. ii. 87, 330), mod. forusta [qs. forvista, vi
= y] :-- headship, leadership, and even used personally a captain, 623. 56, Fms. ii. 88, v. 273, vii.
326, Hkr. ii. 202, v.l., Sturl. i. 759, Mork. 137, 140 (cp. Fms. vii. 25, Hkr. iii. 206), Glm. 340.
COMPDS: forustu-geldingr, m. a bell-wether, Grg. i. 503, sl. ii. 330. forystu-lauss, adj. without
a leader or protector, Fs. 8, Ld. 260, Br. 17, Dropl. 32. forustu-saur, m. = forustugeldingr, sl. ii.
87, Bs. i. 138.
for-nusta, u, f. [Germ. verdienst], merit, mod. eccl., N. T., Vdal.
for-okki, a, m. dislike, r. 22 new Ed.
for-ttr, m. = forokki, Bs. ii. 37.
for-ykkja, tti, to dislike, Sturl. iii. 231, Thom. 300, (rare.)
FOX, n. [A. S. and Engl. fox; Dutch vos; Germ. fuchs; this word occurs in the old northern tongues
only in a metaph. sense, and even then rare and obsolete] :-- a fraud in selling, adulteration; fox er
llt exi, Eg. 184 (in a verse); otherwise only in the phrase, selja e-m fox n r, Gl. 492; kaup-
fox, ve-fox (q.v.), fraud in sale or bailing, Gl.
FA, u, f. a fox; this curious word, which answers to Goth. fauh, O. H. G. foha, only occurs in
Edda (Gl.), unless the present Icel. ta (the common name for a fox) be a corruption of fa; if not,
the etym. of ta is quite uncertain. It is a common superstition not to call the fox by his right name,
whence the variety of names in different languages, and number of synonymes in the same
language.
farn, n. the crop or maw of a bird, Fbr. 12.
FR, n. [Engl. fodder; Germ. futter; Dan. and Swed. foder], fodder for cattle, (but fi or fa
of human food), sl. ii. 138, Gl. 503, Fbr. 156: a certain quantity of fodder or hay, a stack thus
contains so many kr-fr or lambs-fr :-- a foddering of lambs for the parson in the winter, hence
a parish has so and so many lambs-fr; skila r frum, to return lambs in the spring. fr-birgir,
f. pl. (-birgr, adj.), stores of hay.
fr, n. [Germ. futter; Engl. fur], lining.
fra, a, to fodder, Fms. i. 272, sl. ii. 132: reex., Sks. 185.
fra, a, to fur or line a garment, Fms. vi. 422, Bs. i. 636; hence in mid. Lat. cappa forata.
fr-lauss, adj. unlined, Vm. 29, Pm. 37.
f-erla, u, f. a duck.
fgeti, a, m. [low Lat. vocatus; Germ. vogt], a kind of bailiff, D. N. from the 14th century :-- the
bailiff of Reykjavk in Icel. is called fgeti.
FL, n. a fool: allit., f ok fl, 656 B. 7; fl, however, has often the notion of rage and foul
language; f that of pranks or silliness; fl (madman) vri Sverrir , Fms. iii. 122, viii. 242; ba
taka fl etta, sl. ii. 220 (one who had used bad language); hann tti ar fl eitt (idiot), Glm.
336. COMPDS: fls-liga, adv. foolishly, like a madman, Sturl. i. 4, Fms. xi. 280. fls-ligr, adj.
foolish, mad, Fms. viii. 242 (of foul language).
fli, a, m. = fl, Gsl. 50, Sd. 178; fli inn, thou fool! Ld. 220.
FLI, a, m. [cp. Fr. voler, early Fr. foler, cp. also low Lat. felo, Engl. felony; but is prob. a Teut.
word from fela, flginn ] :-- stolen goods, esp. hidden, a law term; skal binda fla bak honum, N.
G. L. i. 83, Js. 129; nna eir fla (hidden theft) meal skjaldblka, N. G. L. i. 84, passim; nna
fla, Grg. i. 195: bera inn fla hendr mnnum, id. fla-gjald, n. damages, compensation, in a
case of theft, Grg. i. 84.
FLK, n., prop. folk with a short vowel, cp. fylki; [A. S. folc; Engl. folk; Germ. volk: Dan. and
Swed. folk] :-- folk, people: skjtt fjlgaisk flkit, Grett. 88 :-- people indenitely, til at hra
flk, to frighten folk, Bs. i. 764: curiously Icel. say, kvenn-flk (as in Engl.). woman-folk; but karl-
flk never, only karl-menn. 2. in Icel. chiey the people of a household, community, or the like;
kirkju-flk, the church-folk, i.e. people assembled in church; bos-flk, the guests at a banquet;
sknar-flk, the parish folk; heimilis-flk, house-folk, the people of a household; allt flki
bnum, all the folk; vinnu-flk, servant-folk; grasa-flk, people gathering fell-moss; meal annars
flksins, Nj. 66, v.l.; Njll gkk inn ok mlti v flkit, 200; mik ok flk mitt skortir aldri mat,
Band. 13; hott, hott og ht hr s Gu b, slt flki allt, Stef. l.; fddi varla bfit flkit, sl.
ii. 68; var eigi flk upp stait, Hrafn. 20; this sense is to the present day very common in Icel.;
while the Germ. sense of people, nation (Dan. folket) is strange to Icel.; even lands-flk is rare,
better lands-menn. 3. kinsfolk; hans flk ok foreldismenn, his 'folk' and forefathers, Stj. 139; allt
yart f., Karl. 328: so Icel. say, vera af gu flki kominn, to come of good folk, be well born. II. a
host = fylking, and hence battle, but only in old poets, cp. Edda 108; fjrtn flk, fourteen divisions,
troops, Hkv. 1. 49; ok flk um skaut, Vsp. 28; ef ek sk ein flki vaa, Hm. 151; tt flk
komi, 159; flk, in battle, t. 10; fara me flkum, to wage war, Gm. 48; ndvert flk, the van of
the host, Fas. i. 46 (in a verse); and in many compds: adj. a valiant man ii called flk-brr, -
djarfr, -eandi, -glar, -harr, -prr, -rakkr, -reifr, -skr, -snarr, -sterkr, -orinn, etc.:
weapons, folk-hamla, -nara, -sk, -svell, -vpn, -vndr: armour, flk-tjald, -veggr: a warrior,
flk-baldr, -mgir, -nrungar, -rgnir, -stjri, -stuill, -strir, -valdr, -vrr: the battle, flk-
ro, -vg, Vsp. 28: in prose rarely, and only in pot. phrases, flk-bardagi, a, m. a great battle,
battle of hosts; and flk-orrusta, f. id., Flov. 40, Orkn. 94; flk-land, n. = fylki, Hkr. i. 209,
paraphrase from the Vellekla; flk-vpn, n. pl. (vide above), weapons, N. G. L. i. 101: metaph.,
Fms. iii. 167.
flska, u, f. foolishness, often with the notion of madness, impudence, Fms. iii. 167, ix. 405, Sks.
623, sl. ii. 84. COMPDS: flsku-fr (flsku-fer), f. a mad expedition, Sturl. ii. 97. flsku-or, n.
foolish (foul) words, Fms. vii. 118. flsku-verk, n. a foolish (mad) act, Edda 57: a foul act, Pass.
36. 7.
flskr, adj. foolish, impudent, Hkr. ii. 138.
FRA, u, f. (a for. word), armour, harness; her-fra, armour, Stj. 287, Mag., Karl. passim; hence
the mod. phrase, hafa e- frum snum, to keep a thing hidden under one's harness.
FRN (frur, f. pl., Ver. 6), f. offering, [prob. a word of Lat. and eccl. origin, derived from Lat.
offerre; after the introduction of Christianity the old heathen word blt (q.v.) became odious, as
denoting heathen sacrice, and is consequently never used in connection with Christian worship; its
place being taken by the word frn] :-- a sacrice in the Jewish sense, and in the Christian sense an
offering to God; but it is scarcely ever used in a heathen sense -- the passage Fr. 103 is quite
peculiar: the phrase, fra frn, to bring an offering, Stj. passim; G mun sr sj frn til handa,
131, passim; brenni-frn, a burnt offering; dreypi-frn, a drink offering; synda-frn, a sin offering,
Bible, Vdal. passim: frnar-bl, n, the sacricial blood, Stj. 305, 318; frnar- brau, n. and
frnar-hleifr, m. the shew-bread, Stj. 474, 565 (panis propositionis, Vulg.); frnar-kvikindi, n. a
victim, Stj. 430; frnar-skrn, n. a shrine in which the wafer is kept, Vm. 55; frnar-sngr, m. the
offertory in the Roman Catholic service, 625. 190. 2. metaph. chiey in pl. offerings, presents; in
this sense it occurs in Am. 5 (a poem not too old for such a word), Fms. ix. 416; rkar ok fagrar
frnir, Str. 34; frnar-lauss, adj. not bringing an offering, Al. 172: sing., aldri tla ek arfari frn
fra Sveini konungi, en etta it vnda hfu, Mork. 87.
frna, a, to offer, with acc. of the offering, dat. of the person; frna mr reykelsi, Stj. 431; mrr er
frnar, 430. 1 Sam. ii. 16; hluti er hann vildi frna, 410; frna ik Gui, offer thee to God, 407:
to offer as a present, Fms. ix. 450, Al. 96: in mod. usage, with dat. of the offering and the Deity, e.g.
frna Gui bnum snum. 2. the phrase, frna hndum, to lift the hands to heaven as in prayer, or to
wring the hands as in agony; that this phrase was also known to the ancients may be inferred from
the compd, frnar-hendr, f. pl. offering hands, uplifted hands, Magn. 514.
frn-fra, , = frna, to bring an offering, sacrice, with acc. of the offering, Fms. ii. 41, Stj.
passim: mod. with dat. of the offering.
frn-fring, f. an offering, sacrice, Stj. 17, 248, 276.
fst-brir, m. a foster-brother: 1. prop. of men brought up together, brothers in arms, and the like;
Arinbjrn hersir var f. Eireks konungs, Eg. 401, Fs. 121, 139, Fms. x. 226, sl. ii. 219; frndr ok
fstbrr, Fs. 120, 122; eir vru vnligir menn ok grusk fstbrr (brothers in arms)
Ingimundar, 13, 15, 16, 19, 24, passim. 2. a sworn brother, = eibrir, pledged by the rite of
blending blood together (vide brir), Gsl., Fbr., passim: hence Fstbrra-saga, u, f. the name of
the history (but the name is mod.); fstbrra-lag, n. a foster-brotherhood, Eg. 116. 165, Fms. vii.
25, passim :-- sworn brotherhood, sverjask f., Fms. iii. 213, cp. esp. Gsl., Fbr.
FSTR, n. [a Scandin. word; Swed.-Dan. and North. E. foster; but neither in Goth., A. S., nor
Germ.] :-- the fostering of a child, Fms. i. 1, Eg. 119, Nj. 40, Grg. i. 276, 277, Gl. 531, Fs. 12, Ld.
passim; for this see barn-fstr, but cp. also Grg. . . ch. 21: the savings, fjrungi bregr til
fstrs, Nj. (vide bregda), and f er fstri lkt; st-fstr, q.v.
fstra, u, f. a foster-mother; fstra s er hann her fddan lgfstri, Grg. ii. 60, Fms. iii. 71, vii.
275 :-- a wet-nurse, Fs. 148. 2. a foster-daughter; fstra s er mar her fdda, Grg. l.c., Eg. 169,
Str. 63.
fstra, a, to foster, also to nurse, Ld. 108, Fms. i. 16, Nj. 59.
fstr-dttir, f. a foster-daughter.
fstr-fair, m. a foster-father, Eg. 117, sl. ii. 139 (v.l.), Fms. ix. 361.
fstr-foreldrar, m. pl. foster-parents, (mod.)
fstri, a, m. a foster-father, b. 14, Eg. 117, Fs. 13, 19, Lv. 50, Bs. i. 154. 425, Fms. v. 126, Grg. i.
226; freq. in Icel. in addressing, fstri minn, fstra min! 2. a foster-son, Nj. 149. 3. a pet, of a
favourite horse, Sturl. i. 40, Hrafn. 8. 4. a foster-brother, Fms. vii. 316, xi. 155, (rare.) 5. in pl.,
collect. the foster-father and his son (or sons), Fms. xi. 59.
fstr-jr, f. a native country, Nj. 45, Fms. i. 76, Hom. 140.
fstr-land, n. id., Barl. 99, 156, Stj. 50, Fms. x. 340, 343, Bret. 100.
fstr-laun, n. pl. reward for fostering one, Ld. 232, Grg. i. 280.
fstr-man, n. a nurse (bondwoman), Skv. 3. 67 (pot.)
fstr-meistari, a, m. a tutor, Karl. 32.
fstr-mir, f. a foster-mother, Stj. 83, 548.
fstr-mr, f. a foster-daughter, Fas. ii. 293.
fstr-neyti, n., collect. foster-parents, Fms. vii. 237.
fstr-son, m. a foster-son, Fms. i. 85, Eg. 524, sl. ii. 145.
fstr-systir, f. (sometimes in MSS. spelt fsystir, Mar. 14, 15, Stj. 407, Bs. i. 460), a foster-sister,
Fs. 139, Fb. ii. 4.
fstr-systkin, n. pl., collect. foster-brothers and sisters, Fas. ii. 64.
ft-bor, n. a foot-board, Gsl. 31, Vgl. 17, O. H. L. 36.
ft-brot, n. a fracture of the leg, Bs. i. 431.
ft-brotinn, part. broken-legged, Bs. i. 423, Stj. 279, Eb. 316.
ft-fara, fr, to pace, measure, Ann. Oldk. 1845, p. 164.
ft-festi, f. a foot-hold, in climbing.
ft-mr, adj. nimble-footed, Rm. 310.
ft-jtr, adj. swift-fooled, Barl. 103, (rare.)
ft-finn, part. 'foot-rotten' i.e. reeling on one's legs, a wrestling term.
ft-ganga, u, f., in ftgngu-li, n. host of footmen, Stj. 450, Fms. x. 139; ftgngu-herr, m. id.,
Hkr. i. 216, Stj. 456; ftgngu-menn, m. pl. id., Fms. vi. 413, Stj. 285.
ft-gangandi, part. walking on foot, Bs. i. 535; f. menn, footmen, Fms. x. 139, Stj. 512.
ft-hr, adj. long-legged, high-stepping. Eg. 710.
ft-heill, adj. 'hale-legged,' sound-legged, Gl. 87.
ft-hrumr, adj. weak-legged (from age), Fms. vii. 9, Bs. ii. 24.
ft-hvatr, adj. swift-footed, Nj. 38, Edda 31, . H. 71.
ft-hgg, n. hewing off one's feet, Eb. 246, Sturl. ii. 90.
ft-hggva, hj, to hew one's feet off, Fms. viii. 167, ix. 19, Sturl. ii, 66.
ft-kaldr, adj. having cold feet.
ft-lami, adj. lame of foot, Nj. 219, Stj. 501.
ft-langr, adj. long-legged, Fms. x. 151, v.l.
ft-laug, n. a foot-bath, Hkv. 2. 37.
ft-lauss, adj. foot-less, without feet, Al. 134.
ft-lgr, adj. low-legged, short-legged, jal. 29.
ft-leggr, m. the leg, Fb. ii. 387, Br. 14 new Ed., Fms. viii. 162, 447, ix. 528, Magn. 524, Fas. i.
27, Stj. 96.
ft-ml, n. a step, Stj. 129.
ft-mikill, adj. big-footed, Mag. 1.
ft-mjkr, adj. nimble-footed, a wrestling term, Sturl. i. 14.
ft-pallr, m. a foot-board, Fms. x. 186, Hkr. i. 81.
FTR, m., gen. ftar, dat. fti; pl. ftr, gen. fta, dat. ftum; in mod. conversation and even in
writing the acc. pl. is used as fem., thus 'allar ftr,' not 'alla ftr,' and with the article 'ftrnar,'
which form was already used by poets of the 17th century, Pass. 33. 4, Snt 156: [Goth. ftus; A. S.
ft; Engl. foot; Germ. fuss; Swed. fot; Dan. fod; Gr. GREEK-, Lat. p&e-short;d-, with a short
vowel; but with a long vowel in all Teutonic languages; t, q.v., also seems to be a kindred word] :--
a foot; and as in some other languages either the foot only or the foot and leg. Icel. distinguish
between various animals, and use ftr (foot) of men, horses, cattle, sheep, etc.; hrammr (paw) of
beasts of prey, as bears, lions; lpp (also paw) of cats, dogs, mice; klr (claws) of birds of prey, as
the raven, eagle; hrei (ns) of a seal: Edda 110, Fms. i. 182, xi. 145, Anecd. 6, Nj. 219, 264,
Landn. 180: the allit. phrase, ftr ok lit (q.v.); var uppi f. og t, i.e. all (men and beast) were
about or all was bustle; standa bum ftum, einum fti, llum ftum, to stand (rest) on both ...
feet, Fms. viii. 41, Gsl. 46; spretta (stkkva) ftr, to start to one's feet, Eg. 495; vera ftum, to
be a-foot, to be out of bed, Fms. vi. 201, x. 147, Glm. 368, Eg. 586; vera snemma ftum, to be
early a-foot, Valla L. 223: metaph. to be alive, Ld. 230; fara ftr, to rise; skjta (kasta) ftum
undir sik, to take to his heels, Fms. viii. 358, r. 43 new Ed.; hlaupa sem ftr toga, to run as fast
as feet can go, Gsl. 61. Fas. i. 434; taka til fta, to take to one's heels, Grett. 101, Bs. i. 804; eiga
ftum fjr at launa, to owe one's life to the feet, i.e. to run for one's life, O. H. L. 8; leggja land undir
ft, to take a long stride, Bs. ii. 124, Fkv. ii. 2: phrases denoting the delight of getting on shore, hafa
land undir fti, to feel the ground wider one's feet, 'O quam securum, quamque jucundum in solo,'
fastr er foldu ftr, Profectio in Terr. Sanct. 159; falla til fta e-m, to fall at another's feet, 623. 27.
2. phrases, kominn af fotum fram, off one's feet, bedridden, Fms. xi. 155, Fb. i. 201; tt ek bera
aan hvrigan ft heilan skal ek fara, Fs. 9; hverr ftr rum, one on the heels of another,
Eg. 132; Hkon drepr yr ftr oss, H. slays you on your feet, Fms. x. 386; miklu er fyrir ftr r
kasta, many things are cast before thy feet, many obstacles, Korm. 176. . metaph. phrases, standa
mrgum ftum, to rest on many feet, have many resources; st mrgum ftum fjrarli
Skallagrms, Eg. 137, Fms. xi. 423; standa tr-ftum, to stand on wooden legs, be in a tottering
state: a er enginn ftr fyrir v, 'it has not a foot to stand on,' i.e. is not true: tn-ftr, the outskirt
of a home-eld, metaphor from a skin stretched out. II. a measure, Al. 163, Karl. 438, 481, 509,
525. sl. ii. 402, Landn. 335, Fs. 26; fet is more usual. COMPDS: fta-a, n. the strength of the feet,
Fms. viii. 410. fta-brk, f. the foot-board of a bed, Sturl. iii. 177. fta-burr, m. the bearing of the
feet, gait, Bs. i. 670. fta-bnar, m. foot-gear, Stj. 366. fta-fer, f. a rising from bed; ftaferar-
tmi, a, m. the time of rising. fta-festi, f. = ftfesti, Barl. 56. fta-fjl, f. = ftabrk, Fms. v. 340: a
foot-board, iv. 277. fta-gangr, m. trampling, din, Finnb. 246. fta-grta, u, f. a pan with feet, Fr.
fta-hlutr, m. the nether part of the body, opp. to hfa-hlutr, Eb. 326, Eg. 398, Fms. xi. 277. fta-
kei, n. a stumbling-block. fta-kli, n., eccl., Lat. pedale, m. 90, Jm. 10, 36. fta-lti, n. pl.
'foot-pranks' (of one hanged), Fms. vii. 13. ftar-brag, n. 'foot-braid,' a wrestling term, vide
brag. Fas. ii. 370. ftar-mein, n. a sore leg, Nj. 219, Bs. i. 815, Sturl. i. 64. ftar-sr, n. a foot-
wound, Fms. viii. 141. ftar-verkr, m. = ftverkr, Hkr. i. 63, Fas. ii. 106. fta-saurr, m. the foot-
dirt, Post. to Matth. x. 14. fta-skinn, n. a 'foot-skin,' carpet, Rd. 272, m. 6. fta-skortr, m.
missing the feet; e-m verr f., to slip, stumble. fta-spyrning, f. a spurning with the feet, Fas. iii.
355. fta-stapp, n. a stamping with the feet, Sklda 174. fta-stokkr, m. a shackle; berja ftastokk,
to dangle the legs in riding. fta-il, n. the foot-board of a bed, Fms. ii. 84. fta-vttr, m. foot-
washing, Bs. i. 105.
ft-srr, adj. foot-sore, Lv. 59 (of a horse).
ft-sr, adj. reaching down to the leg, of a garment, Finnb. 310, Stj. 520.
ft-skemill, m. (-skell, Bs. i. 155), a foot-board, Fms. v. 301, Sturl. iii. 131, Sks. 292, O. H. L. 26.
ft-skria, u, f., in the phrase, renna ftskriu, to run and slide on ice, Nj. 145, Valla L. 220, Rd.
278.
ft-skr, f. a foot-board, Bs. i. 220, Fms. ii. 132, Sturl. iii. 131, v.l.
ft-spor, n. pl. foot-prints, 623. 36, Fms. i. 280; stga e-s ftspor, to step in one's foot-prints, Fs. 4,
Sks. 13, Vgl. 20.
ft-stallr, m. a pedestal, Fms. ii. 108, Fr. 103 (v.l.), 655 xxxii. 10.
ft-stirr, adj. stiff-legged, Eg. 754.
ft-tro, n. treading underfoot, Bs. ii. 57, Thom. 104.
ft-troa, tra, to tread upon, Stj. 42, Fms. ii. 172, iii. 165, H. E. i. 506.
ft-veill, adj. with a bad leg, Bs. i. 344, Thom.
ft-verkr, m. 'foot-warke,' gout, t. 26.
ft-viss, adj. sure-footed, a wrestling term.
FRAKKA, u, f. [A. S. franca], a kind of spear; Grimm thinks that the framea of Tacitus is merely a
corruption of franca, a suggestion which seems to be almost certain; in northern poems and writers
this word only occurs in Rm. 32, whence it was probably taken into Edda (Gl.); on the other hand,
we have an Icel. frakki, a, m. a kind of weapon, in the compd hr-f., a 'carrion-uke,' i.e. the blade
of a sword, Gsl. 7 (in a verse); and akkeris-frakki, a, m. an 'anchor-uke (?),' in a verse of 996, Fs.
92: again, the frakka of the Rm. was probably borrowed from A. S. 2. Frakki, a, m. a proper name,
cp. Gull.; Frakka-nes, n. a farm.
Frakkar, m. pl. the Franks, mod. the French; perhaps derived from the national weapon franca, as
that of Saxons from seax, sax = gladius; Frakkland, n. the land of the Franks, as xed by the peace
of Verdun in 843, b. ch. 9 and Fms. i. ii, and in old poets (Hallfred) :-- in mod. language used for
France.
frakki, a, m. [Fr. fraque], a frock, coat, mod. word, borrowed from Dan. frak.
frakkr, adj. [Engl. and Germ. frank], this word never occurs in old writers, and in mod. usage only
in the sense impertinent, intrusive.
FRAM, adv. -- the Icel. has a triple adverbial form, fram, denoting the going to a place (ad locum);
frammi, the being in a place (in loco); framan, the going from a place (a loco) -- compar. framarr
(mod. framar) or fremr, = Goth. framis; superl. framast (framarst) or fremst: proncd. with a
double m = framm; and that such was the case in olden times may be seen from Fms. vi. 385 and
Sklda 168, 171. This adv. with its compds and derivatives may be said to have been lost in Germ.
as well as Engl., and at a very early time. Even Ulf. uses fram as a prep. in the sense of GREEK,
like the A. S. and Engl. from, Swed. frn: only in two passages Ulf. uses fram as adv., viz. Rom.
xiii. 12, where he renders 'the night is far spent' (nttin er um liin of the Icel. N. T.) by framis
galeian, which recalls to mind the Icel. fram-liinn = deceased, past; and Mark i. 19, where
GREEK is rendered by gaggan framis = Icel. ganga framarr or ganga fram; cp. also the Goth.
compds fram-gahts = progress, Philipp. i. 25; fram-aldrs = stricken in years; fram-vigis = Icel.
fram-vegis; fram-vairis = further: in O. H. G. vram = ultra still occurs, but is now lost in Germ. as
well as in Engl.: the Icel., on the other hand, makes a clear distinction between the prep. fr (from)
and fram, on, forward, = Gr. GREEK, Lat. porro, pro-; in some compds the sense from appears, e.g.
framandi, a stranger, -- Ulf. framaeis, prop. one who is far off or from far off; so also fram-liinn,
gone, past; ganga fram, to die.
A. fram, forward, (opp. to aptr, backward); ara lei aptr en fram, 655 xxxii. 18; hann fll fram
ftr konungi, he fell forward on his face at the king's feet, Eg. 92; stefna fram (to go on) hina neri
lei, 582; brautin liggr ar fram milli, id.; cf eir vilja fram, or, fram lei, forward, Sks. 483;
fram rtt, straight on, Fms. ii. 273, v.l.; fram, fram! on, on! a war cry, . H. 215: koma fram, to
reappear, arrive, after being long unheard of; hann kom fram Danmrku, Fms. i. 62; hann kom
fram kaupsta eim er ..., sl. ii. 332; ok kmu ar fram, er Kirjlar vru fjalli, Eg. 58: the
phrase, fram ttir, in a far or distant degree (of relationship), 343: people in Icel. in the 14th
century used to say, fram til Noregs, up to Norway (cp. up to London), Dipl. ii. 15, 16. II. fram is
generally applied to any motion outwards or towards the open, opp. to inn, innar; thus fram denotes
the outer point of a ness, fram nes; Icel. also say, fram sj, towards the high sea, (but upp or inn
at landi, landwards); also, towards the verge of a cliff or the like, fram hamarinn (bergit), Eg. 583:
when used of a house fram means towards the door, thus, fara fram dyr (eldhs), but inn or innar
bastofu (hence fram-br), var hn valt borin fram ok innar, she was borne in a litter out and in,
Bs. i. 343: of a bed or chair fram denotes the outside, the side farthest from the wall, horr hn til
ils, en bndi fram, she turned her face to the wall, but her husband away from it, Vgl. 31. .
again, Icel. say, fram dal, up dale, opp. to ofan dalinn, down dale. III. without motion, the fore
part, opp. to aptr, hinder part (cp. fram-ftr); aptr krkr en fram sem sporr, Fms. ii. 179; mar
fram en dr aptr (of a centaur), 673. 2, Sks. 179; aptr ok fram, fore and aft, of a ship, Fms. ix. 310.
IV. joined with prepp. or particles, Lat. usque; ba fram dag, fram ntt, fram myrkr, to wait far
into the day, night, darkness, Bs. ii. 145; ba fram yr, er fram um Jl, etc., to bide till after Yule;
um fram, past over; sitja um at fram er markarinn st, to stay till the fair is past, Fb. i. 124; fram
um hamarinn (bergit), to pass the cliff, Eg. 582; ra um fram, to ride past or to miss, Nj. 264, mod.
fram hj, cp. Germ. vorbei :-- metaph., vera um fram e-n, above, surpassingly; um fram ara menn,
Fb. i. 91, Fms. vi. 58, passim; um alla hluti fram, above all things: yr alla hluti fram, id., Stj. 7:
besides, Sks. 41 new Ed.: fyrir lg fram, in spite of the law, Fms. iii. 157; fyrir rtt fram, 655 xx. 4;
fyrir lof fram, without leave, Grg. i. 326; fyrir at fram, but for that, ii. 99: the phrase, fyrir alla
hluti fram, above all things, 623. 19. . temp., fyrir fram means beforehand, Germ. voraus; vita,
segja fyrir fram, to know, tell beforehand, Germ. voraus-sagen. . fram undan, projecting,
stretching forward; fram undan eyjunni, Fms. ii. 305. . the phrase, fram, or more usually fram-
orit, of time, hva er fram-orit, how late is it? i.e. what is the time? Ld. 224; var fram-orit, it
was late in the day, Clem. 51; er fram var orit, 623. 30: dropping 'orit,' eir vissu eigi hvat
fram var (qs. fram orit), they did not know the time of day, K. . K. 90: with gen., fram-orit dags,
late in the day, Fms. xi. 10, Ld. 174; fram, on forward, q.v. V. with verbs, u. denoting motion, like
pro- in Latin, thus, ganga, koma, skja, falla, jta, renna, la, fara ... fram, to go, come, ow,
fare ... forward, Eg. 136, Fms. ii. 56, Jb. 75, passim: of time, la fram, Bs. ii. 152 (fram-liinn). .
rtta, halda fram, to stretch, hold forth, Nj. 3; ytja, bera, draga, leia, fra, selja, setja fram, to
bring ... forward, Sks. 567; leggja fram, to 'lay forth,' discharge, Fms. v. 293, Nj. 3, 11; bja fram,
to offer; eggja, hvetja fram, to egg on; segja fram, to pronounce; standa, lta fram, etc. . sj, horfa,
stkkva ... fram fyrir sik, to look, jump forward, opp. to aptr fyrir sik, Nj. 29 :-- impers., e-m fer
fram, to grow, make progress; skara fram r, to stand out.
B. frammi, (for the pronunciation with a double m vide Sklda 169,) denotes in or on a place,
without motion, and is formed in the same way as uppi from upp, niri from nir; Icel. thus say,
ganga fram, nir, upp, to go on, go down, go up; but vera frammi, niri, uppi, to be in, etc.; if
followed by a vowel, the nal i may be dropt, thus, vera frammi dal, or framm' dal, Hrafn. 6;
sitja framm' fyrir hsti (= frammi fyrir), . H. 5; just as one may say, vera nir' (qs. niri )
engjum, upp' ( = uppi ) fjalli: as to direction, all that is said of fram also applies to frammi, only
that frammi can but denote the being in a place; Icel. thus say, frammi dal in a dale, frammi
dyrum in-doors, frammi fjalli on a fell, frammi gl on the oor, frammi sj, etc.; eir Leitr
sitja frammi hsum, Fr. 181, cp. also Hrafn. 1; sitja (standa) frammi fyrir e-m, to sit (stand)
before one's face, Hkr. ii. 8l. II. metaph. the phrase, hafa e-t frammi, to perform a thing, Nj. 232,
Sks. 161: to use, shew, in a bad sense, of an insult, threatening, or the like; hafa eir f. mikil-mli
ok heita afarkostum, Hkr. i. 191: the particle is freq. prexed, hafa frammi, (not frammi as
fram, q.v.); sv fremi skalt rgit frammi hafa, Nj. 166; arft eira frammi at hafa en
stryri ein ok dramblti, Fas. i. 37; haf frammi kgan vi uppi vi fjllin, sl. ii. 215: to
exercise, Bs. i. 852; hafa f. prttir, Fms. ix. 8 (rare); lta, leggja f., to contribute, produce, Fas. iii.
118, Fms. vi. 211.
C. framan, from the front side; framan at borinu, to the front of the table, Fb. ii. 302; framan at e-
u, in the face or front of (opp. to aptan a, from behind); skalt ra at framan borum sktunnar,
thou shall row towards the boards of the boat, of one boat trying to reach another, Hv. 46; taka
framan af e-u, to take (cut) from the fore part, Od. xiv. 474; framan skipinu, the fore part of the
ship, Fms. ii. 179; framan um stafninn, vi. 78. . temp., framan af sumri, vetri, hausti, vti, the
beginning, rst part of summer ...; also simply framan af, in the beginning. . of the fore part of the
body; nokkut hat upp framan net, Ld. 272; rttnefjar ok hat upp framan-vert, a straight nose
and prominent at the tip, Nj. 29; framan brjsti, on the breast; framan andliti, in the face;
framan knn, stlhfuna framan, Fms. viii. 337; framan jhnappana, Sturl. i. 14 (better aptan
). . with the prep. preceding; framan, adv. in the face; rjr framan, red in the face; flr
framan, pale-faced, etc., freq. in mod. use. 2. fyrir framan, before, in front of, with acc. (opp. to fyrir
aptan, behind); fyrir framan slna, Nj. 45; fyrir framan hendr honum, 60; fyrir framan hamarinn, Eg.
583; fyrir framan merki, Fms. i. 27, ii. 84: as adv., menn stu me vpnum fyrir framan ar sem
Flosi sat, before F. 's seat, Nj. 220; var skoti aptr lokhvlunni ok sett hespa fyrir framan, Fms.
ii. 84: a framan, above. 3. as framan is prop. an adv. from the place, Icel. also say, koma framan af
dal, framan af nesi, framan r dyrum, etc., to come down the dale, etc., vide fram above. 4. 'framan
til' in a temp. sense, up to, until; n lr til ings framan, it drew near to the time of parliament, Nj.
12; lr n til ings framan, Ld. 88; lei n framan til Jla, sl. ii. 42; framan til Pska, Stj. 148;
framan til vetrntta, D. N.; framan til ess er hann tti vi Glm, Grett. 155; framan til Leiar, Anal.
172; fr uppha heims framan, from the beginning of the world, Ver. 1; in mod. usage simply fram
in all such instances.
D. Compar. framarr, farther on; superl. framast, fremst, farthest on: 1. loc., feti framarr, a step
farther on, Lv. 59; ar er eir koma framast, the farthest point they can reach, Grg. i. 111; ar sem
hann kmr framast, 497; hvar hann kom framarst, Fms. xi. 416; sv kmu eir fremst at eir unnu
borg, i. 114; eir eru mest til ess nefndir at framast (foremost) ha verit, sl. ii. 368; eir er
fremst vru, Fms. v. 78. 2. temp. farthest back; er ek fremst um man, Vsp. 1; hvat fyrst um mant
ea fremst um veizt, Vm. 34; fr v ek m fremst muna, Dipl. v. 25. II. metaph. farther, more,
superl. farthest, most; erat hann framarr skyldr sakra vi menn, Grg. i. 11; nema vr reynim oss
framarr, Fr. 75; meta, hvrra rf oss litisk framarr ganga, whose claim appeared
to us the strongest, Dipl. ii. 5. . with dat., venju framarr, more than usual; v framarr sem, all the
more, Fms. i. 184. . with 'en' following; framar en, farther than, more than; mun hr v
(therefore) framarr leita en hvarvetna annars-staar, Fms. i. 213; at ganga framarr hendr orleiki
en mitt ley er til, Ld. 154; hversu orlfr var framarr en ek, Eg. 112; framarr er hann en ek, he is
better than I, Nj. 3; skn framarr (rather) en vrn, 236; framarr en (farther than) n er skilt, Js. 48;
v at hann vri framarr en arir menn at sr, better than other men, Mar. 25. 2. superl., sv sem s
er framast (foremost) elskai, Fs. 80; sv sem framast m, 655 xi. 2; sem Gu lr honum framast vit
til, Js. 5: with gen., konungr viri hann framast allra sona sinna, Fms. i. 6; at Haraldr vri framast
eirra brra, 59; framast eirra at allri smd, viii. 272.
frama, a, [A. S. fremman; Dan. fremme], to further; frama sik, to distinguish oneself, Fms. v. 282:
with dat. to further, promote a thing, hvrir-tveggju hafa sv mjk framat kv sinni, at ...,
proceeded so far with their suit, that ..., Grg. ii. 50: of a pregnant woman, ek veit at ert me
barni, ok mjk framat, and far advanced, Finnb. 212, Ld. 142.
fram-altari, a, m. a side-altar, opp. to the high altar, Vm. 77.
framan, vide fram C.
framandi, part. a man of distinction, Bs. i. 797, 805, Orkn. 358. II. [Ulf. framaeis; Germ.
fremder], a stranger, Pass. 30. 6, (mod.)
framan-verr, adj. [cp. Ulf. fram-vairjis], 'fore-ward,' in the front; framanverri brekkunni,
Fms. vii. 298; nesinu, Eg. 399; framanverar fylkingar, Fms. vi. 69; um hkuna framanvera, Orkn.
288; framanvert net, Nj. 29.
framar-liga, contracted framarla, adv. 'forwardly,' in front; m hverr vera sv framarla sem
hann vill (of ranks in battle), Fms. viii. 403, v.l.; lagi konungr framarla skip sitt, Eg. 33; eir kmu
sv f. landit, went so far, Fms. xi. 360: Icel. say, framarliga dalnum, nesinu, far off in the dale,
etc., where old writers would prefer framanverum dalnum, nesi: f. sjtta hundrai, high up in
the sixth hundred, Sturl. iii. 84. 2. metaph. fully, highly, much; treysta f., to trust fully, Fms. v. 236,
vi. 151; sv framarla, so far, to that point, x. 7, Hom. 40; sv f. sem, so far as, 87; sj f. vi e-u, to
be fully ware of, Sks. 358; hann man f. horfa um kvnfangit, he will look high, i.e. make great
pretensions, Ld. 88.
fram-boligr, adj. that can be offered, Fms. iii. 180.
fram-bgr, m. the shoulder of an animal, Hkr. iii. 283.
fram-bryggja, u, f. the gangway leading to the bow of a ship, Eg. 121.
fram-burr, m. delivery, esp. of a speech: me snjllum framburi, Fms. ii. 199, Stj. 151, 260, 261:
specially a law term, pleading, delivery, Grg. i. 42; f. um kviinn, delivery of the verdict, Nj. 87: in
mod. usage a gramm. term, pronunciation.
fram-b, f. lasting for the time to come: in the phrase, vera til ltillar frambuar, to be of little
lasting use, Barl. 63.
fram-byggjar, -byggvar, m. pl. 'bow-sitters' the men placed on the bow of a ship of war, Fms. ii.
312, Eg. 32, Hkr. i. 86, Orkn. 230.
fram-br, m. the front or fore part of a house.
fram-drttr, m. carrying, launching a ship, Grg. ii. 399: metaph. support, maintenance, Fms. v.
23. framdrttar-samr, adj. putting oneself forward, Sturl. ii. 227.
fram-eggjan, f. an egging on, Nj. 61, Fms. viii. 118, xi. 261.
fram-fall, n. a falling on one's face, Karl. 552.
fram-farinn, part. departed, Fr. 264; fram-farandi, part. act. departing, K. . 20.
fram-fer, f. procedure, course of procedure, Bs. i. 840, Fms. i. 126, vii. 296: conduct, Stj. 141.
fram-feri, n. = framfer, Fms. ii. 37: conduct, 655 xxxii. 2, Stj. 8, 142, Bs. i. 840, Fms. vi. 133:
freq. in mod. use, N. T., Vdal.
fram-ferugr, adj.; f. mar, a ready man, Ann. 1348, (rare.)
fram-utning, f. maintenance, Eg. 77, Fms. i. 222, xi. 234: gramm. pronunciation, Sklda 175,
181.
fram-utningr, m. pleading, Bs. i. 769.
fram-ftr, m. the fore leg (of a quadruped), Fas. iii. 295.
fram-fss, adj. eager, forward, willing, Bs. i. 238.
fram-fra, , to maintain, Grg. passim, (better as two words.)
fram-fri, n. furtherance, Sturl. i. 72; koma e-u f., to further it.
fram-fring, f. pronunciation, Sklda 179; Lat. translatio, 194.
fram-frinn, adj. (fram-frni, f.), a putting oneself forward; framfrinn, shy; framfrni,
shyness.
fram-frsla, u, f. a 'bringing forward,' bringing up, maintenance, Dipl. iv. 8, Grg. i. 62, 454, Jb.
passim. COMPDS: Framfrslu-blkr, m. the section in the Jb. treating of alimentation.
framfrslu-kerling, f. an old pauper woman, Fbr. 95. framfrslu-lauss, adj. without means of
support, Grg. i. 454, Jb. 179. framfrslu-mar, m. a pauper. Jb. 181, orst. St. 55; = mod.
sveitar-magi.
fram-fr, f. advancing, Fms. iv. 270, Hom. 181: departing from life, Fms. ii. 164, Bs. i. 742, Post.
686 C. 2. 2. metaph. progress, freq. in mod. usage.
fram-ganga, u, f. a 'going forth,' proceeding, Sks. 520, 563: a going towards the door from the
inner rooms (vide fram), Fs. 140 :-- advancing, in battle, and metaph. valour, exploits, . H. 216
sqq., Eg. 33, Nj. 127, Fms. xi. 131, Lv. 89, sl. ii. 368, Grett. 159. framgngu-mar, m. a forward,
valiant man, Glm. 331.
fram-gangr, m. a 'going forward,' advancing, in battle, Fms. viii. 117: metaph. success, vi. 133, vii.
280, ix. 508, Eg. 20 (advancement): aggression, ofsi ok f., Fms. xi. 93, K. . 232.
fram-genginn, part. performed, Sks. 32, 560. 2. of persons, departed, deceased, Sks. 12.
fram-gengt, part. n. (fem., Fms. x. 401), brought about, successful; in the phrase, vera f., to
succeed, come to pass. Ld. 238, Fms. i. 277, vii. 5, 183, Sks. 32, 560, t. 1.
fram-girnd, f. = framgirni, Barl. 62.
fram-girni, f. forwardness, Fms. v. 246, Fbr. 121.
fram-gjarn, adj. striving forward, H. E. i. 250, Thom. 28.
fram-hald, n. continuation, (mod.)
fram-heit, n. pl. fair promises for the future, Sturl. iii. 232, 255.
fram-hleypi (fram-hleypni), f. forwardness, Thom. 175.
fram-hleypiligr, adj. forward, Stj. (pref.)
fram-hleypinn, adj. leaping forward, intruding.
fram-hlutr, m. the fore part, Fms. vi. 351.
fram-hrapan, f. a rushing on, H. E. i. 501.
fram-hs, n. a 'fore-house,' porch, entry, Njar. 376, Fs. 149.
fram-hvass, adj. forward, sharp, Fms. ii. 45, Thom. 46, 180.
fram-hvt, f. encouragement, Ld. 260, Sturl. iii. 6, Bs. ii. 72.
frami, a, m. advancement, but esp. distinction, renown, fame, Sl. 70, Vm. 11, Hm. 104, Eg. 19,
106, Nj. 38, Fms. i. 287, vi. 133, vii. 149, viii. 336: forwardness, vi. 303; lang-frami, lasting fame,
Orkn. 466. COMPDS: frama-fer, f. a feat, famous exploit, Fs. 4. frama-leysi, n. obscurity, Al.
118. frama-mar, m. a man of distinction, Bs. i. Laur. S. frama-raun, f. a trial of fame, dangerous
exploit, Fas. iii. 43. frama-skortr, m. listlessness, Fms. v. 338. frama-verk, n. a 'forward-work,'
exploit, feat, Fms. iii. 97, Fs. 4, Orkn. 80.
fram-jtan, f. a promise, 655 xxxii. 21, Th. 24.
fram-kast, n. a forecast, empty words, Eb. 46, Mar. (Fr.)
fram-kirkja, u, f. the 'fore-church,' nave, opp. to the choir or chancel, Vm. 26, Jm. 13, Bs. i. 829.
fram-kvma, u, f. 'coming forward,' fullment, Greg. 32, Hom. 51.
fram-kvma, d, to full, bring about, . H. 62, Bs. i. 133, ii. 147.
fram-kvmd, f. fullment, success, prowess; vit ok f., Fms. i. 195, ii. 119, vii. 280, 300, ix. 7, 625.
175, Sks. 609. COMPDS: framkvmdar-lauss, adj. listless. framkvmdar-leysi, n. listlessness,
Fr. 246. framkvmdar-mar, m. a man of prowess, Nj. 181, Fms. i. 15, xi. 232. framkvmdar-
mikill, adj., full of prowess, Fms. vii. 431.
fram-lag, n. a 'laying forth,' an outlay, Fms. iv. 33, Sks. 27, Grg. i. 478: contribution, Fr. 69,
Fms. vi. 307, xi. 320, 428. 2. display, Fms. ix. 495, v.l.
fram-laga, u, f. an advancing, in battle, Hkr. iii. 122.
fram-leiis, adv. [Dan. fremdeles], further, in future, K. . 20, Jb. 406, Sturl. iii. 269.
fram-leisla, u, f. a 'leading on,' conduct; f. lfdaga, Fms. iii. 89.
fram-leistr, m. the fore part of a sock, N. G. L. iii. 13.
fram-ligr, adj.; f. mar, a ne man, Sturl. ii. 134 C, Fms. xi. 56.
fram-lundar and fram-lyndr, adj. courageous, Lex. Pot.
fram-ltr, adj. 'louting forward,' prone, 655 xxxii. 3, Bs. ii. 20.
fram-lpp, f. a fore-paw.
frammi, vide fram B.
frammi-staa, u, f. a 'standing forth,' behaviour, feat, Karl. 149, but only used in peculiar phrases;
in Dipl. v. 18 the missal is called frammistu-bk, f., from being read by the priest while
standing, frammistu-mar, m. a steward at a wedding or feast.
fram-mynntr, adj. with a projecting mouth, Sturl. ii. 133 B.
framning, f. performance, Magn. 480, Hom. 26, 655 xxxii. 3.
framr, adj., compar. fremri or framari, Stj. 127; superl. fremstr or framastr, Fas. i. 320; [A. S.
freme, fram = bonus; cp. Germ. fromm] :-- forward; in the positive, used almost always in a bad
sense, impertinently forward, intrusive (but -framr, shy); this distinction is old. e.g. mjk eru eir
menn framer, er eigi skammask at taka mna konu fr mr, says the old Thorodd, Sklda 163 :-- in a
good sense, prominent, Bs. ii. 70, 155; framr ok gr klerkr, i. 824; framr spmar, Stj. 33. . neut.
framt as adv. so far, to such an extent, Stj. 254; ganga framt at, to deal harshly, Dipl. ii. 19; treysta
framt , to put full trust in, Fms. iii. 184: sv framt sem ..., in case that ..., Dipl. ii. 13, -- better sv
framarlega, as soon as, Stj. 287; sv framt sem hann her lukt, as soon as he has paid, Dipl. iii. 9.
II. compar. the foremost (of two); til hins fremra austrrms, to the fore-pumping room, Fms. viii.
139; enum fremrum ftum, with the fore-feet (mod. fram-ftum), 1812. 16. . neut., hit fremra, the
place nearest the door, Eg. 43: of a road, the 'fore-road,' the road along the coast, (opp. to 'the in-
road,' across the inland), Nj. 207, Orkn. 6. 2. metaph. superior, with dat.; llum fremri, Fas. i. 205;
fremri llum hlutum, Fr. 47; gfgari mar n fremri, r. 9 new Ed. III. superl. fremstr,
foremost, Fms. i. 176, ii. 317, Al. 90, . H. 121: metaph. the best, foremost, Stj. 93; fremstr at allri
smd, Fms. viii. 272; jafn himum fremstum llum mannraunum, Eg. 21; allra eirra brra
framastr, Fas. i. 320. 2. temp. farthest back; sem ek fremst um man; better to be taken as adverb, cp.
p. 169, col. 2, l. 5 from bottom.
fram-rs, f. a 'running forward,' the course of time or tide, Th. 78.
fram-rei, f. a riding on, Fms. xi. 256, sl. ii. 169, Karl. 350, Al. 76.
fram-reitr, m. the 'fore-beds' in a garden: metaph., hafa e-t framreitum, to display, make a show
of, Ld. 318.
fram-saga, u, f. a 'saying forth,' as a law phrase, pleading, delivery, Nj. 36, 110, Grg. i. 37.
fram-sala, u, f. a giving up, extradition, Grg. ii. 13.
fram-setning, f. the launching a ship, Grg. ii. 403.
fram-skapan, f. rendering of Lat. transformatio, Sklda 188.
fram-snoinn, adj. bald on the forehead, Fms. x. 35, Fas. ii. 149.
fram-skn, f. prosecution of a case, Fs. 74.
fram-staa, u, f. = frammistaa, exertion, 655 xxxii. 3.
fram-stafn, m. the stem, bow, Jb. 383, Eg. 123, Fms. vii. 260, Fb. i. 431.
fram-sni, f. foresight, Fms. x. 392, Stj. 444.
fram-sniligr, adj. foreseeing, Fms. i. 263.
fram-snn, adj. foreseeing, prophetic, Landn. 27, Nj. 194, Hv. 41, Fs. 54, 74, Fms. i. 76, Stj. 126.
fram-sgn, f. assertion, esp. of a witness, Dipl. i. 3.
fram-tnn, f. a front tooth, Gl. 167.
fram-rskarandi, part. standing out, prominent, excellent.
fram-vegis, adv. 'fore-ways,' further, for the future, Magn. 474, H. E. i. 394, Bs. i. 302.
fram-vsi, f. 'fore-wit,' a prophetic gift, Fas. i. 122.
fram-vss, adj. 'fore-wise,' prophetic, Fms. xi. 411, Vpn. 20, Gs. 13.
Frankis-menn, m. pl. the French, Br., Flv., El. passim; Frankis-ml, n. the Frankish (French)
tongue, Flv. 22; Frankis-riddari, a, m. a French knight, Str. 39; Franz, f. France; Franziska, u,
f. the French tongue, Bs. i. 799; Franzeis, m. [Fr. Franais], a Frenchman, Bs. i. 239, in the
romances passim.
frata, a, = freta, Ls. 32.
FRAU, n. the froth as of roasted meat or of a roasted apple; frauit r hjartanu, Edda 74: in mod.
usage frau (or fraur, m.) is the dry, withered marrow of lean and half-starved animals; eir reikna
a gras sem auki frau, Bb. 3. 47.
FRAUKR, m. [Germ. frosch, etc.], a frog; kom hagl sv mikit sem frauka rigndi, Al. 169; the
reading fraua-ftr in N. G. L. i. 351 ought to be frauka-ftr (fraua = frauka), m. pl. frogs' legs,
aricles used in witchcraft; if nails (ungues), frogs' legs, and the like were found in 'bed or bolster,' it
made a person liable to outlawry, as being tokens of sorcery; cp. Shakespeare's Macbeth, 'toe of
frog, wool of bat, and tongue of dog.'
FR, prep. with dat., sometimes with or prexed, fr, fr, cp. Swed. ifrn; fra, Fms. vi. 326,
439, viii. 25, ix. 508, x. 408; fr, xi. 16, 137, 508, Grg. ii. 30, Nj. 83, 108, passim: [Goth. fram;
A. S. fram, from; Engl. from; O. H. G. fram; again in the Scandin., Swed. frn; Dan. fra; Ormul.
fra; so also Engl. fro (in to and fro and froward) is a Dan. form, but from a Saxon] :-- from, vide af,
p. 3, col. 2; ganga fr lgbergi, Nj. 87; fr landi, Ld. 118; ofan fr fjllum, sl. ii. 195; fr lknum,
339: with adv. denoting direction, skamt fr nni, Nj. 94; skamt fr landi, Ld.; upp fr b Una, Fs.
33, Ld. 206; nir fr Mlifells-gili, Landn. 71; ofan fr Merki-, Eg. 100; ut fr Unadal, Fs. 31;
norr fr gari, Nj. 153; norr fr dyrum, Fms. viii. 25; austr fr, ix. 402; sur fr Noregi, x. 271;
skamt fr vatninu, Ld. 268; allt fr (all the way from) Gnpu-skrum, 124: ellipt., inn fr, tar fr,
Nj. 50: with the indecl. particle er, vetfang eim er fr (from which) var kvatt, Grg. (Kb.) . with
names of hills, rivers, or the like, from, but 'at' is more freq., vide p. 26; fr si, Eirekr fr si, r.
8 new Ed.; rr fr Hfa, Ld. 188, 200; fr Mosfelli, fr Hlarenda, Landn., Nj. passim. 2.
denoting aloof; brott fr rum hsum, aloof from other houses, Eg. 203; nkkut fr (aloof from)
rum mnnum, Fas. i. 241; t fr rum mnnum, aloof from other men, Hkr. i. 223. 3. with
adverbs denoting direction; Varbelgir eru hr upp fr yr, Fms. ix. 512; stu spjt eirra ofan fr
eim, Nj. 253; angat fr gari, er ..., in such a direction from the farm, that ..., Grg. i. 82. 4. with
verbs, as vita, horfa, sna fr, to look away from, Sklda 242; stafnar horfa fr landi, Fms. xi. 101;
at er fr vissi berginu, viii. 428. 5. with gen. ellipt. cp. 'at' A. II. 7; fr riks manns, from a rich
man's [house], Hom. 117; fr Arnrs, Bjarn. 35; fr fr Kristnar, Fms. ix. 407; fr banda ess,
Grg. i. 300; fr Heljar, Edda (Ub.) 292; fr Bjarnar, Hkr. i. 190. 6. temp., fjrtn ntr fr alingi,
Grg. i. 122; fr essu, from that time, since; upp fr essu, id., Ld. 50, Fms. xi. 334; fr hinni
fyrstu stund, Sks. 559; allt fr eldingu, all along from daybreak, Hrafn. 7; fr ndveru, from the
beginning, Sks. 564; fr fornu ok nju, of old and new, Dipl. iv. 14: adding upp, upp fr v, ever
since, Bs. ii. 37. 7. denoting succession; stund fr stund, from time to time, 656 A. i. 36; r fr ri,
year after year, Stj. 17; dag fr degi, Fms. ii. 230; hvern dag fr rum, one day after another, viii.
182; hvrt sumar fr ru, one summer after another, Grg. i. 92; annan dag fr rum, Eg. 277: in
other relations, mar fr manni, man after man, Finnb. 228. II. metaph., 1. from among, above,
beyond, surpassingly; gra sik aukenndan fr rum mnnum, to distinguish oneself from (above)
other men, Fms. vii. 73, Fb. ii. 73: adding sem, fr v sem ..., beyond that what ...; fr v
harfengir ok llir vireignar sem arir, Fms. i. 171; heribreir, sv at at bar fr v sem arir
menn vru, Eg. 305; n er at annathvrt at ert fr v rttigr ok olinn sem arir menn, Fms. ii.
69: cp. fr-gramar, fr-br. 2. with verbs denoting deprivation, taking away, forsaking, or the
like; taka e-t fr e-m, to take a thing from one, Nj. 253; renna fr e-m, 264; deyja fr mgum, to
'die from orphans,' i.e. leave orphans behind one, Grg. i. 249; segja sik r ingi fr e-m, to secede
from one, Nj. 166; liggja fr verkum, to be bedridden 'from work,' i.e. so as to be unable to work,
Grg. i. 474; seljask arfsali fr mgum, i.e. to shift one's property from the minors, i.e. to cut them
off from inheritance, 278. 3. against; vert fr mnu skapi, Fms. vii. 258, Hom. 158; fr lkindum,
against likelihood, Eg. 769. 4. denoting derivation from a person; mikilli smd fr konungi, sl. ii.
394; njta skaltu hans fr oss, Fbr. 58 new Ed.; -- so also, kominn fr e-m, come of, descended from
one, Eb. sub n., Landn. passim. 5. of, about, concerning; segja fr e-u, to tell of a thing, Fms. xi.
16, 137, Nj. 100, (fr-saga, fr-sgn, a story); vera vss fr e-m, to be informed about one, Fms. iv.
184; er mr sv fr sagt konungi, I am told so of the king, Eg. 20; lgi hann mestan hlut fr, he lies
for the most part, sl. ii. 145, cp. Nj. 32. III. adverb. or ellipt. away, off; hverfa fr, to turn away,
Landn. 84; sna fr, Nj. 108; stukku menn fr, Eg. 289; hnekkjask rar n fr, Ld. 78; ok fr
hndina, and the hand off, Nj. 160; falla fr, to fall off, to die (frfall), Fms. x. 408; til ok fr, to and
fro, Eg. 293, Fms. ix. 422, Pass. 3. 2; han fr, hence 'fro,' Nj. 83; aan fr, thence, Grg. ii.
30: ar ut fr, secondly, next, Fms. vi. 326; outermost, 439 :-- temp., aan, han fr, thence,
Grg. i. 204, ii. 30, Fms. ii. 231, Nj. 83, Vpn. 30: cp. the phrases, af og fr, by no means! vera fr,
to be gone, done with, dead.
fr-beranligr, adj. excellent, Th. 10.
fr-bruginn, part. different, apart. Sks. 245, v.l.
fr-briligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), and fr-brligr, adj. surpassing, Fas. iii. 364, Th. 10, Magn. 512.
fr-brr, adj. surpassing, Fms. xi. 428, Fas. i. 88, iii. 627, Th. 22.
fr-dragning, f. subtraction, (mod.)
fr-drttr, m. diminution, Sks. 491, 800, Anecd. 60.
fr-fall, n. decease, death, sl. ii. 276, B. K. 126 (spelt franfall).
fr-fer, f. = frfall, Eluc. 48.
fr-flast, d, dep. to shirk, shun.
fr-frsla, u, f. removal, B. K. 108: the weaning of lambs, Dipl. v. 10.
fr-frur, f. pl. the weaning of lambs (in June). COMPDS: frfru-lamb, n. a weaned lamb.
frfru-tmi, a, m., and frfru-leiti, n. the season for weaning lambs, (freq.)
fr-ganga, u, f. a going away, departure, Grg. ii. 13.
fr-gangr, m. a leaving one's work well or ill done; llr f., work badly done, frgangs-sk, f. a
thing which makes an agreement impossible.
fr-grir, f. pl. surpassing feats; var at at frgerum, it was extraordinary, sl. ii. 83. COMPDS,
with gen. pl. surpassing, choice: frgra-li, n. choice troops, Lv. 93. frgra-mar, m. a
remarkable man, Fs. 3, Fr. 52, Fms. iii. 114, x. 192. frgra-mikill, adj. exceeding great, Fms. x.
172.
fr-hverfr, adj. 'froward,' averse.
fr-laga, u, f. retreat (in a sea-ght, leggja fr), Sturl. iii. 68.
fr-lauss, adj. free, detached, Grg. i. 494, ii. 190.
fr-leikr, m. (-leiki), swiftness, Fms. vi. 211, Glm. 342, Rd. 212.
fr-leitr, frleit-ligr, adj. (frleit-liga, adv.), 'froward,' averse: frleitt sinni, a reprobate mind,
Rom. i. 28.
fr-liga, adv. swiftly, Th. 79.
fr-ligr, adj. quick, swift, Lv. 73, Fbr. 27, 136, 155, Ld. 38, Hv. 39.
FRNN, adj. gleaming, ashing, acc. frnan, Fm. 32: the word seems akin to frr; only used in
poetry as an epithet of serpents, and metaph. of swords and sharp weapons; frnn nar, Vsp. 65; f.
ormr, Vkv. 16; frnn dreki, frn egg, Lex. Pot, passim: of the eyes, ashing, id. Eggert uses it of a
cloud gilded by the sun, slin brauzt fram r frnu ski, Bb. 2. 33. POT. COMPDS: frn-eygr,
adj. with ashing eyes, Fm. 5. frn-leitr, frn-lyndr, adj. id. :-- hence as a subst. frnn, m., Edda
(Gl.), Merl. 2. 17, or frningr, m., Edda (Gl.), a serpent, (cp. Gr. GREEK from GREEK.)
FRR, adj., neut. frtt, compar. superl, frri, frstr, but older form frvari, frvastr, hence frfri,
Eluc. 48; frostr, Krk. 37; frvastu (acc.), Stj 480: [a word not found in Germ. or Engl., unless O.
H. G. fr, frawer, Germ. froh = joyful, be a kindred word; but in Icel., old as well as mod., frr only
conveys the notion of swiftness] :-- swift, light-footed, Fms. iii. 178, Nj 258, Finnb. 236, Bs. ii. 87,
Fb. i. 394.
fr-saga, u, f. a story, narrative, Sturl. i. 21, Fms. iv. 348, Eg. ne, Ld. 58. frsgu-ligr, adj.
interesting, Hkr. ii. 135.
fr-skili (fr-skila, fr-skilinn), adj. separated, isolated, astray, with dat., frskili e-m, Fas. iii.
130, Stj. 26, 655 xi. 1, Fb. i. 540: rejected, Fs. 128.
fr-skilligr, adj. = frskila, 655 xxxii. 27. fr-skilliga, adv. privately, Thom. 153.
fr-skilnar, m. separation, Stj. 195.
fr-sninn, part. froward, averse.
fr-sgn, f. = frsaga, 625. 83, Stud. i. 1, Hkr. i. 1, Sklda 159; vera til frsagnar um e-t, to regret a
thing, sl. ii. 267, Nj. 97, Orkn. 202. COMPDS: frsagna-mar, m. an historian, 732. 15 (better
sagna-mar). frsagnar-verr, adj. worth relating, Eg. 425.
fr-vera, u, f. absence, Fms. iii. 164, Fb. i. 512, Bs. ii. 45.
fr-verandi, part. absent, Sklda.
fr-vist, f. = frvera, D. N.
fr-vita, adj. insane.
freinn, part. frozen; fre-jaki, a, m., and fre-skr, m., vide frjsa.
fre-stertr or fret-stertr, m., and fresterts-mt or fretstertu-mt, n., Mag. 23: [Chaucer calls the
queen in chess fers, which is derived from her Persian name ferz or ferzan = a king's captain; the
Icel. word is no doubt of the same origin] :-- check-mate with the queen's pawn: other check-mates
used in Icel. are heima-stertr, pe-rfr, gleiar-ml, numanna-mt, and many more.
fregn, f. news, intelligence, Fas. ii. 368, Fms. ix. 483; ugu-fregn, gossip, a 'canard.'
FREGNA, pret. fr, 2nd pers. frtt, frttu, pl. frgum; pres. fregn; pret. subj. frgi, frgim, Am. 99;
part. freginn; sup. fregit; with the neg. suf. frat, t. 10: in mod. usage weak fregna, a, pres.
fregna, sup. fregna: in old writers a form fregna, d, occurs early, thus, pres. fregnir, Fms. xi. 42,
Jmsv. S. 2; pret. fregndi, 14; pres. subj. fregnisk ( = fregnsk), Sighvat, Fms. vi. 41; pres. fregnar,
Glm. 374; sup. fregnt ( = fregit), Ld. 4, is scarcely a correct form; pret. pl. fregnuum, Dipl. v. 16,
in a deed of the 14th century; -- by that time the word had got its present form: [Goth. fraihnan =
GREEK; A. S. frignan; old Sax. gifrgnan; cp. Germ. fragen] :-- to hear, be informed; er fregn
andlt mitt, Blas. 43; er hann slkt um fregn, Vsp. 30; rndr fr andlt fur sns, Landn. 214; ok
frgu au tendi at ..., . H. 106; enda fregn sakar-aili vgit ingi, Grg. (Kb.) ch. 107, (fregni,
subj., Sb. i. 105); er hann fregn daua hins, Kb. i. 154; ea fregn hann eigi hvar frns-dmr tli at
vera, Grg. i. 95, ok er hann fregnar (sic Ed.), safnar hann lii, Glm. l.c.; fr hann til ndvegis-
slna sinna, Landn. 250; san fr engi mar til hans, Str. 74; fr hann, at Haraldr ..., Fms. vi. 256;
eptir v vr fregnuum af oss ellrum mnnum, Dipl. l.c.; san fregnir hann safnainn, Fms. xi. 42;
n sem essi tendi vru fregin um allt landit, Str. 54; eir ttusk aan mart fsiligt fregit (Ed.
frengt) hafa, Ld. 4; sann-fregit = sann-spurt, Hallfred. II. to ask, only in very old poetry; fregna e-n
e-s; hvers fregnit mik, Vsp. 22; ok ek ess opt fra menn fregit hafi, t. 6; fregna ok segja, to ask
and say, ask and answer, Hm. 27; ef hann freginn er-at, 29; fregna ok segja skal frra hverr, 61,
Skv. 1. 19, Fsm. 8; fregna e-n rs, to ask one's advice, Hm. 109: fregna at e-u (as spyrja), 32.
fregn-vss, adj. curious, in the saying, frr er hverr f., Art. 90.
FREISTA, a, [Ulf. frajsan = GREEK, A. S. frasjan, Hel. and O. H. G. fresan, old Frank. frasan, --
all of them without t; Dan. friste; Swed. fresta] :-- to try, with gen.; freista m ek ess, Eg. 606;
freista sn, to try one's prowess, Edda 31; freista sunds, Ld. 166; hafa ymiss vi freista, . H. 34;
freista essar rttar, Edda 31; freista essa, id. :-- with um or inf., freista um eiri leiki, 32; at
hann mun f. at renna skei, 31 :-- absol., ba f. ef ..., Eg. 174, 279; freista hv at hlddi, to try
how, b. 7; freista at vr fim drepit , Fms. i. 9. . to tempt, make trial of, with gen., which sense
occurs in Vsp. 22; freistum eirra, Fms. vii. 193; ef hans f. frar, Hm. 25 :-- esp. in the religious
sense, to tempt, Rb. 82, Symb. 31, Stj. 145 passim, N. T., Pass., Vdal.
freistan, f. temptation, Hom. 37, 97, Greg. 18; freistnan, f. id., Stj. 145, 147, 295.
freistari, a, m. a tempter, Hom. 45, Stj. 144, 146.
freisti and freistni, f. temptation, Hom. 17, 82; freistni, 17, 26, Sks. 185 B, 450 B, 623. 26, Stj.
passim, Magn. 488, N. T., Pass., Vdal., and all mod. writers insert the n.
freisting, f. = freistni, (mod. freq.)
freistinn, adj. daring, tempting, Sks. 98 B.
freka (mod. frekja), u, f. hardship, Fms. x. 402, v.l., xi. 99: in the phrase, me freku, harshly, with
great hardship, Eb. 128, . H. 92; me sv mikilli freku at, Fms. i. 34, iv. 85, viii. 64, 135, x. 401,
xi. 268; me meiri freku en fyrr var vandi til, Bs. i. 706; nau ok llar frekur, Fms. vii. 75, v.l.
frek-edr, part. forcible, Fms. x. 418.
freki, a, m., pot. a wolf, Vsp. 51, Gm. 19,
frek-leikr, m. greediness; frekleikr er tni, 655 xxxi. A. 3.
frek-liga, adv. harshly, sl. ii. 385, Fms. ii. 66.
frek-ligr, adj. harsh, exorbitant, Fms. vii. 293, Lv. 54.
freknttr, adj. freckly, Ld. 274, Sturl. ii. 133, Grett. 90.
FREKNUR, f. pl. [Dan. fregner; Swed. frknar], freckles, Fl. ix.
FREKR, adj. [Ulf. -friks, in faihu-friks = GREEK; A. S. frc; Germ. frech (bold, impudent),
whence Dan. frk; cp. Engl. freak] :-- greedy; frekr til fjr, Sd. 140; frekr er hverr til fjrsins, a
saying, Njar. 374; frekir konungar, Fms. x. 416: voracious, hungry, fangs er vn at frekum l, Eb.
250; sv f. at torstt s at fylla ik, Fs. 72: metaph. exorbitant, frek fgjld, Gl. 169; frek lg,
harsh, unfair law, Hkr. ii. 384; frekr harsteinn, a rough whetstone, Fms. xi. 223; frekr get ek at
eim ykki lokarr minn til frgjalda, I guess they will nd my plane rough (cutting thick chips) as to
the bargain, ii. 65; bora frekan atsg at e-u, Orkn. 144; frekust or ok umkvi, sl. ii. 149: neut.
frekt, as adv., frekt eru tekin or mn, Fms. ii. 260; ganga frekt at e-u, Fs. 32; leita frekara eptir,
Fms. x. 227.
FRELSA, t, mod. a, to free; frelstr, Fms. i. 79; pret. frelsti, 225. 70, Sks. 660, Gull. 4; frelstisk,
Fms. vii. 59, x. 404, 413; frelstusk, Sks. 587 (frjalsti B); pres. frelsir, 655 xxxii. 4; imperat. frels,
Hom. 159; part. frelst, Stud. iii. 139: in mod. usage always frelsa, a, e.g. heldr frelsa (imperat.) oss
fr llu, in the Lord's Prayer; this form occurs even in MSS. of the 14th century, e.g. frelsai, Bs. i.
269 (MS. Arna-Magn. 482); but frelsi, l.c., in the older recension, Bs. i. 95: an older form frjlsa,
a (frealsa), freq. occurs in old MSS.; pres. frjlsar, Gl. 91; frjlsai, Dipl. i. 11; inn. frjlsa, Sks.
349, 594 B; subj. frjlsisk, 349 B; frealsaisk, Stj. 26: [Dan. frelse; Swed. frlsa] :-- to free, deliver,
rescue, passim: the law phrase, frelsa e-m e-t, to rescue a thing for one; til at f. honum sna
furleif, Fms. ix. 329; Egill kvask frelst hafa ri manna-forr, Sturl. iii. 139; frelsa eim jr
er , Gl. l.c.; ok frjlsai jrina honum til nlegrar eignar, Dipl. l.c.; hann frelsai sr ann hlut
fr, er eptir var, til forra, Bs. i. 269; ok frelsti hn sveininum (veiina), Gull. 4; frelsa rl, to set
a bondsman free, N. G. L. passim. II. reex. to save oneself, escape, Fms. vii. 59 passim: as a law
term, to get freedom, from bondage, N. G. L. i. 33: in a pass. sense, Sks. 587 passim.
frelsari, a, m. (older obsolete form frjalsari), a saviour, Stj. passim, 655 xiii. 4: the Saviour, N. T.,
Pass., Vdal. passim.
frels-borinn, part. (and frjls-borinn, Eg. 284, Grg. passim), free-born, Hom. 152.
frelsi, f. (older form frjlsi, Sks. 622 B), freedom, esp. of a bondsman set free, or generally, N. G.
L. i. 32, Grg. i. 357, Fms. i. 33, 222, ix. 352, Fs. 70, 126, in the laws and Sagas passim :-- metaph.
freedom, leisure, Fms. x. 147, v.l., Bs. i. 518, Sks. 504; nir ok f., rest and leisure, Hv. 57:
freedom, privilege, immunity, e.g. of the church, Fms. x. 14; frelsi kirkjunnar, Bs. i. 720 and passim.
COMPDS: frelsis-brf, n. a charter of privilege, H. E. i. 386, v.l. frelsis-gif, f. a gift of freedom to
a bondsman, Fs. 126, N. G. L. i. 33. frelsis-l, n. 'freedom-ale,' a carouse on occasion of a
bondsman being set free, N. G. L. i. 29, 32, 33.
frelsingi, a, m. (frelsingr, 677. i), a freedman, Eg. 42, 67, Landn. 123.
fremd, f. [frami], furtherance, honour, Hkr. iii. 99, Rd. 310, Eg. 279, Fms. viii. 321, v.l. COMPDS:
fremdar-lauss, adj. inglorious, Fas. i. 33. fremdar-verk, n. a feat, Fms. x. 230, Fas. i. 162, Stj.
509.
fremi adv. (often, esp. in the Grg., spelt fremmi), only in the phrase, sv fremi, only so far, only in
that case: temp., seg sv fremi fr v er essi dagr er allr, i.e. wait just till this day is past, Nj.
96, Al. 118; jarl hafi sv fremi frtt til Erlings, er hann var nr kominn, he only heard of Erling
when he was close up to him, Fms. vii. 296; skildisk Hkon konungr sv fremi vi er hverr mar var
drepinn, king H. left [pursuing] only when every man was slain, Hkr. i. 151; sv f. munt etta
hafa upp kveit, er ekki mun tja letja ik, . H. 32; en sv f. vil ek at vr berim etta fyrir alu,
er ek s, 33; sv f. er unnin vri borgin, Rm. 358; sv f. at ..., id., Pr. 406; sv fremi ef, in case
that, Nj. 260; skulu eir at dmi kveja, ok sv f. er til varnar er boit r, but only when they
have called on them for the defence, i.e. not before they have, Grg. i. 256; at er jamrtt at stefna
sv fremmi hnum er hann missir hans er kviarins arf, it is equally lawful to summon a
neighbour-juror in case he does not appear to deliver a verdict, 48: so far, sv fremi er upp komit,
at ..., Finnb. 226.
FREMJA, pret. frami, pres. frem, part. framir, framdr, mod. also framinn; [A. S. fremman; Dan.
fremme] :-- to further, promote; fremja Kristni, to further Christianity, Fms. x. 416; fremja sik, to
distinguish oneself, Nj. 254; fremja sik e-u, Sks. 25 B; tt ykisk hafa framit ik utan-lendis,
Glm. 342; s er framir er framarr er settr, Edda 127. 2. to perform, exercise, Fms. i. 260, vii. 164,
625. 60, 656 A. 2. 18, Hom. 52, 655 xi. 4, Og. 146, Nj. 10; fremja sei, heini, N. G. L. i. 19, Hkr. i.
19; fremja munal, 625. 41; fremja sund, to swim, Rm. 32. . in mod. usage often in a bad sense,
to commit, e.g. fremja glp, lst, etc. II. reex. to advance oneself; hann hafi mikit framisk utan-
fer sinni, Fms. iii. 122, v. 345. 2. in a pass. sense (rarely), Hom. 72. III. part. fremjandi, a
performer, Edda 68.
fremr and fremst, vide fram.
FRENJA, u, f., pot. a cow, Edda (Gl.), Bb. 3. 41. COMPDS: frenju-ligr, adj. hoydenish; and
frenju-skapr, m.
FRER, n.pl., also spelt freyr or better frr, (in mod. usage frear, m. pl.), [Ulf. frius, 2 Cor. xi. 27;
Old Engl. frore as an adj. or adv.] :-- frost, frosty soil; fara at freyrum, to travel when it begins to
freeze; ba frra, to wait for frost, . H. 17; at frerum, 198; en er konungi tti vn frra, 122; frer
ok snjva, Bs. i. 872: in sing., frer var hart ti, a hard frost, ii. 22. COMPDS: frer-jaki, a, m. a
piece of ice, Br. 9 new Ed. frer-mnur, m. the frost month, answering to December, Edda.
frerinn and frrinn, part. of frjsa, = frozen, mod. freinn.
FRESS, m. a tom-cat, Edda 63, Grg. i. 501; also called fress-kttr, m., and steggr, q.v. :-- a bear,
Edda (Gl.), Korm. (in a verse).
FREST, usually n. pl., but also f. sing, (in mod. usage frestr, m.), delay; lng frest, Fms. ii. 216: ok
vri ar lg frest , Hkr. i. 292; essi frest, Stj. 446; at frestin vri lng, Fms. v. 72; bija sr
fresta, ii. 114, Rb. 364; lj e-m fresta um e-t, Fms. iv. 225, Hom. 33; Uni kva sr lla lka ll
frestin, Fs. 32: the saying, frest eru lls bezt, Fms. v. 294, -- mod., frestr er illu bestr: the phrase,
selja frest, to sell on credit, Vpn. 7, Sturl. 91, Gsl. 12; hence frest-skuld, f. credit, Snt 62.
fresta, a, to defer, put up, with dat., Ld. 322, . H. 95. Orkn. 48, Fms. viii. 327, Fb. iii. 408: absol.
to delay, tarry, Lv. 52, Fms. ix. 355: reex. to be delayed, upset, Fr. 93, Fs. 74, Korm. 134, Fbr.
185, Fms. v. 318.
frestan, f. delay, Fb. ii. 42, better frestin.
FRETA, pret. frat, mod. a, to fart, Lat. pedere, Dropl. 31, Lv. 54.
fret-karl, m. a 'fart-churl,' vagabond, Lv. 59, Fs. 160, sl. ii. 483.
fretr, m. a fart, Fms. vi. 280.
FRTT, f. [akin to fregn, but contracted], news, intelligence, Fms. xi. 101, Nj. 175, Bs. i. 735,
Grett. 122, Fs. 15, 27; very freq. in mod. usage, esp. in pl. frttir, news; hvat er frttum, what
news? in compds, frtta-bla, a newspaper; fregn and tindi (q.v.) are only used in a peculiar
sense. 2. enquiry, Grg. i. 35, obsolete. . in a religious sense, enquiring of gods or men about the
future, Nj. 273: the phrase, ganga til frttar vi e-n; Sigurr gkk til frttar vi mur sna, hn var
margkunnig, Orkn. 28; angat gngu menn til frtta, Fs. 19; gkk hann til snarblts til frttar,
Hkr. i. 24; biskup gkk til frttar vi Gu, 686 B. 13.
frtta, tt, to hear, get intelligence, Korm. 160, Am. 1, Nj. 5, Eg. 123, sl. ii. 164; very freq., whereas
fregna is obsolete. 2. to ask, enquire, Korm. 216, Pass. 11. 4, 21. 8; frtta tenda, to ask for news,
Fms. i. 101; frtta e-n upp, to nd one out, Edda (pref.); frtta at mnnum, Nj. 34. II. reex. to get
about, be reported, of news; etta frttisk um hrait, Korm. 198; frttisk alls ekki til hans, nothing
was heard of him, sl. ii. 168; frettisk mr sv til, I am told, Boll. 338, Fms. iv. 231. . recipr. to ask
one another for news; frttusk eir tenda, Boll. 336; frttask fyrir, to enquire, Fs. 78.
frttinn, adj. curious, eager for news, Fms. i. 184, v. 299, Bs. i. 776.
FREYA, dd, [frau], to froth; me freyanda munni, Al. 168: of roasting, Fas. i. 163: of matter,
freyddi r upp bl ok vgr, sl. ii. 218.
freyja, u, f. a lady, in hs-freyja, q.v.; prop. the goddess Freyja, Edda.
FREYR, m. [Goth. frauja = Gr. GREEK; A. S. fre; Hel. fr = a lord], is in the Scandin. only used
as the pr. name of the god Freyr, Edda, Vsp., etc.; for the worship of Frey cp., besides the Edda,
Gsl. ch. 15, Hrafn. ch. 2, Glm. ch. 9, the talc of Gunnar Helming in Fms. ii. ch. 173, 174, Vd. ch.
10, also Landn. 174, Fms. v. 239. COMPDS: Freys-goi, a, m. the priest of Frey, a nickname,
Hrafn. Freys-gylingar, m. pl. priests or worshippers of Frey, the name of a family in the south-
east of Icel., Landn. Freys-ta, n. the game of Frey, probably what is now called goa-ta, Flv.
fria, a, [cp. A. S. freodian], to pacify, restore to peace; fria ok frelsa, Fms. i. 110; fria ok frelsa
land, . H. 189; fria fyrir e-m, to make peace for one, to reconcile; fria fyrir kaupmnnum, Fms.
vii. 16; fria fyrir eim brrum vi Kolbein, to intercede for them with K., Sturl. iii. 4; fria fyrir
nduum, to make peace for the dead, intercede for them, by singing masses, Bs. i. 65; hann friai
vel fyrir landi snu, he pacied the land, Fms. vii. 16 :-- in mod. usage esp. to protect by law (birds
or other animals), fria fugl, varp, to protect eider-ducks. II. reex., friask vi e-n, to seek for
reconciliation or to reconcile oneself to another, Fms. iii. 155, v. 202, Al. 85: in a pass. sense, Fms.
viii. 152.
frian, f. pacifying, Fb. ii. 339: mod. protection.
fri-benda, d, to furnish with fribnd, Krk. 40.
fri-bt, f. peace-making, O. H. L. 10.
fri-brot, n. a breach of the peace, Eg. 24, Gl. 21, . H. 190, Eb. 24. fribrots-mar, m. a peace-
breaker, Sturl. iii. 161.
fri-bnd, n. pl. 'peace-bonds,' straps wound round the sheath and fastened to a ring in the hilt
when the weapon was not in use; hence the phrase, spretta fribndunum, to untie the 'peace-
straps,' before drawing the sword, Sturl. iii. 186, Gsl. 55; the use of the word in Krk. 40 is
undoubtedly wrong: cp. the drawings in old MSS.
frigin, n. pl.; this curious word is analogous to systkin, fegin, mgin, and seems to mean lovers;
it only occurs twice, viz. in Clem., var hvrt eirra frigina ru fegit, 37; and in the poem Pd.
53, but here the verse is in a fragmentary state.
fri-glur, f. pl. enticements of peace, in the phrase, bera friglur e-n, to make overtures for
peace to one, Bjarn. 55.
fri-gr, f. 'peace-making,' truce, treaty, Fms. vi. 63, x. 155, Stj. 566, 650; a part of the . H. is
called Frigrar-saga, u, f., referring to the negotiation for peace between Sweden and Norway,
A.D. 1018.
fri-heilagr, adj. inviolate, Gl. 129, N. G. L. i. 4, K. . 30, Fs. 150.
fri-helga, a, to proclaim inviolate, Nj. 101, Lv. 7.
fri-helgi, f. inviolability, protection by law, Landn. 97, Fms. i. 80,
friill, m. a lover, gallant, pot., Vkv. 27; cp. frigin.
fri-kastali, a, m. a 'castle of peace,' asylum, Fas. iii. 248.
fri-kaup, n. purchase of peace, Gl. 142, Fbr. 18 new Ed., Fms. v. 327.
fri-kaupa, keypti, to purchase peace, sl. ii. 442.
fri-kolla, u, f. the nickname of a lady, Fms. vii. 63.
FRILA, u, f., usually contr. frilla, [Dan. frille], prop. = Lat. amica, a fem. answering to friill,
q.v.; en fra frilla, the fair mistress, Hm. 30; but in prose in a bad sense a harlot, concubine, Fms.
i. 2, viii. 63, Sturl. ii. 73, Sks. 693. COMPDS: frillu-barn, m. a bastard child, Landn. 174, Fms. xi.
212. frillu-borinn, part. bastard-born, Fas. i. 354. frillu-dttir, f. an illegitimate daughter, Gl.
238, 239. frillu-lifnar, m. fornication, whoredom, Jb. 137. frillu-l, n. id., K. . 218, H. E. i. 477;
in the N. T. = the Gr. GREEK. frillu-mar, m. an adulterer, = Gr. GREEK, N. T.; in pl., Bs. i. 684.
frillu-sonr, m. an illegitimate son, Gl. 237, 238, Hkr. i. 100, 198, Landn. 260. frillu-tak, n., in the
phrase, taka frillutaki, to take as concubine, Eg. 343, Fms. ii. 291, vii. 110, Sturl. iii. 270.
fri-land, n. a 'peace-land' or friendly country, Fms. ii. 132, Hkr. i. 295: used in the laws of old
freebooters (vkingar), who made a compact not to plunder a country, on condition of having there a
free asylum and free market; -- such a country was called friland, Eg. 245, Fms. xi. 62, sl. ii. 334.
fri-lauss, adj. outlawed, Fms. vii. 204, N. G. L. i. 15, K. . 142.
fri-leggja, lagi, to make peace, Fms. iii. 73.
fri-liga, adv. peaceably, Fms. ii. 124.
fri-ligr, adj. peaceable, Hom. 143, Fms. v. 248, Nj. 88, Eb. 266.
fri-mark, n. a token of peace, Fms. x. 347.
fri-ml, n. pl. words of peace, Fms. vii. 23.
fri-menn, m. pl. men of peace, friends, Ld. 76, Lv. 102, Stj. 213, Fms. vi. 28, x. 244, H. E. i. 243;
frimenn konungs, the king's friends or allies, id.
fri-mlask, t, to sue for peace, Krk. 62; f. vi e-n, id., Stj. 398.
FRIR, m., gen. friar, dat. frii, [Ulf. renders GREEK by gavairi, but uses the verb gafrion =
GREEK, and gafrions = GREEK; A. S. fri and freoo; mod. Germ. friede; Dan. and Swed. fred;
lost in Engl., and replaced from the Lat.] :-- peace, but also personal security, inviolability: in the
phrases, fyrirgra f ok frii, to forfeit property and peace, i.e. be outlawed, Gl. 160; setja gri ok
fri, to 'set,' i.e. make, truce and peace, Grg. ii. 167: til rs ok friar, Hkr. i. 16; frir ok farsla,
Bs. i. 724; vera frii, to be in safe keeping, Al. 17; bija e-n friar, to sue for peace, Hbl. 28; about
the peace of Fri cp. Edda 78-81, it is also mentioned in Hkv. 1. 13, and Vellekla. 2. peace,
sacredness of a season or term, cp. Jla-f., Pska-f., the peace (truce) of Yule, Easter; ann-frir, q.v.
3. peace, rest, tranquillity; gefa e-m fri, to give peace, rest; gefat num fjndum fri, Hm. 128. 4.
with the notion of love, peace, friendship; frir kvenna, Hm. 89; fri at kaupa, to purchase love,
Skm. 19; eldi heitari brennr me llum vinum frir mm daga, Hm. 50; fris vtla ok mr, I hoped
for a friendly reception, Sighvat, . H. 81; allr frir (all joy) glepsk, Hallfred; connected with this
sense are friiil, frila, frigin, -- this seems to he the original notion of the word, and that of peace
metaph.: from the N. T. the word obtained a more sacred sense, GREEK being always rendered by
frir, John xvi. 33, -- frir s me yr, peace be with you. COMPDS: friar-andi, a, m. spirit of
peace, Pass. 21. 13. friar-band, n. a bond of peace, H. E. i. 470. friar-bo, n. an offer of peace.
friar-boor, n. a proclamation of peace, 656 C. 30. friar-brf, n. a letter of peace, Fms. x. 133.
friar-fundr, m. a peaceful meeting, Fms. x. 38. friar-gr, f. = frigr, Sks. 45, 655 xxxii. 24.
friar-koss, m. a kiss of peace, osculum pacis, Magn. 478, Bs. i. 175. friar-mark, n. = frimark,
orf. Karl. 422, 625. 9. friar-menn, m. = frimenn, Lv. 96. friar-skjldr, m. = friskjldr, Fas. i.
462. friar-stefna, u, f. a peace meeting, Fms. vi. 27. friar-stilli, n. a peace settlement, Pass. 21.
8, cp. Luke xxiii. 12. friar-tkn, n. a token of peace, Al. 59. friar-tmi, a, m. a time of peace,
Bret. 50. II. as a prex in prop. names, Fri-bjrn, -geirr, -gerr, -leifr, -mundr; but it is rarely used
in olden times; Fririk, Germ. Friedrich, is of quite mod. date in Icel.
fri-samliga, adv. peaceably, Fms. vii. 312, Hkr. ii. 282, Stj. 183.
fri-samligr, adj. peaceable, Fms. i. 25, Stj. 301, 505, 558.
fri-samr, adj. peaceful, Stj. 187: a name of the mythical king Fri, Fb. i. 27: also Fri-Fri, id.
fri-semd, f. peacefulness, Fms. vi. 441.
fri-semi, f. = frisemd, Grg. pref. p. 168.
fri-semja, samdi, to make peace, Fr.
fri-skjldr, m. a 'peace-shield,' a shield being used as a sign of truce, answering to the mod. ag
of truce; in the phrase, brega upp friskildi, Fas. ii. 534, Orkn. 432, Hkr. iii. 205: the truce-shield
was white and opp. to the red 'war-shield,' Hkv. 1. 33.
fri-spilli, n. a breach of the peace, Fb. ii. 56.
fri-star, m. an asylum, sacred place in a temple, Eb. 6 new Ed.
fri-stefna, u, f. = friarstefna, Edda 47.
fri-stilla, t, to settle, atone, Pass. 3. 14.
fri-stll, m. a chair of peace, Sturl. i. 155 C.
fri-sla, u, f. the bliss of peace, Bs. i. 723.
fri-sll, adj. blessed with peace, Hkr. i. 17.
fri-vnligr, adj. promising peace, Fms. i. 26, 132.
fri-vnn., adj. promising peace, safe, Fms. ix. 5.
fri-ging, f. propitiation, Vdal.
fri-gja, , to propitiate, of Christ, Vdal.
FRIGG, f. a pr. name, gen. friggjar, [cp. A. S. frigu = love], the heathen goddess Frigg, Edda, Vsp.
COMPDS: Friggjar-elda, u, f. a bird, prob. = mod. Mriatla, the wagtail, motacilla alba Linn.,
Edda (Gl.) Friggjar-gras, n. 'Frigg's herb,' the mandrake, Hjalt. Friggjar-stjarna, u, f., astron.
'Frigg's star,' Venus, Clem. 26.
frilla, v. frila.
fritt, n. adj. peaceful, Eg. 572, Stj. 471, 475; in the phrase, e-m er fritt (or eiga fritt), one's person
being safe; hversu vel mun honum fritt at koma yvarn fund, how safe will it be for him to come
to you? Fms. vii. 167; Hgni spuri, hvrt eim skyldi fritt vera, Sturl. ii. 144 C; eiga estum
stum lla fritt, Fbr. 48 new Ed.; ef eigi vri allt fritt (safe) af Steingrms hendi, Rd. 277; var
lla fritt, things were ill at ease, uneasy, Bs. i. 363; hvrt skal mr fritt at ganga fund yvarn, Fb.
iii. 453.
FR, adj. = frls, free, released, vacant, used in a less noble sense than frjls, q.v.; fr is foreign, but
freq. in mod. writers :-- used as adv. freely, truly, in mod. poets, Pass. 7. 12, 18. 9, 19. 8, 38. 5.
FR, m. [Dan. frier = a wooer, cp. frj], a lover, = friill, an GREEK, Hm. 9, cp. frila; Hful. 15
is dubious.
fr, n. a mod. college term, vacation, probably from Lat. feria.
fra, a, to deliver, Lv. 94 better rrum: reex. to free oneself, Fms. xi. 424.
fran, f. (in . H. 206 frion), remission, an GREEK, Fms. v. 55, Pass. 13. 13.
fra, a, to adorn, Fms. vii. 276, Fas. ii. 196, Ld. 198.
frendi, n. pl. good things; heita e-m frendum, to make fair promises, Gsl. 70, Fms. v. 157,
Nirst. 6; allir kostir ok ll f., Clem. 29; er nkkut at er til frenda s um mik, is there anything
good in me? Fms. vi. 207; revenue, reki me llum frendum, m. 12, 15; heimaland me llum
frendum, 52.
frka and frkka, a, to grow ne and handsome.
fr-leikr (-leiki), m. personal beauty, Eg. 29, Fms. x. 234; frleikr, a, ok frknleikr, Hkr. i. 302;
frleikinum samir hinn bezti bnar, iii. 264. 2. frendi; sv mikla penninga at vexti ok frleik,
Dipl. i. 11; mmtn kgildi me vlkum frleik sem ..., ii. 12, Vm. 74; me eim frleika sem
fyrr segir, Jm. 31.
FRR, adj., neut. frtt, compar. frari, superl. frastr, [a Scandin. word, not found either in A. S.
or Germ.] :-- fair, beautiful, handsome, chiey of the face; frr snum, Eg. 22. 23, Nj. 2, Fas. i.
387, Fms. i. 2, 17: ne, li mikit ok frtt, 32, vii. 231; mikit skip ok frtt, Fagrsk.; fr veizla, Fb. ii.
120; me friu fruneyti, Ld. 22: metaph. specious, unfair, Fms. x. 252. II. paid in kind; tlf
hundru fr, twelve hundred head of cattle in payment, Finnb. 226; tlf lnum frum, Dipl. ii. 20;
hve margir aurar skulu gripum (in valuables), ea hve margir frir (in cattle), Grg. i. 136; ar
ens fra en eigi ens fra, he inherits the cattle but not the other property, 221; fjra tigi marka
silfrs frs, forty marks of silver paid in cattle, Eg. 526, v.l. Icel. at present call all payment in kind '
fru,' opp. to cash; fru ok fru, H. E. i. 561. III. as noun in fem. pr. names, Hlm-frr, Hall-
frr, etc., Landn.; and Fra, u, f. as a term of endearment for these pr. names.
FRSIR, m. pl. the Frisians, Fms., Eg. passim. Frs-land, n. Frisia. Frskr, adj. Frisian, Fms. vi.
362.
FRSKR, adj. [O. H. G. frisc; mod. Germ. frisch], frisky, brisk, vigorous, (mod. word); frsk-leiki,
a, m. friskiness, briskness, vigour; frsk-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), friskily, briskly.
frj, f. a sweetheart, Skv. 3. 8, and perh. in Fsm. 5 for fn of the MS.
FRJ, , [Ulf. renders GREEK and GREEK by frijon, and GREEK by frjava; akin to frir, friill;
in Icel. this word has almost entirely disappeared, except in the part. frndi, which is found also in
Engl. friend, Germ. freund: frj has thus met with the same fate as its antagonist fj (to hate); both
have been lost as verbs, while the participles of each, fjndi and frndi, end and friend, remain :--
vrijen, to woo, still remains in Dutch; and the mod. High Germ. freien and Dan. frie are borrowed
from Low Germ.] :-- to pet, an GREEK in Mkv. 5, -- annars barn er sem lf at frj, to pet another
man's bairn is like petting a wolf, i.e. he will never return your love. The passage Ls. 19 is obscure
and probably corrupt.
FRJ-, in the COMPDS: Frj-aptan, m. Friday evening, Sturl. ii. 216. Frj-dagr, m. Friday, Rb.
112, 572, Jb. 200; langi F., Good Friday, K. . 68 passim: Frjdags-aptan, m. Friday evening,
Sturl. ii. 210 C: Frjdags-kveld, n. id., Sturl. ii. 211 C: Frjdags-ntt, f. Friday night, Fms. viii.
35 (v.l.), Nj. 186: Frjdags-ing, n. a Friday meeting, Rb. 332: Frjdaga-fasta, u, f. a Friday fast,
Fms. x. 381. Frj-kveld, n. = frjaptan, Hkr. iii. 277, Sturl. ii. 211 C. Frj-morginn, m. Friday
morning, Fms. viii. 35, Orkn. (in a verse, App.) Frj-ntt, f. = frjdagsntt, Fms. viii. 35. It is
remarked above, s.v. dagr, that this 'frj' is derived from the A. S. form Fre, answering to the
northern Freyr, Goth. Frauja, and is a rendering of the eccl. Lat. dies Veneris, as in eccl. legends the
Venus of the Lat. is usually rendered by Fre (Freyja) of the Teutonic. This word is now obsolete in
Icel., as Friday is now called Fstudagr, vide fasta.
FRJLS, adj., dat. and gen. sing. fem. and gen. pl. frjlsi, frjlsar, and frjlsa in old writers, but
mod. frjlsri, frjlsrar, frjlsra, inserting r, [a contracted form from fri-hals; Ulf. freihals; O. H. G.
frihals; the A. S. freols is prob. Scandin., as it is not used in old poetry: frjls therefore properly
means 'free-necked,' a ring round the neck being a badge of servitude; but the Icel. uses the word fri
only in the compound frjls, which is lost in Dan., though it remains in Swed. frlse and ufrlse
man; the mod. Dan. and Swed. fri is borrowed from the Germ. frei, and so is the Icel. fr :-- Ulf.
renders GREEK by freihals, but GREEK by freis] :-- free, opp. to bondsman; frjls er hverr er frelsi
er get, N. G. L. i. 32; ef rll getr barn vi frjlsi konu, Grg. (Kb.) i. 224; skal ik bta sem
frjlsan mann, Nj. 57: metaph. free, unhindered, lta e-n fara frjlsan, Fms. i. 15: of property, frjlst
forri, eign, yrr, free, full possession, D. N. passim; skgar frjlsir af gangi konunnga ok
llris-manna, Fs. 20: neut., eiga ... at frjlsu, to possess freely, without restraint, Fms. xi. 211, Jb.
187, . H. 92; me frjlsu, unhindered, Hrafn. 24.
frjlsa, a, to free, vide frelsa, Stj., Barl., D. N., Sks., Karl., passim.
frjlsan, f. rescue, Stj. 50.
frjlsari, a, m. = frelsari, Stj. 51.
frjls-borinn, part. freeborn, vide frelsborinn.
frjls-gjafa (-gefa), u, f. a freed-woman, N. G. L. i. 327, 358.
frjls-gja, a, m. a 'free-given' man, freed-man, in the Norse law distinguished from and lower than
a leysingi, q.v., N. G. L. i. 345, 347. II. one that gives freedom, Grg. i. 227.
frjlsi, f. freedom, an unusual form, = frelsi, cp. Ulf. freihals.
frjlsing, f. deliverance, Karl.
frjls-leikr (-leiki), m. liberty, 655 xxxii. 4: metaph. liberality, frankness, Fms. xi. 422, Stj. 201.
frjls-lendingr, m. a free tenant, franklin, Karl.
frjls-liga, adv. freely, frankly, Hkr. i. 138, Fms. v. 194, Sks. 619, Stj. 154.
frjls-ligr, adj. free, frank, independent, Sks. 171, 523, 546.
frjlsmann-ligr, adj. like a free man. Grett. 109.
FRJ, n. (and freo), dat. freovi, = fr, seed, Th. 23, Stj. 97, 196, H. E. i. 513. COMPDS: frj-
korn, n. = frkorn, Gl. 351 A. frj-laun, n. pl. reward for the seed sown, N. G. L. i. 240. frj-
lauss, adj. seedless, barren, Magn. 494. frj-leikr (-leiki), m. fertility, Stj. 56, 202, 398. frj-ligr,
adj. fruitful, Stj. 76, Fb. ii. 24.
frjr,, adj. fertile, Stj. 75, passim.
FRJSA, pret. fraus, pl. frusu; pres. frss, mod. frs; pret. subj. frysi, but freri, Gsl. 32; part.
frosinn, sup. frosit; an older declension analogous to gra, grri, is, pret. frri or freri, part. frrinn
or frerinn, mod. freinn, altering the r into , whereto frer (q.v.) belongs: [O. H. G. friosan; mod.
Germ. frieren; A. S. freosan; Engl. freeze; Dan. fryse; Swed. frysa] :-- to freeze; often used impers.
it freezes them (of earth, water, etc.), i.e. they are frozen, ice-bound, stiff with ice; ar fraus (acc.)
um naetr, A. A. 272; fraus um hann klin (acc.), the clothes froze about his body, Fs. 52; aldrei
skal hr frjsa korn (acc.), Fms. v. 23; hann (acc., viz. the well) frss sv, at ..., Stj. 96; eir tluu
at ba ess at skip (acc.) lafs konungs freri ar hfninni, until king Olave's ship should be ice-
bound, Fms. v. 167 :-- of the weather, absol., ver var kalt ok frjsanda, cold and frosty, Grett. 134;
vindr var noran ok frjsandi, Sturl. i. 83; aldrei festi snj tan ok sunnan hangi orgrms ok
ekki fraus, ... at hann mundi ekki vilja at freri milli eirra, Gsl. 32; but frysi, l.c., 116; r en
frjsa tk, Fms. v. 167; tt bi frjsi fyrir ofan ok nean, 23: the metaph. phrase, e-m frs hugr
vi, one feels horror at a thing, iii. 187; perh. better hrjsa, q.v. II. part., frerin jr, Grett. 111;
frerin ekja, 85 new Ed.; t frerin, Edda 59; vtir ok frernir, wet and frozen, Bjarn. 53; skipit sollit
ok frrit, Bs. i. 355; but frosit, l.c., 330; frrnar grasrtr, Sks. 48 new Ed.; skr frosnir ok snugir,
Gsl. 31; estir menn vru nokkut frosnir, Fms. ix. 353, where = kalnir.
frjva, a, and frja, mod. frjfga or frjvga, to fertilise, Stj. 69, 73; frjvandi, part. blossoming,
Sks. 630, 632 :-- reex. to multiply, be fertile, Fms. i. 159, Fas. i. 177, Stj. 61.
frjvan, f. fertilising, Stj. 13: mod. frjfgan, Pass. 32. 2.
frjv-samr, adj. fertile (frjsamr, barren), Sturl. 101.
frjv-semi, mod. frjf-semi, f. fertility.
FROA, u, f. (cp. frau), froth, e.g. on milk, Fas. i. 425, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: frou-fall,
n. a frothing or foaming at the mouth. frou-fella, d, to foam.
frosk-hleypa, t, to let (a horse) leap like a frog, Gl. 412.
FROSKR, m., in olden times prob. proncd. frskr, cp. the rhyme, lingr skyli einkar rskr | pa
kann mrum frskr, Mkv.; [A. S. frox, cp. Engl. frog; O. H. G. frosc; mod. Germ. frosch; Dan.
fr] :-- a frog, Hkr. i. 102, Stj. 23, 269, Fms. x. 380. 656 A. 2. 11.
FROST, n. [frjsa; A. S. fyrst; Engl., Germ., Dan., and Swed. frost] :-- frost: allit., frost ok funi, Sl.
18, Fas. iii. 613; frost vers, Fms. ix. 241: often used in pl., frost mikil ok kuldar, ii. 29; frosta vetr,
a frosty winter, Ann. 1348; frost ok snjar, frost and snow; hrku-f., a sharp frost. frosta-tl, n.
'frosty tools' i.e. frail tools or implements that crack as if frost-bitten.
frosta = frysta, to freeze, Fr. 56.
FROSTA, n. the name of a county in Norway where a parliament, Frosta-ing, was held; hence
Frostaings-lg, n. pl. the laws of the county Frosta, N. G. L. Frostaings-bk, f. the code of this
law, N. G. L. i. 126, Fms. passim.
frost-blga, u, f. 'frost-swelling,' of hands swoln by frost.
frost-brestir, m. pl. 'frost-cracks' in ice, such as are heard during a strong frost.
frosti, a, m. the name of a horse, freq. in Icel.
frost-mikill, adj. very frosty, Sks. 227 B.
frost-rsir, f. pl. 'frost-roses,' frost work.
frost-vetr, m. a frosty winter, Ann. 1047.
frost-viri, n. frosty weather, Fms. ii. 195, Sturl. iii. 198 C.
FROTTA, tt, [akin to frata], to sputter; me frottandi vrum, with sputtering lips, Sks. 228 B.
FR, f. relief, esp. from pain, Hkr. i. 6, Mar., 656 A. 25, Sks. 107 B, Bs. i. 181. 299; hug-fr, ge-
fr, mind's comfort: allit. phrase, frir og fr, peace and relief, Bb. 3. 3.
fra, a, to relieve, with acc., er r vilit fra manninn, orst. St. 55: mod. with dat., chiey used
impers., e-m frar, one feels relief.
fran, f., and fri, a, m. relief, = fr, Bs. i. 312, Fas. iii. 388.
fr-leikr, m. knowledge, 625. 50, Landn. 89, Grg. i. 3, Sklda 160, Sks. 626; til frleiks ok
skemtunar, for information and pleasure, Edda (pref.): with a notion of sorcery, orf. Karl. 374, Fs.
131. COMPDS: frleiks-st, f. love of knowledge, Sklda. frleiks-bkr, f. pl. books of
information, Rb. 342. frleiks-epli, f. the apple of knowledge, Sks. 503. frleiks-tr, n. the tree
of knowledge, 625. 3.
fr-liga, adv. cleverly, Fms. iii. 163; eigi er n f. spurt, Edda 8.
fr-ligr, adj. clever, Sks. 553: mod. curious.
FRR, adj. [Ulf. frs = GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK; Hel. frd; A. S. frd] :-- knowing,
learned, well-instructed; frr, er margkunnigr er, Fms. xi. 413; hn var fr at mrgu, Nj. 194; at
er sgn frra manna, sl. ii. 206; vera frari um e-t, Sks. 37; at Finnum tveim er hr eru frastir
(greatest wizards), Fms. i. 8; fs er frum vant, little is lacking to the knowing, cp. the Engl.
'knowledge is power,' Hm. 107: of books, containing much information, instructive, bkr beztar ok
frastar, Bs. i. 429. . in some passages in Hm. frr seems to mean clever, Hm. 7, 27, 30, 6l, 107;
nam ek at frvask ok frr vera, 142; frir menn, knowing men, t. 6; fr regin, the wise
powers, Vm. 26; enn fri jtunn, 30, 33, 35 :-- in some few pot. compds (in which it seems to be
used almost = prr, brave, valiant, as b-f., eljun-f.) the true meaning is skilled in war (cp. the Gr.
GREEK); sann-f., truly informed; ljgfr, b. 4; -frr, ignorant, = Goth. unfrs, which Ulf.
uses to translate GREEK, GREEK; sgu-frr, skilled in old lore. As frr chiey refers to
historical knowledge, 'hinn Fri' was an appellation given to the old Icel. chroniclers -- Ari Fri,
Brandr Fri, Smundr Fri, Kolskeggr Fri, who lived between 1050 and 1150 A.D. But the
historians of the next age were seldom called by this name: Odd Munk (of the end of the 12th
century) is only once called so, (Ing. S. ne); Snorri (of the 13th) twice, viz. Ann. 1241 in a single
MS., and Sturl. iii. 98, but in a part of the Saga probably not written by Sturla himself; Sturla (who
died in 1284) is never called by that name; and the only real exception is Styrmir 'Fri' (who died
in 1245), though he least deserved the name. Of foreign writers the Icel. gave the name Fri to
Bede (Landn. pref.), whom they held in great honour.
FRMR, adj., akin to framr, prob. borrowed from Germ. fromm, Low Germ. from; it seems to have
come to Icel. with the Hanseatic trade at the end of the 15th century, and is found in the Rmur of
that time, e.g. Skld-Helga R. 3. 22; from Luther's Bible and the Reformation it became more freq.
in the sense of righteous, pious, with the notion of guileless, frmr og meinlaus, and often occurs in
the N. T. and hymns, e.g. Pass. 22. 2, 24. 9: it has however not been truly naturalized, except in the
sense of honest, i.e. not thievish, and frmr, dishonest, thievish, (a euphemism); umtals-f., not
slandering, speaking fair of other people. COMPDS: frm-leiki, a, m. guilelessness, Pass. 16. 8.
frm-lyndi, f. id.
FRN, n. a pot. word = land, country, Lex. Pot, passim; scarcely akin to the Germ. frohn =
demesne; in mod. poets and in patriotic songs frn is the pet name for Icel. itself, Nm. 1. 10, 8. 9,
12. 4. Snt 16; Icel. students in Copenhagen about 1763 were the rst who used the word in this
sense.
FRUM- [cp. Lat. primus; Goth. frums = GREEK, fruma = GREEK; A. S. frum-] :-- the rst, but
only in COMPDS: frum-brf, n. an original deed. frum-burr, m. the rst-born, Ver. 5, Stj. 42,
161, 304, 306, Exod. passim. frum-blingr, m. one who has newly set up in life. frum-ferill, m. the
rst traveller (visitor) to a place, Nj. 89. frum-frn, f. rst-fruit, Stj. passim, H. E. i. 468. frum-
getinn, part. rst-begotten, Stj. 65, 160, passim. frum-getnar, m. = frumburr, 656 A. i. 24, Stj.
161. frum-getningr, m. id., Stj. 304. frum-gjf, f. the rst gift, 677. 4. frum-ggn, n. pl. the
primal, principal proofs, a law term, Nj. 234, Grg. i. 56. frum-hending, f. the foremost rhyming
syllable in a verse, a metrical term, Edda (Ht.) 121. frum-hlaup, n. a personal assault, a law term,
Grg., Nj. passim. frumhlaups-mar, m. an assailant, Grg. ii. 13. frum-hfundr, m. the original
author or writer. frum-kvei, a, m., frum-kveill, mod. frum-kvull, m. an originator, Edda 18,
Ed. Arna-Magn. i. 104. frum-kvir, m. the rst verdict, Grg. i. 34. frum-kvi, n. the original
poem. frum-lna, u, f., mathem. a base-line, Bjrn Gunnl. frum-ml, n. in the original tongue, opp.
to translation, bk ritu frummli. frum-rit, n. the original writing, of MSS., (mod.) frum-ritar
(and of poems frum-kveinn, frum-ortr), part. originally written (composed) in this or that
language. frum-smir, m. the rst workman, Edda (in a verse). frum-sm, f. the rst attempt of a
beginner in any art, in the saying, est frumsm stendr til bta, Edda 126. frum-sk, f. the original
cause, a law term, Nj. 235, Grg. i. 48 passim. frum-tign, f. the rst, highest dignity, Bs. i. 37,
Magn. 512. frum-tn, m. a musical term, the tonic, Icel. Choral-book (pref.) frum-tunga, u, f.
original tongue. frum-varp, n. a parliamentary term, a bill under debate, (mod.) frum-vaxti and
frum-vaxta (frum-vaxinn, Nj. 147, v.l.), adj. 'rst-grown,' in one's prime, Nj. 112, Fs. 31, Fms. i.
157, xi. 3, sl. ii. 203; dttir f., Eg. 247, Grett. 97. frum-vttr, m. the rst, original witness, Grg. i.
46, Gl. 477: eccl. the proto-martyr, Hom. 42, 109, Stj. 51. frum-verr, m. the rst husband,
Hallfred, who calls Odin the fr. of Frigg, Fs. 94, Skv. 3. 59. frum-vxtr, m. the rst growth, rst-
fruits, Stj. 305: cp. brum.
frums- (= frum-) exists in a few COMPDS: frumsar-brau, n. bread of the rst-fruits, Stj. 615. 2
Kings iv. 42: frums- or frumsa- is in Icel. and in Norse popular tales esp. used of animals that are
rst-born through two or more generations; such animals are thought to have a wonder-power, cp.
Ivar Aasen; hence frumsa-klfr, m. a 'frumsa' calf; the word still represents the Gothic form frums,
vide above. frumsa-frum (or frumsa-brum), n., botan. pollen, Bjrn. In sl. js. i. 530. v.l.,
frumsa, n., is said to mean a lump on the forehead of new-born foals, Gr. GREEK, which was used
as a love-spell, cp. Virg. Aeneid. iv. 515, 516.
frunti, a, m. [prob. from the Fr. effront, cp. Scot. frunty], a rude, obtrusive boor; frunta-ligr, adj.;
frunta-skapr, m.
FR, f., an older nom. sing. frauva, u, f., occurs Fms. x. 421, (grip); frouva, Stj. 47; frou, id.; fr
is prop. a later contracted form from freyja; therefore the gen. in old writers is always fr (qs.
frvu); and the word is in the sing. indecl., thus, fr-innar, Fms. ix. 292; hann fkk fr Ceciliu, x. 3;
mir fr Ingigerar, Landn. 240; fr Kristnar, Fms. ix. 8; slkrar frou (sic) sem ek em, Str. 40, 47:
in mod. usage gen. frar, if used by itself or put after one's name, but indecl. if put before it in
addressing any one, thus, Fr Kristnar, but Kristnar frar; the gen. frar occurs Fas. iii. 586, in a
MS. of the 15th century; pl. frr, but older form fruvur or frovur, e.g. frovor, Edda (Arna-Magn.) i.
96 (Kb.); but Ob. frr, Hkr. i. 16: [freyja was origin. fem. of freyr, and prop. meant Lat. domina;
Germ. frau; Dan. frue; no Goth. frauj is found] :-- a lady; in Icel. at present only used of the wives
of men of rank or title, e.g. biskups-fr, amtmanns-fr; wives of priests are not called so: again,
hsfreyja is more homely, Germ. hausfrau, Engl. housewife, always of a married woman, vide e.g.
the jlfr (Icel. newspaper): in the 14th century in Icel. fr was used of abbesses and wives of
knights, but was little used before the 13th century: af hennar (the goddess Freyja) nafni skyldi kalla
allar konur tignar (noble woman), sv sem n heita fruvor, Hkr. l.c.; af hennar nafni er at tignar-
nafn er rkis-konur (women of rank) eru kallaar fruvor, Edda l.c.; Kolr hafi talat margt vi fr
eina rka (of a foreign lady in Wales), Nj. 280: again, good housewives, such as Bergthora in Njla,
are called hs-freyjur, but never frr; thus, kemsk at seinna fari, hsfreyja, Nj. 69; gakk t,
hsfreyja, vat ek vil ik fyrir ngan mun inni brenna, 200; bandi ok hsfreyja, Grg. i. 157; g
hsfreyja, Nj. 51; gild hsfreyja, Glm. 349, Bs. i. 535 :-- the Virgin Mary is in legends called vr
fr, our Lady; cp. jungfr (pronounced jmfr).
FRYG, f., and fryktr, m., Stj. 26, 56, 77, [an unclass. word formed from Lat. fructus],
blossoming; fegr ok f., Stj. 14, 142; fryg ok feiti, 154; fryg ok vxtr, 15. frygar-fullr and -
samligr, adj. fruitful, Stj. 27. II. in the Rmur of the 15th century fryg is used of love, Lat. amores,
Skld-H. 5. 38, passim; and frygugr, adj. amorous, Skld-H. It is a bad word and quite out of use,
and seems to have no connection with Germ. freude, which is a good Teut. word; the mod. frukt, n.
humble compliments, and frukta, a, to make such compliments, in a bad sense, are perhaps akin,
but they are slang words.
frysta, t, [frost], to freeze, Sturl. iii. 20, Fms. viii. 431, v.l.
fr-girni, f. [frja], a provoking, taunting temper, Hom. 86.
fr-gjarn, adj. provoking, censorious, sl. Heiarv. S. in the extracts of Jon Olafsson, (not frgjarn.)
FRJA, pres. frr, pret. fri, pres. with the neg. suf. frr-at, Lex. Pot., to defy, challenge,
question, taunt, with dat. of the person; hn fryi honum me mrgum orum, Fas. i. 142: with gen.
of the thing, to challenge, question; frja e-m hugar, to question one's courage, Nj. 60, sl. ii. 102;
meir frr mr grimmleiks en arir menn, Eg. 255; essi kli frja ykkr fur-hefnda, those
clothes challenge you to revenge your father, Ld. 260; er hvrigum sknar at f., neither needed to be
spurred on, Fms. xi. 131; konungr kva ngan ess mundu f. honum, the king said that no one
would challenge, question him as to that, v. 337; hvrki fr ek mr skygnleiks er ris (the words
of a bravo), Nj. 258; engan heyri ek efndanna f., Fms. vii. 121; enginn frr r vits, en meir ertu
grunar um gzku, no one questions thy wit (head), but thy godliness (heart) is more questioned,
Sturl. i. 135; frr n skutrinn (better skutnum) skriar, a pun, now the stern hangs, the stern-rowers
pull feebly, Grett. 113 new Ed. II. frja e-t, a law phrase, to complain of, protest; cp. frja, ef
annarr hvrr frr hlut sinn, Gl. 23; frja ml, N. G. L. i. 26; buu eir biskupi ann kost fyrir
at sem var fr, Bs. i. 754: to egg on, ekki skalt hr enn urfa mjk at f., Nj. 58; yrfti at
eim at bta sem broti var , en eigi hinum, er fru (who provoked), Sturl. iii. 162.
frja, u, f. a deance, challenge, question, taunt, Fs. 8, Bs. i. 734, Ld. 236; verja sik frju, to clear
oneself of all question, i.e. do a thing blamelessly, Sturl. iii. 68; ek vara mik kvenna frju, I cleared
myself from the taunts of woman, Eb. (in a verse): frju-laust, n. adj. blamelessly; berjask f., to
ght hard, Glm. 381; eir skja bardagann f., Fms. xi. 136; hann kva Einar mundu elt hafa f.,
Sturl. i. 68: frju-or, n. taunting words, Fms. vii. 272, xi. 374, Nj. 108.
frjan, f. = frja, Fms. v. 55.
FRNN or frniligr, adj.; this word is never used but as compounded with the prex - (except
Fas. ii. 351 in a bad and late Saga), viz. -frnn or -frniligr = frowning. The sense as well as the
etymology of frnn is somewhat dubious; there is the Germ. fron or frohn or fran; but that word
seems purely German and is by Grimm supposed to be qs. fro min = my lord (vide Hel.); neither
does Icel. frnn or Germ. frohn correspond properly as to the root vowel (cp. e.g. Germ. lohn = Icel.
laun): on the other hand there is the Engl. frown, which in form answers to the simple frnn, but in
sense to the compd -frnn; as no similar word is found in A. S. (nor in Germ. nor in Hel.), frown is
most likely a Scandin. word; and we suppose that the Icel. prex syllable - is not in this instance =
un-, that is to say, negative, but = of-, that is to say, intensive ( = too, very, greatly); the original
forms of-frnn, of-frniligr were contr. and assimilated into frnn, frniligr, meaning very
frowning, and these compds then superseded the primitive simple word: this is conrmed by the
freq. spelling in MSS. with 'of-' e.g. ofrynn, . H. 144; all-ofrynn, Eg. Cod. Wolph.; heldr ofrynn,
. H. 167; but yet more freq. with '-' e.g. Orkn. 440, Boll. 358, Fr. 50, Fms. i. 40, Fb. i. 73; the
ekki frnn, Fas. l.c., is again a variation of frnn: the statement by Bjrn that frnn is = bland,
affable, is a mere guess by inference from the compd.
frs, n. the snorting of a horse.
FRSA, t, (hon frsti ferliga, Sams. 9), mod. a, to snort, whinny, of a horse, Greg. 49, Karl. 3, 4,
Fas. i. 60 (where better fnsa, q.v.); akin are fryssa, a, and frussa, to sport.
frsing, f. = frs, Fas. iii. 441.
FR, n. (not fr, as even Eyvind Skaldaspillir rhymes frvi and vi), sometimes in old MSS.
spelt freo or frj (q.v.), but less rightly; old dat. frvi, mod. fri; [Ulf. fraiv = GREEK; Swed. and
Dan. fr; not found in Germ., Saxon, or Engl.; it is therefore a Gothic-Scandinavian word] :-- seed,
677. 11, Rb. 78, 655 xxx. 2; chiey used of vegetables, si of animal seed; varpa san fri fold
fyrirmyndan um sjlfs mns hold, Bb. 3. 54; very freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: fr-korn, n. a
grain of seed, 673 A. 2, Gl. 351, Fms. i. 92. fr-mlir, m. a measure of seed, N.G. L. i. 39, Gl.
343. fr-vnligr, adj. promising fruit, Sks. 630, v.l.
fra, dd, [Ulf. fravjan = GREEK], to instruct, teach, Str. 1, 68: reex. to learn, be instructed, H.
E. i. 473.
FRI, f. and n. [frr; qs. Ulf. frai, n. = GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, and froei, f. =
GREEK, GREEK, GREEK]: I. fem. knowledge, learning, lore; sannindi frinnar, Fms. iv. 4,
Magn. 430; marghttu f., Rb. (pref.); mann-fri, personal history, genealogy, Bs. i. 91, Br. 24
new Ed., Fms. viii. 102; landnma-sgur ok forn fri, old lore, sl. ii. 189; forna fri, Fb. i. 397;
hann lri Ara prest, og marga fri sagi hann honum, er Ari ritai san; Ari nam ok marga
fri at uri. . H. (pref.): in mod. usage as compd in many words, as, gu-fri, theology; ml-
f., philology; elis-f., or nttru-f., physiology, etc.; -- hence are formed, gu-fringr, a
theologian; ml-fringr, a philologer; nttru-fringr, a naturalist, etc.; -- these words are now
common, but are of late growth, even in the Nucl. Latin, of 1738 they are unknown, vide the Latin
headings antiquarius, theologicus, etc. II. neut., esp. in pl. records; hin spaklegu fri er Ari
orgilsson her bkr sett, Sklda 161 (Thorodd); hvatki er missagt es frum essum, b. 3;
sumum frum, in some old records, Edda 7: Fri (pl.) with the earliest Christians was the lore to
be learnt by neophytes, as the Lat. Credo and Pater Noster, cp. the curious story in Hallfr. S. Fs. 93;
since the Reformation the same name was given to Luther's short Catechism (to be learnt by heart
next after the Lord's Prayer), lra Frin; a stendr Frunum; Fra-kver, n. Luther's
Catechism, (kver, = quire, means in Icel. a little book.) 2. with the notion of witchcraft; au kvu
ar fri sn, en at vru galdrar, Ld. 142: of a poem, hafa ktir menn sett f. at er, Grett. 119 new
Ed. COMPDS: fri-bkr, f. pl. books of knowledge, learned work, Sklda 159. fri-mar
(fra-mar, Edda pref.), m. a learned man, scholar, Sklda 159; f. kvi, Fms. vi. 391: an
historian, eptir sgn Ara prests ok annarra frimanna, iv. 5 (v.l.), xi. 64, . H. pref. 3, Sturl. i. 9,
sl. ii. 189. fri-nm, n. learning, studying, Bs. i. 240. fri-nmi, n. id., Bs. i. 241.
FRG, f. [fragu, vide fregna], good report, fame, renown; til frgar skal konung hafa, a saying,
Fms. vii. 73, -- cp. fylki skal til frgar hafa, Mkv. 6, Fms. i. 99, v. 300; me frg ok fagnai, 655
xiii. B. 4. COMPDS: frgar-fer (-fr), f. an exploit, Sturl. i. 4, Eg. 279. frgar-fullr, adj.
famous, Magn. 432. frgar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), inglorious, H. E. i. 516. frgar-mar, m. a
famous man, Fms. ii. 271, Grett. 196 new Ed. frgar-mark, n. a badge of glory, Fas. i. 257.
frgar-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), Stj. frgar-skot, n. a famous shot, Fas. ii. 338, Fms. ii. 271.
frgar-verk, n. a feat, Fms. i. 146, Hkr. iii. 96.
frgi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), famous, Fas. iii. 424, Stj. 69, 78, 141.
frgja, , to make famous, Fms. xi. 436, Stj. 66, Sklda 208; vi-f., to extol far and wide; -frgja,
to deprecate.
frgr, adj., frgri, frgstr, or mod. frgari, frgastr, famous; frgr konungr, Fms. i. 114; frgri en
arir menn, Fas. iii. 278; frgstr allra landnms-manna, Landn. 316, v.l.; var s fr hin frgjasta,
Fms. vii. 66; var etta frgt va um lnd, i. 164; at mun vera frgt, v. 344; v-frgr, widely
famous; -frgr, inglorious.
frjandi, part. bearing seed, Sks. 630 B, 632 B.
FRKN (i.e. frkn) and frkinn, adj., compar. frknari, superl. frknastr, valiant, stout, esp. of
bodily exercise, Fms. i. 161, 258, vi. 150 (v.l.), 315, Hv. 55, Br. 15, Nj. 15, Hkr. i. 301, Gm. 17.
frkn-leikr (less correct frk-leikr), m. feat, valour, Fms. ii. 48, vii. 165, Br. 19, Fr. 132, Valla
L. 214, Grett. 171 new Ed.
frkn-liga (less correct frk-liga, frki-liga), adv. valiantly, Fms. viii. 289 (v.l.), ix. 509, sl. ii.
267, Hkv. Hjrv. 12, Nj. 116.
frkn-ligr (less correct frk-ligr, frki-ligr), adj. valiant, bold looking, 655 xxix. 2, Rd. 244,
Sturl. iii. 245, Fas. i. 72, iii. 153, Fms. i. 25, ii. 106, passim.
frnd-ai, a, m. strength in kinsmen, Orkn. 230, v.l.
frnd-blkr, m. a 'balk or fence of friends,' a body of kinsmen, great family, Orkn. 470, Eb. 20,
Fms. i. 288.
frnd-btr, f. pl. nes, weregild for a kinsman, N. G. L. i. 75.
frnd-erf, f. family inheritance, N. G. L. i. 49.
frnd-garr, m. = frndblkr, pot. a stronghold of kinsmen.
frnd-gfugr, adi. having distinguished kinsmen, Sturl. i. 30.
frnd-hagi, a, m. a native place, = tthagi, q.v., Fms. vii. 136, 270.
frnd-hollr, adj. faithful to one's kinsmen, pious. Fms. vi. 35.
FRNDI, an irreg. part. of the obsolete frj, pl. frndr. gen. frnda, dat. frndum, [Ulf. renders
GREEK by frijonds; A. S. freond; Engl. friend; Hel. friund; O. H. G. friunt; Germ. freund; all of
them meaning friend = Lat. amicus; whereas in the Scandin. languages, Icel. as well as mod. Swed.
and Dan., it is only used in a metaph. sense; Dan. frnde; Swed. frnde] :-- a kinsman; not a single
instance is on record of the word having ever been used in another sense, unless an exception be
allowed in the allit. phrase, sem frndr en eigi sem fjndr, in the old Griaml, Grg. (Kb.) i.
170 :-- the same usage prevails in the oldest poems, e.g. Hm., -- deyr f, deyja frndr, 75; sumr er
af senum sll sumr af frndum, 68; and Dags frndr, the kinsmen (great grandsons) of Dag, t.
10. This change in the sense of the word is very curious and characteristic of the Scandinavians,
with whom the bonds of kinship and brotherhood were strong, and each family formed a kind of
confederacy or fellowship equally bound in rights and in duties; cp. such phrases as, frnd-blkr,
frnd-garr: frndr often denotes kinsmen in a narrower sense = brethren; yet sons and frndr are
distinguished in Hm. 68; but generally frndr is a collective word, Nj. 4; of a brother, Fs. 57;
frndi, my son, Nj. 143, cp. Fms. vii. 22, 315, the laws and Sagas passim; n-frndi, a near
kinsman. COMPDS: frnda-ai, a, m. = frndai, Valla L. 213. frnda-blkr, m. = frndblkr,
Ld. 102, Fms. xi. 338, Orkn. 272. frnda-gengi, n. = frndli, Fms. x. 406. frnda-gipta, n, f. the
luck or good genius of a family, Fs. 15. frnda-lt, n. the loss, death of f., Nj. 222, Sks. 726.
frnda-li, n. = frndli, Rb. 370. frnda-r, n. consent of one's kinsmen, Gl. 271, cp. Nj. 38.
frnda-rg, n. strife among kinsmen, deadly strife, Fms. v. 347; cp. the saying, f veldr frnda
rgi, Mkv. frnda-skmm, f. a shame to (or within) one's family; kallai slka menn helzt mega
heita f., Sturl. i. 13; v at Kristnin var kllu f., Bs. i. 11, -- in the last interesting passage it
seems to mean such a disgrace that one was thereby expelled out of the family, cp. Fms. i. 285.
frnda-styrkr, m. strength (backing) of kinsmen, Hkr. ii. 397, Eg. 474. frnda-tjn, n. loss in f.,
N. G. L. i. 121.
frnd-kona, u. f. (contr. frnka), a kinswoman, 655. 88, Eg. 200, Nj. 31, N. G. L. i. 350; cp.
frndleif.
frnd-lauss, adi. (frnd-leysi, n.), kin-less, without kinsmen, 623. 14, 51, Rd. 265, Grg. i. 188.
frnd-leif, f. one's kinsman's widow, N. G. L. i. 304, 350, a Norse law term; the eccl. law forbade a
man to marry a 'frndkona' within the fth degree, or a 'frndleif' whose late husband was within
the same degree.
frnd-leif, f. patrimony, inheritance, Fms. iv. 79, Stj. 600.
frnd-li, n. a host of kinsmen, a family, Ld. 6, Eg. 137, Hkr. ii. 343.
frndlingr, m. = frndi, Fms. iv. 320.
frnd-margr, m. having many kinsmen, Fms. i. 53, iii. 16, Hkr. i. 170.
frnd-mr, f. a maiden kinswoman, Bs. i. 203.
frnd-rkr, adj. rich in kinsmen, Sturl. ii. 189.
frnd-rkinn, adj. attached to one's kinsmen, Bs. i. 72, Fas. i. 130.
frnd-rkni, f. piety, (mod.)
frnd-samliga, adv. kinsmanlike, kindly, Sturl. ii. 79, Fms. xi. 93.
frnd-semd, f. = frndsemi, Bs. ii. 106.
frnd-semi (-symi, Stj. passim, Nj. 42, 213), f. kinship, brotherhood, Fms. xi. 7, Ld. 158, Grg. ii.
72, N. G. L. i. 187, the laws and Sagas passim; ganga vi f. e-s, to acknowledge one as kinsman
(e.g. as a son), Fms. ix. 418 :-- metaph. the kindness of a kinsman, var g f. me eim, there was
good fellowship between them, Sturl. iii. 176, Fs. 45. COMPDS: frndsemis-lgml, n. the law,
rules of kinship, Stj. 425. frndsemis-spell, n. breach of kinship, incest, Grg. i. 341, Gl. 242.
frndsemis-tala, u, f. the tracing of kinship, lineage, Grg;, i. 28; vera frndsemis-tlu vi e-n, to
be of kin to one, Eg. 72, Fms. i. 14.
frnd-skar, n. the 'scar,' i.e. loss, of a kinsman, Sturl. iii. 240.
frnd-strr, adj. having great kinsmen, Fms. iii. 16, vii. 233.
frnd-stlka, u, f. a 'kin-girl,' a niece or the like.
frnd-sveinn, m. a 'kin-boy,' a nephew or the like, Ld. 232.
frnd-sveit, f. a body of kinsmen, Fms. vi. 347.
frnd-vg, n. slaughter of a kinsman, parricide, etc., . H. 184.
frr (frr), adj. yielding fruit. Rb. 354: -frr, barren, Glm. 340.
frs (frs), f., Lat. fremitus, Fm. 19; vide frsa.
frvan, fruitfulness, Rb. 102, 104.
frr-ligr, adj. frosty, chilly, Sks. 228 B.
fu, f. [Germ. fud or fotze], cunnus. COMPDS: fu-ogi, a, m. a law term, a runaway from his
betrothed bride, N. G. L. i. 28. fu-hundr, m. a nickname. Fms., cp. Germ. hunds-vott.
fura, a, to ame, blaze, akin to funi.
fu-ryskill, m. a kind of cod-sh, cottus alepidotus, Edda (Gl.)
FUGL, m., an older form fogl is usual in early MSS.: fugls, Hm. 13; both forms foglar and fuglar in
Mork. 7, but in old poets fogl is required by the rhyme, -- smoglir star foglar, Sighvat: [Ulf. fugls =
GREEK: A. S. fugol; Engl. fowl; Germ. vogel; Swed. fogel; Dan. fugl] :-- a fowl, bird; hart sem
fugl ygi, Nj. 144, passim; cp. the saying, skjta verr til fugls r fi, Orkn. 346, Mirm. 31: a
nautical term, hafa fugl af landi, to 'have fowl off land' to stand in within range of water-fowl, i.e. be
from fty to seventy miles off land; eir hfn fogl af rlandi, Bs. i. 656: collect. fowl, san
samnaisk fogl evna, 350; geir-fugl, the awk, alca impennis; ar-f., the eider-duck: hr-f., a bird
of prey: t-f., q.v.; sm-fuglar, small fowl, little birds, Mork. 7: sng-f., singing birds; sn-f., snow-
fowl; bjarg-f., cliff-fowl, sea gulls, etc. COMPDS: fugla-drp, n. bird-catching, Grg. ii. 348.
fugla-kippa, u, f. a bundle of fowls, Fas. ii. 425. fugla-klir, m., fugla-kvak, n., fugla-net, n. a
fowling net, Safn i. 61. fugla-sngr, m. the song (screeching) of birds, Fas. ii. 175, Karl. 203. fugla-
tekja, u, f. bird-taking. fugla-veir, f. bird-catching, O. H. L. 45. fugls-rdd, f., mod. fugla-ml, n.
a bird's voice, in tales, Edda, Fms. vi. 445: metaph., karl-fuglinn, poor churl! II. a pr. name, Orkn.
fuglari, a, m. a fowler, Bs. ii. 111, Fagrsk. 109.
fugl-berg, n. a fowling cliff; for this sort of fowling vide Gum. S. ch. 54, Bs. ii. 111, Grett. 144,
Bs. i. 360, Eggert Itin.
fugl-stapi, a, m. = fuglberg, D. I. i. 576.
fugl-veir, f. fowling, Grg. ii. 337, Js. 94, Pm. 7.
fugl-ver, n. a place for fowling. Fms. iv. 330.
fugl-ver, n. the price of fowl, Jb. 309.
fugl-fa, u, f. a 'fowl-bank,' bank on which birds sit, Bs. i. 388.
FULL, n. [A. S. ful; Hel. full]. a goblet full of drink, esp. a toast at a heathen feast, cp. esp. Hk. S.
Ga ch. 16 -- skyldi full of eld bera, and signa full; ins-f,, Njarar-f., Freys-f., the toast of Odin,
Njord, and Frey; Bragar-full (q.v.), Sdm. 8, Eg. 552, Orkn. 198: pot., Yggs-full, Viris-full, the
toast of Odin, poetry, Al. 6, 14; Dvalins-full, Billings-full, the toast of the dwarfs, poetry, Lex. Pot.
FULL-, in COMPDS, fully, quite, enough; it may be used with almost any adjective or adverb, e.g.
full-aa, adj. fully able to, Gl. 265, 371. full-ai, a, m. a full mighty man, Lex. Pot. full-bakar,
part. full-baked, Orkn. 112, Fas. i. 85. full-boit, part. n. good enough for, fully a match for, Bjarn.
8. full-bora, adj. a 'full-boarded' ship, with bulwarks of full height, Fms. ii. 218. full-bli, n. full
provisions for a house, Bs. ii. 145. full-djariga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), with full courage, Fms. viii. 138.
full-drengiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), full bold, Eg. 29, Lex. Pot. full-drukkinn, part. quite drunk,
Edda, Fms. i. 291, . H. 72. full-drr, adj. full dear, N. G. L. i. 37. full-elda, adj. full hot, Fas. ii.
361. full-eltr, part. pursued enough, sl. ii. 361. full-fa, adj. = fullfjr. full-fengi, n. a sufcient
haul, Gull. 9, Bs. ii. 42. full-fengiligr, adj. quite good, Stj. 201. full-ferma, d, to load full, sl. ii.
77. full-mr, adj. quite alert, Fas. iii. 485. full-fjr, part. full monied, Gl. 514. full-frgt, n. adj.
famous enough, Fs. 17. full-fss, adj. quite ready, Fms. x. 402, Grett. 159. full-fra, , to prove
fully, Stat. 296. full-gamall, adj. full old, Fas. i. 376, Orkn. 112. full-gildi, n. a full prize, Thom. 18.
full-glar, adj. full glad, Fms. iii. 52. full-goldit, part. fully paid, orst. St. 54. full-gr, adj. good
enough, Fms. i. 289, vii. 272, . H. 115, Sks. 219. full-gra, , to full, complete, perform, Stj. 391,
Hkr. ii. 396, Fms. i. 189, Fs. 42, Bjarn. 25: reex., K. . 108, Str. 2. full-gr, performance, D. N.
full-grla (full-grva, Ls. 30), adv. full clearly, Stj. 608, Hom. 159, Fms. i. 215. full-grliga, adv.
fully, Str. 19. full-grr, part. fully done, Br. 165, Stj. 166 (ripe): metaph. full, perfect, f. at ai,
Fms. vi. 30. full-hefnt, part. fully avenged, Fas. ii. 410, Al. 34. full-heilagr, adj. full holy, Hom.
156. full-hugr, part. full-bold, dauntless, El. 6; cp. Gh. 15, where full-huga seems to be a verb
pret. and to mean to love. full-hugi, a, m. a full gallant man, a hero without fear or blame, Eg. 505,
Fms. ii. 120, vii. 150, viii. 158, Rd. 223, sl. ii. 360. full-indi, n. abundance, Fas. ii. 502. full-lla,
adv. (full-llr, adj.), full ill, badly enough, Fas. i. 222, Am. 83. full-kaupa, adj. bought full dearly,
. H. 114. full-ktr, adj. gleeful, Fms. viii. 101. full-keyptr, part. bought full dearly, Nj. 75, r.
65. full-koma, mod. full-komna, a, to full, complete, Stj. 51, Bs. i. 694, K. . 22. full-kominn,
part. perfect; f. at aldri, ai, etc., full-grown, Fms. vii. 199, xi. 182, Nj. 38, Eg. 146, 256; f. vin, 28,
64; f. (ready) at gra e-t, Hkr. i. 330: freq. in mod. usage, perfect, N. T. full-komleikr (-leiki), m.
perfectibility, Barl. fullkom-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), perfectly, Barl. full-kosta, adj. full-matched (of a
wedding), Nj. 16, Fms. iii. 108, Fs. 31. full-kvni, adj. well married, Skv. 1. 34. full-langt, n. adj.
full long. full-launar, part. fully rewarded, Grett. 123. full-leiksa, adj. having a hard game (hard
job), Bjarn. 66. full-lengi, adv. full long, Fms. vi. 18, Sturl. i. 149. full-lia, adj. having men
(troops) enough, sl. ii. 347: quite able, Gl. 265, v.l. full-liga, adv. fully, Fms. v. 226, ix. 257, Greg.
58. full-malit, part. having ground enough, Gs. 16. full-mikill, adj. full great, Fs. 16. full-mli, n.
a nal, full agreement, Gl. 211, v.l. full-mlt, part. spoken enough (too much), Hkr. i. 232. full-
mtr, adj. 'full-meet,' valid, Dipl. ii. 2. full-numi, full-numa (full-nomsi, Barl. 73), adj.; f. e-u, or
f. e-s, having learnt a thing fully, an adept in a thing, Br. 181, Fas. ii. 241, Sturl. iii. 173, Karl.
385. full-ngja, , to sufce, Fb. ii. 324; mod. Germ. genug-thun = to alone for. full-ngja, u, f.
[Germ. genug-thuung], atonement. full-onn, part. full-woven, nished, El. 27. full-orinn, part.
full-grown, of age, Grett. 87 A. full-ra, adj. fully resolved, Fms. viii. 422. full-reyndr, part. fully
tried, Rd. 194, Fms. vii. 170. full-rtti, n. a law term, a gross insult for which full atonement is due,
chiey in the law of personal offence: phrases, mla fullrtti vi mann, of an affront in words,
Grg. i. 156, ii. 144; gra fullrtti vi e-n, to commit f. against one, i. 157; opp. to hlfrtti, a half,
slight offence: fullrtti was liable to the lesser outlawry, Grg. l.c. fullrttis-or, n. a verbal affront,
dened as a gross insult in N. G. L. i. 70, but in a lighter sense in Grg. ii. 144, cp. Gl. 195.
fullrttis-skai, a, m. scathe resulting from f., Gl. 520, Jb. 411. fullrttis-verk, n. a deed of f.,
Gl. 178. full-rkr, adj. full rich, Fms. v. 273, viii. 361, Fas. iii. 552. full-roskinn, adj. full-grown,
Magn. 448, Grett. 87. full-rninn, adj. fully wise, Am. 11. full-ri, n. full efciency, Valla L. 202:
full match = fullkosta, Fms. i. 3; fullri fjr, efcient means, . H. 134, cp. Fb. ii. 278: fullra-
samr, adj. efcient, active, Bs. i. 76. full-rtt, part. enough spoken of, Gh. 45. full-rskr, adj. in
full strength, Vgl. 26, Grett. 107 A, 126. full-sekta, a, to make one a full outlaw, sl. ii. 166. full-
skipat, part. n. fully engaged, taken up, Fas. iii. 542. full-skipta, t, to share out fully, Fms. xi. 442.
full-skjtt, n. adj. full swiftly, Fms. viii. 210. full-snit, part. n. fully, quite turned, Fms. viii. 222.
full-sot, sup. having slept enough, Dropl. 30. full-spakr, adj. full wise, Gs. 8; a pr. name, Landn.
full-stait, part. n. having stood full long, Gs. 23. full-steiktr, part. fully roasted, Fs. 24. full-
strangr, adj. full strong, Mkv. full-svefta (full-sfti, v.l.), adj. having slept enough, Sks. 496,
Finnb. 346. full-sfr, part. quite dead, put to rest, Al. 41. full-sla, u, f. wealth, bliss; f. fjr, great
wealth, Fms. vii. 74, xi. 422, Fas. iii. 100, Band. 25; eilf f., eternal bliss, 655 xiii. A. 2. full-sll,
adj. blissful, Fms. viii. 251, Band. 7. full-smdr, part. fully honoured, Fas. iii. 289. full-smiliga,
adv. (-ligr, adj.), with full honour, Fas. iii. 124. full-stti, n. full agreement, full settlement, Grg. ii.
183. full-tekinn, part.; f. karl, a full champion (ironic.), Grett. 208 A. new Ed. (slang). fullta
(full-ti), adj. full-grown, of full age, Eg. 185, Js. 63, 73, Grg. ii. 112, Landn. 44 (v.l.), Gl. 307,
434, K. . 58, Vgl. 18, sl. ii. 336: gen. pl. fulltra, Grg. ii. 113. full-tri, a, m. a trustee, one in
whom one puts full condence, also a patron, Fms. iii. 100, xi. 134, Rd. 248, in all these passages
used of a heathen god; frndi ok f., Bs. i. 117: vinr ok f., Fms. v. 20 :-- in mod. usage, a
representative, e.g. in parliament, a trustee, commissary, or the like. full-tryggvi, f. full trust, Grett.
97 new Ed. full-tja, , to help, = fulltingja, Fm. 6. full-vandliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), with full care,
Fas. iii. 237. full-vxinn, part. full-grown, 655 xxx. 5, Al. 18, Stj. 255, Sks. 35. full-vaxta, adj. =
fullvaxinn, Nj. 259 (v.l.), Sks. 35 (increased). full-veja, adj. one who is a full bail or security, H.
E. i. 529, N. G. L. i. 215; in mod. usage, one who is fully able to act for oneself. full-vegit, part. n.
having slain enough, Am. 50. full-vel, adv. full well, Sklda 161, Fms. viii. 162, Fas. i. 104. full-
velgdr, part. quite warm, fully cooked, Fas. iii. 389. full-viri, n. a full prize, Grg. ii. 216. full-vss,
adj. full wise, quite certain, Hom. 160. full-roskar, part. full-grown, full strong, Fr. 97, Valla L.
196. full-urr, adj. full dry, Eb. 260, Grett. 109. full-ruggr, adj. fully trusting.
fullna, a, to full, Fms. xi. 219, 686 C. 2; fullna ortak, to nish a sentence, Edda 130: reex. in
the law phrase, e-m fullnask vitni, one can produce full (lawful) witnesses, N. G. L. i. 21, Js. 119,
Gl. 264, 298, 301, passim in the Norse law.
fullnar, m., gen. ar, fullment, Stj. 523, Fms. ii. 150: the law phrase, halda til fullnaar, to stand on
one's full right, Grg. i. 109; hafa fullna r mli, to carry out one's full claim, in a suit, Finnb. 284;
me fullnai, completely, H. E. ii. 75. COMPDS: fullnaar-borgan, f. full atonement, Pass.
fullnaar-vitni, n. a full (decisive) witness, Vm. 131.
FULLR, adj., compar. and superl. sometimes in old writers fullari, fullastr, in mod. fyllri, fyllztr,
fullast, Fms. i. 162; fullara, Sighvat: [Ulf. fulls: A. S. and Engl. full; Germ. voll; Swed. full; Dan.
fuld; cp. Lat. pl&e-long;nus, Gr. GREEK]: I. of bags or vessels, full, either with gen., fullr e-s, or
with a prep., af e-u; fullr af silfri, full of silver, Eg. 310; fullr af skum, full of shes, Landn. 51
(with v.l. fullr me skum less correct); fullr mjaar, Ls. 53. 2. metaph., eitri f., fraught with poison,
Br. 15; full of poison, Fms. ii. 139; fullr lausungar, fullr fundar, full of looseness, full of envy,
Hom. 151: fullr upp lbar, full of savageness, Eg. 114; hafa fullara hlut, to have the better of, sl.
ii. 386; fullr fjandskapr, Fms. ii. 256; full skynsemd, i. 138; fullasta gipt, Greg. 37. II. full,
complete, entire; fullt tungl, full moon, Rb. passim. 2. fullt goor, a full priesthood, that is to say,
complete, lawful, Grg. . . passim; fullir baugar, fullr hfubaugr, full payment, Grg. ii. 181,
182; aura fulla, full (good) money, i. 84; me f fullu, ii. 69. 3. the phrase, halda til fulls vi e-n, to
stand on one's full right against one (as a rival), . H. 111; halda fullara, to engage in a sharper
contest, Sighvat, metaphor from a lawsuit. III. law phrases, fullr dmr, a full court, Grg. . ., Nj.
passim; til fullra laga, to the full extent of law, Hrafn. 18; fulln ok fstu lritti, with full protest, Nj.
87; fullu umboi e-s, Dipl. v. 28: lawful, ar er mar tekr skn ea vrn fyrir annan, ok verr
fullt (lawful), tt ..., Grg. i. 141 (cp. Engl. lawful); sverja mun ek at, ef yr ykkir fullara,
more lawful (valid), sl. ii. 98; ef yr ykir hitt fullara, vil ek bera jrn, Fb. ii. 244; at er
jafnfullt, equally lawful, N. G. L. i. 34. IV. adv., at fullu, fully, Edda 20, Fms. i. 53; til fulls, fully,
thoroughly: in law, eiga setur ... til fulls, to sit duly (in parliament), Grg. i. 7; cp. fylla lg, to make
laws.
fullting, n. (mod. fulltingi, and so in paper MSS.: it occurs also as masc., gen. fulltingjar, sl. ii. 74;
inn fullting (acc.), Fb. ii. 327); [A. S. fultum] :-- help, assistance, Eg. 7, 331, 485, Greg. 40, K. .
122; falla f. me e-m, to side with one, Grg. i. 1, ii. 343, Gsl. 43, (Ed. nokkurn fullting, masc.),
passim. COMPDS: fulltings-mar, m. a helper, Bret. 78, Sks. 611, Sd. 170, Rd. 254, Bs. i. 683,
passim. fulltings-steinn, m. 'help-stone,' translation of 'Ebenezer,' Stj. 1 Sam. iv. 1.
fulltingja, d, [A. S. fultum], to lend help, assist, with dat.; Gu mun f. r, Fms. v. 193, viii. 26;
fulltingja enum sra manni, Grg. ii. 27; fulltingja rtt biskups-stlsins, Fb. iii: to back a thing, .
H. 43, 75.
fulltingjandi, part.; fulltingjari, a, m. a supporter, Greg. 24, Stj. 33.
fullu-liga, adv. fully, Barl. 3, 198; fullu-ligr, adj. full, Stj. 84.
FUM, n. [from Lat. fumare, through Engl. fume = hurry] :-- confused hurry, (mod.)
fuma, a, to hurry confusedly.
fundera, a, (Lat. word), to found, 655 xxxii. 21, (rare.)
funding, f. (fundning, Bs. i. 255, Karl. 548), nding, Fms. vi. 271.
FUNDR, m. (fyndr, N. G. L. i. 46, 58), gen. fundar, pl. fundir. [cp. Engl. nd; Germ., Swed., and
Dan. fund, from nna, q.v.] :-- nding, discovery; fundr fjrins, Fms. vi. 271, v.l.; fundr slands, the
discovery of Iceland, Landn. 2. a thing found, N. G. L. i. 63, l.c.: fundar-laun, n. pl. reward for
nding a thing. II. a meeting, Edda 108; koma, fara fund e-s, or til fundar vi e-n, to go to visit
one, Eg. 39, Nj. 4, Grg. i. 374, Fms. vii. 244, passim; mann-f., a congregation; hras-f., a county
meeting; biskupa-f., a council, 625. 54; flags-f., the meeting of a society, and of any meeting. 2. a
conict, ght, battle, Nj. 86, Eg. 572, Fms. iii. 9, Fs. 17: in names of battles, Brar-f., the ght at the
Bridge, Ann. 1242; Fla-f., verr-f., the ght in F. and Th., Sturl. iii. 76.
fund-vss, adj. quick to nd, Mar.
fun-heitr, adj. warm, of blood heat, e.g. mr er funheitt hndum, but never of a feverish heat.
FUNI, a, m. [Ulf. renders GREEK by fon; Germ. funke is perhaps of the same root; otherwise this
word is lost in all Teut. languages] :-- a ame; kyuda funa, Hkv. 2. 37, Gm. 1, 42; funi kveykisk af
funa, a saying, Hm. 56: metaph. lust, Fms. ii. 369. II. metaph. a hot-tempered man; hann er mesti
funi = einsog funi, (mod.)
fun-ristir, m. ame-shaker, a name of Thor, d.
fun-rgnir, m., pot., fens f., a lord of the re of fens, a prince, (gold is the re of water), Kormak.
FURA, u, f. [Engl. r; Germ. fhre; mod. Norse furu; Dan. fr]: -- r, Lat. pinus, Edda (Gl.); fura
vex, wide as the r grows, Grg. ii. 170, Vkv. 9; ships were built of r-timber, hence the allit.
phrase, jtandi furu, on a oating r, on hoard ship, Grg. i. 46: in poetry freq. = a ship, like Lat.
abies, Lex. Pot. COMPDS: furu-kvistr, m. a r bough, Fas. iii. 34. furu-stng, f. a r staff, Str.
10.
furask, a, [cp. A. S. fur or furh; Engl. furrow; Dan. fure], to be furrowed, Edda Ht. 4.
FURA, u, f. a spectre, ominous appearance; vst man etta f. n vera, sl. ii. 351, Eb. 262; gs
fura (g f.), a good omen, Fs. 172, Fms. viii. 91; lls f., a bad omen, Sturl. iii. 59, sl. ii. 10. 2.
metaph. a strange, wonderful thing; n er fura mikil um Egil, Eg. 345; ekki er etta f. nein, ... at
at vri nein f., 'tis nothing strange, sl. ii. 337; tti llum mnnum er s, mikil fura, Fms. vi.
183; orrosta sv hr at f. var at, x. 359; mesta f., Sks. 207, Fas. i. 260, . H. 115, Gsl. 71: in
COMPDS furu-, wonderfully, very; furu-djarfr, adj. very insolent, Fms. i. 3; furu-gr, adj.
very good, . H. 115; furu-hr, adj. exceeding high; furu-heimskr, adj. very foolish, Eg. 218;
furu-sterkr, adj. very stark or strong, Edda; furu-vel, adv. wonderfully well, Nj. 230: freq. in
mod. usage in this sense, but obsolete in the former sense. A local name, Furu-strandir, f. pl.
Wonder-shore, the ancient name of Labrador. A. A. furu-verk, n. pl. wonderful works, miracles.
fura, a, to forebode, with dat.; llu mun f., ef ..., it will bode ill if ..., Fms. ii. 194: mod. impers., e-
n furar e-u, one wonders at a thing, Safn i. 55; furar mig frttum eim, a ditty.
furan-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), wonderful, remarkable, Rb. 360.
furu-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), id.
fussa, a, to say e to a thing, with dat.
FUSSUM, interj. e, Fas. ii. 425: with dat., Grett. 176 new Ed.
fustan, n. (for. word), fustian, Vm., B. K. passim, Fms. viii. 95, Eg. 602.
FI, a, m. rottenness, freq.: medic. putrefaction; hold-f., mortication.
finn, part. adj. of a lost strong verb analogous to binn, hence feyja (q.v.), rotten, esp. of a tree,
also of clothes, but without the notion of stinking, Jn. 19; graut-finn, mauk-f., ft-f., -finn, al-
finn.
fki, a, m. [from Lat. fucus], rotten sea-weed or the like, cp. fka-te, n. stale or bad tea, Eggert.
FLGA, u, f. [formed from the part. of fela, q.v.], the fee paid for alimentation, esp. of a minor, or
one given into another's charge, = mod. megjf, Jb. 168, Grg. passim: so in the phrases, inna,
meta ... flgu: of hay, fodder, Fb. i. 521; hence in mod. usage, hey-f., a little hay-rick. COMPDS:
flgu-fall, n. failing to pay the f., Sd. 144. flgu-f, n. sheep or cattle put out to fodder, Jb. 222,
Grg. ch. 224. flgu-fnar, m. id., Grg. i. 431. flgu-kona, u, f. a woman-boarder, D. I. i. 303.
flgu-mar, m. a boarder, Grg. ii. 43. flgu-mli, a, m. terms or contract for a f., Gl. 501, Grg.
ii. 161. flgu-naut, n. a bullock put out to keep, Gl. 503.
FLL, adj. [Ulf. fls, John xi. 39; A. S., Dan., and Swed. ful; Germ. faul; Engl. foul] :-- foul,
stinking; flt ok kalt, Grett. 158, Fms. vi. 164, Gsl. 39, Fs. 141; and-fll, of foul breath. II. metaph.
foul, mean, Stj. 77, 78 :-- as a law term in an ordeal, foul, vera fll af jrni, to befoul (opp. to skrr,
pure), N. G. L. i. 342, 351.
fl-leitr, adj. of foul appearance, Fas. ii. 149.
fl-lifnar, m. and fl-l, n. lewdness, lechery, Stj. 58, 116, passim.
fl-liga, adv. meanly, Fas. iii. 664.
fl-mannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), mean, paltry, Fas. iii. 502.
fl-mennska, u, f. paltriness, baseness, Nj. 185.
flna, a, to become stinking, 655 iv. 2.
fls-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), basely, Stj. 186, Barl. 134.
fl-yri, n. foul language, Barl. 118, N. G. L. ii. 418.
fna, a, to rot, decay, 623. 61, K. . 28, Fms. xi. 12, 280, Edda (pref.): in a pun, Nj. 263.
FRR, m. (not furr, but with the vowel long, cp. frs, skrum, Vellekla), [A. S. f&y-circ;re; Engl.
re; O. H. G. r; Germ. feuer; Gr. GREEK] :-- re, only in poetry and pot. compds, never in
prose, Lex. Pot.; vide eldr, p. 125.
fs-liga, adv. willingly, Eg. 96.
FSS, adj. [O. H. G. funs; A. S. contr. fs; lost in most Teut. languages except Icel. and in
provincial Norse; in Icel. it is a very common word] :-- willing, wishing for; in the sayings, fs er
hnd venju and anga er klrinn fsastr sem hann er kvaldastr: with gen. of the thing, fss e-s, or
fss e-t, or til e-s; or with inn., ess fs sem Gu er fss, Sklda 169, Eg. 521; jarl var ess
fsari, the earl was minded for that, was not unwilling, Orkn. 396; ess var ek fsastr at drepa
alla, Fms. vi. 213; sv sem hann hafi r verit fsastr til, iii. 49; gri hann fsan at fara til
Finnlands, Hkr. i. 19; orgils kvesk fsari at ra fyrir innan, Korm. 68: absol., fss (willingly) vil
ek mna hamingju til leggja, Fms. v. 236; kvesk hann munu eigi sv miklu fsari undan at ra en
eir, sl. ii. 361: sagi eigi menn er hann vri fsari vi at kaupa en , Nj. 40; fst ok falt, N. G.
L. i. 237; -fss, unwilling: in pot. compds, vg-fss, b-f., her-f., warlike, martial; sig-fss,
victorious; bl-f., baleful, malignant; hel-f., murderous.
FYGLA, d, [fugl], to catch fowl, Grg. ch. 240, Js. 107.
fygling, f. fowling, Thom. 20, Vm. 148. fyglingar-mar, m. a fowler, Am. 33.
FYL, n. a foal or lly (cp. fylja), Grg. ii. 89, 326, Edda 27: in a pun, Fms. x. 220, Gsl.; fyljum,
dat. pl. the foal of an ass, Stj. 183.
fyldingr, m. a kind of sh, Edda (Gl.); also spelt fylvingr.
fyldinn, adj. [fold], soft, of greensward, eece, or the like.
fylg, f. a following, backing up, help, guidance; Gamli bau honum menn til fylgar, Grett. 109;
fkk hann eim mann til fylgar, ann er vel kunni vegu alla, Fms. i. 72; samsti er fylg, Sks.
370 B: fylgar-lauss, adj. without help, alone, Fms. ii. 280; fylgar-mar, m. a follower, attendant,
guide, Nj. 142, Ld. 48, Sturl. ii. 249 C. 2. party, followers; eir fegar vldu menn mjk at ai til
fylgar vi sik, Eg. 84; vera fylg me e-m, Nj. 62: veita e-m styrk ok fylg, Fms. i. 20; eigi verri
til fylgar en rskr mar, Nj. 106; fr at li heim er honum tti minni fylg (less support, use) ,
Fms. iv. 350; fylg ok jnusta, Eg. 474: of the body-guard of kings or princes, like the comitatus
of Tacitus, vide esp. N. G. L. ii. Hirskr ch. 32; fylg forn ok n, the old and new body-guard, id.;
halda f., to wait upon the king, Fms. viii. 166: fylgar-hald, n. attendance upon the king, N. G. L.
l.c.; fylgar-horn, n. a horn to call the king's men together, N. G. L. ii; fylgar-menn, m. pl. men
attending upon the king, id. passim.
fylgi, n. = fylg, help, support; vintta ok fylgi, sl. ii. 125; var orsteinn frgr af essu f., Grett.
109 A; auka sr f., to win followers, Bs. i. 721; beislur ea f. partizanship, 869; heldr vilda ek hans
f. hafa en tu annarra, Nj. 183: mod. with the notion of energy, zeal, in backing a case. COMPDS:
fylgi-kona, u, f. (fylgi-mr, Str. 6), a concubine, e.g. the mistresses of the clergy before the
Reformation were called so, Sturl. i. 56, ii. 169, iii. 139. fylgi-lag, n. concubinage, Br. 167. fylgi-
samr and fylgju-samr, adj. a faithful follower, Fms. i. 104, v. 316, vi. 211, Ld. 190, Eg. 167, 199,
Lv. 26.
fylginn, adj. adherent, attached to, Fms. vi. 240, Sturl.
fylgja, n, f. = fylg, Grg. i. 343; bja e-m fylgju sna, ii. 56, v.l., sl. ii. 340; frum ok fylgju
me e-m, Stj. 135, 222; koma fylgju me e-m, Rb. 356. II. metaph. a fetch, a female guardian
spirit of the heathen age, whose appearance foreboded one's death, cp. Hkv. Hjrv. (the prose);
munt vera feigr mar ok munt s hafa fylgju na, Nj. 62, Hallfr. S. ch. 11: also whole families
had a fylgja (kyn-f., ttar-f.), get ek at etta ha engar konur verit arar en fylgjur yrar frnda,
Fms. ii. 195; eigi fara litlar fylgjur fyrir r, x. 262, Vd. ch. 36; n skja at fylgjur svfs, Nj. 20;
manna-fylgjur, Bjarn. 48, Lv. 69; fuglar eir munu vera manna-fylgjur, sl. ii. 196; marr (a horse) er
manns fylgja, Fs. 68; liggja fylgjur nar til slands, thy guardian angels, good angels, point to
Iceland, i.e. thou wilt go thither, Orkn. 14; nar fylgjur mega eigi standask hans fylgjur, Gull. 11,
Lv. 104; hafa eir brr rammar fylgjur, Fs. 50 :-- in mod. lore (as also sometimes in the Sagas, e.g.
Nj. l.c.) fylgja means a 'fetch,' an appearance in the shape of an animal, a crescent, or the like going
before a person, only a 'fey' man's fylgja follows after him. 2. = Lat. secundinae, a baby's caul, cp.
Germ. glckshaube; barns-f., Bs. ii. 168, freq. in mod. usage, cp. sl. js. i. 354. III. in pl. a law
phrase, kvenna-fylgjur, abduction or elopement, Grg. i. 342 (cp. fylgja l. 4. below). COMPDS:
fylgju-engill, m. a guardian angel, Nj. 157. fylgju-kona, u, f. ( = fylgja II. above), a female
guardian, Fs. 114.
FYLGJA, or d, [A. S. folgjan; Engl. follow; Germ. folgen; Swed. flja; Dan. flge] :-- to follow,
and metaph. to back, help, side with, with dat., Dropl. 26; landvttir allar fylgu Hafr-Birni til
ings, Landn. 271, Grg. i. 46; ek man fylgja Ba brur mnum, Fms. xi. 111; ok er fallit at f.
jrl um etta ml, Boll. 342; fylgja mlum e-s, Fms. i. 86; fylgja e-m at, to side with, take one's
part. xi. 111; man Bjrn eim at f., Bjarn. 7 :-- also of things, lta sverit hendi f., let it follow the
hand, remain in it, Eg. 505. 2. to lead, guide one; yr var fylgt kornhlu eina, Eg. 49; fylgja e-m
brott, Ld. 44; vilda ek at fylgdir mr til frnda minna, Nj. 45. 3. to pursue a ying host, Fms. i.
45, ix. 409. 4. a law term, fylgja konu, to elope with a woman, Grg. i. 342, 343; an offence liable to
the lesser outlawry, even in the case of accomplices. 5. to be about one; konungr lt sveininn f.
mur sinni, mean hann var allungr, Fms. i. 14: tungl fylgir slmerkjum, Rb. 108; mean svrr
ok hold fylgi, Eg. 770 :-- to follow one as one's mistress, Fms. xi. 160, Sturl. i. 97; cp. Fms. x. 322,
Sturl. i. 94, Orkn. II. metaph. to follow, observe, Rm. 87; fylgja e-s rum, Bs. i. 720; fylgja
hirsium, Fms. vi. 240. 2. to follow as an encumbrance; Margrt fylgi Loptstaa-eign, D. N. i. 82;
so in the saying, vandi fylgir vegsemd hverri :-- to follow as a quality or the like; at segi r at mr
fylgi engi hugr, ... you say that there is no courage in me, Fms. vii. 297; sv mikill kraptr fylgi
essum mnnum, Edda (pref.); ar fylgi str ilmr, Bs. i. 454; upphaf allra frsagna eirra er (dat.)
sannindi f., true records, Fms. xi. 412; hvat fylgir engli eim, what is the quality of this angel? Nj.
157. 3. to belong to; himin ok jr ok alla hluti sem eim f., Edda (pref.); n fylgir skgr landi, a
forest belongs to the land, Grg. i. 200; segl ok reia er fylgu skipinu, Hkr. i. 277; arar eignir r
er ar f., Ld. 96; sk er tylptar-kvir at fylgja, a case that falls under the verdict of twelve,
Grg. i. 41. 4. causal, to let a thing follow, to add; at lt hann f., at ..., he added, that ..., Fms. vii.
227; ar lt hann ok f. grvru mikla, Eg. 69; hann lt at f. boi, Fb. ii. 187; at fylgi ok eirri
sgn, 184. 5. fylgja (sr) at e-u, to work hard, push on with one's work (cp. fylgi, at-fylgi), Bs. i.
793; fylgja e-u at, to pursue, press on with a thing, . H. 41. 6. with acc., but only as a Latinism in
translation, H. E. i. 514. III. reex. to follow one another, metaph. to side with one another, hang
together; hann ba sna menn fylgjask vel, he bade them hold well together, Eg. 288; eir fylgusk
at hverju mli, Nj. 72: in a pass. sense rare and unclass., Sks. 347. IV. part. fylgendr, pl. followers,
Bs. i. 705, Barl. 53.
fylgjari, a, m. a follower, Sks. 524, r. 72, Barl. 171.
FYLGSNI, n. pl., often spelt fylksni, fylskni, or fylsni, Gsl. 60, 67; [Goth. fulhsni = GREEK;
from flginn or fulginn the part. of fela] :-- a hiding-place, lurking-place, cavern, Grg. i. 436, Nj.
133, 267, Fms. i. 210, iv. 170, Blas. 42, Nirst. 6; r fylgsnum ok r hellum, id.; helvtis-fylgsni,
Sks. 605 B; var hann fylgsnum allt hausti, Hkr. iii. 323; liggja fylgsnum, Fms. vii. 275; leiir
allar ok f. skginum, i. 71, Stor. 1. fylgsnis-lauss, adj. without a hiding-place, sl. ii. 411.
fyl-hross, n. a mare with a foal, Jb. 348.
fylja, u, f. a lly (cp. fyl), in the pun, ek vil f r ar fylju er fr mr fola, I will give thee a lly
for a foal, from a box on the ear being called 'cheek-horse' (kinn-hestr), Gsl. 27, 111.
FYLKI, n. [from folk], a county or shire; in Norway the land was divided into fylki, each of them
ruled by a fylkir; tta fylkja ing, Fms. v. 4, Hkr. i. 62, passim; esp. with regard to the levy, as from
each fylki twelve ships of war were to be levied; at er fylki kallat er gra m at tlf skip, Fms. x.
306; at kalla Normenn fylki sem eru tlf skip skipa me vpnum ok mnnum, ok einu skipi
nr sextigi manna er sjautigi, . T. 35. COMPDS: fylkis-kirkja, u, f. the principal church in a
county, the 'shire-kirk.' fylkis-konungr, m. the king or chief of a shire, Fms. iv. 140, x. 272, passim.
fylkis-mar, m. an inhabitant of a shire, N. G. L. i. 343, Boldt 169. fylkis-prestr, m. a priest of a
shire-kirk, B. K. 119, N. G. L. i. 135. fylkis-ing, n. a county meeting, shire-mote, D. N. II. pot. a
host in battle, Edda 108.
fylking, f. battle array, the ranks, Hkr. ii. 371, Eg. 268, 286, Nj. 274, Fms. i. 45, vi. passim; the Lat.
legio is rendered by fylking, Rm. 260, 298. COMPDS: fylkingar-armr, m. the wing of an army,
Nj. 274, Hkr. i. 236, Fms. vii. 277, Orkn. 474. fylkingar-broddr, m. the vanguard of a host, Fb. ii.
351. fylkinga-skipan, f. battle array.
fylkir, m., pot. a king, Lex. Pot.
fylkja, t, to draw up (a milit. term), absol. or with dat., Eg. 284, Fms. i. 19, viii. 407, passim.
FYLLA, t, [fullr], to ll, pour full, Sks. 416, Stj. 319. . impers., esp. as a naut. term, skip (acc.)
fyllir, the ship makes water, i.e. lls with water, Eg. 386; fylldi egar ota var, Fms. ix. 447;
fylldi grna vatns, the hole was lled with water, Greg. 62; mik fyllir harms, I am lled with grief,
Karl. 321. II. metaph., Hom. 108 :-- to ll, complete, make up, Hkr. iii. 98, Anecd. 92, Sturl. iii.
244, Fms. vi. 90, Fbr. 217, Grg. ii. 301. 2. to full, 625. 92, Anecd. 50, Blas. 50, Hom. 51, Fms. x.
230, Rb. 80. 3. a parliamentary phrase, fylla lg ok lof, to make laws, Grg. i. 7; cp. the Engl.
lawful. 4. the phrase, fylla okk e-s, to ll one's host, side with one, r., Hkr. i. (in a verse). III.
reex. to be lled, to grow full, with gen.; fyllask hyggju ok hrslu (reii), to be lled with cares
and fears (anger), Blas. 46, Fms. i. 216; fylldisk hann upp fjndskapar, viii. 391. 2. to be fullled,
Hom. 51, 105, Blas. 42. IV. part. fyllendr, pl. fulllers, Hom. 133.
fylli, f., older and better form fyllr, fulness, 655 xxvii. 18, Edda 52. 2. of food, one's ll; vilit r
gefa mr fylli mna (my ll) af oxanum, Edda 45, 48, Karl. 321; fyllr matar er drykkjar, 54. 3.
medic. hydatides.
fylli-liga, adv. fully, Fms. xi. 231, Stj. 29.
fylling, f. lling, fulness, 655 xxvii. 19, Stj. 292: of the moon, 686 C. 2. II. metaph. fulness: fylling
tmans, fulness of time, N. T. passim: fullment, fylling Gus boora, Stj. passim; fylling laga,
Hom. 135; fylling vrra bna, 625. 175.
fyl-merr, f. = fylhross, Grg. i. 504.
fylvingar, f. pl. nuts, Edda (Gl.), Gsl. 109 (in a verse), d. 14.
fyndinn, adj. [nna], funny, facetious: fyndni, f. facetiousness, wit.
fyrar, m. pl. [A.S. fyr = troops], pot, men, warriors, Lex. Pot.
FYRIR, prep., in the Editions spelt differently; in MSS. this word is usually abbreviated either F
UNCERTAIN (i. e. rir), or F, UNCERTAIN fur, UNCERTAIN fvr UNCERTAIN (i. e. fyrir); in
some MSS. it is idiomatically spelt with i, r, UNCERTAIN e. g. Arna-Magn. 382 (Bs. i. 263 sqq.);
and even in the old Miracle-book Arna-Magn. 645 (Bs. i. 333 sqq.), just as ir is written for yr
(over); in a few MSS. it is written as a monosyllable fyr, e. g. D. I. i. 475, Mork. passim; in Kb.
(Sm.-Edda) occurs fyr telia, Vsp. I; fyr noran, 36; fyr dyrum, Gm. 22; fyr vestan ver, Hkv. 2. 8;
in other places as a dissyll. fyrir, e. g. Hm. 56, Gm. 54, Skm. 34, Ls. 15, Am. 64, Hkv. 2. 2, 19
(quoted from Bugge's edition, see his preface, p. xvi); fyr and fyrir stand to one another in the same
relation as ept to eptir, und to undir, of (super) to yr: this monosyllabic form is obsolete, save in
the compds, where 'for-' is more common than 'fyrir-;' in some cases both forms are used, e. g. for-
dming and fyrir-dming; in others only one, but without any xed rule: again, the forms fyri, fyre,
or re, which are often used in Edd., are just as wrong, as if one were to say epti, undi, y; yet this
spelling is found now and then in MSS., as, fyre, . H. (facsimile); re, Grg. Sb. ii. 288 (also
facsimile): the particles and are sometimes added, fur, Fms. iv. 137; fyrir, passim; fur,
Haustl. 1. [Ulf. faur and faura; A. S. fore and for; Engl. for and fore-; Germ. fr and vor; Dan. for;
Swed. fr; Gr. GREEK; Lat. pro, prae.] WITH DAT., chiey without the notion of movement. A.
LOCAL: I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrum, before the doors, at the doors, Nj. 14, Vsp. 53, Hm. 69,
Edda 130; nir f. smiju-dyrum, Eg. 142 :--ahead, ti fyrir binni, Nj. 181; kmusk sauirnir upp
fjallit f. eim, ahead of them, 27; vru fyrir honum borin merkin, the banner was borne before
him, 274; gra or fyrir sr, to send word before one, Fms. vii. 207, Hkr. iii. 335 (. H. 201, l. c., fr
sr) :--also denoting direction, niri eldinum f. sr, beneath in the re before them, Nj. 204; eir s
f. sr b mikinn, they saw before them a great building, i. e. they came to a great house, Eg. 546;
rum f. sr (in front) en rum bak sr, Grg. i. 5. 2. before one, before one's face, in one's
presence; helgaa ek Otkel f. bum, before the neighbours, Nj. 87; lsi ek f. bum mm, 218; lsa
e-u (to proclaim) f. e-m, Ld. 8; hann hermdi bo ll f. Gizuri, Nj. 78; hn nefndisk f. eim
Gunnhildr, told them that her name was G., Fms. i. 8; kra e-t f. e-m, . H. 60; slkar fortlur hafi
hann f. eim, Nj. 200; the saying, v lra brnin mli a a er f. eim haft, bairns learn to speak
because it is done before them, i. e. because they hear it; hafa gott (llt) f. e-m, to give a good (bad)
example, e. g. in the presence of children; lifa vel f. Gui, to live well before God, 623. 29; str
byrgar-hluti f. Gui, Nj. 199; sem eir sj rttast f. Gui, Grg. i. (pref.); fyrir llum eim, Hom.
89; laun f. rum mnnum, hidden from other men, unknown to them, Grg. i. 337, Jb. 378; n
skalt vera vin minn mikill f. hsfreyju minni, i. e. when you talk to my wife, Nj. 265; fyrir Drottni,
before the Lord, Merl. 2. 78. 3. denoting reception of guests, visitors; hann lt ryja f. eim bina,
he had the room cleared for them, for their reception, Nj. 228; Valhll ryja fyr vegnu flki, i. e. to
clear Valhalla for slain folk, Em. I; ryja vgvll f. vegundum, Nj. 212; ljka upp f. e-m, to open the
door for one, Fms. xi. 323, Stj. 5; rma pallinn f. eim, Eg. 304; hann lt gra eld f. eim, he had a
re made for them, 204; eir gru eld. f. sr, Fms. xi. 63; ... veizlur ar sem fyrir honum var bit,
banquets that were ready for him, Eg. 45. II. before one, in one's way; ar er dki var f. eim, Eg.
530; (fjrr) var f. eim, a river, fjord, was before them, i. e. they came to it, 133, 161; at vera
eigi f. lii yru, 51; mar s var f. Vindum, that man was overtaken by the V., Hkr. iii. 363; eirra
manna er f. honum uru, Eg. 92. 2. sitja f. e-m, to lie in wait for one, Ld. 218, Nj. 107; l f. henni
skginum, Edda (pref.); sitja f. rekum, to sit watching for wrecks, Eg. 136 (fyrir-st). 3. ellipt.,
menn uru at gta sn er f. uru, Nj. 100; Egill var ar f. runninum, E. was before (them), lay in
ambush, Eg. 378; hafi s bana er f. var, who was before (the arrow), i. e. he was hit, Nj. 8. 4.
vera f. e-u, to be hit, taken, suffer from a thing; ef hann verr f. drepi, if he be struck, Grg. ii. 19;
vera f. verka, to be wounded, suffer injury, Ld. 140; vera f. reii konungs, to fall into disgrace
with the king, Eg. 226; vera f. skpum, to become the victim of a spell, spell-bound, Fas. i. 130;
sitja f. hvers manns mli, to be the object of all men's blame, Nj. 71; vera eigi f. snnu hafr, to be
unjustly charged with a thing, to be innocent. III. a naut. term, before, off; liggja f. bryggjum, to lie
off the pier, Ld. 166; skip jta f. strengjum, Sks. 116; eir lgu f. bnum, they lay off the town, Bs.
i. 18; liggja ti f. Jtlands-su, off Jutland, Eg. 261; hann druknai f. Jari, off the J., Fms. i. II;
eir kmu at honum f. Sjlandi, off Zealand, x. 394; hafa ti leiangr f. landi, Hkr. i. 301; f. Humru-
minni, off the Humber, Orkn. 338, cp. Km. 3, 8, 9, 13, 19, 21; fyrir Nesjum, off the Ness, Vellekla;
fyrir Tungum, Sighvat; fyrir Spni, off Spain, Orkn. 356. IV. before, at the head of, denoting
leadership; smalamar f. bi fur sns, Ver. 26 (of king David); vera f. lii, to be over the troops,
Eg. 292, Nj. 7; vera f. mli, to lead the case, Band. 8; vera forstjri f. bi, to be steward over the
household, Eg. 52; ra f. landi, rki, UNCERTAIN etc., to rule, govern, H. 33, Nj. 5; hverr f.
eldinum ri, who was the ringleader of the re, Eg. 239; ra f. e-u, to rule, manage a thing,
passim: the phrase, sitja f. svrum, to respond on one's behalf, lk. 36, Band. 12; hafa svr f. e-m,
to be the chief spokesman, Fms. x. 101, Dipl. v. 26. V. special usages; fria f. e-m, to make peace
for one, Fms. vii. 16, Bs. i. 65; bta f. e-m, to make things good for one, Hom. 109; tlka, vera
tlkr, ytja (etc.) f. e-m, to plead for one, Fms. iii. 33, Nj. 128,--also spilla f. e-m, to disparage one,
Eg. 255; haga, tla f. e-u, to manage, arrange for one, Ld. 208, Sturl. i. 14, Boll. 356; rfka
UNCERTAIN r f. e-m, to better one's condition, Nj. 21; ra heiman-fylgju ok tilgjf f.
frndkonu sinni, Js. 58; standa f. manni, to stand before, shield a man, stand between him and his
enemy, Eg. 357, Grg. ii. 13; vera skjldr f. e-m, 655 xxxii. 4; hafa kostna f. e-u, to have the
expences for a thing, Ld. 14; vinna f. e-m, to support one by one's work, Sks. 251; starfa f. f snu,
UNCERTAIN to manage one's money, Ld. 166; hyggja f. e-u, to take heed for a thing, Nj. 109;
hyggja f. sr, Fs. 5; hafa forsj f. e-m, to provide for one, Ld. 186; sj f. e-u, to see after, Eg. 118,
Landn, 152; sj nokkut r f. mr, Nj. 20: ironic. UNCERTAIN to put at rest, Hv. 40: ellipt., sj
vel f., to provide well for, Nj. 102. B. TEMP. ago; fyrir rem nttum, three nights ago; fyrir stundu,
a while ago, Nj. 80; fyrir litlu, a little while ago, Fms. i. 76, Ld. 134; fyrir skmmu, a sbort while
ago; fyrir lngu, a long while ago, Nj. 260, Fms. i. 50; fyrir ndveru, from the beginning, Grg. i.
80, ii. 323, 394, Finnb. 342; fyrir eim, before they were born, Fms. i. 57. 2. the phrase, vera f. e-u,
to forebode; vera f. strfundum, Nj. 107, 277; at hygg ek vera munu f. sia-skipti, Fms. xi. 12;
essi draumr mun vera f. kvmu nkkurs manns, vii. 163; dreyma draum f. e-u, 8; fyrir tiendum,
ii. 65 :--sp f. e-m, to 'spae' before, prophecy to one, Nj. 171. C. METAPH.: I. before, above; ttu
eir ar f. llum ungum mnnum, Dropl. 7; ykkisk hann mjk f. rum mnnum, Ld. 38; ver f.
hirmnnum, be rst among my herdsmen, Eg. 65; Hlfdan svarti var f. eim brrum, H. was the
foremost of the brothers, Fms. i. 4; orgrmr var f. sonum nundar, Grett. 87; var Haraldr mest f.
eim at viringu, Fms. i. 47. II. denoting help, assistance; haun skal rtta vtti f. eim, Grg. i. 45
(vide above A. IV and V). 2. the following seem to be Latinisms, lta lt f. heilagri Kristni, to give
up one's life for holy Christianity, = Lat. pro, Fms. vii. 172; ganga undir pslir fyrir Gus nafni,
Blas. 38; gjalda nd mna f. nd inni, Johann. 17; gefa gjf f. sl sinni (pro anim su), H. E. i.
466; fyrir mr ok minni sl, Dipl. iv. 8; fra Gui frnir f. e-m, 656 A; heita f. e-m, bija f. e-m, to
make a vow, pray for one (orare pro), Fms. iii. 48, Bs. i. 70; bija f. mnnum, to intercede for, 19,
Fms. xi. 287: even with a double construction, bija f. sta sinn (acc., which is vernacular) ok
heilagri kirkju (dat., which is a Latinism), x. 127. III. denoting disadvantage, harm, suffering;
ltr Egil vefja ll ml fyrir r, thou lettest Egil thwart all thy affairs, Eg. 249; ntir hann mlit
fyrir sr, then he ruins his own case, Grg. i. 36, Dropl. 14, 16; Man&dash-uncertain;verjar rufu
safnainn f. orkatli, the Manxmen broke up the assembly, i. e. forsook Thorkel, Fms. ix. 422; kom
upp grtr f. henni, she burst into tears, 477; taka f f. rum, to take another's money, N. G. L. i. 20;
knrr ann er konungr lt taka fyrir rl, Landn. 56; ef hross verr tekit f. honum, if a horse of
his be taken, Grg. i. 436; hann tk upp f fyrir llum, he seized property for them all, . H. 60; e-t
ferr lla f. e-m, a thing turns out ill for one; sv fr f. lfu, so it came to pass for O., Vgl. 18; loka
dyrr f. e-m, to lock the door in one's face, Edda 21: eir hafa eigi essa menn f. yr drepit, heldr f.
yrar sakir essi vg vegit, i. e. they have not harmed you, but rather done you a service in slaying
those men, Fbr. 33; tk at eyask f. henni lausa-f, her money began to fail, Nj. 29; rak f. eim
storma ok strviri, they were overtaken by gales and bad weather, Vgl. 27; Vglundr rak t
knttinn f. Jkli, V. drove the ball for J., i. e. so that he had to run after it, 24; s er skar tygil f. ri,
he who cut Thor's line, Bragi; sver brast f. mr, my sword broke, Korm. 98 (in a verse); brjta e-t f.
e-m, to break a thing for one, Bs. i. 15 (in a verse); Valgarr braut krossa fyrir Meri ok ll heilg
tkn, Nj. 167; rin brotnai f. honum, his oar broke; allar krnar drpust fyrir honum, all his cows
died. 2. denoting difculty, hindrance; sitja f. smd e-s, to sit between oneself and one's honour, i.
e. to hinder one's doing well, Sturl. 87; mikit gri r mr f. essu mli, you make this case sore for
me, Eb. 124; r er mikit f. mli, thy case stands ill, Fms. v. 325; ekki er Gui f. v, it is easy for
God to do, 656 B. 9; var honum lti f. v, it was a small matter for him, he did it easily, Grett.
III; mr er minna f. v, it is easier for me, Am. 60; ykkja mikit f. e-u, to be much grieved for a
thing, do it unwillingly, Nj. 77; Icel. also say, ykja fyrir (ellipt.), to feel hurt, be displeased :--
ellipt., er eim lti fyrir at villa jrnbur enna, it is a small matter for them to spoil this ordeal, .
H. 140; sem sr muni lti f. at veia Gunnar, Nj. 113; fast mun f. vera, it will be fast-xed before
(one), hard to move, Ld. 154; sgrmi tti ungt f., A. thought that things looked sad (heavy), Nj.
185; hann var lengi f., he was long about it, Fms. x. 205; hann var lengi f. ok kva eigi nei vi, he
was cross and said not downright no, orf. Karl. 388. IV. in a causal sense, for, because of, Lat. per,
pro; sofa ek n mkat fugls jarmi fyrir, I cannot sleep for the shrill cry of birds, Edda 16 (in a
verse); hon undi sr hvergi f. verkjum, she had no rest for pains, Bjarn. 69; fyrir grti, trum, = Lat.
prae lacrymis; fyrir harmi, for sorrow; f. hltri, for laughter, as in Engl.; eir ddust f. einni konu,
they went mad for the sake of one woman, Sl. 11; lla frt f. sum, scarce passable for ice, Fms. xi.
360; htt var at sitja tar f. Migars-ormi, Edda 35; hann var ltt gengr f. srinu, he could hardly
walk for the wound, Fbr. 178; fyrir hrslu, for fear, Hbl. 26; heptisk vegrinn f. eim meinvttum
sem ..., Fs. 4; gu eir eigi f. veium at f heyjanna, because of shing they took no care to make
hay, Landn. 30; fyrir riki konungs, for the king's power, Eg. 67, 117; fyrir ofrki manna, Grg. i. 68;
fyrir hv, for why? Eluc. 4; fyrir hv eir vri ar, Eg. 375; fyrir v, at ..., for that, because, Edda
35, Fms. i. 22, vii. 330, Ld. 104; en fyrir v n at, now since, Sklda 171; n fyrir v at, id., 169:
the phrase, fyrir skum, for the sake of, because of, passim; vide sk. V. by, by the force of; xlin
gkk r lii fyrir hgginu, the shoulder was disjointed by the force of the stroke, Hv. 52. 2.
denoting contest; falla f. e-m, to fall before one, i.e. ghting against one, Fms. i. 7, iv. 9, x. 196;
vera halloki f. e-m, to be overcome in ghting one, Ld. 146; ltask f. e-m, to perish by one, Eb. 34;
hafa bana f. e-m, to be slain by one, Nj. 43; eir kvu f fna hafa f. honum, 263; mddisk hann
f. eim, he lost his breath in ghting them, Eg. 192; lta rki f. e-m, to lose the kingdom before
another, i.e. so that the latter gains it, 264; lta lausar eignir mnar f. r, 505; lta hlut sinn f. e-m,
Fs. 47; standask f. e-m, to stand one's ground before one, Edda (pref.); hugisk hann falla mundu f.
sjninni einni saman, that he would sink before his glance, 28, Hm. 12; halda hlut f. e-m, Ld. 54;
halda fri ok frelsi f. vrum vinum, Fms. viii. 219; fara mun ek sem ek he r tla f. num
draum (thy dream notwithstanding), Ld. 216; r farit hvrt er r vilit f. mr, you go wherever you
like for me, so far as I am concerted, Fr. 37; halda vku f. sr, to keep oneself awake, Fms. i. 216.
. with verbs, ja, hlaupa, renna, stkkva f. e-m, to y, leap, run before one, i.e. to be pursued, Bs.
i. 774, Grg. ii. 359; at hann rynni f. rlum hans, Ld. 64; fyrir essum frii stkk angbrandr til
Noregs, 180; skyldi hann ganga r f. Hofsmnnum, Landn. 178; ganga f. e-u, to give way before,
yield to a thing, Fms. i. 305, x. 292; vgja f. e-m, to yield to one, give way, Eg. 21, 187, Nj. 57, Ld.
234. VI. against; verja land f. e-m, Eg. 32; verja landit f. Dnum ok rum vkingum, Fms. i. 23; til
landvarnar f. vkingum, Eg. 260; landvarnar-mar f. Normnnum, Fms. vi. 295; gta brarinnar f.
bergrisum, Edda 17; gt n vel f. konungi ok hans mnnum, guard thee well against the king and
his men, Eg. 113; g asto f. trllum ok dvergum, Br. 163; beia Baldri gria f. allskonar
hska, Edda 36; auskr f. hggum, Eg. 770. VII. in the sense of being driven before; fyrir
straumi, veri, vindi, before the stream, wind, weather (forstreymis, forvindis), Grg. ii. 384, Fms.
vii. 262; halda f. veri, to stand before the wind, Rm. 211. 2. rrt mun vera f. honum sm-mennit,
he will have an easy game with the small people, Nj. 94: ellipt., hafi s bana er f. var, 8; sprakk f.,
16, 91. VIII. fyrir sr, of oneself, esp. of physical power; mikill f. sr, strong, powerful; ltill f. sr,
weak, feeble, Nj. 20, sl. ii. 368, Eg. 192; r munu kalla mik ltinn mann f. mr, Edda 33; minnstr
f. sr, smallest, weakest, Eg. 123; gildr mar f. sr, sl. ii. 322, Fms. ii. 145; herimar mikiil f. sr,
a hardy man, Nj. 270; hvat ert f. r, what kind of fellow art thou? Clem. 33; vera einn f. sr, to
be a strange fellow, Grett. 79 new Ed.; Icel. also say, gra miki (lti) f. sr, to make oneself big
(little). . sja e-t f. sr, to hesitate, saunter, Nj. 154; mla f. munni, to talk between one's teeth, to
mutter, Orkn. 248, Nj. 249. IX. denoting manner or quality; hvtr f. hrum, white with hoary hairs,
Fms. vi. 95, Fas. ii. 540; grir fyrir jrnum, grey with steel, of a host in armour, Mag. 5; hjlt hvt f.
silfri, a hilt white with silver = richly silvered, Eb. 226. X. as adverb or ellipt., 1. ahead, in front, =
undan, Lat. prae, opp. to eptir; var eigi hins verra eptir vn, er slkt fr fyrir, as this came rst,
preceded, Nj. 34; at einhverr mundi fara heim fyrir, that some one would go home rst (to spy), Eg.
580; Egill fr f., E. went in before, id.; at vr rim egar f. ntt, 283. . rst; hann stefndi f.
mlinu, en hann mlti eptir, one pronounced the words rst, but the other repeated after him, Nj.
35; mun ek ar eptir gra sem r gerit f., I shall do to you according as you do rst, 90 :-- temp.,
sjau nttum f., seven nights before, Grg. ii. 217. 2. to the fore, at hand, present; ar var fyrir fjldi
bosmanna, a host of guests was already to the fore, i.e. before the bride and bridegroom came, Nj.
11; vst er at vita hvar vinir sitja eti fyrir, Hm. 1; skal lgmar ar f. vera, he shall be there
present, Js. 3; heima tni fyrir, Fr. 50; ar vru fyrir Hildirar-synir, Eg. 98; var honum allt
kunnigt fyrir, he knew all about the localities, 583; eim mgum, sem f. eru, who are there
already, i.e. in his charge, Grg. i. 286: of things, fng au er f. vru, stores that were to the fore, at
hand, Eg. 134. 3. fore, opp. to 'back,' of clothes; slur settar f. allt gullknppum, Eg. 516; bak ok
fyrir, back and front, = bak ok brjst, Mar. XI. in the phrase, e-m verr e-t fyrir, a thing is before
one, i.e. one takes that and that step, acts so and so in an emergency; n verr rum eirra at f.,
at hann kver, now if the other part alleges, that ..., Grg. i. 362; Kolbeini var ekki f., K. had no
resource, i.e. lost his head, Sturl. iii. 285 :-- the phrase, e-t mlisk vel (lla) fyrir, a thing is well (ill)
reported of; vg Gunnars spurisk ok mltisk lla fyrir um allar sveitir, Nj. 117, Sturl. ii. 151; mun
at vel f. mlask, people will like it well, Nj. 29, r. 55 new Ed.; lla mun at f. mlask at ganga
sttir vi frndr sna, Ld. 238; ok er lokit var, mltisk kvit vel f., the people praised the poem,
Fms. vii. 113. XII. in special senses, either as prep. or adv. (vide A. V. above); segja lei f. skipi, to
pilot a ship, Eg. 359; segja f. skipi, to say a prayer for a new ship or for any ship going to sea, Bs. i.
774, Fms. x. 480; mla f. e-u, to dictate, Grg. ii. 266; mla f. minni, to bring out a toast, vide
minni; mla f. stt, i. 90; skipa, koma e-u f., to arrange, put right; tla f. e-u, to make allowance
for; tra e-m f. e-u, to entrust one with; a fer miki f. e-u (impers.), it is of great compass, bulky;
hafa f. e-u, to have trouble with a thing; leita f. sr, to enquire; bijask f., to say one's prayers, vide
bija; mla fyrir, segja f., etc., to order, Nj. 103, Js. 3: of a spell or solemn speaking, hann mlti
sv f., at ..., Landn. 34; spyrjask f., to enquire, Hkr. ii. 333; bask f., to prepare, make arrangement,
Landn. 35, Sks. 551; skipask f., to draw up, Nj. 197; leggjask f., to lie down in despair, Bs. i. 194;
sp fyrir, to 'spae' before, foretell; eir menn er sp f. orna hluti, Fms. i. 96; segja f., to foretell,
76, Bb. 332; Njll her ok sagt f. um hans, Nj. 102; vita e-t f., to 'wit' beforehand, know the
future, 98; sj e-t f., to foresee, 162; ef at er tlat f., fore-ordained, id.
WITH ACC., mostly with the notion of movement.
A. LOCAL: I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrrin, Nj. 198; lta sga brnn f. brr, Hkv. Hjrv. 19; halda
f. augu sr, to hold (one's hands) before one's eyes, Nj. 132; leggja sveri fyrir brjst e-m, to thrust
a sword into his breast, 162, Fs. 39. 2. before one, before a court; stefna e-m f. dmstl, Fms. xi.
444; ganga, koma f. e-n, to go, come before one, Fms. i. 15, Eg. 426, Nj. 6, 129, passim; fyrir augu
e-s, before one's eyes, Stj. 611. 3. before, so as to shield; hann kom skildinum f. sik, he put the
shield before him, Nj. 97, 115; halda skildi f. e-n, a duelling term, since the seconder had to hold
one's shield, sl. ii. 257. 4. joined to adverbs such as fram, aptr, t, inn, ofan, nir, austr, vestr, sur,
norr, all denoting direction; fram f., forward; aptr f., backward, etc.; hann reiddi xina fram f. sik,
a stroke forward with the axe, Fms. vii. 91; hann hljp eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik, Nj. 29;
tti honum hann skjta brandinum austr til fjallanna f. sik, 195; komask t f. dyrr, to go outside the
door, Eg. 206 :-- draga ofan f. brekku, to drag over the hill, Ld. 220; hrinda f. mel ofan, to thrust
one over the gravel bank, Eg. 748; hlaupa f. bjrg, to leap over a precipice, Eb. 62, Landn. 36; elta
e-n f. bjrg, Grg. ii. 34; hlaupa (kasta) f. bor, to leap (throw) overboard, Fms. i. 178, Hkr. iii. 391,
Ld. 226; sga (to be hauled) nir f. borgar-vegg, 656 C. 13, Fms. ix. 3; hlaupa nir f. stafn, Eg. 142;
nir f. skainn, Dropl. 25; fyrir brekku, Orkn. 450, Glm. 395 (in a verse). II. in one's way, crossing
one's way; eir stefndu f. , Fms. ix. 475; ra lei f. , to ride in their way, so as to meet them,
Boll. 348; hlaupa ofan f. , Nj. 153; vru allt komin f. hann brf, letters were come before him, in
his way, Fms. vii. 207; eir felldu brota f. hann, viz. they felled trees before him, so as to stop him,
viii. 60, ix. 357; leggja bann f. skip, to lay an embargo on a ship, Ld. 166. III. round, off a point;
fyrir nesit, Nj. 44; t f. Holm, out past the Holm, Fms. vii. 356: esp. as a naut. term, off a point on
the shore, sigla f. England, Noryrnbraland, rasnes, Spn, to sail by the coast of, stand off
England, Northumberland, ... Spain, Orkn. 338, 340, 342, 354; fyrir Yrjar, Fms. vii. (in a verse);
fyrir Siggju, Aumar, Lista, Edda 91 (in a verse); er hann kom f. Elna, when be came off the Gotha,
Eg. 80; leggja land f. skut, to lay the land clear of the stern, i.e. to pass it, Edda l.c.; gra fri f. land
sitt, to pacify the land from one end to another, Ld. 28; fyrir uppsprettu rinnar, to come to (round)
the sources of the river, Fms. iii. 183; fyrir gars-enda, Grg. ii. 263; gira f. nes, to make a wall
across the ness, block it up, cp. Lat. praesepire, praemunire, etc., Grg. ii. 263; so also binda f. op,
poka, Lat. praeligare, praestringere; hlaa f. gat, holu, to stop a hole, opening; greri f. stnn, the
stump (of the arm or leg) was healed, closed, Nj. 275; skjta slagbrandi f. dyrr, to shoot a bolt
before the door, to bar it, Dropl. 29; lta loku (ls) f. hur, to lock a door, Gsl. 28; setja innsigli f.
brf, to set a seal to a letter, Dipl. i. 3: ellipt., setr hn ar ls fyrir, Ld. 42, Bs. i. 512. 2. along, all
along; f. endilanga Danmrk, f. endilangan Noreg, all along Denmark, Norway, from one end to the
other, Fms. iv. 319, xi. 91, Grett. 97 :-- x lnar f. munn, an axe with an ell-long edge, Ld. 276;
draga r f. dd, to draw the arrow past the point, an archer's term, Fms. ii. 321. IV. with verbs, fyrir
vn komit, one is come past hope, all hope is gone, Sturl. i. 44, Hrafn. 13, Fms. ii. 131; taka f. munn
e-m, to stop one's mouth; taka f. hls, kverkar, e-m, to seize one by the throat, etc.; taka ml f. munn
e-m, 'verba alicujus praeripere,' to take the word out of one's mouth, xi. 12; taka f. hendr e-m, to
seize one's hands, stop one in doing a thing, Eb. 124; mod., taka fram f. hendrnar e-m.
B. TEMP.: fyrir dag, before day, Eg. 80; f. mijan dag, Ld. 14; f. sl, before sunrise, 268; f. slar-
lag, before sunset; f. mijan aptan, Nj. 192; f. nttml, 197; f. ttu, Sighvat; f. inglausnir, lk. 37;
f. Jl, Nj. 269; f. fardaga, Grg. ii. 341; viku f. sumar, 244; f. mitt sumar, Nj. 138; litlu f. vetr, Eg.
159; f. vetrntr, Grg. ii. 217; f. e-s minni, before one's memory, b. 16.
C. METAPH.: I. above, before; hann hafdi mest fyrir ara konunga hraustleikinn, Fms. x. 372. II.
for, on behalf of; vil ek bja at fara f. ik, I will go for thee, in thy stead, Nj. 77; ganga skuld f. e-
n, Grg. i. 283; Egill drakk ... ok sv f. lvi, Eg. 210; kaupa e-t f. e-n, Nj. 157; gjalda gjld f. e-n,
Grg. i. 173; verja, skja, sakir f. e-n, Eg. 504; hvrr f. sik, each for oneself, Dipl. v. 26; sttisk
ll ml f. Bjrn, Nj. 266; tk sttir f. Bjrn, Eg. 168; svara f. e-t, Fms. xi. 444; hafa til varnir f. sik,
lta lrit, lg-vrn koma f.; fra vrn f. sik, etc.; verja, skja sakir f. sik, and many similar law
phrases, Grg. passim; bija konu f. e-n, to woo a lady for another, Fms. x. 44; fyrir mik, on my
behalf, for my part, Gs. 16; lgvrn f. ml, a lawful defence for a case, Nj. 111; hafa til varnar f.
sk, to defend a case, Grg. i. 61; halda skiladmi f. e-t, Dipl. iv. 8; festa lg f. e-t, vide festa. III. in
a distributive sense; penning f. mann, a penny per man, K. . K. 88; fyrir nef hvert, per nose = per
head, Lv. 89, Fms. i. 153, . H. 141; hve f. marga menn, for how many men, Grg. i. 296; fyrir
hverja stiku, for each yard, 497. IV. for, for the benet of; brjta brau f. hungraa, Hom. 75; eir
skru f. melinn, they cut the straw for them (the horses), Nj. 265; leggja kostna f. e-n, to defray
one's costs, Grg. i. 341. V. for, instead of; hann setti sik f. Gu, Edda (pref.); hafa e-n f. Gu (Lat.
pro Deo), Stj. 73, Barl. 131; geta, f, kveja mann f. sik, to get a man as one's delegate or
substitute, Grg. i. 48 passim; eir hfu vargstakka f. brynjur, Fs. 17; manna-hfu vru f. kljna,
Nj. 275; gagl f. gs ok grs f. gamalt svn, . H. 86; rif str f. hlunna, Hv. 48; bukr er f. hslker er
hafr, Vm. 171; auga f. auga, tnn f. tnn, Exod. xxi. 24; skell f. skillinga, kv. 32. VI. because of,
for; vilja Gunnar dauan fyrir hggit, Nj. 92, Fms. v. 162; eigi f. sakleysi, not without ground, i.
302; fyrir hvat (why, for what) stefndi Gunnarr eim til helgi? Nj. 101; ok uru f. at sekir, Landn.
323; hafa mli f. e-t, Nj. 65, passim. 2. in a good sense, for one's sake, for one; fyrir n or, for
thy words, intercession, sl. ii. 217; vil ek gra f. n or, Ld. 158, Nj. 88; fyrir sna vinsld, by his
popularity, Fms. i. 259: the phrase, fyrir e-s sk, for one's sake, vide sk: in swearing, a Latinism,
fyrir tr mna, by my faith! (so in Old Engl. 'fore God), Karl. 241; fyrir itt lf, Stj. 514; ek sri ik
f. alla krapta Krists ok manndm inn, Nj. 176. VII. for, at, denoting value, price; fyrir rjr merkr,
for three marks, Eg. 714; er sik leysti t f. rj hundru marka, Fms. ix. 421; ganga f. hundra, to
pass or go for a hundred, D. I. i. 316 :-- also of the thing bought, skalt reia f. hana rjr merkr,
thou shall pay for her three marks, Ld. 30; fyrir ik skulu koma mannhefndir, Nj. 57; btr f. vg,
sl. ii. 274; btr f. mann, Eg. 259, passim; fyrir verka orgeirs kom legors-skin, Nj. 101 :-- so in
the phrase, fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost; fyrir ngan mun, by no means, Fms. i. 9, 157,
Gl. 531 :-- hafi hverr eirra mann f. sik, ea tv ..., each slew a man or more for himself, i.e. they
sold their lives dearly, . H. 217. 2. ellipt., stainn f., instead of, Grg. i. 61; hr vil ek bja f.
g bo, Nj. 77; taka umbun f., Fms. vii. 161; svara slku f. sem ..., Boll. 350; r skulut ngu f.
tna nema lnu, you shall lose nothing less than your head, Nj. 7. VIII. by means of, by, through;
fyrir at sama or, Stj.; fyrir sna nttru, Fms. v. 162; fyrir messu-serkinn, iii. 168; fyrir inn krapt
ok frelsis-hnd, Pass. 19. 12; svikin f. orminn, by the serpent, Al. 63, -- this use of fyrir seems to be
a Latinism, but is very freq. in eccl. writings, esp. after the Reformation, N. T., Pass., Vdal.; fyrir
munn Davs, through the mouth of David, etc. :-- in good old historical writings such instances are
few; eir hlutuu f. kast (by dice), Sturl. ii. 159. IX. in spite of, against; fyrir vilja sinn, N. G. L. i.
151; fyrir vitor er vilja e-s, against one's will or knowledge, Grg. ii. 348; kvngask (giptask) f.
r e-s, i. 177, 178, ir. 190; n fara menn f. bann (in spite of an embargo) landa milli, Gl. 517;
hann gaf henni lf f. framkvmd farar, i.e. although she had not fullled her journey (her vow),
Fms. v. 223; fyrir vrt lof, vi. 220; fyrir allt at, in spite of all that, Grett. 80 new Ed.; fyrir r fram,
heedlessly; fyrir lg fram, vide fram. X. denoting capacity, in the same sense as 'at,' C. II, p. 27, col.
1; scarcely found in old writers (who use 'at'), but freq. in mod. usage, thus, eigi e-n f. vin, to have
one for a friend, in old writers 'at vin;' hafa e-n f. f, fl, to make sport of one. 2. in old writers
some phrases come near to this, e.g. vita f. vist, to know for certain, Dipl. i. 3; vita f. full sannindi,
id., ii. 16; hafa f. satt, to take for sooth, believe, Nj. 135; koma f. eitt, to come (turn) all to one, Lv.
11, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 208; koma f. ekki, to come to naught, be of no avail, sl. ii. 215; fyrir hitt mun
ganga, it will turn the other way, Nj. 93; fyrir hann er einskis rvnt ors n verks, from him
everything may be expected, sl. ii. 326; hafa e-s vti f. varna, to have another's faults for warning,
Sl. 19. XI. joined with adverbs ending in -an, fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, noran, tan, innan,
framan, handan, ofan, nean, either with a following acc. denoting. direction, thus, fyrir austan,
sunnan ... fjall, east, south of the fell, i.e. on the eastern, southern side; fyrir nean br, below the
bridge; fyrir tan fjall = Lat. ultra; fyrir innan fjall = Lat. infra; fyrir handan , beyond the river;
fyrir innan gar, inside the yard; fyrir ofan gar, above, beyond the yard, etc.; vide these adverbs :--
used adverb., fyrir sunnan, in the south; fyrir vestan, in the west; fyrir noran, in the north; fyrir
austan, in the east, -- current phrases in Icel. to mark the quarters of the country, cp. the ditty in Esp.
rb. year 1530; but not freq. in old writers, who simply say, norr, sur ..., cp. Kristni S. ch. 1:
absol. and adverb., fyrir ofan, uppermost; fyrir handan, on the other side :-- fyrir tan e-t, except,
save, Anal. 98, Vkv. 8; fyrir fram, vide fram.
UNCERTAIN For- and fyrir- as prexes, vide pp. 163-167 and below: I. fore-, for-, meaning before,
above, in the widest sense, local, temp., and metaph. furthering or the like, for-dyri, for-nes, for-
ellri, for-beini, etc. . before, down, for-brekkis, -bergis, -streymis, -vindis, -viris, etc. 2. in an
intens. sense = before others, very, but not freq.; for-dyld, -gr, -hagr, -hraustr, -kostuligr, -kur, -
ltill, -ljtr, -prs, -rkr, -snjallr. II. (cp. fyrir, acc., C. IX), in a neg. or priv. sense; a few words occur
even in the earliest poems, laws, and writers, e.g. for-a, -tta, -da, -nm, -nmi, -sending, -skp,
-verk, -veja, -via, -vitni, -ynja, -yrtir; those words at least seem to be original and vernacular: at a
later time more words of the same kind crept in: 1. as early as writers of the 13th and 14th centuries,
e.g. for-bo, -bnir, -djarfa, -dma (fyrir-dma), -taka (fyrir-taka), -ttr; fyrir-bja, -fara, -gra, -
koma, -kunna, -lta, -muna, -mla, -vega, -vera. 2. introduced in some words at the time of the
Reformation through Luther's Bible and German hymns, and still later in many more through
Danish, e.g. for-brjta, -drfa, -lta, -lkast, -merkja, -nema, -sorga, -sma, -standa, -svara, -nusta,
and several others; many of these, however, are not truly naturalised, being chiey used in eccl.
writings :-- it is curious that if the pronoun be placed after the verb (which is the vernacular use in
Icel.) the sense is in many cases reversed; thus, fyrir-koma, to destroy, but koma e-u fyrir can only
mean to arrange; so also fyrir-mla, to curse, and mla fyrir, to speak for; for-bnir, but bija fyrir
e-m, etc.; in the latter case the sense is good and positive, in the former bad and negative; this
seems to prove clearly that these compds are due to foreign inuence.
fyrir-banna, a, to forbid, Skm. 34.
fyrir-benda, d, to forebode, Stj. 87.
fyrir-bending, f. foreboding, Bs. i. 45.
fyrir-birting, f. revelation, Barl. passim.
fyrir-bja, bau, to forbid, Bs. i. 682, 683, N. G. L. i. 351, Gl. 276, K. . 54, 110.
fyrir-boa, a, to forebode; part., Greg. 16.
fyrir-boan, f. foreboding, Magn. 488, Fms. viii. 3, Eb. 28.
fyrir-boning, f. forbidding, Edda 120.
fyrir-bosmar, m. a bidder to a feast, Fms. v. 332.
fyrir-bn, f., in pl. curses = forbnir, Sturl. iii. 45: in a good sense, begging, pleading, (mod.)
fyrir-burr, m. an appearance, vision, spectre, Nj. 118, Fms. vi. 63, 229, 404, xi. 289, Bs. i. 184,
Eb. 28, 218, 272, Sd. 174, passim.
fyrir-ba, bj, to prepare, Greg. 18, Fms. i. 138, N. T. passim.
fyrir-bnar, m. preparation, Stj. 127, Fms. vii. 87, x. 236.
fyrir-bningr, m. id., Hkr. iii. 240.
fyrir-drfa, dreif, to drive away, Th. 16 (fordrfa).
fyrir-dma, d, to condemn, K. . 220, Hom. 126, Rb. 338, Fms. i. 219.
fyrir-dmiligr, adj. damnable, H. E. i. 514.
fyrir-dming, f. damnation, Greg. 17, H. E. i. 514, Stj. 21.
fyrir-fara, fr, to destroy, N. G. L. i. 340: to forfeit, K. . 128: reex. to perish, Post. 59, N. T.
passim.
fyrir-farandi, part. preceding, Vm. 12, Bs. i. 682, 720.
fyrir-fari, a, m. a foreboding, Bs. i. 682.
fyrir-fer, m. pl. forefathers, Barl. 206.
fyrir-fer, f. a going before, Stj. 353 :-- bulk, fyrirferar-mikill, adj. bulky.
fyrir-flk, n. great folk, persons of distinction, Hkr. ii. 381.
fyrir-fura, u, f. a foreboding, sign, mark, Fs. 125.
fyrir-ganga, u, f. a walking ahead, leading, Fms. ii. 75, v. 72.
fyrir-gefa, gaf, to forgive, Nj. 170, Hom. 44, Sks. 579, N. T. passim.
fyrir-gefning, f. forgiveness, Rb. 336, Th. 78, Fms. viii. 442, Stj. 110, N. T. passim.
fyrir-gengiligr, adj. pinched, worn out.
fyrir-gleyma, d, to forget, Barl. (rare.)
fyrir-gleyming, f. forgetfulness, Sks. 607, (rare.)
fyrir-gra, , to forfeit, N. G. L. i. 341, Eg. 495, K. . 70, Nj. 191.
fyrir-heit, n. a promise, Fms. i. 217: esp. in a sacred sense, Stj., Rb. 336, N. T. passim: a presage,
Fms. vi. 63, v.l.
fyrir-huga, , to premeditate.
fyrir-hugsan, f. forethought, Stj. 10, Barl. 127.
fyrir-hyggja, u, f. (-hygsla, N. G. L. i. 215), forethought, prevision, Fms. ii. 121, Ld. 186, Hkr. ii.
102, H. E. i. 387, v.l. (freq.)
fyrir-hfn, f. trouble, toil.
fyrir-koma, kom, to destroy, put to death, with dat., Al. 132, Vgl. 22, Fms. i. 9: to prevent, avert,
Korm. 208, Sks. 706; var sv fyrirkomt magni eirra (cp. Germ. vorkommen), Fms. viii. 53.
fyrirkomu-lag, n. arrangement.
fyrir-kona, u, f. a woman of distinction, a lady, Fms. ii. 22.
fyrir-konungr, m. a distinguished king, Fas. iii. 188.
fyrir-kunna, kunni; f. e-n e-s, to blame one for a thing, to take a thing amiss, Eg. 254; eigi vil ek
fyrirkunna ik essa ora, . H. 57, Stj. passim: with dat. of the thing, to be displeased at, Str. 9.
fyrir-kvea, kva, to refuse, Fms. x. 382. Sturl. i. 37, Thom. 21, 23: reex., en fyrirkveask eigi at
taka sttir, Fb. iii. 451.
fyrir-lta, lt, with acc., to let go, give up, Fms. i. 1, 156, viii. 251, x. 379: to forsake, i. 129, Mar.
passim, Rb. 412. 2. with dat. of the person, acc. of the thing, to forgive, Fms. ix. 383, 410, Dipl. iv.
8 :-- in eccl. sense, H. E. i. 499, Gl. 41, K. . 206; cp. forlta, which is more freq. in mod. usage.
fyrir-ltning, f. forgiveness.
fyrir-ltr, adj. forgiving, mild, Fms. xi. 429.
fyrirlt-samr, adj. (-semi, f.); ekki f., stubborn, Bs. i. 683.
fyrir-leggja, lagi, to lay aside, forsake, Stj. 148: reex., fyrirleggjask um e-t, to leave a thing
alone, Bs. i. 194: part. fyrir-lagr, forsaken, 823.
fyrir-leitinn, adj. circumspect, . H. 145; eigi f. (and in mod. usage fyrirleitinn), not circumspect,
i.e. violent, Grett. 24 new Ed.
fyrir-leitni, f. circumspection, Fas. iii. 175; fyrirleitni, rashness.
fyrir-liggja, l; f. sr, to fall (of a woman), N. G. L. i. 213, 233.
fyrir-litligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), contemptible, Stj. 244.
fyrir-litning, f. contempt, Sturl. i. 64, 655 xxvii. 2.
fyrir-lta, leit, to look down on, despise, Lat. despicere (cp. the preceding words), Greg. 39, Blas.
44, Lv. 95, Sks. 270, Magn. 442, Fms. vi. 286, viii. 24, x. 256, Hkr. i. 104, N. T., freq. in mod.
usage :-- to forsake, Fms. vii. 174 (rare), vide forlta.
fyrir-ljga, laug, to forswear by lies, Fms. viii. 293: f. tr sinni, to forswear one's faith, Karl. 38:
with acc. to slander, Fas. iii. 307.
fyrir-mar, m. a foreman, chief, Fms. ix. 341, 483, Ld. 106, Nj. 106: one's better, one who excels
others, Fms. xi. 326: a predecessor, Bs. i. 733: in mod. usage in pl. fyrir-menn, people of
distinction.
fyrir-mannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), like a distinguished man, Fms. xi. 231, Ld. 90.
fyrir-muna, pres. -man, pret. -mundi, in mod. usage -a, (-munar, -munai, -muna) :-- to grudge
one a thing; f. e-m e-s, eigi er at satt, at ek fyrirmuna r viarins, Ld. 318; ek fyrirman ekki
orgilsi essarar ferar, 258, Fms. vi. 59, x. 110, Grett. 159 new Ed., Fas. i. 205, Orkn. 24, Fs. 68,
. H. 61: with inn., Sks. 554.
fyrir-mynd, fyrir-myndan, f. [Germ. vorbild], a prototype, example.
fyrir-mla, t, to swear, Grett. 94 new Ed., Bs. ii. 60, Gl. 218.
fyrir-nema, nam, with acc., f. e-t, to withhold, N. G. L. i. 4, cp. mod. fortaka; f. e-m ml, to deprive
one of speech, make one silent, Ls. 57 :-- chiey reex., fyrirnemask e-t, to forbear, N. G. L. i. 579,
Gl. 58, Sturl. i. 2.
fyrir-rsari, a, m. a forerunner, Sks. 43.
fyrir-rennari, a, m. id., Hom. 105, Stj. 441.
fyrir-rm, n. the rst room or chief cabin in old ships of war, in the after part of the ship next the
lypting, as is clear from passages such as, hljp lafr konungr r lyptingunni ok fyrirrmit,
Fms. x. 360; hann sat aptr i fyrirrminu, vii. 185, viii. 223, x. 360, 362, Hkr. i. 302, Orkn. 148 :--
but Grett. 113 (new Ed.), speaking of a boat pulled by three men, distinguishes between hls,
fyrirrm, skutr, bow, midship (mod. Icel. miskipa), and stern, fyrirrms-menn, m. pl. one placed
in the f., cp. Engl. midshipman, Fms. vii. 223, viii. 224 :-- metaph. phrase, hafa e- fyrirrmi, to
keep a thing in the fore-hold, i.e. to give preference to it.
fyrir-rgja, , to 'foredo' one by lies and slander, N. G. L. i. 57.
fyrir-st, f. (less correct fyrir-str, n., Fms. x. 341), an ambush, Nj. 93, 160, Ld. 220, Fms. ii. 296,
Fs. 33, Valla L. 225.
fyrir-segja, sagi, to foretell, Fms. i. 141.
fyrir-setning, f., gramm. a preposition, Sklda 180.
fyrir-sjn, f. a laughing-stock, Bs. i. 155.
fyrir-skipa, a, to order, prescribe, Barl. 69, 72.
fyrir-skipan, f. an ordinance, Stj. 621.
fyrir-skjta, skaut, to make void, N. G. L. i. 52, 53, Gl. 268.
fyrir-skyrta, u, f. a 'fore-shirt,' apron, Hdl. 46, orst. Su H. 178.
fyrir-sm, , to despise, Thom. 23.
fyrir-sp, f. 'fore-spaeing,' prophecy, Sturl. i. 115 C.
fyrir-staa, u, f. a standing before one, Grg. ii. 14: mod. obstacle.
fyrir-standa, st, to understand, Fas. ii. 298, Fms. viii. 54, v.l.
fyrir-stela, stal, to forfeit by stealing, Jb. 417, Js. 129.
fyrir-stjrnari, a, m. an overseer, Sturl. i. 1.
fyrir-svara, a, to answer for, Band. 22 new Ed.
fyrir-sverja, sr, to forswear, renounce by oath, Fms. x. 396, 419: reex. to forswear oneself, Hom.
151.
fyrir-sti, n. a fore-seat, Sturl. i. 21.
fyrir-sgn, f. 'fore-saying' i.e. dictation, instruction, Fms. vii. 226, Grg. i. 7, Bs. i. 133, Fs. 21, Stj.
190, 355: style, Rb. 2: prophecy, 655 xxxi.
fyrir-sngr, m. the 'fore-song' or prelude in a service, Fms. vii. 198.
fyrir-tak, n. prominence; fyrirtaks-gfur, f. pl. prominent gifts, and in many other compds.
fyrir-taka, tk, to deny, refuse, Bs. i. 758, Fms. ii. 65, Jmsv. 50, Ld. 186: to forbid, H. E. i. 456.
fyrir-tekt, f. waywardness, caprice.
fyrir-tki, n. what is taken in hand, a task.
fyrir-tlur, f. pl. persuasion, Fms. ix. 52, x. 301, xi. 11, Hom. 52.
fyrir-vaf, n. the weft.
fyrir-vari, a, m. precaution, Fs. 65.
fyrir-varp, n. a 'fore-warp,' dam, Bs. i. 315.
fyrir-vega, v, to forfeit by manslaughter, N. G. L. i. 64, Fms. v. 101.
fyrir-vera, var, to vanish, collapse; fll ok fyrirvar allt sem mold, 656 A. 2. 5, Sl. 27; sv
sem augu rvera sem eigi taka lknis lyf, 656 B. 12 :-- so also, fyrirvera sik, to be destroyed, Stj.
25; also to be ashamed, Clem. 34, freq. in mod. usage in this last sense, otherwise obsolete :-- and
reex. to perish, collapse, Stj. 91, 118, 149, Str. 66.
fyrir-vinna, u, f. = forverk.
fyrir-vinnask, vannsk, dep. to forbear doing a thing, Bs. i. 341, ir. 140, Grett. 78 new Ed.
fyrir-vinnendr, part. = fyriryrkjendr, Hm.
fyrir-vissa, u, f. a foreboding, Stj. 81.
fyrir-vist, f. = forysta, q.v., Sturl. iii. 270, Eb. 126.
fyrir-yrkjendr, part. pl. (forverk), workmen, labourers, N. G. L. i. 98.
fyrir-tlan, f. a design, Nj. 9, Eg. 467, Bs. i. 404, sl. ii. 355, Sklda 170.
FYRNASK, d, [forn], to get old, to decay, N. G. L. i. 37: as a law term, of a claim, to be lost by
lapse of time, fyrnisk s skuld, 24; legors-sk engi fyrnisk, Grg. i. 349; s sk fyrnisk aldregi,
361 :-- to be forgotten, hans nafn mun aldri fyrnask, Fas. i. 43 :-- with dat. of the person, with the
notion of past evils, henni fyrndisk aldri fall lafs konungs, she never forgot king Olave's death,
Fms. v. 126; tti honum sr skjtara fyrnask lt Droplaugar, Dropl. 9; alltt fyrnisk mr at
enn, Korm. 172; henni mtti eigi fyrnask vi Sva konung, at ..., . H. 51: the saying, fyrnisk
vinskapr sem fundir (mod. svo fyrnask stir sem fundir), Fms. ii. 62: part. decayed, fallinn ok
fyrndr, Stj.; kirkja fyrnd ok flnu, Bs. i. 198; flnar fold, fyrnist allt og mist (a ballad). II. mod.
in act. to lay up stores; fyrna hey, etc.
fyrnd, f. age, antiquity, Dipl. ii. 5, Sks. 517; esp. in the phrase, fyrndinni, in times of yore, 625.
170, Fas. i. 513, Sks. 67 :-- decay, dilapidation, Pm. 122, Bs. i. 293 :-- a law term, loss of a claim by
lapse of time. Thom. 76.
fyrning, f. decay, Grg. ii. 267: pl. fyrningar, old stores left from last year, hey-f., matar-f., etc.,
(mod.)
fyrnska, u, f., prop. age; slitin, finn af f., worn, rotten from age, Stj. 366: decay, Grg. ii. 268: at
fyrnsku. from olden times, N. G. L. i. 45; fyrnskunni, in days of yore, Str. 1 :-- a law term = fyrnd,
skal ar eigi f. fyrir ganga, N. G. L. i. 249 :-- old lore, witchcraft, Fb. i. 231, Fs. 131. fyrnsku-httr,
m. old fashion, Fms. xi. 430.
FYRR, compar. adv. sooner; FYRST, superl. rst, soonest: [cp. Goth. fauris = GREEK, GREEK,
and faurizei = GREEK; Engl. for-mer; Swed. -Dan. fr, frst; Lat. prius.] I. compar. sooner,
before; v betr ykki mr er vr skiljum fyrr, the sooner we part the better, Fas. ii. 535; at vr
brr myndim etta fyrr grt hafa, Nj. 61; veitti Eirekr fyrr, Landn. 216: fyrr enn, before that, Lat.
priusquam, enginn veit sna na fyrr en ll er (a saying); fyrr enn ek her eignask allan Noreg,
Fms. i. 3, Nj. 5, Stj. 135, Ld. 176. 2. before; ekki he ek ar fyrr verit, er ..., Eb. 224; sem engi veit
fyrr grt hafa verit, K. . 28; sv sem fyrr sgum vr, Fms. x. 366. II. superl. rst; fyrst sinna
kynsmanna, Ld. 162; sk fyrst er fyrst er fram sg, Grg. i. 79; s fyrst (rst) er hnum var rst
(last) boit, N. G. L. i. 14: rst, in the beginning, foremost, opp. to sarr or sast, Eirekr veitti fyrst
vel ok rkmannliga en Hallsteinn sarr, Landn. 216, v.l.; gkk Hrtr fyrst, foremost, Nj. 6;
hreppsknar-menn eru fyrst ailjar at essum skum, Grg. i. 295; at eigi s fyrst (for a while)
samlendir, sl. ii. 386. . sem fyrst, as soon as possible, Nj. 4, Eg. 602. 2. for that, because, as, very
freq. in mod. usage, but hardly ever found in old writers; and the following passages -- fyrst n bn
kemr ar til, Br. 171; fyrst hestunum mtti eigi vi koma, Sturl. i. 19; fyrst hn er karls dttir,
Fas. i. 22 -- are all taken from paper MSS.; Br. new Ed. 20 has 'san leggr at til,' and Sturl.
MS. Brit. Mus. the proper word 'er.' III. as imitations of Latin supradictus or praedictns are the
following -- fyrr-greindum rum (jrum), aforesaid, Vm. 44, Dipl. ii. 4; fyrr nefndr, afore-
named, Stj., Bs. passim, but never in old vernacular writings. fyrr-meir, adv. 'fore-more,' i.e.
formerly, in former times, sl. ii. 365, Finnb. 212, Lv. 64, H. E. i. 434.
fyrra, u, f., the phrase, fyrrunni, formerly, Stj. 10.
FYRRI, compar. adj. former; FYRSTR, superl. the rst, foremost: I. compar., yra fyrri frndr,
Fms. i. 282; fyrra sumar, the former summer, before the last, Grg. i. 38; enn fyrra hlut vetrar, in the
former part of winter, Eg. 713; spurisk eigi til eirra heldr en til enna fyrri, . H. 129; Drottins dag
(annan dag viku) inn fyrra ingi. Grg. i. 49 (the parliament lasted about a fortnight); enn fyrra
sunnudag, N. G. L. i. 348; fyrra dag, the day before yesterday, Hv. 50; fyrra sumar, the summer
before last, id.; me hinum fyrrum ftum, with the fore feet (mod. me fram-ftunum), Br. 9; tla
ek engan mann at leita fyrri, Fms. vi. 109; vera e-m fyrri at e-u, to get the start of one, Hm. 122;
usually vera f. til e-s, vera fyrri til hggs, lf. 7. 56. II. superl. the rst; r sakar skal allar
fyrstar segja fram, Grg. i. 38; ef s verr eigi binn til er fyrstr her hloti, id.; enn fyrsta aptan er
eir koma til ings, 100; eigi fellr tr vi hit fyrsta hgg (a saying), Nj. 224.
fyrrum, adv. formerly, before, Fms. i. 268, ix. 422, Hkr. i. 80.
FYRSA, t, [fors], to gush, stream in torrents, Stj. 414.
fyrsi, n. gushing in torrents; hvt-fyrsi, Thom. 21.
fyrsta, u, f., in the phrase, fyrstunni or fyrstu, in the beginning, at rst, Stj. 293, Fms. x. 265;
fyrstu, rst, i. 2.
FYRVA, , [forve], to ebb; aan r fjru er fyrvir tast, Grg. i. 356, 380: metaph. to fall short, to
lack, ok skal telja ann dag me er fyrvir, the lacking day shall be counted with the rest, Rb. 1812.
72; gjalda at er furi (afuri MS.), Grg. ii. 180.
FYS, n., better s, [Germ. fese; O. H. G. fesa; Gr. GREEK], prop. of the husks of beans, any small
light substance; sem fys, Ps. i. 4.
fysa, a, in the phrase, e-m er ekki fysa saman, a thing not put slightly together, well knit, Fms. iii.
590.
F, interj. fye! skalf hnakka h | hverr mar kva f, Sturl. i. 22.
fla, u, f. [fll], foulness, stink, Fas. iii. 171, Fms. x. 213: of a person, a dirty, paltry fellow, Sturl. ii.
135; flur enn ekki dugandi menn, Fbr. 211; helvtis-flur, Nirst. 107; ski-fla, q.v.
fls-enni, a nickname, prob. Gaelic, Landn.
fri, n. r, = fura. fri-skgr, m. r-wood, Karl. 326, Fms. vii. 236.
fri, n. re, Lex. Pot.; vide frr.
FSA, t, [fss], to exhort; fsa e-n e-s, with acc. of the person, gen. of the thing, Fms. xi. 22;
auheyrt er at hvers fsir, Ld. 266: with inn., Nj. 47, Fb. ii. 13: absol., Eg. 242. 2. impers., mik
fsir, I wish, Fms. vi. 238, viii. 412; hverr ha at er hann mest fsir til, Nj. 197; sv skjtt sem
hann fsir til, Fms. xi. 437; fsir konung til sund at fara, Al. 22; ik fsi at kanna annarra manna
siu, Ld. 164: in the reex. form the impers. usage disappears, ek fsumk aptr at hverfa, Sks. 3,
Fms. vi. 398; fstisk strr at fara angat, i. 77: fsask himneskra hluta, to wish for heavenly
things, Greg. 31; hann kvask eigi fsask til slands at sv bnu, Nj. 123. 3. part. fsendr,
exhorters; margir vru ess fsendr, Sturl. ii. 175.
fsari, a, m. a persuader, 655 ii. 8.
fsi, f. a wish, desire, Fms. i. 184, vi. 57, vii. 281, ix. 277, Landn. 201, Fs. 23, Stj. 42, 145, Bs. i.
167, Hom. 47.
fsi-liga, adv. willingly, Fms. ii. 239: desirably, viii. 47.
fsi-ligr, adj. agreeable, 656 B. 5, Sks. 29: winning, winsome, attractive, Eg. 30, 116, Nj. 131, Eluc.
51, Sks. 2, v.l.
fsing, f. exhortation, Fas. i. 225.
fst, mod. fsn, f. = fsi, Fms. i. 117, xi. 244, Fs. 22. Magn. 468, Str. 66; fr essa heims fstum ok
girndum. Stj. 148; rangar fstir, Fms. v. 217, Stj. 149: in eccl. sense the Gr. GREEK is sometimes
rendered by fsn (e.g. fsn holdsins, f. augnanna, 1 John ii. 16; heimrinn og hans f., 17), though
more freq. by girnd (lust): fsn is used much like Germ. neigung = impulse, inclination: it occurs in
a great many compds, as frleiks-fsn, lestrar-f., lrdms-f., nms-f., desire for knowledge,
learning; andleg f., holdleg f., spiritual, carnal desire; krleiks f.; mannlegar fsnir, human
affections.
F, f. [fr, adj.], fewness, scantiness, Fms. i. 291. II. coldness, cold intercourse, cp. fr, r. 65;
fa her verit me eim, Glm. 373; hann gri f vi Klf, Fms. v. 126, vi. 30, 110, 243, xi.
327, passim: melancholy, en er dr at Jlum tk Eirekr f mikla ok var glaari en hann tti vana
til, orf. Karl. 404.
FA, dd, [i.e. fa; cp. Goth. fdian; A. S. fdan; Engl. feed; Germ. fttern; Swed. fda; Dan.
fde] :-- to feed, give food to, Symb. 28, Rb. 82, Fms. ix. 490, Nj. 236, Grg. i. 43, K. . K. 50;
fa barn brjsti, to feed a bairn at the breast, Bs. i. 666 :-- to feed, of sheep, Dropl. 14. 2. to rear,
bring up, N. G. L. i. 239, 351; ef mar fir barn rum manni, Grg. i. 276; hann fddi Helga
(dat.) barn, Dropl. 14; fstra s er mar her fdda, Grg. ii. 60; Teit faddi Hallr Haukadali, b.
14; mik fddi Gamaliel, 655 xvi. B. 3. II. to give birth to; faddi Bergljt sveinbarn, Fms. i. 31, .
H. 122; til barn er ftt, N. G. L. i. 340; litlu sar fddi hon barn, . H. 144. III. reex. to feed, live
on a thing; vi hvat fddisk krin, Edda 4, Stj. 16: metaph., Bs. i. 166 :-- to be brought up, at vru
nfrndr Bjarnar ok hfu me honum fzk, Eg. 253: esp. adding upp, fddusk ar upp synir
Hildirar, 25, Fms. i. 4, 187, Edda 18 :-- to be born, freq. in mod. usage; fddr, part. born, 625.
93; ar var Kristr fddr, Symb. 29.
fa, u, f. food, Stj. 19, 29, 149, Fms. ii. 139.
fi, n. food, Fms. vi. 164, Stj. 22.
fing, f. birth, delivery, Stj. 198, 248, passim.
fingi, a, m. a native, Fms. i. 130, x. 225, Ld. 24, ir. 123, Karl. 434, Rm. 184.
fir, m., pot, a feeder, breeder, Lex. Pot.
fsla and fzla, u, f. food, 625. 91, Fms. iii. 136, viii. 31, x. 367, Greg. 64, Sks, 20, 784, Sturl. i.
20 (Ed. fetlima, qs. fetzluna), Stj. 29, 52, 61. COMPDS: fslu-lauss, adj. without food, Hom. 101.
fslu-leysi, n. want of food, Fas. iii. 8.
fgi-ligr, adj. [fga], neat, polished, Stj. 22, 42, Bret. 24.
FGJA, , [Germ. fegen], to cleanse, polish, Sks. 43, 234, Fms. viii. 416: medic., fgja sr, to
cleanse a wound, Rd. 283, Glm. 383, Fbr. 209; eldr var gl ok velgdi hn vatn til at fgja sr,
. H. 222, Hom. 70.
fkka, v. ftta.
FLA, d, [fla], to frighten, drive away by fright. Grg. ii. 110; ok f. braut, Nj. 104: reex. to
be frightened, of horses or the like; sv at landvttir fldisk vi, Landn. 258; ef menn skaka er
skella at hrossum sv at au flisk vi, Grg. ii. 234, Fms. vi. 335; fldusk hestar Grikkja, Al. 142,
Bs. i. 8; etta flask Skrlingjar, orf. Karl. 424.
FLA, , [i.e. fla from fl], to fool, mock, Clem. 44; eir mundu skjtt hafa flt ik ok sv verit,
El. 14, 18; lesi hann, fyrr en fli, librum Machabaeorum, Al. 22.
fling, f. a frightening, Fms. xi. 160.
flinn, adj. shy, of a horse, Grett. 25 new Ed.; myrk-f., afraid of the dark.
flni, f. shyness, fright, of a horse: myrk-f. fear of darkness, of children.
FR, f. a sheep; in Swed.-Dan. faar and fr are the usual words for sheep; but in Icel. it is almost
unknown; it occurs in Sklda 162; also now and then in the compd fr-saur, m., spelt fjar-saur,
Tistr. 4 (prop. a 'sheep-sheep,' saur being the common Icel. word for sheep), Stj. 45, 177, 235, N.
G. L. i. 75, K. . K. 130; from fr is also derived the name Fr-eyjar, f. pl. the Faroe Islands
(Sheep-islands); Fr-eyskr, adj., and Fr-eyingar, m. pl. the Faroe Islanders; described by Dicuil
as plenae innumerabilibus ovibus, p. 30 (Ed. 1807): fr is a South-Scandin. word, and seems to be
formed from the gen. of f (fjr).
FRA, , [from fr, n., different from the following word, having as root vowel], to slight, taunt
one, with dat.; ok fra eim eigi orum n verkum, offend them not in words nor acts, Hom. 57:
mod., fra at e-m, id.
FRA, , [i.e. fra, a trans. verb formed from the pret. of fara, fr; not in Ulf.; A. S. fergan or
ferjan; Engl. to ferry; Germ. fhren; Dan. fre; Swed. fra] :-- to bring; a very freq. word, as the
Germ. and Saxon 'bring' was unknown in the old Scandin., as in mod. Icel.; the Dan. bringe and
Swed. bringa are mod. and borrowed from Germ.; fra f til skips, Nj. 4; fra barn til skrnar, K. .
K. 2 passim; ef orvaldr vri frandi angat, if Th. could be carried thither, Sturl. i. 157. 2. to
bring, present; hafi rlfr heim marga drgripi ok fri fur snum ok mur, Eg. 4; r munut
f. mr hfu hans, 86; fra e-m hfu sitt, to surrender to one, Fms. x. 261; fra frn, to bring
offerings, Stj. passim; fra tak, to offer, give bail, Gl. 122: the phrase, koma frandi hendi, to
come with bringing hand, i.e. to bring gifts. 3. phrases, fra maga hendr e-m, of forced
alimentation, Grg. . . passim; fra til far, to bring an action for theft, Grg. i. 429; fra e-t
til sanns vegar, to make a thing right, assert the truth of it, 655 xxviii. 2; fra alla hluti til betra
vegar, to turn all things to the best account; at er gjrtki, ok frir til meira mls, and leads to a
more serious case, Grg. i. 429, v.l.; fra til bana, to put to death, Rb. 398; fra hljmli, to
hush up, Nj. 51; fra tleg, to bring to outlawry, banish, Rb. 414; fra til Kristni, to bring to
Christ, convert, Fms. xi. 408; fra sik tt, to vindicate one's kinship (by a gallant deed), Sturl. ii.
197; er frir ik me skrungskap na tt, shewed thee to be worthy of thy friends, Glm.
338. 4. special usages; fra fr, to wean lambs in the spring, Vm. 13, hence fr-frur, q.v.; fra e-n
af baki, to throw one, of a horse, Grg. ii. 95: fra nir korn, si, to put down corn, seed, i.e. to
sow, Nj. 169; tiu sld nir fr, Vm. 55; slds si nir frt, D. I. i. 476, Orkn. 462; fra e-n nir,
to keep one under, in swimming, Ld. 168; fra upp, to lift up, Nj. 19: fra upp, a cooking term, to
take out the meat (of the kettle), 247; fra sundr, to split asunder, Grett. 151 (of logs); fra til, to
adduce as a reason; fra vi baki (suna, etc.), to present the back (side, etc.) to a blow, Fms. vi.
15, Korm. 6; fra e-n fram, to maintain, feed, Grg. passim; fra fram, to utter, pronounce, Sklda
178; as a law term, to produce (fra fram skn, vrn), Grg. passim; fra f vetr, to bring sheep
to winter, i.e. keep them in fold, Grg. ch. 224; fra e-t hendr e-m, to charge one with a thing, 656
A. 1. 3; fra skmm at e-m, to sneer at one, Eg. 210; fra e-n, to mock one, Fms. v. 90, but see
fra (from fr); fra e-t saman, to bring a thing about, Sturl. i. 139 C; fra kvi, to deliver a
poem, Ld. 114, Landn. 197, 199. 5. to remove, change; fra kirkju, to remove a church, in
rebuilding it, K. . K. 38, cp. Eb. ne; fra bein, Bjarn. 19, Lat. translatio; fra mark, to change
the mark on cattle, Grg. i. 416; fra landsmerki, to remove the landmarks, ii. 219: metaph., fra til
rtts mls, to turn into plain language, viz. into prose, Edda 126; fra heimili sitt, to change one's
abode, Grg. i. 146; fra t barveggi, to enlarge the walls, sl. ii. 293. II. reex. to bring, carry
oneself; hann gat frsk ar at, he dragged himself thither, Fms. vi. 15; frask vi, to strain, exert
oneself, Eg. 233; frask aukana, to strive with might and main, vide auki; frask at, to bestir
oneself, Fms. vii. 243; mega ekki at frask, to be unable to do anything, 220, 265; sv hrddir, at
eir mttu ekki at f., so frightened that they could do nothing, 655 xxvii. 22; frask e-t r fangi, to
withhold from, vide fang; frask undan, to withhold; fra undan skum, to plead not guilty, Fms.
xi. 251; bera jrn at frask undan, to carry iron (as an ordeal) in order to quit oneself, v. 307;
frask ftr, to grow up, Ld. 54; aldr frisk (passes) e-n, one grows up, Fs. 3, Rb. 346; tvmlit
frisk af, is removed, Lv. 52.
fr, f. the condition of a road, passage, from snow, rain, etc.; ll f., Sturl. iii. 22; ung f., Fms. ii.
75, freq.
fri, n. a being within reach; and as a shooting term, a range, Fms. i. 12, viii. 49, Nj. 63, Eg. 115,
Ver. 26: a match for one, Ld. 116, Fms. ii. 27; ekki barna f., no match for bairns, Hv. 52: in pl.
allit., f er f., money or means, Grg. i. 62, 252: the phrase, vera frum til e-s (mod. um e-t), to
be able to do a thing, Grett. 110 C, Fms. xi. 265; me-fari, e.g. a er ekki mitt me-fri, it is no
match for me :-- sng-fri, hlj-f., a musical instrument; veiar-f., shing gear; verk-f., tools;
ml-f., organs of speech; tki-f., occasion. COMPDS: fri-leysi, n. want of means, Grg. (Kb.) ii.
12. fri-vandr, adj. cautious, Rd. 294. fri-vn, f. opportunity, Gsl. (in a verse). fri-ver, n.
weather t for a journey, Eb. 482, 485, Fms. xi. 374.
fri, n. a shing-line, Vgl. 46, freq. in mod. usage.
fri-kvar, f. pl. movable pens (of sheep).
fri-ligr and fr-ligr, adj. practicable, easy to do, Fms. vii. 335, viii. 33 :-- friligr hestr, a strong,
serviceable horse, Ld. 276.
fring, f. a freight, Jb. 393. 2. translation, 415. 14. 3. = fri, Anal. 201: better farning, q.v., Bjarn.
73, Sturl. i. 74, bad readings.
fr-leikr, m. ability, strength, esp. in bodily exercise, Fs. 3, Finnb. 242, Orkn. 114, Grett. 149 C,
Fas. i. 331.
fr-leikr, m. a horse, freq. in mod. usage, akin to fr (?).
frr, adj. able, capable; frr til e-s. capable of, or with inn., able to do a thing, Nj. 215, Fms. i.
284, v. 71, xi. 24; vel frr, doing well, strong, sl. ii. 357; hress ok vel f., Eg. 84 :-- able, strong, in
travelling, manna bezt frir bi fti ok skum, 73; frr hvert er vilt, Ld. 44; Sigmundr
grisk frr (able-bodied) mar mjk, Fr. 77; frr hestr, a strong, serviceable horse, Grg. i. 46,
328; bf frt at mat sr, Gl. 502. 2. of things, t for use, safe; of a ship, sea-worthy, opp. to frt,
Eg. 114: of weather, frt (frt) ver, weather t (unt) for travelling, Gl. 31, freq.; egar frt var
landa milli, when the passage was open from one land to another (of the sea), Fms. ii. 232: of roads,
rivers, sea, etc., safe, passable, Petlands-fjrr var eigi f., i. 200; vegir frir at renna ok ra, Gl.
411; al-f., -frt, ll-f., etc.: the law phrase 'eiga eigi frt t hinga,' not to have leave to return
hither (i.e. to Icel.), is the third degree of outlawry, Grg. i. 119, . . ch. 60 :-- neut. with dat.
denoting safe, unsafe, er r at sr frt me essi orsending, at ek hygg ..., it is so far from safe
for thee to go with this errand, that ..., Fms. iv. 131; freq. in mod. usage, at er ekki frt (frt);
mr er ekki frt (frt): in many compds, ing-f., able to go to parliament, Grg. i. 46: Icel. also
say in neut., ing-frt, messu-frt, when so many people are gathered together that a meeting or
service can be held; bnabkar-fr, able to read one's prayer-book, i.e. not quite ls.
FTA, tt, a dubious word, in the phrase, eiga um vandri at f., to have to grapple with hardships,
Glm. 374; er hann sv llu snu ath at trautt megu menn um hann fta, such in all his doings
that people could hardly manage him, Fb. i. 167; menn megu trautt heima um ik fta, 173, (tla,
Fms. xi. 78, 92): Icel. now say, a verr ekki vi hann ttt, there are no ways with him, of an
unruly person.
ftlingar, m. pl. [ftr], the ends formed by the feet, in a skin.
FTTA, mod. fkka, which form occurs in MSS. of the 14th century, also ftka; but in a poem
of 1246 t-rtt and ftta are made to rhyme: [fr] :-- to make few, reduce in number, in old writers
with acc., in mod. with dat.; at ftta skyldi hskarla, . H. 113 (Fms. iv. 255).; Hkr. ii. 183 fkka
less correct; ok ftta sv li eirra, Fbr. 74 new Ed., but fcka in Fb. ii. 164, l.c.: reex. to grow
fewer, less, en er Hkon jarl s fttask liit skipum snum, Fms. i. 174; egar grjti fttisk, xi.
95; er fattask tku fng, Sturl. i. 135; at eldivirinn tki at fttask, Orkn. 112; fkkuusk
skotvpnin, Eb. 248. 2. to grow cold, unfriendly, (fr II); heldr tk at fkkask me eim, Vpn. 9,
Fs. 149.
fgnur, v. fagnar.
fl, n. [flr], a thin covering of snow, Fb. ii. 149, 154, Fbr. 31 new Ed.
fl-leitr, adj. looking pale, Nj. 39, Fb. i. 545, Vpn. 29.
fl-litar, part. pale, Nj. 183.
flna, a, to grow pale, Edda 36, Ld. 224, Fas. i. 189, Sks. 466 B; prop. to wither, of grass, gras fellr
allt ok flnar, Edda (pref.); flnanda lauf, Sks. 608 B; eidr flnar (of re), Eb. 100 new Ed., v.l. :--
rarely, and less correctly, of other things, kirkja fyrnd ok flnu, decayed, Bs. i. 198; dkr flnar, a
faded cloth, Ann. 1344: reex., Stj. 142, (badly.)
flnan, f. a withering, fading away, Fms. vii. 91.
FLR, adj., old forms flvan, flvir, etc.; in mod. usage the v is left out, flan, flir, etc.; [A. S.
fealo; O. H. G. falo; Old Engl. fallow; Dutch vaal; Germ. fahl and falb; cp. Lat. pallidus, Gr.
GREEK] :-- pale; flr sem grass, pale as grass, Nj. 177; hann gri flvan andliti, Glm. 342; flr
sem nr, pale as a corpse, Fb. ii. 136; flr sem aska, pale as ashes, ir. 171, 177: pot., flvir
oddar, the pale sword's point, Hkv. 1. 52; flr hestr, a pale horse (but rare), 2. 47; net-flr, pale-
nebbed, Am.; flr um nasar, id., Alm. 2; n-flr, pale as a corpse.
flskar, part. pale, burnt out, of re, Fs. 6, Eb. 100 new Ed., sl. ii. 135.
flski, a, m. [O. H. G. falavizga: mid. H. G. valwische; Swed. falaska; the word is composed from
flr and aska] :-- the pale, white ash spread over burning embers; so Icel. call the ashes while they
still keep their shape before crumbling in pieces; eir s eldinum flskann er neti hafi brunnit,
Edda 39; flski var fallinn eldinn, Fas. ii. 388; flskar, Stj. 58, Mar. (Fr.): metaph. in mod. usage,
flska-lauss, adj. without f., sincere, real, e.g. flskalaus elska, sincere love.
fngu-ligr, adj. [fang], stout-looking, in good condition, Sturl. i. 159 C.
FNN, f., gen. fannar, pl. fannir, [cp. Gl. feonn = white], snow, esp. a heap of snow, Landn. 154,
Fms. iii. 93, Sturl. ii. 118, Sd. 164, Karl. 441, 501, N. G. L. i. 291; fannir, heaps of snow, Grett. 111
C, cp. fenna, fann-. In Norway Folge-fonn is the name of a glacier.
FR, f., gen. farar; old pl. farar, later and mod. farir; the acc. with the article is in old writers often
contracted, frna = frina; [fara, cp. far, fer] :-- a 'fare,' journey, Nj. 11; er eir vru komnir fr,
when they had started, 655 iii. 3; vera heim fr, to be on the road home, sl. ii. 362; vera fr me
e-m, to be in company with one. Eg. 340; var brrin fr me eim, Nj. 50: a procession, Lex.
Pot.; bl-fr, lk-f., funerals; br-f., a bridal procession. 2. chiey in pl. journeys; hvat til tinda
hafi orit frum hans, what had happened in his journeys, Eg. 81 :-- of trading voyages (far-
mar), vera fo:;rum, to be on one's travels, Ld. 248, Nj. 22; eiga skip frum, to own a trading
ship, Fb. i. 430, (cp. fara milli landa, to fare between countries, i.e. to trade, Hkr. pref.): fara frjls
manns frum, to fare (live) about free, to live as a free man, N. G. L. i. 32; svefn-farar, sleep, Gsl.;
a-farir, treatment. 3. in law, of vagrants (vide fara A. I. 2); dma fr mgum, Grg. i. 87; dma
e-m fr, 86; dma maga (acc.) fr, to declare one a pauper, order him to 'fare' forth, 93, passim
in the law (frumar). 4. a hasty movement, a rush; syndusk ar miklir hundar ok gru fr at
Petro, 656 C. 29; var fr (MS. for) sortanum, the cloud was drifting swiftly, Fms. vii. 163, cp.
far :-- the phrases, vr munum fara allir smu frina, all the same way, in a bad sense, xi. 154; munt
hafa farar Hkonar jarls, x. 322; vera fru (mod. frum), to be on the wane; lausaf hans er
mr sagt heldr frum, orf. Karl. 366; var nokkut fru (frum, pl.) virkit Bersa, there was
something wrong with B.'s castle, it was going into ruin, Korm. 148. 5. an expedition, in compds,
Vatns-dals-fr, Apavatns-fr, Grmseyjar-fr, Reykhla-fr, Kleifa-fr, the expedition to Vatnsdale,
Apavatn, etc., Sturl., Ann. COMPDS: fara-bk, f. an itinerary, a book of travels, Clem. 38. farar-
bann, n. = farbann, Fas. ii. 494. farar-beini, a, m. furthering one's journey, Eg. 482 (v.l.), Grg. i.
298: metaph., Fms. i. 226. farar-blmi, a, m. travelling with pomp, Orkn. 370, Fms. xi. 438, Fas.
iii. 376. farar-broddr, m. the front of a host, Al. 56, Hkv. 2. 17. farar-binn, part. = farbinn, Fms.
i. 3. farar-dvl, f. delay, Grg. i. 441, 436. farar-efni, n. pl. outttings, Eg. 169, 194, sl. ii. 204,
Lv. 23. farar-eyrir, m. money for travelling, Gl. 8. farar-f, n. id. farar-ggn, n. pl. necessaries
for a journey, Nj. 259, v.l. farar-greii, a, m. a conveyance, K. . 70, Fms. ii. 234, Fs. 24, Eg. 541,
Gl. 369. farar-hapt, n. a hindrance, stoppage, 625. 184. farar-hestr, m. a nag, (Fr.) farar-hlass,
n. a wagon-load, N. G. L. i. 240. farar-kaup, n. on board-wages, N. G. L. i. 98. farar-ley, n.
leave to go, Eg. 424, Fbr. 91 new Ed., Hom. 141. farar-mar, m. = farmar, N. G. L. i. 199. farar-
mungt, n. a bout before going, Eg. 88, Fas. i. 396. farar-nautr, m. = frunautr, O. H. L. 78. farar-
orlof, n. = fararley, Bs. (Laur.) farar-skjtr, m. (-skjti, a, m.), a means of travelling, esp. a horse
(or ass), Stj. 610, Fas. i. 126, Fms. iv. 38; hest, hinn bezta fararskjta, Sturl. ii. 145 C. fararskjta-
laust, n. adj. without a horse, Fms. viii. 31, Bs. i. 349. farar-stafr, m. a walking-stick, 656 B. 1.
farar-tlmi, a, m. hindrance, Jb. 283, 400, Orkn. 396.
frla, a, to grow faint, weak; ef hann of frlar, if he fails, (the passage is dubious, and something
seems left out), K. . K. 42: reex. to fall into ruin, ef frlask reiir, sv at um bta arf, Gl. 77;
mun brtt f. a ra-grar, Sks. 331 :-- impers., e-m frlask, one grows weak, esp. from age,
Krk. 40; in mod. usage, nn eg a augum frlast sn, I feel my eyes grow dim, Hallgr.
frnur, v. farnar.
fru-kona, u, f. a vagrant woman, ir. 226.
frull, adj, rambling, strolling about, Nj. 131; v-f., wide-travelling.
fru-mar, m. a vagrant man, a pauper, Gl. 432. Jb. 183.
fru-mannliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), beggarly, Vgl. 60 new Ed.
fru-nautr, m. [Germ. fahr-genosse], a companion, fellow-traveller, sl. ii. 336, Sturl. i. 116, ii. 21,
Fms. ii. 8, Nj. 14, Vpn. 29, passim.
fru-neyti, n. a company of travellers. Clem. 32 (spelt frunauti), Edda 108, Jb. 380, Eg. 23: a
retinue, Fms. iv. 82, x. 102, Nj. 37: a company, 280, Sks. 579, Grett. 139 C.
FSULL, m., pl. fslar. [Germ. fasel; O. H. G. fasal; A. S. fsel] :-- a brood; gljfra f., the brood
of the chasms, a dragon, pot., Nj. 109 (in a verse), an GREEK.
fxttr, adj. [fax], a horse with mane differing in colour from the body, Landn. 195, Fas. ii. 168, Rd.
299, Karl. 151, 350; gl-f., Bs. ii. 261.
G (g) is the seventh letter. In the old Gothic Runic alphabet (Golden horn) it is represented by
RUNE, which was probably taken from the Greek . The later common Runic alphabet had no g,
and made the tenuis k (RUNE, called Kaun) serve for both; still later, g was distinguished simply by
a dot or stroke, RUNE or RUNE, and this character was called 'Stunginn Kaun,' i.e. dotted or cut
Kaun, just as the name of Stunginn Tr was given to cut or dotted t.
A. In Scandinavia the letter g begins many fewer words than in German or Saxon, mainly because
the prexed particle geis absent. In the fragments of Ulf., although so little is left, ga- is prexed
to about three hundred words, mostly verbs and nouns; in the Anglo-Saxon at least three or four
thousand such words are recorded, and in modern German still more: indeed the number is so to say
endless, as it can be put to almost any verb. In Icel. the only traces of this prex are, I. in a few
words retaining g before the liquids l and n (gl and gn): u. gl in the word glkr, similis (and
derivatives); glkr is now obsolete, and even in very old MSS. of the 13th or even the 12th century
both forms, glkr and lkr, glkendi and lkendi, glkjast and lkjast, occur indiscriminately; but in
older poems gl is the only form. . gn in gnadd, gnaga, gnaua, gnegg, gneisti, gnpa, gnsta, gnolla,
gngr, gna, gnpr, gnyr, gningr, gnllra, gntra (q.v.), and some pot. words, as gnat, etc. But
in mod. usage, in gn and gl, the g is dropped both in spelling and pronunciation, nadd, naga, naua,
hnegg, neisti, npa ... npr, nyr or nir, ningr, nllra, ntra; the gn in these words is almost
constantly used in very old MSS., but even at the end of the 13th and in the 14th century the MSS.,
e.g. Hb., begin to drop the g, vide p. 206 sqq.: the exceptions are few, e.g. Icel. never say nja tor
gnja, but the word itself, although known, is almost obsolete: so also in modern writers gntt and
gngtir (abundance) often occur: but the sound gn may be said to be almost extinct. The Danes,
Swedes, and Norse still keep the g before n, e.g. Dan. gnave, Swed. gnaga; whereas in glkr the g
has been dropped, and the word has become in Swed. lik, etc.; in Dan. lig, lige, ligning, etc. II. in
two Icel. words the prexed g has hardened into a radical consonant, so that its proper sound is no
longer perceived, viz. granni (and compds), a neighbour, prop. one of the next house, Goth. garazna
= GREEK, qs. g-ranni, from rann, domus; and greia, explicare, = Goth. garaidian. The
Scandinavian tongues have furthermore done away with the Saxon and German prex to passive
participles, and no trace of them remains even in the earliest writers or poems. The modern English
has followed the same law as the Scandinavian in gn, for though it still appears in Engl. words (as
gnaw, gnash), it is hardly sounded. The participial prex remained long in southern England (see
Morris's Specimens), but weakened into y or i till at last it dropped altogether.
B. PRONUNCIATION. -- It is sounded hard, soft, or aspirate; hard, as in Engl. gate, gold; soft, as
in Swed. dag, Germ. tag, or mod. Gr. , but lost in Engl.; aspirate also lost in Engl. I. hard, 1. as
initial before a hard vowel, garr, gull, gott, etc.; and before a consonant, glar, grta; but the
prexed g, in the instances A. 1. above, was prob. always sounded soft. 2. as nal after consonants,
as sorg, belg, ung, hfgi, or if double, as in egg. II. soft, never as initial (unlike mod. Greek, in
which is sounded soft throughout), but only as nal or sometimes as medial: 1. if single after a
vowel, as dag, hug, log, veg, stig. 2. between two vowels if the latter is hard, lega, ligum, vega,
vegum, dgum; but in case both the vowels, or even only the last, are soft (an i vowel) the g sound
is lost, and it is eliminated altogether or assimilated to the preceding vowel, which thus becomes a
diphthong; the same is the case if j follows g; thus syllables and words such as bagi and bi, dagi
and di, degi and deigi, eygja and eyja or eya, lagi and lgi or li are all sounded alike; in olden
times there must have been a difference of sound, as old MSS. never confound the spelling in words
like those above, whereas in modern letters written by uneducated people, nothing is more frequent
than to see, um dinn for um daginn, or deinum for deginum, and the like; the poets also rhyme
accordingly, e.g. segi -- hneigi, Pass. 38. 13; segja -- deyja, 25; segja -- beygja, 25. 12; drgja --
nja, 30. 3; eigi -- dregi, 7. 10; deyja -- teygja, 16. 13, etc.; even MSS. of the end of the 15th
century frequently give seigia for segja (to say), e.g. Arna-Magn. 556 A, see the pref. to sl. ii. p. vi:
as a medial, before d the g is sounded hard almost all over Icel., and the d soft (sagi); yet in the
peninsula of Snfells Ssla many people still reverse this rule, and say sagdi, lagdi, bygdi, bygd,
sounding the g soft but the d hard; in the east of Icel. people say brega, sagi, pronouncing g both
soft; this is no doubt the best pronunciation, and accords well with the modern English said, laid,
and the like. III. the aspirate g is sounded, 1. as initial before a soft vowel or j, gefa, gta, geyma,
geir, gjld. 2. as nal, a double g (gg) or g after a consonant is sounded as aspirate in all instances
where a single g is lost (vide above), thus laggir, leggja, byggja, byggi, veggir, or margir, helgir,
gfgi, engi, mergjar, elgjar, engja. Between two consonants the g is not pronounced, thus fylgdi,
morgna, fylgsni, blgna are sounded as fyldi, morna, fylsni, blnar.
C. SPELLING. -- Here is little to notice: I. in old MSS. the aspirate g as initial is frequently marked
by the insertion of i after it, thus gita, giefa, = gta, gefa, but this is not now used. II. in old Norse
MSS., -- and, by way of imitation, in some Icel., -- the soft g before a vowel is frequently marked
by inserting h after it, thus dagh, deghi, vegha, sagha; in the Middle Ages many foreign MSS.
expressed soft sounds in this way, and so they wrote dh = , gh = soft g, th = , whence comes the
th in modern English; we also nd gh in words such as Helghi, Fb. pref.; probably the g was in
olden times sounded soft in rg, lg, which agrees with the change in English into holy, sorrow, etc.;
ngh = ng also occurs, e.g. erlinghi, Eb. i. 537, denoting a soft sound of ng as in modern Danish and
Swedish. In MSS. we now and then nd a spurious g before j and a vowel, e.g. deygja, meygja, for
deyja, meyja, because the sound was the same in both cases.
D. CHANGES. -- The hard and aspirate g, especially as initial, usually remains in modern foreign
languages, gate, ghost, give, get, except in Engl. yard, yarn (Icel. gar, garn), etc., where the Anglo-
Saxon had a soft g sound. Again, 1. the soft g after a vowel takes a vowel sound, and is in English
marked by w, y, or the like, day, say, saw, law, bow, way, low, = Icel. dag, segja, sg, lg, bogi, veg,
lg, etc.: and even a double g, as in lay, buy, = Icel. leggja or liggja, byggja. 2. so also before or
after a consonant, thus, Engl. said, rain, gain, sail, tail, bail, fowl, etc., = Icel. sagi, regn, gagn,
segl, tagl, hagl, fugl; Engl. sorrow, follow, fellow, worry, borrow, belly, = Icel. sorg, fylgja, flagi,
vargr, byrgi, belgr. In Dan. lov, skov, vej answer to Icel. lg, skg, veg, whereas Sweden and
Norway have kept the g, Swed. lag, skog, vg.
E. INTERCHANGE. -- Lat. h and Gr. answer to Icel. and Teut. g, but the instances of such
interchange are few, e.g. Lat. hostis, hortus, homo, hoedus, heri, = Icel. gestr, garr, gumi, geit, gr;
Lat. hio, Gr. GREEK, cp. Icel. gj, gna; Gr. GREEK = gr, GREEK = gss, GREEK = gall, etc.
GABB, n. mocking, mockery, Fms. vii. 17, 59, ix. 385, Sturl. i. 155, Sks. 247, Karl. 474, Grett. 101.
gabba, a, [Scot. gab], to mock, make game of one, Fms. i. 72, ii. 67, vi. 112, ix. 385, Stj. 609,
Mag. 68, sl. ii. 165, Fs. 159; gabb ok gaman, . H. 78: reex., Bs. i. 319.
gadda, a, to goad, spike, Str. 25, Karl. 172: gaddar, part., Sams. 13.
gaddan, n. a kind of head-gear, an GREEK, Orkn. 304; perh. Gaelic.
GADDR, m. [Ulf. gads = GREEK, 1 Cor. xv. 55, 56; A. S. gadu; Engl. gad, goad; Swed. gadd] :--
a goad, spike, Str. 77, Gsl. 159 (on a sword's hilt); gadda-kylfa, u, f. a 'gad-club,' club with spikes,
Fms. iii. 329; gadd-hjalt, n. a 'gad-hilt,' hilt studded with nails, Eb. 36 new Ed., Gsl. 159, Fas. iii.
288, cp. Worsaae 494, 495, as compared with 330: metaph. phrase, var mjk gadda slegit, 'twas all
but xed with nails, i.e. settled, Nj. 280. II. a sting, Al. 168; (cp. Engl. gad-y.) III. perhaps a
different root, hard snow, also spelt galdr (Fms. viii. 413, v.l., cp. gald, Ivar Aasen); the phrase,
troa gadd, to tread the snow down hard, Fms. vii. 324, viii. 413, ix. 364, 490; en er Birkibeinar
vru komnir upp galdinn hj eim, Fb. ii. 688: even used as neut., gaddit, Fms. viii. l.c. (in a
vellum MS.); gaddit. id. (also vellum MS.); hence gadd-frosinn, part. hard-frozen; gadd-hestr, m.
a jade turned out in the snow. IV. a 'gad-tooth,' a disease in cattle, one or more grinders growing
out so as to prevent the animal from feeding, described in Fl. xiv. note 250; gadd-jaxl, m. a 'gad-
grinder.'
gaffall, m. [Germ. gabel], a fork to eat with, (mod.)
GAFI, a, m. [A. S. geaf = funny], a gaff; fregna eigum langt til gafa, Mkv.: a saying, cp. spyrja er
bezt til vligra egna.
GAFL, m. [Ulf. gibla = GREEK, Luke iv. 9; Engl. gable; Germ. giebel; Dan. gavl; Swed.
gafvel] :-- a gable-end, gable, Sturl. ii. 50, Nj. 209, sl. ii. 74.
ga-hla (gaa, Nj. 203, 209, Orkn. 244). n. a gable-end, Gsl. 88: in pl. gahl, Orkn. 470;
eystra g., 244; at hsendanum vi gahlait, 450; gahlait hvrt-tveggja, sl. ii. 352; selit var grt
um einn s ok l hann gahlum, Ld. 280.
ga-stokkr, m. a gable-beam, Eg. 90.
ga-veggr, m. a gable-end, Nj. 197.
gaga, a, to throw the neck back, Flor. 18.
gagarr, m. a dog; gagarr er skaptr v at geyja skal, a dog is so made as to bark, Mkv. 4: used as a
nickname, Landn. 145: in a verse in Eg. a shell is called 'the ever mute surf-dog' (sgull brimrta
gagarr), prob. from a custom of Icel. children, who in play make shells represent ocks and herds,
k-skeljar (cow-shells), gymbr-skeljar (lamb-shells), and put one shell for a dog. gagara-lj, n. pl.
'dog-song' (?), a kind of metre in Rmur.
GAGG, n., onomatop. the fox's cry.
gagga, a, to howl (of a fox), metaph. to mock at one, 689. 66.
gag-hls, adj. [gagr], with neck thrown back, epithet of a stag, Gm. 33.
GAGL, n. [Ivar Aasen gagl = wild goose, cp. the Scot. a gale of geese = a ock of geese] :-- a wild
goose, Edda (Gl.); gagl fyrir gs, a saying, . H. 87: in poetry, of any bird, hr-g., bl-g., etc., a
carrion-crow; the
word is not used in Icel. except in the saying above; the goshawk is called gagl-fr, n. and gagl-
hati, a, m. goose-destroyer.
gagl-bjartr, adj. bright as a goose, an epithet of a lady, Akv. 39; the wild goose is here made to
serve for a swan!
gagl-vir, m. an GREEK, Vsp. 34; explained by the commentators, a forest where there are wild
geese, but perhaps better as the name of a plant, the sweet gale or bog-myrtle.
GAGN, n. [a Scandin. word, neither found in Saxon nor Germ.; only Ulf. has the root verb
gageigan = GREEK; Swed. gagn; Dan. gavn; Engl. gain is prob. borrowed from the Scandin.]: 1.
sing, gain, advantage, use, avail; hluti er ek veit at honum m gagn at vera, things that can be
of use to him, Nj. 258; er oss var at mestu gagni, sl. ii. 175; er eigi mun vera gagn , that will be of
no use, Fms. iii. 175; a er a litlu gagni, of little avail, etc., passim. 2. gain, victory; sigr ok gagn,
Orkn. 38; hafa gagn, to gain the day, Rb. 398, Hom. 131, Fms. vii. 261; f gagn, id., Fas. i. 294,
freq. in poetry; gagni feginn, triumphant, Fm. 25; gagni ltt feginn, i.e. worsted, Hbl. 29. 3. produce,
revenue, chiey of land; jarir at byggja ok vinna ok allra gagna af at neyta, Eg. 352; hence the law
phrase, to sell an estate 'me llum ggnum ok gum.' 4. goods, such as luggage, utensils, or the
like; san fr hann norr Strandir me gagn sitt, Sturl. i. 10; ker ok sv annat gagn sitt, Grg. ii.
339; bta gar aptr ok ll ggn ok spellvirki, Gl. 421; eir hldu llum farmi ok llu gagni
(luggage), v er skipinu var, Bs. i. 326. . in mod. usage almost always in pl. ggn = household
implements, esp. tubs, pots, etc.; b-ggn, heimilis-ggn, household jars; far-g., farar-g., q.v. 5. in
pl. a law term, proofs, evidence produced in court; at eigi dveli a ggn fyrir mnnum, Grg. i. 25;
nefna vtta at llum ggnum eim er fram vru komin, Nj. 87; eptir ggnum ok vitnum skal hvert
ml dma, a law phrase, upon evidence and witnesses shall every case be tried, Gl. 475; ll ggn
au er eir skulu hafa at dmi, Grg. ii. 270; eir menn allir er dmi sitja er ggnum eru fastir, i.
105, 488, and passim; gagna-ggn, vide below. COMPDS: gagna-hld, n. pl. a holding back of
proofs, evidence, Grg. ii. 273. gagn-augan, f. wealth, Fms. ii. 215. gagn-auigr, adj. wealthy,
well stored, Stj. 361, Ld. 38, Bs. i. 643. gagn-ligr, adj. useful. gagn-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.),
protable, Bs. i. 690, 770. gagn-samr, adj. useful, protable, Sturl. i. 74, Hrafn. 23, Landn. 83, sl.
ii. 62, Stj. 92. gagn-semd and -semi, f. usefulness, protableness, Hrafn. 24. gagns-lauss, adj.
useless. gagns-ltill, adj. of little use. gagns-mikill, adj. of great use. gagns-munir, m. pl. useful
things, Fbr. 22; veita e-m g., to help one, Hkr. ii. 251: mod. gain, prot, eigin g., Pass. 28. 6.
GAGN-, an adverbial prex:
A. [Cp. the adv. gegn], gain- (in gainsay), counter, esp. in law terms :-- hence gagna-ggn, n. pl.
counter-proofs, Grg. i. 106. gagn-augu, n. pl. 'counter-eyes,' temples. gagn-dyrt, n. adj. with
doors opposite one another, Fas. ii. 181. gagn-gjald, n., prop. a 'countergild,' antidote, a Norse law
term, which seems identical with mundr or tilgjf, opp. to heiman-fylgja, dowry, which in case of
the husband's death or divorce was to be the wife's property; gjf and gagngjald are distinguished,
N. G. L. i. 29; skal hon arnast gagngjalds ok gjafar, 51. gagn-gr, f. transgression, 15. 1 (MS.)
gagn-hollr, adj. kind to one another, Hm. 31. gagn-kv, f. a counter-summons, Grg. ii. 102.
gagn-mlendr, part. pl. gain-sayers, opponents, Mart. 114. gagn-mli, n. gain-saying,
contradiction, Fms. x. 403, Stj. 331. gagn-nefna, u, f. a mutual nomination, of arbitrators, Grg. i.
495. gagn-staa, u, f. 'gain-staying,' resistance, Fms. x. 387, Hom. (St.) 43. gagnstu-okkr, m.
the opposite party, Fms. viii. 323: gagnstu-mar, m. an opponent, adversary, 623. 12, 655 xvi.
B. 3: gagn-staleikr (-leiki), m. the contradictory, reverse, Stj. 263. gagn-staligr, adj. (-liga,
adv.), contrary, opposed to, Fms. i. 263, viii. 326, x. 233, Stj. 29, 73, . H. 195, Sks. 576. gagn-
star, adj. id., Stj. 163, Fms. viii. 323. gagn-stligr and gagn-stiligr, adj. = gagnstaligr, Fms.
ix. 528, Sks. 111, 130, 337, Stj. 335, Fs. 172. gagn-sk, f. a counter-action, counter-charge, a law
term, -- the defendant brought forth counter-charges, to be set off against those of the prosecutor,
vide Nj. passim, Grg. i. 294, K. . K. 160, Fs. 74, 125, Grett. 151, Valla L. 204, Rd. 300. gagn-tak,
n. a 'holder against,' the strap to which the girth is attached, Fms. vii. 170, Sturl. iii. 114, Glm.
393, Hkr. iii. 283, Karl. 458, Flor. 78; also called mt-tak. gagn-vert and gagn-vart, n. adj., used as
prep. and adv., over against, with dat., Eg. 206, Fms. vi. 32, vii. 253. xi. 34, Nj. 34, Sd. 163; sitja g.
e-m, Fs. 148; g. slunni, 1812. 133; g. dyrum, Gull. 26, Fbr. 37, 64, passim :-- as adv., Landn. 62,
Fms. ii. 27, xi. 125.
B. [Cp. gegnum and the adj. gegn], through, right through, straight; and so thorough, thoroughly,
very (in which sense gay or gey is still used in Scot. and North. E., Jamieson Suppl. s.v.) :-- hence
gagn-drepa, adj. wet through. gagn-friligr and gagn-frr, adj. through-going, used as transl. of
the Lat. penetrans, Stj. 89, 656 A. i. 34, 655 xxxii. 19. gagn-grt, n. adj. straight, Fb. iii. 296, Gsl.
38. gagn-hrddr, adj. 'gay' (i.e. very) frightened, Fms. iv. 147, 625. 18. gagn-kunnigr, adj.
knowing thoroughly. gagn-leii, n. the 'ganest' (i.e. shortest) way, Al. 92. gagn-orr, adj. 'gane-
worded,' speaking shortly, to the point, Nj. 38; (opp. to marg-orr or lang-orr.) gagn-skeytiligr,
adj. to be shot through, Sks. 398 B. gagn-skorinn, part. scored through, i.e. cut through by fjords,
rivers, etc., Fas. iii. 511: also thoroughly scored, i.e. carved all over, Vgl. 48 new Ed. gagn-stgr,
m. a 'gane' way, short cut, Al. 109, Sks. 2, Fms. vii. 82 (in a verse). gagn-sll, adj. through-seeing,
penetrating, Sks. 208, (rare.) gagn-sr, adj. transparent, Rb. 354; gagnstt gler, Hom. 128. gagn-
vtr, adj. wet through. gagn-vegr, m. [Swed. genvg] = gagnstgr, Hm. 33. gagn-urr, adj. dry all
through, quite dry.
gagna, a, to help, be of use to one, Bs. i. 799; ok ltr sr vel gagna, 655 xxxii: reex. to avail, be
of use, Bs. ii. 141, 143, Vgl. 30, Dipl. i. 6, Jm. 20.
gagn-dagr, gagn-fasta, vide gangdagr, gangfasta.
GAGR, adj. bowed back; this obsolete word is still used in Norway, e.g. gag ljaa, of a scythe; gagt
menneska, a conceited man; cp. gaga, to throw the head back: in compds as gag-hls, q.v. People in
Icel. say, hnakka-kertr, one who throws the neck back, but keikr of bending the backbone back; e.g.
standa keikr, where the Norse say standa gag. The explanation in Lex. Pot, is guess-work, as the
word is not in use in Icel., vide remarks on the word by Bugge in Oldn. Tidsskrift.
gag-vgr, adj. an GREEK; g. bardagi, wanton strife, Fb. (Sverr. S.) ii. 553.
gal, n. crowing; hana-gal, cock-crowing.
GALA, pres. gelr, Hm. 28, 150, Vsp. 35; pret. gl, pl. glu; pret. subj. gli, Haustl. 20; in mod.
usage, pres. galar, r en haninn galar, Matth. xxvi. 34, 74, 75, Mark xiv. 30, cp. Pass. 12. 7; but fyrr
en haninn gelr, Luke xxii. 61; in pret. the old form is preserved, ok jafnsnart gl haninn, Matth.
xxvi. 74; gl n haninn fyrst, Pass. 11. 5; gl haninn anna sinn, 11. 8, Luke xxii. 60; og strax
gl haninn, John xviii. 27; but elsewhere in mod. usage weak, galai: [not recorded in Goth., as Ulf.
renders GREEK l.c. by hrukjan; A. S. galan; Old Engl. and Scot. to gale = to cry; Dan. gale; Swed.
gala] :-- to crow; hn heyrir hana gala, Stj. 208; gl um sum Gullinkambi, Vsp. 35; en annarr gelr,
straur hani, id.: of a crow, Hm. 84. II. metaph. to chant, sing, used trans.; gala sr gott, Hm. 28,
Ls. 31; a gl hann sum, Hm. 161; ann kann ek galdr at gala, I can chant that song, with the
notion of spell, Hm. 153; sv ek gel, 150; hn (the sibyll) gl galdra sna yr r, Edda 58: ironic.,
glu eir eptir stanum, O. H. L. 17; gala at um e-t, to beg blandly, Fms. xi. 113; Herodias gl at
um lt Johannes, 625. 96 :-- with acc. to gladden, cheer, Sl. 26.
galarr, m. an enchanter, the name of a dwarf, Vsp.
gald, n. hard snow, = gaddr, q.v.
galdr or galr, m., gen. galdrs, pl. galdrar, [from gala; A. S. gealdor = cantus, sonitus] :-- prop. a
song, hence in names of old poems, Heimdalar-galdr, Edda 17; but almost always with the notion of
a charm or spell, vide gala II above; hn kva ar yr galdra, Grett. 151, Hkr. i. 8; kvea helgaldra,
Fbr. 24; gala galdra, Edda 58, Hm. 153; me rnum ok ljum eim er galdrar heita, Hkr. i. 11;
galdr ok kvi, Stj. 492: hence II. witchcraft, sorcery, esp. in pl.; galdrar ok fjlkyngi, Fb. i. 214,
K. . K. 76, Grett. 155; galdrar ok gjrningar, Anal. 244; galdrar ok forneskja, Gsl. 41, Grett. 155;
me gldrum, 180 (in a verse); sj vi gldrum, Hom. 86, sl. ii. 77: a end (= Icel. sending), reka
ann galdr t til slands at orlei ynni at fullu, Fb. i. 213, (rare.) COMPDS: galdra-bk, f. a book
of magic, 655 xiii, sl. js. i. 514. galdra-uga, u, f. a 'witch-y,' a kind of y, tipula nigra
subhirta, Eggert Itin. 604; cp. ugu-mar. galdra-fullr, adj. full of sorcery, Fas. i. 108. galdra-hr,
f. a magic storm, hurricane raised by spells, Fas. i. 108. galdra-kind, f. a foul witch, Fas. i. 97:
galdra-kinn, f. a 'spell-cheek,' a nickname, Eb. galdra-kona, u, f. a witch, sorceress, sl. ii. 73, Stj.
491, v.l. galdra-ligr, adj. magical, Stj. 91. galdra-list, f. magic art, Stj. 100, Fas. iii. 237. galdra-
lti, n. pl. magical mummeries, Fas. ii. 373. galdra-mar, m. a wizard, Fms. xi. 435, Fas. i. 5, Barl.
102, 149. galdra-meistari, a, m. a magician, Stj. 437. galdra-raumr, m. a great sorcerer, Fas. ii.
375. galdra-samligr, adj. magical, Stj. 91. galdra-smir, m. a 'spellsmith,' sorcerer, magician, Hkr.
i. 10. galdra-snapr, m. a wizard-impostor, galdra-star, m. pl. magical characters. galdra-sgur,
f. pl. tales of witches. galdra-vl, f. a magical device, Post. 80.
GALEI, f. [a for. word; galea, galio, galeida, Du Gauge], a galiot, Fms. vi. 134, 168, vii. 78, 179,
sl. ii. 394.
gal-gopi, a, m. a coxcomb.
galinn, prop. a part. from gala, enchanted, but used in the sense of mad, Fms. i. 44, vii. 187: frantic,
Gsl. 138: voluptuous, sensual, Stj. 55; er galin girnd sem svn, lf. 3. 57.
GALL, n. [A. S. gealla; Engl. gall; Germ. galle; Dan. galde; Gr. GREEK] :-- gall, bile, Pr.
472-474, Fbr. 137: metaph. an acid drink, Anecd. 10; edik galli blanda, GREEK, Matth. xxvii. 34.
gall-harr, adj. hard as cinders, qs. gjall-harr, Bs. ii. 65, freq.
GALLI, a, m. [cp. Swed. gall = barren], a fault, aw, drawback, Hm. 134, freq. in mod. usage (r-
galli, q.v.); hence galla-lauss, adj. faultless, Hom. (St.) 64, 72: gallar, part. vicious, guileful. II. a
nickname, Bs. i. Laur. S.
gall-opnir, m., pot. a cock, Lex. Pot.
gall-stt, f., medic. atra bilis.
gall-srr, adj. sour or hot as gall.
GALM, f. or galmr, m., only in local names, Galmar-strnd, [cp. A. S. gealm = din], prob. called
so from the roaring of the surf.
galpn, mod. galapn, n. [for. word; Scot. galopin = lackey], a merry fellow; ert mesta galapn!
-- a nickname, Sturl. iii. 209 C.
galsi, a, m. wild joy; galsa-ligr, adj. frolicsome.
galti, a, m. (vide gltr), a boar, bog, Fms. iv. 58, Fas. i. 88, Gull. 15, Fs. 71, 141; Galt-nes, n.
'Hog's-ness,' a local name; Galt-nesingr, m. a man from G., Sturl.
gal-tmr, adj. quite empty, of a tub.
Gal-verskr, adj. from Galilee, Mar.
gamal-dags, as adv. old-fashioned, (mod.)
gamal-karl, m. an old man, Fms. ii. 182.
GAMALL, contr. forms, gamlan, gamla, gamlir, gamlar, gmlum, etc., fem. sing. and neut. pl.
gmul; neut. sing, gamalt; the compar. and superl. from a different root, viz. compar. ellri, superl.
ellztr, mod. eldri eldstr or elztr: [not recorded in Ulf., who renders GREEK by aleis; but in A. S.
gamol and gomel occur, although rarely even in Beowulf; in mod. Engl. and Germ. it is lost, but is
in full use in all Scandin. dialects; Swed. gammal; Dan. gammel; Norse gamal, fem. gomol, Ivar
Aasen]: I. old, Lat. senex; in the sayings, eygi saman gamalt og ungt, lf. 3. 44; opt er gott at er
gamlir kvea, Hm. 134, Fb. i. 212; llt a kenna gmlum hundi a sitja; gamlir eru elztir, old are the
eldest, i.e. the most cunning, clever; tvisvar verr gamall mar barn; engi verr eldri en gamall; en
tt konungr essi s gr mar ... mun hann eigi vera ellri en gamall, Fms. iv. 282; fair
minn var gamall, Nj. 31; g. spmar, an old spae-man, 656 B. 12; hence gamals-aldr, m. old age,
Ld. 4, Fms. ii. 71: compds, af-garnall, fjr-g., eld-g., q.v.; cp. also r-gemlir = Germ. uralt, a giant
in Edda. 2. grown up, old, of animals; arr-uxi gamall, Grg. i. 502; gamlir sauir, old rams; gjalda
grs fyrir gamalt svn, . H. 86; fyrr gmlum uxanum at bsa en klnum, a pun, Fms. vi. 28. 3.
old, of things, freq. in mod. usage, but the ancients use gamall of persons or living things, and
distinguish between gamall and forn (q.v.); a man is 'gamall,' but he wears 'forn' kli (old clothes),
thus in the verse Fms. xi. 43 gamall prob. refers to Gorm and not to land; Merl. 1. 61 is corrupt;
vide gjallr (below); gamall sir, Anal. 187, does not appear in Fb. iii. 401 (the original of the mod.
text in Anal.) II. old, aged, of a certain age; nokkurra vetra gamall, some years old, Fms. xi. 78;
fjgurra vetra gmul, ir. 221; hve gamall mar ertu, how old art thou? sl. ii. 220; tlf vetra
gamall, 204; mm, sex, vetra gamall, Grg. i. 502; vetr-gamall, a winter old; rs-gamall, a year old;
misseris-gamall, half a year old; ntr-g., a night old, etc. III. in pr. names, hinn Gamli is added as a
soubriquet, like 'major' in Lat., to distinguish an older man from a younger man of the same name;
hinn gamli and hinn ungi also often answer to the Engl. 'father and son;' thus, Hkon Gamli and
Hkon Ungi, old and young H., Fms.; also, Jrundr Gamli, Ketilbjrn Gamli, rlygr Gamli, Bragi
Gamli, Ingimundr hinn Gamli, etc., vide Landn.; Ari hinn Gamli, Bs. i. 26, to distinguish him from
his grandson Ari Sterki; cp. the Lat. Cato Major: in some of the instances above it only means the
old = Lat. priscus.
B. The compar. is ellri and superl. ellztr; eigi ellra en einnar ntr, 1812. 57; fjrtan vetra gamall er
ellri, K. . 190; enir ellri synir Brjns, Nj. 269; inn ellzti, 38; ellztr brranna, Grg. i. 307; hann
var ellztr, Eg. 27, Fms. i. 20,
gamal-ligr, adj. elderly, Fms. ii. 59.
gamal-menni, n. an aged person, Eg. 89, Orkn. 78, Rd. 302.
gamal-rar, f. pl. dotage from age, Eb. 318.
gamal-rr, adj. in dotage, Nj. 194, Eb. 322, Grett. 116, Fas. ii. 93.
GAMAN, n., dat. gamni, (gafni, Fas. i. 176, Fms. x. 328, Br. 9); [A. S. gomen, gamen; Engl.
game; O. H. G. gaman; mid. H. G. gamen; Dan. gammen] :-- game, sport, pleasure, amusement; in
the sayings, lti er ungs manns gaman; mar er manns gaman, Hm. 46; and in the phrases, gra e-t
a gamni snu, or, sr til gamans, to do a thing for amusement; mart er sr til gamans gert, Tma R.;
jtni at gamni, kv. 23; var mest g. Egils at ra vi hana, Eg. 764; ykja g. at e-u, to make
game of; mun Rtr hlja ok ykja g. at, Rut will then laugh and be amused by it, Nj. 33: gaman
ykir kerlingunni at mur vrri, 68; henda g. at e-u, to make game of, Bs. i. 790, ir. 226, Grett.
142 new Ed., Fms. xi. 109. . in proverbial sayings; kalt er kattar gamani, cold is the cat's play, i.e.
she scratches; ferr a grna gamani, the game begins to be rather rude; or, a fer a fara af
gamani, the game fares to be serious :-- love, pleasure, pot., in the allit. phrase, hafa ge ok
gaman konu, Hbl. 18, Hm. 98, 162; gamni mr undi, Hbl. 30; unna e-m gamans, Skm. 39, Fsm. 43,
51: coitus, er hann hafi-t ggjar g., Vm. 32.
gaman-fer, f. a pleasure-trip, Fas. ii. 77.
gaman-fundr, m. a merry-making, Nj. 113.
gaman-leikr, m, a game, Grett. 107, Mag. 30.
gaman-ml, n. merry folk, joking, Fms. xi. 151, Ld. 306, Karl. 532.
gaman-rnar, f. pl. merry talk, Hm. 122, 132.
gaman-ra, u, f. merry talk, Sks. 165, Fs. 72.
gaman-samligr, adj. amusing, Sks. 118, 621, Fas. i. 332, ii. 459.
gaman-samr, adj. gamesome, merry, Fms. ix. 249, Sks. 634.
gaman-vsa, u, f. a comic ditty, Hkr. iii. 71.
gaman-yri, n. playful words, fun, Sks. 433.
gaman-ing, n. a meeting of lovers, Lex. Pot.
gamban-, a dubious word, perh. costly; in A. S. poetry gamban occurs twice or thrice in an allit.
phrase, gamban gyldan = to pay a fee (Grein): gamban-reii, f. splendid gear (?), Skm. 33;
gamban-sumbl, n. a sumptuous banquet, Ls. 8; gamban-teinn, m. a staff, Skm. 32. These poems
seem to be by one hand, and the word occurs nowhere else in the northern languages.
gambr, m. = gammr, Barl. 39, ir. 92, D. N. ii. 255, iv. 457: gambrs-kl, f. a grifn's claw, used
as a pedestal for a drinking-horn, D. N.
gambr, n. wanton talk, boasting.
gambra, a, to brag, bluster, Glm. 332, Al. 138, 655 xiii. A. B, Grett. 134 A, Fms. xi. 147 :-- to
prate, Stj. 401. Judges ix. 38; vi hfum tum gambra Geir, um gtu krktir saman, Sig. Pt. N
Fl. vii. 194.
gambrari, a, m. a bragger, blusterer.
gambr-mosi, a, m. a kind of moss, Hjalt.
gamlar, part. very aged, Hkr. i. 148, Fas. i. 372, Ver. 15, Ld. 250.
gamli, a, m., pot, an eagle, Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Landn.
gammi, a, m. (a Fin. word), the dwelling of a Finn, Fms. i. 8, x. 379, Fas. ii. 174: of a dwarf's
abode, ir. 21; dwarfs were often confounded with Finns.
gammi, a, m. the gamut in music, Sklda.
GAMMR, m. a vulture, Fms. iii. 207, Nj. 123, Fas. ii. 151, 231, iii. 210, 366, 612, Karl. 527, 544.
gamna, a, with dat. to amuse, divert, Fms. viii. 4.
GAN, n. frenzy, frantic gestures; fara me hltri ok gani, Nj. 220; hon hljp me pi miklu ok gani,
Fas. iii. 177.
gana, , mod. a, to rush, run frantically; hann spuri hv hann gandi sv, Sturl. ii. 177; ganai
hann langt undan hernum, Fas. iii. 422; ganir at honum ok hggr, Jmsv. 49; tt ganir galinn,
Skld H. 2. 57: of wildre, Sklda 202 (in a verse); in Fbr. 162 (in a verse) it has the notion to glare
in one's face; akin is gna (q.v.), to stare.
GANDR, m. :-- the exact sense of this word is somewhat dubious; it is mostly used in poetry and in
compds, and denotes anything enchanted or an object used by sorcerers, almost like zauber in
Germ., and hence a monster, end; thus the Leviathan of northern mythology is called Jrmun-
gandr, the great 'gand;' or Storar-gandr, the 'gand' of the earth: a snake or serpent is by Kormak
called gandr or gandir, Korm. ch. 8: wildre is hallar g., a worrier of halls, and selju g., a willow-
worrier, Lex. Pot.: the wolf Fenrir is called Vonar-gandr, the monster of the river Von, vide Edda.
COMPDS: Gand-lfr, in. a pr. name, a wizard, bewitched demon. gand-uga, u, f. = galdrauga, a
'gand' y, gad-y, a kind of tipula, Eggert Itin. 604. gand-rekr, m. a gale brought about by
witchcraft, Bs. i. 647 (in a verse), Edda (Gl.) Gand-vk, f. 'Gand' bay, i.e. Magic bay, the old name
of the White Sea, for the Lapps were famous sorcerers. gand-rei, f. the 'witches' ride;' in nursery
tales a witch is said to ride on a broomstick, Germ. besenstiel; in old lore they were said to ride by
night on wolves, which are hence in poetry called 'the steeds of witches;' f mr t krkstaf minn
ok bandvetlinga v at ek vil gandrei fara, Fms. iii. 176; ekki skorti gandreiir eynni um
nttina, Fas. ii. 131; hann kva hann s hafa gandrei, ok er at jafnan fyrir strtindum, Nj. 195;
cp. also on this subject sl. js. i. 440 sqq.; renna gndum, to slide on 'gands,' ride a witch-ride;
va he ek gndum rennt ntt, of a witch in Fbr. 124; vta ganda, to bewitch 'gands,' i.e. to deal in
sorcery, Vsp. 25, cp. the passage in ir. S., fr Ostracia t ok rri gand sinn, then O. (a witch)
went out (cp. tiseta) and reared her 'gands,' i.e. raised ghosts, or gener. exercised her black art, --
the MSS. have here even neut. gannd (gnd) sn. The compd sp-gandar in Vsp. seems to mean
'spae-ghosts' or spirits of divination.
UNCERTAIN Some commentators render gandr bv wolf, others by broom; but the sense no doubt
lies deeper. Gunnar Plsson (died 1793) says that gandr is used in Icel. of the helm of a ship; but no
such word is known, at least in the west of Icel.
GANGA, pret. gekk or gkk, 2nd pers. gkkt, mod. gkst; pl. gengu, geingu, or gngu, and an old
pot. gingu; gengengu in Vsp. 12 is a mere misspelling (vide Sm. Mb. 258); pres. geng, pl.
gngum; pret. subj. gengi (geingi); imperat. gakk and gakkt; with the neg. sufx geng-at, gengr-at,
gkk-at, gakk-attu, passim; a middle form gngumk rr, go from me, Gm. 1: a contracted form g
occurs now and then in mod. hymns; it is not vernacular but borrowed from Germ. and Dan.: [cp.
Ulf. gaggan; A. S. and Hel. gangan; Scot. and North. E. gang, mod. Engl. go; Dan.-Swed. gange or
g; Germ. gehen; Ivar Aasen ganga: Icel., Scots, and Norsemen have preserved the old ng, which
in Germ. and Swed.-Dan. only remains in poetry or in a special sense, e.g. in Germ. compds.]
A. To go: I. to walk; rei jarl en Karkr gkk, Fms. i. 210, Rm. 1, 2, 6, 14, 23, 24, 30, Edda 10, Grg.
ii. 95, passim; ganga leiar sinnar, to go one's way, Fms. x. 290, Krk. 26: adding acc., g. alla lei,
Fms. xi. 202, 299; g. berg, to climb a cliff; g. afrttar, to search the fell-pastures (fjallganga), Hv.
39; also g. (to climb) fjall, kletta, Fms. x. 313: Icel. also say, ganga sk og sokka, to wear out
shoes and socks; hann gkk tvenna sk; ganga berserks gang, q.v. . absol. to go a-begging, Grg. i.
226, 232, sl. ii. 25; ganga vergang, hsgang, id. (gngumar). II. adding adverbs, innitives,
adjectives, or the like, u. an adverb denoting direction; g. t ok inn, Vkv. 4, Lv. 26; g. inn, Fms. i.
16, vi. 33; g. t, to go out, Lat. exire, Nj. 194; g. aptr, to return, Fms. x. 352; g. fram, to step
forward, Hm. 1, Eg. 165; g. upp, to go up, ashore; g. ofan, nir, to go down; g. heiman, 199; g.
heim, to go home; gakk hingat, come hither! 488; g. mti, gegn e-m, to go against, to meet one; g.
braut, to go away; g. til e-s, or at e-m, to go to one; g. fr e-m, to leave one; g. me e-m, to go with
one; g. hj, to pass by; g. saman, to go together; g. yr, to go over; g. gegnum, to go through; g.
undir, to go under; g. undan, fyrir, to go before; g. eptir, to go behind; g. um, to rove, stroll about,
and so on passim; g. sti, to go to one's seat, take a seat, Eg. 551; g. til hvlu, to go to bed, Nj.
201; g. til matar, to go to dinner, Sturl. iii. 111, Eg. 483; g. til vinnu, verks, to go to one's work, cp.
Hm. 58; g. kirkju, to go to church, Rb. 82; g. fjall, to go on the fells, Hrafn. 34; g. skip, to go
on board, Fms. x. 10; g. af skipi, to go ashore. . with inn., in old poems often dropping 'at;' ganga
sofa, to go to sleep, Fm. 27; g. at sofa, Hm. 19; g. vega, to go to ght, Vsp. 56, Ls. 15; g. at eiga
konu, to go to be married, Grg. i. 318. . with an adj.; g. hrddr, to be afraid; g. viss, to be in
ignorance, etc., Fms. vii. 271, Sks. 250, 688. 2. in a more special sense; g. til einvgis, bardaga, to
go to a duel, battle, Nj. 64; g. hlm (hlmganga), Eg. 504, 506; g. eintal, Nj. 103; g. til mls vi
e-n, to speak to one, Eg. 199, 764; g. glmu, to go a-wrestling, sl. ii. 246; g. fang, id., Ld. 206; g.
danz, to go a-dancing; g. til skripta, to go to shrift, Hom. 157; g. at brkaupi, to go to be married,
Fms. vii. 278; g. skla, klaustr, to go to school, go into a cloister (as an inmate), (hence skla-
genginn, a school-man, scholar), Bs. passim; g. jnustu, to take service, Nj. 268; g. li me e-
m, to enter one's party, side with one, 100; g. lg, to enter a league with one; g. r lgum, to go
out of a league, passim; g. flag, r flagi, id.; g. mala, to take service as a soldier, 121; g.
hnd, g. til handa, to submit to one as a liegeman, surrender, Eg. 19, 33, . H. 184, Fms. vii. 180; g.
vald e-m, to give oneself up, Nj. 267; g. hendr e-m, to encroach upon, Ver. 56; g. skuld, to bail,
Grg. i. 232, Dipl. ii. 12; g. trna, to warrant, Fms. xi. 356; g. til tryga, Nj. 166, and g. til gria,
to accept truce, surrender, Fas. ii. 556; g. ml, to enter, undertake a case, Nj. 31; g. nau, to go
into bondage, Eg. 8; g. til lands, jarar, rkis, arfs, to take possession of ..., 118, Stj. 380, Grg.,
Fms. passim; g. til frttar, to go to an oracle, take auspices, 625. 89; g. til Heljar, a phrase for to die,
Fms. x. 414; g. nr, to go nigh, go close to, press hard on, Ld. 146, 322, Fms. xi. 240 (where
reex.); var s vir bi mikill og gr v at orkell gkk nr, Th. kept a close eye on it, Ld. 316.
B. Joined with prepp. and adverbs in a metaph. sense :-- g. af, to depart from, go off; gkk af
honum mrinn ok sefaisk hann, Edda 28; er af honum gkk hamremin, Eg. 125, Eb. 136, Stj.
118; g. af sr, to go out of or beyond oneself; mjk g. eir svari-brr n af sr, Fbr. 32; mti Ba
er hann gengr af sr (rages) sem mest, Fb. i. 193; gkk mest af sr ranglti manna um lnir, Bs.
i. 135: so in the mod. phrases, g. fram af sr, to overstrain oneself; and g. af sr, to fall off, decay: to
forsake, g. af tr, to apostatize, Fms. ii. 213; g. af vitinu, to go out of one's wits, go mad, Post. 656
C. 31; g. af Gus boorum, Stj. passim: to pass. Pskar g. af, Ld. 200: to be left as surplus
(afgangr), Rb. 122, Grg. i. 411, K. . K. 92 :-- g. aptr, to walk again, of a ghost (aptrganga), Ld.
58, Eb. 278, Fs. 131, 141, passim; and absol., g. um hbli, to hunt, Landn. 107: to go back, be void,
of a bargain, Gl. 491 :-- g. at e-m, to go at, attack, Nj. 80, 160: to press on, Grg. i. 51, Dipl. ii. 19
(atgangr): g. at e-u, to accept a choice, Nj. 256; g. at mli, to assist, help, 207: to t, of a key, lykla
sem g. at kstum yrum, Finnb. 234, Fbr. 46 new Ed., N. G. L. i. 383: medic. to ail, e- gengr at
e-m; ok gengr at barni, and if the bairn ails, 340, freq. in mod. usage of ailment, grief, etc. :-- g. e-
t, to go against, encroach upon; ganga rki e-s, Fms. i. 2; g. upp , to tread upon, vii. 166; hverr
mar er lofat gengr ml eirra, who trespasses against their measure, Grg. i. 3: to break, g.
or, eia, sttir, trygir, gri, Finnb. 311, Fms. i. 189, Ld. 234; g. bak e-u, to contravene, sl. ii.
382; ganga , to go on with a thing, Grg. ii. 363; hence the mod. phrase, miki gengr , much
going on; hva gengr , what is going on? a er fari a g. a (of a task or work or of stores), it
is far advanced, not much left :-- g. eptir, to go after, pursue, claim (eptirgangr), Nj. 154, r. 67,
Fms. vii. 5; g. eptir e-m, to humour one who is cross, in the phrase, g. eptir e-m me grasi
sknum; vertu ekki a g. eptir strknum; hann vill lta g. eptir ser (of a spoilt boy, cross fellow): to
prove true, follow, hn mlti mart, en gkk at sumt eptir, Nj. 194; eptir gkk at er mr bau
hugr um, Eg. 21, Fms. x. 211 :-- g. fram, to go on well in a battle, Nj. 102, 235, Hv. 57
(framgangr): to speed, Nj. 150, Fms. xi. 427: to grow, increase (of stock), f Hallgerar gkk fram
ok var allmikit, Nj. 22; en er fram gkk mjk kvikf Skallagrms, Eg. 136, Vgl. 38: to come to
pass, skal ess ba er etta gengr fram, Nj. 102, Fms. xi. 22: to die, x. 422 :-- g. fr, to leave (a
work) so and so; g. vel fr, to make good work; g. lla fr, to make bad work; a er lla fr v
gengi, it is badly done :-- g. fyrir, to go before, to yield to, to be swayed by a thing; heldr n vi
ht, en ekki geng ek fyrir slku, Fms. i. 305; at vr gangim heldr fyrir blu en stru, ii. 34, Fb. i.
378, Hom. 68; hvrki gkk hann fyrir blyrum n gnarmlum, Fms. x. 292; hann gkk fyrir
fortlum hennar, Bs. i. 742: in mod. usage reex., gangast fyrir llu, gu: to give away, tk hann
at ganga fyrir, Fb. i. 530: Icel. now say, reex., gangast fyrir, to fall off, from age or the like (vide
fyrirgengiligr): to prevent, skal honum eigi fyrnska fyrir g., N. G. L. i. 249; er hann sekr rem
mrkum nema nausyn gangi fyrir, 14; at eim gangi lgleg forfll fyrir, Gl. 12 :-- g. gegn, to go
against, to meet, in mod. usage to deny, and so it seems to be in Gl. 156; otherwise in old writers it
always means the reverse, viz. to avow, confess; mar gengr gegn, at braut kvesk tekit hafa, the
man confessed and said that he had taken it away, sl. ii. 331; ef mar gengr gegn legorinu, Grg.
i. 340; s goi er gegn gkk (who acknowledged) ingfesti hans, 20; hann iraisk rs sns, ok
gkk gegn at hann hefi saklausan selt herra sinn, Sks. 584, -- this agrees with the parallel phrase,
g. vi e-t, mod. g. vi e-u, to confess, both in old and mod. usage, id. :-- g. hj, to pass by, to waive
a thing, Fms. vi. 168 :-- g. me, to go with one, to wed, marry (only used of a woman, like Lat.
nubere), her vert tekit at g. me mr, Ld. 262, Sd. 170, Grg. i. 178, ir. 209, Gkv. 2. 27,
Fms. xi. 5: medic., g. me barni, to go with child, i. 57; with acc. (barn), Bs. i. 790, and so in mod.
usage; a mother says, sama sumari sem eg gkk me hann (hana) N. N., (megngutmi); but dat.
in the phrase, vera me barni, to be with child; g. me buri, of animals, Sks. 50, Stj. 70; g. me
mli, to assist, plead, Eg. 523, Fms. xi. 105, Eb. 210; g. me e-u, to confess [Dan. medgaae], Stj.,
but rare and not vernacular :-- g. milli, to go between, intercede, esp. as a peacemaker, passim
(milli-ganga, meal-ganga) :-- g. mti, to resist, Nj. 90, 159, 171: of the tide, en ar gkk mti
tfalls-straumr, Eg. 600 :-- g. saman, to go together, marry, Grg. i. 324, Fms. xi. 77: of a bargain,
agreement, vi etta gkk saman sttin, Nj. 250; saman gkk kaupit me eim, 259 :-- g. sundr, to
go asunder, part, and of a bargain, to be broken off, passim :-- g. til, to step out, come along; gangit
til, ok blti, 623. 59; gangit til, ok hyggit at, landsmenn, Fms. iv. 282: to offer oneself, to volunteer,
Bs. i. 23, 24: the phrase, e-m gengr e- til e-s, to purpose, intend; en at gkk mr til ess (that was
my reason) at ek ann r eigi, etc., sl. ii. 269; sagi, at honum gkk ekki trnar til essa, Fms. x.
39; gkk Flosa at til, at ..., Nj. 178; gengr mr meirr at til, at ek vilda rra vini mna vandrum,
Fms. ii. 171; mlgi gengr mr til, 'tis that I have spoken too freely, Orkn. 469, Fms. vi. 373, vii.
258: to fare, hversu her ykkr til gengi, how have you fared? Grett. 48 new Ed.; Loka gkk ltt til,
it fared ill with L., Fb. i. 276: mod., at gkk sv til, it so happened, but not freq., as bera vi is
better, (tilgangr, intention) :-- g. um e-t, to go about a thing; g. um sttir, to go between, as
peacemaker, Fms. v. 156; g. um beina, to attend guests, Nj. 50, passim: to manage, fkk hn sv um
gengit, Grett. 197 new Ed.; hversu r gengu um mitt gs, 206: to spread over, in the phrase, m
at er um margan gengr; ess er um margan gengr guma, Hm. 93: to veer, go round, of the wind,
gkk um verit ok styrmdi at eim, the wind went round and a gale met them, Bs. i. 775 :-- g.
undan, to go before, escape, Ver. 15, Fms. vii. 217, Blas. 49: to be lost, wasted, jafnmikit sem undan
gkk af hans vanrkt, Gl. 338: to absent oneself, eggjuusk ok bu engan undan g., Fms. x.
238 :-- g. undir, to undertake a duty, freq.: to set, of the sun, Rb. 468, Vgl. (in a verse): to go into
one's possession, power, Fms. vii. 207; -- g. upp, to be wasted, of money, Fr. 39, Fms. ix. 354: of
stones or earth-bound things, to get loose, be torn loose, eir glmdu sv at upp gengu stokkar allir
hsinu, Landn. 185; est gkk upp at sem fyrir eim var, Hv. 40, Finnb. 248; ok gkk r
garinum upp (was rent loose) gartorfa frosin, Eb. 190: to rise, yield, when summoned, Sturl. iii.
236: of a storm, gale, to get up, rise, ver gkk upp at eins, Grett. 94, Br. 169; gengr upp stormr
hinn sami, Bs. ii. 50: of an ice-bound river, to swell, in var kaiga mikil, vru hfusar at
bum-megin, en gengin upp (swoln with ice) eptir miju, Ld. 46, Fbr. 20 new Ed., Bjarn. 52;
vtnin upp gengin, Fbr. 114; in var gengin upp ok ll yrferar, Grett. 134 :-- g. vi, in the phrase,
g. vi staf, to go with a staff, rest on it: with dat., g. vi e-u, to avow (vide ganga gegn above) :-- g.
yr, to spread, prevail, r Kristnin gengi yr, Fms. x. 273; htu heiin go til ess at au lti eigi
Kristnina g. yr landit, Bs. i. 23: the phrase, lta eitt g. yr ba, to let one fate go over both, to
stand by one another for weal and woe; he ek v heiti honum at eitt skyldi g. yr okkr bi, Nj.
193, 201, 204, Gull. 8: so in the saying, m at er yr margan gengr, a common evil is easier to
bear, Fbr. 45 new Ed. (vide um above); muntu n vera at segja slkt sem yr her gengi, all that
has happened, Fms. xi. 240; ess gengr ekki yr at eir vili eim lengr jna, they will no longer
serve them, come what may, Orkn. 84: to overrun, tyrannize over, eir vru jafnaar menn ok
ganga ar yr alla menn, Fms. x. 198 (yrgangr): to transgress, Hom. 109: to overcome, tti llum
mnnum sem hann mundi yr allt g., Fms. vii. 326: a naut. term, to dash over, as spray, fall sv
mikit at yr gkk egar skipit, Bs. i. 422; hence the metaph. phrase, g. yr e-n, to be astonished;
a gengr yr mig, it goes above me, I am astonished.
C. Used singly, of various things: 1. of cattle, horses, to graze (haga-gangr); segja menn at svn
hans gengi Svnanesi, en sauir Hjararnesi, Landn. 124, Eg. 711; klfrinn x skjtt ok gkk
tni um sumarit, Eb. 320; Freyfaxi gengr dalnum fram, Hrafn. 6; ar var vanr at g. hafr um tnit,
Nj. 62; ar var til grass (grs) at g., Ld. 96, Grg. passim; gangandi gripr, cattle, beasts, Bjarn. 22;
ganganda f, id., Sturl. i. 83, Band. 2, sl. ii. 401. 2. of shoals of sh, to go up, in a river or the like
(ski-ganga, -gengd); vtn er netnmir skar g. , Grg. i. 149; til landaunar horfi sari r
skr gkk upp Kvarmii, Sturl. ii. 177; skr er genginn inn r lum, Bb. 3. 52. 3. of the sun,
stars, vide B. above, (slar-gangr hstr, lengstr, and lgstr skemstr = the longest and shortest day);
r sl gangi af ingvelli, Grg. i. 24; v at ar gkk eigi sl af um skamdegi, Landn. 140, Rb.
passim :-- of a thunder-storm, ar gkk reii-duna me eldingu, Fb. iii. 174 :-- of the tide, stream,
water, vide B. above, ea gangi at vtn ea skriur, K. . K. 78. 4. of a ship, gkk skipit mikit,
Eg. 390, Fms. vi. 249; ltu sv g. sur fyrir landit, Eg. 78; lt sv g. sur allt ar til er hann sigldi
Englands-haf, . H. 149; rru ntt ok dag sem g. mtti, Eg. 88; gkk skipit brtt t haf, . H. 136.
. to pass; kva engi skip skyldi g. (go, pass) til slands at sumar, Ld. 18. II. metaph. to run out,
stretch out, project, of a landscape or the like; gengr haf fyrir vestan ok ar af rir strir, Eg. 57; g.
hf str r tsjnum inn jrina; haf (the Mediterranean) gengr af Njrva-sundum (the Straits of
Gibraltar), Hkr. i. 5; nes mikit gkk s t, Eg. 129, Nj. 261; gegnum Danmrk gengr sjr (the
Baltic) Austrveg, A. A. 288; fyrir austan hafs-botn ann (Bothnia) er gengr til mts vi Gandvk
(the White Sea), Orkn. begin.: fr Bjarmalandi g. lnd til byga, A. A. 289; Europa gengr allt til
endimarka Hispaniae, Stj. 83; llum megin gengr at henni haf ok kringir um hana, 85; essi ingh
gkk upp (extended) um Skriudal, Hrafn. 24: of houses, af fjsi gkk forskli, Dropl. 28. 2. to
spread, branch out; en af v tungurnar eru lkar hvr annarri, r egar, er r einni ok hinni smu
hafa gengit ea greinzt, arf lka sta at hafa, Sklda (Thorodd) 160: of a narrative, gengr
essi saga mest af Sverri konungi, this story goes forth from him, i.e. relates to, tells of him, Fb. ii.
533; litlar sgur megu g. af hesti mnum, Nj. 90; um fram alla menn Norrna er sgur g. fr,
Fms. i. 81. III. to take the lead, prevail; gkk aan af Englandi Valska, thereafter (i.e. after the
Conquest) the Welsh tongue prevailed in England, sl. ii. 221; ok ar allt sem Dnsk tunga gengi,
Fms. xi. 19; mean Dnsk tunga gengr, x. 179 :-- of money, to be current, hundra aura er
gengu gjld, Dropl. 16; eigi skulu lnar g. arar en essar, Grg. i. 498; enna t gkk hr silfr
allar strskuldir, 500, Fms. viii. 270; eptir v sem gengr (the course) estra manna millum, Gl.
352 :-- of laws, to be valid, ok var nr sem sn lg gengi hverju fylki, Fms. iv. 18; inn setti lg
landi snu au er gengit hfu fyrr me sum, Hkr. i. 13; eirra laga er gengu Uppsala-ingi, .
H. 86; hr her Kristindms-blk ann er g. skal, N. G. L. i. 339; s sir er gkk, Fb. i. 71, (vide
ganga yr) :-- of sickness, plague, famine, to rage, gkk landfarstt, bla, drepstt, hallri, freq.;
also impers., gkk v hallri um allt sland, Bs. i. 184; mikit hallri ok hart gkk yr flki, 486,
v.l.; gkk sttin um hausti fyrir sunnan land; gkk mest plgan fyrri, Ann. 1402, 1403. IV. to go
on, last, in a bad sense, of an evil; tkst san bardagi, ok er hann hafi gengit um hr, Fs. 48:
impers., her essu gengit (it has gone on) marga manns-aldra, Fms. i. 282; gkk v lengi, so it
went on a long while, Grett. 79 new Ed.; gkk essu enn til dags, Nj. 272; ok gkk v um hr,
201; ok gkk v allan ann dag, Fms. vii. 147; lt v g. allt sumar, xi. 57; gengr essu ar til
er ..., Fb. i. 258. V. denoting violence; ltu g. bi grjt ok vpn, Eg. 261; ltu hvrir-tveggju g.
allt at er til vpna hfu, Fms. ix. 44; lta hggin g., to let it rain blows, lf. 12. 40; hung,
spottyri, hrp ok brigzl hver lt me rum g. vxl, Pass. 14. 3, (vpna-gangr); Birkibeinar ra
eptir, ok ltu g. lrana, and sounded violently the alarum, Fms. ix. 50, (lra-gangr); lta dluna
g., to pour out bad language, vide dla. VI. to be able to go on, to go, partly impers.; ef at gengr
eigi, if that will not do, Fms. vi. 284; sv ykt at eim gkk ar ekki at fara, they stood so close that
they could not proceed there, Nj. 247; nam ar vi, gkk eigi lengra, there was a stop; then it
could go no farther, Fms. xi. 278; leiddu eir skipit upp eptir nni, sv sem gkk, as far as the ship
could go, as far as the river was navigable, Eg. 127: esp. as a naut. term, impers., e.g. eim gkk
ekki fyrir nesi, they could not clear the ness; gengr eigi lengra, ok fella eir segli, Bs. i.
423; at vestr gengi um Langanes, 485, v.l. VII. with adverbs; g. ltt, jtt, to go smoothly; g. ungt,
seint, to go slowly; oss munu ll vpna-viskipti ungt g. vi , Nj. 201; ungt g. oss n
mlaferlin, 181; gkk eim ltt atsknin, Stj. 385; at eim fegum hefi allir hlutir lttast gengit,
Bs. i. 274; seint gengr, rir, greizlan, . H. 149; g. betr, verr, to get the better, the worse; gkk
Ribbungum betr fyrstu, Fms. ix. 313; gengu ekki mjk kaupin, the bargain did not go well, Nj.
157, cp. ganga til (B. above) :-- to turn out, hversu g. mundi orrostan, 273; gkk allt eptir v
sem Hallr hafi sagt, 256; ef kviir g. hag skjanda, if the verdict goes for the plaintiff, Grg. i.
87; tti etta ml hafa gengit at skum, Dropl. 14; mart gengr verr en varir, a saying, Hm. 39;
ykir honum n at snu g. (it seems to him evident) at hann ha rtt hugsa, Fms. xi. 437; g.
andris, to go all wrong, Am. 14; g. misgngum, to go amiss, Grg. i. 435; g. e-m tauma, to turn
false (crooked); at mun mr ltt tauma g. er Rtr segir, Nj. 20; g. ofgangi, to go too high, Fms. vii.
269. VIII. of a blow or the like; hafi gengit upp mijan fetann, the axe went in up to the middle
of the blade, Nj. 209; gkk egar hol, 60; gkk gegnum skjldinn, 245, Fb. i. 530. IX. of law;
lta prf g., to make an enquiry; lta vtta g., to take evidence, D. N. X. to be gone, be lost; gkk
hr me holdit nir at beini, the esh was torn off, Fb. i. 530: esp. in pass. part. genginn, dead, gone,
eptir genginn guma, Hm. 71; moldar-genginn, buried, Sl. 60; hel-genginn, 68; ai genginn, gone
from strength, i.e. powerless, Skv. 3. 13. . gone, past; gengi er n a grist fyr, a ditty; mr er
gengi heimsins hjl, gone for me is the world's wheel (luck), a ditty. XI. used as transit. with acc.;
hann gengr bjrninn bak aptr, he broke the bear's back in grappling with him, Finnb. 248; ok
gengr hana bak, ok brtr sundr henni hrygginn, Fb. i. 530. 2. medic. with dat. to discharge;
ganga bli, to discharge blood (Dan. blodgang), Bs. i. 337, 383; Arius var brdaur ok gkk r
sr llum irum, Ver. 47.
D. REFLEX.: I. singly, gangask, to be altered, to change, be corrupted; gangask munni, of
tradition; var at lng vi, ok vant at sgurnar hefi eigi gengisk munni, . H. pref.; m v eigi
etta ml munni gengisk hafa, Fb. ii. Sverr. S. pref.; ok mttim vr ra um nokkut, at mlit
gengisk, that the case could miscarry, be lost, Glm. 380 :-- lta gangask, to let pass. waive; lt Pll
g. hluti er r hfu millum stait, Sturl. i. 102; ef ltr eigi g. at er ek kref ik, Fms. xi.
61. 2. e-m gengsk hugr vi e-t, to change one's mind, i.e. to be moved to compassion, yield; stti
hn sv at honum gkksk hugr vi, Eb. 264; gkksk orgeri hugr vi harma-tlur hans, Ld.
232; ok mun honum g. hugr vi at, sv at hann mun fyrirgefa r, Gsl. 98; n sem hann grt,
gkksk sak hugr vi, Stj. 167; er sendimar fann at Birni gkksk hugr vi fit, . H. 194; vi slkar
fortlur hennar gkksk Einari hugr (E. was swayed) til girni, Orkn. 24. II. with prepp. (cp. B.
above); gangask at, to 'go at it,' engage in a ght; n gangask eir at fast, Dropl. 24, sl. ii. 267;
gengusk menn at sveitum, of wrestlers, they wrestled one with another in sections (Dan. okkevis),
Glm. 354; eir gengusk at lengi, Finnb. 248 :-- gangask fyrir, vide B. above :-- gangask gegn, at
mti, to stand against, ght against; at vr ltim ok eigi ra er mest vilja gegn gangask (i.e.
the extreme on each side), b. 12, cp. Fms. ii. 241; at eir skipai til um fylkingar snar, hverjar
sveitir mti skyldi g., i.e. to pair the combatants off, ix. 489; eir risu upp ok gengusk at mti, Stj.
497. 2 Sam. ii. 15 :-- g. nr, to come to close quarters (Lat. cominus gerere), Nj. 176, Fms. xi.
240 :-- gangask , to dash against one another, to split; gengusk eiar, the oaths were broken,
Vsp. 30: to be squared off against one another, s var gr eirra, at gengusk vgin hskarlanna,
Rd. 288; ekki er annars geti en eir lti etta gangask, i.e. they let it drop, Bjarn. 47; gangask
fyrir, to fall off, Fms. iii. 255 :-- gangask vi, to grow, gain strength; r en vi gengisk hans bn,
before his prayer should be fullled, x. 258; ef at er tla at tra essi skuli vi g., Nj. 162; htu
eir fast guin, at au skyldi eigi lta vi garrgask Kristnibo lafs konungs, Fms. ii. 32; etta
gkksk vi um ll au fylki, vii. 300; mikit gkksk Haraldr vi (H. grew fast) um vxt ok a, Fb. i.
566; Eyvindr hafi miki vi gengizk um menntir, E. had much improved himself in good breeding,
Hrafn. 24; vildi hann prfa hvrr eirra meira hafi vi gengisk, which of them had gained most
strength, Grett. 107: to be in vogue, in a bad sense, ok lngum vi gengisk fund ok rangindi, Fms.
i. 221, cp. Pass. 37. 7 :-- gangask r sta, to be removed, Fms. xi. 107. III. in the phrase, e-m
gengsk vel, lla, it goes well, ill with one, Hom. 168, Am. 53; lls gengsk r aldri, nema ..., the evil
will never leave thee, thou wilt never be happy, unless ..., 65.
ganga, u, f. a walking, Bs. i. 225, Vm. 8; tku heyrn daur, gngu haltir, 625. 82, cp. Matth. xv.
31; nema sn er gngu fr mnnum, Post. 645. 70: the act of walking, Korm. 182, Fms. vi. 325;
ganga gngu, to take a walk, Korm. (in a verse) :-- a course, ganga tungls, the course of the moon,
Edda 7; hvata gngunni, id.; ganga vinds, the course of the wind, 15, Rb. 112, 476 :-- a procession,
Fms. x. 15, Fs. 85, sl. ii. 251; vera sarnan gngu, to march together, Band, 11; lgbergis-g., the
procession to the hill of laws, Grg. . . ch. 5, Eg. 703; kirkju-g., a going
to church; her-g., a war-march; hlm-g., a duel, q.v.; fjall-g., a walk to the fell (to fetch sheep) :-- of
animals, hrossa-g., grazing, pasture for horses, Dipl. v. 14; sau-g., sheep-pasture: esp. in pl.
fetching sheep from the fell-pastures in autumn (fjall-ganga), Grg. ii. 310, cp. Korm. ch. 3, Vd. ch.
44, Vpn. 22; -gngur, straits. COMPDS: gngu-drykkja, u, f. a drinking-bout, Fms. viii. 209.
gngu-fri, n. = gangfri, Fms. viii. 400. gngu-kona, u, f. a vagrant woman, Grg. i. 340, Nj.
142, Bs. i. 494. gngu-lag, n. gait. gngu-li, n., collect. footmen, Br. 17. gngu-mar (pl. -
menn), m. a vagrant, beggar, Grg. i. 163, 295, 341, K. . K. 34, 80, Gsl. 54-56, 141.
gngumanna-erf, n. taking the inheritance of a vagrant, Grg. i. 190. gngumann-liga, adv. (-
ligr, adj.), beggarlike, beggarly, Fms. iii. 209, Fas. iii. 202. gngu-mr, adj. weary from walking.
gngu-stafr, m. a walking-stick. gngu-sveinn, m. a beggar-boy, Korm. 192.
gangari, a, m. [Dan. and Scot. ganger, a transl. of the mid. Lat. ambulator]: -- an ambling nag, a
palfrey, Sturl. iii. 117; spelt gangvari in ir. 16, 23; passim in the romances.
Gang-dagr, freq. spelt by metath. Gagn-dagr, m. [A. S. Gang-dg], the Rogation-days, called
'Ganging days' from the practice of going in procession round the boundaries on those days, K. .
K., Rb., N. G. L. passim: the 25th of April is called Gangdagrinn eini, the minor Rogation-day, K.
. K. 106, Rb. 46, 544; in pl., Grg. i. 325, Fms. vii. 228, N. G. L. i. 24, 348, K. . K. 102, vide Bs.
ii. 247. COMPDS: Gangdaga-helgr, f. Rogation-holidays, N. G. L. i. 10. Gangdaga-vika, u, f.
Rogation-week, K. . K. 100, 102, Rb. 544, 558. Gangdaga-ing, n. a meeting during Rogation-
week, Fms. vii. 217, 347. In all these compds spelt variously 'gagn-' or 'gang-.' The word Gangdagar
is undoubtedly borrowed from the A. S.
gang-fagr, adj. with a graceful gait, Eb. (in a verse).
Gang-fasta (Gagn-f.), u, f. the Rogation-fast, in the Rogation-week, Vm. 94, N. G. L. i. 17.
gang-fri, n. [Dan. fre or gangfre], the condition of a road; llt (gott) g., bad (good) walking,
Fms. viii. 400.
gang-frr, adj. able to walk, Hom. 152.
gang-lati, a, m. a 'lazy goer,' an idler; and gang-lt, f. id., pr. names of the servants in the hall of
Hela, Edda.
gang-leri, a, m. obsolete, except as a pr. name of the mythical wanderer Edda; in Scot. still found as
an appell. in the true sense, a gangrel = stroller, vagabond.
gang-limir, m. pl. 'gang-limbs,' shanks.
gang-mikit, n. adj. a great crowd, tumult.
gang-prr, adj. with stately gait, Sks. 291.
gangr, m. [A. S. gong; Scot. gang = a walk, journey; Dan. gang; Swed. gng; cp. Germ. gehen] :--
a going, walking, Sks. 370; vera gangi, to be walking to and fro, Grett. 153: metaph., rng eru ml
gangi, bad reports are going about, Bs. i. (in a verse); vpn gangi, weapons clashing (vide II. 2.
below), Grg. ii. 8; var hvert jrn gangi, Fb. i. 212 :-- get mr gang, give me way, passage, let
me go, Fms. xi. 275, 347 :-- pace, a horseman's term, engan (hest) hafa eir slkan s bi sakir
gangs ok vaxtar, Rm. 422: Icel. say, a er enginn g. honum, he has no pacing or ambling in him;
or gang-lauss, adj. not pacing :-- grazing, ti-g., tigangs-hestr, opp. to a stall-fed horse :-- course,
of the sun, stars, moon, gangr himin-tungla, Edda (pref.), hence slar-g., the course of the sun above
the horizon = day; stuttr, ltill, langr slar-g., a short, long day :-- course, of money. II. metaph., 1.
a going onward, prevailing, being in vogue; hafa mikinn gang, to be much in vogue, Al. 87; heldr er
vaxandi g. at eim, they were rather on the increase, Gsl. 66; tti eim hann hafa ofmikinn gang
(favour) af konungi, Fms. ii. 54; me-g., good luck; mt-g., adversity; upp-g., thrift; -gangr,
inroad; yr-g., tyranny. 2. rapid or furious going; var sv mikill gangr at um aptr-gngur
rlfs, at ..., the huntings of Th. (a ghost) went so far, that ..., Eb. 314; ok n grisk sv mikill g. at,
Gsl. 151; sv grisk mikill g. at essu, Eb. 174; sv mikill g. var orinn at eldinum, the re had
got to such a height, Bs. i. 445; elds-g., re; vpna-g., a clash of weapons; vatna-g., a rush, ood of
water; ldu-g., sjfar-g., high waves; brim-g., furious surf; skriu-g., desolation from earth-slips;
berserks-g., berserker fury :-- trampling, horns g. ok hfs, Grg. ii. 122. 3. law term, a process;
laga-g., Sklda 201, rare in old writers, but freq. in mod., Dan. rettergang. 4. medic. a discharge,
esp. from the stomach; vall-gangr, excrement; arfa-g., urine; eir vru sumir er drukku gang sinn,
Al. 168; nir-g., diarrhoea; upp-g., expectoration :-- a privy, ganga til gangs, Grg. ii. 119; eir
skyldu hafa bar-tpt Sktu fyrir gang, Rd. 305; n er hundr bundinn gangi, Grg. l.c. III.
collective, a gang, as in Engl.; drauga-g., a gang of ghosts; msa-g., a gang of mice; gaura-g., a
gang of roughs; trolla-g., a gang of trolls (giants); jfa-g., a gang of thieves. -- Vide gng, n. pl. a
lobby.
gang-rm, n. a passage-room, lobby, Grett. 99 B.
gang-silfr, n. current money, Sturl. iii. 307, Fms. ix. 470, Jb. 157, Grg., N. G. L. passim.
gang-skr, f., in the phrase, gra g. at e-u, to make steps in a thing.
gang-stigr, m. a footpath, Sks. 4, Greg. 59.
gang-tamr, adj. pacing (of a horse), Hm. 3.
gang-vari, a, m. (gang-ari, gang-verja, u, f.), collect. a suit of clothes, Grg. i. 299, Sks. 288, Bs. i.
876, Ann. 1330.
gang-verja, u, f. = gangvari, Stj. 367, 616.
GAP, n. [A. S. geap; Engl. gap; Dan. gab; cp. gapa], prop. a gap, empty space, whence Ginnunga-
gap, the Chaos of the Scandin. mythol., Edda, Vsp. 2. metaph. gab, gibes; p ok gap, hreysti ok
gap, Fb. iii. 425, cp. Nj. 220. gaps-mar, m. a gaping fool, a gaby, Fbr. 12.
gapa, pret. gapi, Edda 20, Mart. 118; and gapti, pres. gapi, Bs. i. 647; sup. gapat, imperat. gapi,
Skm. 28: [Dan. gabe; Germ. gaffen] :-- to gape, open the mouth wide, Edda l.c.; me gapanda
munn, of a wolf, 41, Fms. iv. 57; me gapandi hfum, r. 94 new Ed.
gapaldr, m. a Runic character used as a spell, sl. js.
gapi, a, m. a rash, reckless man, freq.; Icel. say, angr-gapi (q.v.), slar-gapi, hann er mesti slargapi,
perhaps with reference to the Wolf and the Sun, Edda 7. COMPDS: gapa-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.),
hare-brained. gapa-mur, m. a gaping, heedless fellow, a nickname, Fms. gapa-skapr, m.
recklessness. gapa-stokkr, m. the stocks or pillory. gap-uxi, a, m. a blusterer, a bully, Fs. 71.
gap-lyndi, n. bluster, Karl. 493.
gap-ripur, f. pl., or gap-riplar, m. pl. an GREEK, for the reading vide Johnson. Nj. Lat. l.c.,
gaping, staring with open mouth, Nj. (in a verse).
gap-rosnir, m. = gapi, Edda (Gl.), an GREEK.
gar-bt, f. reparation of a fence, Grg. ii. 263 sqq., Gl. 454.
gar-brjtr, m. (-brytill, Gl. 388), a fence-breaker, N. G. L. i. 41.
gar-brot (gara-brot), n. breach of a fence, Gl. 350, 391.
gar-fr, n. hay for fodder in a farm-yard, N. G. L. i. 38.
gar-hli, n. a gate, Fms. ix. 414.
gar-hs, n. a privy, Fms. iv. 169, vi. 15, Stj. 629.
gar-hverfa, u, f. a fence, pinfold, Bs. i. 46.
gari, a, m. the wall in a stall supporting the manger (in western Icel.)
gar-lag, n. the laying of a fence, Grg. ii. 262 sqq., Sd. 180: a pound, Vm. 87. garlags-nn, f. the
work (season) for fencing, Grg. ii. 261.
gar-lauss, adj. fenceless, N. G. L. i. 8.
gar-leiga, u, f. house-rent, Gl. 93.
GARR, m. [Ulf. gards = GREEK; A. S. geard; Engl. yard, garth, garden; O. H. G. gart; Germ.
garten; Dan.-Swed. grd; Lat. hortus]: I. a yard (an enclosed space), esp. in compds, as kirkju-g., a
church-yard; vn-g., a vineyard; stakk-g., a stack-yard; hey-g., a hay-yard; kl-g., a kale-yard; urta-
g., a kitchen-garden; aldin-g. and gras-g., a garden; dra-g., a 'deer-yard,' a park :-- garr, alone, is
a hay-yard (round the hay-ricks); hence gars-seti or gar-seti, q.v. 2. a court-yard, court and
premises; eir ganga t garinn ok berjask, Edda 25, a paraphrase from 'tnum' in Gm. 41; eir
Grmr hittu menn at mli ti garinum, Eg. 109; s hann at rum-megin garinum brunai
fram merkit, . H. 31; ganga til gars, 71; mikill kamarr (privy) var garinun, id.; en er eir
Hrrekr stu garinum, 72; fru egar angat garinn sem lkin vru, id.; er hann kom heim
orpit ok gkk um garinn, Fms. x. 218; gengi hef eg um garinn m, gleistundir dvna, a ditty;
innan stokks (within doors) ea gari ti, Gl. 136; eigi nenni ek at hann deyi undir grum
mnum, Lv. 59 :-- a shyard, Vm. 14. 3. esp. in Norway, Denmark, and Sweden, a house or building
in a town or village, [Dan. gaard = Icel. br]; hann var Hriskeldu ok tti ar gar, Bjarn. 6; Egill
spuri hvar g. s vri borginni (in York) er Arinbjrn setti, Eg. 407; hann var gari eim er
Hallvars-g. var kallar, Bs. i. 634; gar Arons, 636; konungs-g., the king's yard, Fms. passim and
in records referring to Norway. gara-leiga, u, f. house-rent, H. E. i. 394. gara-sl, f., botan. the
orach, Hjalt. gars-bndi, a, m. a house-owner, Grett. 103, Jb. 157. gars-horn, n. a 'yard-nook,'
cottage, Fas. iii. 648: esp. in tales, in the phrase, kongur og drottning rki snu og karl og kerling
Garshorni, sl. js. passim: the saying, a er ekki krkr a koma Garshorn. gars-hsfreyja,
u, f. a town-lady, Grett. 158 A: in Icel., where the whole population are country-folk, this sense of
garr is only used in metaph. phrases, saws, = home, house; kemr engi s til gars (to the house) at
viti hvat s, Band. 13; ftkum manni er til gars kemr, Dipl. ii. 14; hyggjum ver at yvarn gar
ha runnit, into your hands, your possession, Ld. 206; helmingr skal falla minn gar, the half shall
fall into my share, Fr. 117; skal aukask rijungi num gari, in thy keeping, Nj. 3; tt nkkut
komi at r vrum gari, 54; leggja mlaferli gar e-s, to bring a case home to one, Sturl. ii. 27;
ess alls ens lla sem var honum gar borit, all the evil that was brought to his door, Hom. 119;
Gu gari ok g Jl, a greeting, Grett. 99 (MS.); lr vetr r gari, the winter passed by, Nj. 112;
ra gar, to arrive (of a rider), Sturl. iii. 185; ra r gari, to depart, Ld. 96; ra um gar, to pass
by; vsa gestum gar vrn, Fas. iii. 5; gra e-n af gari (mod. r gari), to equip one when
departing, e.g. a son, a friend, or the like; eigi ert sv af gari grr sem ek vilda (a mother to a
departing son), Grett. 94; hversu herralega keisarinn gri hann af gari, Karl. 148; ok hefa ek grt
ik af gari me glei ok fagnai, Stj. 181; but esp. to endow a daughter when married, gra dttur
sna vel (lla) r gari, etc.; ba gar, to prepare; hann her sv garinn bit, he has made his
bed so: the phrase, a er allt um gar gengi, all past, done, bygone; fur-g., father house,
paternal house; b-garr, an estate: also in poets, Eyjari upp Grund ann garinn fra, a
ditty :-- a local name of several farms in Icel., Garr, sing., or more usually Garar, Landn., prob.
from corn-elds: the saying, var er Gu enn Grum, addressed to presumptuous people who
think God is God only for themselves. 4. denoting a stronghold; tann-g., the 'tooth-wall,' the teeth
and gums, Gr. GREEK; s-garr, the hold of the gods, Edda; Mi-garr, Middle-hold, i.e. the earth;
t-garar, Outer-hold, where the giants dwell, Edda: the phrase, rast garinn ar sem hann er
laegstr, to assault the weakest part, to encroach upon the weak and helpless. 5. in western Icel. a
heavy snow-storm is called garr. II. in Icel. sense a fence of any kind; garr of jbraut vera,
Grg. ii. 264: in the law phrase, garr er granna sttir, a fence (yard) is a settler among neighbours
(i.e. forms the landmark), Gl., Jb. 258; leggja gara, to make fences, Rm. 12, Landn. App. 325;
eir biu hj gari nokkurum, Nj. 170: esp. the fence around the homeeld, also called tn-g., Grg.
i. 82, 453, Nj. 83, 114, Eg. 766, Ld. 148. sl. ii. 357, passim; sk-g., a rail fence; grjt-g., a stone
fence; torf-g., a turf fence; haga-g., the hedge of a pasture, Eb. 132; tn-g., a 'tn' fence; virkis-g., a
castle wall, Fb. ii. 73 (in a verse); stu-g., a ditch: rif-g., a swathe. COMPDS: gars-endi, a, m.
the end of a fence, Grg. ii. 263. gars-hli, n. a gate, = garhli, Eg. 713, Fms. vii. 245, viii. 170,
N. G. L. i. 290. gars-krkr, m. a nook of a fence, Sturl. i. 178. gars-rst, f. the ruin of a fence,
Sturl. ii. 227. gars-nn, f. = garnn. III. Garar, m. pl. ( Grum), Gara-rki or Gara-veldi,
n. the empire of Gardar, is the old Scandin. name of the Scandinavian-Russian kingdom of the 10th
and 11th centuries, parts of which were Hlm-garar, Knu-garar, Nov-gorod, etc.; the name
being derived from the castles or strongholds (gardar) which the Scandinavians erected among the
Slavonic people, and the word tells the same tale as the Roman 'castle' in England; cp. the
interesting passage in . H. ch. 65 -- ok m enn sj r jarborgir (earth-works, castles) ok nnur
strvirki au er hann gri, -- K. . K. 158, Fms., . H. passim, (cp. Munch Det Norske Folks Hist.
i. 39 sqq.); the mod. Russ. gorod and grad are the remains of the old Scandin. garr = a castle; cp.
Gerzkr, adj. from Gardar, i.e. Russian, . Mikli-garr -- the 'Muckle-yard' the Great town, i.e.
Constantinople, passim. COMPDS: Gararkis-menn, m. pl. the men from G., Russians, Fas. iii.
314. Gars-konungr, m. the Greek emperor, Fms. vi. 167, Fas. iii. 671, Mar. 141.
gar-rm, n. a court-yard, D. N.
gar-saurr, m. sewage, N. G. L. iii. 14.
gar-seti, a, m. a 'yard-sitter' the end of a hay-rick, Eb. 190.
gar-skipti, n. partition by a fence, Js. 100.
gar-smugall, adj. creeping through a fence, N. G. L. i. 41.
gar-star, m., mod. gar-sti, n. the place of a fence or hay-yard, Dipl. iv. 9, v. 16.
gar-staurr, n. a stake for fencing, 623. 58, Eg. 80, Fms. ix. 56: the phrase, enginn skal rum at
garstauri standa, no one is bound to stand up as a rail stake for another, i.e. an inroad into an
unfenced eld is no trespass, the owner must fence it himself, N. G. L. i. 40.
gar-sveinn, m. a 'yard-boy,' valet, hence Fr. garon, ir. 230.
gar-torfa, u, f. a slice of turf, a sod, Eb. 190.
gar-virki, n. fencing materials, Grg. ii. 263.
gar-vrr, m. a 'court-warder,' overseer, Karl. 10.
gar-nn, f. the season of fence-work, Grg. ii. 261.
GARG, n. a shrieking, bawling; and garga, a, [from Gr. GREEK through Ital. gargagliare, Engl.
gargle], to shriek with a coarse voice.
gargan, n. a serpent, Edda (Gl.); a nickname, Sturl. ii. 142.
garland, n. (for. word), a garland, Fms. x. 149.
GARMR, m. the name of a dog in the mythol. Edda, Vsp. 2. a tatter, rag, pl. garmar. rags; so also
fata-garmar, hence metaph. in addressing any one, garmrinn, poor wretch! cp. tetri! rllinn!
GARN, n. [A. S. gearn; Engl. yarn; Dan.-Swed. garn]; spinna gam, to spin yarn, Eb. 92; ek he
spunnit tlf lna gam, I have spun yarn for a twelve ells web, Ld. 224; ln ok gam, Js. 78; silki-garn,
silk yarn; tvinna-garn, twine yarn, twisted yarn; opp. to ein-gerni, q. v. II. the warp, opp. to vipt, the
weft, Nj. 275.
garn-dkr, m. a cloth of yarn, D. N.
garnir, f. pl. guts, vide grn; garn-engja, u, f. constriction of the bowels; garn-mrr, m. suet.
garn-vinda, n, f. a skein of yarn.
garp-ligr, adj. martial, Eg. 16, Ld. 274, Hom. 143.
garp-menni, n. a martial man, Ld. 42, Fms. iii. 83.
GARPR, m. a warlike man, but often with the notion of a bravo, Grett. 155; g. ea afreksmar, Nj.
261; mikilligr ok g. enn mesti, Fms. xi. 78; garpar miklir ok aftor, 111, Fb. ii. 72, Vpn. 19,
Bjarn. 34: even of a woman (virago), hn var vn kona ok g. mikill skapi, Sturl. i. 148. . the
name of an ox, Gull. 23, whence Garps-dalr, m. the name of a farm, Landn.: of a horse, hvat mun
garprinn vilja er hann er heim kominn, Hrafn. 8. . the Hanseatic traders in Sweden and Norway
were in the Middle Ages called Garpar, D. N., Boldt, Verel.; hence Garpa-skuld, n. a debt due to
the Garps, D. N.
garp-skapr, m. bravery, Korm. 142, Fms. xi. 151, Grett. 131, r. 36.
garri, a, m. in compds. garra-legr, adj. [from Ital. garrulo], garrulous.
gaskna-httr, m. (for. word), gasconade.
gaspr, n. gossip, prating.
gaspra, a. to gossip, a mod. word, prob. from the Engl.
gassi, a, m. a gander: metaph. a noisy fellow, a 'goose,' Gsl. 10. Band. 8 (in a verse), Karl. 474; g.
ok glpr, El. 15. COMPDS: gassa-glpr, m. a law term, a 'goose's crime,' such as hitting one
person when one has thrown at another, N. G. L. i. 72. gassa-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), boisterous,
waggish. gassa-skapr, m. waggery.
GAT, n., pl. gt, [A. S. geat and Engl. gate = entrance; Hel. gat = foramen], a hole, Fms. iii. 217,
Fas. iii. 486; skrr-gat, a key-hole; lku-gat, a trap-door; cp. the following word.
GATA, u, f. [Ulf. gatva = GREEK; Old Engl. and Scot. gate = way; O. H. G. gaza, mod. gasse;
Swed. gata; Dan. gade] :-- prop. a thoroughfare (cp. gat above), but generally a way, path, road,
Nj. 75, Grg. i. 89, 93, Fms. ix. 519, Ld. 44, Ver. 21, passim; gtu e-s, in one's way, Blas. 40; tt
slkir sveinar vri gtu minni, Nj. 182; alla gtu, as adv. 'algates,' always; ek he verit alla gtu
(throughout) ltill skrungr, Bs. i. 297, Stj. 119, 164, 188, 194, 252; gtur Gus, the ways of God,
Post. 656 C. 14; gata til Gus, 655 iv. 1; ryja gtu fyrir e-m, to clear the road for one, Hom. 146;
ba gtu e-s, 625. 96. Mark i. 2: the name of a farm, Fr.; Gtu-skeggjar, m. pl. the name of a
family in the Faroes, Ld., Fr.; rei-gata, a riding road; skei-gata, a race-course; hlemmi-gata, a
broad open road; fjr-gtur, a sheep path; sni-gata, a zigzag path; kross-gtur, four cross roads,
for popular tales about them vide sl. js. COMPDS: gatna-mt, n. pl. junction of roads, Grg. ii.
161, Landn. 306, Stj. 197, Fms. viii. 171, Karl. 456, Finnb. 328. gtu-breidd, f. the breadth of a
road, Eg. 582. gtu-garr, m. a road fence, D. N. gtu-nisti, n. the Lat. viaticum, Bs. i. 249. gtu-
skar, n. a slip in a road, Fs. 90. gtu-stigr, m. a foot-path, Fas. iii. 279. gtu-jfr, m. a law term,
a thief who has to run the gauntlet through a dele, Swed. gatu-lopp, N. G. L. i. 334.
GAU, f. [geyja], a barking, Rb. 346; hunda-gau n ulfa-ytr, Post. 645. 73. II. neut. a poltroon,
Bb. 3. 47.
gaua, a, to bark at, scold one; t-gaua e-m, to out-scold one.
gau-rif, n. abuse, barking, Sks. 435.
GAUFA, a, (and gauf, n., gaufari, a, m.), to saunter, be sluggish, freq. akin to ga, cp. Goth.
gepanta in a reference by Jornandes -- nam lingua eorum 'pigra' gepanta dicitur, whence 'Gepidi,'
the name of an ancient Teut. people.
GAUKR, m. [A. S. gec; Scot. gowk], a cuckoo, Edda 79, Gs. 7; hrossa-g., the horse cuckoo, a
name given to the green sand-piper, because of its neighing cry. COMPDS: gauk-mnur, m.
cuckoo-month, the rst summer month, about the middle of April to the middle of May, Edda 103.
gauk-messa, u, f. cuckoo-mass, = the 1st of May, D. N., N. G. L. gauk-jr, m. a kind of bird,
Edda (Gl.)
GAUL, n. a lowing, bellowing, Fms. iii. 201, passim :-- medic., garnagaul, 'stomachus latrans.' II.
fem. a river in Norway, hence Gaular-dalr, m. the name of a county; Gaul-verjar, m. pl. the men
from G.; Gaulverja-br, m. a farm in Icel.; Gaul-verskr, adj., Landn.
gaula, a, to low, bellow, . T. 70, Bev. 22, Fms. iii. 201, Hom. 69.
gaulan, f. a lowing, bellowing, Fms. v. 90, . H. 135, 222, Barl. 3, Rm. 234.
gaum-gfa, , to observe, give heed to, Str. 37, Rb. 4.
gaum-gf, f. attention, heed, 625. 166, Str. 24.
gaum-g, mod. gaum-gfni, f. a heeding, attention, Barl. 75, 100. gaumgs-leysi, n.
heedlessness, Anecd. 18.
gaumg-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), carefully.
GAUMR, m.; fem. gaum also occurs, ga, litla gaum, Hom. 33. 69, and so sometimes in mod.
writers; [A. S. geme and gymen, Ormul. gom] :-- heed, attention; only used in the phrase, gefa
gaum at e-u, to give heed to a thing, Nj. 57, Eg. 551, Fms. viii. 18, Hom. 69; var engi gaumr genn
at v, . H. 71, 116; gefa ga, litla (fem.) g. at e-u, Hom. l.c.
GAUPA, u, f. the lynx, Al. 167, 168, 173, N. G. L. iii. 47, d. 5, Merl. 2. 61; vide hergaupa.
GAUPN, f. [Scot. goupen or goupin; O. H. G. coufan; mid. H. G. goufen; Swed. gpen], prop. both
bands held together in the form of a bowl; in the phrases, sj, horfa, lta, lta gaupnir sr, to look,
lout (i. e. bend down) into one's goupen, to cover one's face with the palms, as a token of sorrow,
prayer, thought, or the like, Sturl. iii. 113, Orkn. 170, Al. 115, O. H. L. 13; hn s gaupnir sr ok
grt, she covered her face and wept, Vpn. 21, cp. Grett. 129; laut hn fram gaupnir sr
borit, Greg. 65; ilja gaupnir, pot. the hollows in the soles of the feet, d. 3; hafa e-n gaupnum sr
(better reading greipum), to have a person in one's clutch, O. H. L. l.c. 2. as a measure, as much as
can be taken in the hands held together, as in Scot. 'gowd in goupins;' gaupnir silfrs, goupens of
silver, Fas. ii. 176; gaupnir moldar, goupens of earth, id. gaupna-sn, f. a looking into one's palms,
covering one's face, O. H. L. l.c.
GAURR, m. [Ulf. gaurs = sad], a rough, a 'sad fellow,' used in Kormak 240, but esp. freq. in old
romances translated from French; seldom used in genuine old writers; in exclamations, gaurr! vndr
g! etc., Flv., Art., Str. passim, Fas. iii. 6. gaura-gangr, m. a gang of rufans, Gsl. 53.
gauta, a, to prate, brag, Fas. i. 485; still used in the east of Icel.
gautan, f. prating, Lv. 53, Gd. 16.
GAUTAR, m. pl. a Scandin. people in western Sweden, called in A. S. Getes, and to be
distinguished from Gotar, Goths; hence Gaut-land, n. the land of the Gauts; Gaut-Elfr, f. the river
Gotha, the 'Elbe of the Gauts;' Gauta-sker, n. pl. the Skerries of the north-western coast of
Sweden; cp. also the mod. Gteborg, . H., Fms., passim.
Gautr, m., a pot. name of Odin, Vtkv., Edda; it seems to mean father, vide gjta: pot. a man, s
gfunnar gautr, that hapless man, Hallgr.; va-gautslegr, adj. miscreant-like.
Gautskr, adj. from Gautland, Fms. passim.
G, , pres. gi, part. g; pret. subj. gi, Am. 70: [cp. Lat. caveo] :-- to heed, mark, with inn. or
gen., Landn. 30, Fb. i. 210; jarl gi varla at lka mlum snum fyrir tali eirra, Orkn. 300: with
gen., er miklu meiri hans ofsi, en hann muni n ess g er geyma, sl. ii. 239, Sks. 446, Hm. 115;
Gus hann gi, he gave heed to God, Sl. 4; g sn, to take heed to oneself :-- g til e-s, to mark, Fb.
ii. 193 :-- in mod. usage, g a e-u, to heed, observe; gef mr Jesu a g a v, Pass. 1. 27; freq. in
phrases such as, gu a r, take heed! beware! gu a Gui, take heed to God! take care what
thou art doing! with inn., eigi mun g hafa verit at setja fyrir lokurnar, they have not taken care
to lock the door, Lv. 60, Fms. vi. 368: without the mark of inn., glja n gir, thou didst not
care to be gleeful, thou wast sorrowful, Hm. 7.
G, f. barking; hund-g, Lv. 60; go-g (q.v.), blasphemy.
gi, a, m. a scoffer, mocker, Edda (Gl.), Korm. 172 (in a verse).
GFA, u, f. [from Germ. gabe], a gift in a spiritual sense; skldskapar-gfa, a poetical gift: esp. in
pl. gifts, wit.
gfar, part. gifted; ug-g., vel-g., clever; lla-g., treg-g., dull-witted.
gla, u, f. a lively girl, Lex. Pot.
glast, a, dep. to make jokes.
g-lausliga, adv. heedlessly, Grett. 93 A.
g-lausligr, adj. heedless, wanton, Fms. viii. 4, Hom. 57.
g-lauss, adj. wanton, careless, Hom. 73, Eluc. 28, Sks. 301.
g-leysi, n. heedlessness, Gl. 162, Bs. ii. 172.
GLGI, a, m. [Ulf. renders GREEK by galga; A. S. gealga; Engl. gallows; Hel. galgo; Germ.
galgen; Dan.-Swed. galge] :-- the gallows; in olden times they were worked by a lever, and the
culprit was hauled up (spyrna glga), Fms. vii. 13; hence also the phrase, hengja hsta glga, festa
upp, and the like, vide Gautr. S. ch. 7; an old Swed. allit. law phrase, glga ok gren, on gallows
and green tree (Fr.), as trees were used for gallows (cp. the Engl. 'gallows-tree'); reisa, hggva
glga, Orkn. 436, . H. 46, Am. 37, 55, Grett. 128: in poetry (vide Lex. Pot.) the gallows are
called the horse of Sigar, from the love tale of the Danish hero of that name: the cross is now and
then called glgi, e.g. Mar. S., and even in mod. eccl. writers (Vidal.), but very rarely, and only in
rhetorical phrases. COMPDS: glga-farmr, m. load of the gallows, referring to the myth told in
Hm. 139 sqq., of Odin hanging in the tree Vinga-meid or Ygg-drasil. glga-gramr, -valdr, m. the
king, ruler of the gallows, pot. names of Odin, Lex. Pot. glga-tr, n. a gallows-tree, Fms. vii. 13,
viii. 261, Fas. i. 215. A hook is pot. called agn-glgi, 'bait-gallows,' Lex. Pot.
glg-nr, n. 'gallows-carrion,' the corpse of one hung in chains, a law phrase, Grg. ii. 131.
GLI, a, m. a wag. COMPDS: gla-ligr, gla-samligr, adj. waggish, Fas. iii. 399. gla-skapr, m.
waggery.
GLKN, n. [prob. a Fin. word; Lap. galco = a beast], a monster; in old poetry weapons are called
hlfa-g.; randar-glkn, the beast of shield and armour, Lex. Pot.; else in prose, nn-glkn, q.v.;
hrein-glkn, a dub. word, Hm. 24.
gll, m. a t of gaiety; a er gllinn honum nna.
g-mikill, adj. waggish, noisy, Grett. 128 A.
gmr, m. a kind of cod-sh.
gningr, m. attention; -gningr, heedlessness.
GR, n. buffoonery, Sturl. i. 24.
grar, part. full of chinks or sparks; sl-g., a pot. epithet of waves tipped by the sun, Vgl. (in a
verse).
gr-fenginn, adj. given to buffoonery, Bs. i. 646.
GRI, a, m. the chinks in a tree; gra-lauss, adj. chinkless; grttr, adj. wood full of chinks.
grungr, m. a buffoon, Grett. 144 A, Sturl. i. 172, Stj. 424. Ruth iii. 10 (young men); grungs-
httr, m. buffoonery, Bb. 3. 49.
GS, f., gen. gsar, nom. pl. gss, acc. gs, mod. nom. gs, gsar, pl. gsir, gsa, gsum,
keeping the through all cases: [Dan. gaas, pl. gjs; A. S. gs, pl. gs or gees; Engl. goose, pl.
geese; O. H. G. ganzo; Germ. gans, pl. gnse; cp. Lat. anser, dropping the initial; Gr. GREEK] :-- a
goose, Grg. ii. 346, 347, N. G. L. i. 211 (Js. 78), Korm, 206, . H. 86, Gkv. 1. 16; heim-g., a tame
goose; gr-g., a 'grey goose,' wild goose; brand-g., q.v. COMPDS: gsa-ri, n. a goose feather, D.
N.; mod. gsa-fjarir, etc. 2. gs, cunnus, Fms. xi. 52. II. Gsir, f. pl. the local name of a harbour
in Icel., Landn.
g-samr, adj. (-semi, f.), attentive, Hom. (St.) 62.
gs-haukr, m. a gos-hawk, Edda (Gl.), N. G. L. i. 242, Str., Karl., passim.
gski, a, m. wild joy.
gs-veir, f. goose catching, Vm. 140.
GT, f. [g, gta], heed, attention, Pass. 21. 4; gti, inadvertently.
gt, n. [geta], a dainty, Lex. Pot.; mun-gt, q.v., Dan. mundgodt.
GTA, u, f. [geta; Dan. gaade; Swed. gta], a guessing; til-gta, a suggestion; get-gta, guess-
work, but in old writers scarcely used in this sense. II. a riddle, Stj. 411, Fas. i. 464 sqq.; Icel. bera
upp gtu, to ask a riddle; ra gtu, to read a riddle; hence the saying, myrk er rin gta, mirk
(dark) is an unread riddle, cp. Bs. i. 226; koll-gta, in the phrase, eiga kollgtuna, to guess the
riddle; cp. geta kollinn.
GTT, f. [gaatt, Ivar Aasen], the rabbet of a door-sill, against which the door shuts; hann gengr
tar fr konungi til gttar, to the door-sill, Jmsv. 12; hence such phrases as, hur hnigin gtt, a
door shut but not locked, Gsl. 29, Fas. ii. 345; s ggisk t hj gttinni, Br. 171; cp. gtti; hur
hlfa gtt, a door half open, = klofa in old writers; innan-gtta, in-doors, Eb. 302; utan-gtta,
out-of-doors, Stj. 436. gttar-tr, n. a door-post, Gl. 345. II. in pl. the door-way, the place nearest
to the door, Hm. 1; hn lauk upp hurinni ok st gttum stund , Fb. i. 547. -- Gtt is now in
Icel. esp. used of the space (esp. in stalls) between the door-post and the wall, hence troa upp
gttina, to ll up the 'gatt.'
GE, n. [a Scandin. word, neither found in Ulf., Saxon, nor Germ.; lost in mod. Dan. and Swed.;
gje, Ivar Aasen] :-- mind, mood; the old Hm. often uses the word almost = wits, senses; hann stelr
gei guma, he steals the wits of men, steeps them in lethargy, 12; vita til sns ges, to be in one's
senses, 11, 19; heimta aptr sitt ge, of a drunkard, to come to one's senses again, to awake, 13; vera
gtinn at gei, to be on one's guard, 6; cp. g (geyma) sns ges, Fms. vii. 133, x. 10: in pl., ltil eru
ge guma, many men have little sense, Hm. 52 :-- this meaning is obsolete. 2. spirits; uppi er ge
guma, then folk are in high spirits, Hm. 16. 3. mind; hverju gei styrir gumna hverr, Hm. 17; ok r
er grunr at hans gei, and thou trustest not his mind towards thee, 45. 4. in prose, favour, liking; at
orgilsi var eigi ge , whom Th. liked not, Ld. 286; fllsk hvrt ru vel ge, they liked one
another well, Band. 3, 9; ok at ge at ek gra mr vsa fjndr at vilndum, and such grace
(engaging mind) that I made open foes into well-wishers, Stor. 23; blanda gei vi e-n, to blend
souls with one, Hm. 43; hann var vel gei til Freysteins, he was well disposed to Fr., Fb. i. 255 :--
-ge, dislike :-- in mod. usage also vigour of mind; Icel. say of a boy, a er ekkert ge honum,
there is no 'go' in him, he is a tame, spiritless boy. COMPDS: 1. denoting character, temper, or the
like; ge-fastr, adj. rm of mind; ge-gr, adj. gentle of mood; ge-llr, adj. ill-tempered; ge-
lauss, adj. spiritless, tame, Rd. 241, Stj. 424, v. l.; ge-leysi, n. ckleness, Hom. 24; ge-mikill and
ge-rkr, adj. choleric; ge-stirr, adj. stiff of temper; ge-styggr, adj. hot-tempered; ge-veykr,
adj. brain-sick, of unsound mind; and ge-veyki, f. hypochondria; ges-lag, n., and ges-munir, m.
pl. temper: or adjectives in inverse order, br-geja, jt-geja, of hasty temper; har-geja,
hardy; laus-geja, ckle; lin-geja, weak-minded, crazy; str-geja. proud; ung-geja,
hypochondriac. 2. denoting grace, pleasure; ge-feldr, adj. pleasant; -gefeldr, unpleasant: ge-
ligr or ges-ligr, adj. engaging, Sks. 407, Fas. i. 233: ge-ekkni, f. good-will, content: ge-ekkr,
adj. beloved, dear to one: ge-okki, a, m. loveliness, engaging manners. 3. rarely of wit; ge-
spakr, adj. witty (better get-spakr). 4. in many pot. compd adjectives, ge-bjartr, -framr, -frkn,
-horskr, -hraustr, -rakkr, -skjtr, -snjallr, -strangr, -svinnr, bold, valiant, and the like, Lex. Pot.
GEDDA, u, f. [cp. gaddr; Swed. gdda; Dan. gjde], a pike, Edda Gl.), Fas. i. 152, 489, Sm.
ge-fr, f. heartsease, Sks. 114: the name of an Icel. poem.
gejask, a, dep. to be pleased with, like, Fms. iii. 97; e-m g. vel at e-u, to be well pleased with,
Vgl. 25.
GEFA, pret. gaf, 2nd pers. gaft, mod. gafst, pl. gfu; pres. gef; pret. subj. g; part. genn; with
neg. suff. gef-at, gaft-attu, Fm. 7; mid. form gfumk (dabat or dabant mihi, nobis), Stor. 23, Bragi,
Edda: [Goth. giban = GREEK; A. S. gifan; Engl. give; Dutch geven; O. H. G. gepan; Germ. geben;
Swed. gifva; Dan. give.]
A. To give, with acc. of the thing, dat. of the person; g. gjafar, to give gifts, Fm. 7, Fms. vii. 40, Nj.
29, Hm. 48; mikit eitt skala manni gefa, 51; hann kvask eingin yxn eiga au r at honum tti
honum gefandi (gerundial, worth giving to him), Rd. 256; hann gaf strgjar llu strmenni, Ld.
114; hann gaf eim gar gjar at skilnai, Gsl. 9; Rtr gaf henni hundra lna, Nj. 7; vilt g. mr
, 73, 75, 281, passim. II. to give in payment, to pay; gefa vildim vit r f til, we will give thee
money for it, Nj. 75; yr vri mikit gefanda (gerundial) til, at r hefit ekki llt tt vi Gunnar, you
would have given a great deal not to have provoked Gunnar, 98; ek mun g. r til Gurnu dttur
mna ok fit allt, id.: to lay out, hann gaf sumt verit egar hnd, Gsl. 12; gefa e-t vi e-u, to pay
for a thing; at r get mjk margra Kristinna manna lf vi yvarri rlyndi, that you will cause
the loss of many Christian lives with your stubbornness, Fms. iv. 195; at er lkara at ek gefa mikit
vi, Nj. 53; gefa sik vi e-u, to give oneself to a thing, attend to, be busy about, mod.: gefa milli,
to discount; hygg at hvat gefr milli tveggja systra, Fms. iv. 195 (hence milli-gjf, discount). III.
in special sense, to give in matrimony; Njll ba konu til handa Hgna ok var hon honum gen, Nj.
120; Vgds var meir gen til fjr en brautargengis, V. had been more wedded to the money than to
her advancement, Ld. 26; segir at dttir eirra muni eigi betr vera gen, 114 :-- gefa saman, to
betroth, Fms. x. 381 :-- in mod. sense to marry, of the clergyman. 2. to give as a dowry, portion;
bum eim er Sveinn hafi get til hennar, Fms. x. 310 (hence til-gjf, dowry); eigi skal ok
klum meira heiman gefask me konu en rijungr (hence heiman-gjf, dowry), Gl. 212 :-- so
also, gefa erfir, to give as inheritance, Bs. i. 285 :-- gefa lmusu, to give alms, Bs. passim; gefa
ftkum, to give to the poor, passim. IV. to give, grant; hann gaf honum vald yr llu landi, Fms. i.
18; gefa heimley, to grant 'home-leave,' furlough, ix. 474; gefa orlof, ii. 64; gefa gri, to grant a
truce to one, pardon, Nj. 165, Fms. ix. 479; gefa e-m lf, to grant one his life, 470. V. in various
phrases; gefa e-m nafn, to give one a name, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 23, Grg. ii. 146; gefa akkir, to give
thanks, Fms. i. 231; gefa e-m tillti, to indulge one, Nj. 169; gefa e-m rm, to give place to one,
Fms. ii. 254, vi. 195; gefa r, to give counsel, advice, Nj. 75, 78; gefa g or, to give good words,
answer gently; gefa e-m str or, to give one big words, Fms. v. 158; gefa slg, to deal blows, ix.
313; gefa gaum at, to give heed to, Nj. 57, Eg. 551; gefa hlj, to give a hearing, in public speaking,
Nj. 230; gefa tm, to give time, leisure, 98; gefa r reii, to calm one's wrath, 175 :-- gefa e-m sk,
to bring a charge against, complain of, 82; ok gaf ek hjlminum enga sk v, I did not like the
helmet less for that, Ld. 128; at eigi s mlt, at ger dauum sk, that thou bringest a charge
against a dead man (which was unlawful), Nj. 82; en hvrtki okkat gefr at ru at sk, neither of
us likes the other the less for that, 52; ekki gef ek r at at sk tt sr engi bleyimar, 54;
engi ori sakir at gefa, none durst complain, Al. 123; Sigurr jarl ba konung eigi gefa
rndum etta at sk, Fms. i. 57; gefa kru upp e-n, to give in a complaint against one, Dipl. ii.
13. 2. gefa sr um ..., to give oneself trouble about, take interest in, mostly followed by a noun; gefa
sr ftt um e-t, to take coolly; gefa sr mikit um, to take great interest in; ornnr lt gefa honum
mat, en gaf sr lti at honum, but else took little notice of him, Grett. 96; ekki er ess geti, at hann
g sr mikit um, that he shewed great interest, Fms. i. 289; mun ek mr ok ekki um etta gefa, I
will let this pass, not take offence at it, Boll. 354; en ef til mn kmi tveir ea rr, , gaf ek mr
ekki um, then I took no notice of it, Fms. ii. 151; konungr gaf sr ftt um at, Fb. i. 261; hann
ttisk vita hvat keisaranum mislkai ok gaf sr ekki um at sinni, Fms. vi. 71; ok gfu sr ekki
um vibnainn, vii. 87; so also, Skli gaf sr liti at hvat biskup sagi, S. troubled himself little at
what the bishop said, Bs. i. 873 :-- akin is the mod. phrase, eg gef ekki um a, I do not want it;
gefu ekki um a, do not care for it, mind it not; eg gaf ekki um a sj a, I did not want to see it,
etc. 3. gefa staar, to stop; lt hann staar gefa rrinn, he stopped rowing, Fms. vi. 384;
konungr gaf staar ok hlddi til frsagnar eirra, viii. 400; ok er s ss gaf staar ok rann eigi,
Edda 3; ok eir gefa eigi sta ferinni fyrr en eir kmu norr, 151 (pref.); sv at staar gaf (MS.
naf) hndin vi sporinn, 40. VI. to give out, deal out; hn ba gefa sr drekka, bade give him to
drink, Eg. 604: to give a dose, gefa e-m eitr, Al. 156 :-- absol. to give fodder to cattle, gefa gltum,
Hkv. 2. 37; gefa nautum, km, hestum, Sturl. ii. 42, Gsl. 28 :-- gefa , to dash over, of sea-water,
cp. gjf: to pour water on, var gluggr ofninum sy at tan mtti gefa, Eb. 134; san lt hann
gefa tan bait glugg, 136; gefa ker, to ll a goblet, Clar.: metaph. to press on, gefr Ormr ,
Fb. i. 530 (in wrestling). VII. with prepp., fyrir-gefa, to forgive, freq. in mod. usage, but scarcely
found in old writers; so also gefa til, cp. Dan. tilgive, D. N., vide Safn i. 96, (rare and obsolete) :--
gefa upp, to give up; gefa upp gamalmenni, to give old people up, let them starve, Fms. ii. 225; gefa
upp fur ea mur, 227; bndr bu hann gefa upp eyna, Grett. 145: to remit, en vil ek n upp
gefa r alla leiguna, Nj. 128; gaf honum upp reii sna, Fms. x. 3, 6; ok get oss upp strsakir, ii.
33; Brjn konungr gaf upp rysvar tlgum snum inar smu sakir, Nj. 269: absol., hvrt vilit r
gefa honum upp, pardon him, 205; gefa upp alla mtstu, to give up all resistance, Fms. ix. 322;
gefa sik upp, to give oneself up, surrender, i. 198; gefum vr upp vrn sta, 104; gefa upp rki,
konungdm, to give up the kingdom, abdicate, resign, x. 4, xi. 392: to give up, hand over to one,
Magns konungr gaf honum upp Finnferina me slkum skildaga, vii. 135; ek vil gefa ykkr upp
bit at Varmalk, Nj. 25; allir hafa at skaplyndi at gefa at fyrst upp er stolit er, 76: to give up,
leave off, gefa upp leik, to give up playing, Fas. iii. 530; gefa upp horn, Fms. vi. 241: to exhaust,
empty, upp tlu vr n gefnar gersimar yrar, vii. 197.
B. IMPERS., a naut. term; e-m gefr byri, byr (acc. pl. or sing.), one gets a fair wind; gaf eim byr
ok sigla eir haf, Nj. 4; gaf eim vel byri, 138; er eir vru bnir ok byr gaf, Eg. 99: so also absol.
with or without dat. of the person, gaf kaupmnnum burt af Grnlandi, the sailors got a wind off
Greenland, so as to sail from it, Fb. iii. 454; v at eigi gaf sur lengra, Fms. ii. 185; gaf eim vel,
ix. 268; gaf honum lla, x. 4; gaf honum eigi austan, Nj. 63: so in the saying, svo gefr hverjum sem
hann er gr. 2. in other phrases, to get a chance; ef fri (acc.) gefr , if you get a chance, Nj. 266;
halda njsnum, nr bezt g fri honum, to keep a look-out, when there was best chance to get
at him, 113; til ess gefr n vel ok hgliga, 'tis a fair and easy opportunity for that, Al. 156; mltu
menn at honum hafi vel get til (had good luck) um hefndina, Fms. vii. 230; ef yr (dat.) gefr eigi
missni essu mli, if you are not mistaken in this matter, Fbr. 32; gaf eim glmsni (q.v.) er til
vru komnir, Sturl. i. 179, Stj. 401; gaf mr sn, then I beheld (in a vision), Fms. vii. 163; at gaf
llum vel skilja, it was clear for all to understand, it lay open to all, vi. 70; e-m gefr a lta, one
can see, i.e. it is open and evident.
C. REFLEX., gefask vel (lla), to shew oneself, prove good (bad); a s vn at gesk honum
eigi vel, er gefsk llum rum mnnum lla, Nj. 32; eigi deilir litr kosti ef gefsk vel, 78;
hversu gafsk Bjrn r, Kri, 265; opt hafa mr vel gesk yur r, your counsels have often proved
good to me, Ld. 252; her eim at ok aldri vel gesk (it has never turned out well) essu landi,
Fms. vii. 22; lla gefask lls r, a saying, Nj. 20; htu allir gu um at gefask vel (i.e. to ght
manfully), Fms. vii. 262 :-- to happen, turn out, come to pass, sem san gafsk, x. 416; sv honum
gafsk, so it turned out for him, Sl. 20; ok sv gsk, ef eigi hefi Gu sna miskun til sent, and
so it would have come to pass, unless ..., Fms. x. 395 :-- gefsk mr sv, it seems to me so, methinks
it is so, Karl. 290, 308 (vide A. V. 2. above); at allsheri at undri gefsk, to all people it is a wonder,
Ad. 18; e-m er e-t sv get, to be so and so disposed, to think so and so of a thing; ef r er etta
sv get sem segir, Fms. v. 236; sv er mr get, son minn, at ek em r fegin orin, . H. 33;
sagi hann at sv mundi jarli get, Fms. ix. 244; en sv tla ek estum lendum mnnum get, at
eigi munu skiljask fr Skla jarli, 429, v.l.; yki mr ok sem sv muni estum get, at f s fjrvi
rr, Ld. 266; en at mun mestu um stra hversu rdsi er um get, 302; san talai konungr
etta ml vi systur sna, ok spuri hversu henni vri um etta get, Fms. ii. 221: of the gifts of
nature, mikill mttr er genn goum vrum, Nj. 132; ok er at ml manna, at henni ha allt verit lla
get at er henni var sjlfrtt, i.e. that she was a bad woman in everything of her own making (but
well gifted by nature), 268; ok sv er sagt at honum ha estir hlutir hfinglegast gefnir verit, 254.
2. with prepp., gefask upp, to give up, give in, surrender, Nj. 64, 124, Eg. 79: mod. to lose one's
breath: upp genn, upset; eigi ykjumk ek upp genn at ek sj smvofur, Grett. 112; eigi yki
mr vit upp gefnir, ef vit veitumk at, 131; en at eir fegar s rkir menn, eru vr ekki upp
gefnir fyrir eim, Fb. ii. 195: in mod. usage, exhausted, having lost one's breath, eg er uppgenn;
also of a horse, hann gafsk upp, harm er sta-uppgenn :-- e-m gefsk yr, to do wrong, commit a
fault, fail; at mla menn at essi hlutr ha konunginum yr gesk helzt, Fms. xi. 283; ef gfgum
mnnum gfusk strir hlutir yr, if the noble gave gross offence, did evil things, Bs. i. 107; engi er
sv vitr at eigi gesk yr nokkut sinn, Karl. 451 :-- to give oneself to one, gefask Kristi, N. G. L. i.
339; gefsk hnum dag me Gui, Nj. 157; gefask vald e-s, to give oneself into another's
power, Fms. ix. 479. II. recipr. to give to one another; gefask gjfum, Bret. 48; gfusk eir gjfum
r eir skildu, Bs. i. 274. III. part. genn, given to a thing, in a spiritual sense, devout; g. fyrir
bkr, lestr, smar, etc., given to books, reading, workmanship, etc.
gefendr, part. pl. givers, Hm. 2, Grg. ii. 169.
gens, adv. gratis, (mod.)
gefja, u, f. [Gael. gwayw], a missile, Edda (Gl.)
Gefjon, f. the name of the goddess, Yngl. S. ch. 1, Edda ch. 1; in the Middle Ages the Icel. used to
render Diana by Gefjon, e.g. mikil er G. gyja, great is the goddess Diana, 655 xvi. B, Acts xix. 28;
hof Gefjonar = Lat. templum Dianas, Bret. 20 note, passim: rarely = Venus, Stj. 90, or = Minerva,
Bret. 20 :-- name of a woman, Dropl. 36.
Gefn, f., pot. name of the goddess Freyja, Edda 21; prop. a giver, in pot. periphr. descriptions of
women, Lex. Pot.
gefna-ge, n. even temper, good temper, Sks. passim.
geggjast, a, dep. to get out of joint; geggjar, part. disordered.
GEGN, adv., old form ggn, with dat. [not found in Ulf., who uses and and vira; A. S. gegn in
compds; Engl. gain- (in gain-say), a-gain; Germ. gegen; Dan. igjen; Swed. gen: cp. the adj.
gegn] :-- against, right opposite; gegn vindi sem forvindis, Bs. i. 22; gegn veri, Bjarn. 52; sj
gegn slu, to look straight at the sun, Fms. viii. 114; eir ttu at vega gegn jelinu, xi. 136. 2.
metaph. against, contrary to; rn var til mts, en mestr hluti manna honum gegn, voted against
him, Ld. 74; rsa gegn e-m, Fms. i. 221; gegn slku ofrei, viii. 29; gegn eli, against nature,
Bs. i. 335; at eitt er eigi mli v gegn, which is not contrary to it, Grg. i. 7; ok mlti v
manngi gegn, b. 17, Anecd. 72: in medic. sense, ar eru alls-kyns tr ok aldin gegn (against)
meinum manna, Eluc. 24, (rare.) . absol. or ellipt., sv bjartr at eir oru eigi gegn at vega, Fms.
v. 161; vrusk eir eigi n gegn hjggu, 655 xi. 1: so the law phrase, ganga gegn e-u, to
avow or meet a charge; mod. to gainsay, deny, vide ganga. . ar er vgt gegn eim llum, Grg. ii.
9; skalat hsum skipta gegn land, i.e. land shall not be exchanged against houses, 256. 3. [Engl.
again], in turn; hann sendi rit Drottni ok tk vi gegn af honum, 623. 52; en eir htu honum gulli
gegn, Sl. 21; ar gegn (again, Germ. dagegen), Stj. 76; grt at gamni skalt ggn hafa (in turn),
Skm. 30.
GEGN, adj. [North. E. and Scot. gone; Swed. gen; Dan. gjen :-- akin to the adv. gegn; cp. gagn-,
gegnt, gegnum] :-- prop. 'gane,' short; hinn gegnsta veg, Mar. 545; a 'gane' way, the 'ganest' road
are found in Old Engl. and Scot., and still remain in the northern provinces; cp. the prex gagn-
signf. B, and gegnt. II. metaph. 'gane,' i.e. ready, serviceable, kindly, a usage also found in old
North. E. and Scot., vide Jamieson; gegn ok sannorr, Band. 10; gegn ok ruggr, 'gane' and steady,
Fs. 129; gegn ok vitr, Fms. v. 194; gegn ok skapbrr, 'gane' and good-tempered, Sturl. iii. 126;
gegn ok gfr, 'gane' and gentle, Grett. 90; gegn ok gfengr, 92: in pot. compds, br-gegn, fjl-
g., fri-g., hvar-g., hyggju-g., r-g., i.e. good, wise, gentle, Lex. Pot.; -gegn, 'ungainly,' ungentle.
gegna, d, [Germ. begegnen, cp. gegn, the adv.], to go against, meet, encounter; hann hafi ar mikit
li ok skyldi g. Birkibeinum, Fms. vii. 324; g. eim er sund hlaupa, ix. 22; skyldu eir g. um
njsnir ok annask vegu alla, Sturl. iii. 236. II. metaph., 1. to meet an engagement, to pay, discharge;
ef hann b, tt hann gegni eigi tillgum, though he pays no rates, Grg. i. 160; hn at g.
rijungi (take the third part of the charges) fyrir maga eirra, 337; ok skal hann g. (account,
redress) vi hinn ef landsleigur vri minni en verit, ii. 239: as a law term, of a duty, to meet,
discharge; but also of rights, to be entitled to; g. brn beggja ar, N. G. L. i. 33; ok g. rttum
llum, 55; g. kostnai, Fms. viii. 371: to pay, g. ingfarar-kaupi, Grg. passim, sl. ii. 344, b. ch.
10; g. skyldu sinni, to do one's duty :-- g. lkum, ok syngja slu-messu, to meet the bodies, of the
ofciating clergyman, N. G. L. i. 390. 2. to suit one, be meet for one; velit at er yr gegnir, choose
what best suits you, 623. 30; ley r honum at fara sem honum gegnir bezt, Nj. 10, Fms. viii. 102;
at man bezt g. (be meetest) at n r s hf, Nj. 24, Fs. 155; kjri hann at af er betr gegndi,
Fms. i. 202; mun at betr g., it will do better, iv. 209; ok mun mr at allvel g., 237; hve lla
mnnum gegndi (how ill it suited men) at fara, b. 8; ann kost er r gegnir verr, Fs. 134; gegnir
at, it is t, Sks. 433. 3. to signify, mean, matter; ok spuri, ef hann vissi nkkut hverju gegndi, if he
knew what was the matter, Eg. 53; spuru hverju at gegndi um ferir hans, Rd. 237; spuri, hverju
gegndi glei s er hann hafi, asked, what his sadness meant, Eg. 518; spyrr, hverju gegndi yss
sj ea klir, Gsl. 56; sumir maeltu mti, ok kvu ngu g., some denied it, and said it went for
nothing, Nj. 25; Hls kva at mundu ngu g., Rd. 237; a gegnir furu, it means a wonder, it is
astonishing; hv gegnir (what means?) etta atkvi? 656 B. 5; er helzt s at ri gegndi, i.e. where
he saw that there was reason in it, Fms. vii. 257; g. tendum, to be of importance, of great
consequence; s he ek at er ek tla tendum muni g., Ld. 272; meir en h gegnir, more than is
due, above measure, Fms. vii. 132; er viti gegnir, which has sense or meaning, Al. 6; um hluti er
rttum gegndi, which imply or can be called art, . H. 102 :-- of numbers, to amount to, sv at
mrgum hundruum gegndi, so that it amounted to several hundreds, by many hundreds, Fas. iii.
356; sv nttum gegndi, i.e. several nights, Ld. 304, v.l.; at degi einum vas eira en heilum vikum
gegndi tveim misserum, i.e. that in a year there is one day over the complete number of weeks, b.
7: with gen. (rare), mr yki tvennra vandra g., it is a double difculty, i.e. on both sides, Grett.
143 A. 4. to answer, reply, freq. in mod. usage, with dat. of the person and the reply; hann gegnir
ngu, he gives no reply; hann gegnir mr ekki, he does not answer me. . to yield, be obedient;
hann gegnir ngum, he obeys none, is cross and disobedient, freq. in mod. usage.
gegnd, f. moderation, reason; a er engi gegnd v, 'tis unreasonable; -gegnd, excess; -
gegnd, excessively; a er mesta -gegnd, id.: gegndar-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), = gegniligr; gegndar-
lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), unreasonable, exorbitant.
gegn-gr, f. a Norse law term, 'harbouring the king,' a tax, D. N.
gegni-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), 'gainly,' meet, due, Vgl. 32, Sturl. ii. 63; vide the adj. gegn.
gegning f. = gegnd, Band. 3, Fms. ii. 88.
gegn-ligr, adj. straight, Sks. 4: metaph. = the adj. gegn II, Hom. 69.
gegnt, adv.: I. almost like a prep. with dat. opposite to, = gagnvart, q.v.; Laugabr stendr gegnt
Tungu, Ld. 122; ndvegi gegnt konungi, Eg. 304; yr gegnt eim brekkunni, sl. ii. 200; gegnt
rekkju eirri er Kjartan var vanr at liggja , Ld. 202; ru ndvegi g. honum, . H. 43; gegnt Ho,
Sd. 142: vru komnir mjk sv ar gegnt, Nj. 247. II. really as adv. straight; sv gegnt (so
straight, with so good an aim) at sitt auga kom hver rin, Fas. i. 271. 2. compar. gegnra or
gegnara, more straight; gegnra skauztu sumar, Fms. viii. 140; hann mun miklu lengra skjta ok
gegnara, ii. 266. 3. superl. gegnst, [Swed. genast = at once; Dan. gjennest], the 'ganest,' shortest
way; hann stefnir egar et gegnsta, the 'ganest' way, Ld. 240; ok it gegnsta rei hann til yrils, sl.
ii. 109; ok skal gera it gegnsta ar, Grg. ii. 264; for ngull ar land sem honum tti gegnast
('ganest,' shortest), Grett. 155 A. . metaph. meetest, most right or just; spyrja vitrir menn hvat
gegnast muni essu mli, Ld. 80: cp. the adj. gegn.
GEGNUM, adv., old form ggnum rhyming to Rgn, Orkn. 80: [this word seems not to be found
in Germ. and Saxon, but Dan. igjennem, Swed. genom; cp. gagn-, gegn] :-- through, with acc.; laust
ggnum sluna, ggnum Geirr ok ggnum vegginn, Edda 61; holtria hver gegnum, Hm. 27;
slur ggnum, 29; hann hljp bum ftum ggnum skipit, Edda 36; ggnum hellu mikla, 20; ok
renndi sv g. hann, El. 15; Gerzkan mann sktr hann gegnum me gaoki, Al. 40; ef leggr
ggnum ba skjlduna, El. 12; aug skoti ggnum hann, Edda 37; brjta nja sa ggnum
fjru manns, Grg. ii. 354; gegnum skjldinn, Nj. 84; en ek ykjumk sj allt gegnum er ek
kem land, 134; ok gkk egar gegnum, 262; gegnum eyjarnar, Eg. 251; t g. vegginn, 398; ef
hval rekr g. merkisa, Grg. ii. 353, Fms. i. 217; ganga gegnum fylkingar, to go right through the
ranks, Fms. xi. 131; g. Danmrk, through Denmark, A. A. 288; settar gullknppum gegnum nir,
all through, Eg. 516; ek vil sinn lta hggva g. t, all along, all through, Fms. viii. 416; hence
adverb., t gegn, all through, from beginning to end. II. temp., allan dag gegnum, all the day
long, Fms. xi. 27; allan vetr ggnum, all the winter long, Orkn. 80; haustntt ggnum, all through
the autumn night, Fms. vi. (in a verse).
GEIFLA, a, [cp. A. S. geaas = grinders], to mumble with the lips; gmlum kennu vr n
Goanum at g. saltinu, see how we teach the old Godi to mumble the salt, Bs. i. 25; -- it was usual
to put salt into the mouth of neophytes when baptized as a symbol of the words (Matth. v. 13) 'ye
are the salt of the earth,' vide Bingham's Origg. iv. 39 :-- metaph. to mutter, tt geiir slkt,
Grett. 116 (MS.) :-- geia sig, to make a wry mouth as if about to cry.
geiga, a, to take a wrong direction, to rove at random, of a bolt or the like; ok geigai uginu,
Grett. 124; hann skaut tveimr rum er remr ok geigai at allt, Sturl. ii. 135; eigi veit hvar
skytja r geigar, none can tell where a shaft ill-shot may stray to, Fms. vii. 262, Fas. ii. 358, (a
saying.) 2. lta augun g., to look askance, Hom. (St.)
geig-orr, adj. caustic, sarcastic, Nj. 38, v.l.
GEIGR, m. a scathe, serious hurt; ef eir f geig af vpnum snum, Nj. 115; vinna, veita, gra e-m
geig, to hurt one, 253, Fms. xi. 119; at styrk kona skyldi geig gra mega sv miklum sel, that she
should have been able to cause death to so big a seal, Bs. i. 335; eigi vilda ek r geig hafa grt,
Njar. 378; en ess var aldregi vst, hverr honum hafi geig veittan, who had slain him, Orkn. 376,
Fbr. (in a verse); ef kirkju verr geigr af eldi, K. . K. 48. 2. danger; er at enn mesti geigr, Ld. 238,
Fms. vii. 270; en mr tti stra oss til ens mesta geigs, Hkr. ii. 222; at eigi veitti hann au
hlaup bri sinni er geig setti, 686 B. 1; sagi at vri bit vi geig mikinn me eim fegum,
Eg. 158. 3. a squint, a leer; geigr er r augum, Nj. in a ditty. COMPDS: geigr-ligr, adj., pot.
dangerous, Lex. Pot. geigr-skot, better geig-skot, n. a deadly shot; in the phrase, at skjta g. mti
e-m, to shoot the death bolt against one, i.e. to seek to take one's life, Fb. ii. 353, Fms. v. 76. geigr-
ing, n. a dangerous meeting, battle, Hallfred; better in two words.
geig-vnliga, adv. dangerously, Bs. i. 343.
geig-vnligr, adj. dangerous, fatal, Fas. iii. 123, Hom. 39, Fms. xi. 132, Finnb. 346.
GEIL, f. [cp. gil, a chasm] :-- a narrow glen; geilar r sem ganga fyrir framan Titlingshl, Vm.
156, Fms. viii. 409, Nj. 114, Gsl. 136; geilar reyngar at ra at bnum, Orkn. 450; gras-geilar,
grassy 'gills,' Hrafn. 20; Hrossa-geilar, id. II. any narrow passage, e.g. a shaft through a hay-rick or
the narrow lane between hay-ricks or houses. COMPDS: geila-garr, m. a 'glen-formed' fence, a
walk, id.; geilagars-hli, n. a gate in a fence, Sturl. ii. 247; skal geilar gra af mnnum (dele of
men) heim at kirkjugars-hlii, Bs. i. 291: gra e-m geilar, a law phrase, to let (a thief) run the
gauntlet, N. G. L. i. 253, passim; hafs-geil, the sea-lane, through which the host of Pharaoh passed,
Stj. 287, cp. Exod. xiv. 23.
GEIMI, a, m., mod. geimr, m., pot. the main, the sea, Edda (Gl.); skaut jr r geima, Edda Ht.
13: in mod. usage geimr means a vast empty space; himin-geimr, the universe, the air, ether; hfa
skilr hnetti himingeimr, Jnas 167: the popular phrase, spyrja e-n t alla heima og geima, to speer
(ask) freely about everything.
GEIP, n. idle talk, nonsense, in mod. usage esp. foolish exaggeration, Nj. 214, Fms. ii. 286, Karl.
478.
geipa, a, to talk nonsense, Fms. v. 333, 341, Sturl. i. 206, Gsl. 99.
geipan, f. brag, nonsense, Sturl. i. 207, Lv. 60, Glm. 342.
geir-flki, a, m. [a for. word; mid. Lat. gyrfalco], a gerfalcon, H. E. i. 391, N. G. L. ii. 471.
geir-fugl, m. alca impennis, Edda (Gl.); hence Geirfugla-sker, n. a local name in Icel.
geir-hvalr, m. a kind of whale, Sks. 124, Edda (Gl.)
GEIRI, a, m. [Engl. goar or gore; Germ. gebre], a goar or triangular strip, Orkn. 374 (in a verse),
freq.; land-g., a goar of land; gras-geirar, grass strips among rocks; set-g., a goar let into breeches.
II. a pr. name, Landn. III. re, pot., Edda (Gl.)
geir-laukr, m. garlic, Edda (Gl.), Gkv. 1. 18.
geir-nagli, a, m. the nail fastening a spear's head to the shaft, Grett. 123, Gl. 105, Fas. i. 239, Gsl.
11.
geir-nefr, m., and geir-nyt, f. a sh, chimaera monstrosa Linn.: a sea-rat, Eggert Itin. 598.
GEIRR, m. [A. S. gr; Hel. gr; O. H. G. keir, whence kesja, q.v.; cp. also Lat. gaesum, a Teut.-
Lat. word] :-- a spear, Edda 41, Fms. i. 177, Hm. 15, 37, Hkv. 1. 15, Hbl. 40; Odin is represented
wielding a geir, called Gungnir, as are also the Valkyrjur; marka sik geirs-oddi, to mark oneself in
the breast with a spear's point, so as to make blood ow, was a heathen rite whereby warriors on
their death-bed devoted themselves to Odin; it was the common belief that a man who died a natural
death was not admitted into Valhalla after death; this rite is only mentioned in mythical Sagas such
as Yngl. S. ch. 10; cp. also Gautr. S. ch. 7. -- stakk Starkar sprotanum konungi ok mlti, n
gef ek ik ni: the origin of this rite is in Hm., where Odin himself is represented as hanging on
the tree Yggdrasil 'wounded with a spear and given to Odin, myself to myself;' some trace it to a
Christian origin, which is not very likely. Again, the cruel blrn (q.v.) is no doubt connected with
this kind of sacrice to Odin. II. a pr. name, and also in many compds, Sig-geirr, r-geirr, s-geirr,
V-geirr (the holy spear), and Geir-hildr, Geir-rr, Geir-mundr, Geir-laug, Geir-rr, and many
others, vide Landn. Geira, u, f. a pr. name, Landn.
geir-sl, n. a kind of herring, Edda (Gl.)
geir-skaft, n. a spear-shaft, N. G. L. i. 144.
geir-varta, u, f. the nipple, of a man, Rb. 346, Sturl. i. 41, Ld. 136, 140, Fs. 145: of a woman, less
correctly, Mar. 603.
geis, n. [M. H. G. gis = yeast], boasting, Fbr. 99 new Ed.
GEISA, a, [Ulf. gaisjan or usgaisjan means to be alarmed, astonished; mid. Germ. gise and
Swed. gsa = to ferment; cp. Engl. yeast] :-- to chafe, rage, of re, Vsp. 57; lta grugan loga
geisa, Mar. 530; hn (an excited lady) geisai mjk, Nj. 57; ltum Gamminn geisa, of a ship under
sail, 135 (in a ditty); eirra ofsi geisar htt, their insolence runs high, Edda 146 (pref.); hversu
sunnarlega geisar rki fur ns, Br. 13; ofarr lt Grettir g. saxit fyrra, Grett. 99 new Ed. Cod.
Ups. II. to be panic-stricken, a notion which only appears in the word geiski: cp. geysask.
geisan, f. impetuosity, Band. 9.
geiski, a, m. panic, fear, Fas. i. 193, where spelt gyzki. geiska-fullr, adj. frightened, of a hunted
deer, Hkv. 2. 35.
GEISL, m. (gsli, Fb. ii. 273, less correctly), [cp. O. H. G. geisila, mid. and mod. Germ. geissel, a
scourge] :-- the staff used by men sliding in snow shoes, O. H. L. 153. 2. the short ribs, costae,
Bjrn.
geisla, a, to shed rays, Sks. 206, Fms. iii. 51, v. 341, Sl. 42; geislai af meyjunni, it beamed from
the maid, she shed rays of light, Mar. 618: metaph. to shed, Magn. 428.
GEISLI, a, m. 1. prop. a beam, staff, = geisl; but only used, 2. metaph. a beam, ray, of the sun, Rb.
472, Fas. i. 516, Hkv. 1. 15, Hom. 128; slar-g., a sun-beam; r-g., morning-beam, pot.: the eye is
called br-geisli, brow-beam, Korm. Geisla-dagr, m. 'Beam-day;' it is prob. a rendering of
Epiphany, though it is not used of that very day, which is called rettndi, but of the seventh day
after, viz. the 13th of January.
geislung, f. = gsling, Fas. i. 5 (badly).
GEISPA, a, [Engl. to gasp; Dan. gispe; Swed. gspa], to yawn, Nj. 20, Fas. i. 11, Fms. x. 204, Fb.
i. 259.
geispi, a, m. a yawn, Fms. vi. 199.
GEIT, f., gen. geitar, pl. geitr, [Goth. gaitei; A. S. gt; Engl. goat; Germ. geiz; Swed. get; Dan.
geed; Lat. hoedus] :-- a she-goat (the he-goat is hafr), Grg. i. 418, 503, Hkv. 1. 42, 2. 35, Skm. 35,
Rm. 12, Gm. 25, Edda 24, 46, passim; stein-geit, the steinbock or wild goat. 2. metaph. a coward
(cp. Engl. hare); hann er mesta geit, he is a 'frightened hare,' cp. Grett. ch. 8, Valla L. 212 :-- this
metaphor is taken from the skgar-geit or roebuck, Fms. ii. 309, Hkv. 2. 35. COMPDS: geitar-hr,
n. goat's hair, Stj. 306. geitar-horn, n. a goat's horn, Fms. vii. 156. geitar-hugr, m. a she-goat's
courage, cowardice, Fms. x. 351. geita-hs, n. a goat's fold, . H. 15, Njar. 374, Grett. 150 A.
geita-kgildi, n. a cow's value paid in goats, Am. 50. geitar-skegg, n. a goat's beard, Fms. iii. 94.
geita-sveinn, m. a goat-boy, goat-herd, Fas. i. 139. geit-belgr, m. a goat-skin (blown up), Rd. 245
(a nickname), geit-bjl, a, m. a goat-skin coat, Fas. iii. 621. geit-f, n. collective noun, like Lat.
pecus, Fas. iii. 383. geit-hinn, m. a goat-skin jacket, Nj. 211; a pr. name, Bs. i. geit-saur, m.
much the same as geitf, Grg. i. 503; gener. she-goats, Stj. 45. geit-skinn, n. a goat-skin, Stj. 470:
goat-skins were used by sorcerers, Nj. 20; hence the phrase, vefja geitskinni at hfi e-m, to
hoodwink one. geit-staka, u, f. a goat-skin, Fas. iii. 502. II. botan., geitna-njli, a, m. aegopodium.
geitna-skf, n. lichen proboscideus, Hjalt. geit-skr, m. 'goat-shoe,' the willow-weed, epilobium,
Ivar Aasen: a nickname, b. ch. 2. III. medic. geitr, only in pl., scurvy in the head from vermin, Fas.
i. 9.
geitir, m., pot. a giant: a pr. name, Landn.
geitla, u, f. angelica sylvestris, Hjalt.
geitungr, m. [Swed. geting; Dan. geding], a wasp; in Edda (Gl.) wrongly rendered as a bird.
GELDA, d, mod. t, [root in Goth. gila = a sickle], to geld, Grg. i. 301, Edda 149 (pref.), Sturl. ii.
69, 181, Fms. vii. 185, Hkv. 1. 39. II. part. geldr (geltr), Hkv. Hjrv. 20.
geldask, t, dep. to become barren, yield no milk.
geld-f, n. a barren sheep (cp. geldr), Grg. i. 416, 421, Eg. 740, Vm. 87. COMPDS: geldfjr-
afrttr, -hagar, m., -hfn, f. pasture for geldf, Vm. 60, 80, Grg. ii. 326. geldfjr-kgildi, n. a
cow's value paid in geldf, Vm. 34, Jb. 361. geldfjr-rekstr, m. = geldfjrhfn, Grg. ii. 327, Jb.
284, Dipl. iv. 9. geldfjr-samnar, m. a ock of geldf, Grg. i. 416.
geld-fnar, m. = geldf, Dipl. v. 7.
geld-hestr, m. a gelded horse, gelding, Vm. 18.
gelding, f. a gelding, Grg. i. 419. geldinga-mar, m. = geldir.
geldingr, m. a wether, Grg. i. 502, 503, Nj. 26, sl. ii. 330, Vm. 58-60, Sturl. i. 81, Band. 4, Rd.
299, orst. Stang. 51, passim; also in local names, Landn., Bs. geldinga-hs, n. a fold for wethers,
Rd. 235. II. an eunuch, K. . 120, Al. 57, Stj. 195.
geldir, m. a gelder; hesta-g., a nickname, Landn.
geld-mjlk, f. adj.; g. kr, a barren cow (Swed. gall-ko), Grg. i. 502.
geld-neyti, n. barren neat (cattle), Ld. 98, Vm. passim.
GELDR, adj. [Swed. gall], barren, yielding no milk, Grg. i. 502, 503, Vm. 33.
geld-r, f. a barren ewe (Scot. gelt gimmer, Jamieson), Vm. 168.
GELGJA, u, f. [akin to glgi], the cheek bones of a sh; gelgju-bein, n. the small bones in the
gelgja; hence gelgju-legr or gelgju-leitr, adj. haggard-looking, pinched in the face. II. mythol. the
name of the tack or pin belonging to the chain whereby the wolf Fenrir was fastened, F. Edda 221,
cp. 20.
GELLA, d, [A. S. gellan], to yell, esp. of wild beasts, Hkr. i. 229, sl. ii. 170, Karl. 140, Bs. ii. 10.
gellini, a, m. a nickname, . H.
gellir, m. a yeller, a nickname, Landn.: a bull, Edda (Gl.)
gellungr, m. = geldingr, D. I. i. 257.
gelt, n. barking.
GELTA, t, (cp. gella), to yell; prop. of dogs, to bark; eir gjlltu sem hundar, Fas. iii. 623: gelta and
gelt are now the current words in Icel., but scarcely occur in old writers, as Hm. 86 is a mod.
interpolation.
GEMLA, u, f. a stump, worn out tooth, in the mouth of old people, Bjarn. 186; but also of teeth in
the mouth of new-born babes, called sklda-gemlur, 'poet-grinders,' from the old saying that a child
born with teeth will become a pot. sl. js. ii. 5.
gemlingr, m. (dimin. gemsi, a, m.), a year old (gamal) sheep, Sd. 154.
gemlir, m., pot. the old, an eagle, Lex. Pot.: in mythol. names as r-g., cp. Germ. ur-alt, Edda,
Lex. Pot.
GEMS, n. a gibe, scoff, Fbr. 169, Sturl. iii. 80, Bs. i. 649, Band. (MS.) 19, where masc.
gemsa, a, to gibe, scoff.
gemsan, f. gibing, Bs. i. 649.
gems-mikill, adj., full of gibes, Sturl. iii. 69.
gemsungr, m. a giber, Sturl. iii. 262.
GENGI, n. [ganga], good luck, success; in the saying, n er lls gengis (llt gengi) nema heiman
ha, ill luck is homebred, is one's own making, Nj. 27, Dropl. 23, sl. ii. 144, Gsl. 63; or, ni er lls
gengis, ni used substantively (vide 'an,' p. 43); ok vrt g. vaxa, and promote our success, r.
64 :-- help, support, vrt g. er lisinni, Fb. ii. 126, 131; aa sr gengis, to gather troops, Fms. x.
394; g. rnzkra drengja, g. goa, g. Normanna, Hallfred, Hkm. 3, 10; vgs-gengi, helping sword
in hand, Ld. 224; heita e-m gengi snu, Fms. viii. 151: victory = gagn, Lex. Pot.: the saying, vex
(gfgask) hverr af gengi, good luck makes a man's fame, Edda Ht. 26, Mkv. 12: Icel. also say, vera
gu (miklu) gengi, to enjoy fame, popularity; vera litlu g., to be of small reputation.
gengi-legr, adj. passable, Vellekla.
gengr, adj. able to walk, Grg. ii. 33, Fms. vii. 208, Landn. 226 :-- passable, t to walk, Bs. i. 322;
-gengr, unt to walk or impassable; ll-g., bad to pass, of ice, crags, or the like :-- the phrase, eiga
heiman-gengt, to be able to go from home, i.e. to have leisure, Fbr. 17 new Ed.; eg ekki heiman-
gengt, lla heiman-gengt, etc. :-- of money, good, D. N.
genja, u, f. [gana], an GREEK: pot. an axe, Edda (Gl.): the name of a ship, Branda-genja, Sturl. ii.
166: the nickname of a woman, id.
GENTA, u, f. a girl; a special Norse word not used in Icel. and not found in old writers earlier than
the 14th or 15th century, unless 'getta' in the verse in Hlfs S. be the same or kindred word; hva
lr n grautnum, genta, Fas. iii. 382, 389, 393 (Eg. Einh. S.), is the only passage where it is used in
Icel. writers. In many languages the equivalents are curious, Engl. girl, Swed. icka, Norse genta
(proncd. yenta, vide Asbjrnsen's Tales), Icel. stlka, Dan. pige, -- all words that bafe etymologers.
The Germans seem to have no such word, as mdchen and mdel are plain enough. The Lapps have
ganda = a girl, which may be the origin of genta.
gepill, m. a little ill-shaped spoon, spn-gepill; akin to geia.
GER, n. [Dan. gjr], yeast, vide gr.
ger-, in compds, vide gr-, grsemi, etc.
GERA, , to do, vide gra.
ger, gerningr, etc., vide gr, grningr, doing.
GER (and gr less correctly), f. yeast, ferment; ok kom ekki ger mungt, Bs. i. 339;
kom egar gr keren gng ok g, id.; at l brsk alldregi er gerar beiddi, 394; ok lt
kerinu sem er ger vri , Mirm. . medic., -ger, suppuration in a wound, (mod.)
GER, f., used to rhyme with e (verung -- gerar), Fms. vi. 448 :-- gear, harness, and in pl. esp.
armour; s ger (fashion) var mnnum mjk t, iv. 110; kli me slkri ger, sem ..., Al. 121 :--
armour, vpn ok allar gerar, Skld H. R. 5. 43; gerar hans er hann hafi, feld ok spjt, Glm. 344;
Hrs gerar, war-gear, Fms. l.c.; gerar vrar, our armour, Hkm. 33. II. girth; digrask gerum, to
become stout in the waist, euphon. of a woman, to be with child; Icel. now say, hn er farin a
ykkna undir belti.
gera, , [garr], to gird with a fence, hedge, Lex. Pot.
GERI, n. [cp. garr], a place girded round, a hedged or fenced eld, garth; hann ferr til gerisins
ok sr nir korninu, Nj. 170; ok sna upp geri at er heitir rlygsstum, saua-hs st
gerinu, Sturl. ii. 218; Finnbogi kvask eiga geri eitt, ba hann angat fara ok leggja ar gar um,
Finnb. 336: a pinfold, lta srnala sinn geri, Gl. 406: akr-geri, a eld. COMPDS: geris-beiti, n.
the 'bite' or pasture in a garth, Gl. 406. geris-tn, n. a garden, Matth. xxvi. 36. geris-vndr, m.
fence-faggots, Gl. 379.
gering, f. a girding, fencing, N. G. L. i. 41, Fb. ii. 7.
Gerr, f. a pr. name of a goddess, Edda; also of a woman, Eb., Landn.; and in many compds, s-
gerr, Hall-g., Ingi-g., Val-g., or-g., etc., Landn.
geri, a, m. [gerr], 'ravener,' the mythol. wolf of Odin, Gm., Edda.
ger-jrn, n. a gridiron, Fas. iii. 240, an GREEK.
gerp-ligr, gerpi-legr, m. [garpr], martial, Nj. 72, Fb. ii. 204; g. r, good circumstances, orst. Su
H. 178.
GERR, adj. [akin to gjarn, q.v.], greedy; eigi ofdrykkju-mar n kaiga gerr, 686 B. 2, 1 Tim. iii.
8: gluttonous, opp. to neyzlu-grannr, freq. in mod. usage.
gerr, adj. = perfect, vide grr, gra.
gersemi, vide grsemi.
GERSTA or gesta, t, [A. S. gstan], to annoy; g. hug e-s, to tease one, Greg. 64, Pr. 442, 623. 54;
vr skulum g. hug hans, eigi sem eir gerstu forum eyimrkinni er Moysi fylgdu, Mart. 132:
this word is quite obsolete, and chiey used in old translations of legends. II. part. gerstr, [Germ.
garstig = hideous; O. H. G. garst = sour, harsh; cp. Engl. ghastly, agast], sour, dismal; gerstan dag,
Skm. 30, Rm. 9 :-- sulky, hann leit gerstr vi mr, he looked sulkily on me, Sighvat, . H. 81 (Ann.
for Nord. Oldk. 1866, p. 196).
gervi, n. gear, vide grvi.
Gerzkr, adj. from Gardar, Nj. 46, Fms. passim. II. = Girkskr, Greek, Al. 26, 40.
gest-beinliga, adv. hospitably, Vpn. 23.
gest-erf, f. inheritance after a stranger (guest) who dies in one's house, N. G. L. i. 51.
gest-feri and gest-ferungr, m. a law term, dened in N. G. L. i. 209, ch. 5; a man who dies
leaving no heirs and whose property lapses partly to the king and partly to the owner or landlord of
the house in which he dies (or to the captain if he dies on board ship), N. G. L. i. 208, 209, Js. 74.
gest-flagi, a, m. a guest-friend, rendering of Gr. GREEK.
gest-gja, a, m. a host; gr g., a good host, Gsl. 47.
gest-kominn, part. come as a guest, a stranger, Stj. 152: a guest, Matth. xxv. 38.
gest-kvmt, n. adj. much visited by strangers.
GESTR, m., gen. gests; pl. gestir, acc. gesti; [Ulf. gasts = GREEK; A. S. gest; Engl. guest; Germ.
gast; Dan. gjst; Swed. gst; Lat. hostis]: I. a guest; the original meaning of this word is a
stranger, alien, cp. Lat. hostis. . the Guests, one division of the king's men; the Guests were a kind
of policemen, and had not the full privileges of the king's guardsmen or hirmenn, although they
were in the king's pay; they had their own seats in the king's hall, the guests' bench, gesta-bekkr,
m., Fb. i. 347; their own chief, gesta-hfingi, a, m., Nj. 7, Hkr. ii. 69, Fms. vii. 35; their own
banner, gesta-merki, n., Fms. ix. 489; their own meeting, gesta-stefna, u, f., Fms. viii. 250; they
formed a separate body, gesta-sveit, f., Fas. i. 318; skulu ar fylgja hirmenn ok gestir, . H. 204,
in the battle at Stiklasta: a guests' hall, gesta-skli, a, m., is mentioned in Eg. 28, Fas. ii. 93: a
ship, gesta-skip (gesta-ey), n., Fms. viii. 139; cp. the Sagas passim, esp. the Konunga Sgur, Fms.
x. 147, Hkr. passim, but esp. N. G. L. in the section Hirs-skr, or the law (rules) for the king's men,
and Sks. 257 sqq. As the gestir were lower in rank than the hirmenn, a recruit had often to serve
his apprenticeship among them, e.g. var hann gestasti, he was seated among the guests, i.e. was
held in small repute, Fas. i. 51. II. a stranger, guest, Lat. hospes, but keeping the old notion of a
stranger, prop. an accidental guest, chance comer, and is distinguished from bos-mar, an invited
guest, or the like; hence the allit. phrase, gestr ok gangandi, a guest and ganger, since with the
ancients the poor had to go from house to house (cp. gangleri); this is to be borne in mind, if one
would understand old sayings such as, Gu elr gesti, God feeds guests, Bs. i. 247; or many passages
in the old heathen poem Hvaml, e.g. rir gestr vi gest, guest quarrels with guest, Hm. 31; gestr
at gest hinn, guest mocking guest, 30, which reminds one of Hom. Od. xviii. 1-33; gest n
geyja n grind hrekir (scoff not at a guest, nor drive him to the door), get vluum vel, Hm.
136, where gestr (a guest) and vlar (a vagrant) are used synonymously; ganga skal, skala gestr
vera einum sta, 34. In olden times there were no public hostelries, and all entertainment was
(as it still is in Icel.) private bounty; a ne instance of a municent hostess of the heathen age is
recorded in Landn., -- Geirrr spari ekki mat vi menn, ok lt gra skla sinn of jbraut vera,
hn sat stli ok laai ti gesti, en bor st inni jafnan ok matr , 2. 13. After the introduction of
Christianity, when churches were built and endowments given, the donors often imposed the duty of
'feeding guest and ganger for a night' (ala gest ok ganganda), Dipl. i. 169, 174; or, ar er ekki gesta
eldi skylt (it is not required to feed guests), ala hvern at sekju er vill, 200; ala urfa-menn ok er
fara skylda-erinda, 201, cp. 273 passim :-- gener. a visitor, guest: gesta-eldi, n. shelter for guests, D.
I. (vide above): gesta-uga, u, f. a guest-y, a moth, sl. js. i. 558: gesta-herbergi, n. a 'guest-
harbour,' hostel, inn, Gr. GREEK, Luke ii. 7: gesta-hs, n. a guest-room, Sturl. i. 216, ii. 191:
gesta-koma, u, f., gesta-nau, n. a coming, crowding of guests: gesta-mar, m. a guest-man
(bishops had a special servant so called), Bs. i. 850, 876: gesta-rm, n. a guest-bed: gesta-skli, a,
m. a guest-chamber, Hom. 36: gesta-spjt, n. pl., a cat is said to raise the 'guest-spears' when it lies
on its back and cleans itself with its hind legs, which is a token that a stranger is at hand, sl. js.
i. 558. III. as pr. names, Landn., freq.; also in compds, or-gestr, Heim-gestr, Go-gestr, Hleva-
gastir on the Golden horn (Bugge's reading), and Gr. GREEK, GREEK. Gestr is a name of Odin =
the Traveller, Edda, Vm., Gm., Hervar. S. ch. 15 (Gestum-blindi). It is curious to notice that
whereas with the Romans hostis came to mean a foe, with the Teutons (as with the Gr. GREEK) the
equivalent word became a term of friendship, used of a friend staying at one's house.
gest-risinn, adj. hospitable, Greg. 32, Bs. i. 101, 1 Tim. iii. 2, Tit. i. 8, 1 Pet. iv. 9, passim.
gest-risni, f. hospitality, 655 v. 2, Bs. i. 81, 830, Rom. xii. 13, Heb. xiii. 2, passim.
gest-vnliga, adv. hospitably, Vpn. 23, (prob. a false reading.)
GETA, pret. gat, 2nd pers. gazt, pl. gtu; pres. get; pret. subj. gt; sup. geti, but geta in the mod.
sense of could; part. getinn; reex. pres. and pret. getsk or gezk, gatsk or gazk, mod. gezst and
gazst; with the neg. suff. gtu-, Korm. 224, Sighvat; gat-at, Lex. Pot.
WITH ACC.
A. [Ulf. begitan = GREEK; A. S. getan; Engl. get; O. H. G. gezan] :-- to get; this use of the word,
which is so common in Engl., is dying out in Icel.; it is found in the old poems, esp. in the old Hm.;
it is used in law phrases, but is rare in common prose, even in the oldest Sagas; geta gn, to get
silence, a hearing, Hful. 3, Hm. 8; geta orstr, to get fame; en orstr deyr aldrigi hveim sr
gan getr, 75; orstr of gat, Eirekr at at, Hful.; ey getr kvikr k, Hm. 69; sjaldan liggjandi lfr
lr um getr, n sofandi mar sigr, 57; ef hann sylg um getr, 17; n at mttu ... geta hvergi, they
could nowhere get it, Hm. 4; gambantein at geta, gambantein ek gat, Skm. 34; hvar gazt vra
aura, Vkv. 12; geta gjafor, to marry, Alm. 6: geta sr, to get for oneself; httr er heimis-kvir nema
sr gan geti, Sdm. 25; s er sll er sr um getr lof ok lknsta, Hm. 8; er sr getr slkan sefa,
Hkm. 19; gs um is, ef sr geta mtti, if he could get it, Hm. 4; geta gjld, laun e-s, 64, 124,
Gm. 3; geta gott af e-m, to get good of one, Hm. 43, 44 :-- in law, nema hann get ann kvi, at ...,
unless he can get that verdict, that ..., Grg. i. 17; goinn seksk ef hann getr engi (acc.) til at nefna
frnsdm, 95; ella skal hverr eirra geta mann fyrir sik, 26 :-- in common prose, bija konu eirrar
er honum vri smi , ef hann gti, Fms. xi. 47; veit ek eigi hvar s kona sitr er mr s mikit happ
at geta, Ld. 88: to get, earn, sv at hann megi sr mat geta af snu f er verkum, Grg. i. 293 :-- to
get, learn, ftt gat ek egjandi ar, Hm. 104; lengi man at er ungr getr, an old saying, sl. ii. 248;
skal hann eiga stefnu vi mm lgmenn, er hann m helzt geta af (ve lawyers of whom he
can best learn, i.e. ve of the wisest men of law) r hann segi hvern tt upp, Grg. i. 3. 2. with dat.
of the person added, mostly in reference to feeding or entertaining; get r vel at bori nu, keep a
good table, Sks. 20; get vluum vel, entertain well the poor, Hm. 136; n er honum vel geti
(he has good cheer) af gngum mat ok gum drykk, Str. 7; geta e-m sumbl, to give a feast to one,
Ls. 8; geta e-m ftlaug, to get him a foot-bath, Hkv. 2. 37; geta e-m drpu, to entertain one with a
poem, Sighvat: the phrase, geta sr (e-m) vel, lla, to do, cause good or evil to one; ofrmlgi hygg
ek at lla geti hveim er ..., a loose tongue will bring evil to any one that ..., Vm. 10; en ef hann
forask minn fund mun hann sr lla geta v, if he shuns me he will do worse to himself, Orkn.
252 (in a verse). II. joined to an innitive, a participle, or a supine, to get to do (f, q.v., is used in a
similar sense), -- hence to be able: 1. almost like an auxil. verb, u. with inn. but without 'at;' ek
gat'k unna Gunnari, I got to love G., g. 21; en s gat taka vi syndum, Sl. 6; ek gat lta, I got to
see, beheld, Korm. 14 (in a verse); ek gat blta, Hallfred (Fs. 94); getum hrra, we do rear, Edda;
geta sj, to get to see, Hkr. i. 205 (in a verse); hann gat teygja at sr, he did draw to himself, Edda 65
(in a verse); geta fa, to give birth to, Am. 103; ef hann eignask getr, Hm. 78; hveim er eiga getr,
Hkv. Hjrv. 9 :-- with 'at,' esp. in the phrase, geta at sj, lta; geta eir Hkon jarl at lta, earl H.
got to see, behold, Fms. xi. 131; gtu menn at sj land fyrir stafu fram, 656 C. 22; Slvi gat at
lta hvar eir u, Nj. 247; Enok gat at eiga ann son, Stj. 45; gat at heita, Rm. 42. . with part.
acc., with a notion of being able, Lat. posse; Gyingar gtu enga sk sannaa, the Jews could not
prove any of their charges, 656 C. 19; v mr lzt sv, sem vr munim aldri stta geta, Nj. 197;
ef vr getum Harald Grfeld af l tekinn, Fms. xi. 21; ok geta rtta fylking sna, 131; mikinn sk
ok fagran ok gtu eigi veiddan, iv. 89. . so also with sup.; gtu eir ekki at grt, Nj. 115; ok htta
hvrt ek geta keypt (kaup, v.l.) fyrir yr. if I can get a bargain for you, 157; Bjrn gat s (beheld)
manna-reiina, 260; ef ek gta vel fyrir mr s, 22; sem mest gat hann utt eptir sr, . H. 85; eigi
at heldr gat hann veitt ann korna, id.; ef ek get eigi fylgt yr, Fms. vi. 211. 2. absol. in old writers
geta seems never to occur in the sense of to be able, but only periphrastically as above; but in mod.
usage geta has almost displaced the old verb kunna in this sense, e.g. eg get a ekki, I cannot; getr-
komi, canst thou come? ef hann hefi geta, if he could have; ekki urfti, eg gat, I could, and
endless other instances. III. impers. there is got, there is, cp. Germ. es giebt; eigi getr slkan (there
is none such) konungs herbergjum, Fms. vii. 148; ar getr stein (acc.) er asbestos heitir, there is
got the stone asbestos, xi. 415; eigi getr vitrara mann, no wiser man is to be got; slka menn getr
varla til vitrleiks, Lv. 54; ar getr reykelsi, Hb, 8. IV. reex., in the phrase, e-m getsk at e-u, one is
pleased at a thing, one likes it; v at mr gezk vel at r, because I like thee well, Fms. i. 66; ok
mun mr ekki at getask, nema hann s smilega af hndum leystr, and I shall not be pleased,
unless ..., Ld. 298; at fengir mr konu er mr gtisk at, Fms. i. 289; honum gatsk lla at essu,
Ld. 104; eru eir nokkurir hr at r getisk eigi at, Fms. vii. 104; konungr sagi at honum gatsk eigi
at eirri stt sv bit, ix. 486; haf kk fyrir, ok getsk mr n vel at, vi. 372; segir, at henni getsk
eigi at essi tlan, Finnb. 312; orgrmr ba hann til htta hve honum gtisk at, 336; sv her
eim at getisk vpnum Franceisa, so they have tasted thus far the weapons of the French, Karl. 184:
with sup., lta sr geti at e-u, to take interest in, be pleased with; eigi lt ek mr at einu geti, 'tis
not my taste to have always the same, I want some change, something new, Grett. 149 new Ed.; lt
r at gu geti, rejoice in the good, Hm. 129.
B. To get, beget, engender, used alike of both parents, severally or jointly; ftr gat son vi fti,
Vm. 33: hve s brn gat, 32; ek mg gat, Ls. 35; vi systur inni gaztu slkan mg, 36; hann gat
son er Gurr ht, Fms. i. 11; at barn er au geta, Grg. i. 178; ef austmar getr barn me konu,
ef skgarmar getr launbarn me konu, 352; svein ann sem hn hafi geti me Abram, Stj. 114;
drttning gat son vi vari, Fms. vii. 230; sonu marga ndurds vi ni gat, Ht.; au gtu sr son
er Mrr ht, Nj. 38; fllinn getr eigi optarr en um sinn, Stj. 70; egar sem eir geta bur saman, 97;
hann var getinn (born) austr, Landn. 148; throughout Matth. i. the Icel. text renders begat by gat, cp.
Mar. S. 19, Luke i. 35 :-- to conceive, munt vera getandi kvii, Stj. 409. Judges xiii. 5; fyrir
sinn erngja getinn ok getinn, Grg. ii. 170; munt son geta ok fa, Mar. 18; gefr hann son at
geta ann er hon fir san, Mar.: reex. to be engendered, aan getsk lngunin, 656 B. 7: to be
born, Mar. 19.
WITH GEN., of the same form throughout, though different in construction and sense.
A. [Engl. guess (from the Scandin.?); Swed. gissa; Dan. gjtte; not in Germ. nor Saxon] :-- to
guess; geta gtu, to guess a riddle, Fas. i. 465; in the saying, opt verr villr s er geta skal, Fb. iii.
384; hvrt getr essa, er veizt me sannindum, Fms. ii. 260; ef ik hefi sv dreymt sem r
gat ek, xi. 7; ok gat ess til, at mundir, Nj. 90; ess munda ek geta, at ..., Lv. 104; fr sem
hann gat, at ..., Fms. xi. 22; ek get verit munu hafa Gunnar Hlarenda, Nj. 35; sendimenn sgu
at hann gat rtt, Eg. 541; ef ek skal geta til, tla ek ..., Nj. 134; eptir v sem Halldrr gat til, Ld.
324; sem lafr konungr gat til, Fms. vii. 104, x. 354; get til (guess!) segir Stfr, rtt getr (thou
guessest right) segir Stfr, vi. 390; gat sns hverr til hvat skipum vera mundi, viii. 213; n geta
menn ess til at Gsli muni druknar vera, Gsl. 46, (tilgta); get ek at sna hnd mr setisk
hvrr eirra, Ld. 324: so in the phrase, geta til launanna knefa e-m, to guess for the reward into
another's nieve (closed hand), Sturl. iii. 151; geta kollinn, to guess, guess right, passim. 2. to think,
mean, almost like the American I guess; ekki get ek at hn slug s mjk djarftk, I guess that she,
poor thing, will ..., Stj. 422; ek get hann eigi essa eina hjlp okkr veita, 423, passim: recipr. getask,
proncd. getrast.
B. [Found neither in Engl., Saxon, nor Germ.; lost in mod. Swed. and Dan.] :-- to speak of, mention;
ess er geti sem grt er, Grett.; gettu eigi vafurleysu eirrar, Band. 28; ngra manna gat Kri
jafnopt sem Njls, Nj. 211; konungr agnar hvert sinn er rlfs er geti, Eg. 54; arf ess eigi
at geta ef sttask skal, Fms. iv. 130; so also, geta um e-t, to speak about; Guanarr rei heim ok gat
fyrir ngum manni um, Nj. 82; ok gtu fyrir henni um bnorit, Fms. xi. 22; ok er ekki geti um
fer eirra fyrr en eir kmu til hirar Rgnvalds jarls, iv. 130. 2. to tell of (in records etc.); ess
getr Glmr Geirason Grfeldar drpu, Fms. i. 25, 30, 38, 50, 55, 65, 91, iv. 62, 63, passim; en
annarri sgu er ess geti, at ..., xi. 14; enn getr Einarr hversu Hkon jarl hefndi fur sns, i. 56;
sem sarr mun geti vera, as will be told later (i.e. below), 230; sem fyrr var geti, as is told
above, v. 24: impers., e-s getr, it is told, recorded (in books, poems); ess getr Hrunhendu, at ...,
opt skal gs geta, a saying, the good shall be often spoken of, Hm. 102.
geta, u, f. a guess, mostly in pl.; leia getum um e-t, Nj. 14, 205; margar getur, guess-work, Fms. iv.
288, vi. 400, xi. 244, Eg. 766: rarely in sing., getu verir ea frsagnar, worth mentioning, Sks. 180;
tla ek eigi at til getu, at hann s ar, it is not likely that he is there, Fms. ii. 110; vandast oss n
getan, Mork. 167: cp. the saying, sp er spaks geta, the spae (prophecy) is the wise man's guess,
Fms. xi. 154. getu-ml, n. a doubtful case, Fs. 59.
getara, u, f. one who gives birth to, Mar. passim,
get-gangr, m. guessing, Fb. iii. 385.
get-gta, u, f. guess-work.
getnar, m., gen. ar, conception, Mar. 33, K. . 104, passim: birth, foetus, vera me getnai, Sks.
689, Stj. 159. Gen. xxv. 24. COMPDS: getnaar-frj, n. seed, Stj. 80. getnaar-lir (-limr), m.
genitalia, Bs. i. 310, 644, Stj. 63, 80, 326, Fms. ix. 414. getnaar-tmi, a, m. (-t, f.), the time of
conception, K. . 18, Mar. 345.
getning, f. = getnar, Str. 52.
getrask, a, dep. to play at guessing with small shells in the hands, a favourite Icel. child's play.
get-sakir (proncd. gessakir), f. pl. 'guess-charges,' i.e. imputations, insinuations without evidence,
in the phrases, fyrir getsakir, Fms. vi. 383; skja getsakir, to prosecute one upon loose imputations,
Gsl. 123: the mod. phrase, gera e-m getsakir, to make insinuations; geru mr engar getsakir, make
no insinuations to me.
get-spakr, adj. wise at guessing, prophetic.
get-speki, f. 'guess-wisdom,' gift of prophecy, Rb. 394, Pr. 83.
GEYJA, pret. g, Orkn. 114, 150, Nj. 74, Rd. 302, Fas. ii. 33; 3rd pers. pl. g, Fms. xi. 12; pret.
subj. gi, 10; pres. indic. geyr (spelt gr), Clem. 44: [Dan. gj; Swed. g] :-- to bark; er vr
heyrum hvelpana g., Fms. xi. 12, passim (above) :-- metaph. to scoff at, blaspheme, with acc., vil
ek eigi go geyja, Bs. i. 17: in a ditty of the year 999 A.D., hann gr Gefjon (acc.), Clem. l.c.; g.
gest, Hm. 136; also, g. e-n, to abuse one (-gau); geyr hn , Gsl. 139: geyja at e-m, to bark
at one, Nj. 106: reex. recipr. geyjask, to abuse one another, N. G. L. i. 333. This word is now
obsolete in Icel. and replaced by gelta, q.v.
GEYMA, d, [Ulf. gaumjan = GREEK, GREEK, etc.; A. S. gyman; lost in Germ., but gaume = to
keep house, in the Zrich idiom, De Herr Professer by August Corrodi; Dan. gjemme; Swed.
gmma] :-- to keep, watch, heed, mind; and with gen. to take care of; at allir geymi n sem bezt,
Nj. 14; ok g. eigna vrra, Fms. i. 156; hann hafi geymt hlutverka (not hlut verks) sinna, he had
minded his work, Gsl. 29; g. tungu sinnar, to keep a guard on one's tongue, Th. 78; gra hark, sv
at lgrttu-menn mega eigi g. dma sinna, to make a noise (in court) so that the judges cannot mind
their duty, Gl. 16; g. ess (to watch) at enginn komizt braut, Nj. 198, Fms. vi. 390; g. at e-u, id.;
n geymir Bjrn eigi, B. heeded not, iv. no; geyma til, id.; geymit "r til vel (mark' well) ef r
verit vi nokkura nybreytni varir, i. 71. P. with dat., g. sauum, to watch sheep, Stj. 177; skalt g.
mnum skilmla, 115, and geymireimsan, 81, 99. "Y- abso'-' Fms. i. 126; hanngeymdi eigi hvat
tr' at var, Grett. 151 A, Stj. 365, 486. 8. with acc., hvart hann vildi heldr g. (watch) binn er
ganga at jarli, Grett. 85 A; g. heilrit, Fms. xi. 433, both of them late MSS.; ba hann hlfa sr
ok g. skotvpn oil, Fb. ii. 43; but gtum vpna vrra, . H. I. e.; cp. Stj. 231, where dat. in text,
but acc. in v. 1.; treystisk hann eigi at g. , Sd. l6o (paper MS.), Bev. 16. The acc. seems not to
occur in very old MSS., but in mod. usage it is very freq., although the gen. is not quite obsolete::
Icel. still say, geyma Gus boor, to keep God's commandments, N. T., Pass., Vidal. passim :-- to
keep a thing for another, eg skal g. bukina fyrir ig mean, geymdu a fyrir mig: reex, to be
observed, of law, H. E. i. 509, N. G. L. i. II. part, geymdr, observed, retained, Rb. 202.
geymari, a, m. a keeper, Fms. iii. 158, Stj. 9.
geymd, f., only in pl., gefa geymdir at e-u ( -- gefa gaum at e-u), Lv. 44, Hom. 160, Sks. 564 B;
hat g. hvar essi hinn vndi inar er, Stj. (MS.)
geymiliga, adv. beedfully, Grett. 150, Stj. 150.
geyminn, adj. heedful, Bs. i. 48, Fms. v. 240.
geymsla, u, f. guardianship, watch, Stj. 8, 177, Fms. vii. 25, Sd. 160, Grett. 112 (vigilance); fjar-g.,
f beep-keeping. COMPDS: geymslu- engill, m. a guardian angel, Stj. 8. geymslu-lauss, adj.
unguarded, Fas. ii. 138, Karl. 161. geymslu-leysi, n. carelessness. geymslu- mar, m. a keeper, Stj.
42.
geypna, a, [gaupn], to encompass, Geisli 16, Us. 29, Lb. 25.
GEYSA, t, [from gjosa, q. v., and different to geisa] :-- to rush furiously, gush, =- Lat. grassari, of
re, the sea, etc.; hann Isetr g. eld ok jam, Fms. xi. 42 :-- usually dep., geysask votii at eim me
forsfalli, O. 'H. 164; geysisk hat londin, Edda 41; gcystisk at v allr lands-mugr, O. H. 34;
mgrinn otans geystisk inn srskipin, Fms. viii. 227: pai't- geystr, gushing, rushing forth, Nj.
247, Fms. vii. 326, Fb. i. 253: metaph. enraged, Fms. vii. 230, viii. 202, Hkr. ii. 356: big, enormous,
Fms. vii. 99 :-- neut. geyst, as adv. furiously, violently, i. 165, Finnb. 35~-
geysi-, a prex, exceedingly, greatly; geysi-ujafnt, Edda 11; geysi- glar, exceeding glad, Stj. 478;
geysi-morg, very many, Edda 14; at er eim geysi-haglig geit, what a wonderful goat, 24; geysi-
illa, very badly, Fms. ii. 295; g. kalli, piercing cold, viii. 306; g. feginn, uncommonly glad, Barl. 85;
g. mjk, very much, Fb. i. 210; g. inikill, very muckle, 481; g. fagr, wonderfully fair, Olf. 3. 41, and
many others :-- with nouns, geysi-fl, a big fool, Flov.
geysiliga, adv. enormously, Fas. i. 64.
geysiligr, adj. enormous, Fas. ii. 243, Mar. 166, 423.
geysingr, in. impetuosity, Finnb. 354, Fas. i. 157, sl. 11. 347, F"15- xi. Si.
Geysir, in. the name of a famous hot spring in Iceland. Foreign writers often use geysir as an
appellative; but the only Icel. words for hot springs are hver (a cauldron, hot ivell) and laug (a hot
ba/h). The present Geysir is never mentioned in old writers, and it seems from a record in the led.
Annals that the great hot wells in the neighbourhood of llauka- dale were due to the volcanic
eruptions of 1294, when old hot springs disappeared and those now existing came up, -- hj
Haukadal kniu upp hverir strir en sumir hurfu eir er r hfu verit; unfortunately the end of
Arua S. (the bishop), the sole historical work of that time, is lost. The word geysir = a gusher must
be old, as the iuilexive - i r is hardly used but in obsolete words (lknir a leach, hellir a cave, etc.,
are exceptional'); it was probably borrowed from some older hot spring. A pretty legend, referring
to the 'moving' of springs when deled with innocent blood, is recorded in sl. js. ii. 112, 113;
this tale could not have sprung up unless a change in the place of the hot springs had been observed.
geytlan, f. gluttony, Rum. 306, (an air. A. e*y.)
-GI (or -ki after i or s), a particle sufxed to nouns and adverbs. A. In a positive sense [Lat. -que] ,
ever, Lat. -que, -cimqite: 1. with the pronoun hverr (quis) through all cases, answering to the Lat.
qnis-quc: out of the Laws we can nearly make a full paradigm :-- noin. hverr-gi or hver-gi, Lat.
qids-que, qui-cunque, Grg. Kb. i. 14, 31, 45, 85, 171 (twice), 183, 195, 221, ii. 7, 23, 82, ioi: nom.
and acc. neut. hvat-ki (quod-quc). i. 34, 155, 162, 183, 244, ii. 77, 140, 154, Jmsv. 15, Ib. 3; also
hvurt- ki, id., Grg. Kb. i. 61 (twice): gen. hvers-kis (cujits-que), 238: dat. hverjun-gi (ctti-que), 31,
156: acc. inasc. hvern-gi (quem-que), 147, 155, 221, 22=;, 245, ii. 47, 66: abl. hve-gi or hvi-gi,
however, \. 147, 195, ii. 64, ioi, 128, 151, joinsv. 14 :-- plur. acc. neut. hver-gi (quae-que): dual dat.
sing, hvarnn-gi megin, on both sides (of a river), Grug. Kb. ii. 93: -- even in historical prose, v at
hit nsta surnar gat hvergi ber slaiuii, the following:. ummer every nian gathered berries in
Iceland (to make some kind ot wine), Bs. 1. 135, (or are we to read hvar-gi, everywhere ?). 2. with
adverbs; hvert-ki (quociin-que modo), Grg. ii. 50; nivr-gi. whenever (ubi-cunyue), i. 191; hvar-gi,
wherever, 25, 166, 240, ii. 128, 212. B. In a negative sense, with a few pronouns, adjectives,
adverbs, and rarely in old poems with substantives: 1. witli nouns, in the pr. name Lopt-ki, an air.
Aey., Ls. 19: with appellatives, rf-gi, no need, an arr. \ey., Hkv. Hjrv. 39; freq. in mann-gi, no
man, cp. Lat. nmo, b. (which is even used in mod. writers and poets; vt-ki, naught; vettu-gi
(dat.) and vettcr-gis (gen.), Vsp.: with adjectives, ein-gi (q. v.), none, a common word; otherwise
rare, sjlf-gi, 'self-not, ' i. e. not oneself, Ls. 29, an air. \fy.: with a dat. case of langr, lngu-gi,
then not for a long time, Konr. (MS.): with pronouns, in the dual, hvarr-gi, neither, Lat. neuter,
Grg. Kb. i. 46, ii. 93, 151; gen. hvrs-kis (netitrius), freq.; dat. hvarun- gi (jieulri), i. 215; hvarum-
gi, ii. 63: neut. hvaru-gi, 216; hitt-ki, ne illud quidem. Urn. 21, 23; at-ki, Hbl. 6; at-ki at ek f (not
even that I get) mala minu falslausan, Mork. 83. 2. with adverbs, only in poetry or laws or very old
prose; sva-gi. not so, Grg. Kb. ii. 99, Mork. 83; -gi, then not; ey-gi, though not, qs. -gi; va-
gi, never: again, hver-gi (q. v.), nowhere; ei-gi (q. v.), not; aldri-gi (q. v.), never; hvar-ki (q. v.),
neither, are common words in prose and in speech. The negative -gi can never be sufxed to verbs
(vide '-at, ' p. 2); therefore b-gi, non jubeo (in Islands-vaka 61, a poem of the last century. Fl. i.
236), is a spurious imitation of the old idiom; neither can -at be put to nouns; r-at hann kuiini,
Jnas 105, ought therefore to be r hann kunni-t, issue be knew not. C. In an indenite sense; in a
few instances -gi seems to be used almost like Latin quidem with a preceding negative: eigi miklo-
gi miuiia, ne multo quidem minus, Ileiar. S., sl. ii. 360; eigi storu-gi meiri, ne multo quidem
majora, 386; engi miklo-gi grr... . nemo multo quidem plus ..., Grg. i. 209; cp. also the adverbs
iillun-gis or oldun-gis, quite, altogether (allr, -gi); einun-gis, only, solely (einn, -gi). both formed
from dat. sing.: the obsolete vil-gi (qs. vel-gi) is ambiguous, being used both in a nt-g. sense -- -not
well, and posit. =-well, bene quidem, cp. Bs. i. 393, note; Hrn. 66, malun-gi, is doubtful; -- prob.
yrftig-at mlun-gi mat should be read, -at being taken not as a prep, but as a negative verbal sufx,
and -gi as a positive sufx; Icel. now say, hann ekki mlungi matar, he does not know where to
look for his next meal. igsf The negative -gi is peculiar to Scandin., and no traces of it are found in
any Saxon nor German idioms; whereas, as a positive sufx, it is common to all Teutonic tongues,
and remains in the Engl. many and any; ' many' being qs. man-y -- man-ever, ' homo-cunque, ' Goth,
tnanags, and 'any' qs. ane-y = every-one; so also is the cf;' in Icel. margr and hvrigr, which are
remnants -- the former of the positive, the latter of the negative -gi.
gift, gifta, u, f. gift, vide gipt, gipta.
GIKKR, m., pl. ir, [Dan. gjcek -- -jester] , a pert, rude person. COMPDS: gikks-hattr, m. pert
manner. gikks-ligr, adj. pert, rude; the saying, hver sem glettist vi gikkinn fr af honum
hnykkinn, who meddles with a ' gik' will get a kick.
GIL, n., gen. pl. gilja, dat. giljum, [Ghyll or Gill in North. E. and Scot., local names] :-- a deep
narrow glen with a stream at bottom, like the Gr. âpSpa; brooks and tributary streams owing
through clefts in the fell side to the main river at the bottom of a vale are in Icel. called gil; very
freq. in local names, Isfringa-gil, Branda-gil, Hauka-gil, Hrafna-gil, Hellra-gil, Gilj-, ver-gil,
vide Landn.; (a chasm without water or with stagnant water is not gil, but gja; also gljiifr, a deep
chasm forming the bi. il of a river), Valla L. 223, Hrafn. 7, Eg. 766, Ld. 218, Krk. 64, Fms. vii.
149, passim. COMPDS: Gils-bakki, a, in., prop. Gill-bank, a local name, Landn., whence Gils-
bekkingar, in. pl. the name of a family, Landn. gils-botn, m. n gill bottom, Sturl. i. 82, 84. gils- gj,
f. a chasm with a gill (rare), Grett. III. gils-brm, f. the edge of a gill, Ld. 2r8, Dropl. 23, Grett. in.
gilda, t, to be worth so and so. only in mod. usage, esp. in metaph. and impers. phrases, mig gildir
cinu, / d') not mind: lttu ig einu g., never mind: hva sem gildir, n t any price; hirt aldrei hva
sem gildir, at htta , satt null, Pass. 13. 2.
GILDI, n. [gjalda; Uf. gild -- tribute, Luke xx. 22, Mark xii. 14; A. S. gilt!; Hei. geld; Frank,
chalta; Germ, geld -- money; it remains in Old Fngl. weregild :-- payment, tribute; this sense is
very rare, as gjald (q. v.) is the common word; chiey used in compels, as nef-giltli, head-tax; baug-
gildi, q. v.; skatt-gildi, a tax; skuld:i-giidi, / ay 7/itvi t of debts, Gr;ig. i. 302. 2. recompense; in the
saying, sr til gildis gjof (mod. a: sor gjiit til gjalda), Hom. 146. 3. value; al-gildi, full-g. Vhalf-g.,
whole, full, half value; i-gili or i-gildi, equivalence; hon er karlmanus-igikli. J3. worth, value,
esteem; the phrase, vera !niklu, litlu, engu gildi, to be in great, small, no repute; n Drottins ra
er asto maims cngu ininsta gildi, Pass. i). 2: lYeq. in mod. usage, but rare in old writers, egar r
komiy. t i giUii vi hiifdingja er kierleika, Finnb. 266. II. a banquet, feast, [cp. Dan. gilde; so
called from the fee paid?], Eg. 20 sqq., Edda 45' 57' ^'- ' 3^3' ^'- J 7^' ^rcl- 'u "'^ poems; the
poetical mead is called Gauta g., Konnak; or gildi Grjtaldar, the cheer of the Giants; gefa lilfum
gildi, to feast the wolves. Lex. Pot.; to this seems to belong the passage in Vsp. 27, hvrt skyldi
sir al'ra gjalda er skyldi goin oil gikli eiga, where the eiga gildi means to hold a feast, with the
notion of making a league or peaceful agreement, as opp. to gjalda afra (q. v.), to pay tribute as a
badge of submission. III. in a technical sense, a guild, throughout England and Scandinavia during
the Middle Ages; the rst guilds in Norway were instituted by king Olave (1066-1093), lafr
konungr lt setja Mikla-gildi Narsi, ok mrg nnur kaupstum, en r vru hvirngs-
drykkjur (but before there were drinking-bouts), Fms. vi. 440: the guilds were secular brotherhoods
or trades' unions (and often became political clubs); they assumed the names of saints or sacred
things, as Kross-g., Cross-guild; lafs-g., St. Olave's guild (in Norway); Knuts-g., St. Canute's
guild (in Denmark), and so on: in Icel. this sense rarely occurs, mlti at einhverr vildis-manna tti
at hefja gildit, Sturl. i. 20; ok var gildit at lafs messu hvert sumar, 23; cp. also gildis-fundr, m. a
guild-meeting, mentioned in Sturl. i. 58; and gildis-bndr, m. pl. guild-franklins, guild-brothers,
23, (about the middle of the 12th century); but guilds never took root in Icel.: gildis-skli, a, m. a
guild-hall, Fms. viii. 160, ix. 22, D.N. passim: gildis-t, n. a guild-term, Fms. viii. 151.
gildingr, m. a thing rated at its full worth, fully measured, Grg. ii. 357, 380: pride, pretension, n
gildings, 655 xxvii. 2.
gildir, m., in poetry a payer, contributor, Lex. Pot.: a feaster, pot. the wolf that feasts in blood: a
guild-brother, ld lafs gilda (gen. pl.), the host of St. Olave's guild-brothers, Geisli 10; Hropts
gildar, the champions of Odin, Hd.
gild-leiki, a, m. strength, full size, Grett. 148: mod. stoutness.
gild-liga, adv. stoutly, metaph. with a grand air, Korm. 60.
gildna, a, to become stout.
GILDR, adj., neut. gilt, [cp. gildi, gjalda; Swed., Dan., and Norse gild] :-- of full worth, full: 1. a
trade term, of full measure, size, quality, and the like; gillt f, Grg. i. 503; gildr skal trskjldr, ef,
Gl. 105, cp. 104; bolxar gildar, N.G.L. i. 126; eim manni er bi her gildar (full-measured)
lnar ok fama, Grg. ii. 262; gild daglei, Bs. ii. 2. valued at, with dat., gildr tveim mrkum, Grg.
ii. 86; g. tta aurum, id.; sv gildr, id.; hversu au sr eru gild, at how much those wounds are rated,
N.G.L. i. 172; tv-gildr, hlf-g., al-g., of double, half, full worth. II. metaph. complete, absolute,
great; g. konungr, Fms. ix. 69; g. hfingi, xi. 18; gild hsfreyja, Glm. 349; gildr mar, Eg. 182;
estir enir gildari menn (honoratiores), Ld. 106; Hallfreyr var sem gildastr, H. was then at his
best, Fs. 100; gildasta aldri, id., Stj. 230: so of things, honum var at gildr ykkr, a great shock,
sl. ii. 321; me gildum sma, with great fame, Fms. xi. 18; gild hefnd, sl. ii. 116; gild fer, a
famous journey, Fas. ii. 513. III. in mod. usage, stout, brawny, cp. Grett. 148; Icel. now say gildr of
a man, digr of things; but in compds, mittis-digr, not mittis-gildr; to use digr and digrask (q.v.) for
gildr and gildna is now thought rude; but in olden times only digr was used in that sense, e.g. lafr
Digri, orbjrg Digra (a lady); the passage referred to, Grett. 148, comes near the mod. sense of that
word, but is not to be so understood.
GILDRA, u, f. a trap, Gl. 445. Nirst. 3; sem melrakki gildru, 4; vide knatt-gildra: gildru-
merki, n. a trap mark, Gl. 444: metaph., Fms. i. 221, ii. 48, vi. 145, Mar. 506.
gildra, a, to trap, Gl. 444: metaph. to contrive, g. til e-s, ef mar gildrar til ess at vpn skuli sjlf
falla menn, Grg. ii. 117, Fms. ii. 294, vii. 202; g. til veia, viii. 63, 80; g. sv til, at..., to contrive
so, that..., Stj. 451, ir. 242, Rm. 257.
gildri, n. the laying a trap, N.G.L. i. 341, 379.
gildri, n. = gildi, [Ulf. gilstr, Rm. xiii. 6; O.H.G. gelstar] , payment, Grg. Kb. ii. 204.
gilja, a, [Ulf. gailjan = GREEK; Swed. gilja], to beguile a woman, Grett. 161, Krk. 64 (a pun),
Bs. i. 238.
Gilli, a, m. [Gael. gillie = a servant], only in Irish pr. names, Fms., Landn.
gil-mar, m. a libertine, Blanda.
GIM, n. [in A.S. gim is masc., and so it seems to be used in Vkv. 5; A.S. gim from Lat. gemma] :--
in poetry a gem, a jewel; the sun is called fagr-gim, the fair gem; gims gerr, a lady, Lex. Pot. 2. in
poets metaph. re, Edda (Gl.): never used in prose.
Gimli, a heavenly abode, sal s hn standa slu fegra gulli akan Gimli, Vsp. 63; it occurs only
there, whence it came into Edda 12; even the gender is uncertain, whether n. or perhaps better dat.
of a masc. gimill = himill = himin, n. heaven.
gim-steinn, m. a 'gem-stone,' a jewel, Edda 147, Greg. 27, Fms. i. 15, vi. 3, Stj. 191, 254; a name of
a poem: gim-steinar, part. set with gems, Karl. 284.
GIN, n. [A.S. gin], the mouth (Germ. rachen) of beasts, Edda 42, Al. 37, Fms. vi. 165; ulfs-gin, Bs.
i. (in a verse), passim. COMPDS: gin-faxi, a, m. a magical character, sl. js. i. 446. gin-fjara, u,
f. a very low ebb. gin-kei, a, m. a mouth-piece, a gag, put in the mouth of animals, Fas. iii. 314.
gin-keyptr, adj., in the phrase, vera ginkeyptr eptir e-u, to be eager for a thing, prop, open-mouthed
as a sh for bait. gin-klo, a, m., medic. spasmus cynicus, Fl. gin-ljtr, adj. with a hideous mouth.
gingi-brau, n. ginger-bread, H.E. ii. 91.
gin-hafri, a, m. a kind of oats, Edda (Gl.)
ginn, ginnr, or ginnir, m. a juggler, jester, Fms. vi. 295, viii. 307 (in a verse). II. a magical
character, sl. js. i. 446.
GINN-, or perhaps better gnn-, [cp. A.S. gin or ginn = vast, wide; it seems however better to
derive it from the verb beginnan, Engl. begin, a word used in all Teutonic languages, except the old
Scandinavian tongue, where it is unknown, unless in this mythological prex] :-- only used as a
prex: I. in old mythol. words, great, holy: ginn-heilg (adj. pl.) go, the most holy gods, the
supreme gods, as opposed to Asir and Vanir, the lower gods, Vsp. passim: ginn-regin, n. pl. 'magna
numina,' Hm. 143, Haustl. 13, in the same sense as ginnheilg go in Vsp.; in Hm. 4 opp. to tvar
(dii); in Alm. go and ginnregin are distinguished, cp. also Hm. 79: ginnungar, m. pl., seems used
in the same sense as ginnregin, whence Ginnunga-gap, n. chaos, the formless void, in which abode
the supreme powers, before the creation, Edda, Vsp.: later, in the 11th century, the sea between
Greenland and America was called Ginnunga-gap, A.A. 295: Ginnunga-himin, m. of the heavenly
vault of Ginnunga-gap, Edda 5: Ginnunga-v, n. pl. the holy places of the Ginnungar, the universe,
Haustl. 15: Ginnarr (Ginnir), m., is a name of Odin, prop. = aetherius, and also used of the eagle,
the falcon. II. in an intensive sense only in poets; ginn-viti, a, m. a large re, Sighvat; perhaps also
we may read, Vkv. 5, ginn-fasti, a, m. a great re in a smithy, for gim fasti.
GINNA, t, to dupe, fool one, Nj. 225, 263, Band. 5, 27, 69, Fms. vi. 205, Edda 36; g. e-t af e-m,
Fms. iii. 98; g. e-n at sr, to fall out with one, Vpn. 7 :-- to intoxicate, lt af at drekka vn, sv at
gerir ik ginnta, Stj. 428; ferr essi mar tavernis hs, ok ferr eigi fyrr burt en hann er ginntr, Mar.;
drykkja var ar stjrnleg, sv at eir uru allir ginntir, Br. 26 new Ed.: intoxicating, of liquor,
hennar vatn er sv ginnt ok galit, Stj. 84.
ginning, f. imposture, fraud, Fms. vi. 205, Ld. 322, Stj. 267: ginningar-f, m. a fool, one who runs
a fool's errand, Nj. 160; Gylfa-ginning, the Fooling of Gyl, a part of the Edda, vide Edda Ub. the
beginning.
ginnungr, m. a juggler, jester, Fs. 87, Edda (Gl.)
GIPT, gift, f. [gefa], a gift, 656 C. 12, Greg. 37, Hom. 62; Heilags Anda gipt, 625. 30, 655 A. 13. 3:
a gift of nature, endowment, Fms. x. 314, Eluc. 27, Edda 144 (pref.): income, N.G.L. i. 345, 347: a
wedding, A.S. gifta, giptar-gfa, u, f. a wedding gift, D.N.: giptar-jr, f. a dowry farm, N.G.L. i.
356: giptar-kveld, n. a wedding eve, cp. brgjf and bekkiargjf, N.G.L. i. 356: giptar-ml, n.
[Dan. givtermaal], a marriage, D.N.: giptar-or, n. marriage, El. 10: giptar-vitni, n. a wedding
witness, N.G.L. i. 356.
gipta, u, f. [A.S. gifee = fatum, Beowulf], good luck, Ld. 104, Nj. 17, Fms. vi. 299, Fs. 27, 97, Stj.
198, passim; cp. auna, hamingja. COMPDS: giptu-drjgr, adj. lucky, Fs. 142. giptu-ftt, n. adj.
luckless, Fr. 154. giptu-liga, adv. happily, boding good luck, Fms. iii. 174, Fas. ii. 429. giptu-ligr,
adj. lucky, auspicious, Fms. vi. 9. giptu-mar, m. a lucky man, Grett. 163, Fms. vi. 274, Fs. 43, 80.
giptu-munr, m. the turn of the scale, the crisis of one's luck, Fas. iii. 312. giptu-r, n. a good,
auspicious match, Vigl. 23. giptu-samliga, adv. auspiciously, Fms. i. 214, Sturl. ii. 78. giptu-
samligr, adj. = giptuligr, Fms. x. 31. giptu-skortr, m. bad luck, Fr. 265. giptu-tmr, adj. luckless,
Al. 95. giptu-vnligr, adj. promising good luck, auspicious, of a man, Njar. 344, Fs. 10. II.
marriage (rare); giptu-ml, n. a marriage, Landn. 110 (v.l. in the MS. Melabk).
gipta, t, to give a woman in marriage; fyrr skulu grnir grautar&dash-uncertain;dlarnir hlsi r,
en ek muna gipta r systur mna, Eb. 210; gipti Hskuldr Gr systur sina, Ld. 24, Nj. 17, Eg. 5,
Rm. 20, 37, passim. II. reex, to marry, of both man and wife; in old writers the man 'kvngask,'
i.e. takes a wife, the woman is 'gipt,' i.e. given away, Fms. ix. 269, Ld. 128 passim; in the course of
time the primitive sense of the word was lost, and it came to mean to marry: the saying, a grr
r en giptist, i.e. never mind, it will be healed before thou marriest, addressed to a boy or girl
about to cry for a slight hurt.
gipting, f. marriage, in old writers only of a woman, Js. 63, Fms. ix. 269. COMPDS: giptingar-
dagr, m. a wedding day, Gl. 221. giptingar-mar, m. one who gives away (parent, warder), Gl.
212, 215, 229. giptingar-or, n. = gjafor, marriage, Fms. x. 87. giptingar-ve, n. wedding-
security, i.e. for the dowry, N.G.L. ii. 304. giptingar-vitni, n. a wedding witness, N.G.L. ii. 305. II.
in mod. usage marriage, applying both to man and wife, passim, and in many compds.
GIRA, , mod. t, older form gera, [Ulf. gairdan = GREEK] :-- to fence, Fms. x. 211, Grett. 168,
Grg. ii. 263; cp. gyra, which means to tie up, gird.
giri, n. materials for fencing, Jb. 100: wood for making hoops.
giring, f. fencing, Fms. x. 212: mod. fences.
Girkir, m. pl. the Greeks; Girkland, n. Greece, mod. Grikkir, Grikkland.
GIRNA, d, [Ulf. gairnjan = GREEK; A.S. girnan; Engl. to yearn], to desire, in act. used impers., e-
n (acc.) girnir til e-s, 655 xxxviii. 11; cp. fsa. II. reex. girnask, to desire (personally), Stj. passim,
Sks. 105, 623. 21. Fs. 4: absol., Fms. i. 262, Sks, 152, Band. 3, Bs. 1. 691, v.l.
girnd, f. desire, lust, Fms. ii. 238, x. 373, passim. COMPDS: girndar- augu, n. pl. eyes of lust, 623.
23, 811. 54, 125. girndar-bruni, -eldr, -logi, a, m. the burning (re, ame) of lust, i. e. ardent hist,
Greg. 60, Vgl. 22. girndar-grafar, f. pl., Stj. 324, rendering of ' Kibroth- hattaavah, 'Numb, xi-34.
girndar-hugr, m. amour, Stj. 7. girndar- r, n. a (/oo li s h) love match, Ld. 128, Fms. iv. 194; veil
ek at burn er etta girndarr, ye are both mad with love, Nj. 49; vide fy'sn.
girni, f. = girnd, [Ulf. gairnei] , yearning, desire, esp. in compds, metora-g., drottnunar-g.,
ambition; fe-g., avarice; heipt-g., spite; a-girni, q. v.; sin-g., selshness; eigin-g., id.
girni-liga, adv. desirably, Th. 75.
girni-ligr, adj. desirable, to be coveted, Sks. 499; girnilegt til frleiks, Gen. iii. 6, passim, Fms. v.
259 (pleasant, engaging).
Girskr, adj. Greek, Sklda 160, Greg. 75, K. . K. 74, Fms. vi. passim; mod. Griskr: Girska, u, f.
the Greek language, Stj. 70, Fms. vii. 96, Sklda 160 passim. II. = Gerzkr, i. e. from Garar,
Russian, passim.
GISINN, part. [Swed. gisten; Scot, and North. E. geizened~\, leaky, of tubs, wooden vessels, freq.
in mod. usage.
gisna, a, [Swed. gistna] , to become leaky (gisinn).
GISTA, t, [gestr], to pass the night; g. at e-s (etc.), Eb. 222, Nj. 15, 74, Ld. 130, Al. 40, Fs. 138:
with acc. of the host, g. e-n, to spend a night with one, N. G. L. i. 51, 623. 14.
gis-tenntr, part, with teeth far apart, not closed.
gisting, f. a passing the night as a guest at a place, or the place in which one stays, night quarters,
Eg. 37, Nj. 258, Ld. 46, F. b. 266, Sturl. i. 74, Grdg. i. 91, sl. ii. lo, Grett. 149 new Ed., Fbr. 14, Lv.
92, passim. COMPDS: gistingar-bl, n. = gistingarstar, Fbr. 55 new Ed. gist- ngar-star, m. night
quarters, sl. ii. 23, 25, 343, Bs. i. 140, Fms. viii. 66, passim.
gizka, a, to guess; g. e-, to guess at a thing; a-gizkan, a guess.
gizki, a, m. a kind of kerchief (of goal-skin 9); hn horfi upp fjallit ok veifi gi/, ka er dki, Fs.
59; sau veifi hann gizka til fjalls ok tk af verit, 78 :-- mod. a scarecrow. II. an island in Nor-
way, Fms.
GFR, n. pl. [A. S. gfre = rapacious, used as an epithet of the devil, wildre, etc., and as noun, a
glutton, vide Grein] :-- witches, ends, -- Germ, unhold, Vsp. 52, Hkv. Hjrv. 15; freq. in poetry, al-
gifri, pande- monium, Rragi; gifrs grand, ' witch-bane' = the god Thor, Eb. (in a verse); wolves are
gifrs hestar, 'witch-horses, ' Jd., and hr-gfr, carrion beasts, Gkv. 2. 29, Lex. Pot.: the simple
word is never used in prose, but in compds; it however remains in prose in the following adv.
gfr-liga, adv. savagely; lta gifrliga, Sturl. ii. 238, Fas. ii. 424 (of a dog): mod. exorbitantly.
gfr-ligr, adj., prop, savage: mod. immoderate, exorbitant.
GGJA, u, f. [Germ, geige; mid. H. G. gtge; old Fr. gigue; and t o jig in Scot, means to play the
ddle, while in Engl. a jig is a lively d a n c e] :-- a ddle, Stj. 181, Hkr. ii. 136, cp. Yngl. S. ch. 25,
Fms. vii. 97 (in a verse); this instrument was known at an early age, as a lawyer in Icel. in the rst
part of the loth century was called gigja, prob. because of his eloquent pleading or his clear voice,
Nj., Landn.
ggjari, a, m. a ddler, Hkr. i. 30.
gma, u, f. a vast opening, F'b. i. 210; in mod. usage also gimald, n. id.
GNA., pret. gein, pl. ginu; pres. gin (Edda 101); sup. ginit; in old poems a weak pret. gni also
occurs, Amur, Orkn. 90; pl. gindu, Geisli 29, Fms. iii. 4 (in a verse); [A. S. gnan; Engl. to yawn;
Germ. tf hnw; Or. x*"'"w] :-- to gape, yawn, esp. of wild beasts; ginandi lilfr, Hrn. 84; hann br
lndk um hdduna ok gein yr, Fms. i. 36: of wounds, en er gna tku sr hans, Bjarn. 10; gna vi
agni, to snap at the bait, Hyni'. 22; gna vi ugu, to snap at a y; ttisk Sigmundr mi yr ugu
ginit hafa, sl. ii. 25; Migors-ormr gein yr oxa-hfuit, Edda 36; vide uga.
GSL, m. [A. S. gsel; lost in Engl.; Germ, geissel; Swed. gislan; Dan. gidsel; to be distinguished
from geisl; mod. Germ, and Dan. confound the two forms, one of which has ei and the other as
root vowel; mid. H. G. retained a distinction] :-- a hostage, Ls. 39, Fms. v. 171, ix. 359, passim. II.
a king's ofcer, a bailiff; gisl keisarans, Fms. i. 151, cp. Bs. i. 9, i. e. of the German emperor :-- a
warder, watchman, eir hfu sett til gisla at gta hans (of a prisoner), Fms. viii. 23; konungr lagi
e til hfus honum ok setti hvervetna fyrir hann gisla (viz. to catch him) hvar sem hann kynni fram
at koma, vi. 16 :-- this sense is very rare, and in Icel. never occurs except in metaph. phrases. III. a
pr. name, Gisl and Gisli; in many compds, or-gsl, Sp-gsl, Au-gsl, Her-gsl, but usually by
metathesis -gils, e. g. or-gils, etc.
gsla, a, to give as hostage, Fxlda 15, Fms. ix. 447, N. G. L. i. 103; menn hfu gslat Kniiti
konungi sonu sna, Hkr. ii. 385; haim hafi verit gslar (taken as hostage) af Skota-konungi, Orkn.
418 old Ed.; gilstir*=gslair, N. G. L. i. 103; gisla ser land, to take possession of the land as a
hostage, Fagrsk. 158.
gslar, f. pl. sur eties, securities; hann tk gislar af honum ok bondum, Eg- 589; hann tk gislir (v.
1. gislar, gisla) af bndum, Fms. ix. 313, 409, passim; gisla (tlje persons) and gislar (the things) are
often used indiscriminately. II. metaph. security, guafd, in the phrase, setja gislar fyrir, to guard,
secure (vide gisl II); Hjalti ba hann gta sin, ok setja r gislar fyrir sem honum tti vnst at
eim mundi duga, Sturl. iii. 7; var sv gislum skipat fyrir at Heimrk vru ttjn skip Mjrs,
Fms. viii. 45.
gsling, f. hostage, Gl. 81, Fms. ii. 43, vi. 240, ix. 447, passim: guard, setja gislingar fyrir = to
guard (vide gislar); setti rir gslingar fyrir Gretti (an outlaw) hvar hann kmi fram, Grett. 139
C: in the old Swed. law gislunga-lagh = the section of law respecting bail and mainprise, Vercl.
gjafar-, vide gjf.
gjafari, a, m. a giver, K. . 76.
gjaf-erf, f. a bequest, Fms. vii. 124, N. G. L. i. 50.
gjaf-falr, adj. to be had for a trie, Fms. vii. 124.
gjaf-gltr, m. a fat bog, Gl. 396.
gjaf-laust, n. adj. 'gift-less, ' without gift, Sturl. ii. 145, Fms. vii. 106.
gjaf-lendingar, m. pl. feudatories, Fms. viii. 244.
gjaf-lyndi, n. open-handedness, Fms. v. 188.
gjaf-mildi, f. liberality, THom. 6 (Ed.)
gjaf-mildr, adj. open-handed, Karl. 170.
gjaf-or, n. a match, of a woman to be married, Fr. parlie, Eg. 36, 598, Nj. 38, Fms. i. 298, Lv. 38,
Aim. 6, passim.
gjaf-stll, n., poet, a throne, Lex. Pot., cp. A. S. gifstol.
gjaf-vaxta, adj. (a maid) grown up, of marriageable age to be given away, Grett. 118.
gjaf-vinr, m. an open-handed friend, benefactor, Fbr. 204, Sturl. i. 89.
gjald, n. [vide gildi]: I. sing, tribute, payment; v er gjf gj:ildi betri, at..., N. G. L. i. 54; gjatd at
er Finnar skyldu reia, Eg. 67; seint gengr gjaldit, Fms. iv. 329; hldu bndr gjaldinu, they kept
back the payment, vii. 302; beiddi nokkurra fresta um gjaldit, viii. 174; hann lagi gjald borgina,
. H. 22. II. usually in pl.; hann tk str gjold af sumum, Fms. i. 28; til gjaida ok til lit- gngu,
payment, Grg. i. 184; ly'sti hann til gjalda ok tgrcizlu, Nj. 15; stefna til tvera gjalda, double
payment, i. e. double the value, Grg. ii. 188; gjalda einum gjoldum, the actualvalue, 132; fullum
gjldum, 0. H. 86: a ne, mar at taka gjold um konu, Grg. i. 278; manu-gjold, weregild. 2.
metaph. retribution; Drottinn syndi liver gjold koma munu fyrir ofstopa, 655 xxi. 3: rarely in sing.,
ella mun r gjald at vera, tbou shalt pay dear for it, Nj. 126 :-- freq. in eccl. use, synda-gjold, ill-
verka-gjold, Pass. 32. 11: so in the phrase, gra gjalda vert, ef..., i. e. one must even be thankful, if
not, . .; ok gra gjalda vert ef ekki eru drepnir sumir, Sturl. iii. 266 :-- reward, compensation, in a
good sense, sr gjf til gjalda, gift calls for gift, Gsl.
GJALDA, pret. gait, 2nd pers. gait, mod. galzt; pl. guldu; pres, geld: pret. subj. gyldi; imperat. gjalt
or gjald ; sup. pret. goldit, goldinn; with neg. suff. gjald-attu; [Ulf. us-gildan = iroSidvai; A. S.
gyldan; Engl. yield; O. H. G. geltan; old Fr. ielda; Germ, gelten; Dan. gjelde; Swed. glld] :-- to
pay money, pay a fee, duty, or the like, the person in dat., the money in acc., Grg. i. 87, 408,
passim, Fr. 120, Fms. iv. 346, xi. 81, Nj. 58, K. . K. 162, passim :-- to yield, repay, return, g.
gjf vi gjf, Hm. 42j gjaldi engum llt mti illu, Rm. xii. I 7; sakir r er ek at g. Ola, 0. H.
213; sgu, at eim var sin hamingja miklu illu goldin, 232; skal ek g. eim sv trleik sinn,
58 :-- r eigit at g. aptr (to restore) sendimenn hans manngjoldum, Eg. 575: -- g. leiangr, to yield
a levy, Fms. viii. 173. II. metaph. to yield or yield up, deliver; pa guldu eir Gui andir snar,
thevyielded up their souls to God, Blas. 36; gjalt mik lrifcrum innum, 656 B. 5; vri hann
andar goldinn snum borgar-mnnum, 10. p. so in the phrases, g. skynsemi vi e-u, to give (yield)
reason for, Sklda 205, Sks. 787, Johann. 28; g. samkvi, to yield, give consent to, Fms. v. 70, Nj.
233; also to vote for, Grg. i. 2, 43; g. var, varhuga, vi e-n, t o be on one's guard against, beware
of, sl. ii. 369, Fms. ii. 166, vi. 42, Hkr. i. 50; g. e-m fjandskap, to shew ill-will towards, Ld. 134; g.
fund, Ls. 12. 2. with gen. ellipt., the ne being understood, to pay for, suffer on account of; ok
munu margir ess g., Nj. 2: njta e-s denotes to prot, gjalda e-s to suffer on account of another; ar
munu it min gjalda, Vgl. 28; s harnia-bylgjan djpa, gkk yr ig galztu mn, Pass. 41. 4;
sv mun ok vera, segir Njll, ef geldr eigi annarra at, Nj. 147; Helga (gen.) her goldit at
essu, Fas. i. 28; hugi, at hann mundi ess viar koma at hann mundi njta fur sins en gjalda,
Gsl. 73; heldr geldr Leifr fm'mdar en nytr fr mr, Fms. ii. 116; gcldr at nybreytni (gen.) konungs
ok essa ens nyja siar, i. e. it is a just punishment for the innovation of the king and the new creed,
Ld. 168; konungr sagi, at lion skyldi eigi gjalda fr honum tiltkja fur sins, Fms. ix. 477: part,
gjaldandi, a payer, Grg. i. 394.
gjald-dagi, a, m. pay-day, Grg. i. 199, ii. 235.
gjald-fang, n. payments, equivalents, Sturl. i. 182.
gjald-gengr, adj. taken in payment, Grg. i. 502, Fms. v. 346.
gjald-keri or gjald-kyri, a, m. the king's rent-master or steward, N. G. L. i. 311, 335, Fms. vi. 12,
Grett. 158 A, Jb. 173, Orkn. 204 :-- mod. a treasurer: the word is prob. of foreign origin.
GJALL, n, cinders from a smith's furnacc.
GJALLA, pret. gall, pl. gullu; pres. gell, pl. gjalla; pret. subj. gylli; sup. gollit; mod. inn. gella;
[A. S. giellan; Engl. yell; Dan. gjalde; Swed. glla] :-- to yell :-- of birds of prey, to scream, shriek,
hrafnar tveir ok gullu htt, Fms. i. 131; ernir gjalla htt, Sighvat; fuglar sngja, gjalla er klaka,
Sklda 170: of a bull, to bellow, Fb. i. 545: of things, as of a bow-string, to twang, strengr gellr, Fbr.
206; strengir gullu, Arnr; gjallandi geir, Eg. (in a verse): of a man, to yell, shout, hann stkk upp
ok gall vi, Fms. vii. 171: mod. to shout out (in reply), hn er gipt dna fyrir austan, gall einhver
vi af Neri-bekkingum, Piltr og Stlka, p. 73: of an echo, to ring, sv gall hverjum hamri, Fms.
ix. 513, v.l.; so of a blacksmith's hammer, Eg. (in a verse).
gjallr, adj., also spelt gallr, ringing, pot. epithet of gold, a shield, weapon, horn, Fs. 111 (in a
verse), Vsp. 42, Haustl. 1, Fm. 9, 20; gallir geirar, . H. 23: of a person weeping, Skv. 3. 33: as the
word is rare and obsolete, esp. in the form gallr, transcribers and editors have in some passages
wrongly put the well-known gamlir (old) where that word yields no sense, as in Vsp. l.c., . H. l.c.
2. as subst., the sea, a sword, shield are called gjallr, the resounding, Edda (Gl.)
gjalti, vide gltr.
gjara, u, f. a hood, Edda (Gl.)
gjarari, a, m. a cooper, N. G. L. iii. 2, 10.
GJARN, adj., compar. gjarnari; superl. gjarnastr; [Ulf. gairns, only once; A. S. georn; Germ. gern;
lost as adj. both in Dan. and Swed.; cp. gerr above, which is only used in a limited sense] :-- eager,
willing, Fms. iv. 81, Dropl. 19; a saying, gjrn er hnd venju, Grett. 130: with gen., gjarn e-s, 656
C. 24, passim; used in a great many pot. compds, but also freq. in prose, as in g-g., gentle; ll-g.,
malevolent; fund-g., envious; metora-g., ambitions; vru-g., loving rest; -gjarn, avaricious; f-
gjarn, covetous; sn-g. and eigin-g., selsh; bil-g., unyielding; nm-g., eager for learning; h-g.,
scofng; -gjarn, unwilling; stt-gjarn, peaceful; vide Lex. Pot. p. 246.
gjarna, mod. gjarnan, adv. willingly, Nj. 57, Lv. 20, Eg. 234, Fms. i. 79, sl. ii. 441, Bret. 34, Sks.
241, Orkn. 158.
gjarnliga, adv. willingly, Bs. i. 355.
gjarn-samliga, adv. = gjarnliga, Sks. 221.
GJ, f., gen. gjr, acc. and dat. gj; pl. gjr, gen. gj, dat. gjm, mod. gjar; [a Scandin. word, akin
to gna; found in the north of Scotland in the form geo, geow: cp. Gr. GREEK] :-- a chasm, rift, in
fells or crags; hrinda eim fyrir bjrg er gjr, Fms. ii. 238; til ess er hann kemr at gj einni, en s
gj gengr um eyna vera, fyrir annan enda gjrinnar, hinu-megin gjrinnar, yr gjna, etc., Fr.
170, 171; kasta hringinum gjr ea vtn, Bs. i. 329; milli gj ok gljfra, Stj. 90; at enni efri gjnni,
Nj. 224: also freq. in local names, Ahnanna-gj, the famous rift in Thingvalla, Nj. 113, 246, 247,
Sturl. i. 206, Landn. 312, v.l.; Hrafna-gj, Brmils-gj, Ktlu-gj; it often denotes a rift with a tarn
or pool at bottom, whereas gil is a rift with running water. COMPDS: gjr-bakki, a, m. a rift brink
(that of the Almanna-gj), Nj. 224. gjr-barmr, m. the edge of a geow, Fas. iii. 414. gjr-munni, a,
m. the mouth of a geow, Fas. iii. 415. gjr-skti, a, m. a geow-nook, Br. 166.
gj-hamarr, m. the upper wall of the Almanna-gj, Grg. i. 26.
GJLFR, m., gen. rs, pot. the din of the sea, the swelling waves, Sks. 148 :-- the sea, freq. in
potry and in pot. compds, vide Lex. Pot.; in prose Icel. say, ora-gjlfr, 'word-din' empty
sounding wards, ood of phrases. gjlfr-ligr, gjlfr-samr, gjlfrugr, adj. noisy, roaring, Sks. 192.
Ships are gjlfr-dr, gjlfr-marar, gjlfr-st, steeds of the sea, Lex. Pot.
gjlfra, a, to roar, of the sea: to chatter.
gjlgrun, f. [cp. gjelg = din, Ivar Aasen], idle talk, prating, sl. ii. 139.
gj-l, n. = gjl.
Gjlp, f. [A. S. gealp; Hel. gelp; Engl. yelp], Yelper, name of a giantess, Edda; from gjlpa, a, to
yelp.
gjr, yesterday, vide gr.
GJ, f. [cp. Engl. gay], enjoyment, esp. in a bad sense, sensuality, Sks. 435. COMPDS: gj-l, n.
a 'gay,' i.e. vain, life; g. er ofdrykkjur, Fms. viii. 106 (v.l.), Stj. 161. gjls-menn, m. pl. vain
persons, Fms. viii. 238, v.l. gj-menn, n. pl. id., Sks. 366; in mod. usage gj-l, n. (and gj-lfr,
adj.), a life of pleasure, a gay, idle life, Vdal., Pass. 4. 10.
GJR, m. [gjo, Ivar Aasen], (a bird, falco haliaetus, Edda (Gl.), Stj. 316, Rm. 382, ir. 93.
gjla, u, f. a gust of wind.
GJSA, pret. gauss, mod. gaus, pl. gusu; pres. gss, mod. gs; pret. subj. gysi; part. gosinn: [a
Scandin. word not found in Saxon nor Germ., cp. Engl. gush] :-- to gush, break out, of a furnace,
volcano, or the like; ar gauss upp stundum eldr, Nj. 204; hann s eld mikinn g. upp, Grett. 96;
gauss r honum spja (a vomit) mikil, Eg. 216; froa gaus r kjapti eim, Fas. i. 425; sv sem ar
gjsi upp svartr reykr, Sks. 203; gaus upp grtr, Rm. 234.
gjsta, u, f. a gust, Edda 99, Bs. i. 667 (in a verse).
gjs-r, f. a 'gush-vein,' an artery, Sturl. iii. 97.
GJTA, pret, gaut, pl. gutu; pres. gtr; pret. subj. gyti; part. gotinn;, [Ulf. gjutan; A. S. getan; O.
H. G. giuzan; Germ. giessen; Dan. gyde; Swed. giuta = to cast (of metal), but this sense is not
found in the Icel.] :-- to drop, throw, cast one's young, with dat.; Icel. say kea or kelfa (klfr), of a
cow, whale, deer; kasta, of a mare; kpa, of a seal (kpr, a young seal;) hrygna, of a sh; gjta, of a
cat, dog, fox, mouse, and of a sh, to spawn; whence gota, spawn; got-rauf, q.v.; gjta eir
hrognum snum, Sks. 46; ngotinn hvolpr, a new-dropped cub (dog, kitten). 2. in the phrase, gjta
augum, to twinkle, Fas. iii. 497; gjta hornauga, to look askant. -- That gjta was originally used in
a nobler sense maybe inferred from the fact that the names of two Teutonic people, the Gautar
(Gauts) and Gotar (Goths, = the born, Lat. nati) are in all likelihood derived from the same root.
gjta, u, f. [Dan. gyde], a narrow lane.
GJF, f., gen. gjafar, pl. gjafar, later gjar; dat. gjfum: [Ulf. giba; A. S. gifu, geofu; Engl. gift;
Germ. gabe, whence mod. Swed. gfua, Dan. gave, and Icel. gfa] :-- a gift, Nj. 7, 163, Eg. 33,
Fms. i. 296, iv. 105, x. 47, Bs. i. 76, 143, N. G. L. i. 8, passim: in mod. usage Icel. distinguish
between gjf and gfa, using the latter of the gifts of nature, gifts of mind, cleverness, but gjf in a
material sense. The ancients were fond of exchanging gifts, which were either a part of hospitality
or tokens of friendship; the former were municent, the latter might be small, Hm. 51: at a feast
(wedding, funeral, or the like) the host used to make gifts to all his more honoured guests at
departure; the technical phrase for this was, leysa menn t me gjfum, to dismiss with gifts; vru
allir menn me gjfum brott leystir; hence tlausnir, departure from a feast, Sturl. iii. 268: a
departing friend or visitor had to be dismissed with a gift (kynnis-gjf, Fms. vi. 358). The gifts
consisted chiey of weapons and costly clothes; but favourite gifts were a steed (Bjarn. 55, 58) or
oxen of a ne breed (Sturl. i. 106), hawks, tents, sails, white bears (. H. ch. 114, Fms. vi. ch.
72-75, 100, Hung. ch. 2), in short anything that was rare and costly, grsimi, metf. Again, friends
had to exchange gifts, so as to cement their friendship, cp. Hvaml passim, -- vpnum ok vum
skulu vinir glejask; gefendr ok endrgefendr erusk lengst vinir, 40; gjalda gjf vi gjf, 41; gei
skalt vi hann (viz. the friend) blanda ok gjfum skipta, 43; glk skulu gjld gjfum, 45; stir
glggr vi gjfum, 47. Gifts were obligatory, and were a token of grace and goodwill on the part of
giver and receiver. A gift when received was called the 'nautr' of the giver, e.g. a ring or sword
presented by a king was konungs-nautr. The instances in the Sagas are very many, e.g. Eg. ch. 36,
81, Ld. ch. 7, 27, 43, 45, Sturl. passim, Glm. ch. 6, 25, Vpn. p. 19, Hrafn. 23, Lv. ch. 14, 15, .
H. ch. 114, Har. S. Gilla ch. 16, Hung. ch. 13, 17, Pls. S. ch. 16, and last, not least, the curious
Gautr. S.; the remark of Tacit. Germ. ch. 21, gaudent muneribus, sed nec data imputant nec acceptis
obligantur, is only partly true; st-gjafar, love-gifts; vin-gjafar, friend-gifts, cp. Gr. GREEK, . H.
125; hefndar-gjf, a fatal gift; Jla-gjf, a Yule present, Eg. ch. 70; sumar-gjar, summer-gifts, on
the day when summer begins. COMPDS: gjafa-laust, n. adj. dismissed without gifts, Nj. 167, Fms.
vii. 106, Sturl. iii. 268. gjafa-leysi, n. scanty gifts, Fms. v. 188. gjafa-skipti and gjafa-vxl, n.
exchange of gifts, Gsl. 13, 96, Bs. i. 82 :-- in a technical sense, br-gjf (q.v.), bekkjar-gjf (q.v.),
morgun-gjf, a bride-gift, bench-gift, morning-gift, cp. N. G. L. i. 27, 29, 51, passim: til-gjf, a
dowry, -- all referring to a wedding: me-gjf -- flga, q.v.; -gjf, q.v.; milli-gjf, discount; lf-
gjf, pardon; ofan-gjf, rebuke: Icel. also give the name to foddering, setja gjf, hence gjafar-
ml, n. foddering hour, Gl. 442.
gjfull, adj., pl. gjir, municent, Eg. 42, Fms. v. 240, Bs. i. 61: with gen., g. sns fjr, Hm. 38;
str-gjfull, q.v.
GJGR, f. a cleft, rift; gljfr ok gjgrar, Bs. i. 200; rare, but still existing as the local name of a
shing-place in north-western Icel., (Gjgr, or Gjgri), used as neut.
gjgra, a, to reel, stagger (now skjgra), Fas. ii. 550 (in a verse).
GJLL, f. [vide gjalla], din, alarum (pot.) COMPDS: Gjallar-br, n. the bridge leading to Hel,
vide Edda. Gjallar-horn, n. the horn of Heimdal, Edda, Vsp.
GJLNAR, f. pl. [Engl. gills; Dan. gjller; Swed. gl] :-- the gills of a sh, Edda (Gl.); elsewhere
rare, tlkn (q.v.) being the common word.
gjlnir, in. a kind of sh, Edda (Gl.)
GJR, f., pl. gjarar, mod. gjarir, [Ulf. gairda = GREEK; Engl. girth, girdle; Dan. gjord] :-- a
girdle, sl. ii. 340, Sks. 403, freq.; sul-g., a saddle-girth; megin-g., main girdle, the belt of Thor,
vide Edda: pot. the sea is called jarar-g., earth-girdle :-- a hoop on tubs, botn-g., a bottom
hoop :-- a kind of lady's head-gear, in western Icel. a kerchief wrapped round the head.
glaa, a, = gleja, to gladden, but only in pres., Hkv. 1. 44, Hful. 17, Fsm. 48: in prose, Fas. i.
221, Barl. 60.
glael, n. [from Lat. gladiolus], a kind of sword, Ld. 330, ir.
gla-ltr, adj. cheerful, Grett. 140 A, Fas. iii. 219.
glaliga, adv. gladly, friendly, Nj. 177, Fms. xi. 376: gladly, willingly, i. 102, ix. 254, Fas. i. 218.
glaligr, adj. glad, bright, cheerful, Fms. vi. 357.
gla-mltr, adj. talking cheerfully, Fms. i. 19, ii. 109.
glana, a, to be gladdened: esp. of the sky, to brighten, clear up, a glanar til; and of a face, a
glanar yr honum, his face brightens.
glaning, f., gladdening, Mar.: good cheer.
GLAR, adj., fem, gl, neut. glatt, compar. glaari, superl. glaastr; [A. S., Engl., Swed., and
Dan. glad; it does not occur in Ulf. nor in Germ.; in Hel. gladmod = glad-mood (twice), vide
Schmeller; cp. also Lat. laetus] :-- glad, gladsome; glar ok reifr skyli gumna hverr unz sinn br
bana, Hm. 14; ek vra glaari ef vrir me hundra manns, Lv. 80; snotrs manns hjarta verr
sjaldan glatt, Hm. 54; Gunnarr var g. vi at, Nj. 42; Flosi var allra manna glaastr ok beztr heim
at skja, most cheerful of all men and the best to visit, 254, cp. Eb. 88, Fms. i. 31; glar mli, vi.
59; hraustr ok g., x. 420; glar ok spurall, iv. 82; glar, heilhugar, vitr, Fagrsk. 14; gl tr,
cheerful faith, Lex. Pot.; drekka glar inn ga mj, Gm. 13; drekka gl r gullnum kerum, 7;
ok tti glaara (pleasanter) at tala vi Helgu en vera star me kaupmnnum, sl. ii. 212: acc.
adverb., taka glaan e-u, to take it gladly, Fms. xi. 112; -glar, sad, moody. II. glad, bright, of the
sky, weather; tungli skein glatt, Fas. iii. 622; ver glatt, jal. 47; at ljs gaf glaan veg, Bs. ii.
109; eldarnir vru sumir sem glaastir, Gsl. 126: of gold, Bs. ii. 142: freq. in mod. usage, glaa
slskin, glad sunshine; glaa tnglskin, bright moonshine; loga glatt, to blaze merrily; eldrinn logar
ess glaar, Vdal. i. 145: the phrase, sj aldregi glaan dag, never to see a sunny day, be dull and
downcast; Gl, f., pr. name of a bell (cp. Engl. a merry peal), Fms. vi.
GLAR, m., pot. a horse, Edda (Gl.), Gm. 30, vide Lex. Pot.
gla-vri, mod. gla-vr, f. gladness, Stud. i. 206, ii. 125.
gla-vrr, adj. gladsome, cheerful, Bs. ii. 89, Magn. 474.
GLAM, mod. glamr, m. [cp. glaumr], a tinkling sound, Finnb. 348, Fms. xi. 129: noise, Hom. 34;
gn ok glamm, a clash of weapons, Fms. vi. 156; ra-glam, a dash of oars; ora-glamr, tinkling
words; Skla-glam, a nickname, 'Tinkling-scale,' xi. 128, 129. Glammar or Glmmur, m. a
nickname, Tinkler, Landn.
glama, , to twaddle, talk idly, Hm. 30.
glampi (or glanpi?), a, m. a ray of light; akin to glenr.
glanni, a, m. a reckless jester, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: glanna-legr, adj. hoydenish. glanna-skapr, m.
glansi, a, m. [mod. from Germ. glanz], glitter.
GLAP, n. hallucination, seems only to be used in pl. glp, as elli-glp, dotage: a law term, aws in
law proceedings, Grg. i. 10.
glap-mll, adj. speaking vainly of, Ad. 1.
glapna, a, to grow blunt or dim; glapnai honum heyrn ok sn, Eg. 754; hversu honum glapnai
sona-eignin, Fms. iv. 321.
glapp, n., pl. glpp, only in the phrase, hppum og glppum, by 'haps and gaps,' by haphazard; and
in compds, glappa-skot, n. as a law term, a chance shot, a mishap (shooting one inadvertently), N.
G. L. i. 157, cp. 27 :-- in mod. usage, a blunder, slip: glappa-verk, n. accidental mischief done,
Fs. 160.
glappast, dep. to blunder.
glap-ri, n. a blunder, Band. 4.
glap-skuld, f. a fool's ne for pranks or foolish acts, Hallfr.
glap-stgr, m. a fool's path, a stray path, cp. the Dan. saying, gjensti bliver ofte glapsti.
glap-vg, n. accidental manslaughter, Landn. 180.
GLAS, n. glass, vide gler. glas-ker, n. a glass vessel; glaskeri ber eg minn fsj , Pass. 1. 27, cp.
2 Cor. iv. 7.
Glasir, m. the Glassy, name of a grove with golden leaves, Edda.
GLATA, a, (the old pres. glatir, K. . K. 66, Sks. 700; mod. glatar), with dat. to destroy, slay; at
glata manndrps-mnnum, Hom. 43, Stj. 643; ella mun ek g. r, 656 B. 4: with acc. a Latinism,
673. 55, Mar. passim: to ruin, esp. in mod. sense, glata nd ok lkama, Blas. 48: to lose, til eirra
ala er n glatar hann, Sks. 512; glatisk au au fyrir honum, 700; hverfr f at er glatizt
annan veg, K. . K. 66; ef mar nnr fjrhlut manns ok her eigandi glata, Gl. 546; grla nem
ok glata (imperat.) eigi, Sl. 32.
glatan and gltun, f. perdition, esp. in eccl. sense, 671. 1, 625. 75, Sks. 654, 661, freq. in N. T.,
Vdal., Pass.
GLAUMR, m. [glam, cp. Scot. glamer = noise], a merry noise, esp. at a banquet; var ar inn at
heyra glaumr mikill, Ld. 170; glaum ok hornaskol, Eb. 28; sat vi drykkju, ar var g. mikill, Eg.
303; glaumr mikill ok fjlmenni, Fms. xi. 108; g. ok glei, Stud. i. 23, 24, Fms. iv. 48; gn ok
glaum herlisins, Hkr. iii. 65: freq. in mod. usage, g. heimsins, g. veraldar, the noise and bustle of
the world, Vdal. 2. in old poetry joy, merriment; glaums andvana, cheerless, Gkv. 2. 41; bella
glaumi, 29; manna g., joy (society) of men, Skm. 34; glaumr verr, the cheer (the heart) sinks,
Glm. 339 (in a verse). . a lusty crowd of men; val-glaumr, a host of warriors, Gm. 21.
GLMR, m. a pot. name of the moon, Edda (Gl.) :-- the name of a ghost in Grett. S., see the
famous ghost story in that Saga, ch. 34-37; the word is interesting on account of its identity with
Scot. glamour, which shews that the tale of Glam was common to Scotland and Iceland, and thus
much older than Grettir (of the year 1014, cp. glam = a ghastly-looking man, Ivar Aasen). glm-
sni, f. (in mod. usage also glm-skygni, f. and glm-skygn, adj.), 'glam-sight,' glamour, illusion,
Grett. 115 A, Sturl. i. 179, Stj. 401. Judges ix. 36, lk. 36 (blunder), orst. Su H. 178: Icel. also
say, glm-bekkr, m., in the phrase, a eygja e-u glmbekk, to throw a thing on the 'glamour-
bench,' i.e. to ing it carelessly about where it can be taken by any one, or lost. glm-blesttr, adj.
a horse with a moon-shaped blaze on the forehead. Glma, u, f. the name of a glacier.
glpa, t, to stare vacantly; glp, n. a stare.
GLEA, u, f. [A. S. glida; Engl. glead; Scot. gled], a kite, Brest. 50.
GLEI, f. [glar; Swed.-Dan. glde], gladness, merriment, good cheer; in old writers esp. of
enjoyment at a festival, story-telling, music, sport of any kind; leikar ok allskyns glei, Fs. 25; glei
ok gamanrur, 72; g. ok g fylgd, 130; ltil var glei manna at boinu, sl. ii. 251; var ar
glei mikil, Nj. 254; eptir at fr fram g. ok skemtan, Ld. 202; kvask mundu undir standa me
eim um hverja glei er eir vildi fram hafa, Sturl. i. 20; tku eir ar veizlu ga ok hfu glei
mikla, Eg. 371; glei ok g Jl, Grett.; ar var glei mikil, leikar ok fjlmenni, Sturl. iii. 258;
gri hann sik lttan vi alu ok tti aluglei, Bs. i. 680; grisk glei mikil hallinni,
Fms. i. 162; drukku me mikilli glei ok skemtan, iv. 82; glaumr ok g. (vide above); vilda ek n til
ess mla at r tkit upp nokkura glei nja til skemtunar mnnum, xi. 109; eptir etta vru leikar
upp teknir, gengu Fossverjar fyrir gleinni, Vgl. 24: in the Middle Ages the wakes were often
called gleir (pl.), Jla-glei, Christmas games, etc. COMPDS: glei-brag, n. merry looking, Nj.
118. glei-bnar, m. festival gear, Stj. 52, Sks. 39. glei-dagar, m. pl. days of merriment,
happiness, Grett. 151 A. glei-fullr, adj. joyful, Fb. ii. 331. glei-hljmr, m. a merry peal. glei-
kendr, part. merry, i.e. tipsy. Stj. 424. glei-ligr, adj. happy, Stj. 33. glei-mar, m. a cheery man;
Ingimundr var hinn mesti g. ok fkk sr allt til skemtunar, Sturl. i. 19, Eg. 3, 146, Lv. 74. glei-mt,
n. = gleibrag, Nj. 118. glei-or, n. words of joy, Vgl. 89 new Ed. glei-raust, f. a merry voice.
glei-spell, n. a kill-joy, Mag. glei-stundir, f. pl. merry, happy hours, Vgl. 23. glei-sngvar, m.
pl. glad songs, hymns, Stj. 50. glei-vist, f. a merry sojourn, Lv. 75. -- Glei in the sense of Lat.
gaudium is freq. in mod. use, but old writers prefer fgnur in the abstract sense; -glei, sadness,
despondency, Lv. 75: medic. ailment, cp. the phrase e-m er glatt, one is ailing.
gleill, m. a nickname, Landn.
gleja, pret. gladdi; pres. gler; part. gladdr; sup. glatt :-- to gladden, enliven, make glad, Hom. 18,
159, Fms. v. 49, Fas. i. 122: reex. to be glad, rejoice, Eg. 55, sl. ii. 360, Fms. i. 261, vi. 60, Sks.
551, Fb. i. 405: to brighten, sem dagrinn gladdisk, Verel.
gleir, adj., neut. gleitt, [gla, qs. la, cp. glina], standing astraddle, with one's legs wide apart.
Sturl. ii. 106, freq. in mod. usage.
Gleipnir, m. the Lissom, name of the mythol. fetter in Edda 19.
glenna, t, to open wide the mouth, ngers, or the like (a slang word); greipa-glennir, a nickname,
sl. js.
glenna, u, f. mummery, N. G. L. ii. 424: a nickname, Sturl. ii. 192.
Glenr, m., mythol. the husband of the Sun, Edda.
GLENS, n. gibing, fun, a gibe, jest, Fms. ii. 279, Ld. 220, sl. ii. 393. COMPDS: glens-ligr, adj.
gibing, Fms. ii. 182. glens-mikill, adj. full of gibes, Hv. 4. glens-yri, n. pl. (and ora-glens),
gibes, fun, Fms. iii. 80.
glensa, a, to jest, gibe, 655 xxxii. 2, Sturl. iii. 170.
glensan, f. gibing, Sturl. iii. 265.
GLEPJA, pret. glapi; sup. glapi or glapt; pres. glep; [glap] :-- to confuse one in reading,
speaking, or the like, Nj. 33: as a law term, to confound, glepja skn, vrn, gr, Grg. i. 60, 382; g.
ingfr, ingrei, ii. 78; ok varar eiin fjrbaugs-gar ef eir gra eigi ok hvegi er eir glepja, i.
485: to beguile, Fms. i. 7, ii. 7, vi. 163, vii. 113, viii. 391, Eg. 587, Ls. 20, Eb. 252. 2. reex. to be
confounded; hugi hann at glepjask mundi erririnn (of weather), Eb. 152; hversu honum glapisk
sona-eignin, Ld. 236, . H. 145 (vide glapna).
glepsa, a, an iterat. to snap, bite, 655 xxxi. 7, Al. 144.
GLER, n. [A. S. gls; Engl. glass; Germ. glass; early Dan. glar; the mod. Dan. and Swed. glas
seem to be borrowed from Germ.; Icel. distinguish between gler (glass) and glas (a small glass
bottle); but s seems to be the original consonant, and the word is akin to Glasir, glys, glsa, q.v.] :--
the word originally meant amber, 'succinum' quod ipsi (viz. the Germans) glaesum vocant, Tacit.
Germ. ch. 45; glass beads for ornament are of early use; quantities are found in the great deposits
(in cairns and fens) of the earliest Iron Age, but only in a single instance in a deposit of the Brass
Age (which ends about the beginning of our era), vide Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1868, p. 118; and such
is the sense of the word in the three places that it occurs in old heathen poems: magical Runes were
written on glass, Sdm. 17: metaph., n er grjt at at gleri orit, now those stones are turned into
gler, of an altar 'glassed' with sacricial blood, Hdl, 5; cp. also the curious reading, bresta gleri, to
be shivered, to break into shivers, Hm. 29, -- the reading of Kb., ' tvau,' is a gloss on the obsolete
phrase :-- gls also occurs twice or thrice in A. S. poetry, but not in the oldest, as Beowulf, vide
Grein. For window-panes glass is of much later date, and came into use with the building of
cathedrals: a Danish cathedral with glass panes is mentioned in Knytl. S. ch. 58 (year 1085); in Icel.
the rst panes brought into the country were probably those presented by bishop Paul to the
cathedral at Skalholt in the year 1195; the ancient halls and dwellings had no windows in the walls,
but were lighted by louvres and by round openings (gluggr) in the roof, covered with the caul (of a
new-born calf, called skjall or lkna-belgr) stretched on a frame or a hoop and called skjr: these are
still used in Icel. farms; and Icel. distinguish between the round small caul windows (skjr or skj-
gluggar) and glass windows (gler-gluggar) :-- hll sem gler, slippery as glass, of ice, Nj. 144: in
eccl. and later writings, Hom. 127, Sks. 424, Vm. 21, Fas. iii. 393: in the saying, sjaldan brtr gfu-
mar gler. COMPDS: gler-augu, n. pl. 'glass-eyes,' spectacles. gler-gluggr, m., vide above, Fms.
iii. 187, xi. 271-276, Bs. i. 131, B. K. 98, Vm., Pm. passim. gler-hallr, m. a glass stone, agate. gler-
hlka, u, f. (gler-hll, adj.), slippery as glass, of ice. gler-himinn, m. a sky-light, Hom. 130, Mag.
5. gler-kaleikr, m. a glass chalice, Hom. 138. gler-ker, n. a glass vessel, Mar. 603, Am. 58. gler-
lampr, m. a glass lamp, Vm. 129, 162. gler-pottr, m. a glass pot, ir. 164. gler-steinar, m. pl.
glass stones, agates, Edda 68. gler-tlur, f. pl. glass beads, orf. Karl. 374, belonging to the gear of
a heathen prophetess. There is a curious Icel. local name Gler-, f. Glass Water, Eb., -- perhaps
from the Gaelic glas, dark-gray.
gletta, u, f. banter, Fms. iii. 9, x. 141, Sturl. i. 69.
gletta, u, f., or glettun, f. banter, raillery, Fms. ii. 9, Sturl. i. 69. glettu-atskn, f. a feint or ruse to
provoke the enemy to attack, Fms. x. 141.
glettask, tt, dep. to banter, rail against one; g. vi e-n, Fms. ii. 180, Fr. 51, Grett. 101 A: milit. to
taunt, provoke the enemy, Fms. vi. 151, viii. 49, 405.
glettiliga, adv. tauntingly, Fms. ii. 13.
gletting, f. banter, raillery, Fr. 109: gen. as adv. glettingar-bra, u, f. a splashing (no triing)
wave.
glettinn, adj. (glettni, glettun), bantering, Sturl. i. 69 C. gletunar-mar, m., engi g., not a man to
be tried with, Nj. 105.
GLETTR, m. banter, raillery, taunting; and as a milit. term, a feint or ruse to irritate or provoke
the enemy; eir ltu vakka vi skipin ok hfu nokkut sv glett, Fms. viii. 289; munum vr ganga
glett vi borgamenn, ok vita ef vr getum ginnt fr borginni, Stj. 364. Josh. viii. 5; ekki mun ek
eggja ik at fara glett vi Sva, to provoke the Swedes, Fr. 88; eigi leiisk eim enn at vit
eigimk vi glettur, Sturl. i. 69; r ekki glett vi oss, v at snt er hvrt vr olum r at, ii. 52.
GLEYMA, d, [glaumr, q.v.; Swed. glmma; Dan. glemme; but unknown to Germ. and Saxon] :--
prop. to make a merry noise; this sense is almost obsolete, but occurs in Bret., eir gleymdu ar
yr, they held a bout around the horse, 94: reex. to be merry, Merl. 1. 52. II. metaph. to forget,
with dat.; at hann gleymi llum Gus boorum, Fms. v. 217, xi. 235, Barl. 7, 56, Al. 12, Sks. 743,
passim: absol., Edda 154 (pref.), Sks. 238: with acc., Karl. 524 (rare): with inn., freq. in mod.
usage, eg gleymdi a taka a: with gen., a Latinism, Stj. 78. 2. in a pass. sense, to be forgotten, Th.
79.
gleyming, f. forgetfulness, Stj. 212, Hom. 125, Barl. 130.
gleymr, m. pranks, jollity, Bjarn. (in a verse); vide glaumr.
gleym-samligr, adj. forgetful, Sks. 451 B.
gleymska, u, f. forgetfulness, H. E. 494, Stj., N. T., Vdal., Pass.
GLEYPA, and t, [cp. Dan. glube, glubsk = voracious], to gulp down, swallow, Stj. 193, Barl. 56,
Edda 8, Fms. iii. 216, Eluc. 10.
gleyping, f. a gulping down, swallowing, Stj. 236.
gleypi-nmr, adj. quick at learning (of children); hann er g.
glina, a, to fall asunder, go to pieces; v at btin glinar fr fatinu aptr, Matth. ix. 16.
GLINGR, m. [A. S. gleng = showy things], a toy, Fas. iii. 219; barna-glingr, a child's toy, freq.
glingra, a, to toy, trie with.
GLISSA, t, [Norse glisa], to grin, Hm. 30, but obsolete in Icel.
GLIT, n. 'glitter,' used of brocades or rich tissues; ot glit af gulli, Gsl. 21; dkr hlfr me
sprang, hlfr me glit, Pm. 123. COMPDS: glit-breia, u, f. a brocaded cover. glit-dkr, m. a
brocaded stuff. glit-onn, part. brocaded. glit-vefnar, m. brocade weaving.
glita, a, [Ulf. glitmunjan = GREEK, Mark ix. 3; Hel. glitan; O. H. G. glizan] :-- to glitter, Fms.
viii. 350 (v.l.), ix. 301, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse); glitar vpnin, Karl. 254.
glitar, part. tissued, Vm. 5.
Glitnir, m. a mythical name of the Golden Hall in heaven, Gm. 15.
glitra, a, = glita, Barl. 74, Karl. 358, Fms. viii. 350.
glit-raur, adj. gleaming red, Fas. iii, 491.
glitsamligr, adj. glittering, Sks. 530.
glitta, tt, = glita; a glittir e-, a thing glitters far away.
glka and lka, adv. also, freq. in mod. usage and always without the g.
glkindi and lkindi, n. pl. likelihood; skai meiri en ek mtta at glkindum ra, Ld. 126, Band.
10; ef at glkindum fri, Bs. i. 338; but, at lkindum, 337, 529; Halli ttisk sj at glkindum, at ...,
Glm. 378; tti honum fr lkindum (beyond likelihood, extraordinary) hversu ungr hann var, Eg.
769; ok er at at lkendum, it is as could be expected, Nj. 187; eptir lkindum, Fms. x. 208; glkindi,
Gsl. 137; engi lkindi til, Fms. viii. 147; meiri, minni, engin lkindi, more, less, no probability, id.,
passim; ef etta mtti vera me nokkrum lkendum, Sks. 149; allt er me lkindum ferr ok eli,
Edda 69; eir sgu Jakob ess lkindi at ..., Ver. 16; eir grusk n mannvnligir sem lkindi er ,
Sturl. i. 3; hgmlig lkendi, vain forecast, Stj. 142; til lkinda vi, in comparison with, Barl. 55 :--
as a law term, fara angat er hann veit mest lkendi , N. G. L. i. 255; gefa sk eim er lkindum
ykkja vera, bring a charge against those who are likely to have done it, 351, 362; at eir mtti v
heldr kenndir vera at lkendum, from likeness, appearance (of detecting criminals), Gl. 18. II.
semblance, remains; sv at um morguninn eptir s menn engin lkendi Dana-virkis nema grjti, so
that the morning after one saw not a remnant of the Danish wall but a heap of stones, Fms. i. 128;
snask kvikindis lkindi, Barl. 135; lkindalti, feint, dissimulation.
glking and lking, f. likeness, image; glking Gus, Eluc. 18; glking gs verks, 655 xxvi. 4:
liking, imitation, lking Trju, Bret. 98; lking djfuls, Best. 54; til eirrar smu lkingar, Fms. ii.
89; ok af eirra lkingu mun hann fremjast, v. 345; ger lking annarra manna, after the liking
of other people, Edda 37; sv sem me nokkurri skynsemdar lking, with some shade of reason, Stj.
143 :-- eptir-lking, a parable.
glkja and lkja, and t, to make like; Clemens glki atfer sna eptir Petro postula, Clem. 39;
glkir sik gmlum karli, Stj. 475: to imitate, with acc., a Latinism, Hom. 57; g. eptir, to imitate; er
llum s gott eptir at glkja, Bs. i. 140; at skyldi eptir ru lkja er goin tti rammari, Fms. v.
319; hinna hfingja dmi, er betra er eptir at lkja, vii. 296, Magn. 504; klluusk at allt lkja
eptir biskupi, Sturl. ii. 12, (likea, Bs. i. 500, l.c.); lkja alla sna dma eptir Guligum daemum, Sks.
599. II. reex. to belike, resemble; mun ek glkjask foglum eim er ..., 623. 53; n glkusk menn
Gui, Greg. 21; lkjask tt e-s, Ld. 24; at skyldir n meir lkjask tt Haralds ens Hrfagra um
skaplyndi en Rana Mjnef mur-fur num er Nerei jarli enum Gamla, . H. 31; Haraldr
lktisk mur-tt sna, Fas. (Hb.) i. 356; n lkisk barn at honum, N. G. L. i. 30; at lkjask eim,
Sks. 18, Magn. 466.
glkleikr, m. (glkleiki, a, m.), likelihood, Sks. 195, 565.
glkliga and lkliga, adv. favourably, esp. in the phrase, taka lkliga e-u, to give a favourable
answer to; v mli var vel tekit ok svarat lkliga, Eg. 26; Tryggvi tk v vel ok lkliga, Fms. i. 59,
iii. 78; for allt tal eirra lkliga ok sttgjarnliga, ii. 36, x. 132; skiljask au n drottning ok
konungr heldr lkliga, they parted on friendly terms, Fas. i. 33: in mod. usage, probably; -- the
spelling with g scarcely ever occurs.
glkligr and lkligr, adj.; in old poets with gl, geta ykkjat mr gotnar | glkligs, Hallfred; but
usually with l only, e.g. Nj. 49, Fms. xi. 87, Hkr. i. 261, where Mork. gl :-- likely, probable, tti
mnnum glkligast at stolit mundi vera, Bs. i. 348; gr af drauminum slkt er r snisk lkligast,
sl. ii. 196; at honum tti Raus-synir lkligstir til at valda, Fms. iv. 380, Hom. 115 :-- t,
promising, n ykkir Eyjl etta et glkligsta, Gsl. 148; gra sik lkligan til e-s, to shew oneself
inclined to, countenance, Fms. x. 334.
GLKR, adj., mod. lkr; in old poems in alliteration the g is always sounded, e.g. glkr er geira
skir | gunnsterkr ..., Bjarn. 33; uru-a it glkir | eim Gunnari, Gh. 3; glk skulu gjld gjfum, Hm.
45; Baldri glkan bur, Ls.; but the vellum MSS. use both forms, though glk is more freq. in the
older, lkr in the later; sometimes false readings arose, e.g. lkt (unlike) hafa grt eir menn, Bs. i.
140, where the sense requires glkt, but the lower part of the g having been obliterated, the
transcriber read it as o; or Fs. 22, where ugglikt (suspicious) yields no meaning, and is to be read
glkt (different, quite another thing): [Ulf. galeiks = GREEK: A. S. gelc; Engl. alike, like; O. H.
G. glk; mod. Germ. gleich; Swed. lik; Dan. lig] :-- like, alike; with dat., sonr er fer glkari en
dttir, Eluc. 10; annarr atburr var enn essum glkr, Bs. i. 346; ekki v grjti glkt ru er ar er,
Eg. 142; v glkt, as adv. such-like, in like manner, Post. 686 C. 2; lifi v lkara sem hann vri
lldri, sl. ii. 481; frr snum ok mjk lkr fur snum, Fms. i. 14, x. 265; ok er Kri ngum
manni lkr, K. has no match, Nj. 265; skal ek eigi gra ik eim lkastan er vill lkastr vera en at
er inn, Sturl. i. 101; at tti mr lkara harmi en skaa, Ld. 126; landi lkari en ski, Sks. 139;
munu it vera Gui lk, 503; sv sem eir menn vera lkastir er tvburar eru, Rb. 100; hnot ea
myl, ea lkt, or the like, Edda 109; lkt ok ekki, like nothing, Gull. 54; er ok eigi lkt (i.e. it is
beyond comparison) hvrt sannari er s saga, er hin, Fms. viii. 1; cp. ok er at glkt hvrt ferr
lo mnu, er ..., Fs. 22 (vide above) :-- at glku (lku), adv. all the same, nevertheless; v at jarl
her at lku lf vrt, ef hann vill eptir v leita, Nj. 267; ykki mr at at glku, it seems to me all the
same, sl. ii. 483: so in the phrase, leggja til lka, to settle; at eir vildi allt til lka leggja me gra
manna ri, Dipl. ii. 11; v-lkr, 'that-like,' such; -lkr, unlike; slkr, qs. sv-lkr, such, Germ. solch
= so like. II. metaph. likely, probable, Fs. 4; en er at lkast at hann snisk til vrrar ttar, Nj. 38;
at er lkara at fyrir ru ur r at gra, 261; at er ok lkast at eir komist ar at keyptu, Eg. 64;
Bjrn segir at lkast at hann mundi fara af landi brott, 156; at var lkara, sl. ii. 141: neut. lkt,
likely; ok lkt at r fylgi gipta, Fms. vi. 8; hann kallai lkasta til slkra llbraga, 379; ok lkara
at hann mundi koma rarinsdal, Bjarn. 6l; yki mr at lkt, at ..., Sks. 52. 2. likely, promising,
to the purpose; taka oss ar fari hverr sem lkast ykkir, Nj. 259; nr lkast vri til at veita atfr
jarli, Fms. i. 54; leituusk eir um hvar lkast var t at komask, Eg. 233; mr ykir eigi til lkt (it
looks not well) um fer eirra brra, Vgl. 25; s hann eigi annan lkara tveg, Bs. i. 690; v at
eir s sinn kost engan annan lkara, Fb. i. 405; kann vera at endirinn veri lkari (better) en
upphat, Bs. ii. 64; at at vri lkast til heilla stta, Fms. iv. 139; til eirrar stundar sem mr yki
nokkuru lkast at fram megi komask etta eyrendi, 133.
GLMA, u, f. [this word occurs neither in Germ. nor in Saxon, nor yet in the mod. Scandin. tongues
(of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark), and the origin is not known] :-- wrestling, a favourite national
sport with the Icel. people, in old as well as in modern times, answering to the Gr. GREEK: glmu-
brg, n. pl. wrestling-tricks, vide brag II. 2: to the technical terms there mentioned, add, hnykkr,
hlkrkr, sveia, etc.: glmu-flagi, a, m. a wrestling-match, Hv. 41: glmu-frr, adj. able-bodied
as a wrestler, Finnb. 328: glmu-galdr, m. a 'wrestler-spell,' to charm one's legs and make them
steady, sl. js. i: glmu-mar, m. a wrestler: glmumann-liga, adv. like a good wrestler, nimbly,
Fas. iii. 502: glmu-vllr, m. the wrestling-ring. The earliest match recorded is that of Thor and the
giantess Elli (Age), -- for the tale vide Edda 33; freq. in the Sagas, Sturl. iii. 20, 268; glenz ok
glmur, Fms. i. 149 sqq., 182, iii. 187, 188, Grett. and Finnb., Kjaln. passim, Eg. ch. 40; leikr (sport)
and glma are often used synonymously, as Ld. ch. 45. The glma was a popular game at any
meeting or festival, where many young and active men met together: thus at the banquet in
Reykhlar (1119) the guests amused themselves by dancing, glmur, and story-telling, Sturl. i. 23; at
the parliament (aling) there was a palaestra, Fanga-brekka ('wrestling-brink'); in Glm. ch. 13 a
ght is recorded between the Northerners and Westerners assembled there; as also in Grett. ch. 75
(in the parliament at Hegranes); in Gunnl. ch. 11 the crew of the ships in harbour made up a glma.
The mod. Icel. bnda-glma is just the same, as it was practiced in the college at Hlar, and later in
the school at Bessastair, as also at shing-stations and wherever young men came together; the
young men are divided by lot into two parties, which are then drawn up in a row, each having their
leader or 'bndi' (whence the name); the bndr pair off their men against one another to wrestle in
the arena or dele between the two ranks, one after another; if the one side was weaker in number,
or the one bndi had lost all his men, he might challenge his antagonist, and their match decided the
game, Eggert Itin. ch. 518. The bnda-glma at college and school was by far the best-played, and
much stress was laid on nimble and graceful movements. UNCERTAIN In Hom. 24 scurrilitas is
rendered by glma.
glma, d, to wrestle, Landn. 185, Fms. iii. 187, Sturl. iii. 268, Finnb. 222.
glminn, adj. able or alert as a wrestler.
glra, u, f. [cp. glire = to blink witb the eyes, Ivar Aasen], in a nickname in Vpn., Glru-Halli.
glj, , to glitter, Lat. nitere; a gljir a.
glj, f. a spot glittering against the sun: the name of a river.
GLJFR, n. almost only in pl. [A. S. glf = cliff], an abrupt descent or chasm, esp. in the bed of a
river, r-gljfr; hvar hin litla in fll r gljfrum, Eg. 134; eru gljfr mikil upp me nni, Fr. 62,
Landn. 251, Glm. 362, Al. 92, Fms. viii. 51, Gull. 8; en tveim-megin gengu at g. h ok hin
brattastu bjrg, Stj. 452. 1. Sam. xiv. 4: sing., Grett. 142 (in a verse): so the mod. phrases, -- glfra-
fer, f. a neck-breaking, dangerous exploit (as among precipices); glfra-gng, n. pl. straits,
Broddi er kominn g., a ditty of Pal Vdaln; glfra-ligr, adj. dangerous, horrible, -- are all derived
from gljfr.
gloppa, u, f. a big hole, a nickname, Fms. x. 142; gloppu-gat, id.
glopra, a, with dat. to drop, lose a thing heedlessly.
glor-hungrar, part. very hungry.
glossi, a, m. [glousse = a spark, De Professer], a blaze.
glott, n. a grin; draga glott at, . H. 151, Bs. i. 647.
GLOTTA, tt, to grin: absol., g. at e-u, to grin at a thing, Fbr. 160, 162 (in a verse); hn (the witch)
glotti vi slunni, Fas. ii. 127; so also, g. vi, Nj. 27; g. vi tnn, to smile scornfully, sarcastically,
so as to shew the teeth, Edda 30, Nj. 182 (of Skarpheinn), and passim; Erlingr s til hans, ok glotti
vi tnn, ok mlti, . H. 114.
GLA, a, [A. S. glowan; Engl. glow; Germ. glhen; etc.], to shine, glitter (of metals or bright
things); er vpnin glu, Fagrsk. 138, Bs. i. 348, Rb. 358; hn glai af gulli, Stj. 206, Fas. i. 333;
hann glar sem eldr, Hb. 544. 39: red-hot, jrn-sa glandi, a red-hot iron, Edda 61, Fms. viii. 8;
glandi hiti = Germ. glhend, Greg. 36: scalding hot, of broth or the like.
gl-barr, n. the glowing bud; pot. the gold of the tree Glasir, Bm.
gl-bjartr, adj. light blond, of hair.
GL, f., pl. glr (glir, Post. 656 C. 5), [A. S. gld; Germ. gluth; Dan. gld] :-- red-hot
embers; taka gl af eldi, Eb. 278; eir hfu reykelsi gl, burning incense (at mass), Bs. i. 22;
hann lt gl undir ftr sr, Fs. 176; hafi gl hendi, Hom. 156: esp. in pl., hn tk glr af arni,
Sturl. ii. 101, Fas. ii. 182; sitja vi glr, to sit at the reside; Ptr sat vi glr ok vermdi sik, Post.
656 C. 4, Clem. 25; ganga yr glr, Hom. 17; munnlaug full af glum, Fms. ii. 167, v. 324: the
metaph. phrase, vera (ganga) glum, to be as on glowing coals. COMPDS: glar-auga, n. a
black eye. glar-jrn, n. an iron plate for baking, a girdle (griddle), Am. 92, Vm. 65. glar-ker
(gl-ker), n. a re-pot, Fms. v. 106, Vm. 21, 83, Stj. 316, 319.
gl-raur, adj. red as embers, Fm. 9.
gl-volgr, gl-heitr, adj. ember-hot.
GLFI, a, m. [A. S. glf occurs as early as Beowulf], a glove, Nj. 46, Fms. i. 246, Dipl. v. 18, Bs. i.
342, Gull. 6, 8, Fb. i. 529. glfar, part. gloved, Karl. 288. The word is no doubt borrowed from
the English, and is used in the Sagas chiey of costly embroidered gloves; another word is handski
= 'hand-shoe,' prob. from the Germ. handschuhe; the popular words are vttr and vetlingr.
gl-fxttr, adj. light-maned, of a horse, Bs. ii. 261.
gli, a, m. the name of a dwarf, Vsp.: in mod. usage freq. the name of a light-coloured dog.
glpaldi, a, m. an idiot, Glm. 342.
GLPR, m. an idiot, baboon, Glm. 358, Finnb. 298, Hv. 41, Br. 5. Gsl. 53.
glpska, u, f. foolishness.
glra, , [glrle, De Professer], to gleam, glare like a cat's eyes; a glrir e-.
glsa, u, f. (for. word), a gloss, explanation, Sks. 552, Bs. i. 737: a banter, taunt (Dan. glose), mod.
glsa (glsera), a, to explain by a gloss, Bs. i. 737, Sks. 7: to chatter, Fas. ii. 110.
gluggar, part. with windows, sl. ii. 402.
GLUGGR, m., and gluggi, a, m., Stj. 171, 207, Fms. ix. 427, and so always in mod. use; (glyggr,
m., pl. ir, Sks. 427 B, rare) :-- a window, Nj. 114, Eg. 420, 421, vide gler above; according to Nj. ch.
78 the windows were placed above the wall plate in the roof; gler-gluggi, skj-g., bastofu-g.,
skemmu-g., stofu-g., br-g., eldhs-g;. COMPDS: glugga-grind, f., and glugga-kista, u, f. a
window-frame, (mod.) glugga-tjald, n. window-curtains. glugga-tpt, f. a window-sash. II. prop.
an opening, a hole, . H. 152; inn um ann glugg er hann hafi rot, Fbr. 66 new Ed.; einn laup ok
skar allan gluggum, he took a box and cut holes in it all over, Fms. viii. 342; var gluggr yr
ofninum, Eb. 136; ltta steini af brunnsins glugga, Stj. 171. Gen. xxix. 10 ('the well's mouth');
marga glyggi (acc. pl.) ok sm, Sks. l.c.; hfu eir broti stran glugg, Br. 180: metaph.,
glugga-ykn, n. dense clouds with openings in them, Grett. 114 A.
glugg-stka, u, f. a window-sash, Bev.
glumra, a, to rattle, Fas. i. 91, ii. 492, Hkm. 5, Sks. 229.
glumra, u, f. a masc. nickname, Landn. glumra-gangr, m. rattling.
glundra, a, to turn topsy-turvy, glundroi, a, m. topsy-turvy.
glutra, a, (glytra, Fms. xi. 439), to squander, ir. 143, Th. 6.
glutran, f. (glutr, n., Fms. xi. 439, Bs. i. 907), squandering, extravagance. COMPDS: glutr-mar,
m. a spendthrift, Bs. i. 581. glutr-samligr, glutrunar-samr, adj. dissolute, Al. 6. glutr-samliga,
adv., Mar.
glmr, m. a bear, pot., Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Landn.
GLPNA, a, [a Scandin. word found in Ormul. forr-gloppnedd, and Scot. and North. E.
gloppen] :-- the radical sense was prob. to become soft, but in usage to look downcast, let the
countenance fall, as one about to cry, Fm. 31, Am. 73, Gsl. (in a verse), Eb. 60, . H. 63.
glpr or gljpr, adj. soft, porous, esp. of sponge or sponge-like things.
glyra, u, f. a harlot, Edda (Gl.)
glygg, n., dat. glyggvi, the opening of a visor. Al. 39, Karl. 473: pot. wind, gale, Lex. Pot.
GLYMJA, glumdi, pres. glym, to rattle, clash, plash, Str. 46: freq. in poetry of the sea or waves,
vide Lex. Pot.: in prose esp. of an echo, a glumdi klettunum, a glymr undir, or the like.
glymr, m. a clash, plashing, Edda 110, Sklda 169: freq. in pot. compds, esp. of wind or waves,
Lex. Pot.
glypsa, a, vide glepsa, to snap, Sturl. i. 128 C.
glyrnur, f. pl. [glra], cat's eyes glittering in the dark, Fas. iii. 385: in mod. usage as a cant name for
eyes red or blood-shot.
GLYS, n. nery, and as a trade term millinery, Fms. vi. 263, x. 30, Barl. 6, Al. 34, Stj. 78, 188,
passim; gull ok glys, Edda 220; kaupa glys, Fb. iii, 175; glys fjandans, Greg. 15; glys heimsins,
Hallgr., Vdal. COMPDS: glys-gjarn, adj. fond of nery, Eb. 256 (of a lady), Fas. ii. 182. glys-ligr,
adj. showy, specious, Fms. i. 74, ii. 135. glys-mang, n. millinery, N. G. L. iii. 159. glys-mangari, a,
m. a 'nery-monger' milliner, N. G. L. ii. 246. glys-ml (glys-mli), n. pl. specious, vain words,
Bjarn. 19. glys-mll, adj. attering in one's speech. glys-samligr, adj. specious, vain, Sks. 528.
GL, n. [A. S. gleow; Engl. glee], glee, gladness, pot., Edda (Gl.)
glja, u, f. dazzling from whiteness. glju-skin, n. dazzling light.
glja, a, to be gleeful, Hm. 7. gljar, part. gleeful, Vsp. 39; f-glyjar, dismal, Eyvind.
gljari, a, m. a 'gleeman,' jester, Str. 68, Barl. 4.
glra, u, f. glitter, Sks. 229.
gl-stamr, adj. an GREEK, glee-steaming, epithet of tears, Hm. 1, cp. Homer's GREEK.
GLA, dd, [gl], to sparkle; s eir at glddi r forsinum, Gull. 9: in mod. trans., esp. in eccl.
writers, to kindle.
glja, dd, to glow; gljanda frost, a sharp frost, Sks. 229.
gl-napask (qs. gl-gnapast), a, to go thinly clad in blast or cold.
gl-nr, adj. clear, opp. to clouded, of eggs.
glpask, t, dep. to transgress, do foolishly, Stj. 454, 577, Greg. 38: the phrase, g. e-u, to do amiss
in a thing, Stj. 469: mod. to make a foolish bargain, buy a pig in a poke.
glpi-liga, adv. wickedly, Fas. iii. 664, Fb. i. 206.
glpi-ligr, adj. wicked, Fms. x. 334, Stj. 584, Mar. passim.
GLPR, m., gen. s, pl. ir, [glpr], crime, wickedness, Fs. 178, 180, Hkv. Hjrv. 32, Stj., Sks.
passim, and freq. in mod. usage, Vdal., Pass. COMPDS: glpa-fullr, adj. full of wickedness,
ungodly, Stj. 457, Mar. 449, Barl. 107. glpa-mar, m. a miscreant, Fms. ii. 85, Sklda 204.
glpamann-ligr, adj. rufanly, ill-looking, Band. 7. glpa-verk, n. a crime, Stj. 91. It is worth
notice that in the heathen morals (as in the Old Test.) 'foolish' and 'wicked' are kindred words:
glpr, the derivative with changed vowel, means an evil deed, the primitive word glpr a fool; cp.
also glap, glepja, which are from the same root.
glpska, u, f. a foolish, evil act, Fms. iii. 112, Hkr. ii. 395, Stj. 622.
glp-varr, adj. righteous (sceleris purus), Fms. v. 240, Sks. 355.
glp-yri, n. pl. foul language, orst. Su H. 177.
GLR, m., pot. the 'glaring,' i.e. the sea, Lex. Pot.: in prose in the phrase, kasta gl, to throw
into the sea, squander, Bjarn. 57, . H. 38, Finnb. 250, Fms. vii. 62 (in a verse), cp. Ad. 13; hlaupa
gl, to run in vain, Al. 181.
glr, adj. clear, e.g. of a fresh egg, = glnr, q.v.
glra, u, f., in regn-g., drops of rain, Sks. 227; vide eld-glringar.
gl-ri, n. = glapri, a job, Band. (MS.) 9.
GLSA, t, to make shining, embellish, Fms. iv. 247, Bs. ii. 10: part. glstr, splendid, embellished;
gulli g., embellished with gold, gilded; halli g., painted, etc., vide Lex. Pot.
glsi-ligr, adj. shining, splendid, Fms. ii. 300, . H. 161, passim; g. or, specious words, Fb. i. 76,
374.
glsi-mar, m. a bright, illustrious man, Edda (Gl.)
Glsir, m. a pr. name; of an ox (because of the horns), Eb. Glsis-vellir, m. pl. a mythical local
name, Hervar. S. ch. 1, Fms. iii. 183 sqq.
glsur, f. pl., in ora-glsur, ne phrases, Thom. 297.
glgg-leikr, adj. sharpness of sight, acuteness, Stj. 12.
glgg-liga, adv. [cp. Ulf. glaggvuba = GREEK, GREEK], clearly, distinctly, Eg. 54, Fms. ii. 102,
vi. 36; spyrja g. at, Fb. i. 253.
GLGGR, adj. (also spelt gleggr and gleyggr), acc. glggvan with a nal v in the weak cases;
compar. glggra and glggvari; superl. glggstr and glggvastr; [the prob. Goth. form is glaggvus;
A. S. gleaw; Hel. glau; Scot. gleg = quick, clever; O. H. G. glaw] :-- clear-sighted, and in metaph.
sense clever, of things clear, distinct; ok hafa at allt er hitsug leir er glggra er, Grg. i. 7; glggt
er gests augat, sharp (prying) is the stranger's eye, a saying; skring er glggvari greining, a
clearer distinction, Sklda 205; Stjrnu-Oddi er gleyggstr var allri tlu ok himintungla-gangi, Rb.
90; glggr til brjsts ok bkr, Thom. 12 :-- neut., skra glggt fr e-u, to expound distinctly, Hom.
47; eigi arf glggra at skra, 52; eigi er mr at glggt, 'tis not clear to me, Grett. 108; vera
glggrar greinar, to distinguish sharply, Bs. ii. 11; hn kenndi hann glggt, she knew him well, Fms.
iv. 131; orgnr fur-fair minn mundi glggt (remembered clearly) Eirk Uppsala-konung, 162;
mun ek glggt vita hvrt rtt er rit er eigi, vii. 107; vast af lndum spuri hann um siu manna
menn er glggst vissu, Hkr. ii. 61; vita gleygt, id., 625. 96. 2. metaph. stingy; stir glggr vi
gjfum, a saying, Hm. 47; glggr vi gesti, a stingy host, Hym. 9; glggr ugar, pot. uninching,
Skv. 1. 7; f-glggr, stingy of money; matar-g., stingy of meat; hugar-g., mean, Fbr. 162 (in a verse).
glgg-rnn, adj. 'clear-rouning,' Fas. i. 212.
glgg-skygn, adj. (glgg-skygni, f.), sharp-sighted, Nj. 77, Stj. 228.
glgg-sniliga, adv. distinctly, Str.
glgg-snn, adj., Stj. 228, v.l.: sharp-witted, Bs. i. 272, Eluc. 16.
glgg-sr, adj. clear-sighted, Bs. i. 808, v.l.: manifest, orf. Karl. 380.
glggvingr, m. a stingy man, Edda (Gl.), Ad. 1.
glgg-ekkinn, adj. clear-sighted, quick to know or discern, sl. ii. 341, Vpn. 24, Ld. 274, Fb. ii.
288.
glgg-ekkni, f. a clear sight, Sks. 559 B.
glgg-ekkr, adj. = glggekkinn, Barl. passim.
glmmungr, m. a kind of sh, Edda (Gl.)
glp, n. pl. blunders, as a law term. Grg. i. 10; vide glap, elli-glp.
GNADD, n. a grumbling, muttering, Bjarn. 18, Fms. x. 342, Stj. 322, 326, 330, 453, Fbr. 27 new
Ed.
gnadda, a, to murmur, Stj. 327, Grett. 98 A (where ndduu stands): to vex, hn gnaddar hit sama
bi dag ok dgr, 'she pressed him daily with her words,' Stj. 417. Judges xvi. 16.
GNAGA, a, mod. naga, but in allit. and old writers with g, as ok um grjt gnaga, Hm. 106: it was
originally a strong verb, pret. gng, as ala l, and is still used so in some provincial dialects of
Norway, vide Ivar Aasen; hence part. gnagit, Barl. 56 (Norse); in old Icel. writers it only remains in
poetry, viz. pres. gnegr, Fms. vi. 310 (in a verse of the 11th century); gengr, i.e. gnegr, Edda (A. M.)
i. 68, note 12: [Engl. gnaw; Swed. gnaga; Dan. gnave] :-- to gnaw; en Nhggr gnagar nean
rtina, Edda 10, Gm. 33; hestar gnguu beizlin, Karl. 376; eir gnguu skjaldar-rendr, Fas. i. 425;
mss tvr gnagau um rtr trsins, Barl. 56.
gnap, n., pot. high places, the high sea, Edda (Gl.): in pot. compds, gnap-hjarl, -salr, -stll, -
turn, Lex. Pot.
GNAPA, t, to jut out, stoop forward; hann (the ghost) gnapti innar yr dyrnar, Grett. 114 A; fjallit
snisk mjk yr gnapa rum fjllum, Fms. x. 313; ef hn si hska er skaa yr gnapa
(impendere) snu rki, 223: to droop with the head, snapa ok gnapa, to be snubbed and droop the
head, Hm. 62; gnapir grr jr yr gram dauum, Bkv. 6; skltar gnpu, Fms. ii. 259 (in a verse);
hann gnapir me hettu, Fas. iii. 494 (in a verse).
gnarr, n., pot. the sea, Edda (Gl.); prop. the 'gnarrer,' murmurer.
gnastan, f. a gnashing, Hom. 70.
gnat, n. a clash (of weapons), Hful.; the Engl. gnat is so called from the sound of its wings.
gnata, a, to clash, Vsp. 51.
gnau (gnauan, Bs. i. 206), f. a rustling noise, Fas. iii. 129, r. 56; metaph. a murmur, Grett. 98.
GNAUA, a, mod. naua, to rustle, ring; hann ltr g. broddinn jklinum, of the sound of a
mountaineer's staff, Br. 171; gnauai sv at skjlfa ttu hsin, of troops riding over the ice,
Sturl. iii. 147; hence mod. naua e-m, to din in one's ear.
gnaust, n., and gnaustan, f. a clash, tinkling, Hallfred, Lex. Pot.
Gn, f. the name of a goddess, Edda: freq. in poetry, of women.
gnegg, n., mod. hnegg, neighing, Hrafn. 7, Al. 67, Karl. 282.
GNEGGJA, a, mod. hneggja, to neigh, Hrafn. 8, Rd. 267, Stj. 78, Karl. 376, Hkv. Hjrv. 20.
gneista, a, [mid. H. Germ. ganeiste], to emit sparks, Fms. viii. 8.
GNEISTI, a, m., mod. neisti, [mid. H. Germ. ganeist; Dan. gnist; Swed. gnista; cp. the mineral
gneiss, so called from its sparkling particles]: -- a spark, Edda 4, Fms. iii. 193, v. 175, Sks. 204,
Sklda 175: metaph., g. lfsins, Fms. x. 368. gneista-aug, f. a shower of sparks, Bs. i. 44, Fms. iii.
180.
gnella, gnall, gnullu, to scream; haukar eirra gnullu leiiliga, Karl. 376.
GNERR, m. [Chaucer's gnarr], a knot or knob: metaph., st vi ann gnerr nokkra daga, it
stopped at that 'gnarr,' i.e. it lasted, for some days, Fms. viii. 263, v.l.
GNESTA, pret. gnast, pl. gnustu, [A. S. gnstan], to crack; hlf gnast vi hlf, Sklda (in a verse);
viir brotna er gnesta, 169; mlmar gnustu, Hallfred; gnestr hann (the sword) htt eirra hausum,
Fas. i. 102: the phrase, g. eyrum e-s, to tinkle in one's ears; mgrinn pti sv at gnast eyrum
borgar-manna, Stj. 360, 647. 2 Kings xxi. 12; essi dmi sem llum mnnum gnestr eyrum,
Mar.; gnustu saman vpnin, Sturl. iii. 174; ok gnestr steininum, Bs. i. 601; gnast brynjunni,
Karl. 175.
gneypr, adj. jutting, bent forward; st hfuit gneypt af bolnum, Eb. 244; Egill sat upprttr ok var
gneypr mjk, Eg. 304, Fas. iii. 117.
gnia or nia, a, [Dan. gnide], to rub; at var sem sviit ok gniat ru-megin, hn lt telgja
ltinn atveg ar sem gniat var, Grett. 177 new Ed.
gnissa, u, f. a spectre, Edda (Gl.); cp. Dan. nisse = a hobgoblin.
gnit, f., mod. nitr, f. pl. [Dan. gnid; Ivar Aasen gnit], a nit, Lat. lens.
GNPA, u, f., not gnpa, (rp bratta gnpu, Rekstefja 28), a peak, Fms. ii. 154, Sks. 171 C, Greg.
62, Bs. i. 360, Rm. 352.
gnst, n. a gnashing, Nikuls-d. 56.
GNSTA, t, mod. also nista, to gnash the teeth; g. tnnum, Mar. freq., Greg. 55, Mart. 118, Fas. iii.
629 (where nsta, paper MS.); ok eir nstu tnnum yr honum, Acts vii. 54 :-- trans. to tease,
mundu r eigi gnst hafa yvarn biskup me sv skarpri meingrar r, Mar. 457. 2. to snarl as a
dog; eir ldu ok gnstu, Fms. vii. 192; vi etta spratt hundrinn upp gnstandi, iii. 13; hans hundar
hversu eir gnstu, r. 368; gnstandi frost, a biting frost, Fms. ii. 225. UNCERTAIN Nesta or
nsta (q.v.), to pin, is a different word.
gnstan, f. gnashng of teeth, in the phrase, p ok tanna g., Post. 656 C. 30; spelt gnstran, Matth.
viii. 12, xiii. 42, 50, xxii. 13, xxiv. 51, xxv. 30, Luke xiii. 28.
gnstingr, m. a creaking, Stj. 71.
gnjr, m. a kind of seed, Edda (Gl.)
gnjstr, m., Tann-g., Teeth-gnasher, one of Thor's he-goats, Edda.
gnolla, d, to shiver; impers., tekr eim at gnolla, Fms. xi. 136.
Gn or Gno, f., pot. name of a ship, Edda (Gl.); properly a mythical ship like the Greek Argo,
Fas. iii. 406, 407, (Eg. S. Einh. ne.)
gng-leikr, m. abundance, Magn. 450, Rb. 110.
gng-liga, adv. (mod. ng-liga, and so Stj. 30, Fms. vi. 15, MSS. of the 14th century), abundantly,
Edda 9, Fms. i. 77, Hom. 37, Stj. 414.
gng-ligr, adj. (mod. ng-ligr, and so Fms. ii. 228, Sks. 134 B. new Ed., MSS. of the 13th century),
abundant, Stj. 428, Mar. 474.
GNGR, adj.; in old alliterative poets gn, ess var grams und gmlum | gng rausn, Arnr, and so
in very old MSS.; but even vellum MSS. as old as Hb., Stj., Arna-Magn. 66 (vide below), begin to
drop the g, which was either lost or replaced by (-ngr) as in Engl. e-nough: the declension also is
interesting; in old writers it has regular neut. gngt or ngt, but later the t was dropped; an Icel.
says, a er ng rm (room enow), the old form being gngt rm; the gen. has also been dropped,
and so the word has become an irregular though not indeclinable adjective: again, an indeclinable
ngu has been formed, ngu margr, mikill, etc., answering to Engl. enough after an adjective: [Ulf.
ganhs, -- GREEK; A. S. genh; Engl. enough and enow; O. H. G. ganah; Germ. genug and
genung; Dan. nok; Swed. nog and noga] :-- enough, sufcient, plentiful, of stores; ar er smar
vn er gng er til, Nj. 21; selveiar gngar ok ski-fang mikit, Eg. 130; mundu ar f gngt li,
Fms. vii. 276; ok sv ngt er fjllum eim gull sem grjt, Pr. 400; at it fjra er ngt var, which
was enough by itself, Bret. (Hb.) 66; eim me er hann her gngastan til, Sks. 229 B; hafa gngan
lis kost, Fms. viii. 220; v at ar var ngt bf Dana til strandhggva, i. 128; gaf hann llum nga
skotpenninga, xi. 202; honum mun gefast svo hann gng ha, Matth. xiii. 12; skgar-dr er jafnan
vru gng, Stj. 560 (ng and ng, v.l.); me sv ngum gn (so great a din) ok vpna-braki, at ...,
Stj. (MSS.) 127 :-- of persons (rare), n var hann ngr orinn um kvikf, now he was well stocked
with cattle, Bjarn. 39; n munt ok vera r ngr einn (= einhltr, q.v.) um etta ml, Band. 6. II.
adverbial use; at ngu, sufciently, plentifully; at sem at ngu dggvir allan aldin-viinn, Stj. 68;
ok vinnsk oss at at ngu, it is enough for us, Fms. v. 48 (but at gngu, . H. 202, l.c., and so Fb. ii.
329); -ng, enough; hann (the cypress) er ar -ng, Stj. 88, Al. 171; ar til er eir allir hafa drukkit
-ng, Stj. 136; fr hfum vr -ng, id.; allt var -ng at er hafa urfti, 203; biskup sagi at eir
hefi -ng at geyma, Bs. i. 866 :-- ngu, indecl. enough, only in the later Sagas, reif ngull til
saxins, ok kva hann ngu lengi (long enough) borit hafa, Grett. 154; v at ngu margir munu vera
mtstu-menn nir, 156; ngu mikit, mickle enough, Bs. i. 909 (Laur. S.)
gntt, f. [A. S. geniht], abundance, plenty; rin gntt vista, Fms. xi. 36; gntt fjr, Band. 9; aura
gntt, plenty of money, Greg. 39; gntt grunngi (gen.), Am. 1; au ttu gntt bi, Nj. 257; en sv
mikil gntt at slunni um sumarit, so great plenty of sun during the summer, Sks. 71; hljta sumir
mikla gntt af essum gjfum, 561; hann mun gefa r gntt allra hluta, Blas. 43; ar vru gnttir
hvers-vetna, Fs. 65; en at ek gera gntt spurning inni, that I give sufcient answer to thy question,
Fas. iii. 665. COMPDS: gntta-brunnr, m. the well of abundance, Stj. 164. Gen. xxvi. 22. gntta-
mar, m. a wealthy man, Grett. 127 (MS. A. ntta-mar).
GNA, mod. na, pres. gn; pret. gneri, gnri, or neri; part. gnit; [cp. Dan. gnide] :-- to rub; hann
tk til ora, ok gneri net, and rubbed his nose, Orkn. 394; gnera ek vtum hndum um augu mr,
. H. 224; gnera (gnra, v.l.) ek sundr ll mlmhli sterkra borga, Sks. 631 B, Mirm. 31: with dat.,
hn rakai af honum allt hrit ok neri (paper MS.) tjru (dat.), and rubbed it with tar, Fas. i. 18;
hann gnr ar vi bakinu ar til er boga-strengrinn skarsk, ii. 547; at r sveinar haei at v, at
sitir mjtt ok gnir saman lrum num, Band. 13, Mar. 539; nokkurrir skar gna sr sv fast
vi kviinn, at ..., Stj. 77.
gnfa, , (qs. gnpa), to droop, stoop; skalf hn ll af hrslu ok gnfi hn me hfi snu, Str.
76.
gnfa, adj. drooping, stooping; hann sat gnfa hryggr ... lypti upp hfi snu, Str. 73.
gnpa, u, f. = gnfa, a nickname, Landn.
gnp-leitr, adj. = gnfa, Edda 19.
GNPR, m. a peak ( = gnpa); gkk mar t r gnpinum, Nj. 211; undir gnpinum, Landn.
277, v.l.: freq. in local names, Lma-g., Rita-g.; Gnpar, pl., and Gnpr, names of farms, Landn.: a
pr. name, Bs.
GNYJA, gnuddi, to mutter, grumble; herrinn gnuddi n lla, Fms. vi. 156 (nuddi, v.l.); en
gnuddi etta mest Sturlu, they grumbled most against Sturla, Sturl. 157: to scream, grunt, gnyja
mundu n grsir ef eir vissi hvat hinn gamli yldi, Fas. i. 282.
gnyr, m., pl. ir, mod. nyr, or even spelt nir, a murmur; ykki mr llt at heyra gny ykkar yr
mr, Fas. iii. 194; grisk mikill gnr ok gnyr af pi ok hlaupum, Stj. 452, v.l. II. in mod. usage
freq. the murmur of a river or brook, r-nir, lkjar-nir.
gn-fari, a, m., pot. the wind, Edda (Gl.)
GNJA, pres. gnr, pret. gni, to sound, of wind and sea; derived from gna, with the notion of a
grating sound, as of a stream over pebbles, the tide against the beach, etc.; brm gnr Kormak, vide
Lex. Pot.; breki gni stafni, Hful. 11; gnr allr Jtun-heimr, Vsp. 53; gnjanda gjlfr, Sks.;
tan gnr eyri mis bl, Edda (in a verse); vindar eru kyrrir ok gnja han ok handan,
Edda 8; ar megu vr n heyra gnja bana orkels frnda, Ld. 326; gni hallri mikit ok
vertta kld, Bs. i. 171; gn/i hin snarpasta hr, Fms. ii. 225; tti honum grask mikit
vandkvi essu er gni, iv. 145; hvat sem gnr, Thom. 114.
gn-mikit, n. adj. stormy, windy, Grett. 111 A.
gnpr, m., mod. npr, = gnpr, a local word.
gnr, m. a clash, din, as of wind, waves, weapons, etc., Nj. 272, Edda 41, Mag. 6, Sklda 169, Fms.
vi. 156, x. 264, Sl. 57: esp. freq. in pot. compds referring to the din of war, Lex. Pot.: metaph.,
gnr ok tti, alarm and fright, Nirst. 5.
gna, dd, mod. na, to feel a draught, a nir um ig.
gningr, m., mod. ningr, a gust of wind, Br. 171.
GNFA, and a, to project, Lat. eminere; af Gnr nafni er sv kallat, at at gn sem htt ferr,
Edda. 22; merki mrg uga ok gnfu fyrir ofan brekkuna, Hkr. i. 150; engi s fyrr en ar
gnfai merki yr eim, Fms. viii. 62; en er bndr s at mti dags-brninni at merki konungs
gnvai htt, 126; ok gnfar yr liinu sem einn hr turn, Al. 141; hans bust nfi (sic) nliga vi
limar uppi, Fb. ii. 27; g. vi himin, Fas. i. 185 (in a verse); hann gnfi ofarliga vi rfrinu, Grett.:
metaph., Lat. impendere, hvlkr hski at yr gnr eirra slum, H. E. i. 514 :-- very freq. in mod.
usage.
gnfr (gnpr, Fb. i. 258), adj. oating high, of a banner, Hd. 40.
GNGJA, , [gngr], to endow, bestow upon; gng me gum hlutum, Stj. 421; hve hann
yrj (acc.) aui gnegir, how he endows men with bliss, Ad. 18; and gnegr at fjrai, endowed
with wealth, id. In mod. usage ngja, a ngir, 'tis enough, e.g. s her ng sr ngja ltr, a
saying, freq.
gngr, adj., mod. ngr, = gngr; her at gngara, er meira arf vi, Lv. 43; v at lands-folkit
var gngt til, i.e. populous, Hkr. i. 45; hann ngri brn en kr, he is better stocked with bairns
than kine, Bs. ii. 141; skaupi gnegr, full of contempt, scofng, Ad. 2.
gngt, f. (ngt, ng, Stj. 235, freq. in mod. usage), = gntt, abundance: esp. in pl., eiga alls
ngtir, to have one's ll of all good things, freq.
gngta, t, = gngja; Drttinn mun ik g. llum gum hlutum, Stj. 421.
GNLLRA, a, (nllra, Karl. l.c.; hence the mod. nldra to grumble, nldr grumbling) :-- to
howl, bark; hundrinn hljp upp gnllrandi, Fas. iii. 545; haukar eirra gnllrau, Karl. 376, v.l.; vi
essi or spratt hundrinn upp ok gnllrai htt, Fms. iii. 13; hjarta hans gnllrai honum innan-
brjsts eins og greyhundr, rendering of Od. xx. 13, 14; ar eru tveir hundar ok nllra eir ok grenja,
ir. 245.
gnllran, f. howling, Mar.
GNTRA, a, [gnat], to clatter, rattle; gntrar (gnottir, Verel.) sverit hvrt yr annat, Bret. 55;
menn ttusk heyra at beinin gntruu vi hrringarnar, his bones clattered, Bs. i. 69: esp. of the
teeth, skelfr hann sv mjk at gntrar honum hver tnn, Hv. 54; tennr hans ntruu, Fbr. 149:
metaph., ar hlaut at ntra um, Sd. 169 :-- in mod. usage freq. to shiver, shake, as with cold.
GO, n. pl. [all the Teutonic languages have this word in common; Ulf. gua, n. pl., Gal. iv. 8;
guda, id., John x. 34, 35; and Gu, m.; A. S. godu, n. pl., and God, m.; O. H. G. Cot: in mod.
languages masc.; Engl. God; Germ. Gott; Dan.-Swed. Gud].
A. HISTORICAL REMARKS. -- In heathen times this word was neuter, and was used almost
exclusively in plur., as were also other words denoting Godhead, e.g. regin or rgn = numina, q.v.;
and bnd, hpt, prop. = bonds, and metaph. gods :-- this plur. usage seems not to refer to a plurality
of gods, but rather, as the Hebrew HEBREW, to the majesty and mystery of the Godhead; it points
to an earlier and purer faith than that which was current in the later ages of the Scandinavian
heathendom; thus the old religious poem Vlusp distinguishes a twofold order of gods, -- the
heavenly powers (regin or ginn-heilg go) who had no special names or attributes, and who ruled
the world, like the GREEK or GREEK of Gr. mythology; -- and the common gods who were
divided into two tribes, sir (Ases) and Vanir, whose conict and league are recorded in Vsp. 27,
28, and Edda 47. II. after the introduction of Christianity, the masculine gender (as in Greek and
Latin) superseded the neuter in all Teutonic languages, rst in Gothic, then in Old High German and
Anglo-Saxon, and lastly in the Scandinavian languages; but neither in Gothic nor in Icel. did the
word ever take the masc. inexive r or s, so that it remains almost unique in form. 2. in
Scandinavian the root vowel was altered from o to u (go to gu), [Swed.-Dan. gud], yet in old
poems of the Christian age it is still made to rhyme with o, Gos, bonum; Go, ronar, Sighvat; as
also in the oldest MSS. of the 12th century; sometimes however it is written &g-long;, in which
case the root vowel cannot be discerned. 3. in Icel. the pronunciation also underwent a change, and
the g in Gu (God) is now pronounced gw (Gwu), both in the single word and in those proper
names which have become Christian, e.g. Gumundr pronounced Gwumundr, whence the
abbreviated form Gvendr or Gvndr. The old form with o is still retained in obsolete words, as goi,
goor, vide below, and in local names from the heathen age, as Go-dalir; so also Gormr (q.v.),
which is contracted from Go-ormr not Gu-ormr. On the other hand, the Saxon and German have
kept the root vowel o. III. in old poems of heathen times it was almost always used without the
article; gremdu eigi go at r, Ls.; r vr heilg go bltim, Fas. i. (in a verse); ginnheilg Go,
Vsp. passim; goum ek at akka, Am. 53; me goum, Alm.; in prose, en go hefna eigi alls
egar, Nj. 132. 2. with the article go-in, Vsp. 27: freq. in prose, um hvat reiddusk goin er hr
brann hraunit er n stndu vr , Bs. i. (Kr. S.) 22; eigi eru undr at goin reiisk tlum slkum, id.;
Hallfrer lastai eigi goin, arir menn hallmlti eim, Fms. ii. 52; allmikin hug leggr
goin, Fs. 94; eigi munu goin essu valda, Nj. 132, passim. 3. very seldom in sing., and only if
applied to a single goddess or the like, as ndor-gos (gen.), Haustl. 7; Vana-go, of Freyja, Edda;
enu skrleita goi, of the Sun, Gm. 39. IV. after the introduction of Christianity, the neut. was only
used of false gods in sing. as well as in pl., Slar-go = Apollo, Orrostu-go = Mars, Drauma-go =
Morpheus, Bret. (Verel.); and was held up for execration by the missionaries; gr ik eigi sv
djarfa, at kallir go hinn hsta konung er ek tri , Fb. i. 371. Yet so strongly did the neut.
gender cleave to the popular mind that it remains (Grg. Kb. i. 192) in the oath formula, go gramt
= Go gramr; and Icel. still say, Guanna (pl.) bnum. 2. gur, masc. pl., as in A. S. gudas, is
freq. in eccl. writers, but borrowed from the eccl. Lat.
B. IN COMPDS: I. with nouns, goa-blt, n. sacrice to the gods, Fb. i. 35. goa-gremi, f. a term
in the heathen oath, wrath of the gods, Eg. 352. goa-heill, f. favour of the gods, orst. Su H. 9.
goa-hs, n. a house of gods, temple, Dropl. 11, Nj. 131, Fb. i. 337. goa-stallar, m. pl. the altar in
temples, Fas. i. 454. goa-stka, u, f. the sanctuary in heathen temples, answering to the choir or
sanctuary in churches, Landn. 335 (App.) goa-tala, u, f. in the phrase, goatlu, in the tale (list)
of gods, 625. 41. go-borinn, part. GREEK, god-born, Hkv. 1. 29. go-brr, f. bride of the gods
(the goddess Skai), Edda (in a verse). Go-dalir, m. pl. a local name, hence Go-dlir, m. pl. a
family, Landn. go-g, f. blasphemy against the gods, Nj. 163, Ld. 180. go-heimr, m. the home of
the gods, Stor. 20, cp. t. go-konungr, m. (cp. Gr. GREEK), a king, -- kings being deemed the
offspring of gods, t. go-kunnigr and go-kyndr, adj. of the kith of gods, Edda 6, 11, 13. go-
lauss, adj. godless, a nickname, Landn. go-lax, m. a kind of salmon, Edda (Gl.) go-leir, adj.
loathed by the gods, Korm. go-mligr, adj. skilled in the lore of the gods, Hm. 38. go-mgn, n.
pl. divine powers, deities, Edda 1; bija til inna gomagna, Bret. (Verel.) go-rei, f. 'a ride of
gods' through the air, a meteor, thought to forebode great events, Glm. (in a verse), cp. the Swed.
ska. go-ri, n. scorn of the gods, Sks. 435. go-rkr, adj. 'god-forsaken,' wicked, 623. 30.
goum-leir, adj. = goleir, Landn. (in a verse). go-vargr, m. a 'god-worrier,' sacrilegus, 'lupus
in sanctis,' Bs. i. 13 (in a verse). go-vefr, vide guvefr. go-vegr, m. the way of the gods, the
heaven, the sky, Hdl. 5. Go-j, f. the abode of the gods, Vsp. :-- but Goth. Gut-juda = the land
of the Goths, by assimilation Go-j, passim in old poems and the Sagas. II. with pr. names,
originally Go-, later and mod. Gu-; of men, Gu-brandr, Gu-laugr, Gu-leifr, Gu-mundr, Gu-
rr, Gu-ormr or Gutt-ormr, etc.; of women, Gu-bjrg, Gu-nna, Gu-laug, Gu-leif, Gu-n,
Gu-rr, Gu-rn, etc.; cp. the interesting statement in Eb. (App.) 126 new Ed. (from the Hauks-
bk), that men of the olden time used to call their sons and daughters after the gods (Go-, r-,
Frey-, s-); and it was thought that a double (i. e. a compound) name gave luck and long life, esp.
those compounded with the names of gods; menn hfu mjk tvau nfn, tti at likast til
langls ok heilla, tt nokkurir fyrirmlti eim vi goin, mundi at ekki saka, ef eir tti eitt
nafn, though any one cursed them by the gods it would not hurt if they had 'one' name, i.e. if they
were the namesakes of the gods, Eb. l. c.; -- we read 'eitt nafn' for 'eitt annat nafn' of the Ed. and
MS. In Fb. i. 23, the mythical king Raum is said to have had three sons, Alf, Bjrn, and Brand; the
rst was reared by the Finns, and called Finn-Alf; Bjrn by his mother (a giantess), and called
Jtun-Bjrn; and Brand was given to the gods, and called Go-Brand (Gu-brandr, whence
Gubrands-dalir, a county in Norway); cp. also Eb. ch. 7.
UNKNOWN For the Christian sense of God and its compds vide s. v. Gu.
goddi, a, m. [cp. Germ. gtze] a nickname, Ld.
GOI, a, m. [Ulf, renders GREEK by gudja (ufar-gudja, ahumista-gudja, etc.), GREEK by
gudjinassus, GREEK by gudjinn; an Icel. gyi, gen. gyja, would answer better to the Goth. form,
but it never occurs, except that the fem. gyja = goddess and priestess points not to goi, but to a
masc. with a suppressed nal i, gyi; a word coting occurs in O. H. G. glossaries, prob. meaning the
same; and the form gui twice occurs on Danish-Runic stones in Nura-gui and Saulva-gui,
explained as goi by P. G. Thorsen, Danske Runem.; (Rafn's explanation and reading of Nura-gui
qs. norr Gaui, is scarcely right): with this exception this word is nowhere recorded till it appears
in Icel., where it got a wide historical bearing] :-- prop. a priest, sacerdos, and hence a liege-lord or
chief of the Icel. Commonwealth.
A. HISTORICAL REMARKS. -- The Norse chiefs who settled in Icel., nding the country
uninhabited, solemnly took possession of the land (land-nm, q.v.); and in order to found a
community they built a temple, and called themselves by the name of goi or hof-goi, 'temple-
priest;' and thus the temple became the nucleus of the new community, which was called goor,
n. :-- hence hof-goi, temple-priest, and hfingi, chief, became synonymous, vide Eb. passim.
Many independent goar and goor sprang up all through the country, until about the year 930 the
alingi (q.v.) was erected, where all the petty sovereign chiefs (goar) entered into a kind of league,
and laid the foundation of a general government for the whole island. In 964 A.D. the constitution
was nally settled, the number of goor being xed at three in each ing (shire), and three ing in
each of the three other quarters, (but four in the north); thus the number of goar came to be
nominally thirty-nine, really thirty-six, as the four in the north were only reckoned as three, vide b.
ch. 5. On the introduction of Christianity the goar lost their priestly character, but kept the name;
and the new bishops obtained seats in the Lgrtta (vide biskup). About the year 1004 there were
created new goar (and goor), who had to elect judges to the Fifth Court, but they had no seats in
the Lgrtta, and since that time the law distinguishes between forn (old) and n (new) goor; -- in
Glm. ch. 1 the word forn is an anachronism. It is curious that, especially in the 12th century, the
goar used to take the lesser Orders from political reasons, in order to resist the Romish clergy, who
claimed the right of forbidding laymen to be lords of churches or to deal with church matters; thus
the great chief Jn Loptsson was a sub-deacon; at last, about 1185, the archbishop of Norway
forbade the bishops of Icel. to ordain any holder of a goor, unless they rst gave up the goor,
fyrir v bjum vr biskupum at vgja eigi menn er goor hafa, D. I. i. 291. In the middle of
the 13th century the king of Norway induced the goar to hand their power over to him, and thus
the union with Norway was nally brought about in the year 1262; since that time, by the
introduction of new codes (1272 and 1281), the name and dignity of goar and goor disappeared
altogether, so that the name begins and ends with the Commonwealth.
B. DUTIES. -- In the alingi the goar were invested with the Lgrettu-skipan (q.v.), that is to say,
they composed the Lgrtta (the Legislative consisting of forty-eight members -- on the irregularity
of the number vide Jb. ch. 5), and were the lawgivers of the country; secondly, they had the
dmnefna (q.v.), or right of naming the men who were to sit in the courts, vide dmr :-- as to their
duties in the quarter-parliaments (vr-ing) vide Grg. . . and the Sagas. The authority of the
goar over their liegemen at home was in olden times somewhat patriarchal, vide e.g. the curious
passage in Hnsa. S. ch. 2; though no section of law relating to this interesting part of the old
history is on record, we can glean much information from the Sagas. It is to be borne in mind that
the goar of the Saga time (10th century) and those of the Grgs and Sturlunga time (12th and 13th
centuries) were very different; the former were a kind of sovereign chiefs, who of free will entered
into a league; the latter had become ofcials, who for neglecting their duties in parliament might be
ned, and even forfeit the goor to their liegemen, vide Grg. . . Neither ing (q.v.) nor goor
was ever strictly geographical (such is the opinion of Konrad Maurer), but changed from time to
time; the very word goor is dened as 'power' (veldi), and was not subject to the payment of tithe,
K. . K. 142. The goor could be parcelled out by inheritance or by sale; or they might, as was the
case in the latter years of the Commonwealth, accumulate in one hand, vide esp. Sturl. passim, and
Grg. The liegemen (ingmenn) were fully free to change their lords (ganga lg me goa, ganga
r lgum); every franklin (ingmar) had in parliament to declare his ingfesti, i.e. to name his
liegeship, and say to what goi and ing he belonged, and the goi had to acknowledge him; so that
a powerful or skilful chief might have liegemen scattered all over the country. But the nomination to
the courts and the right of sitting in the legislative body were always bound to the old names, as
xed by the settlement of the year 964; and any one who sought the name or inuence of a goi had
rst (by purchase, inheritance, or otherwise) to become possessor of a share of one of the old
traditionary goor; see the interesting chapter in Nj. The three goar in one ing (shire) were
called sam-goa, joint-goar; for the sense of allsherjar-goi vide p. 17. C. NAMES. -- Sometimes
a chief's name referred to the god whom he especially worshipped, as Freys-Goi, Hrafn., Gsl.,
whence Freys-gylingar, q.v.; (the r-goi is dubious); more frequently the name referred to the
liegemen or county, e.g. Ljsvetninga-Goi, Tungu-Goi, etc.; but in the Saga time, goi was often
added to the name almost as a cognomen, and with some, as Snorri, it became a part of their name
(as Cato Censor in Latin); hann varveitti hof, var hann kallar Snorri Goi, Eb. 42; seg, at s
sendi, er meiri vin var hsfreyjunnar at Fr en Goans at Helgafelli, 332. Names on record in the
Sagas :-- men living from A.D. 874 to 964, Hallsteinn Goi, Landn., Eb.; Sturla Goi, Landn. 65;
Jrundr Goi and Hrarr Tungu-Goi, id.; Ljtlfr Goi, Sd.; Hrafnkell Freys-Goi, Hrafn.; Oddr
Tungu-Goi, Landn.; ormr Karnr-Goi, Vd.; skell Goi, Rd.; lfr r-goi, Landn.; Grmkell
Goi, Har. S.; orgrmr Freys-goi, Gsl. 100, 110: -- 964 to 1030, Arnkell Goi, Landn., Eb.;
orgrmr Goi, Eb.; Geirr Goi, Landn., Nj.; Runlfr Goi, id.; roddr Goi, Kristni S.; ormr
Allsherjar-Goi, Landn.; orgeirr Goi, or Ljsvetninga-Goi, Nj., Landn.; (orkell Kraa)
Vatnsdla-Goi, Vd.; Helgi Hofgara-Goi, Landn., Eb.; Snorri Hlarmanna-Goi, Lv.; rarinn
Langdla-Goi, Heiarv. S.; and last, not least, Snorri Goi :-- in the following period goi
appears, though very rarely, as an appellative, e.g. ormr Skeiar-Goi (about 1100) :-- of the
new goar of 1004, Hskuldr Hvtaness-Goi, Nj. :-- used ironically, Ingjaldr Saueyja-Goi, Ld. 2.
goor mentioned by name, -- in the south, Allsherjar-goor, Landn. (App.) 336; Dalverja-goor,
Sturl. ii. 48; Lundarmanna-goor, i. 223; Reykhyltinga-goor, 104, iii. 166, 169; Bryndla-
goor, Kjaln. S. 402: in the north, Ljsvetninga-goor, Lv. ch. 30; Mruvellinga-goor, Bs. i.
488; Vatnsdla-goor, Fs. 68; Fljtamanna-goor, Sturl. i. 138: in the west, Snorrunga-goor,
55; Jklamanna-goor, iii. 166; Raumelinga-goor, Eb. 288; Reyknesinga-goor, Sturl. i. 9,
19; rsnesinga-goor, 198: the new godords of the Fifth Court, Laufsinga-goor, Nj. 151;
Melamanna-goor, id., Band., Sturl. i. 227. Passages in the Sagas and Laws referring to goar and
goor are very numerous, e.g. b. ch. 5, Nj. ch. 98, Grg., Lgrttu-ttr, and . . passim, esp. ch.
1-5, 17, 35, 37, 39, 44, 58, 60, 61, Lv. ch. 4 (interesting), Vd. ch. 27, 41 (in ne), and 42, Vpn.,
Hrafn. ch. 2, Eb. ch. 10, 56, Sturl. iii. 98, 104, passim; for the accumulation of godords, see i. 227
(3, 22), Bs. i. 54; for the handing over the godords to the king of Norway, D. I. i; and esp. article 3
of the Sttmli, D. I. i. 631, 632. The godords were tithe-free, ef mar goor, ok arf eigi at til
tundar at telja, vald er at en eigi f:, K. . K. 142. COMPDS: goa-kvir, m. a law term, the
verdict of a jury composed of twelve goar, commonly called tylftar-kvir, a 'twelver-verdict,' xed
for some special cases, dened in Grg.; the goa-kvir was opposed to the ba-kvir, vide bi,
Grg. i. 168, passim. goa-lrittr, m. a law term, a protest or interdict, Grg. i. 112, ii. 97, passim;
but it is uncertain whether it is derived from goi, i.e. the protest of a goi, or from go, i.e. the
great ban, a protest in the holy name of the gods. goa-ttr, m. a section of law about the goar,
Grg. i. 73. II. = go, i.e. good genius, in the Icel. game at dice called goa-ta, with the formula,
heima r eg goa minn bi vel og lengi, ... og kasta eg svo fyrir ig, cp. also st-goi.
go-or, n. (seldom spelt guor, as in Grg. ii. 154); hann var mar fltill en tti stafestu ga
Sklholti ok goor, Bs. i. 54; for this word vide goi. COMPDS: goors-lauss, adj. without a
godord, Nj. 149, Band. 2. goors-mar, m. a 'godord-man,' = a goi, Hrafn. 13, 14, Fs. 67, Glm.
324, Sturl., passim. goors-ml, n. an action concerning a godord, Sturl. ii. 89. goors-tilkall, n.
a claim to a godord, Sturl. ii. 88: erfa-goor (q.v.), Sturl. i. 198; fornt goor, vide above:
forrs-goor = manna-forra, a godord to which forr (power) is attached, an GREEK in sl. ii.
173 (Hnsa . S.)
goggr, m. a gag or hook: brna gogginn, to whet the beak, of a raven: a term of abuse, Edda (Gl.)
gogli, a, m. ooze, mud, Mork. 13; cp. bl-ggl, blood-ooze, Bjrn.
GOL, n,, mod. gola, u, f. a breeze: metaph., Al. 99; fjalla-g., q.v.
gol-grnn, adj. yellow-green, epithet of the sea.
gollr, m. [Old Engl. goll], the talon or claw of a hawk, esp. of articial kind; in N. G. L. i. 242 a
man has to return to the owner a goshawk if found astray with the goll fastened to him, but he may
claim landnm, i.e. compensation for damages done on the land.
gollungr, m. [gollr], pot. a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.)
gollurr, in. the pericardium, Edda (Gl.) gollur-hs, n. id., sl. js. ii. 579; hence gollor-heimr,
m., pot. the breast.
gol-mraur, adj. yellow-brown.
golsi, a, m., golsttr, adj. a sheep with a dark yellow belly.
gol-orskr, m. 'yellow-cod,' a cod-sh so called from its colour.
gopi, a, m. a vain person, Edda (Gl.)
goppa, a, [Dan. gumpe; Engl. jump], to skip, (rare.)
GOR, n. [A. S. gor; Engl. gore; Swed. gr], whence Gor-mnur, m. Gore-month, the rst winter
month, about the middle of October to the middle of November, so called from the slaughtering of
beasts for winter Store, Edda 103; vetr ok g. kemr laugardag, Rb. II. the cud in animals, but also
used of chyme in men, e.g. spa grmi gorinu, to vomit the green g., of one far gone in sea-
sickness. COMPDS: gor-blautr, adj. clammy, of the hide of a fresh slaughtered animal. gor-geir, m.
impudence. gor-kla, u, f. a fungus, lypoperdon. gor-vargr, m. a law term, [early Dan. and Swed.
gornithing; Ivar Aasen gortjuv], a 'gore-worrier,' one who feloniously destroys another man's cattle,
liable to outlawry, dened in N. G. L. ii. 523. gor-vmb, f. the rst stomach, sl. ii. 375.
GORMR, m. ooze, mud, grounds in coffee and the like :-- a local name of a muddy creek at the
bottom of Gils-fjrr in the west of Icel. II. name of an old Danish king, prob. contracted from
Go-ormr, cp. Guthrum in the Saxon Chronicle.
gort, n. bragging, fanfaronade, and gorta, a, to brag.
gosi, a, m. [Swed. gossa = a boy], the knave in cards.
got, n. spawning. gota, u, f. spawn.
Goti, a, m., pl. Gotnar, the Goths; hence Gotland, n. Gotland; Gotneskr, adj. Gothic, Lex. Pot.;
Gota-veldi, n. the Gothic empire, (of the island Gotland, A.D. 1319.) The name of the Goths with
compds occurs freq. in Scandin. history, esp. in Sagas referring to the mythical age; and distinction
is made between Ey-Gotar, the Island-Goths, i.e. the inhabitants of the Danish Isles, and Rei-Gotar
or Hre-Gotar in the south of Sweden. According to Jornandes and the late Norwegian historian P.
A. Munch, a race of Gothic origin, speaking a dialect closely akin to that of Ullas, lived in parts of
Scandinavia during the 3rd and 4th centuries of our era; Munch even supposes that Ermanarik
(Jrmunrekr) was a Scandinavian-Gothic king, and lived in the 4th century, and that the Runic
monuments on the Golden horn, the stone in Tune, the Bracteats, etc., are of this and the subsequent
period; on this interesting question see Munch's Norske Folk's Hist., vol. i, and several essays by the
same. II. pot. a horse, Lex. Pot.
got-rauf, f. the spawn hole in female cod-sh or salmon.
gotungr, m. young sh, fry.
g-brjstar, part. kind-hearted, Glm. 308.
g-fengr, adj. good-natured, Grett. 92 A, 107, Fms. iii. 107.
g-frgr, adj. of good repute, famous.
g-fsliga, adv. willingly, Fms. ii. 204, Stj.
g-fss, adj. benevolent, 655 xxx. 10, Fms. ii. 238, Th. 12, Stj. 154.
g-fsi, f. goodness, Sks. 12, Fms. i. 304, v. 239, xi. 297, Mar.
g-fst, f. good-will, Fms. ii. 225.
g-gengr, adj. going well, smooth-going, of a horse, opp. to har-gengr.
g-girnd and g-girni, f. goodness, kindness, Fms. x. 368, Nj. 250, Grett. 106 A, Clem. 51, Fs.
29, 38.
g-gjarn, adj. benevolent, kind, Nj. 30, Fms. i. 76, ii. 19, Bs. i. 61, 66.
g-gjarnliga, adv. kindly, Fms. iii. 48, vii. 148.
g-gjarnligr, adj. kind, kindly, Nj. 255, Fms. viii. 101.
g-granni, a, m. a good neighbour, Sks. 226.
g-gripr, m. a costly thing, Fms. ii. 61, iii. 134, Fas. i. 394, Thom.
g-gliga, adv. gently, quietly, Str.
g-gt, f. good cheer, good fare, cp. Dan. mundgodt, Str. 21.
g-gr, f. charity, Barl. 60, 71: mod. in pl. good cheer, hospitality. ggra-samr, adj.
charitable; ggra-semi, f. charitableness.
g-grning, f. = ggrningr, Hom. 128.
g-grningr, m. a good deed, charity, 655 xxiii. 1, Fms. i. 142, vi. 272, Hom. 70, Stj. 25, 399, Bs.
i. 109.
g-httar, part. well-mannered, Bs. i. 38.
gi, a, m. a boon, Fms. xi. 72.
gindi, n. pl. boons, good things, Barl. 6, 190, 193, Stat. 289.
g-kunningi, a, m. a good acquaintance.
g-kunnugr, adj. on good terms.
g-kvendi, n. collect. a good, gentle woman.
g-kvennska, u, f. goodly womanhood, Jb. 64.
g-ltr, adj. good-natured, gentle, Pr. 429. glat-samr (glt-semi, f.), adj. id.
g-leikr, m. (g-leiki, a, m.), goodness, Fms. i. 141, 258, ii. 152, vii. 118, Stj. 374.
g-lifnar, m. a good life, Stj. 120, Bs. i. 46.
g-l, n. a good life, 625. 183, Bs. i. 109.
g-lyndi, n. good nature, Str. 21.
g-lyndr, adj. good-natured, Str. 21, Fas. i. 3.
g-mannliga, adv. like a good man, Fms. vi. 304, Bs., passim.
g-mannligr, adj. gentle, Bs. i. 874.
g-mlugr, adj. = gorr, Hm., or better go-mlugr (?).
g-menni, n. a good, gentle man, Sturl. i. 211, Fms. viii. 136.
g-mennska, u, f. goodness, gentleness, Barl. 60 (freq.)
g-mennt, n. adj. good people, Eg. 201, Fms. ix. 293; vide fmennt.
g-mtliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), kindly, gently, Sturl. 14.
g-orr, adj. gentle in one's words, Nj. 147.
GR, adj., neut. gott with a short vowel; but that the ancients, at least in early times, said gtt is
clear from the analogy with r neut. tt, frr neut. frtt, and from rhymes such as gtt, drttni;
[Ulf. usually renders GREEK by gs, but GREEK by iuigs; A. S. gd; Engl. good; O.H.G. got;
Germ. gut; Dutch goed; Swed.-Dan. god] : 1. good, righteous; ga fr llum, Eluc. 37; gan
mann ok rttltan, Ver. 7; gr ok rttltr konungr, Fms. vii. 263; gir ok gtir, Alex. 65; gr
mar, Sks. 456; g kona, 457; er hn g kona, er her svo lofat hana? Bs. i. 799; g verk,
Hom. 97; gr vili, good-will : allit., Gr Gu; bija Gan Gu; Gu minn Gr! and the like :
also as a term of endearment, my dear! Elskan mn g! barni gott, good child! M. N. minn gr!
2. good, honest; drengr gr, passim; gir vinir, good friends, sl. ii. 393; gir menn, good men,
Grg. i. 301; arir gir menn, Fms. ix. 268; Gui ok gum mnnum, Grg. ii. 168; gr vili,
good will, honest intention, Bs. i. 746 : in addressing one, gr mar! Sks. 303, passim; gir
hlsar! 3. kind; g or, good, kind words, Fms. vii. 40; vera gu skapi, to be in good spirits,
Sturl. ii. 178 : with dat. kind towards one, er vart honum llr var hann r gr, 655 xiii. A.
4. 4. good, gifted; gott skld, a good poet, Nj. 38; gr riddari, a good knight, Fms. vii. 56; gr
rautar, enduring, Sks. 383 :-- good, favourable, gra gan rm at e-u, to applaud; gott svar, and
many like phrases. II. good, ne, goodly, rich; g kli, Fms. v. 273; gar gjar, vii. 40; gr
mjr, Gm. 13; ga hluti, good things, Nj. 258; gr hestr, a ne horse, 90; hafr forkunnar gan,
Fms. x. 224; af gu braui, Sks. 321; gott ver, ne weather, Fms. v. 260; gan kost skipa, a
goodly host of ships, vii. 40; me gu fruneyti, with a goodly suite, x. 224; f ga hfn, to make
a good harbour, sl. ii. 398; mikil ey ok g, a muckle island and a good, Eg. 25; gri viringu,
in good renown, Fms. vi. 141; gr smi, sl. ii. 393; g borg, a ne town, Symb. 21; gr beini,
good cheer, Fms. i. 69; gr fengr, a good (rich) haul, sl. ii. 138; gott r, a good year, good season,
Eg. 39; gir penningar, good money, Fms. vii. 319; gr kaupeyrir, good articles of trade, vi.
356 :-- wholesome, medic., hvat er manni gott (bezt)? Fas. ii. 33; gott, unwholesome. 2. the
phrases, gra sik gan, to make oneself good, to dissemble; heyr endemi, grir ik gan, Nj.
74. . in the phrase, gr af e-u, good, liberal with a thing; gr af grium, merciful, Al. 71; gr af
tindum, good at news, communicative, Grett. 98 A; at mundir gr af hestinum, that thou wast
willing to part with (lend) the horse, Nj. 90 (cp. af C. VII. 2); gr af f, open-handed, Band. 2 :
with gen., gr matar, good in meat, a good host, Hm. 38. III. neut. as subst.; hvrki at llu n gu,
neither for evil nor good, Sks. 356; eiga gott vi e-n, to deal well with one, stand on good terms
with, Stor. 21; fra til gs er lls, to turn to good or bad account, Grg. ii. 144; ftt gs, little of
good, Hom. 38; fara me gu, to bring good, sl. ii. 136; enda mundi eigi gott mti koma, Ld.
150; gott gengr r til, thou meanest it well, dost it for good, Nj. 260; gott var frndsemi eirra,
good was in their kinship, i.e. they were on good terms, Hrafn. 2; vilja e-m gott, to wish one well,
Fms. ix. 282; vilja hverjum manni gott, i. 21 : with the notion of plenty, bountifulness, in the phrase,
vera gott til e-s, to get plenty of; var bi gott til fjr ok mannviringar, there was ample wealth
and fame to earn, Eg. 4; ok var ekki gott til fjr, they got scant booty, 78; var ar gott til sterkra
manna, there was plenty of able-bodied men, 187; ok er gott um at velja, plenty to choose from, Nj.
3 : the phrase, vera gott vi e-t, to be well pleased with a thing, Al. 109; veri r a gu, be it
well with thee! IV. compds, eygr, ever good; hjarta-gr, kind-hearted; skap-gr, ge-gr,
good- tempered; skyn-gr, clever; svip-gr, engaging, well-looking; sigr, moral, virtuous;
hug-gr, bold, fearless; li-gr, a good helper, good hand; vinnu-gr, a good workman; sr-
gr, odd, selsh : as a surname, Hinn Gi, the Good, esp. of kings, Fms. UNCERTAIN For
compar. betri and superl. beztr, vide pp. 6l, 62.
g-rr, adj. giving good counsel, Landn. 239, Fms. iv. 82, x. 266.
g-ri, n. goodness, Lv. 108, Fms. ii. 150.
gs and gz, n. goods; prop. a gen. from gr, hvat gs, quid boni? Nj. 236; allt at gs sem
hann tti, 267, Hrafn. 29; s er sns gs misti optliga, Thom. 2 (Ed.) : esp. freq. in later writers,
Ann. 1332, 1346, Stj. 135, Bs. passim, H.E. i. 432; cp. Dan. gods = property.
g-verr, adj. worthy of good, Rd. 242.
g-viri, n. good, ne weather, 623. 21.
g-vild, f. = gvili, Nj. 15, Fms. i. 159, x. 234.
g-vili, a, m. good-will, Eg. 411, Fms. i. 74, 281, Sturl. i. 210; frir jru og mnnum gvili,
Luke ii. 14, in the text of 1540, but gr vili (in two words) in the later texts. COMPDS: gvilja-
fullr, adj. benevolent, kind, Fms. i. 219. gvilja-mar, m. a benevolent man, Sturl. ii. 14, Orkn. 50.
gvilja-mikill, adj. full of good-will, Gsl. 87.
g-viljar, part. benevolent, Barl. 200 : willing, Fms. ii. 37.
g-viljugliga, adv. willingly.
g-viljugr, adj. kind, Magn. 474, Fs. 9 : willing, ready, Anecd. 96.
g-virki, n. good work, Anecd. 96.
g-virkr (g-yrkr), adj. painstaking, making good work, Nj. 55.
g-vnligr, adj. promising good, Band. 5.
g-vttliga, adv. amicably, Sturl. i. 14.
g-ttar, adj. of good family, Grett. 93 A.
GI, f. indecl., always so in old writers, (g, i.e. ge, Bs. i. 9, v. 1.), mod. ga, u, f.; the month Gi
has thirty days, from the middle of February to the middle of March; for the mythical origin of this
word vide Fb. i. 22, Edda 103, Landn. 154, 225, Rb. 48, 50, Ann. 1276, 1340, Bs. i. 9, .H. 64 :-- in
Icel. the names of the winter months orri and Ga are still very common. COMPDS: Gi-beytlar,
m. pl., botan. equisetum vernum hyemale, Landn. 222. Gi-blt, n. a sacrice in the month Ga, Fb.
1. c. Gi-mnar, m. the month Gi, Landn. 256, Rb. 516. Gi-rll, m. the last day of the month
Ga, see the Icel. almanack.
GLF, n. [Dan. gulv; Swed. golf], a oor, Vm. 9, 11, 13, Nj. 2, Eg. 217, Fms. vi. 365, passim;
stein-glf, a stone oor; fjala-glf, a deal oor : glf-stokkar, m. pl. oor beams, Eg. 90; glf-ili,
n. oor deals, Eg. 236, Hkr. i. 17, Hom. 95. 2. an apartment, Edda 2, Stj. 56, Dipl. v. 18, Gm. 24,
Clar. 134, Mar.; this sense, which is more rare, is preserved in the Icel. staf-glf, a room formed by
a partition, an apartment; a room is divided into two, three, or more stafglf.
g-ligr, adj. gay, joyful, Eluc. 35, Hom. 50, 152, Fms. viii. 23; glig fng, good cheer, Lex. Pot.
GMR, m. [A.S. gma, whence Engl. gums; O.H.G. guoma; Germ. gaumen; Dan. gane], the
palate, Edda 20, Sks. 178 : in the phrase, e-m berr mart gma, to talk freely of many things, Fms.
vi. 208, Grett. 148. COMPDS: gm-bein, n. os palati, Fas. iii. gm-sparri, a, m. a gag, Edda 20.
gma-spjt, n. pl., metaph. the tongue, Anal. 177.
GMR, m. a nger's point, Edda 110 : freq. ngrar-gmr, a nger's end, Fs. 62.
GNA, d, to stare sillily.
graall, m., Bk. 83, Vm. 6; or grallari, a, m., Am. 10, 40, Dipl. v. 18 (gradlari), Pm. 24, 80, Jm. 8,
passim, which also is the mod. form, a gradual, a choral book.
graddi or griddi, a, m. a bull, Fas. iii. 212, 499.
GRAR, adj. entire, of cattle, Grg. i. 502, Gl. 392, Lv. 18, Nj. 187. COMPDS: gra-f, n. entire
cattle, Grg. i. 426, Fb. i. 545. gra-hafr, m. a he-goat, Grg. i. 503. gra-hestr, m. an entire horse,
a stallion. gra-rt, f., botan. mandrake, Hjalt. gra- smali, a, m. = graf, Jb. 431. gra-uxi, a, m.
a bull, Boldt. 168.
gra-ungr, mod. and less correct gri-ungr (both forms occur e.g. in Stj.), m. a bull, Grg. i. 426,
ii. 122, Landn. 245, Eg. 506, Jb. 276, Bret. 8, Edda 148 (pref.), Stj. passim.
GRAFA, pret. grf; pres. gref; part. grann, with neg. sufx grf-at, Fas. i. 436 (in a verse) : [Ulf.
graban = GREEK ; A.S. grafan; North.E. to grave; Germ. graben; Swed. grafva; Dan. grave] :-- to
dig; grafa engi sitt, to drain one's eld, Grg. ii. 181; jrin var gran hm fjallatindum, Edda 144;
en er vatnit grf tv vega fllu bakkarnir, .H. 18; grafa til vatns, id.; grafa t sinn, Bs. i. 331;
er eir hfu t grat tna (dug through it), .H. 18; g. grf, to dig a grave, 623. 28, Eg. 300;
grafa nir, to dig down, Grg. ii. 351; hann (the horse) var sv kyrr, sem hann vri grann nir, as if
he had been rooted in the ground, Hrafn. 7; g. torf, to dig peat, Njar. 370, Rm. 12; g. upp, to dig
up; eir grfu upp lkamina, Nj. 86; g. upp bein, K..K. 40, N.G.L. i. 44; grafa alone, Fms. iv. 110 :
reex, to bury (hide) oneself, hanu grfsk brkit, he hid himself in the seaweed, Njar. 380; var
grann lykill (the key was hid) dyra-gtti, Strnu-Odd. 20. 2. to earth, bury (Old Engl. en-grave);
vru allir rkis-menn hauga lagir en ll ala gran jr, .H. (pref.); var hann grann
(buried) hj leii Kols biskups, Bs. i. 64, passim; grafa lk, g. nir, etc., Bjarn. 19, Eb. 338, K..K.
passim. 3. to carve, engrave; grafa innsigli, Mar., Sturl. ii. 222; krismu-ker grat me tnn, Vm.
117; g. flsbein eik, Edda 151 (pref.); Margret grf ok tnn til gta-vel, Bs. i. 143; grafa,
steinsetja ok amalera, Fms. xi. 427. II metaph. to enquire, dive deep into, Hom. 84 : to unearth, nd
out the sense, kvea m sv, at vsan s fegri gran er, Grett. 94 A; n festir mar sr konu, ok
grefsk upp skylda me eim, and relationship is found out afterwards, N.G.L. i. 350; grfsk
rir eptir (Th. enquired) en lfr segir at lyktum, Gull. 5; grf hann vandlega eptir (he made a
close enquiry) ess manns atfer, Fms. viii. 15; grf hann sv undir eim (he sounded them so), at
hann var margra hluta vss, 16; hann grf at vandlega, ok ba hana segja sr, Dropl. 4; g. um e-t,
id., Hom. 43; en grafa eigi um at er vr megum eigi skilja, Greg. 75 : g. upp, to unearth, make out;
gtu menn upp grat, at..., Grett. 162; grafask upp, to come to the light, Orkn. (in a verse). III.
medic. to suppurate; impers., lrit (acc.) tk at grafa bi uppi ok niri, ... var lrit allt grat upp
at sm-rmum, Grett. 153, 154.
grafar-, vide grf, a grave.
grafgangs-mar, m. a Norse law term; if freed slaves married against their master's will, and
became paupers, the master might put them into an open grave till one died, when the survivor was
taken out. The tale of Svai digging a grave for the poor, Fms. ii. 222, refers no doubt to this cruel
law, which is described in N.G.L. i. 33, but not recorded elsewhere. II. generally a proletarian,
N.G.L. i. 97.
graf-gtur, f. pl., in the phrase, ganga grafgtur um e-t, to make a close enquiry about.
grafjurr, m. an engraver, Stj. 158.
graf-kyrr, adj. quiet as if rooted to the spot.
graf-letr, n. an epitaph.
grafningr, m. or f. expounding, Stj. 412. II. a local name, Graveling, in Flanders, Thom.
graf-silfr, n. a buried treasure, Landn. 146, 243.
graf-skript, f. an epitaph, (mod.)
graf-svn, m. a battering swine = a battering ram, Sks. 412.
graf-tl, n. pl. digging tools, Eg. 398, Eb. 176, Bs. i. 331, Fms. vi. 271.
graf-vitnir, m., pot. a serpent, Lex. Pot.
gram-fullr, adj. dire, Art. 109.
gram-ligr, adj. vexatious, Hom. 143.
GRAMR, adj. [mid. H.G. gram; Dan. gram; gramr and grimmr (q.v.) are kindred words from a lost
strong verb, grimman, gramm] :-- wrath, esp. of the gods, in the heathen oath formula, s mr go
holl ef ek satt segi, grm ef ek lg, whence the Christian, Gu s mr hollr ef ek satt segi, gramr ef
ek lg, N.G.L. ii. 397, 398, (cp. the Engl. so help me God); go gramt, Grg. i. 357 : esp. in poetry,
gramr er yr inn, Fas. i. 501; mr skyli Freyr gramr, Fs. 95; Dnum vru go grm, Fms. vi. 385.
II. gramir or grm, n. pl. used as subst., ends, demons; deili grm vi ik, Hkv. Hund. 1. 40; taki
n allir (allar MS.) gramir vi honum! (a curse), Fs. 147; gramir munu taka ik, segir hann, er
gengr til banans, Mork. 43; far n, ars ik ha allan gramir, Hbl. (ne); mik taki hr glgi ok
allir gramir ef ek lg, Fas. i. 214; hence gramendr, f. pl., qs. grama hendr : fari r sv gramendr
allir! Dropl. 23, (vide trll, trllendr); glama me grmum, Hm. 30. III. in poetry, gramr means a
king, warrior, Edda 104, Hkr. i. 25, Lex. Pot. : name of a mythical sword, Edda.
GRAN, n. a pine-tree, Lex. Pot.; but better fem. grn, q.v.
gran-bein, n. the bone of a sh's gills, Bs. i. 365.
gran-brag, n. grinning, moving the lips with pain, N.G.L. i. 67 : granbrags-eyrir, m. a law term,
a ne for an injury causing the pain of granbrag, 172.
GRAND, n. a grain, Thom.; ekki grand, not a grain. II. metaph. (prop. a mote?), a hurt, injury,
Fms. iii. 80, viii. 112, xi. 228, 277, N.G.L. i. 74 (freq.) 2. in poetry freq. that which causes evil,
ruin, Lex. Pot. 3. evil doing, guile, Symb. 19, Skv. 3. 5 : granda- lauss, adj. guileless, Lex. Pot. 4.
medic. mortication, Al. 120.
granda, a, to hurt, damage, with dat., Fms. i. 31, Sks. 69, Fas. iii. 250, Bs. ii. III (freq.)
grand-gligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), minute, (mod.)
grandi, a, m. an isthmus, a strip of beach above the water at ebb tides, or on the edge of the snow,
Gl. 419, Stj. 14, Mar.
grand-lauss (mod. grann-laus), adj. guileless, Br. 21, Al. 106 : esp. suspecting no evil, single-
minded, eg var grannlaus, etc.; hence grann-leysi, n. singleness of heart, eg geri a grannleysi.
grand-ligr, adj. dangerous, Grett. 145.
grandvar-liga, adv. without guile, Hom. 141.
grand-varr, adj. guileless, 656 C. 30, Pr. 133, Mar. 291.
grand-veri, f. guilelessness, Rm. 332, Bs. ii. 40, Stj. 302, Hom. 17.
granna, u, f. a female neighbour, Str. 16, 23.
grann-fengr, adj. slender, tiny, Korm. (in a verse).
grann-hygginn, adj. silly, of weak understanding.
GRANNI, a, m. [for etym. see p. 186 A. II], a neighbour, N.G.L. i. 11, 341; granna-stefna, a
meeting of neighbours, Gl. 383; granna stt, 380 : the saying, garr er granna sttir, N.G.L. i. 40,
cp. Jb. 258, (freq.)
grann-kona, u, f. = granna, N.G.L. i. 340.
grann-leikr (-leiki), m. slenderness, Bs. ii. 164.
grann-leitr, adj. thin looking, Ld. 274, Fms. i. 185.
grann-liga, adv. tenderly, Sklda 198.
grann-ligr, adj. slender of build, Edda 81, Ld. 274, Eg. 486, Eb. 42.
GRANNR, adj., compar. grennri and grannari, [as to etym., grannr is prob. akin to grein, a branch,
hence the long vowel (vide II); but both are different from grenn, green, which is from gra] :--
thin, slender, very freq. in mod. usage, = Lat. gracilis, epithet of a lady, Edda 85 (in a verse); mittis-
grannr, thin in the waist : in gramm. single, of vowels, opp. to digr, of diphthongs; at hlj er
grannara, Sklda 177 : neut. grannt, adv. nicely; r-grannt, id. II. it appears with a long vowel in
grn (or gr&aolig-acute;n UNCERTAIN, qs. grnn) vn, thin, slender hope, Gsl. 66 (in a verse);
friv&aolig-acute;n UNCERTAIN segi gr&aolig-acute;na UNCERTAIN (granna), Sturl. iii. 216 (in
a verse); and perhaps also in grn lind, a thin, slender shield, Edda 106 (in a verse).
grann-vaxinn, part. slender of stature, Fms. vii. 175, Bs. ii. 164.
grann-vitr, adj. thin-witted, silly.
gran-raur, adj. [grn], red bearded, a nickname = Barbarossa. Fms. xii.
gran-selr, m. a kind of seal, Sks., Fms. ii. 270.
gran-sr, adj. long bearded, Akv. 34.
gran-sprettingr, m. [cp. Dan. grnskolling], =Lat. puber, Rm. 304.
gran-sti, n. the lips, where the beard grows, Eg. 304.
GRAS, n. [Ulf. gras = GREEK ; A.S. gr and grs; Engl. grass; Germ, gras; Swed. and Dan.
gras] :-- grass, herbage, opp. to wood, trees, Vsp. 3, Fm. 25, Hm. 20; hrsi ok grasi, 120; grs ok
viu, Rb. 78; flr sem gras, Nj. 177; gir landa-kostir at grsum ok skgum, Fs. 26; sv er sagt, at
Grnlandi eru grs g, good pastures, Sks. 44 new Ed.; reyta gras, to pick grass, Nj. 118; ar var
nliga til grass at ganga (better grs), Ld. 96; bta gras, to graze, Grg. ii. 299; gras grr, grass
grows, Edda 145 (pref.); tak af reiinginn ok fr hestinn gras, Sturl. iii. 114; tlair mik at
ltilmenni at ek munda hira hvar hestar nir bitu gras, Fs. 57; ar tti Grelu hunangs-ilmr r
grasi, Landn. 140 : vegetation, in such phrases as, ar sem mtist gras ok fjara, grass and beach,
Dipl. iii. 11 : the grassy earth, opp. to a wilderness or the sea, at var ofanverum grsum, high
up, near the wilderness, Dropl. 33; allt austr undir jkla sem grs eru vaxin, Landn. 65 :-- phrases,
hnga gras, to bite the dust, sl. ii. 366; mun ek hafa mann fyrir mik r ek hnga at grasi, Njar.
378; lta gras, id., Fbr. 90 new Ed.; heyra gras gra, to hear the grass grow (of the god Heimdal),
cp. Edda 17 : sugared language is said to make the grass grow, vi hvert or tti grs gra, Clar.;
au vru orin, at gra ttu grsin vi, Mirm. : ganga eptir e-m me grasi sknum, to go after
one with grass in one's shoes, i.e. to beg hard, intercede meekly with one who is cross and angry. 2.
a herb, a kind of grass; ek he at eitt gras, etc., Fms. ix. 282; af grasi v er vr kllum hvann-
njla, x. 336 : esp. in plur. herbs with healing powers, au grs sem mandragore heita, Stj. 175; a
daufrandi grasa, Johann. 26; me gum grsum, Blas. 43; ilmu grs, sweet herbs, Bb. 2. 20;
tna grs, to clean grass, pick the moss clean : -- botan. in plur., Iceland moss, Jb. 310; and in
composition, brnu-grs, mandrake; esp. of lichens, fjalla-grs, fell lichen, Lichen Islandicus;
fjru-grs, seaweeds, sea-wrack; Gvendar-grs, id.; Mariu-grs, lichen nivalis; Munda-grs, lichen
coacervatus edilis; trlla-grs, lichen albus. COMPDS: grasa-fjall, n., in the phrase, fara
grasafjall, to go gathering moss. grasa-f1k, n. folk gathering moss. grasa-grautr, m. a porridge of
Iceland moss. grasa-leit, f. herb-gathering, Pm. 7. grasa-mjlk, f. milk cooked with Iceland moss.
grasa-poki, a, m. a grass-poke, of Iceland moss. UNCERTAIN In derivative compds, bl-gresi,
geranium; star-gresi, sedge; ll-gresi, evil grass, weeds; blm-gresi, owers, etc.
grasa, a, to collect moss.
grasar, part. prepared with herbs (of mead), .H. 71, Barl. 136.
gras-btr, m. a 'grass-biter,' a beast, brute, Nj. (in a verse), freq.
gras-blettr, m. a grass-plot.
gras-dalr, m. a grassy dale, Karl. 14.
gras-garr, m. a garden, Hkr. i. 71, Gl. 178, Fas. i. 530 : hortus, at kllum vr g., Stj. 68, Bs. i.
698, N.T., Pass. (Gethsemane). gras- gars-mar, m. a gardener, D.N.
gras-genn, part. grassy, fertile.
gras-geilar, f. pl. grassy lanes, Hrafn. 20.
gras-geiri, a, m. a grass goar, strip of grass.
gras-gott, n. adj. a good crop of grass, Fb. i. 522.
gras-grnn, adj. grass-green, Sks. 49.
gras-hagi, a, m. a grass pasture.
gras-kyn, n. grass kind, the species 'grass,' Stj. 389.
gras-laukr, m. a kind of leek, garlic, Hom. 150.
gras-laust, adj. without grass, barren.
gras-leysa (-lausa), u, f. 'grasslessness,' barren ground; graslausu, Grg. i. 383, Sturl. i. 121, 127,
ii. 128, Ann. 1181.
gras-leysi, n. barrenness, Sturl.
gras-ligr, adj. grassy, Hom. 37.
gras-loinn, adj. rich in grass, Ld. 156, Fas. iii. 276; mrar var ok graslonar, Bs. i. 118; but
gras-lonur, f. pl. a rich crop, 306, l.c.
gras-lgr, adj. lying in the grass, touching the grass, Hkr. i. 293, (of a ship's keel); a scythe is
called graslgr, if it cuts too close.
gras-makr, m. a grass maggot.
gras-mikill, adj. rich in grass, Konr. 56.
gras-nautn, f. the use of grass (grazing), Grg. ii. 222, Jb. 215, Vm. 48, 79.
gras-rn, n. grass-stealing, N.G.L. i. 40. grasrns-baugr, m. a law term, a ne payable for grazing
one's cattle in another's eld, N.G.L. i. 40, Js. 99.
gras-rtr, f. pl. roots of herbs or grass, Bs. ii. 81, Sks. 48.
gras-setr, n. 'grass-farming,' opp. to sowing and tilling; rj r seri hann jrina ok fjra sat hann
gras-setri, D.N. ii. 248.
gras-skai, a, m. loss in crop, D.N.
gras-stt, f. grass-fever, in a pun, Fb. ii. 365.
gras-svrr, m. greensward.
gras-toppr, m. grass-top, Bb. 2. 23.
gras-t, f. a strip of grass among rocks or in a wilderness, Fbr. 156.
gras-vaxinn, part. grown with grass, Str. 4, Gl. 405.
gras-ver, n. a ne for grazing, = grasrnsbaugr, Gl. 405.
gras-vir, m. a kind of willow, salix herbacea, Hjalt.
gras-vllr, m. a grassy plain, Str. 4, Art.
gras-vxtr, m. growth of grass, crop.
graut-nefr, m. a nickname, porridge nose, Sturl.
GRAUTR, m., gen. grautar, [A.S. grut, gryt; Engl. groats; Dan. grd; Swed. grt; Ivar Aasen
graut; hence Germ. grtze] :-- porridge, a favourite mess with Scandin. peasants, see the tale of
Grautar-Halli, answering to Germ. Hanswurst, N.G.L. i. 349, Korm. 150, Eb. ch. 13, 39, Fas. iii,
Eg. S. Einh. ch. 5, Fms. vi. 363 sqq. (porridge eaten with butter) : a pudding, Fms. ii. 163 : the
phrase, gera graut, to make porridge, Eb.; hefja graut, to lift (i.e. to eat) graut, Fms. vi. l.c. : a
nickname, Dropl. 3. COMPDS: grautar-ketill, m. a porridge-pot, Fbr. 209. grautar-stt, f.
porridge fever, a pun, Fms. v. 93. grautar- trog, n. and grautar-trygill, m. a porridge trough, mash
trough, Fms. vi. 364, Eb. 36. grautar-vara, u, f. a ladle to stir the porridge in cooking, Eb. 198 :
tugjalda-grautr, a harvest porridge, supper of porridge.
gr-bakr, m. 'grey-back,' pot. a dragon, Edda.
gr-bari, a, m. grey-beard, a cognom., Fms. ix.
gr-beinn, adj. [graabein in the Norse tales], 'grey-leg,' i.e. the wolf, D.N. i. 199.
gr-bldttr, adj. with grey-spotted cheeks, of a sheep, Rd. 240.
gr-bjrn, m. a grey bear, opp. to white bear, Fb. i. 257, Fas. i. 51.
gra, u, f. [Lat. gradus], a step, Stj. passim, Fms. vi. 267, vii. 97, Sklda 209 : in mod. usage esp.
the steps round the altar in a church : metaph. degree, Stj. 8 : mathem. a degree, Rb. 458, 460;
gru eru sextigi minuta, Hb. 732. 7.
gri, a, m. [grr; Ivar Aasen graae], a breeze curling the waves, Edda (Gl.) : in mod. usage fem.
gr, a er gr sjnum :-- bad grey butter is called gri, borinn var innar bruningr og gri,
Snt 216.
GRR, m. [Ulf. grdus = GREEK ; Engl. greed], prop. hunger, freq. in Lex. Pot.; lfa grr =
lfa sultr : greed, gluttony, Bs. ii. 137, Rm. 184, Sks. 113 B (gri); hel-grr, voracity presaging
death; ok er n kominn ik helgrr er hyggsk ll rki munu undir ik leggja (of insatiable
ambition as presaging downfall), Fas. i. 372; cp. hel-fkr, id., 385; (these passages are paraphrases
from old lost poems.)
grugr, adj. [Ulf. grdags; A.S. grdig; Engl. greedy; O.H.G. grtag] :-- greedy; g. logi, Stj. 385;
g. elska, Hom. 84; g. girni, id.; g. halr, a glutton, Hm. 19; g. bkr, a gluttonous belly, Bb. I. 5; g.
vargar, Bs. ii. 134.
gru-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), greedily, Mar., Magn. 420.
gr-eygr, adj. grey-eyed, Grett. III A.
gr-feldr, m. a grey furred cloak, Hkr. i. 176 : a nickname, id., whence Grfeldar drpa, name of a
poem, id.
gr-fygli, n. and gr-fygla, u, f. = grgs II. 2.
grgs, f. a 'grey goose,' a wild goose, Edda (Gl.), ir. 347. II. metaph. the name of a Norse code
of laws in Drontheim (Frostaingslg), prob. from the grey binding or from being written with a
goose quill, Fms. viii. 277 (Sverr. S.), Hkr. iii. 23; cp. Gullfjr, gold feather, gold quill, name of an
eccl. code; or Hryggjar-stykki, a kind of duck, but also the name of a book. 2. in later times (in the
16th century) the name Grgs was misapplied to an old MS. of Icel. laws of the Commonwealth
time, the present Cod. Arna-Magn. 134 folio, or Sb., and has since been made to serve as a
collective name for all Icel. laws framed before the union with Norway, sometimes including,
sometimes excluding the eccl. law (Kristinna-laga ttr = K..K.); the whole matter is fully treated
by Maurer, s.v. 'Graagaas,' in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopedia; he makes out that the Icel. of the
Commonwealth, although they had written laws, had no code, and that the passage in b. ch. 10
does not refer to codication, but to the committal of oral laws to writing; the two vellum MSS., the
Kb. and Sb., are merely private collections of the 13th century, and differ very much one from the
other. Upon the union with Norway, Iceland was for the rst time blessed with a code, which they
called Ironside (Js.); and a second code, the Jon's Book, was introduced A.D. 1281.
gr-hrr, adj. hoary, with grey hairs.
gr-jurt, f. gnaphalium montanum, Bjrn.
gr-klddr, part. grey-clad, Sturl. ii. 190.
gr-kollttr, adj. grey and 'humble' (i.e. without horns), of sheep, Gull. 19. gr-kolla, u, f. a grey
humble ewe.
gr-ku, m. a grey cowl, Fb. ii. 333.
gr-leikr, m. malice, trickery, Bs. i. 809, Fb. i. 408, Barl. 117.
gr-leitr, adj. pale-looking, pinched, Bs. i. 797.
gr-liga, adv. spitefully, with malice, Nj. 71, Mar.
gr-ligr, adj. malicious, cruel; g. leikr, rude play, Stj. 497. 2 Sam. ii. 16, Fms. x. 445.
gr-lyndr and gr-lundar, adj. pettish, malicious, Bs. i. 646, Valla L. 205, Nj. 38.
gr-magi, a, m. 'grey-maw,' a stone grig, cyclopterus, Bjarn. 42, 43.
gr-munkr, m. a grey friar, Fms. ix. 377, x. 127, 128, Sturl. iii. 209.
grna, a, to become grey, metaph. to be coarse and spiteful; tekr at grna gamanit, the play began
to be coarse, Sturl. i. 21, (grna, v.l.)
Grna, u, f. a grey mare. Grni, a, m. a grey horse : the mythol. horse of Sigur Ffnis-bani is
prob. to be proncd. thus, not Grani.
GRP, n. a storm, sleet; grund var grpi hrundin, Haustl. 15; Egils hryn-grp, the hail of Egil, pot.
arrows; Egil, brother of Vlund, is the Tell of the northern mythology, vide Lex. Pot.; in prose this
word seems not to occur, whereas krap, n. sleet (q.v.), and krapi, a, m. id., are common words; cp,
the mod. grape-shot.
grpa, a, [grpa], to pilfer, Stj. 78, 154, 167.
gr-peningr, m. a 'grey penny,' a false coin, Karl. 247.
GRR, adj., contr. acc. grn, dat. grm, etc. [A.S. grg; Engl. gray or grey; O.H.G. graw; Germ.
grau; Dan. graa; Swed. gr] :-- grey; grm vamlum, Fms. i. 118; grm kyrtli, sl. ii. 218; gjalda
rauan belg fyrir grn, Nj. 141; grr fyrir hrum, grey, hoary, Fms. vi. 95, Fas. ii. 557; grr fyrir
jrnum, mailed in grey steel, of armour, Mag. 98 : gr oka, grey fog : of silver, grtt silfr, grey,
false silver, opp. to skrt (true) silver, whence the phrase, elda grtt silfr, to play bad tricks. II.
metaph. spiteful, Bjarn. 3; at brjsti grtt bi, although bearing malice in the heart, Str.; cp.
gr-lyndr, as also gr-beinn, gr-dri, of the wolf : neut. grtt, basely, sl. ii. 467.
gr-rendr, part. grey-striped, Gsl. 156.
gr-silfr, n. grey (bad) silver, brass; bera af e-m sem gull af grsilfri. Gkv. 2. 2; cp. the mod. phrase,
sem gull af eiri, -- the old language has no special word for brass, eir being derived from Latin.
gr-sa, u, f, name of a spear, grey steel, Gsl.
gr-skinn, n. grey fur, Fms. vii. 74, Grett. 61, Jb. 187.
gr-skinnar, part. lined with grey fur, Sks. 228.
gr-skjar, part. covered with grey clouds, Sks. 228.
gr-slappi or gr-slappi, a, m., mod. gr-sleppa, u, f. a female stone grig, cyclopterus : a
nickname, Ld.
gr-steinn, m. grey-stone, Bjarn. 64 : a kind of stone, Ivar Aasen.
GRTA, grt, grti, pres. grt, with neg. suff. grtt-at-tu, weep not thou, Hkv. Hjrv. 41; [Ulf.
grtan; A.S. grtan; Hel. greotan; lost in mod. Engl., but used in North. E. and Scot, to greit or
greet = weep; Swed. grta; Dan. grde; Ivar Aasen graata] :-- to greit, weep; grt rir, en
Sigmundr mlti, grtum eigi, frndi, munum lengr, Fr. 33; Freyja grtr eptir, en tr hennar eru
gull rautt, Edda 21; hn tk at grta ok svarai engu, Nj. 11; hvrt grtr n Skarphinn, 202;
hn greiddi hrit fr augum sr ok grt; Flosi mlti, skapungt er r n, frndkona, er grtr,
176, cp. Edda 38, 39; fr er fagr ef grtr, Fb. i. 566; hversu bersk Aur af um brur-dauann, grtr
hn mjk? Gsl. 24, 62; grta sran, to 'greit sore,' sl. ii. 103; grta hstfum, to weep aloud; hn
mtti eigi stilla sik ok grt hstfum, Nj. 27; grta beiskliga, to weep bitterly, N.T.; grta fgrum
trum, to weep fair tears (cp. GREEK), to 'greit sore;' grta fegins-trum, to weep tears of joy. II.
trans. to bewail, weep for one, 677. 1; er at vel er grtr gan mann, Nj. 176; grta Baldr r
Helju, Edda 39; ef allir hlutir heiminum kykvir ok dauir grta hann, 38 : the saying, s gret aldrei
fyrir gull sem ekki tti a, he never wept for gold who had it not, Vdal. i. 286, ii. 84. III. part.
grtinn, bathed in tears, Stj. 385, Am. 94; hn var lngum grtin, Bs. i. 193; hn var grtin mjk,
Vgl. 28.
grt-bna, d, to implore, beg with tears.
grt-fagr, adj. beautiful in tears (epithet of Freyja), Edda 63.
grt-feginn, adj. weeping for joy, Ld. 82, Fms. vi. 235, Bs. ii. 132.
grt-gjarn, adj. prone to weeping.
grtinn, part., vide grta III.
gr-titlingr, m. 'grey-titling,' a kind of sparrow.
grt-kjkr, n. sobbing, choked tears.
grt-liga, adv. piteously.
grt-ligr, adj. pitiable, Hom. 11 : piteous, Fms. ii. 223.
grtr, m. [Dan. graad; Swed. grt], 'greiting,' weeping, Edda 37, Fms. i. 138, Rb. 332, Bret. 68,
Mar. grta-gu, n. the weeping goddess, Freyja, Edda.
grt-raust, n. a weeping voice, Nj. 82, Fms. vii. 38.
grt-samligr, adj. piteous, Mar. 12.
grt-star, m. pl. weeping, crying aloud.
grt-stokkinn, part. bathed in tears; g. augu, Bs. ii. 28.
grt-sk, f. a cause of tears, Mar. 28.
grt-urfa, adj. needing tears, needing repentance by tears, Hom. 38.
gr-valr, m. a grey falcon, H.E. i. 391, Art.
gr-vara, u, f. grey fur, Eg. 69, 575, .H. 134.
gr-vir, m. 'grey-withy,' a kind of willow.
gregi = reur(?), Sturl. ii. 39.
grell, m. a little hoe, Landn. 293, v.l.
grefja, u, f. a kind of bier(?), Sturl. ii. 223.
gref-leysingr, m. a law term, a kind of freedman, intermediate between a freedman and a slave, a
freedman, but whose freedom is not published from the thingvold and who has not been 'leiddr
lg,' dened in Grg. i. 358.
grefr, m., gre, acc. pl., Rm. 167, [grafa], 'a digger,' a hoe, Landn. 141, 293, Vm. 87, Stj. 451,
N.G.L. iii. 2, 10, Bk. 83 : the phrase, hafa e-n gre fyrir sik, cp. hafa e-n fyrir grjtpl, to have
another for one's hoe, use him as a tool, Rm. l.c. : in mod. usage called jrn-karl or pll.
grefsi, m. = grell, Landn. 293, v.l.
grefta, t, [grftr, grafa], to earth, bury, Fms. i. 241, Karl. 551, Trist. 14 : part. greftr, Bs. i. 426. Stj.
112, 228.
greftr, m. = grftr, burial, Karl. 263.
greftra, a, = grefta, Fms. x. 208, Fr. 187, Sturl. i. 112; part. greftrar, buried, Mar. passim.
greftran, f. burial, freq. in mod. usage, Pass. 50.
GREIA, dd, [Ulf. garaidjan = oia. ra. Tr(iv, i Cor. xvi. i, Tit. i. 5, and wporiOtcOai, Ephes. i. 9;
A. S. gercedan; North. E. (see Atkinson's Cleveland Glossary) to graitb -- tofurnish or equip; in
Icel. greia and rea seem to be only a double form of the same word, the former having kept the
prexed g; in sense they are akin, cp. Dan. rede, Swed. reda, and see greir] :-- to arrange,
disentangle; greia hr, to comb or dres s the bair; Hildigunnr greiddi hrit fr augum sr, H.
combed or stroked back (be bair from her eyes, Nj. 176; tk konungr ar laugar, ok let greia
(comb) hr sitt, Fms. i. 189; en hn hafi hendr at, ok greiddj lokka bans, Karl. 532; sem fyrst er
hann var greiddr (combed), Mar. 161; greitt hex, unkempt bair; greia ull, to comb or cardwool,
Bret. 30, 32. 2. to make or get ready; greia segl, to make the s ail ready, Sturl. i. 118; g. va, to
make the shing-line ready, Edda 36; g. net, a shing term :-- also intrans. to get ready, g. til um e-t,
to get ready for a thing, i. e. get t ready; g. til um vpn sin, to get the weapons ready, Eg. 2 20;
sagi at bann skyldi til g. at verir vri ruggir, that he should take it in charge, that..., Fms. ix. 22;
g. til frasagnar, to m a ke ready for the story, 655 xxvii. 6. 3. to speed, further; g. fer e-s, Fms. ii.
16; greiit Drottins gtur, make straight the way of the Lord, 625. 90. Luke iii. 4: reex., greiddisk
honum vel, it speeds well with him, he speeds well, Eg. 180; honum greiddisk vel ferin, sl. ii. 393;
greiddisk fer hans vel, Eg. 140; ef henni greiisk seint, if she speeds slowly, Fms. iv. 28. II. [Ulf.
garapjanâpiotiv, Matth. x. 30; Dan. r de, itdrede] , to pay; hann skal honum greia sliku fc sem
hann her til, Gl. 305; mi vil ek at greiir xar-verit, Fs. 68; fc etta skyldi greiask remr
vrum, Fms. ii. 114; hann skyldi heimta land- skyldir ok sj yr at allt greiddisk vel, x. 227; Mrr
greiir fram (pa id out) heimanfylgju dttur sinnar, Nj. 11; g. aptr, to pay back, H. E. 1. 460: to
discharge, annan dag eptir greiir rlfr skattinn af hendi, Eg. 64; eir leggja f fram at ek
greia af hendi, they nd the money although pay it, Fms. v. 293. 2. to discharge, perform; greia
vr, to keep watch, Fms. ix. 23; g. tvr, hestvr, viii. 90, Sturl. iii. 241; g. rr, to pull, Fms. ii.
178; g. atrr, to attack (in a sea-ght), vii. 264; g. til atlgu, id., 290: merely circumlocutory, g.
rs, to run, Rb. 210; g. gngu, to proceed, walk, Stj. 566; g. skirslu af hndum, to perform the
ordeal, Fms. vii. 230; g. ok gjalda leiangr, to perform (of personal duty) and pay the levy, 173. III.
metaph. to interpret, make out; at eir gangi lgrttu ok setur snar, at greia lgml etta, to
expound the law, Grg. i. 7; en at eru str- sgur, ef r eru greiddar t gegnum, if they are told
to the end, Al. 36; hann raeddi um vi rna at hann skyldi greia (settle) ml hans bandans, Orkn.
336; ba orstein eiga allan hlut at etta ml greiddisk, Boll. 352; hvi gengr eigi fram mlit?
Gumundr kva brtt greiask munu, Fs. 74; greia fyrir e-m, to entertain one, or the like.
greia, u, f. a comb; hr-greia, a hair comb.
grei-fara, adj. walking with speed, fsl. ii. 469.
grei-frr, adj. speeding well: neut. passable, of a road, sl. ii. 410, Eg, 239: e a sy, Fms. ii. 84.
grei-gengr, adj. = greifrr, Eg. 239.
greii, a, m. [Ulf. garaideins = iaraf^, naviv, f6ypa] , disentangle- ment, arrangement, ordering;
mun hann ekki fsa Onund at gra greia mlinu, to pwt the ca s eri^ ht, Eg. 366; au tku lti af
hans mli til greia, Fms. viii. 17; skipaisk ltt til greia me eim, nothing was settled between
them, Bs. i. 752, Sturl. i. 239 C; ok er honum tti r hennar nijk seinkask til greia, th er e was
no change for the better in her state, Bs. i. 158; fara at greia, to goonwell, N. G. L. i. 137; rndr
segir at at var skylt ok heimilt, at hann geri ann greia fyrir konungs or& sem hann mtti, that
he discharged it for the king's sake as well as be could, Fms. iv. 344; bndr geru ar engan greia
, vi. 333; Leifr spuri hverr greii mundi vera um silfr at, L. asked if the money would be paid,
Faer. 215. 2. entertainment; vera m at er yki alkeypt, at vildir engan greia gra oss, that
tbou wouldest give us no entertainment, Eb. 266; ar hfu eir greia-dvl, they baited there,
waited for refreshment, Eg. 564, v. 1.; |jorkell fagnar eim vel, ok by'r eim greia, Fbr. 97 new
Ed.; eir heilsuu iorgilsi, en bja honum engan greia, Sturl. iii. 140; ba hann gra gan
greia Gauti, Fb. i. 505, A6m. 210; Starkar for inn ok kvaddi sr greia, Bs. i. 544.
greiir, m. = greii, N. G. L. ii. 431: afurtberer. Lex. Pot.
grei-liga (greiu-liga, B. K. 118), adv. readily, promptly, North. E. 'gradely, ' Sturl. i. 155, Fms. v.
306, Hkr. iii. 6: quite, downright, actu- olly, eir eru eptir tveir menn eir er g. (actually) vru at
viginu, Bjarn. ?2 g. berr, quite stripped off, Fb. ii. 139; at engir menn bri vpn * mik g.
(downright), Bs. i. 580; ekki vigi ek vtnin g. (really), 575; CIgi er ek g. heyroti, / a m not
actually without bay, fsh ii. 137.
grei-ligr, adj. ready, prompt; var songriirn eigi g., the song did not go smoothly, Fms. vii. 152;
greilig kaupstefna, orf. Karl. 402; ok er tniklu greioligra, at..., more to the purpose, that.. ., Nj.
92, v. 1.; grit greiligt fyrir mr (speak out plain to one) hvat yr byr skapi, Grett. 146; gra e-m
greilig or, to make plain words of it, Fb. i. 64.
grei-mltr, part, of ready speech, j?ir. 175, (
greir, adj. [cp. North. E. gradely] , ready, free; visa e-m greiSa gtu, to lead one in the straight
path, Fms. i. 304; la honum at greitt fyrir, it was ready at hand, Fr. 257; vera m, at leiin veri
eigi sv grei sem eir tla, that the passage will not be so free as they think, Sturl. i. 18: as adv.,
skip at for greitt, th a t sh ip speedetb well, Clem. 38; it greizta, 45; hit greiasta, straight, with
good speed, Fms. i, 292; hann er gr ok greir (expedite) vi alla sna ngranna, Band. 3; g. ok
gviljugr, D. N. i. 88; greir, unready, entangled.
grei-skapr, m. readiness, promptness, Nj. 18, Fms. ii, 287, Jb. a; entertainment, Korm. 68, Fms.
iii. 61.
greisla (greizla), u, f. payment, discharge, Sturl. ii. 203, iii. 265, Am. 40; ef at vri til greislu
me eim, if that could do them good, Sturl. ii. 239.
grei-talar, part. = greimltr, Stj. 253.
grei-ugr, adj. = greivikinn.
grei-vikinn, adj. serving, obliging; grei-vikni, f.
grei, a, m. [A. S. gerfa; Engl. reeve (shire-reeve = sheriff); Germ. graf; the word is not Scandin.,
and for the etym. see Grimm's Rechts-alterth. 752 sqq. J :-- an earl, count; Edda 93 states that
gerfas in Saxony (i. e. Germany), barons in England (after the Conquest), and lendir menn in
Norway are all synonymous; Nj. 157, Fms. vii. 59, 60, Mar. passim: Stj., Al., and Rm. render Lat.
praefectus by grei: as a nickname, Bs. i. 555. greifa-dmr, m. an earldom, county, Ann. 216, Stj.
GREIN, f., pl. ar and ir; the mod. pl. greinar means branches, in other senses greinir: [Dan. green;
Swed. gren; not found in Germ., Saxon, nor Engl.]: I. prop, a branch of a tree, 'lim' is the foliage; af
hverri grein draup hunang stt, Pass. 32. 4; vnviar-greinir, vine branches, Stj, 200; plma-viar-
g., a palm branch; kvslask me strum greinum, spread with large branches, Sks. 441, 443; ar
vex fyrst upp einn bulr af rotunum, ok kvslast san me mrgum greinum ok limum, 555. II.
metaph. a branch, arm: 1. hafs grein, an arm of the sea, Stj. 287; sjau stai er skipat essarar listar
greinum, Alg.; visinda grein, branch of science (Germ, fach); lrdms-grein, branch of doctrine;
sundr-skiptingar grein, subdivision, Stj. 287; tvifaldleg grein, double kind, N. G. L. ii. 352; essi er
grein (particulars) kaupeyris tiund, id.; sannkenningar hafa renna grein, Edda 122; Gu er einn
Gudmi en rennr grein (of the Trinity), Fas. iii. 662; einkanligr i grein, Bs. ii. 21; allar greinir
loptsins ok jararinnar, Edda 144 (pref.); hann greindi tvr greinir ok tuttugu, Rb. 78; essi
grein, o n thi s head, in thi s cas e, Band. 11. p. denoting cause, reason; fyrir grein, therefore, Stj.
124; fyrir saga grein, for the said reason, Mar., Sks. 682; fyrir (essa) grein, Stj. 22, 23, 167,
passim; nnr hann til ess rjr greinir, Grett. 208 new Ed.; at r upp lkit nokkurri grein fyrir
mer, at at megi skilja, Sks. 660. y. a point, bead, part; mer samri grein, under the same head,
Dipl. i. 521; annari grein, in the second place, iv. 7, Grett. 156, Fb. i. 216; me slkri grein sem her
segir, K. . 82; llum greinum, Mk. 9; saga grein, the said point, bead, Dipl. iii. 13; i nokkurum
greinum, in some points, i. 3; hverja grein, in every point, Gl. 177; fyrir allar greinir, in all
respects, Mar. 616; en er biskup vissi essar greinir, the points, particulars (of the case), Bs. i. 727-
2. denoting distinction, discernment, division; hggva sv ttt at varla mtti grein sja, Bret. 64; sj
grein handa, to discern one's hands, Bs. ii. 5; fyrir utan alla grein, without exception, i. 281; hver er
grein setningar httanna, dis- posi t ion of the metres, Edda 120; hljs grein, distinction of sound,
accent, id., Sklda 182; gra grein gs ok ills, Eluc. 20; setja glgga grein, t o make a clear
distinction, 677. 5; fyrir greinar sakir (for the sake ofdis- thction) er diphthongus fundinn
norraenu, Sklda 178; sundr-grein ok saman-setning, 177; ok veil ek grein allra stunda, Fms. v.
335; litlar greinir ok tengingar hfum ver konungs-mlanna r okki yrum, i. e. you take little
notice of the king's errand, Mork. 138; bera grein e-t, to discern a thing, Mar.; ar kann ek at gra
grein , I can explain that, Fb. i. 419. P. understanding; au (the idols) hafa enga grein, Fms. x. 232;
vitr ok frbrrar greinar, xi. 429; glggrar greinar, sharp- witted, Bs. ii. II; sumum gefsk anda-grein,
spiritual discernment, Greg. 20. Y- a record; essa grein konungsdms hans ritai fyrst Ari, thi s
record of the king's reign was rst written by Are, . H. 188; i greinum ok bklegu nmi, Mar. 8. a
part, bead, paragraph, in a book (mod.); ritningar-grein, a quotation from Scripture. 3. denoting
diversity, difference; en er her, herra, grein i, Fb. ii. 78; en er ar grein , hvrt..., K. . 124;
ok voldi v grein tungna eirra er hann var konungr yr, Sks. 458; at grein var tr eirri er hvrt
eirra hafi til Gus, 470; s er grein syslu biskups ok konungs, at..., 803. P. dissent; brtt grusk
greinir um samykki konuug- anna, Fms. vi. 185; var mart til greina me eim, 195; greinir ok
sundrykki, ix. 428; var grein mikil me flki um konungs-tekjuna, x. 41; vald fyrir utan alla
grein, power without dissent, i. e. absolute, undisputed power, Bs. i. 281; grein ea skilnar, Stj.
298; en ef verri menn gengu milli vru jafnan greinir talaar, Fb. ii. 411; uru margar greinir
me eim Kolbeini Tumasyni, Sturl. ii. I. COMPOS: greinar-laust, n. adj. indiscriminately, Bs. ii.
96, Stj. 7 * ' uncondition- ally, Bs. i. 736, 767. greinar-mal, m. a reasonable case, Bs. ii. greinar-
mikill, adj. discerning, clever, Stj. 95. greinar-munr, m. discrimination, di s tin c tion; gra g. gs
ok ills, to knmvgood and evil, Gen. iii. 5. greina-vnn, adj. likely toca ws e a difference, Fms. x.
107.
GREINA, d, to branch: I. to divide into branches; verohlin var greind rjr hlfur, Edda (pref.);
s er greinir ok sundr skilr, Stj. 95; greina sundr dag ok ntt; greina tima, daga, 15; skalt hana (the
ark) me glfum greina^ 56; hann greindi skepnuna tvr greinir, Rb. 78; var engi skepna
greind nnur fr annarri, Ver. i; hanu greindi (s et apart) t (viz. Lent) meirr til meinlta en
arar, 625. 93; heimrinn allr grcindr rj rijunga (of a map), Al. 117. 2. t o discern, distinguish;
mttir greina ann Gu, er himnum er, fr eim guum, er..., 625. 65; ef greina m eirra bein
fr annarra manna beinum, N. G. L. ii. 351; skilr hann ok greinir alla hluti grr, Sklda 169; at
greina hvern lim ea kvist eirrar ru, Sks. 568; greina gang himintungla, Fms. v. 334; hlj at
sem eyru megu greina, Sklda 173; grein r vitrlega hversu ..., discern wisely for thyself how ...,
Mar.; til ess er konungr ok erkibiskup greina (discern, settle) allt at er milli manna st, Bs. i.
727. 3. to expound, tell, record; sem r er greint, as is told above, Fms. ii. 168; at ek greina at
eigi at sinni, i. 223; til greindrar bnar, Magn. 532; epir greinda sn, Mar. 471? greindri smd,
617; r greindum mnnum, Dipl. ii. 19: impers., sem fyrr greinir, a s above mentioned, Rb. 232; at
hann skyldi sv greina frsgu (tell his story) um atbur enna, Ld. 58; greindi rnlfr essi landa-
merki, Dipl. iv. 17; vitnin kunnu eigi at greina me hverjum htti, the witnesses could not tell
how ..., Mk. 79; n skal greina framkvmd essa hluiar, Bs. ii. 163. II. reex. to branch out; sv
sem tungurnar greindusk, Edda 145; en af v at tungurnar era egar likar, r egar er or einni ok
enni smu tungu hafa gengi ea greinzk, Sklda 160; hennar efni leiisk ok greinisk af fyrir-
farandi frsgn, Stj. 246; hanga sumar limarnar nir en sumar greinask (br a nch) t fr tveim-
megin, Rum. 148; sumar (arms of water) greinask ok renna mjk grunnt, Bar). 72. 2. to be
separated; ok greindusk ser hvar skipin, Fms. vii. 289; san greinisk tign ok vald me eim, Sks.
249. 3. to differ, disagree; menn greinask at v, hvrt..., . H. 219, cp. Fms. v. 83; greinask menu at
(there are different records) hvrr fyrri verki var, Sturl. iii. 249; greinask menn fyrir v hvrt
tguligra tti, Fms. xi. 316. P. to disagree, fall out, become enemies; var skipuliga me eim
fyrstu en greindisk hratt, Sturl. ii. I; en meirr tk at greinask me eim kompmim, Bs. i. 620;
var smiliga me eim fyrstu, en greindisk (MS. grnisk) brtt, 489; frir grenisk (i. e.
greinisk), the peace is broken, Sturl. i. 458 (in a verse); vanir grenask, the hope i s broken up, Hkv.
2. 49; (the explanation of this passage given in Aarbger for Nord. Oldk. 1866, p. 384, where it is
derived from grr, ^ rey, qs. gr-na, does not hold good either in sense or form, as the inex.
inchoative -na causes no umlaut, and grr, grey, when metaph. only denotes spite.) III. impers. to
fall on. ', discord; spuri Helgi at kistlinum en Geitir mot at hringnum, ok greindi (acc.) sy'nt
um, Vpn. 9; en ef nokkura menn greindi (quarrelled), b tti engi mar skjtlegri til strra en
gnumdr, Fms. ii. 68; at hfum vit tlat at lta okkr (acc.) ekki greina, Nj.
greind, f. discernment, freq. greindar-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), cleverly.
greini-liga, adv. distinctly, Eg. 55, 271, Nj. 235, Fms. i. 300, Fb. i. 503: quite, sheer, Stj. IO.
greini-ligr, adj. distinct, articulate, Sklda 174 (of sound).
grein-ing, f. distinction; gloggvari g. = -- epexegesis, Skulda 205; grein- ingar-vit, the senses, Bs. i.
785; a-greining, distinction.
GREIP, f., pl. grcipr, [A. S. ^ni p], the space between the thumb and the other ngers, a grip,
grasp, Edda no; at hin hgri greip spenni um hhr. i vinstra nli, Sks. 291; ok rann upp greipina,
Fms. v. 85; rekligar greipr, Sd. 147; v nst brestr fram or bjarginu greip eigi smleit, Bs. ii. Hi:
metaph., ganga greipr e-m, to fall into one's clutches, Fs. 37, Fms. vi. 210; meir fyrir at at vr
vrum komnir greipr honum, Orkn. 88; ganga or greipum e-s, to slip from one's grasp; spcnna
grcipr, t o c la s p the hands: the phrase, lta greipr spa, um e-, to make a clean sweep, Grett. 127:
the name of a giantess, Edda. (J^jij Icel. distinguish between greip and neip (qs. gneip, the interval
between the otherngers).
greipa, a or t, to grasp, comprehend, Edda (in a verse): metaph., g. glaep, to commit, Am. 82.
grla, u, f. a r us ty, blunt knife, Snot 70.
gre-ligr, adj. = greiligr, Sks. 407 B.
grell-skapr, m. [Germ, groll~\, spite, Edda no.
gremi, f. [gramr], wrath, anger; gremi ins, Hkv. 1. 11: esp. of the gods, in the allit. phrase, goa
gremi legg ek vi, lgbrot ok goa gremi ok gria rof, Eg. 352; hann skal hafa goa gremi ok'
grinings-nafn, Fs. 54; gremi Gus, sl. ii. 382; Gu Drottins gremi, Grg. ii. 382, 383.
GREMJA, grami, [vide gramr; Ulf. gramjan = Trapopyifav; A. S. and Hel. gramian; Dan.
grmme; Swed. grama = to grieve] :-- to anger, provoke, esp. the wrath of the gods (God), to
offend the gods (by perjury or wickedness); greniu eigi go at r, Ls. 12; s gremr Gu at sr,
Hom. 86, 159; her gramit at r Maumet, Karl. 434; ok gremja sv Gu at sr ok alla ga
menn, Fms. xi. 364; ert her kominn at ley brra minna ok gremr sv go at r, Fas. ii. 69,
else rare gremr hann konunginn at ser (vexes the king) me vpna-gangi, Al. 42; hvat gremr ik lf
itt, quid le offendit vita tua, Hom. 12; gra lti r gfum hans, gremja svo mildi skaparans, Bb. I.
8. II. reex, t o get angry, be grieved; en ef it vildut at gra, munda ek ekki gremjask ykkr,
Fms. v. 238; fagna eirra fagnai er fgnu gra Gui, en grata hina er vi hann gremjask (those
who provoke him), D. i. 363 (to render the Lat. ~/? ere cum entibus): mod., mr gremsk a sj a,
it grieves me to see it,
gremja, u, f. fretting, annoyance, gremju-verr, adj. annoying.
GREN, n., gen. pl. grenja, a lair; gren er holur (of a snake), Stj. 93; varga gren, hafi lfrinn
dregit eitt lik inn grenit (lair, of a wolf), Mirm. 36: in Icel. only of a fox's lair, sem melrakki
greni, Nj. 198, Karl. 144, Sturl. i. 88; hann mun bta knnna nr greninu, Ld. 278. COMPDS:
grenja-leit, f. seeking a fox's lair. gren-smogin, part.; ta grensmogin, a fox with cubs.
greni, n. [gron], pine timber, greni-bor, n. a pine-wood board.
grenja, a, to h ow l, bellow, Eg. 486, Bs. i. 42, ii. 49, Fms. iii. 179, vi. 150, Konn. 82, Fas. ii. 484,
Edda 20, Mar. 116.
grenjan, f. bellowing, Fas. ii. 481; g. inna rgu dra, Post. 645. 73.
gren-lgja, u, f. =:grenskolli.
grenna, d, [grannr], to make thin, slender: reex, to become thin.
grennd, f. [granni], vicinity, Gl. 393, Js. 98, 100. grenndar-far, n. = lnisifjar, q. v., N. G. L. i. 40.
grenni, n., in na-grenni, neighbourhood, D. N.: the phrase, sv er mal me grenni (mod. svo er ml
me vexti), Fas. iii. 59.
gren-skolli, a, m. a fox in its earth, Fs. 48.
grenslan, f. enquiry; eptir-grenslan, investigation.
grenslask, a, dep. [granni], to pry int o, enquire, Grett. in.
greppi-liga, adv. = greypiliga, Fb. i. 530.
grepp-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), frowning, ugly, Faer. 9, Fs. 142.
GREPPR, m. [perhaps akin to garprl, a poet; g. cnn ungi, the young bard, Lex. Pot.; bijandi
hjartans grepp ininn gan, gra fyrir mig drpu-korn, Jn fjorl.; skald heita greppar, ok rtt er
skldskap at kenna sv hvern matin, Edda (Arna-Magn.) ii. 528. greppa-minni, n. a kind of metre,
Edda (Ht.); a kind of memorial verses, the questions in the rst half stanza, the responses in the
second, Edda (Ht.) 40. II. a strange creature, a monster; sr hann hvar gengr grcppr mikill (of a
giant), ykist hann kenna Dofra troll, Fb. i. 565; s eir ekki ltinn grepp (of a ghost) sur vi
garinn, ok var ar Klau ok hafi hfuit hendi sr, Sd. 160.
grr, m. [gra (?)], a twig(?), only used in mod. poet, circumlocution ot a man; geira grr, iirva
grt'r, etc.
gresja, a, [gras; Dan. grcesse~] , to graze: in the saying, ar er ekki um auugan gar a gresja, i.
e. there is little to be had.
gres-jrn, n. a kind of iron, Edda 34, Fas. iii. 240.
GRETTA, tt, esp. reex, grettask, to frown, make a wry face; hann skaut niarga vega augunum ok
gretti sik, Fb. i. 541: to frown, Fas. iii. 355' Stj. 459 (of a lion), Br. 35 new Ed.; g. um tennr, to
grin, El.
grettinn, adj. making wry faces, freq. in mod. usage.
grettir, in., poiit. a 'frowner, ' dragon, Edda: pr. name, Landn., whence Grettis-frsla, u, f. name of
a poem; Grettis-h. af, n. Grettir's lift, is in Icel. the popular name for giant boulders.
grettur, f. pl. wry faces: metaph., bna-grettnr, quarrels among neighbours (cp. mod. biia kritr),
655 xxi. 3; vina-grcltur, quarrels among friends, Frump.
GREY, n., pl. grey a, a greyhound; grcyjum sinum gullbond sncri, ]pkv. 6, Hm. joo (of a lap dog);
grey (a bitch) ykki im'r Freyja, Jb. ch. IO: mciaph. a paltry jelh. iv, coward; grey itt, Gsl. 68;
grey er bleyim:. r, Fagrsk.; grey er ttar-sknun, Mirm.; greyja atgangr, a dog-ght, Fms. viii.
308.
grey-baka, u, f. a bitch, jbir. 106.
GREYFA, , [grfa], to grovel, bow down will) the face to the earth, Fms. viii. 333 C: reex., Eg.
508, Fms. iii. 127, Fas. ii. 251.
grey-hundr, m. a greyhound, Fms. xi. IO.
grey-karl, m. a dogged churl, Br. 2.
grey-liga, adv. meanly, poorly, El. 101.
grey-ligr, adj. paltry.
grey-mennska, u, f. and grey-skapr, m. paltriness, Fas. iii. 64.
GREYPA, t, t o g r oo ve, Fb. i. 258, (si. ii. 462.
greypi-liga, adv. ercely, Fms. vi. 367, vii. 134, Sturl. i. 44 G, Vgl. 26, Fas. iii. 123.
greyping, f. a groove, N. G. L. ii. 110 (freq.)
greyp-leikr, m. erceness, Rum. 298.
greyp-ligr, adj. erce, fearful; g. langraeki, Hom. 143, Stj. 144; g- s(ir, fearfnl wounds, Fas. iii. 126.
GREYPR, adj. erce, cruel, Rm. 333, 346, Fms. x. 380, 385, Eg. 304; g. glaepr, a fearful crime,
Bs. ii. 117; g. hly'ni, 112.
grey-skapr, m. paltriness, Fms. ii. 61, Fs. 99, El. 580. i, Al. 46.
grey-st, n. a couple of hounds, Akv. ii.
GRI, n. [a Scandin. word, found in the Saxon Chron. year ion, and in the A. S. poem Byrnoth, but
in both passages it is a Danish, not a gaxon word].
A. Prop. a domicile, home, with the notion of service; segja mann af grii, to give one notice to
leave, Grg. i. 146; f e-m gri, to get one a situation, id.; ef mar her sr eigi gri (if a man has
no home, no livelihood), ok varar at tleg, id.; koma til gris, to come to (take up) service, 147;
iggja gri me e-m, to lodge with one, 160; taka gri me e-m, id., 149; vera grii me e-m, to be
in lodgings with one, N. G. L. i, 210; lg-gri, a lawful home, id.; bi snu er grii, one's
household or abode, Grg. i. 163; fara r grii, to leave service, ii. 144. COMPDS: gri-fang, n. the
taking a dwelling, Grg. i. 20. grifanga-dagr, m. = skildagi, Grg. ii. 468. gri-fastr, adj. having a
home, Lex. Pot. grika, u, f. = grikona, Grett. 148 A. gri-kona, a, f. a housemaid, Nj. 118, Fms.
viii. 243, Fs. 51, Grett. 148 A, Hrafn. 25, Grg. passim. gri-lauss, adj. homeless. gri-mar, m. a
'house-man,' servant, lodger, Grg. i. 35, 242, ii. 143. gri-taka, u, f. a hiring of servants, Grg. i.
153. gri-vist, f. lodging, Njar. 366.
B. In pl., metaph. a truce, peace, pardon; frir is the general word, gri the special, deriving its
name from being limited in time or space (asylum); rjfa gri, spilla grium, to break truce; setja
gri, to make truce; halda gri, to keep truce; mla fyrir grium, to say the truce formula, etc.,
Grg. ii. 165 sqq.: the phrase, gri ok fri, f-gri ok fjr-gri, truce for money and life, 168; segja
sundr grium, to declare the truce to be at an end, Sturl. iii. 317; lfs gri ok lima, safety for life and
limbs, Eb. 310; bija gria, to sue for quarter (in battle), Nj. 45; beia gria Baldri fyrir allskonar
hska, Edda 36; gefa e-m gri, to give one quarter (after a battle), Nj. 265; ganga til gria, to sue for
(take) pardon, Fms. vii. 245; eir beiddu gria (truce) einn dag til heimreiar, Eg. 279; kom hann
grium ok v nst sttum, Fms. i. 81: a sanctuary, asylum, eim er gri kirkjunnar r, K.
. 34. COMPDS: gria-beiandi, part. one who sues for peace, Grg. ii. 23. gria-brek, n. pl.
breach of truce, Grg. ii. 22. gria-gjf, f. a granting truce (life), Orkn. 456, Fms. ix. 524. gria-
lauss, adj. truceless, Germ. vogelfrei, Edda 40, Fas. iii. 391: neut., er allt var grialaust (truceless)
me mnnum, Eb. 234. gria-mark, n. a sign of truce, Edda 47. gria-ml, n. pl. truce
formularies, sl. ii. 379. Grg. ii. 165 sqq., Fms. vii. 62, gria-rof, n. pl. breach of truce, Grg. ii.
22, Eg. 352, Fas. i. 72. gria-sala, u, f. a granting truce, N. G. L. i. 177, Eg. 232. gria-setning and
gri-setning, f. truce-making, Sturl. ii. 159, Grett. ch. 77. gria-star, m. a sanctuary, asylum,
Edda 37, Gl. 179, Fas. ii. 63. gria-stund, f. a term of truce, Bret. gria-t, f. id., v.l. gri-btr,
m. a truce-breaker, Grg. ii. 166, O. H. L. 75. gri-ningr, m. a law term, a truce-breaker, Grg. ii.
167, Nj. 102, Orkn. 430. gri-samr, adj. peaceful, merciful, Fms. viii. 234. gri-spell, n. pl. breach
of truce, N. G. L. i. 254.
grii, a, m. a horseman, servant, Fb. ii. 335.
gri-ml, gri-sala, gri-setning, etc., vide gria- above.
Grikkir, m. pl. Greeks; Grk-land, mod. Grikk-land, n. Greece; Grikkja-konungr, m. the Greek
king; Grikklands-eyjar, f. pl. the Grecian Isles, 625. 64; Grikklands-haf, n. the Grecian
Archipelago, Fms. passim.
grikkr, m. [prob. from Engl. grig, cp. Johnson on this word], a juggle (mod. word); gra e-m grikk,
to play one a trick.
Grikskr, adj. Greek, passim; Grska, u, f. the Greek tongue; in old writers usually by metathesis,
girskr, etc.
grimd, f. grimness, erceness; sakir grimar er llvilja, Fms. i. 71; en eigi skorti hann spekt n
grimd, 117; grimdar-andi, breathing wrath, Stj. 288; grimdar-mla dagar, days of wrath, Stj. 642. 2
Kings xix. 3; grimdar-nttra, savage disposition, Mar. 604: grimdar-fullr, adj. savage, Fms. i.
207, Stj. 469: grimdar-hugr, m. ery mood, Fms. v. 271. II. metaph. a biting frost; var grimd sv
mikil at kli eirra freri, Fas. ii. 427: grimdar-frost, n. id., Bs. i. 381.
grimmask, d, (and a, Hv. 39), dep. to chafe, be furious; g. mti Gui, Fms. viii. 240; g. upp
heilaga kirkju, Thom. 6 (Ed.); hann byrsti sik ok grimmisk mjk (of a wild bear), Finnb. 248, Mar.
563; tan orbjrn, hann grimmask vi hann fyrir allt saman, Hv. l.c.; hvrt mun n reii
grimmask gegn llum mnnum, Stj. 329; grimmask e-n, to rage against one, Pr. 402.
grimm-eygr, adj. erce-eyed, Fms. ii. 20; better grunneygr, q.v.
grimm-hugar, adj. in a grim, erce humour, Fas. i. 178, Stj. 187.
grimm-leikr (-leiki), m. savageness, cruelty, Eg. 255, Nj. 176, Fms. x. 380, Hom. 42, Sks. 496, Stj.
256, Mar. passim.
grimm-leitr, adj. grim, stern-looking.
grimm-liga, adv. grimly, ercely, sternly, esp. in the phrase, hefna g., to take a fearful revenge, Fms.
i. 266, vii. 157, x. 221, Fas. i. 13; g. reir, fearfully angry, Anal. 240; grta g., to 'greit' sorely, Skv.
3. 25.
grimm-ligr, adj. 'grim-like,' erce, Eg. 305, Nj. 104, Hkr. i. 10, Fms. ii. 100, vi. 131: savage, Edda
19; g. atganga, a furious onslaught, Mar. 575; g. orrosta, Bret.; g. dmr, Fms. ii. 223: fearful, Fs. 17;
g. gnr, a fearful crash, Sl. 57.
grimm-lundar, adj. of grim temper, Fagrsk. 24.
GRIMMR, adj. [A. S., Engl., and Hel. grim; Dan. grim = ugly; in old Icel. writers this word
implies the notion of ferocity, sternness, wrath, but not of wanton cruelty, and seldom of ugliness as
in Engl., Dan., etc.] :-- grim, stern, horrible, dire, sore; grimmt er fall frnda at telja, 'tis grim to
tell of a kinsman's death, Stor. 10; grimt vrumk hli, a sore gap it was to me, 6; grta grimmum
trum, to weep grim, bitter tears, Hkv. 2. 43; mm grimmar ntr ve grim, miserable nights, Korm.
184 (in a verse); grimm or, lamentation, Gh. 1; hugak mr grimt svefni, I had a fearful dream,
Bkv. 16. 2. stern, savage, Lat. ferox; hn var allra kvenna grimmust ok skaphrust, Nj. 147; kafa-
mar mikill skapi, grimmr, r ok ftlr, Fms. i. 19; glamlt, undirhyggju-mar mikill, ok hin
grimmasta, 20; fyllask ens grimmasta hugar, to be lled with rage, 623. 25; g. hbjrn, a grim
bear, Grett. 100. 3. with dat. wroth; sv var hn orin grimm Brjni konungi, at ..., she hated him so
much, that ..., Nj. 269; hence in pot. phrases, baugum, vellum grimmr, f-grimmr, hodd-g., hating,
wasting gold, municent, Lex. Pot.: neut., me grimm, grimly, Fms. ii. 9; gjalda e-t grimmu, to
take grim revenge, 223. II. metaph., 1. with the notion of ugly, hideous; ljtt andlit ok grimmt ok
andstygt mannligu kyni, Sks. 539, (rare.) 2. piercing, of cold; sv sem kalt st af Niheimi ok allir
hlutir grimmir, Edda 4.
grimm-, f. ferocity; grimm-uigr, adj. furious, Fas. i. 32, Am. 55.
GRIND, f., pl. grindr, a lattice door, gate; lk ar grind jrnum, Fms. v. 331; eru garar hennar
forkunnar hr ok grindr strar, Edda 18; forn er s grind, en at fir vitu hve hn er ls um lokin,
Gm. 22; gest n geyja n grind hrekir, Hm. 136, Am. 36, Fsm. 9; lta hli ok grind fyrir er
hur, Grg. ii. 228; n ganga menn gegnum gars-hli skal s byrgjask er upp lkr grindum,
N. G. L. i. 41; hestrinn hljp sv hart yr grindina, at hann kom hvergi nir, id.; var grind fyrir
borghliinu ok lokin aptr, rr gkk grindina ok fkk eigi upp lokit, smugu eir milli spalanna,
30; Hel-grindr, the gates of Hel, Edda 38; s-grindr, the gates of the Ases, id.; n-grindr, the gates
of death, Skm. COMPDS: grindar-hli, n. a gate with a lattice, Fms. ii. 148. grindar-hll, m. a
peg to keep the gate fast, Gl. 383. grinda-sg, f. a saw (in a frame). grind-garr, m. a lattice
fence, Fs. 183. grind-hli, n. = grindarhli, Lv. 19. II. an enclosure, u. for ships, docks; liggja (of
ships) grindum, Hkv. 1. 49: pens for catching whales, hence the Dan. grinde-hval, grinde-fangst,
of catching whales by penning them in; esp. veia elgi (to catch elks) grum ea grindum, Gl.
449: of store-houses, folds, fullar grindir, full-stocked folds, Hm. 77; f byrgt grindum, sheep
penned, Eg. 375; honum var sagt at f allt vri heilt grindum ok sakat, Fas. i. 71: lattice work,
fjrar grindr ltr hann gra me fjrum hornum, ok nu reita rstr rndr alla vega t fr
grindunum, Fr. 183, 184; lt gra grind um tan um legsteininn, Fms. viii. 237: in compds, beina-
grind, a skeleton; dn-grind, q.v.: a gridiron, grinda-brau, n. bread baked on a gridiron, Dipl.,
Vm.
grip, n. a grip, grasp; upp-grip, plenty to take, abundance; -grip, q.v.; yr-grip, compass: medic.
spots on the skin, believed to be the nger-prints or marks of goblins or demons, Fl.
grip-deildir, f. pl. rapine, robbery, N. G. L. i. 20, Gl. 473, Fms. i. 221, vi. 218.
gripla, a, to grope; fara griplandi hendi eptir, Gl. 46.
griplur, f. pl. groping; henda griplur til e-s, to grope after, Eluc. 22; griplur er sem hendi , Mkv.
2: gloves without ngers, mittens. II. name of an epic Rmur in parchment, a dimin. = Rmur af
Hrmundi Gripssyni.
GRIPR, m., gen. ar, pl. ir, [akin to grpa, to hold, seize, cp. A. S. gripe = manipulus] :-- prop.
anything possessed; n hafa tveir menn vemltan einn grip bir,, Grg. i. 412; hross er skip er
ara gripi, 437; alla gripi er menn eiga saman, hvrt sem at er akr ea eng ea ara hluti, Gl.
505. 2. value, money's worth; hann kva verra grip (of less worth) enn hann tlai, Nj. 73; yr
er ekki happ at drepa hann, ok engi gripr at hafa hann brott, not worth one's while to drive him
away, Fms. vii. 218; enn rija hlut hann ann er mikill gripr er , Edda 15; epli au er henni
munu gripir ykkja, 46; gripum smiligum ok lndum, ... eim gripum er engi vri minna en
tu aura verr, Sturl. iii. 293: gripa-tak, n. seizure of property, Grg. ii. 196, Gull. 19. 3. esp. in pl.
costly things, pretiosa; klnar ru ok gripir, Eg. 158; hann skyldi ok kaupa gripi til handa henni
sv at engi jafnfj kona tti betri gripi, Ld. 132; kli, vpn, ok annars-konar gripi, Fms. vi. 182;
hann gaf sinn grip hverjum eirra, Gull. 9, 19; hsbna ok klna ok ga gripi, Fb. ii. 186;
kost-gripr and kjr-gripr, a costly thing, Fs. 43; dr-gripr, a jewel; spilla gripum snum, to spoil
one's own things, 51: gripa-kista, u, f. a jewel chest, Sturl. ii. 108 C: grip-auigr, adj. rich in
precious things, Ld. 154. II. in mod. usage esp. of cattle, stock; gangandi gripir, live stock, Bjarn.
22; str-gripr, great cattle (cows, horses), opp. to smali, small cattle (sheep). III. a pr. name, Landn.
gripr, m. [Germ. griff], a vulture, ir. 92.
GR, f. frantic eagerness; gr, eagerly: grar-liga (gru- liga, Mag. 99, Ed.), adv. eagerly:
grar-ligr, adj. eager. II. mythol. Grr, f. a giantess; Grar-vlr, m., Edda 60.
GRMA, u, f. [A. S. grma; Dan. grime = a horse's halter], a kind of hood or cowl covering the
upper part of the face, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 304, r. 30; rr Bari at Snorra Goa ok her grmu
hfi sr, sl. ii. 378, Mirm. 58. . armour covering a horse's breast, a poitrail; en utan yr beisli
ok um allt hfu hestsins ok um hls framan ok til suls skal vera g. gr panzara lund, Sks.
405: the beak on a ship, gyldar grmur, Gkv. 2. 16: grmu-eir, m. a Norse law term, a kind of oath
taken by six compurgators, an GREEK, N. G. L. i. 56 (vide eir); the origin of the name is
uncertain, perhaps the compurgators had to appear in court in cowls: grmu-mar, m. a cowled
man, a man in disguise, Fb. i. 509, Fas. iii. 321, N. G. L. i. 175. II. metaph. the night, pot., Alm.
31, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot.; rar grma, a night of woe, Stor. 18; so in the saying, hverf er haust-
grma, shifty is the autumn night, Hm. 73: curious is the phrase, a renna e-n tvr grmur, one
wavers, is uncertain, a runnu mig tvr grmur; the metaphor is either derived from a horse's
halter or hood = doubly hoodwinked or from the night = in double darkness. UNCERTAIN Grmr
and Grmnir are names of Odin from his travelling in disguise, Edda: Grmr also is freq. a masc. pr.
name, and in compds, or-grmr, s-grmr, Stein-grmr, Hall-grmr, etc.; and of women Grma,
Hall-grma, etc.; prexed in Grm-kell, Grm-lfr, etc.: a serpent is in poetry called grmr.
GRPA, greip, gripu, gripit, [Ulf. greipan = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. grpan; Engl. grip, gripe,
grapple; O. H. G. grfan; Germ. greifen; Swed. gripa; Dan. gribe] :-- to grasp, seize: 1. with the
notion of suddenness or violence; hann greip skjld sinn ok sver, . H. 117; konungr greip til
svers ess er st hj honum, Fms. i. 16, vi. 159; Egill kastai egar nir horninu, en greip sverit
ok br, Eg. 215; Egill greip skjtt mealkaa sversins, 379; san greip hann til Egils, 192;
hann greip upp r ok keyri nir, id.; Ormr grpr mti eininum, Fb. i. 530; hann greip upp
beiti-sinn ok bari me, 491; hann greip til hans (the dog snaps at him) um sinn ok reif kviinn,
Fms. ii. 174; hann grpr nrann, Anal. 122. 2. to capture, seize; gripinn, and gripinn hndum,
captured, Hom. 131, Pass. 6. 12, 9. 1, 11. 1. . to seize upon, rob; at er mr sagt at farir heldr
spaklega ok grpir fyrir mnnum gs sitt, Grett. 130 (grip-deildir). . to grasp; hann greip
stafni, Hm. 27. 3. phrases, grpa gulli vi e-n, to coax one; at sv ykki (lest it shall seem) at ek
grpa gulli vi , Nj. 6; ok grp n gulli vi konunginn, ok lt sem ykisk ar allt eiga er
konungrinn er, Fms. xi. 112; grpa klinu, to touch upon the sore place; Eysteinn konungr svarar,
n greiptu klinu v er ek huga at fyrir lngu myndi springa, vii. 121: grpa tmt, to grasp the
air (cp. when the bird is own): grpa e-u, to decide; hann kvask ekki mundu sv skjtt grpa
slku, he said he would take time to consider, xi. 362. 4. medic. of ts or sickness, to seize upon; itt
ge grpi, seize thy senses (of insanity)! Skm.; var hann gripinn af i mikilli, 623. 12. II.
metaph. to understand, very rare and borrowed from Lat. comprehendere, Sks. 559 C, Eluc. 21: in
mod. usage, to grasp, encompass with the mind; but nema, to learn. III. reex., grpask eir til
(they grasped at one another) ok glma lengi, Fb. i. 530.
GRSS, m., pl. ir, gen. ar, Odd. 28, [Swed.-Dan. gris; Scot. grice], a young pig; gyltar grss, a
sucking pig, Fs. 107; gyltr ok grss, Gull. 60, Fs. Vd. ch. 44, Grg. i. 504, Jb. 287, Sd. 163: the
saying, grsir gjalda ess er gmul svn valda, cp. quidquid delirant reges plectuntur Achivi, Stj. 63;
gnyja mundu grsir ef eir vissi hvat hinn gamli yldi (ef galtar bl vissi, v.l.), Fas. i. 282: of a
young wild pig, Fb. ii. 25: grsa-gyltr, f. a sow with pigs, Vm. 85; grsar-hfu, n. a pig's head,
Odd. 28. 2. a pr. name, Landn.; cp. Grsar-tunga, name of a farm, 71. II. [as in Norse, vide Ivar
Aasen], gener. a pig; er gamlir grsir (old swine) skyldi halda mr at hfubeinum, Grett. (in a
verse); as also the Icel. grs-edr, adj. strong as a grs (a hog ?), i.e. prodigiously strong, of great
muscular strength; this word however, which is freq. in mod. usage, is not recorded in old writers,
but it occurs in Lex. Run.
GRJN, n. pl. [Swed.-Dan. gryn], groats, Edda (Gl.), Gl. 524: grjna-grautr, m. a porridge of
groats.
grjn-bakr, m. 'groat-back,' a nickname, Fms.
GRJT, n. [A. S. gret; Engl. grit; Hel. griot; O. H. G. grioz; Low Germ. grott = gravel; Germ.
greis, meaning gravel, shingle, pebbles, or the like; cp. also Engl. to grout = to build a wall of
rubble with liquid mortar poured in; the Icel. grautr (q.v.) and grtr (q.v.) are also kindred] :--
stones, but chiey with the notion of rough stones or rubble in a building, etc.; grjt, like Engl. grit,
is a collective word, and is consequently never used in plur.; a single stone is called steinn, not
grjt; velta grjti, to roll stones, Gs. 12; n er grjt at at gleri orit, Hdl. 10; grjt (quarry) at er til
kirkna arf at hafa, N. G. L. i. 240; hann lt ok gra h-altarit me grjt, Bs. i. 830; telgt grjt, cut
stones, Stj. 564; rata munn ltumk grjt gnaga, Hm. 106; hljp ofan skria mikil me grjti, Anal.
64; vera at grjti, to be turned into stones, Edda 89; eir bru grjt rtina, Gull. 50; torf ea
grjt, Grg. ii. 262; eir ruddu hitt ok bru ar grjt (sinking a ship), Eg. 125; dys r grjti, Ld.
152; berja grjti, to stone, Gsl. 34; vru au barin grjti hel, id.; s engin lkindi Dana-virkis,
nema grjti, but the heaps of stones, Fms. i. 28; konungr hugi at grjtinu ok s ar rautt allt, xi.
239; sv at ess mtti eigi sj merki, nema at eina er grjti var rautt eptir, 241 (of the shingle on
the beach); hvrt sem vill, af heitu grjti er kldu, Sks. 421; lmsett grjt, lime-set stones in a wall,
Orkn. 352 (in a verse); lt jarl bera vatn at kla grjti at er brunnit var, id., (in a siege in order to
make the walls crack, see Notes and Queries, Nov. 21, 1868); berjask me skotum ok grjti (in a
battle), Fs. 14; grjt ok skot, stones and missiles, Fms. vii. 82; eir hfu bori at sr grjt ok bru
, ba ess er grjti eyddisk, Sturl. ii. 59: of bricks, Stj. 264: in poetry, lna grjt, the stones of
the wrist, = jewels; skja-grjt, 'cloud-stones,' hail; grjt ora, munns, the stones of words, of the
mouth, i.e. the teeth: giants are called grjt-niar, grjt-mi, grjt-ld, the stone people, people
of the Stone Age, Lex. Pot.; Grjt-unn, name of a giantess (cp. Steinunn, a female name), whence
Grjtunnar-garar, a giant's castle, Edda: collectively in compds, -grti, bl-grti, str-grti, rough
stones; hraun-grti, lava. COMPDS: grjt-berg, n. quarry, Fms. viii. 278, Bs. i. 890. grjt-bjrg,
n. pl. rocks, Vsp. 52. grjt-bjrn, m. a pun, = Arinbjrn, Ad. grjt-brot, n. a stone hoe, Vm. 92,
117. grjt-burr, m. throwing showers of stones (in a ght), Sturl. ii. 136. grjt-fall, n. raining
stones, Ann. 1362. grjt-aug, f. a stone shower (in a ght), Fms. vi. 156, x. 361, Fas. ii. 449, Fs.
17, Al. 46, Bs. i. 412. grjt-utning, f. carrying stones, Fms. viii. 279. grjt-garr, m. a stone
fence, Grg. ii. 282, Jb. 242: a pr. name, Fms. grjt-hagl, n. stone-hail, Stj. 369. grjt-haugr, m. a
heap of stones, a cairn, Stj. 364. Josh. vii. 26, 655 xiv. B. 2. grjt-hla, n. a stone pavement, Hkr.
ii. 5. grjt-hlass, n. a load of stones, N. G. L. i. 415. grjt-hll, m. a stone mound, stone heap,
Hrafn. 21, Finnb. 314. grjt-hr, f. a shower of stones (in battle), Fms. ix. 514, xi. 95. grjt-hrgr,
m. a stone altar (heathen, vide hrgr): a stone heap = grjthaugr, Sturl. ii. 223 C, where Ed.
grjthaugr. grjt-kast, n. throwing stones, Fas. iii. 243, Bs. i. 412. grjt-klettr, m. a boulder, Bs. ii.
134. grjt-ligr, adj. stony, inty, Fms. x. 445, Mar. 609. grjt-meistari, a, m. a stone-mason, B. K.
124. grjt-ml, f. 'stone-grit,' gravel, pebbles, Stj. 67. grjt-pll, m. a stone hoe: metaph., vera e-s
g., to break stones for one, do a stone-breaker's work; eir vru knligir menn ok vru mjk
grjtplar fyrir bi svfrs, Ld. 122; en Halli var grjtpll fyrir mlum hans, Valla L. 205. grjt-
skria, u, f. a stone slip, Ann. 1337. grjt-smir, m. a stone-mason, B. K. 124, Bs. i. 830. grjt-
sm, f. stone masonry. grjt-starf, n. stone work, Stj. 562. grjt-sveinn, m. a stone-mason's lad,
D. N. grjt-ssla, u, f. = grjtstarf, D. N. grjtrugr, adj. stony, Barl. 18. grjt-vari, a, m. a stone
pile, obelisk, Dropl. 23. grjt-varp, n. = grjthr, Lex. Pot.
grjpan, n. a sausage, Orkn. (in a verse), still in use in the east of Icel., [cp. grupa = to hatch or
grind, Ivar Aasen.]
grobba, a, (grobb, n.), to boast: grobbari, a, m. a boaster.
Grotti, a, m. the mythical mill in Edda; whence Grotta-sngr, m. name of a poem; also in local
names Grotti, a current near to Reykjavk; akin to Engl. grit, groats, cp. also Ivar Aasen s. v. grtte
(the nave in a mill-stone); the tale of the enchanted mill grinding gold and salt etc. at the bottom of
the sea is common to all Teutons (vide Edda), and survives in popular tales of Germany, Norway,
and Iceland: the sea is called Skerja-grotti, Skerry-grinder, Edda (in a verse).
GRA, greri, grinn, pres. gr (gr), [A. S. growan; Engl. grow; Swed. gro; Dan. groe; cp. Lat.
cre-scere, crev-i] :-- to grow: I. of grass, trees, vegetation; var grund grin grnum lauki, Vsp.
4; vii grin, grown with wood (of the earth), Edda 65 (in a verse); jr grr, the earth grows, Eg.
(in a verse), sl. ii. 381; gras grr, grass grows; grandi grs, Sks. 728 B; grr gras eirri
moldu er efst er jrunni, Edda 145 (pref.); gra ok vaxtask (of the earth), Stj. 38: absol. to grow,
ann vetr var vertta g, ok greyri snemma um vrit, the winter was mild, and early crops in the
spring, Fms. ii. 244; er llu korni nir s, enda mun llt af gra, Nj. 174. II. to grow together, to
close; var einart ak hsinu ok ekki grit, a fresh thatch (of turf) and not yet set, Ld. 280; en um
morguninn var hann grinn aptr sem r, the opening (in a cairn) had grown together as before,
Br. 180; ok sem annarr grr (unites, joins to) vi meginland, kemr annarr hlmi , Sks. 94;
hfu konungsins var grit vi bolinn, Nj. 275. 2. to be healed, of wounds; sr hans grru seint,
Korm. 130; tku sr rlfs at gra, Eg. 34; at sr greri sv, at ..., Fs. 153; en hann l lengi srum
ok greri seint, ok rifnuu aptr er grin vru, Gull. 31: cp. the saying, betra heilt en grit, better
hale than healed: absol., ok greyri egar fyrir stnn, Nj. 275; grr fyrir tungu-stnn, Fms. v. 152;
nglfr l srum vetr enna, ok greri yr at kalla, Ingolf's wounds were outwardly healed, Fs. 67:
mod. gen., grinn sra sinna, healed of one's wounds, Fms. iv. 164, Grett, 82: the phrase, gra um
heilt, to be quite healed; skera eir af grandit allt at um heilt megi gra, Al. 120: metaph. to be
reconciled, at um heilt mtti gra me eim, Fms. xi. 57; han fr greri aldrei um heilt me eim
Glmi ok Esphlingum, Glm. 348.
Gra or Gr, f. a pr. name, Landn., cp. Edda 58 (the giantess mother of rvandil, Orion); cp.
Swed. groda, Norse gro = a toad, paddock,
gr-andi, f. the growing one, pot. the earth, Alm. 11.
gri, a, m. 1. = grr; ess vondr skyldi gra taka, Post. 686 B. 13. 2. increase; skal gri
(swell, ood) koma bi sj ok vtn (vatna-vxtr), Rb. 104: mod. usage distinguishes between
grr, growth, and gri, gain, increase of wealth. gra-mar, m. a prosperous, wealthy man.
grr, m., gen. grrar, [Dan. afgrde; Swed. grda = crop], growth, a crop; fundu eir
Gibeytla ok annan grr (vegetation), Landn. 226; hverr mar grr snu landi, Grg. ii. 291,
cp. Jb. 248 C. (Ed. vxt); en at mijum vetri blta til grrar, Hkr. i. 13; grrum ok grnum
grsum, Stj. 276: metaph., andlegs grrar, Hom. 45: summer, Edda (Gl.)
grr-samr (grrsam-ligr, Barl. 10), adj. fertile, Sks. 40, Ver. 2.
grr-setja, tt, to plant; g. vngar, Stj. 344, Greg. 10, Mar. 12.
grr-vnligr, adj. healable, Fas. iii. 139.
GRF, f. [grafa; Ulf. grba; Germ. grube], a pit, Nj. 153, Grett. 94; eld-grf, an ash-pit, Eb. 99
(v.l.) new Ed.; hnakka-grf, the pit in the nape of the neck; hljp hann san me reykinum grf
(grf?) nokkura ok hvldi sik, ok er at san kllut Kra-grf, Nj. 202.
grfr, adj. [from Germ. grob], coarse, of clothes, linen, (mod. and rare.)
GRMR, m. (mod. grm, n.), grime, dirt; metaph. a blot, dirty spot; er menn hugu at ei
eim, tti sem g. (blot) hefi verit, Grett. 161 A. COMPDS: grm-lauss, adj. spotless, single-
hearted, Greg. 19; heyrit r hvat karlinn segir, eigi er hann grmlauss, he suspects something, Nj.
143. grm-tekinn, part. soiled with dirt, of linen or the like.
grna, a, to become green, Bb. 1. 21.
grp, f. a groove.
GRPA, a, to groove, a joiner's term.
grska, u, f. [Germ. grsch], a kind of barley, Edda (Gl.)
gru, n. grovelling.
GRUFLA, a, (gra, Mar.), to grovel on all fours; Jnathas gruai heldr en gkk, Stj. 452. 1
Sam. xiv. 13; gruar hn af lknum, sl. ii. 340, Bs. i. 331, Pr. 412; Grmr gruar eptir knettinum,
Fas. iii. 530: ganga gruandi a e-u, to go grovelling, groping after a thing.
grugg, n. mud, dregs. grugg-ttr, adj. muddy, Fas. i. 142.
GRUNA, a, to suspect; mun Hrtr hlja, ok mun hann ekki gruna ik, Nj. 33; vera grunar
um svik, Fms. i. 59; engi mar frr r vits en meirr ert grunar um grsku, Sturl. i. 105; grunar
var hann um at at hann mundi blta mnnum, Fs. 28; Grettir grunai hann, G. trusted him not,
Grett. 138 A; tla ek at eir ha grunat mik, Lv. 8l; eigi skulu r gruna oss, 656 C. 39; var
mir gruna, Hom. 56; n grunar hann at at eir vili eigi heilar sttir vi hann, Grg. ii. 21; en
eigi gruna ek at, tt ..., sl. ii. 183; tla ek at eir ha grunat mik, Lv. 81; sem skalt eigi g., as
thou shall not doubt, Fb. i. 34; ekki grunum vr (we doubt not) llvilja yvarn, 412: en til ess at
megir eigi gruna sgn mna hr um, Fms. i. 192; orkell trell grunar nokku hvrt annig mun
farit hafa, Ld. 58. 2. impers., grunar mik enn sem fyrr, at ..., Eg. 76; n em ek at raun komin um at
er mik her lengi grunat, Nj. 17; en hann grunai , at ..., Ld. 306: with gen. of the thing, slks
grunai mik, I suspected that, Lv. 81: with acc. of the thing, hvat grunar ik (what thinkest thou),
hverr skp Adam? Mirm.; grunar mik um (I doubt) hversu heilla-drjgr hann verr, Grett. 72 new
Ed.
grunan, f. suspecting one, Lv. 21; (grununa, qs. grununina.)
grun-brusligr, adj. suspicious looking, ill-favoured, Finnb. 338 C.
GRUND, f. [prob. to be derived from gra, qs. grandi, and different in etymology from grunn and
Engl. ground, etc.] :-- a green eld, grassy plain; grundunni, Sd. 165; ar heitir Haugsnes er
bardaginn var ofan fr grundinni, Sturl. iii. 84, Clar. 134; n setjask eir nir grundina, Gsl.
107: pot. the earth, the green earth, grund grin grnum lauki, Vsp. 4, Vm. 16, Haustl. 15: the
name of a farm, Greneld, Sturl., Landn.
grunda, a, = gruna, to suspect, Gsl. 133. 2. [Germ. ergrnden], to meditate, (rare and mod. in that
sense.)
grundan, f. meditation. Fas. iii. 247.
grundr, n. = grunr; in the phrase, grafa grund at e-u, to enquire into a thing; v gref ek sv mikinn
grund hverr ert, Konr. (Fr.); hann lt mjk grund at grafa (Ed. gefa) um eptirleitina, Fas. iii. 300.
grund-valla, a, to found, Fms. i. 139, Mar. 12, Stj. 26, Fb. i. 513.
grund-vllr, m. [cp. Goth. grunduvaddjus = GREEK; mid. H. G. gruntwal; Dan. grundvold]: 1.
prop. ground marked out for a building, marka grundvll til hss (kirkju), Ld. 298, Fms. i. 203,
Korm. 8, Sks. 110, Orkn. 286, Stj. 134. 2. metaph. ground-plan, Mar. 12; setja grundvll Kristni
sinnar, Hom. 147; tlf postular eru grundvllr undir vrri tr, Mar. 12; er ltillti sannr grundvllr
undir llum mannkostum, id.; Kristiliga tr vera grundvll ok upphaf gra verka, Gl. viii. (pref.);
ann grundvll, er upphaf er allrar speki, Sks. 4; af essum grundvllum timbrask enar mestu
hfu-gfur, 26; or er erendi, er tekin eru af mannvits grundvelli, which are founded on good
sense, 438; reisa hs af grundvelli, to raise a building from the ground, Fms. vi. 440. grundvallar-
mar, m. a founder, Anecd. 66.
grun-lauss, adj. unsuspecting; grunlaust i, a guileless mind, Ad. 2; eigi er mr at grunlaust, I
am not without misgivings, Grett. 159 A, Fas. i. 129; tra Gui grunlaust, to put one's trust in God,
. T. 37; vera grunlauss af e-u, to be unsuspected, above suspicion, Mar.
GRUNN, n. [A. S. grund; Engl. ground; Germ. grund, whence mod. Swed.-Dan. grund] :-- a
shallow, shoal; grunn, aground; en er eir Erlendr vru mjk sv komnir at landi, rru eir
grunn, Fms. i. 212; skip Gregorii sveif upp grunn; hann kom akkeri skip eirra ok dr af
grunninu, vii. 264, 265; gengu skipin mikinn t yr grunnit, . H. 17; ok er eir komu t yr grunn
ll, undu eir segl, Grett. 94 A; standa grunn, to be aground, Stj. 59, Grg. ii. 358; ganga grunn, to
come to an end (metaph.), Fms. xi. 439; silfr at gekk aldri grunn, Fr.; fundning essi reis af
gmlu grunni villunnar, Karl. 548.
grunn-eygr, adj. goggle-eyed: mod. teygr, 'out-eyed,' opp. to inneygr, 'in-eyed,' Fms. ii. 20.
grunn-fall, n. a breaker on a shoal, Nj. 267, Eg. 405, Bs. i. 453, ii. 50.
grunn-fastr, adj. fast aground, Bs. ii. 48.
grunn-ri, n. shoals left by the ebb tide, Nj. 124 (Lat. Ed.), v.l.
grunn-fri, n. pl. anchor-tackle, a cable; draga upp g., to weigh anchor, Fms. ii. 17; urfti hit
mikla skip gra grunnfra, vi. 310; skip au er fest vru me grunnfaerum, x. 68.
grunn-hygginn, adj. shallow-minded, silly, Fas. ii. 337.
grunn-hyggni, f. silliness, Fas. ii. 354.
grunn-lauss, adj. boundless; grunnlaust grepps i, a boundless poetical mind, (or grunlaust, q.v.),
Ad. 2.
grunn-lendi, n. a thin or shallow soil, Barl. 18.
grunn-ml, n. shallow soundings in the sea.
grunn-mi, n. pl. sh marks upon shoal places or near the shore.
GRUNNR, m. [the Goth. form would be grundus; Ulf. afgrundia = GREEK; akin to grunn, n.] :--
the bottom of sea or water; draga e-n til grunns, to drag one to the bottom, Al. 174; fr ngullinn til
grunns, Edda 36; langskipin sukku grunn nir, Anal. 203: plur., san fr hann nir til grunna, then
he sank down to the bottom, Bs. i. 355; en jafnskjtt er hann kom til grunna, id.; nir grunnum
sjlfu sjvar-djpinu, Stj. 288; hann kafai nir til grunna, Eg. 142; skkva til grunna (metaph.), to
come to naught, Symb. 19; segja menn at hann lysti af honum hfuit vi grunninum, Edda (Arna-
Magn.) i. 170, is a false reading instead of vi hrnnunum (Ub.), cp. hlusta grunn vi hrnnum, Hd.
(Edda 54), of which poem the prose is a paraphrase.
grunnr, adj., compar. grynnri (gryri), superl. grynnstr, [Swed.-Dan. grund], shallow; vail-sund
nokkut grunnt, Eg. 362; sgu hat baei grunnt ok myrkt, Al. 170; gryra, shallower, Bs. i. 342;
vatnfll tvau hvrtki gryra en tk mija su, 349: metaph., standa grunnt, to be shallow; vintta
okkur stendr grunnt, Eg. 520; grunuu at vintta eirra mundi vera heldr grunn, Fms. xi. 108: in
local names, Grunna-vk, f. whence Grunn-vkingr, m. a man from G., Landn.
grunn-slir, f. shoals.
grunn-stiglar, part. hard frozen, Fbr. 36: mod. botn-frosinn.
grunn-sliga, adv. foolishly, Fms. vi. 295.
grunn-sligr, adj. shallow-sighted, foolish, Hkr. iii. 112.
grunn-sr, adj. shallow-witted, foolish, Bjarn. 39; opp. to djpsr.
grunn-svi, n. shallow water, Fas. ii. 316, Nj. 124, Fb. i. 539, 541.
grunnungr, m. [Germ. grndling; Ivar Aasen grunnung; from grunnr] :-- a groundling, a sh that
lives in shoal water, Edda (Gl.); in mod. usage called ara-skr.
grunn-igr, adj. shallow-minded, sl. ii. 339.
grunn-ligr, adj. thin-witted, Nirst. 7.
grunn-gi, f. shallowness, credulity, Fas. ii. 354, Am. 70.
GRUNR, m., pl. ir, [the forms grundr (q.v.) and grunda (q.v.) seem to indicate a double nal, viz.
grunnr and grunna; as to the sense, suspicion may be metaph. derived from a shoal or ground, and
grunr may be akin to grunn, grunnr; else phrases such as grafa grun could scarcely be explained: no
special word answering to grunr appears in the Saxon or Germ.] :-- suspicion, Grg. i. 263, Ld. 262,
Lv. 21, Fms. i. 58, ii. 87, x. 335, Hkr. ii. 267: the phrase, grafa grun um e-t, to 'dig the ground' for
a thing, to suspect, Bs. i. 871.
grun-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), suspicious looking, Fms. ii. 84, vii. 2; g. mefer, Mar. 34.
grun-samr, adj. suspected; hafa e-n grunsaman, Fms. vi. 20.
grun-sem (-semi), f. suspicion, H. E. i. 506, Magn. 484, Orkn. 162, Bs. i. 871, Str. 8, 13.
grunsemar-lauss, adj. free from suspicion, H. E. ii. 111.
gra, , to swarm; in the phrase, a ir af grir af e-u, it swarms and crowds.
GRFA, , [Swed. grufva; Ivar Aasen gruva; and metaph. the Dan. gru = horror, cp. Germ.
grulich = shocking] :-- to grovel, crouch or cower down, lie on one's face; hann grfi at eldinum,
Fs. 100; hann grr nir at orgrmi, Hv. 56; ltum oss ei sem gyltur grfa, let us not grovel as
swine, let us go upright, Bb. 3. 92; Dagon grfi gln frammi fyrir rkinni, Stj. 435. 1 Sam. v. 3:
denoting fear, to crouch, cower, heiingjar allir hrkkvask saman, ok grfa skjldu sna and
cowered beneath their shields, Karl. 246; grfa eir nir undir hjlma sna ok brynjur, 188; tku
eir at grfa undir hjlmum ok skjldum, 296.
grfa, u, f., in the phrase, grfu, to lie grovelling, to lie face down, on one's belly; symja grfu,
to swim on one's belly, Sks. 177, Eg. 107, Fms. vii. 250, Fas. iii. 573, N. G. L. i. 80, Stj. 435, v.l.,
Art. 73, opp. to opinn (mod. upp lopt, face up); liggr grfu ok horr upp nef, a riddle of a 'ladle;'
opinn ea grfu, Karl. 259. 2. [cp. gruvesten = hearth-stone, gruva = the hearth, chimney, and
gruve-hynna = the chimney-corner, Ivar Aasen]: whence s-gri, an ash-pit, Fas. i. (in a verse).
GRI, a, m. [gra], a crowd, swarm, prob. akin to grfa; metaph. from ants, insects, maggots, or
the like: in compds, mann-gri, a crowd of men.
grtr, m., gen. ar, thick gruel-like oil.
grybba, u, f. an ugly hag: grybbuligr, adj.
gryfja, u, f. a hole, pit, Stud. i. 83 C, orst. Su H. 176.
grylla, t, to see dimly, as through a cloud, a gryllir til lands: impers. to recollect dimly, mig gryllir
til pess.
grynna, t, [grunnr], impers. to become shallow; grynnir dalinn (acc.), the dale became shallow, less
deep, in advancing higher up in a dale, Br. 173: reex., id., Bs. i. 355; er grynntisk yr at
landinu, Fms. viii. 170: metaph., kostr okkarr grynnisk, Bs. ii. 133: in mod. usage freq. act. and
absol., a grynnir, fer a grynna.
grynningar, f. pl. shoals, shallows, Sks. 224.
grfa, , = grfa, Fms. viii. 332.
gr-liga, adv. [grfa; Germ. grulich; Dan. gruelig; Swed. grulig; Ivar Aasen gruvaleg] :-- prop.
'grovellingly,' metaph. shockingly, Fb. ii. 26.
grja, , [Swed. grya; Dan. grye = to dawn], to dawn: in Icel. the verb grja is not used, but can be
supposed from the following grjandi; cp. the Germ. der tag graut, Gthe's Faust.
grj-andi, f. [Dan. gry = dawn; Swed. gryning], dawn, the rst grey of daylight; grjandina, in the
grey of morning, an GREEK, Fms. (Sverr. S.) pref. xxii. to p. 398.
GRLA, u, f. an ogre, answering to the Gr. GREEK, Lat. lamia, used to frighten children with,
represented as an old hag with a bag kidnapping and devouring naughty children -- over the good
she has no power: the songs Grlu-kvi, n. (vide Snt 286-298, 2nd Ed.), are great favourites in
popular lore: in olden times grla was sometimes described as a fox with many tails; the fox is in
Edda (Gl.) called grla; a giantess also in Edda (Gl.) is so called; cp. the rhymes in Sturl. ii. 59, --
hr fer Grla gar ofan | ok her sr hala mtn; and the mod., -- Grla rei fyrir ofan gar,
hafi hala mtn | en hverjum hala hundra belgi, en hverjum belgi brn tuttugu, etc. II. a
bugbear; ekki hiri ek um grlur yrar, r. 26 new Ed.; tti eir hafa grt sr grlur um sumarit,
Sturl. iii. 244; hv mun ek eigi fara hina skemri leiina ok hrask ekki grlur Bruna, Fas. ii. 118;
klluu menn v enn fyrra hlut (of a book) grlu, at margir tluu at efnaisk nokkurr tti er
hrsla, ... en mundi skjtt nir falla ok at alls engu vera, Fb. ii. 534. For the mod. popular tales of
Grla see esp. sl. js. i. 218-221.
GRTA, tt, [grjt], to stone; g. e-n, to stone one to death, Landn. 236, Fms. v. 222, vi. 408, Stj.
256; g. at e-m, e-n, to pelt one with stones, Fs. 36, 37, Eg. 581, Fms. i. 218, vii. 82, Hm. 26, Stj.
402.
grta, u, f. [grjt; Dan. gryde; Swed. gryta], a pot (earthen), Stj. 317, Fms. vii. 232; the MS. Gloss.
1812 renders the Lat. olla by grta. grytu-ker, n. = grta, Greg. 34, Hom. 83.
grting, f. a pelting with stones, stoning, 415. 13, Mar. 17.
grttr, adj. stony, Hrafn. 4.
gr, f. [grr], malice, Sturl. ii. 178.
GRA, dd, [grr]: I. to make grow, to plant, Barl. 99; gra tnnina hundinn, Bs. ii. 148: to
produce, jr s er grddi orna ok istla, Eluc. 45; marga mjk ga hluti grir heimr sj til
vrra nytja, 677. 11. 2. to gain, make money; hann grddi ar brtt mikit f, Ld. 100, 102, Band. 1,
Grett. 61 new Ed.; grddi hann f, Landn. 141. 3. reex. to increase; Gu lt alla hans eigu
mikilliga grask, Stj. 198; grddisk heldr vindrinn, the wind increased, Grett. 113 new Ed.; hafi
mikit grsk (the money had much increased) mean hann var brottu, Nj. 10, Fs. 131: in mod.
usage also absol., gra, to make money: a dairy term, gra and gra sik, to give more milk; or
adding the measure, hn (the cow) her grtt mrk. II. to heal; konungr lt g. menn sna er lfs var
auit, Eg. 34; g. sjka, Post. 686 B. 1, Nirst. 2; san grddi rr Bersa, Korm. 132, Fms. viii.
120, x. 263: reex. to be healed, Greg. 15: grandi, part. healable, Fms. viii. 120.
gr-ari, a, m. a healer, saviour, Fms. iii. 166, x. 374, Hom. 36, 52, Mar. 2, Stj. 144, 241.
grgi, f. greediness, gluttony, Stj. 161.
gri-ngr, m. the leech-nger, digitus medicus.
gri-ligr, adj. healable, Bs. ii. 182.
gring, f. growth, Hom. 24: a healing, cure, Greg. 20, 45, H. E. i. 476; n-gringr, the green
crop in the spring.
gri-sra, u, f., botan. the plantain, plantago.
grsla, u, f. cure, healing, Grett. 73.
grfr, adj. [grafa], t to be buried (according to the eccl. law), K. . 48; kirkju-grfr, having a
right to burial at a church.
grna, d, to paint green, N. G. L. i. 104.
grn-finn, part. green-stained, Sks. 188 C.
grn-gola, a, to be yellow-green, of deep water; grngolandi hylr.
grnka, a, to make green, Lex. Pot.: to become green, freq.
grn-leikr, m. greenness, verdure, Orkn. 172.
Grn-lendskr, adj. of or belonging to Greenland; vide Grnn.
grn-ligr, adj. greenish, Sks. 499.
GRNN (i.e. grnn), adj. [not recorded in Ulf., as Luke xxiii. 31 and Mark vi. 39 are lost; A. S.
grne; Engl. green; Hel. grni; O. H. G. kruoni; Genn. grn; Swed.-Dan. grn; derived from gra,
to grow] :-- green, of verdure; grnn laukr, a green leech, Vsp. 4; er haugr hans vallt grnn vetr ok
sumar, Landn. 86; grn jr ok fgr, Edda 44; grnt sumar, a green summer, Anal. 217; grnir
dalar, green dales, Karl. 266; grnt kli, H. E. i. 492; grnn sem sjr, Rb. 354. 2. fresh; grnt
kjt, fresh meat, Stj. 493; grnn skr, fresh sh, ir. 70, Bs. ii. 144. II. metaph. green, hopeful,
good; er hf at, ok vntum at nokkut grnt mun fyrir liggja, then it is well, and let us hope that
some green spot may lie ahead, Fs. 24; s mun n grnstr (the most hopeful choice) at segja satt,
Finnb. 226; yt mik aptr til eyjar minnar, ok mun s grnstr, and that will be the best thou canst
do, 258; eir leitau brott, san eir s engan annan grnna, Karl. 212. III. in local names,
Grna-land, n. the green land, Greenland, b. ch. 6, whence Grn-lendingar, m. pl.
Greenlanders, i.e. the Norse or Icel. settlers; but in mod. usage the Esquimaux, who only came into
Greenland about the 14th century: Grn-lenzkr, adj. of Greenland; Atlaml hin Grnlenzku,
Atlakvia hin Grnlenzka, the names of two poems, prob. from their being composed in Greenland;
the name is not to be derived from the Norse county Grenland, as the old writers make a strict
distinction, using the adjective Grenskr of the Norse county.
grnska, u, f. verdure, Stj. 29.
grn-t, f. a green spot, Gsl. 158.
grn-tyrfa, , to cover with green turf, jal. 36.
grska, u, f. [grr], malice, Sturl. i. 105, v.l.; Sighvatr tk undir gamni, ok me nokkurri sv
grsku (mockingly), ii. 178. grsku-lauss, adj. without malice: in the phrase, grskulaust gaman, a
sport without malice.
GRTA, tt, [grtr], to make one ' greit' or weep, distress one, Fas. ii. 174, Stj. 323; lzt grtta
Gunnlu, Hm. 110; grttr, grieved, Sl. 26.
grti, n. pl. tears, sorrow, Hm. 1, Skv. 3. 61, Gkv. 2. 10.
grti-liga, adv. sadly.
GRF, f., gen. grafar, [Ulf. graba = GREEK, Luke xix. 43], a pit, hole dug; settr grf, put into a
pit, Grg. ii. 131; ar var undir grf djp, Eg. 234; llvirkja grf, a den of thieves, Greg. 40. Matth.
xxi. 13; r hellum ok grfum, 623. 58: in the saying, sr grefr grf gra, Sams. 19, Kveldv. ii.
193; ef blindr leiir blindan falla eir bir grna, Matth. xv. 14: a charcoal pit, Grg. ii. 297;
kola-grf, a coal pit, peat pit, Vm. 156; m-grf, torf-grf; grafar-gr, burning charcoal, Grg. ii.
298, Jb. 239, Dipl. v. 3; grafar-menn, pitmen, Hkr. ii. 249: freq. as a local name, Grf and Grar,
prob. from charcoal pits. grafar-lkr, m. a brook which has dug itself a deep bed, a hollow brook,
Sturl. iii. 257. II. [Engl. grave; Germ. grabe; Dan. grav; Swed. graf], a grave, Ld. 286, and in
numberless instances. grafar-bakki, a, m. and grafar-barmr, m. the verge of the grave: in the
phrase, vera kominn grafar-bakkann, to stand on the edge of the grave.
grftr (and grptr less correctly), m., gen. graftar, dat. grefti, the mod. with radical r in gen. and
dat. graftrar, greftri, but acc. grft (never grftr); the ancients use both forms, graftrar, Eb. 176,
Fms. vii. 174, viii. 236, x. 175, xi. 17; greftri, vi. 401; grefti, viii. 236, ix. 4; greftar, N. G. L. i. 345,
347, 368: [A. S. grft] :-- a digging; fauska-g., Landn. 303: engraving, Stj. 45. 2. burial, Hom. 97,
K. . K. 24, passim (vide above): a tomb, Fms. xi. 307. COMPDS: graftar-dagr, n. a burial day,
625. 194. graftar-kirkja, u, f. a church with a burying-ground, K. . K. 24, Grg. i. 464, H. E. i.
474, N. G. L. i. 345. graftar-reitr, m. a burial-place, Stj. 134. graftar-star, m. id., Stj. 421, N. G.
L. i. 368. graftar-t, f. burial time, 1812. 48. II. medic. matter (of a sore); whence graftar-kyli, n.
a running sore; graftar-nagli, a, m. the core in a boil.
GRN, f., gen. granar, [mid. H. G. gran], the moustache; skegg heitir bar, grn er kanpar, Edda
109; ltt ljfan, legg munn vi grn, Gkv. 1. 13; hann var ungligr mar sv at honum var ekki
grn sprottin, Ld. 272; lttu grn sa, sonr, sip, sift it through the beard, my son, Edda 148: in the
phrase, e-m bregr v fyrir grn, a danger passes one's beard, i.e. one is startled, alarmed, Fms.
viii. 350, 417, Grett. 165 new Ed.; ek lt ring skra um grn, I sift the drink through my beard, Eg.
(in a verse); ef mar hggr nef af manni, ... en ef sv er at grn fylgir, N. G. L. i. 171; kpu eirri er
gr var af grn jfra, the cap which was made of kings' beards, Fas. i. 284, cp. the tale in Tristr. S.;
koma vn grn mna, wine never wetted my beard, orf. Karls. 418: it is used in plur. denoting
the beard of the upper and lower lips: in the saying, n er eg svo gamall sem grnum m sj, in
the nursery tale of the changeling, answering to the Germ. 'nun bin ich so alt wie der Westerwald,'
see Grimm's Mrchen: the phrase, brega grnum, to draw back the lips, grin, so as to shew
the teeth, Nj. 199; cp. granbrag. 2. esp. in plur. the lips of a cow or bull; Egill hljp ar til er
bltneyti st, greip annarri hendi granarnar en annarri horni, Eg. 508; Europa klappar um
granar hans (of Jove in the shape of a bull), Bret. 12. grana-hr, n. the whiskers of cats and other
beasts, Edda 73 (of an otter); in this sense still in use: of a beak, benms granar, Hful.
GRN, f., gen. granar, [Dan.-Swed. gran; Ivar Aasen gron], a pine-tree; hri en grn er vex
hsta fjalli, Hom. 152.
grn-sprettingr, m. = gransprettingr, Clem. 30, Rm. 308.
grsugr, adj. grassy, Hrafn. 27, Stj. 325.
gubba, a, (gubb, n.), to vomit.
GU, m.; the plur. used to render the Lat. dii is guir; [for etymology and changes of this word see
p. 207] :-- God.
A. Though the primitive form Go rhymes with bo (bidding), sto (help), and many other words,
the second form Gu rhymes with no single word, so that in hymns the poets are wont to use
incomplete rhymes, as brau (bread), nau (need); and exact rhymes can only be obtained by the
last syllables of derivatives, e.g. Iranin blkar aptur Gu | ei verur syndin tilreiknu, Pass. 40. 4;
or Upphaf alls mesta fgnus | klgun strng og reii Gus, 3. 14; Svo er n syndin innsiglu |
irandi sla kvitt vi Gu, 50. 14; but these rhyme-syllables can only occur in trisyllabic words
(Gramm. p. xv) :-- the following are examples of incomplete rhymes, Vinir r enga veittu sto |
svo vinskap fengi eg vi sannan Gu, Pass. 3. 7; Furlegt hjarta her Gu | vi hvern sem lr
kross og nau, 3. 16; Herra minn varst hulinn Gu | hni leist og krossins nau, 40. 16; as
also in the hymn, Til n Heilagi Herra Gu | hef eg lypt slu minni | af hug og hjarta hverri ney |
hjsto treystandi inni, Hlabk 108, rendering of Ps. xxv; Luther's hymn, Ein feste burg ist unser
Gott, is in the Icel. rendering, vinnanlig borg er vor Gu | gta skjldr og verja | hann frelsar oss
af allri nau, Hlabk 182; Fyrir valtan veraldar au | set na tr sannan Gu | sem allt skapai
fyrir sitt bo, 208 (in Hans Sachs' hymn); hugsjkir eta harma brau | hollari fu gefr Gu | sr
ljfum eir sofa, 124, Ps. cxxvii. 2.
B. PHRASES :-- Gus st, Gus elska, the love of God; Gus gata, the way of God, 625. 87; Gus
gska, Gus n, the grace, goodness of God; Gus miskunn, Gus mildi, the mercy of God;
Gus tti, the fear of God; Gus gjf, God's gift; Gui frir, the peace of God; Gus hs, the house
of God; Gus musteri, the temple of God; Gus or, the word of God; and in popular usage,
Gusora-bk, 'God's word-book,' i.e. a religious book, not only of the Bible, but generally of
hymns, sermons, etc., opp. to historical or secular books, sgu-bkr; Gus mar, a man of God, Stj.
passim; Gus rki, the kingdom of God; Gus Kristni, the Church of God, 625. 82; Gus vin, God's
friend, Fms. i. 139; Gus jnn, God's servant; Gus rll, the thrall of God, Greg. 54, Bs. i. 638;
Gus Sonr, the Son of God; Gus tr, faith in God; Gus jnusta, Divine service (in Papal times
the mass), K. . 36; of the sacrament, Bs. i. 638; Gus akr, Germ. Gottes acker, 'God's acre,' a
churchyard; Gus kista, God's chest, the temple-treasury, Mark xii. 41; Gus lkami = Corpus
Domini, K. . 38; Gus mir, God's mother (the Virgin Mary) :-- in Papal times, Gus eign, God's
property = church glebes; Gus lg, God's law, i.e. the ecclesiastical law, as opp. to lands lg, the
law of the land, i.e. the secular or civil law, K. . ch. 9, (for an interesting note upon this subject
vide H. E. i. 133, note b); Gus rttr, God's right, i.e. ecclesiastical right, Fms. vii. 305; Gus
akkir, 'God's thanks,' charity, Grg. i. 222, K. . K. 142, Hom. 34; whence the popular contracted
form gustuk, a charity, pittance, in such phrases as, a er ekki gustuk, 'tis no charity, 'tis a pity,
e.g. of dealing harshly with the poor; gustuka-verk, a work of charity; gra e-t gustuka skyni, to do
a thing as a charity: in former times the phrases Gus akkir and slu-gjar (soul's gifts) were
synonymous, including not only gifts to churches, clergy, and the poor, but also the building of
bridges, erecting hostelries, especially in desert places, and the like, whence the words, slu-br,
soul's bridge; slu-hs, soul's house. 2. in Icel. many sayings referring to the name of God are still
household words, e.g. in entering a house, as a greeting, hr s Gu, God be here! (from Luke x. 5):
in returning thanks, Gus st, God's love! Gu laun or Gu laun' fyrir mig, God's reward! Germ.
vergelt's Gott! or ge i Gus frii! to which the reply is, Gu blessi ig, God bless thee !
(which is also the answer to a greeting or to thanks); Gus frii! or vertu Gus frii, be in God's
peace! is the usual farewell; and the answer is, Gu veri me r, God be with thee! Gu hjlpi r,
God help thee! Germ. helf Gott! Engl. God bless you! (to one sneezing); Gu varveiti ig, God
ward thee! (to one playing with dangerous things); biddu Gu fyrir r! (denoting wonder), pray
God! gu a Gui, heed God! take heed! fyrir Gus skuld, for God's sake! ef Gu lofar, proncd. as
one word (ef-gulogar, changing f into g), God willing, a common phrase when speaking of plans
for the future, eg skal koma morgun, ef-gulogar, I will come to-morrow, God willing (from James
iv. 13-15), occurs in Sklda (Thorodd) 165, as also, ef Gu vill, if God will (less freq.); Gui s lof,
God be praised! Gu g, God grant! Gus mildi, by God's grace; a var mesta Gus mildi hann
slasai sig ekki; Gu ge r gan dag, Gu ge r gar ntr, whence abbreviated gan dag,
good day; gar ntr, good night: the sayings, s er ekki einn sem Gu er me; and ann m ekki
kefja sem Gu vill hefja, Fb. iii. 408; eitthva eim til lknar legst, sem ljfr Gu vill bjarga.
gua, a, to shout 'God;' in Icel. it is the custom for a stranger arriving at a house at night after 'day-
set' (dagsetr, q.v.), instead of knocking at the door, to climb to the louvre and shout, hr s Gu,
God be here! this is called a gua; the dialogue is well given in a ditty of Stefn lafsson, Hott,
hott og h! Hr s Gu b! slt flki allt! mr er srkalt. -- Svruu heima-hj, Hva heitir ?
-- Eg heiti Jn, Jhanns jn, etc.; or in another ditty, Her s Gu gum b | gestr er ljra |
andsvrin eg engin f | ekki vaknar ra; or Gua er n glugga | gvinr kominn er, Jnas 119.
gu-blr, adj. godlike, of the sun, Edda (in a verse): of Christ, Lb. 24.
gudm-liga, adv. divinely, Karl. 341, passim.
gudm-ligr, adj. godlike, divine, Sks. 601, passim.
Gu-dmr, m. Godhead, Divinity, Rb. 338, Gl. 40, Fagrsk. 11, Clem. 54. COMPDS: Gudms-
a, n. godlike, divine power, Hom. 66. Gudms-kraptr, m., id., sl. i. 386, Mar. 5. Gudms-sl,
f. the sun of the Godhead, Hom. 47. Gudms-veldi (-vald), n. the kingdom of God, Mar.
gu-dttir, f. a god-daughter, K. . 216.
Gu-Drttinn, m. God the Lord, Grg. ii. 167, Mar. 613, Sighvat.
gu-fair, m. [A. S. godfder], a godfather, Fs. 96, Hallfred.
gu-fegin, n. pl. god-parents.
gu-fjn, f. ungodliness, Orkn. (in a verse).
gu-fri, f. theology, divinity, gu-fringr, m. a theologian.
gu-genn, part. given by God, inspired, Bs. ii. 179.
gu-gjf, f. a gift of God, Mar.
gu-hrddr, adj. God-fearing, Fbr. 89, Bs. i. passim, Fms. xi. 221, Barl. 32.
gu-hrsla, u, f. fear of God, Fms. iii. 168, Rb. 80, Sks. 477, Mar. 484, passim. guhrslu-
leysi, n. contempt of God, Mar. 472.
gu-lasta, a, [Germ. Gott lstern], to blaspheme, Bs. i. 16, Mar. 39, Stj. 320, Fb. i. 371.
gu-lastan, f. blasphemy, 625. 49, Bs. i. 10, 450, Stj. 14.
gu-latr, adj. ungodly, Bs. ii. 160.
gu-lauss, adj. godless, reckless, cruel.
gu-leir, adj. God-forsaken, Lex. Pot.
gu-leti, f. godlessness, impiety, Stj. 51.
gu-leysi, n. godlessness, recklessness, cruelty, Fms. ii. 162.
gu-liga, adv. after a godly sort, Stj. 250 passim: christian-like.
gu-ligr, adj. godlike, divine, Sks. 559, Stj. 45, 189, Bs. passim; -guligr, ungodly.
gu-mir, f. a godmother, K. . 216.
gu-mli, n. Divine saying, word of God, Sl. 47.
gu-ningr, m. a traitor to God, a renegade, Nj. 272, Fms. i. 84, viii. 308, xi. 41, 274, Fs. 173; e.g.
Julian the Apostate is rendered by Julianus Guningr. gunings-skapr, m. apostacy, Fms. iii.
89.
gu-rttligr, adj. 'God-right,' righteous, Fms. v. 219, viii. 258, xi. 279.
gu-ri, n. wickedness, Sks.
gu-rnar, f. pl., pot. the doom of the gods, Gsl. (in a verse).
gurki-liga, adv. recklessly, Mar. 561.
gurki-ligr, adj. [reka], driving God away, ungodly, wicked; g. glpr, Stj. 385. Judges xx. 13,
Mar. 147.
gu-rkinn (qs. gu-rkinn, from rkja), adj. God-serving, pious.
gurkni, f. piety, freq. in mod. usage. UNCERTAIN Neither of the two words is recorded in old
writers; on the other hand, in mod. usage gurkilegr = wicked is disused, to avoid a painful
ambiguity.
gu-rkr, adj. wicked; gurkir menn, 623. 30; g. glpamar, Mar. 431: g. manndrpari, 434; enn
kunngi ok enn gorki, 623. 11.
gu-se, a, m. a gossip, godfather, N. G. L. i. 392, Str. 15.
gu-sifja, adj. god-relatives; gusifja rr eigu r dmi at rsa, Grg. (Kb.) i. 47; but gusifjar, 158.
gu-sifja, u, f. a female gossip, godmother, N. G. L. i. 16, 350.
gu-sifjar, f. pl. [A. S. godsebi, whence Engl. gossip; O. H. G. gotsip; eccl. Lat. cognatio
spiritualis] :-- sponsorship; veita e-m gusifjar, eiga, gra g. vi e-n, Grg. i. 50, N. G. L. i. 16, 350,
Nj. 235, Fms. i. 130, Fs. 115, Hkr. i. 220. gusifja-spell, n. incestuous connection of god-relatives,
Fr.
gu-sifjask, a, dep. to enter into sponsorship with one, N. G. L. i. 426.
gu-skrsl, n. ordeal, N. G. L. i. 211.
gu-spjall, n., the form gospill, Greg. 24; guspillum, 656 A. i. 10: [A. S. godspell; Engl. gospel,
i.e. g spell, a translation of the Gr. GREEK; Ormul. godd-spell -- goddspell onn Ennglissh
nemmnedd iss god (i.e. good) word and god tiennde, god errnde ... goddspell annd forri
ma&yogh;&yogh; itt wel, god errnde ben &yogh;ehatenn, Introd. 157 sqq.; (the form godd-spell,
not godspell, shews that at the time of the Ormulum the root vowel had become short in Engl.
pronunciation.) The word was in Icel. borrowed from English missionaries, and Icel. remains the
only Scandin. country where the Evangel is called Gospel; Danes, Swedes, and Norsemen, as well
as Germans, use the Greek word. The true etymological sense, however, was lost, probably because
the root vowel had become short in Engl. by the time that the word was transplanted to Icel., so that
guspjall was understood to mean not good spell, but God's spell]: -- gospel; ann tima er loki
var guspjalli, . H. 119 (the gospel in the service-book); pistlar ok guspjll, epistles and gospels,
Vm. 1; me tu laga boorum ok fjrum guspjllum, Mar. 13. COMPDS: guspjalla-bk, f.
[Ormul. goddspellboc], a 'gospel-book,' evangelistarium, Vm. 6, 7, Dipl. v. 18, K. . 88, Mar. 1
passim, Barl. 31. guspjalls-kross, m. 'gospel-cross,' Vm. 66, 73, 109. guspjalla-lektari, a, m. a
'gospel-stand,' lectern, Vm. 108. guspjalla-mar, m. a 'gospel-man,' an evangelist, Stj. 144, Barl.
49, Sks. 562; at frsgn Mathias (Johannes, Markus, Lukas) guspjallamanns, Mar. 1; still used so
in Icel. guspjalla-saga, u, f. the gospel history. guspjalls-historia, u, f. id., Pass. 11. guspjalla-
skld, n. a 'gospel-poet,' evangelist, Clem. 52; Johannes Postuli guspjallaskld, Johann. 11; (this
word is not used.)
gu-spjallari, a, m. a gospeller, evangelist, Jtv. 18.
guspjall-ligr, adj. evangelical, Hom. 39, 655 vii. 2, Bs. ii. 91; guspjallig kenning, Sklda 210.
gu-vefr, m., old form govefr, [A. S. godweb; O. H. G. cotaweppi and gotoweppi] :-- good or
costly weaving, i.e. velvet; ok gbornir smugu gove, Hm. 17; gulli ok guvefjum, Ghv. 16;
purpura ok tvlitaan guvef, Stj. 307. Exod. xxv. 4 (purple and scarlet); eina festi af guvef,
funiculus coccineus, 351. Josh. ii. 15; kantara-kpa af guvef, Vm. 68; tv pells altaris-kli ok hit
rija hvers-dagligt me guvef, 80; skikkju nskorna af hinum drasta guvef, Fms. vi. 52; silki
ok pell ok guvef, xi. 385; vefa guvef, iii. 178; dni ok guve, x. 379; var kistan sveip pelli
ok tjaldat allt guvefjum, . H. 229; guvefr. of a cloak lined with grey fur, Rekst. 30. COMPDS:
guvefjar-hkull, m. a cape of velvet, Vm. 93. guvefjar-kli, n. a suit of clothes of g., Ld. 28,
Fas. ii. 528. guvefjar-kyrtill, m. a kirtle of g., Fms. v. 160, Fas. ii. 97. guvefjar-mttull, m. a
mantle of g., Stj. 355. Josh. vii. 21 (a goodly garment). guvefjar-pell, n. a pallet of g., Fms. v. 274,
vi. 2, Fas. i. 274, Karl. 470. guvefjar-poki, a, m. a bag of g., Ld. 188. guvefjar-skikkja, u, f. a
kirtle of g.; skal dttir taka arf mur sinnar ef brir lir, kli ll nema guvefjar-skikkjur ok
-skorin kli ll, at brir, N. G. L. i. 210, Stj. 363, Fms. vi. 186. guvefjar-taug, f. a cord of
g., funiculus coccineus of the Vulgate, Stj. 377.
GUFA, u, f. [gov and gova, Ivar Aasen; Scot. gow], vapour, steam; eir leggja eld viinn, en eir
vakna vi gufuna er inni eru, Fas. i. 135; annarr reykr st lopt upp vi annan, ok sv mikil gufa
var af eim kyrrleik, a varla s hstu turna borgarinnar, Konr. 35: as a nickname, Landn.: in
local names, Gufu-nes, Gufu-dalr, Gufu-sklar, prob. from the steam of hot wells; in mod. usage
also, gufu-skip, -btr, m. a steam-boat, -maskna, -vl, f. a steam-engine. 2. metaph. a slow fellow,
a gow, creeping about like a mist, hann er mesta gufa.
gugginn, part. quailing.
gugna, a, to quail, Sturl. i. 2, Fas. ii. 59.
GULA, u, f. yellowness, medic. jaundice, and gulu-stt, f. id., Fms. xi. 202.
gula (gola), u, f. a fair breeze, metaph. opportunity, Al. 99.
Gula, n. and Guley, f. a local name in central Norway (Sogn): Gula-ing, n. the parliament in
Gula; Gulaings-bk, f. the code of laws for Gula; Gulaings-lg, n. pl. the law of Gula, N. G. L.,
Eg. ch. 57, Fms. passim; Gulaings-menn, m. the men of Gula; Gulaing-star, m. the place of
G., Gl. 6.
gul-brnar, adj. yellow-brown, ir. 181.
gul-grr, adj. yellow-grey, Ld. 272.
gul-grnn, adj. yellow-green, Ld. 272.
GULL, n., in the oldest MSS. spelt goll, Eluc., Hom., and this is the rhyming sound in old poets;
hollan, golli, Sighvat; ngr-goll, trollum, Kormak; golls and olli, id.: [Ulf. gul; A. S., Engl.,
Germ. gold; Dan. guld; Swed. and Norse gull] :-- gold; var hr hans golli keypt, Eluc. 48; r silfri
ea r golli, Hom. 138, Al. 116; it gjalla gull, Fm. 20, Vsp. 8: gold as payment, told by weight, Fms.
i. 15, ii. 76, vii. 235, xi. 77; rautt gull, red gold; bleikt gull, yellow gold, v. 346; gull brennt, rened
gold, Dipl. iii. 4; skrt gull, hreint gull, pure gold, Stj. 563: allit., gull ok gimsteina, Al. 170, Bs. i.
134; gull ok gersemar (freq.); in the saying, a er ekki allt gull sem glir, 'tis not all gold that
glitters: gulls-litr, m. gold colour, Fms. vi. 143, Magn. 514 :-- as to the value or course of gold, tta
merkr gangsilfrs er mrk gulls, rem tigum sinna skal blsilfr vega mti gulli, tu sinnum skrt silfr
mti gulli, 732. 16, Fs. 8-10, passim: metaph., grpa gulli vi e-n (vide grpa) := ngr-gull, Ulf.
ngra-gol, a nger ring, Stj. 254, Bs. i. 877, Nj. 16, 146 :-- in plur. jewels, pretiosa, cp. gull-hs, a
jewel chest, Sturl. ii. 108: barna-gull, playthings :-- in metaph. phrases, mikit gull ertu, what a jewel
thou art! COMPDS: gull-aldr, m. the golden age, Edda 9. gull-ari, a, m. the banner of
Charlemagne, Karl. passim. gull-auigr, adj. rich in gold, Edda 49, Fms. vii. 145, 146, Fas. iii. 284,
Clar. 130. gull-aur, m. wealth in gold, Fms. vii. 145. gull-augu, n. pl. golden eyes, Fas. iii. 384 (in
the tale of the giant, similar to the Greek tale of Polyphemus). gull-band, n. a golden head-band,
Lv. 21, Edda 21, sl. ii. 206. gull-baugr, m. a gold ring, Edda 72, 75, Gull. 23, Fas. iii. 44. gull-
beinar, m. pl. gold-legs, a nickname from wearing gold lace, Orkn. 418 old Ed. gull-berg, n. a gold
mine, Stj. 85. gull-beri, a, m. gold-bearer, a nickname, Landn.; or perh. = goldkind in the German
tales (?). gull-bitlar part. gold-bitted (a horse), Hkv. i. 41. gull-bitull, m. a bit of gold, Hkv. 2. 34.
gull-bjartr, adj. bright as gold, Hbl. 30. gull-bori, a, m. gold lace, Vm. 21. gull-bka, a, to
embroider in gold, Gkv. 2. 14. gull-bla, u, f. a gold boss, Konr. 57: golden bull, bulla aurea, Fms.
viii. 301. gull-br f. gold-brow, nickname of a lady-love. Gullbrr-skld, n. the poet of Gullbr, a
nickname, Fms. gull-brynja, u, f. a golden coat of mail, Skv. 3. 45. gull-binn, part. ornamented
with gold, Eg. 180, 726, Karl. 226. gull-bllr, m. a golden ball, Karl. 474. gull-dlkr, m. a gold
buckle, Gsl. 55. gull-dreifar, n. pl. a golden chain, MS. 4. 32. gull-dropi, a, m. drops of gold, Bret.
14. gull-epli, n. a golden apple, Bret. 30, 40. gull-falligr, adj. fair as gold, charming. gull-faxi, a,
m. gold-mane (name of a horse), Edda. gull-fgar, part. stained with gold, Fas. ii. 370. gull-festr,
f. a gold chain, El. 99. gull-ngr, m. = ngr-gull, D. N. gull-fjallar, part. golden, woven, dyed in
gold, Nj. 46, Fas. ii. 239. gull-fjr, f. gold-quill, name of a code of laws, Fms. viii. 277. gull-fugl,
m. a bird of gold, Karl. 441. gull-gr, adj. of pure gold, Fas. i. 316, Fb. i. 347. gull-gr, f. a
golden girth, Karl. 312, Br. 2. gull-grr, part. made of gold, Str. 4. gull-hagr, adj. skilled in
working gold, Bs. i. 325. gull-hamrar, n. pl., in the phrase, sl e-m gullhamra, to work one with
golden hammers, i.e. to atter one. gull-hlsar, m. pl. gold-necks, lordlings, Fms. vii. 127, viii. 230.
gull-hrr, adj. golden-haired, Fas. i. 457. gull-heimr, m. the golden world, the golden age, Bret. 4.
gull-hella, u, f. a bar of gold, Fas. iii. 10. gull-hirzla, u, f. a gold treasury, Hom. 58. gull-hjalt, n. a
hilt of gold, Karl. 286. gull-hjlmr, m. a golden helmet, Edda 36, Fms. i. 44: a nickname, Gsl.
gull-hla or gull-la, n. gold lace, esp. to tie up the hair with, Nj. 35, Ld. 272, Hkr. ii. 28, Orkn.
370; altara-kli me gullhlum, Vm. 26; kross me gullhla, altaris-dkr ok er ar g., hfuln
me g., 36; altara-kli fjgr ok einu strt g., 54. gull-hlainn, part. laced with gold, Nj. 169.
gull-hnot, f. a golden nut, Fas. iii. 227. gull-hringr, m. a gold ring, Nj. 10, 35, Fms. i. 51, Boll.
356, passim. gull-hs, n. a treasure house, Fms. x. 172: a jewel chest, Sturl. ii. 108 (of a lady), Stj.
438. 1 Sam. vi. 15. gull-hyrndr, part. golden-horned, Hkv. Hjrv. 4. gull-httr, m. gold-hat, a
nickname. gull-kalekr (-kalikr), m. a golden chalice, Bs. i. 83, Vm. 52, Dipl. ii. 11, iii. 4. gull-
kambr, m. a golden comb. Fas. iii. 480. gull-klfr, m. the golden calf, Stj. Exod. xxxii. gull-ker, n.
a golden vessel, Symb. 22, Karl. 323, Stj. 437. gull-kista, u, f. a gold chest, Fms. vii. 249, xi. 85: in
peroration of popular tales, ar vru gullkistur um glf dregnar, sl. js. gull-kitni, f., Bs. i. 818
(dubious). gull-knappr, m. a gold button, Eg. 516: a gold knob, Fms. iii. 136: a nickname, Har. S.
gull-knappar, part. gold buttoned, Eg. (in a verse). gull-kntr, m. a gold knot, Nj. 46. gull-knttr,
m. a gold ball, Fms. iii. 186. gull-krna, u, f. a golden crown, Fas. iii. 213, Stj. 206. gull-kranz,
m. a golden garland, D. N. gull-kroppr, m. gold-body, a nickname, Fms. ix. 361. gull-kross, m. a
golden cross, Nj. 256, Fms. x. 15. gull-leggja, lagi, to lace with gold, Fms. vii. 245, ix. 276, x.
120, Vm. 66, 139, Boll. 356. gull-ligr, adj. golden, Fms. i. 15, Sks. 39. gull-ml, n. pl. ornaments of
gold, ir. 110, cp. 30, 364. gull-mlmr, m. gold ore, Bret. gull-men, n. a gold necklace, Hkr. i. 20,
Fms. i. 216, vi. 271, Stj. 203. gull-merktr and gull-merkar, part. marked with gold, Karl. 415.
gull-munnr (-mur), m. gold-mouth, Chrysostom, Fas. iii. 592, Mar. 37. gull-nagli, a, m. a gold
nail, Stj. 563. 1 Kings vi. 21. gull-nisti, n. a locket of gold, Al. 44. gull-onn, part. gold-woven, Stj.
206, Fms. ii. 254, iii. 194, v. 280, Karl. 288, Ld. 188. gull-ormr, m. a golden serpent, 655 ii. 7.
gull-penningr, m. a gold penny, piece of money, Fms. i. 1, v. 319, Rb. 508, Grett. 203 new Ed.,
Bret. 4. gull-rekendi, n. a gold chain, El. gull-rekinn, part. inlaid with gold or gilded (of weapons,
spear-heads, axes, etc.), Eg. 726, Nj. 103, Ld. 112, Fms. xi. 28, Fb. ii. 238. gull-rendr, part. id., Fas.
i. 138. gull-rey, n. a golden eece, Hb. 732. 17. gull-ritinn, part. written in gold, Symb. 56. gull-
roinn, qs. gull-hroinn, part. [A. S. hredan = pingere], gilt (of helmets, shields, etc.), Eg. 726,
Ld. 78, Fms. i. 43, vi. 194, Orkn. 74. gull-sandr, m. gold sand, Rb. 350. gull-saumar, part.
embroidered with gold, Eg. 516, Fs. 7, Fms. x. 329, Vm. 83. gull-settr, part. laid with gold, gilded,
Karl. 173 (impers. as in Icel., or else settr applies to gems). gull-skl, f. a gold basin, Bret. 59. gull-
skeggr, m. gold-beard, a nickname, Fagrsk., Sturl. iii. 111 C. gull-skillingr, m. a gold shilling, Hkr.
ii. 17. gull-skotinn, part. woven with gold, Fms. iii. 136, iv. 164, x. 16, Konr. 33, Mar. 458, Clar.
135. gull-skr, m. a gold shoe, Sturl. iii. 291: name of a ship, Ann. 1300. gull-skrift, f. a gilded
tablet, Rm. 382. gull-skrn, m. a gold shrine, Lex. Pot, gull-smeittr, part. gold-enamelled (of a
shield), Str., Karl. 226. gull-smeltr, part. id., Fas. iii. 610, Karl. 516, Mag. 7 (Ed.) gull-smir, m.
(pl. gollsmiar, 655 ii. 7), a goldsmith, Fms. ii. 129, xi. 427, Bs, i. 134: a gold-beetle, lady-bird
(opp. to jrnsmir, a black beetle). gull-sm, f. the goldsmith's art, working in gold, Bs. i. 483.
gullsm-ligr, adj. belonging to the g., Karl. 286. gull-spnn, m. a gold ornament on ships, O. H. L.
67: a golden spoon, Mtt. 3. gull-spori, a, m. a gold spur, Fas. i. 185, Karl. 334. gull-sproti, a, m. a
gold sceptre, Karl. 395. gull-spuni, a, m. gold-spinning, Bret. 16. gull-spng, f. a gold spangle, Rb.
384, Stj. 284. gull-stafar, part. gold-striped, woven with gold, Clar. gull-stafr, m. a golden letter,
Greg. 75, Fms. vii. 156, viii. 448. gull-staup, n. a golden stoup or cup, Fas. i. 175. gull-steindr,
part. gold-stained, Karl. 283. gull-stll, m. a gold chair, Fas. i. 36, Karl. 471. gull-stka, u, f. a
golden sleeve, Karl. 405, Art. gull-stng, f. a bar of gold, Br. 179. gull-sylgja, u, f. a gold
brooch, Nj. 167, Sturl. iii. 122. gull-taa, u, f. a gold brick (used in playing), Edda 44, Fas. ii. 267.
gull-tanni, a, m. gold-tooth, a nickname, Fms. iii. 74. gull-teinn, m. a gold pole, Fas. iii. 213. gull-
toppr, m. gold-tuft, name of a mythical horse, Edda 10, 17. gull-vafr, part. wound with gold, Fms.
x. 356. Gull-varta, u, f. a local name, the Golden Horn in Constantinople (?), Fms. vii. 94. gull-
veggr, m. a golden wall, Fms. ix. 466. Gull-veig, f. a mythical proper name, Vsp., prop. 'Gold-
drink,' Gold-thirst, cp. Lat. auri fames, gull-vijur, f. pl. gold withies, Fas. iii. 49. gull-vippar,
part. whipped or wrapped in gold, Dipl. iii. 4. gull-vgr, adj. 'gold-weighty,' precious, dear. gull-
vndr, m. a gold wand, Fms. viii. 193, 623. 23. gull-rr, m. gold thread, Dipl. iii. 4.
gullinn, adj. golden, hardly used save in poetry; gullnar tur, Vsp. 60; gullin ker, Gm. 7; gullnum
stli , seated in a golden chair, Hm. 105; of gullna sali, the golden halls, Fsm. 5; g. gunnfni, Hkv.
2. 17; gullin simu, golden thrums, 1. 3 (the thrums of the Norns). COMPDS: gullin-bursti, a, m.
gold-mane, name of the hog of Frey, Edda, Hdl. 7. gullin-horni, a, m. golden-horn, name of an ox,
Edda; the ancients used to ornament the horns of the nest of their cattle (metf), vide Sturl. i. 106;
ganga hr at gari gullhyrndar kr, yxn alsvartir, kv. 23, Hkv. Hjrv. 4. gullin-kambi, a, m.
golden-comb, a mythol. cock, Vsp. gullin-stla, u, f. rendering of the Gr. GREEK, Od. gullin-
tanni, a, m. gold-teeth, name of the god Heimdal, Edda. gullin-toppa, u, f., botan. gold-tuft, the
sea-pink or thrift, statice armeria.
gul-mara, u, f., botan. galium vernum.
GULR, adj. [A. S. geolu; Engl. yellow; Germ. gelb; Dan.-Swed. guul], yellow; gult silki, hr, Fms.
vii. 69, 239, x. 381, Ld. 272, Orkn. (in a verse).
gul-nd, f. a kind of duck.
gum, n, exaggeration, fuss; gumari, a, m. a fop.
guma, a, in the phrase, guma yr e-u, to make a great fuss about a thing, exaggerate. II. [geyma],
guma at e-u, to take heed to a thing; eg he ekki guma a v.
GUMI, a, m., pl. gumar and gumnar, Hm. 14, 17, 31, 130; [Ulf. guma = GREEK, Luke xix. 2,
Nehem. v. 17, and gumein, adj. = GREEK, Mark x. 6; A. S. guma; Hel. gomo; O. H. G. gumo;
Germ. in bruti-gam; Dan. brud-gom; Swed. brud-gumme; the r in Engl. groom is corrupt, vide
brgumi. The quantity is doubtful; the A. S. guma was prob. long, cp. Engl. groom; the Ormul.
spells bridgume as having a long vowel: but the short vowel is favoured by the mod. Icel.
pronunciation, as also mod. Dan.-Swed.; so in Lat. we have h&o-short;mo and h&u-long;manus] :--
a man; it scarcely occurs in prose: allit., Gus hs ok guma, Grg. ii. 170; in the old Hm. it occurs
about a dozen times as a common expression for man; heima glar gumi ok vi gesti reifr, Hm.
102; v at fra veit, er eira drekkr, sns til ges gumi, 11; glar ok reifr skyli gumna hverr, 14; v
er gengr um guma, what passes among men, 27, 93; eptir genginn guma, 71; gumna synir, the sons
of men, 130; at s gengr gumi ok mlir vi mik, 158: the saying, ltil eru ge guma, little is the
human mind, 52; go ok guma, gods and men, Ls. 55: gumna-sttir, m. a peacemaker, Lex. Pot.:
gumna-spjalli, a, m. a friend of men :-- br-gumi, a bridegroom; hs-gumi, a 'house-master,'
husband, Rm.
gumpr, m. the bottom, Lat. podex, Stj. 436, 437. 1 Sam. vi. 5; svartr g. sitr vi eld ok ornar sr, a
riddle of a pot.
gums, n. [cp. Swed. gumse = a ram], mockery, raillery, Nj. 220.
gumsa, a, to mock; g. ok spotta e-n. Glm. 327; gapa eir upp ok gumsa hart, ok geyma varla sn,
Srla R. i. 7.
gunga, u, f. [from gugna by way of metath.], a weakling. COMPDS: gungu-legr, adj. faint-hearted.
gungu-skapr, m. cowardice.
gunn-fni, a, m. a gonfalon, Hkv. 2. 16, Hbl. 38, Hkm. 2: in a church for processions, Am. 76, D. I.
passim.
GUNNR, f., older form gur, [A. S. gd; O. H. G. gundia], war, battle, only used in poetry, Lex.
Pot, passim. COMPDS: gunnar-fss, -gjarn, -rr, -tamr, adj. warlike, Lex. Pot. gunnar-
haukr, m. a hawk. gunn-blr, -brr, -djarfr, -fkinn, -hagr, -hvatr, -mildr, -rakkr, -reifr, -
snarr, -sterkr, -tamir, -tamr, -orinn, -igr, -rigr, adj. all laudatory epithets = valiant, Lex.
Pot.: of weapons and armour, the shield is called gunn-blik, -bor, -hrgr, -mni, -rann, -tjald, -
veggr, n.; the sword and spear, gunn-logi, -seir, -sproti, -svell, -viti, n.; of the battle, gunn-el, -
hr, -ing, n.; the carrion crow, gunn-gjr, -mr, -skri, -valr, n.; of the warrior, gunn-nrungr,
-slngvir, -strandi, -veitir, -viurr, -eysandi, n. etc., vide Lex. Pot. II. in pr. names; of men,
Gunn-arr, Gunn-bjrn, Gunn-laugr, Gunn-lfr, Gunn-steinn, etc.; of women, Gunn-hildr,
Gunn-laug, Gunn-l; and in the latter part. or-gunnr (-gur), Hla-gunnr, Hildi-gunnr, etc.
gurpr, m. a nickname, Dipl. ii. 5.
gusa, a, [gjsa], to gush, spirt out.
gusa, u, f. a spirt: bl-gusa, a gush of blood; vatns-g., a spirt of water,
gussa, a, [gyss], to make a fuss and noise, orst. Su H.
gusta, a, to blow in gusts, Sks. 230.
gust-llr, adj. gusty, chilly, metaph., Grett. 77 new Ed.
gust-kaldr, adj. gusty, cold, Fas. ii. 394.
gust-mikill, adj. making a great gust, gusty, Grett. 111.
gustr, m. a gust, blast, freq. in mod. usage, Edda 4, Sturl. i. 101, Sks. 212.
gustuk, n. a pittance, a charity, vide Gu.
gutla, a, [gutl], to gurgle, used of the noise made by a liquid when shaken in a bottle.
gll, m. blown cheeks, pufng out cheeks. gl-sopi, a, m. a gulp.
glpa, a, to be puffed up, blown up.
glpr, m. a puff: also of wind, noran-glpr, a northern blast.
Gvendr or Gvndr, m. a pet proper name from Gu-mundr: sanitary wells are in Icel. called
Gvendar-brunnr, m., from bishop Gudmund's consecrating wells, Bs. i. 450, sl. js. ii. 27.
Gvendar-ber, n., botan. equisetum arvense. Gvendar-grs, n., botan. a kind of weed.
Gyingar, m. [Pl Vdal. in Skr. truly observes that this word is formed, not from Gu, but from
Lat. Judaei, through the A. S. form Gjudeas] :-- the Jews, Stj., Sks., etc. passim, as also in mod.
usage. COMPDS: Gyinga-land, n. Jewry, Palestine. Gyinga-lr, -j, -flk, n. etc. the Jewish
people. Gyinga-veldi, n. the Jewish empire, Stj., Sks. Gying-ligr, adj. Jewish.
Gyja, u, f. 1. [go], a goddess, Edda passim. 2. [goi], a priestess, Hdl. 12, Yngl. ch. 7; kreppi
go gyju, Kristni S. (in a verse): in nicknames, urr gyja, Th. the priestess, Landn.: in compds,
blt-gyja, hof-g., a temple priestess.
gyngr, m. a kind of stone, Edda (Gl.)
GYGGJA or gyggva, prob. an old strong verb of the 1st class, but defect. to quail, lose the heart;
ef vr n gyggjum, in a verse written on a leaf of Cod. Ups. of Edda, prob. from the lost Skld
Helga S.: impers. in the saying, sjaldan hygg ek at gyggi vrum, the wary seldom quails, Mkv.; oss
gyggvir geigvnliga, er vr erum r varir, Hom. (St.) 49: part. gugginn, quailing, fainting, is still
used in Icel., as also gugna, q.v.; akin perhaps is geggjask, q.v.
gylir, m., pot. a wolf, Lex. Pot.
Gyl, a, m. the mythol. king. Gylfa-ginning, f. the Delusion of Gyl, name of the mythol. tales of
the Edda.
gylnn, adj. a term of abuse, a dub. GREEK, being a werewolf (?); kver hann vera konu nundu
hverja ntt ok her barn borit ok kallar gylvin, er hann tlagr, N. G. L. i. 57; cp. gylfra.
gylfra, u, f. (gylfa), an ogre, a beast, a she-wolf (?); skal reyna hvrt meira m veita mr Ptr
postuli ok hinn Helgi Hallvarr, er hn gylfra in Gautska er trir , Fms. viii. 308, v.l. (the
others read ka) :-- in the phrase, ganga gylfrum, to 'go to the dogs,' er at helzt vi ori, at
gylfrum gangi vinttan, it is rumoured that your friendship is all gone to pieces, Band. (vellum
MS.), where the Ed., ok er at htt vi ori, at merkiliga ykki vera, 12 new Ed.
gyli-gjf, f. [cp. Eng. gewgaw], gewgaws, showy gifts, Nj. (MS.) 142, (Ed. smiligum gjfum.)
GYLLA, or t, [gull], to gild, Nj. 123, 125, Hkr. ii. 32, Fms. x. 320, xi. 128, Stj. 306; gylla hli, to
atter, Finnb. 340, Fms. iv. 103; metaph. of the sun's rays, Bb. 2. 30: part. gyldr, golden, Fs. 90,
122.
gylling, f. gilding, Vm. 47, Fb. i. 507: in pl. vain praise, Fr. 120.
gyllini-, f., medic. hemorrhoids, vena aurea, Fl.
GYLTR, f., mod. gylta, u, f., Bs. i. 417, [Old Engl. yelt] :-- a young sow, Jb. 289, Grg. ii. 307,
Landn. 206, Gull. 17, 27.
gymbill, m. [gymbr], a he-lamb; Gus gymbill, agnus Dei, Hom. (St.); gymbill gla embir, Jnas
139.
gymbing, f. mocking, Sturl. iii. 171.
GYMBR, f., pl. gymbrar, [North. E. and Scot. gimmer], a ewe lamb of a year old; g. s er lamb
leiir, Grg. (Kb.) ii. 147, Stj. 516, (one MS. spells gimbr, which is also the mod. spelling, but
false); lamb-gymbr, Grg. i. 502. gymbr-lamb or gymbrar-lamb, n. a gimmer lamb, Gull. 19, Stj.
129.
GYRA, or t, [A. S. gyran; Engl. gird; Dan. gjorde: gera (q.v.) and gyra are kindred words,
both formed from the Goth. gairdan, gard, gurdun; gera, as also garr (q.v.), from the pret.; gyra
from the participle] :-- to gird oneself with a belt or the like; eptir at gyrir Klau hann sv fast
(girded his belt so tight) at hlt vi meisl, Sd. 143; san gyri mrin sik me einu rku belti, El.;
hann gyri sik me dki, Fms. x. 314; gyrr brkr, with breeks girt up, vii. 143; gyra sik, to
fasten the breeks, as the ancients used belts instead of braces; gyra lendir snar, to gird up one's
loins, Hom. 84, Stj. passim; fsj er hann var gyrr me, girt with a purse, from wearing the purse
fastened to the girdle, Fms. vii. 142. . to girth or saddle a horse; hann her ekki sv vel gyrt hest
inn, at at muni duga, gyrtu betr, sl. ii. 340; setti hann sul hest sinn ok gyri hann fast,
Str. 47: to secure a cart load by girding it, me hlassi v er hann gyrir eigi reipum, N. G. L. i. 379;
g. hlass, taug ea reipi, 349; hann gyri at utan, he girded it well, Fs. 66: Icel. say a horse is laus-
gyrtr, fast-gyrtr, has its girths loose or tight: edged, bordered, bolli gyrr me silfri, Hkr. iii. 81. .
to gird oneself with a sword; konungr steypir brynju sik ok gyrir sik me sverinu Kvernbt, Hkr.
i. 155; hann gyri sik me bnu sveri, . H. 31. II. part. gyrr, girt with a weapon; g. saxi, Nj. 54,
Fms. ii. 83, Grett. 126; g. sveri, Eg. 285, 374, Fms. ii. 111, iv. 58, x. 201, 415, . H. 116; g.
sklmum, Gkv. 2. 19.
gyrill, m. [A. S. gyrdels; Engl. girdle; O. H. G. kartil; Germ. grtel] :-- a girdle, purse, from being
worn on the belt, Gsl. 149, Post. 656 C. 18. gyril-skeggi, a, m. 'girdle-beard,' a nickname, Landn.
gyrja, a(?), to gore; spjt at er g. mun granir nar, an GREEK, Fas. ii. 29 (in a verse).
GYSS, m. mocking; gyss ok gabb, Fas. iii. 115; me mikinn gys, Bs. i. 437, ii. 147; gra gys at e-u,
to mock at a thing, Sturl. i. 21, Fms. ix. 494; ungan gys, Mar.; cp. gussa.
gyzki, a, m. panic, Fas. i. 193; vide geiski.
GGR, f. gen. sing., and nom. pl. ggjar, dat. and acc. sing. ggi; [cp. Scot. gow; gjure in the
Norse tales, Asbjrnsen] :-- an ogress, witch, Vsp. 34, Vm. 32, Helr. 13, Hm. 14, Fsm. 29, Sm.
33, Edda 8, 37, 58, 60, Fas. i. 333: freq. in poetry, vide Lex. Pot.; mar-ggr, a mermaid: of a
weapon, Rmmu-ggr, a 'war-ogre' i.e. axe, Nj.; ggjar-sl, f. 'a gow sun,' a mock sun, Sl. 51: in
local names, Ggjar-fors, Ggjar-hamarr, etc., referring to popular tales.
ggr, m. an abyss; eld-ggr, a crater of a volcano: to this perhaps belongs the saying, vinna fyrir
gg, to labour in vain, answering to the Lat. 'oleum et operam perdere;' hva gagnar svo fyrir gg
ad vinna, Bb. 3. 98; og vann ei fyrir gg, and got his reward, Snt 319 (Ed. 1866); or is gg (qs.
ggi), to labour for an ogre or witch, the metaphor being taken from popular tales ?
GLL, m., or perhaps gll, [gill, Ivar Aasen, akin to gjll], a mock sun, parhelion, Scot. gow,
conceived to be a wolf preceding the sun: when the sun is surrounded by mock suns he is said to be
in 'wolf-stress,' lfa-kreppa; the phenomenon is called gla-fer, f. 'wolf-gang;' cp. also the saying,
sjaldan er gll fyrir gu nema lfr eptir renni, a gill bodes no good unless followed by a wolf (a
sign of weather), sl. js. i. 658, 659.
Gmir, m. name of a giant, answering to Gr. GREEK, Edda.
GA, dd, [gr], to bestow a boon upon, endow, enrich; ga e-n f ok viringu, Hkr. i. 253,
Fms. x. 192; er rtt at hann gi r (the daughters) sem hann vill, then he may endow them at
pleasure, Grg. i. 204; gdda ek gulli ok guvefjum, Gh. 16; gask bkligum listum, Mar. 469;
hann gddi gjfum ga menn, Fms. iv. 111, Bs. i. 815; gddi hann (endowed) frndr sna me
aufum, 269; en Allsvaldandi Gu gddi hann v meir at aurum ok mann-viringum, 137;
alla lenda menn gddi hann bi at veizlum ok lausa-f, . H. 179; skal ek g. yr hvern eptir
snum verleikum, 209; bau rndr at ga (to better) hluta Leifs me miklu f, Fr. 180; en
Allsvaldandi Gu gddi sv hans viring, at ..., but God Almighty bettered his reputation so that ...,
Bs. i. 333. 2. in the phrases, ga rs, fer, rei, to quicken the pace; gddi hann rsina, then he
quickened his pace, Eg. 378; en egar hann s bjrninn, gddi hann ferina, Fms. ii. 101, v. 165;
konungs-menn ga rrinn, they quickened the stroke, pulled quicker, 180. . adding , sv mikit
gddi etta , it increased so much, went to such a pitch, Konr.; ok var nokkuru heimskari en
r, ef mtti ga, she was if possible sillier than before, i.e. though it could scarcely be worse,
Gsl. 21; mun n ga, Am. 71: in mod. usage, e-t gisk, it increases, esp. in a bad sense, of
sickness or the like.
gi, n. pl. good things, boons; hann sl llu vi v er til ga var (he spared no good things), at
eir mtti bir gfastir af vera, Bs. i. 129, Fb. i. 434; at eru mest gi (blessings) eim er eptir
lifa, Bs. i. 140 :-- wealth, prots, in trade, mikil gi vns, hunangs, Sturl. i. 127; eir hfu aan
mrg gi vnvii ok berjum ok skinna-vru, Fb. i. 546; kaupfera ok atutninga eirra ga sem
vr megum eigi missa, Fms. i. 284; hann fann ar strar kistur ok mart til ga, Fs. 5: emoluments,
mrg gi nnur lagi Gizurr biskup til eirrar kirkju bi lndum ok lausa-f, Bs. i. 67; var hann
(the brook) fullr af skum, ... rku eir hann brott, ok vildu eigi at hann nyti ga essa, Landn.
52; kirkjan fugla, ska ok allt at er ga er, jru ok , essu takmarki, Jm. 14; hafi hann ar
mikinn vxt af sterkum trjm ok rum gum, Stj. 134; taka erfir, ok au gi er v fylgja,
Grg. i. 226; konungr vill ar veita mt au gi af snu landi, er menn kunna honum til at segja,
. H. 126; nema hann ha keypt me llum gum rekann af landinu, Grg. ii. 383; ba Skota-
konungr hann f au gi ll Katanesi, er hann hafi r haft, Orkn. 388: so in the phrase, to buy
a thing, me llum ggnum ok gum, with scot and lot. ga-lauss, adj. void of good things; of a
country, barren, Fb. i. 539.
gindi, n. pl. good things, H. E. i. 526.
gingr, m., prop. a man of property; among the Norsemen in Orkney and Shetland gingr was
used synonymously with lendir menn in Norway, landlords, barons, nobles, chiefs; g gings
tt, the nobleman's fair daughter, Jd. (an Orkney poem); ginga-skip, a ship with Orkney chiefs
on board, Ann. 232; etta eru allt Jarla ttir ok ginga Orkneyjum, Orkn. ch. 39; hurfu gingar
mjk tv stai, 178, 380; adding the name of the liege-lord, eir vru allir gingar Pls jarls,
186; eir vru vitrir menn, ok mrgum rum gingum stefndi hann til sn, 232, 242, 262, 330;
stallarar konungs ok arir gingar, Fms. vi. 442; konungs bor ok hans gaeinga, x. 303:
rkisborinna manna ok ginga Jezraels-borgar, Stj. 600. 1 Kings xxi. 8 ('to the elders and nobles');
gingar af Galaad, 405. Judges xi. 5 sqq. ('the elders of Gilead'); gingar Gaze-borgar, 418, cp.
'the lords of the Philistines,' Judges xvi. 23; eigi gingar heldr undirmenn hans ok andligir synir,
Mar. 203, passim. II. mod. a racehorse.
gir, m. an endower, Lex. Pot.
gska and gzka, u, f. goodness, kindness, mercy, Am. 100, Stj. 34, Fms. x. 280; engi frr r
vits en meir ert grunar um gsku (better grzku, q.v.), Sturl. i. 105: grace, holiness, Bs. i. 63;
tign ok gzku, 65, Karl. 452; rttlti ok g., Stj. 54; esp. Gus gzka, the grace, mercy of God,
eccl.: good things = gi, Fms. vii. 285, x. 18, 418, Stj. 202, 203, 205, Sks. 181. COMPDS:
gzku-fullr, adj. full of goodness, gracious, merciful, Fms. x. 232. gzku-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.),
merciless, cruel, Stj. 462, 464. gzku-samligr, adj. good, Bs. i. 75. gzku-semi, f. grace,
goodness.
GFA, u, f. [from gefa, as gipt], luck; ar gri gfu-muninn, Nj. 141: the sayings, anna er gfa
ok grvileiki; and gefr sr engi gfu | gildr feginn vildi; bera gfu til e-s, to have luck in a thing;
ok bar hann enga gfu til at jna r, Eg. 112; sagi, at at var hans hugbo, at vr fegar munum
ekki bera gfu til essa konungs, 17; en srt vel binn at hreysti ok atgrvi, her eigi
til ess gfu, at halda til jafns vi Harald konung, 82; gipt ok gaefa, Bs. i. 132; reyndr at viti ok
gfu, Anal. 57; ef gfa vill til, Fs. 131; eigi ert n einn at, v at konungs-gfan fylgir r, Fms.
ii. 60; gfumar ert mikill, Sighvatr, er at eigi undarlegt at gfa fylgi vizku, hitt er kynligt sem
stundum kann vera, at s gaefa fylgir vizkum manni, at vitrlig r snask til gfu, . H. 123;
v at ek treystumk minni hamingju bezt ok sv gfunni, Fms. vi. 165. COMPDS: gfu-drjgr,
adj. lucky, Fms. vi. 116. gfu-ftt, n. adj. unlucky, Fms. v. 170, Korm. 76. gfu-fer, f. a lucky
journey, Fbr. 234. gfu-fullr, adj. full of luck, Str. gfu-hlutr, m. a lucky lot, share of good luck,
Bs. i. 137. gfu-lauss, adj. luckless, sl. ii. 97. gfu-leysi, n. lucklessness, Grett. 128, Hrafn. 30.
gfu-ltill, adj. having little luck. gfu-mar, m. a lucky man, Nj. 129, Fms. ii. 73, Bs. i. 60, Fs. 7,
115, . H. 123, passim; (gfu-mar, a luckless man.) gfumann-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as a lucky
man, Fms. xi. 232. gfu-mikill, adj. having great luck, Fms. vi. 328. gfu-munr, m. a turn or shift
of luck, Nj. 141. gfu-raun, f. a trial of luck, Grett. 113 A, . H. 74. gfu-samliga, adv. luckily,
Fms. iii. 53, xi. 32, Grett. 85 A. gfu-samligr, adj. lucky, Grett. 119 A. gfu-skipti, n. a turn or
change of luck, Fms. x. 213. gfu-skortr, m. want of luck, Fas. iii. 563. gfu-vant, n. adj. wanting
in luck, Valla L. 222.
gfast, , dep. to become quiet and calm, Bb. 2. 35.
gf, f. meekness.
g-ligr, adj., gramm. rendering of Lat. dativus, Sklda.
gfr, adj. meek, quiet, Sturl. iii. 71, Hrafn. 24, Grett. 107 A; at er mr ok gfast, that is pleasant to
me, Fms. ii. 261.
gftir, f. pl. [gefa B], weather t for shing, ne weather.
ggjask, , dep. [ggsle, De Professor; Germ. gucken], to be all agog, to bend eagerly forward and
peep, Eb. 272, Br. 171, Grett. 114, 148; g. yr herar e-m, Konr.: ok hann ggisk ar inn,
John xx. 5.
ggjur, f. pl., in the phrase, standa ggjum, to stand agog, a tiptoe.
gl, n. enticement; gl of margt mun ek n mlt hafa, MSS. 4. 9.
GLA (gla), d, [gala, gl; Ulf. gljan = GREEK], to comfort, soothe, appease; ver ek mik gla
af grimmum hug, Skv. 3. 9; at glir mik, Band.; gla gjfum ok fagrmli, MSS. 4. 6; eigi mun
hann gla mega me sttar-boum, Fms. x. 221; gla grttan, Sl. 26, (better than gala.)
gla, u, f. enticement, soothing; esp. in pl. glur, lullaby songs; barna-glur, nursery songs; her
brag enna ok barnglur, ort mliga Einar Fstri, a ditty; fri-glur, q.v. :-- a breeze = gol, Edda
(Gl.)
gling, f. fondling, Barl. 55, 150; gaelingar-or, Fms. viii. 23.
GR, adv., also spelt gr and gjar, esp. in Norse MSS., but also freq. in Fb., Stj., D. N. passim;
[A. S. gestran, gestran dag; Engl. yesterday; O. H. G. gestar; Germ. gestern; Dan. gaar; Swed.
gr; Lat. heri, hesternus; Gr. GREEK; cp. also Engl. yore, answering to the form gr] :-- yesterday;
only with the prep. , gr, Fms. vii, 168, passim. II. [Ulf. renders GREEK, Matth. vi. 30, by
gestradagis, and that this is no mistake or corruption in the Gothic text is shewn by the fact that in
the old Icel. or Scandin. poems gr occurs two or three times in the very same sense] :-- to-morrow;
in the phrases, n ea gr, now or by to-morrow; dag er gr, to-day or to-morrow: hvrt skolum
n ea gr deyja, whether we are to die now or to-morrow, Hm. 31; and varat mr rinn daui
dag ea gr, I was not fated to die to-day or to-morrow, Landn. (in a verse composed in Icel. about
the middle of the 10th century). Uppstrm, the learned Swedish editor of Ullas, has duly noticed
the passage in Hm. as corroborative of the Gothic text.
GRA, u, f. a sheepskin with the eece on, K. . K. 148, Stj. 306, Sturl. iii. 189 C, Bs. i. 606, Rd.
240, Pr. 78, 625. 22. gru-skinn, n. = gra.
gr-dagr, m. (gjr-dagr, ir. 10), yesterday, sl. ii. 413, Hkr. ii. 137; grdags, . H. 87: mod.
only with the prep., grdag.
gr-kveld, n. (gjr-kveld, Str. 4. 30, Fb. ii. 150), yesterday evening; gaerkveld, Ld. 44, Fms. vii.
168, Fas. ii. 284, Fbr. 63.
gr-morgin, m. yesterday morning.
gr-na, adv. = gr, Fms. vi. 254.
gslingr, m. [gs], a gosling, Fms. viii. 42, D. N. i. 7.
gsni, proncd. gxni, f. [gs], silliness, Edda 110: mod., neut. a lean, spectral person. gsnis-ligr,
adj. spectre-like.
GTA, tt, (gjta, Hom. 34, 156, esp. in Norse MSS.), [gte = to nd sheep, Ivar Aasen] :-- to
watch, tend, take care of, with gen.; at gta eigna sinna, Fms. i. 245; gtum vandliga essa burar,
viii. 8; Gu gti mn, God protect me! ix. 482; gta skipa sinna, 484; ltum en hat gta vr,
Orkn. 108; eir ltu myrkrit gta sn, Fs. 85; rir ba sna menn hlfa sr ok gta sn sem bezt,
Gull. 24; ok bu hann gta lfs sns, Orkn. 164; gjta laga ok landsrttar, Hom. 34; er at gta
rsins, then take heed to the advice, Nj. 61; gta dma, to observe justice, Sks. 658 :-- to tend [cp.
Norse gte], gta ka, to tend cows, Fms. vi. 366, Ld. 98; gta hesta, to tend horses, Fb. ii. 340,
Fs. 88; hn gaetir dura Valhllu, Edda 21; Mgur er nefnd mr s er gtir brarinnar, 38; hann
sitr ar vi himins-enda at gta brarinnar fyrir bergrisum, 17; gta segls, to take care of the sail,
Fms. vii. 340 (in a verse); gta skips, Anal. 191 :-- absol., stofan gtti (guarded) at baki eim, Eg.
91; v at rekendrnir gttu fyrir utan, Fms. vii. 184; gttu (take care) ok vinn eigi Kl, Fb. ii.
360; gta sn, to be on one's guard. . with prep., gta til, to take care of, mind; var eigi betr til
gtt en sv, at ..., Orkn. 210; sv gttu eir til, at ekki var at, Nj. 57; gti hr til nundar
hsbnda yvars, at eigi slti dr n fuglar hr eirra, Eg. 380; hann skyldi til gta at eigi slgisk
aptr liit, . H. 215; s er til saka gtir, Sks. 28, Rb. 396; ef kannt til at gta, if thou behave
well, Eg. 96; mun ek ekki taka af r eignir nar, ef u kannt til gta, id., Fms. ii. 178: in mod.
usage also, gta a e-u, to observe a thing: to heed, Gus vegna a r gt min sl, Pass. 8. 16. II.
reex., orleikr kvask ekki mundu hafa mikit f, v at snt er hversu mr gtisk til, because it is
uncertain how I may keep it, Ld. 300: cp. geta A. IV. III. [cp. geta with gen., signif. B], getask um
e-t, to deliberate or take counsel about ...; ok um at gttusk, hvrt ..., and took counsel together,
whether ..., Vsp. 6, 9, 27, 29; gtask e-s, to tell of, mention a thing; gttisk ok Glaumvr, at vri
grand svefna, G. told that she had dreary dreams, Am. 20; gttisk ess Hgni, at rna naugum,
H. spoke of interceding for the bondsman, 60. IV. part. gtandi, a keeper, Edda 94.
gti-liga, adv. heedfully, Al. 147, Fms. viii. 201.
gtinn, adj. heedful, Hm. 6; -gtinn, heedless; a-gtinn, heedful.
gtir, m. a keeper, warder, Lex. Pot.
gtni, f. heedfulness; a-gtni, circumspection; nr-gtni, equity.
gtr, adj. good, Sks. 633 B; -gtr, good; f-gaetr, rare; nr-gtr.
gtr, f. pl. [from gt, q.v.], in the phrase, gefa gtr at e-u, to mind a thing, heed, Ld. 204, Hkr. iii.
203.
gtti, n. pl. [gtt], door-posts, Rm. 2, Fms. ii. 161, . H. 154, Fas. iii. 20; dyri-g., q.v. gtti-tr, f.
a door-sill, N. G. L. i. 38.
gzka, vide gska.
gzla, u, f. watch, keeping, Grg. i. 147, Fms. xi. 246; svna-g., tending swine, Fs. 71: metaph.,
Fms. vii. 187, Sks. 675. COMPDS: gzlu-engill, m. a guardian angel, Nj. 157. gzlu-kerling, f.
an old maid-servant, Str. 75. gzlu-lauss, adj. unguarded, Fas. ii. 467. gzlu-leysi, n. carelessness.
gzlu-mar, m. a keeper, Grg. i. 443, Fms. x. 469, xi. 402, Sks. 273, 473. gzlu-stt, f. sickness
that requires guarding, lunacy, Grg. i. 287; a-gzla, attention.
GFGA, a, [ggr; cp. Ulf. gabigjan = GREEK], to honour: 1. of God (or gods), to worship; au
gu er gfgar, Fms. i. 97; eigi eru go mannlkun au er r gfgit, Blas. 44; hann gfgai hof
au, er ..., 623. 11; n skulum vr fyrir v g. einn Gu, Sks. 308; engum gui skal ek blt fra
eim ef n g. menn, Fagrsk. 11; Gu at g. ok Jesum Krist, Barl. 1; hann er san gfgar kirkju
heilags Laurentii, Rb. 368; honum var gfgat skurgo at er Bal heitir, 400. 2. to honour, bless; sv
her Drottinn gfga hann, at hann gri hann hfingja Kristni sinnar, 655 iii. 4; honum tti v
betr er eiri tignuusk ok gfguusk af honum, Bs. i. 141.
gfgan, f. worshipping, 677. 9, 655 ix. 2, 623. 12, Fb. i. 408.
gfgi, f. nobility; tt-g., noble extraction.
gfug-kvendi, n. a noble woman, lady, Eb. 18, Ld. 334.
gfug-ltr, adj. worshipful, generous, Fms. viii. 2, Fas. ii. 105: as the name of a king (= great), t.
25.
gfug-leikr (-ki), m. worshipfulness, Fms. i. 295, x. 280: highness, 310.
gfug-ligr, adj. worshipful, glorious; fagr ok g. litum, Hkr. i. 10, 223, Fms. vii. 63, x. 234, 289,
294, Th. 23: magnicent, Edda 12; kirkja g., Bs. i. 645; g. veizla, a grand banquet, r. 220; g.
sigr, a glorious victory, Stjrnu-Odd. 16.
gfug-menni, n. a noble, worshipful man, Fms. vi. 269, viii. 136, x. 323, Landn. 278, Eb. 14, Fs.
20, orf. Karl. 364.
gfug-mennr, adj. with many worshipful men, Mirm.
GFUGR, adj. [Ulf. gabigs = GREEK], worshipful, noble; gfugr mar, a worshipful man, by
birth, etc.; til gfugs manns er Skeggi ht, Nj. 270; g. mar ok strttar, Eg. 16, 97, freq. in
Landn.; Herraur Hvta-sk var g. mar, 156; Hrafn enn Heimski ht g. mar, 59, 213, 244, 277,
283; essir landnms-menn eru gfgastir Vestringa-fjrungi, 167; at Erlingr Skjlgsson ha
verit mar rkastr ok gfgastr Noregi, . H. 184, Fms. i. 61; rkr mar ok g., Hkr. i. 136; sjau
prestar ok allir gfgir, Bs. i. 79; enum gfgasta konungi, Post. 656 C. 33; g. mar ok gaetr, Eg. 98;
vru eir Bjrglfr gildinu gfgastir menn, the foremost men, 22; Hrafn var gfgastr sona Hngs,
102; v heldr er gfgari vru, Bs. i. 129; gir menn ok gfgir, Grg. ii. 168; Inglfr var gfgastr
allra landnms-manna, Fms. i. 241, (Landn. 36 l. c. frgastr); at eir mtti bir sem gfgastir af
vera, Bs. i. 129 :-- of things, gfugr br, Eg. 477; g. ssla, Hom. 4.
gll, f. a shriek, Edda (Gl.) 110.
GLTR, m., gen. galtar, dat. gelti, [Swed. and Dan. galt] :-- a boar, hog, Grg. i. 427, Landn. 177,
Sks. 113, Fas. i. 87, 88, iii. 405; snar-gltr, a sacricial hog, i. 331, 332. 2. an old dat. gjalti only
occurs in the old metaph. phrase, vera at gjalti, to be turned into a hog, i.e. to turn mad with terror,
esp. in a ght; stundum pir hn sv htt at menn vera nr at gjalti, Fms. iv. 56; s kraptr ok
fjlkyngi fylgi eim Nor, at vinir eirra uru at gjalti egar eir heyru herp ok s vpnum
brugit, ok lgu Lappir tta, Orkn. 4; en er hann s at eir ofruu vpnunum glpnai hann, ok
hljp um fram ok fjallit upp ok var at gjalti, Eb. 60; uru gngu-menn nsta at gjalti, Gsl. 56; en
r risk allir ok yrit at gjalti, Fs. 43,--cp. Yngl. S. ch. 6, where this power is attributed to Odin;
gjalti glkir vera gumna synir, Hm. 130; Nero hljp burt fr rki ok var at gjalti, Post. 656 C. 39;
at konungr mundi ganga af vitinu ok at gjalti vera, Rb. 394 (of king Nebuchadnezzar); eir menn
er geltir eru kallair, Sks. 113 sqq. II. metaph. a hog's back or ridge between two dales; in local
names, Galtar-dalr, Galtardals-tunga, n., of farms situated at the foot of such a ridge.
gltra, a, to rove about in cold and blast, from gltr (2).
gndull, m. a clue; a er komi gndul, of entangled things.
gng, n. pl. [gangr], a passage, lobby; en r kastala vru gng upp kirkju, Fms. ix. 523: freq. in
mod. usage, of a narrow passage, bastofu-gng, esp. when leading from the door to the sitting-
room: metaph., gefa e-m gng, to give one free passage, xi. 283; kunna gng at orostu, to know the
ways of ghting, vi. 387.
gngull, adj. strolling; mr verr gngult, Lv. 33; nr-gngull, near-going, exacting; hs-gngull,
strolling from house to house.
gnur, f. pl. [gana], wild wanderings, eccentricities; in the phrase, hlaupa t gnur, to rove wildly
about.
GR and ger, n. a ock of birds of prey; ar var hrafna gr, Hful. 9; hrva gr, carrion crows,
Merl. 2. 68, (in both passages rhyming with a word having for root vowel); opt er skr fugla
geri, there are often sh where gulls gather, Hallgr. in Snt 212 2nd Ed. (for the gulls guide the
shermen to the shoals of sh); fylgir v gr mikit ok ta, Sks. 140.
GR- (also spelt gjr-, ger-, geyr-); the complete old form is grv-, which remains in grv-allr,
q.v. [cp. grva below; mid. H. G. gar, garwe; O. H. G. garo; N. H. G. gar] :-- as adverb. prex,
quite, altogether: gr-aur, adj. quite empty: gr-bnn, adj. begging hard, importunate, Sighvat,
Fb. ii. 80: gr-eya, dd, to lay quite waste: gr-farinn, part. quite gone, quite lost, of a game, Fms.
vii. 219: gr-hugall, adj. very heedful, mindful, Eg. 14: gr-klfr, m. = for-klfr, q.v.: gr-slokinn,
part. quite slaked, Hlabk 103: gr-spiltr, part. quite corrupt.
GRA, , also spelt grva, girva, geyra, giora, gera: prop. gra, not g&aolig;ra (the was
sounded nearly as y or ey), so that the g is to be sounded as an aspirate, however the word is spelt;
and the insertion of i or j (gira, gjra), which is usual in mod. writing, and often occurs in old, is
phonetic, not radical, and gra and gjra represent the same sound. The word in the oldest form had
a characteristic v, and is spelt so on the Runic stones in the frequent Runic phrase, gaurva kubl,
Baut., and Danske Runemind. passim; but also now and then in old Icel. MSS., e.g. the Kb. of Sm.
(cited from Bugge's Edit.), gorva, Am. 75, Skv. 1. 34, 3. 20, Hm. 123, Og. 29; gerva, Am. 64, Bkv.
3; giorva, Rm. 9; giorfa, 28; gorvir, Hkv. Hjrv. 41; grvom, Hm. 6; gorviz, Am. 35; gerviz, Merl.
2. 89 :-- this characteristic v has since been dropped, and it is usually spelt without it in MSS., gora,
Hm. 1, Og. 23, Ls. 65; gera, Am. 85; gorir, Hm. 114: the pret. always drops the v, gori, Hym. 21;
goro or goro, fecerunt, Hm. 142, Am. 9; gorumz, Hm. 28; geri, Am. 74; gerit, 26 :-- with i
inserted, Rm. 9, 22; giordu, 11; in the Mork. freq. giavra. The is still sounded in the east of Icel.,
whereas gera is the common form in speech, gjra in writing :-- the old pres. indic. used by the
poets and in the laws is monosyllabic grr, with sufxed negative, grr-a, Hkr. i. (in a verse); mod.
bisyllabic grir, which form is also the usual one in the Sagas :-- the old part. pass. was grr or
gerr, geyrr, Fms. ix. 498, x. 75, where the v was kept before a vowel, and is often spelt with f,
gorvan, gorvir, and gorfan, gorr: dat. so-goro or so-guru adverbially = sic facto: the mod. part.
gjrr, gerr, grr, as a regular part. of the 2nd weak conjugation, which form occurs in MSS. of
the 15th century, e.g. Bs. i. 877, l. 21. [This is a Scandin. word; Dan. gjre; Swed. gra; Old Engl.
and Scot. gar, which is no doubt of Scandin. origin, the Saxon word being do, the Germ. thun,
neither of which is used in the Scandin.; the word however is not unknown to the Teut., though used
in a different sense; A. S. gervan and gearvjan = parare; O. H. G. karwan; Germ. gerben, garben,
but esp. the adj. and adv. gar, vide above s. v. gr-.] To make, to do; the Icel. includes both these
senses.
A. To make: I. to build, work, make, etc.; gra himin ok jr, 623. 36, Hom. 100; gra hs, to build
a house, Fms. xi. 4, Rb. 384; gra kirkju, Bjarn. 39; gra skip, N. G. L. i. 198; gra langskip, Eg.
44; gra stlpa, Al. 116; gra tl (= sma), Vsp. 7; gra (ngr)-gull, Bs. i. 877; gra haug, to build
a cairn, Eg. 399; gra lokhvlu, Dropl. 27; gra dys, Ld. 152; gra kistu (cofn), Eg. 127; gra
naust, N. G. L. i. 198; gra jarhs, Dropl. 34; gra veggi, Eg. 724: also, gra bk, to write a book,
b. 1, Rb. 384; gra kviling, to make a song, Nj. 50; gra brf, to draw up a deed (letter), Fms. ix.
22; gra nmli, to frame a law, b. 17. 2. adding prep.; gra upp, to repair, rebuild, restore, Fb. ii.
370; gra upp Jrsala-borg, Ver. 43; gra upp skla, Ld. 298; gra upp leii, to build up a grave. II.
to make, prepare, get ready; gra veizlu, drykkju, brkaup, er, and pot. l, ldr, to make a feast,
brew bridal ale, Fs. 23, Fms. xi. 156, Dropl. 6, Am. 86; gra sei, blt, to perform a sacrice, Ld.
152; gra b, to set up a house, Grg. i. 185, Ld. 68; gra eld, to make a re, Fs. 100, K. . K. 88;
gra rekkju, to make one's bed, Eg. 236; gra upp hvlur, Sturl. ii. 124; gra graut, to make
porridge, Eg. 196, N. G. L. i. 349; gra drykk, to make a drink, Fms. i. 8; gra kol, or gra til kola,
to make charcoal, lk. 35. III. in somewhat metaph. phrases; gra fer, to make a journey, Fms. x.
281; gri heiman fr sna, he made a journey from home, Eg. 23; gra sinn veg, to make one's way,
travel, Mar.; gra uppreisn, to make an uprising, to rebel, Rb. 384, Fms. ix. 416; gra fri, to make
war, 656 C. 15; gra stt, gra fri, to make peace, Hom. 153, Bs. i. 24; gra fskipti, Nj. 118; gra
tilskipan, to make an arrangement, Eg. 67; gra r sitt, to make up one's mind, Nj. 267, Fms. ix.
21; gra hluti, to cast lots, Fms. x. 348. 2. to make, give, pay, yield; gra tund, to pay tithes, Hom.
180; hann skal gra Gui tunda hlut versins, id.; gra lmusu, to give alms, 64; gra vxt, to
yield fruit, Greg. 48; gefa n gra vxt, Stj. 43; gra konungi skatt ea skyld, Fms. xi. 225. 3. to
contract; gra vinttu, flagskap, to contract friendship, Nj. 103, Eg. 29; gra skuld, to contract a
debt, Grg. i. 126: gra r me e-m, to take counsel with, advise one, Eg. 12; gra r fyrir, to
suppose, Nj. 103, Fms. ix. 10; gra mun e-s, to make a difference, i. 255, Eb. 106. 4. to make, make
up, Lat. efcere; sex tigir penninga gra eyri, sixty pence make an ounce, Grg. i. 500, Rb. 458. 5.
to grant, render; gra kost, to make a choice, to grant, Nj. 130, Dropl. 6, Fms. xi. 72, (usually
ellipt., kostr being understood); vil ek at r gerit kostinn, Nj. 3; ok megit r fyrir v gra (grant)
honum kostinn, 49, 51; gra e-m lg, to grant the law to one, 237; gra gusifjar, to make 'gossip'
with one, to be one's godfather, Fms. ii. 130. 6. special usages; gra spott, h, gabb, ... at e-u, to
make sport, gibes, etc. at or over a thing, Fms. x. 124; gra iran, to do penance, Greg. 22; gra
akkir, to give thanks, Hom. 55; gra rm at mli e-s, to cheer another's speech, shout hear, hear!
var grr at mli hans mikill rmr ok gr, his speech was much cheered, Nj. 250,--a parliamentary
term; the Teutons cheered, the Romans applauded (with the hands), cp. Tacit. Germ. 7. with prepp.;
gera til, to make ready or dress meat; lta af (to kill) ok gra til (and dress), K. . K. 80, sl. ii. 83,
331, Fs. 146, 149, Bjarn. 31, Finnb. 228; gra til nyt, to churn milk, K. . K. 78; gra til sver, to
wash and clean the sword, Dropl. 19; mttu eir eigi sj, hversu orvaldr var til gerr, how Th. got a
dressing, Nj. 19. . gra at e-u, to mend, make good, put right (at-gr), ek skal at v gera, Fms. xi.
153, Eg. 566, Nj. 130: to heal, Br. 171, Eg. 579, Grg. i. 220; gra at hesti, K. . K. 54, Nj. 74:
gra vi e-u, vide B. II. 8. adding acc. of an adj., part., or the like; gra mun at margan
hfulausan, Nj. 203; gra mikit um sik, to make a great noise, great havoc, Fb. i. 545, Grett. 133,
Fms. x. 329; gra e-n sttan, to reconcile one, Grg. i. 336; gra sr e-n kran, to make one dear to
oneself, Hkr. i. 209; gra sik lkan e-m, to make oneself like to another, imitate one, Nj. 258; gra
sik gan, to make oneself good or useful, 74, 78; gra sik reian, to take offence, 216; gra sr
dlt, to make oneself at home, take liberties, Ld. 134, Nj. 216; gra langmlt, to make a long
speech, Sks. 316; gra skjt-kjrit, to make a quick choice, Fms. ii. 79; gra hlpinn, to 'make
holpen,' to help, x. 314; gra lgtekit, to make a law, issue a law, xi. 213, Bs. i. 37; hann geri hann
hlshggvinn, he had him beheaded, Fms. ix. 488, v. l.; ok gru handtekna alla at minsta kosti,
Sturl. i. 40; vrir vskustu ok beztu menn era grr handteknir, 41. . gra sr mikit um e-t, to make
much of, admire, Eg. 5, Fms. x. 254, 364; gra e-t at gtum, to make famous, extol a thing, vii.
147; gra at orum, to notice as remarkable, Fas. i. 123; gra at litum, to take into consideration,
Nj. 3; gra sr geti at e-u, to be displeased with, Ld. 134; gra vart vi sik, to make one's
presence noticed, Eg. 79; gra sr mikit, lti fyrir, to make great, small efforts, Finnb. 234; gra sr
hug, to brood over; hann geri sr hug at drepa jarl, Fs. 112; gra sr hugar lund, to fancy,
think: gra af sr, to exert oneself, ef gerir eigi meira af r um ara leika, Edda 32; hvrt hann
var me Eirki jarli, er gri hann annat af sr, or what else he was making of himself, Fms. xi.
157. 9. phrases, gera fleika sik, to feign, make oneself look sad, Nj. 14; esp. adding upp, gera sr
upp veyki, to feign sickness, (upp-ger, dissimulation); gra sr til, to make a fuss, (hence, til-ger,
foppishness.)
B. To do: I. to do, act; allt at er hann gerir san (whatever he does), at eigandi at byrgjask,
Gl. 190; r munut ftt mla er gera, r yr munu vandri af standa, i.e. whatsoever you say
or do will bring you into trouble, Nj. 91; gra e-t me harfengi ok kappi, 98; ger sv vel, 'do so
well,' be so kind! 111; gerit n sv, gi herra (please, dear lord!), iggit mitt heilri, Fms. vii.
157: and in mod. usage, geri r svo vel, geru svo vel, = Engl. please, do! sagi, at hann hafi
me trleik grt, done faithfully, Eg. 65; gra gott, to do good; gra llt, to do evil, (g-gr, ll-
gr); ok at var vel grt, well done, 64; geyra ek hotvetna llt, I did evil in all things, Nirst. 109;
her hann marga hluti grt str-vel til mn, he has done many things well towards me, I have
received many great benets at his hands, Eg. 60: with dat., sv mikit gott sem jarl her mr gert,
Nj. 133; r vilda ek szt llt gra, I would least do harm to thee, 84: gra flmennsku, to do a mean
act, 185; gra vel vi e-n, to do well to one, Fs. 22; gra styg vi e-n, to offend one, Fms. x. 98;
gra smiliga til e-s, to do well to one, Ld. 62, Nj. 71; gra sma e-s, to do honour to one, Fms. vii.
155; gra e-m gagn, to give help to one, Nj. 262; gra e-m smd, skomm, to do (shew) honour,
dishonour, to one, 5, Fms. x. 43; gra hung, xi. 152; gra styrk, to strengthen one, ix. 343; gra e-
m skapraun, to tease one; gra sma, Vpn. 19; gra skaa (scathe), Eg. 426; gra vina-fagna,
to give joy to one's enemies, i.e. to do just what they want one to do, Nj. 112; gra til skaps e-m, to
conform to one's wishes, 80; gerum vr sem fair vr vill, let us do as our father wishes, 198; vel
m ek gera at til skaps fur mns at brenna inni me honum, id.; gra at skapi e-s, id., 3; var at
mjk gert mti mnu skapi, Fms. viii. 300; gera til saka vi e-n, to offend, sin against one, Nj. 80;
gera hluta e-s, to wrong one, Vgl. 25; gra lla fyrir sr, to behave badly, Fms. vii. 103. II. adding
prep.; gra til e-s, to deserve a thing (cp. til-gr, desert, behaviour); hvat hafir til grt, what
hast thou done to deserve it? Nj. 130; framarr en ek he til grt, more than I have deserved, Fms.
viii. 300; ok hat r Danir heldr til annars grt, ye Danes have rather deserved the reverse, xi. 192,
Hom. 159 :-- gra eptir, to do after, imitate, Nj. 90 :-- gra vi e-u (cp. vi-gr, amendment), to
provide for, amend, ok mun hgt vera at gra vi forlgum eirra, Ld. 190; er hgt at gra vi
(to resist) atkvum, Fs. 22; ok mun ekki mega vi v gera, Nj. 198 :-- gra af vi e-n (cp. af-
gr, evil doing), to transgress against one, ek he engan hlut af grt vi ik, Fms. vii. 104, viii.
241; ok irask n ess er hann her af gert, 300; gra af vi Gu, to sin against God, Hom. 44. 2.
special usages; gra ... at, to do so and so; spuri, hvat hann vildi lta at gera, he asked what he
would have done, Nj. 100; hann geri at eina at, er hann tti, he did only what be ought, 220; eir
Flosi stu um at rengja, ok gtu ekki at gert, F. tried, and could do nothing, 115, 242; r munut
ekki f at gert, fyrr en ..., 139; Flosi ok hans menn fengu ekki at gert, 199; mikit her n at gert,
much hast thou now done (it is a serious matter), 85; er n ok mikit at gert um manndrp sian,
256; hann vildi taka vru at lni, ok gra mikit at, and do great things, Ld. 70; Svartr hafi hggit
skg ok gert mikit at, Nj. 53; slkt gerir at er slin etr, so it happens with those who eat seaweed, i.e.
that (viz. thirst) comes of eating seaweed, Eg. 605. . gra af e-u, to do so and so with a thing; hvat
ha r gert af Gunnari, Njar. 376; r draumana, vera m at vr gerim af nokkut, may be that
we may make something out of it, Ld. 126; gr af drauminum slkt er r ykkir lkligast, do with
the dream (read it) as seems to thee likeliest, sl. ii. 196: gra vi e-n, to do with one; var um
rtt, hva vi skyldi gra, what was to be done with them? Eg. 232; rnar eru sakir til vi Egil,
hvat sem eg lt gra vi hann, 426; eigi veit ek hvat eir hafa san vi grt, 574: gra fyrir e-t, to
provide; Jn var vel fjreigandi, ok at llu vel fyrir grt, a wealthy and well-to-do man, Sturl. iii.
195; tt Bjrn s vel vgr mar, er ar fyrir grt, v at ..., but that is made up, because ...: fyrir
gra (q.v.), to forfeit.
C. METAPH. AND SPECIAL USAGES: I. to do, help, avail; n skulum vr ganga allir vald
jarlsins, v at oss gerir eigi annat, nothing else will do for us, Nj. 267; at mun ekki gera, that wont
do, 84; en ek kann ekki r til at leggja ef etta gerir ekki, Fms. ii. 326; konungr vill at eigi, vi at
mr gerir at eigi (it will not do for me) at r gangit hr upp, x. 357; at gerir mr ekki, at r
gangit Orminn, ... en hitt m vera at mr komi at gagni, ii. 227; ttisk vita, at honum mundi
ekki gera (it would do nothing) at bija fyrir honum, Fb. i. 565; engum geri vi hann at keppa,
571; ekki geri eim um at brjtask, Br. 10 new Ed.; saga ek yr eigi, at ekki mundi gera at leita
hans, Sks. 625; hvat gerir mr n at spyrja, Stj. 518; ekki gerir at dylja, no use hiding it, Fbr. 101
new Ed.; tla at at fir ori, enda geri engum, Band. 7; bi var leita til annarra ok heima, ok
geri ekki, but did no good, 4; ht hann eim afarkostum, ok geri at ekki, but it did no good, Fms.
ii. 143. II. to send, despatch, cp. the Engl. to 'do' a message; hann geri egar menn fr sr, Eg.
270; hann hafi grt menn sex skginn fyrir , 568; geri Karl li mti eim, Fms. i. 108; jarl
geri Eirk at leita Ribbunga, ix. 314; hann geri fram fyrir sik lf njsn, 488; hann geri menn
fyrir sr at segja konunginum kvmu sna, x. 10; hleypi-skta var gr norr til rndheims, vii. 206;
jafnan geri jarl til Ribbunga ok drap menn af eim, ix. 312; vilja svfrs-synir egar gera til eirra
Kotkels, despatch them to slay K., Ld. 144; skulu vr n gra mt honum, ok lta hann engri njsn
koma, 242 :-- gra eptir e-m, to send after one, Nero ba gra eptir postulunum ok leia angat,
656 C. 26; n verr eigi eptir grt at mijum vetri, Grg. i. 421; frndr Bjarnar ltu gra eptir
(Germ. abholen) lki hans, Bjarn. 69; san geru eir til klaustrs ess er jmfrin var , Fms. x.
102 :-- gera e-m or, njsn, to do a message to one; hann geri or jrlum snum, Eg. 270; tluu
eir at gra nundi njsn um ferir Egils, 386, 582; vru angat or gr, word was sent thither,
Hkr. ii. 228. III. with inn. as an auxiliary verb, only in poetry and old prose (laws); ef hn geri
koma, if she did come, Vl. 5; gerit vatn vgja, Am. 25; gramr grr-at sr hlfa, he does not spare
himself, Hkr. i. (in a verse); gerut vgjask, id., Fs. (in a verse); hann gerisk at hggva, Jb. 41;
grir at segja, Bkv. 15; grisk at deyja, Gkv. 1. 1: in prose, eigi gerir hugr minn hlgja vi
honum, Fas. i. 122; gir menn gra skra sitt ml me sannsgli, 677. 12; Aristodemus gri eigi
enn at tra, Post.: esp. in the laws, ef eir gra eigi ganga rm sn, Grg. i. 8; ef goinn gerr eigi
segja, 32; ef hann gerr eigi ganga, 33; ef eir gra eigi hluta mer sr, 63; ef dmendr gra eigi
dma, 67; ef dmendr gra eigi vi at taka, id.; ef goinn gerr eigi (does not) nefna frns-dm, 94;
n gra eir menn eigi maga fra, 86; ef eir gra eigi nefna kvina af banum, Kb. ii. 163; ef
eir gra eigi segja, hvrt ..., Sb. ii. 52; n gerr s eigi til fara, Kb. ii. 96; gra eigi koma, 150; ef
hann gerr eigi kjsa, 113. IV. a law term, gra um, or gera only, to judge or arbitrate in a case;
fkksk at af, at tlf menn skyldu gra um mlit, Nj. 111; villt gra um mlit, 21; bja mun ek
at gra um, ok lka upp egar grinni, 77; mun s mla-hluti vrr beztr, at gir menn geri um, 88;
mlin vru lagi ger, skyldu gera um tlf menn, var gert um mlin ingi, var at gert, at ...
(follows the verdict), 88; vil ek at sttisk skjtt ok ltir ga menn gera um ..., at hann geri um
ok enir beztu menn af hvrra lii lgliga til nefndir, 188; Njll kvask eigi gera mundu nema
ingi, 105; eir kvusk at halda mundu, er hann geri, id.; skalt gera sjlfr, 58; fyrr en gert var
r um hitt mlit, 120; ek vil bjask til at gra milli ykkar rar um ml yar, Bjarn. 55;
orsteinn kva at mundi ml manna, at eir hefi ga nefnd um sttir tt hann gri, 56; n
er egar slegit stt mlinu me v mti, at skell skal gra um eirra milli, Rd. 248; er n leita
um sttir milli eirra, ok kom sv at eir skulu gra um mlin orgeirr goi fr Ljsa-vatni ok
Arnrr r Reykjahl, s var gr eirra at ..., 288; sv kemr at Ljtr vill at Skapti gri af hans
hendi, en Gumundr vill sjlfr gra fyrir sna hnd, skyldi Skapti ger upp segja, Valla L. 225; eigi
hr at, leitum heldr um sttir ok geri orgeirr um ml essi, Lv. 12; var jafnt grt sr rar ok
sr rodds, Eb. 246; r uru mla-lyktir at rr skyldi gra um ..., 24; ok vru grvar miklar
fsektir, 128; var leita um sttir, ok var at at stt, at eir Snorri ok Steindrr skyldi gra um,
212; it erut gerr hras-sekir sem llris-menn, Fs. 58: gra gr, Sturl. i. 63, 105: adding the
ne, to x the amount, at er ger mn, at ek geri ver hss ok matar, I x the amount of the value of
the house and (stolen) stores, Nj. 80; geri Njll hundra silfrs, N. put it at a hundred silver pieces,
58; margir mltu, at mikit vaeri gert, that the amount was high, id.; slkt fgjald sem gert var, 120;
vilit r nokkut hras-sektir gra ea utanferir, 189; hann dmdi egar, ok gri hundra silfrs, 6l;
san bau Bjarni orkatli stt ok sjlfdmi, gri Bjarni hundra silfrs, Vpn. 31; ek gri hnd
ri hundra silfrs, Lv. 55; ek gri hnd r hundra silfrs, id.; vilit r, at ek gra millum ykkar?
san gri konungr konuna til handa ri ok ll f hennar, Bjarn. 17; Rafn kva hann mikit f
annat af sr hafa grt, at eigi tti honum at betra, Fs. 30; Gellir gri tta hundra silfrs, Lv. 97;
fyrir at geri Brkr hinn digri af honum eyjarnar, B. took the isles from him as a ne, Landn. 123:
adding the case as object, Gunnarr geri gerina, G. gave judgment in the case, Nj. 80; fyrr en gert
var r um hitt mlit, till the other case was decided, 120; stt er hann gri Haraldi jarli, that
settlement which he made for earl Harold, Fms. viii. 300: Flosi var grr utan ok allir brennu-menn,
F. was put out (banished) and all the burners, Nj. 251: metaph., nema au vili annat ml gera,
unless they choose to settle it otherwise, Grg. i. 336. 2. in the phrase, gra sek, to make a case of
outlawry, Grg. i. 118; eigi um grir sek manns ella, else the outlawry takes no effect; en hann um
grir eigi ella sekina, else he cannot condemn him, 119. 3. to perform; eptir-gerar eirrar sem
hverr nennti framast at gera eptir sinn nung, Fms. viii. 103; en at grunai konung, at hann mundi
tla at gra eptir sumar sttir, i.e. that he had some back door to escape by, Orkn. 58 (cp. . H.);
allt at er r gerit n fyrir eirra slum, id. V. special usages, to make allowance for; gera fr til
fjr, to make an arbitrary allowance for, sl. ii. 138; hence, to suppose, en ef ek skal gra til fyrir
fram (suggest) hvat er hn (the code) segir mr, segi ek sv, at ..., Fms. ix. 331; gera sr hug,
Fs. 112; gra sr hugar-lund, to fancy; gra e-m getsakir, to impute to one; gera or e-u, to report
a thing; at er ekki or v geranda, 'tis not worth talking about; eigi arf or at gra hj v ('tis
not to be denied), sjlfan stlkonunginn blindai hann, Mork. 14 (cp. Fms. vi. 168, l. c.); gera sr
ltt, to take a thing lightly, Am. 70; gra sr far um, to take pains; gra sr hug, hugar-lund, to
suppose.
D. IMPERS. it makes one so and so, one becomes; hann gri flvan andliti, he turned pale,
Glm. 342; leysti sinn ok gri varmt vatni, the water became warm, 623. 34; ver gri hvast, a
gale arose, Eg. 128; hr mikla geri at eim, they were overtaken by a storm, 267; geri ok
hr (acc.) vers, 281; fll verit ok geri logn (acc.), and became calm, 372; gri strt
rinum, the sea rose high, 600; til ess er ver lgi ok ljst geri, and till it cleared up, 129; um
nttina geri i-ver ok tsynning, 195; grir fyrir eim hafvillur, they lost their course (of
sailors), Finnb. 242; mr gerir svefnhfugt, I grow sleepy, Nj. 264; gri vetr mikinn ar eptir
hinn nsta, Rd. 248.
E. REFLEX, to become, grow, arise, and the like; grisk hltr, then arose laughter, Nj. 15;
grisk bardagi, it came to a ght, 62, 108; s atburr grisk, it came to pass, Fms. x. 279; au
tendi er ar hfu grzt, Ld. 152; gerisk me eim flagskapr, they entered into fellowship, Eg.
29; gerisk sv fallit kaup, Dipl. ii. 10; Sigurr konungr gerisk (grew up to be) ofstopa-mar ...,
grisk mikill mar ok sterkr, Fms. vii. 238; hann grisk brtt rkr mar ok stjrnsamr, xi. 223;
Unnr grisk mjk elli-m, U. became worn with age, Ld. 12; sr at er at ben grisk, a law
term, a wound which amounted to a bleeding wound, Nj. passim :-- to be made, to become, grask
konungr, to become king, Eg. 12; ok grisk skld hans, and became his skld, 13; grisk konungs
hirmar, 27; grask hans eigin-kona, to become his wedded wife, Fms. i. 3; at hann skyldi grask
hlf-konungr yr Dana-veldi, 83; vill Hrtr grask mgr inn, Nj. 3; hann gerisk san varari, he
became less cautious, Fms. x. 414. 2. with the prep. sv, to happen, come to pass so and so; sv
grisk, at ..., it so happened, that ..., Nj. 167; grisk sv til, at ..., Fms. x. 391; grisk sv til
um sir, at..., at last it came to pass. that ..., 392; enda vissi hann eigi, at ingfr mundi af grask,
in case he knew not that it would entail a journey to parliament, Grg. i. 46: with at added, to
increase, grisk at mjk at um jarl (it grew even worse with the earl) at hann var siugr um
kvenna-far, grisk at sv mikit, at ..., it grew to such a pitch, that ..., Hkr. i. 245; hence the mod.
phrase, e- -grist, it increases, gains, advances, esp. of illness, bad habits, and the like, never in a
good sense. 3. impers. with dat., honum gerisk ekki mjk vrt, he felt restless, Ld. 152; nsta
gerisk mr kynlegt, I feel uneasy, Finnb. 236. 4. to behave, bear oneself; Pll grisk hraustliga
nafni Jesu, Post. 656 C. 13. 5. to set about doing, be about; fm vetrum san grisk hann vestr til
slands, Fms. x. 415; mar kom at honum ok spuri, hvat hann gerisk, what he was about, . H.
244; grisk jarl til Ribbunga, Fms. ix. 312, v. l.; tveir menn grusk ferar sinnar, two men set out
for a journey, x. 279; grusk menn ok eigi til ess at sitja yr hlut hans, Eg. 512; at essir menn
hafa grzk til sv mikils strris, Fms. xi. 261; eigi treystusk menn at grask til vi hann, Br.
160. 6. (mod.) to be; in such phrases as, eins og menn n gerast, such as people now are; eins og
estir menn gerast.
F. PART. PASS. grr, geyrr (Fms. ix. 498, x. 75), gjrr, gerr, as adj., compar. grvari, superl.
grvastr; [A. S. gearu; gare, Chaucer, Percy's Ballads; O. H. G. garwe; Germ. gar] :-- skilled,
accomplished; vaskligr, at sr grr, Ld. 134; vel at sr grr, sl. ii. 326, Gsl. 14; gerr at sr um allt,
Nj. 51; hraustir ok vel at sr grvir, Eg. 86; at engi mar ha gervari at sr verit en Sigurr, Mork.
221; allra manna snjallastr mli ok grvastr at sr, Hkr. iii. 360: the phrase, leggja grva hnd e-
t, to set a skilled hand to work, to be an adept, a master in a thing; sv hagr, at hann lagi allt
grva hnd, Fas. i. 391, ( allt grva hnd, iii. 195.) 2. ready made, at hand; in the saying, gott er til
geyrs (i.e. grs, not geirs) at taka, 'tis good to have a thing at hand, Hkm. 17; ganga til grs, to have
it ready made for one, Ld. 96; gr gjld, prompt punishment, Lex. Pot. :-- with inn., gerr at bja,
ready to offer, Gh. 17; gervir at eiskra, in wild spirits, Hom. 11; grvar at ra, Vsp. 24: with gen. of
the thing, gerr lls hugar, prone to evil, Hm. 9; gerr galdrs, prone to sorcery, d. 3; skulut ess
grvir, be ready for that! Am. 55. II. [cp. grvi, Engl. gear], done, dressed; sv grvir, so 'geared,'
so trussed, Am. 40. III. adverb. phrases, so-gurt, at soguru, so done; vera menn at so-gurt at
hafa, i.e. there is no redress to be had, Hrafn. 9; ha hann so-gurt, N. G. L. i. 35, Nj. 141; kva eigi
so-gort duga, 123, v.l.; at (me) so-guru, this done, quo facto, Skv. 1. 24, 40; freq. with a notion of
being left undone, re infecta. Germ. unverrichteter sache, Eg. 155, Glm. 332, . H. 202; enda siti
um so-gort, and now let it stand, Sklda 166; vi so-gurt, id., 655 vii. 4; so-gurt ofan, into the
bargain, Bs. i. 178, lk. 36, Fas. i. 85.
grandi, a, m., part. doer, Rb. 4: gramm. nominative, Sklda.
GR, gjr, ger, f. [gra]: 1. used of making, building, workmanship; gr ok gylling, Vm. 47;
kirkju-gr, church-building; hsa-g., house-building; skipa-g., ship-building; gar-g., fence-
making :-- of performance, vgslu-g., inauguration; messu-g., saying of mass, divine service;
jnustu-g., embttis-g., id.; akkar-g., thanksgiving; bnar-g., prayer; lof-g., praise; lmusu-g.,
alms-giving; fri-g., peace-making; sttar-g., settlement, agreement, arbitration :-- of working, akr-
g., tillage; -ger, bad workmanship, patchwork; vi-ger, mending :-- of yielding (of duties),
tundar-gr, tithe; leiangrs-g., paying levy :-- of cookery and the like, l-gr, ale-making,
brewing; matar-g., cooking; brau-g., baking: sundr-ger, show: til-ger, whims: upp-ger,
dissimulation: eptir-gr, q.v.: -gr, suppuration. 2. a doing, act, deed; the phrase, or ok grir,
words and deeds, Fms. iii. 148; ef launar sv mna gr, sl. ii. 141, Stj. 250, 252, Dipl. i. 7: so in
the phrase, sm n ger, as good as the deed (in declining a kind offer); g-gr, vel-gr, a good
deed, benet; ll-grir (pl.), evil doings; mein-grir, transgressions: in gramm. the active voice,
Sklda 180. II. a law term, arbitration; the settlement was called stt or sttar-gr, the umpires
grar-menn, m., Grg., Nj. passim; and the verdict ger or gr, cp. gra C. IV :-- the technical
phrases were, leggja ml gr, to submit a case to arbitration, passim; vru mlin ger lagin me
umgangi ok sttarboum ggjarna manna, Eb. 128; or sl mlum stt, Rd. 248, Eb. ch. 56;
leggja ml undir e-n, Lv. ch. 27: nefna menn til grar (ch. 4), or taka menn til grar, to choose
umpires; vru menn til gerar teknir ok lagr til fundr, Nj. 146: skilja undir ger (stt), or skilja
undan, to stipulate, of one of the party making a stipulation to be binding on the umpire (as e.g. the
award shall not be outlawry but payment), en at vandliga vri skilit undir grina, jtai
rr at gra, Eb. 24, cp. Ld. 308, Sturl. ii. 63; gra f slkt sem hann vildi, at undan-skildum hra-
sektum ok utanferum, var handsalat nirfall af skum, Fs. 74; lka upp ger (to deliver the
arbitration), or segja upp ger, to pronounce or to give verdict as umpire; skyldi Skapti ger upp
segja, Valla L. 225; hann lauk upp gerum rsness-ingi ok hafi vi hina vitrustu menn er ar
vru komnir, Eb. 246; eir skyldi upp lka grinni r en eir fri af ingi, Bjarn. (ne); orsteinn
kvask ekki mundu gr upp lka fyr en nokkuru lgingi, Fs. 49 :-- as to the number of umpires,
-- one only, a trustworthy man, was usually appointed, Eb. ch. 10 (Thord Gellir umpire), ch. 46, Lv.
ch. 27 (Gellir), Valla L. ch. 6 (Skapti the speaker), Rd. ch. 6 (skell Goi), Sturl. 2. ch. 103 (Jn
Loptsson), Sturl. 4. ch. 27 (Thorvald Gizurarson), Bjarn. 17 (the king of Norway), Flam. S. ch. 3,
Hallfr. S. ch. 10, Bjarn. 55: two umpires, Rd. ch. 10, 16, 18, 24, Valla L. ch. 10 (partly a case of
sjlfdmi), Bjarn. (ne): twelve umpires, Nj. ch. 75, 123, 124 (six named by each party): the
number and other particulars not recorded, Vd. ch. 39, 40, Nj. ch. 94, Rd. ch. 11, 13, Eb. ch. 27, 56,
Lv. ch. 4, 12, 30, Glm. ch. 9, 23, 27, etc. :-- even the sjlfdmi (q.v.), self-judging, was a kind of
arbitration, cp. Vpn. 31, Vd. ch. 29, 34, 44, Lv. ch. 17, Band. pp. 11-13, lk. ch. 2-4: curious is the
passage, ek vil at vit takim menn til grar me okkr, Hrafnkell svarar, ykisk jafn-menntr
mr, Hrafn. 10 :-- gr is properly distinguished from dmr, but is sometimes confounded with it,
vru handslu ml dm ok menn til grar nefndir, Lv. 13; mlin kmu dm Vermundar, en
hann lauk gerum upp rsness-ingi, Eb. 246; as also Nj. (beginning), where lgligir dmar no
doubt refers to gr. A section of law about gr is contained in the Grg. at the end of Kaupa-ttr,
ch. 69-81 (i. 485-497), where even the curious case is provided for of one or all the umpires dying,
or becoming dumb or mad, before pronouncing their verdict. UNCERTAIN This was a favourite
way of settlement at the time of the Commonwealth, and suited well the sagacious and law-abiding
spirit of the men of old: nor did the institution of the Fifth Court make any change in this; the gr
was even resorted to in public matters, such as the introduction of Christianity in A. D. 1000. Good
and leading men acted the part of public peacemakers (e.g. Njl in the 10th, Jn Loptsson in the
12th century); until at last, in the 13th century, the king of Norway was resorted to, but he misused
the condence put in him.
grla (gerla, gjrla), adv. quite, altogether, clearly, Nj. 5, 104, passim.
grliga, adv. = grla, Skv. 1. 36.
GRN, f., old pl. garnar, Grg. ii. 361, 371, usually and mod. garnir, [akin to garn, yarn], the guts,
Landn. 217, Grg. ii. 361, Jb. 320, Ls. 50.
GRNING (gjrning, gerning), f. (in mod. usage masc. -ingr, Sturl. i. 217) :-- a doing, deed, act,
Sturl. l.c., Hom. 106; g-g., well-doing, a good deed; mis-g., a mis-deed: a written deed, freq.: in
plur., Postulanna Grningar or Gjrninga bk, the book of the Acts of the Apostles, freq.; kirkja
messu-bk ok grninga, m. 4. II. only in plur. sorceries, witchcraft, Fs. 37, Fms. ii. 134, v. 326, x.
136, Hom. 53, 86, N. G. L. i. 351, passim; esp. in the allit. phrase, galdrar ok g. COMPDS:
grninga-hr, f., -ver, n. a witch storm, Fs. 56, Fas. iii. 279. grninga-mar, m. a sorcerer, Js.
22. grninga-stt, f. sickness caused by sorcery, Fas. i. 324. grninga-stakkr, m. an enchanted
jacket, Fs. 33. grninga-vttr, f. a witch, Grett. 151 B, Fs. 166.
gr-ttr, adj. empoisoned, Sm. 118.
grr, vide gr.
gr-rr, adj. arbitrary.
gr-ri, n. a law term, an arbitrary act; taka skip manns at grri snu, Grg. ii. 396.
gr-samliga, adv. altogether, quite, Bs. i. 322, Fms. vii. 11, Magn. 466, Fas. i. 287, Hom. 44, Sks.
327, 347, passim.
gr-samligr, adj. all together.
gr-semi, gr-symi, giavr-simi, f., Mork. 61, 64; but usually ger-semi, f. indecl. sing., but essarar
gersemar (gen.), Fms. vi. 73; [old Dan. grsum; gersuma in A. S. laws is a Scandin. or Dan. word,
from gr- and sama, what beseems; or perhaps better from gr- and sima, costly wire, coils of wire
being used as money] :-- a costly thing, jewel; gersemi ert (what a treasure thou art!), hversu
ert mr eptirltr, Nj. 68; skjld, ok var hann en mesta gersemi, Eg. 698; gullhring ok nokkrar
gersimar, Bs. i. 130; gaf keisarinn honum margar gersimar, Fms. xi. 328; einn digran gullhring ok
var at g. sem mest, Fr. 6; me strum gersemum ok fjr-hlutum, Fms. x. 417: of a living thing,
eir hafa drepit yxn (oxen) mitt er mest gersemi var, Sd. 158; var at dr en mesta gersemi ess-
kyns, Fms. vi. 298 sqq.; konungs-gersemi, a 'king's jewel,' of a dwarf, -- such a man being the
'king's plaything:' allit., gull ok gersimar, passim :-- Hnoss and Gersemi were the daughters of
Freyja, Edda.
gr-simligr, adj. costly, Edda 21, 151.
gr-tki, n. a law term, any unlawful seizure or holding of another man's property without positive
intention of stealing, therefore not felony: it is thus dened, ef mar tekr at er annarr mar ,
lofat, ok mar at fra at til grtkis er pennings er vert er meira, Grg. ii. 188; jfsk and
grtkis-sk are distinguished in 190; the penalty was the payment of twice its value, as xed by
the neighbours, and a ne of three marks, i. 401, ii. 188, 396: pilfering could be prosecuted either as
theft or as grtki, i. 430, ii. 295, and passim.
grva, gjrva, gerva, geyrva, adv.; compar. grr, gjrr, gerr; superl. grst, gerst: [A. S. gearve,
gearu; O. H. G. garwe; Germ. gar] :-- quite, clearly; ef grva kannar, if thou searchest closely,
Hm. 101, Ls. 52; muna g., to remember clearly, Am. 78; reyna g., 77; vita g., to know exactly, . H.
62, Sturl. iii. 220 C: compar., seg enn grr, tell it plainer, speak out! Nj. 13; vat n vita menn grr
en fyrr hvat gra skal, Bjarn. 58; um hluti er ek hann grr at sj en r, Ld. 186; veiztu grr ef
rir etta ml fyrir konungi, Fms. i. 82: more, farther, ok skilja eir at eigi grr en sv, Grg.
i. 136; hann eigi grr at neyta, en fjgurra missera bjrg s eptir, not beyond that point, 235;
lgsgu-mar skal sv grla (so far, so minutely) alla ttu upp segja, at engi viti einna miklogi
grr, 2; grr meir, still more, H. E. i. 48: superl., ek veit grst (I know best) at r urt brningina,
Ld. 240: s veit grst er reynir, a saying; saua-mar fr ok sagi Gunnari sem grst (he told G.
minutely) fr llu, Nj. 104; er at bi, at ek ykkjumk sv grst vita hverr ert, Fms. ii. 269;
ttisk hn grst vita, hvernig honum mun farask, Rd. 246.
grv-allr, adj. whole, entire, quite all, = Gr. GREEK, Hm. 147, Grg. i. 262, Fms. vi. 444, viii. 261,
xi. 67, 186, Ld. 202, Sks. passim, both in old and mod. usage.
grvi, girvi, gervi, f. indecl. sing., pl. grvar, [A. S. gearwe; Engl. gear, garb; Hel. gerui; Germ.
garb] :-- gear, apparel; kraptr er grvi hugar, 'virtus est animi habitus,' Hom. 27; fru hendr hvtar
hennar um essar gervar, Fas. i. (in a verse); brautingja-gervi, a beggar's gear, Hbl. 6; kaupmanna-
g., a merchant's gear, Fms. v. 285; far-grvi, luggage; handa-gervi, 'hands' gear,' gloves, Sd. 143,
177, Fbr. 139; eykja-grvi, horse harness, t. 10; at-grvi (q.v.), accomplishment. grvi-br, n. a
store-house, Ld. 134, orst. Su H. 7, Fs. 40.
grvi-leikr (-leiki), m. accomplishments, Grett. 113, Fms. iv. 178.
grvi-ligr, adj. accomplished, doughty, able, Eg. 3, 98, Nj. 72, Fms. i. 4, 61, Fas. i. 58, Bs. i. 130,
passim.
grvir, m., pot. a doer, maker, Lex. Pot.
gtttr, adj. [gat], full of holes.
GTVA, a, [akin to gata, a way dug or bored through; the characteristic v is preserved in Goth.
gatvo = platea] :-- to dig, bury; gtvar (part.), buried (in a cairn), sl. ii. 280; gtva eir hann ar
grjtinu, they cast stones over him, Gsl. 72, Gkv. 18: in mod. usage, upp-gtva, to discover, (freq.)
gtvar, m. one who buries, i.e. a slayer, Bkv. 10, (dub.)
gtvan, f., in upp-gtvan, discovery, (freq. in mod. usage.)
gtvar, f. pl. [A. S. gealwe, Grein], a hoard(?); geirrtu gtvar, the treasure of Bellona, armour,
weapons, Edda (in a verse), t. 21: gtvar seems prop. to mean hidden treasures, hoard.
H (h) is the eighth letter. In the old Runic alphabet it was represented by RUNE and RUNE, which
are used indiscriminately (but never RUNE or RUNE): RUNE and RUNE both occur on the Golden
horn, the former once, the latter twice. This Rune was no doubt borrowed from the Greek or Latin.
In the later common Runic alphabet this character was replaced by RUNE (rarely RUNE), which
we may infer was taken from the Greek RUNE (the g of the old Runic alphabet) marked with a
perpendicular stroke down the middle, rather than from the Latin RUNE (see Ritschl's essay in the
Rheinisches Museum, 1869, p. 22); yet the old form RUNE is now and then found on the oldest of
the later monuments, e.g. the stones from Snoldelv, Hjetostrup, and Helns (Thorsen 15, 17,
335), on which monuments the RUNE is used for a: in some inscriptions RUNE serves both for h
and soft g. The name of the Rune h was Hagall or Hagl, an Anglo-Saxon form, explained as
meaning hail, hagl er kaldast korna (hail is the coldest of grains), in the Norse Runic poem; cp. hgl
by hwitust corna in the Anglo-Saxon poem, which is the prototype of the Norse. These names in
the Anglo-Saxon and Norse poems are in no way derived from the form of the Rune, but are merely
alike to the modern rhymes in English ABC books, -- 'B is a Baker' or the like. The Hagall was the
rst of the second group of Runes, H n i a s, which was therefore called Hagals-tt, the family of
Hagal (cp. introduction to F).
A. PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING. -- H is sounded as in English hard, house: the aspirate is
still sounded in hl, hr, hn much as in the Welsh ll, rh: the hv is in the west and north of Icel. sounded
as kv; but in the south and east the distinction is kept between hv and kv (hver a kettle and kver a
quire, hvlum whales and kvlum torments), as also in writing; and hv is sounded like wh in
Northern English; in a small part of eastern Icel. it is sounded like Greek (hvalr as alr, hva as
a), and this is probably the oldest and truest representation of the hv sound. II. the h is dropped,
1. in the article inn, in, it, for hinn, hin, hit, which is often spelt so in old MSS. . in the personal
pronoun hann, hn if following after another word, e.g. ef 'ann (ef hann), ef 'n (ef hn), 'onum
( honum), ltt' 'ann vera (lttu hann vera), seg' 'enn' a koma (segu henni a koma); this is the
constant pronunciation of the present time, but in writing the h is kept: whereas, at the beginning of
a sentence the h is sounded, e.g. hann (hn) kom, he (she) came, but kom 'ann ? (if asking the
question). . in a few words such as lfa and hlfa, st and host (cp. hsta), kulbrkr and
hkulbraekr. 2. in the latter part of such compounds as have nearly become inexions, as ein-arr
for ein-harr: in -, -gi, -yg (Gramm. p. xxxiii, col. 1); elsk-ogi, var-ugi, l-ogi, from hugr; rv-
endr, trll-endr, gram-endr, from hendr; litar-apt = litar-hapt: in -ald = hald, handar-ald, haf-ald; lk-
amr = lk-hamr, hr-amr = hr-hamr; skauf-ali, rang-ali, from hali; at- = at-h, and perhaps in
au-, r-, from hf or h; and-fa = and-hfa, to respond; hnapp-elda = hnapp-helda: in pr.
names in -arr, -alli, -eir, -ildr, for -harr = herr, -halli, -heir, -hildr, (Ein-arr, r-alli, Ragn-eir,
Yngv-ildr, etc.) In a few words, as hjpr, and derivatives from jpr, hilmr and ilmr, hopa and opa, h
seems to have been added. In some of the cases above cited both forms are still heard, but the
apocopate are more usual. III. h is neither written nor sounded as nal or medial, and has in all such
cases been absorbed by the preceding vowel or simply dropped (see Gramm. p. xxx, col. 1). IV.
some MSS., especially Norse, use a double form gh and th to mark a soft or aspirate sound, e.g.
sagha and saga, thing and ing; especially in inexive syllables, -ith = -it, etc. V. a curious instance
of spelling (as in Welsh) rh for hr is found occasionally in Runes, e.g. Rhruulfr for Hrlfr, Thorsen
335; to this corresponds the English spelling wh for hw, in white, wheat, whale, where, whence,
why, whelp, whine, whet, whirl, wharf, wheel, while, whim, = Icel. hvtr, hveiti, hvalr, hvar, hvaan,
hv, hvlpr, hvna, hvetja, hvirll, hvarf, hvel, hvld, hvima, etc.
B. REMARKS, CHANGES, ETC. -- In Icel. h is used as an initial letter most largely next to s; in
modern Teutonic languages it has been greatly reduced through the dropping of the aspiration
before the liquids l, n, r, and before v, whereby all words in hl, hn, hr, and hv have been transferred
to the liquids and to v (see Gramm. p. xxxvi, signif. II. p); the h in these words is essential to the
etymology, and was in olden times common to all Teutonic languages, but in Scandinavia it was lost
about the 11th or 12th century, so that not a single instance of hl, hn, hr is on record in any MS.
written in Norway; though old Norwegian poets of the 10th century used it in alliteration, so it must
have been sounded at that time; h in hl, hn, hr is therefore a test of a MS. being Icelandic and not
Norse. In modern Icel. pronunciation the h aspirate has been lost in two or three words, as leiti for
hleyti, a part, a word which was borrowed from Norway about the 14th century; rt = hrt, a roof:
it is a matter of course that the h is dropped in words which were borrowed from the English not
earlier than the 12th century, e. g. lvarr. Early Engl. lauerd (lord), but A. S. hlford. II. the h has
been added in a few words to which it does not rightly belong, viz. in hneiss and hneisa for neiss
and neisa; hnsa for nsa; hreifr (glad) for reifr; hnira (to lower) for nira (nir); hlykkr (and
hlykkjttr), a curve, for lykkr (cp. lykkja, a noose); hrjta for rjta, to snort; hla, a lace, cp. Lat.
laqueus; hnestla for nestla, a loop. . in a few instances both forms are used to form double words,
in hrfa and rfa, Lat. rapere; hrasa and rasa, to stumble; rata ( = Goth. vraton), to nd the way, but
hrata, to fall (cp. Vsp. 52); hrj and rj, to vex. 2. the h seems to be a substitute, u. for an old v, in
hrekja, to toss about, to wreck, akin to Goth. vrekan, Icel. reka; in hreir, a nest, Dan. rede, cp.
Engl. wreath, Goth. vrius. . in modern pronunciation h is a substitute for g in the words hneggja,
hnegg, for gneggja, gnegg; ver-hnpt for ver-gnipt. . for k in hnfr, hni, hne, hnttr, hntr,
hnrr, hnakkr, hnjkr, hnoa, hnappr, for knfr, kni, kne ..., knoa, knappr; this spelling is found
in MSS. of the 15th century, e.g. the Hrokkinskinna passim (see letter K). In all these cases the h is
etymologically wrong; in some of the words above (as in hneisa) it is found even in very old MSS.,
e.g. the Mork.; but the true etymology is seen from the alliteration in old poems, e.g. Hm. 48, 140,
Hm. 26 (raut, reginkunni); Stor. 13 (Nsumk hins | ok hygg at v); Edda 105 (reifr gkk herr und
hlfar | hizig ...); but not so in modern poets, e.g. Hrktu v svo og hrju ig | Herra minn lsku-
jir, Pass. 9. 9; Forvitnin holdsins hnsir rtt | Herrans leyndar-dma, 21. 2; Nr eg fell er
hrasa hr | hstur Drottinn vill reiast mr, 5. 6. III. the Gothic has a special sign for hv, viz. w,
which thus answers to wh in English, e.g. wan = when. 2. when followed by an o or u, the v in hv is
dropped, e.g. ht hooting, hta to hoot, cp. Goth. wota and wotjan; as also in ht = hvat what, hll
from hvll, hjl and hvel, hlf and hvlf, hornn, hurfu, hyr for hvornn, hvurfu, hvyr.
C. INTERCHANGE. -- Latin c and Greek answer to the Teut. and Icel. h; thus Lat. c&a-
short;per, c&a-short;put, c&a-short;nis, carbasus, centum, cervus, c&o-short;r (cord-), collum,
corvus, c&u-long;tis, = Icel. hafr, hfu, hundr, hrr (hrv-), hundra, hjrtr (hirtu) and hjarta, hls
(hals), hrafn, h; calx, cp. hll; cardo, cp. hjarri; claudus, cp. haltr; cl&i-long;vus, cp. hl;
corpus, cp. hr (hrv-); c&e-short;rebrum, cp. hjarni; cr&a-long;ter, cp. hur; c&o-long;s, cp.
hein; cl&a-long;mo, cp. hljmr; c&e-long;lo, cp. hylja and Hel; coelum, cp. holr (hollow); c&a-
short;pio (-c&i-short;pio) = hefja; prin-cipium = upp-haf; c&e-long;teri, cp. hindri; co- and con-,
cp. hj; c&i-short;tra, cp. hra (hr is a contracted form); cl&u-long;nis, cp. hlaun; cl&i-long;no,
cp. hlein, Engl. to lean; c&a-short;leo, cp. hl-, hl-r; c&o-short;lo, cp. halda; custodio, cp. hodd,
Engl. to hoard; cella, cp. hellir; carcer, cp. hrgr; circus, cp. hringr; c&o-short;rium, cp. hrund;
curvus, cp. hverfa (to turn round): Gr. GREEK, GREEK = Icel. hellri, hellztr (hlztr); GREEK,
GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, = Icel. hlmr, hfu, horn, hundr, hjarta; GREEK, cp. hnn;
GREEK, cp. hlutr; GREEK, cp. hgl-d, hvel, hjl; GREEK, cp. holr; GREEK, cp. hrafn; GREEK,
cp. hr; GREEK, cp. hjarni and hvern or hvrn (the two pebble-like bones in a sh's head), cp. also
Goth. wairnis; GREEK, cp. Icel. hrtr; GREEK, GREEK, cp. harr, hraustr; GREEK, cp. herja;
GREEK, cp. hylja; GREEK, cp. hln, hlein; GREEK, cp. hla; GREEK, cp. hrikta; GREEK, cp.
hriingar, hria; GREEK, cp. heimr; GREEK, cp. hm; GREEK, cp. hj-, hj-n: Lat. quis = hverr;
qui = hve; quies, cp. hvl-d, etc.: some of these words may be dubious, but others are evident.
Haar, m. pl. the inhabitants of Haa-land, a Norse county, Fms. xii.
HADDA, u, f. (halda, Rd. 315, l. 14), [Ivar Aasen hodda, hadde, holle] :-- a pot-hook or rather pot-
links, for the hadda was a chain of rings rather than a mere handle, as is seen from Hm. 34 -- en
hlum hringar skullu -- compared with, heyri til hddu er rr bar hverinn, Sklda 168; hann
kastai katlinum sv at haddan skall vi (rattled), Fms. vi. 364; hann dr hnd sr hddu er ir
var bollanum, . H. 135; ketill var upp yr rekkjuna ok reist upp haddan yr katlinum, ok vru ar
festir hringar, ... fll haldan katlinum v at hann hafi komit vi festina, Rd. 314, 315; hann
krkti undir hdduna hinum minsta ngri ok eytti honum (the kettle) jafnhtt kla, Fb. i. 524; at
konungr mundi gna yr ketil-hdduna, ... ok var haddan orin feit, ... konungr br lndk um
hdduna ok gein yr, Fms. i. 36.
HADDR, m. [Goth. hazds; A. S. prob. heard, v. infra], hair, only in poetry a lady's hair; haddr
Sifjar, the gold-hair of the goddess Sif., Edda 69, 70; hr heitir l, haddr at er konur hafa, 109;
bleikja hadda, to bleach, dress the hair, 75, Korm. 26, Gkv. 1. 15; bleikir haddar, Fas. i. 478; grass
is called haddr jarar, Bm.; hadds hll is the head, Eb. (in a verse). haddar, part. hairy, Lat.
crinitus; barr-h., barley-haired, an epithet of the earth; bjart-h., bright-haired; bleik-h., blond-
haired; hvt-h., white-haired, Lex. Pot. hadd-bjartr, adj. bright-haired, blond, Hornklo. hadd-
blik, n. bleaching the hair, Edda 77. Haddingr, m. a pr. name of a mythical hero, = comatus, cp. A.
S. hearding, Goth. hazdiggs, Engl. Harding, Lex. Pot., Munch i. 217. Haddingja-skati, a, m. a
nickname, Sm.
HANA, u, f. (not hauna, for the pl. is honor, Grg. i. 503), [cp. Lat. hoedus], a young she-goat
(one year old), Grg. i. 503, Bk. 20. COMPDS: hnu-ki, n. ( = hana), a young kid, Gull. 19,
Rd. 267. hnu-leif, f., pot. 'kid's food,' a withe or switch, used as a halter (?), t. 12 (from goats
feeding on branches and withes?)
HAF, n. [Swed. haf; Dan. hav; formed from hefja, to lift; a Scandin. word, which seems not to
occur in Saxon or Germ.] :-- the sea, Hdl. 38; esp. the high sea, the ocean; sigla () haf, lta haf,
to put to sea, Eg. 69, Nj. 4; mm (sex) dgra haf, ve (six) days' sail, Landn. 26; koma af ha, to
come off the sea,i.e. to land, Eg. 392; en haf sv mikit millum landanna, at eigi er frt langskipum,
Hkr. i. 229; harm sigldi norr haf um hausti, ok fengu ofviri mikit ha, . H. 26; sigldi
rarinn haf t, 125; sigldu san haf t egar byr gaf, Eg. 125; en byrr bar haf t, id.; en
er sttisk hat, 126; liggja til hafs, to lie to and wait for a wind, Bs. i. 16; hann d ha, he died at
sea, Landn. 264; eir vissusk jafnan til hanu, 56; veita e-m far um hat, Eb. 196; tyrir austan mitt
haf, beyond the sea (i.e. between Iceland and Scandinavia); en er inn skir fjrinn er ar sv
vtt sem mikit haf, Fms. vi. 296 (for the explanation of this passage see Aarbger for Nord. Oldk.
1868); t fjarar-kjapta ar til er haf tekr vi, Bs. i. 482: in plur., ganga hf str r tsjnum inn
jrina, Hkr. (begin.); t-haf, regin-haf, the ocean; slands-haf, the sea between Iceland and
Norway, Fms. vi. 107, Band. 9; Grnlands-haf, the sea between Greenland and America, Fms. iv.
177; Englands-haf, the English Sea, i.e. the North Sea, between England and Norway, 329, x. 272,
398, xi. 201, Fr. 88; rlands-haf, the Irish Sea, i.e. the Atlantic, orf. Karl. 390; lanz-haf, the gulf
of Bothnia, Orkn. (begin.); Slundar-haf, the sea of the Sulin Island (Norway), Fms. x. 34, 122;
Grikklands-haf, the Grecian Archipelago, vi. 134, 161, vii. 85, passim; Svarta-haf, the Black Sea,
Hkr. i. 5, Fms. vi. 169; Jtlands-haf, the Cattegat, 264; Jrsala-haf, the sea of Jerusalem, i.e. the
Mediterranean, x. 85, Fb. iii; Raua-haf or Ha Raua, the 'Red Sea,' i.e. the Ocean (mythol.), n
heldr jr grium upp, en himininn varar fyrir ofan, en Hat Raua fyrir utan, er liggr um lnd ll
au er vr hfum tendi af, Grg. i. 166; in mod. usage the Red Sea = Sinus Arabicus; Dumbs-haf,
the Polar Sea, Landn.; Mijarar-haf, the Mediterranean; Atlants-haf, the Atlantic; Kyrra-haf, the
Pacic (these three in mod. writers only). COMPDS: hafs-a, n. the main, Sks. 606, v.l. hafs-auga,
n., see p. 33, col. 2 (,). hafs-botn, m. a gulf; rir ok hafs-botnar, Sks. 199: of the Polar Sea, as the
ancients supposed a continuity of land between Greenland and Europe, Fms. xi. 411; hafsbotn er
heitir Svarta-haf, Hkr. i. 5. hafs-brn, f. the 'sea-brow,' the sea-line on the horizon, cp. lands-brn,
s. v. brn, p. 84. hafs-, n. a deluge, Rb. 444. hafs-geil, f. a sea lane, i.e. a narrow strait, Stj.
287. Exod. xiv. 22, 23. hafs-geimr, m. = hafsmegin. hafs-megin, n. the main, the high sea; sakir
hafsmegins, storma ok strauma, Fms. i. 153; tti eim llt at eiga lengr vi hafsmegin, i.e. they
longed for land, Eb. 120; allmikill harmr er at, er vr eigum sv langt hinga at skja, fyrst hafs-
megin mikit, etc. (i.e. between Iceland and Sweden), . H. 57. haf-alda, u, f. a roller, wave. haf-
att, f. = hafgola. haf-bra, u, f. a wave, Stj. 26. haf-bylgja, f. id., Bs. ii. 50. haf-fugl, m. a sea-bird,
Stj. 78. haf-frr and haf-frandi, part. sea-going, sea-worthy, of a ship, Eg. 364, Hkr. ii. 183,
Krk. 42. haf-fr, f. a sea voyage, Landn. 174. haf-geringar, f. pl. 'sea-fens,' portentous waves
mentioned by old sailors in the main between Iceland and America, described in Sks. 171, Bs. i.
483; hann fr til Grnalands ok hom hafgeringar, Landn. 319 (10th century), whence
Hafgeringa-drpa, u, f. the name of a poem (a votive poem composed during a tornado), Landn.
320. haf-gjlfr, n. the roar of the sea, Bs. i. 119, ii. 50, Rm. 369. haf-gola, u, f. a sea breeze, Eb.
8, Eg. 370, 373, Sturl. iii. 70. haf-gfa, u, m. a mermaid, Sks. 138, Fas. ii. 249, Edda (Gl.) haf-
hallt, adj. standing seaward, Fms. i. 62, 63. haf-hrtr, m. a sea ram, Fms. viii. 373. haf-ss, m.
'sea-ice,' i.e. drift ice, Landn. 30, Bs. ii. 5, Eb. 292, Ann. 1233, 1261, 1275, 1306, 1319, 1375. haf-
kaldr, adj., pot. cold as the sea, Lex. Pot. haf-kngr, m. a kind of shell, Eggert Itin. haf-laur, n.,
pot. sea foam, Lex. Pot. haf-lei, f. standing seawards, Fms. i. 59. haf-leiis, adv. seawards, Hkr.
i. 181. Haf-lii, a, m. 'Sea-slider,' a pr. name, Landn. haf-ligr, adj. marine, Sks. 605. haf-nest, n.
provisions for a voyage, Grett. 94 A, Eb. haf-nra, n., pot. a 'sea-kidney,' a pearl, Hd. haf-rei, f.,
pot. a ship. haf-rek, n. a wreck, Gl. 519. haf-reka, adj. indecl. wrecked, tossed about, Ann. 1347.
haf-rekinn, part. shipwrecked, Bs. i. 819. haf-rekstr, m. wreck, jetsum; me llum ggnum ok
gum, me utningum ok hafrekstri, Dipl. iii. 10. haf-rr, adj. sea-worthy, able-bodied, of a
sailor, B. K. 20. haf-rna, u, f. a sea breeze. haf-rnn, adj. blowing from the sea. haf-sigling, f. a
voyage. hafsiglingar-mar, m. a seaman, mariner, Landn. 28. haf-skip, n. a sea-going ship, Landn.
47, Grg. ii. 397, Eg. 130, Fms. ii. 219. haf-sk, n., pot. a ship. haf-skrimsl, n. a sea-monster,
Sks. 86. haf-sleipnir, m. a sea-horse, pot. a ship. haf-stormr, m. a storm at sea, Bret. 98, Sks.
227. haf-strambr, m. a fabulous sea-monster, Sks. 166, Ann. 1305. haf-straumr, m. a sea current,
Lex. Pot. haf-sla, u, f. a kind of bird, bassanus. haf-tyrill, m. uria alla, a sea-bird, Edda (Gl.)
haf-velktr, part. sea-tossed, Krk. 75. haf-viri, n. a sea breeze, Landn. 225, Eg. 373, Br. 6 new
Ed. haf-villr, adj. having lost one's course at sea, Nj. 267, v.l. haf-villur, f. pl. loss of one's course
at sea, Finnb. 242; rak va um hat, vru eir estir innanbors at kom hafvilla, Ld. 74; koma
n fyrir eim myrkr ok hafvillur, Fms. iii. 181, orf. Karl. 372. haf-runginn, part. sea-swoln,
Mar.
B. Lifting; hann hnykkir upp steininum, sndisk estum mnnum lkligr til hafs fyrir vaxtar sakir,
Finnb. 324; cp. Grettis-haf, the lift of Grettir, of a heavy stone. II. beginning; upp-haf, principium.
HAFA, pret. hafi; subj. hefi; pres. sing, he (less correctly her), her, her; plur. hfum, hat,
hafa: the mod. pres. sing, is monosyllabic hefr or hefur, and is used so in rhymes -- andvara engan
hefur | ... vi glys heims glaus sefur, Pass. 15. 6, but in print the true old form her is still retained;
the monosyllabic present is used even by old writers in the 1st pers. before the personal or negative
sufx, e.g. hef-k and hef-k-a ek for he-g and heg-a ek, see e.g. Grg. (Kb.) 79, 82, in the old oath
formula, hef-k eigi, Hallfred; hef ek, Fms. iii. 10 (in a verse); but not so in 3rd pers., e.g. her-a or
her-at, Grg. l.c.: imperat. haf, hafu: part. pass. hafr, neut. haft; -- hafat is an GREEK, Vsp. 16,
and is prob. qs. hat from hefja, to heave, lift: [Ulf. haban; A. S. habban; Engl. have; Hel. hebben;
Germ. haben; Dutch hebben; Dan. have, Swed. hafva: it is curious the Lat. form habere retains the
consonant unchanged, cp. the Romance forms, Ital. avere, Fr. avoir, Span. haber, etc. UNCERTAIN
Hafa is a weak verb, and thus distinguished from hefja (to lift, begin), which is a strong verb,
answering to Lat. capere, incipere; but in sundry cases, as will be seen below, it passes into the
sense of this latter word; as also in some instances into that of another lost strong verb, hafa, hf, to
behave, and hfa, to hit] :-- to have.
A. To have; hann hafi me sr ekki meira li, Fms. i. 39; hafi hverr hir um sik, 52; hfu eir
ttjn skip, viii. 42; Sverrir hafi tvau hundra manna, ... eir hfu annan samna landi, 328;
hann hafi mikit li ok frtt, x. 36; eir hfu sjau skip ok est str, 102; hafa fjlmennar setur, Eb.
22; hann hafi menn sna sldveri, Eg. 42; mun ek naut hafa ar sem mr ykkir hagi beztr, 716.
II. to hold: 1. to keep, celebrate; hafa ok halda, Dipl. i. 6; hafa trna, 10; hafa dma, 12; hafa
blt, Fms. iv. 254; hafa vina-veizlu, id.; hafa vina-bo, Nj. 2; hafa Jla-bo, Eg. 516; hafa ing,
Fms. ix. 449; hafa haust-bo, Gsl. 27; hafa drykkju, Eb. 154; hafa leik, Fms. x. 201, passim. 2. to
hold, observe; hlir at hvergi at hafa eigi lg landi, Nj. 149; skal at hafa, er stendr ..., Grg. i.
7; skal at allt hafa er nsk skr eirri ..., id.; en hvatki es mis-sagt es frum essum, es
skylt at hafa at (to keep, hold to be true) es sannara reynisk, b. 3; ok hafa ek (I kept, selected) at
r hvrri er framarr greindi, Landn. 320, v.l. 3. to hold, keep, retain; ef hann vill hafa hann til
fardaga, Grg. i. 155; skal bandinn hafa hann hlfan mnu, 154; ok hafi hvrr at er hlt , Nj.
279; hitt skal hafa er um fram er, Rb. 56; kasta burt rjtigi ok haf at sem eptir verr, 494. 4. to
hold an ofce; hafa lgsgu, to hold the ofce of lgsaga, b. passim; hafa jarldm, konungdm,
passim; at hfu haft at fornu Dana-konungar, Eg. 267; r berit konunga-nfn sv sem fyrr hafa
haft (have had) forfer yrir, en hat lti af rki, Fms. i. 52; hafa rki, to reign, Hkr. pref. 5.
phrases, hafa elda, to keep a re, cook, Fms. xi. 129; hafa fjrgzlu, to tend sheep, Eg. 740; hafa
embtti me hndum, Stj. 204; hafa gzlur e-u, Fms. ix. 313; hafa ... vetr, to have so many
winters, be of such an age (cp. Fr. avoir ... ans), b. 15; margir hfu lti ftt sund ra, Ver. 7:
hafa vrn mli, Nj. 93; hafa e-t me hndum, to have in hand, Fms. viii. 280, ix. 239; hafa e-t
hndum, Grg. i. 38; hafa fyrir satt, to hold for true, Fms. xi. 10; hafa vi or, to intimate, suggest,
Nj. 160; hafa e-t at engu, vettugi, to hold for naught, take no notice of, Fas. i. 318. 6. with prepp. or
inn., u. with prep.; hafa til, to have, possess; ef annarr eirra her til enn annarr eigi, er s
skyldr til at f honum er til her, Grg. i. 33; ef annarr her til ..., id.; r tli at ek muna eigi a til
hafa, Ld. 28. . with inn.; hafa at varveita, to have in keeping, Eg. 500; lg hat r at mla, you
have the law on your tongue, i.e. you are right, Nj. 101; hr tindi he ek at segja r, 64; s er
gripinn her at halda, Grg. i. 438; hafa at selja, to have on sale, Ld. 28. III. to use; var haft til ess
sker eitt, Eb. 12; hfu eir til varnar skot ok spjt, Fms. vii. 193; er n r vru hf, that thy
advice was taken, Fs. 57; Grss hafi essi r, Fms. iii. 21; ek vil at at s haft er ek legg til, x.
249; ykki mr vel hafa (make good use of) au tillg er ek legg fyrir ik, xi. 61; til ess alls er
jarli tti skipta, hafi hann essa hluti, 129; tvau n (net), ok hafa eigi hf verit (which have
not been used), haf (take) hvrt er vilt, Hv. 46; r vil ek hafa enar nju, en ek vil ekki htta
til at hafa enar fornu, id.; nnur er n ok mikil ok her (has) til einskis hf (used) veri, id.; bukr
er fyrir hslker er hafr, Vm. 171; gjalda vpn au er hf eru, N. G. L. i. 75; at hafi hann haft
(used) fyrir skla, Edda 29; eir vru hafir til at festa me hs jafnan, Nj. 118; s hlmr var hafr
til at ..., Fms. i. 218; hann skyldi hafa hinn sama ei, x. 7; or au sem hann hafi (had) um haft
(used), Nj. 56; or au er hann hafi (made use of) barnskrn, K. . K. 14. 2. more special phrases;
hafa fagrmli vi e-n, to atter one, Nj. 224; hafa hljmli vi e-n, to speak secretly to one, 223;
allmikil fjlkyngi mun vera vi hf r sv fi grt, Edda 27; hafa mrg or um e-t, Ld. 268; hafa
tvmli e-u, to discuss, doubt, speak difdently of a thing, Lv. 52; hafa virmli um e-t, to use
mocking words, Nj. 89; hafa nafn Drottins hgma, to take the Lord's name in vain, Fms. i. 310;
(hann var) mjk hafr vi ml manna, much used to, versed in lawsuits, Dropl. 8: hafa sik til e-s, to
use oneself to a thing, i.e. to do a mean, paltry thing; eir er til ess vilja hafa sik, at ganga
samkundur manna boit, Gl. 200; ef hann vill sik til essa hafa, Fms. i. 99: hafa sik vi, to exert
oneself; skalt ok vera ik vi at hafa um etta ml, ef getr at af r frt, Grett. 160: hafa e-n
at skotspni, to use one as a target, Nj. 222; hafa e-n at hl-skildi sr, to use one as a shield, 262;
hafa e-n at ginningar-i, auga-bragi, hi, hltri, Hm. 133, Nj. 224, passim. IV. to have, hold,
maintain, of a state or condition; hafa vinttu vi e-n, to maintain friendship with one, Sks. 662;
hafa vanmtt, to continue sick, Eg. 565; hafa httu-mikit, to run a great risk, Nj. 149; hafa
vitrring, to be insane, Grg. i. 154; hafa heilindi, to have good health, 26, Hm. 67; hafa buri til e-
s, to have the birthright to a thing. Eg. 479; hafa hug, ri, hyggindi, to have the courage ..., Hom.
28; hafa vit (to know), skyn, greind ... e-u, to have understanding of a thing; hafa gaman, glei,
skemtun, ngju af e-u, to have interest or pleasure in a thing; hafa leia, ge, andstyg, hatr,
beit e-u, to dislike, be disgusted with, hate a thing; hafa elsku, mtr, viring e-u, to love,
esteeem ... a thing; hafa allan hug e-u, to bend the mind to a thing; hafa grun e-m, to suspect
one; hafa tta, beyg af e-u, to fear a thing; and in numberless other phrases. 2. with prepp.: u. hafa
e-t frammi (fram), to carry out, hold forth; hafa frammi rg, Nj. 166; hafa ml fram, to proceed
with a suit, 101; stefnu-fr, 78; heitstrengingar, Fms. xi. 103; ok ll lgmlt skil frammi hafa, and
discharge all one's ofcial duties, 232; var um bit en ekki fram haft, all was made ready, but
nothing done, viii. 113; beini m varla vera betri en hr er frammi hafr, xi. 52; haf frammi
(use) kgan vi uppi vi fjllin, sl. ii. 215; margir hlutir, at hann ha frammi, Sks. 276. .
hafa mikit, lti fyrir e-u, to have much, little trouble about a thing; (hence fyrir-hfn, trouble.) .
hafa vi e-m (a or the like understood), to be a match for one, Fms. vii. 170, Lv. 109, Nj. 89, Eg.
474, Anal. 176; hafa mikit, lti vi, to make a great, little display; (hence vi-hfn, display, pomp);
hann sng messu ok hafi mikit vi, he sang mass and made a great thing of it, Nj. 157; her
mikit vi, thou makest a great show of it, Boll. 351; hann ba jarl leita, hann hafi lti vi at, he
did it lightly, Nj. 141; haf ekki slkt vi, do not say so, Ld. 182.
B. To take, carry off, win, wield, [closely akin to Lat. capere]: I. to catch, take, esp. in the phrase,
hafa ekki e-s, to miss one; hann kemsk skg undan, ok hfu eir hans ekki, he took to the forest
and they missed him, Nj. 130; ekki munu vr hans hafa at sinni, we sha'nt catch him at present,
Fms. vi. 278; hafa ek ess vtki vfs, Hm. 101; eygi ek hana at heldr hek, 95: in swearing, trll,
herr, gramir ha ik, the trolls, ghosts, etc. take thee! trll ha lf, ef ..., Kormak; trll ha Treft
allan! Grett. (in a verse); trll ha na vini, trll ha hl itt, Nj.; herr ha ri til slgan,
confound the wily Thorir! Fms. vi. 278, v.l. (emended, as the phrase is wrongly explained in Fms.
xii. Gloss.); gramir ha ik! vide gramr. II. to carry, carry off, bring; hafi einn hjarta munni sr,
one carried the heart off in his mouth, Nj. 95; hann hafi at (brought it) noran me sr, Eg. 42;
hafi rlfr heim marga drgripi, 4; hann hafi me sr skatt allan, 62; skalt bija hennar ok hafa
hana heim hingat, Edda 22; f at er hann hafi (had) t haft (carried from abroad), Gull. 13;
mm hestum hfu eir mat, Nj. 74; bkina er hann hafi (had) t haft, Fms. vii. 156; konungr
hafi biskup norr til Bjrgynjar me sr, viii. 296; biskup lt hann hafa me sr kirkju-vi ok jrn-
klukku, Landn. 42; hann hafi me sr skulda-li sitt ok bferli, Eb. 8; hann tk ofan hot, ok hafi
me sr esta viu, id.; ok hafa hana brott, Fms. i. 3; tekr upp barnit, ok her heim me sr, sl. ii.
20; hann hafi lg t hingat r Noregi, he brought laws hither from Norway, b. 5; haf heim hvali
til bjar, Hm. 26; ok hafa hann til Valhallar, Nj. 119. III. to take, get; hann hafi engan mat n
drykk, he took no food nor drink, Eg. 602; hann hafi eigi svefn, he got no sleep, Bs. i. 139. 2. to
get, gain, win; uu sr fjr, ok hfu hlutskipti mikit, Eg. 4; eigi arft at bija vismjrs ess,
vat hann mun at alls ekki hafa, n , for neither he nor thou shall get it, Blas. 28; jarl vill hafa
minn fund, he will have a meeting with me, 40, Skv. 1. 4: the sayings, her s jafnan er httir, he
wins that risks, 'nothing venture, nothing have,' Hrafn. 16; s her krs er krefr, Sl. 29. 3. phrases,
hafa meira hlut, to get the better lot, gain the day, Nj. 90, Fms. xi. 93; hafa gagn, sigr, to gain
victory, ix. 132, Eg. 7, Hkr. i. 215, Ver. 38; hafa betr, to get the better; hafa verr, mir, to have the
worst of it, Fms. v. 86, orst. S. St. 48, passim; hafa ml sitt, to win one's suit, Grg. i. 7, Fms. vii.
34; hafa kaup ll, to get all the bargain, Eg. 71; hafa ta, to win the game, Fms. vii. 219; hafa
erendi, to do one's errand, succeed, kv. 10, 11, Fas. ii. 517: hafa bana, to have one's bane, to die,
Nj. 8; hafa sigr, to be worsted, passim; hafa fri, to have no peace; hafa gagn, sma, heir, neisu,
viring, skmm, etc. af e-u, to get prot, gain, honour, disgrace, etc. from a thing; hafa e-n helju,
to put one to death, Al. 123; hafa e-n undir, to get one under, subdue him, Nj. 95, 128; hfum eigi,
sigrinn r hendi, let not victory slip out of our hands, Fms. v. 294. 4. to get, receive; hann hafi
gar vitkur, Nj. 4; hn skal hafa sex-tigi hundraa, 3; skyldi Hgni hafa land, 118; selja skipit,
ef hann hafi at fyrir (if he could get for it) sem hann vildi; Flosi spuri hverjum aurum hann
vildi fyrir hafa, hann kvask vildu fyrir hafa land, 259; hafa tindi, sgur af e-m, to have, get
tidings of or from one, Ld. 28; hafa smd, metor viring, to get honour, disgrace from one's
hands, Nj. 101; hafa btr, to get compensation, Grg. i. 188; hafa innstuna eina, id.; hafa af e-m,
to have the best of one, cheat one. IV. to carry, wear, of clothes, ornaments, weapons: 1. of clothes,
[cp. Lat. habitus and Icel. hfn = gear]; hafa hatt hfi, Ld. 28; hafa vsku yztan kla, ...
skalt hafa undir (wear beneath) hin gu kli n, Nj. 32; hann hafi bln kyrtil, ... hann hafi
svartan kyrtil, Boll. 358; hafa fald hfi, to wear a hood; hn hafi gaddan rautt hfi, Orkn.
304; hann hafi um sik breitt belti, he wore a broad belt, Nj. 91; hafa ngr-gull hendi, 146: to
have about one's person, vefja saman ok hafa pungi snum, Edda 27; hlutir sem mnnum var ttt at
hafa, Fms. xi. 128. 2. of weapons, to wield, carry; spjt at er her hendi, Boll. 350; hafa kylfu
hendi sr, to have a club in one's hand, Fms. xi. 129; hafa staf hendi, to have a stick in the hand,
Br.; Gunnarr hafi atgeirinn ok sverit, Kolskeggr hafi saxit, Hjrtr hafi alvpni, Nj. 93; hann
hafdi xi snaghyrnda, Boll. 358; hann hafi kesjuna fyrir sr, he held the lance in rest, Eg. 532. V.
here may be added a few special phrases; hafa hendr fyrir sr, to grope, feel with the hands (as in
darkness); hafa vit fyrir sr, to act wisely; hafa at sr hendina, to draw one's hand back, Stj. 198;
hafa e-t eptir, to do or repeat a thing after one, Konr.; hafa e-t yr, to repeat (of a lesson): hafa sik,
to betake oneself; hafa sik til annarra landa, Grett. 9 new Ed.; hann vissi varla hvar hann tti at hafa
sik, he knew not where (whither) to betake himself, Bs. i. 807; her hann sik aptr sta til
munklsins, Mar.
C. Passing into the sense of hefja (see at the beginning); hafa e-t uppi, to heave up, raise; hafa okk
uppi, to raise a party, to rebel, Fb. ii. 89: hafa uppi fri, net, a sherman's term, to heave up, take
up the net or line, Hv. 46; Skarphinn hafi uppi (heaved up) xina, Nj. 144: hafa uppi ta, to
play at a game, Vpn. 29; ar vru mjk t uppi hf ok sagna-skemtan, orf. Karl. 406, v.l.: hafa
e-n uppi, to hold one up, bring him to light; sv mttu oss skjtast uppi hafa, Fr. 42: metaph. to
reveal, vndr riddari hafi allt egar uppi, Str. 10. 2. with the notion to begin; Brr hafi uppi or
sn (began his suit) ok ba Sigrar, Eg. 26, Eb. 142; hafa upp stefnu, to begin the summons, Boll.
350; hafa upp rur, to begin a discussion; rur r er hann hafi uppi haft vi Ingigeri, Fms. iv.
144, where the older text in . H. reads umrur r er hann hafi upp hat (from hefja), 59; cp.
also Vsp., at langnija-tal mun uppi hafat (i.e. hat) mean ld lir, 16, (cp. upp-haf, beginning);
at ek hafa sarr um-ru um hann, better at ek hafa (i.e. hefja) sarr upp ru um hann,
though I shall below treat of, discuss that, Sklda (Thorodd) 168; er lengi her uppi verit haft san
(of a song), Nj. 135; cp. also phrases such as, hafa rs, to begin running, take to one's heels, Fms.
iv. 120, ix. 490; nsta morgin her t fjrinn, the next morning a breeze off land arose, Bs. ii. 48:
opp. is the phrase, hafa e-t ti, to have done, nished; hafa ti sitt dags-verk, Fms. xi. 431; hafa ti
sekt sna, Grett. 149.
D. Passing into the sense of a lost strong verb, hafa, hf (see at the beginning), to behave, do, act: I.
with an adverb, hafa vel, lla, or the like, to behave, and in some instances to do well or badly, be
happy or unhappy, u. to behave; en n vil ek eigi verr hafa en , Fms. iv. 342; eir sgu at
konungr vildi verr hafa en eir, 313; her lla r (mlum or the like understood) haft vi mik, Fs.
140; likr er Gsli rum olinmi, ok her hann betr en vr, Gsl. 28. . to do so and so (to be
happy, unhappy); verr hafa eir er trygum slitu, Mkv. 3; lla her s er annan svkr, 18; vel her s
er at la ltr, 6; vel her s (he is happy) er eigi br slkt llt essa heims, Fms. v. 145; hvlkt
her , how dost thou? Mar.; hafa hart, to do badly, to be wretched; at sl orgils mtti fyrir r
sakir eigi hart hafa, Sturl. iii. 292, Mar.; lafr hafi hlzti lla, O. was very poorly, D. N. ii. 156;
ykisk s bezt hafa (happiest) er fyrstr kemr heim, Fms. xi. 248; her hann bazt af hann egir,
i.e. that is the best he can do if he holds his tongue, Hm. 19; ess get ek at s ha verr (he will make
a bad bargain) er ik ytr, Nj. 128; lfgi her ok vel, the wolf is in a bad plight, Ls. 39; mun s betr
hafa er eigi tekr vi r, id.; betr hefir , ef ..., thou wouldest do better, if ..., Akv. 16. . adding
sik; hafa sik vel, to behave well, Fms. x. 415, Stj. 436. II. with the prep. at, to do, act, (hence at-
hfn, at-h, act, doing); hann lt ekki til ba vgs-mlit ok engan hlut at hafa, Nj. 71; en ef eim
ykkir of lti fit tekit, skulu eir hafa at hit sama, to act in the same way, Grg. ii. 267; hvatki
es eir hafa at, Fms. xi. 132; hann tk af r konuna, en hafir ekki at, but thou didst not stir,
didst take it tamely, Nj. 33; bi munu menn etta kalla strvirki ok llvirki, en m n ekki at
hafa, but there is no help for it, 202; eigi snisk mr meal-atferar-leysi, at vr hfum eigi at um
kvmur hans, i.e. that we submit tamely to his coming, Fs. 32: absol., vilt ess freista, ok vita
hvat at ha, wilt thou try and see how it will do? Bjarn. 27; en n skalt fara fyrir, ok vita hvat at
ha, Bs. i. 712. III. phrases, hafa htt, to be noisy, talk loud, Fms. i. 66; vi skulum ekki hafa htt
(do not cry loud) hr er mar glugganum, a lullaby song; hafa lgt, to keep silent; hafa hgt, to
keep quiet; hafa sik () h, to compose oneself, Ls. 36; hafa htum vi e-n, to use threatening
(foul) language, Fb. i. 312; hafa glett vi e-n, to banter one, Fms. viii. 289; hafa llt at verki, to do
a bad deed, sl. ii. 184.
E. Passing into the sense of the verb hfa (see at the beginning), to aim at, hit, with dat.: I. to hit;
sv nr hafi hausinum, at ..., the shot so nearly hit the head, that ..., Fms. ii. 272; at sama fora,
sem henni hafi nst va, those very precipices from which she had so narrow an escape, Bs. i.
200, Fms. ix. 357; nr hafi n, at skjtr mundi vera okkarr skilnar, Al. 124; nr hafi okkr n, it
struck near us, it was a narrow escape, Fms. viii. 281; kvask sv dreymt hafa (have dreamed), at
eim mundi nr hafa, ix. 387, v.l.; ok er nr hafi at skipit mundi jta, when the ship was on the
point of oating, Ld. 58; ok hafi sv nr (it was within a hair's breadth), at frndr orvalds
mundu ganga at honum, Nj. 160; ok hafi sv nr at eir mundi berjask, b. 11, cp. Bs. i. 21: the
phrase, fjarri her, far from it! Edda (in a verse). 2. to charge; eigi em ek ar fyrir snnu hafr, I am
not truly aimed at for that, 'tis a false charge, Eg. 64; eim manni er fyrir skum er hafr, i.e. the
culprit, Grg. i. 29; cp. the mod. phrase, hafa e-u, to make a charge of a thing; a var ekki v
haft, they could not make a case for a charge of it. II. metaph. to be the ground or reason for, (hence
til-hfa, reason, fact, foundation); til ess tla vitrir menn at haft at sland s Tile (i.e. Thule)
kalla, at ..., learned men suppose that is the reason that Iceland is called Thule, that ..., Landn.
(pref.); mikit mun til haft, er einmli er um (there must be some reason for it, because all people
say so), orgils segir, eigi er fyrir haft (there is no ground whatever for it), at ek mla betr fyrir
grium en arir menn, sl. ii. 379; vr hyggjum at til ess haft vera, at ar ha menn ssk, we
believe the substance of the story is that men have been seen there, Fms. xi. 158; hvat er til ess haft
um at (what is the truth of the matter?), her sundr-ykki orit me ykkr? Boll. 364: in the saying,
her hverr til sns gtis nokkut, every one gets his reputation for something, Nj. 115. 2. to happen,
coincide; her sv til, at hann var ar sjlfr, Fms. xi. 138, v.l. . the phrase, hafa mikit (lti) til sns
mls, to have much (little) reason for one's tale, i.e. to be much, little, in the right, Fms. vii. 221, xi.
138 (v.l.), Nj. 88: um enna her sv strum, it matters so much with this man, (v.l. for mun strum
skipta), Fms. xi. 311.
F. REFLEX. to keep, dwell, abide, but only of a temporary shelter or abode, cp. Lat. habitare, (cp.
also hfn, a haven); hann hefsk nttartma niri vtnum, at night-time he keeps down in the
water, Stj. 77: to live, eir hfusk mjk kaupferum, they spent much of their life in travelling,
Hkr. i. 276; hann hafisk lngum bnum, Bs. i. 353. . with prep. vi; hr mun ek vi hafask (I
will stay here) en far til konungs, Fb. ii. 125; hafisk hann vi skgum er rum fylgsnum,
302; v at hann hafisk skipum vi, Fms. viii. 44; hvlsk heldr ok hafsk vi v landi, rest
and stay in that land, Stj. 162; sgeirr hafisk vi uppi dalnum, Sd. 154; hafask lind fyrir, to cover
oneself with a shield (?), Vsp. 50; hafask hlfar fyrir, to be mailed in armour, Hkm. 11. 2. hafask at,
to do, behave (cp. D. above); vru eir sv mir, at eir mttu ekki at hafask, Fms. ii. 149; en
san skulut r at hafa slkt sem ek kann fyrir segja, i. 158; at eitt munu vi at hafask, at ek mun
betr gra en , Nj. 19; Lambi s hvat Steinarr hafisk at, Eg. 747. 3. hafask vel, to do well, thrive;
vaxa ok vel hafask, to wax and do well, Hm. 142; n er at bn mn, at r hask vi vel, that you
bear yourself well up, Fms. ix. 497; Jungfrin hafisk vel vi ferinni, x. 86; at f hans mundi eigi
hafask at betr at meal-vetri, Grg. ii. 326. 4. recipr., hafask or vi, to speak to one another; ok er
at silegt, at menn hask eigi or vi, Fs. 14; ar til er eir hafask rttar tlur vi, N. G. L. i. 182.
II. part. hafandi is used in the sense of having conceived, being with child; verit hann varr vi at
hn var hafandi, 656 B. 14; hn skyldi vera hafandi at Gus syni, id.; generally, allt at er hafanda
var lt bur sinn ok risk, Fms. vii. 187; sv sem hn verr at honum hafandi, Stj. 178; (hence
barns-hafandi, being with child.)
G. The word hafa is in the Icel., as in other Teut. languages, used as an auxiliary verb with a part.
pass. of another verb, whereby a compound preterite and pluperfect are formed as follows: I. in
transitive verbs with acc. the participle also was put in acc., agreeing in gender, number, and case
with the objective noun or pronoun; this seems to have been a xed rule in the earliest time, and is
used so in all old poems down at least to the middle of the 11th century, to the time of Sighvat (circ.
A.D. 990-1040), who constantly used the old form, -- tt is an apostrophe for tta in the verse . H.
81: 1. references from poets, Gm. 5, 12, 16; er forum mik fdda hfu, Vsp. 2; hverr hefi lopt
lvi blandit er tt jtuns s mey gefna, 29; r's rdaga ttar hfu, 60: ek hafa fengna
konungs reii, Ad. 3; en Grjtbjrn um gnegan her, 18; mik her marr miklu rntan, Stor. 10;
her Mms-vinr mr um fengnar blva btr, 22: gaupur er Haraldr ha sveltar, Hornklo: Loka
mr her leikinn allvald, t. 7; s hafi borinn brna-hrg, 14; jarlar hfu veginn hann, 15: ek hef
orinn (found) ann gufr (vera is here used as trans.), Hallfred; hfum kera framan, id.: hann
her litnar, snar, hr brur, sl. ii. 223, thus twice in a verse of A.D. 1002; gngu hek of gengna,
Korm. (in a verse); hann hafi farna fr, Hkr. i. (Glum Geirason); ek he talar nu orustur, Sighvat;
her vanan ik, id.; r hat rekna braut, . H. 63 (ttar Svarti); hann her bnar okkr hendr
skrautliga, Sighvat (. H. 13); eir hafa fr sn hfu Knti, id.; hvar hat r hugan mr sess, id.;
hafa sr kenndan enn nrra heims enda, id.; Sighvatr her lattan gram, id.; her hamar um
flginn, kv. 7, 8; her hvatta okkr, Gkv. 6; ek he yr brennda, Am. 39, cp. 56; he ek ik
minntan, 81; her hjrtu tuggin, Akv. 36; her mik dvalan, Hbl. 51; ek he hafar rr, I
have had throes, Fsm. 51; en ek hann grvan hef-k, sv he ek studdan, 12 (verse 13 is corrupt);
hann her dvala ik, Hkv. Hjrv. 29; lostna, 30; mik her sttan meiri glpr, 32; ek he bri
kerna, id.; her etnar lfa krsir, opt sr sogin, Hkv. 1. 36; s er opt her rnu sadda, 35; her
kannaa koni neisa, 23; er mik svikna hfut, Skv. 3. 55; hann hafi getna sonu, Bkv. 8; ann
sal hafa halir um grvan, Fm. 42; brur minn her benjaan, 25; er hann rinn her, 37;
sjaldan her gefnar vargi brir, Eg. (in a verse). 2. references from prose; this old form has
since been turned into an indecl. neut. sing. part. -it. The old form was rst lost in the strong verbs
and the weak verbs of the rst conjugation: in the earliest prose both forms are used, although the
indecl. is more freq. even in the prose writers, as b., the Heiarv. S., the Miracle-book in Bs., Njla,
. H., (Thorodd seems only to use the old form,) as may be seen from the following references,
Bjrn hafi sra rj menn, Nj. 262; hann mundi hana hafa gipta honum, 47; hann hafi leidda
saman hestana, 264: ek he sendan mann, sl. (Heiarv. S.) ii. 333; ek ne senda menn, id.: hafa son
sinn r helju heimtan, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 337; en er eir hfu nir settan sveininn, 349; hann
hafi veidda mm tegu ska, 350: er r her lla neisu gorva, . H. 107: he ek fyrri setta
stafr, Sklda (Thorodd) 161; ar he ek vi grva essa sta fjra, id.; hafa hann samsettan, 167:
ga fylgd her mr veitta, orst Su H. 2: sagi, at lafr konungr hafi sendan hann, Bs. i. 11:
yri, er hertogi hafi festa nauga, Fms. x. 393 (grip): he ek sv signaa ok magnaa, v. 236:
her slin gengna tv hluti, en einn genginn, K. . K. 92 (Lund's Syntax, p. 12). . again, neut.
indecl., hana hafi tt fyrr orddr, sl. ii. 192: hn hafi heimt hskarl sinn ..., sl. (Heiarv. S.) ii.
339; hann her ekki sv vel gyrt hest minn, 340; her eigi s mik, 341; hve hann hafi lokkat
hann. id.; gistingar he ek yr fengit, 343: eir hfu haft fri ok orrostur, b. 12; hann hafi teki
lgsgu, 14: stafr er tt hafi orlkr, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 340; er r hfu upp tekit ketilinn ok
hat ..., 342; gngu es hann hafi gingit, 344; es sleggjuna hafi nir fellt, 346; sem mar hefi
nsett (hana) nir, id.; jartein er hann ttisk ngit hafa, 347; hafi prestrinn frt fram sveininn,
349: hjlm er Hreimarr hafi tt, Edda 73: hafa efnt sna heitstrenging, Fms. (Jmsv. S.) xi. 141:
slkan dm sem hann hafi mr hugat, . H. 176, etc. passim :-- at last the inexion disappeared
altogether, and so at the present time the indecl. neut. sing, is used throughout; yet it remains in
peculiar instances, e.g. konu he eg mr festa, Luke xiv. 20, cp. Vdal. ii. 21. UNCERTAIN This
use of the inexive part. pass. may often serve as a test of the age of a poem, e.g. that Slarlj was
composed at a later date may thus be seen from verses 27, 64, 72, 73, 75, 79; but this test is to be
applied with caution, as the MSS. have in some cases changed the true forms (-inn, -ann, and -it, -
an being freq. abbreviated in the MSS. so as to render the reading dubious). In many cases the old
form is no doubt to be restored, e.g. in vegit to veginn, Fm. 4, 23; bit to binn, Hkv. Hjrv. 15;
borit to borinn, Hkv. 1. 1; beit to beinn, Fsm. 48; orit to orin, Og. 23; roit to roinn, Em. 5;
broti to brotinn, Vkv. 24, etc.: but are we to infer from Ls. 23, 26, 33, that this poem is of a
comparatively late age? II. the indecl. neut. sing. is, both in the earliest poems and down to the
present day, used in the following cases: 1. with trans. verbs requiring the dat. or gen.; ek he fengit
e-s, hann hafi fengit konu; hafa hefnt e-s, Fms. xi. 25; s er hafi beit fjr, kv. 32; stillir her
stefnt mr, Hkv. Hjrv. 33, and so in endless cases. 2. in the reex. part. pass.; eir (hann) hafa
(her) ltisk, farisk, sagsk, etc. 3. in part. of intrans. neut. verbs, e.g. eir r (hann, hn), hafa
(her) seti, stait, gengit, legit, farit, komit, verit, orit, lifa, dit, heiti ..., also almost in every
line both of prose and poetry. 4. in trans. verbs with a neut. sing. in objective case the difference
cannot be seen.
UNCERTAIN The compound preterite is common to both the Romance and Teutonic languages,
and seems to be older in the former than in the latter; Grimm suggests that it originated with the
French, and thence spread to the Teutons. That it was not natural to the latter is shewn by the facts,
that u. no traces of it are found in Gothic, nor in the earliest Old High German glossaries to Latin
words. . in the earliest Scandinavian poetry we can trace its passage from declinable to
indeclinable. . remains are left in poetry of a primitive uncompounded preterite innitive, e.g.
stu = hafa stait, mundu, skyldu, vildu, etc., see Gramm. p. xxv, col. 2. UNCERTAIN We may
here note a curious dropping of the verb her, at ek em kominn hingat til lands, ok verit r (having
been) langa hr utan-lands, . H. 31, cp. Am. 52; barn at aldri, en vegit slka hetju sem orvaldr
var, Glm. 382. On this interesting matter see Grimm's remarks in his Gramm. iv. 146 sqq.
hafald, n. (qs. hafhald), the perpendicular thrums that hold the weft.
hai, a, m. name of a giant, Edda (Gl.)
HAFNA, a, to forsake, abandon, with dat.; hafna bltum ok heinum goum, Fms. i. 33; h.
fornum si, Eb. 12; h. fornum trnai, Anal. 141; h. fjndanum, K. . 74; h. lkamligum
lystingum, 671. 4; h. boum e-s, to disobey one's orders, Andr. 65; h. ri e-s, Al. 166; kr hafnai
tinu, the cow left off eating, Bs. i. 194; ef hann hafnai snum kynnum, Fms. v. 218; opt hafnar
mr manni fyrir litla sk, MS. 4. 6; r ek r hafna, lest I forsake thee, Korm. 50 (in a verse); h.
hungri, pot. to feast, Fms. xi. 138 (in a verse); h. fjrvi, to die, Hkr. i. (in a verse); h. nafni e-s, to
disown one, Hallfred; hafni Nefju nafna, ye forsake (disgrace) the namesake of Nefja, Hkr. i. (in a
verse); fyrir-litinn ea hafnar, Stj. 157, 173: part. hafnandi forsaking, Sks. 3. II. reex. of cows
and ewes, to conceive, to calve, lamb. III. hafna, a, to come to anchor; or hafna sig, id.
hafnan and hfnun, f. forsaking, abandonment, Hom. 2, Sks. 3, 612, Barl. 148; h. veraldar, Fms. v.
239; hfnun heims, Greg. 28; til hafnanar (disgrace) ok hungar, K. . 208.
hafnar-, vide hfn, a haven.
hafn-bit, n. pasture, grazing, N. G. L. i. 25; cp. Dan. havne-gang.
hafn-borg, f. a sea borough, jal. 29.
hafning, f. a heaving up, elevation, lifting, of christening (cp. the phrase, hefja r heinum dmi =
to christen), N. G. L. i. 339, 340.
hafn-leysa, u, f. (hafn-leysi, n., Hkr. iii. 266), a harbourless coast, Sks. 223, N. G. L. i. 10, Eg.
161, Fs. 150.
hafn-ligr, adj. harbour-like, Eg. 99.
hafn-skipti, n. division of land (pasture), N. G. L. i. 249.
hafn-taka, u, f. 'haven-taking,' getting into harbour, N. G. L. ii. 280.
HAFR, m., gen. hafrs, pl. hafrar; hafrir, Haustl. 15, is scarcely correct: [A. S. hfer, cp. Engl.
heifer; Lat. caper] :-- a buck, he-goat, Edda, of the he-goats of Thor, Hdl. 46, kv. 21, Lv. 47, 52,
Hrafn. 3, Nj. 62, Grg. i. 427, 503, Eb. 94; hafra hr, goats' hair, Magn. (pref.), Andr. 70.
COMPDS: hafrs-belgr, m. = hafrstaka, Fb. iii. 400. hafrs-liki, n. the shape of a goat, Eb. 94.
hafrs-j, n. buck's thigh, a nickname, Landn. hafr-kytti, n. a kind of whale, Sks. 128. hafr-staka,
u, f. a goat's skin, Edda 28, Fms. vi. 96, Bs. 4. 551, Gsl. 7: in local names, Hafra-fell, Hafra-gil,
Hafra-nes, Hafra-tindr, Hafra-tunga, Hafrs-, Landn.; Hafrs-fjrr (in Norway), Fms. xii, Fb.
iii.
HAFR, m., only in pl. hafrar, [Germ. haber; North. E. haver], oats; it seems not to occur in old
writers.
haft and hapt, n. [hafa], properly a handcuff; sprettr mr af ftum fjturr, en af hndum haft, Hm.
150, 149: then generally a bond, chain, hargr hft r rmum, Vsp. (Hb.); sitja hftum, to be in
fetters as a prisoner, Mar. 11; ftr hans vru hptum, Mork. 205; leysa e-n r hftum, Ls. 37;
halda e-n hftum, to keep one in bonds, Fb. i. 378; at hann er r ok hann m koma hftum hann
ef hann vill, Gl. 149: the hobbles or tether fastened to a horse's leg, taka af, leggja haft; ef haft er
fast hrossi, Grg. i. 436, freq. in mod. usage, cp. hefta: so in the phrase, vera e-m at hafti, to be a
hindrance or stumbling-block to one, Nj. (in a verse). haft-bnd, n. pl. fetter-bonds, Fas. iii. 17. II.
metaph., pl. gods (as band II. 3), Edda 96. COMPDS: hafta-gu, n. the god of gods, the supreme
god, of Odin, Edda 14. hafta-snytrir, m. the friend of the gods, Haustl. haft-sni, n. the atonement
(Germ. shne) of the gods, i.e. poetry, Korm.; cp. the tale in Edda 47.
hafta, u, f. a female prisoner, a bondwoman; hafta ok hernuma, Gkv. 1. 9, Hkv. 2. 3; oft nnr
ambtt hftu, Edda ii. 491 (in a verse).
haftr, m. a male prisoner, a bondman; haftr ok hernuminn, Fm. 7, 8, Vsp. 39, Akv. 28.
HAGA, a, [Hel. bihagan; Germ. behagen], to manage, arrange, with dat.; hversu hann skyldi
haga verks-httum snum, Eb. 150; sv skulu vr haga inngngu vrri, at ..., Fms. i. 16; en n var
oss v hgra at haga kostum eirra eptir vrri vild, vi. 261; at haga sv formlinu, at ..., to put the
words so, that ..., 655 xi. 2; haga sr til sess, to take one's seat, . H. (in a verse); haga hlft yrkjum,
to take the middle course, Am. 57; en fnu var hagat til gzlu, the money was taken into keeping,
Fms. iv. 31; eim er slina geri, ok heiminum hagai ok hann geri, Fagrsk. 11. . with adv., skal
erkibiskup haga sv, at hann ha lg, N. G. L. i. 145; hvernig skulum vr til haga, Fms. vi. 201;.
. to conduct oneself, behave; r hagit yr verr en annarr lr, Stj. 430; ef vegandi her sr til
helgi hagat, Grg. ii. 106; ef hann hagar annan veg (does otherwise), ok verr hann tlagr um rem
mrkum, K. . K. 84. . with prep. til, to contrive; svari hann eia, at hann skyldi sv til haga,
at ..., Edda 26; ba rir sv til haga, at Egill s ekki langvistum mnu rki, Eg. 237; hagau sv til,
at vitir vst at Hrrekr komi aldregi san lfs til Noregs, . H. 75; haga sv (til) sem Jkull
vildi, Fs. 10. 2. absol., haga e-m, to turn out so and so for one; en etta sama hagai honum til
mikils hska, but this turned out to his great peril, Fms. viii. 17; at hagar okkr til auar, it falls
luckily for us, Gsl. (in a verse); ok hagar sileysi eigi vel fyrir manni, Sks. 280; oss tti sem
r s ltt til gamans hagat, Fas. ii. 225; ok her vtr meir til yndis hagat, en , i.e. it was a sore
calamity, Bs. i. 79; er slinni hagar til mikils hska, which is fraught with much peril to the soul, Al.
163; at hagai la til mikils harms, Fms. x. 239; eim eyri sem okkr bezt hagai, in the money
which suited us best. D. N.; vil ek gefa r skip etta me eim farmi, sem ek veit vel hagar til
slands, with a cargo which I know is suitable for Iceland, Fms. vi. 305; en mr er eigi um at nna
hann, annig sem til hagat er, as matters stand, Orkn. 428. II. reex. (rare), en a hagask sv til (it
so happened) at eir gengu t fjrir, Sturl. i. 129 (where Bs. i. 434, berr sv til, at ...). III. part., at
hguu, meet, tting; eigi skiptir at hguu til, ef ..., 'tis not tting, if ..., Fms. ii. 61; cp. at
hgum, Fs. 99, l.c., and 79 (bottom) :-- van-haga, impers. to lack, want.
Hagall, m. a mythical pr. name: the name of the Rune h, whence Hagals-tt, f. the second part of
the Runic alphabet, vide introd. p. 227.
hagan, hgun, f. management; til-hgun, arrangement.
Hag-barr, m. name of a Danish mythical hero, 'with the ne beard,' Saxo, Grett. (in a verse): a
name of Odin (cp. Harbarr, S-grani, S-skeggr), Edda.
hag-beit, f. pasturage, Jm. 26.
hag-faldin, part. hooded with hedges, pot. of the earth, Fms. vi. 140.
hag-fastr, adj. of cattle, grazing constantly, Rb.
hag-ftt, n. adj. short of grazing, Fms. vi. 103.
hag-feldr, adj. t, meet, suited for; ek mun r h., v at ek em verkmar gr, en ert iju-mar
sjlfr, Njar. 366; h. eyrendi, a meet errand, sl. ii. 458; allir hlutir hagfeldir ok farslligir, . H.
195.
hag-fella, u, f. a eld, hagfellu-garr, m. a eld fence, Gl. 381.
hag-fri, f. agricultural statistics, (mod.)
HAGGA, a, to put out of order, derange, with dat.; e-t stendr -hagga, to remain unmoved:
reex. to be put out of joint.
hag-genginn, part. grass-fed, fattened in the pastures, of cattle, Stj. 560. 1 Kings iv. 23.
HAGI, a, m. [A. S. haga = a fence; Dan. have = a garden; Swed. hage; North. E. hag; Engl.
hedge; cp. Old Engl. hay, Hayes as local names; the word still remains as an appellative in haw-
thorn = hedge-thorn; haw-haw = a sunk fence] :-- a pasture, prop. a 'hedged eld,' Grg. ii. 227, Nj.
33, Fms. vii. 54, sl. ii. 330, Karl. 133; var hestum hagi fenginn, the horses were put out to grass,
Fb. ii. 340; fjr-hagi, sau-hagi, sheep pasture; fjall-hagar, fell pastures; heima-hagar, home
pastures; t-hagi, out pasture (far from the farm); Icel. distinguish between tn and engjar for
haymaking, and hagar for grazing. COMPDS: haga-beit, f. grazing, Eg. 718, Grg. ii. 224. haga-
ganga, u, f. grazing. haga-garr, m. a eld fence, Pm. 88, Eb. 132, Fs. 47: Hagi is freq. the name of
a farm, Landn. Haga-land, n. the estate of the farm Hagi, Sturl. ii. 171. haga-spakr, adj. = hagfastr.
hagi, a, m. [hagr], only in compds, j-hagi, a great artist.
hagindi, n. pl. comfort, advantage, B. K. 110, H. E. ii. 165; vide hgindi.
hag-jr, f. pasture land, Stj. 168, Sd. 167.
hag-keypi, n. a good bargain, Fb. ii. 75, iii. 450.
hag-kvmr (hag-kvmiligr), adj. meet, useful.
HAGL, n. [A. S. hagal; Engl. hail; Gerrn. hagel; Dan. hagel; Swed. hagel] :-- hail, Fms. i. 175, Nj.
232, Ann. 1275, Glm. 342, Bs. i. 698, passim. COMPDS: hagl-dropi, a, m. a hail-stone, Stj. 274.
hagl-hr, f. a hail-storm, Stj. 274, 275, Fms. iii. 180. hagl-korn, n. a hail-stone, Fms. i. 175, xi.
142. hagl-steinn, m. a hail-stone, Ann. 1275. hagl-vindr, m. a hail-storm, Prv. 454. II. in plur.
grapes, (mod.)
hagla, a, to hail.
hag-laust (hag-leysa, u, f.), n. adj. barren, without grass.
hag-leikr (-leiki), m. skill in handicraft, Bs. i. 138, 681, Sks. 443, 633, Stj. 519, Al. 93, Barl. 167,
Fb. ii. 296, passim. hagleiks-gr, f. ne workmanship, Bs. i. 681. hagleiks-mar, m. a
handicrafts-man, an artist, Fas. ii. 463, Barl. 167.
hag-lendi, n. [hagi], pasture land.
hag-liga, adv. skilfully, handily, Fms. vi. 217: conveniently, suitably, meetly, v. 43, Sl. 72, kv. 16,
19 (neatly).
hag-ligr, adj. ne, handy, skilful, Mar.: t, meet, proper, convenient, h. r, Fms. vii. (in a verse), K.
. K. 100; furu h. geit, a very proper goat, Edda 24; -hagligr, troublesome, Bs. ii. 115.
hag-mrr, f. [hagi], a pasture marsh, Sd. 167.
hag-mltr, part. well-spoken, Fms. iv. 374: a kind of metre, Edda 138: in mod. usage only of one
who has skill in verse-making, hann er lagmltr, a happy verse-maker, but not yet a skld, poet.
hagna, a, e-m hagnar, to be meet for one; hvrum ykkrum her betr hagna, which of you has had
the best luck? Fms. v. 193, xi. 212 (in a verse).
hagnar, m. advantage, Hkr. ii. 85.
hag-nta, tt, to make use of, Rb. 42, D. N., freq. in mod. usage.
hag-orr, adj. well-spoken, Fms. iii. 152.
HAGR, adj. handy, skilful, opp. to bagr, q.v.; hagr tr, Bs. ii. 146; hagr jrn, Gsl. 18; hagr mar
tr ok jrn, Eg. 4, lk. 34; hann var hagr mar, sl. ii. 325; hann hsar upp binn, v at hann var
allra manna hagastr, 171; v at ert umsslu-mar mikill ok hagr vel, Fms. i. 290; Hreiarr ba
Eyvind f sr silfr nokkut og gull, Eyvindr spuri ef hann vri hagr, vi. 214; ann mann er hagastr
var llu slandi tr, Bs. i. 132; hann valdi ann mann til kirkju-grar, er tti einn hverr
hagastr vera, s ht roddr Gamlason, 163, 235; Vlundr var hagastr mar sv at menn viti
fornum sgum, Sm. 89: of a lady, hn var sv hg (so handy at needlework) at fr konur vru
jafnhagar henni, Nj. 147; hn var vn kona ok hg hendr, sl. ii. 4; Margrt hin haga, Bs. i. 143:
of dwarfs, hagir dvergar, Hdl. 7; whence dverg-hagr, skilful as a dwarf. 2. = hagligr, of work; sem
ek hagast kunna, as handily as I could, Vkv. 17: skur-hagr, skilled in carving; or-hagr = hagorr;
j-hagr, a great artist.
HAGR, m., gen. hags, pl. hagir, [as to the root vide haga, cp. also the preceding word] :-- state,
condition; honum tti komit hag manna ntt efni, Jb. 12; he ek sagt r allt er yr minn hag
her gengit, Mar., Hom. 126, 155; at njsna hvat um hag strar mundi vera, Fms. i. 68; annan
vetr eptir var Halldra me barni, og lauksk seint um hag hennar, and she got on slowly, of a
woman in labour, Sturl. i. 199; hann sagi me undrum hans hag fram ytjask, he said that his
affairs went on in a strange way, Fb. i. 380; en n tekr hagr minn at hgjask, orf. Karl. 370. . in
plur. affairs; hversu komtu hr, er hvat er n um hagi na ? Fms. i. 79; hversu hann skyldi n me
fara er breyta hgum snum, Nj. 215; var at brtt aus hennar hgum (doings), at hn mundi
vera vitr, Ld. 22; ef r segit nokkrum fr um hagi vra Rts, Nj. 7; lands-hagir, public affairs. II.
metaph. means; ef hann her eigi hag til at fra au fram, Grg. i. 232; hann skal fra eim manni
er nnastr er, eirra manna er hag til vitkunnar, 248; en ef erngi her eigi hag til framfrslu,
250; ef mar tnir sv f snu, at hann eigi hag at gjalda alla landaura, ii. 410; ra-hagr, a match;
fjr-hagr, money affairs. 2. advantage, favour, gain; svo eru hyggindi sem hag koma, a saying;
bera kvi hag e-m, to pronounce for one, Grg. i. 176; hallat he ek vst, segir konungr, ok
hag r, Fms. ii. 272; greiddisk eigi byrrinn mjk hag eim, Fb. iii. 446; hrolldi hvatvetna at er til
hags skyldi, Am. 95; -hagr, disadvantage. 3. adverbial phrase, at hgum, suitably; eigi skiptir at
hgum til, 'tis not meet, 'tis a shame, unfair, Fs. 79; eigi her hr at hgum verit til skipt, 99;
Kormakr kva eigi at hgum til skipta, ef hann sparir eigi vi ik sverit, en hann sparir vi oss,
Korm. 80; the mod. phrase, fara snum hgum ok munum, to do at one's leisure, as one is pleased.
hags-munir, m. pl. prot; at hann geri hinum hagsmuni, mm aura er meira fjr, kaupinu, Grg.
ii. 241 (freq. in mod. usage).
hag-r, n. an opportunity, O. H. L. 33.
hag-rr, adj. giving wise counsel, Nj. 2.
hag-ra, dd, to put right, put in order, with dat., Fas. iii. 10.
hag-ri, n. comfort, Hom. 19: service, Band. 4; en fur snum gri hann aldri hagri, 6; leggja
til hagris me e-m, to do service to one, Bs. ii. 179.
hag-rr, adj. = hagrr, N. G. L. ii.
hag-skeytr, adj. a good shot, Edda (Ub.) 270.
hag-skipti, n. fairness, a fair bargain, r. 21.
hag-smiliga, adv. handily, Jb. 218.
hag-smir, m. an artist, adept, Edda 96 (in a verse).
hag-spakligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), practically wise, Sks. 627.
hag-spakr, adj. sensible, practical, Ver. 17.
hag-speki, f. forethought, good sense, Fas. iii. 7, Sks. 50.
hag-str, adj. fair, favourable, of wind and weather; h. byrr, a fair wind, Eb. 332; ver hagsttt,
Eg. 390; str ver ok hagst, Fms. ii. 64, orf. Karl. 372.
hag-virki, n. master-work, sl. ii. 253 (in a verse), Od. xix. 227 GREEK.
hag-virk-liga, adv. in a workmanlike manner, to the purpose, Grg. ii. 338.
hag-virkr, adj. workmanlike.
hag-orn, m. [hagi], the hawthorn, 'hedge-thorn,' Edda (Gl.), Stj. 395.
hai, interj. alas! Stj. 649, the rendering of heu heu! in the Vulgate, cp. ai, Sm. 118.
hak, n. a little hook, such as the barb of a hook.
HAKA, u, f. [Swed. haka; Dan. hage], the chin, Eg. 305; skeggit vi hkuna, 564; hku ok kjlka,
Fms. ii. 59, xi. 139, N. G. L. i. 339, Edda; undir-haka, a double chin. COMPDS: hku-bein, n. the
chin bone, Sd. 169. hku-langr, adj. having a long chin, Br. 165. hku-mikill, adj. having a
large chin, Sd. 147. hku-skar, n. a cleft in the chin. hku-skegg, n. the beard on the chin, Fas. ii.
434, Hkr. ii. 176.
haki, a, m. [Dan. hage; Swed. hake; Germ. haken; Engl. hook], a hook, (rare): a mythical pr. name,
Edda, Fas.
hakka, a, to devour, eat ravenously, as a beast, (cant word.)
hak-langr, adj. = hkulangr, a nickname, Hkr. i.
HALD, n. (vide halda), hold: 1. a hold, fastening; ntr bndi as ok kippir vanum, vat hann
hugi haldit annan veg eigi bila, Fms. xi. 442. 2. a law phrase, withholding; gagna-hald, Grg. ii.
273; hann kost hvrt er hann vill at htta til haldsins er eigi, ... en ef hn er login, verr
eigi rtt haldit, i. 312; stefna um tundar hald, ok telja hinn sekjan um, K. . K. 46. II. upholding,
maintenance: 1. reparation; fyrir hald kirkju, Vm. 12; segja til halds kirkjunni (to defray the
repairs of the kirk) ann jarar-teig, Dipl. iii. 12. 2. a law term, possession; sgum vr me fullum
laga-rskuri Gumundi til halds saga jr, Dipl. iii. 5; hafa vald er hald e-s hlutar, Bs. i. 720;
hn tveggja krka hald vatni, she (the church) has the hold (right) of two hooks in the lake, Pm.
41. . essum fnai beit ok hald (bite and occupation) fyrir sunnan , Dipl. v. 10. 3. support,
backing; vi tkum okkr hald ar er Gu var, Hom. 154; hann her n hald mikit af konungi, he
has much support from the king, Eg. 336: so in the phrase, hald ok traust, help and support in need;
hn hafi enna mann sent honum til halds ok trausts, Ld. 46: and in the phrases, koma e-m at haldi
or hald, to prove true to one, be of use, help to one; ok m hann enn vel koma r at haldi, sl. ii.
329; lla koma honum gir frndr hald, Fms. x. 413, Greg. 22; eigi veit ek mr verr hald koma
knleik minn en r a itt, Fms. vi. 203, Fs. 182; kemr oss at li ekki at haldi, Fms. viii. 214, xi.
31; vat vr hfum rit mart (li) ef oss kmi at vel at haldi, Nj. 192; hr kemr lla hald, this
comes ill to help, is a great shame, Lv. 95. 4. custody; lafr konungr tk vi haldi Hreks
konungs, . H. 73; hafa e-n haldi, to keep one in custody, freq.: hence var-hald, custody. 5.
entertainment; fr hann til hirar jarls ok var me honum gu haldi, Bjarn. 5; hann var ar um
vetrinn ok v hrra haldi af hsfreyju sem hann var lengr, Fms. vii. 112. 6. a course, a naut. term;
ef strimenn vilja bir fara, ok skilr um hald, Grg. ii. 398: hence fram-hald, going on; aptr-
hald, return. 7. holding, meaning, suggestion; a er hald manna, freq. in mod. usage, but no
reference to old writers has been found. 8. keeping, tending, of cattle; g hld skepnum, go
skepnu-hld, freq. III. a holding, keeping, observance, of a feast, holiday; allra heilagra manna
hald, Ver. 53; tt et meira hald s dgrinu, although it be a holiday of rst degree, Grg. ii. 360;
var egar tekinn mikit hald hans lts-dagr, Fms. xi. 309; borg essi var rs-hof miklu
haldi, in high worship, Al. 19: hence hta-hald, keeping high holidays; Jla-hald, Fms. i. 32;
Drottins-daga-hald, Nj. 165; af-hald, upp--hald, esteem, 'uphold;' rta hald, B. K. 25; nu lestra-
hld, reading the nine legends, Vm. 51, 64. IV. in plur., hld, handles; klukka ltil af hldin, Vm.
42; handar-hald, a handle; cp. also haf-ald: -hld, utensils. halds-mar, m. a keeper, guardian,
Gl. 258, 501, Js. 121.
HALDA, pret. hlt (= Goth. haihald), 2nd prs. hlt, mod. hlzt, pl. hldum; pres. held, pl. hldum;
pret. subj. hldi; part. haldinn; imperat. hald and halt: [Ulf. haldan = GREEK, GREEK, whereas
he renders to keep, hold by other words; Hel. haldan = alere, fovere, colere, which thus seems to be
the primitive sense of the word, and to be akin to Lat. c&o-short;lo; again, A. S. healdan, Engl.
hold, O. H. G. haltan, Germ. halten, Swed. hlla, halda, Dan. holde, are all of them used in a more
general sense] :-- to hold.
A. WITH DAT. to hold to: I. to hold fast by; with the notion of restraint or force, tk Gizurr
frunaut gmundar ok hlt honum, Sturl. i. 150; Gunnarr var kyrr sv at honum hlt einn mar, Nj.
92; ef mar heldr manni ..., varar fjrbaugs-gar, Grg. ii. 110; h. e-m undir drep, 17; h. skipum
(to grapple the ships) me stafnljm, Fms. ii. 315: to keep back, Hrafn fkk eigi haldit henni heima
ar, sl. ii. 249; ok halda eim ver enni smu hfn, Grg. i. 92; h. (sr) e-t, to hold oneself fast
by, grasp, skalt h. hurar-hringinn, Dropl. 29; heldr sr faxit, Sd. 177. . so in the phrases,
halda barni (manni) undir skrn, vatn, primsignan, biskups hnd, eccl. to hold a bairn (man) at
baptism, prima signatio, conrmation, Grg. i. 29; h. vatni (trum), to hold one's tears, 623. 56,
Fms. viii. 232, vi. (in a verse); halda munni, to hold one's tongue, be silent, vii. 227; halda tungu
sinni, r. 2. to withhold; megu eir h. tundum hans mti, K. . K. 62; h. vtti, Grg. i. 42; h.
ggnum, 56; ef goi heldr tylftar-kvi, er hann heldr kvinum, 58; halda matinum fyrir honum, 47;
h. skttum fyrir e-m, Nj. 8; h. skgar-manni fyrir e-m, Finnb. 334; um at er hann her konunni
haldit, Grg. i. 313; hldu bndr gjaldinu, Fms. vii. 302; hlt ek v (i.e. the money) fyrir honum,
i.e. paid it not, sl. ii. 244. II. to hold, of a rope or the like; s mar hugi h. mundu er festi, ... ok h.
mundu slku veri, Grg. ii. 361; reip au tu er tveggja manna ai haldi hvert, id.; skal hann sv
gra at haldi fyrir fyrnsku, 268. . to hold, hold out, last; optast halda ar llviri litla hr, Sks.
212; sunnudags-helgi rss upp laugardegi, ok heldr (lasts) til mnadags, N. G. L. i. 138. III. to
keep, retain, Germ. behalten; f-ein skip hldu seglum sinum, Fms. x. 143; skalt jafnan essu
sti h., Nj. 6; h. bsta snum, Ld. 26; h. rki snu, Al. 58, Fms. i. 13; h. llum Noregi, viii. 155; h.
frelsi ok eignum, vi. 40; h. hlut snum, to uphold one's right, Eg. passim; halt smum vinum sem ek
he haft, Fas. i. 375; h. hreinleik snum, Al. 58. . to hold, keep safe, preserve; h. hlut snum, Ld.
54; h. heilsu, Grg. i. 145; h. viringu sinni, Ld. 16; heldr hann kosti snum, Grg. ii. 209; h.
tma (honour) snum, Al. 59; h. l ok limum, Eg. 89; h. lnu, Nj. 111; h. trnai snum, 109;
vinttu sinni, Ld. 200; einor sinni, Fb. ii. 265; h. sr rttum, to keep oneself right, Ld. 158; h. e-m
heilum, Odd. 30; h. rki fyrir e-m, Fms. v. 279; h. manna-forri fyrir e-m, Hrafn. 19; h. rttu mli
fyrir e-m, Fms. vii. 64. 2. to continue to keep, keep all along; h. teknum htti, Fms. iv. 254; h.
vku, to keep oneself awake, Ld. 152; but h. vku fyrir e-m, to keep another awake; halda sslu
sinni, Fs. 36; h. hgum, to keep grazing, Eb. 104, Ld. 148. 3. to hold, keep one's stock; ellipt., vetr
var llr ok hldu menn lla, the winter was cold and it was ill to keep live stock, Sturl. ii. 143, (cp.
fjr-hld); hann hlt vel sv at nr lifi hvat-vetna, Hrafn. 22: metaph., lla her inn fair
haldit, Fms. xi. 144; ld her lla haldit, the people have had a sad loss, vi. (in a verse); h. fangi,
and also ellipt. halda, of sheep and cattle, opp. to 'to go back.' 4. phrases, halda njsnum, to keep
watch, to spy, Fms. viii. 146, Nj. 113; hann hlt njsnum til nundar, Landn. 287; hlt konungr
njsnum til, ef ..., Fms. vii. 128; hann skyldi h. njsnum til ok gera or konungi, i. 54; h. njsnum
til um e-t, iv. 119, Nj. 93; halda njsn (sing.) um skip at, Eg. 74; r haldit njsnum nr fri gefr
Arnkatli, Eb. 186; hann lt h. njsnum uppi landi, Fms. vii. 316; hann hlt frttum til, ef ..., iv.
349. . halda (hendi) fyrir auga, to hold (the hand) before the eyes, shade the eyes, Nj. 132, Fms. v.
196; h. fyrir munn e-m, to hold (the hand) over one's mouth; h. hendi yr e-m, to hold the hand
over one, protect one, Nj. 266, Fbr. 22, Korm.; h. hendi um hls e-m, to clasp the hands around
one's neck, Fms. i. 9; h. skildi fyrir e-n, to hold the shield for one as a second in a duel, sl. ii. 257,
passim; h. e-m til nms, to hold one to the book, make one study, K. . K. 56; h. e-m til viringar,
Ld. 98. IV. ellipt. (lii, skipi, fr, stefnu, etc. understood), to hold, stand in a certain direction, esp.
as a naut. term; eir hldu aptr (stood back again) um hausti, Eg. 69; treystisk hann eigi haf at
halda, Eb. 6; hldu eir vestr um haf, id.; stigu eir skip sn, ok hldu t (stood out) eptir ri,
Fms. i. 63; eir hldu at sama sumar til slands, Ld. 6; hann hlt upp eptir hinni eystri kvsl, Fms.
vii. 55; h. heim, to hold one's course, stand homewards, Odd. 30; h. braut, Grg. i. 92; Hrtr hlt
sur til Eyrar-sunds, Nj. 8; h. eptir e-m, to pursue one, 7; h. undan, to y, Fms. x. 396, Nj. 98 (on
land); kom mti eim sunnan-ver me myrkri, ok uru eir fyrir at h., to lay one's course for the
wind, A. A. 271; h. tlei, to stand on the outer tack, Eg. 78; h. til, to turn against, attack (on sea),
Fms. xi. 72; hlt hann lii snu sur Mri, i. 62; eir hldu lii snu norr til rndheims, id.;
Haraldr konungr hlt noran lii snu, Eg. 32; hldu eir skipi v sur me landi, 69; skipi v lt
hann halda vestr til Englands, id.; Unnr hlt skipinu Orkneyjar, eptir at hlt Unnr skipi snu til
Freyja, Ld. 8. . to graze, put in the eld, of sheep, cattle; ykkir mr at miklu skipta at eim s
vel til haga haldit, Eg. 714; hvert Steinarr hafi lti nautum snum halda, 715; ok ba hann h.
nautunum annan veg, 716. . phrases, halda kyrru fyrir, to hold still, remain quiet, Ld. 216, r. 30
new Ed., Nj. 223, 258; Hallr heldr n til fangs (went shing) sem r, Ld. 38. V. with prep.; halda
e-u, to hold, wield in the hand, freq. in mod. usage, h. bk, penna, fjr, hnf, skrum, nl, etc.;
hafi hverr at er hlt , Nj. 279; h. sveri, Fb. i. 33; hann tk vi xinni ok hlt (viz. ), ok s ,
Eg. 180: to hold fast, heldr n mar manni, Fas. i. 12; eigi mttu helvtis byrgi h. honum, 656 C.
6; ef hann heldr fnu (withholds it), Grg. i. 427. . [Germ. anhalten], to hold to a thing, go on
with, be busy about; h. sslu, to be busy, Rm. 14; h. keri, qs. halda drykkju, to go on drinking,
carousing, Hm. 18: h. hinni smu bn, Stj. 417; h. fyrirstrum vi e-n, r. 51 new Ed.; h.
bnai snum, Ld. 164; hlt hann bnai snum sem skjtligast, Fms. ix. 215, x. 119, Sturl. ii.
245; ogar bak Jlum hlt lafr konungr bningi, Fms. v. 41; hann heldr n mlinu, Nj. 259;
n heldr rr mlinu ok verr Oddn honum gipt, Bjarn. 11, Konr. (Fr.); h. tilkalli, Fms. i. 84;
h. essum si, xi. 41; h. fr, to go on with one's journey, Sighvat; gengu san brott ok hldu
fer sinni, and went on their journey, Sturl.; -- whence the mod. phrase, halda fram, to go on,
which seems not to occur in old writers. 2. halda e-u fram, to hold up, make much of; brir minn
mun mr mjk hafa fram haldit fyrir star sakir, Nj. 3. . to hold on doing, (hence fram-hald,
continuation); halda fram upp-teknu efni, Fms. i. 263; slku hlt hann fram mean hann lifi, iv.
254; hlt hann (fram) teknum htti um veizlurnar, id., Grett. 14. 3. halda saman, to hold together,
Eluc. 6, Fms. vii. 140, Rb. 340. 4. halda e-u upp, to hold aloft, Yngvarr hlt upp vsu eirri, Eg. 152;
steinninn heldr upp annarr rum, Rb. 390; h. upp rum, to hold up the oars, cease pulling, Fas. ii.
517, N. G. L. i. 65. . to uphold, maintain, support; halda upp ho, Landn. 64, Eb. 24; h. upp
hofum ok ea blt, Fms. i. 91; h. upp kirkju, K. . K. 52; h. upp Kristninni, Fms. i. 32: to keep
going, h. upp bardaga, orrostu, xi. 66, 188, 340. . to discharge; h. upp frns-dmi, Grg. i. 120; h.
upp lgskilum, 145; h. upp svrum, . H. 174; h. upp kostnai, Eg. 77; h. upp gjaldi, Grg. i. 384;
gjldum, Fms. i. 81; h. upp bt, Grg. ii. 182; btum, Eb. 100, 162, N. G. L. i. 311; ef hann heldr
upp yrbt (penance) eirri, Hom. 70; h. upp bnum fyrir e-m, to pray for one, Fms. xi. 271; hlt
hann v vel upp sem vera tti, discharged it well, x. 93. . halda sr vel upp, to hold oneself well
up, Sturl. r. metaph., skal-at hann lgvillr vera, sv at honum haldi at uppi (i.e. went unpunished),
Grg. i. 316; ok heldr honum at uppi (that will save him), ef hann er rtt-ha at orinn, ii. 242. 5.
halda e-u vi, to maintain a thing, Hkr. i. 195. VI. impers., 1. to continue, last; hlt v nokkura
stund dags, Fms. x. 125: hlt v lengi um vetrinn, Ld. 288; regni hlt haustntt gegnum, Fms. vi.
83. 2. with prep. vi, to be on the brink of; hlt vi atgngu, they were within a hair's breadth of
coming to ght, Hkr. i. 143; hlt vi vandri, Fms. ix. 434; heldr vi bardaga, vi. 8; heldr n
vi ht, it is little short of a threat, i. 305; hlt vi blt, x. 106; ok hlt vi tta, i. 174; hlt vi
meiingar, Nj. 21, Sd. 143; henni hlt vi, at hn mundi drepa hana, Nj. 118; eim hlt vi va
sjlfan, . H. 168; konungi hlt vi, hvrt hann mundi standask er eigi, Mag. 100; honum hlt vi
kafnan, Bs. i. 18; hlt vi at eir mundi berjask, Fs. 53.
B. WITH ACC. to hold: I. to hold in possession, a ef, land, estate, ofce, or the like; eir hldu
alla hina beztu stai me sjnum, Fms. xi. 131; eir er r hfu haldit land af Dana-konungi, i.
232; Eirekr skyldi h. land af Aalsteini konungi, 23; Vemundr hlt Fira-fylki, Eg. 12; hlt hann at
rki undir Knt konungi, sl. ii. 242; eirri borg hldu eir langfegar mmtn konungdma, Ver.
37; h. land sem leigu-land, Grg. ii. 278; konungrinn heldr af Gui nafnit, Sks. 599 B; prestar er
kirkjur halda, H. E. i. 486; s prestr er heldr Ptrs-kirkju, N. G. L. i. 312; presta eirra er kirkju
halda, 346; skal s mar ra er kirkju heldr, K. . K. 60; lafs kirkju er Vringjar halda (the
parish church of W.), Hkr. iii. 408. 2. halda byrgju, byrg e-n, to have the responsibility of a
thing, Grg. ii. 399, K. . K. 66; h. grip, to be in the possession of, Grg. i. 438, ii. 190; h. skla, to
keep a school, Mar.; h. fylg, to perform, Fms. ix. 279; eiga vandri at h., to be in a strait,
difculty, Eb. 108. II. to hold, keep, observe, a feast, holiday, or the like; halda kirkju-dag, K. . K.
42; hvers minning heldr enna dag? Nj. 157; h. helgan vtt-dag hvern, Pr. 437; h. helga daga,
Sl.; h. Jla-dag, Pska, Hvta-sunnu, Rb. 134; minnst a h. helgan hvldar-daginn Drottins Gus
ns (the Fourth Commandment in the Icel. version); h. heilagt, to keep holiday, Dipl. ii. 14; dag
ht hldum vr til himna st vor Herra, Hlabk 54; er Jdar hldu htligt, Stj. 110; (hence
forn-haldinn, time-honoured): of the day-marks (vide dagr, p. 95), er aan haldinn mir-morgin,
Hrafn. 9. 2. to keep; halda or sn, to keep one's word, Fms. x. 95; hldum ll einka-ml vr, vii.
305; h. sttir, Nj. 57; ger sv vel, flagi, at halt vel stt essa, 111, Sturl. iii. 153, Fs. 65,
Gull. 20; hann kvask vilja hafa svardaga af eim ok festu, at halda, Nj. 164; h. ei, Sturl. iii. 153;
h. fri, to keep peace, Greg. 7; ef vilt nokkura hluti eigi h. er ek he lagt vi ik, Eg. 738: to
observe faith, law, rite, etc., halda trna, Fms. i. 34, x. 277; h. Gus lg ok landsins, vii. 305; h.
lands lg, viii. 155; h. ein lg, 625. 52; hafa ok halda au lg, Fms. i. 34; h. Kristilega tr, K. . 74;
h. ml (or) e-s, Greg. 17; h. alla hluti me athugasamlegu minni, Sks. 439. 3. to keep, tend; halda
geitr, Hkv. 2. 20 (exactly as in Gothic). III. to uphold, maintain, support; ykkir mr r s n sjr-
vert, hvrt munt f haldit ik er eigi, Nj. 155; munu vr ekki einhlitir at h. oss eptir essi
verk, Hv. 50; at hn mtti me valdi h. sik ok menn sna, Fas. i. 375; at vri nokkurr vrkunn, at
hldir frnda inn er fstbrur, en etta er alls engi (at) halda tlaga konungs, . H. 145; enda
tla ek ltinn viljann til at h. vini na, Fms. vii. 244; v at Eysteinn konungr kenndi Inga konungi,
at hann hldi menn, 248; ef heldr hann (upholdest him) til ess at ganga vini mna, Eg. 339;
viljum vr allir fylgja r ok ik til konungs halda, Fms. i. 34; Stephanus skyldi h. hann til laga ok
rttinda, Sks. 653; h. e-n til rkis, Fb. i. 236; vinsld fur hans hlt hann mest til alu vinttu,
Fms. vii. 175; eir sem upp h. (sustain) enna lkama, Anecd. 4. . phrases, halda e-m kost, bor, to
keep at board, entertain, Fms. ix. 220, x. 105, 146, Nj. 6; or, halda e-n at klum ok drykk, . H.
69; h. str, bellum gerere (not class.), Fms. x. 51; h. fri, Fas. ii. 539. 2. halda sik, to comfort
oneself, Sks. 281, Hom. 29; kunna sik me h at h., Sturl. iii. 108; h. sik rkmannliga, to fare
sumptuously, Ld. 234; hann hlt betr hskarla sna en arir, Fms. vii. 242; h. mjk til skarts, to dress
ne, Ld. 196; ar var Hrefna ok hlt allmjk til skarts, id.; hann var hgr hvers-dagliga, ok hlt
mjk til glei, Sturl. iii. 123; hlt hann hr mjk til vinslda ok viringa, he enjoyed much
popularity and fame, Ld. 298. . ellipt. (sik understood), at h. til jafns vi e-n, to bear up against
one, to be a match for one, Ld. 40; ef r her eigi til ess hug er a at h. til jafns vi e-n hskarl
orsteins, Eg. 714; h. til fullnaar, to stand on one's full rights; ef r taka eigi fullrtti, er h. eigi
til fullnaar, Grg. ii. 109; h. fullara, to hold one above other men, . H. (in a verse); lt konungr
h. mjk til (make great preparations) at syngja messu htliga, Hkr. i. 287. 3. to hold forth, put
forward; at eim inyiidi ungblt vera nnd honum, ef eir hldi nokkurn annan fyrir betra mann
en hann, Ld. 26; san hlt konungr Erling fyrir tryggvan mann, Fms. ix. 399. . to hold, deem, be
of opinion; the old writers seem not to use the word exactly in this sense, but near to it come such
phrases as, hn hlt engan hans jafningja innan hirar hvrki orum n rum hlutum, i.e. she held
him to be above all men, Ld. 60; halda menn hann fyrir konung, Fb. i. 216; still closer, halda menn
at Oddn s n betr gipt, Bjarn. 12 (but only preserved in a paper MS.): this sense is very freq. in
mod. usage, to hold, mean, eg held a; eg held ekki, I think not; (hence hald, opinion.) . phrases,
halda mikit upp e-n, to hold one in much esteem, love, Stj. 33; halda af e-m, id., Fas. i. 458, ii. 63,
200, iii. 520, esp. freq. in mod. usage, (upp--hald, af-hald, esteem.) 4. to hold on, keep up; halda
varnir, to keep up a defence, Sks. 583; halda vr, to keep watch, Eg. 120, Grg. i. 32, 264; halda
njsn, Eg. 72, 74, Fms. xi. 46; halda tal af e-m, to speak, communicate with one, ii. 88. 5. to hold,
be valid, be in force, a law term; s sekt ll at halda, Grg. i. 89; at at h. allt er eir uru sttir,
86; enda at at h. me eim san, ii. 336. IV. to hold, compel, bind (with the notion of obligation
or duty); heldr mik ekki til utan-ferar, Nj. 112; heldr ik vrkunn til at leita , i.e. thou art
excused, thou hast some excuse in trying, 21; var austt hvat til hlt um sttir, Bjarn. 70; ik heldr
eigi hr sv mart, at megir eigi vel bgja hras-vist inni, Eb. 252; ar mlir ar, er ik
heldr vrkunn til at mla, Nj. 227; ek mun vera vinr hans, ok alla , er at mnum orum lta, halda
til vinttu vi hann, i.e. I will be his friend, and all those who lend ear to my words I will hold to
friendship with him, Eg. 18. 2. halda sik fr e-u, to keep oneself from, to refrain from a thing, Sks.
276 B; h. sik fr munal, Post. 656 A. ii. 16, Hom. 53, 135; h. sik aptr af e-u, to abstain from, Hkr.
i. 512. V. absol. to be the cause of, be conducive to a thing; heldr ar margt til ess, there are many
reasons for this, Nj. 192; vildim vr vita hvat til heldr, Fms. vii. 106; en hann vissi eigi hvat til hafi
haldit, er hann kom eigi, xi. 11; margir hlutir hldu til ess, Eg. 38; at hlt til ess, at ..., Al. 94;
hlt til ess (conduced to it) ggirnd hans, strmennska ok vitsmunir, Fs. 29; her at mjk til
haldit, er ek he sv lengi dvalizt, at ek tlaa, Ld. 32; hann lt bi til h. vingan ok mgsemd, Fs.
24; heldr at mest til at var komit tfall sjvar, Ld. 56; hlt at mest til ess, at hann gafsk bezt
llum mannraunum, 60; at eitt hlt til, at eir fru eigi mlum hendr ri, at eir hfu eigi
styrk til, 138. VI. to hold, comprise; slar-ld heldr tuttugu ok tta r, Rb. 510; h. skor (of weight),
Grg. i. 500.
UNCERTAIN In some instances the use of dat. and acc. wavers, e.g. halda hsum, to keep up the
houses, Grg. ii. 278, 335; h. hlii, to keep the gate in repair, 265; but halda hli (acc.), 332: to
keep, observe, h. lgum, grium, boorum, Glm. 333, Grg. i. 357, ii. 166, 623. 28; hlt hann
essu sumu, Fms. x. 416 (grip); halda lla orum, vii. (in a verse); eir er v ingi ttu at h.,
Glm. 386; h. sttum, St. 17; h. eium, Bkv. 18; Gizuri tti biskup h. rkt (protect strongly)
brennu-mnnum, Sturl. i. 201 C; Gu er snum skepnum heldr (keeps, protects) ok geymir, Mar.;
hlt engi kirkju mnnum, ... kept no man safe, Fms. ix. 508; h. njsn (acc.) um e-t, Eg. 74; h. til
njsn, 72; njsnir, Fms. xi. 46. In most of these instances the acc. is the correct case, and the dat. is
due either to careless transcribers or incorrect speaking: in some instances an enclitic um has been
taken for a dative inexion, thus e.g. sttum haldi in Stor. l.c. is to be restored to stt um haldi;
eium haldit in Bkv. l.c. to ei (for eia) um haldit; in others the prep. um has caused the confusion,
as 'halda njsn um at' has been changed into halda njsnum at. But in the main the distinction
between the use of dat. and acc. is xed even at the present time: the acc. seems to represent the
more primitive usage of this verb, the dat. the secondary.
C. REFLEX.: I. to hold oneself, to stay; hldusk eir ekki fyrir noran Sta, Fms. i. 63; mtti
hann eigi ar haldask, Landn. 246; h. baki, to keep oneself on horseback, keep one's seat, Grg. ii.
95; munu eir skamma stund hr vi haldask, Nj. 247: to be kept, remain, skal hann h. me
Helju, Edda 39: to resist, megu vr ekki vi h. fyrir ofreis-mnnum essum, Nj. 254; hlzk ekki
vi honum, Eg. 289; mann er sv her haldisk vi hfu-syndum, Hom. 157. . to hold out, last,
continue; ok hlzk ferillinn, Eg. 579; hlzk undr etta allt til dags, Nj. 272 (twice); hlzk
konungdmr kyni hans, Rb. 394; lengi san hlzk bruna-ld me Svum, Yngl. S.; lengi hlzk at
tt eirri, at ..., Eg. 770; hlzk vintta me eim, Nj. 66; at her enn haldizk tt hans, Fms. iv.
8; ok her at haldizk (it has continued to be so) san er ek he hann s, Ld. 174; honum haldisk
(imperat.) sigr ok langt lf, Ver. 57; betr tti mr, at hn hldisk r, that it (the luck) would hold
out for thee, Fb. ii. 74; ef hann helzk tr sinni, if he perseveres in his untruth, 623. 26. . to be
kept safe and sound; menn allir hldusk (all bands were saved) ok sv f, Ld. 8, Fs. 143; ar
hldusk menn allir ok mestr hluti fjr, Eg. 405; hafi f vel haldizk, has been well kept, done well,
Ld. 34. . to be valid, stand; eigu au handsl hennar at haldask, Grg. i. 334; engi m haldask
dmr hans, Edda 15; skyldu au (the truce) haldask um ingit, Nj. 348. 2. impers., mr helzk, e-m
helzk vel, lla, e-u, to have a good hold, have luck with a thing; mr helzk ltt saua-mnnum,
Grett. 110 A. 3. recipr., haldask , to hold or pull one against another, wrestle, (hence -hld); var
sagt Magnsi, at eir hldisk ti, that they were ghting outside, Sturl. ii. 44. II. part. pass.
haldinn, [Dan. holden], so 'holden,' in such and such a state; vel haldinn, in good condition, faring
well, well to do, Eg. 20, 234; hugusk ar ok haldnir (safe) mundu vera, Ver. 34; ungliga h., very
sick, Eg. 565, Hkr. ii. 199; vel haldinn, doing well; tak heldr annat f, sv mikit, at ykisk vel
haldinn af, i.e. fully satised, having got full redress, Boll. 350; Sveinn sagi, at hann vill hafa tv
hluti fjrins, Hrani sagisk ekki af v haldinn (satised) vera, Fms. iv. 31: in the phrase, heilu ok
hldnu, safe and sound, Bs. i. 191, Fms. xi. 376, Hkr. i. 319; me hldnu hlji, preserving the
sound, Sklda 175. 2. ok mun ykkja sr misboit ef ert haldinn (kept, protected), Finnb. 344. .
kept, observed, Fms. xi. 99. . held in custody, in prison, Bs. i. 419, Sturl. i. 151. III. gerund.,
haldandi, holding good, valid; s dmr er eigi haldandi, is not valid, K. . 304; af llu ai er frir
haldandi, Hom. 5. 2. part. act., me upp haldandi hndum, with uplifted hands, Bs. i. 684.
halda, u, f. = hadda, q.v.
hald-gr, adj. of good hold, durable, of clothes, etc., Sks. 403.
haldin-, part. pass. in the compds, haldin-orr, adj. discreet, close, Fms. ii. 18, x. 326, Eg. 51;
haldin-yri, n. keeping close, Sks. 361, Sd. 169: in mod. usage these words mean the keeping one's
word.
hald-kvmask (hall-), d, dep. to avail, suit; ngjask er h., Stj. 149.
hald-kvmd, f. convenience, comfort, Sturl. i. 212.
hald-kvmligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), convenient, comfortable, Sks. 377.
hald-kvmr, and assimilated hall-kvmr, Nj. 265, Fas. ii. 240, Sks. 505; or hall-kmr, 380, 505
B, [cp. koma at haldi], adj. t, meet, convenient, Hom. 141, Sturl. i. 45, Fms. ii. 261, Grett. 106 A.
hal-dreki, a, m. a 'tail-dragon,' scorpion, Stj. 578, Hb. 732. 18, Ant. 7.
hald-samr, adj. holding close, Stj. 635; vera h. e-u, to keep it close, Fms. vi. 440, x. 170; e-m
verr ekki haldsamt e-u, it slips out of one's hands.
hald-semi, f. closeness, Greg. 24.
HALI, a, m. [Dan. hale, cp. Lat. cauda], a tail; kr-hali, a cow's tail; nauts-h., ljns-h., etc.; skauf-
hali, reynard, a fox, whence Skaufhala-blkr, the name of an old poem, an Icel. Reineke Fuchs. Icel.
use hali properly of cattle, and lions, wolves, bears; tagl of horses (of the hair, but stertr of a caudal
vertebra); rfa of cats, dogs; skott of a fox; sporr of a sh; stl or vli of birds; dyndill of seals.
The old writers do not make these nice distinctions, and use hali of a horse and tagl of a cow, which
a mod. Icel. would not do; hylr ll kykvendi hr er hali, Sks. 504: in Gl. 398 of cattle, cp. N. G.
L. i. 24; ef mar hggr hala af hrossi sv at af rfu fylgir, Gl. 399; ef mar hggr hala af hrossi
fyrir nean rfu, id.; n skerr mar tagl af nautum, id.; eru eir mlum mestir sem refr halanum,
Fms. viii. 350; ef mar skerr af hrossi manns tgl, gjaldi aura rj; en ef hala hggr af, skal
meta hross, N. G. L. i. 228; ok sv ef hann hggr hala af hrossi sv at rfa fylgir, id.: of a lion's tail,
Stj. 71. 2. phrases, n er lfs hali einn krki, a wolf's tail is all that is left, Band. (in a verse), -- a
proverb from the notion that wild beasts devour one another so that only the tail is left, cp. etask af
ulfs-munni, vide eta: leika lausum hala, to play with a free tail, to be unrestrained, Ls. 50; veifask
um lausum hala, id., Sturl. iii. 30; bretta halann, or bera brattan halann, to lift the tail, cock up the
tail, to be vain or haughty, Hkv. Hjrv. 20; en ef eigi er unnit, munt reyna hvrr halann sinn berr
brattara aan fr, sl. ii. 330; s ek at heldr nokkru rakkara halanum en fyrir stundu an, lk.
36; draga halann, to drag the tail, sneak awav, play the coward; dregr melrakkinn eptir sr halann
sinn n -- Sv er segir hann, at ek dreg eptir mr halann minn, ok berr ek ltt upp er ekki, en ess
varir mik at dragir inn hala mjk lengi r hefnir Halls brur ns, sl. ii. 329; sveigja
halann, id., Hkv. Hjrv. 21; (cp. Ital. codardo, whence Engl. coward): spjts-hali, the butt-end of a
spear, Eg. 289, Ld. 132, Hkr. iii. 159; snldu-hali, a staff's end. II. metaph. a train, the rear of a
host; skammr er orinn hali okkarr, we have a short train, few followers, Sturl. (in a verse).
COMPDS: hala-fer, f. the rear, Sturl. iii. 23. hala-rfa, u, f. 'tail-row,' i.e. a string one after
another, like geese; ganga halarfu, to walk in h.; cp. Dan. gaasegang, Fr. en queue. hala-stjarna,
u, f. a 'tail-star,' comet, (mod.) hala-ta, n. a kind of game, used synonymous to hnef-ta, q.v.,
prob. similar to the Engl. 'fox and goose;' hann tedi hnet-ta, at var strt hala-ta (having a fox
with a big tail), hann greip upp tuna ok setti halann kinnbein orbirni (prob. of the brick
representing the fox), Grett. 144 A; vide Skrsla um Forngripa-safn slands by Sigurd
Gudmundsson, Reykjavk 1868, pp. 38, 39; cp. also hali hnefa-tu in Vilmundar S. Viutan, ch.
8. III. a nickname, Fb. iii.
hall, f. a hall; vide hll.
HALLA, a, [Dan. hlde; Swed. hlla], to lean or turn sideways, with dat., esp. of a vessel, ship,
or the like; halla keri, ftu, staupi, skipi; but also of anything else, h. bori, stli; Icel. distinguish
between halla and the derivative hella, to pour out; hann hallar skipinu ymsa vega, Fbr. 100 new
Ed. II. metaph. to sway to the wrong side, in words or acts; halla dmi, to give an unfair judgment,
Gl. 174, Fs. 121, Sks. 662; h. sgu, to give an unfair report, Fms. vi. 261; ok um allar sagnir
hallai hann mjk til, id., Nj. 270; h. orum til, to impute, Fms. ix. 332; h. eptir e-m, to be swayed,
biased in one's favour, 59; mr ykir r hafa hallat til -- hallat he ek vst (no doubt have I
swerved) segir konungr, ok hag r, ii. 272; halla smd e-s, to let one's honour swerve, do it
injury, Orkn. 240; h. undan e-u, to avoid, shun one, Al. 83; h. sr, to lean with one's body, seig at
honum svefn, ok hallai hann sr kn henni, Fb. i. 280: with acc., h. sik (less correct), Karl. 292.
III. impers. to swerve, with dat.; taka str tr ok fella Orminn, sv at honum halli til, so that she
(the ship) swerved on one side, Fms. ii. 326; skip sveif upp grunn ok hallai (viz. v) mjk, vii.
264; hallai honum sv at sjr fll inn annat bor, Eg. 386. 2. to decline, of the day; egar er t
hallai kveldum, Lv. 43; hence Icel. say of the day-marks, hallandi dagml, hdegi, nn, ...
nttml, past dagml, i.e. when the sun has just passed the day-mark in the horizon; slu hallar, the
sun sinks, jal. Jn 28; or degi hallar, the day is sinking, Luke ix. 12; or hallar t degi, as Til hafs sl
hraar sr | hallar t degi, Hymn-book, No. 294; vetri, sumri hallar, the winter, summer is declining,
Fas. ii. 552. 3. of a river-basin, to slope; hann skildi eigi fyrr vi en hallai af norr, Boll. 348;
stigum eim er hlluu fr jgtum, Sks. 1: the phrase, a hallar undan fti, it slopes down hill.
4. tai hallar e-n, the game turns against one, Karl. 205. IV. reex. to lean with the body; Bolli
hallaisk upp at sels-vegginum, Ld. 244; hann hallaisk ok lagi hfu (he nodded and laid his
head) kn Finni rnasyni, . H. 210; lengi ek hlluumk, long have I been nodding (from sleep),
Sl. 36; hann hallaisk undan hgginu, Fms. vi. 66. 2. to swerve; tk mjk at hallask Ormrinn, the
ship lay over-much on one side, Fms. ii. 229: to be turned, tk at hallask tait, sv at rum var
komit at mti, Bs. ii. 186; hallaisk bardaginn, the battle turned against them, O. H. L. 20;
hallask eptir e-u, to swerve towards a thing, Fms. ii. 32; h. til vinttu vi e-n, Fs. 116: metaph., at
mn viring mundi halla (that my honour would be tarnished) af nu tilstilli, Lv. 34.
hallan, f. a swerving, Stj. 65.
hallandi, a, m. = hall-lendi.
hallarr, m. [cp. Fr. hallier; Swed. and Norse hyll; Dan. hyld], a kind of tree, Edda (Gl.)
Hallin-ski, a, m., pot. a ram, Edda (Gl.): name of the god Heimdal, Edda, vide Lex. Pot.
hall-kvmr, etc., vide hald-.
hall-lendi, n. a slope, declivity, Orkn. 244.
hall-lendr, adj. sloping, Sturl. i. 85.
hall-mla, t, to speak ill of one, with dat., Nj. 53, Fms. iv. 81, xi. 260, Magn. 442, passim.
hall-mli, n. pl. blame, reproof, Fas. i. 106, Str. 71, Fs. 15, Edda 8.
hall-oki (-oka), adj. indecl. [aka hllu], suffering defeat, worsted, overcome; in the phrase, vera,
fara, h. fyrir e-m, Ld. 146, Fr. 229, Br. 174, Karl. 91 (v.l.), Hsm. 18. 3.
HALLR, adj., fem. hll, leaning to one side, swerving, sloping; jakarnir vru hallir t af skerinu,
Eb. 238; jakarnir vru bi hlir ok hallir, 240; hann (the ship) ferr jafnan hallr, it heeled over, Fb. i.
520, Fms. x. 368; h. gngu, limping, Vpn. 6; bera hallt hfuit, to bear the head on one side,
Fms. ii. 70; hallt ker, a half-lled cup, Hm. 51; standa hllum fti, to stand slanting, Nj. 97; bar
hallan skjldinn, the shield came aslant, Eg. 378; lta vera hallt e-n, to overmatch one, metaph.
from rowing or from the balance, Fbr. 122 :-- hann ltr ekki sik hallt, ok hggr mti, he allowed
no inequality, but cut in return, i.e. he paid blow for blow, O. H. L. 92; n leikr mr at eigi hug, at
yr veri hallt um vr skipti, orf. Karl. 404: so in the phrases, aka hllu fyrir e-m (halloki) or aka
hllum fti (MS.), to be upset, to stoop or crouch before one, metaph. from driving, Ld. 206; fara
hllum fti, to he worsted, Bs. i. 907; aka undan hllum (llum MS.) fti, Lv. 76. II. metaph.
swerving, biased; alan er hll til lsku ok synda, Ver. 7; hann var mest hallr at allri vinttu til
Inga konungs, Fms. vii. 233: biased, attached to one, vera hallr undir e-n, id.; hann var hallr undir
Einar mla-ferlum eirra Sturlu, Sturl. i. 75; vat hann var meir hallr undir fega, 94; me
mikla sveit er undir Rmverja vru hallir, Clem. 29; vat hann var mest undir hann hallr at allri
vinttu, and hann var mest h. undir Rgnvald jarl, 442, Fms. vii. 229, Bs. i. 714, Stj. 476; cp.
vinhallr, partial, as a friend.
HALLR, m. [Ulf. hallus = GREEK], a slope, hill; gkk hann fr bardaganum upp hallinn ok
settisk ar nir, Sturl. i. 85; ok var mjk bratt at ganga upp hallinn til steinveggsins, Fms. vii. 8i, a
paraphrase from the verse in p. 82; this sense is rare and obsolete. II. a big stone, boulder, Gs. 10,
12, 16, 22 (of a millstone); Gsli fr sr hall einn ok kastai t skerit, Gsl. 123: of a precious
stone, a gem, Fms. iii. 180; gler-h., a crystal (mod.): freq. in pr. names, of men, Hallr, Hall-bjrn,
Hall-drr (qs. Hall-rr), Hall-frer, Hall-gils, Hall-geirr, Hall-grmr, Hall-kell, Hall-mundr,
Hall-ormr, Hall-steinn, Hall-varr, Hall-ar; of women, Halla, Hall-dra, Hall-ds, Hall-frr,
Hall-gerr, Hall-grma, Hall-katla, Hall-veig, Hall-vr: sufxed in r-hallr and r-halla: in
local names, Hall-land, a county in Sweden; Hall-lendingar, Hallanders, Fms. xii. III. metaph. a
stain, colour, meton. from steinn, Orkn. (in a verse).
hall-sperra, u, f. stiffness in the limbs, = harsperra.
hall-ri, n. [r], a bad season, a famine, dearth, Nj. 73, Fms. ix. 48, Bs. i. 200, sl. ii. 58, . H.
102, Hkr. i. 21, 56.
halmr, m., vide hlmr.
HALR, m., pl. halir, [no doubt an apocopated form, akin to A. S. hled, Germ. held = hero, as also
to hlr or hldr, q.v.] :-- a man, only used in poetry; halr er heima hverr, a saying, Hm. 36; grigr
halr, 19; hngra s halr fyrir hjrum, 159; halr hugfullr, Hm. 19; halr enn hugblaui, Hbl. 49;
kristinn halr, Sighvat: in plur. men, troa halir helveg, Vsp. 52, 56: used of the dead inmates of
Hel, Alm. 29, cp. Vm. 43, which seems to be a pun, as the word itself is not akin to Hel.
hals, m. neck; vide hls.
HALTR or halltr, adj. [A. S. healt; Engl. halt; O. H. G. halz; Dan.-Swed. halt; cp. Lat. claudus;
prob. akin to hallr] :-- halt, lame, limping, Hm. 70, 89, Fms. vi. 322, Nj. 209, Landn. 100, sl. ii.
219, Edda 28; haltir ganga, Matth. xi. 5, xv. 31, xxi. 14, Luke vii. 22, xiv. 13, Acts iii. 2, viii. 7: haltr
at mli, halting in speech, stammering, Barl. 15, (whence ml-haltr): as a nickname, Eyjlfr Halti,
Lv.; Hrmundr H., Vd., Fs. 39, 48: metaph., h. trnni, halting, unsound in faith, Karl. 279; hand-
haltr, q.v.
haltra, a, to halt, limp, Grett. 151, Fbr. 179, Bs. i. 321, Stj. 592, Hebr. xii. 13.
halzi, qs. haldsi, adj. indecl. holding, Fms. x. 396: with dat., haldzi e-u, ir. 172.
HAMA, a, [cp. hm = shanks in animals, whence Engl. ham], of cattle or horses in a storm, to
stand and turn tail to wind, leaving off grazing.
hamal-kyrni, n. a kind of seed, N. G. L. i. 385, 401.
hamall, m. a pr. name, Landn., Hkv.; see the following word.
HAMALT, n. adj., only in the old phrase, fylkja hamalt, synonymous with svnfylkja, to draw up a
wedge-shaped column in the form of a hog's snout; thus dened, hann her svnfylkt her snum --
Hverr man Hringi hafa kennt hamalt at fylkja? (who has taught king Ring to draw up the phalanx of
hamalt?) ... Hringr hafi svnfylkt llu lii snu, tti sv ykk fylkingin yr at sj, at rani var
brjsti, Ring had drawn all his troops up in a hog-shaped column, so that the ranks looked all the
deeper for the snout-formed shape of the front, Fas. i. 380; hildingr fylkti hamalt, a paraphrase from
hann fylkti lii snu sv, at rani var framan fylkingar-brjstinu, Fms. xi. 304: used of a column of
ships in a sea-ght, vi. 314 (in a verse), cp. also Skv. 2. 23, Fas. ii. 40 (in a verse); a description of
the cuneiform column is given in Sks. 384; in Skjld. S. its invention is attributed to Odin himself,
and it was a favourite battle array with the men of old.
HAMARR, m., dat. hamri, pl. hamrar, [A. S. hamor; Engl. hammer; O. H. G. hamar; Germ. and
Dan. hammer; Swed. hammare] :-- a hammer; h. tng, stei, Edda 9, Vkv. 18, Landn. 212 (in a
verse); the thunderbolt was in the northern mythology represented as a hammer, -- the hammer
Mjlnir, Edda (Sksm.) 15, 26, 28-30, 58, 70, passim, kv. passim, Hbl. 47; hann (the idol) var
merkr eptir r ok her hamar hendi, . H. 108, O. T. 44; r-hamarr, the mighty hammer, Ls.
57, 59, 61, 63: the hammer was the holy sign with the heathens, answering to the cross of the
Christians, hann gri hamar yr, he made the sign of the hammer over it, Fms. i. 35; rr tk
hamarinn Mjlni ok br upp ok vgi hafr-stkurnar, Edda 28, cp. also kv. 30, where the bride and
bridegroom were to be marked with the holy sign; hence rs-hamarr = the character RUNE which
occurs on a few of the earliest heathen Runic stones (e.g. Thorsen, pp. 17, 329), cp. also sl. js.
i. 446; this RUNE is evidently an imitation of the thunderbolt. . the back of an axe, Eg. 769.
COMPDS: hamar-gangr, m. hammer-clash, Stj. 45. hamars-hgg, n. a hammer stroke, Stj. 563.
hamars-mur (-munnr, -munni), m. the 'mouth' or thin end of a hammer, Edda 30. hamar-skalli,
a, m. the thick end of a hammer, Fms. viii. 138. hamar-skapt, n. the shaft or handle of a hammer,
Edda 28. hamar-spor, n. a hammer's print, Edda 34. II. metaph. a hammer-shaped crag, a crag
standing out like an anvil; ar stendr hamarr mikill fyrir eim, Bs. i. 601; eir leggja skip sn
millum hamra tveggja, Grett. 83, Fas. iii. 257; rtugr, fertugr ... hamarr, a crag thirty, forty ...
fathoms high, i. 159: so in the saying, kljfa rtugan hamarinn til e-s, to split a thirty fathoms' rock,
to make great efforts, to make Herculean efforts in a thing, metaph. from cutting roads through
rocks: in pl. hamrar, crags; uga-hamrar, sjvar-hamrar, sea-crags; ogres were believed to live in
crags, hence the phrase, sem genginn t r hmrum, i.e. looking as wild as a crag-ogre, sv lliligr
sem genginn s t r sjvar-hmrum, Nj. 182. COMPDS: (hamar- and hamra-), hamar-trll, n. a
crag-ogre, Grett. (in a verse). hamar-dalr, m. a ravine, Karl. 292. hamar-gnpa, u, f. the peak of a
crag, Stj. 134, Fms. v. 323, orf. Karl. 414. hamar-klettr, m. a crag (isolated), Fms. ii. 92, Nj. 264,
v.l. hamar-klif, n. a craggy cliff, Gsl. 137. hamar-rifa, u, f. a rift in a crag, Fb. iii. 447. hamar-
skar and hamra-skar, n. a scaur, cleft or ravine, Grett. 132, Gsl. 51, Grg. i. 17. hamar-skti,
a, m. a jutting crag, Nj. 264; gj-h., q.v.: esp. freq. in local names in Icel. and Norway, Hamarr,
Hamrar, Hamra-endar, Hamars-: in compds, Sm-hamrar, Ein-hamarr, a single crag, Gsl., etc.,
vide Landn., Fms. xii, Fb. iii. 2. a kind of mark on sheeps' ears, prob. of heathen origin, denoting
the holy mark of the hammer of Thor: cutting the top of the ear thus UNCERTAIN is called hamar,
whence hamar-skora, u, f. a cleft hamar UNCERTAIN; cp. the ditty of Stef. l., Hamarinn mr
greipar gkk | a gfu-marki fna, and hamar-skoru og gloppu-gat | gru hgra eyra. 3. a kind
of sh, Edda (Gl.): prop. a false reading for humarr (q.v.), a lobster.
hamask, a, dep. to rage, to be taken by a t of fury in a ght, synonymous to ganga berserks-gang
(see p. 6l): the word is derived from hamr, prob. owing to a belief that such persons were possessed
by a strange spirit or demon; cp. hamr, hamstoli, hamramr, all of them words referring to a change
of shape :-- sv er sagt, at hamaisk hann, ok eiri vru eir fru-nautar hans er hmuusk,
Eg. 122; hamask n, Skallagrmr, at syni num, 192; rir hljp af baki, ok er sv sagt, at
hann hamaisk it fyrsta sinn, Gull. 30, Fas. iii. 343, Landn. 119; Frnmarr jarl hafi hamask
arnar lki, Sm. 95: the word is still used, to work as hard as a giant.
ham-farir, f. pl. a mythical word, the 'faring' or travelling in the assumed shape of an animal, fowl
or deer, sh or serpent, with magical speed over land and sea, the wizard's own body meantime
lying lifeless and motionless; graphically depicted in Yngl. S. ch. 7, Vd. ch. 12, Hkr. (O. T.) ch. 37;
hann sendi Finna tv hamfrum til slands, Landn. 174; Haraldr konungr bau kunngum manni at
fara hamfrum til slands, s fr hvals-lki, etc., Hkr. i. 228.
ham-frr, f. pl., from hamfr (?), witches, an GREEK; leirblt grt manns-lki af leiri er deigi,
er hamfrr, N. G. L. i. 383, v.l.
ham-fng, n. pl. frenzy, fury, Sturl. ii. 137.
ham-hleypa, u, f. a 'ham-leaper,' a witch that travels in hamfarir, Eg. 421, Fas. ii. 80, 390, Gull.
64: in mod. usage Icel. say, hann er mesta hamhleypa, he is a great h., works like a giant, of one
who does great work in little time; hann er hamhleypa a skrifa, hamhleypa a vinna, etc.
hamingja, u, f. luck, fortune; prop. in a personal sense, a guardian spirit, answering to the guardian
angel of Christians; derived from hamr, for the guardian spirits of men -- and every man had his
hamingja -- were believed to take the shape sometimes of animals, sometimes and more commonly
of human beings, esp. that of women; but they were themselves supernatural beings; that the
hamingjur were giant-females proceeding from the great Norns -- who were the hamingjur of the
world -- is borne out by the passage in Vm. 48, 49. Hamingja and fylgja or fylgju-kona (Hallfred
S. ch. 11) seem to be nearly synonymous, as also gfa, gipta, auna, heill; but hamingja is the most
personal word, and was almost symbolical of family relationship. At the hour of death the hamingja
left the dying person and passed into a dear son, daughter, or beloved kinsman; cp. Hallfr. S. ch. 11,
and esp. the charming tale in Glm. ch. 9. One might also impart one's own good luck to another,
hence the phrase leggja sna hamingju me e-m, almost answering to the Christian, 'to give one's
blessing to another.' Examples: sgusk mundu leggja til me honum hamingju sna, Ld. 74; h. ok
gfa, Fms. vi. 165; en stuga h., Al. 23; h. konungsins, 22; ok mun kona sj hans h. vera er
fjllum hrra gkk, Glm. 345; etja hamingju vi e-n, Fb. ii. 65; ok reyna hvat hamingjan vill unna
r, Fs. 4; vilnask (hope) at h. mun fylgja, 23; vera m at at s til h. vrrar ttar, 11; langligar
nytjar munu menn hafa hans hamingju, Bs. i. 229; forlg ekki forumst ill | fram kemr a
hamingjan vill, lf. 3. 69; meiri hreysti en hamingju, Gull. 21; sigri er hamingju manns essa,
Fs. 10. It is still used in Icel. almost as Heaven, Providence; a m Hamingjan vita, God knows; eg
vildi Hamingjan g, would to Heaven! Gu og Hamingjan, God and Good Luck; treysta Gui og
Hamingjunni; eiga undir Hamingjunni, to run the risk; and in similar phrases. COMPDS:
hamingju-drjgr, adj. lucky, Fs. 34. hamingju-hjl, n. the wheel of fortune, Fas. iii. 470.
hamingju-hlutr, m. a lucky chance, Fms. x. 180. hamingju-lauss, adj. luckless, hapless, Stj. 464,
Fms. viii. 93. hamingju-leysi, n. want of luck, Fms. i. 286. hamingju-mar, m. a lucky man, Fms.
xi. 205, Fs. 21. hamingju-mikill, adj. mighty lucky, Fms. ii. 31, Ld. 170, Eg. 46: compar. hamingju-
meiri, Fb. i. 301. hamingju-mt, n. lucky appearance; h. er pr, Fs. 11. hamingju-raun, f. a trial
of fortune, Fms. xi. 244, . H. 195. hamingju-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), lucky-looking, Fms. i. 96.
hamingju-skipti, n. a shift or turn of fortune, Sturl. iii. 73. hamingju-skortr, m. lack of luck, Fms.
xi. 260. hamingju-tjn, n. bad luck, Al. 56.
HAMLA, u, f. an oar-loop made of a strap or withe fastened to the thole-pin (hr), into which the
oar was put, the oarsman pulling the oar against the thole, as is still done in the fjords of Norway;
hence is called lta sga hmlu, to pull slowly towards the hamla, i.e. stern foremost, Fms. i. 172,
vii. 213; lta skip sga hmlum, Hkr. iii. 336; hmlo, Mork. l.c.; lt hann leggja mm skipum
fram sundit sv at mtti egar sga hmlu, Grett. 83 A; hmlur slitnuu, hir brotnuu, the h.
were torn, the tholes broken, Am. 35; leggja rar hmlur, they put the oars in the loops, Fms. iii.
57. In Norway the levy or conscription was counted by the hmlur, cp. . H. 227, where one hamla
(i.e. man) was to be levied from every seven males over ve years old, and so 'til hmlu' means
naut. = per man, per oar, Gl. 99, N. G. L. i. 98; thus, gera mat hmlu, to contribute provisions by
the head, 201, cp. D. N. passim and Fritzner's remarks s.v.: the metaph. phrase, ganga e-m hmlu
um e-t, to go into one's hamla, take one's place, to be one's match; sem Sigvalda myni fst til
skorta, at ganga mr hmlu um ra-gerir ok dma hr um ml manna, bi fyrir vizku sakir ok
rspeki, Fms. xi. 98. COMPDS: hmlu-band, n. an oar strap (= hamla), Eg. 390, Fbr. 181.
hmlu-bari, a, m. a dub. GREEK; m at rki kalla hmlu-bara ea aunar al, Sks. 333: the
word is prob. taken from a ship defeated in a ght and pulling or drifting stern foremost. hmlu-
fall, n. an illegal breaking up of a ship, a Norse law term, no king's ship might be demolished
unless the keel had been laid for a new ship; hmlufall was liable to a ne of three marks for every
hamla, N. G. L. i. 101. hmlu-mar, m. a Norse term answering to Icel. h-seti, an oarsman, sailor,
N. G. L. i. 99. II. mod. a short oar with which the boatman paddles, leaning the body forwards and
with his face towards the stem, using the oar partly instead of a rudder; hence stris-hamla, a
'rudder-oar.'
hamla, a, to pull backwards, stern foremost ( = lta sga hmlu); Hkon jarl lt ok h. at landi,
Fms. i. 93; hfu menn hans undan hamlat, 174; gtu eir eigi sv skjtt vikit at eir hamlai
annat bor en reri annat, viii. 386; hmluu eir skipunum at Nornesi, Fagrsk. 254; vr skulum
sna eim sem mestan undanrr, en vr skulum raunar hamla, O. H. L. 69, cp. ir. 61: in mod.
usage to paddle with a short oar, turning the face towards the stem. 2. metaph. to stop, hinder one,
with dat.; n bask eir brr burt ok stoar ekki at h. eim, Fas. i. 42; hamlai at mjk aa
orgrms, at frndr hans kmu eigi, Eb. 48. II. [A. S. hamelan, cp. Engl. to hamstring, O. H. G.
hamal-stat = locus supplicii, and Germ. hammel = vervex], to maim, mutilate: with dat. and acc.,
sumir vru hamlair at hndum ea ftum, Eg. 14; s er manni hamlai hendi er fti er veitti
nnur meisl, Fms. xi. 226, 298; hann drap suma, suma lt hann hamla, Hkr. i. 258; lt hann suma
drepa, suma hamla, en suma rak hann r landi, . H. 105.
ham-ler, n. the shank leather of a hide; cp. hm.
hamn-, vide hafn, from hfn, a haven.
hampa, a, to toss one in the arms, with dat.
HAMPR, m. [this word, like all words in mp (np), is of for. origin; cp. Gr. GREEK, whence Lat.
cannabis; Germ. hanf; Engl. hemp; Dan. hamp: it scarcely occurs before the middle of the 13th
century; hrr, q.v., is the genuine northern word] :-- hemp, Sks. 287, H. E. i. 395, N. G. L. ii. 355.
HAMR, m., pl. hamir, dat. hami, Vsp. 36, but ham, Hful. (where ham, gram, and fram form a
rhyme), as also Haustl. 2, Hkr. i. 228, all of them poems of the 10th century; [A. S. hama, homa;
Hel. hamo; O. H. G. hemedi, whence mod. Germ. hemd; Dan. ham; akin to hamr is Ital. camisa, Fr.
chemise, with a nal s answering to hams below] :-- a skin, esp. the skin of birds ayed off with
feathers and wings; lptar-hamr, a swan's skin; fugls-hamr, a bird's skin; arnar-hamr, an eagle's
skin; gsar-hamr, a goose's skin, etc.; hams, q.v., of snakes: ham bera svanir hvtfjaraan (of a
swan's skin), Fas. i. 471 (in a verse); hleypa hmum (of snakes), to cast the slough, Konr. 34; hltra
hamr, pot. laughter's cover, the breast, Hful. 19. II. shape, esp. in a mythol. sense, connected
with the phrase, skipta hmum, to change the shape, described in Yngl. S. ch. 7, Vls. S. ch. 7, 8,
and passim; cp. also the deriv. ein-hamr, ham-farir, ham-ramr, ham-stola, hamingja, hamask, etc., --
an old and widespread superstition found in the popular lore and fairy tales of almost every country;
-- inn skipti hmum, l bkrinn sem sonn er daur, en hann var fugl ea dr, skr ea
ormr, ok fr einni svipstund fjarlg lnd, Yngl. S. l.c., Fas. i. 128 (Vls. S. l.c.); it is described
in Vls. S. ch. 8, -- eir hafa orit fyrir skpum, v at lfa-hamir (wolf-coats) hngu yr eim; it
tunda hvert dgr mttu eir komask r hmunum, etc.; eir fundu konur rjr ok spunnu ln, ar
vru hj eim lptar-hamir eirra, Sm. 88 (prose to Vkv.); fjlkyngis-kona var ar komin lptar-
ham, Fas. i. 373, cp. Helr. 6; vxla hmum, to change skins, assume one another's shape, Skv. 1. 42;
lf-hamr, Wolf-skin, the nickname of a mythol. king, Hervar. S., prob. from being hamramr; manns-
hamr, the human skin, Str. 31; huga ek at vri hamr Atla, methought it was the form or ghost of
Atli, Am. 19; jtunn arnar-ham, a giant in an eagle's skin, Vm. 37, Edda; gemlis-ham, id.,
Haustl.; fjar-hamr, kv.; faxa-ham, in a horse's skin, Hkr. i. (in a verse); trlls-hami, in an ogre's
skin, Vsp. 36; vals-hamr, a falcon's skin, Edda (of the goddess Freyja): it remains in mod. usage in
metaph. phrases, a vera gum, llum, vondum, ham, to be in a good, bad, dismal frame of mind
or mood; vera snum rtta ham, to be in one's own good frame of mind; frast annan ham, to
enter into another frame of mind: in western Icel. an angry, ill-tempered woman is called hamr, hn
er mesti hamr (= vargr): hams-lauss, adj. distempered, furious, esp. used in Icel. of a person out of
his mind from restlessness or passion, the metaphor from one who cannot recover his own skin, and
roves restlessly in search of it, vide sl. js. passim. COMPDS: ham-dkkr, adj. dark-skinned, of
dark hue, Edda (Ht.), of the raven. ham-fagr, adj. fair of hue, bright, Ad. 7. ham-ljtr, adj. scraggy,
ugly, Haustl. ham-vtr, adj. skin-wet, i.e. drowned, Landn. (in a verse): freq. in foreign, Saxon, and
Germ. pr. names and local names; Hamir, m. a pr. name, qs. Ham-r, cp. A. S. Hama-eow.
ham-ramar, part. = hamramr, Fas. iii. 424, (bad.)
ham-ramr, adj. a mythical term, able to change one's shape; in the Sagas it is esp. used of
berserkers, -- men gifted with supernatural strength or seized with ts of warlike fury (berserks-
gangr), vide hamask; but also, though less frequently, referring to hamfarir; hann var h. mjk, he
was a great wizard who changed his shape, Landn. 87, 289; hann var h. mjk sv at hann gkk
heiman r Hraunhfn um kveldit en kom um morgininn eptir jrsr-dal, Landn. 236, 285, 306,
Gull. 30; at var ml manna at hann vri mjk h., Eg. 3; allir hinir sterkustu menn ok margir
hamramir, 109; eim mnnum er hamramir vru er eim er berserks-gangr er , 125; eigi var at
einmlt at hann vri eigi h., 514 :-- as a nickname, Vkell hinn hamrami, Landn. 191; Vigi hinn h.,
Korm. 58; Tanni er kallar var hinn hamrami, sl. ii. 360, -- the MS. has handrami, which is no
doubt wrong, as also in the name of the mythical king Hvarr handrami, Fb. i. 26; cp. hinn Rammi
and ramaukinn, Landn. 107, 249, 277, Hdl. 34.
ham-remi, f. the state of being hamramr, Eg. 125.
hams, m. ( = hamr), a snake's slough; ormar skra r hamsi vr, Mkv.; kalla sverit orm, en
fetlana ok umgr hams hans, Edda (Ht.) 123: metaph., gr (llr) hams er e-m, one is in a good
(bad) frame of mind; hams er gr jum, Hallfred: Icel. say, vera gum, vondum hamsi, id.:
allit. phrases as, hafa hold og hams, 'to keep up esh and skin,' i.e. to be hale and hearty, to be in a
good state. II. in plur. hamsar means particles of suet. In Norway hams means the husks of beans
and grains: in Dan. a kind of beetle is called gjedehams. UNCERTAIN The s in hams is curious; it
is kept throughout all cases; it is either a remnant of the old masc. mark s for r as in Gothic, or
perhaps the s answers to the inex. d as in O. H. G. hamedi, Germ. hemd; but still more closely to
the inex. nal s in Ital. camisa, Fr. chemise.
ham-skarpr, adj. [hm], thin in the ank, of a horse: the name of a horse, Edda (Gl.)
ham-skiptask, t, dep. = skipta hmum, Str. 30.
ham-stoli, mod. ham-stola, adj. 'ham-stolen,' prop. a wizard whose skin has been stolen, and hence
metaph. frantic, furious, Eg. 565, Ems. vi. 198, Barl. 56, Karl. passim, cp. Vls. S. Fas. i. 130.
ham-stolinn, part. = hamstoli, Karl. 243, 352, El.
hana and hana-n, interj. see here! vide Gramm. p. xxviii, col. 2.
HAND, f. a hand; vide hnd.
handa, adv. with dat. for one, to one, prop. a gen. pl. from hnd, q.v.
handa- and handar- in compds, vide s.v. hnd.
hand-a, n. hand-strength; lesa sik upp me handai, to haul oneself up by strength of hand, Fas.
iii. 283.
hand-ai, a, m. the produce of one's hands; lifa handaa snum, to live by one's hands.
handan, adv., 1. denoting from the place, from beyond, beyond; handan um, and in mod. usage
handan yr, , fjr, sund, fjall, from beyond a river, rth, sound, fell, or the like; hann s mann ra
handan um Vala, Ld. 148; skip reri handan um fjrinn, Eb. 292; handan r, af, fr, from the side
beyond, the land being in dat.; kom ar Ingimundr r Dlum handan, Sturl. i. 88; er eir koma
handan r Tungunni, ii. 216; eir s at rr menn hleyptu handan fr Akri, i. 83; handan af Nesinu,
i.e. from Caithness to the Orkneys, Orkn. 410. 2. absol., vindar gnja han ok handan, henceforth
and thenceforth, Edda 8; rr andar n handan, from the opposite bench, Sturl. i. 21, Fms. v. 176
(in a verse); vestan Vatnsskar ok handan, from the west of the fell W. and beyond, Sturl.; slands
Hnalands sem Danmarkar handan, i.e. Iceland as well as Hnaland and Denmark beyond the sea,
Korm. II. fyrir handan, denoting in the place, with acc.; ar vrum vr allir fyrir handan upp fr
Akri, Sturl. ii. 210; hr fyrir handan na, sl. ii. 260; fyrir handan ver, beyond the sea, Gkv. 2. 7;
fyrir handan sundit, Hbl. 1 :-- adverb., vera m n at Bari s fyrir handan, sl. ii. 387; Sdma fyrir
handan en Gomorra fyrir han, Symb. 30.
hand-bani, a, m. a law term, an actual slayer, homicide; opp. to r-bani, hald-bani, Hdl. 28,
(GREEK.)
hand-bjalla, u, f. a hand-bell, Pm. 90.
hand-bjrg, f. 'hand-supply;' esp. in phrases, lifa vi h. sna, to live from hand to mouth, Fas. iii.
538; eiga allt undir h. sinni, id., Rm. 290; fra e-n fram me h. sinni, to support a person by one's
labour, Jb. 267; whence handbjargar-magi, a, m. (-mar, m.), a person supported by another's
labour, id.
hand-bogi, a, m. a hand-bow, Landn. 288, Sks. 390, 626, Orkn. 148, Fms. vii. 45, Fb. i. 486; opp.
to lsbogi, a cross-bow.
hand-bk, f. a handbook, Vm. 52, Hom. 29.
hand-brag, n. handicraft, manner of work, gott, llt h.: of needlework, a er handbragi hennar
v, and the like.
hand-byndi, mod. hand-bendi, n., prop. a handcuff: metaph. a hindrance, bother, e-m er (verr) h.
at e-u, to be bothered with a thing, Karl. 234; a er h. a honum; hann ekki nema til handbendis.
hand-brr, adj. ready at hand, Greg. 7, Hornklo.
hand-fagr, adj. having fair hands, Korm.
hand-fang, n. 'hand-grip,' a span, Gsl. 23.
hand-fara, fr, to touch with the hands, Bs. i. 460.
hand-ftt, n. adj. lack of hands, having too few hands, Fb. i. 521.
hand-festa, t, a law term, to strike a bargain by shaking hands, to pledge; h. heit sitt, Fms. vi. 145;
sgrmr handfesti at greia riggja vetra skatta, Bs. i. 740; handfestir eiar, Dipl. ii. 19; biskup
handfesti (betrothed) jungfr Ingilborg, Fms. x. 103, H. E. i. 248; handfest mr upp tr na, at ...,
Stj. 629. 2 Kings x. 15.
hand-festa, u, f. (hand-festning, f., H. E. i. 251), = handfestr, Dipl. iv. ii, Fb. i. 366, Bs. ii. 61.
hand-festr, f. striking a bargain, the joining hands; ferr handfestr um allt skipit eirra millum
at essu heiti, Bs. i. 421; ttu eir at handfesti ok vpna-tak at essu heiti, Fms. viii. 55; tku eir
heit sitt me h., v. 138; sira Oddr tk ok etta skilor me h., Bs. i. 746; vi vitni ok h., Fb. i.
366: it answers to the signing one's name in mod. law. UNCERTAIN In the early Dan. and Swed.
laws the stipulation to be given by the king at his coronation was called haand-fstning. In Scotland
marriage used often to be preceded by a preliminary union called hand-fasting, see Jamieson s.v. II.
a rope by which to haul oneself up, Jm. 1.
hand-fjatla, a, = handvtta.
hand-fyllr, f. a handful, . H. 211.
hand-fri, n. an angling line.
hand-ganga, u, f. surrender (cp. ganga hnd e-m), also submission to one as liege-lord; veita e-m
handgngu, . H. 97; var ekki af handgngu vi konunga, 163, Rm. 124, 134.
hand-genginn, part. [Dan. haandgangen], a king's ofcer, belonging to the king's household;
grask h. e-m, Eg. 29, 197, Sks. 249, Eb. 110, Fs. 70; synonymous to hirmar, Fms. iv. 122, Al.
27, N. G. L., Jb. passim.
hand-gr, adj. handy, adroit, Valla L. 223.
hand-grannr, adj. having a thin hand.
hand-grip, n. = handrn, Bs. ii. 45.
hand-hafa, , to have in hand, possess, Gl. 313.
hand-ha, a, m. having in hand, Fb. 329; vera h. at e-u, to get into one's hands, clutch a thing (as a
law term less than to own); vera h. at jru at ley konungs, Gl. 452; ef s kallask keypt hafa er
h. er at, N. G. L. i. 249, Sturl. i. 56 (of unlawful seizure).
hand-haltr, adj. having a lame, bad hand, Sturl. i. 189.
hand-heitr, adj. having a warm hand.
hand-h, n. and hand-hfn, f. a hand instrument, jal. 8.
hand-hgg, n. a hacking off one's hand, Sturl. iii. 116.
hand-hggva, hj, to hack one's hand off, Eb. 58, Fms. viii. 167.
hand-ijan, f. = hannyr, Bs. i. 619.
hand-kaldr, adj. having (usually) a cold hand.
hand-kista, u, f. a hand-box, D. N.
hand-klukka, u, f. a hand-bell, Vm. 114, 117, B. K. 83.
hand-kli, n. a hand-towel, N. G. L. ii. 443, Nj. 176, Fms. iii. 194: for use in church, Vm. 15,
104, 117, Dipl. iii. 4, B. K. 83.
hand-knakkar, m. pl. a kind of crutches, Mar. 69, 70.
hand-kriki, a, m. an arm-pit.
hand-krkr, m. a game, 'hand-crook,' pulling with crooked hands.
hand-krkjask, t, recipr. to try the strength by pulling with crooked hands, Fms. vi. 203, Fs. 78
(where it is used of hooking hands together and standing in a circle as in a dance).
hand-kvern, f. a quern, hand-mill, B. K. 81.
hand-lag or hand-lg, n. [cp. mid. Lat. andilago, andilangus, per festucam et per andilangum
tradere, Du Cange] :-- joining hands, a pledging, = handfestr, Eb. 128, Sturl. iii. 233, D. N. i. 134:
in sing., Dipl. i. 11.
hand-laginn, part. adroit; hand-lagni, f. adroitness.
hand-lami, adj. indecl. with a lame, bad hand, Bs. ii. 29, Karl. 547.
handlan, f. working, MS. 4. 10.
hand-latr, adj. lazy, Sturl. iii. 200.
hand-laugar, f. pl. washing the bands, a custom with the men of old after as well as before meals;
gefa e-m h., Fms. vi. 321, Stj. 153; taka h., Fms. vii. 85; ganga til handlauga, v. 317; bera inn h., Nj.
220 (after dinner); Bergra gkk at borinu me handlaugar, Nj. 52, cp. Nj. ch. 117, Lv. ch. 13,
Har. S. Harr. ch. 79: in sing. of the basin = mundlaug, Fms. vi. 199, Fb. iii. 467.
hand-lauss, adj. without hands, Gsl. (in a verse).
hand-leggja, lagi, = handfesta; h. e-m e-t, to pledge, conrm by handlg, Dipl. ii. 5; h. e-m land,
til eignar, to sell an estate by handlg, Dipl. ii. 8, Thom. 298; handlagi Sophia kirkjunni til eignar
rj tigi hundraa, Pm. 9: to seize, Post. (Fr.)
hand-leggr, m. the 'hand-leg,' the arm, Landn. 119 (v.l.), Bjarn. 65, Grett. 140, Nj. 19, 116, Ld.
220, Sturl. i. 85, ii. 104, Bs. i. 640, ii. 29, Fms. i. 16, ii. 264, vii. 226, Br. 169; cp. ftleggr: Icel.
distinguish between upp-h., the upper-arm, and fram-h., the fore-arm; in mod. speech this compd
word has almost superseded the old armr, q.v.
hand-leisla, u, f. guidance.
hand-leika, lk, to wield in one's hand, have in the hand.
hand-leikinn, part. nimble-handed.
hand-lektari, a, m. a hand lectern or reading-desk, Vm. 110.
hand-lttir, m. lending a hand, Fbr. 93.
handligr, adj. manual, K. . 120.
hand-ln, n., eccl. sleeves, 625. 184, Fms. iii. 168, viii. 308, Vm. 30, Dipl. v. 18, B. K. 83, D. I. i.
passim.
hand-ljtr, adj. having a loutish, clownish hand.
hand-megin and hand-megn, n. strength of hand, clasp, = handa, Rb. 378; af handmagni, with
the clasp of the hand, 625. 26: strength to work, working power, Grg. i. 237, 240: work =
handbjrg, fra e-n fram f snu er handmagni, 292. handmegins-magi, a, m. = handbjargar-
magi, Grg. i. 289.
hand-meiddr, part. with maimed hands, Sturl. i. 189 C.
hand-mjkr, adj. having a soft hand.
hand-numinn, part. seized, caught, Grg. ii. 136, 195, N. G. L. i. 61.
hand-r, adj. fumbling about and touching everything with the hands, esp. of children.
hand-pundari, a, m. a hand steel-yard, Gl. 523, Jb. 373.
hand-rai, a, m. a drawer in a chest, 677. 9; freq. in mod. usage, kistu-handrai, kistils-handrai,
etc.
hand-ramr, adj., vide hamramr.
hand-rn, n. a law term, 'hand-robbery,' wresting a thing out of another's hand, a kind of
frumhlaup (personal assault), dened in Grg. Vsl. ch. 3, liable to outlawry, Grg. ii. 191, N. G. L. i.
58, Gl. 408, Jb. 426.
hand-reip, n. a rope for hauling, Sks. 414.
hand-ri, n. a hand-rail, of a staircase or the like, Fms. viii. 375 (of a bridge), Sks. 414.
hand-rif, n. [cp. handsyfte, Ivar Aasen], 'hand-reeng,' a naut. term, in the phrase, svipta h., to reef
a sail; sga skyldi lta seglin, ok heldr seint, en svipta af handri, . H. 182, (svipta af nean
handri, Fms. iii. 44.)
hand-rit, n. 'hand-writ,' manuscript, (mod.) handrita-safn, n. a collection of manuscripts.
hand-sal, n. [Scot. hansel; Dan. handsel], a law term, usually in pl. handsl, 'hand-selling' or
hanselling, i.e. the transference of a right, bargain, duty to another by joining hands; -- hand-
shaking was with the men of old the sign of a transaction, and is still used among farmers and the
like, so that to shake hands is the same as to conclude a bargain, cp. Lat. mandare = manu-dare,
mancipium from manu capere; jafnt ykkja mr n heit sem handsl annarra manna, thy word is as
good as the h. of other men, Lv. 65: a trust, charge, Grg. i. 190; etta handsal lkai lla orbrands
sonum, Eb. 156; er hj vru gjnni ok handsalinu, Anal. 293; biskups handsl, Vm. 66; taka vi
handslum e-u, to undertake the trust, charge of a thing, Nj. 257; ek vil gjarna at takir
handslum llu fnu, Ld. 50; taka vi f me handslum, Fs. 125; eiga handsl vi e-n, to make a
bargain with one, Hrafn. 21, Rd. 243, Fb. i. 109; gefa e-m handsl yr e-u, Bs. ii. 64; bja h. fyrir
e-n, to offer bail for one, Fs. 87; ganga til handsala fyrir e-n, Eb. 128, 148, Grg. and Sagas passim.
COMPDS: handsals-band, n. a bond of handsal, N. G. L. i. 223. handsals-mar or handsala-
mar, m. a bail, surety, Grg. i. 295, 363, 655 iii. 1, Sturl. iii. 43. handsals-rof, n. a breach of h., N.
G. L. i. 365. handsals-slit, n. a breach of h., Grg. i. 384, 385, Gl. 517.
handsala, a, to make over by hansel, cp. Lat. mancipare; tak n hnd mr ok handsala, Nj. 21;
rtt fram hndina ok h. mr n landit, Eb. 38; h. sek, stt, Nj. 111, Grg. i. 118, 119; h. nirfall at
skum, Nj. 21; h. e-m f sitt, Glm. 364, Eb. 156; h. sjlfdmi, Bs. i. 286; h. lggri, Grg. i. 19; f
handsalat, 399; h. kaup, to strike a bargain, N. G. L. i. 24; skal hann krefja harm verka slkra,
sem hann handsalai honum, as he stipulated with him, 35: recipr., handsalask e-t, to stipulate with
one another, Grg. i. 116; takask eir hendr ok handsalask vi sttina, Sturl. ii. 252: part.,
handseld sk, etc., a suit conducted by proxy, Nj. passim.
hand-sama, a, to gather together, keep, catch.
hand-sax, n. a short sword, dirk, Fms. ii. 169, 268, 274, viii. 224. handsaxa-leikr, m. playing with
dirks, by throwing them in the air and catching them by the hilt, Fb. i. 463.
hand-seinn, adj. slow with the hand, sl. ii. 84.
hand-seld, f. making over by handsal. handseldar-vitni, n. a witness to a handsal, Grg. ii. 203.
hand-selja, d, = handsala, Nj. 33; h. e-m e-t, Gl. 513: to stipulate, make a bargain, h. sr konu,
229; h. e-m vitni, verk, D. N. i. 100, N. G. L. ii. 163.
hand-sr, adj. long-armed, Fb. iii. 416.
hand-skjlfti, a, m., medic. a trembling of the hand.
hand-skot, n. a throwing by hand, opp. to bogaskot (shooting from a bow), Eb. 308, Fas. ii. 513,
Fms. vi. 84, Bs. i. 621, Fb. i. 485.
hand-sleggja, u, f. a hand-sledge, Sks. 415.
hand-slngva, u, f. a hand-sling, Sks. 380.
hand-smr, adj. small-handed.
hand-sterkr, adj. strong-handed, Eb. 166.
hand-stinnr, adj. with brawny hand; ra handstinnan, to pull briskly, Finnb. 250.
hand-stirr, adj. stiff-handed, awkward.
hand-str, adj. big-handed.
hand-stuttr, adj. short-handed.
hand-styrkja, t, in the phrase, h. sik upp, to haul oneself up, Grett. 96, 141.
hand-styrkr, adj. = handsterkr, Fms. i. 305, x. 172.
hand-styrkr, m. strength of hand, Br. 9.
hand-sk, f. = handseld sk, Nj. 230 (MS.)
hand-tak, n. = handlag, Nj. 113, Sturl. i. 118, Bs. i. 771, Vm. 76.
hand-taka, tk, to seize, capture, Nj. 136, Sm. 33, Fb. i. 395, Fs. 102, Fbr. 54 new Ed. 2. hand-
tekinn, part. stipulated, Fs. 15.
hand-tygill, m. a lace-tag, Fms. vi. 140.
hand-ntr, adj. quite worthless.
hand-vlka (-volka), a, to squeeze or crumple up with the hands.
hand-vega, v, to weigh in the hand, Fb. i. 370.
hand-vegr, m. a shoulder-seam, Fms. ii. 70, Thom. 41, Flov. 31.
hand-verk, n. a handiwork, trade, profession, (mod.) handverks-mar, m. a handicraftsman.
hand-verkr, m., medic. chiragra, gout in the hand.
hand-viss, adj. in hand, quite certain, Karl. 175, 212, Thom. 5, 40, 63, 118.
hand-vtta, tt, = handvega, Fms. ii. 129.
hand-vmm, f. 'hand-slip,' maladroitness, clownishness, blundering, Grg. i. 383, N. G. L. i. 22,
25, Gl. 501, Js. 121.
hand-i, n. dgetting with the hand, being handr.
hand-x, f. a hand-axe, Nj. 27, Glm. 329, Eg. 769: used as a missile, . H. 217.
hang, n. the coil of a serpent; beygja hangit, of a cat, Edda 33.
HANGA, pret. hkk, 2nd pers. hkkt, mod. hkst, pl. hngu; pret. subj. hngja, mod. hngi; part.
hanginn; pres. indic. irreg. hangi; a provincial weak pret. hangi also occurs a few times in old
writers, e.g. Edda 76, which form is still heard in southern Icel. (in and about Reykjavk): [Ulf.
hahan; A. S. hn; Engl. hang; O. H. G. hahan; Germ. hangen; Dan. hnge; Swed. hnge] :-- to
hang, Lat. pendere: u. to hang, be suspended; hvers manns alvpni hkk yr rmi hans, Eg. 88;
vpn sn, er ar hngu hj eim, 377; etta it stra sver er uppi hangir, Fas. iii. 120; hann her n
tv daga krossi hangit, 625. 79. . to cleave to; sv hanga ykt eim skotin, Al. 138; ok hangi
hn lifrinni ar til er hann d, Edda 76; en ef vi hangir, if it hangs fast to, N. G. L. i. 66. to
hang up, for smoking; ea tvau laer hngi, Hm. 66; whence hanginn, hung, smoked; hangi kjt
(proncd. hangi-kjt), hung, smoked meat. 2. to be hanged, executed; annarr skyldi hanga, en rum
steypa forsinn Sarp, Fms. vii. 181; at eigi vri hverr yvarr maklegri at hanga, 13; gengir at
hanga, Am. 22, cp. Hm. 139, Fms. v. 212.
hangi, a, m. a law term, a body hanging on a gallows, Fms. v. 212: the mythol. phrase, sitja, setjask
undir hanga, to sit under a gallows, of Odin, in order to acquire wisdom or knowledge of the future;
-- for this superstition see Yngl. S. ch. 7; -- whence Odin is called hanga-gu, hanga-drttinn,
hanga-tr, the god or lord of the hanged, Edda 14, 49, Lex. Pot.; varat ek frr und forsum | fr
ek aldregi at gldrum | ... nam ek eigi Yggjar feng und hanga, I became not wise under waterfalls, I
never dealt in witchcraft, I did not get the share of Odin (i.e. the poetical gift) under the gallows,
i.e. I am no adept in poetry, Jd. 3 (MS., left out in the printed edition). According to another and, as
it seems, a truer and older myth, Odin himself was represented as hangi, hanging on the tree Ygg-
drasil, and from the depths beneath taking up the hidden mystery of wisdom, Hm. 139; so it is
possible that his nicknames refer to that; cp. also the curious tale of the blind tailor in Grimm's
Mrchen, No. 107, which recalls to mind the heathen tale of the one-eyed Odin sitting under the
gallows.
hangi-kjt, n. hung, smoked meat.
hangin-lukla, u, f. epithet of a housewife whose keys hang at her belt, Rm.
hangr, m. a hank, coil; a er hangr v, there is a coil (difculty) in the matter.
HANI, a, m. [Ulf. hana; A. S. hana; Engl. hen; Hel. hano; Germ. hahn; Dan. and Swed. hane; cp.
Lat. cano] :-- a cock, Fms. v. 193, 194, Vsp. 34, 35, passim; ver-hani or vind-hani, a weathercock;
Oins-hani, a kind of sandpiper, tringa minima; rs-hani; inshani and rshani are
distinguished, jlfr, May 15, 1869, p. 124. 2. as a nickname, Fms. xii, Fb. iii, Landn.; whence in
local names, Hana-tn, Hana-ftr, etc., Landn. COMPDS: hana-gal, n. or hana-galan, f. cock-
crow, gallicinium, Fms. viii. 56. hana-tta, u, f. cock-crow, N. G. L. i. 9.
hankask, a, dep. to be coiled up, Fms. vi. 312; vide hankast, p. 41.
HANKI, a, m. [Dan. hanke; Engl. hank], the hasp or clasp of a chest, Fs. 132; naut. pullies or
blocks for brailing up a sail, N. G. L. i. 101; whence hanka-gjald, n., 199.
HANN, pers. pron. masc. he; fem. HN or HN, she; for the pronunciation of this word see
introduction to letter H; as to the inexion see Gramm. p. xxi; in the MSS. the word is usually
abbreviated &h-bar; = hann; h or h&o-long; = hn; &h-bar;m = hnum; &h-bar;ar = hennar; &h-
bar;i or &h-bar;e = henni: the old dat. masc. was hnum, as shewn by rhymes, mna vegr und
hnum, Haustl.; but in Icel. it was no doubt sounded h&aolig-acute;num, by way of umlaut; it was
then sounded hnum with a long vowel, and lastly honum with a short vowel, which also is the
mod. form; the old MSS. often spell hnum in full; the spelling hnum in old printed books recalls
the old form h&aolig-acute;num; from Pass. 9. 7 it may be seen that in the middle of the 17th
century the dative was sounded precisely as at present. 2. sing. fem. hn (ho in mod. Norse, hoo in
Lancashire) seems to be the older form; the MSS. use both forms hn and hn, but the former is the
usual one; it was prob. sounded h&aolig-acute;n, which again points to a long root vowel, hnn,
hna? [Cp. Ulf. is; Germ. er; A. S., Engl., and Hel. he; old Fris. hi; in the Scandin. idioms with a
sufxed demonstrative particle, vide Gramm. p. xxviii; Dan. and Swed. han, hun, etc.]
B. As this word appears almost in every line only special usages need be mentioned, as, ef mar
frir maga fram ok beri f undir hann (acc., sc. magi), er eigi hann (nom., the same) f, skal
hann (nom., sc. mar) beia hann (acc., sc. magi) me vtta, at hann (nom., the same) seli hnum
(dat., sc. mar) fjr-heimting hnd eim mnnum er hann (nom., sc. magi) f undir, Grg. i.
279; here the context is very perplexing, chiey owing to the identity of acc. and nom. sing, masc.,
but also because the pron. is sometimes demonstr., sometimes reexive; in the latter case an Icel.
would now say sr instead of hnum: so also, skal hann beia samingis-goa, at hanu fi honum
(i.e. sibi) mann, 10: again, skal hann selja skn ok vrn ef hann vill, ok sv varveizlu fjr sns ess
er hann hr eptir, 146; skal hn ra vi r frnda sns (her) nokkurs, 307; Gunnarr kenndi
fit at at var hit sama sem hann (i.e. Njal) hafi honum (i.e. to Gunnar) greitt, Nj. 56. II. the pers.
pron. is often prexed to a pr. name, as a sign of familiarity; farit upp til hestsins ok gti hans
Kols, Nj. 56; er hverr mar er hann Gunnarr, what sort of a man is Gunnar? 51; ok hleypr hann
orkel upp, 114; ok leiti r at honum Hskuldi, go and look after Hoskuld, 171; smd er ek veitta
honum rl brur num, Eg. 112; segir hann Plnir, Fms. xi. 47; hn Ingibjrg, 49; hann Gsli,
Grett. (in a verse); ok berjask vi hann laf, Fagrsk. 86; hans Vglfs, Sl.; sv er, segir hann rr,
sl. ii. 329 :-- this has become very freq. in mod. conversational usage, so that a person (nay, even
an animal or a ship that has a name) is scarcely ever named without the pron., bidd' 'ann Jn a
koma, seg' 'onum Jni, vekt' 'ana Sigri; hn Sigga litla, hann Jn litli, etc.; or of ponies, skt'
'ann Brn, leg' 'ana Skjnu; cp. the dialogue in sl. js. i. 612, -- g skal fylla mna ht, segir
'n Hvt, g t sem g oli, segir 'ann boli, etc.; or Kvldv. ii. 197, -- takt arna fr 'enni Reyr og
gef' 'enni Hyrnu, hn Hfa her kt sig nirbandinu. III. er hann = who, that; s mar er hann
vill, Grg. i. 19, 27, 36, vide p. 132. 2. answering to Fr. on, Germ. man, Engl. one; vri sverit til
tkt er hann vildi, when one wished, Eg. 505; but this use is very rare.
hannar-mli, f. 'skilful speech,' eloquence, Rm. 301.
Hannarr, m. the Skilful, the Artist, name of a dwarf, Vsp.
HANNR, adj. skilled; s var mar hanarst (i.e. hnnust) Haalandi, she was the most skilled maid
in Hadaland, on a Norse Runic stone, cited by Bugge in Tidskr. for Philol. vol. vi. p. 90; hence
sjn-hannr or sjn-hannarr, 'skill-sighted,' one whose eyes are cultivated, having the eyes of an
artist, . H. 16.
hannr or hannyr, f., esp. used in pl. and sounded hannyrir; [this word is formed from hannr
or hannar in the same way as einr or einur from einarr] :-- handiness, skill, ne work, esp. used
of ladies' needlework, embroidery, or the like, and freq. in mod. usage; enda er hannor (skill,
beauty) hvvetna v er tekr num hndum til at gra, Clem. 24; hannrir (pl.), 25; sv skyldi
hans kona bera af llum konum hannyrir sem hn var hverri eirra frari, Vgl. 48 new Ed.;
kyrtill gullonn ok gerr hannyrum, hannyr vefnaar, Konr. (MS.); hn saumai ok tedi ea vann
arar hannyrir, Bs. i. 241; kenna konu vi hannyrir, Edda ii. 513; merkit var gert af miklum
hannyrum ok gtum hagleik, Orkn. 28; hafa skriptum ok hannyrum, Gkv. 2. 15; hn hafi
heima verit ok numit hannore (i.e. hannr), Vls. S. 135 new Ed.; hn vandisk vi bora ok
hannyrir, Fas. i. 523. hannyra-kona, u, f. a woman skilled in needlework. UNCERTAIN This
word is to be distinguished from hnd as it is spelt and sounded nn not nd, cp. Bugge's interesting
remarks in Hist. Tidskrift.
hanzki, a, m. [O. H. G. hant-scuoh = hand-shoe, Germ. hand-schuh; Dan. handske] :-- a glove, Ls.
60, Hbl. 26, Edda 39.
HAPP, n. [cp. Engl. hap, happy], good luck, but with the notion of hap, chance, as is well said in
the ditty, hamingjan br hjarta manns | hpp eru ytri gi, Nm. 2. 87; var minna happit en ek
vilda, Fms. i. 182; happa fullting, 'hap-help,' Deus ex machina, vi. 165; happ stti ik n en brtt
mun annat, gttu at r veri at eigi at happi, Landn. 146; til happs ok heilla stta (allit.), for
good hap and health, Grg. ii. 21: in the saying, s skal hafa happ er hloti her, Eb. 24; happ,
mishap. COMPDS: happa-drjgr, adj. lucky, Fas. iii. 619. happa-mikill, adj. having great luck,
Hkr. iii. 422. happa-r, n. happy counsel, sl. ii. 159, Hkr. ii. 88. happa-verk, n. a happy deed,
Fms. vii. 293. happ-auigr, adj. wealthy, happy, orf. Karl. 378. happ-frr, adj. wise in season,
orf. Karl. 378. happ-lauss, adj. hapless, Eg. (in a verse). happ-samr, adj. happy, lucky, Fas. iii.
427. happ-skeytr, adj. a happy shot, Edda 17. In poetry, happ-mildr, -kunnigr, -reynir, -vinnandi,
-vss, adj. happy, fortunate: happ-snaur, adj. hapless. Lex. Pot.
hapr-task (hafr-task), n. a haversack, Snt 163.
hapt, n. a bond; vide haft.
HARA, (?), [cp. Germ. harren], to wait upon (?), an GREEK, Skm. 28; or perhaps the same word
as the mod. hjara (q.v.), vitam degere.
Haraldr, m. a pr. name (from herr, q.v.), Fms. COMPDS: Haralds-sltta, u, f. the coinage of king
Harold Harri, Fms. vi. Haralds-stikki, a, m. name of a poem, Fms.
hara, adv. = harla, chiey used in poetry, Al. 84, Fms. x. 101, Stj. 8, 452, Pr. 97, Lex. Pot.
harindi, n. pl. hardness; harindi hafa ek ar hendi v at bein er hart, Bs. i. 874. II. metaph.
hardship, severity, K. . 54, Sks. 351, Fms. i. 220, vi. 110: esp. in mod. usage, a hard season, bad
weather, harinda-r, -vetr, -sumar, vetrar-harindi: harindis-mar, m. a stern man, Sks. 803.
harla, and assimil. harla, adv. very, greatly, Fms. v. 257. vi. 217, Bs. i. 189, ii. 45, Stj. 58, Al. 156,
Sturl. i. 159, Finnb. 232, passim.
harliga, adv. forcibly, sternly, Fms. i. 71, vi. 44, Nj. 123, Gl. 54: swiftly, fast, ra harliga, Karl.
58, Br. 16; stga h., Sks. 629.
harligr, adj. hard, metaph. hard, severe, Nj. 181, Fms. ix. 291, v.l.
harna, a, to harden. II. metaph. to be hardened, Stj. 261. Exod. vi. sqq., K. . 54, Fms. vi. 37,
153, vii. 30: to become severe, ii. 30, Sturl. ii. 255: of weather, Grett. 152, Fms. ix. 502, v.l.: of
scarcity, harnai matl eirra, they ran short of provisions, viii. 435: to be hard tried, tk at
harna skapi sveins, the lad began to feel unhappy, Bs. i. 350: part. harnar, hardened, i.e. grown
up, Sturl. iii. 11; opp. to blautr; Grettir var ltt settr at klum, en mar ltt harnar, tk hann n at
kala, Grett. 91; -harnar. unhardened, still a tender boy.
HARR, adj., fem. hr, neut. hart, [Ulf. hardus = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. heard; Engl. hard;
Germ. hart; Dan. haard; Swed. hard]: I. hard to the touch; eptir hrum velli, sl. ii. 333; harr
ska, Fb. ii. 103; harar gtur, hard, stony paths, Fms. x. 85; stokka er steina er hvargi ess er
hart er fyrir, Grg. ii. 132; sja egg hart (har-soinn), Lkn. 472; af harasta jrni, Stj. 461:
tempered, of steel, Gpl. II. metaph., 1. hard, stern, severe; hr skapi, Nj. 17 (skap-harr); hr
or, hard words, Fms. v. 106; harr hjarta, hard of heart, Flov. 38: with dat., harr e-m, hard on
one, Fb. i. 71. . hardy; flk hart ok llt at skja, hardy and ill to ght against, Fms. i. 85; eiga
haran son, vi. 105; hinn vaskasti drengr ok hinn harasti karlmar, sl. ii. 264; eir eru harir ok
hinir mestu bardaga-menn, Karl. 282; harr horn at taka (metaph. from a bull), hard to take by the
horns, Fms. xi. 221: hard, gloomy, hru skapi, Bs. i. 351, Fas. iii. 522; me harri hendi, with
high hand. . hard, sad; hr tindi, Nj. 64; hr hafa orit harir atburir, hard things have
happened, 248. . hard, dire; harr (kostr), Fms. v. 235; gera haran rtt e-s, to deal hardly with
one, i. 66; harr daui, ii. 173; hr stt, Nj. 254; hafa hart, to have a hard lot, Sturl. iii. 292; harr
bardagi, hr orrosta, Fms. ii. 323, passim. r. of weather; hr noranver, Nj. 124, Rb. 572. 2.
neut. hart, adv. hardly, harshly; leika e-n hart, Fms. xi. 94. . hard, fast; ra hart, to ride hard,
Sighvat, . H. (in a verse), Nj. 82; en n renn engi harara en hann, 248; ganga hart ok djpt, Edda
1; ja sem harast, to y one's hardest, 261; eir fru harara en eir vildu, Fms. x. 139. . hart llt
(qs. hara llt) erindi, Fb. ii. 393; hart nr, hard by. COMPDS: Har-angr, m. name of a rth in
Norway; whence Harengir, m. pl. the inhabitants of H., Hkr., Fms. xii. hara-fang, n. a law term,
an execution for payment, Grg. i. 384, 398, 438. har-beinn, adj. hard-foot, a nickname, Ld. har-
brjstar (har-brystr, adj., Greg. 41, Stj. 484), part. hard-hearted, Flov. 36. har-bll, adj. a
hard householder. har-dreginn, part. hard to draw, difcult, Nj. 100, v.l. har-dregi, n. being h.,
Hkr. iii. 185. har-drgr, adj. hard to draw, hard to manage, Nj. 90, 192. har-eggjar, adj.
sharp-edged, Grett. (in a verse). har-eygr, adj. hard-eyed, Njar. 364. har-fang, n. 'hard
wrestling,' force, Sks. 782, v.l. har-fari, a, m. one who travels hard, a quick traveller, Sturl. iii.
122: as a nickname, Eg. 72. har-farliga, adv. harshly, Eb. 93 new Ed. har-fengi, f. hardihood,
valour, Nj. 98, Fms. ii. 28, Fs. 13, Anal. 169. har-fenginn, adj. = harfengr, Fas. i. 260, Ann. 1362
(in a verse). har-fengliga (-fengiliga, Fms. iii. 143), adv. hardily, valiantly, Br. 8, Fms. xi. 131,
x. 355. har-fengr, adj. hardy, valiant, Eg. 710, Nj. 192, Fas. ii. 525. har-fenni, n. hard snow, Fbr.
39. har-ftr, m. 'hard-leg,' a tempered bar, pot. of a sword, Hkm. har-fri, n. stubbornness, Ld.
176. har-frr, adj. hard to overcome, Edda 27. har-ger (-gejar), adj. hard-minded. har-
gengr, adj. hard-going, rough, of a horse, opp. to ggengr. har-greipr, adj. hard-clutched, Lex.
Pot. har-grr, adj. hardy, stout, Nj. 30: of things strong-built, Fms. x. 355 (a ship), Fas. i. 273 (a
tower). har-hendliga, adv. with hard hand, Eg. 720. har-hendr, adj. hard-handed, strong-
handed, Stj. 553, Sks. 753. har-hugar, adj. hard-hearted, Hom. 101, 108, Gh. 1. har-jaxl, m. a
grinder (tooth), a nickname, Rd. har-kljr, part. hard-stretched, of a weft, Darr. har-leikinn,
part. playing a hard, rough game, Sturl. i. 23; vera e-m h., to play roughly with one, Fms. ii. 182,
Stj. 463; f harleikit, to be roughly treated, Fms. vi. 210, ix. 449; gra e-m harleikit, Grett. 127.
har-leikni, f. a rough game, Fms. vi. 37, Karl. 456. har-leikr, m. hardness; hjartans h., Stj. 87:
harshness, Fms. ii. 161, ix. 449. har-leitr, adj. hard-looking, Eg. 305, Fms. x. 173. har-l, n. a
hard life, chastisement, Bs. i. passim, Barl. 210: medic. hardness of bowels, constipation, Fl. har-
lundar, adj. hard-tempered, 655 B. xiii. har-lyndi, n. a hard temper, Fms. vi. 45. har-lyndr,
adj. hard-tempered, Nj. 16, Sturl. ii. 185. har-magi, a, m. 'hard-maw,' a nickname, Fms. vii. 217.
har-mannligr, adj. hardy, manly, Fb. i. 168, Krk. 68. har-menni, n. a hardy man, Edda (Gl.)
har-migr, adj. hard of mood, Lex. Pot. har-mynntr (Grett. in a verse) and har-mlar,
part. hard-mouthed, Germ. hartmulig, Sturl. (in a verse). har-mli, n. hard language, Sturl. iii.
201, Bs. i. 766. har-mltr, part. hard-spoken, Sturl. ii. 143, v.l.: gramm. pronouncing hard, opp.
to linmltr. har-orr, adj. hard-spoken, Fms. iii. 152. har-rar, adj. hard in counsel, tyrannical,
Nj. 2, Fms. vii. 280, xi. 18; rkr mar ok h., Ver. 42: nickname of king Harold given him in Fagrsk.
106. har-rtti, n. hardship, Rd. 249, Al. 82, Andr. 74: hard fare, sultr ok h., Stj. 257. har-ri, n.
hardiness, Fms. viii. 448, Nj. 258, 263: hard plight, Fms. i. 251: hardness, harshness, x. 401. har-
skeyti, n. hard shooting, Fms. iii. 18. har-skeytr, adj. shooting hard, of an archer, Fms. ii. 320,
Karl. 244: metaph. hard, severe. har-skipar, part. manned with hardy men, Bs. ii. 30, Fms. ii.
183. har-sleginn, part. hard-hammered, of iron, Hm. 13. har-slgr, adj. hard to mow, Glm.
383, Fms. v. 203. har-sninn, part. hard-twisted, metaph. staunch, stalwart, Nj. 178. har-sttr,
part. hard to get, difcult, Fms. v. 169. har-sperra or hall-sperra, u, f. stiffness in the limbs. har-
spori, a, m. hard-trodden snow. har-steinn, m. a hard stone, a kind of whet-stone, sl. ii. 348,
Glm. 375, Fms. xi. 223. harsteina-grjt, n. a quarry of h., Fms. viii. 224. har-svrar, adj.
hard-necked, stiff-necked. har-tenntr, part. having hard teeth, Sks. 753. har-tkr, adj. hard,
exacting, Hv. 40. har-, f. hardness of heart. har-igr, adj. hard-minded, Fms. iii. 95, Fs. 23,
Fas. i. 217, Lex. Pot. har-vaxinn, part. hardy of limb, brawny, Fms. vii. 321, viii. 238. har-velli,
n. a hard, dry eld. har-verkr, m. the name of a giant, Edda. har-vtugr, adj. hardy, (cant word.)
har-yri, n. hard words, Sturl. iii. 238, Hom. 144. har-yrki, a, m. a hard worker, Fms. ix. 435.
har-yrkr, adj. hard working. har-gi, f. hardness of heart, severity, Fms. viii. 232, x. 217.
hark, n. a tumult, Fs. 6, Fms. vii. 168, 321, ix. 288, 516 (harshness), Fb. ii. 191, Finnb. 144; hark
ok hreysti, sl. ii. 344.
harka (qs. harka), u, f. hardness, and metaph. hardiness, Fb. i. 521; freq. in mod. usage: also of a
hard frost, mesta harka: the phrase, me hrku-munum, with utmost difculty. hrku-ver, n. hard
frosty weather; vetrar-hrkur, winter frost.
harka, a, to scrape together, with dat., Fms, viii. 73; munu eir hafa harkat saman lii snu, Mork.
90: impers., e-m harkar, things go ill with one, Finnb. 338, Fas. ii. 239; a harkar um e-t, id.,
Bjarn. 62. II. reex. id., Fas. ii. 307: to make a tumult, Finnb. 224; Ljtr vaknai ok spuri hverr
harkaist, Hv. 31 new Ed.
HARKI, a, m. rubbish, trash, (= mod. skran); kistur ok annar h., Karl. 554, Bs. i. 830, Fs. 44.
COMPDS: harka-brn, n. pl. rabble of children, rymlur 1. 3, (not hska-brn.) harka-geta, u, f.
coarse food, Sturl. i. 166. harka-li, n. rabble, sl. ii. 91. harka-mar, m. a tramp, scamp, Sturl. i.
175. harka-samliga, adv. coarsely, Sturl. ii. 163.
harla, adv., vide harla.
harma, a, to bewail, with acc., Nj. 20, Fms. i. 47, ii. 229, Hom. 20, Bs. i. 105, passim; h. sik, to
wail, Fms. iii. 8: impers., e-m harmar, it vexes one, one is vexed, Blas. 41, Hv. 44.
harm-brg, n. pl. mischief, Akv. 15.
harm-daui, adj. indecl. (and harm-daur, adj., Fms. ix. 399), lamented, of one departed; vera
harmdaui, Fms. vi. 232, ix. 421, x. 406, Orkn. 88, Fb. i. 28.
harm-dgg, f., pot. sorrow-dew, i.e. tears, Hkv. 2. 43.
harm-fenginn, adj. bowed by grief, O. H. L. 46.
harm-aug, f. a baneful shaft, of the mistletoe, Vsp. 37.
harm-fullr, adj. sorrowful, Fms. v. 214.
harm-kvli, n. pl. torments, 623. 35, Fms. iii. 217, Magn. 530, Bs. i. 325, ii. 107.
harm-kvling, f. = harmkvli, Matth. xxiv. 8.
HARMR, m. [A. S. hearm; Engl. harm; Dan. harme], grief, sorrow; hann mtti ekki mla fyrir
harmi, Fms. vi. 228: in plur., me hrmum, x. 368; mikill harmr er at oss kveinn, Nj. 201, passim.
COMPDS: harma-bylgja, u, f. a billow of sorrow, Pass. 41. 4. harma-grtr, m. the Lamentations,
of Jeremiah. harma-raust (-rdd), f. lamentation, Pass. 41. 7. harma-tlur, f. pl. = harmtlur.
harms-auki, a, m. addition to one's grief, Fms. vi. 237. harms-fullr, adj. sorrowful, Fms. vi. 261,
Edda 22, Fas. i. 456. harms-lttir, m. relief, Fms. iii. 5. II. in old poetry harmr often conveys the
notion of harm, hurt, Skv. 2. 10, 11, Sdm. 12, 36, t. 19. III. a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.) IV. name
of a fjord in Norway, Fms.
harm-saga, u, f. tidings of grief, Stj. 522, Eb. 98, Lv. 64, Fms. xi. 17.
harm-sl, f. sun of grief, name of an old poem.
harm-sk, f. a sad case, Nj. 221, Eb. 34 new Ed., v.l. to harmsaga.
harm-sngr, m. a song of sorrow, dirge, Stj. 349, Bret. 68.
harm-tindi, n. pl. = harmsaga, Gsl. 109.
harm-tlur, f. pl. lamentations, Hkr. ii. 107, Bret. 70.
harm-vesall, adj. wretched, Lex. Pot.
harm-vitegr, adj. = armvitegr, compassionate, Mart. 123, Bs. i. 332.
harm-runginn, part. 'grief-swoln,' lled with sorrow, Stj. 520, Ld. 50, Fms. iii. 11, iv. 32, Pass. 2.
11.
harm-rtinn, part. = harmrunginn, Fms. ii. 95.
harneskja, u, f. harness, armour, Bret. 60, Fms. x. 140: metaph. harshness.
HARPA, u, f. [A. S. hearpe; Engl. harp; O. H. G. harpha; Germ. harfe; Dan. harpe] :-- a harp, it
occurs as early as Vsp. 34, Akv. 31, Am. 62, Og. 27, Bs. i. 155, Fms. vi. 203, vii. 97, Sks. 704.
COMPDS: hrpu-leikr, m. playing on a harp, Hkr. iii. 246. hrpu-mar, m. a harp-man, harper,
Sams. S. 9. hrpu-slagi and hrpu-slagari, a, m. a harper, Bs. i. 866, 909. hrpu-slagr, hrpu-
slttr, m. striking the harp, Bs. i. 202, Str. 83. hrpu-stokkr, m. a harp-case, Fas. i. 342. hrpu-
strengr, m. a harp-string, Eluc. 45, Sklda: that the harp was in olden times used in churches in
Icel. is seen from Laur. S. ch. 59. II. metaph. a shell; erat hlums vant kva refr, dr hrpu at si, a
saying, Fms. vii. 19: whence hrpu-diskr, m. a 'harp-disk,' a kind of shell: hrpu-skel, f. a harp-
shell, Eg. 769, Eggert Itin. III. the rst month of the summer, from the middle of April to the
middle of May, is called Harpa.
harpari, a, m. a harper, Str. 57.
harpeis, m. resin, (mod.)
harp-slagi, a, m. = hrpuslagi, Stj. 460, Bret. 10.
harp-slttr, m. = hrpuslttr, Eluc. 53, Br. 4, Orkn. (in a verse).
HARRI, a, m. [akin to the mod. herra, q.v.], a lord, king, only used in poetry, Edda 104, Gloss.;
hann heimti angat Valerianum harra sinn, Greg. 75: as a pr. name, Landn.; as also the name of an
ox, Ld., whence local names such as Harra-stair, m. pl., freq. in western Icel.
HASA, a, in ofhasa, e-n hasar e-u, to be surfeited with a thing, of food.
HASL, m. [A. S. hsel; Engl. hasel; Germ. hessel], the hasel, Str. 66.
hasla, in pl. hslur, f. pegs or poles of hasel-wood, a technical term for the four square poles that
marked out the ground for a pitched battle or a duel, described in Korm. 86, Eg. 277; undir jarar
hslu, pot, within the pale, on the face of the earth, Edda (in a verse by a poet of king Canute).
hasla, a, in the old phrase, hasla (e-m) vll, to 'enhasel' a battleeld, to challenge one's enemy to a
pitched battle (or duel) on a eld marked out by hasel-poles, Korm. 46, Hkr. i. 150, Eg. 273, 275,
276 (of the battle of Brunanburgh).
HASTA, a, the mod. form of the old hersta (q.v.) in the phrase, hasta e-n, to rebuke one to
silence, command one to hold his peace, e.g. of children: used of Christ in the Gospel, reis hann
upp og hastai vindinn og sjinn, var logn mikit, Matth. viii. 26.
hastar-liga, adv. hastily, suddenly.
hastar-ligr, adj. hasty, sudden.
hast-orr, adj. = herstr, harsh-spoken, sl. ii. 158.
hastr, adj. = herstr, harsh, esp. of speech; of a horse = har-gengr.
HATA, a, [Ulf. hatan = GREEK; A. S. hatjan; Engl. hate; O. H. G. hazen; Germ. hassen; Dan.
hade; Swed. hata] :-- to hate, with acc., Stj. 168, Post. 656 C. 27, Hom. 159, Fms. vi. 5, passim. 2.
reex., hatask vi e-n, or mti e-m, to breathe hatred against one, Fb. ii. 339, Fms. i. 37, vi. 9, 186,
viii. 238, xi. 259, Fs. 31, Eg. 139: recipr. to hate one another :-- part. hatendr, pl. haters. II. the
poets use hata with dat. in the sense to shun; eldr ok vatn hatar hvrt ru, re and water shun one
another, Edda 126 (Ht. 17); hata gulli, to spend gold, Fas. i. 258; hata baugi, id., Fas. i. 259 (in a
verse); s er brott verr hatar, forsaken or driven away, Anecd. 26; this is prob. the original sense
of the word, vide hati below. UNCERTAIN But hatta (double t, qs. hvata) seems a better reading; at
least, Sturl. in a verse of A.D. 1207 makes trautt and hattar rhyme.
hati, a, m. one who shuns; baug-hati, gull-hati, a liberal man, Lex. Pot. passim. 2. the name of the
mock sun (wolf) which is in front of the sun, Edda (Gl.), Gm. 39: the name of a giant, Hkv. Hjrv.
hatr, n. [Ulf. hatis = GREEK; A. S. hete; Engl. hate; Germ. hass; Dan. had; Swed. hat] :-- hatred,
spite, aversion, Hm. 154, Post. 645. 64, Magn. 470, Stj. 192, Fms. viii. 26, xi. 437, passim; mann-
hatr, misanthropy; trar-hatr, religious fanaticism; j-hatr, (mod.) COMPDS: hatrs-fullr, adj.
hateful, Sklda 199. hatrs-sk, f. cause of hatred, Stj. 192.
hatr-lauss, adj. spiteless, free from spite.
hatr-leysi, n. freedom from spite, Mar.
hatr-liga, adv. hatefully, Fms. i. 270, Bs. i. 45.
hatr-ligr, adj. hateful, Bs. ii. 126.
hatr-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hateful, rancorous, Mar.
hatr-samr, adj. rancorous, H. E. i. 501, Karl. 127.
hatr-semd, f. rancour, Fr.
HATTR, m. a hat, Nj. 32, Fms. i. 74, Eg. 407; vide httr.
hatt-staup, n. pot. the head, Ad. 7.
hau, interj. ho ho! of shouting, = h, Karl. 321.
hauna, vide hana.
HAUR, n. [the etymology of this word is not known], pot. earth, Edda 97, Hdl. 48, Lex. Pot.
passim: allit., haur ok himin, Sl. 54. COMPDS: haur-gjr, f., -men, n. the earth-girdle, i.e. the
sea, Lex. Pot. haur-fjrnir, m., -tjald, n. the helmet, tent of the earth, i.e. the heaven, Lex. Pot.
haug-brot, n. the breaking of a cairn, Sturl. i. 23, Br. 180.
haug-bi, a, m. a 'cairn-dweller,' a ghost, Fb. i. 214, Grett. 38 new Ed.
haug-fra, , to bury in a cairn, Fms. x. 212.
haug-ganga, u, f. the breaking into a cairn, sl. ii. 50, Fb. ii. 8.
haug-al, n. a Norse law term, the manorial right to treasures dug out of cairns, dened in Gl.
310. haugals-mar, m. an owner of haugal, id.
HAUGR, m. [akin to hr, high; Dan. hj; Swed. hog; North. E. how] :-- a how, mound; haugr ea
h, Mar., Fms. ix. 382, Stj. 260; there was usually a how near the houses, from which the master
could look over his estate, kv. 6, Skm. 11; hann gkk n at b orleifs ok at haugi eim er hann
sat a., Fs. 98; orleifr var v vanr, sem mjk var fornmennis httr, at sitja lngum ti haugi einum
ok eigi langt fr bnum, Fms. ii. 59; ar er h. nokkurr er hann er vanr at sitja, v. 160; hann sat
haugi sem konungar, Hkr. i. 136, Stjrn. Odd. ch. 5. 2. a dung-heap. midden; fjs-h., a byre-
midden; sku-h., an ash-heap; myki-h., a muck-heap; draga myki t ok fra haug, K. . K. 100,
Al. 178. II. a cairn, over one dead; the cairns belong to the burning age as well as to the later age,
when the dead were placed in a ship and put in the how with a horse, hound, treasures, weapons, or
the like, cp. Eg. 6, 7, 768. Hkr. (pref.), Landn. 62 (twice), 81, 82, 86, 125 (lagr skip), 169, Gsl.
23, 24, 31, 32, Ld. ch. 8, 24, Nj. ch. 79, Eb. ch. 9, 34, Hrafn. (ne), Hervar. 13 sqq. (1847), Fagrsk.
ch. 4, 5, Hkr. (pref.), Hkr. i. 122 (Har. S. ch. 45), 152 (Hk. S. ch. 27), 160 (ch. 32), Har. Hrf. ch. 8,
Skjld. S. ch. 9: names of such cairns, Korna-haugr, Landn. 87; Hildis-h., 267; Hlfdanar-haugar,
Hkr. i. 74; Trfts-h., Grett. 87; Melkorku-h., Mkolls-h., etc.: freq. in local names, Haugr,
Haugar, Haugs-nes, Landn., Eb.; Hauga-ing, n. an assembly in Norway, Fms. viii. 245, ix. 109.
There is an historical essay on Icel. cairns by old Jn lafsson in Arna-Magn. Additam. (autogr.
MS. and interesting). . a kind of sacricial mound, Edda 83 (Hlgi), Yngl. S. ch. 12, . H. ch.
122; hauga n hrga, hlaa hauga ok kalla hrg, N. G. L. i. 430; blt-h., q.v.: for tales about the
breaking open of cairns, wrestling with the ghosts, and carrying off their weapons and treasures, see
Landn. 169, Har. S. ch. 15, Grett. ch. 20, Sturl. i. 23, Br. ch. 20 new Ed.: the burying in cairns
was typical of the heathen age, whence such law phrases as, fr heinum haugi, from heathen how,
i.e. from time immemorial, D. N. passim, vide Fr.; telja langfer fr haugi, or til haugs ok heini, to
count one's forefathers up to hows and heathen times, Rtt. 48, D. N. iii. 122: in early Dan. laws
unbaptized children were called hghmen = how-men. COMPDS: hauga-brjtr, m. a cairn
breaker, a nickname, Landn. 278. hauga-eldr, m. a cairn re, a kind of ignis fatuus, said to burn
over hidden treasures in cairns, Eg. 767, Grett. l.c., Fas. i. 518. Hervar. S. hauga-herr, m. the host
of cairns, ends, ghosts, demons, Sighvat. hauga-ld, f. the cairn age, opp. to bruna-ld, Hkr.
(pref.), Fms. i. 34. haugs-dyrr, n. the doors of a cairn, 655 xiv. haugs-glf, n. the oor of a cairn,
Fms. x. 213. haugs-gr, f. cairn-making, Fms. x. 212, Fas. i. 429.
haug-star, m. a cairn-place, heathen burial-place, Hkr. i. 2.
haug-tekinn, part. taken from a cairn (weapon), Ld. 78.
haug-ak, n. the roof of a cairn, Edda 68.
hauk-ey, f. hawk island, Sighvat; the old pot calls Norway the hawk island of the Danish king
Harold, because he got a tribute of hawks from that land, Fms. vi. 44 (v.l.), cp. x. 341.
hauk-ligr, adj. hawk-like, of the eyes, appearance, Fms. x. 383, Lex. Pot. passim.
HAUKR, m. [A. S. heafoc; Engl. hawk; O. H. G. habuch; Germ. habicht; Dan. hg; Swed. hk] :--
a hawk, Fms. i. 119, xi. 21, Jb. 542: metaph. a hero, vera haukar grvir, Fms. vi. (in a verse); eiga
sr hauk horni, to have a hawk in the corner, to have one to back one; or perhaps the phrase is,
hrk horni, a rook in the corner, borrowed from chess. Hawks were in olden times carried on the
wrist, whence in poetry the hand is called the seat, cliff, land of the hawk, hauk-bor, -klif, -land, -
mrr, -stor, -strnd, -vllr; the adjectives hauk-frnn (of the eye, ashing as a hawk's eye),
hauk-ligr, -lyndr, -snarr, -snjallr are all of them epithets of a bold man, Lex. Pot.: hauka-veii,
n. hawking, Gl. 429: hauk-nefr, m. hawk-bill, a nickname, Landn.; sparr-h., a sparrow-hawk. II.
as a pr. name, Landn.; and in local names, Hauka-gil, Hauka-dalr, whence Haukdlir, m. pl.
name of a family, Sturl.; Haukdla-tt, f. id.; Hauk-dlskr, adj. belonging to that family.
hauk-staldar, or hauk-stallar, is a corrupt form of the A. S. heage-steald = young man, Og. 7, Skv.
3. 31, Edda (in a verse by a pot of the time of king Canute).
haula, adj. indecl. ruptured; eins er gangr aula | og eir vagi um haula, Hallgr.
HAULL, m., acc. haul, a rupture, hernia, Bs. i. 208, Fl. ix. 218, where a distinction is made
between kviar-haull, naa-h., nra-h., etc.: the passage hll vi hrgi, Hm. 138, is no doubt
corrupt for vi haulvi hrgr, or hrgr vi haul, i.e. spurred rye (ergot of rye) against hernia :-- the
sense is clear, though the exact wording is not; the whole verse is a rude old medic. receipt, and the
explanation of this passage as given by translators and commentators is no doubt erroneous.
HAUSS, m. [cp. Dan. isse], the skull, cranium, Vm. 21, Gm. 40, Grg. ii. 11, Fb. i. 235, ii. 79, Eg.
769, 770, Nj. 253, Landn. 51, passim. COMPDS: hausa-kljfr, m. skull-cleaver, a nickname, Orkn.
hausa-mt, m. pl. sutures of the skull, Fas. iii. 214, haus-brot, n. skull-fracture, Bs. ii. 18. haus-
fastr, adj. seated in the skull, Bs. i. 641. haus-lla, u, f. 'skull-lm,' scalp, Tristr. 3. haus-kpa, u, f.
'skull-basin,' skull. haus-skel, f. skull shell, (Germ. hirnschale); in the Icel. N. T. Golgotha is
rendered Hausaskelja-star, m., Matth. xxvii. 33; in poetry the heaven (vault of heaven) is called
the skull of the giant Ymir, undir gmlum mis hausi, under the old skull of Ymir, sub dio, Arnr,
see Edda, Vm., Gm. l.c. II. the head, of beasts, shes, orsk-hauss, hross-h., hunds-h., nauts-h.; of
men only as in contempt = blockhead.
HAUST, n.; that this word was originally masc. (as vetr, sumarr) is seen from the other Teut.
idioms, as also the Norse form haustar- (for haust-), which occurs in haustar-tmi, Stj. 14, and
haustar-dagr, D. N. (Fr.), = haust-tmi, haust-dagr; [A. S. hrfest; Engl. harvest; O. H. G. herbist;
Germ. herbst; Dan. hst = harvest; Swed. hst: haust is in Icel. only used in a metaph. sense] :--
autumn (harvest season), for the extension of that season see Edda 103, Nj. 9, 168, Fb. ii. 185,
passim. COMPDS: haust-blt, n. a sacricial feast in autumn, Eg. 5. haust-bo, n. an autumn
feast, Gsl. 27, Fb. i. 302, Ld. 194, orf. Karl. 368. hauat-br, adj. calving in autumn, of a cow.
haust-dagr, m. autumn days, Eg. 12, Fms. x. 188. haust-grma, u, f. an autumn night, Hm. 73.
haust-heimtur, f. pl. getting in lambs in autumn, Band. 11 new Ed. haust-hold, n. pl., in the
phrase, haustholdum, a farmer's term for cattle in a fat condition in autumn. haust-kveld, n. an
autumn evening. haust-lag, n., in the phrase, at haustlagi, of paying debts in cattle in autumn.
haust-langr, adj. lasting all the autumn, Eg. haust-leiangr, m. an autumn levy, D. N. Haust-lng,
f. (viz. drpa), the name of an old poem (Edda), prob. from being composed in autumn. haust-
mnur, m. an autumn month, September, Edda 103. haust-myrkr, m. autumn darkness, a
nickname, Landn. haust-nott, f. an autumn night, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Konr. 22. haust-skuld, f. in
a pun, vide Sturl. iii. 216. haust-sl, f. an autumn sun. haust-vertta, u, f. autumn weather. haust-
vking, f. a freebooting expedition in autumn, Orkn. 462. haust-ing, n. the autumn assizes, Nj.
251. haust-l, n. an autumn banquet, Fms. x. 393.
hausta, a, to draw near autumn, Eg. 18, 251, Fms. ii. 29, 127.
haust-magi, hauat-mgttr, vide hss.
h, mod. ha, interj. eh? (what did you say?), Sks. 304, 365; in the last century the long vowel was
still sounded in the east of Icel.
H, f, after-math, N. G. L. i. 40, cp. 289, freq. in mod. usage, whence
h-bit, n. the after-math bite or grazing, Gl. 407, 503. II. the hide of a horse or cattle, Hm. 135;
hross-h, a horse's hide: nauts-h, a neat's hide; but gra of a sheep: ing-h, a 'thing-circuit,'
district, from heyja (q.v.); or is the metaphor taken from an expanded hide? III. in poetry h seems
to occur twice in the sense of battle-eld or battle, from the fact that duels were fought upon a hide:
fara at h, to go to battle, . H. (Sighvat); at h hverju (hverri), Hervar. (in a verse).
h, , in the phrase, e-m hir, one is pinched or worn by sickness, work, or the like; honum hir
a, snarpr sultr hr (pinches) mannkyni, Merl. 2. 31; n vill oss hvervetna h, everything vexes us,
Fas. iii. 12, freq. in mod. usage. The part. hr (hr e-m, depending upon one, subservient to one,
-hr, independent) belongs either to h or to heyja.
h-benda, u, f. = hamla (see p. 244).
h-bora, a, to t with rowlocks, Fms. ix. 33.
h-borur, f. pl. rowlocks, Fms. ix. 33, Sturl. iii. 66.
H, n. [cp. Ulf. hauns = GREEK; Engl. heinous; Germ. hohn; Dan. haan; old Dan. haad] :--
scofng, mocking, Nj. 66, Fms. vi. 21, 216, vii. 61, Hm. 133; h ok spott, sl. ii. 265, passim.
h-samr, adj. scofng, Fms. iii. 153: a nickname, Landn.
h-semi, f. mockery, Fms. iii. 154, Hom. 86.
hskr, adj. scofng.
huliga, adv. shamefully, Fms. viii. 171, Orkn. 120, Fas. i. 21.
huligr, adj. scornful, Fms. iii. 148: contemptible, h. or, abusive words, Stj. 107; h. verk,
disgraceful deeds, 218, 623. 12.
hung, f. shame, disgrace, Hm. 101, Nj. 80, Grg. ii. 121, Fms. vi. 417, xi. 152, Stj. 407, O. H. L.
45. hungar-or, n. pl. words of scorn, Sturl. iii. 163, Stj. 643.
h-varr, adj. free from scoff, upright, Lex. Pot.
HFR, m. [North. E. haaf], a pock-net for herring-shing; reyk-hfr, a 'reek-draft,' a chimney.
hfr, m. a dog-sh, hfs-ro, n. shagreen; vide hr.
hfur, f. pl. riches, good things, Volks. 291, Hallgr. Pt.
h-genginn, part. (uxi h.), fed on after-math, Stj. 493. 1 Sam. xxviii. 24.
h-karl, m. a shark, Dipl. iii. 4, Sturl. ii. 147, Fms. ix. 434.
H-kon, m. a pr. name, a family name within the old house of the Norse kings; as an appel. it seems
to answer to A. S. heagestald, Germ. hagestolz, Icel. drengr, and to be identical with the mod.
provincial Norse haaman (Ivar Aasen), a young, unmarried man.
HKR, m., the proper sense may have been some kind of sh, cp. Engl. hake; the word is seldom
used but in compds; mat-hkr, a glutton; or-hkr, foul mouth: a nickname, hann var fyrir v
kallar orkell hkr at hann eiri ngu hvrki orum n verkum, Nj. 183.
H-leygir, m. pl. the inhabitants of the Norse county Hlogaland, Fms.; whence Hleyzkr, adj. from
Hlogaland.
HLFA, u, f. often proncd. lfa, [akin to hlfr; Goth. halba = GREEK, 2 Cor. iii. 9; A. S. half; Hel.
halba = latus] :-- prop. a half, a part: I. a region, quarter, of the world, Stj. 72; fyrrnefndum
fjallsins hlfum, 87; llum hlfum heimsins, 18; lfum Orkneyjarkis, Magn. 502; vrri
byggilegri hlfu (zone), Rb. 478; verldin var greind rjr hlfur, Edda 147; whence Austr-lfa, the
East = Asia; Norr-lfa, the North = Europe; Sur-hlfa, Africa; vestr-lfa, America, (mod.); heims-
lfa, one of the three (four) quarters; lands-lfa, region, Jess gkk burt aan og fr lands-lfur
Tyri og Sidonis, Matth. xv. 21. . with the notion of lineage, kin; sv hfu eir grimmliga leikit
alla hlfu, all people of that kin, Fms. viii. 23; skulu taka arf brrungar ok systrungar, en
eiri menn r annari hlfu (lineage), Grg. i. 17; seint er satt at spyrja, mr her kennt verit, at
mir mn vri frjlsborin allar hlfur, . H. 114; konungborin allar ttir ok hlfur, Fb. ii. 171,
cp. . H. 87, l.c. . setja t hlfur, to expand, of a metaphor, Edda 69. II. as a law phrase, on one's
behalf or part; af Gus hlfu ok lands-laga, on behalf of God and the law of the land, Fms. vi. 94,
Sks. 638; af e-s hlfu, on one's part, Fms. xi. 444; Jns biskups af einni hlfu, ok Gsla bnda af
annarri hlfu, Dipl. iii. 7; bar hlfur, on both sides, v. 26; af annarra manna hlfu, on the part of
other men, 2; af minni hlfu, on my part; hvrtveggi hlfan, both parts, D. N. hlfu-ing, n. a kind
of hustings, N. G. L. i. 251.
hlfna, a, to have half done with a thing; er eir hfu hlfna sundit, Fr. 173: to be half gone or
past, Fms. iii. 81, Bret. ch. 13, Sd. ch. 22 (slain the half of it); dagr, ntt, vegr er hlfnar, the day,
night, way is half past.
HLFR, adj., hlf (h&aolig;lf), hlft, freq. spelt halbr, halb er ld hvar, Hm. 52; [Goth. halbs; A. S.
healf; Engl. half; Hel. halba; Germ. halb; Dan. halv; Swed. half] :-- half; hlfr mnur, half a
month, a fortnight, Nj. 4; ar tti hann kyn hlft, Eg. 288; hlf stika, half a yard, Grg. i. 498; hlf
Jl, the half of Yule, Fs. 151, passim: adverb. phrases, til hlfs, by a half, Eg. 258, 304; aukinn hlfu,
increased by half, doubled, Grg. i. 157, Gl. 24. 2. with the notion of brief, scant, little; sj hlf
hntt, that little night, Skm. 42; hlf stund, a little while; eg skal ekki vera hlfa stund a v, i.e. I
shall have done presently, in a moment; cp. hlb er ld hvar, only half, Hm. 52; me hlfum hleif,
with half a loaf, a little loaf of bread, 51: an Icel. says to his guest, m eg bja r hlfum bolla,
hlfu staupi, hlfan munnbita, and the like. II. in counting Icel. say, hlfr annarr, half another, i.e.
one and a half; h. rii, half a third, i.e. two and a half; h. fjri, three and a half; h. mti, four and
a half, etc.; thus, hlfan annan dag, one day and a half; hlft anna r, hlfan annan mnu, h. ara
ntt; hlf nnur stika, a yard and a half, Grg. i. 498; hlfa mtu mrk, four marks and a half, 391;
hlft annat hundra, one hundred and a half, Sturl. i. 186; hlfr rii tgr manna, two decades and a
half, i.e. twenty-ve, men, sl. ii. 387; hlfan mta tg skipa, Hkr. iii. 374: similar are the compd
adjectives hlf-rtugr, aged twenty-ve; hlf-fertugr, aged thirty-ve; hlf-mtugr, hlf-sextugr, -
sjtugr, -ttrr, -nrr, -trr, i.e. aged forty-ve, fty-ve, sixty-ve, seventy-ve, eighty-ve,
ninety-ve, and lastly, hlf-tlfrr, one hundred and fteen, Eg. 84, Fms. i. 148, Greg. 60, Stj. 639,
Bs. i. 54, 101, Hkr. (pref.), Mar. 32, b. 18, Grett. 162, Fs. 160: also of measure, hlf-fertugr
fmum, Landn. (App.) 324, Fms. vii. 217; hlf-rtugt tungl, a moon twenty-ve days' old, Rb. 26:
contracted, hlf-fjru mrk, three marks and a half, Am. 63; hlf-mtu mrk, four marks and a
half, Jm. 36: as to this use, cp. the Germ. andert-halb, dritt-halb, viert-halb, etc., Gr. GREEK (two
talents and a half), Lat. sestertius. III. neut. hlfu with a comparative, in an intensive sense, far;
hlfu verri, worse by half, far worse; hlfu meira, far more, Fms. vi. 201; hlfu heilli! Fb. i. 180;
hlfu sr, far less, r. 41 new Ed., Fb. ii. 357; fremr hlfu, much farther ago, Hm. 2; h. lengra,
Bs. ii. 48; h. betri, better by half; h. hgligra, far snugger, Am. 66; hlfu smri, Fb. ii. 334. . with
neg. suff.; hlft-ki, not half; at hlft-ki m styrk r bera, Greg. 54. IV. a pr. name, rare, whence
Hlfs-rekkr, m. pl. the champions of king Half, Fas.: Hlf-dan, m. Half-Dane, a pr. name, cp.
Healf-Danes in Beowulf, Fms.
B. The COMPDS are very numerous in adjectives, nouns, and participles, but fewer in verbs; we
can record only a few, e.g. hlf-afglapi, a, m. half an idiot, Band. 4 new Ed. hlf-aukinn, part.
increased by half, H. E. ii. 222. hlf-ttrr, see above. hlf-bergrisi, a, m. half a giant, Eg. 23.
hlf-berserkr, m. half a berserker, Sd. 129. hlf-bjrt, n. adj. half bright, dawning. hlf-blandinn,
part. half blended, Stj. 85. hlf-blindr, adj. half blind. hlf-bolli, a, m. half a bowl (a measure), N.
G. L. ii. 166. hlf-breir, adj. of half breadth, Jm. 2. hlf-brosandi, part. half smiling. hlf-brir,
m. a half brother (on one side). hlf-brunninn, part. half burnt. hlf-brrungr, m. a half cousin,
K. . 140. hlf-binn, part. half done. hlf-daur, adj. half dead, Sturl. ii. 54, Magn. 530, Hkr. iii.
366. hlf-daufr, adj. half deaf. hlf-deigr, adj. damp. hlf-dimt, n. adj. half dark, in twilight. hlf-
drttingr, m. a sher-boy, who gets half the sh he catches, but not a full 'hlutr.' hlf-ermar, part.
half sleeved, Sturl. iii. 306. hlf-etinn, part. half eaten, Al. 95. hlf-eyrir, m. half an ounce, Fms. x.
211. hlf-fallinn, part. half fallen, K. . 96; h. t sjr, of the tide. hlf-farinn, part. half gone. hlf-
fertrugr, hlf-mti, hlf-mtugr, hlf-fjri, see above (II). hlf-f, n. and hlf-fa, u, f. half an
idiot, Fms. vi. 218, Bs. i. 286. hlf-fjrungr, m. half a fourth part, Bs. ii. 170. hlf-frosinn, part.
half frozen. hlf-finn, part. half rotten. hlf-genginn, part. halving. hlf-gildi, n. half the value,
Gl. 392. hlf-gildr, adj. of half the value, N. G. L. hlf-gjalda, galt, to pay half, N. G. L. i. 174.
hlf-grtandi, part. half weeping. hlf-grinn, part. half healed. hlf-grr, part. half done, only
half done, left half undone, Fms. ii. 62; litlu betr en hlfgrt, Greg. 24. hlfgrar-bndi, a, m. a
man who has to furnish half a levy, D. N. hlf-hlufall, n. a slight fall of rime, Gsl. 154. hlf-
hlainn, part. half laden, Jb. 411. hlf-hneppt, n. adj. a kind of metre, Edda 139. hlf-hrddr, adj.
half afraid. hlf-kirkja, u, f. a 'half-kirk,' = mod. annexa, an annex-church, district church, or
chapel of ease, Vm. 126, H. E. i. 430, ii. 138, Am. 28, Pm. 41, Dipl. v. 19; distinction is made
between al-kirkja, hlf-kirkja, and bn-hs, a chapel. hlf-kjkrandi, part. half choked with tears.
hlf-klddr, part. half dressed. hlf-konungr, m. a half king, inferior king, Fms. i. 83. hlf-
kveinn, part. half uttered; skilja hlfkveit or, or hlfkvena vsu = Lat. verbum sat, MS. 4. 7.
hlf-launat, n. part. rewarded by half, Fms. ii. 62, Grg. i. 304. hlf-leypa, u, f. a half laupr (a
measure), B. K. passim, hlf-leystr, part. half loosened, Greg. 55. hlf-lifandi, part. half alive, half
dead, Mar. hlf-litr, adj. of a cloak, of two colours, one colour on each side, Fms. ii. 70, Fas. iii.
561, Sturl. ii. 32, iii. 112, Fr. 227, Bs. i. 434. hlf-ljst, n. adj.; p er hljst var, in twilight,
Sturl. iii. 193. hlf-lokar, part. half locked. hlf-mtti, n. 'half might,' opp. to omnipotence,
Sklda 161. hlf-mrk, f. half a mark, Vm. 80, 126. hlf-nauigr, adj. half reluctant, Fms. xi. 392.
hlf-neitt, n. adj. 'half-naught,' triing, Fas. i. 60. hlf-n, n. half a lampoon, Fms. iii. 21. hlf-
nrr, see above (II). hlf-ntr, adj. of half use, Rb. 86. hlf-opinn, adj. half open. hlf-prestr, m.
a 'half-priest,' a chaplain to a hlfkirkja, Sturl. ii. 178. hlf-pund, n. half a pound, Gl. 343. hlf-
raddarstafr, m. a semivowel, Sklda 176, 178. hlf-reingr, a, m. a half scamp, Bs. i. 517. hlf-
rtti, n. a law term (cp. fullrtti, p. 177), a slight, a personal affront or injury of the second degree,
liable only to a half ne; e.g. hlfrttis-or is a calumny in words that may be taken in both senses,
good and bad; whereas fullrttis-or is downright, unmistakable abuse, Grg. ii. 144; hence the
phrases, mla, gra hlfrtti vi e-n, i. 156, 157, ii. 153. hlfrttis-eir, m. an oath of
compurgation to be taken in a case of h., N. G. L. i. 352. hlfrttis-mar, m. a man that has
suffered hlfrtti, Gl. 105, 200. hlfrttis-ml, n. a suit of a case of h., N. G. L. i. 314. hlf-rinn,
part. having rowed half the way, half-way, Fms. viii. 312. hlf-rteldi, n., prob. corrupt, Fms. xi.
129. hlf-rmi, n. a naut. term, half a cabin, one side of a ship's cabin, Fms. viii. 138, ix. 33, x.
157, Hkr. i. 302. hlfrmis-flagar, m. pl. messmates in the same h., Edda 108. hlfrmis-kista, u,
f. a chest or bench belonging to a h., Fms. viii. 85. hlf-rkit (-rkvit, -rkvat), n. adj. half
twilight, in the evening, Grett. 137, 140 A; hlf-rkvat is the mod. form, which occurs in Grett. 79
new Ed., Jb. 176, Al. 54; vide rkvit. hlf-sagr, part. half told; in the saying, jafnan er hlfsg
saga ef einn segir = audiatur et altera pars, Grett. 121. hlf-sextugr, see hlfr II. hlf-sjaurr,
adj. = hlfsjtugr, Stj. 48. hlf-sjtugr, see hlfr II. hlf-skiptr, part. = hlitr, Fms. ii. 170, Sturl.
iii. 112. hlf-sleginn, part. half mown, of a eld. hlf-slitinn, part. half worn. hlf-sofandi, part.
half asleep. hlf-stt, n. part. half passed; hlfstt haf, a half-crossed sea. hlf-systkin, n. pl. half
brother and sister, cp. hlfbrir. hlf-systur, f. pl. half sisters. hlf-trr, see hlfr II. hlf-troll,
n. half a giant, Eg. 1, Nj. 164 (a nickname). hlf-tunna, u, f. half a tun, Vm. 44. hlf-unninn, part.
half done, Fas. ii. 339. hlf-vaxinn, part. half grown. hlf-vegis, adv. by halves. hlf-viri, n. half
worth, Jb. 403, Glm. 347, Sturl. ii. 132. hlf-visinn, part. and hlf-vista, adj. half withered, and
medic. palsied on one side. hlf-viti, a, m. a half-witted man. hlf-votr, adj. half wet. hlf-vtt, f.
half weight (a measure), Dipl. iv. 8, Fas. iii. 383. hlf-rtugr, see hlfr II; spelt half-ritogr, Js. 79.
hlf-urr, adj. half dry. hlf-verrandi, part. half waning, Js. 732 (of the moon). hlf-ynna, u, f.
a kind of small axe, Gl. 103, 104, Lv. 35. hlf-rinn, part. half sufcient, Fms. viii. 440. hlf-rr,
adj. half mad, Sks. 778. II. in mod. usage hlf is freq. used = rather, e.g. hlf-kalt, adj. rather cold:
hlf-feginn, adj., eg er hlffeginn, I am rather glad: e-m er hlf-llt, hlf-bumult, hlf-glatt, n.
adj. one feels rather ill: hlf-hungrar, hlf-svangr, hlf-soltinn, hlf-yrstr, adj. rather hungry,
rather thirsty, etc., and in endless compds.
hl-ka, u, f. slippiness; ug-hlka, gler-hlka.
HLL, adj., fem. hl, neut. hlt, [different from hallr, q.v.; O. H. G. hli; mid. H. G. hli] :--
slippery, of ice, glass, or the like, Eb. 120, 238, Fms. viii. 405, Nj. 144, Fb. ii. 327, Fs. 38, passim.
hl-leikr, m. gliding, slippiness, Clar.
HLMR, m. [A. S. healm; Engl. haulm; Germ. and Dan. halm; Gr. GREEK; Lat. calamus] :--
straw, Stj. 201, 390, 560, N. G. L. i. 38, Eg. 205, 213, 560, Fms. ii. 3, 208, vi. 153, ix. 44; mar-
hlmr, seaweed.
hlm-str, n. haulm-straw, Fas. iii. 412.
hlm-visk, f. a wisp of straw, Fms. ii. 208, vi. 212.
hlm-st, f. a ail, orf. Karl. 422.
HLS, m., prop. hals, [Goth., A. S., etc. hals; North. E. hause; cp. Lat. collum] :-- the neck; dkr
hlsi, Rm. 16; bjartr hls, 26, Fms. viii. 77; falla um hls e-m, to fall on one's neck, embrace one,
Luke xv. 20; leggja hendr um hls e-m, or taka hndum um hls e-m, id., Nj. 10, passim: phrases,
beygja hls fyrir e-m, to bend the neck to one, Fms. ix. 446; liggja e-m hlsi, to hang upon one's
neck, i.e. to reprove one, xi. 336, O. H. L. 36; standa hlsi e-m, to put the foot on one's neck, Hkv.
2. 28; and more mod., tapa hlsi, to forfeit one's neck, Rtt. 61. COMPDS: hls-beina, n. the neck-
bone, Fb. iii. 195. hls-bjrg, f. a gorget, Sturl. ii. 84, Bs. i. 541. hls-blga, u, f. bronchitis. hls-
brotna, a, to break one's neck, Fms. iii. 171. hls-digr, adj. thick-necked, Eg. 305, Fms. iii. 129.
hls-fama, a, to embrace, Str. 31. hls-faman, f. an embrace, Str. 53. hls-fang, n. embracing,
Bret. 116, Sks. 513, Stj. hls-fengja, , to embrace, Barl. 29. hls-gjr, f. a necklace, Edda 84.
hls-hgg, n. a cut or stroke on the neck, Fms. viii. 318, Bs. i. 174, Fb. i. 139. hls-hggva, hj, to
behead, Stj. 265, Hkr. i. 8. hls-jrn, n. a neck-iron, iron collar, Stj. 519, Dipl. v. 18, Fb. iii. 560.
hls-kltr, m. a neck cloth. hls-langr, adj. long-necked, Fms. vii. 175, Sd. 147. hls-lausn, f.
'neck-loosing,' i.e. giving a bondman freedom, (cp. frjls, frihals,) the rite is described in N. G. L. i.
212. hls-lir, m. a neck vertebra, Finnb. 344. hlslia-mjkr, adj. smooth-necked. hls-men, n. a
necklace, Am. 44. hls-sr, n. a neck wound, Sturl. iii. 115. hls-slag, n. = hlshgg, Fms. viii. 318.
hls-spenna, t, to clasp the neck of another, Stj. 53. hls-stefni, n. the throat; hann lagi hlsstefni
framan fyrir hstinn, Finnb. 314. hls-stig, n. treading on one's neck, Anecd. 30. hls-stuttr, adj.
short-necked.
B. Metaph., I. naut. part of the forecastle or bow of a ship or boat, (hfu, barki, hls, the head,
weasand, neck, are all naut. terms); Hmir reri hlsinum fram, Edda 35; rr Kttr sat hlsi ok
hlt vr, sl. ii. 76; reri ormr hlsi en orgeirr fyrir-rmi en Grettir skut, Grett. 125; orkell
reri fram hlsi en rr miju skipi, Falgeirr austr-rmi, Fbr. 158; hence hls-rm, n. = hls,
Fms. ii. 252. 2. the front sheet of a sail, the tack of a sail, (cp. Swed. hals p ett segel) :-- Edda (Gl.)
distinguishes between hell (q.v.), hls, hanki, hfubendur (stays); kom fall sv mikit at fr
laust vgin ok hlsana ba (brustu bir hlsar in the verse), Fas. ii. 77; en ef sax brotnar, bti tvr
ertogar, ok sv fyrir hls hvern, ok sv tvr ertugar, N. G. L. ii. 283: in mod. usage, in tacking, the
foresheet is called hls, the other skaut, -- hls heitir seglum skauti er skaut-klin (sheet clew)
hvor um sig, s er nir liggr hornunum, ok venjulega er fest skipinu ar sem hentast ykkir fram
er aptr, svo sem n kalla sjmenn horn segla au sem nir horfa hvort sem aptr eptir skipinu er
borit og ar fest, skaut (i.e. sheet), en hitt seglsins horn, sem fram eptir skipinu borit verr, hls (i.e.
tack), Skr. 214. hlsa-skaut, n. pl. the front sheet, the tack, Vtkv. II. the end of a rope; ar sem
jrin lgist millum hlsanna, leitar varinn at jrunni, Fms. xi. 441. 2. the tip of a bow to which
the string is attached, Gr. GREEK; eir hfu handboga, en jrin var sv blaut, at bogahlsinn beit
jrina nir, Al. 142; bir hrukku sundr bogahlsarnir, Fas. ii. 88; hann dregr sv bogann, at
saman tti bera hlsana, Fb. iii. 406. 3. one end of a drag-net (net-hls). 4. the neck of a bottle,
mod. III. the phrase, gir hlsar, ne fellows! good men! is almost synonymous with drengr, q.v.;
no doubt analogous to frjls, frihals, see p. 174, qs. freemen, gentlemen; vil ek n bija yr, gir
hlsar! at r leggit til at er yr ykkir rligast, Sturl. iii. 71; s n, gir hlsar! Fms. viii. 116;
get til gott r, gir hlsar! Stj. 437; hugsit um, gir hlsar! 460; munda ek heldr egja, gir
hlsar! Al. 97; sigrat hat r Serki, gir hlsar! 119. IV. a hill, ridge, esp. in Icel. of the low fells
dividing two parallel dales, cp. Lat. collis, Nj. 21, Eg. 544, Hrafn. 7, 11, Al. 93, Rm. 134, very
freq.: as also in local names, Hls, Hlsar, Glstaa-hls, Reynivalla-hls, Landn.: hls-brn, f.
the edge of a hill, Eb. 176; cp. Fr. col. V. a pr. name, Landn.
hlsa, a, pot. to embrace, Gkv. 1. 13, 3. 4. II. to clew up the sail (cp. hlsan); mlti hann til
sinna manna, at hlsa skyldi seglin, Fagrsk. 86. III. to cut boards uneven so as to leave waves
(hlsar) on the board.
hlsar, part. hilly, Stj. 94.
hlsan, f. a clewing up the sail, N. G. L. ii. 282 (Jb. 400).
hls-bk, f. a book to swear upon; the commentators explain it from its being worn round the neck,
but no doubt erroneously; it is derived from A. S. hls = salus, qs. hls-bc = healing book, holy
book, Grg. i. 70, Fms. ix. 219, Nj.
hls-stefni, n., naut. term, the prow, Edda (Gl.): metaph., Finnb. 314.
hmetta, u, f. (for. word), an amice, in church service, Vm. passim.
HR, adj., fem. h, neut. htt, vide Gramm. p. xix; compar. hri or hrri, superl. hstr; hstr and
hrstr, which are found in old printed books, are bad forms; for the inexions, (which vary much,
sometimes inserting f or v, sometimes not,) see the references below; in mod. usage the v is usually
dropped, but the cases are bisyllabic, e.g. hir, har, ha, hum, instead of the old hvir, hvar, hva,
hfum or hm; the denite form in old writers is hvi or h, in mod. hi: [Ulf. hauhs = GREEK; A.
S. heah; Engl. high; O. H. G. hoh; Hel. hoh; Germ. hoch; old Frank, hag or hach; Swed. hg; Dan.
hj; all of them with a nal guttural, which in mod. Dan. has been changed into j; the nal labial f
or v, which in olden times was so freq. before a vowel, may be compared to laugh, rough, etc. in
mod. Engl.; the g remains in the cognate word haugr] :-- high; stiga sex lna hfan, Vm. 129; hm
fjalla-tindum, Edda 144 (pref.); hfum fjllum, Sklda 181; h fjll, Getsp.; hm glga, Fsm. 45;
bekk hm, Akv. 2; hr bylgjur, Edda (Ht.); borg inni h, Am. 18; h fjalli, Gm. 17, Bs. i. 26 (in
a verse); enar hstu fjalla hir, Stj. 59; hr turn, Hkr. iii. 63; skapti var eigi hra, en ..., Eg. 285
(of a spear); htt hlaup, a high leap, i.e. from a high place, Fms. i. 166; hri en grn er vex hsta
fjalli, Hom. 152; hvar brur, Gh. 13: hvar unnir, Skv. 2. 16; hfan gar, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hvu
grasi, Hm. 120; but h grasi. Gm. 17; upp-hfa ska, high boots, Fms. vii. 321: phrases, bera hra
skjld, hlut, to carry the highest shield, lot, Fas. i. 383, Ld. 322. 2. tall; hrr mar vexti (tall of
stature), manna hstr, very tall, Fms. i. 155; hrr mar ok harvaxinn, vii. 321. 3. a metrical term;
syllables in rhyme having the same consonants and quantity of vowels are jafn-hfar, in the same
strain; kvatt sv? 'grm skmm' eigi eru r hendingar jafn hfar; 'hrmm skmm' at vri
jafnhtt, Fms. vi. 386. II. metaph. high, sublime, glorious; hrri tign, Fms. i. 214; enir hstu Gus
postular, 625. 82; hrra haldi, Fms. vii. 112; margar rur vlkar ea enn hri, or still sublimer,
Sks. 635; hljta hfan sigr, a glorious victory, Merl. 2. 69; hfan vxt, Mar. kv. 17; hstu daga,
hstu htir, the highest days or feasts (ht), Fms. x. 22. 2. at the highest pitch; mean hstir eru
stormar um vetrinn, Sks. 46; at hann vri kyrr mean hst vri vetrar, in the depth of winter, Fms.
ix. 480; mean hst vri sumars, in the height of summer, Lv. 43; htt vetrar megin, Sks.; cp. h-
degi, h-vetr, h-sumar (below), 3. loud; blsa htt (a trumpet), Vsp. 47; brestr hr, Fms. xi. IO,
Glm. 375; mla htt, to speak loud, Nj. 33; ok sng htt, it gave a loud sound, 83; kvea vi htt
ok skurliga, Fms. v. 164; etta vri eigi htt talat fyrstu, ix. 250; pa htt, Sks. 653; hafa htt,
to make a noise; cp. grta hstfum (below), h-vai (below); hn verr h vi, she became
clamorous, excited, sl. ii. 350; hlja htt, to laugh loud, Skv. 2. 15. III. a mythol. pr. name, both
Hr and Hvi, Edda; Hvi and Hr are names of Odin the High, whence Hva-ml, n. pl. the name
of a poem, the Sayings of the High. 2. prexed in the pr. names H-kon, H-leygr, H-rekr, H-
mundr, H-steinn, H-varr, H-varr; and in local names, Hfa-fell, etc. IV. neut. as adverb; geisa
htt, Edda 146 (pref.); skn hann n v hrra, Fms. v. 241; unna e-m hrra en rum, to love one
higher (more) than another, Sturl. i. 198; taka e-n htt, to make much of one, Bs. i. 727; stkkva
htt, to make a high leap, look high, Fr. 57; sitja skr hrra en arir, a step higher, Fms. i. 7. B.
COMPDS: h-altari, n. a high altar, Symb. 24, Hkr. iii. 293, Fb. ii. 376, Fms. v. 107, Dipl. iii. 4, V.
18, passim. h-bakki, a, m. a high bank: hbakka-r, f. a 'high-bank tide, ' very high tide. h-
beinn and h-beinttr, adj. high-legged, long-legged, sl. ii. 194, v. l. h-bjarg, n. a high rock, Bs. i.
49. h-bogar, adj. high-curved, as a saddle, Sks. 403. h-bor, n. a high table; in the phrase, eiga
ekki upp h-borit, not to be tip at the high table, to be held in small repute. h-brk, f., pot.
name of a hawk, Edda (Gl.), Gm.: a nickname, Hkr., Eb. h-brkan, f. prudery, Karl. 239. h-
brkask, a. dep. to puff oneself up, Fms. x. 200, Karl. 181. h-degi, n. high day, about twelve
o'clock (vide dagr), Nj. 208, Grett. 121, Landn. 94 (v. l. to midegi), Stj. 447; hdegis sl, the
midday sun, Pass. 37. 13. hdegis-skei, n. the midday time, Sturl. ii. 199: in many local names,
hdegis-vara, -bunga, denoting the point in the horizon under the hdegi. h-eyrr, f. high-bank, a
local name, Nj. h-feti, a, m. a high-stepper, pot, a racehorse, Edda (Gl.) h-fjall, n. a high fell, Eg.
58, Stj. 87, m. 45, Hm. 22, Rm. 129, Bs. ii. 5. h-r, f. a high ood-tide, Fbr. 181, orf. Karl.
420. h-fta, u, f. high-leg, a nickname, Hkr. h-fttr, adj. high-footed, Konr. h-hestr, n. a high,
tall horse. h-kirkja, u, f. a 'high-kirk,' cathedral, Magn. 420. h-leggr, adj. high-leg, a nickname,
Fb. iii. h-leikr (h-leiki), m. height, Sks. 47, 173. h- leitliga, adv.highly, gloriously, Sks. 623, Stj.
passim, Fms. i. 331, Barl. 6. h-leitligr, adj. sublime, Bs. i. 48. h-leitr, adj. high-look ing, looking
upwards; metaph. sublime, Fms. i. 96, Sturl. ii. 15, Th. 21. h-liga, adv. highly, Hom. 2 I, O. H. L. 7.
h-ligr, adj. high, sublime. h-limar, f. pl. the high branches, Stj. 534. b. a-messa, u, f. high- mass,
Fms. ii. 37, vii. 144, 188. hmessu-ml, n. high-mass time, Fms. viii. 291, Bs. ii. 24. h-mlgi, f.
loud talking, Fms, iii. 153. h- mli, n., in the phrase, komask hmli, to get out, of a rumour,
Fms. iv. 80. h-mltr, part, loud-voiced, Sturl. i. 167. h- nefjar, adj. high-nebbed, Fas. i. 73. h-
nefr, m. high-neb, a nickname, Rd. h-pallr, m. the das in a hall, Fms. vi. 440. h- reysti, f. a din,
noise, Nj. 83, Fms. i. 34, Gl. 16. h-reystr, adj. loud speaking, Greg. 54. h-salir, m. pl. the high
halls, Eg. (in a verse). h-segl, n. the 'high-sail, ' mainsail, Fas. ii. 494, Hkv. I. 29. h-seymdr, part,
studded, of a bridle, Grett. 129, Stj. 564. h- skeptr, part, high-handled, of an axe, Eb. 186, Fbr. 14.
h-skli, a, m. a high school, (mod.) h-star, m. a high place, Fms. x. 417. h-star, m. pl., in the
phrase, grta, hlja ... hstfum, to weep, cry aloud, Nj. 27, Stj. 421, Grett. 171 new Ed. h-steint,
n. adj. (= staksteinott), with rough boulders; var hsteint nni, Fms. ix. 404. h-stigi, a, m. = hfeti,
Edda (Gl.) h-sumar, n. 'high-summer, ' midsummer, Bs. 5. 32, Grett. 156 new Ed., Sks. 200.
hsumar-tmi, a, m. midsummer time. h-sti, n. a 'high-seat, ' Dan. bjsde, throne, for a king or
earl; the high-seat at a commoner's table was called ndvegi, q. v., cp. Nj. 175 hvrki em ek
konungr n jarl, ok arf ekki at gera h. undir mr, ok nrf ekki at spotta mik. Eg. 43, Nj. 6, Fms. i.
7, iv. 108, vi. 439, ix. 254; in a ship, iv. 39. hstis-bor, n. a high-teat table, Hkr. ii. 188. hstis-
kista, u, f. a ' high-seat chest, ' a das or chest near the high-seat, in which weapons and treasures
were kept, Fms. vii. 185, viii. 444, x. 360, xi. 220. hstis-mar; m. the man in the chair, sl. ii.
438. hstis-stll, m. a throne, Stj. h-talar, part. = hmltr, Bs. i. 819. h-timbra, a, to build
high, Vsp. 7, Gm. 16. h-t, f. [Germ. hochzeit; Dan. hjtid], a 'high-tide, ' a high day. festival, Bs.
i. 38, passim, Nj. 157, Fms. xi. 425, K. A. 164: proverb., ht er til heilla bezt, Ld. 176 (Fms. ii.
39): very freq. esp. in eccl. sense, Jla-h., Pska-h., Hvtasunnu-h., fingar-h.; dag ht
hldurn vr, Hlabk. htar-aptan, m. the eve of a feast, Bs. i. 170. htar- dagr, m. a high day,
Fms. ii. 198, Sturl. i. 130. htar-hald, n. the holding a feast, Hom. 83, Fms. i. 260: gen. htis
also occurs in compds, htis-dagr, m., Fms. x. 13 (v. l.), Sturl. i. 30; htis- kveld, n. =
htaraptan. ht-ligr, adv. with festivity, Hkr. i. 287, Fms. x. 149, Sks. 48. hti-ligr, adj., festive,
Sks. 465, Stj. 48, 110, 471, Hom. 97, 145, Fms. x. 280. h-vai, a, m. a noise, tumult, Bs. ii. 182,
Fas. ii, 230; hvaa, aloud, Rd. 252, Fms. i. 289, Sturl. ii. 246: the greatest number, main part of a
thing, hann ni hvaanum, he caught the main part; missa hvaan af v, to lose the main part.
h- vaa-mar, m. a haughty person, sl. ii. 203, Nj. 61, passim. hvaa- mikill, adj. haughty,
boasting, Fms. ii. 154, vi. 106, Finnb. 292. hvaa- samr, adj. boisterous, Dropl. 7. h-varr, proncd.
hvrr, adj. loud, noisy: h-vrj f. noisy, making a noise. h-vegir, m. pl. highways; in the phrase,
hafa e-n hvegum, to make much of one. h-vella, u, f. a sea-pheasant, phasianus marinus. h-
vetr, n. 'high-winter, ' midwinter, Orkn. 110, Thom. 333, Hkr. ii. 47, Bs. ii. 22, 27. h-vetri, n. =
hvetr, Fms. viii. 247 (v.l.), Fb. iii. 231, Stj. 78, Fas. iii. 371.
HR, mod. hfr, m. [Germ, hai] , a dog-sh, squalus acanthius, Sklda 162. In compds h- marks
sh of the shark kind, as h-karl (q. v.), a shark, carcharias, Ann.: h-kerling, f. = hkarl: h-meri,
f. Squalus glaucus: h-ms, f. chimaera monstrosa, Linn.; also called geirnyt, Eggert Itin. 360: h-
skeringr, m. = hkarl, Edda (Gl.), Grg. ii. 337, 359, Pm. 69: hskeringa-lsi, n. shark's oil, H. E.
i. 395: hfs- ro, n. shark's skin, shagreen.
HR, m., acc. h, pl. hir, a thole, Am. 35, Grett. 125, Fas. i. 215, ir. 313; whence h-benda, u, f.
= hamla, q. v.; h-borur, f. pl., q. v.; h-reiar, f. pl. rowlocks, prop, 'thole-gear, ' synonymous with
hamla; inn fll (sjr) um sxin ok hreiarnar, Sturl. iii. 66, (Cd. Brit. Mus., Cd. Arna-Magn.
hborurnar); leggja rar hreiar, to lay the oars in the rowlocks, Fms. xi. 70 (v. 1. to hrnlur),
101, x. 285; lgu ar rar hreium, Eg. 360 (v. l. to hmlu-bndum), Lex. Pot.: ha-seti, a, m. a '
thole-sitter, ' oarsman, opp. to the captain or helmsman, Grg. i. 90, N. G. L. i. 98, Landn. 44, Fbr.
62 new Ed., Fms. vi. 239, 246: h- stokkar, m. pl. the gunwale, Bs. i. 385, 390. p in poetry a ship is
called h-dr, n., h-sleipnir, m. the horse of rowlocks.
HR, n. [A.S. hr ; Engl. hair; Germ. har; Dan.-Swed. hr; Lat. caesaries] : hair, including
both Lat. crines and capilli, Sklda 162, Nj. 2, Sks. 288; fara r hrum, to change the hair, of
beasts, passim; eitt hr hvtt er svart, Matth. v. 36; hfu-hr, the hair of the head; lk-hr; the hair
on the body, breast, or hands of men, opp. to the head; lfalda- hr, iii. 4; hross-hr, horse-hair;
hunds-hr, kattar-hr. COMPDS: hra-lag, n. the fashion of the hair. hrs-litr, m. the colour of the
hair, Nj. 219, Fms. xi. 8, Ld. 274. ! For the hair of women, see Nj. ch. 1, 78, 117, Landn. 2, ch. 30,
Edda 21, passim; of men, Nj. ch. 121, Ld. ch. 63, and passim.
hr-amr, m., proncd. hrramr = hrhamr (cp. Ivar Aasen haaram),
the hairy side of a skin, Fas. i. 289.
hr-beittr, adj. = hrhvass.
har-bjartr, adj. bright-haired, Fas. ii. 365.
hr-dregill, m. a hair ribbon, Stj.
h-reiar, f. pl. rowlocks; see above, under hr, a thole.
hr-fagr, adj. fair-haired, a nickname of king Harold.
hr-fer, f. the fashion of the hair, Sturl. iii. 83.
hr-etta, u, f., and hr-ttingr, m. a plait of hair, Str. 40.
hr-greia, u, f. a wide-toothed comb.
hr-hvass, adj. hair-edged, as a rasor, Eg. 715.
har-kambr, in. a hair comb.
hr-kli, n. a haircloth, Fms. v. 160, Rb. 368, Hom. 105.
hr-knfr, m. a hair knife, rasor, Bs. i. 306, Dipl. v. 18, Fms. v. 185,
Stj. 409, 418, ir. 122, Str. 77.
hrr, adj. [A.S. hear; Engl. hoar], hoary; hrir ok gamlir, Haustl. 10;
hran ok skeggjaan, 655 xiv. B, Fms. vii. 321, t. 13, Fin. 34, Hm.
16; hrr skeggi, Ld. 274; hrr ulr, Hm. 135; hrir menn, old men,
Sighvat: in compds, fagr-hrr, fair-haired; dkk-harr, dark-haired;
rau-hrr, red-haired; hvt-hrr, white-haired; unn-hrr, thin-haired;
str-hrr, bristly-haired; hrokkin-hrr, curly-haired; sltt-hrr, sleek-haired; mjk-hrr, soft-haired;
laus-hrr, loose-haired, with oating
hair, of women: in mod. usually hrr (q. v.), fagr-hrr, etc.
hr-rtr or hrs-rtr, f. pl. the line on the scalp, esp. on the forehead, where the hair begins,
[cp. Ivar Aasen baargard'] ; upp hrsrtr,
upp hrsrtum, Eg. 305, Sturl. iii. 283.
hr-srr, adj. having sensitive hair.
hr-skurr, m. the cut of the hair, N. G. L. i. 345, Fms. ii. 189.
hr-taug f. a string of horse-hair, Sturl. iii. 206.
hr-toga, a, to pull by the hair: metaph. to twist or split a hair.
hr-vara, u, f, fur, Fms. x. 202.
hr-vxtr, m. hair-growth.
h-seti, a, m. a mate; see above, under hr, a thole.
h-sin, f. [the h- answers to A.S. hh, Engl. hough; cp. A.S. hohsin,
Engl. hough sinew, O.H.G. hahsa or hasina, Bavar. hchsen, mid.H.G.
hahse, Dan. hase, with a dropped n; see Grimm's Gramm. iii. 405] :
a hough sinew or tendon, Hrafn. 20, Eb. 242, passim.
HSKI, a, m. [akin to htta, q. v.; in North. E. hask is used of
a cold, stormy wind], danger, K. K. 82, Al. 30, Fms. vii. 220, 252,
passim; lfs-hski, life's peril; sjvar-h., danger on the sea; salar-h.,
soul's peril. COMPDS: hska-fr, -fer, f. a dangerous exploit, Fms.
viii. 50. hska-lauss, adj. without danger, 623. 40, Hkr. i. 488.
hska-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), dangerous. hska-samliga, adv. dangerously, Fms. ii. 16, ix. 512, Stj.
189. hska-samligr, adj. perilous, Eg. 73, Fms. i. 76, viii. 328, Gl. 199. hska-tmi, a, m. time of
danger, Sks. 45. hska-vn, f. danger to come, Sks. 182.
hs-mltr, adj. hoarse speaking, b. 13.
HSS, adj. [A. S. hs; Engl. hoarse; O. H. G. heis; Germ. heiser; Dan. hs] :-- hoarse, Fms. i.
283, passim.
h-stokkar, m. the 'thole-beam,' gunwale; see hr, a thole.
h-sti, n. a high-seat; see hr, high.
h-t, f. a feast; see hr, high.
HTTA, a, [akin to hagr, haga, q.v., qs. hagta], to dispose, contrive, with dat., Bs. i. 170, Fms. vi.
149, Hkr. i. 120, Sks. 286: with adv., htta sv, annig, Al. 104, Fms. i. 57. 2. impers. it happens;
httar sv, at hann kom, Fms. x. 404: so also in neut. part., with the auxiliary verb, Dana-virki er sv
htta, the Dannewerk is so constructed, of that nature, Germ. so beschaffen, Fms. i. 123; hversu
htta er, iv. 274; honum er sv htta, at hann fjarar allan at urru, Eb. 236; sv er htta, at ert
me barni, Anal. 137; ar er sv htta lands-legi, Fms. vii. 56; yr frndum er sv htta, you are
of that mould, Nj. 252; sv er htta, 73; hvernig var jrin httu, how was the earth shapen? Edda
6. 3. httar, part. mannered; vel, lla h., Mar.: treated, s hann hve bogi hans var til httar, Fb. i.
532.
B. To go to bed; ar vru g hbli ok heldr snemma htta, Fs. 131; hann httar snemma, ok er
eir hfu sot svefn, 143, Fas. ii. 428, freq. in mod. usage; cp. htta, to leave work.
htt-gr, adj. well-mannered, Eb. 258, Fms. ix. 4.
htt-lausa, u, f. a kind of metre, Edda 137.
htt-prr, adj. well-mannered, Fms. viii. 4.
htt-pri, n. good manners, courteousness, Fms. x. 75.
HTTR, m., gen. httar, dat. htti, pl. httir, acc. httu, [akin to hagr, qs. hagtr], manner, habit: I.
a mode of life, habit; rkra manna httr, Nj. 268; fara vel me snum httum, to conduct oneself
well, Eg. 65; ra sjlfr httum snum, to be one's own master, Fms. vii. 199; fornmennis-httr, ii.
59; riddaraligr httr, x. 230; vkinga-httr, Fb. i. 412; at er httr sklda at (it is the fashion of poets
to) lofa ann mest er eru eir fyrir, Hkr. (pref.): htta-gr, adj. well-mannered, Eb. 258: halda
teknum htti, to go on in one's usual way, persevere, Fb. ii. 85, Eb. 77. 2. conduct; vanda um httu
manna, Fb. ii. 37. II. a mode, way of doing a thing; kunna htt e-u, to know how to do a thing,
Barl. 101 :-- answering to Lat. hoc modo, hunc ad modum, hann reist rn baki honum me eima
htti, at ..., Hkr. i. 108; hann st upp ok svarai erendi konungs me essum htti (as follows),
Fms. i. 33; me hverjum htti, in what manner? how? me ymsum htti, etc. 2. appearance,
manner; hversu vru eir menn htt, how did those men look? Stj. 396; jrin ok drin ok
fuglarnir hfu saman eli sumum hlutum, en lk at htti, but unlike in manners, Edda 144
(pref.): manner, kind, s er annarr httr jarldms, N. G. L. ii. 403. 3. moderation, measure; girni
kann engan htt, Hom. 18; hfsemi er httr alls lfs, 28. 4. adverbial usages answering to Lat, -modi
in hujusmodi, ejusmodi: u. gen., mikils httar, Fms. vi. 20, 144, 229, viii. 198, x. 234; ltils httar,
insignicant, vi. 7, 229, viii. 198; minna httar, i. 160; alls-httar, of every kind, iii. 184; nokkurs
httar, in some way, Stj. 178; ess-httar, of that kind, Edda 149 (pref.), passim; engis-httar, in
nowise, Stj. 81; margs-httar, of many kinds, Stj. passim. . acc., allan htt, in every respect, Bs. i.
857; engan htt, by no means; ymsan htt, in various respects; hvrigan htt, etc. . eptir htti,
duly, tolerably, as may be expected. III. a metre; enna htt fann fyrst Veili, Edda (Ht.) 131; eir
ltu vera mm vsur me hverjum htti, Orkn. 304, cp. Edda (Ht.) passim; eptir htti, in the proper
metre, Edda 131. Names of metres, Kviu-httr, the epic metre (as the Vlusp), Sklda; Lja-h. or
Ljs-h., the trimeter in old saws and didactic poems (as the Hva-ml); Mla-h., Ref-hvarfa-h.,
Orskvia-h., Draugs-h., Flaga-h., Dri-h., Ni-h., lags-h., Htt-lausa: derived from the names of
men, Egils-h., Braga-h., Torf-Einars-h., Fleins-h.; Nfu-h., Edda; of countries, Grnlenzki-h.,
expounded in Edda (Ht.) and Httat. Rgnvalds, Sklda: a saying is called mls-httr. COMPDS:
htta-fll, n. pl. a aw in a metre, Edda (Ht.) 134, 135, Sklda 210. htta-lykill, m. a key to metres,
the name of an old poem on metres, Orkn. 304 (printed at the end of the Sklda, Reykjavk 1849).
htta-skipti, n. a shifting of metre, Edda 129. htta-tal, n. a number of metres, the name of a poem
on metres, = Htta-lykill, Edda 192; also in the title of Edda (Ub.) ii. 250.
htt-samr, adj. conducted, Stj. 206.
htt-semi, f. conduct.
httung, f. danger, risk, Fms. vi. 206, Fas. i. 178, Bs. ii. 120; cp. htting.
h-vai, a, m. a noise; see hr, high.
h-varr, adj. loud, noisy; see hr, high.
han, adv., hiean in an old vellum, 655 x. 2, which shews that the pronunciation was the same
then as now, [A. S. heonan; North. E. hein and hine; cp. Germ. hin] :-- hence, from this place, Gm.
28, Ls. 7, Skm. 38, Hbl. 13, Am. 36, Nj. 32, Jb. 10, Grg. i. 150, Edda 8; fyrir han e-t, on the
hither side, Symb. 30; fyrir han hat, on the hither side of the sea, Fas. ii. 240. II. temp.
henceforth, Fms. vi. 279, xi. 84; han fr, han fr (mod. han af), hereafter, Nj. 83, sl. ii. 237.
han-kvma, u, f. departure from hence, Fas. ii. 121 (in a verse).
HINN, m., dat. hni, [akin to hana, q.v.], a jacket of fur or skin, Hm. 72; lf-hinn, wolf-
coat, Fs. 77, the name of a berserker, 17; geit-hinn, a goat's skin coat, Nj. 211; bjarn-hinn, a
bear's skin coat; the phrase, veifa hni at hfi e-m, to wrap a skin round one's head, to hoodwink
one, Eb. 32 new Ed., Grett. ch. 66, . H. 139: hin-stykki, n. a piece of fur, D. N. II. a mythical
pr. name, Edda, Lex. Pot.: in compds, Bjarn-hinn, lf-hinn, Skarp-hinn, Bs., Landn., Nj.
hra, adv. [Ulf. hidre = GREEK], hither or here; hra nr, Landn. 146; mnnum hra, the men
here, Dropl. 22; hann ferr hra at heimboum, Boll. 346, Fms. vi. 428 (in a verse).
HEF, f. [hafa, to take, = Lat. usu-capere], a law term, loss or gain of claim by lapse of time; hef
ok land, Bs. i. 689; hef lands-laga, 720; me rttri ok lglegri hef, 730, Rtt. 230, D. N. passim,
H. E. i. 456, cp. Jb. s. v. tuttugu r, pp. 142, 251, 351. COMPDS: hefar-mar, m. a claimant by
possession, Bs. i. 731. hefar-vitni, n. a witness in a case of hef, Gl. 300. hefa-skipti, n. a
change of hef, D. N. II. [hefja], reputation: hefar-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), ne, grand: hefar-
mar, m. an eminent man, Fms. iii. 134.
hefa, a, to take, by way of usucaptio, D. N., Mar.
HEFILL, m. [from hefja, to heave; from this Norse word are no doubt derived the Engl. to haul
and halyard, 'hel' or 'hal' being contracted from hell], a naut. term, the clew-lines and bunt-lines of
a sail; lta san sga r heum (to unfurl the sail), ok skja eptir eim, Fb. iii. 563; lt hann
hleypa r heunum segli skeiinni, . H. 182 (Fb. l.c. homlu wrongly); N. G. L. i. 199
distinguishes between hell, sviptingr (reefs), hanki (blocks): hel-skapt, n. a boat-hook to pull the
sail down; reif Ingimundr helskapt ok vildi kippa ofan, Bs. i. 422: hea-skurr, m. = hean,
q.v.; mnka skal sigling me hlsan ok heaskur, N. G. L. i. 282. II. a plane, (mod., from Germ.
hobel.)
HEFJA, pret. hf, pl. hfu; part. hann, but also har (weak); pres. indic. hef; pret. subj. h,
with neg. suff. hf-at, Korm.; [Ulf. hafjan; A. S. hebban; Engl. heave, pret. hove; O. H. G. hafan;
Germ. heben; Dan. hve; Swed. hfva; cp. Lat. capere, in-cipere.]
A. To heave, lift, raise; hefja stein, to lift a stone, Eg. 142; ok munu n ekki meira hefja fjrir menn,
140; (hn) hf hann at lopti, hove him aloft, t. 9; hefja e-n til himins, Edda 61 (in a verse); hf
hann sr af herum hver, Hym. 36; er hefja af hvera (mod. taka ofan pott, to take the pot off),
Gm. 42; hf sr hfu upp hver Sifjar verr, Hm. 34; hn hfat augu af mr, she took not her eyes
off me, Korm. 16; hann hf upp augu sn, he lifted up his eyes, 623. 20; hefja sik lopt, to make a
leap, Nj. 144. 2. phrases, hefja handa, to lift the hands (for defence), Nj. 65, Ld. 262; h. hfus, to
lift the head, stand upright, be undaunted; s er n her eigi hfus, Nj. 213: h. sinn munn sundr,
to open one's mouth, Sturl. iii. 189: hefja graut, skyr, etc., to lift the porridge, curds, etc., eat food
with a spoon, Fms. vi. 364; Rindill hf (Ed. hafi wrongly) skyr ok mataisk skjtt, Lv. 63. 3. hefja
t, to lift out a body, carry it from the house (t-hafning), Eg. 24; er mik t hefja, Am. 100; var
konungr har daur r hvlunni, Hkr. iii. 146. The ceremony of carrying the corpse out of the
house is in Icel. still performed with solemnity, and followed by hymns, usually verses 9 sqq. of the
25th hymn of the Passu-Slmar; it is regarded as a farewell to the home in which a person has lived
and worked; and is a custom lost in the remotest heathen age; cp. the Scot. to lift. . hefja (barn) r
heinum dmi, to lift (a bairn) out of heathendom, is an old eccl. term for to be sponsor (mod. halda
undir skrn), Sighvat (in a verse); N. G. L. i. 350 records three kinds of sponsorship -- halda barni
undir primsignan, nnur at hefja barn r heinum dmi, rija at halda barni er biskup fermir: to
baptize, skal at barn til kirkju fra ok hefja r heinum dmi, 12; barn hvert er borit verr eptir
ntt ina helgu, skal haft vera (baptized) at Pskum, id. 4. to exalt, Ad. 20, cp. with Yngl. S. ch.
10; hf hann Jseph til smar, Sks. 454; hafr til rkis, 458; upp hafr, 451; nd hennar var upp
hf yr ll engla fylki, Hom. 129; hann mektaisk mjk ok hf sik of htt af eim aufum, Stj.
154; at hann h upp (exaltaret) Gus or me tungunni, Sklda 208; konungr hf hann til mestu
metora, 625. 31: er hans rki hf, 28. II. impers., 1. to be heaved, hurled, drifted, by storm, tide, or
the like; hf upp knrr (acc.) undir Eyjafjllum, a ship was upheaved by the gale, Bs. i. 30; hf
ll skipin (acc. the ship drifted) saman inn at landinu, Hkr. i. 206; etta hf (drifted) fyrir straumi,
iii. 94; eir ltu hefja ofan skipin forstreymis, let the ship drift before the stream, Fms. vii. 253;
Birkibeina hefr undan, the B. went back, ix. 528. 2. medic., en er af henni hf ngvit (acc. when she
awoke, of one in a swoon), Bjarn. 68; hf af mr vmur allar (acc. all ailments left me), sv at ek
kenni mr n hvergi llt, Sturl. ii. 54; ek s at ert flr mjk, ok m vera, at af r ha, I see thou
art very pale, but may be it will pass off, Finnb. 236; hf honum heldr upp brn (acc. his face
brightened), Eg. 55. III. reex. to raise oneself, to rise; hefjask til friar, to raise war, rebel, Eg.
264. . to be raised; hefjask til rkis, to be raised to the throne, Fms. i. 99; hefjask htt, to be
exalted, Fs. 13; hann hafi hask af sjlfum sr, he had risen by himself, Eg. 23; fll Hkon en
hfsk upp Magnss konungr, Sturl. i. 114; rr hfsk (rose) af essu, Landn. 305, Hom. 152. 2.
phrases, hefjask vi, to lay to, a naut. term; lt jarl hefjask vi ok bei sv sinna manna, Fms.
viii. 82; hefjask undan, to retire, draw back, Sd. 144: in the phrase, hefjask af hndum e-m, to leave
one; hefsk n aldregi af hndum eim, give them no rest, Fms. xi. 59. 3. part., rttnefjar ok hat
upp framanvert, Nj. 29.
B. Metaph. to raise, begin, Lat. incipere: 1. to raise; hefja okk, to raise a party, a rebellion, Fms.
viii. 273; h. rannskn, to raise an enquiry, Grg. ii. 193; h. kall, to raise a claim, Eg. 39; h. brig,
to make a reclamation, Gl. 295. 2. to begin; hefja teiti, Fms. vii. 119; h. gildi, Sturl. i. 20; h. Jla-
hald, to begin (keep) Yule, Fms. i. 31; h. boskap, ii. 44: of a book, ar hefjum vr sgu af hinum
helga Jni biskupi, Bs. i. 151; h. ml, to begin one's speech, Ld. 2; h. fer, to start, Fb. ii. 38; h.
orrustu. . with prep. upp, (hence upp-haf, beginning); hf Helgi upp ml sitt, Boll. 350; Egill hf
upp kvit, E. began his poem, 427; hann heyri messu upp hafna, Fms. v. 225; hefja upp slm, to
begin a hymn, 623. 35; Flosi hf upp surgngu sna, F. started on his pilgrimage, Nj. 281; h. upp
gngu sna, to start, Rb. 116. . hefja rs, to take to one's feet; san hefr hann rs ok rann til
bjarins, Eg. 237; hinir Gautsku hfu (thus weak vide hafa C. 2) rs undan, Fms. iv. 120. .
absol., hann hf sv, he began thus, Fms. i. 33; ar hef ek upp, vii. 146; ar skal hefja upp vi
arftku-mann, start from the a., Grg. i. 62. II. impers. to begin; hr hefr ingfara-blk (acc.), Gl.
5; hr hefr upp Kristindms-blk, 39, 75, 378; hr hefr Landnma-bk, Landn. 24; hr hefr upp
landnm Vestringa fjrungi, 64, 168 (v.l.), 237 (v.l.); hr hefr Kristni-Sgu, Bs. i. 3; n hefr at
hversu Kristni kom sland, id.; hr hefr sgu af Hrafni Hrafnsevri, 639; hr hefr upp ok segir fr
eim tindum, er ..., Fms. viii. 5; r en he sjlfa bkina, Gl.; hr hefr sgu Gsla Srs-sonar,
Gsl. (begin.), v.l.: with upp, ok upp hefr Skldskapar-ml ok Kenningar, Edda (Arna-Magn.) ii.
427; hr hefr upp Konunga-bk og hefr fyrst um rijunga-skipti heimsins, Hkr. Cod. Fris. 3; hann
kom til Tnsbergs er upp hf Adventus Domini, Fms. ix. 338. III. reex. to begin; ar hefsk saga
Harar, Landn. 62; hvaan her hazk s rtt, whence originates that art? Edda 47; hr hefjask
upp landnm, Landn. 275; hfsk rki Haralds konungs, king H.'s reign began, Ld. 2; r Rmverja-
rki hfsk, Rb. 402; hfusk (hfusk, Ed. wrongly) enn orrostur af nju, Fms. xi. 184; hvernig
hazk her essi hfa, Al. 125; n hefsk nnur tungl-ldin, Rb. 34; hefsk vetr, 70-78, 436.
HEFLA, a, to furl the sail by hauling in the bunts and clews; ltum vr Hrapp n seglit, at var
heat upp vi rna, Nj. 135; lt hann h. ok bei lis sns, . H. 182; san var heat konungs-
skipinu, ok var sagt nnur skipin, at ll skyldu sigla jafn-framt, Fms. ix. 285; ba jarl hea ok
ba eirra er sarr fri, Fb. ii. 563; hafi Erlingr heat skei sinni, at eigi skyldi hn ganga
hvatara en nnur skip, Fagrsk. 86, (hei skeiinni, at hn gangi eigi undan rum skipum, v.l.)
II. to plane, (mod.)
hean, f. a hauling in the clews and bunts of a sail, N. G. L. i. 282, v.l.
HEFNA, d, also spelt hemna, N. G. L. i. 19, [Dan. hvne; Swed. hmna] :-- to revenge, with dat.
of the person and gen. of the thing, or ellipt. omitting either the gen. or the dat., or adding an
adverb: I. gener. to avenge, take vengeance; hefna Grmi sinnar svviringar, Fms. ii. 172; vildi jarl
n gjarna h. orlei essar smnar, Fb. i. 213; ek at h. honum mikillar sneypu, Fms. x. 341; sagi
hvers honum var at hefna, Bret. 50; tt honum at hefna frnda-lts, Fb. ii. 350; at hann mundi
henni ess srliga h., 381; ea hverr er hr s rkis-manna, er eigi muni honum eiga at h. strsaka?
. H. 213; ek skal fara me r ok skulu vit hefna honum, Eg. 189; v mli ek eigi mti, at r
farit vi lii ok hefnit eim, Fms. ix. 306; hn hefnir ok eim er briga, Edda 21. . with gen.,
skal ek essa hefna, Nj. 19; Gu hefnir sv reii sinnar, Sks. 338; go hefna eigi alls egar, Nj. 132:
h. sn, to avenge oneself; s mar er er unnit at hefna sn, Grg. ii. 17; hefnit yar eigi sjlr,
Rom. xii. 19; ok bls sinna jna her hann hefnt, Rev. xix. 2; eir menn, er eir ttu minna at
hefna, those men who had less to avenge, Eg. 86; verr eim v ekki skjtt hefndr sinn smi, Fbr.
22. . with prep. ; hefna e-s e-m, to avenge a thing upon one, Eg. 425, Fb. i. 471, Sks. 719, Sturl.
ii. 148; this also is the mod. usage, og hefnir vors bls eim, Rev. vi. 10: singly, hefna e-m, en
ef hann vill eigi bta, megu frndr hins daua h. honum, N. G. L. i. 122. II. with a single gen.
and referring to the blood revenge; hversu Hkon jarl hefndi fur sns, Fms. i. 56; hefna
Rgnvalds, ix. 306; h. myndi Hskuldr n, Nj. 176; at hefnir eirra sra allra, er hann hafi sr
dauum, id.; hefnd (imperat.) vr, en vr n ef vr lifum eptir, 198; at hlgir mik, segir
Skarphinn, ef kemsk brott, mgr, at munt h. mn, 202; sverja ann ei, at hverr skal annars
h. sem brur sins, Gsl. 11; n vilda ek til ess mla, at hvrr okkarr hefndi annars, s er lengr
lifi, ef vit hfum lt af vpnum er manna-vldum, Barn. 58; er r meiri nausyn at h. fur
ns en sp mr slkar spr, Mj. 182; en vri honum eigi skyldra at h. fur sns, en at kasta
ntum orum mik -- konungr mlti, er at satt, Halli, at har eigi hefnt fur ns? Fms. vi.
367; at var mlt, at s vri skyldr at h. er vpni kipti r sri, Gsl. 22. For the old blood revenge
see the Sagas passim, e.g. Ld. ch. 60, Gsl., Fbr., Grett. (ne), Heiarv. S., Orkn. ch. 8. But even in
the Saga time a more law-abiding spirit began to prevail, and a settlement (gr) took place in many
cases instead of the old practice of taking life for life; and so the law distinguishes between mann-
hefndir and sektir, i.e. blood-vengeance and temporary exile or the like; indicative of this better
spirit is the old saying, jafnan orkar tvmlis at hefnt s, revenge always causes dissension, Nj.
139: revenge amongst kinsmen was forbidden, sr hefnir, tt eir sakar gri | at kvea
dauum duga, Sdm. 22, cp. tt-vg, cp. also Ld. ch. 53 sqq. and many other passages; a touching
instance is recorded in Nj. ch. 146, p. 248; it is characteristic of the old times, that bloodshed might
be atoned for, but not slander, calumny, or imprecations, cp. annars dags lttu hans ndu farit, Sdm.
24, 25, and many passages in the Sagas, e.g. Glm. ch. 7, 18, Lv. ch. 13, Nj. ch. 44, 92, orst. Su
H., cp. also Hm. 28, 72. III. impers., e-m hefnir e-t, to pay dearly for; sv hefndi honum at mikla
mikillti, at hann gkk braut fullr af harmi, Edda 22; hljp lafr fen eitt bum ftum ... v
bar sv til, at mr hefndi, Fms. x. 261. IV. reex. to take revenge; at hefnask e-m, to take revenge
on one, Br. 5; leituu Normenn at hefnask, Fms. i. 108; fru au or um, at Dana-konungr mundi
ess hefnask, 29; hefnask sinnar svviringar, Gl. 183; hefnask sn, hefna sn, 184: with gen. of the
person, ok sv eir er hemnask essara bta-manna, as also the persons who take revenge on these
miscreants, N. G. L. i. 19 (rare). 2. reex. impers. (see III. above), to come to make retribution (of
Nemesis); e-m hefnisk e-t or e-s, hvrt mun Gunnari aldri hefnask essi jafnar? eigi mun at
segir, segir Rtr, hefnask mun honum vst, the day of retribution will come to him, Nj. 38: very freq.
in mod. usage of just retribution, mr hefndisk fyrir a; r hefnist fyrir a, used even of slight
matters. V. part. as adj. hefndr, revenged; compar., era slks manns at hefndra sem Gregorius var,
tt eir komi allir fyrir, Hkr. iii. 399; tt fur vrs s eigi at hefndra (viz. though he be slain), Fs.
40. 2. hefnandi, part. act. a revenger, Greg. 41: pot. = sons, as the duty of revenge devolved upon
the nearest heir, Lex. Pot.
hefnd, f. revenge, vengeance; mun oss vera v engi hefnd n frami, Nj. 38; mikil, ltil hefnd e-
m, Fas. i. 523; gulig hefnd, divine vengeance, Nemesis, Fms. v. 224; drepa menn hefnd eptir e-n,
sl. ii. 118. 2. esp. in plur. blood revenge; leita hefnda, Ld. 260, passim; mann-hefndir, life for life
revenge; brur-hefndir, fur-hefndir, revenge for a brother's or father's slaughter. COMPDS:
hefnda-laust, n. adj. without retribution, Fms. x. 33, Sturl. i. 153. hefndar-dagr, m. a day of
vengeance, Barl. 37. hefndar-dmr, m. Nemesis, retribution, Greg. 24. hefndar-gjf, f. a gift of
revenge, ill-fated gift, donum Danaorum. hefndar-hnd, f. a hand of retribution, Pass. 37. 13.
hefndar-mar, m. an avenger, Br. 3. hefndar-or and hefndar-yri, n. pl., read hermdar-yri,
q.v.
hefni-lei (hefnileit, Fr. 254, wrongly), f., in the phrase, ra h. e-s, to set about taking revenge,
to take vengeance, Sturl. iii. 118, 149, Fas. iii. 540, Fr. 254.
hefnir, m. an avenger, heir, son, Lex. Pot.
hefni-samr, adj. revengeful, Hkr. ii. 96, Bs. i. 810.
hefni-semi, f. revengefulness, Hom.
Hefring, f., mythol. one of the northern Nereids, Edda.
hegat, vide hingat.
HEGA, a, [hagr]; hega e-u, to arrange a thing ( = haga e-u), Stj. 131, Mar.: hega sr, to
conduct oneself, Bs. i. (Laur.)
hegan, f. arrangement, H. E. i. 246: mod. usage eccl. conduct, freq.
hegeitill, m. a int; spelt hegeitel, Bs. i. 674, ii. 56, 134, Karl. 321, Barl. 181 (see note); hegettill,
Flov. 41; the true form is prob. heggeitill, Ivar Aasen heggjeitel, which in Norway is used of
nodules (eitill, q.v.) in stones; the word is still used in western Icel. (safjarar-ssla).
Heggnir, m. pl. the men of the county Hggen in Norway, Fms.
HEGGR, m. [Ivar Aasen hegg; Swed. hgg], a kind of tree, the bird-cherry, Edda (Gloss.): freq. in
old poetry, Lex. Pot.: whence Dan. hgge-br, hgge-blomst, etc.
h-gilja (or h-gylja), u, f. a 'vain song,' nonsense, tittle-tattle, = Lat. nugae; eir tala drambsm
or hgyljunnar, 2 Pet. ii. 18.
hegja, u, f. [from hagr], fate, condition, d. 20, Rekst. 23, Merl. 2. 20, as also Orkn. 188, v.l.,
where the probable reading is emk hegju jarla traur at segja, I am unwilling to tell the earl's fate.
hegla, , [hagl, cp. Dan. hegle], to hail, Art., Lex. Pot.
HEGNA, d, [A. S. hegjan; Engl. hedge; Germ. hegen; Dan. hegne]: -- to hedge, fence, with acc.;
allt at aldin er menn hira ok hegna me grum er gzlum, Jb. 429. 2. metaph. to protect; at
hegna lnd sn, Fas. i. 376 (Skjld. S.); allir menn eru skyldir vi at hegna Kristni, N. G. L. i. 352;
hegni eir selver sn, sem menn hegna eignir snar land upp, me laga-kei, 252; -- in this
sense the word is obsolete in Icel., but 3. is freq. in eccl. usage, u. hegna lkam sinn fr munuum,
to keep one's body from lusts, Hom. 85; h. oss (acc.) at syndum, to keep us from sin, 74. . to
punish; hann hegndi harliga allar lgleysur ok siu, Magn. 472. II. to chastise, with acc., but in
mod. usage with dat.; hegna lli ok rns-menn, Fms. vii. 16, (but dat. v.l. of the Hrokkinskinna, a
MS. of the 15th century); the dat. seems to be due to an ellipse, e.g. Haraldr Hrfagri fr einu
sumri vestr um haf at h. vkingum (for hegna land vkingum, to clear the land of vikings, pacify it),
Orkn. 10.
hegnar, m. defence, Gl. 56: chastisement, hegnaar-hamarr, hammer of punishment, Mar. 200.
hegnur, m. a chastiser, is the name of a staff borne in court, Vd. ch. 44.
hegnari, a, m. an avenger, Fms. v. 241.
hegnd, f. castigation, punishment, Stj. 40, 67, Bs. i. 288.
hegning, f. = hegnd, K. . 46, Valla L. 209, Fms. iii. 89, v. 320. hegningar-vndr, m. a rod of
chastisement, Stj. 653.
hegnir, m. a defender, chastiser, Lex. Pot.
hgma, a, to speak falsely, vainly; orbjrn kva eigi hgma fr, Th. said it was not untrue,
Hv. 45; h. ok ljga, Stj. 34, 131, 150, Bs. ii. 137; h. e-n, to slander one, Mag.
h-gmi, a, m. [the prexed syllable h- in hgmi and hgilja has no independent existence, but
seems to be identical with Goth. hivi (by which word Ulf. renders the Gr. GREEK, 2 Tim. iii. 5), A.
S. hiv, Engl. hue, denoting outward appearance, with a notion of falseness; thus hgmi literally
denotes whatever is false to the touch or taste, h- and gmr, q.v.]: I. a cobweb, litter, dust, esp.
within doors; reykr, hgmi, flski, fys, fjkandi lauf og str, Hallgr., freq. in mod. usage; it can
only be accidental that the word is not found in old writers. II. metaph. falsehood, folly, nonsense;
var at ekki nema hgmi vndra manna, Fms. ix. 449 (v.l. to lygi ein); sumir lsu bkr fyrir
honum til essa hgma (nonsense), 460, v.l.; en Svar mla essu mt ok telja hgma at ar ha
menn farizk, . H. 18; en vr hfum seti hr at hgma hans ok ginningum, Ld. 322; mikill h.,
great nonsense, Fms. vi. 445; af alvru er af hgma, Eg. 729; mla tl ok hgma, Nj. 358; h. ok
uppsltta, Fms. ix. 285; segisk elska mik, en at er ekki nema h. inn, Stj. 417; hyggja
hgma, to think foolishly, Hom. 69; ekki sinni ek hgma num, sl. ii. 214; vera at hgma, to
be set at naught, Barl. 8. 19, Stj. 433; heimsins h., Barl. 91; segja hgma e-n, to slander one,
Karl. 57; eigi skal hafa nafn Drottins hgma, Pr. 437; mod., skalt ekki leggja nafn Drottins
Gus ns vi h., Exod. xx. 7. 2. mod. vanity, vain things; hgmi hgmans og allt er h., Eccles. i.
2, 14; skepnan er hgmanum undir gen, Rom. viii. 20; hgma sns hugskots, Ephes. iv. 17.
COMPDS: hgma-dr, f. vain-glory, Bs. i. 373, Stj. 146. hgma-lf, n. a vain life, Hom. 93.
hgma-mar, m. a charlatan, liar, Karl. 274: mod. a vain, idle person. hgma-mal, n, a vain
speech, Fms. iv. 258, xi. 248. hgma-nafn, n. an empty name, sham name, Hkr. ii. 268. hgma-
starf, n. vain labour, Stj. 298.
hgmliga, adv. vainly.
hgmligr, adj. vain, false, Stj. 142; h. dyr, Al. 130; h. kenning, 623. 19, Sks. 620; h. guir, Stj.
449; h. fortala, Anecd. 3; heimsk ok h., MS. 673. 46; h. draumar, Bret.: h. virlagning, superuous
addition, Sklda 187.
HEGRI, a, m. [A. S. higora; Germ. heher; Dan. hejre; Swed. hgar], a heron or hern, Lat. ardea,
Edda (Gl.), Hm., Fms. ix. 9: in local names, Hegra-nes, Landn.; Hegranes-ing, Fms. x. 113.
hei, exclam. ey! Sturl. iii. 188.
HEI, n. brightness of the sky; hei ok slskin, . H. 108, Bs. i. 339; slina, ef heii mtti sj, K.
. K. 96: in plur., frost fylgi mikit verinu, ok vru stundum hei himininn upp, the gale was
followed by sharp frost, and now and then there were bright spots up in the sky, Bjarn. 54; ver var
bjart ok skein sl heii, Fms. v. 77; tungli a skn heii, Rb. 108; sem er roar fyrir
upprennandi slu hinu fegrsta heii, Karl. 111, v.l.; sem rull renni upp heii, Arnr: in poetry
the heaven is called heis h-rann, the high hall of brightness, Lex. Pot.
HEI, f. a fee, stipend, payment, an obsolete word only found in poets; the phrase, haptsnis hei,
the atoning fee of the gods = poetry, a song, in a verse of Kormak, seems to refer to the tale in Edda
47 (Skldskapar-ml, ch. 3); whence hei-f, n. a fee, stipend, Edda (Gl.): hei-frmur, m. an
epithet of a king: hei-gjf, f. a gift of fee: hei-launar, part. paid, granted in fee, N. G. L. i. 91:
hei-mar, m. a king's man, who holds land in fee from the king: hei-menningr, m. a nickname,
Landn.: hei-mrr, adj. open-handed: hei-sr, adj. sowing gold, open-handed, Lex. Pot.: hei-
egi, a, m. = heimar, esp. of a king's man, answering to the mod. soldier; for all these words vide
Lex. Pot. II. hence metaph. worth, value; ltils heiar, of small worth, of small repute, Fms. vi. 130
(in a verse); Daniel s einskis heiar Bel, D. saw naught of worth in Bel, Blanda: whence the mod.
compds, heiar-liga, adv. worthily; heiar-ligr, adj. worthy, honourable; vide heir below.
heia, dd, to brighten, dispel the clouds, Skld-H. R. 3. 1.
hei-birta, u, f. brightness of the sky.
hei-bjartr, adj. serene, Lex. Pot., freq. in mod. usage.
heiin-dmr, m. heathendom, Hkr. ii. 65, freq. in mod. usage, but originally in two words.
heiingi, a, m. [heiinn], a heathen, gentile, . H., Nj., Bs. (Kristni S.) passim. II. pot. a wolf,
either metaph. from heiingi, or from heir, a heath, one who lives on heaths and wildernesses,
Edda (Gl.), Akv. 8; it occurs besides twice or thrice in poems of the time of king Harald Harri,
11th century.
heiingligr, adj. heathen, Fms. i. 137, passim.
HEIINN, adj. [A. S. hen; Engl. heathen; O. H. G. heidan; Germ. heide and heidnisch; Dan.
hedensk; this word is prob. derived not from heir, a heath, but from Gr. GREEK as used in the N.
T.; Ulf. in a single passage, Mark vii. 26, renders GREEK by qino haino; it is even possible that
the eccl. paganus, which, according to Du Cange, only appears after A.D. 365, may be merely a
translation of the Teutonic word under the notion that haian was derived from haii = a heath,
open country (Gr. GREEK, Lat. pagus): then, as haii was pronounced much like GREEK, the true
etymology of heiinn was lost; and so the long vowel and the aspirated initial may be accounted for.
To the worshippers of Thor and Odin the name heathen was unknown; Christians were the rst that
used the word, and we meet with it rst in Hkm. of Eyvind, who speaks of heiin go, heathen
gods; heiinn stallr, a heathen altar, Kristni S., by the missionary orvald, A.D. 982; it is also used
by Hallfred and Sighvat; heiinn dmr, heathendom, Sighvat; heinar stjrnur, heathen stars, Sl.:
the verse in sl. ii. 50 is spurious (as are all the verses of that Saga); so also the verses in Landn. 84
(Hb.), and in Bergba-ttr, where the word heiinn is put into the mouth of a ghost and a giant, in
songs which are merely a poetical ction of later times. The word heiingi for wolf is curious:
probably it is merely a metaph. phrase from heiinn, gentilis, and if so, it gives an additional
evidence to the age of the poem Atla-kvia; which poem, from its nickname the 'Greenlandish,'
cannot be older than the discovery of Greenland, A.D. 985] :-- heathen, gentilis, ethnicus, the Sagas
passim, esp. Nj. ch. 101-106, Kristni S., . T., . H., etc.: a child not christened was in olden times
called heathen, N. G. L. i. 340; heiit mor, the murder of an infant not christened, 339: in mod.
Icel. usage, a boy or girl before conrmation is called heathen; this improper use of the word is
caused by a confusion between baptism and conrmation: so in Norway a woman between child-
birth and churching is called heathen (Ivar Aasen).
heiir, m., pot. a hawk, Edda (Gl.)
heinask, a, dep. to become heathen, Fms. x. 313.
heineskr, adj. heathen, H. E. ii. 91 (rare). II. from Heimrk, f. a county in Norway, D. N.
heini, f. heathendom, Fms. i. 47, passim: heathen worship, heathen practice, fremja h., N. G. L. i.
182; en sar fm vetrum vas s heini af numin sem nnur, b. 12, Nj. 160: the heathen age,
Frirekr kom heini hr, b. 13: a heathen country, Fb. i. 343.
HEIR, adj. [vide hei, n.; Germ. heiter], bright, cloudless, only of the sky, in the allit. phrase,
heir himin, a clear sky, Hbl. 19, Stj. 305, Eb. 48 new Ed., Fms. v. 81: in poetry, heiar stjrnur,
bright stars, Vsp. 57; heir dagr, a bright day, Skv. 3. 53.
HEIR, f., dat. and acc. heii, pl. heiar; mod. nom. heii, vide Gramm. p. xxvii, col. 2, and p.
xxviii; [Ulf. haii = GREEK, Matth. vi. 28, 30, Luke xv. 15, xvii. 7, 31; and haiivisks = GREEK;
A. S. h; Engl. heath; O. H. G. haida; Germ. heide; Dan. hede; Swed. hed] :-- a heath; in Icel.
particularly heir (or heii) is chiey used of a low barren heath or fell; thus in local names heir is
a common name for the barren tracts of fell between the foot of one fjord or dale and another, see
the map of Icel. passim, Nj. 158, Eg. 137, 275, Grg. i. 440. COMPDS: heiar-brekka, u, f. and
heiar-brn, f. the brink or edge of a heath, Hrafn. 28, Fbr. 39, Sturl. i. 33, 84. heiar-hna, n, f. a
heath-hen, moor-fowl, Orkn. (in a verse). heiar-vegr, m. a road through a heath, Bs. i. 318.
Heiar-vg, n. a ght on the Heath, sl. ii. 259, Landn. i. 70; whence Heiarvga-saga, u, f. the
name of a Saga, Eb., cp. Sturl. i. 122: freq. in local names, Heia-br, Fms. xii. II. a pr. name of a
sybil, Vsp., as also freq. in compd names of women, usually dropping the h, Ragn-eir, Baug-eir:
Hei-rekr, m. name of a king.
heir, m., gen. heirs, [akin to hei, f. above, q.v.; Dan. hder; Swed. hder] :-- honour; it does not
occur in very old or class. writers; til heirs ok smdar, Stj. 95; strr heir, Fs. (Vd.) 21; heir ok
tign, Fb. i. 564; h. ok hamingja, 566; Gus heir, Fms. vii. 172 (v.l. of the Hrokkinskinna), Mar.
passim: freq. in mod. usage, halda heiri, to honour, etc. COMPDS: heirs-mar, m. a man of
honour, Bs. i. 823. heir-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), worshipful, Stj. heirs-vel, adv. honourably, Stj.
26.
heira, a, to honour, Bs. i. (Laur. S.); freq. in mod. usage, heira skalt fur inn og mur, the
Fifth Commandment.
heiran, f. worship, honouring, H. E. i. 477.
hei-rkja, u, f. brightness of the sky.
hei-rkr, adj. bright, serene, of the sky; h. ver, sl. ii. 409, Gsl. 33.
heir-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), honourable, betting, Stj., Mar., H. E. passim, Fs. 5.
heir-samligr, adj., (-]lga, adv.), = heirligr, Stj. passim.
hei-skrr, adj. bright, cloudless, of the sky, = heirkr; h. ver, Stj. 17; h. himinn, Art.; heiskru,
in bright weather, Bret. 46.
hei-vanr, adj. epithet of a tree, shady (?), Vsp.
hei-vera, , [hei, f.], to honour, Hom. 160: this and the following three words are derived from
hei, f., q. v.
hei-veri (hei-viri), n. honour; dr ok h., Hom. 157, 160.
hei-verliga (mod. hei-viriliga), adv. respectfully, Hom. 150.
hei-viri, n. bright weather, Nj. 143, Fms. iv. 246, ix. 482, xi. 132.
hei-viriligr and hei-virr, adj. honourable, worthy.
hei-ornir, m., poet, the sk y, Edda (Gl.)
heigull, in. a kind of onion growing on the thatches of houses, Norse takl'g, Bjrn. II. metaph. a
laggard. heiguls-ligr, adj., heiguls-skapr, m.
heikil-nef, n. ' hook-nose' (?), a nickname, Fms., Fb, iii.
heila, a, to make whole; h. e-m skaa sinn, to make good one's scathe, N. G. L. i. 387.
heilag-leikr, m. holiness, Fms. x. 319, xi. 207, Bs. passim.
heilag-liga, adv. bolily, inviolably, 623. 53, Magn. 480, passim.
heilag-ligr, adj. 'holy-like, ' holy, Bs. i. passim, Hkr. ii. 338.
HEILAGR, adj., usually contracted before a vowel, whereby the root vowel becomes short, thus
helgan, helgir, helgum, helgar, and the denite helgi, helga; but also uncontractcd, esp. in mod.
usage, heilagir, heilagan, heilgum, denite heilagi; [Ulf. seems not to have known the word, and
renders ayios etc. by veihs; so also in Dan. and Swed. local names, holy places and temples are
marked by a prexed or sufxed vi-, e. g. Vi-borg, Odens-e ( -- ins-v): heilagr is derived in a
metaph. sense from heill, whole, and is consequently not so old as the primitive ve, veihs; soA. S.
hlag; Engl. holy; Hel. belag; Germ, heilig; Dan. hellig; Swed. helig] : I. holy in heathen usage,
helgar kindir, holy beings, Vsp. I; liar bamr heilagr, 19, v. 1.; heilg go, holy gods; ginnheilg
go, Vsp.; heilakt land, Gm. 4; heilg (grind) fyrir helgum dyrum, 22; heilg vtn, 29, Hkv. 2. i;
heilg fjll (hlugV), Fm. 26; helgu fulli, the holy toast of Odin, i. e. son^, poetry, Edda (in a verse);
af helgu skutli, from the holy table, Haustl. 4; at vatn er sv heilakt, at..., Edda II; brunnr mjk
heilagr, 10: in local names, at fjall kallai hann Helga-fell, Holy-fell, Eb. 10; at eir gri loud sin
helgari en arar jarir, 20; ok kallar jr n eigi helgari en ara, 24 :-- heilagir skar (mod.
heilag-ski), a halibut, Dan. helle-jlynder, Bs. i. 365. 2. as a law term (and this is no doubt the
original sense of the word), inviolable, onewhose person is sacred, who cannot be slain with
impunity, esp. within certain boundaries; hann (fjorbaugs- mar, q. v.) skal heilagr vera at eirn
heimilum ok iskots-helgi vi alla vega, etc., Grg. i. 89; hann er heilagr eirri gtu ok
rskots-helgi vi gtu, 132; hann verr eigi heilagr ef eigi var sagt til heiniilis hans at frns-
dmi, ok eigi verr hann heilagr ef eigi gelzk f at er ar skyldi gjaldask, 133; hann er jamheilagr a
gtu er hann ferr til skips, 90, vide b. f). ch. 33 sqq.; falla heilagr, to fall unholy, to be slain as an
outlaw for whom no weregild was to be paid, Grg. and Sagas passim, cp. the interesting passages
in Landn. 5. ch. 4, Sturl. i. ch. 14; fri-heilagr, 'peace-holy, ' protected, a term for birds and animals
protected by law; heilagr, outlawed, exlex: closely akin are the above phrases, in which heilagr is
used as an epithet of places, h. land, fjll, etc. II. eccl. holy, Lat. sanctus, Bs. passim, N. T., hymns,
sermons, etc.; Heilagr Audi, the Holy Ghost; helgir dagar, holy days; lialda lieilagt, vide halda;
helgir domar, holy relics; but helgi- doinr, halidotn, sanctuarium; heilog or, holy words; helgir
siir, holy rites; helgar bkr, holy books; helgar tir, h or ae canonicae; helgir menu, saints of the
Roman church; Heilagir ="A7ioi, i. e. Christians, N. T. 2. of special feasts, Helga Vika, the Holy
Week, the week after Whitsuntide, Dipl. iii. to; Nttin Helga, the Holy Night, cp. Germ.
Weihnachten; Helgi brs-dagr, Holy Thursday, Fms. ix.
heilan, f. healing, Fms. v. 217.
heil-brigi, f. [brag], health, freq. in mod. usage.
heil-brigr, adj. hale, healthy, Fas. iii. 319, 644, freq. in mod. usage.
heil-brjstar, adj. 'hale-breasted, ' sincere, Fas. i. 23.
heild, f. wholeness, totality, (mod.)
heil-eygr, adj. 'hale-eyed, ' Nj. 165, Grg. 1. 433, Fms. v. 143, Bs. i-376.
heil-fttr, adj. 'hale-legged' sound, Grett. 83.
heil-hjartar, adj. 'hale-hearted, ' sincere, Sks. 90, v. 1.
heil-hugar, adj. 'hale-minded, ' sincere, Sks. 90, Fagrsk. 14.
heil-hugi, a, m. sincerity; heilhuga r, Fms. vii. 319; heilhuga frir, Orkn. 2. a. sincere person;
etta Jkai Magnsi jarli sem fullkomnum heilhuga, Orkn. 162; vat hann er heilhugi, Fms. v.
32; n skal af sliku marka hversu mikill h. hann var, Sks. 730.
heil-hugliga, adv. sincerely, Barl. 10, Str. 87.
HEILI, a, m. the brain, Gm. 40, Edda 6, Hkr. i. 42, Grg. it. 11, Nj. 114, Fbr. 137, passim.
COMPDS: heila-brot, n. beating the brain, (mod.) heila-bxi, n. the cerebellum, (mod.) heila-bst, n.
pl., medic, the brain membrane; fyrir framan ok aptan h., denoting the forehead and occipict, N.
G. L. i. 172; er mar heilundi er kora (a probe) kennir inn til heilabasta, Grg. ii. 91. heila-kst,
n. pl. = heilabrot.
heilindi, n. health, Hm. 67 (heilyndi), Hom. 149, 160, K. b. K., Grg. i. 278, ii. 134. COMPDS:
heilindis-far, n. state of health, Mar. 125. heilindis-kveja, u, f. a wishing one health, Stj. 482, Karl.
93, v. 1.; van-heilindi, bad health, illness.
heilindr, adj. wholesome; votii hrein ok heilcnd, Stj. 609; vrir heilendr sem Moyses, Eluc. 49.
heili-vgr, m. healing liquor, balm, Trist.
HEILL, n. and f. [Dan. held] , good luck; the gender of this word varies. A. Neut., which seems to
be the older gender, an omen, auspice, foreboding; hver'ro bzt heill (pl.), which are the best
auspices? the answer, mrg eru g heill. there are many good auspices, Skv. 2. 19, 20, cp. 22;
giptusamlegt heill, a favourable omen, Al. 13; the neut., which is obsolete elsewhere, has remained
in the phrases, gu heilli (bonoaiigurio), illu heilli (mala augurio), in a good, evil hour; illu heilli
bau ek r barnfstr, sl. ii. 141; illu heilli vartii skapa, Hom. 153; illu heilli hfu ver her dvalizt,
Nj. 241; frtn f heilli heiinan, with small luck, . H 107; verstu heilli, Heir. 4; gu heilli, in a
good hour, Fms. ix. 236, x. 18 (in a verse): talismans, of hidden magical runes written on ' gumna
heilujm' (on talismans?), Sdm. 16. B. Fern, good luck, happiness: 1. plur., with the notion of being
the gift of auspices or of an oracle, esp. in pl., so that the gender is dubious; fkk Inglfr at blti
miklu ok leitai sr heilla urn ibrlog sin, Landn. 33; skal brlfr biota ok leita heilla eim brrum,
Eg. 257; her essi okkr leita sr heilla at tilvisan fjlkunnigra manna, at eir skyldi urn ntr
berjask, Fms. vii. 296; Hallsteinn skaut setstokkum fyrir bor ha til heilla sr eptir fornum si,
Fs. 123, Landn. 34; pa skaut Steinrr spjti at fornum si til heilla sr yr okk Snorra. Eb. 228
(an old heathen rite); tti at lkast til langls ok heilla, 126 new Ed.; ok var brugit heillnm
sversins, the spell of the sword was broken, Korm. 84; tt, Sigtnundr, af eim hring heillir at taka,
Fair. 103. 2. esp. (also in pl.) with the personal notion of a good spirit or angel, cp. haniingja; eigi
veil ek hvrt vit eigum heill sainan, i. e. if we shall have luck together, of two persons having one
life and one heart, Nj. 3; tti str heill til hans hort hafa, Fs. 194; Leifr kva hann cnn mundu
mestri heill styra af eim frndum, Fb. i. 538; hann ba eim heill duga, he wished them good
speed, Gull. J4; fr braut bii itt ok vestr ytir Lagar- jt, bar er heill n oil, Hrafn. I; heillum
horiinn, /or saken by luck, Grett. 150. 3. sayings, illt er fyrir heill at hrapa, V i s ill to rush on and
leave one's good luck behind, Skv. 2. 25; htir eru til heilla beztar (mod. ht er til heilla bezt),
denoting that high feasts ought to be chosen for momentous affairs, Ld. 176 (of one being
christened at Yule time); fall er farar-heill, a fall is a good omen (in departing), Fms. vi. 414: the
phrase, vera e-m ltil heilla-fa, to be a stumbling-block to one, the metaphor prob. taken from the
popular lore as to mounds with hidden hoards, ek heft orit ltil heilla fa um at reifa estuin
mnnum, Grett. 143. 4. in mod. usage as a term of endearment, heillin, heillin min, dear! my dear!
the address of a husband to his wife; the bride asks, hverjum tlar at bja veizluna okkar,
hjartaft mitt ? the bridegroom answers, eg veil a mi ekki, heillin min ! sl. bjs. i. 243; getru
ekki ge manninum hressingu, heillin ? Hrolfr. 8; hann (our son) er svo kargr, heillin min ! hann
nennir ekki neitt a eera, ltum vi strkinn stdiera, Grnd. 72; cp. Bb. 3. 21 -- htin (the wife)
kyssir og me klappi segir, konid bk-ssar, heillin mn ! -- heillin g ! is in many Icel. houses the
address of the servants to the mistress: ! hvernig geti r n fari a tala, heillin g ? Piltr og
Stlka, 36; slir og blessair, Auun miun ! slar og blessaar, heillin g ! Hrlfr. 6. COMPDS:
heilla- brigi, n. pl. a turn of luck, Fs. 151. heilla-drjugr, ad] , fortunate, Grett. 150. heilla-lauss, adj.
luckless. heilla-leysi, n. ill luck, Nj. 206. heilla-maor, m. a lucky man. beilla-r, n. good advice or a
l wc ky deed, Sks. 670, Fms. ii. 208. h. cilla-vnligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hopeful, promising, Grett. 93
A. h. eilla-vnn, adj. promising, Fms. xi. 235: mann-heill, or-heill, q. v.
HEILL, adj. [Ulf. hail s = vyiTjS, vyiaivajv, xai~P6' etc.; A. S. h('il; Engl. ha/7 and hale are of
Scandinavian origin, whole of Saxon; (). H. G. heil; lost in mod. Germ.; Dan. heel; Swed. h l] :--
u'bole: I. hale, soiind; ilia heill, in ill health, Hm. 68; heilir hildar til, heilir hildi fra, fara eir heilir
hvaan, h n le, unscathed, 157; heilar hendr, Gkv. 3. 10; heilar sjnir, hale eyes, Lex. Pot.; spurdi
borsteinn hvernig ar vri heilt, hann sagi at ar var vel heilt, Tb. asked how they were in health,
and he said that they were ivell, Eg. 743; heilir, opp. to srir, Am. 56; heilan (unbroken), Hvm. 29;
heill hjlmstofn, h a l f skull, 31; hvergi var heilt hold lkarn hans, 623. 44; gra at heilu, to cure
so as to be hale and well, 655 xi. 3; nundr var sv frkinn mar at fair stu?k honutn tt heilir
vri, thai few men were a match for him, though they were hale and sound, Grett. 87; sjrinn var
hvergi heill, the sea was nowhere hale, i. e. the waves rose high, Vgl. 22; silki-rma heil ok li-
siiku, Fms. iv. 110. 2. healed, of wounds, illness, in gen. pl.; vera heill sra snna, Eg. 35; Helga
dttir bnda var fouun ok heil mcina sinna, 586; ok var eigi heill srsins, Fbr. 164. 3.
phrases, gra um heilt (see gra), Fms. xi. 87; binda um heilt, to bind up a hale limb; er um heilt
bezt at binda, 'tis better to bind a hale than a hurt limb, Ld. 206; betra heilt en gri, better hale
than healed; me heilu ok hldnu, safe and sound, Fms. x. 376; ar skal hverr heill vera sem haltr
var, he that was halt must be made hale, a law phrase, he that has a blemish upon him must clear
himself of it, N. G. L. i. 326: cp. the phrase, svelta heill hungri (mod. svelta heilu hungri), to starve,
Ls. 62: a guest is asked, hva er frttum, what news? to which the reply is, mannheilt og sjkt, all
hale and 'unsick,' i.e. all well! eigi heil, not hale, i.e. enceinte, ert kona eigi heil, Fas. i. 52;
hsfreyja n er eigi heil, ok mun hn fa meybarn, sl. ii. 196; Freyds vildi fylgja eim ok var
heldr sein, v at hn var eigi heil, orf. Karl. 428. 4. answering to Gr. GREEK, in exclamation;
njti heilir handa, 'bless your hands!' well done! Nj. 71; ml drengja heilastr, well spoken, Fms.
viii. 97; bu hann tala konunga heilstan (i.e. cheered him), vi. 240; mltu, at hann skyldi mla
allra hfingja heilastr, viii. 290. . in greeting, Vm. 4, 6, Sdm. 3, 4; kom heill, welcome! hail!
Blas. 42; far heill, farewell! Fms. vii. 197; heill, Magns frndi! 171; st heill, sit hail! Glm. 391,
Fms. x. 201; heill sv! Stj. 621; heilir sv! 475; heilar sv! 124, Karl. 507; ek sv heill, by my soul!
forsooth! Fms. v. 230; sv vil ek heil! Grett. 170 new Ed.; ba heila fara ok heila hittask, Fms. iv.
171. 5. whole, entire, Lat. integer; sjau hundru heil, full seven hundred, b. 16; heil vika, 7, K. .
K. 102; heil dgr (opp. to half), Rb. 16; heil alin, N. G. L.; heilt r, Bs. ii. 152. II. metaph. true,
upright; allit., heilt r ok heimilt, a hale and good bargain, without fraud or aw, Grg. i. 317;
me heilum fortlum, Dipl. i. 3; ra e-m heilt, to give wholesome (good, wise) advice to one, Nj.
31, (heilri); me heilum hug, sincerely, cp. Hm. 106; heilum sttum, Hv. 50 new Ed., Al. 60. .
safe; prestinum tti eigi heilt at setja hann annat sinn undir sama va, Fms. x. 417.
heilla, a, [heill, f.; cp. Dan. hilde = to allure], to bewitch, enchant, spell-bind one; Ketill kva r
heillaar, Fms. vi. 110; sr ik (?) um heilli halir, Hm. 130; ok munt vera heillu af vtti
essum, Fas. iii. 177; heillu ertu (thou art infatuated) ef tlar minn hug grimman vi ik, i.
194; sprota er hann heillar me augu eirra manna er hann vill, Od. v. 47.
heilleikr (-leiki), m. health, Fms. ii. 230: uprightness, Fas. iii. 160, Karl. 213.
heilliga, adv. fairly, candidly, Sturl. ii. 67, Bs. i. 736.
heilligr, adj. looking hale, whole.
heil-mikill, adj. considerably great.
heil-nmi, f. wholesomeness.
heil-nmiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), wholesome, Hkr. i. 269.
heil-nmr, adj. wholesome, Fas. i. 411.
heil, f., qs. hei-l, [heidelo, Ivar Aasen], a sandpiper.
heil-rr, adj. giving wholesome counsel, Nj. 30, Fms. ix. 262, Grett. 110.
heil-rugr, adj. = heilrr, Hom. 109.
heil-ri, n. wholesome, wise counsel; r mr h. nokkur, segir Gunnarr, Nj. 85 (Gunnar to
Njal); Gunnarr mlti til Njls, heilri em ek kominn at skja at r um eitt vanda-ml, -- Makligr
ert eirra, segir Njll, ok r honum rin, 71, Landn. 117, Sks. 548, Fb. ii. 52.
heilsa, u, f. [Dan. helsen; Swed. helsa], health, Fms. vii. 241, x. 215, Sks. 620. Al. 24, Hom. 10, Bs.
i. 337; sterk, g h., strong, good health; veyk, lin, tp h., poor, weak health, passim. COMPDS:
heilsu-bt, f. health-bettering, healing, Hkr. ii. 386; til heilsubtar, Magn. 414, Bs. heilsu-brag, n.
a cure, ek skal sna r ruggt h., Fb. i. 439. heilsu-drykkr, m. a potion, draught, Al. 24, 656 B.
12. heilsu-far, n. state of health, Grett. 153. heilsu-gjafari, a, m. a healer, eccl. heilsu-gjf, f. a 'gift
of health,' cure, Fas. iii. 277, Magn. 532: eccl. salvation, Stj. 141. heilsu-gr, adj. in good health.
heilsu-gi, n. strong health. heilsu-lauss, adj. 'health-less,' in bad health. heilsu-leysi, n. bad
health. Mar. heilsu-linr, adj. = heilsultill. heilsu-ltill, adj. in weak health, Sturl. iii. 34. heilsu-or,
n. a word of salvation, (MS.) 656 and 555 heilsu-r, n. counsel whereby to recover health, Fms. ii.
229. heilsu-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), wholesome, salutary, Bs. heilsu-samr, adj. wholesome, Sks.
96. heilsu-sterkr, adj. strong in health. heilsu-tapan, f. perdition, eccl., K. . 76. heilsu-tpr, adj.
in poor health. heilsu-veiki, f. weak health. heilsu-veykr, adj. having weak health.
heilsa, a, [Dan. hilse], to say hail to one, greet one, with dat.; it was an ancient custom for the host
to welcome (heilsa) the stranger, as may be seen from the following references :-- Osvfr (the guest)
kvaddi t Hskuld ok Rt (the master of the house), eir gengu t bir ok heilsuu Osv, Nj. 21;
hann (the master) gengr t ok heilsar Gsla (dat. the stranger), Gsl. 83; kona ein gkk til hurar ok
heilsar eim ok spyrr at nafni, Fbr. 44 new Ed.; orsteinn gkk egar til bar orkels, en hann
(Thorkel) heilsar honum vel ok spyrr hvat hann rnar, Lv. 33; lafr gengr inn glt ... en enginn
heilsar honum ok gu allir, Hv. 39; in case the host was a great personage (a king, earl, or the
like), the stranger used in token of honour or homage to walk up to him and greet him, 'sit hail!' ok
er hann kom inn, heilsai hann konungi, konungr tk kveju hans, Eg. 63; jarlinn (the guest) gkk
fyrir hann (the host in his high-seat) ok heilsai honum, . H. 66; Haukr heilsai konungi, Fb. i. 47:
h. en, id.; sgrmr (the guest) gkk at honum ok heilsai hann, Nj. 182, Fms. i. 16; ok er hann
kemr fund Knts konungs, gkk hann fyrir hann ok heilsar upp konunginn, konungr tk ekki
kveju hans, xi. 264. In mod. usage a coming guest is said 'heilsa,' a parting guest 'kveja,' q.v.
heil-samligr, adj. wholesome, salutary, Stj. 69, K. . 20, Fms. i. 141.
heil-samr, adj. salutary, Sks. 96, Sklda 210.
heilsan, f. [Dan. hilsen], greeting, salutation, Fb. iii. 309, Fbr. 62, Hkr. iii. 79, Bs. i. 755. COMPDS:
heilsanar-kveja, u, f. greeting, Stj. 482. heilsanar-or, n. id., Bs. i. 707.
heil-smiliga, adv. uprightly, Bs. i. 522.
heil-spen and heil-spenu, f. adj. 'hale-teated,' of a cow, Gl. 503.
heil-und, f. a law term, a brain wound, Grg. ii. 11, passim. heilundar-sr, n. = heilund, Nj. 217.
heilundi, a, m. one with a brain wound, Grg. ii. 91.
heil-vita, adj. indecl. 'hale-witted,' sane, Greg. 45, Bs. i. 755, N. G. L. i. 145.
HEIM, adv. (prop. an acc. of heimr), home, homewards, Lat. domum, Nj. 4, 11, Fms. i. 51, Hrafn.
20; fara heim, to return home, Bs. i. 337; san fru au heim lei, id.; en er hn var komin nliga
heim, 341, and in endless phrases. 2. in phrases as, bja e-m heim, to bid one to a feast, heimbo;
skja e-n heim, to visit, attack one, in a hostile sense, passim: bta heim fyrir sr, to make for one's
soul's weal, Fms. iv. 63.
HEIMA, adv. I. neut. [Engl. home; Germ. heimath; Dan. hjem and hjemme] :-- home, = heimili; en
er kaupmenn drifu af skipi hverr til sns heima, Fms. vi. 109; skulu hvrigir rum ar llt gera at
heima mnu, Nj. 256; uru eir at ganga langa lei til sns heima, Bs. i. 47, Korm. 222, Stj. 393; til
ns heima, 484; ef eigi kemr trll milli hss ok heima, Fms. viii. 41. 2. the phrase, eiga heima, to
have a home, live; Hallfrer tti heima at Haukagili, Fms. ii. 9; eim megin rinnar sem hann tti h.,
Bs. i, Hkv. 2. 4, and passim. II. at home; var Rtr h. at Rtsstum til sex vikna, Nj. 10; heima
hafir vit itt, er sagir mr til, Hrafn. 8; ftt var manna heima, Landn. 152; heima glar,
cheerful, gladsome at home, Hm. 102; h. grum goa, Vm. 2, passim: sayings, dlt er h. hvat,
Hm. 5; halr er h. hverr, 35. . phrases, standa h., to square, be all right, of a measure or the like: the
phrase, sitja heima sem mr til kosta (heima-sta), to stay at home as a maid, Sams. S.; at
ykkjumk ek vita, at eigi munum vit allan aldr okkar giptar heima sitja, Sturl. i. 206.
B. COMPDS: heima-alinn, part. home-bred. heima-alningr, m. one home-fed. heima-bl, n. a
homestead, mansion, Fms. ii. 90. heima-bndi, a, m. a franklin or yeoman in a heimabl, H. E. ii.
114. heima-brunnr, m. a home well, Glm. 390, Sturl. i. 191. heima-br, m. the home-buildings,
homestead, opp. to outlying storehouses and byres, Ann. 1319. heima-dyrr, n. pl. the 'home-doors,'
the entrance to dwelling-bouses, Fr. 264, Grett. 121 A, Fs. 42 (= mod. bjardyr). heima-dr, n.
domestic animals, Barl. heima-elskr, adj. 'home-loving,' a laggard, afraid to go out in the world, Fs.
4. heima-fastr, adj. having a xed home, H. E. ii. 85. heima-flk, n. home folk, Fms. ii. 160, Grett.
140. heima-frir, m. home-peace, Js. 95. heima-griungr, m. (heima-naut, n.), a bull kept at
home, Vpn. 46, Sturl. i. 78. heima-hagar, m. home-pastures. heima-hestr, m. a 'home-horse,'
stallion, opp. to ti gangs-hestr, a working horse, Hm. 82. heima-hs, n. pl. dwelling-houses, opp.
to out-buildings, Fr. 264. heima-jr, f. = heimabl, Pm. 53. heima-kominn, part., in the phrase,
gra sik h., to make oneself as at home. heima-kona, u, f. = grikona, a house-maid, Sturl. i. 73, iii.
193, Njar. 370: medic. erysipelas, cp. farkonu-stt. heima-land, n. home-land, the home estate,
Fms. ii. 90, Bs. i. 287, 841, D. I. i. 240, Vm. passim; an estate on which a church is built. heima-li,
n. = heimaflk, Sturl. i. 196. heima-mar, m. = grimar, a 'home-man,' dweller, servant, Eg. 52,
60, 165, Sturl. i. 72, Nj. 11, Stj. 482, Vm. 23. heima-prestr, m. a resident priest, the parson, Fms.
iv. 265, Bs. i. 652, Jm. 24. heima-rkr, adj. tyrannical at home, Bjarn. (in a verse), heima-seta, u, f.
sitting at home, Grg. i. 41. heima-sveit, f. = heimaflk, Sturl. ii. 53. heima-sta, u, f. a maid
'sitting at home,' unmarried. heima-taa, u, f. the hay from the home-eld, Finnb. 340. heima-
tund, f. 'home-tithe,' i.e. the tithe of the estate on which a church is built, to be paid to the lay
landlord, Vm. 19, Am. 90, D. N. heima-vist, f. staying at home, Bs. i.
heima, d and a, to take one in, in the allit. phrase, hsa ok heima e-n, ef mar hsir ok heimir
tlagan mann, Gl. 144; hafa hst ok heimat, N. G. L. i. 123, (rare.)
heim-alinn, part. = heima-alinn.
heim-alningr, m. = heima-alningr.
heiman, adv. from home, Hbl. 2, Nj. 11, 142, passim; cp. han, handan, aan. . in the phrase,
henni fylgdi heiman Breiablstar, the estate B. went with her from home, i.e. was her dowry,
Landn. 61, 177; gefa heiman, to give from home, i.e. give in marriage, D. N. i. 723; gra heiman, to
endow; ek gra ik heiman fer sem dttur mna, Fms. vii. 121, Band. 31 new Ed., passim.
heiman-bnar, m. preparation for a journey from home, Stj. 366.
heiman-fer (heiman-fr), f. a going from home, Nj. 195, Eg. 10, Jb. 388: = heimanfylgja, Stj.
175, N. G. L. i. 233.
heiman-fylg, f. = heimanfylgja, N. G. L. i. 233.
heiman-fylgja, u, f. the dowry which a bride brings with her from home, opp. to mundr, Grg. i.
174. 313, Nj. 11, Sturl. iii. 179, Korm. 134, Stj. 570, N. G. L. i. 232, Gsl. 16, sl. ii. 9, 378, passim.
2. metaph. of a son, Dipl. iv. 5; but mostly of a church, cp. Engl. endowment, the church being
regarded as the bride of Christ; h. kirkjunnar, Bs. i. 287, K. . 24. UNCERTAIN Fylgja is here
prop. akin and another form of the word flga, q.v., and heiman-fylgja, qs. heiman-flga.
heiman-fr, f. = heimanfer, Grg. i. 147, Eg. 23.
heiman-frull, adj. strolling from home, Fas. i. 525.
heiman-gengt, n. adj. in the phrase, eiga ekki h., to be bound to stay at home.
heiman-gjf, f. = heimanfylgja, Jb. 118.
heiman-gr, f. an endowing, endowment, Grg. i. 336, D. N. passim.
heiman-kv, f. a summoning of neighbours, Grg. i. 130.
heim-bo, n. a 'home-bidding,' invitation, a feast, Nj. 51, Fms. i. 54, Eg. 66, Orkn. 320: a law
phrase, reclamation, N. G. L. i. 41, Gl. 406, Grg. i. 381, passim.
heim-bllr, m., Lat. orbis terrarum, the globe, world, Eluc. 19.
Heim-dalr, m., with single l, not Heimdallr, as shewn from the gen. -dalar, not -dalls; a later form
used in the Rmur was Heimdl-1, rymlur 1. 8 :-- the god Heimdal, Edda, whence the poem
Heimdalar-galdr, m. id. The etymology has not been made out: Heimdal was the heavenly
watchman in the old mythology, answering to St. Peter in the medieval legends; respecting him vide
Edda 17 (Sksm.) and passim, Gm. 13: he was also regarded as the father and founder of the
different classes of mankind, see Rm. and Vsp. 1, -- meiri ok minni mgu Heimdalar, the higher
and lower sons of H., i.e. all men. II. a ram in Edda (Gl.) is called heimdali.
heim-dragi, a, m. a 'home-dragger,' laggard, Fms. vii. 121, Fs. 177 (in a verse), Art. 89, Konr. 10,
Lex. Pot.
heim-fer, f. a going home, Eg. 66, Fms. iv. 269, ix. 474, Jb. 8: an inroad into one's home = atfr,
heimskn, Ld. 262, Eg. 73, Fms. viii. 9, xi. 239. COMPDS: heimferar-dagr, m. the day for
returning home, Magn. 512. heimferar-ley, n. 'home-leave,' Fms. ix. 318.
heim-frir, m. a law term, home-peace, home security, D. N. i. 215, 245.
heim-fss, adj. longing for home, Fms. vii. 48, vi. 238, Sturl. i. 84, Fb. ii. 360.
heim-fsi, f. a longing for one's home.
heim-fr, f. a going home, return home, Fms. vii. 48, xi. 60, Hkv. 2. 34: an inroad, Eg. 12, v.l.
COMPDS: heimfarar-ley, n. 'home-leave,' leave to go home, Eg. 31, Fms. viii. 395, Orkn. 284.
heimfara-ing, n. a law term, a meeting to settle terms in case of distress for payment of debt; cp.
the mod. phrase, undir atfr at lgum, D. N. v. 424 (Fr.)
heim-ganga, u, f. a going home, Sturl. i. 43.
heim-gs, f. a home goose, a tame goose, Grett. 90, Korm. 206, Edda (Gl.)
heim-hagi, a, m. [cp. tt-hagi, Dan. hjem-stavn], a home-eld, D. N. i. 581; in Hm. 156 we propose
to read heimhaga for heimhuga.
heim-hamr, m. 'home-skin,' one's own skin, Hm. 156; vide hamr.
heimila, d and a, to give a title to a thing; her mar heimild til ef mar heimilar honum er
forr aura sinna, Grg. ii. 191; hvrt s mar heimildi honum landit er eigi, 209; ef mar selr
manni er gefr at er hann veit at jfstolit er, ok villir hann heimild at, at hann vissi eigi er
honum var heimildr, ok varar skggang, 190; hvar sem eir kmi vi, heimilai jarl eim at er
yrfti at hafa, Nj. 122; b heimilar tekju, en landskyld heimilar l, N. G. L., Gl. 329.
heimild (heimold, Stj. 134), f. [Dan. hjemmel = authority; undoubtedly derived from Goth.
haimoli, by which Ulf. renders GREEK, Mark x. 29, 30, and thus nearly akin to heimili and
heimoll; in Icel. only used in law phrases] :-- a title, right, jus possessionis; hann seldi san ann
sama graptar-reit ok heimoldir, Stj. 134; stefna til heimildar, to summon one for h., Grg. ii. 205;
villa heimild at e-u, to give out a false account of one's title to a thing, of stolen things, 190; n ferr
mar jr manns ok tekr eigi heimild af eim er , N. G. L. i. 39; au rki er konungr hafi
heimildum tekit, to which the king had got the title, Fms. x. 45; heimild skal hverr mar taka af
snum drttni verka-sveins sns, Anal. 278; en veit ek at hann her eigi rttar heimildir skginum,
Eb. 170. COMPDS: heimildar-kvir, m. a verdict of neighbours as to right of possession, Grg.
heimildar-mar, m. a man from whom a title is derived, Grg. ii. 205, Gpl. 537. heimildar-tak, n.
a taking possession, title; honum tti eigi at lgum hafa farit heimildartak skginum, i.e. he
thought it was a bad, unlawful bargain, Eb. 178, N. G. L. i. 324. heimildar-taka, u, f. id., Gl. 493,
537. heimildar-taki, a, m. = heimildarmar, N. G. L. i. 324, Jb. 356. heimildar-vttr, m. a witness
in case of disputed title, Grg. ii. 319. heimilda-vandr, adj. fastidious in regard to title, Sturl. ii.
146. II. in mod. usage gener. authority; a er engin heimild fyrir v, there is no authority for it.
heimildar-laust, n. adj. without authority.
HEIMILI, n.; for an older form heimi see the compds with heimis-; [originally a compd from
heima, home, and al, heimili, as seen from Ulf. haimoli = GREEK, Mark x. 29, 30] :-- a house,
homestead, domicile, Eg. 535, Fms. vi. 358, xi. 18, Grg. i. 99, 146, Hkr. i. 184, Nj., passim in old
and mod. usage. COMPDS: heimilis-bragr, m. home-life. heimilis-bi, a, m. a law term, a
homestead neighbour summoned from the same house, Grg. i. 26, 191. heimilis-fang, n. a law
term, a domicile, Grg. i. 19, 146, 147, Nj. heimilis-fastr, adj. having a xed homestead, Grg. i.
52, ii. 45, Vm. 97, D. I. i. 277, 303. heimilis-flk, n. folk of the same homestead. heimilis-hs, n. a
closet, Stj. 151, 199, Am. 37: a privy, Fb. i. 416, ii. 87, Fs. 183. heimilis-kvir, m. a verdict given
by heimilisbar, Grg. i. 145, Fas. i. 380; also called heimiskvir, q.v.: heimiliskviar-vitni, n. the
evidence of h., N. G. L. i. 140, 160, 316. heimilis-njli, a, m., a botan. term, rumex acutus, Hjalt.
heimilis-prestr, m. a chaplain, Vm. 15, D. I. passim. heimilis-sk, f. a law phrase, a 'home-charge,'
a charge that can be brought home to one, Valla L. 226. heimilis-tir, f. pl. home-service, Am. 37.
heimilis-vist, f. a domicile, Hkr. iii. 364, Stj. 94.
heimill, vide heimoll.
heimis-bi, a, m. = heimilisbi, Grg. i. 191.
heimis-garar, m. pl. 'home-yards,' a homestead, Hm. 8.
heimis-haugr, m. a 'home-how,' Hbl. 45 (Bugge's Emend.); vide haugr.
heimis-kvir, m. = heimiliskvir, dened in N. G. L. ii. 505 sqq.: a home-verdict, report made by
one's mates and fellows; in the saying, httr er h. nema sr gan geti, Sdm. 25; eigi skal
heimiskvi annan at henda er lltyngdir, no notice is to be taken of house-talk or evil tongues,
Grg. i. 361.
heim-kvma (heim-koma), u, f. return home, Fms. i. 290, Sturl. i. 213: the phrase, missa
heimkvmu, to miss one's return, be slain in foreign parts, answering to GREEK, Od.; misti ar
margr mar heimkvmu, Fas. i. 385, (Skjld. S., which is a paraphrase from an old lost poem); at
margr missi heimkvmu eima styr, Sighvat, Hkr. iii. 40 (in a verse). heimkvmu-dagr, m. the
day of coming home, GREEK, Lex. Pot.
heim-kynni, n. a home, household, sl. ii. 392, Magn. 484, Hkr. ii. 273.
heim-lei, f. 'home-way,' going homewards, Mart. 129, Hom. (St.)
heim-leiis, adv. homewards, Eg. 589, Fms. iv. 278, xi. 55, Fs. 57, Ld. 48, passim.
heim-lenzkr, adj. native, Sks. 375.
heim-ley, n. = heimfararley, Fms. vi. 445, vii. 182, xi. 248, Hkr. ii. 261.
heim-ligr, adj. worldly, Magn. 466, Stj. 546, Bs. i. 97.
heim-nr, m. a law term, 'home-corpse,' thus dened, s mar heitir h. er dreginn er til stokks ea
til stumns ( = stofns) ok hggnar af bi hendr ok ftr, en um at verk vera rr menn tlagir
nema hann vili frum kenna, N. G. L. ii. 506; cp. glgnr etc.
heimoll, adj., so spelt in Nj. 220, Eg. 163, 199, Fms. vi. 161, 185, Fs. 154, etc.; heimholt (wrongly),
Sks. 60 new Ed.; heimull, Fms. vi. 207, vii. 160; later and usually heimill; [cp. Goth. haimoli and
Icel. heimili] :-- prop. 'household,' homely, domestic, of a thing or property, cp. Germ. 'heimisch,
einheimisch;' hann lt ngu tortna ar nema kvikf heimilu (home cattle); but this sense is rare and
obsolete. II. metaph. as a law term, property in one's full possession, at one's free disposal; heiml
jr, appropriated land, Fms. vi. 161 (in a verse); r var jr heiml, 185 (in a verse) :-- in the
phrase, vera e-m heimill; enda er eigi mundrinn heimill, s er hann handsalar hinn heimski mar,
i.e. it is not a good, lawful bargain, it is not valid, Grg. i. 177; en hann hirdir aldri, at hverjum hann
keypti, ef honum var heimilt selt, . H. 114; v eru bor sett at heimoll er matr eim er hafa urfu,
the meat is at the free disposal of those who wish to have it, Nj. 220; ok vera llum matr heimill
(heimll, Hb.), Landn. 193; kva honum heimilan skyldu sinn styrk nr sem hann yrfti, his help
should be at his disposal whensoever he stood in need of it, Orkn. 86; en heimil munu ar til vr
or, Lv. 36; heimult skal ri at vera me mr, Fms. vi. 207; skal r ok heimilt vera, at hafa f
mitt til styrks r, . H. 33; at er heimilt eim er fara vilja me mr, Fs. 23; n er at heimilt at
sr hr af vilt at, Fbr. 37 new Ed.; segir at at var skylt ok heimilt, due and just, . H. 156;
segir sv, at at var skylt ok heimolt at hann gri slkan forbeina sem urfti, Eg. 163; allt mitt gz
er r heimolt, Fs. 154; allt mitt skal yr jafnheimolt sem mr, 182; rir segir, at at var heimolt
at rlfr vildi eiri menn hafa me sr angat, 199: in a bad sense, at honum s heimill hilegr
daui, i.e. it serves him right, Sks. 280: eiga heimilt, to have a right to, to have at one's disposal,
etc.; mik tt heimilan til fylgda vi ik ok ra-grar, Fms. xi. 29; en heimilt Glmr at lofa at,
Nj. 23; vat konungr heimult at drepa mik, Fms. vii. 160; hans menn tru v at hann tti
heimilan sigr hverri orrostu, Hkr. i. 6; heimilt biskup at taka tund fvrir kirkjum, Grg. (Kb.) ii.
214; n ek hr nokkuru heimilla (compar.) at veita nokkura fron, . H. 205; at munt eiga allra
heimilast (superl.) at veita rum itt en ekki mitt, sl. ii. 137; lta, gra e-m heimilt, to allow, give
a right to another; lt orvaldr honum heimilan hest sinn, Th. made him free of his horse, placed it
at his disposal, Gsl. 20; ok lt honum heimilan sinn vinskap, Fms. v. 183; hann gri sr allar
konur jafnheimilar, i. 207. III. cp. Germ. heimlich = private, secret, only in the following
derivatives.
heimolleikr (heimull-), mod. heimugleikr (-leiki), m. privacy, intimacy; krleiki me h., Bs. i.
809; h. ok vintta, Fms. v. 176 (v.l.), Bs. (Laur. S. passim), Mar. 2. mod. secrecy; eir tluu milli
sn margan heimuleik, Bs. ii. 54.
heimolliga (heimull-), mod. heimugliga, adv. duly, with full title to possession; hvert er at land er
ek m f Haraldi heimolliga, ef ek he skert Dana-veldi? Fms. i. 85, cp. Hkr. (l.c.) 197; at r
mttu byggja h. ok einsliga essari laudsins hlfu, Stj. 223. 2. privately, Fb. i. 83, Bs. ii. 28. .
mod. secretly, Fms. xi. 443 (MS. of the 15th century).
heimolligr, mod. heimugligr, adj. intimate, Bs. i. 801 (Laur. S. passim); krastr ok heimolligastr,
Mar. 2. private; h. hs ok herbergi, a private closet, Stj. 105; hans h. flk, his household folk, id.; h.
klerkr, a private clerk or chaplain, Fms. xi. 443; h. vinr, Fas. ii. 490; h. hs, a privy, Grett. 98 A. .
mod. secret, Germ. heimlich.
HEIMR, m. [Ulf. heimos (fem. pl.) = GREEK; A. S. hm; cp. Eng. home, and in local names -ham;
O. H. G. haim; Germ. heim; Dan. hjem; Swed. hem] :-- prop. an abode, village, and hence land,
region, world: I. abode, land, 1. partly in a mythol. sense, each heimr being peopled with one kind
of beings, gods, fairies, men, giants, etc.; nu man ek heima, I remember nine abodes, Vsp. 2, and
also Alm. 9 sqq., Vm. 45, refer to the mythol. conception of nine heavens, nine kinds of beings,
and nine abodes, cp. Go-heimr, God-land, Yngl. S., Stor.; Mann-heimar, Man-land, the abode of
men, Yngl. S.; Jtun-heimar, Giant-land; lf-heimr, Elf-land, Fairy-land; Ni-heimr, Mist-land, the
world below, Edda, Gm.; Undir-heimar, the nether world, Fms. iii. 178, Fas. iii. 391; Upp-heimr, the
'Up-land,' Ether, Alm. 13; cp. also Sl-heimar, 'Sun-ham,' Sunniside, freq. as a local name, Landn.;
vind-h., 'wind-ham,' the heaven, Vsp. 62; s heimr er Mspell heitir, Edda 3; heyrir blstr hans alla
heima, 17: the phrase, spyrja einn alla heima, to ask one freely; er slkt harla hfinglegt at spyrja
kunna menn hvern heim, Fb. i. 211. 2. the region of the earth or sky; Austr-heimr, the East;
Norr-h., the North; Sur-h., the South; Vestr-h., the West; Jrsala-heimr, Palestine: pot., dvalar-
heimr, a dwelling-place, Sl. 35; gis-h., 33; alda-h., the abode of men, 41; heimar goa, the abode
of gods, Hkm. 13; munar-h., a place of bliss, Hkv. Hjrv. 42; lj-h., the abode of men, Gg. 2;
myrk-h., the mirky abode, Akv. 42; slar-h., the sun's abode, heaven, Geisli. 3. a village, in local
names, Engl. -ham, Germ. -heim; but in mod. Dan., Norse, and Swed. local names contracted to -
om or -um, so that in many instances it is doubtful whether it is from heim or a dat. pl. in um, thus
Veom, Viom may be Vheimr or Vum; S-heimr = mod. Norse Sm; H-heimr = Hm; Fors-
heimr = Forsum, Munch, Norge's Beskr. Pref.: in Icel. not very freq., Sl-heimar, Man-heimar (cp.
Safn i. 353 note), Vind-h.: the mythical Glas-h., 'Bright-ham,' rym-h., r-h., Gm. 4, 8, 11. II.
this world, opp. to Hel or other worlds; fyrst flkvg heimi, Vsp. 26; segu mr r heimi ek man r
Helju, Vtkv. 6, Hkv. Hjrv. 40, Skv. 3, 62, Vm. 49, Am. 83, Stor. 19, Vsp. 46, Helr. 4; koma
heiminn, to be born, Fas. ii. 513; essa heims, in this world, 623. 48, Gl. 42, Hom. 48; opp. to
annars heims, in the other world; essa heims ok annars, Nj. 200, Sks. 354; kringla heimsins, the
globe, orbis terrarum, Hkr. (init.); um allan heim, Grg. i. 169; heimr er bygr, sl. ii. 381; spor n
liggja lengra t heim en ek f s, Orkn. 142; var heimrinn allr greindr rijunga, Al. 117, Sks.
194, Rb. 134; al-heimr, the universe; minni-h., microcosmos, Eluc. 19. 2. phrases, liggja (vera) milli
heims ok Heljar, to lie between life and death, in extreme illness, Fb. i. 260 (of a swoon); l
orsteinn milli heims ok heljar ok vtti sr ekki nema daua, Fas. ii. 437; sigai sv at
honum, ... ok l nliga milli heims ok heljar, Grett. 114; sna e-m tvo heimana, to make one look
into two worlds, i.e. to treat a person roughly; cp. laust hann sv at hann vissi lti enna heim, he
struck him so that he nearly swooned, Karl. 35. 3. eccl. the world, mundus; heims girni, Hom. 73;
stga yr heiminn, to overcome the world, 49, N. T. passim, e.g. John xvi. 8, 11, 20, 33; heims brn,
the children of the world, Pass.; heims dr, the glory of the world, Post.; heims skraut, the pomp of
the world, Hom. 83; hold ok heimr, the esh and the world, N. T. 4. denoting people, only in the
compd ing-heimr, an assembly, cp. Fr. monde. COMPDS: heims-aldr, m. aetas mundi, Stj. 25, Rb.
392, Fas. ii. 13. heims-lfa, u, f. a quarter of the world, Edda 151 (pref.) heims-brestr, m. crash of
the world, Nj. 272. heims-byg, f. the peopled world, Rb. 380, Stj., Hom. heims-endi, a, m. the
world's end, Stj. 68, 92: temp. the end of the world. heims-kringla, u, f. orbis terrarum, Sks. 606,
Trist. 7: the name of the work of Snorri, given it by Thormod Torfus (died 1719), from the rst
words in one of the vellum MSS., 'Kringla heimsins,' etc., whence Heimskringla; as the old name of
the Aeneid was 'Arma.' This name was for the rst time used in the Edit. of Peringskld 1697.
heims-skapan (-skpun), f. creation, Stj. 279. heims-skaut, n. pl. the poles, Fs. ii. 97 (in a verse);
the earth being conceived as a sheet stretched out (mod.), Norr-h., the North pole; Sur-h., the
South pole. heims-slit, n. pl. the end of the world, Bs. i. 432, Stj. 124. heims-sl, f. the sun, Fms. vi.
422. heims-staa, u, f. aetas mundi, 625. 178, Rb. 82, 84, 88, Fb. i. (pref.), Bs. ii. 3. heims-stjrn,
f. the ruling of the world, Mar. heims-strir, m. the ruler of the world, Lex. Pot. heims-vist, f.
living, dwelling, 625. 93, Magn. 428, Fms. ii. 239: dwelling in a place, N. G. L. i. 391, Hom. 115.
heims-rijungr, m. = heimslfa (in the old sense), Hkr. i. 5.
heim-rei, f. a 'home-raid,' inroad, attack, Eg. 279.
heim-rst, f. a lane leading up to houses (Icel. trair), Gl. 414, 445.
heimska, u, f. folly, Am. 83, Fbr. 142, Fms. ii. 156, . H. 109, Anal. 246, passim. COMPDS:
heimsku-liga, adv. foolishly, Sks. 685. heimsku-ligr, adj. foolish, heimsku-tal, n. foolisb talk,
heimsku-verk, n. a foolish deed, Karl. 20.
heimska, a, to mock one, 656 C. 35, H. E. i. 505 (impers.)
heimskingi, a, m. a fool, simpleton.
heimsk-liga (proncd. heimsliga, Fb. i. 259), adv. foolishly; lta h., to play silly pranks, behave like
an idiot, Fms. iii. 179, vi. 217, Fas. i. 9, Fs. 32, 150; fara h., Boll. 352; hlaupa hart ok heimsliga, Fb.
i. 259.
heimsk-ligr (proncd. heimsligr, 623. 19, Sturl. ii. 34 C, Fas. ii. 326), adj. foolish, silly, Sks. 73,
302, Fms. vi. 208; h. or, foolish (foul) language, Sturl. ii. 34, passim; h. gaman, Fs. 71.
heimsk-mligr, adj. foolish-spoken, 686 B. 2.
heimsk-orr, adj. = heimskmligr, Pass. 13. 2.
HEIMSKR, adj. [heima], foolish, silly, prop. 'homish,' of one who has never been from home, as in
the saying, heimskt er heimalit barn, homish (silly) is the home-bred bairn: heimskr, drill, is opp. to
horskr, Hm. 93; h. mar, 19; heimskir halir, fools, bad men, Sdm. 24: the saying, verr opt heitum
heimskr mar feginn, fair words make a fool's heart leap for joy, orst. St. 55; heimskir menn, Nj.
33: an idiot, Grg. i. 177; h. ok rvandr, Fs. 51; s skal hing valda er heimskastr er ingi, N.
G. L. i. 349: nicknames, Ketill Heimski, Hrafn H., Hreiarr H., ttarr H., Landn., Hdl., Fms.; cp.
Lat. Brutus.
heim-skn, f. [cp. Scot. hamesucken], an inroad or attack on one's home, Nj. 197, Fms. iii. 23, vii.
299. COMPDS: heimsknar-vargr, m. one who makes an inroad, a burglar, N. G. L. i. 405.
heimsknar-vitni, n. a witness in a case of heimskn, Gl. 155. II. a visit, Sturl. i. 72.
heim-speki, f. philosophy, Col. ii. 8; and heim-spekingr, m. a philosopher, now freq. and prob.
formed in the 16th century from the Germ. welt-weisheit; a poem Heimspekinga-skli exists,
written at the end of the 17th century.
heim-stefna, u, f. a law term, a citation served at one's home, Gl. 264. COMPDS: heimstefnu-
vttr, m. a witness in a case of h., N. G. L. i. 217. heimstefnu-vitni, n. testimony in a case of h.,
Gl. 475.
heim-st, f. a homestead, Vsp. 56.
heim-skja, stti, [Dan. hjemsge], to visit, Lv. 108, Fms. v. 236, Valla L. 218, Glm. 354, (better
in two words.)
HEIMTA, t, [Swed. hmta; akin to heim, prop. to fetch home] :- to fetch: 1. to draw, pull; bau
jarl at h. at landi, to pull them ashore, 623. 35; taka hendi sinni stnn tungunnar ok h. (to pull)
hana, Fb. ii. 386; heimtir hann togit hart, Konr. 31 (MS.), 33; vildu eir h. snruna at hlsi
honum, Mar.: metaph., heimti hann sik fram me fgjfum vi konunginn, he made his way with
the king by money, Fms. xi. 325; Einarr kom fund konungs, ok heimti sik fram me fgjfum, Fb.
iii. 445; h. sik vinttu vi e-n, to contract friendship with one, Fms. vi. 52; h. nyt af f, to milk
cattle, K. . K. 78, Bs. i. 189: impers. (rare), egar er saman heimtir me eim, when they come up
to one another, Al. 143; slks var vn eigi ltil, at ik mundi angat heimta (v.l. langa, Fs. 104), that
thou shouldest be drawn thither, long to go thither, Fms. ii. 212. 2. to call on one; konungr heimti til
sn Sigur ullstreng, Fms. vii. 17; heimtu eir konung tal, they had an interview with the king,
273, Lv. 42; var Joseph heimtr r myrkva-stofu, Ver. 17; skal hann h. til skipverja, ok segja
eim, Grg. i. 210. II. to claim, crave; mikit var heimt at eim fyrir sakir fur eirra, Sturl. ii. 127:
to claim a due, debt, or the like, h. fur-arf, . H. 32; mur-arf, Ld. 62; h. f at e-m, sl. ii. 224; h.
toll, Gull. 11; h. skiptoll. Fs. 153: hann mun tla at h. erf sna, Nj. 5; um eignir r er lafr
konungr heimti, Fms. i. 287; Rtr tti fr Vestfjru at heimta (to claim payment) fyrir varning
sinn, Nj. 11; h. ver, f, Fb. i. 434; skuld, skatt, mund, ii. 49, Fs. 153 :-- to crave, without the notion
of getting, heimti hann setstokkana ok ni eigi, Landn. 104; gaf hann sk Siguri, at hann
hefi heimt fjrhlut konunganna, Fms. vii. 128; ok hann at h. ingfarar-kaupit, Grg. i. 24; en
n var ar komit, at Steinn heimti essi vilmli at Ragnhildi, now St. called on R. to make good her
promises, . H. 144; ok mun heimt annat ef annat er veitt, orst. Su H. 172; eir heimtu mund
mur sinnar, en hann vildi eigi gjalda, Hkr. i. 21. 2. to get back, recover, regain, get in; nema
inn hamar r um heimtir, kv. 18; also, h. aptr, 8, 11; h. e-n r helju, Eg. 533, Grett. 83, Konr. 35.
3. esp. to bring home the sheep in autumn from the summer pastures; n heimtir annarr-tveggi
eirra eira en vn tti, ... n heimtir annarr betr en annarr, ... hve mart hann hafi heimt, i.e. how
many sheep were still at large, not got in, Grg. i. 424, 425. III. reex., er synir Haralds konungs
heimtusk fram at aldri, advanced in years, Fb. i. 576; heimtusk Birkibeinar r ys bandmanna,
ok upp eyna, Fms. viii. 68: h. saman, to gather together, join; heimtusk brtt skip hans saman, x.
396; ok heimtusk sv allir saman, joined to one another, viii. 357; vil ek at menn skiptisk sveitir ok
heimtisk saman frndr ok kunnmenn, . H. 204: of sheep, lta skipta at jafnai sv sem heimtz
her til, Grg. i. 424. IV. part. heimtandi, a claimant, Grg. i. 495, K. . K. 154.
heimta, u, f. a claim, demand, of payment due to one, or the like, Sturl. i. 113, Grg. ii. 379, K. .
84, Fb. i. 471, (fjr-heimta, arf-h.) 2. esp. in pl. (heimtur), a bringing home sheep from the summer
pastures; at var eitthvert sinn um haust at heimtur vru llar f manna, ok var Glmi vant margra
geldinga, Nj. 26; haust-heimtur, Band. 4; skaut mjk tvau horn um heimtur Odds fr v er verit
hafi, id.; ok er lei hausti ferr hann fjall, vera heimtur gar, ok missir engis sauar, 3; al-
heimtur, gathering in all one's sheep, cp. Glm. ch. 7, Rd. 4, Eb. ch. 18, Nj. ch. 16; very freq. in
mod. usage.
heimtari, a, m. a usurer, Stj. 304.
heimting, f. a claim, demand, Grg. i. 97, 334, Ld. 50, Fms. ii. 287.
heimul-leikr (-leiki), heimolleikr, vide heimoll.
heim-vn, f. expectation of coming home; hann sagi sna heimvn efztu viku Fstu, Sturl. i. 25.
2. eccl. departure, Germ. ableben; at get ek ekki merkja heimvn na, Fms. vii. 108, cp. Fl. vii.
p. xiv. pref.; hann svarai, mr lizt, herra, sem r muni eigi lengi hr eptir urfa at berjast vi
heiminn, -- Biskup mlti, v er gott at taka, eg ga heimvon, taken from Jn Halldrsson's
Lives of Bishops, referring to the death of Jn Vdaln (A.D. 1720).
heim-egi, a, m. a 'home-dweller,' a member of one's household; this word occurs several times on
Danish stones, vide Rafn 184, 185, 197, 217, 218.
heim-ingar (-ur), m. a visitor; hanga h. = Odin (vide haugi), sl. ii. 353 (in a verse); herju h.,
the husband of the ogress, i.e. the giant Hrungnir, Haustl. 19.
HEIN, f. [A. S. hn; Engl. hone; Dan. heen], a hone, Edda 48, 59, Sturl. ii. 62, Fms. vi. 374: a
nickname of the Danish king for his meekness, Knytl. S. COMPDS: heinar-brni, n. = heinbrni,
Fas. iii. 43. heinar-su (heinar-smjr, hone-grease, Fb. iii. 425), n. the liquor in which mowers dip
the whetstone, Fms. vi. 374: in poetry the sword is called hein-et, hein-land, hein-vandill, the
at, land, rod of the hone, Lex. Pot. hein-ynntr, part. hone-whetted, of a sword, id.
hein-berg, n. a hone-quarry, Edda 58.
hein-brni, n. a hone, whetstone, Fas. iii. 43.
Heinir, m. pl. the inhabitants of the Norse county Heimrk, Fms. xii. Hein-verskr, adj. from
Haaland, Hkr. i. (in a verse).
HEIPT, better heift, f. [Ulf. haifsts = GREEK, cp. haifstjan = GREEK; akin is Germ. heftig,
whence mod. Dan. hftig] :-- the earliest sense is feud, deadly war; vinna e-m heipt, to wage war
(do battle) against one, Vkv. 10; deila heiptir, to wage deadly feud, Hkv. 1. 44; senda e-m heiptar-
bo, to challenge one to combat, Fas. iii. 27 (in a verse): hereto belong such pot. epithets as,
heiptar-ntr, heiptar-strangr, heipt-brr, heipt-fkinn, heipt-glar, heipt-mildr, heipt-minnigr,
heipt-mr, heipt-rr, heipt-snarr, = mighty in war, warlike, all of them used as 'ornamental'
epithets of praise, vide Lex. Pot.: as also heiptar-hvessir, m. a war kindler, id. . bane; heipt
hrsungs, the bane of a copse, i.e. re, t. 19: in the old poems Hm. and Sdm. heipt seems used in a
peculiar sense, viz. an imprecation, spell, Hm. 136, 152, Sdm. 12, 36, and perh. Eb. in the
Mhlingavsur. 2. evil doings, injury; eiga e-m heiptir at gjalda, Hkr. i. 85, Korm. (in a verse);
gjalda e-m harma ok heiptir, . H. 214. II. deadly hatred, spite; halda heift hjarta, Hom. 50; heipt
ok harindi, ill-will and tyranny, Fms. vi. 42; meir af h. en st, xi. 310; hafa heipt e-m, to hate
one. 2. fury; svall heipt Hgna, H. swelled with fury, Bragi. COMPDS: heiptar-bl, n. a law
phrase, bloodshed; saurga heiptarbli, to stain (a holy place) with bloodshed, Eb. 12; kom
heiftarbl fyrst jr, Ver. 6 (the blood of Abel). heiptar-fenginn, adj. breathing hatred against
one, Ld. 232. heiptar-hugr, m. wrath, Fb. iii. 320. heiptar-hnd, f. a foe's band; leggja heiptar
hendr e-n, Stj. 486; me sinni heiptar hendi, 436. heiptar-ml and heiptar-or, n. pl. words
breathing hatred, Karl. 438, Fas. i. 191, ii. 358.
heipt-gjarn, adj. spiteful, Bkv. 10.
heipt-kvir, m. unkind, evil words, Ad. 22.
heipt-mgr, m. a foeman, adversary, Hm. 149.
heipt-rkni, f. (heipt-rkinn, adj.), vindictiveness, Hom. (St.) 49.
heipt-rkr, adj. vindictive, Bs. i. 8.
heiptugr, adj. baneful: in the allit. law phrase, heiptugri hendi, infesta manu, K. . 36, 40, Gl.
378.
heipt-, f. deadly hatred, Ver. 26.
heipt-igr, adj. vindictive, Eb. 17 new Ed., Fbr. 35, Fms. vi. 42, 295.
heipt-yri, n. pl. words of hatred, Edda 77, Am. 85, Fm. 9.
HEIT, n. pl. [cp. Ulf. wota = GREEK], threatening words or gestures, threats, Lat. minae; standa
undir heitum ok llyrum, Bs. i. 728; heit ok haryri, Barl. 194; kld heit, Edda (Ht.); eirra heit
dvnuu, Edda (in a verse); af heitum, from his threatening gestures, Am. 19.
heit, n. a solemn promise, vow; munu yr heit hans ll fst, Eg. 28, orst. St. 55; efnt ykkisk
hafa heit n, en n eru eptir mn heit, Nj. 59; en engum heitum (engagement) vil ek bindask, .
H. 32: in sing, a vow, holy vow, kva engan hlut batna munu vi at heit, Rd. 248; er honum tti
sem egit mundi heiti, Glm. 348; ea heit, to make a vow, Gsl. 90; stofna heit, id., Fms. ii. 16,
Sturl. i. 222; festa heit, id., Bs. i. 184: but esp., strengja heit, to make a solemn vow (in the heathen
time, whence heit-strenging), Fs. 122, sl. ii. 166, Fms. i. 3, xi. 26, Fb. ii. 353, Hrafn. 5; enda heit
sitt, Fb. ii. 371: eccl. a vow, offra Drottni heit sn, Stj. 429; heit ll ok testamenta, K. . 216: a
promise (in marriage), hann ba konunnar ok fkk heiti hennar, Edda 23; brega fstu heiti, to
break a promise, Alm. 5.
HEITA, pres. heit, heitr, and in A. II. heiti, heitir (bisyllabic), in mod. usage heiti through all
signications; pret. ht, htu, 2nd pers. hzt; part. heitinn.
A. [Ulf. haitan = GREEK; A. S. htan; Old Engl. hight, pret. hot; O. H. G. haizan; Germ. heissen;
Swed. heta; Dan. hede]: I. trans. with acc. to call, give name to; hve ik htu hj? Fsm. 47; Ur
htu eina, Vsp. 20; Heii hana htu, 25; Grmni mik htu, Gm. 49; hve ik heitir halr, Hkv. Hjrv.
14; Hnikar htu mik, Skv. 2. 18; htu rl, Rm. 8; htu Erna (Ernu?), 36: the naming of infants was
in the heathen age accompanied by a kind of baptism (ausa vatni), vide ausa, p. 35. 2. metaph. to
call on one; in the phrase, heita e-n brott, to turn one out, call on one to be gone; er mar
brott heitinn ef honum er eigi deildr matr at mlum, Grg. i. 149; Vermundr ht hann brott ok
kva hann eigi ar lengr vera skyldu, Sturl. ii. 230; so also, ef bndi heitr grimann sinn af vist
forttalaust, Grg. i. 157; ea heiti mik han, Ls. 7; ek var heitinn t (turned out) fjrum sinnum,
Sighvat :-- with prep., heita e-n, to call upon one (for help); hn ht konur at skilja , Landn.
49: to exhort one (in battle), ht Hlmrygi, Hkm. 2; lfr ht oss, Hkr. iii. (in a verse); Gsli
spratt upp skjtt ok heitr menn sna, at skli, Gsl. 22: to invoke one (a god, saint), hann tri
Krist, en ht r til sjfara ok harra, Landn. 206; hann heitr n fulltra sna orgeri ok
Irpu, Fb. i. 213; ef ek heit gu minn, Mar.; Gu skal heita til gra hluta, Sl. 4. 3. part. pass.
hight, called; s gjf var heitin gulli betri, Ad. 9; lskr mun hann heitinn, Am. 57, Fms. vi. 39 (in
a verse); s mar mun eigi lla heitinn (will not get a bad report) atfer sinni, Sks. 55 new Ed. .
heitinn, the late, of one dead; eptir Odd heitinn fur sinn, Dipl. iv. 13; Salgerr h., the late S., Vm.
37: very freq. in mod. usage, hann Jn heitinn, hn Gurn heitin, etc. II. absol. or intrans., in
which case pres. bisyllabic heiti (not heit), to be hight, be called, as in Goth. the pass. of haitan;
Andvari ek heiti, A. am hight, Skv. 2. 2; lafr heiti ek, Fms. x. 226; ek heiti Ari, b. (ne); Jsu
vatni, Jarl ltu heita, Rm. 31; inn ek n heiti, Yggr ek an ht, Gm. 54; Gangrr ek heiti, Vm.
8; Ask veit ek standa, heitir Yggdrasill, Vsp. 19: esp. freq. in an hist. style in introducing a person
for the rst time, Mrr ht mar, hann tti dttur eina er Unnr ht, mir hennar ht orgerr, Rtr
ht brir hans, Nj. 1, 2; au ttu eptir dttur er urr ht, hinn elzti son Bjarnar ht Grmkell, sl.
ii. 4; Oddr ht mar, son nundar breiskeggs, hann tti konu er Jrunn ht; annarr son eirra
ht roddr en annarr orvaldr, urir ht dttir Odds en nnur Jfrir, 121, 122; orsteinn ht
mar, hann var Egilsson, en sgerr ht mir orsteins, 189; au gtu son, ok var vatni ausinn ok
ht rlfr, 146, etc.; and in endless instances answering to Engl. there was a man, and his name
was (he was hight) so and so. The ancients said, hve (or hversu) heitir , 'how' art thou named?
Germ. wie heisst du? thus, hve heitir? hve ik kalla konir? answer, Atli ek heiti, and hve
heitir, hla ngrug? Hrmgerr ek heiti, Hkv. Hjrv. 14-17; hve s jr heitir, hve s himinn heitir,
hversu mni heitir, hve sj sl heitir, etc., Alm. 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34,
Vm. 11, 13, 15, 17; the northern Icelanders still say, hvers' (i.e. hversu) heitir marinn, slir veri
r, hvrs' heitir marinn? answer, Hrlfr heitir hann, Asgrmsson a noran, Sig. Ptr. in Hrlfr (a
play), p. 4: in mod. usage, hvat (what) heitir ? hva heitir ? Eg heiti Jn, Stef. l.: the same
phrase occurs now and then in old writers, hvat heitir br sj? Ld. 234; hvat heitir hn? Helga heitir
hn, sl. ii. 201 (Cod. Holm. hvart = hversu?): as also in the poem Fsm. (but only preserved in paper
MSS.) 9, 11, 13, 19, 23, 31, 35, 37; but hve, 46, 47. . of places, often with dat. and prep. of the
place; eim b er Brjmslk heitir, Bs. i. 379; land pat er Hvammi heitir, Gsl. 121; br hans
ht Stokkum, Fb. iii. 324; eim b er at Hli heitir, Hrafn. 5; ok v heitir at san Geitdal, 3;
br heitir Bakka, Mealhsum, at Brfelli, Aulfsstum, at Svnavatni, Vestrhpi,
Slttadal, sl. ii. 322-325. 2. to be called, reckoned so and so; heitir hn snn at sk, then she
stands convicted, N. G. L. i. 351; skalt fr essum degi frjls mar heita, Ld. 50; heit hvers
manns ningr ella, Nj. 176; heldr en h. kotkarl, eigi er at nafn fyrir-ltanda, at heita hskarlar
konungs, Sks. 270; s er vill heitinn horskr, Hm. 61. 3. reex., htomc, to name oneself or to be
called; htomc Grmnir, htomc Gangleri, einu nafni htomc aldregi, htomc undr fyrir at, Gm.
46, 48, 54.
B. With dat., [cp. Goth. fauraga heitan; A. S. htan, pret. het; Germ. verheissen] :-- to promise,
with dat. both of the person and thing, or the thing in inn., or absol.; heita hru, to threaten, Am.
78; h. gu, Sl.; h. blvi, Hdl. 49; afarkostum, Fms. i. 75; hann heitr eim ar mt fornum
lgum, . H. 35; engu heit ek um at, 167; mant nokkut hverju hzt mr fyrra, Anal. 190; at
lti mark s at, hverju heitr, Fms. vii. 120; fyrir au hin fgru fyrirheit er hzt eim manni, er
bana-mar hans yri -- at skal ek efna sem ek ht ar um, i. 217; kom orsteinn ar, sem hann
hafi heiti, as he had promised, 72; munt gra okkr slka smd sem her heiti, Nj. 5; Njll
ht at fara, 49. II. to make a vow, the vow in dat., the god or person invoked with prep. and acc. (h.
e-n), cp. A. above; at sndisk mnnum r samkomunni, at h. til verr-bata, en um at uru
menn varla sttir hverju heita skyldi, vill Ljtr v lta h. at gefa til hofs, en bera t brn en drepa
gamal-menni, Rd. 248; heitr Ingimundr prestr at bka-kista hans skyldi land koma ok bkr, Bs.
i. 424; ok skyldu menn taka at heita, eir htu at gefa ..., 483; ht Haraldr v til sigrs sr, at hann
skyldi taka skrn, Fms. i. 107; eptir at ht hn miklum fgjfum hinn helga Jn biskup, Bs. i. 201
and passim, esp. in the Miracle-books. III. reex. and pass. to plight oneself, be betrothed; s
hn at at ri ok me henni vinir hennar at heitask rl, Eg. 36; eim htumk jkonungi,
Skv. 3. 36: to betroth, varkat ek heima er (hn) r heitin var, when she (the bride) was given to
thee, Alm. 4; kom sv, at Bri var heiti meyjunni, that the maid was betrothed to B., Eg. 26. 2. to
vow, plight one's faith; eir htusk reka Hkon r landi, Jd.: to vow one's person to one, at hann
heitisk hinum heilaga la konungi, Hkr. iii. 288: to bind oneself, menn er honum hfu heitisk
til fruneytis, Fms. vii. 204.
heita, tt, [heitr], to heat; hn heitti steinana, Lv. 70; hann lt taka sement ok heita katli, Fms. vi.
153; h. spjt eldi, Fas. ii. 29; slin heitir hat, Rb. 444., 2. to brew; heita mungt, Bs. i. 339, 340,
K. . K. 100, Finnb. 294, Eg. 88; heita l, 148, Hkv. 3; heita til Jlanna, to brew for Yule, Orkn. 112;
-- the ancients used to drink fresh-brewed ale.
heita, u, f. brewing, N. G. L. ii. 249, iii. 197; l-heita, ale-brewing, Landn. 215. COMPDS: heitu-
gagn, n. a boiler, D. N. heitu-hs, n. a brew-house, Fms. viii. 329. heitu-kerald, n. a brewing-vat,
Dipl. v. 18. heitu-ketill, n. a boiler, Dipl. iii. 4, Fb. iii. 447. heitu-kona, u, f. a woman brewer, Rtt.
6. 3. heitu-mar, m. a brewer, Sturl. ii. 44. heitu-vir, m. fuel for brewing, Rtt. 59.
heitan, f. a hooting, threatening, Fms. vi. 371, 437, Sturl. ii. 57, Fs. 31. heitanar-or, n. pl.
menaces, Fms. vi. 118, Sturl. iii. 141.
HEITASK, a, dep.; [in mod. usage this word is often used as a strong verb, as if it belonged to the
great verb heita above; but wrongly, as they are widely different, the former referring to Goth.
haitjan, the latter to Goth. wtjan, answering to Icel. hta, hta, q.v., Old Engl. to wite] :-- to hoot,
threaten, abuse one; heitask vi e-n, with inn. or absol., hann gerir reian mjk ok heitask vi
Odd, Korm. 142; aldrei hallmlti hann vinum snum ok aldri heitaisk hann vi , and he never
spoke evil of or abused his enemies, Nj. 211; hann settisk b hans en heitaisk vi bnda, Fs. 157;
hverr ert sv djarfr, at orir at heitask vi hfingja vrn? Fms. i. 75: with inn., heituusk
Danir mjk at fara me her Noreg, 160; h. e-s, viii. 167; eir heitausk at verja hann, vii. 290;
Kntr heitaisk jafnan at herja til Englands, sl. ii. 241; en hjnin heituusk vi ru lagi at hlaupa
brott, Bjarn. 27; hann heitask at brjta au, O. H. L. 23; h. til e-s, munt n goori nu at
heitisk eigi til, orst. Su H. 173: absol., segir at konungi mundi at eigi duga at heitask er herja
innan-lands flk, Hkr. i. 144. In mod. language heitast is chiey used of those who shortly before
death curse a man, and after death haunt him, see sl. js. i. 222.
heit-bundinn part. bound by a vow, Sturl. iii. 240, Rd. 246.
heit-dagr, m. a votive day; heitdagr Eyringa, the rst Tuesday in the month Einmnur (April), a
'day of vow' at the end of the winter when fodder and food began to run short, vide Rd. ch. 7.
heit-fastr, adj. true to one's word, Sturl. ii. 133, Hkr. iii. 252.
heit-fengi, n. a being heitfengr, Lv. 70.
heit-fengr, adj. able to eat one's food burning hot, Grett. 91.
heit-f, n. votive money, Bs. i. 308, 450.
heit-gu, n, a god to whom one makes a vow, Br. 108.
heit-hleifr, m. a votive loaf, Vm. 33.
heiti, n. a name, denomination, 623. 62, Fms. i. 23, Hkr. i. 320, Orkn. (begin.); kennd heiti, simple
nouns, opp. to kenningar, circumlocutions or metaphors, Edda (Sksm.); heiti and nafn are used
almost synonymously, lands-heiti, staa-heiti.
heitingar, f. pl. threats, imprecations, Lat. dirae, Fas. i. 39, iii. 533, Grett. 203 new Ed., cp. sl.
js; i. 222.
heit-kona, u, f. one's promised spouse, distinguished from festar-kona, in whose case the ceremony
of betrothal has taken place (vide festar); hn skal vera heitkona Gunnlaugs en eigi festar-kona, sl.
ii. 217, 239, 255, Fb. i. 372, Sturl. iii. 179.
heitleikr, m. heat, Mar.
heit-or, n. a promise, Sturl. i. 34, ii. 167, Bs. i. 682, r. 21 new Ed.
HEITR, adj. [cp. Ulf. heito = fever, Matth. viii. 14; A. S. ht; Engl. hot; Hel. ht; Germ. heiss; Dan.
heed;; Swed. het] :-- hot, burning; heitan eld, sl. ii. 152; eldi heitari, hotter than re, Hm. 50, Grett.
134; heitt skin, hot sunshine, Fms. i. 118, vi. 411; heitt ver, hot weather, vii. 165; ver heitt af slu,
sl. ii. 193; skalt eigi urfa heitara at baka, Nj. 199; heitt siment, hot mortar, Fms. vi. 153; ea
hellir hann hann v nkkvi er sv heitt er, at (of a uid), Grg. ii. 129; heit mjlk, Lv. 70; heitr
grautr, Eb. 198; ekki er heitt, 'tis not hot, Lv. l.c.; e-m er (verr) heitt, to be warm, Sks. 63; mr er
heitt, I am hot; eld-h., hot as re; gl-h., glowing hot; brenn-h., burning hot; fun-h., sj-h., etc.,
q.v.; heitt bl, heitr sveiti, Korm. II. metaph. hot, ardent; heit st, hot love; unna (elska) heitt, to
love dearly, Lex. Pot., and in mod. usage. 2. hot, angry; gra sik heitan, Bs. i. 717, Stj. 181; vera
h. vi e-n, 719.
heit-ramr, adj. boasting, braggart, Bs. i. 649.
heit-ro, a, m. (heit-rofa), a promise-breaker, Fms. ii. 55, Fs. 96.
heitsi, adj. indecl.; vera e-s h., to engage oneself to a thing, ir. 151.
heit-strenging, f. a solemn vow of the heathen kind (cp. strengja heit), Fms. i. 4, Hrafn. 8, sl. ii. 42,
Fms. xi. 26, 109-113, 152, Fs. 122. For descriptions of this heathen custom, esp. at festivals (at Yule
time, at funerals), see esp. Hnsa . S. ch. 12, Jmsv. S. ch. 8, 37, cp. Hkr. . T. ch. 39, Hervar. S.
ch. 4 (Fas. i. 417), Hkr. Har. S. Hrf. ch. 4, Yngl. S. ch. 40, Har. S. ch. 14, Flamanna S. ch. 2 (cp.
Landn. 1. ch. 3), Hrafn. ch. 2, Hkv. Hjrv. (prose).
heit-strengja, d, to vow, Fms. xi. 110, Str.; (better in two words.)
heit-sngr, m. a votive song, Bs. i. 307, 354.
heit-yri, u. = heitor.
HEKLA, u, f. [akin to hkull, q.v.], a kind of cowled or hooded frock, knitted of divers colours, see
Fms. ii. 72, viii. 106; hekla ekktt, Fas. i. 120, Landn. 319; blrend h., sl. ii. 44; h. af skarlati ok
saumu ll brgum, Fms. ii. 70; grn h., . H. 158. COMPDS: Heklu-fjall, n. 'Hecla-fell' the
name of mount Hecla, Bs., Ann. passim; in mod. usage abbreviated Hekla, prob. called so from its
frock or hood of snow. Fourteen eruptions of mount Hecla are recorded, of A.D. 1104, 1158, 1206,
1222, 1300, 1341, 1389, 1440 (the exact year uncertain), 1510, 1597, 1636, 1693, 1766, 1845,
besides earthquakes or partial eruptions in the immediate neighbourhood in 1294 and 1554, see sl.
Ann., Jn Egilsson (Annals), Bjrn Skars (Annals). In the Middle Ages Hecla became mythical
in Europe, and was regarded as a place of punishment for the damned; the Danes say 'begone to
Heckenfjld,' the North Germans 'to Hackelberg,' the Scots 'to John Hacklebirnie's house,' cp. the
Sks. 154. heklu-mar, m. a hooded man, Fms. ii. 70.
Heklungar, m. pl. 'Frockmen,' the name of a political party in Norway in the days of king Sverri,
Fms. viii. 106 sqq.
HEL, f., gen. heljar, dat. helju or hel (less correct); a nom. helja never occurs in old writers,
although a gen. helju is used in the mod. phrase, milli heims ok helju (old and better heljar); [Ulf.
halja = GREEK, Matth. xi. 23, Luke xvi. 23, 1 Cor. xv. 55; A. S. and Engl. hell; Hel. and O. H. G.
hellia; Germ. hlle; cp. Dan. i hjel] :-- the abode of the dead: 1. in a heathen sense answering to the
Greek Hades, and distinguished from Valhalla; Helju, Alm. 15, 19, 21, 27, 33; til Heljar, Skm. 27,
Vtkv. 6, Vm. 43; ok ltta ekki fyrr en vr hfum Sigmund Helju, Fr. 166; vntir mik, at hann s
n Helju, Fas. i. 233; at au undr beri fyrir ik at sr brtt Helju ok vst mun etta n fura
vera, sl. ii. 351; fara til Heljar, to fare to Hel. to die, Gsl. 107. 2. phrases or sayings, heimta e-n r
Helju, to draw one out of Hel, i.e. to rescue him from imminent death or peril; ttusk eir hafa
hann r Helju heimtan, Eg. 533, Fs. 8, Fms. iii. 80; cp. grta Baldr r Helju, Edda 38, 39, Bs. i. 648
(in a verse); bask til Heljar, to busk one for a journey to Hel. i.e. to put him in a shroud; ok er at
v mlt at mar ykki til Heljar bask, s er sik klir mjk, er hann gengr t er klir sik
lengi, Gsl. 107; liggja (vera) milli heims ok Heljar (see heimr II), Grett. 114, Fas. ii. 437, Fb. i.
260; liggja Heljar remi, to lie on the threshold of Hel. O. H. L. 71; eigi eru vr sv Heljar rm
komnir, at har allt r vrt hendi r, 655 x. 1; rasa Helina opna, to rush into open Hel. i.e. to
seek death, Fms. viii. 437; leysa hfu r Helju, to release one's head out of Hel. Skv. 2. 1. II.
death; unnusk eir Hkon mikit, sv at skildi ekki nema hel, Fms. vii. 733; hggr tvr hendr
ok ykkir eigi betra lf en hel, without caring for his life, sl. ii. 368; mr er verra lf en hel, Stj. 495;
ba heljar, to bide for death, Stor. 24; nema eim liggi vi hel ea hsgangr, N. G. L. i. 54; at er
vant at sj, flagsmar, hvrt fyrr kemr, hel er langframi, Orkn. 466. 2. abverb. phrases, u. til
heljar, to death; hafr til heljar, put to death, Grg. i. 34; drepa mann til heljar, 161; bta e-u til
heljar, N. G. L. i. 341; svelta til heljar, to starve to death, Bret. 8; fra e-n til heljar, to slay one,
Fms. vi. 166. . hel, to death (Dan. i hjel); sofa hel, to sleep oneself to death, Rb. 356; vella
mkum hel, 414; berja grjti hel, to stone to death, Landn. 236, Eb. 98, Ld. 152, Gsl. 118; berja
e-n hel, Fms. v. 181; drepa e-n hel, Hbl. 27, Am. 38. III. the ogress Hel, the Proserpine of
Scandin. mythol., Edda 18, 37-39, Gm. 31, Vtkv. 3; me Helju, id.; bja Helju tlausn, etc., id.;
haldi Hel v er her, Edda 38 (in a verse): Hel was represented as of a black, livid hue, whence the
phrase, blr sem Hel, black as Hel, Nj. 177; blr sem Hel ok digr sem naut, Eb. 314: Heljar-skinn,
n. 'Hel-skin,' Black-skin; hann lzk eigi slk Heljarskinn s hafa, Landn. 121; also as a nickname,
id. The inmates of Hel (ghosts called up from below) were supposed to be endowed with a
supernatural strength, whence the phrases, heljar-a, n. strength of Hel, gigantic strength; tk hann
snu heljarai, Od. ix. 538 (GREEK): heljar-karl, m. a 'hell-carle,' a person of gigantic
strength, Fb. i. 212: heljar-mar, m. (heljar-menni, n.), a man of Hel, like heljar-karl, Ld. 160; er
at jafnan reynt, at heljarmarinn er harr vi at eiga, Al. 109; Oddr kva eigi hgligt vi
heljarmann ann, en vi fjlkyngi mur hans, Fs. 32; ok er llt at fsk vi heljarmanninn, Grett.
134; gru eigi at at htta r einn undir vpn heljarmannsins, orst. S. St. 52; hann er h. ok vn
at llt hljtisk af, Fs. 36; ekki mun heljarmar essi lta hr vi lenda, Od. xxii. 70: Heljar-sinnar,
m. pl. the champions of Hel, demons, ghosts, Edda (Sksm.) 41; salir Heljar, the halls of Hel, Vsp.
35: cp. also Heljar-grind, f. the gates of Hel; Heljar-meyjar, f. pl. the maids of Hel; Heljar-reip,
n. the ropes of Hel, Sl. 37-39; Heljar-rann, n. the hall of Hel, Vtkv. 6; Heljar-diskr, m. the dish of
Hel, Edda (Gl.), Sturl. (in a verse); Heljar-epli, n., sl. ii. 351 (in a verse); Heljar-askr, m. the ash
of Hel, Sturl. (in a verse), cp. Vsp. 2.
HLA, u, f. [Lat. gelu], hoar frost, rime, Hkv. 2. 42, Edda 85, Stj. 292, Barl. 198. COMPDS: hlu-
fall, n. a fall of rime, Gsl. 67. hlu-frost, n. a rime frost. hlu-kaldr, adj. rime cold, Sks. 41. hlu-
skr, f. a rime shower, Stj. 292. hlu-oka, u, f. a rime fog, mist, Sturl. i. 179.
hla, d, to be covered with rime, Edda 3; hlr hlir, Lex. Pot.: part. hldr, icy, pot. epithet of
ships, the sea; hldir hfar, hlt haf, Lex. Pot.
hel-blr, adj. black as death, Fas. iii. 653.
Hel-blindi, a, m. a name of Odin, Edda.
HELDR, adv. compar.; superl. HELZT; [Goth. haldis; Dan. heller; Swed. hellre, heller: only
Scandin., not being found in the Teut. dialects.]
A. COMPAR., I. more, rather: 1. with the particle en (an), rather ..., than; hann var heldr ljtr an
gligr, Eluc. 55; kjs hann heldr til en fr, Bs. i. 480; umbeygilega hljs-grein heldr en hvassa,
Sklda 182; me margfldu atkvi heldr en einfldu, Sks. 311; hygg ek at heldr ha hann helvti
en essi mar, Fms. vii. 118; vill hn at honum s eigi fr vsat ... heldr en eir ge upp borgina,
Fms. i. 157: with a comparative, less than, more than; er eim s eigi minni kunnleikr heldr en
nbum, Grg. ii. 343; ba hann skipa eptir konung-legri miskunn meirr, heldr en eptir hausri
reii Amans, Sks. 467. 2. hvart-heldr ..., ea, either ..., or; whether ..., or ...; hvrt sem at yri
heldr k ildi er vaml, Dipl. iv. 13; en n vitum vr eigi hvrt heldr er, ... ea munt ..., now we
know not which is the case, whether ... or ..., Fms. i. 33: ea being understood, Gunnlaugi kvesk
vel lka hvrt at heldr er, G. said he should be well pleased whatsoever was done, sl. ii. 267. 3. at
heldr, not merely ..., but rather, all the more, or after a negative, any more; at heldr tveimr, at ek
munda gjarna veita yr llum, not merely for two, but I would gladly yield it to you all, Nj. 117; ok
tti ekki hans hefnt at heldr, tt (the more, though) etta vri at grt, sl. ii. 273; en eigi er at
heldr hefnt gfugra frnda vrra, Fms. viii. 136, Hm. 95; ok at heldr tt (even though) eir vri
frjlsir menn, vri eir (yet) bta-menn, Eg. 737. II. intens. very; systur fra heldr, a very
pretty sister, Hom. 115; heldr hljr, heldr fmlugr, Fms. xi. 78; var brrin dpr heldr, Nj. 11;
aer vru mlgar ok heldr llorar, 66; heldr ert fmennr, Glm. 377; tala heldr harfarliga, Eb.
256; konungr var h. ktr, Eg. 44; mr er heldr kalt, I am very cold, Orkn. (in a verse); at mun ml
manna, at gr sj s heldr skkk, Eg. 738; orlfr fsti heldr uppgngu, Eg. 242; var sv komit
deginum, at heldr tk t eyktina, that the hour of eykt was just passing, Fb. i. 192. III. but, on the
contrary, Germ. aber, vielmehr, esp. after a negative; eru at ekki engla nfn? answer, heldr (no,
but) kenningar-nfn, Eluc. 12; eigi mlir hann sv ..., heldr (but), 40 :-- eigi, ... nema enn heldr, but
on the contrary, Stj. 409, 412, 428, 442; hann rak eigi erendi brur sns, heldr ba hann eirrar
konu sr til handa, Fms. vii. 103; at hyggjandi sinni skylit mar hrsinn vera, heldr gtinn at gei,
Hm. 6; ekki er at, heldr vill fair inn, at ..., Glm. 379; lta eir sr at eigi einhltt, heldr hafa
eir teki ..., . H. 32; hr at ekki, ... heldr er yr at smd, at ..., Fagrsk. ch. 16; me ltilli
glei, heldr me miklu angri, Barl. 144. . but, Lat. sed, at; Rtr mun mla r ngu, heldr mun
hann bija at allir geymi n sem bezt, Nj. 14; eru eir eigi einir saman ra-gr sinni, heldr hafa
eir me sr marga vitra menn, Sks. 313: very freq. in mod. usage, but, ar er hvorki kafald n
vetrar-rki n steypi-regn, heldr ..., Od. ix; ngvar hafa eir rs-samkomur ea lg, heldr ba eir
vum hellrum, 112; ekki hafa hjarmenn ar yrfr, ea akryrkju-menn, heldr er eyin valt byg
af mnnum, 123; ekki bjuggu Ltofagar bana-r mnnum mnum, heldr ..., 92; hann vildi ekki aptr
sna ... heldr vildu eir eptir vera, 95; hann var hi mesta trll, og ekki menskum manni lkr, heldr
skgktum tindi hrra fjalla, 191; grt eigi lengr svo kaiga, freista heldr (but try) ..., Od. iv. 544.
IV. with adverbs; ekki heldr, neither; ekki allnrri, og ekki h. mjg langt undan landi, Od. ix. 117;
n heldr, nor either; ekki er ar heldr umgangr af veii-mnnum, neither is there ..., 120; hvorki
grr-setja eir nokkra plantan me hndum snum n heldr (neither) plgja jrina, 108: ekki ...
auk heldr, not to speak of, still less, far less; hann vill ekki lj mr a, auk heldr gefa, he will not
lend it to me, far less give it: hitt--heldr, rather the contrary! proncd. hitt--heldr! ironically, e.g.
tarna er fallegt, hitt-heldr, how ne, or rather the contrary! i.e. what a shame! with adverb.
datives, ngu heldr, no more; llu heldr, miklu heldr, much sooner.
B. SUPERL., I. soonest; he ek at helzt hug mr, Nj. 21; kunnu eir at helzt at segja til strar,
at ..., Fms. i. 68; eir ykkjask n helzt menn, Nj. 66: most, n er etta fylskni helzt, 133; sem ek
veit sannast ok rttast ok helzt at lgum, Grg. i. 75. 2. freq. in mod. usage, soonest, best, most,
Germ. am liebsten, am besten; eg vildi a helzt, a vri helzt reynanda. II. with adverbs; einkum
helzt, especially; eir er Gui jna einkum helzt, 625. 165; hti helzt, nkkvi helzt; eir ttu hti
helzt sr nokkura kosti fmunum, sl. ii. 134; ok at her hann nkkvi helzt, er Bi mlir fyrir
honum, Fms. xi. 78; hafi n helzt nkkut munr fengizt, Edda 32; allra h., above all; allra helzt
lgum, Sklda 162; hvar helzt, wheresoever, Hom. III. helzti or hlzti, with an adjective, very
much, very, often with the notion of far too; hlzti varr, Fms. viii. 91; hlzti nr oss! Eb. 133; hlzti
vaskligir, Al. 37; hann ltzk vi hlzti mikinn hraustleik, 41; ok kva Gurnu hlzti gott at vefja
honum at hfi sr, Ld. 188, cp. Fms. ii. 255; helzti frir, Fr. 37; helzti lengi (far too long) her
sv farit, Fms. vi. 393; r siti heima ok lti vnliga, ok eru hlzti margir, Ld. 216; rlfr
kva rl ann helzti augan, Eb. 154; hlzti miklir gfu-menn, Nj. 191; hlzti hfum vr verit
autrygg, Fas. i. 531; yki mr n s ra helzti lng orin, Sks. 352; ok er r hvrr-tveggi helzti
gr, Fms. i. 75; kva konung hlzti lengi ar hafa kropit um lyng, Hkr. iii. 376.
heldri, adj. compar. the better; and helztr, superl. the best, foremost; heldra lagi, in high degree,
Fms. ix. 262, Alex. 92; heldrum lgum, id., Fas. iii. 551; ykkir mnnum s helztr kostr, the best
choice, Hkr. ii. 76; nnsk mr at r helzt til ..., the best step to be taken methinks is ..., Fb. i. 83;
beztrar vinttu ok helztrar, of the best friendship and truest, Bs. i. 708; er einn her verit helztr
lendra manna Noregi, Eb. 334: in mod. usage, heldra flk, heldri menn, better sort of people,
gentle folk, opp. to almgi; heldri manna brn, and the like: helztu menn, the best men.
helngr or helfningr, m., D. N.; vide helmingr.
Hel-fkr, m. = helgrr, Fas. i. 385.
helft, f. [hlfr], a half, D. N., Landn. 218, v.l. (paper MS.), freq. in mod. usage: behalf, H. E. ii. 41.
hel-fss, adj. eager for death, Akv. 43.
hel-fr, f. 'Hel-faring,' death, burial, Blas. 44.
HELGA, a, hlga, a Norse form, Bret. 34, 96, [heilagr], to make holy, hallow, sanctify: I. a law
term, to appropriate land or the like, by performing some sacred rites: komit he ek n eldi
verrland ok er helgat landit Einari syni mnum, Glm. 391; hann skaut yr ana me tundr-ru ok
helgai sr sv landit fyrir vestan, Landn. 193; hann geri eld mikinn vi hvern vatns-s ok helgai
sr sv allt hra, 207; sv helguu eir sr allan xarfjr, 234 (interesting): to adjudicate to one,
ht hann v at h. r allt landnm sitt ok kenna vi hann, Landn. 97; hann gri ar hof mikit ok
helgai r (dat.), id.; sbjrn helgai landnm sitt r ok kallai rs-mrk, 280: hence in mod.
usage, helga sr e-, to prove a thing to be one's own, make one's right to a thing good, e.g. hann
skal hafa a ef hann getr helga sr a, he shall have it if he can prove it to be his, e.g. M. N. er
fundinn, ... rttr eigandi m helga sr og vitja, jlfr, passim of property lost and found. . helga
sik, to clear oneself of a charge; at hinn helgi sik me heimiliskviar-vitni, N. G. L. ii. 69. .
helga ing, h. lei to proclaim solemnly the sanctity of a meeting, xing the pale or bounds
(inghelgi, q.v.); goi s er inghelgi , hann skal ar ing helga enn fyrsta aptan, Grg. i. 100; me
essum orum ok ingmrkum helguu langfegar hans alingi, Landn. (App.) 335; Glmr tti ok
at helga hausting, Glm. 394; hann sendi r at helga verr-lei, Sturl. iii. 169; lei skal sv h.
jafnt sem ing; lei helgari, Grg. i. 122, Band. 2. of a person (in acc.), to proclaim a person's
inviolability; ek helgaa ik ingsklaingi, Nj. 99 (of an outlawed person); hann keypti at
ormi, at hann helgai rn, Landn. 288, i.e. to make out that an outlaw had been slain within a
bowshot (rskots-helgi), he being inviolable (heilagr) within that distance. 3. in mod. usage, to
protect by law; helga varp, arfugl, etc., = fria, q.v. II. eccl. to hallow, sanctify; helga
num sannleika, John xvii. 17; fyrir helga eg sjlfan mig, svo a eir s og helgair
sannleikanum, 19, Ephes. v. 26, 1 Thess. v. 23, Hebr. xiii. 12, 1 Pet. iii. 15; meal eirra sem
helgair vera, Acts xx. 32; helgat fyrir Heilagan Anda, Rom. xv. 16; r eru helgair, r eru
rttltir, 1 Cor. vi. 11, passim; hvort er meira? gullit ea musterit hvert er helgar gullit, ... ea altari
a sem offrit helgar? Matth. xxiii. 17, 19. III. reex. to be sanctied, Hom. 96, Fms. iv. 111;
helgisk og styrkisk essar hendr, Fms. viii. 26.
hel-galdr, m. a death-dirge, Fbr. 24.
helgan (helgun), f. sanctication, Hom. 160, Mar. 13, Stj. 141, 149, 1 Cor. i. 30, 1 Thess. iv. 3, 2
Thess. ii. 13, Pass. 24. 2: sacramentum, essar helganir, skrn ok ferming, K. . 20: consecration, h.
holds ok bls vrs Herra Jesu Christi, H. E. i. 463.
Hel-genginn, part. 'Hel-gone,' dead, Eg. (in a verse).
helgi, f., I. a law term, security, inviolability; nema honum vri helgi meiri mlt en fjrbaugs-
manni, Grg. i. 98; engir hundar eigu helgi sr, ii. 119; hann skal segja til ess ingbrekku hverja
helgi hann leggr , 267; -helgi, loss or forfeiture of one's personal security, i.e. outlawry; fri-
helgi, security; mann-helgi, sacredness of the person: also in a local sense, a holy place, sanctuary;
rskots-helgi, sanctuary within bowshot; ing-helgi, the holy boundary of a meeting within the pale
xed in the formulary, helga ing; sk-helgi, the limits within which the right of jetsum is valid, thus
a whale is recorded to have been found outside sk-helgi, jlfr, July 28, 1869, p. 162. II.
holiness, sanctity, 625. 12, Bs. passim, Hkr. ii. 371; helgi lafs konungs, Fb. ii. 359, passim.
COMPDS: helgi-dagr, m. a holiday. helgi-dmr, m. a halidom, sanctuary, N. T. helgi-hald, n.
holiday-keeping, N. G. L. i. 348, Valla L. 213, Fb. ii. 232. helgi-spjll, n. pl. = helgibrot. helgi-
star, m. a holy place, Eb. 12, Edda 10, Landn. 98.
Helgi, a, m. (Norse form Hlgi), the Holy, a pr. name; as also Helga, u, f., Landn.
helgr, f., dat. and acc. helgi, pl. helgar, [Swed. helg], a holiday, feast, the Sabbath; hann vildi eigi
berjask um Jlin fyrir sakir helgar, Fms. vii. 183; hefsk s helgr vttdag, K. . 152; halda Jla-
helgi, id.; hringja til helgar, to ring the bells at a feast, . H. 118; Sunnudags-h., Pska-h., Jla-h.,
Hvtasunnu-h.; eptir helgina, after the Sabbath, Orkn. 268. COMPDS: helgar-brigi, n. = helgibrot,
Valla L. 209. helgar-brot (helgi-brot, K. . 174), n. Sabbath-breaking, N. G. L. i. 371. helgar-
frir, m. a holiday-truce, Fms. vii. 32.
hel-grr, m. voracity betokening death (in the case of one who is fey), Fas. i. 372 (in a paraphrase
from a poem); cp. hel-hungr, Ivar Aasen.
Hel-grindr, f. pl. the gates of Hel, Edda.
HELLA, u, f., gen. hellna, Bs. i. 204, [hallr, m.; Swed. hll], a at stone, slate, r. 36 new Ed.,
Fs. 66, Fms. viii. 9, xi. 241, Orkn. 246: a table-land of rocks, leiddum san skipit upp hellurnar,
Fms. xi. 241; ar l ra barn uppi hellunni, Hkr. i. 118, (Hkonar-hella, the name of a place);
sumt fll hellu ok ornai, Hom. Matth. xiii. 5; hjlpar-h., rock of salvation; hneyxlunar-h., rock
of offence, Rom. ix. 33; vat at var grundvallat hellu, Matth. vii. 25: a tablet of stone ( =
steintaa), Ver. 22; gull-hella, q.v.: a local name, Landn.; also Hellu-land, n. the Polar-land north
and east of Greenland. 2. metaph. medic. of a tumour, hard to the touch; var rotinn hlaupinn sundr
rjr hellur, Bs. i. 178. COMPDS: hellna-grjt, n. slate stones, Bs. l.c. hellu-berg, n. a slate
quarry. hellu-bjarg, n. a slate rock. hellu-aga, u, f. a thin slate. Hellu-agi, a, m. id., a nickname,
Landn. hellu-hnori, a, m., botan. the biting stone-crop, sedum acre, Hjalt. hellu-nm, n. a slate
quarry, Vm. 36. hellu-steinn, m. a at stone, slab, Eg. 181, 579, orf. Karl. 428, Vpn. 4, Fas. ii.
238: a rock, Matth. vii. 24.
HELLA, t, [halla], to pour out water or the like, with dat.; hella vatni, etc., Grg. i. 129, 133, K. .
K. 12, 623. 54; h. silfri yr hfu e-m, Fms. vi. 375; h. kn e-m, Fbr. 33; var hellt ik mjlk, milk
was poured into thy mouth, Fms. vi. 32; hella t, to pour out, spill, Fs. 147; h. e-u nir, to spill, Al.
55; h. t trum, to shed tears, 623. 17; h. t bli, to shed blood, Blas. 47, Nj. 272, Sks. 782; h.
sik, to gulp, guzzle (vulgar), Fas. i. 296. 2. reex., hellask fram, to be poured forth, to rush forth,
Rb. 438.
helling, f. pouring, shedding; bls t-helling, bloodshed.
hellin-hagra, u, f. a kind of thyme, Hjalt.
HELLIR, m., gen. hellis, pl. hellar, (mod. pl. hellrar, hellrum, etc., vide Gramm.): [akin to hallr] :--
a cave (in rocks), Orkn. 4, 28, Fs. 66, 73, Grg. ii. 131, 134, Fms. vii. 81, Grett.; hann fr upp til
hellisins Surts (mod. Surts-hellir) ok fri ar drpu , er hann hafi ort um jtuninn hellinum,
Landn. 199, (nauta-hellir, Bs. i. 320,) passim. COMPDS: hellis-berg (-bjarg, Grett. 164), n. a
cavernous rock, Fms. x. 174, Fas. iii. 401. hellis-bi, a, m. a 'cave-dweller,' a giant. hellis-dyrr, f.
pl. the doors of a cave, Fms. i. 211, vii. 82, 83, Orkn. 428. hellis-gluggi, a, m. the window of a cave,
Fas. iii. 413. hellis-glf, n. the oor of a cave, Fas. iii. 414. hellis-menn, m. pl. cave-men, outlaws,
Landn. 61, 67, 182. Hellismanna-saga, u, f. the story of the cave-men, sl. js. ii. 300 sqq., cp.
also 104 sqq. hellis-munni, a, m. the mouth of a cave, Orkn. 428, Fb. i. 245. hellis-skti, a, m. a
jutting cave, Glm. 363, Eb. 206, Bret. 104, Fas. ii. 354, Grett. 101, Stj. 124. II. in local names,
Hellis-dalr, m., Hellis-tjar, f. pl., Hellis-hraun, n., Hellis-ey, f., Hellis-fjrr, m., Orkn., Landn.:
Hellis-ringar, m. pl.
helli-skr, f. a pouring shower, helli-rumba, helli-demba, u, f. id.
helma, u, f. [hlmr], a haulm, straw, Stj. 397 (ax-helma).
helminga, a, to halve a thing, Karl. 56.
helmingr, m. and helming, f., Grg. ii. 370; helngr, Anecd. 102; helfuingr, D. I. i. 280, [hlfr] :--
a half, Nj. 189, Fms. i. 22, Anecd. 102; at helmingi, by half, Nj. 98, Fms. vi. 183, Grg. i. 171, D. I.
l.c.; skipta til helmingar, to share in two equal portions, Grg. ii. 370; or skipta helminga, id., Fms.
viii. 43. COMPDS: helmings-auki or helmingar-auki, a, m. a doubling, N. G. L. i. 328, Fms. viii.
270. helmings-vxtr, m. id., N. G. L. i. 328. helmingar-flag, n. a law term, a joint company with
equal rights (e.g. between husband and wife), Nj. 3, Ld. 164, Sturl. ii. 83. helmings-kaup, n. a
bargain by way of helmingarflag; jr er fallit hafi henni (the widow) h. eptir Skapta bnda
sinn, Dipl. v. 7. II. pot. a host, Lex. Pot, passim, Edda (Gl.)
hel-nau, f. = helstr, Lex. Pot.
hel-pallr, m. the das of Hel, Lex. Pot.
hel-rei, f. 'Hel-ride,' name of a poem, Sm.
HELSI, n. [hls], a collar, Grg. ii. 119, Hkr. i. 136, ir. 16, Korm.
helsingr, m. the barnacle or tree-goose, so called from its white collar (helsi), anas erithropus L.,
Edda (Gl.), Eggert Itin. 548: a nickname, Fms. iv. 314. UNCERTAIN For the popular tales of this
bird see Max Mller's Lectures, 2nd Series. Helsingjar, m. pl. the name of the people of Helsingja-
land in Sweden, . H.
hel-skr, m. pl. 'Hel-shoes,' put on the dead to enable them to walk to Hel; for this heathen burial
rite see Gsl. 24 (107).
hel-stt, f. [Dan. helsot], the last sickness, Grg. i. 201.
hel-star, m. pl., pot. baneful characters, Hkv. Hjrv.
hel-str, n. the death-strife, last agony, Greg. 31; hann ba Gest at hann legi r til at fur hans
bttisk helstr, er hann bar um gmund son sinn, Landn. 146; fllu honum au (the tidings) sv
nr at hann d af helstri, Fr. 371.
heltask, t, [haltr], to become halt, Fas. iii. 204, freq.
helti, f. lameness, Bs. ii. 184, Hm. 86 (Bugge).
hlug-bari, a, m. a 'hoary-prow,' pot. a ship, Edda (Gl.): of a horse, Nj. (in a verse).
hlugr, adj. [hla], hoary, Lex. Pot., freq.
Hel-vegr, m. 'Hel-way,' the way to Hel (Hades), Edda, Fas. i. 333: mythol., Sm. 156 (Helr, prose).
hel-vti, n. [from A. S. hellewite, whence Swed. helvete, Dan. helvede, prop. the ne (vti) of Hel.
q.v.] :-- hell, the abode of the damned, Stj., Rb., N. T., Pass., Vdal. passim, but only in Christian
writers; it appears rst in Hallfred. COMPDS: helvtis-bi, a, m. an inmate of hell, Nirst. 4, 5.
helvtis-byrgi, n. pl. the gates of hell, Rb. 380. helvtis-eldr, m. hell-re, Hom. 35. helvtis-kvalir,
f. pl. hell-torments, Nj. 273, Hom. 35. helvtis-logi, a, m. the low (ame) of hell, Al. 154. helvtis-
mar, m. a man doomed to hell, Bs. i. 111. helvtis-myrkr, n. hell-darkness, Post. helvtis-pna (-
pinsl, -psl), u, f. 'hell-pine,' hell-torments, Stj., Hom. helvtis-virki, n. the stronghold of hell,
Nirst. 107.
hel-vzkr, adj. hellish, infernal, cursed, Th. 16.
hel-vnn, adj. fast sinking, = banvnn, Jb. 324 B.
hem, n. [him, Ivar Aasen, and North. E. ime = a hoar frost], a thin lm of ice.
hema, a, impers. to be covered with rime; a hemai ekki poll.
hemill, m., prob. a leg-tether, only used in the phrase, hafa hemil e-m, to restrain one.
hemingr, m. (hmungr, N. G. L. ii. 511), [hm = a shank], the skin of the shanks of a hide; eigi
vilda ek sj h er ert einn h. af, Fb. iii. 405; in N. G. L. i. 208 referring to a curious old
ceremony of adoption :-- the adopted son himself and his nearest heirs were to put their feet into a
shoe made from the skin of the right leg of a three years old ox, cp. Ruth iv. 7, and Deut. xxv. 9. II.
a pr. name, Fb. iii, prob. derived from this mode of adoption.
HEMJA, hamdi, to restrain one, hold one back from roving about, freq. in mod. usage; eg gat ekki
hami r, I could not hold them together; hemjandi, unruly; cp. also hemja, a wild and furious
person.
hemlir, m. a kind of boat, Edda (Gl.)
hemnd, f. revenge, and hemna, a, vide hefnd, hefna.
hempa, u, f. [hampr], a priest's gown; missa hempuna, to be unfrocked, forfeit one's priesthood.
hempu-lauss, adj. without a priest's gown.
HENDA, d, mod. henti, [Old Engl. hente, to seize; cp. hnd], to catch with the hand: 1. to catch;
hann kastai heininni lopt upp, en allir vildu henda, Edda 48; hann lk at remr handsxum senn,
ok hendi meal-kaann, Fms. ii, 169; Grmr hafi hent bllinn, Eg. 189; en hn hendi allar
me hvptunum, Fb. i. 530. 2. to pick up or out, of sheep, deer, etc.; hann var verra at henda en ara
saui, sl. ii. 330; menn fru ok vildu henda skjarra saui, Bs. i. 330, Fms. vii. 218; h. svn, Fs. 26;
h. hrein fjalli, Hm. 89: in pursuing one, en er Egill hafi hent sem hann vildi, Eg. 300; eir
hendu riana enn eiri, 596; hendu hvrir menn fyrir rum, Fms. viii. 168; hann lt eigi henda
brn spjta-oddum sem var vkingum ttt, Landn. 308; hann hendi sker fr skeri au er
leiinni vru (of one swimming), Fbr. 183; essir star gra allt ml ok hendir mlit msa, Sklda
172; fara eptir sem vr skerum akrinn, ok henda (to pick up, glean) ef nokkut stendr eptir, er fkr
fr oss, Stj. 422; henda mula, to pick up crumbs, Mkv.: with prep., h. saman, to pick up and put
together; h. saman or, to compound words, Anecd. 1, Sks. 637. II. metaph., 1. phrases, henda e-t
augum, to catch with the eyes, Fms. v. 140; h. reiur e-u, to take notice of, Nj. 133; h. mrk af e-u,
to draw an inference from a thing, Sks. 498; h. mi eu, to observe; spakir menn henda mrgu
mi, the wise catch many things true, a saying, Fs. 140; henda griplur til e-s, to fumble after a thing,
Eluc. 22; henda til smtt ok strt, to pick up small and great alike, look closely after, Glm. 390;
henda smtt, to pick up every grain, to keep one's ears and eyes open; hr er mar glugganum,
hann er vanr a h. smtt, og hylja sig skugganum, a ditty; h. gaman at e-u, to take interest in a
thing; hann var gleimar mikill ok hendi at mrgu gaman, 385; hann hendi skemtan at sgum ok
kvum, ok at llum strengleikum, ok hljfrum, Bs. i. 109; h. atvinnu af e-u, to live away from a
thing, Fs. 143; h. sakir e-m, to pick up charges against one (cp. Engl. to pick a quarrel), Lv. 40. 2.
to touch, concern one; sagir tindi au er mik taka henda, aftku frnda mns, Fms. vi. 370;
en mik taka henda (not enda) ung mein, Edda 94 (in a verse); skal ek sj um fml hans ok at
annat er hann (acc.) tekr at henda, and whatsoever concerns him, Nj. 5; tindi au er bi okkr
henda, Fs. 10. 3. e-n hendir e-t, to be caught in, be overtaken by a sin, by ill luck, or the like; mik
her hent mart til afgera vi Gu, I have happened to commit many sins against God, Fms. vii.
108; hafi hent glpska mikil, they had committed great folly, . H. 232, Fb. ii. 233; ef hana
her fyrr slkr glpr hent, N. G. L. i. 233; mun engi s hafa verit er jafnmikit happ her hent sem
hann (acc.), Fms. vi. 328; hvat llt sem mik hendir, Fs. 93; hann kva at dugandi menn henda (it
happened to brave men) at falla bardgum, 39; s skmm skal oss aldregi henda, Fms. xi. 270;
m, at hana hendi eigi slk gipta annat sinn, Nj. 23: sometimes, but less correctly, used impers., the
thing in acc., hverja skyldu henti at (how they were committed to) taka vi konungi, Fms. viii.
238, v.l., cp. skmm ( = sj), Eg. 237; glp mikinn, Fms. v. 113 (but nom. . H. v.l.), iv. 367 (but
nom. Fb. l.c.), cp. also Stj. 454 (v.l.), 471. III. recipr. to bandy; hendusk heiptyri, Am. 86.
B. To ing, throw, with dat.; it seems not to occur in old writers, (for in Anal. 193 the original
vellum Fb. iii. 405 reads hann 'sktr'); but freq. in mod. usage, hann sveiai honum (the stone)
kring og henti, Od. ix. 538; thus tvhenda, to hurl with both hands: reex., hendask, to throw oneself
forward, rush forward, to dart; hendast r ha lopti.
henda, u, f., metric. a metre, in compds, Aal-henda, Dun-h., Li-h., Skjlf-h., Rn-h., all names of
metres dened in Edda (Ht.) 121 sqq.
hendi-langr, adj.; vera e-m h., to be one's hand-servant, cp. Dan. haandlanger = Lat. calo; allt at
li er biskupi var hendi-langt, Sturl. ii. 49; eir skyldi honum fylgja ok vera honum hendi-langir
bi um jnustu ok sv ef hann vildi senda, Hkr. ii. 80, cp. 283 (in a verse).
hending, f. a catching, in the phrase, var hendingum me eim, they came to close quarters, of
pursuit, Sturl. ii. 66; var hann skjtastr ok var hendingum me eim Sveini, Orkn. 336, Grett.
136 new Ed. 2. adverb. hendingum, by chance; veita ansvr sem hendingum vri, Barl. 143;
whence the mod. af hendingu, by hap, by chance, cp. Dan. hndelse = a chance, hap. II. metric.
rhymes; the ancient double rhymes were both placed in the same line, so as to 'catch' one another:
distinction is made between an aal-henda (a full rhyme) and a skot-henda (a half rhyme), thus in
Fastorr skyli fyra | fengsll vera engill, -- 'or fyr' are half rhymes, 'feng eng' full rhymes; the
rst rhyming syllable in the verse (as or feng) was called frum-hending, head-rhyme, the second
(as fyr eng) vir-hending, after-rhyme; if the head-rhyme (as feng in the second verse line above)
was placed as the initial syllable it was called odd-hending, edge-rhyme; if in the middle (as or in
the rst line), hlut-hending, chance-rhyme, see Edda (Ht.) 121, Sklda 178; the phrase jafnhfar
hendingar refers to the nal consonants, Fms. vi. 386, Sklda 190: end rhymes, as in mod. poetry,
were called Run-henda (or Rm-henda?), but they are extremely rare in old poets: alternate end
rhymes began to appear in the Rmur or Rhapsodies of the 14th century, and since that time in
hymns; . verses gener.; mlti hann (Odin) allt hendingum, sv sem n er at kveit er skldskapr
heitir, Hkr. (Yngl. S.) 10: in mod. usage hending often means the line of a verse or stanza, and
hence pot. verses; han fagna eg hendingar heim a senda yr, Nm. 8. 8: names of metres, odd-
hending, al-h., used differently from the old sense. COMPDS: hendingar-laust, n. adj. blank verse,
Edda 138, Sklda 192. hendingar-or, n. a rhyming syllable, Edda 134. hendinga-skipti, n.
change of rhyme, Edda 129.
hendi-samr, adj. picking (i.e. thievish), Glm. 364.
hendr, adj. only in compds: I. mod., fagr-hentr, fair-handed; har-h., hard-handed; lag-h., handy,
etc. II. metric. in this or that metre; neut. al-hent, skot-hent, hryn-hent, draug-hent, n-hent, hnugg-
hent, stf-hent; or masc., httr being understood, skot-hendr, dett-hendr, rn-hendr httr, etc.: see
Edda (Ht.), where these metres are dened.
hengi-, a prex, hanging: hengi-ug, n. a precipice: hengi-kjftr, m. hang-jaw, name of a giant,
Edda (Gl.): hengi-ska, m. a jutting heap of snow, Bs. i. 640: hengi-tjld, n. hangings, Jm. 21:
hengi-vakr, m. a kind of bird, prob. the kittywake: hengi-vgskr, n. pl. jutting ramparts, Sks.
417.
hengill, m. a pendulum, (mod.) 2. name of an overhanging mountain, a beetling crag: also Hengla-
fjll, n. pl., Fb. iii. 559: hengil-mna, u, f. a 'droop-chine,' laggard: hengil-mnulegr, adj.;
hengilmnu-skapr, m.
HENGJA, d, [hanga], to hang up, suspend, Sks. 406, Am. 5: to hang (on a gallows), Grg. ii. 131,
Fms. passim; h. sik, to hang oneself, Landn. 64: pass., Hom. 23: phrases, h. hlsinn, to hang the
neck, Fbr. 52; h. hfuit, to hang the head, Bs. ii. 178.
henta, t, (mod. hentai, hentar, Fb. i. 434, Trist. 14, sl. ii. 12), [an iter. from henda], to t: eigi
hentir sv, it will not do so, Nj. 4; srum mnnum hentir betr mjlk en mungat, Fms. iv. 82, 147; ok
miklu lei koma v er ar hentar til, sl. ii. 12; hentar annat en dvelja vi, Trist.
henti-liga, adv. in tting manner, Grett. 100 A.
henti-ligr, adj. betting, Fms. v. 346, Grett. 111 A, H. E. ii. 201.
henti-semi, f. convenience, opportunity.
hent-leikr, m. opportunity, Bs. i. 218.
hentr, adj. t, suited for one; eigi eru mr fjrleitir hentar, Nj. 26, Grett. 23 new Ed.; hvat er r
hentast at vinna? Nj. 54, Fms. i. 127; er slkum mnnum bezt hent ar, there is the right place for
such men, Orkn. 322.
hentug-leikr, m. opportunity, Fb. iii. 254.
hentug-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), tly.
hentugr, adj. betting, convenient, sl. ii. 13, Fb. i. 209; -hentugr.
heppi-fengr, adj. making a good catch, Grett. 138 A.
heppi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), fortunate; -heppilegr.
HEPPINN, adj. [happ, cp. Engl. happy], lucky, Symb. 14, Grett. 90 new Ed., Fb. i. 541; or-h.,
ready-tongued.
heppnast, a, [Engl. happen], to have good luck, freq. in mod. usage.
heppni, f. good luck, freq. heppnis-mar, m. a lucky man.
HEPTA, better hefta, t, [hapt or haft], to bind, fetter, Grg. ii. 131; h. hross (hesta), to tether a
horse, i. 383, Glm. 368, Fs. 5, Vpn. (N Fl. xxi. 123): metaph. to hinder, impede, h. fer (fr) e-
s, Lv. 76, Grg. ii. 110: to hold back, restrain, Fr. 229, Nj. 141; h. fyrir e-m, id., Grett. 134 A: in
the saying, llt er janda at hepta, Fms. ix. 370, cp. Sturl. iii. 23; en lendir menn heptu , Fms. ix.
389; vera heptr, to be hindered, iv. 132: h. sik, to restrain oneself, forbear; at hept ik at
(forbear) han af at glepja uri, Eb. 252; hann ba Jkul h. sik (be quiet), Fs. 37, Karl. 54:
reex. to be thwarted, heptisk fer eirra, Fms. x. 291, Fs. 4; ok heptusk Skotar vi at, 120.
hepti, n. [Germ. heft], the haft or hilt of a dirk, Gsl. 18, Fas. i. 56, ii. 358, Eb. 250, cp. Grett. 153
new Ed., Landn. 248. hepti-sax, n. a kind of dagger, Grett. 141; knfa-h., Sks. 127. II. [Germ. heft;
Dan. hefte], a part, fasciculus of a book, (mod.)
hepting, f. a tether, Gl. 395: tethering, freq.: impediment, Sturl. iii. 220.
HR, adv. (spelt hier, Greg. 79), [Ulf. her = GREEK, hirji = GREEK, hidre = GREEK; A. S. he;
Engl. here; Germ. hier; Dan. her; the long root vowel indicates a contraction, cp. hera, Engl.
hither] :-- here; mun n smd ar meiri en hr, Nj. 10; landi hr, in this county here, b. 5, 12,
14-16; as also, hr sveit, hr b, hr ingi, etc., hr hrai, Fs. 33; eir vildu eigi vesa hr vi
heina menn, b. 4; vetri fyrr en Kristni vri hr lgtekin, 15; mnnum hr, people here, 10; r
vru hr slk lg of at sem Noregi, 13; hr t, out here, i.e. here in Iceland, Grg. i. 215; hr ok
hvar, here and there, Fms. ix. 362, Sks. 192, Fs.; hr eru n hfingjar margir ingi, Nj. 3. 2. for
hither, cp. Engl. come here! n er hann hr kominn, Nirst. 6; fyrr en Kristni kom hr sland, b.
9; margir eir er hr koma, Fs. 100; hr eru ok tignarkli er hn sendi r, Nj. 6; er r hr n
minja-griprinn, 203. II. metaph. here, in this case; hr er betr komit, Nj. 91; mun hr ok sv,
76. 2. with prep.; hr af, here-from, henceforth; at mundir unna llum hr af gs hlutar, Ld.
206; en man hr hljtask af margs manns bani, -- mun nokkut hr minn bani af hljtask, Nj. 90:
hr at, me ru eira gabbi er eir gru hr at, Sturl. i. 155, Fs. 9: hr eptir, hereafter, Fms. ix.
313; according to this, hr eptir mun ek velja kvis-launin, vi. 217, x. 177: hr fyrir, for this,
therefore, Fas. ii. 125; hr til, hitherto, Fms. vi. 279, viii. 92, x. 337: hr um, in this, of this, as
regards this, Stj. 524, Dipl. v. 22; er ert sv rhaldr nu mli hr um, Fms. i. 305: hr ()
mot, again, in return, Dipl. ii. 12, v. 2.
B. COMPDS: hr-alinn, part. 'here-born,' in-born, N. G. L. i. 84. hr-kvma, u, f. arrival, Fms. i.
281. hr-lands, adv. here in this county. hrlands-mar, m. a native of this county, Hkr. ii. 266.
hr-lendr, adj. native, home-made, Pm. 109. hr-lenzkr, adj. from this county, native of this county,
Fms. i. 78, x. 226, Gl. 87, Stj. hr-na, see below. hr-rnn, adj. = hrlenzkr, N. G. L.
ILLEGIBLE. 88. hr-villa, u, f. superstition; see heimskr: hrvillu-ligr, adj. hr-vist, f. dwelling
here, Fms. vii. 26, Fas. i. 182; h. Drottins, the Lord's life on earth, 625. 92.
HRA or hierat, n., pl. hru or hr, spelt hiero in the vellum, 656 C. 9, 673 A. 53, and in O.
H. L. Cod. Upsal. hra, see p. 113: [hra is undoubtedly derived from herr (A. S. here), a host,
and not from hr, here; the long vowel () is prob. caused by the characteristic j in her-r (herj-); so
that hiera (hra), through the after effect of the i sound, stands for heria; cp. Dan. herred, Swed.
hrad: the Old Engl. and Scot. law term heriot may also be connected with the Scandin. word, in
which case the original sense of hra might be a tax to be paid to the lord in lieu of military
service: the inex. -a is derived from aur, al, as has been suggested by the old commentators,
e.g. Bjrn Skars] :-- a county, district: 1. in Sweden esp. the word had and still has a xed legal
sense, county, jurisdiction, or the like, cp. Swed. hrads-hfding = justice of peace, hrads-ting =
assize, hrads-fogde = bailiff: so in local names, e.g. Dan. Thy-herred in Jutland, Kvenna-hra,
Vetta-h., in Norway, Hlfs. S., Fb. iii. 2. in Norway hra, country, was usually opp. to br, town,
and answers to Icel. sveit in mod. usage; b ok hrai, D. N. iii. 35, 101; hra er kaupstai,
Fms. vii. 187; hrai n kaupangi, N. G. L. ii. 39; allt at er kaupangi er grt skal at at
kaupangrs-rtti skja, en allt at er hrai er grt millum hras-manna ok bar-manna, skal at
allt at hras-rtti skja, N. G. L. ii. 88 and passim; ef mar hs kaupangi en b hrai, id.; cp.
hras-dmr, -hldr, -kirkja, -menn, -prestr, -rttr, -ing, etc., below. 3. in Icel. the sense varies, but
is for the most part merely geographical, a district, valley, fjord, country, as bordered by mountains
or within the same river-basin; thus the Skaga-fjrr, Eyja-fjrdr are each a hra, and the former is
specially so called, see Sturl. passim, Grett. 153 (hann sendi egar eptir mnnum upp Hra);
whence Hras-vtn, n. pl. Herad water, a river of that county, Landn.; so Fljtsdals-hra, in the
east of Icel., Hrafn. 2, 3; cp. eir riu r hrai, Sturl. iii. 158; ef mar rr um fjll au er vatnfll
deilir af millum hraa, Grg. (Kb.) ii. 61, 65; hrai v (dale) er Reykja-dalr heitir, Sturl. i.
130. . gener. a neighbourhood; Gunnarr rei um hrait at bja mnnum, Nj. 49. 4. generally a
district; Svj eru str hru mrg, Hkr. i. 5; hrai v er Mesopotamia heitir, 623. 52; fjarlg
hru, Fms. x. 374; sam-hras, within the same district; utan-hras, outside the district; innan-h.,
inside, passim; llum hruum Gyinga, 656 C. 9; hrai v er Fjni heitir, Fms. xi. 43;
Galilea-hra, Campania-h., Cappadokia-h., Post., etc.
B. COMPDS: hras-bndi, a, m. a franklin, Eg. 516, Sturl. iii. 259. hras-bt, f. a bettering the
affairs of a district, Lv. 45, Fs. 51 (where = mod. landhreinsun). hras-brestr, m., for the pun see
Glm. 375. hras-byg, f. a county and its people, Lv. 49, Sturl. iii. 81. hras-deild, f. a county
quarrel, Sturl. ii. 154. hras-dmr, m. a county court, Grg. i. 117, 452. hras-eygr, adj. (-
eyttr, N. G. L. i. 352), rumoured abroad, of news; eru sakir hraeygjar er meiri hlutr her
spurt ingheyjanda eim hrepp er sakir koma upp ok hyggi menn at satt s, Grg. ii. 101. hras-
tti, a, m. ight or exile from a district, Korm. 48. hras-fundr, m. a county assize, Nj. 120,
Sturl. iii. 160. hras-frsla, u, f. a passing on the poor from one district to another, Grg. i. 229.
hras-hfr, adj. = hrasvrt, N. G. L. ii. 454. hras-hfingi, a, m. a chieftain, = goi (q.v.),
Eb. 156, Fs. 80; cp. yrmar hras, 4. hras-hldr, m. a Norse term, a country franklin ( =Icel.
sveitabndi), Fagrsk. ch. 16. hras-seta, u, f. = hrasvist, Sturl. iii. 260. hras-kirkja, u, f. a
parish church (Norse), N. G. L. i. 344, Fms. x. 153. hras-kona, u, f. a woman of the county
(Norse), N. G. L. i. 234. hras-konungr, m. a kinglet, Hkr. i. 46. hras-lr, m. people of the
district, 625. 72. hras-menn, m. pl. men of the district, Grg. i. 253; in Norse sense country-
people, as opp. to bjarmenn, town-people, Gl. 264, N. G. L. ii. 88, passim. hras-prestr, m. a
parish priest, N. G. L. i. 346. hras-rttr, m. = hrasdmr, N. G. L. ii. 88. hras-riddari, a, m.
a knight of the district, Rm. 309. hras-rkr, adj. of inuence in one's district, Ld. 298, Grett. 121
A, sl. ii. 402. hras-rkr, adj. banished from the district, Grg. i. 501. hras-sekr, adj. a law
term, exiled from a district or jurisdiction, opp. to exiled from the country, Nj. 156, Sturl. i. 145, ii.
92; hann var grr h. sv va sem vtn fllu til Skagafjarar, Fs. 34; hann var h. ok skyldi ba eigi
nr en Hrgr-dal, Glm. 390, cp. Landn. 286. hras-sekt, f. exile, the being hras-sekr, opp. to
utanferir, Nj. 189, 256, Grett. 120, Sturl. ii. 255. hras-skn, f. a county action (suit), opp. to a
suit in alingi, Grg. i. 452, Jb. 10, 353. hras-stefna, u, f. a county assize (Norse), D. N. iii. 120.
hras-stjrn, f. county government, sl. ii. 125; talai Einarr langt erindi um h., Glm. 372 (public
affairs). hras-takmark, n. the borders of a territory, Grg. ii. 404. hras-vist, f. abiding within
a certain h., Eb. 252; lta h. sna = to be hrassekr, Grett. 120, Nj. 228. hras-vrt, n. adj.; eiga
h., being at liberty to reside within a district, Glm. 382, not being hrassekr. hras-ing, n. a
county assize (cp. Swed. hrads ting), Eb. 12; used as synonymous with vring, in opp. to alingi,
Grg. ii. 96, Fms. i. 77, Jb. (Norse), N. G. L. ii. 138.
her-bergi, n. (her-byrgi, Gl. 139, Stj. 204), [A. S. hereberga or herebeorga; Old Engl. herberowe,
harbrough, and herber (Chaucer); mod. Engl. harbour, arbour; mid. H. G. herberge; Germ.
herberge; Swed. herberge; hence Ital. albergo and Fr. auberge] :-- a harbour (prop. 'host-shelter'):
1. an inn; herbergi ar er menn drukku inni, Fb. i. 347: allit., hs ok herbergi, Fms. i. 104, Edda 147
(pref.); var eim vsat gesta-hs til herbergis, Edda 60; vera at herbergi (to lodge) hsum e-s,
Clem. 35; taka sr h., to take lodgings, Sks. 31. 2. a closet, room, Stj. 1, 204, 520, Fms. xi. 117, Eg.
525; konungs h., a king's closet, . H. 117, Gl. 139. COMPDS: herbergis-mar, m. a groom of
the chamber, Fms. vii. 203, x. 123. herbergis-sveinn, m. id., Fb. i. 347, ii. 284, Hkr. iii. 324, Stj.
518, 641, Fas. i. 317: in mod. usage, room, svefn-herbergi, a bedroom; gesta-h., an inn, Luke ii. 7.
her-bergja, , (her-byrgja, Str. 12, passim), [cp. Fr. heberger] :-- to harbour a person, Str. 24:
allit., hsa ok h. e-n, Stj. 152; h. ftka, Mar. 11; h. e-n rkulega, to treat one sumptuously, Str. 14.
II. to lodge, take in; hann herbyrgi um kveldit at nunnu-setri, Str. 19, 80, Karl. 10: reex. to lodge,
Rtt. 78.
HERA, , mod. herti, [harr; Ulf. ga-hardjan; Engl. harden] :-- to harden: 1. of iron, to temper;
h. jrn, sver, knf, lj ..., Nj. 203; egar jrnsmir herir stra bolxi er handxi, og bregr henni
kalt vatn, Od. ix. 392. 2. phrases, hera kna, hendr, at e-u, to clench the st, Fms. vi. 106, Edda
28. 3. to fasten, tie fast; eir hera seglit me sterku bandi, Fas. iii. 652; hera , to bind tighter,
or metaph. to push on. II. metaph., 1. to exhort, cheer; hann talai langt, ok heri alla kafa, and
bade them be of good comfort, Sturl. iii. 33; hera hjrtu sn, to make one's heart rm, Stj. 437;
heri hann huginn, Eg. 407, Fb. ii. 322; h. sik, to take heart, Nj. 103: to work briskly, hert ig
, mannskrfan, segir Strlfr, Fb. i. 523: to harden, in a bad sense, Stj. 639. 2. absol. to follow
closely, pursue vigorously; Birkibeinar s , ok heru eptir eim, Fms. ix. 15; heru eir Kolbeins-
menn , Sturl. iii. 33; skulum vr vst hera fram. push on, Fms. xi. 256; en er Ormr herti fast
at, but as O. insisted, pressed hard, Fb. i. 523; heru eir biskupar bir at Gizuri, Fms. x. 59;
heru bndr at konungi ok bu hann blta, Hkr. i. 144; orkell herir n Guri, en hn kvask
gra mundu sem hann beiddi, orf. Karl. 378; tk stt at hera at honum, Fms. x. 73. III. impers.
to become hard; ver (acc.) herti, it blew up a gale; herti seglit (acc.), the sail was strained hard by
the gale, Fas. iii. 652; svr tekr heldr at hera, Fs. (in a verse). IV. reex. to take heart; ba
konungr menn vel vi herask, Fms. viii. 34; er einstt at menn herisk vi sem bezt, xi. 137.
hera, u, f. hardness :-- a hardening or tempering of steel, Karl. 173: tempered steel, murinn (of
the axe) rifnai upp gegnum heruna, Eg. 181. heru-gr, adj. well tempered, Fbr. 141. II.
metaph. hardihood, but also hardness, Fms. vi. 38, x. 406, xi. 217, Gsl. 71 (in a verse).
HERAR, f. pl. the shoulders, the upper part of the back, distinguished from xl = shoulder in a
special sense, Nj. 185, Eg. 289, Fms. vii. 55, Sks. 166, Fb. i. 396, ir. 9, passim, cp. Matth. xxiii.
4, Luke xv. 5: so in the phrase, hafa hofu og herar yr e-n, to be higher than another from the
shoulders and upwards, cp. 1 Sam. ix. 2, x. 23. COMPDS: (old form heri-, mod. hera-): hera-
drengr, m. a hump on the back, a pun, Fms. viii. 404. hera-kambr, m. the withers, of a horse.
hera-kistill, m. a hump. hera-klettr, m., pot. the 'shoulder-knoll,' the head, Skm. hera-ltill,
adj. narrow-shouldered, Grett. 165. hera-munr, m. the difference from the shoulders and upwards,
metaph. of one who is no match for another, Fms. xi. 442. hera-sr, n. a shoulder sore or wound,
Sturl. i. 85. hera-toppr, m. a shoulder tuft, the part of a horse's mane next the saddle, Sturl. i. 152,
Br. 16. herar-bla, n. the shoulder blade, Nj. 70, Sturl. i. 152. heri-breir, adj. broad-
shouldered, Fms. x. 151, Finnb. 324, Sturl. iii. 122, Fbr. 80 new Ed. heri-ltr, adj. with stooping
or round shoulders, Barl. 15, Bs. i. 312. heri-mikill, adj. broad-shouldered, Sturl. iii. 122, Eg.
305, sl. ii. 203. heri-ykkr, adj. thick-shouldered, Ld. 298, Fbr. 40 new Ed.
heri, f. hardihood, Fms. xi. 151.
heri-mar, m. a hardy man, Nj. 270.
hersla, u, f. hardening, tempering, of iron.
heremiti, a, m. a hermit (for. word), Sks.
herfa, u, f., prop. a skein, Swed. hrfua. 2. metaph. a limp, lazy fellow, a coward; hann er mesta
herfa. herfu-skapr, m. cowardice.
HERFI, n. [Dan. harv; Engl. harrow], a harrow, Akv. 16 (hervi), Gl. 358, 359.
her-liga, adv. 'harrowingly,' wretchedly, Fms. x. 253, Fb. i. 93.
her-ligr, adj. 'harrowing,' wretched, ragged, Eluc. 21, Fms. vii. 157, x. 222, Stj. 20, 39, Nj. 197.
her-fjturr, vide herr.
HRI, a, m. [A. S. hara; Engl. hare; Germ. hase; Dan. hare] :-- a hare, Karl. 518, Pr. 479, Orkn.
426, Sks. 186, MS. 1812. 18: in the phrase, hafa hra hjarta, to be hare-hearted, Fms. ii. 68, viii.
314, Bs. i. 782. hra-ftr, m., prop. a herb, hare's foot, trefoil: nickname of a Danish king,
Harefoot. II. in the saying in Fms. vii. 116 the word hri seems to be = hegri (q.v.), a heron.
HERJA, a, [A. S. hergian; Scot. to herry or harry; Dan. hrge] :-- to go harrying or freebooting,
Nj. 127, Eg. 78, 228, Fms. i. 10, Grg. i. 135, passim. II. trans. with acc. to harry, despoil, waste;
Haraldr konungr herjai landit ok tti orrostur, Fms. i. 5; herja land, Mirm.; at herjuu helvti,
having harried hell, Karl. 279; borgir ok orp er arir hfu herja (harried, taken by force) af hans
eign, Fms. x. 231; (whence the mod. phrase, h. e- t r e-m, to harry a thing out of one, press him
till he yields it up); herja mnnum til Kristindms, to harry, drive people to Christianity, N. G. L. i.
344; Fjandinn herjar menn r Kristninni, Rb. 400. III. reex., herjask , to harry (wage war on) one
another, Hkr. ii. 75.
herjan, f. a harrying, Magn. 464.
Herjan, m. [herr], Lord of Hosts, a name of Odin, Edda. II. the evil one, a term of abuse.
COMPDS: herjans-kerling, f. a hag, Bs. ii. 134. herjans-liga, adv. wickedly, Clar. Herjans-sonr,
m. a 'Devil's limb,' Lv. 58, Fb. i. 256, Fas. i. 107, iii. 607, 655, ir. 106, 111.
herkinn, adj. enduring hardness, 2 Tim. ii. 3.
herkja, t, to do with the utmost difculty; herkja eir annat sinn norr fyrir Langanes, Bs. i.
483.
herkja, u, f. [harki], dearth (?), a nickname, Landn.: the name of a giantess, Edda (Gl.): in the
phrase, me herkjum or me herkjumunum, with the utmost difculty.
her-ligr, adj. [from herra; Germ. herrlich; Dan. herlig], lordly; herlegra mann undir vpnum n
tguligra, Fms. vii. 69; h. hfingi, 603 (non habent isti dominum, of the Vulgate); h. kerrur
(currus), Stj. 573. 1 Kings x. 26; herligt kaprn (stuff), Sturl. iii. 306, v.l.: unclass. and not much
used, except in poetry, hir eitt herligt str, Pass. 19, 13; herligt er hermanns stand, Bjarni.
HERMA, d, [the root uncertain], to relate, prop. perhaps to repeat, report; en ef nokkurr mar
hermir essi or er vsur, Nj. 68; hann spuri , hvrt hann hermdi rtt, whether he reported true,
24; h. fr orum e-s, Fms. vii. 73, Sks. 557; h. or e-s, id.; hann hermdi hversu hann hafi talat, Stj.
65. . herma eptir e-m, to imitate another's voice, to mimic, esp. in a bad sense, Gsl. 49, sl. ii. 346;
cp. the saying, sjaldan ltr s betr er eptir hermir.
HERMASK, d, dep. [harmr], to wax wroth, be annoyed; henni hermdisk vi lkaminn ok bltai
honum, Hom. 150. II. n. part. hermt; e-m verr h. vi e-t, to wax angry with a thing; bndi sprettr
upp ok verr hermt vi, sl. ii. 175; honum gri mjk hermt vi essu, it annoyed him much,
Grett. 23 new Ed., ir. 115, 355; for the mod. phrase, -- e-m verr hverft (hermt) vi e-, to be
startled, mr var hverft v, of sudden emotion (fright or the like), -- see hverfr.
hermd, f. vexation, anger, Barl. 115 (v.l.), Hkv. i. 47. COMPDS: hermdar-or (Fagrsk. 153) and
hermdar-yri, n. angry words, spiteful words, Nj. 281. hermdar-verk, n., dub. a deed of revenge,
or perhaps rather a deed of renown, a feat; mikil vera hermdarverk, ek he spunnit tlf lna garn
en her vegit Kjartan, Ld. 224; vide herma.
hermi-krka, u, f. an 'aping-crow,' a mimicker, Gsl. 51.
hermi-liga, adv. (hermila, Hallfred), right angrily, Barl. 184, Al. 144, Fms. ii. 279, Clem. 36; hefna
hermila, to take a erce revenge, Hallfred.
herming, f. [hermask], indignation, Lv. 75. II. [herma], a report, D. N. (Fr.)
Hermskr, adj. Armenian, Grg., Bs.
hermsl, n. = hermd, Barl. 115.
hermur, f. pl., in eptir-hermur, q.v., aping, mimicry.
hrna, adv., herno, Fms. (grip) x. 409 :-- here (see Gramm. p. xxviii, col. 2, signif. II), Fms. vii.
197; s hrna, see here now! behold! sl. ii. 364, Stj. 22, 62: hrna, instead of hr, is very freq. in
conversation; herno, konungr (behold, O king!), fgnur er oss , att ert sv ktr, Fms. x. 409.
hernar (hernur), m. a harrying, plundering, as a law term, Grg. ii. 134-136; hefja herno ok
rn, Bs. i. 493; hafa e-t at hernai, to rob, N. G. L. i. 344. II. warfare, a raid, foray; fara herna,
Nj. 41, Fms. i. 144; hefja herna, to wage war, vii. 7, passim. COMPDS: hernaar-flk, n. pl.
plunderers, Hkr. iii. 67. hernaar-menn, m. pl. forayers, Fms. vii. 18, xi. 226. hernaar-r, n. pl.
a planning for plunder, Grg. ii. 135. hernaar-sk, f. a case of raid, Sturl. ii. 79.
herneskja, u, f. [from the Fr. harnois, Engl. harness], armour, Stj. 287, 466, Gull. 11, ir. 100,
Barl., N. G. L. ii. (Hirskr, ch. 32): men of war, Barl. passim.
HERPA, u, f. [harpa II], in munn-herpa, mouth-cramp, a contraction of the lips by cold.
herpast, t, to be contracted as with cramp.
herpingr, m. chilling (cramping) cold, herpings-kuldi, herpings-frost, n. a nipping, bitter frost.
HERR, m., old gen. herjar, pl. herjar, herja, herjum; later gen. hers, dropping the characteristic j and
without pl.; the old form however often occurs in ancient poets, herjar, Hkr. i. 343 (in a verse), Fms.
xi. 311 (in a verse), Fas. ii. 38 (in a verse); eins herjar, Hm. 72; as also, allt herjar, Hom. 39; herjum,
in herjum-kunnr. famous, Httat. R.; in prose the old j has been preserved in alls-herjar, Fms. v. 106,
see pp. 16, 17; the pl. -jar occurs in Ein-herjar, see p. 121: in compd pr. names with initial vowel,
Herj-lfr (A. S. Herewulf), Herjan; [Goth. harjis, by which Ulf. renders GREEK, Luke viii. 30,
and GREEK, ii. 13; A. S. here; O. H. G. and Hel. heri; Germ. heer; Dutch heir; Swed. hr; Dan.
hr] :-- prop. a host, multitude: 1. a host, people in general, like GREEK in Homer; herr er
hundra, a hundred makes a herr, Edda 108; allr herr, all people, Fms. i. 194, vi. 428 (in a verse);
allr herr unni la konungi hugstum, vi. 441; whence in prose, alls-herjar, totius populi, general,
universal, passim; dmr alls-herjar, universal consent, v. 106; Drottinn alls-herjar, Lord of Sabaoth
(hosts), Stj. 428, 456; allt herjar, adv. everywhere; lsti of allt herjar af ljsinu, Hom. 39; Snskr
herr, the Swedish people; Danskr herr, the Danish people; slenzkr herr, the Icelandic people, Lex.
Pot.; land-herr (q.v.), the people of the land; en n s ek hr talligan her af landsflki, a countless
assembly of men, Fms. xi. 17; ing-herr, an assembly, Sighvat; Einherjar, the chosen people (rather
than chosen warriors); egi herr mean, Eb. (in a verse); herjum-kunnr, known to all people, Lex.
Pot.; and in compds, her-bergi (q.v.), etc. 2. a host; me her manns, with a host of men, Eg. 71,
277; vgr herr, an overwhelming host, Fms. viii. 51; himin og jr og allr eirra her, Gen. ii. 1,
passim; cp. her-margr, many as a host, innumerable. . an army, troops, on land and sea, Fms. i. 22,
90, Nj. 245, and in endless instances; cp. herja, to harry, and other compds: of a eet, rj skip au
sem hann keyri r herinum, Fms. x. 84; cp. hers-hfingi: so in the phrase, hers-hendr, leysa e-n r
hers-hndum, to release one out of the hands of war, N. G. L. i. 71; vera hers hndum, komast
hers hendr, to come into a foe's hands. 3. in a bad sense, the evil host, the ends, in swearing, Gl.
119; herr ha e-n, ends take him! Fms. vi. 278; herr ha hlds ok svarra hagvirki! sl. ii. (in a
verse); hauga herr, vide haugr; and in compds, her-kerling, her-lki. II. in pr. names: 1. prexed, of
men, Her-brandr, Her-nnr, Her-gils, Her-grmr, Herj-lfr, Her-laugr, Her-leifr, Her-mundr,
Her-raur, Her-steinn, Hervarr; of women, Her-borg, Her-ds, Her-gunnr, Her-rr, Her-vr,
Her-rr, Landn.: in Har-aldr (Harold) the j is dropped without causing umlaut. Herjan and
Herja-fr, m. the Father of hosts = Odin, Edda, Hdl. 2. sufxed, -arr, in Ein-arr, Agn-arr, tt-arr,
Bv-arr, lf-arr, etc., see Gramm. p. xxxii, col. 1, signif. B. 1.
B. COMPDS: her-baldr, m. a prince of hosts, Bkv. her-bergi, see the words. her-blstr, m. a blast
of trumpets, Eg. 88, 284, Fms. vii. 70, 288, Stj. 394. Her-blindi, a, m. one who strikes the hosts
with blindness, a name of Odin, cp. Yngl. S. ch. 6. her-bo, n. a war summons, Eg. 9, Fms. xi. 244;
herbosr = herr, Gl. 83. her-borg, f. a castle, Hervar. (in a verse). her-brestr, m. an explosion
chemically contrived, Bs. i. 798 (Laur. S.), mentioned or perhaps invented by Albertus Magnus.
her-bir, f. pl. a camp, Al. 4, Eg. 291, Fms. iii. 51, xi. 85, Rm. 265, Stj. passim. her-binn, part.
armed, Str. 12. her-bnar, m. an armament, Eg. 286, Nj. 273, Fms. iv. 82, x. 49. her-drengr, m. a
warrior, Edda (in a verse). her-drtt, f., pot. war-hosts. her-fall, n., pot. an onslaught, Sighvat.
her-fang, n. booty, Nj. 43, Fms. ii. 2, vii. 8, Fb. ii. 46, Rb. 386, Sks. 782, passim. her-fenginn, part.
captured, 625. 66, Hom. 118, Sks. 631. her-fer, f. warfare, a military expedition, Rm. 264, Fms.
vii. 148, xi. 244: a host, Mar. her-fjturr, m. a mythical term, 'war-fetter:' a valiant man who in the
stress of battle feels himself spell-bound, and unable to stir, was in old lore said to be caught in a
'war-fetter;' this was attributed to the weird sisters of battle (the Valkyrias), as is shewn by the fact
that one of them was called Herfjturr, Shackle, Edda (Gl.); they were the messengers of Odin, by
whom the warriors were doomed to death (kjsa val); the passages referring to this lore are Fms.
viii. 170, Sturl. ii. 233, sl. ii. 104 twice (Har. S.) :-- a similar belief appears in the Greek, see Od.
xxii. 297 sqq., Iliad xiii. 358-360, xxii. 5 sqq. her-okkr, m. a battalion, Fms. i. 92, ix. 379. her-
oti, a, m. a war-eet, N. G. L. i. 103. her-foringi, a, m. a commander. her-flk, n. war-people,
men of war, Bs. ii. 106, Stj. 295. her-frur, f. pl. harness, Stj. 287, Mag. 82, 92, 97. her-frr, adj.
able for war service, Gl. 269, Fms. i. 55, xi. 291, . H. 87. Her-fr, m. Father of Hosts, a name
of Odin, Edda. her-fr, f. = herfer, Eg. 5, Fms. i. 151, Fb. ii. 84. her-gammr, m. a bird of prey,
vulture, pot. the eagle, t. her-ganga, u, f. a march, Fms. v. 74. Her-gautr, m. a name of Odin.
her-gjarn, adj. warlike, Bkv. 2. 20. her-gltur, m., pot, a destroyer of hosts, Skv. her-gopa, u, f.
a bondwoman, Hornklo, an GREEK. her-grimmr, adj., pot. erce, Edda. her-hlaup, n. a rushing
to arms, Nj. 265, Eg. 10, Fms. i. 55, 210, vii. 270, x. 180. her-horn, n. a trumpet, Al. 35, Stj. 394.
her-kastali, a, m. a castle, stronghold, Bs. ii. 113, Mar. her-kerling, f. a monster-hag, Sturl. i. 36.
her-klukka, u, f. an alarm bell, Fms. ix. 369, 510, 529. her-kla, dd; h. sik, to put on armour,
Br. 13: reex., Fms. i. 43, Eg. 287, . H. 107. her-kli, n. pl. armour, Eg. 49, Fb. ii. 71, Barl.
98, passim. her-konungr, m. a king of hosts, in old writers almost used = sea-king, warrior-king,
Eb. 4 (of king Olave the White), Fms. i. 24, Fb. ii. 282, Edda 105, Magn. 412. her-kumbl, n. a war
token, arms (on shields, helmets), Nj. 231, Fms. v. 53. her-land, n. a harried land, invaded and in a
state of war, Fms. vi. 38. her-leia, dd, to lead off into captivity, Stj. 49, 385, 489, Mart. 130, Ver.
30. her-leiing, f. captivity, Fms. x. 224; esp. of the Babylonian captivity, Al. 166, Rb. 382, 386,
Ver. 30, Stj. 26, 49, passim. her-leisla, u, f. = herleiing, Mar. her-li, n. war-people, troops. Eg.
10, Fms. i. 98, iv. 213. her-liki, n. a monster, N. G. L. i. 376, 395. her-lr, m. a trumpet, Stj. 392.
her-mar, m. a man of war, a warrior, Fms. i. 8, xi. 160, 373, Nj. 268, passim. hermann-liga, adv.
gallantly, Eg. 383. hermann-ligr, adj. warlike, gallant, Ld. 110, Nj. 39, Fms. viii. 436, xi. 245, Stj.
495. her-margr, adj. like a host for number, Lex. Pot. her-megir, m. pl., pot. warriors, Hkv. 2. 4.
Her-mr, m. a mythol. pr. name, Edda. hernar, see the word. her-nam, n. = herfang, Sks. 614.
her-numi, adj., 655 x. 2, Greg. 17, and her-numinn, part. captive, Eg. 41, 343. her-nma, d, to
capture, Br. 13. her-p, n. a war-whoop, war-cry, Eg. 80, Nj. 245, Orkn., Stj. 312, . H. 107, Fb.
ii. 125, passim. her-saga, u, f. war-news, Fms. i. 41, N. G. L. i. 102; hersgu-r, f. = herr, Gl. 82,
v.l. her-skapr, m. warfare, harrying, Fms. v. 344, x. 231, 234, 392, xi. 226, Fas. i. 375, Fs. 4, Stj.
385, Rm. 264, passim. her-skari, a, m. a host. her-skr, adj. (hersk, hersktt), a land exposed to
raid or in a state of war; landit var hersktt, lgu vkingar ti, Eg. 241, Fms. xi. 217, Hkr. i. 44;
ann tma var mjk hersktt (unruly time), Orkn. 64; ar var hersktt af vkingum, Hkr. i. 106,
Bjarn. 15, Ld. 82, Fas. i. 374: of a person, martial, warlike, Fms. i. 198, vii. 16, x. 413, Orkn. 22.
her-skip, n. a ship of war, Fms. i. 7, Nj. 8, . H. 16, N. G. L. i. 100, 102. her-skjldr, m. a war
shield, a red shield, opp. to the white shield of peace (friar-skjldr), used in phrases as, fara (land)
herskildi, to harry (a land), Eg. 246, Fms. i. 62, 116, 131; fara vi herskildi, id., Hkr. i. 233, cp. Stj.
542, 619 (2 Kings vi. 14), 641. her-skr, n. (her-skri, a, m., Fms. x. 234, Stj. 570), harness,
Bjarn. 11. her-spori, a, m. a 'war-spur,' caltrop, Fms. vii. 183, Al. 74, Sks. 392. her-stjri, a, m. a
commander, Edda 93. her-stjrn, f. command of troops, Hkr. i. 211. her-sveitir, f. pl. hosts,
margfjldi himneskra hersveita, Luke ii. 13. her-taka, tk, to capture, esp. in part. pass., Fms. i. 28,
vii. 129, Eg. 234, 344, Stj. 495. her-taka and her-tekja, u, f. captivity, Stj. 75, Barl. 114. her-
tekning, f. captivity, Stj. 52. her-togi, a, m. [A. S. heretoga; Germ. herzog], originally a leader,
commander, and often used so in old poets, Lex. Pot.: as a nickname, Guthormr hertogi, Hkr. Har.
S. Hrf.: as a title, a duke (e.g. of Normandy); the rst Norse duke was the earl Skuli, created duke
A.D. 1237, vide Edda 104, Sks. 788, Gl. 364: eccl. = prince, hertogi myrkranna, Satan, 623. 31.
hertoga-dmr, m. a dukedom, Fms. xi. 312, 326. hertoga-dmi, n. a duchy, Fms. xi. 319, Fas. ii.
475. hertoga-efni, n. a duke to be, N. G. L. ii. 399. hertoga-inna, u, f. a duchess, Ann. 1326.
hertoga-nafn, n. the title of a duke, Fms. ix. 46. her-turn, m. a turret on wheels, a war engine,
Fms. x. 358. her-tyg, f. = hertgi (?), an GREEK, Hallfred. her-tgi, n. pl. armour, harness,
Germ. heerzeug. her-tgja, a, to put armour on, freq. in mod. usage. her-vir, f. pl. 'war-weeds,'
armour, Hkm., Konr. 39. her-vpn, n. pl. weapons, Hkr. ii. 7, Fms. vii. 147, Jb. 389. her-vegir, m.
pl., pot. war-paths, Gh. 2. her-verk or her-verki, n. ravage, plunder, Stj. 598, Hkr. i. 85, Fms. ii.
156, ix. 396. her-vgi, n. battle and ravage, thus dened: it is hervgi when three or more persons
are slain or wounded on each side, Grg. ii. 114, 124, Fms. viii. 300: mod. a stronghold. her-
vkingr, m. a plunderer, pirate, Fms. i. 225, v. 238, x. 282, Fas. i. 449, Stj. 573. her-va, dd, to
put armour on, Edda 25. her-ing, n. a council of war, Eg. 357, Finnb. 262; but v.l. hsing is
better. her-urft, f. want of troops, Fagrsk. ch. 32. her-r, f. a 'war-arrow,' to be sent round as a
token of war: the phrase, skera upp h., to summon to arms, Eg. 9, Fms. i. 92, vi. 24, x. 388, Fb. ii.
172, 188, Gl. 82, cp. 433: for these customs see the remarks s.v. bo, p. 71, as also Scott's Notes to
Marmion, Canto III, on the Fiery Cross of the Scottish Clans.
HERRA, m. (herri, a, m., Clem. 36), irreg. and indecl. in sing., pl. reg. herrar, [derived from herr,
as drttinn from drtt, jan from j; Germ. herr; Dan. herre, etc.] :-- gener. a lord, master,
Fms. i. 218, x. 45, 159, xi. 381; in olden times herra was used in addressing a king or earl, as Fr.
sire, Engl. sir, see the Sagas passim: I. as a title; in A.D. 1277 knights and barons were created in
Norway, to whom the title of Herra was given; Herra Rafn, Herra orvarr, Herra Sturla, etc., rna
S., Laur. S., Ann. passim: the bishops and abbots were also so styled, e.g. Herra Arngrmr (an
abbot), Bs. ii. After the Reformation, Herra became an integral part of the style of bishops, as Sira
of priests, Herra Gubrandr, Herra orlkr, Herra Oddr, etc., and can only be applied to the
Christian name; cp. the ditty in which the old woman addresses the bishop bv Sira, and is rebuked
for her rudeness, Slir veri r, Sira minn, | saga eg vi Biskupinn; | ansai mr aptr hinn, |
ttir a kall' 'ann Herra inn. In mod. usage Herra is often applied to any person whatever, but only
in writing; for in conversation the Icel. has no equivalent to the Engl. Mr. or Germ. Herr, and a
person is simply addressed by his name or other title, Sira if a clergyman, and the like. In the N. T.
drttinn, herra, and lvarr (from Engl.) are used indiscriminately. II. COMPDS: herra-dmr, m.
dominion, lordship, Bs. i. 728, Fb. i. 81; yarr h. in addressing, as your lordship in Engl., D. N.
passim. herra-dmi, n. = herradmr, H. E. ii. 73, Fb. i. 247. herra-liga, adv. in lordly fashion,
Karl. 148. herra-ligr, adj. lordly, Fb. i. 90. herra-mar, m. a lord, a knight, a lordly man, Fms. x.
445, Bs. i. 736, 780 (Lv. 59 looks as if corrupt). herramann-liga, adv. in lordly manner, Finnb. 276.
herramann-ligr, adj. lordly. herra-nafn, n. the title of a herra, Ann. 1277. herrasam-ligr, adv. in
lordly way, Fas. iii. 70. herra-sti, n. a lordly seat, Magn. 502.
herra, a, to confer the title of herra upon a person, Ann. 1294.
herran, m. = herra, a name of Odin, vide Herjan, Edda.
hers-borinn, part. born of a hersir, Hdl.
hers-hfingi, a, m. a commander, Stj. passim, Fms. vi. 151.
HERSIR, m. [akin to hra and herr], a chief, lord, the political name of the Norse chiefs of the
earliest age, esp. before the time of Harold Fairhair and the settlement of Iceland: respecting the
ofce and authority of the old hersar the records are scanty, as they chiey belonged to the
prehistorical time; they were probably not liegemen, but resembled the goar (vide goi) of the old
Icel. Commonwealth, being a kind of patriarchal and hereditary chiefs: in this matter the old
Landnma is our chief source of information; -- Bjrn Buna ht hersir gtr Noregi, son Verar-
Grms hersis Sogni, mir Grms var Hervr dttir orgerar Eylaugs-dttur hersis r Sogni,
Landn. 39; Arinbjrn h. r Fjrum, 66; si h., 76, 303, and another of the same name, 109; Ketill
Ver h. af Hringarki, 94; Hrlfr h. af gum, 48, 126; Ketill Raumr ht h. gtr Raumsdal, 173;
Gormr h. gtr Svj, 195; Grmr h., 204; orsteinn Hfi h. Hralandi, 228; rir Hauknefr
h., 237; lfr Gildir h. elamrk, 292; Ver-Ormr h., 314; Arinbjrn h., Eg., Ad. 3; Vigfss h. af
Vrs, Glm.; Klyppr h. Hralandi, Fb. i. 19; Dala-Gubrandr h., . H. 106; Bjrn h. rlandi,
Eg. 154; rir h. Fjrum, 155, cp. Rm. 36; hann var sem konungr vri yr Dlunum, ok var
h. at nafni, . H. l.c., cp. Fb. i. 23; hersar hafa verit fyrri frndr mnir, ok vil ek ekki bera hrra
nafn en eir, Fms. i. 299: it is also prob. that by gtr and gfugr (q.v.) the Landnma means a
hersir. At the time of Harold Fairhair the old hersar gradually became liegemen (lendir menn) and
were ranked below a jarl (earl), but above a hldr (yeoman), the scale being konungr, jarl, hersir,
hldr, bandi, see the record in Hkr. i. 80 (Har. S. Hrf. ch. 6), as also Edda 93; the name then
becomes rare, except that hersir and lendr mar are now and then used indiscriminately, heita eir
hersar ea lendir menn, Edda l.c. The old Norse hersar were no doubt the prototype of the barons of
Normandy and Norman England. COMPDS: hersis-heiti, n. the title of a h., Edda (Ht.) hersis-
nafn, n. id., Fb. i. 23.
her-skapr, vide herr.
her-skr, vide herr.
herstask, t, dep. [ = mod. hasta, q.v.], to speak harshly to one; hann herstisk fjndann me reii
ok mlti, Greg. 50, Eb. 118 new Ed., Hom. 16 ( = Lat. exasperare), Blas. 31.
hersti-liga, adv. harshly, Greg. 55, (mod. hstuliga.)
hersti-ligr, adj. harsh-spoken; h. ml, sermo durus, Hom. 22.
her-togi, vide herr.
HES, f. (spelt his, Gl. l.c.), pl. hesjar :-- a wooden frame attached to the tether of an animal, to
prevent it from strangling itself; at er ok hans handvmm ef af ofmegri verr dautt er kla kyrkir,
en ef hs (his, Gl.) er bandi ... er at eigi hans handvmm, N. G. L. i. 25, (Gl. 502, Jb. 364,
Js. 121.) 2. metaph., in mod. usage, a cow's dewlap. 3. in mod. Norse usage hsje (hesjar) are
frames or rails on which hay or corn is put for drying; and hsja is to dry on hsje, vide Ivar
Aasen, cp. N Fl. xv. 33; hence comes the provincial Icel. hisja (a verb): hisjungr and hisjungs-
errir, m. of a soft air good for drying hay spread out on hesjar.
hesja, a, mod. hisja, to dry hay on a hes: a hisjar a, to be aired.
heskr, adj. = hastr, haughty, harsh, Band. 31 new Ed.: [in parts of North. E. they speak of a hask,
i.e. harsh, wind.]
HESLT, n. [hasl], a hasel, Str. 20. COMPDS: hesli-kylfa, u, f. a hasel-club, Hkv. 2. 20. hesli-
skgr, m. hasel-wood, Art. hesli-
stng, f. a hasel-pole, Str. 66. hesli-vndr, m. a hasel-wand, Str. 66.
HESPA, u, f. a wisp or skein (of wool), Grg. ii. 401, K. . K. 140. II. a hasp, fastening, Fms. ii.
84, v. 120, Grett. 98, Sturl. i. 120, Bs. i. 424.
hesta, a, to mount one; vel, lla hestar, well, badly mounted.
hest-bak, n. horse-back, Grg. ii. 171, sl. ii. 382, Fms. xi. 400.
hest-birgr, adj. provided with a horse, Sturl. iii. 238.
hest-brynja, u, f. horse harness, Sks. 403.
hest-bnar, m. horse gear, Sks. 374.
hest-frr, adj. able to ride, Gl. 269, Fms. x. 73.
hest-gangr, m. horse-shoes, Fms. ix. 55.
hest-gjf, f. a gift of a horse, Njar. 368.
hest-hs, n., proncd. hests (as fjs = f-hs), a horse-stall, stable, Karl. 3, Grett. 113 A, orst. S.
St. 50, and in many compds.
hest-hfi, a, m. horse-head, a nickname, Landn.
hest-klrr, m. a back, Glm. 356.
hest-lauss, adj. without a horse, Sturl. iii. 293.
hest-ln, n. the loan of a horse, Bs. ii. 30.
hest-leysi, n. the being without a horse.
HESTR, m. a horse, [this word is a contr. form of hengist, qs. hengstr; A. S. hengest; O. H. G.
hengist; Germ. hengst, whence Swed.-Dan. hingst; again, contr. Swed. hst, Dan. hest: in old
writers hestr mostly means a stallion, whereas hross (Engl. horse) denotes a gelding or any
horse] :-- a stallion, opp. to merr, a mare, Grg. i. 503, Gl. 190, Hrafn. 5, m. 98 (hestar rr ok
mer-hross eitt); h. grr me fjrum merum, sl. ii. 213; s hestr var sonr Hvtings, var alhvtr at lit
en merarnar allar rauar, en annarr sonr Hvtings var rarnsdal, ok var s ok hvtr en merarnar
svartar, Bjarn. 55: a steed, Fms. ii. 224: a horse gener., Nj. 4, 74; li hestum, horsemen, Fms. x.
31, passim. The ancients valued high breeding and variety of colour in their horses, which were
favourite gifts, see Gunnl. ch. 5, Bjarn. l.c., Finnb. ch. 23, Fms. vi. 383, 384; for steeds and
horsemanship see kv. 6, Yngl. S. ch. 23, 33, Landn. 3. ch. 8, Gull. S. ch. 9, Har. S. ch. 3, 4, Rm.
32, 34, cp. also Lv. ch. 6, 7, Grett. ch. 16, Dropl. 13, Finnb. ch. 23, Fms. vi. 323: mythol. the horse
was sacred to Frey (the god of light and the sun), Hrafn. 5, Vd. ch. 34, Fb. i. 401 (. T. ch. 322), cp.
Freyfaxi: for the steeds of the Sun, Day, and Night, see Gm. 37, Vm. 12, 14: for the steeds of the
gods, Gm. 30: for poetical and mythical names, Edda (Gl.) and the fragment of the poem
orgrmsula, Edda, Bugge 332-334: for Sleipnir, the eight-legged steed of Odin, Edda, Gm. 44: for
horse-ghts see the references s.v. etja, to which add Grett. ch. 31, Sd. ch. 23 :-- vatna-hestr, a
water-horse, = nykr in popular tales, Landn. 2. ch. 5, and sl. js.; but also a good swimmer, gr
vatna-hestr; skei-h., rei-h., a riding horse; klr-h., pls-h., burar-h., a hack, cart-horse, pack-
horse; st-h., a stud-horse: skja, beizla, gyra, sla, jrna hest, to fetch, bridle, gird, saddle,
shoe a horse; also, leggja , to saddle; spretta af, to take the saddle off; teyma hest or hafa hest
togi, to lead a horse; ytja h., to put a pony out to grass; hepla h., to tether a pony: a pony is
ggengr (q.v.), vakr, r; and the reverse, llgengr, hastr, klrgengr, hargengr. II. metaph.
phrases, h-hestr, a high horse; ra hhest (a child's play), also called ra hkk, to ride on one
another's shoulders, ride 'pick-a-back;' kinn-hestr, a 'cheek-horse,' a box on the ear; lstr hana
kinnhest, hn kvask ann hest muna skyldu ok launa ef hn mtti, Nj. 75; skal ek n, segir hn,
muna r kinnhestinn, ann er laust mik, 116, cp. Gsl. 27: the gallows is called the horse of
Odin, whence gefa e-m hest, to give one a horse, hang one, Fb. i. 238, cp. the verse in Yngl. S. ch.
26. . the local name of a horse-shaped crag, see Landn.; cp. Hest-fell in Cumberland. COMPDS:
either hesta- or hests-: hesta-at, n. a horse-ght, see etja. hesta-bein, n. horse bones (cp. Engl.
horse-esh), Grett. 96. hesta-fr, n. horse foddering, a law term, Gl. 77. hesta-ftr, m. pl.
horses' feet, Edda 77, Fas. i. 226, Fms. iii. 111. hesta-garr, m. a horse-pen close to a churchyard,
wherein the horses of the worshippers are kept during service, D. N. hesta-geldir, m. horse gelder, a
nickname, Landn. hesta-geymsla, u, f. horse keeping, Fas. i. 80. hesta-gnegg, n. a horse's neigh,
Stj. 621. hesta-gnr, m, noise of horsemen, Fms. iii. 74. hesta-hli, n. a horse gate, Stj. hesta-jrn,
n. pl. horse-shoes, Sturl. iii. 152. hesta-keyrsla, u, f. driving the steed in, in a horse-ght, Rd. 261.
hesta-korn, n. [Swed. hestakorn = oats], a nickname, Fb. iii. hesta-li, n. horsemen, Fms. vii. 188.
hesta-mar, m. a horse boy, groom. hesta-rtt, f. in Icel., = Norse hestagarr. hesta-skl, f. a
stirrup-cup. hesta-skipti, n. a change of horses; hafa h., Ld. 202, Fs. 51. hesta-stafr, m. a horse
staff, to be used in a horse-ght, Nj. 91, orst. S. St. 49, cp. Rd. ch. 12, Arons S. ch. 18. hesta-
stallr, m. = hesths, Flv. hesta-steinn, m. a stone to whicb a horse is tied whilst the horseman
takes refreshment. hesta-sveinn, m. a horse boy, groom, Sturl. ii. 218, Fas. i. 149, ir. 205, orst.
S. St. 50. hesta-vg, n. a horse-ght, Nj. 90, Sturl. ii. 100, Glm. 366, Rd. 261. hesta-ing, n. a
meeting for a public horse-ght, Glm. 366, 367, Nj. 92, Lv. 37, Sd. 176, Fs. 43, 140.
hest-skei, n. a race-course, Bs. ii. 182.
hest-skr, m. a horse-shoe, Fms. ix. 55, 56. hestsk-nagli, a, m. a horse-shoe nail.
hest-tnn, f. a horse's tooth, Vgl. 20.
hest-ver, n. a horse's worth, Karl. 10.
hest-verk, n. work done by a horse, Gl. 392.
hest-vg, n. = hestavg, Rd. 177.
hest-vrr, m. a mounted guard, Fms. vii. 178, ix. 350, 351.
HETJA, u, f. a hero, champion, a gallant man, Nj. 64, Lv. 36, Ld. 26, 132, Fms. xi. 89, Glm. 367,
Jd. 40. COMPDS: hetju-diktr, m., hetju-lj, n. a heroic poem, Jn. orl. hetju-mr, m. heroism.
hetju-skapr, m. championship, Fas. i. 24, Ld. ch. 11; this word, which in old writers is rather
scarce, is freq. in mod. usage: also eccl., trar-hetja, a champion of faith; hetja Gus, a champion of
God; stris-h., a hero.
hetju-ligr, adj. heroical.
HETTA, u, f. [httr], a hood, Grett. 139, Fms. iv. 359, Band. 16 new Ed., Finnb. 216, Mar.; (koll-
hetta, ka-hetta, lambhs-hetta, a hood to wear in a hard frost.) COMPDS: hettu-lauss, adj.
without a hood, Grett. 151 A. hettu-stt, f., medic. chicken-pox, Dan. faare syge, Sturl. ii. 128:
hydrocephalus, Fl. ix. 222. hettu-strtr, m. a cowl, H. E. ii. 113. hettu-sveinar, m. pl. 'hood-boys,'
a nickname, Hkr. iii. 449.
HEY, n., old gen. heyvi, also spelt hey, mod. heyi; e.g. heyvi, Grg. i. 438; hey, Eb. 94 new Ed.
note, and passim; but heyi, Sks. 416, and so in mod. usage; gen. pl. heyja; [Goth. havi = GREEK;
A.S. hg; Engl. hay; Hel. houwe; O. H. G. hawi; Germ. heu; Swed.-Dan. h; Norse hy, Ivar
Aasen; akin to hggva, Germ. hauen; thus hey prop. means cut grass] :-- hay; mat er hey, hey ok
matr, Nj. 73, Grg. i. 195, 438, ii. 277, sl. ii. 137, Sks. 416, Lv. 18 passim: also used in plur., stores
of hay, fodder; beita upp engjum ok heyjum, Fms. vi. 104; gu eir eigi fyrir veium at f
heyjanna, Landn. 30; hann her rnt mik llum heyjum, sl. ii. 140; hann her eingin hey til slu,
138; en hey fsk ltil, 132: Icel. say, sl, raka, urka, rifja, sta, hira, binda hey, to mow, rake, dry,
turn, cock, get in, bind the hay. COMPDS: hey-annir, f. pl. haymaking time (July, August), Edda
(Gl.), Hrafn. 25. hey-band, n. a binding hay into trusses. hey-bjrg, f. stores of hay, sl. ii. 131,
138. hey-bruni, a, m. a burning of hay, Ann. hey-deild, f. a distribution of hay, Grg. ii. 275. hey-
des, f. a hay-rick (vide des), Sturl. i. 83, 195, Bs. i. 54. hey-fang, n. produce of hay, Sturl. iii. 271.
hey-ftt, n. adj. falling short of hay, Rd. 211. hey-fok, n. = heyreki. hey-garr, m. a stack-yard,
Grg. ii. 249, Njar. 384, Fb. i. 523. hey-gjald, n. payment in hay, Grg. ii. 276. hey-gjf, f. hay
fodder, Boll. 348, Sturl. iii. 292. hey-hjlmr, m. a hay-rick, Fms. vii. 298. hey-hla, n. a hay-cock,
N. G. L. i. 256, Jb. 256. hey-hlass, n. a load of hay, Eb. 188, K. . 176. hey-kleggi, a, m. = heydes,
Fb. i. 523, Hv. 53. hey-kostr, m. stores of hay, sl. ii. 136. hey-lauss, adj. short of hay. hey-leiga,
u, f. rent paid in hay, sl. ii. 131. hey-leysi, n. a failure in hay, Krk. 37. hey-ltill, adj. short of hay,
Bs. i. 873. hey-meiss, m. a hay box, D. N. hey-nl, f. a hay-hook, used instead of a hay-knife. hey-
rn, n. plunder of hay, Eb. hey-reki, a, m. the tossing of hay by the wind, = mod. heyfok, Grg. ii.
275. hey-rm, n. a hay-loft, Grg. ii. 340. hey-sala, u, f. sale of hay, Jb. 223. hey-skapr, m.
haymaking. hey-skipti, n. a sharing of hay, Grg. ii. 259. hey-slttr, m. haymaking, Gl. 410. hey-
stt, f. hay-fever, a horse's disease. hey-stakkr, m. a haystack, heystakk-garr, m. a stack-yard,
Grg. ii. 340. hey-stl, n. the middle of a hay-cock, sl. ii. 69. hey-tak, n. and hey-taka, u, f.
plunder of hay, Eb. 154, Gl. 545. hey-teigr, m. a strip of a hay-eld, Sturl. ii. 29. hey-tjga, n.
[Dan. htyv], a pitch-fork, Hkr. i. 24. hey-tollr, m. a hay toll, to be paid to a church, Dipl. v. 12,
Vm. 115. hey-tpt, f. = heygarr. hey-ver, n. compensation for h., Fms. iii. 210, Eb. 154. hey-
verk, n. haymaking, Gull. 21, Eb. 152, Nj. 103, Bs. i. 46, Glm. 343. hey-vndull, m. a wisp of
hay, Boll. 348. hey-errir, m. a 'hay-breeze,' air for drying hay. hey-rot, n. want of hay, sl. ii.
132. hey-roti, m. a being short of hay, sl. ii. 133. hey-urkr, m. a drying of hay. hey-nn, f. =
heyannir, Grg. ii. 261, Edda 103. UNCERTAIN For haymaking and hay stores see the Sagas
passim, Hnsa. ch. 4, Eb. ch. 30, 37, 51, 63, Grett. ch. 50, Orms . Fb. i. 522, Heiarv. S. ch. 25,
Hv. pp. 46, 47, Gsl. 14, 22, Nj. ch. 47, 77, and p. 192, and Mr. Dasent's remarks on Icel. 'hayneed,'
Burnt Njal cxii, Grg., esp. the Landbr. . passim.
heygja, , [haugr], to bury in a how, Nj. 98, Fms. i. 18, x. 328, passim; vide haugr.
heyja, a, [hey], to make hay, Bs. i. 913, freq. in mod. usage; h. vel (lla), to get in a good (bad)
crop of hay; h. fyrir kr, r, hesta, to make hay, as fodder for cows, etc.; and metaph., heyja af fyrir
sr, to support oneself, live from hand to mouth.
HEYJA, pres. hey, heyr, heyr, mod. heyi, heyir; pret. hi; pret. pass. hir (hinn, Glm. 394),
neut. hit, contr. ht, mod. hr, h :-- to hold, perform: 1. a law term, to discharge a public duty;
heyja ing, dm, skn, etc., of any lawful and public duty, as goi, judge, neighbour, witness, and
the like, whence every franklin is styled ing-heyjandi; heyja ing, Grg. i. 102, 103, 114;
vringi v er hann heyr, K. . K. 46; skal hann segja til lei eirri er hann heyr, Grg. i. 95,
127; v einu vringi hann tlegir er hann heyr sjlfr, 12; rtt er bnda at senda mann til ings
at heyja ing fyrir sik, 102, cp. 103, 114, 115; ok mtti ingit eigi heyjask at lgum, Jb. 8; h. dm,
hi Snorri goi frnsdm, Eb. 302; hu eir frnsdm eptir klerkinn (hu MS.), Bs. i. 492 (cp.
h&aolig;o, Sklda 168), Hrafn. 19; er lei hi (fem. part.) er upp er sagt, Grg. i. 165; at
hum dmum, id.; fyrir ha dma, 161; ok var eigi hinn frnsdmrinn, Glm. 394; h.
heimting, Grg. ii. 391; h. lg, Bs. i. 692 old Ed., heyra new Ed.; h. sknir, hu vr sknir fyr
dauligum konungi, Blas. 30; h. launing, to hold a secret meeting, Hbl. 30; h. leik, to play, Korm.
(in a verse); h. Freys leik, to play the play of Frey, Hornklo: phrases, h. glei, to play, gambol,
Fms. xi. 109; h. sr ora-fjlda, to add to one's phraseology, make phrases, Sklda 154. 2. metaph.,
heyja orrostu, bardaga, to give battle, the battle being regarded as an ordeal or judgment, 625. 49,
Blas. 37, Fms. iv. 243, v. 247; hann hafi margar orrostor har, Mork. 216; h. hlmgngu, to ght
a duel, Vgl. 16, Fms. v. 230; jafnan er hann her htt (i.e. hit) hlmgngur, Fs. 134. II. recipr.,
eir husk ar vi um stund, they bandied words for a while, Bs. i. 664: pass., hildr hisk, was
fought, Lex. Pot, passim; eir skulu heyjask (ght) vi Sktu eir Eyjlfr, Rd. 303.
HEYKJASK, t, [hka, hokinn], to bend, sink, cower down; hestrinn heyktist undir honum, MS.
489. 45; heyktisk hann vi ok nr vit, Sturl. iii. 177.
HEYRA, , in Norse MSS. hyra (eyra, dropping the h, N. G. L. i. 220), [Ulf. hausjan = GREEK;
A. S. hyran; Hel. hrjan; Engl. hear; O. H. G. horan; Germ. hren; Dan. hre; Swed. hra] :-- to
hear; the notion of hearing being taken to imply motion towards a place, cp. Germ. zu-hren, Icel.
heyra til, Engl. hearken to, Scot. hear till; at eir heyru er s atburina, Fms. vii. 226, Nj. 13,
Grg. i. 56, Sks. 554; n heyra eir til lis konungsins hvar at fr, Fb. ii. 128; hann heyrir at er
gras vex jru, Edda 17; h. messu, tir, to hear mass, attend service, Fms. ix. 500; h. hslestr, id.;
menn vildu eigi h. (hear, believe) at hann mundi fallit hafa, x. 364; heyru eir snrgl nokkut til
rekkju reyjar, Fs. 144; her hvrki heyrt til hans styn n hsta, Nj. 2; eir heyru blstr til
drekanna, Gull. 8; hann heyri angat mikinn glaum, Eb. 28; heyru eir hark mikit brit, 266;
heyrit fdmi, Hv. 45; heyr endemi (q.v.); sem n her heyrt, as thou hast now heard, Sks. 714.
2. to hearken; eirra bn var eigi fyrr heyr, Fms. x. 401; Gu heyri bn Moyses, Sks. 575; en ef
vildir h. bn mna, Drottinn minn, 596. 3. with prepp., heyra e-t, to give ear, listen to a thing;
en er hann hafi heyrt tluna, Fms. xi. 37; hfu essir allir heyrt (been within hearing, been
present) stt eirra ris ok Bjarnar, Eg. 349; tt sjlfr konungr heyri , though within hearing of
the king himself, . H. 54. II. metaph. to belong to one, with dat., kirkjan selveii alla utan er
Geithellum heyrir, Vm. 165. 2. heyra til e-s, or h. e-m til, to belong to, concern; (at) er heyrir til
(concerns) dttur innar, Nj. 15; r sslur sem til eirra heyru, Fms. ix. 269; at er til mn heyrir,
vi. 118, 133, Bs. i. 742; at ing er hreppstjrn heyrir til, Jb. 184; hann girntisk at er honum
heyri ekki til, Fms. vi. 301; tti eim Haraldi konungi eigi til h. (he had no right) at mnka sinn
rtt, 339. . so with dat., to behove; hverjum yr heyrir at jna, Fms. i. 281, vi. 349; mr heyrir
eigi at egja vi yr, ii. 268; mr heyrir eigi at giptask, Str. 421; sem v nafni til heyrir, Mar. 617;
kjalar-tr at er eim tti heyra (to t), Fb. i. 433. III. impers. to be heard; ok heyrir blstr (acc.)
hans alla heima, Edda 17; heyri til hddu er rr bar hverinn, Sklda 168; var egar hljtt
sv at til einskis manns heyri, Fms. vi. 374; sv nr lknum, at gerla heyri forsfallit (acc.), 351.
IV. reex. and impers., e-m heyrisk e-t, methinks one hears; en me v at mr heyrisk sv orum
yrum, at ..., methought I heard you say, that ..., Sks. 101; en mr heyrisk sv um etta haf, ok sv
landit, ..., 192; sv heyrisk mr til sem eir s estir er ..., Fms. vii. 280; heyrisk eim llum
sem sveinninn kvi etta, they thought they heard the boy sing, Landn. (Hb.) 293: in mod. usage,
mr heyrisk segja, methought I heard you say; mr heyrist vera bari, methought I heard a
knock at the door; mr heyrist barni hlja, methinks I hear the child crying. 2. pass. to be heard,
H. E. i. 516; skulu eir eigi ar um heyrask san (they shall not be heard, heeded), K. . 110.
heyrandi, part. a hearer, Grett. 133 (opt er holti heyrandi nr, vide holt): plur. heyrendr, hearers,
at a meeting, church, or the like, Post. 645. 92, Bs. i. 741; hence the law phrase, heyranda (gen.
pl.) hlji, in the hearing of all, in public, Nj. 15, Grg. i. 19, passim.
heyrari, a, m. = heyrandi, N. T.
heyri-liga, adv. openly, 656 C. 2: ttingly; heyriliga, cruelly.
heyri-ligr, adj. becoming, Stj. 502: incumbent, Fms. vi. 388.
heyringi, a, m. [akin to heyrum, q.v., and not to be derived from heyra; cp. Engl. hireling; A. S.
hyrigman, hyrling = domestic retainer] :-- a Norse law term, a neighbour, a domestic; it appears
almost to answer to Icel. bi; skal hann ing leia heyringja sna (as witnesses), N. G. L. i. 21;
settu eir tlf manna dm eptir ok tv heyringja, ok ltu dma, D. N. ii. 4.
heyrin-kunnr (heyrum-kunnr, N. G. L. i. 232, Bjarn. 42, both paper MSS., as also in mod. usage),
adj. known, reported, Fms. i. 103, Nj. 139, Stj. 421; frgt ok h., famous and well known, 87,
passim.
heyrin-or, n. an old law phrase, which is probably = heyringja-or, the word or verdict of a
heyringi (not from heyra, qs. hearsay); skja vi tylftar-kvi ea vi heyrin-or mm landeiganda,
Grg. ii. 146; skal skja vi vttor ef hann heyrir , en ella vi mm manna heyrinor ea tylftar-
kvi, Kb. (l.c.) ii. 182.
heyrn, f. hearing: 1. the sense of hearing, 623. 57; heyrn, sn, Grg. ii. 16, Eluc. 54; ml, sn,
heyrn, Fms. i. 97, N. T., Pass. 32. 4, 41. 10, passim. COMPDS: heyrnar-daufr, -ltill, adj. rather
deaf, hard of hearing. heyrnar-lauss, adj. 'hearing-less,' deaf. heyrnar-leysi, n. deafness. 2.
hearing; sumt ritai hann eptir sjlfs sns heyrn er syn, something he wrote from his own hearing
or sight, Fms. vii. 226. . heyrn e-m, in one's hearing, Stj. 689, Bjarn. 33, 43, Fms. xi. 287; -
heyrn, q.v. 3. metaph. ears, as it seems = hlust; eyra is properly the outer ear, heyrn and hlust the
inner part; heyrn ea hlust, Edda (Arna-Magn.) ii. 430; hneigja heyrn at e-u, to incline the ears to,
Lb. 3; heyrn er eim hgri slj, Pass. 7. 12. COMPDS: heyrna-gnpur, f. pl., pot. 'ear-crags,' i.e.
the head, Eg. (in a verse). heyrna-spann, n. 'ear-basket,' i.e. the ear, Ad. 20.
HEYRUM, dat. pl. of an obsolete heyrar; variously spelt, hrum (i.e. hrum, which seems to be
the best form), herum, hrum; even with r inserted, hreyrom, Kb. ii. 178, hrrom, Sb. ii. 389, no
doubt erroneously, prob. from the original having eo = , which the transcriber read as ro, (see
Gramm. p. xxxv, signif. B. I. K.) The word probably means of the homestead or family, domestic
(cp. A. S. hyred = family, Engl. hire, Dan. hyre, vide heyringi above): it occurs a few times in the
Grg., and is used only of neighbours, in the law phrase, rttir at heyrum; (in Kb. i. 62, the point
should stand after hrum, and the new sentence begin with the following word); also, skja ... vi
heyrinor mm landeiganda eirra er rttir s kvium at hrom vi ailja, Grg. (Sb.) ii. 146;
skal ba kveja er nstir ba ingvelli eirra manna er rttir s at h&aolig;rom, Sb. ii. 93; eirra
er rttir s at skuldleikum ok at hreyrum, Kb. ii. 178 (l.c.); bendr skal kveja fyrr en grimenn ef
til ess eru, er nstir eru ar, ok er at hrom s rttir, 85; nema s teli er rttr vri kvinum
at hrom, i. 62; kennendr tv er hr&aolig;rom s rttir, Sb. ii. 389; kennendr tv er heyrom
s rttir, er at visso at f at bru skip, Kb. l.c.; ba er rttir s kvium ok at heyrum, ii. 68.
heyskr, adj. = h&aolig;veskr, courteous, Art. passim.
hik, n. faltering, hik-laust, n. adj. without wavering; see hvika.
HIKA, a, to falter, = hvika, q.v.
hildingr, m., pot. a war king, Hm. 154, Hkv. 2. 10, Edda 105, passim: a pr. name, Fas.
HILDR, f., dat. and acc. hildi, [A. S. hild; Hel. hildi; prob. akin to hjaldr, q.v.] :-- battle, only in
poetry; heilir hildar til, heilir hildi fr, Hm. 157; vekja hildi, to wage war, Hkv. 2. 6; hefja hildi, to
begin a battle, Hkm. 2; er hildr rask, when war waxes, Stor. 13; hr h., a hard ght; bja hildi,
to offer battle; ganga hildi, to go into battle; semja, fremja hildi, to wage war, Lex. Pot. In poetry
a shield is called hildar-sk, hildar-v, hildar-veggr. 2. name of one of the Valkyrias (see
Valkyrja), who were regarded as the handmaids of Odin, Vsp. 22, Gm. 36; Hildr is also represented
as a daughter of the mythical king Hgni and the bride of Hin, whose life is recorded in the tale
of Hjaninga-vg, Edda 89, 90: hence war is called Hildar-leikr, m. the game of H., Bm. 1, passim.
II. in pr. names; it is rare as a prex in northern names, but freq. in old Germ.: of men, Hildir,
Hildi-bjrn, Hildi-brandr, Hildi-grmr, Hild-lfr; of women, Hildr, Hildi-gunnr, Hildi-rr:
again, it often forms the latter part in female names, and often spelt or sounded without the aspirate,
s-hildr, Bryn-hildr, Bv-ildr, Dm-hildr, Ey-ildr, Geir-hildr, Grm-hildr, Gunn-hildr, Hrafn-hildr,
Matt-ildr (for.), Orm-hildr, Ragn-hildr, Svan-hildr, lf-hildr, Yngv-ildr, or-hildr, Landn. III. in pl.
hildir, the caul or membrane covering animals, calves, lambs when cast, klfs-hildir, kr-hildir,
freq. in mod. usage.
B. APPELLATIVE COMPDS. hildi- only in poets: hildi-frkn, adj. mighty in war. hildi-gltr, m.,
mythic. a helmet, Edda 82. hildi-leikr, m. [A. S. hilde-gelc], the game of war, a ght, Fm. 31.
hildi-meir, m., pot. a warrior, pillar of war, Fm. 36. hildi-svn, n. = hildigltr, Edda 82, Hdl. 7.
hildi-tannr, m., gen. hilditanns, Edda i. 464; dat. hilditanni, Fms. ix. 455 (an evidence that tnn, a
tooth, was originally masc.); later, Hildi-tnn, f. nickname of the old Danish king, see Skjld. S.,
qs. a war-tooth, tusk; cp. A. S. hilde-tux, Beow. 1511.
hilduri, a, h. a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.)
HILLA, u, f. a shelf, freq. in mod. usage; br-hilla, a pantry shelf.
hilla, t, in the phrase, a hillir undir e-, to be (as it were) upheaved or lifted in the air, e.g. of an
object (a person, tree) seen on the edge of a hill against the sky, e.g. a hillir undir hann brninni.
Hillar, f. pl. a Norse local name, akin to hilla and hjalli.
hillingar, f. pl. upheaving, esp. of a mirage, when rocks and islands look as if lifted above the level
of the sea.
hilmir, m., pot., prop. a helmsman, whence a ruler, king, t., Hkv., Lex. Pot. passim.
hilmr, m. a smell, = ilmr, q.v., Hom. p. 58, Fms. (grip) x. 280 sqq.
hilpir, m. a helper, N. G. L. ii. 343, of a midwife.
himbrin, mod. himbrimi, m. the ember goose, colymbus glacialis, Edda (Gl.), Eggert Itin.; cp.
Norse Hymbern, Faroic imbrim, Shetl. immer.
himin-baugr, m. = himinhringr, Jnas 53.
himin-belti, n. a 'belt of heaven,' zone.
Himin-bjrg and Himin-fjll, n. pl. a mythical local name, Gm., Hkv., t.
himin-blmi, a, m. the blue sky, Jnas 64.
himin-blr, adj. sky-blue, Jnas 137.
himin-blr, m. a breath or whiff of air, Jnas 120, cp. Pass. 25. 10.
himin-bogi, a, m. the arch or vault of heaven, Jnas 99.
himin-bora, u, f. = himinrauf, Sklda 209.
himin-borinn, part. heaven-born.
himin-brjtr, m., mythol. name of an ox, 'heaven-breaker,' Edda 35.
himin-bi, a, m. a heaven-dweller, an angel.
himin-fastr, adj. xed in heaven, of stars, Stj. 12.
himin-geimr, m. the void, the universe, Jnas 167.
himin-geisli, a, m. heavenly beams, Sl. 72.
Himin-glfa, u, f. one of the northern Nereids, Edda 101.
himin-hringr, adj., pot. the 'ring' of heaven, Jnas 53.
himin-hvolf, n. the vault of heaven, the sky.
himin-jurr, m. the corner, brim (jaarr, jurr) of heaven, = himinskaut, Vsp. 5 (GREEK) This,
no doubt, is the correct form, not himin-j-dr (heaven-horse-beasts) or himin-j-dur (heaven-
horse-doors).
himin-knttr, m. a heavenly globe.
himin-kraptar, m. pl. the props, pillars of heaven, . H. (in a verse).
himin-ljmi, a, m. heavenly light, Lex. Pot.
HIMINN, m. [the form hinn occurs rarely, Fms. x. 10 (v.l.), Hb. (1866) thrice; the mod. form is
himin, without the inexive n; the root consonant varies between m and f (or v), the nal between n
and l, cp. Goth. himins, A. S. heofon, Engl. heaven, Hel. himil, O. H. G. himila, Germ. as also mod.
Dan. and Swed. himmel; this interchange of f and m is analogous to 'of' and 'um' (umb), 'sofa' and
'smn' (i.e. svefn), 'ku' and 'kumbl,' Lat. sopio and somnus, etc. UNCERTAIN The mythol. Gimle
(Vsp. 63) is probably dat. of an obsolete himil derived from the time when the initial h was still
sounded gutturally] :-- heaven; in the old heathen creed the heavenly vault was the skull of the giant
Ymir, Gm. 40, Vm. 21, Edda sub init.; and is called by the poets 'the giant's skull,' 'the burden of
the dwarfs' (vide dvergr), etc.; the heavens were nine, the names of which are recorded in Edda
(Gl.) :-- Nu eru himnar h talir, cp. Alm. 12, 13; upp-h., the ether, Vsp. 3; n heldr jr grium
upp, en himinn varar fyrir ofan en hat Raua fyrir tan er liggr um lnd ll, Grg. i. 166; jafnhrt
upp sem himinn, Edda 60 (in a verse); leikr hr hiti vi h., sjlfan, Vsp. 58; hinn sltti h., Vm. 46:
allit., heir himin, Hbl. 19, Eb. 48 new Ed., v.l.; haf og h., sea and heaven; himin ok jr, heaven
and earth, Nj. 194; r stjarna komi himin, ere the stars came up in heaven, Grg. ii. 322. .
phrases, undir berum himni, under the bare sky, freq.; hann ann mr eigi at hafa himininn jafnan yr
hfi sr sem hann her sjlfr, Vpn. 20; ykjask taka h. hndum, to think one grasps heaven with
one's hands, of high fantastic hopes; at hugum vr bndr ... at vr hefim hndum himin tekit,
en n ..., Hkr. i. 141, Sighvat (Bersgl. vsur), Al. 118; himins-emdi, the end, border of heaven,
Vm. 37, Edda 12. 2. the heathen conception of a plurality of heavens caused the plural to be
mostly used by Christian writers, esp. after the Reformation, also, Gu himnum, God in the
heavens; Fair himnum, Gr. GREEK, N. T., following the Gr. text; himnum a, towards the
heavens,, Pass. 34. 1; hr og himnum bi, 24. 7: himna-Gu, God in the heavens, Sl. 6, Stj.;
stga til himna, to ascend to the heavens, Gl. 40; himna-fagnar, heavenly joy, Hom. 30; himna-
brau, bread from the heavens, manna, Post.; himna-fsla, id., Stj.; himna-fr, ascension to the
heavens; himna-ljs, the light of the heavens, Pass. 3. 3; hinma-hallir, the halls of the heavens, 25.
13; himna-konungr, the king of the heavens, Hom., Fms. i. 141; himna-mjl, the our of the
heavens, manna, Stj., Al. 64; himna-sjn, heavenly sight, Greg. 35; himna-vist, an abode in the
heavens, Hom.; himna-rki, n. the kingdom of the heavens, N. T., in old writers himin-rki. II.
metaph. (like Gr. GREEK), a canopy, covering, cp. Germ. trag-himmel; sngr-himinn, a bed
canopy: pot., brna-himinn, heaven of the brows, the forehead, Kormak; l-himin, the heaven or
covering of the deep, the ice, Eyvind.
himin-raufar, f. pl. the sluices of heaven, Sklda 210, Mar. 10.
himin-rki, n. [Dan. himmerige; Germ. himmelreich], the kingdom of heaven, Gl. 42, Edda 149
(pref.), Th. 28; himinrkis-dyrr, -hir, -hll, -innganga, -vist, Hom., Mar., Bs. passim; himinrkis
mar, an heir of the kingdom of heaven, 677. 3; but in mod. usage himnarki(see himinn 2) is more
usual.
himin-roi, a, m. the redness of the sky, Matth. xvi. 2.
himin-runninn, part. = Gr. GREEK, Od.
himin-rull, m. = himinsl, Lex. Pot.
himin-skaut, n. the sheet of heaven, a quarter of heaven, Lat. plaga caeli, Hdl. 14, Skv. 1. 10,
passim.
himin-skin, n. a heavenly shining, Jnas 115.
himin-sl, f. the sun in heaven.
himin-stjri, a, m. (-strir, m.), the ruler of heaven, God, Lex. Pot.
himin-stjrnur, f. pl. the stars in heaven, Jnas 122.
himin-targa, u, f. the targe of heaven, the sun, d. 4.
himin-tjald, n. a canopy. Am. 106.
himin-tungl, n. pl. the heavenly bodies, Hkr. ii. 288, Rb. 66, 108, passim; himintungla far, h. gangr
(ganga), Stj., Rb.
himin-vangi, a, m. the mead of heaven, the sky, Hkv. 1. 15.
himin-vist, f. dwelling in heaven, Lex. Pot.
himneskr, adj. (hifneskr, Fms. x. 392), heavenly, Sks., Bs., N. T., Pass., Vdal. passim.
HIND, f. [A. S. hind; Engl. hind; Germ. hinde; Dan. hind] :-- a hind, Lat. cerva, the female of
hjrtr, Karl. 45, freq.: hindar-klfr, m. a hind's calf, a fawn, Bret. ch. 19; Hindar-fjall, n. Hind's-
fell, a mountain, Fas., Fm. II. [prob. a different word, akin to Goth. hinan, Swed. hinna = to nd],
skill, grace; in the phrase, me hind, artfully, gracefully, as in the ditty: a er a segja af Siguri
Blind | samdi hann lj um hverja kind, | s hann hvorki sl n vind, | seggjum tt' 'ann kvea me
hind; esp. freq. in poets of the 16th and 17th centuries.
hindar-dags, gen. as adv. the day after to-morrow, N. G. L. i. 23; see hindri.
hindr, n. = hindran, Stj. 262.
HINDRA, a, [A. S. hinderjan; Engl. hinder; Germ. hindern; Dan. hindra; Swed. hindra] :-- prop.
to keep behind, hinder, Stj. 138; h. er tlma, Dipl. i. 4, Bs. i. 689. II. pass. to be impeded, Fms. vii.
144, xi. 423. 2. to halt, loiter, Stj. 172, Mar.: to go astray, to be wrong, Fbr. 78 new Ed., Bs. i. 820:
to lose time, loiter about a thing, meira mun n annat til framkvaemdar en hindrask eptir essu,
Sturl. iii. 157; cp. hindrvitni below.
hindran, f. a hindrance, Stj. 9.
HINDRI, compar., superl. HINZTR, [cp. Ulf. hindar = GREEK, A. S. and Engl. hinder, O. H. G.
hintar, Germ. hinter; cp. also A. S. hindan, Engl. be-hind] :-- the hinder, hindmost, latter, latest,
only in poetry: I. the compar. occurs only as an GREEK in hindra dags, the day after to-morrow,
Hm. 109, and hindar-dags, N. G. L. i. 23. II. superl., hinnzta sinni, for the last time: in prose, vr
gengum land innsta (i.e. hinzta) sinni, Fms. vii. 149; er hann fr inzta sinni til Jrsala, 625.
191: in poetry, Sl. 41, Fas. i. 428; hinztr fuudr, the last meeting, Hkv. Hjrv. 40; hinzt kveja, Am.
45; hinzt bn, Skv. 3. 62.
hindr-vitni, f. 'hinder-knowledge,' idolatry, superstition, nonsense, Bs. i. 165, Hkr. ii. 176; r
heiingligrar hindrvitni, Fb. i. 513; ef hann trir at heldr en annat f, ea ferr hann me h., K. .
K. 78.
HINGAT, also spelt higat (Eg. 51, Nj. 227, Fms. i. 189, Stj. 27, 35) and hegat (sl. ii. 270, Gl.
272), prob. only by dropping the mark of abbreviation (UNCERTAIN) above the line (h&i-long;gat,
h&e-long;gat), as seen from old rhymes such as hingat fyrir konu bing, Eb. 73 new Ed. :-- hither,
Lat. huc, b. 5, Nj. 2, Grg. i. 189, Fms. i. 72, x. 18; hingat ok angat, hither and thither, to and fro,
viii. 39, Stj. 35, 284, Blas. 40; hn vissi lngum ekki hingat, i.e. she was in a senseless state, Bs. i.
384. 2. temp., hingat til, hitherto, 619. 73.
B. COMPDS: hingat-burr, m. the birth of Christ, 625. 82, Sklda 210, Fms. i. 109, xi. 468, Stj. 27
(hegat-burr), passim. hingat-fer and hingat-fr, f. a journey hither, Eb. 144, Fms. x. 17, xi. 105.
hingat-utningr, m. carrying hither, Fr. hingat-kvma, u, f. a coming hither, arrival, Fms. vi. 394,
v. 291: eccl., of Christ, Rb. 84, Stj. passim. hingat-spaning, f. = hingatkvma, Nirst. 6.
HINKA, a, [Germ. hinken], to limp, hobble, Fs. 159; see hvika.
hinkr, n. a limping, hobbling, sl. ii. 147.
hinkra, a, to halt, stop a bit; h. vi, to halt, freq. in mod. usage.
HINN, HIN, HIT, the article, an enclitic, which therefore can never serve as an accentuated
syllable in a verse, either as rhyme or in alliteration. In good old MSS. (e.g. Cod. Reg. of Sm.) it is
hardly ever spelt with the aspirate, but is written inn, in, it or i, or enn, en, et or e, and thus
distinguished from the demonstr. pron. hinn; but in the Editions the prob. spurious aspirate has been
generally prexed: an indecl. inu or hinu occurs often in later MSS. of the 14th century, e.g. the
Fb.; but as it has not been heard of since and is unknown in the modern language, it simply seems to
be a Norwegianism, thus, inu smu or, Th. 2; hinnu fyrri biskupa (gen. pl.), H. E. ii. 79; enu instu
luti (res intimas), Hom. 57 (Norse MS.); hinu gztu menn (nom. pl.), id.; innu argu dra, 657 A.
ii. 12: [cp. Goth. jains = GREEK; A. S. geond; Engl. yon; Germ. jener.]
A. The: I. preceding the noun: 1. before an adjective standing alone or followed by a substantive;
inn mri, inn rki, inn dimmi dreki, inn mikli mgr, Vsp.; in aldna, id.; inn ga mj, the good
mead, Gm. 13; inn mra mj, Skm. 16; inn helga mj, Sdm. 18; in forna fold, Hm. 24; in fra
frilla, 30; inn fri jtum, Vm. 20; inn gamli ulr, 9; inn hra ul, Fm. 34; inn frni ormr, 19; opt
inn betri bilar er inn verri vegr, Hm. 127; in alsnotra ambtt, in arma, kv.; enn fri a, Skm. 2;
in lla mra, 32; enn frni ormr, 27; e manunga man, Hm. 163; enn aldna jtun, 104; en horska
mr, 95; it betra, Stor. 22; ena riju, the third, Vsp. 20; inn mur-lausi mgr, Fm. 2; it gjalla gull,
ok it glraua f, 9; i fyrsta or, Sdm. 14; enu skrleita goi, Gm. 39; in glstmu grti, Hm. 1;
in svsu go, Vm. 17; enum frgja syni, Hm. 141; at ins tryggva vinar, 66; ennar gu konu, 100;
ins svinna mans, 162; ens dra mjaar, 141; ens hindra dags, 109; ens unga mans, Skm. 11; ens
deykkva hrafns, Skv. 2. 20; til ins eina dags, Fm. 10; ena nundu hverja ntt, Skm. 21: with the
ordinals, inn fyrsti, rii ..., Gm. 6 sqq., Sdm. 21 sqq. 2. so also before an adverb; it sama, likewise,
Hm. 75, Fm. 4, Vm. 22, 23, Gm. 15, Hdl. 26. 3. as an indecl. particle 'in' or 'en' before a
comparative; in heldr, the more, Hm. 60, Sdm. 36, Hkv. 1. 12, Skv. 1. 21, Gh. 3, Nj. 219; in lengr,
the longer, Am. 58, 61; this has been already mentioned s. v. en (p. 127, B. at bottom, and p. 128),
but it is almost exclusively poetical. II. placed between a pronoun and an adjective in the denite
form: 1. after a demonstr.; s inn frni ormr, Fm. 26; s inn hari hallr, Gs. 10; s inn aldni jtun,
Skm. 25; s inn mttki jtunn, 10; at i mikla men, kv. 13; at i litla, 'that the little,' i.e. the
little thing, Ls. 44: ann inn alsvinna jtun, Vm. 1; ann inn aldna jtun, Fm. 29; ann inn
hrmkalda jtun, 38; ess ins alsvinna jtuns, Vm. 5; at it unga man, Alm. 6; ann inn aldna
jtun, Gm. 50; au in harmgu sk, 41; s inn mttki munr, 93; mnnum eim enum aldrnum,
Hbl. 44; brn au in blu, Og. 9; hrs at i mra, Akv. 5: in prose, fjlmenni at it mikla, Eg. 46;
etta it mikla skip, Fms. x. 347, passim: with ordinals, segu at i eina, say that the rst, Vm. 20;
at i rija, fjra ..., 20 sqq. 2. after a possessive; sns ins heila hugar, sns ins svra sefa, Hm.
105; ns ins hvassa hjrs, Fm. 29; minn inn hvassi hjrr, 6; mns ins hvassa hjrs, 28; bkr nar
inar blhvtu, Hm. 3. after a pers. pron.: hinn armi, thou wretch! Ld. 326; gakk hingat hinn
mikli mar! Eg. 488. III. placed between two nouns in apposition: 1. between a proper name and a
title or epithet in the denite form; Sigurr inn Surni, Sigurd the Southerner, Skv. 3. 4; Atli inn
Rki, Akv. 29; Hgna ins frkna, Hjalla ins blaua, 23; Gurr inn Gfuglti, t.; Hamir inn
hugumstri, Hm. 25; Kjtva'nn ( = Kjtva enn) Auga, Hornklo; Svan enum Raua, lfr enn
Gamli, Hdl.; as also in prose, varr inn Vfami, Haraldr enn Hrfagri, lafr inn Digri, Kntr inn
Fundni, Aur in Djpauga, orbjrg in Digra, Hildr in Mjfa, Steinlfr inn Lgi, orkell inn Hvi,
Kjarlakr inn Gamli, Bjrn inn Austrni, lafr inn Hvti, Hlfdan inn Svarti, Sighvatr inn Raui,
Kyjlfr inn Gr, Gestr inn Spaki; Ari inn Fri (Aren Froe contr. = Are enn Froe, . T. 23, line
1), Ketill inn Heimski, Kntr inn Rki, Eadvarr inn Gi, Hlfdan inn Mildi, Ingjaldr inn Illri,
Helgi inn Magri, lfr inn Skjlgi, Landn., Fb. iii; cp. Gr. GREEK, GREEK, Germ. Nathan der
Weise, Engl. Alfred the Great, etc.: of ships, Ormr inn Langi, Ormr inn Skammi. 2. between an
appellative and an adjective; sveinn inn hvti, Ls. 20; hendi inni hgri, 61; engill inn meins-vani,
Gm. 16; seggr inn ungi, Skm. 2; skati inn ungi, Hdl. 9; brr in kappsvinna, Am. 75; hest inn
hrafra, Gh. 18; varr inn vgfrkni, gumi inn gunnhelgi, Hm. 30; au inn fagra, Skv. 1. 13; orm
inn frna, 1, 11; fjnda inn flksk, Fm. 37; konungr inn Hnski, Skv. 3. 8, 18, 63, 64; or i fyrra,
Og. 9; ml i efsta, 16; seggr inn surni, Akv. 3; seggr inn ri, 6; mar'inum mlgreypa, 3, 13; borg
inni h, 14; sl inni surhllu, 30; vers ens mikla, Hkv. 1. 12; handar ennar hgri, Ls. 38, 61; vfs
ins vegliga, Am. 54; konung inn kostsama, Hkm.; gramr inn glavri, id.; hlut inn mjvara, t. 13;
konungr inn kynstri, fylkir inn framlyndi, hilmi'nom hlsdigra, konu'na Dnsku, hverr' enni
Heinversku, Hornklo, Sm. (Mb.) 228-231; vi arm inn vestra, Sighvat; so also in prose passim.
B. When there was no adjective the article became a sufx to the noun (see Gramm. pp. xix, xx), a
usage common even in early prose, but extremely rare in poetry; the reason is, not that the poems
were composed before the sufxed article had come into use, but that the metres themselves in
which all the old poems were composed are older than that usage, and are not well adapted to it, so
that the absence of the article became traditional. The old poem Harbarslj makes an exception,
no doubt not from being later than all other poems, but from being composed in a peculiar metre,
half verse and half prose; thus in that single poem alone there are nearly twenty instances, or about
twice or thrice as many as in all the other poems together :-- vginn, Hbl. 2, 13, 15; sundit, 1, 3, 8,
13; verinum, 4; eikjunni, 7; skipit, id.; stna, landit, id.; leiina, 55; hfuit, 15; btinum, 53;
veggsins, stokksins, steinsins, 56; matrinn, 3: other solitary instances are, goin ll, Vsp. 27 (prob.
somewhat corrupt); eiki-kstinn, Gh. 20; vmmin vr, Ls. 52. II. in prose, old and modern, the
sufxed article occurs at every step; only one or two instances are worth noticing as peculiar to the
Icelandic: 1. as vocative in addressing; konan, O woman! mjnannan, id., Sighvat (in a verse of
A.D. 1018, and so in mod. usage); elskan! hjarta! heillin! stin, my love! dear! heart! ursinn! Fas.
i. 385; hundarnir! = GREEK, Od. xxii. 35: also with another word, barni gott, good child!
rnaussinn, thou monster giant! Migars-ormrinn! Fas. i. 373. 2. esp. if with a possessive
adjective following, as in Gr. GREEK, etc.; elskan mn, stin mn, hjarta mitt, grinn minn! hr er
n stin mn, here is my darling! Sturl. ii. 78, of a father presenting a darling child to a friend; and
so in mod. usage: as abuse, hundrinn inn, thou dog! sl. ii. 176; jfrinn inn! Fms. vii. 127;
dyrillinn inn! ii. 279; hundinum num! vi. 323: this use is not conned to the vocative, e.g.
konan mn bir a heilsa, my wife (kona mn is never used); marinn minn, my husband; biddu
foreldrana na (ask thy parents) a lofa r a fara; augun hans, his eyes, Pass. 24. 4; hugrinn vor
og hjarta s, our mind and heart (cp. Gr. GREEK), 43. 5; svo hjarta bi og mli mitt | mikli
samhuga nafni itt, 10. 7; gef a mur-mli mitt, 35. 9; bkin mn, my favourite book, my
own book; as also, fu mr hattinn minn, vetlingana mna, skna mna, give me my hat, gloves,
shoes; tungan r, augun r, thy tongue, thy eyes; hfui mr, ftrnir mr, my head, my
feet; hendrnar r (' mr, r' are here equivalent to a possessive, see p. 37, C. IV), thy hands,
cp. Homer, GREEK; hestana na, Gr. GREEK: similar is the instance, vmmin vr, the sins of
ours, Ls. 52; this may be a remnant of a time when the article was used separately, even with an
indenite adjective. 3. a double article, one sufxed to the noun and the other prexed to the word
in apposition; hirin s in Danska, Fms. vi. 323; au in stru skipin, viii. 384 and passim: again,
when a noun is put in the genitive after another noun the former has no article; as the Engl. phrase
'the sh of the sea and the fowl of the air' is in Icel. 'skar sjvarins og fuglar loptsins:' but this
belongs to the syntax; see also Grimm's D. G. iv. 432.
C. SPECIAL CHANGES, in mod. usage: I. the demonstr. pron. s, s, a has in speech generally
taken the place of inn, in, it; thus, s gamli mar, s gamla kona, a gamla skld; sometimes the
article is dropped altogether, e.g. mta degi, on the fth day ( = enum mta degi); smn
stundu, in the same hour; even in old writers this is found, me smu tlan, Bs. i. 289; nundu t
dags, Stj. 41, (but rarely); yet the old form is often retained in writing. II. in case A. II. the article
may be dropped; ann gamla maim, gmlu konu, a gamla skld, armi, etc.; s ra-gi, s
goum-lki, s gti Odysseifr, s vitra Penelopa, s Jarkringjandi Psdon, Od. passim (in Dr.
Egilsson's translation). III. in case A. III. 1. the article is also dropped, Kntr Rki, Haraldr
Hrfagri; even old writers (esp. in later vellums) omitted it now and then, Hlfdan Svarta, Fms. i. 1;
Haraldr Grnski, 90; Haraldr Hrfagri, 192; ttarr ungi, Hdl.: even in the Sm. Cod. Reg.,
Vlsungr ungi, Skv. 3. 1, 3. IV. in case A. III. 2. the pronouns s, s, a, and hinn, hin, hit may be
used indiscriminately, although the former is more usual. V. lastly, in case B. the sufxed article has
gained ground, and is in modern prose used more freq. than in ancient.
UNCERTAIN CONCLUSION. -- The old poetical language, with the sole exception of a single
poem, had no article in the modern and proper sense; in every instance the 'inn, in, it' bears the
character of a demonstrative pronoun, preceding an adjective and enhancing and emphasising its
sense, like the pers. pron. hann, q.v.; but it is never attached to a single substantive; when the
adjective was placed in apposition after a noun, the pronoun came to stand as an enclitic just after
the noun, and was sounded as if sufxed thereto; at last it was tacked as an actual sufx to single
nouns standing without apposition, and thus the true sufxed article gradually arose, rst in speech,
then in writing; whereas at the same time the old pronominal enclitic (A. I-III) gradually went out
of use, and was either dropped or replaced by the stronger demonstrative pronoun 's, s.'
HINN, HIN, HITT, demonstr. pron., prob. identical in etymology with the preceding word, from
which it is however distinguished, 1. by the neut. hitt, Dan. hint; 2. by the initial aspirate, which is
never dropped; 3. by being a fully accentuated pronoun, so that the h can stand as an alliterative
letter, e.g. handar ennar hgri | mun ek hinnar geta, Ls.; veitkat ek hitt hvart Heita | hungr ...,
Hallfred; Hitt kva Hamir, etc., Hom. 23, 25, Korm. 40; Raun er hins at Heinir | hr ...; Skld
bir hins at haldi | hjlm ..., Sighvat, Hkv. Hjrv. 26: [Ulf. jains = GREEK; A. S. geond; Engl. yon;
Germ. jener.]
A. This pronoun is used, I. in a demonstr. sense, emphatically and without being opp. to a preceding
demonstr.; raun er hins at ..., it is proved that ...; skld bir hins, at ..., Sighvat; veitkat ek hitt hvat
(hvrt) ..., Hallfred; hitt ek huga, emphatically, that was what I thought, I thought forsooth, Hm.
98; hitt kva p Hrrgl, Hm. 13; hitt kva Hamir, 25; hitt vil ek vita, that I want to know,
Vm. 3, 6; ek hins get, ef ..., yet I guess, that if ..., Skm. 24; vita skal hitt, ef ..., Korm. 40 (in a
verse), sl. ii. 225 (in a verse); hitt var fyrr = in former times, formerly, t., Fs. 94 (in a verse); hinn
er sll, er ..., he is happy, that ..., Hm. 8; mar hinn er ..., 'man he that' = the man who, 26; hinn er
Surts r Skkdlum, Edda 51 (in a verse); veitat hinn er tin tannar, hinn er um eyki annask, Kormak
(in a verse); handar innar hgri mun ek hinnar geta, er ..., the right hand, that hand namely,
which ..., Ls. 38; this usage scarcely occurs except in old poetry. II. demonstr. referring to another
pronoun, denoting the former, farther, the other, = Dan. hiin, hint, Germ. jener, cp. Gr. GREEK, Lat.
ille; freq. in prose, old and mod.; fru eir me au skip er eim ttu bezt en brenndu hin, Fms. v.
8; Kimbi bar sr sitt engan mun betr en hinir, er hann hafi r frt, 92; en hitt er meira, at hann
ltr sr annarra manna f jafnheimilt, Eg. 47; kemr rvar-oddrinn strenglag hinnar rvarinnar, Fb.
iii. 405; er her mik fyrir lagt hinu r, 407; hinir frndr nir, ii. 425; hinn ftinn, on that,
the other leg, Nj. 97; at er vlti, ... hitt er undr ..., Ls. 33; hinir hlaa seglunum ok ba, Fms. x.
347; ef hinn (the other part) er eigi ar vi staddr, Grg. i. 52; hvrt hinn (the other one) her
jafnmikit f hins (of the other one) er austr er, 220; rtt er at kveja fr hennar heimili ef hann veit
hvrtki hinna (gen. pl.), 339; ok vill annarr hluta en annarr eigi ... ok verr sem hinn mli ekki um
er eigi vill hluta, 393; ef mar sendir annan mann til eindaga, ok erat hinn skyldr vi at taka, id.;
ess milli er hn fr at sofa kveldit, ok hins er hn var kldd, Ld. 14; rit fgr er mr sj, ... en
hitt veit ek eigi hvaan jfs-augu eru komin ttir vrar, forsooth she is a beautiful girl, but yet I
know not, Nj. 2 :-- demonstr. in the sense of this (but rare), stjrnur r er nr eru leiar-stjruu
ganga aldri undir me oss, en Bllandi er Arabia ganga hinar stjrnur, these very stars, Rb. 468:
phrases, hitt ok annat, this and the other, Rd. 235; mod. hitt og etta.
B. COMPOUND FORMS, hinn-ug, hinn-og, or hins-ig, mod. hins-egin, also hizig, q.v. [from
vegr], adv. the other way; tt Gsl ykki hinsig (hinn veg, v.l.) eigi sr til vsa, Fms. vii. 46; hinnig
vrir undir brn at lta sem ..., Nj. 55: locally, there, in the other place, illic, ok lta bera vtti
at hinneg var nefnt, Grg. i. 90; heimta af erngja ef hinnig er eigi til, K. . K. 28; brenndi ar ok
gri hervirki eigi minna enn hinneg, Fms. vi. 340; ef hinnig mundi kostr, K. . K. 24; eigi er hgra
undir eim at ba fyrir kulda sakir, enn hinnog er fyrir ofrhita sakir, Sks. 196; v at hn er kaldari
hr en hizug, 70: temp. the other day, formerly (rare), er ek hinnig mlta, Og. 11. 2. denoting
motion, hither, thither; hinnig deyja r Helju halir, Vm. 43; renna hinnig, Gh. 18; ra hinig, Fm.
26: koma hinig, Gs. 18.
HINNA, u, f., mod. himna, [Dan. hinde; Swed. hinna], a lm, a membrane, Grg. ii. 91, Edda 12,
Clem. 25, Bs. ii. 180, Vgl. 31.
hipsum-haps, adv. by mere chance, from Dan. hips haps.
HIR, f. [akin to A. S. hyred; cp. also Engl. hire], a king's or earl's body-guard, the king's men of
olden times: for the hir, their rights, duties, statutes, see the Laws and Sagas passim; among the
Laws, specially the Hirskr, N. G. L. ii. 390-450, Sks. ch. 24 sqq.; among the Sagas, the Fms. and
Hkr. passim, Eg. ch. 5, 8, Fagrsk. ch. 5, the poem of Hornklo, and 216, . H. ch. 200 sqq., passim:
hann her ok hir um sik sem konungr, Eg. 47; ok hafi sna hir hvrr eirra, Fms. vi. 185;
skipar hann hirinni eina fylking (opp. to bndr), Hkr. i. 155. COMPDS: hirar-dmr, m. a king's
court; synja eii eptir hirardmi, N. G. L. ii. 437. hir-biskup, m. a king's bishop, Fms. i. 229.
hir-brir, m. a comrade among king's men, El. 14, Barl. 94, Hirskr ch. 41. hir-bnar, m.
apparel for king's men, Sklda 181. hir-drengr, m. a king's valet, Rtt. 61. hir-hestr, m. a king's
horse, N. G. L. i. 227. hir-kona, u, f. a king's woman, daughter of a king's man, Fas. i. 193, Art.
hir-li, n. the king's troops, Str. 3. hir-lg, n. pl. the laws and statutes of the king's men, their
community, fellowship, Fms. v. 52; taka e-n hirlg, . H. 204; ganga h., Eg. 29, 112; vera or
segja sik r hirlgum, N. G. L. ii. 437. hir-mar, m. a king's man, Hirskr, Fms., Eg., Sks.
passim, . H. ch. 70, 113, Har. S. Harr. ch. 110, Hkr. . T. ch. 90, Lv. p. 112 (far fund Eyjlfs
Gumunds sonar, vinar mns ok hirmanns), Nj. ch. 3, Fbr. hirmanns-eir, m. the oath taken by
the king's men, Fms. ix. 437. hirmanna-lr, m. a trumpet belonging to the king's men, Sturl. i.
129, Fms. ix. 417. hirmanna-nafn, n. the name of being a king's man, Sks. 275. hirmanna-
stefna, u, f. a hustings of king's men, Fms. ix. 306. hir-mr, f. = hirkona, Art., Karl. hir-pallr,
m. the das where the king's men sate, N. G. L. ii. 447. hir-prestr, m. a king's chaplain, Fms. i.
151, Fb. ii. 337, N. G. L. ii. 409. hir-prr, adj. courteous, Fms. v. 191, viii. 447, ix. 4. hir-
pri, n. royal pomp, Fms. iii. 182, x. 178. hir-riddari, a, m. a king's knight, Barl. 176. hir-siir,
m. pl. the customs of the king's men, Eb. 200, Sks. 320, Hkr. iii. 181. hir-skip, n. a king's ship, N.
G. L. i. 227, passim. Hir-skr, f. the statutes or section of law relating to the king's men, published
in N. G. L. ii. 390-450. hir-stefna, u, f. a meeting of the king's men, Fms. ix. 215, 250. hir-stjri,
a, m. the captain of the king's men, Fms. iv. 364, ix. 250, 496, Gl. 58, Eg. 280, Hirskr ch. 8, 24;
in Eg. 280 used in a peculiar and Engl. sense; in Icel. the governor was, from the 14th to the 16th
century, called hirstjri, Ann., Espol. passim. hir-stjrn, f. the dignity of hirstjri. Fms. ix. 250;
in Icel. sense, Ann. passim, Dipl. ii. 15. hir-stofa, u, f. a king's hall, . H. 43. hir-sveinn, m. =
hirdrengr, Stj. 482. hir-sveit, f. the host of king's men, Hkr. i. 24, Fms. i. 36, ii. 17, vi. 46, vii.
279, xi. 244. hir-vist, f. the being a king's man, Fms. ii. 55, v. 315, vii. 196, xi. 18, Nj. 6.
HIRA, , mod. t, (Fms. vii. 290), to herd, tend, keep; hira f, to herd sheep, Grg. i. 401. 2. to
keep in a box, chest; hiri sgerr slurnar, Eg. 703; hann tekr burt rina ok hirir hana sv
bna, Fms. xi. 64; ok hirt (imperat.) at glerkeri, Pr. 472. 3. hira hey, to gather in hay, Eb. 150,
152, Gull. 20, Sks. 325. 4. to keep safe, hide, conceal; ok er hann (Eliah) n hirr rum mnnum
(hidden from them), Ver. 29; hira hfu, to hide one's head, Grett. (in a verse); eir vissu eigi hvar
Gu hiri andir eirra, 623. 60; h. sik djpum, of shes, Sks. 47, 49: reex. to lock oneself up, hide
oneself, gangit upp turn minn ok hirisk ar, Br. 2, Fas. i. 8; var hann n hirr (save) fyrir llum
frii, Fms. xi. 322; hirir ok haldnir, safe and sound, Karl. 3. II. to mind, care for; eigi hiri ek at
lifa, Stj. 168; tt eir hiri at eigi, even though they care not for it, Grg. i. 468; aldregi hiri ek
at, Hrafn. 19; eir einir munu vera at ek hiri aldri tt drepisk, Nj. 85; h. um e-t, to care about; ok
hirtu ekki um lf sitt, Fms. iv. 147, vii. 290, ix. 243, . H. 114, ir. 142. 2. imperat. with a neg. and
an inn. do not! Lat. noli! hir eigi at hrask! 656 C. 37; hir eigi at rta, noli contendere,
Sklda 164: hirit eigi r at hafa llmlgi, 623. 30; hir eigi at hopa hl, Hvtanessgoi! Nj.
170; hirit eigi at ttask, Stj. 220 passim: esp. in poetry with a neg. suff., hirattu, Korm. ch. 26;
hira-, Gkv. 2. 28, 31, Am. 38; hirum-at flask, let us not shudder, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse).
hiri-, a prex, tending, keeping, wearing, in pot. compds, hiri-ss, -bil, -ds, -draugr, -nauma,
-njtr, -sga, -sif, -tr, -ollr, all epithets in poetical circumlocutions of men and women.
hiri-ligr, adj. pastoral, Th. 12.
hiring, f. a tending, keeping.
hiringi, a, m. a herd, herdsman, Stj. 106, Gen. xiii. 8.
hirir, m. [Ulf. hairdeis = GREEK; A. S. hyrde; Engl. herd; Dan. hyrde; Swed. herde; Germ.
hirt] :-- a herd, herdsman, shepherd, Gl. 400, Grg. ii. 224, Barl. 35, Bs. ii. 91, Stj. 106 (hiranna,
gen. pl.); eccl., Hom., Mar., Bs., Stj. passim, as also N. T. in mod. usage; hirir is used in a sacred
and metaph. sense, smali or smala-mar only in the proper sense; eg em gr hirir, John x. 14;
heilagir hirar, Stj. 9. hiris-lauss, adj. shepherdless; sauir h., Stj. 603. hiris-ligr, adj. pastoral,
Stj. 235. hiris-nafn, n. a shepherd's name, Bs. i. 280. hiris-risml, n. a shepherd's rising time, a
term for day-break; er sl er miju austri, i.e. six o'clock, Grg. ii. 224, cp. Hrafn. 20.
hir-ligr, adj. belonging to the king's men, Barl. 176, Str. 40; h. mlsnild, courtly eloquence, Sklda
199: pastoral, Stat. 281.
hiru-lauss, adj. careless, freq. in mod. usage.
hiru-leysa, u, f. (mod. -leysi, n.), carelessness, Bs. ii. 91.
hiru-samr, adj. (-semi, f.), careful.
hirsa (mod. hissa,) adj. indecl. stunned, amazed, astonished; vera (vera) h. eir uru h. vi essi
strmerki, 655 v. 2; very freq. in mod. usage, eg er ldungis hissa, br-hissa, quite astonished.
hirsi, n. [Swed. hirs], millet, Edda (Gl.)
HIRTA, t, to chastise one, freq. in mod. usage; hirta sik fr e-u, to refrain from, Hom. 108: reex.,
Stj. 23 (twice); hirtr, chastised, Fms. ii. 216; hirtask e-s, to refrain from a thing, H. E. i. 236.
hirting, f. chastisement, Hom. 43, Al. 129, Fas. ii. 447, Bs. passim, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS:
hirtingar-lauss, adj. unpunished, N. G. L. ii. 419. hirtingar-leysi, n. want of punishment, Fms. v.
191. hirtingar-or, n. severe words, H. E. i. 250. hirtingar-samr, adj. severe, Bs. i. 164. hirtingar-
vndr, m. a wand (rod) for punishing, Pass. 34. 5.
hirtinn, adj. [hira], keeping safely, careful: hirtni, f. carefulness.
hirzla (hirsla), u, f. a keeping, keeping safe, Grg. i. 400, Stj. 445, Fb. ii. 312, (rare.) 2. a box,
chest, 656 B. 1, Ld. 56, Sturl. ii. 11, Fbr. 85, Pm. 10: hirzlu-hs, a store-house, H. E. i. 457, Dipl. v.
10; hirzlu-mar, a keeper, Sks. 273; fjr-h., a treasury.
his, hisja, vide hes, hesja.
hismi, n. chaff, bran; ltt sem h.; akin to h-, h-, q.v.
hispr, n. foppery: hisprs-lauss, adj. without foppery, plain, straightforward; eg segi r a
hispurslaust, I tell it you plainly.
historia, u, f. history (for. word), Nik. dr. 75, Pass. 11. 1, and now and then in mod. usage, although
saga is the usual vernacular word.
hita, u, f. a heating, Fbr. 149. COMPDS: hitu-eldr, m. a re for heating, Sturl. iii. 147. hitu-hs, n.
a brew-house, Fms. iii. 211. hitu-ketill, m. a boiler, Fms. iii. 211, Safn i. 70. hitu-vatn, n. a hot
spring, Mar.
hita, a, to heat.
hitan, f. a heating, Fas. ii. 377.
HITI, a, m. [Engl. heat; Dan. hede; Germ. hitze], heat, Vsp. 51; r frosti hita, Edda 39, Sks. 60,
Fms. v. 350: metaph. ardour, Mar.
hitna, a, to become hot, Magn. 468, Fms. x. 264, Stj. 648: impers., e-m hitnar, one gets hot, Sturl.
iii. 20.
HITTA, tt, [akin to Goth. hinan, Swed. hinna = to nd; Engl. hit; Dan. hitte; Swed. hitta] :-- to hit
upon, meet with one, Fms. i. 129, xi. 124, v.l.; en er eir hittu menn at mli, Eg. 405, Fs. 29: hitta
r, to hit upon a device, Fms. vi. 152; h. e-t, to hit or light upon, hitti hann ar rlf, iv. 309:
to nd one's way, time, opportunity, hann hitti lla leiir, Fs. 101; h. vel leiina, 141; at eigi villumk
ek ok hitti aptr til eirra, 623. 62; ar til er r hitti inn vginn, Fms. xi. 124 (twice); eigi hittu r
n tma til, ef r komut sv at borin vru uppi, vii. 197; ok vita ef hittir ann tma, at vild
n megi fram ganga, hit upon the proper time, Sks. 294; sjaldan hittir leiir li, Hm. 65 :-- also, h.
til, to happen, Bs. ii. 129: h. vandri, etc., to get into scrapes; hr kom ek me son minn er hitt
her vandri, Fms. vi. 107; her hitt fjrtjn, Fs. 100; h. strri, sl. ii. 391. 2. to hit; hitta
sjlfan sik fyrir, to hit oneself, make oneself smart, for a thing (metaph.), r. 75; spjti hitti (hit,
struck) brjst hestsins, Flv. 16; sktr snris-spjti, ok hittir milli hera eim er stri, Fagrsk. 50.
3. to visit, call on; fru margir menn at hitta Hkon konung, Fms. i. 21; gakk ok hitt (imperat.)
Magns konung, vi. 198; gakk at hitta hana, Fas. i. 193; Aur gkk t ok hittir Rannveigu, Gsl.
105, Fs. 51; hitt (imperat.) fur Magna, Hbl. 51; ok n hittr (sic) konungr drottning, Fms. x. 292.
II. reex., 1. recipr. to hit on or meet one another, Vsp. 7, Fms. vi. 107, x. 292; hann ba vel fara
ok heila hittask, Eg. 22; hittumk (let us meet) vk Varins, Hkv. Hjrv. 22; eir hittusk ar sem heitir
Minni (of a battle), Fms. vii. 208; hittask me vandrum, Js. 40. 2. pass. to be found; hann
hittisk vi Skfnungsey, Ld. 326.
hittir, m. a nder, Lex. Pot.
hixta, t, [no doubt onomatopoetic, to say 'hick,' cp. Dan. hikke, Swed. hicka] :-- to hiccough, Str.
27, Am. 38.
HIXTI, qs. hiksti, a, m. a hiccough, Bs. i. 847, Mag. 103; it is a popular saying that when people
are slandering or gossiping about a person behind his back, he hiccoughs every time his name is
mentioned, whence the saying, ar er eg n a ori sem eg er ekki a bori, about me is the word,
when I'm not at the board; ann sama dag sem biskup las bannit at Hlum, kom svo harr hiksti
at honum (viz. Dai), svo hann undrai, ok at var r h, svo at hann hugsai a ndina mundi
slta af sr, Dai mlti , n er eg ar at ori sem eg er ekki at bori, Safn i. 90, -- the bishop was
at that moment excommunicating him; cp. the saying, sjaldan kemr hixti af huga gum, sl. js.
ii. 552 and 557, l. 1.
hizig, hitzig, hizug, adv., in N. G. L. i. 242 hizcu = hizug, [hinn vegr] :-- yonder, there, Lat. illic,
heimta at erngjum, ef hitzig var eigi til, K. . K. 9 (1853), hitze, v.l.; vi tstein hitzig, yonder at
U., Sighvat; hitzig (yonder) er heitir Helganes, Fms. vi. 84 (in a verse); hizug Hafrsri, Fagrsk. 8
(in a verse) :-- above, sem hizig vas tnt, as told above, Grg. ii. 222 A; ok hafa, at allt er hitzug
leir, whatsoever is left in the other (in the former code, the code of Haii), i. 7; en hafa magann
sjlfr, ef hann festir eigi hizig framfrsluna, unless he shifts the alimentation on to the other part,
254; at hann vill hitzi ( = hitzig) ingi vera, 159 :-- cp. hinnsig, hinnig, s. v. hinn.
h-bli, n. pl., usually spelt thus or even hbli (esp. in Cd. B. of Sks. 75, 96, 127 new Ed.); hbli,
Fms. vii. 148, Fb. i. 254, ii. 238, 314, iii. 404; [the h- answers to Germ. heiin heirath; Ulf. heiv-
in heivafrauja = a house-lady; A. S. hiwa; Engl. hive (in bee-hive); cp. O. H. G. hiwian and Hel.
hiwa = a wife] :-- a homestead, home; hs eru rj hvers manns hblum, Grg. i. 459, ii. 196,
371; heima at hblum snum, Js. 78; ar hans hblum, Eg. 156, 194; ef r eru hr kunnig hbli,
236; annarra manna hblum, Nj. 52; ganga um hbli, to walk again, Landn. 107: allit., hs ok
hbli, house and home, Sks. 454: n er par hblum lei snit, ok fara eir til hvlu, Fb. iii. 404;
ar vru hbli heldr dauig eptir, Eb. 100 new Ed. COMPDS: hbla-bt, f. bettering of one's
homestead, Bs. i. 129, Gl. 376. hbla-bragr, m. home manners, domestic life. hbla-brestr, m. a
home loss, Glm. 375, Gsl. 79. hbla-httr, m. home affairs, Fms. ii. 267, Br. 176, Fs. 131.
hbla-prr, adj. gentle and well-mannered at home, in one's daily life, Eb. 88, Grett. 96.
H, n. [hi, Ivar Aasen], a lair, den, esp. of a bear, N. G. L. i. 45, 46, Grett. 100, Glm. 330, Gl.
444, Korm. (in a verse, of a sword's sheath). COMPDS: h-bjrn, m. a bear in his den, Grett. 100,
Fms. ii. 100, Fas. i. 50, Glm. l.c. h-byggvir, m., pot. a den dweller, a bear, Korm. II. Hi, a, m.
a pr. name, Fms. viii.
HMA, d, to saunter, loiter.
hmaldi, a, m. a laggard, almost like Germ. aschbrdel, Fas. iii. 18: a nickname, Fb. iii.
HRA, , [hira, Ivar Aasen, statt ikje dar aa hir! and hiren = lazy] :-- hra vi, to stand idle, tarry,
loiter, Grg. i. 6, 65; llu var honum betra Sta, heima a hra, Jn Arason: in mod. usage a
reex., hrast, to sit snug at home; a er og vel a hrist (hrist is a wrong spelling) hr eptir ar
sem ert n kominn og etir ar og drekkir, Od. x. 270, 271.
Hsing, f. name of an island, Fms.
HT, f. a scrip or bag made of the skin of a beast, Sd. 157, Fb. i. 220, Grett.: as a nickname, Fb. iii:
metaph. a vast belly, sl. js. i. 612: the name of a giantess, Br.: the local names Htar-dalr,
Htar-nes (Landn.) were still at the beginning of this century in that neighbourhood sounded Hitar-
dalr, Hitar-nes, with a short i, the original form being Hitr-dalr, Hitr-nes, the dale and ness of
the Hot river (a volcanic river), opp. to Kald, the Cold river, in the same county. The derivation
from a giantess Ht is a mere ction, and not older than the Brar S. Htnesingr, m. one from
Hitarnes, Sturl.
hjana, a, to sink, dwindle, of froth and the like.
Hjaningar (Hningar, Fb. i. 282), m. pl. the champions of the mythol. hero Hinn, Edda 90;
whence Hjaninga-vg, n. the battle of Hedin and his men, supposed to go on for ever; see the tale
in Edda 89, 90, and Fb. i. 278-282.
hjakka, a, to hack; akin to hggva, q.v.
hjal, n. chatter, talk, tittle-tattle, Edda 110, Fbr. 58, Fms. x. 333, xi. 19, Vpn. 16, Sturl. i. 22,
Nirst. 4: the saying, opt stendr llt af kvenna hjali, Gsl. 15. hjals-kona, u, f. a courtesan, Dropl.
19.
HJALA, a, to chatter, talk, sl. ii. 330, 332, Ld. 214, Sturl. i. 22; hjala vi e-n, Nj. 203, sl. ii. 349,
378: recipr., hjalask vi, to talk together, 321.
hjald, n. = hjal, Edda 110.
hjaldr, m., gen. rs, [cp. hildr, hjala, as galdr from gala], pot. a din, whence a ght, battle, Lex.
Pot, passim: as also in pot. compds, hjaldr-reifr, -gegninn, -mr, -rr, -rkr, -snjallr, -strr, -
orinn, adj. = martial, warlike; the sword is hjaldr-blik, -ss, -kyndill, -linnr, -sk; the battle,
hjaldr-el, -drif, -ganga; the shield, hjaldr-sk; a raven, hjaldr-gagl, -trani; a warrior, hjaldr-
gegnir, -magnar, -remmir, -snerrandi, -tr, -viurr: hjaldr-go = Odin; vide Lex. Pot.
hjal-drjgt, n. adj. chattering; vera h., to be chattering all along, Eb. 200, Vpn. 7, 12.
HJALLI, a, m. [akin to hilla, Engl. shelf; cp. also Engl. hill] :-- a shelf or ledge in a mountain's
side, Hrafn. 9, Gull. 19, Fb. iii. 408, Dropl. 33, Sturl. iii. 246, very freq.: as also in local names,
Deildar-hjalli, Landn.; Vir-hjalli, ver-h., Litli-h., Langi-h. II. a local name, Landn.
hjallr, m. [akin to hjalli], a scaffold, a frame of timber, Gsl. 31, Mar. 557, Hkr. ii. 175 (of a
pedestal); sei-hjallr (q.v.), the scaffold on which witches sat. 2. a shed, esp. for drying clothes, sh,
N. G. L, i. 137, H. E. i. 396, Vm. 174; sk-h., a sh-shed; grinda-h., a shed of rails. COMPDS:
hjall-grind, f. the frame of a shed. hjall-vir, m. timber for a shed, Pm. 133.
HJALT, n. [A. S. and Engl. hilt], the boss or knob at the end of a sword's hilt; also the guard
between the hilt and blade; the former being sometimes distinguished as the eptra or efra hjalt
(hinder or upper, accordingly as the sword was held), and the latter as fremra h., the fore part or
guard, where blade and hilt join; or else the plur. hjlt is used; v gkk hjalti af sverinu hit efra
ok hljp brandrinn fram r mealkaa umgrinni, Sturl. iii. 283; hjlt ok mealkai, ir. 114;
eftra hjalti, opp. to fremra hjalti, Karl. 124, Korm. ch. 9, Ld. ch. 57, Eb. ch. 13, and Gsl. 72, vide
gadd-hjalt, cp. Hkv. Hjrv. 9, Sdm. 6; hjlt r gulli, Akv. 7; sver me gulligum hjltum, Fms. i. 15;
nema hjltin vi nera gmi, Edda 20; sverit brotnai undir hjaltinu, Nj. 43, Fms. ii. 484, Gull.
18; skalt n vera egn hans er tkt vi sveri hans at hjltunum, Fms. i. 15; Helgi hnau hjalt
sver, Nj. 66; hann leggr sverinu essum sama ekk ok fellr hjltin, Fb. i. 258. UNCERTAIN
The Engl. hilt is in Icel, called meal-kai, 'middle-piece:' the Engl. word is derived from the
Scandin., but in a different sense.
hjaltar, part. with a hjalt; gull-h., ir. 80.
Hjaltar, m. pl. Shetlanders, Orkn. (in a verse), Sturl. i. 94 C, ii. 44.
hjalti, a, m. [hjalt], a nickname, Landn.: as also a pr. name, id.; Horn-h., name of a sword, Gull.
Hjalt-land, n., later Hetland, which occurs in the Fb.; in Engl. corrupted into Shetland or Zetland.
COMPDS: Hjaltlendingr, m. a Shetlander, Fms., Fb. Hjalt-lenzkr and Hjalt-neskr, adj. one from
Shetland, Ld. 26, Grg. i. 299.
hjalt-uggar, part. with 'boss-ns,' poetical epithet of a sword, metaph. from a sh, sl. ii. (in a
verse).
hjalt-vndr, m. a 'hilt-wand,' sword, Lex. Pot.
hjara, u, f., pl. hjrur, mod. = hjarri, a hinge.
HJARA, , pres. hjari, part. hjara, [no doubt akin to hra], to linger, to live (poorly), Pass. 33. 12.
hjar-hundr, m. a shepherd's dog, Hkr. i. 226.
Hjar-hyltingar, m. pl. the men from Hjarar-holt, Landn., Ld.
hjar-reki, a, m. a drover, Stj. 257, Mar.
hjar-rkr, adj. able to drive a drove, of one half blind, Bs. i. 307.
hjar-sveinn, m. a shepherd boy, Fms. ii. 156, Stj. 482.
hjar-tk, f. a shepherd's tyke, Eg. 375.
HJARL, n., only pot. a land, country, Lex. Pot. COMPDS: hjarl-strandi, part. a champion
ghting for the land, Lex. Pot. hjarl-vengr, m., pot. a snake.
HJARN, n. hard frozen snow, as also frozen earth covered with snow, Sturl. iii. 147, Fms. i. 8, ii.
228, Lil. 10, Bb. 3. 35.
hjarna, a, [hjara], in the phrase, hjarna vi, to shew signs of life, to revive, Lat. vivescere; at krin
skyldi vi h., Bs. i. 335; barn hjarnar vi, N. G. L. i. 340; veyklegt afkvaemi vi hjarni | vilja au
helzt a deyi strax, Bb. 1. 14.
HJARNI, a, m. [Dan. hjerne; Germ. ge-hirn], prop. the brain, Edda (Gl.); whence hjarna-mnir,
m. the skull, Haustl.
hjarn-skl, f. [Germ. hirnschale], the brain pan, the skull, Sturl. iii. 283, cp. Vkv. 23, 33.
HJARRI, a, m. a hinge, Stj. 565, Korm. (in a verse). hjarra-grind, f. a gate on hinges, Grg. ii.
264.
HJARSI, proncd. hjassi, a, m. [Swed. hjesse; Dan. isse], the crown of the head; fr hjassa til ilja,
Karl. 342, N. G. L. i. 339, Gsl. (in a verse); hann reif hjarsann Kolbirni en setti knit bakit,
Br. 177, (obsolete.) II. a fabulous beast, whence the saying, vera aldrar (gamall) sem h., to be
as old as a h., Fas. iii. 365; or, hann er afgamall hjassi, an old decrepid h.
HJARTA, n., gen. pl. hjartna, [Goth. hairto; A. S. heorte; Engl. heart; Hel. herta; O. H. G. herza;
Germ. herz; Dan. hjerte; Swed. hjerta; Gr. GREEK; Lat. cor, cord-is] :-- the heart, Fbr. 137, Nj. 95,
passim. II. metaph., gott hjarta, g hjrtu, me bezt hjarta, rt h., snart h., dyggt h., frkit h., a
bold, stout, true heart, Lex. Pot.; glatt h., a glad heart, Em. 1; milt h., a mild heart, id.; hrtt h., a
timid heart, Sl.; srt h., a sore heart; blugt h., a bloody or bleeding heart, Hm. 36; vikvmt h.,
a tender heart: denoting courage, rr a rit en ekki hjarta, Hbl. 26; h. ok hugr, heart and
courage, sl. ii. (in a verse) :-- phrases, hjarta r leiri, to have a heart of clay, be a coward, Kormak,
referring to the tale in Edda 57, 58; or merar-hjarta, the heart of a mare; hjarta drepr stall, the heart
beats (see drepa A. 4) or sinks, rudely expressed in Sturl. ii. 42 (in the verse); hjarta berst, beats;
but the subst. is hjart-slttr, q.v. 2. the heart, mind, feeling; snotrs manns hjarta verr sjaldan glatt, a
wise man's heart is seldom glad, Hm. 54; hugr einn at veit hvat br hjarta nr, einn er hann sr um
sefa, 94 (cp. 1 Cor. ii. 11): allit., hold ok hjarta, esh and heart, body and soul, i.e. all, hold ok h.
var mr in horska mr, Hm. 95; hugr ok h., soul and heart, Pass. 43. 5; also, minni og h., mind
(memory) and heart, 8. 12; h. og hugskot, heart and mind: phrases, af llu h., with all one's heart;
unna e-m (elska e-n) af llu hjarta, Lv. 37, Mar.; eg heft ekki hjarta til e-s, I have no heart for it: the
gen. as adverb, hjartans feginn, heartily glad, Pass. 4. 15; h. glar, gra e- hjartans grannleysi, in
the simpleness of heart; hjartans har, hardness of heart. 3. in addressing, hjarta, hjarta gott,
sweet heart! dear love! 4. mythol., Hrungnis hjarta, the stone heart, of the giant Hrungnir: the name
of a magical character, perh. = Germ. Druiden fuss, see Edda 58: sea pebbles are called the heart of
the sea, t.
B. COMPDS: hjarta-blaur, adj. cowardly, Karl. 124. hjarta-bl, n. hearts-blood, Edda 74, Fbr.
108, Br. 11, Fas. i. 163. hjarta-daur, adj. dead at heart, Stj. 484. hjarta-frir, m. heart's-ease,
peace of heart, Mar. hjarta-gr, adj. kind-hearted, Bs. ii. 178. hjarta-grinn, part. rooted in the
heart. hjarta-hreinn, adj. pure in heart, Pass. 2. 8. hjarta-prr, adj. stout-hearted, generous, Eb.
194. hjarta-pri, f. stoutness of heart, generosity, Br. 20, Sks. 274. hjarta-ragr, adj. cowardly,
Fas. iii. 100. hjarta-rtr, f. pl. the 'heart-roots,' heart-strings, Fbr. 216: the phrase, e-m hitnar um
hjartartrnar, to be deeply moved, alarmed, or the like, to feel the blood rushing to one's heart.
hjarta-taugar, f. pl. the heart-strings.
hjartar, part. hearted so and so, Br. 9.
hjarta-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hearty, Bs. ii. 156, Fms. iii. 53, Mar.
hjartan-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hearty, Stj. 186, Th. 7, freq. in mod. usage.
hjart-bl, n. = hjartabl, Fm., Sm. 156 (prose), Gkv. 2. 29.
hjart-flginn, part. heart-felt, cherished in the heart, Vgl. 22, N. G. L. ii. 481, Col. iii. 12, Vidal.,
freq. in mod. eccl. usage.
hjart-hfi, a, m. [hjrt], a hart's (stag's) head, Lex. Pot.
hjart-kolla, u, f. [hjrtr], a hind, Str. 3, Bret.
hjart-krr, adj. beloved.
hjart-lauss, adi. disheartened, Orkn. 408 old Ed.
hjart-mrr, m. the fat about the heart, Stj. 310, Exod. xxix. 22.
hjart-nmiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), with hearty feeling.
hjart-nmr, adj. heart-touching, 625. 87, freq.
hjart-sra, adj. heart-sore, broken-hearted, Bs. i. 354.
hjart-skinn, n. [hjrtr], deer-skin, Fms. ii. 148.
hjart-skjlfti, a, m. heart-throbbing.
hjart-slttr, m. a beating of the heart.
hjart-verkr, m. heart-ache.
hjart-veyki, f. heart disease.
hjart-veykr, adj. having a heart disease.
hjart-, f. the 'heart-vein,' vena mediana, Fl. xi. 142.
HJ, prep. [this prep. is peculiar to the Scandin. languages, which in their turn lack the Germ. and
Saxon bei, by; the Dan. and Swed. add an s, hos, qs. hiaa's, haa's; hj may be akin to Goth. heiva
and Icel. hj, q.v.; cp. Lat. cum] :-- by, beside, with dat.: 1. by, near, at hand, Lat. juxta; setjask nir
hj e-m, to take a seat by a person's side, Nj. 3, Fs. 83; Egill setti hana nir hj sr, Eg. 249; liggja
hj e-m, to lie by one, Nj. 94; rekkja hj konu, Ld. 30; hvla hj konu, Hbl. 17; sofa hj e-m, to sleep
in the same bed with one, Korm.; hann var jarar (earthed, buried) hj fur snum, Fms. x. 111;
sverit st hj honum, i. 16; nsta b hj Rts-stum, Nj. 32; tti eim hnd falla at taka upp
land etta hj sr sjlfum, this land lying close at hand, Ld. 210. 2. near, close to; gluggar vru hj
brnsunum, Nj. 95; hann var heygr hj Ho, 163; hj reskeldi, Korm. (in a verse); ar hj
garinum, Fs. 56; hj brjstinu, id.; hj hvlu banda ns, Nj. 19; spjt koma upp hj hlunum, 95;
hj lvosvatni, b. 11; hj dyrunum, O. H. L. 72: hj = hj, hann st hj vandblki nokkurum,
id.; ar hj, close by, Grg. ii. 338. 3. by, with, Lat. apud; vera hj e-m, to stay with one; vera
gistingu hj e-m, to lodge with one, Dropl. 9; au vru ar hj konungi gu yrlti, Br. 178;
eirra manna er hj oss vru, Gl.; taka upp giptu hj e-m, Fms. xi. 426; mar einn var eptir hj
honum, Lv. 63; eru eir hr da-menninir hj r, Hlenni? 64. 4. in the presence of, Lat. coram;
sv at Flosi var hj, in the presence of Flosi, Nj. 259; mir eirra var hj, 214; eir vru hj ok
heyru, Anal. 294; vera hj, Gl. 287 passim. 5. passing by, Germ. vorbei; mnai sar fru eir
hj mr ktir, Fb. ii. 288; sneia hj, to pass by, Fbr. 70; hann ttisk eigi sneia mega hj slkum
mlum, Hv. 55; farask hj, to pass by one another, Eb. 270; sitja (kyrr) hj e-u mli, not to stir,
remain neutral, 124, Fms. xi. 83: absol., Nj. 97; lta menn sitja hj kyrra, to let them be unmolested,
Ld. 258; vilda ek at ltir vera ok hj lia (to let it go by, notice it not) etta vandri, 206; leiir
hann hj sr essi mla-ferli, Eb. 38 new Ed.; annan veg mun reynask en hann Hri lti hj sr la
at (leave undone) sem hann er heitbundinn vi vini sna, Rd. 246; fara hj sr, to go beside
oneself, go out of one's mind, Eb. 270; hleypa eir upp hj eim, Nj. 107. . fram hj, past, by,
Germ. vorbei; en ef ik berr skjtt fram hj, ..., Lv. 65, Fs. 108; hann gengr mti eim ok hj
eim, and past them, Valla L. 212; fram hj Knafa-hlum, Nj. 95; ra vestr hj Hallbjarnar-
vrum, 4; eir riu hj fram, rode by, 96. 6. besides; gefa arar sakir bndum hj fram, Bs. i. 496.
II. metaph. in comparison with, to; rttltir hj llum, Eluc. 16; ltils verr hj snum gfgum
frndum, Sklda 176; eim ykir allt lgt hj sr, Ld. 214; tti allt barna-vipr at er arar konur
hfu skarti hj henni, 122; hin stru skipin Bagla uru ekki mjkrs hj eim er Birkibeinar
hfu, Fms. viii. 384; er skn dagr hj v sem n er, iv. 265; hfu eir ftt kvikfjr hj v sem
urfti, Eg. 134; at lafr konungr ha eigi li mikit hj her eim er vr hfum, . H. 214; her
hann n lti fjlmenni hj v sem hann hafi sumar, 168; vkir yr allt lgt hj yr Vatnsdlum,
Fs. 53; rr er lgr ok ltill hj strmenni v er hr er me oss, Edda 33.
hj-brg, n. pl. tricks, devices; h. heimsins, Mar.
hj-b, n. an outlying estate, opp. to heima-bl, Sturl. ii. 229.
hj-flag, n. an extra partnership, N. G. L. ii. 285 (Jb. 404, 405).
hj-hliran, f. a going aside from, evasion.
hj-hvla, u, f. concubinage, Fas. ii. 341, iii. 657.
hj-ktligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), out of the way, odd, queer.
hj-kona, u, f. a concubine, Karl. 66.
hj-land, n. an outlying estate, opp. to heimaland, Am. 41, 95.
hj-lega, u, f. concubinatus, N. G. L. i. 357.
hj-leiga, u, f. = hjland, freq. in mod. usage.
hj-leikr, m. = hjbrag, Grett. 146 new Ed.
hj-lenda, u, f. = hjland: mod. a colony, Germ. beiland.
HJLM, f. [A. S. healme; Engl. helm], a helm, rudder; hjlmar-sk, n. the tiller, Korm. (in a
verse); otherwise only occurring in hjlmar-vlr and hjlmur-vlr (q.v.), m. = hjlm-vlr, q.v., N.
G. L. ii. 283, v.l.: Hjlmar-dalr, m. a local name, Orkn.
hjlmar, part. helmed, Hkm. 11, Fms. vii. 242, 243, Karl. 328.
hjlm-bar, n. [mid. H. G. helmbarte], a helmet-rim, Fas. iii. 355.
hjlm-bnd, n. pl. helmet-strings, Fas. ii. 430, Bret. 56.
hjlm-drtt, f. a helmed host, war host, Gkv. 2. 15.
hjlm-gjr, f. the rim of a helmet; gylt h., Fms. vii. 323, v.l.
hjlm-hs, n. [hjlmr II. i], a hay-house, barn, Fb. iii.
hjlm-httr, m. a helm-hood, a kind of cowl put over the helmet, ir. 9, 285, Eg. 407.
hjlm-laukr, m. a kind of leek, garlic, Fs. 146.
HJLMR, m. [Goth. hilms; A. S., Engl., Hel., O. H. G., and Germ. helm; Dan.-Swed. hjalm; Ital.
elmo; old Fr. heaume; a Teut. word prob. derived from hylja, to hide] :-- a helm, helmet;
distinguished from stlhfa, a steel hood; luktr hjlmr, a closed, shut helm, only occurs in very late
writers, e.g. D. N. i. 321; steyptir hjlmar, Gkv. 2. 19, cannot mean cast-iron helmets, but must be
helmets coming over the face, as cast-iron was unknown in the Middle Ages, see Aarb. for Nord.
Oldk. 1868, p. 9; aringreypir hjlmar, helms shaped like an eagle's beak, Akv. 3; gull-h., a gilt helm;
r-hjlmr, a brazen helmet, Hkm.: the word r is A. S., since helmets were of English workmanship,
as is seen also in Valskir hjlmar, foreign helmets, which are mentioned by Sighvat. 2. in the
mythology Odin is called Hjlm-beri, a, m. helm-bearer, Gm.; he and the Valkyrias were
represented as wearing helmets, Edda, Hkm. 9, Hkv. 1. 15; whence the poets call the helmet the
hood of Odin (Hropts httr): the vault of heaven is called the 'helm' of the wind, sun, etc., lopt-h.,
vind-h., slar-h., Lex. Pot.: the head is called hjlm-stofn, hjlm-staup, hjlm-stallr, hjlm-setr,
the stem, knoll, seat of the helm: the weapons, hjlm-angr, -grand, -gagarr, -grr, -reyr, -skass, -
svell, are called the bane, ogre, etc. of the helm: battle is hjlm-drfa, -grap, -hr, -rdd, -skr, -
rima, the storm, gale of the helm: a warrior is hjlm-lestir, -njtr, -njrungr, -rkjandi, -stafr,
-strandi, -tr, -ollr, -rttr: it appears in adjectives, hjlm-faldinn, helm-hooded; hjlm-
gfugr, -prddr, -samr, -tamir, decked with, wearing a helm, Lex. Pot. 3. metaph. and mythol.;
hulis-hjlmr, a 'hiding-helm,' cap of darkness, Germ. tarn-kappe, which in the popular tales makes
the wearer invisible, in Alm. the clouds are so called; gis-hjlmr (grs-h.), cp. the GREEK of the
Greek, helm of terror, properly used of serpents, Sm. 13 (prose), Edda 73, Fas. i. 175: in the
phrase, bera gishjlm yr e-m, to bear the gis over or before another, i.e. to hold him in awe and
submission, Fm. 16, 17, Ld. 130, Fms. viii. 101, Fas. i. 162, Sd. 155, Hrafn. 19, cp. Ad. 4: in mod.
usage, hafa gis-hjlm augum, to have an gis in one's eyes, i.e. a magical overawing power of
eye; cp. hjalm = horror, Ivar Aasen: in pr. names, Hjlmr, Hjlmarr, Hjlm-geirr, Hjlm-grmr,
Hjlm-gunnarr, Hjlm-tr, Hjlmr-gerr, not freq., Landn., Fbr. iii, Edda; sufxed in Vil-hjlmr,
William. II. of helmet-shaped things: 1. a rick of barley, hay, or the like (bygg-h., hey-h., korn-h.,
q.v.); hlaa korni hjlma, . H. 30, Stj. 413, N. G. L. ii. 358: also a hay-house, barn, hjlma ok
hs, i. 38; cp. hjlm-hs. 2. kerta-hjlmr, ljsa-h., a chandelier.
hjlm-ra, u, f. pales or fences for hay-ricks (?), N. G. L. i. 38, (Gl. 346) -- n skal hann eigi
grafa upp hjlmrr eptir fardaga, hggva m hann fyrir ofan jr ek fra brott.
hjlm-rull, m. -- hjlmbar, Hful.
hjlmun-vlr, m. = hjlmvlr, Orkn. 8, Fms. i. 212 (v.l.), vii. 47, x. 267, Sks. 479.
hjlm-vitr, f., qs. hjlmvttr, a 'helm-wight,' a Valkyria, Hkv. 1. 53.
hjlm-vlr, m. a 'helm-wand,' 'helm-handle,' the tiller of a helm, Orkn. 152, Korm. 230, Fms. i.
212.
hjlm-ornar, part., of corn dried and stacked, Sighvat.
hjlp, f. (hjlp with umlaut, Fms. x. 397, 404), help (esp. in old writers in a stronger sense, saving,
help, healing, see hjlpa), Clem. 58, Fms. vi. 106, Fb. i. 337, passim; so in Hm. 147; bija e-n
hjlpar, 200; veita e-m hjlpir, Rd. 309; hjlpar drykkr, a healing draught, Mar.: in plur., Fms. ii.
227, Og. 1: eccl. help, salvation, D. I. i. 231; hjlp ok heilsa, Fb. i. 404, Bs. i. 199; slu-hjlp,
'soul's-help,' salvation: in mod. usage, help in a general sense. COMPDS: hjlpar-fss, adj. willing
to help. hjlpar-gata, u, f. a way to help, Fms. i. 142. hjlpar-hnd, f. a helping hand; me
hjlparhendi, Stj. 202; rtta e-m hjlparhnd, to reach one a helping hand. hjlpar-lauss, adj.
helpless. hjlpar-leysi, n. helplessness. hjlpar-mar, m. a helper in need, Stj. 448, Orkn. 460: one
wanting help, Fms. vii. 33. hjlpar-r, n. helping advice, Fb. i. 404: eccl. help, salvation, N kom
heiinna hjlpar-r, Hlabk 1. hjlps-mar, m. = hjlparmar, Sks. 451 B, Barl. 100, 207.
HJLPA (prop. hjalpa); in old usage strong; pres. helpr, pl. hjlpa; pret. halp or hjalp (as in mod.
Dan.), N. G. L. i. 303, Fms. viii. 129, 306; holp and hjalp, ix. 288; pl. hulpu; subj. hylpi, Bs. i. 703;
helpi, Fms. x. 368; imperat. hjlp, Sighvat and Arnr; part. hlpinn: in mod. usage weak (a) and of
the 1st conjugation, as it also occurs in old writers, hjlpau, Fms. vii. 290, and Mork. l.c.; hjlpa
(imperat.), Stj. 122; hjlpar (part.), id.; hjlpat, Fs. 92: in mod. usage hlpinn still remains as an
adjective, cp. Engl. holpen: [Ulf. hilpan = GREEK; A. S. helpan; Engl. help; O. H. G. helfan;
Germ. helfen; Dan. hjlpe; Swed. hjelpa]: I. to help, in old writers always denoting to save, save
another's life, but in mod. usage to help in a general sense, with dat.; ok hjalp eim at mjk
Birkibeinum, at sv var myrkt at eir kendusk eigi, Fms. viii. 306; kirkjur vru allar lstar ok hjalp
eim at ekki, 129; taka fzlu ok drykk ok hjlpa (inn.) sv yrum lkama, x. 368; munt bi r
v ok sv mrgum rum h., 392; ok sv ef nokkurr helpr r, xi. 192; en hinn er m, ok vill eigi
h. hinum nnustum frndum, Fb. i. 438; hann halp me v l snu at sinni, Hkr. iii. 323 (but
hjalpai, Mork. and Fms. vii, l.c.); ok hjlpuu sv l snu, Fms. vii. 290 (hulpu, Hkr. iii. 420, l.c.);
s hlp (helped) Inga konungi er hann svamm yr na N, Fms. ix. 288 (hjalp, v.l.); ef mar stelr
mat ok helpr sv l fyrir hungrs sakir, N. G. L. ii. 168 (Js. 128); hjlpa (imperat.) n l nu, Stj.
122; but hjlp , Sighvat in Fms. v. 177 (in a verse), Edda i. 318, Gsl. (in a verse); Gu hjlpi mr
en fyrirge yr, Nj. 170; konungrinn sjlfr hafi hjlpat eim, Fs. 92; en hn helpi sv l snu me
einu epli, Fms. x. 368: in the oath, sv hjlpi mr Freyr ok Njrr ok hinn Almttki ss, Landn.
335, whence the Christian 'so help me God;' sv hjlpi er hollar vttir, Og. 10; ok helpr honum
eigi s lengr enn it fyrsta alingi, Grg. i. 380; enda helpr honum at ekki, 91: of midwifery, to heal,
skal s kona vitni um bera er hjalp henni, at barnit var dautt alit, N. G. L. i. 303; vittu ef hjlpir,
Og. 5: in mod. usage to help, hann minnist miskunnar og hjlpar ftr snum jn Israel, Luke i.
54, passim. 2. adding prep. vi; hn ba konung hjlpa vi konungs-syni essum, Fms. i. 81, Bs. i.
349; ht hann menn sna at hlaupa til ok h. vi honu (of a house burning), sl. ii. 410; en at r
h. (heal) mun vi skum ok sorgum, Hm. 147. II. reex. to be saved; munu vr hjlpask allir
saman, Fms. v. 59; eirra er hjlpask dmi, Eluc. 37; slir hjlpisk, H. E. i. 257; vilt at allir
hjlpisk, Barl. 100; Dav i ok gat hlpit sr, Stj. 469. 2. part. pass. hlpinn, 'holpen,' saved,
safe; ef mtt t komask ert hlpinn, Hom. 120; en Bjarni her sik skginn ok er n hlpinn
fyrir orkatli, Vpn. 25; hann skal vera hlpinn dma-degi, Karl. 342; eru eir hlpnir ef eir
f hann, Fs. 66; vntu eir at eir mundi hlpnir vera ef yri eigi meira en Na-, Rb. 402;
eigi er r at hlpnara at srt hj mr, Grett. 130; heill ok hjlpar, safe and sound, Stj. 122.
hjlpandi, part. a helper, saviour, Greg. 33.
hjlpari, a, m. a helper, saviour, Fms. i. 77, x. 224 (of Christ), Stj. 50, 241, Mar. 5.
hjlp-lauss, adj. helpless, Rd. 308.
hjlp-leysi, n. helplessness, Barl. 147.
hjlpr, m. = hjlpari, N. G. L. i. 317: hjlps-mar, m. = hjlparmar.
hjlp-r, n. help, salvation, Stj. 233, 240, Fms. x. 238 (means of saving); mn augu hafa s itt
hjlpr, Luke ii. 30.
hjlp-reip, n. a saving rope, Edda (Gl.); en ef h. brestr, gjaldi tvr rtogar, N. G. L. ii. 283: the
hjlpreip perhaps resembled the GREEK in Acts xxvii. 17.
hjlp-rkr, adj. rich, mighty in help, Bs. i. (in a verse).
hjlp-ri, n. = hjlpr, 655 xv. A. 1; bija e-n hjlpra, Fms. ii. 132: helping advice (healing),
vi. 198; me dr ok hjlprum, with glory and help, x. 338.
hjlp-samliga, adv. helpfully, Str. 65, Stj. 23.
hjlp-samligr, adj. helpful, salutary, Stj. 54, H. E. ii. 164, Magn. 492, Bs. ii. 156, Fms. v. 224.
hjlp-samr, adj. helping, helpful.
hjlp-semi, f. helpfulness.
hjlp-vnligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), salutary, promising help. Fms. xi. 334. Bs. i. 648, Fb. i. 510.
hjlp-vnn, adj. = hjlpvnligr, Bs. i. 202.
hjlp-vttr, f. = bjargvttr, Gullk. C.
hj-mll, adj. speaking-beside the mark, absurd, Sklda 164.
hj-rma, adj. singing out of tune.
hj-rna, u, f. a queer, odd fellow; hann pr mesta h. COMPDS: hjrnu-legr, adj. strange, beside
oneself. hjrnu-skapr, m.
hj-seta, u, f. sitting by sheep, watching or tending sheep (from sitja hj), Piltr og Stlka 12.
hj-staa, u, f. a standing by, assistance, Fms. iii. 187, 190, Fas. iii. 548.
hj-staurr, m. a supporting stake, prop, Gl. 380.
hj-stigr, m. a by-path, orst. Su H. 10.
hj-sto, n. [Germ. bei-stand], help, assistance.
hj-stlt, n. adj. a kind of metre, the intercalary sentence (stl) being placed at the end of the verse,
Edda (Ht.)
hj-tr, f. 'by-faith,' superstition, (mod.)
hj-tkr, adj. missing one's hold, Nj. 263.
hj-vera, u, f. a being by or near, pretence, H. E. i. 420, Stj. 219.
hj-verandi, part. being present, Sklda 202.
hj-verk, n. by-work; gra e- hjverkum, to do a thing in one's spare time.
hj-vist, f. presence, Bs. i. 351, Barl. 158.
HJL, n., a contr. form from hvel, q.v.; hjl rhymes with stl, Hkr. iii. 238 in a verse at the
beginning of the 12th century; [Swed. and Dan. hjul] :-- a wheel, Sks. 412; vagnar hjlum, Fms.
vi. 145, Stj. 71, 288; vagna-hjl, 287; brjta hjli, to break on the wheel, Fms. xi. 372, Sklda 204
(in a verse); hverfanda hjli, on a rolling wheel, Grett. 97 new Ed. (Hm. 83, hvel); leika hjlum,
to turn upon wheels, metaph. of a shifting or sanguine character, hann leikr allr hjlum: so in the
saying, valt er hamingu-hjli.
hjl-brur, f. pl. wheel-barrows.
hjl-nf, f. the nave of a wheel, Lex. Pot.
hjl-vagn, m. a wheel-cart, cart on wheels, Fms. vi. 145.
hjl-vakr, adj. running softly as a wheel, of a pony.
hjl-viljugr, adj. easy as a wheel, of a pony.
HJM, n. [cp. Ulf. hjuhma = GREEK; akin to h- in hgmi], any froth-like substance, e.g. the
frothy lm of half-thawed ice and water.
hjn, see hjn.
hjna, n. = hjn or hj; this form seems to be a nom. sing., and not gen. pl., in N. G. L. i. 340 (v.l.),
Grg. i. 212, 287, Am. 94, Bs. i. 60, and perh. in Nj. 57; for the references see hjn below.
HJ, n. [for the etymology see hbli, p. 265; the fundamental notion is family, house] I. man and
wife; hve ik htu hj, how did thy parents call thee? Fsm. 46; hj gru hvlu, Am. 9; er vr heil
hj heima vrum, Vkv. 14; bi hj, man and wife, Pd. 5, 56; ef hj skiljask (are divorced), Grg. i.
239; ef frndsemi ea sifjar koma upp me hjm, 378; au hj (Herod and his queen) ollu lti
Joans Baptizta, Ver. 40. II. the domestics, family, household: mr ok mnum hjm, Glm. (in a
verse), Grg. i. 473; lt Koran skra sik ok hj hans ll nema Ormr son hans, Bs. i. 5; hj ok
hjr, house-people and cattle, orf. Karl. 376; slkt er mlt um hj at llu, Grg. i. 143; auka hj
sn, 287; skulu eir ala jafnvel sem hj sn, 445; Hildir ok hj hans ll, Nj. 158; tk hann vi tr
ok hj hans ll, id. The mod. usage distinguishes between hj, domestics, servants, and hjn, Lat.
conjuges: even in sing., dyggt hju, a faithful servant; dyggt hj, a faithless servant; ll hjin
heimilinu, all the servants of the house, etc.; vinnu-hj, servants; vinnuhja-skildagi ( = the 14th of
May).
HJFA or hjfra, [Ulf. hiufan = GREEK, Matth. xi. 17, Luke vii. 32; A. S. heofjan; Hel. hiovan;
O. H. G. hiufan; and no doubt also Engl. to heave = to pant, breathe with pain, which is not to be
confounded with heave = to lift] :-- to pant, heave, Gkv. 1. 1, 2. 11 (obsolete). II. in provincial Icel.
to drizzle; and hjfr-skrir, f. pl. a drizzling shower, Lex. Pot.
HJKA, mod. hjkra, a, in the phrase, h. at e-m, to nurse, cherish (a baby, a sick person), 623.
36, Fms. ii. 59, Pass. 44. 6, where it rhymes with sjka; lnu hjkrar hnd, 47. 6: reex., hn
hjkaisk ltt vi essa fu er til var, Fs. 174.
hjkan and hjkran, f. a nourishing, nursing, Fms. vii. 444, Hv. 43.
Hjki, a, m. a mythical name of the man in the moon, Edda 8. hjka-timbr, m. a nickname, Grett.
20 new Ed. (hjki, v.l.)
hjklfr, m. [the latter part is prob. borrowed from the Engl. club, qs. hj-klfr = people's club, and
is not to be derived from hjka] :-- a club-house, inn, Fms. ix. 453, Sturl. ii. 124: metaph., Bs. i.
137.
HJN and hjn, n. = hj: I. usually in pl., man and wife, Rm. passim; skylt er hvrt hjna at fra
annat fram f snu, ef annat hjna fr gzlu-stt, ef v hjna batnar heilsa, Grg. i. 287; ok eru
au tvau ein hjn (au tuau hjna, v.l.), N. G. L. i. 340; annat-tveggja hjna, Grg. i. 212; um hjn
tvau erlendis, id.; Hskuldr ba hana vinna eim hjnum, Ld. 34; skamliga stndum vit nkvi
hjn, Sks. 504 (Adam and Eve): in the saying, hs skal hjna (dat.) f, i.e. there must be a house for
a wedded pair, rst a house then a household, Bs. i. 60. COMPDs: hjna-band, n. matrimony, H.
E. i. 453, 463, passim in mod. usage. hjna-hatr, n. disagreement between married people, 655 xxi.
3. hjna-ligr, adj. connubial, H. E. i. 475. hjna-rm, n. = hjnasng. hjna-rgr, m. = hjnahatr.
hjna-samband, n., -samvist, f. living together in wedlock, H. E. i. 458, Gl. 230. hjna-skilnar,
m. a divorce, Gl. 224, Grg. i. 325. hjna-sng, f. a conjugal bed. hjna-vgsla, u, f. a wedding
(in church), H. E. i. 474. hjna-lag, n. = hjnaband, N. G. L. i. 340, 350, H. E. ii. 75. II. domestics,
household people; Hallr ok hjn hans, Hallr spuri hjn sn hversu eim knaisk ath Kristinna
manna, en au ltu vel yr, Hallr var skrr ok hjn hans ll, Bs. i. 12; at hjn mn ha hart, svelta
hjn sn, Band. 38; var hann n Hlmi ok hjn hans (Ed. kona wrongly), Bjarn. 39; hjnin (the
servants) heituusk vi at hlaupa brott, lkar hjnum vel, 27; r ok hjn hans ll, Landn. 134;
bandinn ok ::ll hjnin, Edda 28; hann ok hjn hans ll, Eb. 108 new Ed., Sklda 163; ek em kona
Njls ok r ek eigi sr hjn en hann, Nj. 54; enna aptan enn sama mlti Bergra til hjna
sinna, 196; Njll r honum hjn ll, 151; hann hafi ekki eiri hjn en rj, Fbr. 35: sing., rsk
hann ar at hjni (hjna?). then he took service there, Nj. 57. COMPDS: hjna-li, n. household
folk, Grg. i. 154. hjna-tak, n. a hiring of servants, Nj. 104. hjna-tal, n. a tale or number of
servants, N. G. L. i. 349, Gl. 358. hjna-val, n. a choice of servants, Fas. ii. 351. hjna-fstr, n., -
fzla, u, f., -framfrsla, u, f. the maintenance of a household, Gl. 351.
hjn-margr, adj. having many servants, Ld. 124.
hjpa, a, to shroud (a corpse), Fas. i. 456.
HJPR, m., older form jpr, Fms. x. 415, [a word of for. origin, cp. Germ. joppe, Fr. jupe] :-- a
doublet, Fr. pourpoint; hafi rauan hjp yrir brynju, Fms. vii. 55, 56, viii. 404; silki-h., a silk
doublet; skinn-h., q.v. II. in mod. usage freq. in metaph. = dress, clothing.
hjp-roi, a, m. [from A. S. heope, Engl. heps or hips, Dan. hyben], a hectic red colour caused by
blood between the skin and esh, Fl. ix. 223; -- so called from the colour of these berries.
hj-skapr (hjn-skapr, MS. 671. 6, Gl. 230, N. G. L. i. 150, 151, 376), m. matrimony, Grg. i.
287, Sturl. ii. 128, Barl. 158: = hjskaparfar, yrmask fr hjnskap, N. G. L. i. 376, Str. 10, 19.
COMPDS: hjskapar-band, n. the bond of matrimony, K. . 16, H. E. i. 523. hjskapar-far, n.
the 'knowing' one's wife, cohabitation; eiga h. vi konu sna, Fas. i. 250, Fms. ii. 73, Mar. 10.
hjskapar-ml, n. pl. cases referring to marriage, H. E. i. 458, Bs. i. 718. hjskapar-r, n. pl.
the contracting of matrimony, K. . K. 164. hjskapar-samlag, n. wedlock, Stj. 426. hjskapar-
slit, n. a divorce, N. G. L. i. 151.
HJR, f., gen. hjarar, dat. hjru, pl. hjarir, [Ulf. hairda = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. heord;
Engl. herd; O. H. G. herta; Germ. heerde; Swed.-Dan. hjord] :-- a herd, ock, Hm. 20, 70, Hm. 17
(of oxen), Gl. 400, Fms. vii. 54, N. G. L. i. 146, Fb. i. 151, orf. Karl. 376; gta hjarar, to tend
ocks, Stj. 460, 462, passim: eccl., Gus h., Hom. 85, Mar., Post. COMPDS: hjarar-hundr, m. a
herdsman's dog, Fms. i. 152. hjarar-sveinn, m. a herd-boy, Fas. i. 518, Stj. 464. hjarar-tr, f. a
sheep-fold, Magn. 494: in local names, Hjarar-holt, Hjarar-dalr, Hjarar-nes, Landn.
HJRR, m., gen. hjarar and hjrs, dat. hjrvi, dat. pl. hjrum, Hm. 159, Hkv. 2. 22; gen. pl. hjrva;
nom. pl. does not occur; [Ulf. hairus = GREEK; A. S. heor; Hel. heru] :-- pot. a sword, Vsp. 55,
Ls. 49, 50: a battle is called hjr-dmr, -drfa, -dynr, -l, -aug, -fundr, -galdr, -gll, -grp, -
gr, -hr, -leikr, -mt, -regn, -rg, -rdd, -senna, -slmr, -skr, -stefna, -ver, -eyr, -ing, -
rima; a warrior, hjr-drtt, -drfr, -gir, -lundr, -meir, -mi, -njrr, -njtr, -runnr; and
adjectively, hjr-djarfr, etc.; the blood, hjr-dgg, -lgr; a shield, hjr-vangr, -laut, -ilja: from
some of these compds it appears that 'hjr' was also used as a kind of missile; in adjectives, hjr-
undar, part. wounded by a sword; hjr-klufr, part. cleft by a sword: in poetry the head is called
hjrr Heimdala, the sword of H., Landn. 231 (in a verse). II. in pr. names; of men, Hjrr; and in
compds, Hjr-leifr: of women, Hjr-ds.
HJRTR, m., gen. hjartar, mod. hjrts, dat. hirti, acc. pl. hjrtu, mod. hirti; [A. S. heort; Engl.
hart; O. H. G. hiruz; Germ. hirsch; Dan. hjort; Lat. cervus] :-- a hart, stag, Gm., Sl., Nj. 143, K.
. K. 132, Edda 11, Fas. i. 205, Pr. 410, passim: hjartar-horn, n. a hart's horn, Edda 23, Str. 3, Sl.
78: metaph. in the phrase, ra hirti, to be of importance; hv mjk at er kallat at hirti ri,
hversu til ftkra manna var gjrt essu l, Bs. i. 104, ( = ra miklu.) II. a pr. name, Landn.
HLA, n. [North. E. lad; cp. hlaa], a pile, stack ( = hlai), N. G. L. i. 136, 257. 2. a barn ( =
hlaa), N. G. L. i. 137: but in Icel. usually, 3. the pavement or court-yard in front of a homestead,
Nj. 197, sl. ii. 204, 252, Bs. i. 66, Sturl. iii. 141, 279.
HLA, n. [this word is freq. used in poems and in pr. names of the heathen time, and although it is
aspirated (as shewn by allit. in verses) and has a nal , yet it may be derived, prob. through A. S.,
from Lat. laqueus; Ital. lazio; old Fr. lacs; Span, lazo; Engl. lace] :-- lace, lace-work; feldr binn
hlum, a laced cloak, Fas. ii. 70; kyrtill hlai binn, O. H. L. 2 and passim; it is also used of
bracelets worn on the arms, so in Bjarn. (in a verse), cp. the compd hla-hnd. From wearing lace
and bracelets a woman is in poetry called hla-grund, hla-nipt, hla-norn, hla-gur; a
distinction is made between gull-hla, gold lace, which was worn round the head, esp. by ladies, but
also by men, Orkn. 280 old Ed., Fms. ii. 264, iv. 72, vii. 34, and silki-hla, silk lace, a ribbon :--
hla belongs also to a priestly dress, Vm. 31, 38, 77, Dipl. iii. 4.
HLAA, hl, hlu, hlait, [Ulf. hlaan = GREEK, 2 Tim. iii. 6; A. S., O. H. G., and Hel.
hladan; Engl. load, lade; Germ. laden] :-- to load, esp. to lade a ship; hlaa skip, Nj. 19; hlu
skipit me hveiti ok hunangi, Eg. 69; skip hlait kvikf, Landn. 194; hl hann skip sitt af korni ok
malti, Fms. iv. 358, Hful. 1; kistur hlanar af gulli, chests laden with gold, Fms. xi. 85; hlainn
rttum, Fr. 157. II. to build up, Lat. struere: 1. prop. to pile; hlaa korni hjlma er hlur, O.
H. L. 30; skera ok h., to cut and stack (corn), Gl. 406: to pile up, h. kst, Orkn. 112; eir s hlait
skum, logs piled up or stacked, Fs. 42; settu hann ar nir ok hlu at grjti; h. valkstu, O. H. L.
302 (in a verse); reynt mun slkt vera hvrr grjti hler at hfi rum, Nj. 141; m at eigi vst
vita hvrr hellum hler at hfi rum, r. 36 new Ed. 2. to build; Kormakr hl vegg ok bari
me hnyju, Korm. 60, Jb. 212; eir hlu ar vara er blti hafi verit, Landn. 28, Gsl. 60; hlaa
vita, Orkn. 242, v.l.; var hn (the bridge) me lm hlain, Karl. 410; hl ek lof kst, Ad.; hlainn
steinum, Hdl. 10. III. to fell, lay prostrate, slay, with dat.; gtu eir hlait honum um sir ok bundu
hann, Grett. 118 new Ed.; drfa til verkmenn ok gtu hlait erninum, Bs. i. 350; fkk hann hlait
selinum, Bjarn. 31 (MS.); eir bera vpn Finnana ok f hlait eim, Fms. i. 10: freq. in poetry, sl.
ii. 268 (in a verse), Orkn. 366, Hkr. i. 131, Eb. 208; fr ek hann at hli (subj.) Arnmi, Jd. 29. 2.
naut., h. seglum, to take in sail; n sigldu eir at hmrum nokkurum, hlu seglum vi mikinn
hska, Korm. 168; hlu eir seglunum sem tast, Fms. viii. 134, x. 347, Hkr. i. 333, 336, Sm.
112 (prose), Sl. 77. IV. reex., hlaask at e-m, or til e-s, to pile oneself on, i.e. to throng, crowd,
mob one; eir hlusk hann margir ok bru at honum fjturinn, Fb. i. 564; vr viljum eigi at
fjlmenni hlaisk at (throng to see) er vr erum afklddir sv gamlir, Fms. ii. 152, v.l.; ok laask
(sic) allir til Broddhelga, Vpn. 19 :-- also, hlaask mara bgu, to mount a horse, Gh. 7.
B. [hla, lace], hlaa spjldum (cp. mod. spjalda-vefnar), to lace, embroider, Gkv. 2. 26.
hlaa, u, f. [Old Engl. lathe in Chaucer, still used in North. E.; Dan. lade] :-- a store-house, barn
(also, hey-h., bygg-h., korn-h.), Eg. 235, Grg. ii. 286, Dropl. 18, Eb. 190, 318, Rm. 19, Rd. 284,
285, Glm. 357, . H. 30, Sturl. i. 95; hlu dyrr, Grett. 112, sl. ii. 69; hlu-klfr, for the pun see
Glm. 359; hlu vindauga, Sturl. ii. 43; bk-hlaa, a library, (mod.)
hla-ber, m. a bed or pillow with lace-work, Fas. i. 427.
hla-berg, n. a projecting pier, a rock where a ship is laden, D. N. iv. 180; cp. the mod. phrase, hafa
e- hrabergi (sic), qs. hlabergi, to have a thing ready at hand, Lat. in promptu.
Hla-b, n., see b, Sturl. ii. 82, Nj. 223.
hla-binn, part. ornamented with lace, laced, Nj. 48, 169, Vm. 129, sl. ii. 223, Rd. 261, Fms. vii.
225, passim.
hla-garr, m. a wall surrounding the hla, Fas. ii. 419, Safn i. 76.
hla-hamarr, m. = hlaberg: a local name.
Hla-hnd, f. lace-hand, name of a Norwegian lady living at the end of the 9th century, Eg.
hlai, a, m. a pile, stack; m-hlai, torf-h., ska-h., sk-h., skreiar-h., a slack of peat, turf, logs,
sh, Gl. 378, N. G. L. i. 420, Eb. 266, Hv. 53, Fs. 5, 42, Stj. 270; kla-h., Grett. 160; ullar-h.,
Fs. 45. 2. = hlaa, a barn, Fb. ii. 228.
Hlair, f. pl. a local name in Norway, the seat of a noble family. Hlaa-jarl, m. earl of H., surname
of earl Hakon, Fms.
hla-kross, m. a lace-cross, made of lace, Pm. 124 (in a church).
hlasla, u, f. a loading, lading, of a ship, N. G. L. ii. 275.
hla-varpi, a, m. the grass slope nearest to the court-yard, liggja hlavarpanum.
hlakka, a, [qs. hlag-ka from hlja], to cry, scream, of the eagle, Vsp. 50, freq. in mod. usage, cp.
Landn. 162, where it is used in verse improperly of a raven, for the eagle screams (hlakkar), the
raven croaks (krunkar) :-- metaph., the phrase, h. yr e-u, to exult over a thing, as an eagle over its
prey, Th. 5; ok hlkkuu n mjk yr essu, Grett. 128; h. yr sigri, Mar., Al. 178; mtt ekki
hrna upp yr ig, a er synd at hlakka yr vegnum mnnum, Od. xx. 412; hlakka til e-s, one
screams with joy at or in prospect of a thing (of children, young people); eg hlakka til a sj hana,
eg hlakka til a fara; cp. brnin hlakka ok huggask, Bs. ii. 135; v hjarta mitt er helminga, |
hlakka eg til a nna a, Bb. 3. 17.
hlakkan, f. a screaming with joy; til-hlakkan, joyous expectation.
hlam, n. a dull, heavy sound, Mork. 81, 100, Lex. Pot.; see hlm.
HLAMMA, a, to give a dull, heavy sound; ttu hafrarnir at renna greipr honum, ok hlammai
mjk vi hellis-glnu, Fas. iii. 386; this giant's tale is a pendant to that in Od. ix. 440-460.
hlamman and hlmmun, f. a crash, din, Hornklo.
hlammandi, a, m. a clash, a nickname, Landn. 60.
HLAND, n. [A. S. hlond; Old Engl. land or lant], urine, Nj. 199, Fs. 147, N. G. L. i. 29, Grg. ii.
132, Skm. 35. COMPDS: hland-ausa, u, f. a urine trough, Edda ii. 430. hland-blara, u, f. the
bladder. hland-for and hland-grf, f. a sewer, Dropl. 20, Bs. i. 369. hland-skjla, u, f. =
hlandausa, Edda ii. 634. hland-trog, n. = hlandausa, Ls. 34.
hlanna, a, [hlenni], to pilfer; h. e-n e-u, Fms. vii. 114 (in a verse).
HLASS, n. [hlaa; Dan. lss], a cart-load, sl. ii. 182, Grg. ii. 337, Dropl. 10, Karl. 196, Fb. i. 522
(hey-h., viar-h.): the saying, opt veltir ltil fa ungu hlassi, a little mound often overturns a cart-
load, Sturl. ii. 100 C.
hlass-hvalr, m. a cart-load of blubber, Grg. ii. 362, Vm. 130, 143, Pm. 69.
hlaunn, f. [Lat. cl&u-long;nis], a buttock, haunch, Edda 238.
hlaup, n. a leap; hann komsk me hlaupi undan, Eg. 12, Fms. xi. 247; hann tk hlaup heim til
herbergis, i. 80; hark ok hlaup, Anal. 81: a leap, jump, Egill hljp yr dkit, en at var ekki annarra
manna hlaup, Eg. 531; mldu eir Kri lengd hlaupsins me spjtskeptum snum ok var tlf lnar,
Nj. 145, v.l.; hljp hann t af mrinum, at var furu-htt hlaup, Fms. i. 104; h. kattarins, the
bound of a cat, Edda 19: in local names, a leap, Flosa-hlaup, in the chasm in Alingi, Vlks. 1. 220;
Hrings-hlaup, Grett. 149 :-- hfrunga-hlaup, playing like a dolphin; handa-hlaup, hand-leaping,
using the hands and feet like a wheel (a boy's game), sl. js. ii. 243, 246. II. special usages, a
sudden rise or ood, of rivers owing from glaciers, see Eggert Itin.; af Hfrhlaupi, v at hn
hafi tekit marga bi, Bs. i. 283; hlaup kom na, 469: jkul-hlaup, an ice stream or avalanche. .
coagulation, curds; mjlkr-hlaup, curdled milk; bl-hlaup, curdled blood. . procession in
brullaup or brlaup, a bride's leap, bridal procession, see brkaup. . a law phrase, an attack,
Grg. ii. 7; frum-hlaup, q.v.; hlaup, an outburst; hlaups-ver, a sudden gale; hlaupa-verk, q.v.:
hlaupa-far, n. = frumhlaup, Bs. i. 658: hlaupa-fr, f. an uproar, Sturl. ii. 104, 117: hlaupa-piltr, m.
an errand boy, Bs. ii. 108. III. in mod. usage freq. = running, but seldom so, or not at all, in old
writers.
HLAUPA, pres. hleyp, pl. hlaupum; pret. hljp, hljpt, hljp, pl. hljpum, mod. hlupum; pret. subj.
hlypi, hlpi, Fms. x. 364, hljpisk, . H. 246; part. pass. hlaupinn: [Ulf. hlaupan = GREEK, Mark
x. 50; A. S. hlepan, pret. hleop; Scot. loup, part. loppen; Engl. leap; Hel. hlpan; O. H. G.
hlaufan; Germ. laufen; Swed. lpa; Dan. lbe] :-- to leap, jump, which, as in Engl., is the proper
meaning of the word, and hence of any sudden motion, to leap or start up; hann hljp meir en h
sna ok eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik, Nj. 29; hann hleypr r loptinu ofan ok straeti ok kemr
standandi nir, Fms. xi. 117; hljp hann t af mrinum, i. 104; hlaupa yr hfar stengr, viii. 207;
hljpu eir hesta sna, they leaped on their horses, Nj. 263; Atli hleypr upp skip at Rti, 9; ef
f hleypr lggar, if cattle leap over a fence, Grg. ii. 262; Kri hljp upp vi lagit ok br sundr
vi ftunum, Nj. 253; h. fyrir bor tbyris, to leap overboard, Eg. 124, Fms. x. 363, 364; Egill
hljp yr dkit, Eg. 530; at segja menn at sitt bor hlpi hvrr eirra lafs konungs, Fms. x.
364; Hrungnir var reir ok hleypr upp hest sinn, Edda 57; hljpu eir til vpna sinna, Eg. 121;
Kjartan hljp sund (leaped into the water) ok lagisk at manninum, Bs. i. 18; Kri hljp
spjtskapti ok braut sundr, Nj. 253; en rii hljp (leaped) skipit t, Eg. 220; var ar at hlaupa
(to climb) upp bakka nokkurn, id.; hann hljp at baki Kra, Nj. 253; hann kastar verkfarunum ok
hleypr skei, and took to his heels, Njar. 370; hann hljp bum ftum ggnum skipit, Edda 36:
of a weapon, bryntrllit hljp t um bringuna, Ld. 150; hljp sverit (it bounded) Kra suna
Ml, Nj. 262. . with prepp.; h. upp, to spring to ones feet, start up; hlupu varmenn upp,
Eg. 121; hljp Kjartan upp ok afklddisk, Bs. i. 18; ok eptir rvar-boi hljp upp mgr manns,
Fms. i. 210; h. yr, to jump over, metaph. to skip, Alg. 262; hlaupa yr ea gleyma, H. E. i. 486; h.
fr e-m, to run away from, desert one, Grg. i. 297; h. af, to be left, remain, Rb. 234, 494 (afhlaup).
2. special usages; a law term, to assault; hlaupa til manns lgmtu frumhlaupi, Grg. ii. 7: of fury,
sickness, pain, to burst out, hvert sinn er i er reii hljp hann, Fms. i. 15; en er hann var
binn hljp fli-stt at honum, iv. 284: of pain, hljp blstr bkinn, Grett. 137 new Ed.: of re,
sagi at jareldr var upp kominn, ok mundi hann h. b rodds goa, Bs. i. 22: of a river, to ood,
r Almanna-jt leypi (i.e. hleypi, hlypi) var at kallat Rapta-lkr, Landn. 266; essa smu ntt
kom eyr mikill ok hlupu vtn fram ok leysti rnar, the waters rose in ood and the ice was broken,
Sturl. iii. 45: of ice, mikit svell var hlaupit upp ru megin jtsins ok hlt sem gler, a great
hummock of ice rose up, Nj. 144; hljp upp kla, a wheal sprung up from a blow, Il. ii. 267; h.
saman, sundr, of a wound; var skeinan saman hlaupin sv nliga tti grin, Grett. 152; sri var
hlaupit sundr, the wound had broken out again, id.: of a gale, hljp tsynningr steini, Eg.
600 :-- of milk, blood, to curdle, coagulate, (cp. North. E. loppert = coagulated; so, leper-blode =
clotted blood in the Old Engl. poem Pricke of Conscience, l. 459.) II. to run, but rarely in old
writers, [Dan. lbe; Germ. laufen]; eigi hljp hann at seinna, sbjrn hljp heim, id. (but from a
paper MS.); eir hlaupa eptir en hann kemsk skg undan, Nj. 130; jarl eggjar menn at h. eptir
honum, 132: freq. in mod. usage. III. reex. to take oneself off, to run away; ef rll leypsk, N. G.
L. i. 34; vildi Uni hlaupask braut me sna menn, Landn. 246; vi ann mann er hleypsk fr
maga, Grg. i. 297; ef mar hleypsk brott af landi er sekr er orinn, 96; at var einhverri ntt at
Steinn hljpsk braut r bnum, Fms. iv. 317; ar er menn hlaupask til (came to blows) ea vera
vegnir, Grg. ii. 83; n er at vrt r at vr hlaupimk me yr ok smnum lii, Fms. ix. 248; var
hann fjtri, at hann hljpisk (lypist, Hom. 158, l.c.) eigi fr honum, . H. 246; hlaupask braut, id.:
part., hlaupandi menn, h. sveinar, 'landloupers,' Finnb. 344, Mag. 6; cp. hlaupingi.
hlaupari, a, m. = hlaupingi, Fas. i. 149: a charger (horse), Gull. 13.
hlaup-r, n. [from A. S. hlep-ger], leap-year, Grg. i. 122, Rb. 8, 108, K. . K. 104, b. 7, 8, Sks.
56, Bs. i. 85. COMPDS: hlauprs-dagr, m. leap-year day, the 29th of February, Rb. 90. hlauprs-
messa, u, f. leap-year mass ( = Feb. 24), Rb. hlauprs-ntt, f. an intercalary night, Rb. 88.
hlauprs-stafr, m. an intercalary letter, Rb. 518. hlauprs-tungl, n. an intercalary moon, Rb. 522.
hlauprs-vika, u, f. feria bissextilis, Rb. 564.
hlaup-framr, adj. precipitate, Sks. 32, v.l.
hlaupingi, a, m. a landlouper, Barl. 114; cp. the Anglo-American loafer.
hlaup-mr, adj. exhausted from leaping.
hlaup-r, adj. in a great urry, Fms. iii. 146.
hlaup-rfr, adj. = hlaupframr, Sks. 32.
hlaup-stigr, in. 'leap-path,' 'land-louping,' vagrancy; taka e-n af laupstigi, eim hlaupstigi, Hkr.
iii. 290; cp. hlaupingi.
hlaup-styggr, adj. 'leap-shy,' wild, of a horse.
HLAUT, f. (not n.); the gender is borne out by the genitive tein hlautar, Vellekla; as also by the dat.
hlautinni, Landn. (App.) 336, in an old transcript of the lost vellum Vatnshyrna (see Kjaln. S. sl. ii.
403, where hlautinn) :-- the blood of sacrice, used for soothsaying; this word is prob. to be derived
from hlutr (hlautr), as an abbreviated form, for hlaut-bl = sanguis sortidicus, and refers to the rite,
practised in the heathen age, of enquiring into the future by dipping bunches of chips or twigs into
the blood, and shaking them; those twigs were called teinar, hlaut-teinar, hlaut-vir, blt-spnn, q.v.;
the act of shaking was called hrista teina, to shake twigs, Hm. 1; kjsa hlautvi, to choose lot
chips, Vsp. In Vellekla the true reading is prob. hann (earl Hakon) valdi (from velja, MS. vildi) tein
hlautar, meaning the same as kjsa hlautvi in Vsp., an emendation borne out by the words 'felldi
bltspn' (Fagrsk. l.c.) in the prose text, which is a paraphrase of the verse; the explanation of the
passage in Lex. Pot. is no doubt erroneous. It was also called fella bltspn, see that word, p. 71.
The walls of the temple inside and out, the altars, and the worshippers were sprinkled with the
blood, the esh of the slain cattle was to be eaten (whereas the blood was a sacrice, as well as the
means of augury, and was not to be eaten); this rite is described in Hkr. Hk. S. Ga ch. 16: en
bl at allt er ar kom af (i.e. from the slain cattle) var at kallat hlaut ok hlaut-bollar at er
bl at st , ok hlaut-teinar, at var sv grt sem stklar (bunches); me v skyldi rja stallana
llu saman, ok sv veggi hofsins tan ok innan, ok sv stkkva mennina; en sltr (the meat) skyldi
hafa til mann-fagnaar: the passages in Eb. ch. 4, p. 6 new Ed., in Kjaln. S. ch. 2, and in Landn.
(App.), are derived from the same source as the passage in Hkr., but present a less correct and
somewhat impaired text; even the text in Hkr. is not quite clear, esp. the phrase, at var grt sem
stkkull, which prob. means that the hlaut-teinar were bound up in a bunch and used for the
sprinkling. The blood-sprinkling mentioned in Exod. xii. 22 illustrates the passage above cited; cp.
hleyti, hljta, and hlutr.
hlaut-bolli, a, m. the bowl in which the hlaut was kept, Eb. 10, Hkr. l.c., Landn. l.c.
hlaut-teinn, m., see above, Hkr. l.c., Eb. l.c.; cp. tein-hlaut.
hlaut-vir, m. 'lot-twigs,' 'rami sortidici' ( = hlaut-teinn), Vsp. 62, cp. also Eb. 132, note 3, new Ed.
HLKA, u, f. a thaw, Grett. 140.
hlna, a, to thaw, Fbr. 59, Bs. i. 186.
HLTR, m., gen. hltrar, Dropl. 31; mod. hltrs: [A. S. hlhtor; Engl. laughter; O. H. G. hlahtar;
Germ. lachter; Dan. latter; Swed. lje] :-- laughter, Nj. 16, Fbr. 137, Dropl. 31, Fms. iii. 182,
passim; hafa (vera) at hltri, to be a laughing-stock (at-hltr), 623. 35, Hm. 41: sayings, opt kemr
grtr eptir skelli-hltr; skelli-h., roaring laughter; kalda-hltr, sardonic laughter: for characteristic
traits from the Sagas see esp. Glm. ch. 7 (end), 18, Nj. ch. 12, 117, Dropl. 31, Hlfs. S. ch. 7, etc.
hltr-mildr, adj. prone to laughing, merry, 686 B. 2.
HL, n. [Ulf. hlija = GREEK, Mark ix. 5; A. S. hle; Hel. hlea; Engl. lee; Dan. l] :-- lee, used (as
in Engl.) only by seamen; sigla hl, to stand to leeward, Jb. 400: shelter, standa hl, fara hl, to
seek shelter: mod. a pause, a var hl v. hl-bor, n. the lee side, freq., Lex. Pot.
hl-barr, m. a leopard (Old Engl. libbard), from the Greek, but used indiscriminately of a bear,
wolf, etc., Edda (Gl.), Fas. i. (Skjld. S.) 367; the word occurs as early as Hbl., of a giant.
hlei, a, m. a shutter, sl. ii. 113; see hleri.
Hleir, f. [Ulf. hleira or hlera = GREEK], prop. a tent; it exists only as the local name of the old
Danish capital, Fas., Fms., and in Hleirar-garr, m., Landn.
HLEIFR, m. [Ulf. hlaifs; A. S. hlf; Engl. loaf; O. H. G. hlaib; Germ. laib; Ivar Aasen levse] :-- a
loaf, Hm. 51, 140; af mm hleifum braus ok tveimr skum, Mirm.; hleifar af Vlsku braui, Bev.;
hleifa unna, kvinn hleif, Rm. 4, 28, N. G. L. i. 349, Fb. ii. 190, 334 (in a verse), D. I. i. 496;
brau-h., a loaf of bread; rg-h., a rye loaf: of cheese, Nj. 76, ost-h.: the disk of the sun is called
hleifr himins, the loaf of heaven, Bragi.
HLEIN, f., pl. ar, [Goth. hlains = GREEK, Luke iii. 5; akin to Engl. lean, Gr. GREEK] :-- a rock
projecting like a pier into the sea ( = hlaberg), freq. in western Icel.; lenda vi hleinina, festa
skipi vi hleinarnar. hleina-kra, u, f. a crust of moss on sea rocks, Bb. 2. 13. II. [Engl. loom,
qs. loon? the A. S. form would be hln, which however is not recorded] :-- the loom in the old
perpendicular weaving, Bjrn.
hleina, d, to save, protect (?) an GREEK., [A. S. hlnan; Engl. lean; O. H. G. hleinjan; mid. H. G.
leinen; Germ. lehnen; Gr. GREEK]: aan af er at ortak at s er forask (forar?) hleinir, Edda
21.
hlekkjask, t, in the phrase, e-m hlekkisk , one gets impeded, suffers miscarriage, Grg. i. 281; ef
allt fer vel og mr ekki hlekkist .
HLEKKR, m., gen. hlekks and hlekkjar, pl. hlekkir: [A. S. hlenca (thrice in Grein); Swed. lnk;
Dan. lnke; Engl. link] :-- a link, a chain of links, Bs. i. 341; handur-hlekkr, a 'hand-link,' i.e. a
bracelet, Edda (Ht.): freq. in mod. usage, jrn-h., iron chains, fetters.
hlemmi-gata, u, f. a broad road.
HLEMMR, m. a lid, cover, as of a pan, cauldron, as an opening in a oor, a trap-door, Eb. 96, 136,
Rd. 315, Eg. 236, Sturl. ii. 124, Fas. iii. 415, Grett. 199 new Ed.
HLENNI, a, m. [cp. Ulf. hlifan -- GREEK, hliftus = GREEK; perh. also Scot. to lift, = to steal
cattle, belongs to this root, and is not the same as lift = tollere] :-- a thief; hlennar ok hvinnar,
thieves and pilferers, Sighvat: a king is in poetry called the foe and destroyer of hlennar, hlenna
dlgr, etc., see Lex. Pot. II. a pr. name, Landn.
hlenni-mar, m. a 'lifter;' hlennimenn ok hrossa-jfar, Hbl. 8.
Hlr, m., gen. Hls, [hl; cp. Welsh Llyr = sea], a mythol. name of a giant of the sea, GREEK, Fb. i.
21. Hls-dtr, f. pl. the daughters of H., the Nereids, Edda.
hler, see hleri below.
hlera and hlra, a, prop. to stand eaves-dropping, (putting one's ear close to the hleri), Bjarn. 24:
to listen, hn lagi eyra sitt vi andlit honum ok hlrai hvrt lfs-andi vri nsum hans, Greg. 74;
hann hlrar vi hliskjinn er var stofunni, Bs. i. 628; at hla er hlera til ess mls sem hann er
eigi til kallar, N. G. L. i. 438.
HLERI, a, m. or hlri, but hlei in Korm. 10, sl. ii. 113; that hleri or hlri is the better form is
borne out by the mod. usage as well as by the derived hler and hlera :-- a shutter or door for
bedrooms and closets in old dwellings, which moved up and down in a groove or rabbet, like
windows in Engl. dwellings, and locked into the threshold: the passage in Korm. S. is esp. decisive,
where Kormak sees Steingerda's feet outside between the half-shut door (hleri) and the threshold, --
hann rak kerli fyrir hleann sv at eigi gkk aptr, viz. between the threshold and the shutter, sl. ii.
113; hence comes the law phrase, standa hleri (hlera?), to stand at the shutter, i.e. to stand
listening, eaves-dropping, Bjarn. 43: freq. in mod. usage, as also standa of hleum, id., Hm. 23: in
mod. usage a shutter for a window is called hleri.
hler-tjld, n. pl. 'ear-lids,' pot. the ears, Ad. 9.
hlessa, adj. indecl. [hlass], prop. 'loaded,' i.e. amazed, wondering.
hlessa, t, to load, weigh; h. sr nir, to sit down heavily.
hlessing, f. a freight, loading, N. G. L. i. 410.
HLEYPA, t, [causal of hlaupa], to make one leap, make one rush or burst forth, to start or put into
motion, Fms. vi. 145; eir skru bndin ok hleyptu braut flki v llu, . H. 168; nundr hleypti
njsnarmnnum land upp, to put them ashore, Fb. ii. 280; hleypti (pulled, made sink) hann annarri
brninni ofan kinnina, Eg. 305; h. brnum, to knit the brows; h. hur ls, to shut a door, Fms. ix.
364; var hleypt fyrir hliit strum jrnhurum, i. 104. 2. to make to escape, emit, of anything
conned or compressed, e.g. hleypa vindi r belg, to force air out of a bellows; h. vindi r segli, to
shake the wind out of the sail; h. f, sauum, km r kvum, to turn out sheep, cows; h. til nna, to
put the rams to the ewes: medic., hleypa vatni, vg, bli, to emit matter out of a sore, etc.; hann
hleypir t vatni miklu r sullinum, Vpn. 17; h. r e-m auganu, to poke the eye out, Fs. 98: to lead a
stream of water or the like, eir hleyptu saman eirum vtnum, Fms. iv. 359; h. nni farveg, Fb. ii.
280; landsflkit var fjllum uppi ok hleypti ofan (rolled) stru grjti, Al. 92; h. skriu e-n, an
avalanche, Fs. 194. 3. special phrases; h. upp dmum, a law phrase, to break up a court by
violence, Landn. 89, Hrafn. 18, Fb. 61, Eb. 48, 58, Lv. 31; h. berki af trjm, to cut the bark off the
trees, Hkr. ii. 220; h. heimdraganum, to throw off sloth, take heart, Fms. vii. 121: naut. to run before
a gale, eir hleyptu upp Mrar, Barastrnd; h. akkerum, to cast anchor, Fms. xi. 439; h. stjra,
id.: h. hesti, or absol., to gallop, ride swiftly; hesti hleypti ok hjrvi br, Rm. 34; Hrungnir var
reir ok hleypir eptir honum, inn hleypti sv mikit, at ..., Edda 57, Nj. 59, 82, 107, Fms. ix. 364.
4. hleypa mjlk, to curdle milk; hann hleypti helming innar hvtu mjlkr, Od. ix. 246.
hleypi-, in COMPDS: hleypi-dmr, m. prejudice, hasty judgment, (mod.) hleypi-f, n. a headlong
fool, Nj. 224. hleypi-okkr, m. a band of rovers, Sturl. iii. 171, 269. hleypi-fr, f. a ramble, roving,
Sturl. i. 80. hleypi-hvel, n. a 'roll-wheel,' war engine, Sks. 420. hleypi-kjll, m. = hleypiskta.
hleypi-klumbr, m. a ram on wheels (war engine), Sks. 419. hleypi-mar, m. a rover, landlouper,
Lv. 75. hleypi-piltr, m. a landlouper boy, Finnb. 322. hleypi-skip, n. (Hkr. iii. 388) and hleypi-
skta, u, f. a swift boat, Fms. i. 167, vi. 177.
hleyping, f. a galloping, Fms. ix. 357, Gull. 31; um-h., a sudden turn of wind.
hleypingi, a, m. a landlouper, Grett. 106; cp. hlaupingi.
hleyt-bolli, hleyt-teinn, m. = hlaut-bolli, hlaut-teinn, see hlaut.
HLEYTI, n., hleti, or hlti, in Norse MSS. spelt leyti, whence in mod. Icel. usage leiti: I. plur.
[for the root see hlaut, hlutr], kin, consanguinity; jfra hleyti, royal blood, Fms. xi. (in a verse);
grva hleyti vi e-n, to marry into another's family, Skv. 1. 34; hvrrgi eirra Snorra n Arnkels
tti bera mega kviinn fyrir hleyta sakir vi skjanda ok varnar-ailja, Eb. 50, viz. Snorri being
the brother-in-law to the plaintiff, Arnkell to the defendant; ef hann fengi hennar, heldr en eim
manni er ekki var vi hleytum bundinn, Sks. 760; nau-hleytamar (q.v.), a near kinsman; eiga
hleyti vi konu sna ( = eiga hjskap vi), 689. 2. a tribe, family; hann var af v kennimar at snu
hleyti, 625. 88, 'in ordine vicis suae ante Deum' of the Vulgate, Luke i. 8; kom at hleyti Zacharias
at fremja biskups embtti, Hom. (St.); vil ek at gangir mitt hleyti at ek s nnari, Stj. 425,
rendering of 'tu meo utere privilegio' of the Vulgate, Ruth iv. 6. II. sing, [hlutr], a share, usually
spelt leiti; in the phrase, at nokkru, engu, llu leiti, for some, none, every part; a mnu, nu ...
leiti, for my, thy part, freq. in mod. usage, dropping the aspirate; at sumu leiti, Fas. iii. 159; at mnu
leiti, Fb. ii. 204; at nokkuru leiti, iii. 575. 2. of time, a season of the year, mod. leiti; um vetrntta-
leyti, D. N. i. 609; um Hallvarsvku-leyti, 392, iii. 206; um Jla-leiti um Pska-leiti, um Jns-
messuleiti; annat leiti, another time; sgu at honum tti annat leiti (sometimes) ekki frt, en
stundum (sometimes) var hann sv hrddr, at ..., Orkn. 418; um sama leiti, about the same time; um
hvert leiti, at what time? when? COMPDS: hleyta-menn, m. pl. kinsmen; mgar, sifjungar,
hleytamenn, Edda (Gl.) hleytis-mar, m. a disciple, apprentice, opp. to meistari, analogous to
Goth. siponeis, from sifjar, Sklda 180.
hlezla or hlesla, u, f. a freight, Jb. 379: a building (of a wall).
HLI, f., pl. hliar (hliu dat. obsolete, Gm. 35) :-- a side, Lat. latus; standa hli e-m, to stand
beside one, Stor.; komask hli e-m, Nj. 262; hli hvra, on each side, Rm. 5; ara hli, at one's
other side, sl. ii. 363, Ad. 10; bar hliar, tvr hliar, on both sides, Fb. ii. 351; vinstri hli,
on the left hand, Eg. 213, Fms. i. 16; hgri hli, on the right hand; snask hli, to turn oneself
(in sleep), Fs. 6; skjldr, sver hli, Gull. 64; allar hliar, on all sides; veltask ymsar hliar, to
toss to and fro, Bs. ii. 171, Od. xx. 24; leggja e-t fyrir hli, to lay beside, Al. 151.
HLI, n. [A. S. hli; O. H. G. hlit; Dan. led; - root no doubt akin to Gr. GREEK, etc.] :-- a gate,
gateway; hli gari ok hjarra-grind fyrir, Grg. ii. 264, Fsm, 10, 44, Rb. 380, Edda 110, Eg. 244,
Fms. i. 104, v. 331, passim. 2. a wide gap, Stor. 6, Fms. i. 105, Gl. 391, N. G. L. i. 344, Orkn. 350,
Sks. 398: in law a gap in a fence not above sixty feet long was hli, if more it was a breach (blka-
brot), Gl- 391. II. metaph. a space, interval (= bil); hann hafi fyrr vi brugit sv at hli var
milli eirra, Fms. vii. 171; eir gru hli millum skipanna, Nj. 42; ok var hvergi hli milli, Ld.
96; hann rr fyrst eirra ok nokkuru harara sv at hli var millum eirra, sl. ii. 360; hs ok hli
milli ok heima-dyranna, Fs. 42; horfi hann hliit (the empty space) ar sem skjldrinn hafi
hangit, Fas. iii. 42; ok n var enn hli mjk langt, Fms. ii. 302, x. 346: temp., san var li (a
halt) nokkvot, 345; eptir at var hli (a stop, halt) orrostunni, vii. 289; hvldar hli, Fb. iii. 567
(in a verse).
hlia, a, to give way, go aside, recede, Fas. i. 106, 338, Bs. ii. 132, Karl. 233. II. reex, to become
open, Sks. 384.
hli-lauss, adj. 'gateless,' without a gate, Bret. 34.
hli-mltr, part. a kind of metre, Edda (Ht.) 186.
hlir, m., pot, an ox, Edda (Gl.)
hli-rm, n. open space, free passage, Fsm. 43.
hli-sjn, f. a side glance; hafa h. af e-u, to take a look at.
Hli-skjlf, f., old dat. hliskjlfu, Gm. (prose): [prob. rather to be derived from hli, gate, than
hli, side; the initial h is borne out by alliteration, Sagi hitt er hugi |UNCERTAIN Hliskjlfar
gramr..., Edda (in a verse); in Akv. 14 the sense and alliteration alike require hll, hall, instead of
'land'] :-- a shelf, bench, a name for the seat of Odin, whence he looked out over all the worlds,
Edda 6, 12, 22, 30, Gm. l. c.; inn ok Frigg stu Hliskjlfu ok s um heima alla, Gm. l. c. The
heathen Hli-skjlf brings to mind the legend in Grimm's Mrchen of the Tailor in Heaven.
hli-skjr, m. a side window, originally a window or opening from which to keep a look out, Sturl.
ii. 85, Bs. i. 628.
hli-veggr, m. a side wall, Nj. 202, Orkn. 244, Fb. i. 413.
hli-vrr, m. a porter, Stj. 622, Gkv. 2, 35.
HL, f., in mod. usage pl. hlar, but hlir in old writers, e. g. Landn. 224, Fms. vi. 197 (in a
verse), Hkv. 1. 43, Sighvat: [A. S. hl; Norse li; lost in Dan.; cp. Lat. clivus; akin to Gr. and Lat.
GREEK, clino] :-- a slope, mountain side, Edda 110; sv at sr var mijum hlum ea stundum
vatnai land, . H. 149, Landn. 25, v. l.; t me hlum, Gull. 68; fjalls-hli, a fell-side, q, v.;
fagrar hlir grasi vaxnar, Grett. 137; ek mun ra inn me hlinni, Glm. 361, 362; t me
hlinni, upp mijar hlar, etc., passim: hlar-brn, f. the edge of a h.: hlar-ftr, m. the foot of
a h.: hlar-garr, m. a fence on a fell-side dividing the pastures of two farms, Dipl. v. 25. II. local
names; Fljts-hl and Hl, Landn. passim; Norse Lier, Lie, Landn., Nj.: Hlar-sl, f. sun of the
Hl, nickname of a fair lady, Landn.: Hlar-menn or Hl-menn, m. pl. the men from Hl,
Landn. III. freq., in pot. circumlocutions, of a woman; hringa&dash-uncertain;hl, falda-h.,
bauga-h., and then in dat. and acc. hli, e. g. falda hli, vella hli (feminae), Skld H. 5. 24, and in
a mod. ditty; han ekki fer eg fet |UNCERTAIN fr r silki-hli.
hl-ang, n., pot. 'fell-tang,' seaweed of the hills, Alm., where the inmates of Hel are made to call
the trees by this name.
hlf, f., pl. hlfar, a cover, shelter, protection (esp. of a shield, armour), Ld. 244, Eg. 507, Bxar.
165, Hm. 81, passim: esp. in pl. hlfar, Nj. 262, Fms. ii. 319, Eb. 230, Rm. 39. hlfar-lauss (hlfa-
lauss), adj. 'coverless,' uncovered, Fms. ii. 205, vi. 70, vii. 192, sl. ii. 226.
HLFA, , [Ulf. hleibjan, Luke i. 54; O. H. G. hliban]:-- to give cover or shelter to one, with dat.;
sem rfrit hlr kirkjunni vi regni, Hom. 95; (hann) hlfi sr ekki, gave himself (had) no shield or
armour, Fms. i. 40; v at baei hlr (shelters) innan ok tan, x. 319, Fs. 66; h. e-m vi e-u, to give
one shelter against a thing, Gull. 48; ok hljpu skginn, ok ltu hann hlfa sr, Fb. ii. 88; hlfa sr
me skildi, en vega me sveri, 92. 2. to spare one, Grg. i. 163; san hlfi hann messu&dash-
uncertain;degi hins heilaga lafs konungs, Fms. v. 217; orgils hlr sr ekki, sl. ii. 368; mun ek
ekki hlifa r grinni, Nj. 21, Finnb. 262. II. reex, to cover oneself, Eg. 581, Sks. 430. 2. to
refrain, hold back, Fms. ii. 135; hann hlfisk vi engan mann, Nj. 26; irandi ba menn sna
hlfask vi fstra sinn, Njar. 370; orgils hlsk ekki vi, sl. ii. 368.
hlf, f. protection, defence, Fms. ii. 331; hlfar vpn, a weapon of defence, H. 79, Fms. x. 407,
K. . 40, Al. 46, Sks. 329. hfar-lauss, adj. = hlfarlauss, Fagrsk. 144.,
hlf-skjldr, m. (hl-skjldr, Nj. 262, Sks. 472), a shield of defence; esp. metaph., vera h. fyrir e-
m, 655 A. ii. 5, Fms. viii. 63, 239, Bret. 104; halda h. fyrir e-m, Hom. 42.
Hln, f. the goddess of that name (the wife of Odin), she that defends, [for the etym. see hlein],
Edda, Vsp., Lex. Pot.: freq. in pot. phrases, hringa-hln, bauga-h., a lady.
hlt, f. (hlta, Fms. viii. 91, v.l., Hkr. i. 199), [Dan. lid], sufciency, full warranty, security; n skal
ek sjlfr halda vr, hefi at fyrr tt nokkur hlt, Fms. viii. 91; ek mun hafa landr mean, ok
vttir mik at s nokkur hlt slka stund, xi. 22; bar hann sik at nokkurri hlit (tolerably well) mean
vr ruddum skipit, iv. 261, Hkr. i. 199; ann er biskupi ykki full hlt, K. . K. 18 (1853); hlt var at
v ltil, of small matter, Dropl. (in a verse). . adverb. phrases; til hltar, tolerably, pretty well;
rfer var til nokkurrar hltar, Fms. i. 86, vii. 237, Fr. 257, . H. 116; til grar hltar, pretty
good,110, Eg. 590; at gori hlt, very well indeed, Fms. iv. 250; hltar vel, well enough, Fas. ii. 268;
hltar fagr, passably fair, Mirm.; skip skipat til hltar, a ship well manned, Fms. i. 196: in mod.
usage, til hltar, adv. sufciently, thoroughly, freq.
HLTA, tt, [Dan. lide], to rely on, trust, abide by, with dat.; gakk me mr jafnan, ok hlt (imperat.)
mnum rum, Nj. 62, Fms. i. 116, Fs. 84; ef hann vill eigi eim vttum hlta (abide by) er hinir
hafa, Grg. i. 114; skal hinn hlta v at lgum, N. G. L. i. 346; etta Gurn ok kvask hans
forsj hlta mundu, Ld. 144, Fs. 8o, Fas. iii. 70; ek mun hlta bum mnum ok fara eigi til Hofs,
Vpn. 29; hann var kvntr, ok hltti ekki eirri einni saman, i.e. he had paramours besides,
Dropl. 15; ok hltir strr eigi rum konum pvi at jna honum lauginni, A. trusted not to
other women, i.e. would let no one do it but herself, Fms. xi. 157; ok skal ekki rum mnnum n at
h. at reka nautin, i.e. I will do it myself, Eg. 720, Valla L. 224; eir hlttu mr (used me) til brfa-
gra, Fms. ix. 262; ef mtt eigi rum ar til hlta, if thou hast no one else to do it, Grett. 107:
so in the saying, eigi m v einu h. er bazt ykkir, one must put up with something short of the best,
Grett. 2. with prep.; en snisk mr, sem eigi muni minna vi hlta, less than that will not do, sl.
ii. 358, Fs. 13; vr hfum skip sv mikit ok li-skyt, at ar m ekki litlu lii vi hlta, so large a
ship that it requires no small crew, Fms. iv. 297; eigi muntu v einu fyrir hlta, that is not a
sufcient answer, thou shall not get off with that, Hkr. iii. 256; cp. einhltr, adj.
hlt-styggr, adj. trusting to no one but oneself, daring, Lex. Pot.
HLJ, n. [Ulf. hliu = GREEK, 1 Tim. ii. 11, in Uppstrm's edition; cp. A. S. hleoor = sound;
mid. H. G. lt; cp. O. H. G. hliodar; Germ. laut; Dan. lyd; Swed. ljud; akin to it are several Gr. and
Lat. words with an initial GREEK, cl; the original meaning is hearing or the thing heard, like Gr.
GREEK and hlj, hljmr, hlust (q. v.) are kindred words; hence comes the double sense of this
word in Icel., sound and silence. A. Hearing, a hearing, listening, silence; bija (kveja) hljs, to
beg a hearing, chiey as a parliamentary term, of one about to speak, to recite a poem before a
prince or the like; Njll kvaddi sr hljs, Nj. 105; kvi he ek ort um yr, ok vilda ek hlj f, I
wished to get a hearing, sl. ii. 229; Egill hf upp kvit ok kva htt ok fkk egar hlj, Eg. 427,
cp. Vsp. 1, Hful. 2; vilja ek hlj at Hrs lii, I ask a hearing for my song, Ht. 1; ek he ort
kvi um yr ok vilda ek f hlj at ytja, Fms. ii. 15; gefa h., to give a hearing, Leiarv. 5; hat
hlj, be quiet! 625. 72; er bi gott hlj ok gir siir konungs hsi, Sks. 367: -- the ancient
meetings were in the open air, amid the hum of voices, loud cries, and the clash of arms, var fyrst
gnr mikill af fjlmenni ok vpnum, en er hlj fkksk, mlti orgnr, . H. 68; en er hlj fkkst,
st jarl upp ok mlti, 67, cp. b. ch. 4; var at essu mikit hreysti, en er hlj fkksk, mlti
Sigurr jarl, Fms. i. 34. 2. adverb, phrases; heyranda hlji, see heyra, Nj. 230, Grg. i. 19,
passim; af hlji and hlji, in all stillness, silently, Nj. 5, 103, Eg. 723, Ld. 162, Fms. iv. 79, Stj.
355; bera harm sinn hlji, to bear one's grief in silence, a saying; ein kvinna lri hlji me
allri undirgefni, 1 Tim. ii. 11, where the Gothic text has in hliua: egja unnu hlji, to listen in
breathless stillness, Hm. 7; einu hlji, unanimously, a parliamentary term. B. The thing heard,
sound; allt er hlj at er kvikindis eyru m skilja, Sklda 173, 174; greina hlj, id., 169, 170;
hlji sns grts, Mar. 28; ornnr kom ngu hlji lrinn ok komsk eigi upp blstrinn, Fms. ix.
30; ganga hlji, to walk (in the dark) after a distant sound; klukku-hlj, the sound of a bell, v.
133; rumu-h., a clap of thunder; brim-h., the roaring of surf. II. special usages: 1. gramm. a sound,
tone; me lngu hlji ea skmmu, hru ea linu, Sklda 159, 160: a musical sound, tune, sng
fagran, hlj mikit ok drligt, Bs. i. 454; sl hlj hrpu, 155. 2. phrases, koma hlj um e-t, to
catch the sound of, become aware of, Bs. i. 165; vera hindar hlji, to be within a hind's hearing,
i.e. to be whispered about; vera r hindar hlji, to be out of a hind's sound; drepr hlj r e-m, to
become dumb, lose the wind, Fms. xi. 115; a er komit anna hlj strokkinn (metaphor from
churning), there is another sound in the churn, of a sudden turn, e. g. from high to low spirits; the
ancients also seem to have said, 'there is another sound in the fells,' of one who is crest-fallen; see
verses in Nj. 249, Hv. 34 new Ed., Dropl. 31, n kn jta annan veg fjllum, now the fells
resound with another tale; n ykir henni eigi batna hlji sgunni, the tale began to sound
dismal, Clar.: so in the phrase, a er gott (slmt, dauft) hlj e-m, to be in a good (or moody)
state of mind. III. plur. esp. in mod. usage: u. crying aloud, a cry, of a child or one in paroxysms of
pain; Heyr mn hlj, hear my cry! Hlabk 276; hljin heyrusk t fyrir dyr (of a sick person);
a linnir ekki af hljum (of a baby). . howling, screaming; og eirra hlj (pl.) og hfu-
prestanna tku yr, Luke xxiii. 23; -hlj, dissonance, i.e. screaming, howling. . music. voice;
hafa fgr hlj, a sweet voice; h, mikil, veyk, dimm, hvell hlj, a high, strong, weak, deep,
pealing voice; Syng ungr mest sem mtt | mean hlj n fagrt gjalla, ... eintm hlj r
forferanna grfum, Bjarni 142: the same distinction is sometimes observed in old writers, syngja
me fgrum hljum, Stj. 606, Bs. i. 155; ar gengr hst hljunum, there the tune reached the
highest pitch, Mar.
hlja, a, [Germ. lauten; Dan. lyde], to sound; hversu hverr stafr hljar, Sklda 159, Mar., Bs. ii.
passim; rdd hljar hans eyra, Mar.: to run, of speech and writing, eptir v sem letri hljar,
Stj. 29; rttarbt er sv hljar, a writ which runs thus, Bs. i; whence the phrase, svo hljandi, to
this effect, as follows. 2. to scream with pain, of horror; eir hljuu og frnuu til mn hndunum,
Od. x. 255; eir hljuu afskapliga, xxii. 308: also of a child, see hlj above; faru a hugga
barni, a er a hlja.
hljar, part. sounding, Stj. 90.
hljan, f. a sound, Stj. 4, 45, 80, 334: a tune, me fagrlegri h., Bs. i. 155; sam-h., harmony, Stj.:
wording, utterance, freq. in mod. usage; eptir oranna h., according to the exact words, the sound
(run) of the words.
hlj-bjalla, u, f. a tinkling bell, Karl. 157.
hlj-brr, adj. rumoured abroad.
hlj-fall, n. consonancy (metric.), Edda 121.
hlj-fegr, f. euphony, Sklda 178.
hlj-fylling, f., hlj-fyllandi, a, m., better lj-fylling, q.v.
hlj-fri, n. a musical instrument, Fms. iii. 184, Fas. iii. 220, 221, Vgl. 16.
hlj-gr, adj. well-tuned, Bs. ii. 39.
hlj-greipr, f. pl., pot. 'sound-tongs,' i.e. the mouth, Lex. Pot.
hlj-kyrr, adj. still, quiet, Fms. ix. 23, v.l.
hlj-lauss, adj. soundless, Pm. 106 (of bells).
hlj-ltr, adj. still, taciturn, Sturl. ii. 185, Dropl. 7.
hlj-leiki, a, m. silence, sadness, Fbr. 142.
hlj-liga, adv. silently, in all stillness, Eg. 261, Nj. 33, Fms. i. 204, vi. 179, Fas. ii. 517.
hlj-ligr, adj. silent; ung ok h. stt, a heavy and creeping sickness, Sturl. ii. 186.
hlj-ltill, adj. faintly sounding, Pm. 61 (of bells).
hlj-lyndr, adj. taciturn, Eb. 42, Nj. 91, Fms. vi. 189, Bs. ii. 155.
hlj-lti n. stillness, silence.
hlj-mikill, adj. shrill-sounding, Grett. 111.
hlj-mli, n. whispering, secrecy; fra h., to hush up, Ld. 206, Nj. 51.
hljna, a, to become silent, dumb, from surprise, Sturl. ii. 151 (v.l.), Fas. iii. 311: impers.,
hljnar um hann, he became silent, ii. 433; ar til hljnar um ml essi, till the noise about it
subsides, Grett. 125 A.
Hlj-lfr, m. name of a dwarf, Lex. Pot.
hlj-ppa, u, f. a ute, (mod.)
HLJR, adj. [cp. A. S. hlde, Engl. aloud, mid. H. G. lte, Germ. laut, but all in the opp. sense
of aloud; cp. hlj] :-- silent, taciturn, 677. 12, Sks. 367, 370, Hom. 129; menn pra ok hlja, Fb.
ii. 288. . melancholy, sad; var hann h. ok mlti ekki vi ara menn, biskup spuri hvat hann
hugsai er hann var sv hljr, Fb. ii. 329, Eg. 95, Fms. i. 208, Nj. 9, passim. 2. neut. hljtt,
stillness, silence; er hann settisk nir var hljtt, . H. 68; er hljtt var orit, Fms. xi. 85; gra h.
um sik, to keep quiet, Grett. 198 new Ed.; tala hljtt, to speak in a low voice or secretly, Nj. 118.
hlj-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), = hljliga, Hkr. ii. 220.
hlj-samr, adj. = hljr, Fms. viii. 81, Hkr. ii. 252.
hljs-grein, hlja-grein, f. distinction of sound or a kind of sound, Edda 120, Sklda 160, 170,
175, 179, Stj. 45.
hlj-skraf, n. whispering.
hlj-stafr, m. a vowel, litera vocalis, Edda 121, Sklda 161.
hljma, a, to sound, of a musical voice, Pass. passim.
hljman, f. sound, tune, Sklda 179.
hljm-fagr, adj. sweet sounding; h. harpa, Bs. i.
HLJMR, m. [Ulf. hliuma = GREEK; cp. A. S. hlymman = sonare; Lat. cl&a-long;mor], a sound,
tune, voice, Gs. 2, Hkr. ii. 393; h. engla Gus, Post. 645. 73; h. ok rdd, sl. ii. 170, Rb. 380: chiey
of tunes in music, as in the ditty, Held eg sem helgan dm | hrpunnar stan rm | ann til a heyra
hljm | hlypi eg sur Rm.
HLJTA, pres. hlt, pl. hljtum; pret. hlaut, hlauzt, hlaut, pl. hlutum; subj. hlyti; part. hlotinn,
neut. hloti: [A. S. hletan; O. H. G. hliuzan; mid. H. G. liuze; Ivar Aasen liota] :-- to get by lot,
have allotted to oneself; eir tku at herfangi lfu konu hans ok Arneii dttur hans, ok hlaut
Hlmfastr hana, Landn. 314; hn hlaut at sitja hj Bjrgl, Eg. 23; eir lgu hluti ok hlaut
rndr, Fr. 3; var sv til sst at Sighvatr skld hlaut at segja konungi, Fms. vi. 38; (Loki) hlaut
blsa at helgum skutli, Haustl. 4; skal s reifa ml hans er hltr, who gets the lot, whom the lot falls
on, Grg. i. 63. 2. to get; vr munum hljta unnar fylkingar, Fms. v. 53; menn vegnir ea srir rr
ea eiri ok s hlotnir hvrn-tveggja okk, Grg. ii. 114. 3. to undergo, suffer, bide; hljta hgg.
Fms. xi. 151; fr, 113; harm, i. 21; vel er, at hlautzt slkt af konungi, Hkr. ii. 319. II. metaph.,
absol. must needs be, with inn.; sv mun n hljta at vera at sinni sem vill, Fms. i. 159; her
margr hloti um srt at binda fyrir mr, Nj. 54; hr munt vera hljta, 129; munt ra h., Fr. 48;
en fara hltr me mr til Jmsborgar, Fms. i. 159; yart atkvi mun standa h., Fas. i. 211,
passim; ar hlaut at ntra um, Sd. 169. III. reex. to be allotted, fall by lot; var san reynt li
eirra ok hljtask af v lii tta tigir manna, Fms. xi. 89; at ess eirra, er maginn hlautsk til
handa, Grg. i. 266; Kaleb fr til eirrar borgar er honum hafi hlotisk, Stj. 361; hann hlutai me
lnum um stuldinn, ok hlautsk kyn Jda, 356. 2. metaph. to proceed or result from, esp. in a bad
sense; en mun hr hljtask af margs manns bani, Mun nokkut hr minn bani af hljtask? Nj. 90;
kann vera at af hljtisk essu tali, sem verst her af hlotisk, Sd. 172.
hlotnask, a, dep. to fall to one's lot, with dat.; en ef honum hlotnuusk herteknir menn, Fms. i.
258: freq. in mod. usage, Pass. 36. 10; ok honum hlotnaist a hann skyldi veifa reykelsinu,
Luke i. 9; hlotuask til, to turn out; hlotnaisk sv til, Vgl. 57 new Ed.
hlotr, see hlutr, Fms. xi. 128.
HLA, , [A. S. hlowan; Engl. low], to bellow, roar, of streams or cascades, Gm. 29, an GREEK.,
but no doubt to be thus explained, and not as in Lex. Pot.
HL, n. pl. [hlaa], a hearth, chimney-place, freq. in mod. usage (it can only be by chance that
no old reference is on record); setja pott hlir, to set the pot on the re. hla-karl, m. = hadda,
q.v.
Hlyn, f., gen. hlynjar, the mythical name of the Earth, prop. hearth (?), homestead (?), and
akin to hl, Edda, Lex. Pot.
Hlra, u, f. the mythical name of the foster mother or nurse of Thor, Edda.
Hlrii, a, m. [hla and rei = thunder], one of the names of Thor, the Bellowing Thunderer, Edda,
Hm., kv., Ls., Vellekla.
HLUMR, m., pl. ir, proncd. hlummr, the handle of an oar, Fas. i. 215 (hlumir), ii. 355 (where
hlummar pl.), Edda (Ht., where hlumr and sumri are rhymed), Sturl. iii. 68, Glm. 395.
HLUNKA, a, [hlymr], to give a dull, hollow sound, Fms. xi. 280, Skld H. R. 4. 19.
hlunkr, m. a dull sound, a thump.
hlunnindi, n. pl. [hlunnr], prop. 'launching,' but only used metaph., emoluments, esp. attached to an
estate or possession, Gl. 68, 293, Vm. 55, Eb. 40, Fms. ix. 95.
HLUNNR, m. [Shetl. linn; cp. Engl. to launch, which is derived from the Scandin. word] :-- a
roller for launching ships, Edda 38, Fms. vii. 19, viii. 45: also of the pieces of wood put under the
keel of ships when ashore (during the winter ships used to be dragged ashore, called ra skipi til
hlunns), Grg. i. 92, 209, N. G. L. i. 26, Eg. 515, Nj. 10, Lex. Pot. passim: in poetry a ship is
called hlunn-dr, -fkr, -goti, -jr, -vigg, -vitnir, -vsundr, = the deer, steed, bison of h., Lex. Pot.
hlunn-ro, n. reddening the h., so called when a person was killed in launching a ship (in the
spring), Fas. i. 264, N. G. L. i. 65: this was taken to be a bad augury, see Ragn. S. ch. 9 (Fas. i. 259,
260).
HLUST, f. [A. S. hlyst; Hel. hlust = hearing; cp. Gr. GREEK], the ear, prop. the inner part of the
ear, cochlea auris, Ad. 6, 9, Nj. 210 (v.l.), Fms. ii. 100, Edda 109, Band. 36 new Ed., Sturl. ii. 85,
Eg. 758 (in a verse), passim: the ears of beasts, e.g. seals, bears, birds, or the like are usually called
hlust, not eyra, Merl. 1. 38, Fb. i. 133, Eb. 99 new Ed. (v.l.), Fas. ii. 237, Fs. 149, 179. hlustar-
verkr, m. ear-ache, otalgia, Fl.
hlusta, a, [A. S. hlystan; Engl. listen; cp. hlust], to listen; h. til e-s, 623. 34: in mod. usage, h. e-
, freq.
HLUTA, a, [A. S. hluton; Engl. lot; Germ. loosen], to draw lots for a thing, obtain by lot, the
thing in acc. or inn.; ar var hlutar tvmenningr, Eg. 22; ar skyldi sti (acc. pl.) hluta, the seats
were allotted, 247; eir eigu at h. me sr hverr reifa skal ml hans, Grg. i. 63; r sakir skal eigi
hluta er um vefng er stt, 74; eigu eir at h. me sr, hvrr eirra annask skal (the magi), 266;
sv lzt mr at annarr hvrr okkarr ski mlit, ok munu vit vera at hluta me okkr, Nj. 86;
vru hlutaar framsgur, ok hlaut hann fyrst fram at segja sna sk, 232; vru menn hlutair til
skip-stjrnar, Fb. ii. 317; uru eir at sttir um sir, at hluta var hverr etta eyrindi skyldi fram
segja, Fms. vi. 38; skyldi ... hluta me Grikkjum ok Vringjum, hvrir fyrri skyldi ra er ra, etc.,
136; at ml samdisk lei, at konungar skyldi hluta um, hvrr ra skyldi aan fr, vii. 170:
mltu konungar sn milli, at eir skyldi hluta um eign ok kasta teningum, . H. 90; sltum
vr eigi enna kyrtil heldr hlutum vr hann, Greg. 1. II. reex.: 1. to be allotted, to fall out, turn
out; ok hlutaisk sv til, it so turned out, Bs. i. 433. 2. with prep.; hlutask til e-s, to meddle with a
thing; eigi hlutumk ek til mlsvera, Eb. 36; en veizt, frndi, at ek he til fs hlutask san ek
kom til slands, Hrafn. 17; en at var fram at koma er orgerr vildi til hvers er hn hlutaisk, Ld.
94; ekki he ek hlutask til mlaferla yvarra, en n vil ek vita ..., Nj. 101, r. 67; at er bi, at
ek he ltt til ra hlutask, ok vill at ek ra litlu, Glm. 324; hlutask til me e-m, to assist one in
a case, Lv. 40; at eigi haldi r smdum nema til hlutisk yr tignari menn, 76, Fas. iii. 46. .
skiptum vr eigi enna kyrtil, hlutumst heldr um hvers hann skal vera, John xix. 24.
hlutan, f. a drawing or casting of lots, Grg. i. 38, 493, N. G. L. i. 145.
hlut-burr, m. a chance, lot, D. N.
hlut-deila, d, to meddle, Sturl. i. 196, ii. 42.
hlut-deilinn, adj. meddlesome, Fs. 123; -hlutdeilinn, passive.
hlut-deilni, f. meddlesomeness, Rd. 255, Karl. 123.
hlut-drjgr, adj. lucky, getting the better share, Lv. 24.
hlut-fall, n., chiey in pl., a casting of lots; leggja til hlutfalla, Fs. 67, Fms. v. 147; fara at
hlutfllum, to go by lots, Ver. 4; bja til hlutfalla, a law term, to bid one proceed to cast lots, Grg.
i. 37, Nj. 232; skipta til hlutfalls, to divide into lots, Gl. 341. 2. mod. proportion (sing.), Rb. 460.
hlut-felling, f. proportion, Alg. 372.
hlut-gengr, adj. capable, up to the mark, Fb. ii. 329.
hlut-girni, f. meddlesomeness, Glm. 353.
hlut-gjarn, adj. meddlesome, Ld. 248.
hlut-henda and hlut-hending, f. a kind of metre or rhyme, see hending and henda, Edda 121, 123,
136.
hluti, a, m. a part; eim hluta veraldar, Edda (pref.); mikinn hluta af Englandi, Eg. 270; mikinn
hluta Skotlands, . H. 131; mikill (mestr, ltill) h. lis, Fms. i. 110, Eg. 269, Edda 82, Fb. ii. 283;
bleikt silfr ok skal vera meiri hluti silfrs, Grg. i. 500: adverb, phrases, at llum hluta, for the whole
lot or share, 245; a mestum hluta, for the most part; a nokkrum hluta, for some part; at mnum
(snum) hluta, for my (her) part, Nj. 250, Fs. 62. II. a share, but the weak form is seldom used in
this sense, as in the phrase, gra hluta e-s, to encroach upon one's share, wrong one, Fms. vii. 219,
Vgl. 25; eptir er enn yarr hluti, your part, portion of the work, Nj. 144; ok undi hann verr
snum hluta, Fms. vii. 176 (v.l. hlut better).
hlut-kesti, n. a casting of lots, N. T.; but does not occur in old writers.
hlut-lauss, adj. 'lot-less,' not partaking in, Lat. expers; at yur bk skyldi eirra umbta eigi h.
vera, Gl. iv: having taken no part in, h. er skn af manndrpi, Fms. ii. 225; h. ok afskiptr e-u
(void of), Stj. 155; h. allrar undir-hyggju, Bs. i. 723: neut., veia hlutlaust, to sh without getting a
share, D. I. i. 497; ra hlutlaust, to pass free, unmolested, Sturl. i. 39. In mod. usage, hlutlauss
means passive, neutral, of a person; and lta e- hlutlaust, to leave a thing alone, not meddle with it.
HLUTR, m., the original form was diphthongal, hlautr, like the Gothic, as is borne out by the
kindred and derivative words hlaut, hleyti, q.v.; the acc. was weakened into o, hlotr, Fms. xi. 128;
and lastly into u, hlutr; old nom. pl. hlotar, Jmsv. S. l.c., but commonly hlutir; gen. sing. hlutar:
[Goth. hlauts = GREEK, Mark xv. 24, Col. i. 12, Ephes. i. 11, Luke i. 9; A. S. and Hel. hlot; Engl.
lot; Germ. loos; Dan. lod; Swed. lott; the Goth., Germ., and earliest Scandin. have a long vowel,
and prob. also A. S. and O. H. G. (hlt, not hlot); the Ormul. spells lott with a short vowel, as is the
case also in Icel., Dan., Swed., and Engl.]
A. A lot; the ceremony of drawing lots was like that described in Homer; each party marked his lot
(skera or marka hluti), which was then thrown into a sheet (lap of a garment, bera or leggja hluti
skaut), and a third person came and drew a lot out; (it was not thrown out by shaking.) This drawing
of lots was originally a sacred ceremony; it was used in sacrices (by way of augury, see below), in
sharing booty or an inheritance; in law the order in which suits came on was decided by lot, in
banquets the seats of honour were so assigned (e.g. who was to sit next to the daughter of the
house), etc. Many words in the language refer to this old rite, and the ceremony is thus described:
en hluti skyldi skera ok skaut bera, Fms. vii. 140; kom at samt me eim at hluti skyldi bera
skaut, ... skyldi v hvrir-tveggju una sem hlutr segi, vru hlutir markair; mlti Norbrikt
til Gyrgis: 'lt mik sj hversu markar inn hlut at vit markim eigi bir einn veg;' hann geri sv;
san markai Norbrikt sinn hlut, ok kastai skaut ok sv bir eir; san gkk s mar at er til
(upp, v.l.) skyldi taka, ok tk upp annan hlutinn milli ngra sr ...; san var at hugat eim hlutinum
ok kenndu ar allir mark Gyrgis, vi. 136, 137: hverr mar er sk her me at fara dm, skal
hlut bera skaut, einn, tt hann ha eiri sakar dm ann, hverr mar skal merkja hlut sinn ok
bera alla saman skaut, ok skal mar taka fjra hluti senn upp, Grg. i. 37; bja til hlutfalla ok
bera ar hluti skaut, 74; menn bru hluti sna skaut ok tk jarlinn upp; ... sv sagi hlutr til, at
Egill skyldi sitja hj jarls-dttur um kveldit, Eg. 247; en er tlfmenningr var skipar til at sitja ok
settir hlutir til hverr nst skyldi sitja stri, dttur Vigfss hersis, ok hlaut Eyjlfr valt at sitja hj
henni, Glm. 331: n ra eir um goorit ok vera eigi sttir, vildi hverr sinn hlut (case) fram
draga; leggja eir hluti skaut, ok kom jafnan upp hlutr Silfra, Fs. 68; eir lgu hluti , ok hlaut
rndr, Fr. 2. of sacrice; vru grvir hlutir af vsinda-mnnum (soothsayers), ok feldr
bltspnn til, en sv gkk frttin, at ..., Fas. i. 452; cp. hristu teina ok hlaut s, Hym. 1; and, kn
Hnir hlautvi kjsa ( = taka upp hluti), Vsp. l.c.; see also hlaut, hlauttein, p. 270. II. the hlutir
were talismans or little images, which people used to wear on their persons; san tekr jarl sklar
(scales) gar ... ok fylgu tvau met (weights), annat af gulli en annat af silfri; ar var lkneskja
manns, ok htu at hlutar (hlotar sem fornmnnum var ttt at hafa, add. in v.l.), ok fylgi s nttra,
at er jarl lagi sklarnar, ok kva hvat hvrr skyldi merkja, ok ef s kom upp (turned up) er
hann vildi, breylti s sklinni sv at var glamm af. Jarl gaf Einari sklarnar ok var hann glar
vi ok san kallar Einarr Sklarglam, Jmsv. S. (1824) 37, 38; hlutr er hornn r pssi num s
er Haraldr konungr gaf r Hafrsri, ok er hann n kominn holt at er munt byggja, ok er
hlutnum markar Freyr af silfri, Fs. 19; ok vili Freyr ar lta sinn hlut nir koma er hann vill sitt
smdar-sti setja, 22; cp. Landn., hann sendi Finna tv hamfrum til slands eptir hlut snum,
174; hann her lkneski rs pungi snum af tnn grt ...; n fannsk engi s 'hlutr' hans valdi, Fs.
97: the 'gumna heillir' or talismans, mentioned in Sdm., were prob. hlutir.
B. Metaph., without the actual drawing of lots: I. a share, allotment, portion; skal at eirra er
biskup lofar skilna, hafa slkan hlut fjr (portion) vi annat, Grg. i. 329: of booty, hann fri lvi
skip sn ok kallar at vera hlut hans, Nj. 46: of a nder's share, heimtir hlut af sauunum, Hv. 40;
halda til hlutar, id. . esp. of a sherman's share of the catch, Band. 4, cp. Hful. 1; a shing boat
has one or two hundred ... hlut, each of the crew (hsetar) taking his 'hlutr,' and besides this there
was a fris-hlutr (line share) or netja-hlutr (net share), skips-hlutr (ship's share), and lastly for-
manns-hlutr (foreman's share, he getting double); see the remarks on aausn. . a share, lot,
portion, of inheritance, often in early Dan. law, where the daughter received a half, the brother a
whole portion, sun til ful lot, oc dotr til half lot, Wald. Sjll. Lov., p. 1; -- whence in Dan. broder-
lod, sster-lod, = a brother's, sister's portion; en komi jafnmikit f hlut hvers eirra, Grg. (Kb.) i.
220: of duty, kom at hlut Andreas postula, 625. 64. 2. metaph. phrases; lta hlut sinn, to let go
one's share, be worsted, Fms. i. 74, Fb. ii. 62; eirra h. brann vi, got singed, Hkr. ii. 178; inn hlutr
m ekki vera betri en gr, thy case cannot be better than good, is as good as it can be, Nj. 256;
ella munt nna num hlut, thou shalt nd it to thy cost, Ld. 98; eirra h. var minni ok minni,
their lot grew ever worse and worse, Fms. x. 250; eigi skyldi hennar h. batna vi at, her case
should not mend with that, Nj. 52; sitja yr hlut e-s, to oppress, weigh a person down, Eg. 512, Nj.
89, Fb. iii. 450; mnka sinn hlut, to yield one's lot (right), 451; lta sinn (hlut) undir liggja, to let
one's lot be the nethermost, Br.; leggja hlut sinn vi e-t, to throw in one's lot with a thing, to
espouse a cause, run a risk, Lv. 45 (twice), Fb. iii. 166, Sturl. i. 162 C; eigi mundi sv Sverrir gera,
ef hann tti vrn hlut, S. would not do so if he had our lot, our cards in his hand, Fms. viii. 392;
eigi mundir sv renna fr num manni, ef ttir minn hlut, xi. 72; hafa (f) hrra (meira,
lgra) hlut, to get the better (less) share, to get the best (worst) of it, to win or lose, Eb. 194, Fs. 32,
113, Nj. 90, 224, Fas. i. 252, Fms. vi. 412, viii. 284, Hkv. 2. 19; hafa allan hlut mla, Bs. i. 82; eiga
hlut at e-u, to own a share in, take part (interest) in, interfere (meddle) in a thing, be concerned
about, Eb. 124, Nj. 27, 101, 119, Fms. xi. 83; ar er ttir hlut at, wherein thou wast concerned,
Nj. 54; n mun eigi mega sitjanda hlut eiga, to take a sitter's part in it, i.e. not stir in the matter,
110; hr munu eigi gfu-menn hlut eiga, 179; hafa inn vesta hlut af, to behave meanly, Eg. 271. II.
a part, Lat. pars; enn efra hlut Hrunamanna-hrepps, Landn. 312: mestr h. lis, the most part of the
body, Eg. 275; meiri hlutr, ba, dmanda ..., the majority of the neighbours, judges ..., Nj. 237,
Grg. i. 79; tundi h. eyrir, a tenth part of an ounce, 357: byggja jr til hlutar, to lease an estate in
shares, N. G. L. i. 137: sjau hlutum ljsari, seven times brighter, Eluc. 44; tveim hlutum drra, twice
as dear, Landn. 243; eins hlutar (on the one hand) ... annars hlutar (on the other hand), 625. 172.
III. a case, thing, Lat. res; hvern hlut, everything, Nj. 53; engum hlut, in nothing, Fms. ii. 27;
llum hlutum, in everything, passim; allir hlutir, all things, Edda 147 (pref.); ara hluti, other
things, Fms. i. 213; alla hluti er ..., all things whatsoever, Ld. 18; allir eirra hlutir, all their
things, Fms. x. 250; fjrir eru eir hlutir (cases) er menn ber tt, Grg. i. 361; hverngi hlut
(reason) er mar vill til ess fra, 179; fyrir tengda sakir ok annarra strra hluta er hr hvara
milli, Nj. 147; undarlegr, kynlegr h., a strange thing, Ld. 200, Fms. x. 169; ina slka hluti, Grg. i.
149; eru r strir hlutir hndum, Fms. vii. 30: a deed, fact, orinn h., a bygone thing, Fr. fait
accompli, Nj. 20; einn ltill h., a little thing, small matter, Fms. ix. 448. . with neg. adv. = Engl.
naught; grit hlut iggja, Am. 94; ekki lyt (lyf MS.), Skv. 1. 9; engi hluta(r), noways, 656 C. 25.
hlut-rningi, a, m. one robbed of his share; vera h. e-s, or fyrir e-m, to be unfairly dealt with, Eg.
525 (v.l.), Fb. ii. 379, Gull. 12; gra e-n h., Orkn. 306, 318.
hlut-samr, adj. meddlesome, Fms. ii. 68, Lv. 27, Karl. 386.
hlut-seigr, adj. holding fast one's share, tenacious, Bs. i. 716.
hlut-semi, f. meddling.
hlut-skarpr, adj. = hlutdrjgr.
hlut-skipta, t, to share by lots, Stj. 375.
hlut-skipti, n. a sharing, Eg. 280, Fms. i. 183: a share, lot, of inheritance, Fs. 18, Ld. 222: of booty,
Eg. 4, 57, Fms. vi. 86, vii. 278, Bs. i. 37, Barl. 188.
hlut-sll, adj. getting the best share, lucky, Fs. 143.
hlut-takandi, part. partaking, a partaker, 623. 28, 45, Greg. 12.
hlut-takari, a, m. a partaker, 655 xiv. A. 2, Magn. 432, Greg. 23, Bs. i. 744, Stj.
hlut-tekning, f. a partaking: proportion, Alg. 372: gramm. the participle, Sklda 180.
hlut-vandr, adj. fair about one's share, upright, honest, Band. 35 new Ed., Lv. 48, Thom. 396, Rtt.
5. 5: -hlutvandr, dishonest.
hlut-verk, n. work allotted, Fbr. 130, Hv. 56, Grett. 125.
HLKI, a, m. a term of abuse; hrmugr hlki, Korm. in a verse. (Is the Scot. luckie, used of an old
woman, akin to this word?)
hlykkjttr, adj. crooked, Stj. 78, freq. in mod. usage.
hlykk-lauss, adj. 'bend-less,' unbent, straight, Al. 173.
HLYKKR, m., pl. ir, better lykkr (see p. 227), a bend, curve, Sturl. iii. 37, Hom. 115, Fms. i. 145.
HLYMJA, pret. hlumi, pres. hlymr, to dash, Hm. 24; sr hlymr, the sea dashes against the
boards, Edda 100 (in a verse).
hlymr, m. [hljmr], a clash, as of hoofs, Sklda 169, Skm. 14, Og. 28.
HLYNNA, t, [hlunnr], prop. 'to launch,' but only used metaph. to help a person on; h. fyrir e-m,
Fms. viii. 239, v.l.: very freq. in mod. usage, h. a e-u, to cherish, foster, and of persons to nourish.
hlynning, f. a fostering; a-hlynning, id.
hlynninn, adj. fostering; h. . sigr, victorious, Lex. Pot.
HLYNR, m., pl. ir, [Ivar Aasen ln; Swed. lnn], a maple tree, Lat. acer, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot.
passim.
HL, n. [Dan. ly = shelter], warmth, as of a bed; vat konungr ttisk urfa hls, Fms. vi. 251,
Fagrsk. 49 (in a verse).
HLA, dd, [hlj A]: I. prop. to hearken, listen; eyrum hlir en augum skoar, Hm. 7: with dat.
to listen to one, 623. 27, Fms. vii. 245, Eg. 694; var hann ekki sv mikilltr at eigi hlddi (to give
ear to) hann mnnum er skylt ttu vi hann at ra, . H. 68; h. messu, tum, lestri, to hear mass,
attend service, go to church, 671 B, 655 xi. 4, Bs. i. 131 passim. 2. with prep.; hla e-t, to listen
to a thing, Fms. ix. 472; h. til e-s, a law term, to listen to a pleading, Nj. 36, Grg. i. 76; h. til tals e-
s, Fas. ii. 517; sitja menn ar umhvers ok hla til sgunnar, Fbr. 87 new Ed.; h. e-m yr, to hear a
pupil's lessons, of a teacher holding the book whilst the pupil recites the lesson; hla yr Frin,
Fair Vor, Kveri, Lektuna, etc. 3. to yield to; glddusk allir er eir hfu hltt v ri, Fb. i. 439;
eim er eigi vildu h. hans orum, ii. 64: to obey, as children their parents, h. fur, mur sinni, h.
Gui, freq. in mod. usage, but it seems not to be used in old writers exactly in this sense. II. metaph.
to be due, to do, be proper; hlir at hvergi (it will not do), at hafa eigi lg landi, Nj. 149; m eigi
vita hvat helzt hlir, Fms. vii. 105: to do, sufce, eigi man h. sv bit, this will not do, something
must be done (in an extreme case), Eg. 507, Fms. i. 104; hlir eir s rr, three will do, Grg.
ii. 139; n hlir at eigi, but if that will not do, K. . K. 88; en me v at eir hfu lis-kost
gan, hlddi, it went off well, Fms. i. 66: e-m hlir e-t, it does, is possible for a person,
Sinfjtla hlddi at, Fas. i. 130. . to be allowed to a person; engum rum skyldi at h., nobody
else should dare to do so, Hkr. i. 209; Einarr lt ngum h. mti at mla, E. would not hear of any
one's gainsaying, let nobody contradict, Orkn. 40; er at undr er r lti honum hvatvetna h., Eg.
71; ella eru mjk aldaua vrir foreldrar er eigi ltu konungum h. slik lg, Fms. vi. 37. III. reex.
to listen; hann hlisk um hvrt nokkurir vekti, Gsl. 29; hldu eir upp rum ok hlddusk um,
Fas. ii. 517; nema eir staar undir bar-vegginum ok hlask aan um, Fbr. 87 new Ed.; Sturla
ba menn hlask um, Sturl. i. 82: to be allowed, dare to do a thing with impunity, margir munu hr
eptir taka ef essum hlsk, 36; konungr sagi eim skyldi at ekki hlask, Fas. i. 45.
hla, u, f. [A. S. hleowd; provinc. Dan. lude = a shed], a shed; a part of a ship, a cabin (?); hlan
skalf, Knytl. S. (in a verse).
hlinn, adj. giving ear to one; hann var h. vinum snum um ll g r, Fms. vi. 30: meek,
obedient, hlnum syni ok ltiltum, Sks. 11; and so in mod. usage of children, pupils, jnum eim
og hlynir sum, elskum au og viring veitum, Luther's Catech. on the 5th Comm.; var eim og
hlinn, Luke ii. 51; -hlinn, disobedient, naughty. . yielding homage to one; h. konungi snum,
Sks. 269; r en landsflk hafi honum hlit orit, Hkr. ii. 212.
hli-samt, n. adj. proper for one to do (see hla II. p); vera h. to do for one, sl. ii. 198, Ld. 154,
Fms. vi. (in a verse).
hlnask, a, dep. to obey one, with dat., Fms. i. 281, Fr. 132 Str. 20.
hlni, f. obedience, homage, Sks. 269, Fms. iii. 12, vi. 29, Bs. i. 742 Orkn. 394, Stj. 117; -hlni,
disobedience.
hlugr, adj. = hlinn, N. T.
hlindi, n. pl. warmth, snugness, Snt (1866): of weather, mild.
HLJA (mod. hla), pres. hlr, pret. hli (mod. hli), cp. ti from tja; part. hl :-- prop. to
cover, shelter, with dat.; hlrat henni brkr n barr, Hm. 49; to this belongs the pot. pret., serkir
hlut eim = Homer's GREEK, Il. xv. 529 (cp. GREEK, xiii. 371, gave them no shelter against the
blow), Edda i. 418; in mod. usage, hla a e-m, to cover with clothes (Lat. fovere), to make one
warm and snug; hr er sjr kallar hlr, vat hann hlr allra minzt, Sklda 198; hlu a r betr,
hefr ekki hl vel a r, thou art too thinly clad.
hlna, a, to become warm.
HLR, adj. warm, mild; hltt ver, mild weather; hl hsa-kynni, warm, snug rooms: metaph., e-m
er hltt til e-s, to have a warm heart, affection, for a person; see hlr below.
HLR, n. pl. [A. S. hleor; Hel. hlear; Engl. leer], a cheek, Edda 72; hlra skrir, tears, sl. ii. 352
(in a verse): metaph. of things, of a vessel, the bows (cp. Gr. GREEK, and kinnungr from kinn, a
cheek), Edda (Gl.), Fms. iv. 377, Lex. Pot. COMPDS: hlr-birtr, adj. stained on the bows, Orkn.
332. hlr-roinn, part. = GREEK, Od. ix. 125, = hlrbirtr: the shield is called hlr-garr, hlr-sl,
hlr-tungl, hlr-vangr, from the gunwale being fenced with a wall of shields, Lex. Pot.: the
cheeks of an axe, Nj. 28, Grett. (in a verse), Edda i. 392 (in a verse): in mod. usage the sides of a
knife are called hlrar, as also the two sides of a bodice.
hlri, a, m., pot. a brother, frater germanus, only in poets, Lex. Pot, passim; perhaps orig. a 'twin-
brother.'
hlrn, n. (?), pot. a certain time of day, dgr, hlrn, rckr, Edda ii. 569; the exact meaning is not
known, cp. Bjarn. 59 (in a verse),
hlrnir, m., pot. the sky, heaven, Alm. 13, Lex. Pot. passim,
hla, i.e. hla, , [hlaa, hl]; h. skip, to lade a ship; h. hest, to load, saddle a horse, Fb. i.
193, Skv. 1. 13, Hdl. 5: hlendr, part. pl., Orkn. (in a verse).
hlir, m. a loader, Sighvat.
hlgi, n. ridicule, Hm. 19, Fms. vi. 151, Clem. 36, 42. COMPDS: hlgi-orr, hlgi-mll, and
hlgi-mligr, adj. humorous, Fms. ix. 241, 249. hlgi-skip, n. an odd, curious ship, Sighvat.
hlgja, , properly hlgja, [causal of hlja], to make one laugh; at hundi elskar Andar ... ok jfur
hlgir, Fagrsk. 6 (in a verse); at engi mar mundi s vera at hann mundi eigi hlgja me snum
gamansamlegum orum, Sks. 118 B; at gir skyldi at gera, er hn hugi at eir skyldi eigi mega,
at hlgja hana, to make her laugh, Edda 46: metaph. to gladden one, make one's heart leap for joy,
cheer one; at hlgir mik, segir Skarphinn, tt munt hefna mn, Nj. 202; at hlgir mik n, at
ek s at, nafni, at inn sigr mun eigi langr vera, Fms. xi. 23; oss hlgir at eigi, Korm.; drottins-
svikar er Djful hlgu, Fms. v. 126 (in a verse).
hlg-liga, mod. hlgi-liga, adv. ridiculously, Fms. vi. 141.
hlg-ligr, mod. hlgi-ligr, adj. ridiculous, laughable, Am. 53, Hkv. Hjrv. 30, Glm. 351 (hla'gligr
UNCERTAIN), Band. 38 new Ed. (see note).
HLJA, pres. hlr, pl. hlgjum; pret. hl (qs. hlg), 2nd pers. hltt, mod. hlst; pl. hlgu, mod.
hlu; pret. subj. hlgi; imperat. hl, hlaeu; part. hleginn; [Ulf. hlahjan; A. S. hlihan; Engl. laugh;
Hel. hlahan; O. H. G. hlahhan; old Frank, hlaka; Germ. lachen; Dan. le] :-- to laugh, Hm. 20,
Skv. 3. 30, Am. 61, Akv. 24; h. htt, to laugh loud, Skv. 2. 15; Grmr var ekki ktr, ok aldri hl hann
san Helgi var fallinn, Dropl. 27; Grmr skelldi upp ok hl, 31; hv hlttu n? Fms. vi. 390; hl
Vigfss at? Halli mlti, at er vani eirra fega at hlja, er vgahugr er eim, Glm. 367; hn
hlaer vi hvert or, Nj. 18; h. dtt, to laugh heartily; skelli-hlgja, to roar with laughter; h. hltr,
Hildigunnr hl kalda-hltr, Nj.: phrases, hl marmennill, then the merman laughed, of a sudden,
unreasonable burst of laughter, Fas. Hlfs. S. ch. 7, sl. js. i. 133: as also Merlin (1869), ch. 23;
hugr hlaer, one's heart laughs; at minn hugr hlgja vi honum, Fas. i. 195; hlr mr ess hugr,
Fms. xi. 96; au tendi er eim hl hugr vi, ix. 494, v.l.; lngum hlaer lti vit, long laugh, little
wit; hleginn, laughed at, Nirst. 6. 2. with prep.; hlja at e-u, to laugh at a thing; Hrtr hl at ok
gkk braut, Nj. 10; allt flk hl at eim, Fms. ix. 494, Glm. 366, passim (at-hlgi). II. metaph. of
a country, the hills are said to laugh in welcoming a guest and to droop at his going away; Drpir
Hfi, daur er engill, hlgja hlir vi Hallsteini, Landn. (in a verse); H ttu mr hlaegja ... of
Noreg allan | klif mean lafr lifi, Sighvat: the blunt edge is said to laugh in one's face, san tk
ek hein r pssi mnum ok rei ek eggina, sv at exin var sv sl, at hn hl mti mr r en vi
skildum, Sturl. ii. 62.
hlkinn, adj. [akin to hlki], mean, lthy, Fms. ix. 32: as also hlkendr, part. pl. id., see Eb. 132,
note 4 new Ed.
hlr, adj. (hltt, n.), [akin to hl, hlka, q.v., cp. hlr], warm, mild; hlr vindr, Fms. ii. 228; blari
ok hlrri en arir vindar, Sks. 219; ver var ykt ok hltt, Fbr. 13; en Ginnunga-gap var sv hltt
sem lopt vindlaust, Edda 4.
hl-ver, n. mild weather, a thaw; heii ok hlveri, Hom. 127.
hlr, m. [hlaa], a destroyer, vanquisher, Lex. Pot.: a pr. name, Fas.
Hlkk, f., gen. Hlakkar, [perh. akin to A. S. hlanc, Engl. lank = thin, slender] :-- one of the heathen
Valkyriur, Edda, Gm. passim; and in compds, Hlakkar-, Lex. Pot, passim.
hlm, f. [hlam], a thump, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Hful.
hlmmur, m. 'thumper,' pot. the wind, Edda (Gl.)
hlmmun, f. a thumping, = hlamman.
hnakk-band, n. (see hnakkr), an anchor cable; heimtu eir upp akkeri sn, ok brast (sic)
hnakkbndin, Lv. 99.
HNAKKI, a, m. [Dan. nakke; Swed. nacke; cp. A. S. hnecca; Engl. neck, although in a different
sense] :-- the nape of the neck, back of the head, occiput, N. G. L. i. 339, Fms. ii. 272 (v.l.), vii. 192,
viii. 77; Nj. 96; setja (sna) hnakka vi e-m, to turn the back on one, Sighvat, Hom. 68; settu
hnakkann bak sr aptr, r eir fengu s upp yr, Edda 30; hnakka dyttr, Orkn. (in a verse).
COMPDS: hnakka-bein, n. the occipital bone, Orkn. 50. hnakka-dramb, see dramb. hnakka-
lla, u, f. the esh on the nape, Gull. 27. hnakka-grf, f. the 'nape-pit,' hollow in the nape of the
neck. hnakka-kla, u, f. the esh on the head of a sh.
hnakk-marr, m. a saddle-horse, t. 10.
hnakk-mi, m. a buoy fastened to an anchor (?); ef menn draga upp akkeri me snu akkeri, ok
fylgir hvrtki strengr n hnakkmii, Jb. 403; hnykkja hnakkmia, to move the anchor, change a
ship's berth, Fs. 92 (in a verse of A.D. 996).
hnakkr, m. an anchor-stone, similar to the mod. dreki and stjri (GREEK in Homer), whence
hnakk-band, hnakk-mi. II. a man's saddle, freq. in mod. usage, which distinguishes between a
sull (a side saddle) and hnakkr, but it seems not to be found in old writers, except in hnakkmarr
above. III. = knakkr, q.v.; stlar fjrir, knakkr, lectari, Pm. 17 (in a church's inventory).
HNALLR, m. a club or cudgel used by shermen in killing sharks.
hnappa, a, to huddle together (e.g. of sheep).
HNAPPR, m. [cp. Engl. nape; A. S. cnp; Germ. knopf], a button; the older form is knappr, q.v.
COMPDS: hnappa-gat, n. a button-hole. hnapp-rass, m. a nickname. II. a bevy, cluster, esp. of
birds, sheep, as fjr-hnappr. COMPDS: hnapp-sitja, sat, to keep the sheep huddled together instead
of being spread over the pasture, of a bad shepherd; skalt ekki h. a, v dettr r v nytin,
Piltr og Stlka 9: a local name, Hnappa-fell, n., Landn.: Hnappfellingar, m. men from H., id.
hnarr-reistr, part. rising high, as the stem of a ship (knrr, q.v.)
hnaskr, adj. [cp. A. S. hnsc], brisk, alert; hann er hnaskr (convers.)
hnauk, n. turmoil; b-hnauk, household bustle, Bb. 2. 5.
hnauka, a, to bustle, (slang.)
HNAUSS, m. a sod, a ag of turf, Lat. cespes; torf-hnauss, klumbu-h., sni-h.
hnefa, a, to clasp with the st, Eb. 90 new Ed., Karl. 356.
HNEFI, a, m., ne, N. G. L. ii. 223; [Scot. neif or nieve; Dan. nve; Swed. nfve; but the word is
not found in A. S. or Germ.] :-- the st, Grg. ii. 14, 133, Stj. 597; reia hnefann, to clench the st,
Edda 36; lta hnefa skjalla e-m, 54 (in a verse); setti feigr hnefann borit ok mlti, hversu
mikill ykki r hne sj, Gumundr? Lv. 67; geta til launa hnefa e-m, Sturl. iii. 151 :-- a nieveful.
COMPDS: hnefa-hgg, n. a blow with the st, Fms. iii. 78, Fas. i. 446, N. G. L. ii. 223. hnefa-
spjald, n. a writing-tablet, GREEK, Luke i. 63.
hne, a, m. the king in a kind of chess played by the ancients, Fas. ii. 68: the game was called
hnefa-ta, n., which is variously spelt -- netta, Gull. 20, and hnetta, Grett. 144 A (which are
contracted or assimilated forms); hnefta, Mork. 186, Fms. vi. 29, Fas. i. 284; hnotta (a bad
form), Fas. i. 476 in a spurious verse, and in Krk. ch. 10; hnefa-ta (the true form), Fas. i. 67. The
game is best described in Fri. S. ch. 3, and in one of the riddles in Hervar. S. (where however the
rhymed replies are not genuine): 'Who are the maids that ght about their unarmed lord, the dark all
day defending, but the fair slaying?' The players were two, as in chess; there was only one king
(hne), here called the 'unarmed lord;' the pieces (tur) were white and red, the white attacking,
the red defending the hne; at er hnefta, enar dkkri verja hnefann, en hinar hvtari skja, Fas. i.
474; at er hninn hneftai, 476: pieces made of silver are recorded in Gull. S., of walrus-bone in
Krk. l.c. For the general use of this game, cp. the dialogue between the two brother kings, Mork.
l.c., -- teig hnefta betr, era at minna vert en a itt; Sigurr Ormr auga ok Hvtserkr hvati sitja
at hneftai, Fas. i. 284: whenever ta is mentioned, this particular game seems to be understood,
e.g. the gullnar tur and tedu tni of the Vsp.; cp. earl Rgnvald's verse in Orkn. ch. 61; and the
fatal game of chess between king Canute and earl Ulf in Roeskilde A.D. 1027 was probably a
hnefta. We see from Mork. l.c. that it was still played at the beginning of the 12th century, but in
after times it was superseded by the true chess (skk); both games were probably of the same origin.
COMPDS: hnefa-taa, u, f. or hnef-t, f. or hnett, f., Fas. i. 463, v.l., or hnettaa, u, f. the
piece of the hne. UNCERTAIN See the remarks s.v. halata, p. 234, and hnn, p. 293, but the
whole passage in Grett. is obscure.
hneggja, a, to neigh; see gneggja.
hneiging, f. a bowing, bending, Rb. 474: gramm. inection.
HNEIGJA, , [Goth. hnaivjan; A. S. hngan; Germ. neigen; Dan. neje] :-- causal from hnga, to
bow, bow down, bend, incline; h. hfu, sl. ii. 274; h. sik, to make a bow; h. sik fyrir e-m, to bow
oneself before a person (in greeting), 625. 86, Stj. 185; h. eyru sn, to incline one's ear, Sks. 275, Ps.
xl. 1; h. sik til vi e-n, to bow down, pay homage to one, Fms. vii. 17; h. sik ok sveigja, to bow
oneself and sway, Stj. 61: h. hugi snum, to incline one's mind, Hom. 53; vkja er h. hendi n fti,
Stj. 204; h. e-m (sik understood), to bow down to one, Fms. ii. 133, Sks. 291: with prepp., h. af, to
decline from, swerve from, Stj. 332; h. eptir e-m, to be biassed towards, Orkn. 134. II. reex. to
lean; konungr hneigisk at hstinu, Fms. ii. 139; h. fr e-m, to go away from, Stj. 497; h. undan, to
escape, 625. 68; h. til e-s, to lean towards a person, side with him, Fms. vii. 18; h. fr rttum dmi,
to deviate from, Hom. 135; h. af villu, to forsake heresy, Fms. x. 301; h. fyrir fortlur e-s, to be
swayed by another's persuasions, Sturl. iii. 136. 2. pass., gramm. to be declined, inected;
grammatica kennir hve ll or hneigjask, Clem. 33. 3. part. hneigr, as adj. inclined to, hneigr
fyrir bkr.
hneigjanlegr, adj. declinable.
hneisa, u, f., but better neisa (q.v.), see Hm. [Swed. nesa] :-- shame, disgrace, Fms. viii. 20, x. 223,
346, 394, xi. 86, . H. 107. COMPDS: hneisu-liga (neisuliga), adv. disgracefully, sl. ii. 367, Fms.
vii. 20, x. 222. hneisu-ligr, adj. disgraceful, sl. ii. 384.
hneisa, t, to disgrace one; nira ok neisa e-n, Stj. 67, 248, 512, Fms. x. 256, Bs. i. 392; but hneist,
106.
hneisi, n. = hneisa, Mork. 58.
HNEITA, t, causal from hnta, q.v., to cut or wound (?); san kallai lafr sverit Hneiti, vat
honum tti at hneita nnur sver fyrir hvassleika sakir, i.e. it was keener than other swords, Fms.
iv. 58: the same word is prob. the true reading in Fas. ii. 131 (viz. hneittir for kveittir).
hneita, u, f. the white saline dust covering a kind of seaweed (sl) when dried.
Hneitir, m. [hneita, the verb], Cutter, name of the sword of St. Olave, Lex. Pot. passim, but only
after St. Olave's time; neither can the verse in Gsl. 65 have been composed before that time: a
vanquisher, d.
hnekking, f. a check, rebuff, Am. 56, Glm. 337, Greg. 19, Bret. 62, Sturl. i. 217.
hnekkir, m. one who checks another, Lex. Pot.
hnekki-stikill, m. a bump on the head, in a pun, Glm. 383, Fas. ii. 407.
HNEKKJA, t or , [hnakki], to throw back, check; san lt Egill hnekkja nautunum t mrar, he
had the neat-cattle driven back, Eg. 711, 712, Grg. i. 293, Landn. 281, Sturl. ii. 176, Gl. 460, N.
G. L. i. 59; h. fr sinni, to halt and go back again, Sturl. i. 167; hnekumk heinir rekkar, the
heathen rogues turned me out, Sighvat. 2. to thwart, prevent; Andreas ba linn at eir hnekki eigi
psl hans, 656 B. 1; h. vndu ri, to prevent an evil deed, Fms. v. 198, viii. 60 (thwarted it); mun
at eigi hr h., iv. 194; ok hneki at, 15. 3. with prep.; h. e-m fr, to repel a person, Fms. x. 100,
Ld. 186 (of a wooer). II. to fall back, hobble back; hann fll eigi vi hggit ok hnekti mot
eim, Gull. 29, Landn. 153 (of one maimed in battle); hnekkja rar n fr, Ld. 78, Sturl. iii. 205:
part. hnektr, abashed, checked; h. ok ltr, 656 B. 1.
hnellinn, adj. [hnallr], brawny.
HNEPPA, t, [Engl. to nip, knap], to cut short, curtail; vilja heldr hneppa vi sik ann eina
bninginn, to curtail oneself in dress, Hom. (St.): also, hneppa e-n undir sik, to keep one under, a
wrestler's term, Fas. iii. 353; h. rldm, to keep bound in thraldom, Sks. 465 :-- slu upp og
hnepptu hann t af borginni, thrust him head-foremost out, Luke iv. 29: metric. a monosyllabic end
syllable is called hneppt, Edda (Ht.): part. hnepptr, crippled.
HNEPPA, t, different from the last word, to button; see kneppa.
hneppa, u, f. a being bent or bowed down. hneppu-stt, f. a kind of disease, Fl. xiv. 100.
hneppiliga, adv. too sparingly, Stj. 25, Ld. 106.
hneppr, adj. [Dan. knap], scant, Hkr. i. 154, Grett. 169; tla hneppt til Jlanna, to make scant
provisions for Yule, Fb. ii. 185, Fms. iv. 235.
hnepta, t, = hnippa; h. hfum, and stinga saman nefjum, Sighvat.
hnerra, a, to sneeze.
HNERRI, a, m. (older form hnri or hneri, with a single r, Edda. ii. 430; hneyri, Thom. 308), a
sneeze, Orkn. 448. A plague is said to have set in once upon a time with sneezing, therefore when a
person sneezes an Icel. says, Gu hjlpi r! cp. Germ. helf Gott! Engl. Bless you ! see sl. js. i.
hneyki-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), shameful, Mar.
hneyking, f. shame, rebuff, disgrace; h. er svviring, Stj. 67, 68 (v.l.); hneyking ok niran, 25;
gra e-m h., Fms. iv. 243; hneykingar star, as a rendering of the word Babylon, Mar. 10.
HNEYKJA, or t, to put to shame, defeat, confound, with acc.; at berjask vi er yr hafa
hneykt, Fms. x. 231; er hann hafi herja ok hneykt grimmleik heiinna ja, iv. 66;
andskotann hneykir , 623. 35; eigi munu vr hneykir, we shall not then be confounded, 34;
hneykjask ok svvirask, to be confounded, Stj. 241; hverr vtti urn aldr inni miskun ok
hneykisk san, Th. 25. 2. with prep.; hneykja at e-u, to scoff at a thing; s er hneykir at v er allir
leyfa mun gra sik at fi ( = lastar a sem allir lofa), he who scoffs at what all folk praise is a
fool, a saying, Sighvat.
hneykja, u, f. shame. hneykju-fr, f. a journey of disgrace, defeat, Hrafn.
hneyxla, often spelt hneixla, a, to offend, eccl., the rendering of Gr. GREEK in the N. T.; en ef itt
hgra auga hneyxlar ig, Matth. v. 29, 30, xviii. 6, 8; h. sik, xi. 6, Luke xvii. 2: pass. to be offended,
xiii. 21, xv. 12, xxiv. 10, John vi. 61, xvi. 1; hneyxlast e-m, Matth. xiii. 57, xxvi. 31, 33.
UNCERTAIN The spirited etymology given by Vdalin in his Michaelmas Sermon, comparing the
metaphors of the Greek and Icel. words, is true in sense but not to the letter: etta vel saman
vora tungu, v 'hneixli' drgum vr af v ori a 'hnga' er 'hneigja,' v s sem hneixli af sr
gefr, hann kemr rum til a hnga er rasa, og hneigir hann til vondra verka, Vdal. ii. 153, 154.
hneyxlan, f. an offence, = Gr. GREEK, Matth. viii. 7, xvii. 27, Luke xvii. 1, Rom. ix. 33, 1 Cor. i.
23, Gal. v. 11.
hneyxlan-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), offensive, Matth. xvi. 23.
hneyxlari, a, m. an offender, Matth. xiii. 41.
hneyxli or hneyxl (qs. hneyksli), n. disgrace, dishonour; metnar snsk hneyxl, 677. 7; af
sekinni getask hneyxlin, 656 B. 7; ml hvert er mar mlir vi annan mann sv at honum horr til
hneyksla, defamation, Gl. 197 (Jb. 108 A); h. (nyxl) ok niran, Barl. 20 :-- in mod. usage = Gr.
GREEK, Rom. xi. 9.
hneyxli-yri, n. pl. calumny, foul language; glott ok h., . H. 151.
hnezla, better nezla, u, f. a button-loop.
hnira, a, = nira (q.v.), to disparage, pull down.
Hniungar, m. pl. a mythical pr. name, = Niungar, Germ. Niebelungen, with an aspirate in
alliteration, Hkv. 1. 47, Stor., Gh. 11, Am. 45, 86.
hnigna, a, [hnga], to begin to sink, decline: impers., e-m hnignar, or e-m fer hnignandi, to be in a
decline, Grett. 151; at honum vri nokkut hnignandi, though he was somewhat stricken in years,
sl. ii. 29.
hnignan, f. a declining, decline.
Hnikarr and Hnikar, m. a name of Odin, Edda 38, Gm.
hnipin, n. a kind of barley, Edda (Gl.)
hnipinn, adj. drooping, desponding; see hnpa.
hniplingr, m. a kind of bird, a pelican, Bjrn.
HNIPNA, a, [Ulf. ga-nipnan, Mark x. 22; A. S. hnipian], to droop, despond, Gkv. 2. 5, 7, Skv. 3.
13: in Shetl. neebin is nodding drowsily.
hnippa, t, to poke one in the side: in the phrase, hnippa kolli hver at rum, to nod with the head
one to another, nod signicantly, Grett. 147; hnippa e-n, to poke a person in the side, so as to wake
him from a doze, hnippask, to elbow one another, Gull. 61, Fs. 152, 153; h. vi e-n, id., Fms. vii.
243; lengi hafa vrir frndr vi hnippsk, Valla L. 210.
hnipping, f. puny quarrels, Fas. i. 92; ora-h., a bandying of words.
hnipr, n. a crouching position; hnipri.
hnipra, a, h. sig, to crouch.
hnissa, u, f. [cp. Gr. GREEK], steam or smell from cooking, esp. an ill avour. hnissu-brag, n.
disavour.
hnit, n. forging: pot. the clash of battle, Hful.
hnita, a, [cp. Dan. nitte sammen; akin to hnta], to clasp or weld together with a hammer, Gsl. 14,
Fas. i. 316.
hnitan, f. the act of welding.
Hnit-bjrg, n. pl. the 'clinched crags,' the mythol. name of the crags where the poetical mead was
kept, Edda.
hnit-brir, m. a 'clasp-brother,' an adversary, Hm. 23, (pot.)
hnitlast, a, dep. to quarrel, kick one another, Rb. 360.
hnit-mia, a, to take near aim at.
hnittinn, adj. hitting, facetious: hnittni, f. a hit, piece of wit, (mod.)
HNGA, pres. hng; pret. hn, hntt, hn, pl. hnigu; sing. hneig is very rare in old vellum, e.g. Sks.
112, Fms. vi. 280, viii. 21, Mork. 60, Fb. i. 106, . H. 89, else always hn, as also in mod. poets --
Jes bl hr til jara hn | jrin aptur svo blessu s, Pass. 3. 10; part. hniginn: with neg. suff.,
pret. hnk-at, Og. 11; pres. hngr-a, Hm. 159, Eg. (in a verse); [Ulf. hneivan = GREEK, Luke ix. 12;
A. S. hngan, pret. hnh; O. H. G. hngan; cp. hneig-ja] :-- to bow down, sink, fall gently; of a
stream, the sun, a felled tree, a dying man, etc., heilg vtn hnigu af fjllum, Hkv. 1. 1; fru ar til
er vtn hnigu til vestr-ttar af fjllum, Orkn. 4; tr tekr at hnga ef hggr tg undan, Am. 56: to
sink, fall dead, h. at velli, Hkv. 2. 8; Baldr er hn vi bana-fu, Hdl.; Hamir hn at hsbaki, Hm.
32; hngra s halr fyrir hjrum, Hm. 159, Skm. 25, Hkm., Nj. 191; hniginn fyrir oddum, Darr.;
hniginn hadd jarar, Bm.; hn hans um dlgr til hluta tveggja, hendr ok hfu hn annan veg,
Skv. 3. 23; ok kva annan-hvrn vera at h. fyrir rum, sl. ii. 263; sinn veg hn hvrr eirra af
hsmninum, 195; san hn hann aptr ok var daur, . H. 223; hn (hneig Ed.) hann bak
aptr ok var andar, Lv. 70; Hjlmarr hngr at (funni) upp, Fas. ii. 216; hn hann aptr ok
sprakk af harmi, i. 357 (Fb. i. 106); hn margr mar fyrir honum ok lt sitt lf, Fb. i. 193: the phrase,
hnga at velli, h. gras, h. at grasi, to sink to the ground, bite the grass, Hkv. 2. 8; r en ek hnga
gras, sl. ii. 366; mann mun ek hafa fyrir mik r ek hng at grasi, Njar. 378; mannflkit greipsk
bra-stt, sv at innan frra ntta hnigu (died) sjau menn, Bs. ii. 35; Einarr sat sv at hann hneig
upp at dnunum, ok var sofnar, Fms. vi. 280, (hneg, Mork. 60, l.c.); hann hn nir hfi snu,
he drooped with his head, Karl. 489; hn Gurn hll vi blstri, G. sank back in the bed, Gkv.
1. 15. 2. pot., u. of ships, to rise and fall, toss on the waves; skip hnigu um lg, Lex. Pot., Fms.
vi. (in a verse). . hnga at rnum, Gkv. 3. 4; h. at armi e-m, to sink into his arms, Hkv. 2. 23. 3.
with prepp.; h. til e-s, to swerve towards; eim er hnga vilja til hans vinttu, Fms. viii. 239; s er
yur jnosta hneig til, whom you served, 21; var jafnan eirra hlutr betri er til hans hnigu, 47, vi.
414; ok v hann heldr til vr at hnga en yar, Stj. 540; allir konungar eirra landa hnigu undir
hans vald, 560: to bow down, pay homage to another, allir menn er ar vru hnigu eim manni, Eb.
330; Emundr gekk fyrir hann ok hneig honum ok kvaddi hann, . H. 85; hinir hstu turnar hafa n
numit honum at hnga, Al. 90; hann hngr (yields) eigi fyrir blu n stru, 625. 95. II. metaph., h.
til lis, hjlpar vi e-n, to side with one; essir hnigu allir til lis vi Karl inn Raua, Lv. 137;
hnkat ek af v til hjlpar r, Og. 11; hneig mikill fjli engla til hans, Sks. 112 new Ed.: to
incline, turn, of a scale in the balance, hngr mannfallit eirra li, of a battle, Al. 134; ok var at
lengi at eigi mtti sj hvernig hnga myndi, which way the scale would turn (in a battle), Orkn. 70,
148; hngr n snt Frankismenn, the day turns visibly against the F., Karl. 193. III. part. act., at
hnganda degi, at the fall of day, Sks. 40; vera hngandi, to be failing, on the decline, Karl. 162; me
hnganda yrbragi, with a falling, drooping face, 542. 2. pass. hniginn, stricken in years;
orsteinn var hniginn, Ld. 24; mjk h., well stricken in years, Fms. ix. 501; hann grisk
heldr hniginn at aldri, Eg. 187; hniginn aldr, id., Orkn. 216, 346; h. efra aldr, Fb. i. 346. . of a
door, shut; the word hnigin shews that in olden times the door was shut up and down, as windows at
the present time, and not moved on hinges; var hur hnigin, Rm. 23; hnigin gtt, sunk in the
groove, Gsl. 16; h. hlfa gtt, half shut, half down the groove; hur h. mijan klofa, id., Fms. iii.
74; h. eigi allt klofa, 125; hnigin er helgrind, Fas. i. (in a verse).
HNPA, t, [in Ulf. ganipnan = GREEK, Mark x. 22; A. S. hnipian = to bow] :-- to be downcast,
droop; hnpi drtt ok drpi, people were downcast and drooping, d. 25: haukar nir hnpa, Fas.
i. 175; hann (the horse) hnpti jrina, 205; hnipai, pret., 197, (better hnipnai or hnpandi, part.)
II. the part. hnipinn (sitja or vera hnipinn, to sit drooping and downcast; dpr ok h., sl. ii. 195,
Edda 22, Fms. vi. 236 in a verse, Sl. 43) refers to a lost strong inexion (hnpa, hneip, hnipu).
HNSA, u, f., gen. pl. hnsna, Pm. 69 :-- a dolphin, delphinus phocaena, Grg. ii. 337, 358, Gl.
456, Sks. 121, Hkr. iii. 279, Fms. vii. 161. II. a kind of weathercock on a ship; en at her at gengit
um daginn skipi Odds at hnsa her gengit af (v.l. to hsa-snotra), Fas. ii. 210.
HNTA, pres. hnt, pret. hneit, pl. hnitu, a defect. verb: [akin to hnita; A. S. hntan = tundere; Dan.
nitte] :-- to strike, wound to the death; lr (the scythe) hneit vi Hrungnis fta-stalli (his shield),
Kormak; but chiey used in emphatic phrases, of a heart-wound, hneit ar! vi hneit arna! Gsl.
22, 106; en er hn reifai um suna mlti hn, ar hneit vina! Fms. iii. 73; hn kva hvergi
strum vi hnta, Korm. 6; hvergi ykki mr vi hnta, sl. ii. 343; the last three passages refer to a
superstition that the touch of a wise woman made one's body 'wound-proof;' in Rd. ch. 5 (at end)
the words 'ok tti henni ar vi hnta,' or the like, have been dropped by the transcriber: in poetry
the allit. phrase, hjrr hneit vi hjarta, the steel touched the heart, Korm. ch. 17 (in a verse); or, egg
hneit vi fjr seggja, Fms. vii. 71; hneit mr vi hjarta hjrr Angants, Fas. i. 427; hvast hneit (beit
MS.) hjarta i nsta httligt jrn, Fbr. (ne); ar hneit vi, sem ..., it cut him to the quick, that ...,
Thom. 397; hnitu reyr saman, the weapons clashed together, sl. ii. 353 (in a verse), Fms. ii. 318 (in
a verse).
HNJA, pres. hn, pret. hnau, pl. hnuu, part. hnoinn; [cp. Ulf. hnuo = GREEK, 2 Cor. xii.
7] :-- to rivet, clinch; Helgi hnau hjalt sver, Nj. 66; hann rfr upp nefsteja einn mikinn, ar
hafi Vigfss r hnoit vi svers-hjlt sn, Fms. xi. 133; hnja raua, to forge iron, Fs. 177 (in a
verse), cp. Fms. i. 177; spjt ok tveir geirnaglar , ea s einn er gegnum stendr, ok hnoit (noin,
v.l.) at ba vega, N. G. L. ii. 42; si hnau hjarta (acc.) vi su, the yard has clinched ribs and
heart together, Fs. 113 (in a-verse); marr hnau mnum (munar?) knerri, id.
hnj-hamarr (mod. hno-h.), m. a rivetting hammer, Fb. iii. 446.
hnjr, m., prop. rivetting: metaph. blame, censure.
HNJSA, hns, hnaus; the noun hnri or hneri (q.v.) refers to a lost pret. hnri, analogous to frri
from frjsa, kri from kjsa; [Germ. niesen; Dan. nyse; Swed. nysa] :-- to sneeze, Orkn. 448, Hbl.
26: now obsolete in Icel., see hnerra.
hnjsa, a different word, to stumble, of a horse against a 'hnauss' (q.v.); hann hns um hverja fu,
Snt 157; perh. akin to A. S. hnossian = tundere.
hnjskr, m. [akin to A. S. hnysc or hnesc, Old and North. E. nesh, = soft, tender; whence prob.
Engl. nice] :-- touchwood, = fnjskr (q.v.), Fms. vii. 225, v.l.; hnjsk-urr = fnjsk-urr: in local
names, Hnjska-dalr, m., Landn.; Hnjsk-dlir, m. pl. the men from H.; Hnjsk-dlskr, adj., Rd.
259.
hnjsku-lindi, a. m., dub. a belt worn by a wise woman, orf. Karl. 374.
hnjtr, m. a knob in turf or a eld, a sr ekki hstu hnjta, when the ground is covered all over
with snow.
hnjkr and hnkr, m. a knoll, peak.
HNOA, n. [hnja], a clew, . H. 152, Pr. 422.
hnori, a, m. a eece or ock of wool; ullar-h., freq.: metaph., sk-h., a eecy cloud, boding a rising
gale: botan., hellu-h., see hella.
hno-saumr, m. a clinching nail, rivet, Sks. 30.
hnokki, a, m. the small metal hooks holding the thread in a distaff: metaph., strk-hnokki, an
urchin.
hnokkinn, part. [hnka], bowed, curved.
HNOSS, f. [prob. from A. S. hnossian = to hammer, as sm from sma], a costly thing, esp. in
plur. of a lady's ornaments, Hkr. i. 16, Edda 21, Fms. xi. 428 (hnossa-smi), Am. 53, Gh. 6, 18,
Gkv. 2. 20, Harms. 40, Lknarb. 13, Orkn. 154 (in a verse): mythol. the goddess Hnoss, a daughter
of Freyja and sister to Gersemi, Edda 21. II. freq. in mod. usage, but usually neuter, and used in
sing. as well as in plur.; himneskt miskunar hnoss, Pass. 36. 3; = N. T. GREEK, einn er s sem
hnossi metekr, 1 Cor. ix. 24; eg skunda ... eptir v hnossi, Phil. iii. 14; drar-h., the prize of
glory. COMPDS: hnoss-fjld, f. a number of costly things, Sighvat. hnoss-gti, n. a dainty. hnoss-
gtr, adj. dainty.
HNOT, f., pl. hnetr, or better hntr, mod. hnotir; [A. S. hnyt; Engl. nut; O. H. G. hnuz; Germ. nuss;
Dan. nd; Swed. nt; Lat. nux] :-- a nut, Str. 20, Fms. v. 175, Edda 46. hnotar-skurn, f. a nut-shell,
625. 1.
hnot-skgr, m. a 'nut-shaw,' nut-wood; in the phrase, hnotskg, to go a-nutting, Nj. 129, Fas. ii.
59, Sams. 8.
hnot-ta, n. a corrupt form for hnefta, p. 275.
hnula, a, to squeeze, (slang.)
hnugg-hent, n. adj. a kind of apocopate metre, Edda (Ht.) v. 75.
hnugginn, part., see hnggva.
hnupla, a, to pilfer; hnupl, n. pilfering. hnupl-samr, adj.
HNR, m. [akin to hnyja; Ulf. hnuo = GREEK], a knob, ball; borgarmenn veltu steinum
ok hnum, Rm. 277; 'saxa et sudes' of Sallust, B. J. ch. 57: staf-hnr, a knob at the end of a
stick, a hump, whence hnr-bakar, adj. hump-backed.
HNFA, a defect. strong verb, to chop off; r ek hnauf (MS. wrongly hnof) hfu af Hniungum,
Gh. 12; a GREEK. In old writers and in mod. usage this verb is obsolete, but it still survives in
provincial Norse, where it belongs to the 3rd class of strong verbs, nuva, nauv, see Ivar Aasen's
Grammar (1864), p. 203, l. 2; cp. also the following word.
hnfa, u, f. a law term, used of a female slave who, having committed theft thrice, was to have both
ears and nose cut off, and was henceforth called stfa or hnfa (spelt nufa), N. G. L. i. 85, -- en ef
hn stelr hit rija sinn skal skera af henni nef, heitir hn stufa ok nuva ok steli sem hn
vill. II. a nickname, lver h., one of the poets of king Harold Fairhair; cp. Lat. Naso, Silus, Silius,
Eg., Landn.
hnka, , to sit cowering, Ls.
hnkr, m. = hnjkr: a local name.
hnska, a, = knska, q.v.
hnskr, m. a knot, e.g. in a bed.
hnta, u, f. = knta.
hntr, m. a knot, = kntr, Bs. i. 829.
hnybbast, a, dep. to elbow one another; see hnippast.
HNYJA, u, f. [hnja], a club, rammer used for beating and smoothing turf or stones in building.
HNYKILL, m., dat. hnykli, [Dan. ngle; Swed. nyckel; prob. a dimin. derived from hnoa] :-- a
clew of yarn: metaph. a clew-like thing; oku-hnyklar, sk-h., wreaths of fog and clouds: of a
tumor, Fas. ii. 453.
hnykka-stafr, m. a kind of peg, = hnakkr, Ld. 116.
hnykking, f. pulling, Fas. iii. 502.
hnykkja, t, to pull violently by the hair or the like, with dat., Eg. 560; h. e-m til sn, Grg. i. 132; h.
e-n af e-m, to snatch at a thing, Nj. 32, Orkn. 182; h. e-u upp, to pull up a thing. Glm. 338. 2.
absol. to pull or tug; sveinninn tk upp kanp konunginum ok hnyki, . H. 63; en hestr Lgmanns
hnyki sv fast at hllinn gkk upp, Hkr. iii. 139; ykkisk sveinninn vel hafa hnykt, he thought he
had made a good pull, sl. ii. 348: reex. to box, Grett. 107 A. II. metaph. in mod. usage; e-m
hnykkir vi, one is amazed.
hnykkr, m. a wrestler's term, a certain brag in the Icel. glma; hence metaph. device.
hnysking, f. = hnykking, Hv. 9 new Ed.
hningr, m. a kind of dolphin, delphinus minimus, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 120.
hnl-drykkja, u, f. a carouse, drinking bout (?); vru fyrst drukknar sveitar-drykkjur, san
slgusk hnldrykkjur, Sturl. iii. 126,
hnll, m. (see knll), a short horn, Fb. i. 563; Hnll and Hna, lambs with short horns. 2. the
peak at the bow of a boat; stakst hnl feigar-far, Stef. l., freq.
hnttr, adj. short-horned; see knttr: metaph. pointed, sharp, in reply.
hnsa, t, to scrutinise; see nsa.
hnligr, adj. taunting; h. or = hnlyri, Hbl.
hnl-yri, n. pl., so spelt in lk. 36 C, Fms. iv. 334; but hnl-yri in Sturl. i. 20 :-- sarcasms,
taunts, gibes.
hnggr, adj., acc. hnoggvan, [A. S. hneaw, Engl. niggard], niggardly, stingy. Hnggvan-baugi, a,
m. niggard of rings, i.e. of money, a nickname, Fb. iii.
hnggr and hneggr, m. a ail, cudgel (= hnallr); lla munu eir kunna hngginum (hnegginum,
v.l.), er heiman hafa hlaupit fr kirnuaskinum, Fms. viii. 350; en Birkibeinar hljpu at eim ok gfu
eim hnegginn (v.l.) sem eir vru vanir, and gave them a sound thrashing, 405.
HNGGVA or hnyggja, a defect. strong verb; pres. hnyggr; pret. hngg (hnaugg), Thom. 503;
part. hnugginn; [akin to hnga] :-- to humble, bring down, with dat.; hnyggr andskotum, Fms. vi.
175 (in a verse); me hnggvanda fti, with staggering feet, Thom. 337; skip nygho (i.e. hnuggu,
3rd pers. pl. pret.), the ship lay adrift (?), Fagrsk. 44 (in a verse) :-- part. hnugginn, bereft; miklu h.,
bereft of much, Gm. 51; sigri h., Fms. vii. 58 (in a verse); h. hverjum leik, Lex. Pot.: sad, dismal,
downcast, svip-h., a sad countenance, freq. in mod. usage.
hnggvi, f. niggardliness, stinginess, Lex. Pot.
hnkkttr, adj. piebald (?); hesta tv hnkktta, Landn. 154.
hnkra, a, to touch or graze the bottom, in the phrase, a hnkrar, of a boat in shallow water, or
of a horse crossing a stream.
hnllttr, adj. knobly, pebbly, of stones.
hnllungr, m. [hnallr], a large round stone, a large pebble, boulder. hnllungs-grjt, n. pl. round
pebbles.
hnri, see hneri.
hnttr, m., hnttttr, adj., see knttr.
HODD, n. pl., -- the m. pl. hoddar, which occurs twice in verses of the 13th century (Sturl.), is a
false and late form; [Ulf. huzd = GREEK; A. S. hord; Engl. hoard; O. H. G. hort] :-- a hoard,
treasure, only in poetry; hodd blrekin, Hkv. 1. 9; hodd Hniunga, Germ. Niebelungen hort, Akv.
26; hodd (acc. pl.) ok rekna brodda, Fagrsk. (in a verse); gum hoddum, Fas. ii. 312 (in a verse);
granda hoddum, mra e-n hoddum, Lex. Pot.; kveja hodda (gen.), Eb. (in a verse); oddar ronir
hoddum, Arnr; halda hoddum fyrir e-m, sl. ii. 224 (in a verse). 2. pot. phrases, as hoddum haettr,
hodda (gen.) brjtr, njtr, stkkvir, strir, verrir, the breaker ... of gold, a princely man: as also
pot. cornpds, hodd-brjtr, -beiandi, -nnandi, -geymir, -gltur, -lestir, -lgandi, -mildingr, -
sendir, -skati, -spennir, -stiklandi, -strandi, -sveigir, -sviptir, -veitir, -vnur, all epithets of a
lordly, princely man: so of women, hodd-gefn, -grund; the nouns, hodd-mildr, -rr, = liberal;
hodd-do, a, m. stinginess; and the mythical pr. names Hodd-mmir, Hodd-dropnir, 'gold-
dripping,' Sdm. II. a holy place, temple, sanctuary, where the holy things are hoarded; of this
sense, which occurs in Heliand (Schmeller), the Gm. 27 is the single instance left on record, see
Bugge's note to l.c. in his Edda, p. 81.
HOF, n. [in A. S., Hel., and O. H. G. hof means a hall, Lat. aedes, (whence mod. Germ. hof = a
farm, answering to Icel. br or Norse bl,) and spec. the court or king's household, (in the old
Scandin. languages this sense is unknown); Ulf renders GREEK and GREEK by alhs; in Danish
local names -v prevails, but in Norse and Icel. Hof still survives in many local names, Hof, Hof-
garr, Hof-stair, Hofs-fell, Hofs-teigr, Hofs-vgr, Landn., Munch's Norg. Beskriv.; and as the
temple formed the nucleus of the old political life (see goi and goor), all these names throw light
on the old political geography; cp. Hoand near Appleby in Engl.] :-- a temple; distinction is made
between hof, a temple (a sanctuary with a roof), and hrgr, an altar, holy circle, or any rooess
place of worship: passages referring to hof and worship are very numerous, e.g. for Norway, Hkr.
Yngl. S. ch. 12, Hk. S. Aalst. ch. 16, . T. ch. 76 (by Odd Munk ch. 41), . H. (1853) ch.
113-115, O. H. L. ch. 36, Fr. ch. 23, Nj. ch. 88, 89, Fas. i. 474 (Hervar. S.); for Iceland, Landn. 1.
ch. 11, 21, 2. ch. 12, 3. ch. 16 (twice), 4. ch. 2, 6 (interesting), 7, 5. ch. 3 (p. 284), 8 (interesting),
12, Eb. ch. 3, 4, 10, Glm. ch. 25, Har. ch. 19, 37, Vd. ch. 15, 17, Hrafn. ch. 2, Eg. ch. 87, Gull.
ch. 7, Vpn. pp. 10, 11, Dropl. pp. 10, 11, Kristni S. ch. 2, etc.; cp. also Vsp. 7, Vm. 38, Hkv.
Hjrv. 4: pot., or-hof, the word's sanctuary = the mouth, Stor. 2. a hall (as in Germ. and Saxon),
Hm. 33 (GREEK.) COMPDS: I. with gen., hofs-dyrr, n. pl. temple-doors, Fms. i. 97. hofs-eir,
m. a temple-oath, Glm. 388. hofs-goi, a, m. = hofgoi, Eg. 754. hofs-helgi, f. = hofhelgi. hofs-
hur, f. a temple-door (janua), Fms. i. 302. hofs-hfingi, a, m. a temple-lord, Post. 645. 90. hofs-
mold, f. temple-earth, holy mould, see Landn. 254. hofs-teigr, m. a strip of temple-land, glebe,
Landn. 241. II. hof-garr, m. a temple-yard, a local name, Landn. hof-goi, a, m. a temple-priest
(see goi), Landn. 254, Hkr. i. 6, Eb. 12, 14, 16 new Ed. hof-gri, n. pl. asylum in a sanctuary,
Landn. 80, v.l. hof-gyja, u, f. a priestess, Vpn. 10, Landn. 265, v.l. hof-helgi, f. a temple-holiday,
feast; halda h., sl. ii. 15: the sanctity of a hof, Bret. 38, Eg. 251. hof-prestr, m. a temple-priest, Stj.
hof-star, m. a 'temple-stead,' sanctuary, Eb. 26, Fms. ii. 73. hof-tollr, m. a temple-toll, rate, Vpn.
10, Eb. 6, 12 new Ed., Bs. i. 6, Gull. 11, answering to the modern church-rate.
B. A court, almost solely in compds, and not earlier than the 14th century, from Romances: hof-
fer, f. pride, pomp, Bs. ii. 122. hof-ferugr, adj. proud. hof-flk, n. pl. courtiers, Thom. 322, 479,
Grett. 161, Karl. 51, Pass. 21. 8. hof-frakt, n. pomp, Fas. i. 46, Snt 86. hof-garr, m. a lordly
mansion, Thom., Bv., Rtt. hof-list, f. pomp, Thom. 479. hof-lr, m. = hofflk, Clar. hof-mar,
m. a courtier; in pl. hofmenn, lords; hertogi grei ok arir hofmenn, Ann. 1303; gentry, chiey in
the ballads of the Middle Ages, Ungan leit eg hofmann, Fkv. In the old dancing parties the leader of
the gentlemen was styled hofmann (cp. Germ. Hoffmann). Before dancing began, men and maids
having been drawn up in two rows, he went up to the ladies, and the following dialogue ensued: Hr
er Hofmann, hr eru allir Hofmanns sveinar. -- Hva vill Hofmann, hva vilja allir Hofmanns
sveinar? -- Mey vill Hofmann, mey vilja allir Hofmanns sveinar. Then each dancer engaged his lady
for the dance; a var hlaup, og a var hofmanns hlaup, Safn i. 689. A plain in the neighbourhood
of the alingi, where the people met, is still called Hofmanna-t, f. 'Gentry's Lea.' hof-mugr,
adj. haughty, Pass. 18. 5. hof-tyft, f. urbanity, Clar. hof-verk, n. a great feat, Safn i. 71. hof-nari,
a, m. a court servant, Fas. iii. 408.
hofera, a, for. word, [Germ. horen], to be proud, haughty.
hoferan, f. haughtiness.
hogr, m. = hugr (q.v.), mind, occurs in some compds, as hog-vr and hog-vri, f., hogvr-leikr,
hogvr-ligr; see hg.
hoka, a, = hvika (q.v.), to waver; vi hokit r enn, Glm. 380.
hokinn, part. (of a lost strong verb), bowed, bent, Fas. iii. 501.
HOKRA, a, [North. E. to hocker], to go bent, crouch; h. ea skra, to crouch or creep, Mirm.;
hgt hokrar n, Hornskeggi, sagi jtunn, Fas. iii. 386; h. at honum, Fbr. 12; at verr at hann
hokrar undir klin hj henni, Hv. 54; h. undan, to slink away, Fms. xi. 61; eigi stoar at h. undan
hyrningar, Fbr. 168; h. at e-u, sl. ii. 405 :-- in mod. usage hokra also means to live as a small
farmer; whence hokr, n., in b-hokr, small farming.
HOL, n. [A. S. hol; Engl. hole, hollow; Dan. hule; Swed. hla; Germ. hhle, etc.] :-- a hollow,
cavity; lstr vindinum ofan holit verplanna, Fms. xi. 34, Boll. 340 (of a shield), but esp. a cavity of
the body, Bs. i. 385: hol, (piercing) to the inwards, Nj. 60, Fb. i. 146; ef bl m falla hol r sri,
if it bleeds inwardly, Grg. ii. 11, Gull. 66, Band. 42 new Ed.; hol, id., 91; inn holit, of the chest,
Edda 76, Fs. 65; hit efra, nera hol, the upper and nether hollow (i.e. the chest and stomach), N. G.
L. i. 172, Sturl. iii. 54: a hole, = hola, str hol, Bs. i. 321, Rb. 440; grann me hol, Thom. 468.
hola, u, f. a hole, Fms. viii. 39, Gull. 22, Bs. i. 329, Sks. 148; botn-hola, q.v.; jar-hola, an earth-
hole; moldar-hola, msar-hola.
hola, a, to make hollow, Al. 168, Mar. freq.
hol-barki, a, in. a hollow throat ( = holgma), a nickname, Landn.
hol-bl, n. blood from the inwards, Eb. 242.
HOLD, n. [A. S. hold; Dan. huld; Swed. hull], esh; mis hold, Vm. 21; svrr ok hold, skin and
esh, Eg. 770; var allt hold hans fit ok ll kli, Fms. iv. 110; rtnar hrund er stekkr undan
hold, Grg. ii. 15; hold n bein, Ephes. v. 30, Luke xxiv. 39; hold ok bein, esh and bone; hold af
mnu holdi, Gen. ii. 23: phrases, hold ok hjarta, esh and heart, Hm. 95; hold ok hams, q.v. 2.
edible esh, meat = kjt; beru hold, bear's esh, Vkv. 9; bjarnar hold, Sks. 191; lambs hold, lamb's
esh, Hom. 82; hnsu hold, Fms. vii. 161. 3. plur. eshiness, stoutness, fatness, esp. of cattle, Fbr. 17
new Ed.; ala f sv at htt s fyrir holda sakir, Grg. i. 431; at at standi eigi fyrir holdum, 140;
vera gum holdum, to be in good condition, freq.; gu holdi (sing.), Bs. i. 350; hann er mesta
holda hnyja, of a fat person. II. eccl. the esh, rendering of Gr. GREEK (whereas GREEK is
rendered by kjt); og au munu eitt hold vera, Matth. xix. 5, 6; holds breiskleiki, Rom. vi. 19; vera
holdinu, to be in the esh, vii. 5, 18, 25, viii. 1, 3, 9, 12, 13: opp. to andi, John iii. 6, vi. 63, 1 Cor. i.
26, 29; andinn er fss en holdi er breiskt, Matth. xxvi. 41; eptir holdinu, after the esh, John viii.
15, Acts ii. 30, Rom. i. 3, iv. 1, ix. 3, 8, 1 Cor. x. 18, 2 Cor. v. 16, Gal. vi. 12, Ephes. ii. 11; allt hold,
all esh, Luke iii. 6 John xvii. 2; hold og bl, Matth. xvi. 17: kith, kin, mitt hold, Rom. xi. 14, Fms.
x. 110 :-- in mod. usage also distinction is usually made between hold, esh, and kjt, meat.
COMPDS: holds-veiki, f. leprosy. holds-veikr, adj. leprous.
hold-bori, a, m., pot. a raven, Edda (Gl.)
hold-borinn, part.; h. brir, a natural brother, Flv. 52.
hold-fi, a, m., medic. mortication, Bs. i. 190.
holdgan, f., eccl. incarnation, Fms. i. 107, Rb. 84, N. T., Pass., Vdal.
holdgask, a, dep., eccl. to take esh, be incarnate, Rb. 80, Mar., Stj., N. T., Vdal., Pass. passim: in
a profane sense, ok holdguumk ek sv me essum htti, Fms. x. 307.
hold-grannr, adj. lean.
hold-grinn, part. grown to the esh, Hm. 15, Edda 70, Fms. v. 344, Fas. i. 165: metaph.
incarnate, inborn, Stj. 87.
holdigr, adj. eshy, stout, Eb. 258.
hold-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), carnal, 677. 6, Barl. 142, 185, Bs. i. 850; in N. T. = Gr. GREEK.
hold-ltill, adj. = holdgrannr, Bs. i. 312.
hold-mikill, adj. fat, stout.
hold-mmir, m. a 'esh-cutter,' chopper, pot. a sword, Edda (Gl.)
holdr, adj. eshy; vel holdr, well-eshed, fat, Grett. 125, Vm. 28.
hold-rosa, u, f. (hold-rosi, a, m.), the esh side of a hide, Fas. i. 289.
hold-tekja, u, f., eccl. incarnation, Hom. 137, 141, Stj. 149.
hol-fenni, n. [fnn], hollow snow, such as has melted from beneath, Sturl. i. 85.
hol-geya, u, f. a hollow wave, breaker, Hom. Il. xiii. 798.
hol-gmr, mod. holgma, adj. with hollow gums, mumbling, Sklda 170.
hol-grafa, grf, to suppurate, of a boil.
hol-hggva, hj, to smite to the inwards, Fas. i. 506.
holla, d, with dat., to help, Lat. favere, Eg. 480 (in a verse); a GREEK., whence the participle pl.
hollendr, helpers, followers, Grg. ii. 20, 21.
holl-liga, adv. faithfully, Sks. 371, Hom. 63.
holl-ligr, adj. sincere.
HOLLR, adj. [hollari, hollastr; Ulf. huls, Luke xviii. 13; A. S. hold; O. H. G. and Germ. hold;
Dan.-Swed. huld] :-- of kings and chiefs, gracious; hull regin, Ls. 4; hollar vettir, Og. 10, Lex. Pot,
passim; holl frndsemi, Eb. 116; vingar ok hollr e-m, Fs. 123; of subjects and followers, faithful,
loyal; ert hollari Agli en Eireki konungi, Eb. 424; e-m hollost, Al. 71; s Gu hollr eim er heldr
grium, Grg. ii. 166, in the oath formula, where opp. to gramr; vera e-m h. ok trr, Bs. i. 817, Lex.
Pot, passim; vin-h., vil-h., favouring one. II. of things, wholesome; heil ok holl r, 4. 11; hafa
skal holl r hvaan sem au koma, a saying, = fas est et ab hoste doceri; holl forsj, Fms. vi. 343;
holl hirting, Al. 129; sjlfs hnd er hollost, a saying, Hkr. ii. 259. 2. so in medic. sense, at er ekki
hollt; -hollr, unwholesome.
holl-rr, adj. giving wholesome counsel, Fms. ix. 462.
holl-ri, n. wholesome counsel, Sks. 329 B.
hollusta (hollosta), u, f. faith, loyalty; vil ek hafa ar til hollostu na mt, Fms.: esp. loyalty to a
liege lord, h. vi konung, Fb. ii. 265, passim. 2. wholesomeness, a wholesome thing; vil ek at
iggir at mr litla gjf, en h. fylgir, Korm. 68. COMPDS: hollostu-eir, m. an oath of fealty.
hollustu-mar, m. a friend, partisan, Gl. 61.
hol-mur, adj. 'hole-mouth,' = holgma, a nickname, Nj.
HOLR, adj. [A. S. hol; O. H. G. holi; Engl. hollow; Dan. huul; Swed. hol; Gr. GREEK] :-- hollow;
var leikit undan bkkunum sv at holt var me landinu, Grett. 131 A; holr steinn, Str. 32; holr innan,
hollow within, . H. 108, Njar. 378; klappa eigi holan baug um e-t, not to hammer a hollow ring,
i.e. to be quite in earnest, Fb. iii. 404; cp. hulda.
hol-sr, n. a wound in a vital part. Fbr. 211, N. G. L. i. 67.
HOLT, n. [A. S. holt = sylva; Germ. holz = lignum; in E. Engl. and North. Engl. holt means
copsewood, and the word often occurs in local names] :-- prop. wood, copsewood, a coppice; but
this sense is almost obsolete, though it remains in the saying, opt er holti heyrandi nr, in a holt a
hearer is nigh, answering to the Engl. leaves have ears, in Germ. die bltter haben ohren, Grett.
133: as also in old poems, holt ok hrr vir, Skm. 32; sp holti, Hm. 4; Hoddmmis holt, Vm.;
fara r holti, to go from the woods, Vkv. 15: whence holt-skrii, a, m. 'holt-creeper,' pot. for a
snake, Edda: holta-r, m. reynard the fox: in laws, yrkja holt n haga, Gl. 315; h. ea haga ea
veii-stai, 362; but otherwise rare in common prose, holt er skgar, Eg.; smkjrr ok holt, Fms.
vi. 334: in local names, Holtsetar (Holsetar), m. pl. 'holt-sitters,' the men of Holsten; Holtseta-
land, n. the land of the Holtsetar (Holstenland), whence the mod. Germ. Holstein. In barren Icel.,
Holt, Holtar are freq. local names, as also in compds, e.g. Lang-holt, Skla-holt, Geldinga-holt,
Villinga-holt, Reykja-holt, Holta-va, see Landn.; in olden times; all these places were no doubt
covered with copse (of dwarf birch). 2. in common Icel. usage holt means any rough stony hill or
ridge, opp. to a marsh or lea, Fms. v. 70, 97, Ld. 96, Eg. 713, Fs. 19, 22, 67, passim, as also in mod.
usage. COMPDS: holta-rt, f., botan. moss campion, silene acaulis, Hjalt. holta-sley, f., botan.
mountain avens, dryas. holt-bar, n. the rim of a holt (hill). holts-gata, u, f. a path through a holt,
Fms. iii. 22. holts-hnjkr, m., holts-mli, a, m. a crag, Sturl. ii. 210.
holti, a, m. a nickname, Bs.
holt-ri, n. a 'holt-ridge,' Hm. 27.
hol-und, f. [cp. Ulf. hulundi = GREEK], a wound reaching to the hollow of the body, a mortal
wound, = holsr, Grg. ii. 11, Nj. 217. holundar-sr, n. = holsr, Nj. 110.
hol-undi (hol-unda), adj. wounded to the hollow of the body, Grg. ii. 91, N. G. L. i. 172.
HOPA, a, spelt opa, Korm. 60, sl. ii. 253 (see v.l.), Bs. i. 551, Gull. 19 :-- to bound backwards,
to draw back, recoil; hopuu eir, Fms. vii. 254; sumir hopuu sumir u, 324: with prepp.,
hopai konungr upp borgar-vegginn, i. 104; hopa aptr, to draw back, vi. 419, Eg. 296; hopa
hl, id., Al. 5, Nj. 170, Fms. viii. 134: hopa til, to take a leap, = skopa skei, ix. 56; hopa undan,
sl. ii. 253, Fbr. 66 new Ed., Bs. i. 551; eir stu upp en hann hopai t undan, Nj. 130; hopar hann
hestinum undan, he backed the horse, 205. 2. to bound, of a horse; hestr opai undir Narfa,
Korm. 60; konungr hopai hestinum ok forai ftum snum, Fb. ii. 27. II. metaph. phrase,
hopar mr til vnar, it bounds for me to a hope, i.e. I hope or believe, Fms. i. 140; whence prob.
Engl. hope, Germ. hoffen, which word is otherwise strange to the old Scandin. tongue. III. reex.
hopask, to hope, Swed. hoppas, D. N. iv. 493 (Norse); unknown in the Icel.
hopp, n. a hopping, skipping, Mar. hopp-danz, m. 'skipping-dance,' Blus S.
HOPPA, a, [Engl. hop], to hop, skip, bound, Stj. 249, ir. 151 (of a dance), passim in mod.
usage; h. yr, to skip over, Alg. 368.
hopp-fgr, adj. fair-skipping, springy, epithet of a girl, Eb. (in a verse).
horar, part. pinched, starved; grind-h., skin-h., skin and bone.
horast, a, dep. to become lean and pinched.
hor-blaka, u, f., botan. menyanthes, buck-bean, Hjalt.
hor-dingull, m., see dgull, Fas. ii. 149.
horf, n. a naut. term, direction, course; halda hornu, to keep the ship's head to the wind, etc.,
opp. to letting her drive.
HORFA, , subj. hyrfi, Rb. 470, Skld. H. 4. 21, Fms. xi. 76, [akin to hverfa, q.v.] :-- to turn in a
certain direction, Lat. vergere; horfi upp eggin, kjlrinn, the edge, keel, turned uppermost, Nj.
136, Ld. 142; h. fr landi, the ship turns towards the sea, Fms. xi. 101; er eigi veit hvrt sull skal
fram h. hrossi er aptr, ea hvrt hann skal h., Grg. ii. 175; horfa bkum vi e-m, to stand back
to back, Hkr. iii. 384; horfa hfi til jarar en ftum til himins, Post. 656 C. 37; hann hljp sem
horfi, he ran ever headlong on, Bret. 90; sur horfu dyrr, the doors looked south, Vsp., Fb. ii.
138; horfi botninn inn at hfanum, Landn. 34; tti honum lla af sr h. ftrinn, i.e. the leg was
awry, Sturl. ii. 63; hann horfi lopt upp, Fs. 7. II. to turn so as to look on, behold; hann horfi t
r hringinum, Ld. 276: with prepp. to look on, hn horfi ar lngum, sl. ii. 274, passim; h. vi e-
m, to face one, Eg. 293; eir bleyask skjtt ef vel er vi horft, Fms. vi. 312; h. ndurr vi, . H.
183: metaph. to set oneself against a person, eir er heldr hfu vi honum horft snum huga, Bs.
i. 81; vru eir hinir mestu rskipta-menn er eim tk vi at horfa, i.e. they (the berserkers) were
great rufans if any one opposed them, Eb. 38 new Ed.; horfa ekki e-t, not to turn away from, not
to shirk, eg hor ekki a gra a. 2. metaph. matters take a turn, look so and so; etta horr til
efna, sl. ii. 239; at ar hor til gamans mikils, that things look towards great joy, Fas. i. 317;
horfi til landaunar, 526; h. fastliga, to look bad, difcult, Lv. 94, Ld. 92; h. ungliga, sl. ii. 19; h.
erliga, Nj. 139; h. vnt, to look unpromising, Eg. 340, Fms. xi. 76; hvrum horr vnna, who is
more likely to get the better, Nj. 45; e-m horr betr, Lv. 54; ok horr mjk mti oss, 10; h. til
handa e-m, to devolve upon one, Grg. i. 269. III. reex., with prepp.; horfask , matters look so
and so; betri stt en n ykir horfask, Eg. 113; hr horsk eigi skruliga , Fms. vii. 33; Hjalta
tti vnt horfask, iv. 141, x. 214; horfask vel , to look well, promise well; horfisk me
eim heldr en eigi, i.e. it looked rather good than not, Bjarn. 56; h. til e-s, to look as if ...; er til
hvers va horfisk, Fms. vii. 125; me fsku slkri sem hr horsk til, Eg. 729, Lv. 10. 2. recipr.,
horfask , to face one another, Sturl. i. 176; horfusk eir Gizurr at hfunum, turned the heads
together, iii. 189.
horn-heilla, u, f. loss of luck; h. er mr, luck has left me, Fs. 98; kvask eim h. at ykkja, Fms.
vii. 272.
horfna, a, to disappear, O. H. L. 11, (spelt hormna.)
hor-lopi, a, m. dropsy caused by scanty food.
HORN, n. [A. S., Engl., O. H. G., Germ., Dan., and Swed. horn; Lat. cornu; Gr. GREEK] :-- a
horn (of cattle), antler (of deer), Gm. 26, Hkv. 2. 36, Sl. 55, Barl. 135, Ld. 120, Fas. ii. 506, Grg.
ii. 122, N. G. L. i. 41, passim: metaph. phrases, vera harr horn at taka, to be hard to take by the
horns, hard to deal with, Fr. 159, Fms. viii. 435, xi. 221, Hkr. ii. 91, Fb. i. 411; hlaupa um horn e-
m, to leap round or by one's horns, i.e. to evade, metaph. from a bull-ght, Sturl. iii. 256, Boll. 346;
setja (hafa) horn su e-m, to put one's horn into a person's side, i.e. to treat him spitefully, Gd. 49,
passim: the phrase, gefa rli frelsi fr horni ok knappi, to release a thrall from horn and clasp, i.e.
to set him free, N. G. L. i. 228, prob. from the thrall's neck-collar being of horn: horna-brkla, u. f.
= brk, q.v., Finnb. ch. 29; horna-ttr, m. aying a hide with the horns, Fb. iii. 400; horna-tog, n.
tow round the horns, Fb. i. 320. II. the back-n of a whale, Sks. 128; skera hval fr horni ok aptr
su, N. G. L. i. 252, Gl. 463. III. a drinking horn, Fs. 152, Eg. 206, Edda 32; drekka horn, Hkr. i.
35; horna skvol, a bout, Eb. 28, and passim in the Sagas, see Worsaae, Nos. 319, 320. IV. a horn,
trumpet; horna blstr, horna ytr, the blowing, sound of a born, Stj. 621.
B. A corner, nook, angle; lands-horn, the outskirts of a county, Grg. ii. 223; fara lands-horna
milli, to run from one corner of the land to the other :-- a nook in a house or building, Lv. 61, Fms.
vii. 230, Anal. 186: mathem. an angle, 415. 18, Rb. 470; rtt horn, a right angle. 2. phrases, skjta
tvau horn, 'to shoot between two horns,' of a wide difference; skauzk mjk tvau horn um bna
eirra, Eb. 32, Band. 11 new Ed., Fms. vi. 202, Mag. 39; eiga mrg horn a lta, to have many
nooks to look at, have many things to heed. . when parents get old and inrm, and yield up their
fortune and estate to one of their children, they are in popular Icel. phrase said 'to go into the
corner,' to take their seat in the chimney-corner, fara upp horni hj syni snum, (dttur sinni);
many sayings refer to this, eigi munu vr eiga vnna en horn-vn, if the worst happens, we shall
have a 'corner-chance,' Sturl. iii. 279, cp. Eg. ch. 83 (begin.), and the Sagas passim; Grimm R. A.
489 mentions the same in the Germ. law, and it is touchingly introduced in the Mrchen, No. 78;
horna-kerling (q.v.) refers prob. to the same. II. freq. in local names, Horn, Cape Horn; Horn-
strandir, Horna-fjrr (whence Hornringar), see Landn.
horna, u, f. a female hornungr (q.v.), N. G. L. i. 206.
hornauga, n. a wry look; lta h. til e-s.
horn-blstr, m. a sound of trumpets, Fms. vii. 202, Rb. 376, 380.
horn-bogi, a, m. a horn bow, Sks. 408, Karl. 352, ir. 283, Fas. i. 502.
horn-skr, m. [Dan. hornsk], a garsh or green-bone: a nickname, Sturl.
horn-gli, a, m., pot. a ram, Edda (Gl.)
horn-gla, u, f. a kind of sh, esox belone, Dan. horngjle, Edda (Gl.)
horn-ggr, adj. proud of his horns, epithet of a he-goat, Hm. 7.
horn-hagldir, f. pl. horn buckles.
horn-st, n. pl. horn stirrups.
horn-ker, n. a horn cup, Dipl. iii. 4.
horn-kerling (horn-kona, horn-oka, horn-reka, u, f. all various readings), f. an old woman in the
corner, a term of contempt, Nj. 52: mod. horna-skella, u, f. a term of contempt, one who is pushed
about from one corner to another.
horn-klo, a, m., pot. a raven, Edda (Gl.): as the name of a poet, Hkr.
hornttr, adj. horned, Stj. 132, passim; horntt tungl (moon), id.
horn-sl, n. a kind of sh, the stickle-back, Ld. 76.
horn-skafa, u, f. a scraper made of horn, used in the game called skfuleikr (q.v.), sl. ii. 71.
horn-spensl, n. a horn buckle, Gl. 359.
horn-spnn, m. a horn spoon, Fms. vi. 364 (in a verse), Hungrv. (pref.); mod. Icel., like the
ancients, use horn spoons, and the handle is often ornamented with carved work.
horn-stafr, m. a corner pillar in a building, Sturl. iii. 279, Landn. 42, Ld. 326, Hom. 95.
horn-steinn, m. a corner stone, Post. 645. 69, N. G. L. i. 345.
hornum-skali, a, m., pot. a ram, Edda (Gl.)
hornungr, m. [A. S. hornung = bastard; Lex Romana ornongo; cp. Germ. winkel-kind and winkel-
ehe = concubinatus; cp. bsingr and Engl. bastard :-- all of them with the notion of a corner for the
illegitimate and outcast son, see Grimm R. A. 476] :-- an old law term, a bastard son; in the Norse
law the son of a freeborn wife, whose mundr has not been paid, and who is therefore illegitimate, N.
G. L. i. 48, 228, cp. Hm. 12; h. ok jar-barn, Fas. i. 495. . in Icel. law the son of a freeborn
woman and a bondman, Grg. i. 178. 2. metaph. a scamp, outcast; vera hornungr e-s, Fms. xi. 7;
munu margir vera ess hornungar er eigu, hann var grr h. brur sns, i. 255; n emk h. hylli
hennar, I am her outcast, Kormak (in a verse).
horn-vn, f., Sturl. iii. 279; see horn above.
HORR, m., I. starvation; detta nir hor, to starve to death, Bs. i. 875; deyja r hor, id. hor-daur,
adj. starved to death, hor-ket, n. meat of a starved beast. II. [A. S. horu = sordes], mucus from the
nose, N. G. L. i. 351, Fas. iii. 653: in the saying, aptr skir horr nef.
hors, see hross.
horsk-leikr, m. an accomplishment, Hom. 144, Fms. xi. 439.
horsk-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), brave, wise, noble; h. or, Hom. 143.
HORSKR, adj. [A. S. horsc], wise; thus in the old Hm., horskr and
heimskr, wise and foolish, good and wicked, are opposed, 19, 92, 93; horskr is opp. to svir, Fm.
35, 36, cp. 37; h. ok gull, the wise and silent, Hm. 6 (cp. GREEK of Pythagoras); s er vill
heitinn h., Hm. 61; horskir hugir, wise minds, 90; en horska mr, the wise maiden, 95; it horska
man, id., 101; horskar konur, Hbl. 17; h. halr, Skv. 3; heill ok h., Akv. 12, see Lex. Pot.; hvt ok
horsk, of a maid, Rm. 36. This word is almost obsolete in prose, Sks. 207, Str. 31.
horti, a, m. a rufan, a nickname, Fms. xii.
hor-tittr, m. a stop-gap, Germ. lcken bsser, Dan. fyldekalk, Fl. x. 286.
hortugr, adj. impertinent, saucy, Fas. ii. 333: esp. used of boys who give rude replies, ert
hortugr, strkr!
HOSA, u, f. [A. S. hosa; Engl. hose; Germ. hosen; Dan. hose] :-- prop. the hose or stocking
covering the leg between the knee and ankle, serving as a kind of legging or gaiter; the hose were
often of ne stuff, hosna-reim, f. and hosna-sterta, u, f. a garter, Grett. 101, Nj. 214, Orkn. 404,
Al. 44, O. H. L. 45, Eg. 602, Sks. 286, 405, Fms. vi. 381, viii. 265, ir. 358, Fb. ii. 34: compds,
skinn-hosa, dramb-hosa, ler-hosa.
hosar, part. wearing hose, Sks. 286.
hossa, a, to toss in one's arms or on one's knees, e.g. a child, with dat.; hossa barni, freq.
hott, an interj. used in driving horses, hotta, a, to say 'hott.'
H, interj. ho! Fms. x. 338, Stj.; also a shepherd's call.
ha, a, to shout 'ho' or 'hoy,' of a shepherd, Grett. 111, Glm. 311, Snt 221 (1866): also with dat.
to call to the sheep, to gather them, egar forslan er komin ofan slakkann arna, er tmi til
fyrir ig a fara a ha v (fnu) saman, Piltr og Stlka 10.
HF, n. [from a lost strong verb, hafa, hf], moderation, measure; hf ok stilling, Fms. ii. 38;
kunna hf, to shew moderation; allt kann s er ht kann, a saying, Gsl. 27; grit eim ina
fyrstu hr, at eir kunni hf sn, i.e. give them a good lesson! Fms. xi. 94; Klau, kunn hf itt,
K., be not so mad! Sd. 147; tla hf fyrir sr, Eg. 21; eir eru ofsamenn sv at eir hafa ekki hf
vi, 175 :-- proportion, at v h, in the same proportion, equal degree, Grg. ii. 177, Al. 131,
Fms. vi. 225; slkt vti ... sitt hf, in his turn, Ld. 136; vel er essu hf stillt, 'tis fairly done, fair
and just, Nj. 54; e-t gegnir h, it is fair, Fms. vii. 132; er hf at, then it is all right, Fs. 25; n er
nr h, 15; at h, tolerably, Fms. vi. 102; vel at h, pretty well, xi. 11, 48; vi hf, reasonable,
Edda 48 :-- a rule, standard, at har ar einskis manns hf vi nema itt, Eg. 714; -hf, excess,
intemperance, hfs-mar, m. a temperate, just man, Hkr. i. 309, Eg. 50, sl. ii. 190. II. a feast,
banquet; hf er ht, Stj. 186; halda mikit hf, 188, Fas. i. 420, 462; drekka hf, Fms. xi. 436: in
mod. usage esp. of a wedding.
hf-hvarf, n. the fetlock or pastern of a horse.
hf-kli, n. a festive dress, Stj.
hf-langr, adj. pretty long, Sturl. iii. 44.
hf-lauss, adj. immoderate, boundless, Sks. 467, 733, Al. 156.
hf-ltr, adj. moderate, Edda i. 116, v.l.
hf-leysa, u, f. excess, intemperance, licence, Stj. 626, Bs. ii. 98, 115.
hf-liga, adv. with moderation, tly, justly, Fms. viii. 373: fairly, tolerably, Nj. 105, Sturl. iii. 169,
Rm. 353 (cautiously).
hf-ligr, adj. moderate, Fms. x. 295, Barl. 9, Rm. 302.
HFR, m. [A. S. hf; Engl. hoof; O. H. G. huof; Germ. huf; Swed. hof; Dan. hov] :-- a hoof, of a
horse, opp. to klaur = cloven hoof, Fms. xi. 280, Grett. 91, N. G. L. i. 41; hfs gangr, a clash of
hoofs, 341.
hfr, m. = hfr (q.v.), a trunk; whence hf-reginn, Haustl.
hf-samliga, adv. = higa, Orkn. 274 (cautiously), Gl. ix.
hf-samligr, adj. = hfsamr, Mar. passim, Barl. 161.
hf-samr, adj. moderate, temperate, Sks. 355, 454, Sturl. i. 107 (v.l.), Orkn. 252, Barl. 142: thrifty
(mod.); -hfsamr, intemperate.
hf-semd, f. moderation, temperance, Hkr. iii. 179, Th. 77, Grg. lxvii, Barl. 85.
hf-semi, f. temperance, Fms. ii. 238, Hom. 27; -hfsemi, intemperance.
hf-skegg, n. 'hoof-tuft,' the tuft on a horse's pastern, Karl. 426, Landn. 94.
hf-stilling, f. moderation, Fms. iii. 45.
hf-tunga, u, f. 'hoof-tongue,' the frog of a horse's hoof.
hf-tlt, n. 'hoof-tilt,' a slow trot.
Hf-varpnir, m. name of a mythical horse, Edda.
HG-, [akin to hagr and hgr, easy; from a lost strong verb, haga, hg], only found in COMPDS,
denoting easy, gentle, soft: hg-brr, adj. easy to bear, Bs. i. 94. hg-drgr, adj. easy to carry,
Stor. 1. hg-dr, n. gentle deer, pot. name of a ship, Lex. Pot. hg-ltr, adj. of easy temper, Sks.
355. hg-leiki, m. meekness, Stj. 71. hg-liga, adv. calmly, meekly, gently; taka h. , to touch gently,
Fb. i. 467, Hkr. ii. 63, Fms. vii. 158, Nj. 219; hg-ligar, more tly, Fms. vii. 258; ra h., to ride
gently, Korm. 60; fara h. me, Fms. vi. 353. hg-ligr, adj. easy, Gsl. 143: gentle, Fs. 32, Fms. vi.
274: meet, hglig bi, 623. 60. hg-l, n. an easy, quiet life, . H. 214, Fb. i. 37. hg-lyndi, n. an
easy temper, gentleness, Mar. hg-lyndr, adj. easy-tempered, peaceable, Eb. 258, 656 B. 6, Fms. iv.
214. hg-lti, n. gentleness, Hkr. iii. 169. hg-rei, f. the easy wain, the wain of Thor, Haustl. hg-
samliga, adv. calmly, 656 A. ii. 11. hg-samr, adj. gentle, Fms. x. 415. hg-seta, u, f. = hgl, Fs.
183. hg-settr, adj. modest, Lex. Pot. hg-strt, part. easily steered, Eg. 762. hg-str, adj. living
at ease, Greg. 49.
B. In a few words hg- is no doubt of a different origin, from hog- = hogr or hugr, mind: these
words are, hg-vra, , to ease the mind, Sks. 40, 591, Mag. 7. hg-vr and hg-vri, f.
calmness of mind, equanimity, Bs. i. 45, Fms. x. 408, Hom. 43, Mar. passim, Pass. 6. 5, 34. 4.
hgvr-leikr, m. modesty, Stj. hg-vrliga, adv. meekly. hg-vrligr, adj. meek, gentle, Mar.
passim. hg-vrr, adj. gentle, pious, meek of mind, Nj. 2, Eg. 702, Sturl. i. 139, Anecd. 11, . H.
92, Hom. 8, 129, Fms. x. 419, Pass. 13. 2, passim: of beasts, gentle, 673. 56, Stj. 83, Karl. 277. In
all these words the notion of 'quietness' is contained in the latter part of the compd.
HL, n. [A. S. hl], praise, attery, Hkr. ii. 88, Edda ii. 544, Pr. 110: boasting, vaunting, Nj. 237.
hl-beri, a, m. a atterer, Greg. 23, Fms. v. 194, v.l.
hlf, n. = hvlf (q.v.), a vault, Thom. 472: a compartment in a drawer.
hlfa, , = hvlfa, q.v.
hlnn, adj. [hvlf], hollow, Stj.
HLKR, m. [prop. holkr, cp. Engl. hulk], a ring or tube of metal, Dipl. iii. 4, Fas. ii. 259; knf-h.,
the ring on a knife's handle; skf-h., jrn-h., an iron tube.
HLL, m. contracted for hvll (q.v.), and the usual form in old MSS. :-- a hill, hillock, Eg. 744,
Fms. ii. 197, vii. 71, Orkn. 300, Nj. 67, Ld. 154 (see dalr), Gull. 28, Al. 28, Karl. 211, Fb. i. 421,
Rm. 315, Fs. 27: the phrases, dal og hl, dale and hill; hlar og hir; lf-hll, an elf-hill, fairy
mount; orrostu-hll, vg-hll, a battle-hill; sjvar-hlar, sand-hills (dunes or denes) on the shore;
grjt-hll, a stone heap, passim: freq. in local names, Hll and Hlar; Hla-biskup, Hla-star,
etc., the bishop, see of Holar, Sturl.; Reykja-hlar, Staar-hll, Landn. passim. The older form
remains in a few instances, see that word.
hlm-ganga, u, f. 'holm-gang, holm-going,' a duel or wager of battle fought on an islet or 'holm,'
which with the ancients was a kind of last appeal or ordeal; and wherever a Thing (parliament) was
held, a place was appointed for the wager of battle, as the holm in the Axe River in the alingi. The
hlmganga differed from the plain einvgi or duel, as being accompanied by rites and governed by
rules, whilst the latter was not, -- vat hlmgngu er vandh en alls eigi einvgi, Korm. 84.
The ancient Icel. Sagas abound in wagers of battle, chiey the Korm. S. ch. 10 and passim: some
champions were nicknamed from the custom, e.g. Hlmgngu-Bersi (Korm. S.), Hlmgngu-Starri,
Hlmgngu-Mni, Hlmgngu-Hrafn, Landn. About A.D. 1006 (see Tmatal), the hlmganga was
abolished by law in the parliament, on account of the unhappy feud between Gunnlaug Snake-
tongue and Skald-Hrafn, Gunnl. S. ch. 11, cp. Valla L. ch. 5 ( vru af tekin hlmgngu-lg ll ok
hlmgngur), referring to about A.D. 1010; a single instance however of a challenge in the north of
Icel. is recorded after this date (about the year 1030-1040), but it was not accepted (Lv. S. ch. 30);
the wager in Lv. ch. 17 was previous (though only by a few years) to the ght between Gunnlaug
and Rafn. It is curious that Jn Egilsson, in his Lives of Bishops (written about A.D. 1600, Bisk.
Ann. ch. 36, Safn i. 64), mentions a wager of battle between the parties of the two bishops, Jn
Arason and gmund, on the old holm in the Axe River A.D. 1529; but the whole is evidently a
mere reproduction of the tale of the Horatii in Livy. Maurer thinks that the two important acts of
legislation, the institution of the Fifth Court in 1004 and the abolition of the ordeal of hlmganga a
few years later, are closely connected, as the institution of the new court of appeal made the
decision by battle superuous. In Norway, if we are to believe Grett. S. ch. 21 ( tk Eirekr af allar
hlmgngur Noregi), the hlmgngur were abolished about the year 1012. It is very likely that the
tournaments of the Norman age, fought in lists between two sets of champions, sprang from the
heathen hlmganga, though this was always a single combat. For separate cases see the Sagas,
Korm. S. l.c., Gunnl. S. l.c., Eg. ch. 57, 67, Nj. ch. 24, 60, Landn. 2. ch. 13, 3. ch. 7, Rd. ch. 1, 19,
Gsl. init., Glm. ch. 4, Valla L. l.c., Hallfr. S. ch. 10. A curious kind of duel in a tub is recorded in
Flam. S. ch. 17, called kerganga, perhaps akin to the mod. Swed. ght in a belt. For England see
Sir Edmund Head's interesting notes to Glm. COMPDS: hlmgngu-bo, n. challenging to h.,
Valla L. 214, Fas. ii. 475. hlmgngu-lg, n. pl. the law, rules of h., Korm. 86, Valla L. 213.
hlmgngu-mar, m. a champion of h., Korm. 54, Fms. i. 149. hlmgngu-star, m. a place
where h. is fought, Fms. i. 150. hlmgngu-sver, n. a sword used in h., Fas. i. 515.
HLMR, prop. holmr, also hlmi, a, m. [A. S. holm; North. E. holm and houm] :-- a holm, islet,
esp. in a bay, creek, lake, or river; even meadows on the shore with ditches behind them are in Icel.
called holms, Haustl. 18, Hkv. Hjrv. 8, Vkv. 38, Fms. vi. 217, Hkr. i. 254, Sd. 181; vatninu er
einn hlmi reyri vaxinn, Fms. i. 71; undir einn hlma, Fas. ii. 535; uppi hlmanum, Orkn. 402. .
referring to the hlmganga (q.v.), Dropl. 36; falla hlmi, to fall in a duel, Landn. 80; skora e-m
hlm, to challenge one, Nj. 15, passim; ganga hlm, to ght a wager of battle; skulu vit berjask
hlma eim er hr er xar, Nj. 36; leysa sik af hlmi, to release oneself off the holm, viz. the
vanquished party had to pay the ransom stipulated in the hlmgngu-lg, Glm. passim. II. freq. in
local names, Borgundar-hlmr, Hlmr, Hlmar, Landn.; Hlm-garr, the county of Russia
bordering on the lakes Ladoga, etc.: Hlm-rygir, m. pl. a people in western Norway: pr. names of
men, Hlm-kell, Hlm-fastr, Hlm-steinn; of women, Hlm-frr, etc., Landn. COMPDS: Hlm-
bar, m. pl. the men from Bornholm. Hlm-dlir, m. pl. the men from Holm, Sturl. hlm-frr, adj.
able to ght in a duel, Gl. 269, v.l. APPELL. COMPDS: hlm-ganga, q.v. hlm-hringr, m. the
circle marked for a duel, Eg. 492. hlm-lausn, f. releasing oneself by paying the ransom after a
duel, Dropl. 36, Korm. 88. hlm-star, m. = hlmgngustar, Eg. 486. hlm-stefna, u, f. a meeting
(duel) on a holm, Eg. 485, 490, Fas. i. 419. hlm-sver, n. = hlmgngusver, Fas. i. 416. hlm-
sk, f. = hlmgngusk, Bjarn. 66. In poetry the sea is called hlm-fjturr, m. 'holm-fetter,' and the
rocks hlm-leggr, m. the leg of the holm, i.e. rocks, Lex. Pot.: the sea is hlm-negldr, part.
studded with holms, id.
HP, n. [A. S. hop; Scot. hope = haven; perhaps connected with A. S. hp, Engl. hoop, with
reference to a curved or circular form] :-- a small landlocked bay or inlet, connected with the sea so
as to be salt at ood tide and fresh at ebb, orf. Karl. 420, freq. in mod. usage. II. a local name,
Hp, Hps-s, Vestr-hp, Landn., sl. ii. 387: in Engl. local names as Stanhope, Easthope,
Kemble's Dipl.; Elleshoop in Holstein (Grein); Kirkhope, St. Margaret's hope, etc., in Orkney.
HPR, m. [Dan. hob; Swed. hop; the Engl. heap, Germ. haufen, would answer to Icel. haupr,
which does not exist] :-- a troop, ock, bevy; mann-hpr, a host of men, Bjarn. 52, Skld H. 6. 47,
Pass. 21. 10: freq. in mod. usage, e.g. sinn hp, among one's own equals; fjr-hpr, a ock of
sheep; fugla-hpr, a bevy of birds. hpa-kaup, n. a purchasing in lots.
HR, m., acc. h, gen. hs, [the same word as Goth. hoha = a plough-share; Engl. hoe, though
different in sense] :-- a pot-hook ( = hadda, q.v.), in a nursery rhyme bidding one who has sore lips
go into the kitchen, kiss the pot-hook thrice (kyssa hinn rysvar), and say these words: Heill og
sll hr minn, | eg skal kyssa sns na, ef grir vr mna, sl. js. ii. 553, which throw a
light ou the passage in Hbl. 48 (Sif h heima), insinuating that Thor busied himself with cooking
and dairy-work. The hs in Ls. 33 seems to be a gen. = hvers, cujus, answering to the dat. hveim,
abl. hv. COMPDS: h-band, n. a pot-hook string, Bjrn. h-nef, n. the 'nose' or loop into which
the hr is hooked, Bjrn.
HR, n. [Goth. horinassus = GREEK; Engl. whoredom], adultery, Jb. 448, N. G. L. i. 70, Sks. 693,
v.l.
hra, a, to commit adultery, Stj. 197, Gl. 136; hra undir bnda sinn, Jb. 448 B, D. I. i. 262: with
acc., K. . 122, Sks. 455, 575: reex., Stj. 398. Jb. 124, Grett. 204 new Ed.
hra, u, f. [Germ. hure; Engl. whore, harlot], Fas. i. 99, N. G. L. i. 70.
hran, f. adultery, K. . 28, Stj. 517, Sks. 702.
hr-barn, n. a child begotten in adultery, Gl. 171, Al. 1, Grg. ch. xviii.
hr-dmr, m. [whoredom], adultery, Stj. 301, K. . 132, 218, Barl. 134, Jb. 131, Hom. 86, 154.
hrdms-mar, m. an adulterer, 625. 15.
hr-getinn, part. begotten in adultery.
hr-karl, m. an adulterer, H. E. i. 54.
hr-kerling, f. a strumpet, Stj. 405, Barl. 137.
hr-kona, u, f. an adulteress, Jb. 161, Bs. i. 283.
HRR, m., gen. hrs, [Ulf. hrs = GREEK; A. S. horing; Engl. whoremonger, etc.], an adulterer,
Ls. 30.
hr-vetna, adv. = hvarvetna, everywhere.
hsta, a, [Germ. husten; Dan. hoste; North. E. and Scot. hoast], to cough, Bs. i. 347, 382.
hsti, a, m. a cough, Eluc. 19, Nj. 201, Fms. i. 282, x. 279, Pr. 474, Thom. 308.
HSTR, m., usually spelt str, without aspiration, Fms. vi. 419, viii. 433, ix. 311, Sturl. iii. 251: in
mod. usage st, f.; but the aspirated initial is borne out by the kindred words hsta, hsti :-- the
throat, the upper part of the chest and the lower part of the throat, Bs. i. 382, Fms. ix. 311, v.l.; var
Haraldr konungr lostinn ru stinn sv at egar st blbogi t um munninn, vi. 419;
hlsstemnit frammi fyrir hstinn, Finnb. 214; hafu ekki bera stina! (fem.)
HT, n., contr. from hvat (q.v.), a whit, bit; hti heldr, a bit more, i.e. a good deal more, Fms. vii.
141; hti rhollari, a good deal better, sl. ii. 347; hti near, Hrafn. 18: hti mun, a whit, a grain,
a hair's breadth; hti mun skjtara, a bit swifter, Rb. 106, Fms. vii. 170, cp. Rb. 1812. 66: with
superl., hti helzt, a whit better, sl. ii. 134; hti lkast, most likely, Fms. vi. 351; at er hti
maklegast, i.e. that is least undeserved! iii. 25; endisk v etta hti helzt, tt ekki vri me fullu,
Gsl. 136, denoting a slight difference: gen. plur., er n ltilla hta vant, Karl. 96: dat. plur., htum
framar, Clar.: gen., hts annan veg, quite the other way, Nj. (in a verse). 2. the phrase, ekki ht, not
a whit.
ht, n. pl. [Ulf. hwota], threats, Fms. ii. 32, Sks. 525, Fs. 31, Bs. i. 100, Fb. i. 297. II. in the
compds, lsku-ht, wickedness; star-ht, marks, expressions of love; vinar-ht, marks of friendship.
HTA, a, older form hta (q.v.), to hoot, threaten, with dat., Hkr. ii. 260, Fms. viii. 359, passim.
II. hta e-u fram, to hold forth (a weapon or the like) with threatening gestures, Rtt. 71; cp. ota and
hvata.
htan, f. a threatening, Fas. iii. 445, Stj. 150.
ht-ndinn n, adj. 'whit-nding,' i.e. hair-splitting, captious: ht-ndni, f.
ht-samr, adj. menacing, Karl. 490.
ht-vitna, gen. pl. = hvatvetna, every wight; see hverr, hvat.
hraa, a, to hasten, speed, with dat., r. 77, Fms. xi. 438.
hra-berg, n. [hroi], medic. tartar on the teeth, Fl.
hra-byri, n. a fresh fair wind, Fms. i. 19, iv. 14, vii. 94, viii. 253.
hra-byrja, adj. sailing with a strong wind, Eg. 94, Bs. i. 121.
hra-fara, adj. hurrying, Sturl. i. 84.
hra-feigr, adj. doomed to instant death, Nj. 60.
hra-eygr, adj. swift-ying.
hra-frr, adj. 'quick-faring,' eet, Gh. 18.
hra-gei, n. a hasty temper, Edda (Gl.)
hrai, a, m. eetness, swiftness, freq. in mod. usage.
hra-kvr, adj. swift-singing, Ad. 1.
hra-liga, adv. swiftly, Sks. 629.
hra-mltr, adj. quick of speech, Hm. 28, Fms. iv. 91. 374, v.l.
HRAR adj. [A. S. hrd, hrad; Engl. rathe, ready] :-- swift, eet; h. byrr, Symb. 15, Bs. ii. 82,
Fms. vii. 340; hjlpar hrar, swift to help, Pass. 15. 17. 2. neut. hratt, as adv. swiftly, Fas. ii. 87; sem
hraast, quickly, Hv. 48, El. Pass. 23. 3; fara hratt, Lv. 63; l matins hratt fram hleypr, Hallgr.;
hratt lkligt, quite unlikely, Band. 25 new Ed.
hraa, a, to scrape together, (slang.)
HRAFN, often spelt hramn, m. [A. S. hrfn; Engl. raven; Germ. rabe; Dan. ravn, etc.; cp. Lat.
corvus, Gr. GREEK] :-- a raven, Nj. 119, Grg. ii. 346, Fms. i. 131, Hkr. iii. 11, Stj. 59, Orkn. 28,
38: allit., ba hunds ok hrafns, Fms. viii. 210: in the sayings, sjaldsnir hvtir hrafnar, white ravens
are not seen every day, of a strange appearance; er hart egar einn hrafninn kroppar augun r
rum, it is too bad when one raven picks another's eyes out; Gu borgar fyrir hrafninn, God pays
for the raven, perhaps referring to 1 Kings xvii. and Job xxxviii. 41. The raven was a favourite with
the Scandinavians, as a bird of augury and of sagacity, va gr hrafn yr grund, the raven is a far
traveller; cp. the wise ravens Huginn and Muninn, the messengers of Odin, Gm., Edda; whence
Odin is called hrafn-bltr, m. raven worshipper (Hallfred), and hrafn-ss, m. (Haustl.); hrafna-
drttinn or hrafna-go, hrafn-strandi, a, m. lord or god of ravens; hrafn-freistar, m. raven
friend, Hsd., Edda 126; cp. also the interesting story of the ravens of Flki, Landn. 28 (v.l.), --
hann fkk at blti miklu ok bltai hrafna rj, er honum skyldu lei vsa. A raven was the
traditional war standard of the Danish and Norse vikings and chiefs, see Orkn. ch. 11, Nj. ch. 158,
orst. Su H. ch. 2, as also the A. S. Chroniclers, e.g. the Saxon Chronicle, Asser, A.D. 878, etc.
The croaking of ravens was an omen, Fagrsk. ch. 48, Sturl. 9. ch. 19, cp. Hv. 47: when heard in
front of a house it betokens death, Landn. 2. ch. 33, Maurer Volksagen 170, 171: the ravens are said
to hold a parliament, hrafna-ing; and metaph. a disorderly assembly was called by that name, see
sl. js. i. 616-621. A black horse is called Hrafn, Edda. In popular lore the raven is called
krummi, q.v. Botan., hrafna-blaka and hrafna-klukka, u, f. cardamine pratensis, the ladies' smock
or cuckoo-ower, Hjalt. Pr. names of men, Hrafn, Hrafn-kell; of women, Hrefna, Hrafn-hildr:
local names, Hrafna-bjrg, Hrafna-gj, Hrafna-gil (whence Hrafn-gilingr, a man from H.),
Hrafn-hlar, Hrafn-ista (whence Hrafnistu-menn, an old family), etc., Landn.: in poetry a
warrior is styled hrafn-fir, -gir, -glir, -greddir, -arfr, = feeder of ravens, etc.: the blood is
hrafn-vn, Lex. Pot.: a coward is hrafna-sveltir, m. raven-starver, Bs. i.
hrafn-blr, adj. raven-black, Bragi.
hrafn-hauss, m. raven-skull, a nickname, Sturl. iii. 176.
hrafn-hvalr, m. [A. S. hran or hren = a whale], a kind of whale, Sks. 123, Edda (Gl.), N. G. L. i.
330.
hrafn-ligr, adj. raven-like, Hom. 13.
hrafn-reyr, f. a kind of whale; also called hrefna, balaena (medio) ventre plicato, Edda (Gl.),
Eggert Itin. 542.
hrafn-svartr, adj. raven-black.
hrafn-tinna, u, f. 'raven-int,' a kind of obsidian or agate, Fas. i. 470; called gagates Islandicus,
Eggert Itin.
hrafn-nd, f. a kind of duck.
hragla, a, of the weather; a hraglar r honum, it sleets; whence hraglandi, a, m. sleet, a
drizzling shower.
HRAK-, in COMPDS, denoting wretched, wicked, [for the etymology see hrekja]: hrak-auga, n.
evil eye, a nickname, Sturl. hrak-b, n. a wretched household, Band. 37 new Ed. hrak-dri, n. a
poor, hunted deer, Korm. 60. hrak-fall, n. a wreck, disaster. hrak-fr, hrak-fer, f. a journey
ending in disgrace and disaster, Fr. 166, Grett. 153, Mag. hrak-liga, adv. wretchedly,
disgracefully, Fs. 35. hrak-ligr, adj. wretched, disgraceful, Korm. 62, Sturl. i. 24, iii. 273, Glm.
387. hrak-magr, adj. wretchedly thin, Bs. i. 389. krak-mannligr, adj. wretched, mean. hrak-
menni, n. a wretched man, wretch. hrak-lar, f. pl., in the phrase, vera hraklum, to be as on the
rack. hrak-sp, f. evil prophecy, croaking, hrak-viri, n. wretched weather. hrak-yri, n. foul
language, Gsl. 86. hrak-, f. a wretched life, cp. Gsl. 63.
hrakning, f. wretched treatment, insult, injury, Korm. 158, Nj. 136, Sturl. ii. 38, Sd. 167, Fms. viii.
78, 136, Grett. 203 new Ed., Hrafn. 20: in mod. usage, hrakningr, m. a being tossed or wrecked at
sea; also sj-hrakningr.
HRAMMR, m. [cp. Goth. hramjan = to nail to the cross], that with which one clutches, a bear's
paw, Finnb. 248, Grett. 101, Ld. 52, Am. 17, Ver. 80, Fb. ii. 289: the palm of the hand, Edda (Gl.);
whence hramm-viti, a, m., pot. for gold, Hful. 17.
hrandlan, f. tossing about, N. G. L. i. 157.
HRANG, n. a noise, din, tumult, as of a crowd, Grg. i. 5; spelt hrong, Mork. 110 (in a verse).
hrani, a, m. a blusterer; hann er mesti hrani. COMPDS: hrana-legr, adj. rude. hrana-skapr, m.
uncivil behaviour. II. a pr. name, Sturl.
hrap, n. ruin, falling down, freq.; stjrnu-hrap, a shooting star.
HRAPA, a, to fall, tumble down, Fs. 70, Ann. 1339, Th. 76, Al. 76: to fall into an abyss, down a
precipice, hrpuu eir af hinni, Landn. 147; h. til helvtis, Hom. 87; eg s Satan svo sem
eldingu h. af himni, Luke x. 18; hann hrapar pyttinn, Fs. 158; h. ofan, Al. 146; hrapai hann nir
fjruna, Fms. viii. 75; hann er a h. klett af klett, a ditty: of a shooting star, stjrnur munu af
himnum h., Matth. xxiv. 29, (stjrnu-hrap.) . to fall in ruin; hvort hs mun yr annat h., Luke xi.
17, xiii. 4; but not usual, 'hrynja' being used of a house, wall, tower, rock which falls; hrapa of a
man who falls from them. II. to rush headlong, hurry; hrapa fund e-s, Fms. i. 303; er hrapar
sv til banans, vi. 115: h. e-t, to rush into, H. E. i. 469; h. at e-u, to hurry on a thing, Fs. 41; ef
mar hrapar sv at grepti at kvir berr at nd s brjsti, K. . K. 26: with dat., eigi skulu r h. v
sv, lk. 36; hitt mundi mitt r at h. eigi ferinni, Eg. 577, Fms. v. 43; ok hrapair eim sv til
helvtis, vii. 123.
hrapar, m. hurry; at hrapai, hurriedly, Fms. ix. 377, Sturl. i. 83, Ann. 1417.
hrapa-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), mod. hrapar-ligr, hurried, disastrous; mla h., to bluster, sl. ii. 350,
Sturl. i. 166 C; fara hrapalliga, to rush headlong like a fool, Hrafn. 15.
hrapan, f. downfall, Fms. ii. 276, Al. 40.
hrap-orr, adj. using blustering language, Sturl. iii. 113, v.l.
Hrappr, m. a pr. name; see hreppr.
HRASA, but better rasa (q.v.), where the references will be given in full, see introduction to letter
H :-- to stumble; the aspirated form is only used in a few cases, og hrasai bland rningja, Gr.
GREEK, Luke x. 30; hrasar, 36: eccl. to stumble in sin, Pass., Vdal. passim.
hrasan, hrsun, f. stumbling, sinning, N. T., Pass., Vdal.
hrat, n. [Ivar Aasen rat], refuse: esp. the skins, stones, etc. of berries (berja-hrat) which one spits
out: the droppings of birds, a er eins hrat r hrafni.
HRATA, a, better and older rata (q.v.), vrata: [in mod. usage the aspirated form is used in the
sense to stagger, stumble, but rata in the sense to nd one's way; but that in both senses rata is the
true form is shewn by alliteration, as in Skv. 1. 36, cp. also Vsp. 51; also by the form rati, a
headlong fool] :-- to stagger, fall, tumble; ok hratai hann ofan af ekjunni, Nj. 114; au hrata gil
nokkut ofan, Bs. i. 442, Sturl. ii. 137; hann hratai af ok kom nir standandi, 138; rei at honum
brnssinn ok hratai hann inn aptr, Nj. 202; nema menn rati (hrati?) er hrindisk , Grg. ii. 96:
to stagger, nundr ratai (hratai, v.l.) vi lagit, Eg. 379; hann hratai vi en fll eigi, Fms. vi. 66;
hann var hrumr ok hratai fram, vii. 22, Fs. 38, 52.
hrati, a, m. rubbish, trash, Bs. i. 601.
HRAUKR, m. [A. S. hrec; Engl. rick], a small stack, torf-h.; cp. hroki.
hrauk-tjald, n. a rick-formed tent, Fas. ii. 273, Br. 178.
hraumi, a, m. [A. S. hrem], a noisy fellow, Edda (Gl.)
HRAUN, n. [akin to hruni, hrjna, and hrynja (q.v.), and thus from a lost strong verb j, au, u;
hrjfr, hrr, hreysi, hrjstr (q.v.) seem all to be akin] :-- prop. a rough place, a wilderness, and is
used so esp. by Norse writers and in the oldest poems: in Norse local names, Raunen, bare rocks in
the sea, as opp. to hlmr, a grassy islet, Fritzner s.v.: a giant is in poetry called hraun-bi, -drengr,
-hvalr, -skjldungr, = the dweller, hero, whale, king of the wilderness, Hm., Hkv. Hjrv., Haustl.,
Fas. ii. 306.
B. In volcanic Iceland the word came to mean a lava eld when cold, a burnt place (not the fresh
glowing lava), freq. in the Sagas as well as in mod. usage, Bjarn. 36, 52, Nj. 248, Grg. ii. 282,
Landn. 280, Hrafn. 26, Eb. 132-138, Bs. i. 540; um hvat reiddusk goin, er hr brann hraunit er n
stndum vr (Bs. i. 22), the famous words of Snorri in the parliament of A.D. 1000; the place of
the alingi being a burnt out lava eld. II. in Icel. local names freq., Hraun, Hraun-dalr, -fjrr, -
geri, -holt, -hfn, etc., Landn.: esp. in relation to elds of lava, Borgar-hraun, id.; Berserkja-
hraun, Eb.; Beruvkr-hraun, Bjarn.; Staar-hraun in Mra-ssla; Gara-hraun near Reykjavk, etc.:
da-hraun, the wilderness in the inner part of Icel. (see sl. js.), which was supposed to be
peopled by miscreants and outlaws. COMPDS: Hraun-dlir, m. pl. the men from Hraundalr.
Hraun-ringr, m. a man from Hraunfjrr, Landn. Hraun-geringr, m. a man from Hraungeri,
id. Hrauns-verjar, m. pl. the men from Hraun, Bs. i. 643. 2. as appell., hraun-gata, u, f. a path
through a hraun, Bjarn. 36, Pr. 411. hraun-gjta, u, f. a lava pit or hole. hraun-grti, n. lava rocks.
hraun-klettr, m. a lava crag, Sks. 127. hraun-skeggi, a, m. a hraun dweller, Fs. 155; cp.
eyjarskeggi.
UNCERTAIN The whole of Icel. may be said to be a burnt out lava eld, from eruptions previous to
the peopling of the country. The following eruptions which have happened since the settlement,
beside those of Hekla (q.v.), are mentioned in writers previous to A.D. 1430 :-- an eruption in
Borgar-hraun in Mra-ssla about the beginning of the 10th century, Landn. 2. ch. 5; in lfus A.D.
1000, Kristni S. ch. 11; in the sea about Reykjanes A.D. 1211, 1226, 1238, 1240, 1422, Ann. s.a.:
but esp. in the southern glaciers in Trlla-dingjur A.D. 1151, 1188; in Slheima-jkull A.D. 1245,
1262; in Sa A.D. 1332; in Hnappafells-jkull A.D. 1332, 1350; in Herubrei etc. A.D. 1340; in
three places in Skaptafells-ssla A.D. 1362, -- the great eruption which destroyed the church in
Rauilkr; in Hfr-jkull A.D. 1416, see sl. Ann. In later centuries the greatest eruptions are
those of the Ktlu-gj in 1755, and esp. the terrible eruption of Skaptr-jkull on the 20th of June,
1783. In this century that of Eyjafjalla-jkull, 1821.
hraung, f. = hrang, q.v.
hraunttr, adj. rugged, Orkn. 208 (in a Norse landscape).
hraust-leikr, m. and hraust-leiki, a, m. prowess, gallantry, Br. 20, Fms. iii. 3, xi. 375; frga,
frama-verka ok hraustleika (gen.), Fb. ii. 136, passim.
hraust-liga, adv. valiantly, doughtily, Fms. i. 88, v. 318, Post. 645. 87.
hraust-ligr, adj. bold, valiant, manly, 655 ii. 1, Nj. 204: medic. strong-looking.
hraust-mannligr, adj. = hraustligr, Hkr. iii. 427, v.l.
hraust-menni, n. a stout, strong man, Fs. 128, Finnb. 326.
HRAUSTR, adj. [Germ. rstig], strong, valiant, doughty, of a warrior, sl. ii. 264, 366, Fms. i. 52,
iv. 122, vi. 3, vii. 4, Ld. 46, . H. 218, Anal. 169, Eb. 148, and passim. 2. strong, hearty; hann var
hniginn nokkut ok hinn hraustasti ok vel hress, Ld. 56; gamall ok h., Fs. 156; heill ok h.,
hale and hearty, Grg. i. 163, Fb. ii. 383; var hn enn hraust kona, sl. ii. 453; mun eigi hraust
kona llum manni gen, Sd. 150; -hraustr, weak, invalid.
hr-blautr, adj. raw, of hides or the like, Fms. iii. 18, Stj. 416.
hr-skr, m. a raw sh, Rb. 348.
hri, a, m. crudeness.
HRKI, a, m. [cp. A. S. hraca = throat; Germ. rachen; also A. S. hrcan, Engl. to retch in
vomiting, hawk in spitting] :-- spittle, Edda 19, 47 (mythical), Sks. 540, N. G. L. i. 339, K. . 6, Stj.
37, Mar. passim. hrka-skrn, f. baptism with spittle in lieu of water, 671. 16.
hr-leikr, m. rawness, 677. 15.
HRR, hr, hrtt, adj. [A. S. hreow = crudus, whence Engl. rough and raw; Germ. rauh; Dan.
raa] :-- raw, only of meat or food; eta hrtt, Hkv. 2. 6, Hom. 84, Fbr. 97, Karl. 426; hrn sk, Al.
171. 2. raw, fresh, sappy; g jr ok hr, Edda 150 (pref.); hrr vir, a sapling, young plant, Grg.
ii. 298, Fb. i. 342, Skm. 32.
hr-skinn, n. 'raw-skin:' -- but used (it is hard to say why) in the sense of a shelter, refuge; hfu
eir hrskinn hj ferum snum (v.l. hald ok traust), Fbr. 8; Gu, drottinn er minn styrkr ok
stuning, ok mitt rskinn ok frjlsari, Stj. 51. hrskinns-leikr, m. a kind of game, 'hide and seek
(?),' Br. 174.
hr-slagi, a, m. dampness in houses.
hr-vii, n. saplings, young plants; hggva sem h., Fas. i. 451, orf. Karl. (A. A.) 198; allt eins og
kvistir af hretviri hristir, hrviar-lauki, Hallgr.
hr-efr, m. the smell of a carcase, Barl. 151.
hr-ti, n. raw food, Fbr. 72.
HREA, u, f., mod. form hra, a bugbear, bogle; at jafnan myndi vera nokkurar hreur
Miri ... her ar jafnan verit deilu-gjarnara en rum hruum, r. 59 new Ed.; sv segir
mr hugr um, at sjaldan muni hreu-laust essu hrai, 22. 2. in mod. usage in western Icel. hra
or hrea means a scarecrow, whence metaph. hra, a poor, harmless creature; as also, a sst
eingin hra, not a soul was to be seen. II. a nickname, r.
hrei, a, m., mod. hroi, offal, rubbish, refuse, Eluc. 41 (spelt hri). II. [A. S. hryer = a heifer],
pot. a bull, Edda (Gl.): in local names, Hrea-vatn, Landn.
HREJAR and hrer, f. pl. [A. S. hreder = viscera], the scrotum, N. G. L. i. 81, Edda 46, Grett.
(in a verse); hest-rer, Fms. vi. 194 (in a verse).
hrefna, u, f. [hrafn], prop. a she-raven. 2. a whale, = hrafnreir, q.v. 3. a part of a ship, Edda (Gl.)
II. a pr. name, Landn.
hrefni and hremni, n. a plank in a ship, viz. the fth from the keel, Edda (Gl.); ef (skip) brotnar
fyrir ofan hrefnis-skor (spelt refnis skor and v.l. rfsing, renni skor), N. G. L. i. 283: in poetry a
ship is hrefnis goti, hrefnis st, the steed of the h. The h is warranted by alliteration.
HREGG, n. storm and rain, Edda 99, Am. 18, Fs. 129; var bi hregg ok regn, Eb. 266, Fms. vii.
195; h. ok sjdrif, ii. 177; kastai enn hreggi mti eim, Fas. ii. 80; h. ea rota, Bs. i. 339, N.
G. L. i. 388; hr me hreggi, Eb. 206, Lex. Pot.; kulda-h., a chilly, rainy wind; kafalds-h., snow
and wind: in poetry the battle is the hregg of weapons, Valkyriur, Odin, etc., see the compds in Lex.
Pot. COMPDS: hregg-blsinn, part. blown by the gale, Hallfred. hregg-mmir, m., mythol. name
of one of the heavens, Edda (Gl.) hregg-nasi, a, m. a nickname, Eb. hregg-rann, n., hregg-salr, m.,
pot. 'gale-house,' i.e. the sky, Leiarv. 17, 25, Geisli 61. hregg-skr, adj. stormy, Merl. 1. 65.
hregg-skr, f. a tempestuous shower, Sks. 227. hregg-tjald, n. 'gale-tent,' i.e. the heaven, Lex.
Pot. Hregg-vir, m. a pr. name, Fas. hregg-viri, n. a tempest, Fms. ii. 177. hregg-vindr, m. a
tempestuous gale, Grett. (in a verse). hregg-jlmi, a, m. 'wind-trap,' i.e. the heaven, pot.,
Leiarv. 4.
HREIR, n. [Dan. rede, prob. akin to Ulf. vrius = GREEK; A. S. vrd; Engl. wreath; Swed.
vrad; Dan. vraad; -- all meaning a wreath, from vra, to wreath] :-- a bird's nest, Grg. ii. 346,
Gl. 542, Greg. 55, Fms. vi. 153, Merl. 1. 26, Stj. passim; ara h., an eagle's nest, Fagrsk. 146: the
saying, s er fuglinn vestr er sitt h. drtr: hreir-bllr, m. a 'nest-ball,' an egg, Krk. 64 (in a pun),
and hreir-balla, a, = eggja = to egg on, id. (a pun).
hreirask, a, dep. to nestle, Stj. 81, Fms. vi. 153: mod. hreira sig.
HREIFI, a, m. the wrist, Edda 110, Fms. i. 167, Sturl. ii. 104, Bs. i. 658 :-- sels-hrei, a seal's n,
Eb. 272; and so in mod. usage.
hreingr, m. good cheer, high spirits; better reingr.
HREIFR, adj., old form reifr (q.v.), merry, gladsome.
HREIMR, m. [cp. A. S. hrem = noise, hrmig = noisy, hrman = to cry; Hel. hrm, to cry out;
ream or reem is still used in Lancashire; cp. Engl. sc-ream] :-- a scream, cry; p n (h)reimr, Hom.
29; llr h. armra slna, 31; llr h., Fms. vii. 84 (in a verse); ora h., Lil. 72: a nickname, Sturl.
hreim-samr, adj. noisy, peevish, Fas. iii. 156.
hreina, d, causal from hrna: to make to squeal, of swine, Al. 171; ef svn eru hreind, made to
squeal, Konr.
hreinask, a, to be cleaned.
hrein-bjlbi, a, m. a reindeer's skin, Fr. 42, . H. 198, 218.
hrein-braut, f. the reindeer's track, Egil; see hreinn, m., sub init.
hrein-drif, n. a snow-drift, Sks. 230, v.l.
hrein-dri, n. a reindeer, Fr. 42, Sks. 62 new Ed.
hrein-ferugr, adj. pure and chaste, Bs. i. 241, ii. 43, Karl. 553, Lil. 33, 68.
hrein-glkn, n. a GREEK, Hm. 24; no doubt falsely for hraun-glkn = a monster of the
wilderness: hraun and hlkn are twin words used alliteratively.
hrein-getning, f. the immaculate conception, Magn. 468.
hrein-grr, part. made bright, of a shield, Bragi.
hrein-hjartar, adj. pure of heart, Sks. 90, Bs. ii. 61, Matth. v. 8.
hrein-ltr, adj. cleanly, clean: metaph. pure, Sks. 435, Barl. 18.
hrein-leikr (-leiki), m. cleanliness: metaph. purity; h. hjartans, Hom. 11, Mar.: chastity, Al. 58, K.
. 74.
hrein-liga, adv. cleanly, Bs. i. 711, Sks. 134, 436: metaph. with purity, sincerity, Fms. v. 241, Hom.
86, Best. 48: with chastity, 671. 6.
hrein-ligr, adj. cleanly, clean, Br. 171, Dipl. v. 10, passim: metaph. pure, chaste, Mar.
hrein-l, n. a clean, pure life, chastity, Hom. 67, Lil. 27, N. T., Vdal., Pass, passim. 2. in Roman
Catholic times esp. of monastic life, Hom. 93, Bs. i. 269, passim. COMPDS: hreinls-kona, u, f. a
nun, Mar. hreinls-mar, m. a friar, Sks. 96, Fms. x. 408, Hom. 93.
hrein-lfr, adj. clean-living, pure of life, Bs. i. 275, Hom. (St.) 3, Nikd. 34, passim; opp. to saurl
and saurlfr.
hrein-lyndr, adj. (hrein-lyndi, n.), upright, Leiar. 4.
hrein-lti, n. cleanliness, Edda ii. 246, freq.
hrein-mannligr, adj. clean and manly, of noble bearing, stout-looking; h. hesti, Karl. 234 :-- mod.
hrefmannlegr, adj., in the same sense.
HREINN, adj. [Ulf. hrains = GREEK; A. S. hrn; lost in Engl., except in the verb to rinse; O. H.
G. hreini; Germ. rein; Dan.-Swed. ren] :-- clean; h. lndkr, Hom. 138, Fs. 1; hrein kli, Fms. vi.
207; gott korn ok hreint, Sks. 326; hreint vatn, Gd. 22; h. lgr, Alm. 35; hrein munnlaug, H. E. i.
489; h. mjll, fresh snow, Rm. 26. . bright; hreinir kyndlar, bright candles, Sl. 69; hreint bl, a
bright ame, Lex. Pot.; h. sl, the bright sun, id.; h. ok gagnsr, Hom. (St.) 15. 13; hreint sver,
hrein vpn, Fms. x. 360, Rtt. 120; h. rnd, a bright shield, Lex. Pot. . eccl., hrein kvikendi, clean
beasts, Hom. 29. II. metaph. clean, pure, sincere; hreint hjarta, h. hugr, hrein iran, hreint lf, Bs. i.
270, Sl. 7, Barl. 93, N. T., Vdal., Pass. passim. . = Gr. GREEK in the N. T. of the cleansed leper;
-hreinn, unclean; t-hreinn, quite clean.
HREINN, m. [the word is prob. of Finnish origin. From the words of king Alfred, (a deor he hta
hrnas, Orosius i. 1, 15, Bosworth's Ed.), it seems that the king knew the name only from
Ohthere's tale; and when Egil in his poem on king Athelstn (if the verse be genuine) calls Northern
England hreinbraut, the reindeers' track, the phrase is prob. merely pot. for a wilderness. There is
however a curious passage in Orkn. (448) where the hunting of reindeer in Caithness is recorded;
the Icel. text is here only preserved in a single MS.; but though the Danish translation in Stockholm
(of the year 1615) has the same reading, it is probably only a mistake of the Saga; for it is not likely
that the Norsemen carried reindeer across the sea; the present breed was introduced into Icel. by the
government only a century ago] :-- a reindeer, Hm. 89, K. . K. 132, Fas. iii. 359; hreins t, Hkr. ii.
250; hreins horn, Ann. Nord. Old. 1844, 1845, p. 170; hreina hold, Sks. 191. The nest deer were
called stl-hreinar (the stl-hrnas of king Alfred), cp. tlhreinn, Haustl. In northern poetry, ships
are freq. called hreinn, see Lex. Pot., byr-hreinn, haf-h., hn-h., unnar-h., hlrvangs-h., Gylfa-h.,
all of them meaning ships, Lex. Pot.: a giant is called gnpu-h. = 'crag-rein,' d.: the wilderness is
myrk-rein hreins = the mirk-eld of the reindeer, Haustl. Hreinn is an old pr. name, Landn.
COMPDS: hrein-braut, f., hrein-vastir, f. pl., hrein-ver, n. a wilderness, Edda (in a verse).
hreinsa, a, [Ulf. hrainsjan; Engl. rinse; Dan. rense], to make clean, cleanse, Sks. 583, 605, Fms.
ii. 261, Nj. 270, passim: to purge, clear, h. land af vkingum, Fms. i. 93, vii. 18, Anal. 249; h. lkr,
to cleanse (heal) leprosy, Post., N. T.; lkrir hreinsast, Matth. xi. 5, Johann. 95, Fms. xi. 309:
metaph. to purify, Post. 645. 77, 94, Hom. 97, N. T., Vdal., Pass.
hreinsan, f. cleansing, purication, K. . 20, Hom. 64, 65, passim. hreinsunar-eldr, m. the
cleansing re, purgatory, Fms. vii. 38; land-h., clearing the land of miscreants.
hrein-skilinn, adj. sincere: hrein-skilni, f. sincerity, uprightness.
hrein-staka, u, f. a reindeer cloak, Hkr. ii. 250.
hrein-viri, n. bright, clear weather.
HREISTR, n. scales, of sh, 656 C. 13, Sks. 168, Anecd. 6, passim. hreistr-kambr, m. a scaly
comb, Stj. 98.
hreistra, a, to cover with scales: hreistrar, part. scaly.
HREKJA, pret. hrakti; part. hrakir, Orkn. 424, mod. hrakinn, neut. hrakt, Sturl. ii. 169: [akin to
Goth. vrikan, A. S. wrecan, Engl. wreak, wreck, see introduction to letter H] :-- to worry, vex; h. e-n
orum, to scold and abuse one, Fms. vii. 319, Fs. 173; au bityri er Skarphinn hrakti yr
Ljsvetninga, Nj. 223; mla r honum hverju ori ok hrekja, Finnb. 228: to confound, mr
aetti bezt vi ann at eiga, er allir hrekjask fyrir r, by whom all people are confounded, Hrafn.
16; Sigmundr sagisk heldr vilja h. sem mest, Fr. 165, Fs. 33, 129, Sturl. ii. 169, Bs. ii. 143;
hann eyir mlit fyrir Erni ok hrekr hann sem mest af mlinu, Fs. 125: vghestrinn hafi hrakit
hrossin, Eb. 36 new Ed. . a naut. term, of ships driven out of their course, freq. in mod. usage;
either impers., e-n hrekr, one is driven and wrecked; or reex., eir hrktust mm vikur sjvar, they
were driven for ve miles on the sea: also of a ship, skipi (acc.) hrekr, the ship has drifted, cp. Bs.
i. 817; of sheep in a snow storm.
hrekkja, t, to tease or play tricks on one.
hrekkjttr, adj. tricky, mischievous, e.g. of a bad boy; hann er h. bi vi menn og skepnur.
HREKKR, m., pl. ir, gen. pl. ja, [Dan. rnke], a trick, piece of mischief, Mag. 9, Fas. ii. 372, Nikd.
40; hrekkir ok slgir, Stat. 273.
hrekk-vsi, f. trickiness, mischievousness, Rm. 254, 347.
hrekkvs-ligr, adj. = hrekkvss.
hrekkvss, adj. tricky, mischievous, Eluc. 28, Fs. 46, Rm. 293, 299 ( = factiosus of Sallust).
HRELLA, d, [cp. slang Engl. to rile], to distress, with acc., Bs. i. 438, Stj. 364: pass. to be
distressed, grieved, 625. 75, Stj. 325.
hrella, u, f. a nickname, Rd.
hrelling, f. anguish, afiction, Hrafn. 17, Bs. i. 184, sl. ii. 417, Rom. ii. 9, N. T., Vdal.
HREMMA, d, [hrammr; Ulf. hramjan = GREEK, i.e. to nail to the cross; cp. O. H. G. ramen; Dan.
ramme = to hit] :-- to clutch, Bjarn. 12, Sturl. ii. 203, Fas. ii. 231, Or. 35: part. hremmdr, Sturl. iii.
90, 103.
hremsa, a, = hremma, Fs. 45.
hremsa, u, f. a clutch, Konr. 25: pot. a shaft, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot.
hreppa, t, [A. S. hreppan = tangere], to catch, obtain; n f ek eigi at af r tekit er her
hreppt, Grett. 114 A; ht hann hinn sla orlk biskup at hann skyldi skipit hreppa, that he
might catch up the lost boat, Bs. i. 338; en er hann hreppti verkann, when he caught the blow, was
hit, Gull. 51; margr veit hverju hann sleppir en ekki hva hann hreppir, a saying.
HREPPR, m. :-- this word remains in 'the Rape of Bramber' in Sussex, and is undoubtedly
Scandinavian, being probably derived, as Pal Vdaln suggested, from hreppa, and thus originally
meaning a share, allodium; it may be that the proper name Hrappr (Landn.) is akin ( = a yeoman,
master of a Rape?); for the bad sense of that name ( = a traitor) is a metonyme, borrowed from the
person of that name in the Njla. After the introduction of Christianity, all Icel. was, for the
maintenance of the poor, divided into poor-law districts called hreppar, which still exist, being in
most cases, though not always, identical with the skn or parish; and it is remarkable that the
district round the Bishop's seat at Skalholt bears the local name Hreppar, indicating that this
division had the Bishop's house as its nucleus. The occurrence therefore of this name in the Landn.
is an anachronism; as probably are also the few instances in which hreppr is used as an appellative
in records of the heathen age, e.g. Lv. l.c. It is not known when the division into Rapes took place;
perhaps it took place gradually during the 11th century; vera hrepp, koma hreppinn, to be or
become a pauper. In the Grgs a special section (and as it seems one of the oldest) is called 'um
Hreppa-skil,' Kb. ii. 171-180; 'um Hreppa-lg,' Sb. i. 443-458. Twenty franklins at least constituted
a lawful Rape, Kb. ii. 171. (These remarks are partly due to Konrad Maurer.) COMPDS: hreppa-
dmr, m. a Rape court, Grg. i. 245, 448. hreppa-lg, n. pl. the laws and rules of a Rape, Grg. i.
443. Hreppa-mar, m. a man from the district Hreppar, Sturl. ii. 248. hreppa-ml, n. Rape affairs,
Grg. ii. 178 new Ed. hreppa-mt, n. pl. the march or border of two Rapes, Grg. i. 444. hreppa-
skil, n. pl. Rape business, Lv. 17; in mod. usage, the autumn meeting held in every Rape. hreppa-
tal, n. the census of a Rape, Grg. i. 443. hrepps-fundr, m. a Rape meeting, Grg. i. 296, 446, 448.
hrepps-mar, m. a franklin of a certain Rape, Grg. i. 248, 256, 262, 295, 445. hrepps-skn, f. the
management of a Rape, the ofce of the Rape councils, = mod. hreppstjrn, Grg. i. 445.
hreppsknar-menn, m. pl. the members of the ve Rape councils, Grg. i. 295, 455, passim.
hrepps-stjri, a, m. = hreppstjri, Grg. i. 262. hrepps-magi, a, m. a pauper.
hrepp-stefna, u, f. = hreppsfundr, Sturl. i. 185.
hrepp-stjri, a, m. a 'Rape-steerer,' overseer, Jb. 186, Vm. 116: in each Rape in Icel. the best
yeoman is chosen as hreppstjri by the sheriff (amtmar) or, as in former days, by the parishioners,
but he is not paid; he has, jointly with the parish priest, to manage the business of the Rape, esp. to
see to the maintenance of the poor, x the poor-rate of each franklin, and, as there are no poor-
houses, to arrange the distribution of the poor (magar) among the parishioners. In the days of the
Commonwealth there was a committee of ve members, called hreppstjrnarmenn (q.v.), which
discharged the duties of the present hreppstjri; me ri heima-prests ok hreppstjra, Vm. 116.
This word does not occur in the Grgs, but only after A.D. 1281; for the reading hreppstjri in the
D. I. i. 199 (in a deed supposed to be of A.D. 1150) is only found in a mod. transcript, and the
original prob. had hreppstjrnarmenn (pl.)
hrepp-stjrn, f. the ofce of a hreppstjri, Jb. 184: the management of a Rape, K. . 96, Jb. 178.
hreppstjrnar-ing, n. = hreppa-skil or hreppsfundr, Jb. 182.
HRESS, adj. [cp. A. S. and Hel. hrr, and prob. akin to hraustr, qs. 'hrers;' cp. Germ. rhrig,
rstig] :-- hale, hearty, in good spirits; hann var af sku-aldri ok mar inn hressasti, Eg. 202; en
var Kveldlfr hress mar ok vel frr, 84; hraustr ok vel hress, Ld. 56; en er allr herrinn hafi
drukkit, vrum vr hressir, Al. 167; hann var hinn hressasti, he was quite well (after a sickness),
Sturl. ii. 182; -hress, low, sickly, Stj. 374.
hressa, t, to refresh, cheer; hressa kararmenn, 655 xiii. B. 3; h. halta, Mar.; hn lt gera honum
laugar ok h. hann, Bret. 164; tkum n til fu ok hressum oss, 656 C. 22; hann ba hann hressa
sik, he bade him be of good cheer, bade him cheer up, Eg. 102: with prepp., h. upp, to restore a
building, 623. 14; at hann skyldi rask norr til Mnka-verr ok h. stainn, Sturl. i. 223. II.
reex. to recover one's strength or spirits, be refreshed, Fms. ii. 59, 270, vi. 303, Finnb. 234, Bs. i.
319, Fas. ii. 356, Eg. 645.
hressing, f. recovery of strength, refreshment.
hress-leiki, a, m. good health, heartiness, Fms. iv. 13.
HRET, n. a tempest, storm, Edda 99, Hkr. i. 282: freq. in mod. usage, esp. of a lasting storm and
tempest, viku-hret, hlfs-mnaar-hret, a tempest lasting a week or fortnight; orra-hret,
Jnsmessu-hret, a tempest in the month of Thorri, on St. John Baptist's day; kafalds-hret, a snow
storm.
hret-viri, n. a tempest, d., Sturl. (in a verse).
HREYFA, , [Ivar Aasen royva], to stir, with acc., (but in mod. usage, with acc. of a person, and
dat. of a thing); n varar eigi tt s seyr rjki er eir hafa hreyft, Fms. vi. 105; engi knt fkk
hann leyst ok engi lar-endann hreyft, Edda 28. II. reex. to put oneself into motion, stir, Mag. 93:
of a bird ( = beina ug), ryfisk inn hsfjari, Fagrsk. (Hornklo), of the raven, to shake his
feathers, cp. Fms. x. 130 (in a verse); hann hreyfisk at jga, Konr.; feldr nokkurr liggr ar -- mr
ykkir sem hrsk (i.e. hrysk) stundum er ek lt til, Fas. ii. 167. 2. metaph., hefsk upp ok
hreysk farslligum hlutum, Stj. 376. III. this word, which in old writers is of rare occurrence and
limited in sense, has in mod. usage become one of the general terms for to move, stir, and is usually,
though erroneously, spelt with ei, hreifa; hreifa vi e-u, to touch on a thing; hreifa sig, to stir the
limbs; hann hreir sig ekki, he does not stir :-- also with dat., h. e-u mli, to move, bring forward a
case; hann hreifi v ekki, he did not even mention it; hvar sem frir hreir sr, Pass. 21. 13.
hreyng, f. motion, movement, (mod. and spelt hreing.)
hreyrar, see heyrar.
HREYSI, n. and hreysar, f. pl., Fms. v. 70, Jb. 211, N. G. L. i. 14, 431; [Ivar Aasen rs; cp.
Dunmail Raise (i.e. Dunmail's Cairn) in Westmoreland] :-- a heap of stones ( = Icel. ur), where
wild beasts abide, Hm. 35; holt ok hreysar, Fms. v. 70; hlkn ea hreysar, Jb. 211; hangar er
hreysar, N. G. L. i. 14, 431; eir drgu burt lkama hans ok reyru hreysi nokkuru, Fms. vii. 227;
skra hreysi, to slink into a den, Hkv. 1. 33, Lv. 61; hreysum er holum, Br. 168; liggja
hreysum, Fms. vi. 425; liggr hreysum er fylgsnum, viii. 157, Konr. 22. 2. in mod. usage = a
poor wretched cottage, a hovel. COMPDS: hreysi-kttr, m. a wild cat, Stj. 93. hreysi-vsla, u, f. a
weasel, Rb. 356.
hreysingr, m. in ll-hreysingr, a savage rufan.
hreysta, t, to make valiant, Finnb. 332; h. sik, to comfort oneself, cheer oneself up, Grett. 138.
HREYSTI, f. [hraustr], valour, prowess, Eg. 16, Nj. 266, Fs. 55, Gull. 65, Fms. i. 34, vi. 58, vii.
326, Eb. 116, Fas. iii. 144, passim. COMPDS: hreysti-brag, n. a feat of prowess, Karl. 417, 451.
hreysti-mar, m. a valiant man, Eg. 73, Edda 16, Fb. ii. 72. hreysti-mannliga, adv. gallantly, Fms.
vii. 289. hreysti-mannligr, adj. gallant, bold, Fms. ii. 120. hreysti-or, n. a word of prowess, Fms.
i. 180. hreysti-raun, f. a trial of valour, Fms. vi. 260. hreysti-verk, n. a deed of prowess, a deed of
derring-do, Fms. ii. 105, Finnb. 330.
hreysti-liga, adv. stoutly, boldly, Fms. i. 42, sl. ii. 369.
hreysti-ligr, adj. stout, bold, Nj. 200.
HREYTA, t, [hrjta], to spread, scatter, throw about, with dat., Rm. 35, Am. 43, Sks. 226, 229, Eb.
200 new Ed.
hreyting, f. a spreading, Lv. 75.
hreytir, m. a sprinkler, Lat. sparsor, Lex. Pot.
hreyti-speldi, n. a top, as a child's toy, Fms. iii. 227.
hriingr, m. a kind of shoes or stockings (?), Parc. (thrice), a part of Percival's dress when he left
his mother. hriinga-bjrg, f. a hand to mouth life, Fas. iii. 538.
hrifs, n. robbery; rifs ok rn, Stj. 236, Fms. xi. 252, Fb. i. 363.
hrifsa, a, or older rifsa, [cp. A. S. reaan; Engl. to rob, rie; Scot. reif, reff = plunder, reiver =
robber; Germ. rauben, etc.] :-- to rob, pillage; rifsa ok grpa, Stj. 78, 154; rnt ok rifsat, 236;
hripsa ok rna, Thom. 534.
hrifsan, f. a robbing, pillaging, Fb. ii. 412.
hrifsing, f. = hrifsan, Fas. i. 92.
HRIKI, a, m. a huge fellow, Fas. ii. 378, freq. in mod. usage: a giant, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: hrika-
legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), huge. hrika-leikr, m. a game of giants, Bjarni 34.
hrikta, t, to creak, Am. 36 (of door hinges), where spelt hrico, as if from hrika, which seems the
true old form; but the mod. form is hrikta.
hrina, see hrinur.
HRINDA, pres. hrind; pret. hratt, 2nd pers. hratt, mod. hrazt, hraztu, . H. (in a verse); pl. hrundu;
subj. hryndi; imperat. hrind, hritt', and hritt, Fsm. 43; part. hrundinn; in mod. usage pres. weak
hrindi, and even a pret. hrinti is in use: [A. S. hrindan] :-- to push, kick, throw, with dat.; ef hann
hrindr manni eld, Grg. ii. 129; orkell hratt Knti af baki, Fb. ii. 23; hann hratt hestinum vk
eina, Fms. i. 211, Nj. 91; skaut hann vi honum hendi ok hratt honum, Fms. vi. 6; hfu eir t
hrundit skipunum, Hkr. i. 153; h. skipi fram or vatn, to launch a ship, Eg. 142, Nj. 18, Fms. i. 58,
. H. 109, Fas. iii. 40; var hrundit btnum, the ship's boat was put out or off, Grett. 95; h. e-m
eld, to kick him into the re, Akv. 20; h. hur, to push the door open, Eg. 560; h. hur, Fsm. 43; h.
myrkva-stofu, to cast into prison, Post. 656 C. 33; h. braut, to drive away, Fms. ix. 380; brot
hrundinn or sti, Sks. 623; hratt (threw) vll brynju, Hkm. 4; a eir hryndi honum ar af fram,
Luke iv. 29. II. metaph., er hann fkk ndinni fr sr hrundit, when he could draw his breath, Eg.
553; eir hrundu fr honum (kicked away from him) v flki estu er var me honum, Bs. i.
554; at hrindr eitri r, 655 xxx. 12 :-- phrases, h. harmi, to cast off one's grief, Fms. vii. 153; h. ugg
ok tta, vi. 63; hrindum essu af oss ok verum ktir, let us throw this off and be glad! 127; h. llu
ri, Merl. 1. 64; h. e-u af e-m, to defend one from one, Fms. v. 113; hann hratt eim frii af sr, .
H. 34; til pess at h. essu rki af landsmnnum, 232; h. mli, to throw a case back, make it void,
Landn. 89; her drengiliga hrundit essu mli, i.e. thou hast cleared thyself of it, Fb. ii. 195; at
ek gta essu llmli sem skjtast rutt ok hrundit, Fms. iv. 310; eins eirra vitni skyldi h. tu
Normanna, x. 398; villa aptr hrundin, Anecd. 104: absol. or impers., hratt stundum fyrir en
stundum fr, the clouds were drifting off and on, so that the moon was hidden one moment and seen
the next, Grett. 114. III. reex. and recipr. hrindask, to push, kick one another, Grg. ii. 96: part.,
grund grapi hrundin, the storm-beaten earth, Haustl.
hrindlan, f. a pushing, kicking, N. G. L. i. 157.
hringa, a, to furnish with a ring, to hook, Stj. 644 (2 Kings xix. 28, of Sennacherib): to coil into
rings, h. sik, of a serpent.
hring-danz, m. = hringleikr.
hring-eygr, adj. wall-eyed, of a horse.
Hring-horni, a, m. a mythol. ship, Edda.
hring-ia, u, f. a whirling eddy.
hringing, f. a bell-ringing, Fms. iii. 60, Hkr. ii. 111, N. G. L. i. 381, Eluc. 147.
HRINGJA, d, [A. S. hringan; Engl. ring; Dan. ringe] :-- to ring bells, Nj. 189, Grg. i. 27, Fms. iii.
60: act. with dat., K. . K. 48: reex., hringdisk klukka sjlf, Bs. i. 443.
hringja, u, f. a buckle, Fas. i. 319, 331, Landn. 87, Fb. i. 354.
hringja, d, [hringr], to encircle, surround; also kringja (q.v.), Fms. v. 53; hrinctu mik, imperat.
surround me! a dub. reading, Gkv. 3. 5.
hringla, a, to clatter, rattle.
hring-leikr, m. a game in which the players stood in a ring, a ring-dance; um kveldit eptir nttver
mlti Sturla vi Gunju hsfreyju, at sl skyldi hringleik, ok fara til ala heimamanna ok gestir,
Sturl. i. 82; sl hringleik, Stj. 400, 466; gera h., id., Karl. 470.
hring-lginn, adj. coiled up, of a serpent, Hm. 85.
hring-onn, part. woven with rings, of a coat of mail, Lex. Pot.: woven with rings, of a stuff, Vm.
22, Am. 33.
HRINGR, m., pl. hringar, in mod. usage sometimes hringir: [A. S., Hel., and O. H. G. hring; Engl.,
Germ., Dan., and Swed. ring, ringlet]: I. a ring, circle; tungl hvert gengr sinn hring, Rb. 53 (1812);
h. jarar, the earth's circumference, Hom. 20; sl hring um e-n, to make a ring around one, Stj. 312,
Fms. viii. 67; hann her lykkju af i en hringinn af i, of the circle or bight of the letter &aolig;,
Sklda 161; hann ttisk sj angat hring ok elds-lit , Nj. 194. 2. hring, adv. in a ring or circle;
eir lgu ann sj hring utan um hana, Edda; sl gengr umhvers hring, Rb. 66 (1812); standa
umhvers hring, to stand round in a ring, Fms. iv. 160, (mann-hringr, a ring of men); hann
sveiai sverinu hring um sik, he swept with his sword all round him, Sturl. iii. 220; hann fr
hring um (swam in a circle around) skipit, Ld. 56; lagir steinar hring utan um, Eg. 486; n snask
essi merki hring um heiminn hverjum tveim dgrum, Rb. 104; hann gkk hring hj
konungi, Fms. vi. 206. 3. as an adverb. phrase, me (at) hringum, all around, altogether, taka allt
me hringum, Arnr; hann lt leggja eld kirkju ok binn ok brendu upp me hringum, Fms. vii.
212; brenna binn upp at hringum, x. 389 (grip). II. a ring, Lat. annulus: 1. a ring at the end of a
chest, Fms. i. 178, kistu-h.; in a door, Rm. 23; hurar-h., sl. js. ii: the ring at the end of the hilt
to which the fribnd (q.v.) were fastened, Hkv. Hjrv. 9: the chain or links in a kettle chain
(hadda), Hm. 33: an anchor ring (akkeris-h.) . the rings in a coat of mail, the Sagas and Lex.
Pot. passim, whence hringa-brynja, u, f. a coat of ring-mail, see brynja, Fms. i. 43, vi. 416-421,
ix. 27, Karl. 542, the Sagas passim, see Worsaae, No. 474; hring-ko, m., hring-skyrta, u, f.,
hring-serkr, m. a shirt of rings, coat of ring-mail, Lex. Pot.: a coat of mail is called hring-on,
adj. woven with rings. 2. but esp. a ring on the arm, nger (gull-h., silfr-h., jrn-h.), passim; rauir
hringar, the red rings, kv. 29, 32; men ok hringar, Vsp. 23, passim; and hence gener. = money, see
baugr. A lordly man is in poetry called hring-berandi, -bjr, -brjtr, -broti, -drr, -hreytandi, -
lestir, -mildr, -milandi, -rfr, -skati, -skemmir, -snyrtir, -strandi, -strir, -tlir, -varpar, -
vir, -verrir, the bearer, breaker ... or spender of rings, Lex. Pot.: a woman from wearing rings,
hring-eir, -skgul, -ll, -vari; and a man, hring-ollr, etc. III. a ship is called Hringr (also in
present use), Eg. (in a verse); hringr Ullar, the ship of Ull, i.e. his shield, Akv. 30; cp. Hring-horni,
the mythol. ship of the Edda: Hringr is the pr. name of a man, Fb. iii, Landn.
hring-sna, sneri, to twirl or turn round.
hrinur, f. pl. [hrna], a howling, Sturl. iii. 176, Fas. iii. 149, Konr. 29.
HRIP, n. a box of laths or a basket to carry peat and the like on horseback, with a drop at the
bottom, Lv. 65, (m-hrip, torf-hrip.) hrips-grind, f. the frame of a h., id. Hence the phrase, a er
eins og a ausa vatni hrip, 'it is like pouring water into a sieve,' (cp. Lat. 'Danaidum dolia
implere'), of useless efforts: hurried work, e.g. hurried writing, as if dropped out of the quill.
HRIPA, a, to leak much; hripar allt, or a hrip-lekr, it leaks fast: metaph. to write hurriedly, h.
brf; a er hripa mesta tri.
hrips, n. and hrpsa, a, see hrifsa.
hripur, m., pot. a re, Edda (Gl.), Gm. 1.
HRISTA, t, [Ulf. hrisjan = to shake; A. S. hreosan; Hel. hrisjan; Dan. ryste] :-- to shake, Ld. 148,
Hm. 1; h. hfuit, to shake one's head, Fms. iii. 192; h. skegg, to shake the beard, kv. 1; h. e-t af
sr, to shake it off, Sd. 158, Fms. vii. 186; hann hristi at honum stnn, v. 184; hann hristi btann af
fti sr, vii. 186; h. vnd yr e-m, Sks. 700; h. teninga hendi sr, Fb. ii. 174; hrista sik, to shake
himself, of a dog, lion; eim hristusk tennr hfi, the teeth chattered in their mouth, Fas. i. 78;
marir hristusk, the horses shook their manes, Hkv. Hjrv. 28; darrar hristisk, the shafts shook,
Hkm. 2; bjrg hristusk, of an earthquake, Haustl.: also freq. in mod. usage, hi grna tr var
hraki ok hrist, Pass. 32. 13.
hristir, m. a shaker; h. hjlms, helm-shaker, GREEK, Lex. Pot.
hristi-sif, f., pot.; h. hls-hringa, the shaker of the necklace, epithet of a lady, Bragi.
HR, f. [A. S. hr a GREEK in the poem Widsith; Scot. and North. E. snow-wreath] :-- a
tempest, storm, in old writers only of a snow storm, as also in present use, except in western Icel.,
where rain and sleet are also called hr; hrir ok llviri, Rb. 102; hr mikla gri at eim, Nj.
263; hr vers, 282; nnur hr kom menn riu til alingis (A.D. 1118) ok drap f manna fyrir
noran land, Bs. i. 74; gurligum hrum, 656 B. 12; gri hara verttu ok hrir fjallinu,
ok hinn sjtta dag Jla hfu eir hr, Sturl. iii. 215; geri at eim hr sv mikla, at hrin drap
til daus son hans frumvaxta, Fms. vi. 31; ltti hrinni, a violent snow storm, Bjarn. 55; san
ltti upp hrinni, Fb. ii. 194; laust fyrir eim hr mikilli, Dropl. 10; en hrin hlzt hlfan mnu
ok tti mnnum at langt mjk, 11; kom hr s Dymbildgum at menn mttu eigi veita tir
kirkjum, Bs. i. 30; hr me frosti, Fas. iii. 318. 2. metaph. a shock, attack, in a battle; hr, snrp,
hr, Fms. ii. 323, viii. 139, Hkr. iii. 158, Nj. 115, Eg. 492, passim; lt jarlinn binda postulann ok
berja svipum, en er gengnar vru sjau hrir (rounds) bardagans, 656 B. 4; Dags-hr, Orra-hr, .
H. ch. 227, Fms. vi. 421. 3. medic., in plur. paroxysms of pain, of fever; hafa harar hrir, sttar-
hrir, paroxysms of fever: but esp. pangs of childbirth (fingar-hrir); Forum lgust fjll glf
| fengu strangar hrir, rendering of 'parturiunt montes' of Horace, Grnd. II. the nick of time: 1. a
while; nkkura hr, for a while, Nj. 1; langa hr, a long while, . H. 31; litla hr, a little while,
Fas. iii. 48; langar hrir, for long spells of time, Fms. vii. 199; essar hrir allar, all this while, Hkr.
i. 211; ltilli hr, in a short while, Sks. 232 B; um hr, or (rarely) um hrir, for a while, . H. 32,
Fs. 8, Eg. 59, 91, 95; enn of hr, sl. ii. 360; um hrar sakir, id., Fs. 134; orrinn er um hr (a while
ago) var nefndr, Stj. 77; sem um hr (for a while) var fr sagt, 104: in plur., au vandri er etta
land hafa lagzt um hrir, N. G. L. i. 445; hfu vr n um hrir iuliga skoat hana, Gl. v. 2.
adverb, phrases, u. hrum, frequently; at eir vri hrum at Staarhli, Sturl. i. 62; stundum
Hvammi en hrum at Sta, 193; hann mlti allt til andlts sns ok sng hrum r psaltera, Fms.
vii. 227, cp. Hdl. 38. . hrinni, immediately, at once; hann fr hrinni upp til Hofs, Fms. ix.
520; bru eir hann hrinni ofan Naustanes, Eg. 398; egar hrinni ( = Lat. jam jam), Stj. 7;
sk hans bn egar hrinni, 272, 274; ba Sveinn at eir fri til Sandeyjar, ok fyndisk ar,
vat hann lzk angat fara mundu hrinni, Orkn. 388; ltusk enn sex menn hrinni, Eb. 278;
rem sinnum hrinni, thrice in succession, D. N. ii. 225; so also, einni hr, all at once, Tristr. 6.
III. local (rare), space, distance; Erlingr rr mest, ar nst Ubbi, ok var hr lng millum,
Mag. 9; stundar-hr, Hkr. i. 150.
hra, d, to excite, Th. 3.
hr-blsinn, part. storm-blown, Hallfr. (epithet of the waves).
hr-drepa, adj. killed by a snow storm, 656 B. 12.
hr-fastr, adj. held fast by a storm, Sturl. ii. 235, Fms. ii. 239.
hr-feldr, adj. stormy, epithet of the clouds, Gm. 40, v.l. (Edda).
hrir, m., pot. a sword, Edda (Gl.)
hr-lyndr, adj. distressed, agitated, Vgl. (in a verse).
hr-ml, n. the nick of time, Edda i. 332 (Ob.), where Kb. hrimdal (wrongly); cp. the words, en
jfnur var milli prestanna samt annarra gra bnda ar Fljtum, sem gfu num hey allan
vetrinn, ok mn Okrum misveitinni, sem ekki gaf hey nema at taka r hrml, Fl. iv. 198,
where hrml and allan vetrinn are opposed to each other.
hr-tjald, n., pot. the heaven, Harms. 28.
hr-viri, n. a tempest, Eb. 204, Sturl. iii. 215.
hrfa, u, f. a rake, Eb. 258, Fms. iii. 207, Hv. 47. COMPDS: hrfu-tindr, m. the teeth of a rake;
hrifu-skapt, -hfu, n. a rake-handle, head of a rake, freq. in mod. usage.
HRFA, hreif, hrifu, hrinn, [prob, from the same root as hrifsa, cp. Engl. to rive] :-- to catch,
grapple; kasta akkerum, ok hrfa au vi um sir, Bs. i. 423; en nokku bgi allstaar sv at
hvergi hreif vi, Gsl. 125; ht hann heilagan Jn biskup ... ok hreif egar vi, Bs. i. 197; hann
reist eim seivillur me eim atkvum, at eim hri sjlfum seimnnum, Fas. iii. 319; hann
hrfr til hlustanna, Fs. 146: rare in old writers, but freq. in mod. usage: also in a metaph. sense, to
affect, to move, touch, stir into a passion, hrinn, part. moved, enthusiastic, etc.
HRM, n. [A. S. hrm; Engl. rime; Dan. rim-frost; cp. Germ. reif]: -- rime, hoar frost, Edda 4,
Vm. 31, Korm. (in a verse), Fms. vi. 23 (in a verse), Merl. 1. 51, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS:
hrm-drif, n. a drift of rime, Sks. 230. Hrm-faxi, a, m. Rime-mane, a mythol. horse, Edda 56,
Vm. 14. hrm-fextr, part. rime-maned, of the waves, Fas. ii. (in a verse). hrm-frosinn, part. rimy,
Sks. 230. hrm-steinar, m. pl. rime stones, Edda 38, 48. Hrm-ursar, m. pl. 'Rime-giants;' the
Titans of the Scandin. mythology were so called, as opposed to and older than the common Jtnar
(Giants), Vm. 33, Hm. 109, Gm. 31, Skm. 34; hrmursar ok bergrisar, Edda 10, 15, 25, 38. II. the
black soot on a kettle, ketil-hrm. COMPDS: Hrm-gerr, f. name of a giantess, Hkv. Hjrv. hrm-
kaldr, adj. rime cold, Vm. 21, Ls. 49, Fm. 38. hrm-kalkr, m. a rimy cup, from the froth on the
mead, Ls. 53, Skm. 37.
hrm-aldi, a, m. a lazy lout, who lies on the hearth black with soot, cp. kolbtr, Fas. iii. 18.
hrmandi, see hrynjandi.
hrmi, a, m. = hrm, Lex. Pot.
Hrmnir, m. the name of a giant, Edda.
hrmugr, adj. sooty, black, Korm. (in a verse).
HRNA, pres. hrn; pret. hrein, pl. hrinu; part. hrini :--
A. To squeal like swine; stundum jarmai hann sem geit er hrein sem svn, Greg. 50, Fas. iii. 148;
hani, krummi, hundr, svn ... | galar, krunkar, geltir, hrn, a ditty, passim. . of an animal in heat;
hljp merr at hestinum ok hrein vi, Edda 26; hrein hnan vi hananum, Fs. 156.
B. [A. S. hrnan = tangere], to cleave to, stick; a hrn ekki , it will not stick, e.g. of throwing
water on a duck's back; a hrn ekki svrtu, i.e. black (spots) on black will not be seen. 2.
metaph. to take effect, hurt, esp. of curses or imprecations; mjk ykir etta atkvi hafa hrinit,
Ld. 154; ella mun ek mla at or er alla mun uppi vera knrunni yrum, ok mun hrna,
Anal. 186; ellegar hrni at allt r sem ek he r verst beit, Fas. iii. 206, 390; tti at mjk
hafa hrinit er svfr hafi sp, Ld. 230; cp. hrins-or, curses that take effect.
HRS, n. [A. S. hrs; Old Engl. ris or rys (Chaucer); Dan. riis; Swed. ris; Germ. reis] :-- a
collective noun, shrubs, brushwood; hrs ok htt gras, Hm. 120; sm hris ok enn holt, Fms. vi.
334 (v.l.), vii. 31, Eg. 220; hann fannsk hrsum nokkurum, Fms. vii. 31, 68, Fs. 155; hrfuu eir
annig um hrsin, Sturl. i. 150: fagots, Ld. 214, 216, Rm. 9; til hrsa ok haga, Jm. 7; brjta hrs, to
break fagots, D. N. i. 215: so in the phrase, brjta hrs hla e-m, to break fagots on another's
heels, give him a thrashing, Fms. vi. 339 (in a verse): rfa hrs, to make fagots: the saying, jkkva
skal hrsinn vi (ni?) me hrsi, Sighvat, is dubious, perh. vi = ni, i.e. a proud son wants the
rod, cp. Prov. xiii. 24. II. local names, Hrsar, Hrs-hll, etc., Landn. COMPDS: hrs-btr, m. twig-
biter, a nickname, Fms. ix. hrs-brot, n. breaking wood for fagots, D. N. hrs-byrr, f. a load of
fagots, Fbr. 47, Pm. 423. hrs-eki, a, m. a hurdle of brush-wood, Rd. 240. hrs-hgg, n. = hrsbrot,
Vm. 96. hrs-kjrr, n. pl. brushwood, Ld. 204, Landn. 68, Fms. vii. 31, 123, ir. 67. hrs-magi, a,
m. a nickname, Ld. 216. hrs-rif, n. = hrsbrot, Grg. ii. 263, 264, Dipl. v. 10. hrs-runnr, m. a
bush, Eb. 200, Rd. 250, Fms. vii. 250, Thom. 473.
hrsa, u, f. a female hrsungr (q.v.), N. G. L. i. 206.
hrsi, a, m. = hrsungr (?), a nickname, Landn.
hrsla, u, f. a dimin. a twig or sprig of a branch, sl. ii. 356, Rd. 240, Ld. 52, N. G. L. i. 270, Fb. iii.
453, Barl. 56.
hrs-ttr, adj. grown with shrubs, Eg. 219, Fb. iii. 453.
hrsungr, m. a law term, a kind of bastard, one begotten in the woods, but of a free mother, N. G. L.
i. 48, 228: in the Grgs, a son born of a free woman, but begotten whilst she was a bondwoman; he
could not inherit, and, though called free born, had to be declared free personally (pro form), Grg.
i. 178; cp. rishfde in the old Swed. law. The heipt hrsungs = stones, t. 19, refers to the tale of the
Sons of Jormunrek, of which one (Erp) is in Hm. called hornungr.
hrj, f. a rout, (cp. slang Engl. row), struggle, Fms. vi. 212, Fas. ii. 505.
HRJ, , to vex, distress, harass a person, Fms. vi. 204 (v.l.), viii. 78, Th. 77: neut. to struggle,
wrestle, hann kvask af hafa lagt at rj (sic), Grett. 146 A: freq. in mod. usage and with the h, Pass.
9. 9; hrj er holdi lka, Stef. l.
HRJA, pret. hrau, pl. hruu, part. hroinn :-- to strip, disable, esp. a ship in a sea-ght; hann
hrau ll vkinga-skipin, Fms. i. 27; var hroit at skip stafna meal, 178; au skip er eir
sjlr ynni ok hryi af la konungi, ii. 303; hruu eir ll Dana skip au er eir fengu haldit, 314;
hrau Magns konungr at skip ok san hvrt at ru, vi. 78, 84; eir hruu sum skipin Birkibeina,
viii. 290; lttu eir fegar eigi fyrr en hroit var skipit, Eg. 122. 2. of ships, to unload; eir hrja
skip sn ok setja landfestar, Al. 13; ok er rtt at h. skip ok bera farm af tt Drottins-dagr s, af ...,
K. . K. 82; skip skal eigi h. um helgi nema skips-hski s, N. G. L. i. 142. 3. to be cleared; var
enn hroinn valrinn, the battle-eld was cleared of the slain, Fms. v. 97; mun hroit myrkvanum
(the fog has cleared away) ar sem eir eru, Hkr. iii. 94. II. impers. to belch or vomit forth, of
steam, re, expectoration, or the like; kongrinn hj me Hneiti svo hrau af eggjum bum, so
that both edges struck re, r. 48; eldi hrau r hlunni, Lex. Pot.; kva hann at vera svelg ok
hrau stundum sv htt upp r sem fjall vri, Bret. 49 (1845); hrau upp r honum miklu vatni (he
brought up much water) er hann hafi drukkit, Mag. 76; hrau himin upp glum, Edda (in a
verse); hrr um krapit, Finnb. 310 III. reex. hrjask, to be cleared, stripped, Jd., Hkm., Lex.
Pot.
hrjr, m. [A. S. hroder], pot. one of the heavens, Edda (Gl.); whence hrjr-leika, u, f. the sun,
id.
hrjr, m. a destroyer, Lex. Pot.
hrjna, u, f. [Old Engl. royne = a scab; roynous, roynish = scabby (Chaucer and Shaksp.); cp. also
ronyon] :-- roughness, Edda (Lauf.), and hrjnungr, m. id., esp. from aws in ice. The word, which
is old, although not recorded in ancient writers, is interesting on account of its being akin to hraun,
q.v.
hrjnn, adj. rough; h. shrufa, Edda.
HRJSA, hraus, hrusu. subj. hrysi, a defect. strong verb: [A. S. hreosan = to shake; Ivar Aasen
rysja; Swed. rysa; akin to hrista, q.v.] :-- to shudder; ok hraus eim mjk hugr vi hnum, Grett. 78
new Ed.; vallt hrs mr hugr vi er ek s ik, Krk. 7 new Ed. (1866).
hrjstr, m. a rough place, barren rocky place, Grg. ii. 282, Jb. 242.
hrjstugr, adj., mod. hrjstrugr, rough, barren, Bs. i. 674.
HRJTA, pres. hrt, pl. hrjta; pret. hraut, 2nd pers. hrauzt, pl. hrutu; subj. hryti; part. hrotinn :--
to rebound, fall, y, be ung, with the notion of shaking or violence; xin hraut r hendi honum, Nj.
28, Fs. 101; bjrg hrutu r sta, Rb. 318; hrutu fyrir bor hfu ok limir, Fms. i. 171; hraut upp
hurin, vi. 121; annarr hraut sundr, rent asunder, Hkr. ii. 143; barrarnar hrutu sundr, were
crushed, Sturl. ii. 49; hamrar sprungu en hrutu steinar, Krosskv. 13; vpnin hrutu af upp af
skallanum, the swords rebounded from his skull, without hurting him, Fms. xi. 132; frunautar hans
hrutu fr, they started back, Fbr. 40; hann blss nafars-rauna ok hrjta spnirnir upp mti
honum, Edda 49; en hraut at upp fyrir orgrmi, at ..., that (word) broke forth from Th., he was
heard to say, that ..., Grett. 120 A. 2. metaph., eldr hraut r trgunni, re started from the target,
Korm. 88; eldr hraut r hlunnunum ok lnd ll skulfu, Edda 38, Gull. 9; hryti hr logi hs mn
ggnum, Am. 15; sv sndist sem dust hryti r hreinbjlfanum, the dust ew out of the cloak, Fb. ii.
356; hrtr (sparkled) r skallanum vi hggin, Fms. xi. 132; hraut r af vtu, it drizzled into a
shower, Sturl. iii. 112; hrtr bl r munni ea nsum, Grg. i. 149 new Ed.
B. To snore, a different word, of which the older and better form was rjta, as shewn by alliteration
in old poems, see p. 227: [A. S. hrtan; Old Engl. rout or rowt; Swed. ryta] :-- raut vi enn
reginkunni Baldr brynju sem bjrn ryti, Hm. 26; hann svaf ok hraut sterkliga, Edda 29; sofnar
Skrmir ok hraut fast, id., Grett. 154; konungr hraut mjk, Fms. ii. 139; agit hraut gurliga htt,
Fb. i. 258; sofnar hann egar fast, ok hraut mikinn, Finnb. 336; hann hraut mjk, Fas. ii. 133, Sturl.
ii. 50.
HRJFR, adj. [A. S. hreof = scabby; Engl. rough], rough, rugged to the touch; hrjfr hls, Fas. iii.
37 (in a verse). 2. scabby, scurvy; lkrir ok hrjr, 655 xi; eir eru sem hrjr s, er ormargir
eru, id.; hendr hans hfu hryfar (i.e. hrjfar) verit ok ftr ok vall hvrt-tveggja vgi, Greg. 75, Ld.
232, v.l.
hroa, a, to huddle up; h. e-u af.
hroi, a, m. [hrja II], refuse, offal, Fr. 186; dn-h., refuse of eiderdown; medic. excretion. 2. =
hrj, a rout, riot, Fbr. 8; cp. also hryja. hroa-vnligr, adj. likely to cause a row, Njar. 366. II.
metaph. a rough, brutal man. COMPDS: hroa-lega, adv. coarsely, badly (done). hroa-legr, adj.
coarse, bad (workmanship): brutal. hroa-menni, n. a brutal person. hroa-skapr, m. brutality.
hroinn, hroit, part. of a lost verb [ = A. S. hredan, to paint], painted, stained, only found once,
hroit sigli, Skv. 3. 47; and in the compd gull-roinn, q.v.
hro-virkr, adj. doing hurried and bungling work, (hrovirkni, f.)
HROGN, n. pl. [Engl. roe; Dan. rogn; Swed. row], roe, spawn, Sks. 48, Landn. 117 (as a
nickname), freq.
hrogn-kelsi, n., proncd. hrokkelsi, the cyclopterus, lump-sucker, collectively; but the male sh is
called raumagi, the female grmagi or grsleppa, Bjarn. (in a verse), freq. hrokkelsa-fjara, u, f.
catching lump-suckers on the beach.
HROKA, a, (see hraukr), to ll a vessel above the brim; cistera hroku af gulli, Hkr. iii. 245;
hrokar (brimful) af lyfjan, Th. 19: metaph., h. sig upp, to puff oneself up with pride: also hroka-
fylla, t, to ll over the brim.
hroki, a, m. the heap above the brim of a full vessel; me hroka frdmingar, covered with
disgrace, H. E. i. 514. II. metaph. insolence, overbearing manners, freq. COMPDS: hroka-fullr,
adj. full of insolence. hroka-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), overbearing. hroka-yri, n. swelling words,
Jude 16.
hrokk-ll, m. a kind of eel, old form hrkkvi-ll, Bragi.
hrokkinn, part. (see hrkkva), curled: hrokkin-hrr, -hrr, adj. curly-haired, Fms. vii. 101, Fbr.
5, 176, Bs. i. 127, ir. 176: hrokkin-skinna, u, f. 'wrinkle-skin,' term of abuse for an old woman,
Fms. ii. 130: name of a MS. given to it by Torfeus, cp. Fagr-skinna, Gr-skinna, Gullin-skinna,
Morkin-skinna, = Fair-skin, Gray-skin, Golden-skin, Rotten-skin, all names of Icel. vellum MSS.
hrolla, d, to shiver, and metaph. to shudder; hrollir hugr minn, Fb. i. (in a verse); hroldi hotvetna,
Am. 95; hrolla hrslu, Fas. i. (in a verse), cp. Sl. 38.
HROLLR, m. a shivering, from cold; hann hafi hroll mikinn bknum, Fas. ii. 394; h. kom
hrund honum, Orkn. 184; h. og kuldi, Dropl. (Major); kulda-h., a shivering from cold: metaph.
horror, Fas. i. 194.
hropti, a, m. a word of uncertain sense; gmundr sagisk eigi mundu sigla lengra en um veran
hroptann, Sd. 151.
HROPTR, m. a mythical name of Odin, perh. the crier, prophet (from hrpa), Gm. 8, Kormak,
Vsp. 61, Ls. 45, Eb. 78 (in a verse), Hd. (Edda); prop. an appellative, as seen from the compds
Rgna-hroptr, m. the crier of the gods, the prophet = Odin, Hm. 143; Hropta-tr, m. the crying god
= Odin, Hm. 161, Gm. 54.
HROSS, m., spelt hors, Stj. 178: [A. S. hors; Engl. horse; O. H. G. hros; Germ. ross] :-- a horse,
Hm. 70, Grg. i. 194, 432, 433, 599, Nj. 69, Sturl. iii. 227, Gl. 190, Eb. 106, Fb. ii. 184, 313; st-
h., a stud-horse, steed; mer-h., a mare; burar-h., a hackney. 2. spec. a mare, opp. to hestr, a
stallion; litfrttr hestr me ljsum hrossum, Gull. 14, Hrafn. 6; hestr ea h., N. G. L. ii. 68; ef
mar hest (a stallion), skal hann annathvrt kaupa hross (a mare) til, ea f at lni, 125.
COMPDS: I. hrossa-bein, n. horse bone, horse esh, Sturl. i. 184. hrossa-beit, f. bite or grazing
for horses, Jm. 20, Pm. 38. hrossa-brestr, m. a rattle. hrossa-fellir, m. loss of horses, from hunger
or disease, Ann. 1313. hrossa-flga, u, f. fodder or pay given to keep a horse, Grg. i. 432. hrossa-
ftr, m. pl. horses' hoofs, Rb. 348; troin undir hrossa ftum, Fas. i. 227. hrossa-gaukr, see gaukr.
hrossa-geymsla, u, f. horse keeping, Grett. 91. hrossa-hs, n. a stable, Fms. i. 108, xi. 407, Grett.
91, Orkn. 218, Bs. i. 285. hrossa-hfn, f. horse-keep, horse pasture, b. 6. hrossa-kjt, n. horse
esh, horse meat, Fms. i. 36. hrossa-kyn, n. horse esh, Fas. iii. 132. hrossa-letr, n. 'horse-letters,'
a large coarse hand-writing. hrossa-mar, m. a groom, orst. Stang. 48; Kjartan kvask engi vera
h. ok vildi eigi iggja, Ld. 194. hrossa-ma, u, f. the dirt and loose hairs which come off the coat
of an ungroomed horse. hrossa-mugr, adj. covered with h. hrossa-rei, f. a horse-race, horse-
riding, Grg. i. 432, 438. hrossa-skella, u, f. = hrossabrestr. hrossa-sltr, n. horse meat, Nj. 164,
Hkr. i. 143, Fms. x. 300. hrossa-stt, f. horse fever, a kind of horse's disease. hrossa-stuldr, m.
horse stealing, Fms. iii. 147. hrossa-taka, u, f. id., Eb. 56. hrossa-vndr, m. a horse-whip, Art.
hrossa-jfr, m. a horse-stealer, Hbl. 8. hrossa-ngull, m. a kind of seaweed, fucus digitatus.
hross-bak, n. horse-back, Sturl. i. 146, ii. 219, Jb. 262. hross-bein, n. a horse's bone, Sturl. i. 184.
hross-eigandi, a, m. part. a horse owner, Grg. i. 437. hross-fellir, n. = hrossafellir. hross-fjldi, a,
m. a drove of horses, Glm. 316. hross-fr, m. horse-fodder, N. G. L. i. 240. hross-gjf, f. the gift
of a horse, Sturl. i. 155. hross-grsemi, f. a 'treasure of a horse,' a valuable horse, Bs. i. 633.
hross-hali, a, m. a horse's tail, Fms. ix. 18. hross-hauss, m. a horse's head, Fas. ii. 300: as a term
of abuse, afgamall h. hross-hr, n. horse-hair. Hrosshrs-grani, a, m. one of the names of Odin,
prob. from wearing a frock or hekla of horse-hair, hross-hfr, m. a horse's hoof, Al. 156. hross-
hvalr, m. [A. S. horshwl = horse-whale; the Germ. form being wall-ross; Engl. wal-rus], a
walrus, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 30 new Ed., Korm. 164, K. . K. 138: ropes of walrus skin (svrr) were
used of old for rigging ships, see king Alfred's Orosius. hross-hfu, n. = hrosshauss, Eg. 389.
hross-ss, m. ( = hrossheldr ss), horse-ice, i.e. ice safe to ride on, Sturl. iii. 21. hross-klyf, f. a
horse pack, Karl. 382. hross-lifr, f. a horse's liver, Hkr. i. 144. hross-nautn, f. using a horse, Grg.
i. 432, 441. hross-rei, f. horse-riding, a horse-race, Grg. i. 432, 433, 442. hross-rfa, u, f. a
horse's tail, Fas. iii. 473. hross-sa, u, f. a horse's side, Orkn. 12. hross-spell, n. the damaging a
horse, N. G. L. i. 176. hross-tagl, n. a horse's tail, Art. hross-tnn, f. a horse's tooth. hross-ver,
n. the worth of a horse, Grg. i. 434, Jb. 273. hross-jfr, m. a horse-stealer: name of a giant, Hdl.
hross-ta, u, f. an eater of horse esh, which by the old eccl. law might not be eaten. II. in pr.
names, Hross-kell, Hross-bjrn, Landn.: local name, Hross-ey, in the Orkneys.
HROSTI, a, m. [Dan. roste; perh. the Engl. roast is akin; in Ivar Aasen roste -- the mash] :-- the
mash in a brewer's boiler, also the boiler and mash together; fnn h., the shining frothy mash, Stor.
18; whence hrosta-fen, hrosta-brim, n. the hot boiling uid, Kormak, Arnr; hrosta-b, f. a
beer-shop, D. N. v. 763; hrosta-lr, m. a 'mash-box,' = the boiler; the word only occurs in poetry.
hrota, u, f. the barnacle-goose, = hrotgs: as a term of abuse, karl-hrota, an old man.
hrot-gs, f. [Dan. rodgaas; Norse rotgaas; Orkn. rood-goose] :-- a barnacle-goose, Edda (Gl.)
hrotti, a, m., pot. a sword, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot.: metaph. a coarse, rude fellow; s inn heimski h.,
Fms. ii. 161; hinn gamli hrottinn, Grett. 118 A, Karl. 534. COMPDS: hrotta-legr, adj. coarse,
crude, hrotta-skapr, m. coarseness.
hrotur, f. pl. snoring.
hr, see hr.
hr-mgr, m. the great, famous son, Hkr. i. 114 (in a verse).
HRR, m., gen. hrrar and hrrs: [A. S. hr, hrer; O. H. G. hruodi; Goth. hr is assumed
as the subst. of hreigs, 2 Cor. ii. 14] :-- praise, prop. fame, reputation; heyra hrr sinn, to hear
one's own praise, Fms. v. 174; bera hrr e-s, 623. 36; hrrs rverr, unworthy of praise, Ad. 14,
15; njta hrrar, to enjoy one's praise, Edda (in a verse); mun inn hrr (thy honour) ekki at meiri
at ek mla berara, Gsl. 16; hrr varlega gr, Fas. i. 267 (in a verse); -hrr, disgrace. 2. esp.
an encomium; gra hrr of e-n, to compose a poem in one's praise, Kormak; nemi hann httu
hrrs mns, Edda (in a verse); hla hrri snum, to give ear to a song of praise, Sighvat.
COMPDS (all from poems): hrrar-gjarn, adj. willing to praise, of a poet, Rekst. 34. hrr-
auigr, adj. rich in honour, famous, Sighvat. hrr-barmr, m. the famous, fatal spray (the
mistletoe), Vkv. 9. hrr-barn, n. the glorious child, Lex. Pot. hrr-deilir, m. a 'praise-dealer,'
an encomiast, Gsl. 42 (in a verse). hrr-fss, adj. = hrargjarn, Skv. 2. 21. hrr-gr, f.
'praise-making,' an encomium, Lex. Pot. hrr-kvei, a, m. a 'praise-singer,' a poet. Fas. iii. 36.
hrr-ml, n. pl. a song of praise, Hd. hrr-sm, f. = hrrgr, Lex. Pot. hrr-sonr, m. =
hrmgr, Fms. vi. 348. hrr-tala, u, f. praise, Lex. Pot. II. in a few instances the sense is
ambiguous, and probably to be derived from hrja, to destroy, e.g. in Hrvitnir, m. the fatal,
murderous wolf, Edda 58, Gm. 39, Ls. 39: perh. also in hrrbarmr (above). III. in pr. names as
prex (cp. O. H. G. Hruod-land = Roland), Hr-marr, Hr-geirr; assimil. in Hrol-leifr, Hrol-
laugr: absorbed in Hr-arr (qs. Hrarr = Hrod-here), Hr-aldr, Hr-mundr: as also in Hr-
rekr (A. S. Hrric = Engl. Roderick), Hr-bjartr ( = Engl. Robert), Hrolfr (qs. Hr-lfr =
Germ. Rudolph, Engl. Ralph): also, Hr-n, a woman's name, Landn.: the obsolete pr. names
Hrei-arr and Hrei-marr may also belong to the same root; as also Hrei-Gotar or Rei-Gotar
(A. S. Hrgotan), a division of the Goths, Hervar. S., Skjld.
hrugr, adj. [Ulf. hreigs; A. S. hrig], triumphant, Vkv. 18, Ls. 45: glorious, Gm. 19, Ad. 9,
Lex. Pot.: as also in pot. compds, vin-h., al-h.: freq. in mod. usage in the sense of boasting,
triumphant.
HRF, n. [A. S. hrf; Engl. roof; Dutch roef], a shed under which ships are built or kept, Ld. 34,
112, Grg. ii. 400, Landn. 30, Krk. 10 new Ed.; angbrands-hrf, Bs. i. 14; Stganda-hrf, Fs. 28:
in local names, Hrf-, Hrf-berg (proncd. Hr-berg), Landn.
hr, n. scrapings; a er ekki nema hr, hann her hra v saman, of loose uncritical
compilation.
hra, a, to scrape together. 2. dep. to get out of order, Sks. 385.
hrfna, a, to be dilapidated.
HRKR, m. [Ulf. hruk = crowing; A. S. hrc; Engl. rook; O. H. G. hruoh] :-- a rook, Edda (Gl.),
Ht., Lex. Pot, passim. hrka-ra, u, f. long-winded foolish talk, croaking; in the popular Icel.
phrase, setja upp hrkaru, to set up long-winded talk, begin a 'long yarn,' which reminds one of
the Goth. sense; um hann mlti Smundr brir Pls, at hann vri hrkr alls fagnaar hvargi er
hann vri staddr, referring to his conversation and cheerfulness in company, Bs. (Pls S.) i. 137. .
a term of abuse, a croaker, scurra garrulus, Kormak, Orkn. (in a verse); heimskr hrkr, Fbr. (in a
verse). 2. a pr. name, Fas. II. [from the Indian roch = elephant's castle, through the Engl.], the rook
or castle in chess; skka hrks-valdi, to check in the guard of the rook; eiga sr hrk horni.
hrks-mt, n. checkmate with the rook, Mag.
hrp, n. [Ulf. hrps = GREEK; North. E. and Scot. roup, a public auction, from the calling out of
the articles] :-- cavilling, scurrility, Korm. 162, Fms. iii. 154; hrp ok hung, Band. 31 new Ed.;
hrp ok rg, Ls. 4; ert allra manna hrp (a laughing-stock) ok reklingr, MS. 4. 26. 2. [Germ. ruf],
crying, screaming, mod. COMPDS: hrp-laust, n. adj. without taunt, Str. 69. hrps-tunga, u, f. a
'slander-tongue,' foul mouth, Anal. 175. hrp-yri, n. pl. scurrility, Fms. iii. 154, Gsl. 53.
HRPA, a, [Ulf. hrpjan = GREEK; A. S. hrepan; Hel. hrpan; Scot. roup or rope; O. H. G.
hruofan; Germ. rufen; Dutch roepen; Dan. raabe] :-- to slander, defame a person, Nj. 68, Eg. 62,
Landn. 238, Stj. 192, Str. 15, Orkn. 120, Anal. 175, sl. ii. 238. II. [Germ. rufen], to cry, call aloud,
hrs, n. [Swed., Dan., and Ormul. ros], praise, freq. in mod. usage.
HRSA, a, [Old Engl. and Scot. roose; Dan. rose; Swed. rosa; Ormul. rosen] :-- to praise, often
with the notion to vaunt, boast, with dat., Vkv. 24, Hbl. 4, Nj. 147, Fms. vi. 239, Hkr. ii. 299, Sks.
229, 743; h. sr, to boast, Karl. 291, Gsl. 37; h. sigri, to triumph, Ann. 1340; me hrsanda sigri,
triumphant, Sks. 631; v herfangi er eir ttu opt at h., to boast of, Fms. x. 253; Saul hrsai
(boasted), at hann hefi vel grt, Sks. 702.
hrsan, f. praise, boasting, Str. 74. N. T.
hrsari, a, m. a boaster, Karl. 165, 283.
hrs-verr, adj. praiseworthy.
HRT, n. [Ulf. hrt = GREEK, Matth. viii. 8, etc., = GREEK, ib. x. 27, Luke v. 19, xvii. 31] :-- a
roof, only in poetry; hjarta hrt, pot. the 'heart's-roof,' the breast, Landn. (in a verse); hreggs hrt,
the 'gale's-roof,' the sky; leiptra hrt, the 'lightning-roof,' the sky; heims hrt, the 'world's-roof,' the
heaven, Lex. Pot. hrt-gandr, m. 'roof-wolf,' re; or hrt-garmr, m. id., Lex. Pot. 2. the roof
near the outer door is in mod. usage called rt, f.
hruning, f. a challenging of neighbours, judges, Grg. i. 39, 127, 178, ii. 85 (Kb.)
hrufa, u, f. [hrjfr], a crust, the rough surface of a stone. . the crust or scab of a boil or the like; h.
sri, N. G. L. i. 162, 305, Stj. 345, Bs. ii. 23.
hrua, a, to scratch, Karl. 202, Mar.: reex. to be scratched, of the skin, ar hefi hann hruast og
beinbrotna, ... eins hruuust hans rnu hendr klettunum, Od. v. 426, 435.
hrufttr, adj. rough, rugged to the touch, e.g. of a stone.
HRUKKA, u, f. [Engl. ruck, wrinkle; Dan. rynke; Swed. rynka; Lat. ruga] :-- a wrinkle on the skin,
but also of cloth, Barl. i. 174, Bs. i. 377, Thom. 518, Mar.: freq. in mod. usage, enga ekkan n
hrukku, Ephes. v. 27.
hrukkast, a, dep. to be wrinkled.
hrukkttr, adj. rugged, wrinkled, Lat. rugosus.
hruma, , to enfeeble, make inrm; orvari hrumi srit, Lv. 86. II. reex. to become old and
inrm, Fas. iii. 204 (in a verse).
hrumar, adj. inrm, worn by age, Sturl. i. 57, Al. 55, Fms. vii. 12 (v.l.)
hrum-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), inrm, Mork. 92, Fb. iii. 376.
HRUMR, adj. inrm, staggering, esp. from age, Thom. 464; hrumr gngu, Band. 28 new Ed.;
stirr ok h., Bs. i. 344; h. af vsi, Fms. ii. 59; haltr ok h., Stj. 501; h. at ftum, Fms. vii. 12; h. af elli,
Eg. 393, Pr. 194.
hrun, n. [hrynja], ruin, collapse. 2. = hraun, Skld H. 2. 32.
Hrund, f. name of a Norse island; freq. used in poetry of women, bauga h., hringa h., Lex. Pot.
hrundning, f. [hrinda], kicking, pushing, Eg. 765, Vgl. 19.
Hrungnir, m. the name of a famous giant, Edda; prob. akin to A. S. hrung, Germ. runge, = pertica:
a shield is called the pedestal of the giant H., from the tale told in Edda 56-59. Hrungnis-hjarta,
n., see hjarta.
hrun-henda, u, f. = hrynhenda.
hrunki, a, m. [akin to Hrungnir?], a clown, brute; skal sj vi mik berjask hrunkinn, Glm. 332.
hrun-sr, m. a breaker, Haustl. 11.
hrunull, adj. (?); h. efr, a bad smell, Sturl. i. 27 (in a verse).
HRR, m., gen. hrrs, a crust, scab on a sore, Bs. i. 182, freq.: crusty, of moss on rocks.
COMPDS: hrr-karl, m. crusted moss on rocks, Bb. 2. 13. hrr-urt, f., botan. scabiosa, the
scabious, Hjalt.
hrra, a, to become crusted, of sores.
HRGA, u, f. [Shetl. rudge], a heap, Fs. 42, Stj. 628, Nj. 190, Glm. 327, Fms. viii. 206, Fb. ii. 8;
beina-h., Fas. i. 66; peninga-h., Mar.; fata-h., Grett. 151. II. a nickname, Glm., Orkn.
hrga, a, to heap, pile up, with dat.
hrgald, n. a heap, mass, Fas. ii. 134.
hrkr, m. a nickname, Landn.
HRTR, m. a ram, Grg. i. 427, 502, 503, Grett. 148, Rd. 260, Fs. 25. Stj. 580, Pr. 478, Fms. xi.
149: the zodiacal sign, Rb. 1812. 17: spec. phrases, sv sem brn gra hrta me ngrum sr, as
children make rams with their ngers, i.e. by twisting their ngers into the shape of rams' horns,
Fms. v. 348, a child's game still well known in Icel.; skera hrta, to snore aloud (cp. hrjta B), Stef.
l.; so, ic hrti = sterto in king Alfred's Gr. II. as a pr. name Hrtr; in local names, Hrts-stair,
Hrta-fjrr, Hrt-ey, Landn. COMPDS: hrta-ber, n., botan. rubus saxatilis, the stone-bramble.
hrtaberja-lyng, n. the rubus ling. Hrt-ringr, m. a man from Hrtafjrr. hrt-lamb, n. a ram
lamb, Jb. 294. hrt-ml, n. and hrt-mnur, m. 'ram months,' the winter months, when sheep are
at heat; fr vetrnttum til hrtmls, Vm. 7; in Edda 103 the ram month is the 3rd month of winter.
hrts-fall, n. a ram's carcase, Stj. 483. hrts-gra, u, f. the skin and eece of a ram, Stj. 306.
hrts-horn, n. a ram's horn. hrta-hfn, f. pasture for rams, Vm. 7. hrts-hfu, n. a ram's head,
Rd. 260, 281. hrts-mark (-merki, -lki), n. the sign Aries, Rb. hrts-rey, n. a ram's eece, MS.
732. hrts-svi, n. pl. a roasted ram's head, the Scot. 'singed head.'
hrzi, a, m., dimin. from hrtr, a ramkin; hva kemr til, hrssi minn, (GREEK), a fer sastr af
fnu t r hellinum, Od. ix. 447.
hrya, u, f. [hroi], excretion, Edda ii. 430.
HRYJA, hruddi, = ryja, [cp. hrja], to clear; hryja dm, h. kvi, a law phrase, to challenge,
Grg. ii. 85, 237 new Ed.
hryja, u, f. [hroi and hrja II], rough weather, sleet, tempest; mrg er hryja mtltis um aldr,
Stef. l.: medic. ts of coughing with excretion, of a sick person: metaph. an outrage, foul deed,
hryju-verk, n. a foul, brutal deed, Fas. iii. 445.
hry, n. [hrufa], a scab, Bs. i. 181, ii. 23.
hrygg-a, n. strength of the back, Fas. ii. 345, Greg. 22, MS. 655 xi. 2.
hrygg-boginn, part. bowed, bent, Thom. 356.
hrygg-brjta, braut, to break the back.
hrygg-brotinn, part. broken-backed, Fms. x. 240, Greg. 48: metaph. an unhappy wooer is said to be
hryggbrotin.
hrygg-brotna, a, to break one's back, Br. 177.
HRYGG or hryg, f. afiction, grief, sorrow, Fms. i. 135, vi. 61, 237, ix. 494 (v.l.), Johann. 97,
N. T., Pass., Vdal. passim. COMPDS: hrygar-bnar and hrygar-bningr, m. a mourning
dress, Stj. 500, 642. hrygar-dagr, m. a day of mourning and sorrow, Fms. vii. 157. hrygar-efni,
n. matter, cause of sorrow, Bs. i. 301. hrygar-fullr, adj. sorrowful, rueful, Fms. ii. 162. hrygar-
grtr, m. wailing, lamentation, Mar. hrygar-klnar, m. a mourning dress, Stj. 173, 207.
hrygar-lindi, a, m. a mourning belt, Stj. 208. hrygar-mark, n. a token of sorrow, Bs. i. 144.
hrygar-ml, n. a sad case, Thom. 452. hrygar-raust, f. a cry of sorrow, Pass. 41. 9. hrygar-
samligr, adj. mournful, Mar. hrygar-svipr, m. a mournful look, 625. 96. hrygar-sngr, m. a
dirge, 625. 195.
hrygg-dreginn, part. bowed, bent, Thom. 478.
hryggi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), mournful, sad, Fms. vi. 229, Sks. 227, Stj. 573, Rm. 239.
HRYGGJA, , older form hryggva, hryggvir, Harms. 60; hryggvask, Pd. 36; hrvggvisk, Fms. ii.
42: [A. S. hreowan; Engl. rue] :-- to distress, grieve, with acc., Post. 645. 82, Karl. 481, Fas. i. 178,
sl. ii. 238: impers., Fms. iii. 164, Band. 12 new Ed., Thom. 456, passim. II. reex. to become
grieved, Pd. 36, Fms. ii. 42, Sks. 225, N. T., Vdal., Pass., and in hymns; Mitt hjarta hva svo
hryggist ?( = Warum betrbst du dich, mein herz?), Hlabk 208.
hrygg-knttr, part. humpbacked, Karl. 547.
hrygg-leikr, m. (-leiki), afiction, grief, sorrow, 623. 57, Fms. x. 357, 368, Sks. 228, Bs. i. 78.
hrygg-lengja, u, f. the back of a hide.
hrygg-ligr, adj. = hryggiligr, Al. 59, 60.
hrygg-lundir, f. pl. the loins, Fms. ii. 82, Eb. 109 new Ed.; in the Sdm. 1. 1, 'hrlundir' is no doubt
a false reading for hrygglundir, the loins.
HRYGGR, m., gen. hryggjar, pl. hryggir, [A. S. hrycg; Engl. rigg, ridge (but only in the metaph.
sense); O. H. G. hrucki; Germ. rcken; Dan. ryg; Swed. rygg] :-- the back, spine, vertebrae dorsi,
in men and beasts, the spine of a sh being called dlkr, q.v.; and even used of serpents, orma-h.,
Vsp. 44, Fms. v. 157, vii. 208, Nj. 129, 155, Gl. 459, Karl. 426, Bs. i. 354, ii. 167, Grett. 90, 112.
II. metaph. a ridge, Gsl. 34, Landn. 115; fjall-h., a mountain ridge; in local names, as ldu-hryggr:
the middle of a piece of stuff or cloth, opp. to jaar (the edge); mla (kli) at hrygg ea jari,
Grg. i. 498; hryggr brfsins, the back of a letter, D. N. i. 593, v. 839: of an edge of a stud, ir. 73.
COMPDS: hryggjar-lir, m. a vertebra. hryggjar-stykki, n. a kind of duck (from a spot on the
back), the sheldrake (?), Edda (Gl.): metaph. the name of an old Icel. historical work, Fms. vii.
(Mork.)
HRYGGR, adj., old acc. hryggvan, with a characteristic v; compar. hryggri, Finnb. 224, and
hryggvari; superl. hryggvastr: [A. S. hreowig; Engl. rueful] :-- aficted, grieved, distressed, Ls. 31,
Gkv. 3. 1, Fms. ii. 290, v. 210, 239, ix. 500, Al. 56, Stj. 520, N. T., Pass., Vdal. passim.
hrygg-spenna, u, f. a wrestling term, 'back-spanning,' clasping the arms round one another's back,
Fas. iii. 414.
hryggving, f. = hrygg, Mar.
hrygla, u, f. [Dan. rallen], medic. a rattling in the throat or bronchial tubes; hsti og h., a cough
and h.; daua-h., the death-rattle.
hrygna, u, f. [hrogn], a sh which has roe, Fas. ii. 112, Edda (Gl.)
HRYLLA, t, [hrollr], to shudder; mig hryllir vi v, I shudder at it.
hrylli-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), ghastly, horrible.
hrylling, f. horror.
HRYMASK, , [hrumr], = hrumast, Pr. 409, Bs. ii. 155, Rb. 344, 346: hrymr, part. inrm from
age, Dropl. 15, Hrafn. 15.
hrymja, , = hruma, Hb. 28.
Hrymr, m. name of an old giant, Vsp., the old, inrm (?).
hryn-henda, u, f. a kind of metre, the drttkvi (q.v.), containing eight syllables in each line
instead of the usual six, Edda (Ht.) 62-64: name of poems composed in this metre, Fms. vi. 26.
hryn-hendr, adj. composed in the metre hrynhenda, Edda (Ht.)
HRYNJA, pres. hryn, pret. hrundi, part. hrunit :-- to fall to ruin, tumble down; bjrgin hrynja, Edda
41; veggrinn var hruninn (dilapidated), Fr. 111; veggrinn hrundi fyrir eldinum, Orkn. 350; hversu
mrar hafa nir hrunit, Karl. 130; grjt ea bjrg ea jr hrynr, Sklda 169; munu eir taka at
segja fjllunum, hryni yr oss, Luke xxiii. 30; og stjrnur himins hrundu jrina (better
hrpuu), Rev. vi. 13, cp. Matth. vii. 25, 27, where hrundi would be the right word, although fll is
here used in the Icel. version. II. metaph. to stream, oat; of garments, jafnskjtt sem klit hrundi
ofan um hann, Orkn. 182; ltum und hnum hrynja lukla, Vkv. 16, 19: of uids, to stream, pour
down, ok er eir vru brjsti hennar (of a wave), hrundi hn ll, Bs. i. 484; hrynja hafbrur,
Fas. ii. 75 (in a verse): of blood, tears, water, hrynr blit ofan kpu-skauti, Hv. 45; hvat berr n
at vi, fair minn, at r hrynja tr? Ld. 132, cp. the verse in Gsl. 2; sem regn a hraast hrundi,
himins dimmu skr (of rain), Pass. 23. 3: of oating hair, Edda ii. 500 (in a verse): of a song,
hrynjandi httr, a streaming, owing metre, = hrynhenda, Edda (Ht.) 136. 2. of doors; hrynja hla
e-m, to be shut on one's heels, of one who is turned out of doors, Skv. 3. 66, (in prose, skella hla
e-m.)
hrynjandi, a, m. (or f.?), a streamer fastened to a staff, Gsl. 103, 104, whereas the other Recension
(20, 21) has hrmandi, which appears to be an error; see Mr. Dasent's Gisli the Outlaw, p. 39.
hryssa, u, f. [hross], a mare; and hryssi, n., in compds, mer-hryssi, ung-hryssi.
hryssingr, m. coarseness, brutality; see hreysingr.
hrytr, m. a 'rowting,' snoring, Fas. i. 232, Bs. ii. 230.
hrgja, , [hrga], to heap together, Lat. cumulare, Karl. 259.
Hrtlingar, m. pl. descendants of Hrtr (II), Landn.
HR, n., old dat. hrvi or hr, (spelt hrei, Hkv. 2. 23), gen. pl. hrva (hrfa), Lex. Pot.
passim: [Ulf. hraiv in hraiva-dubo = GREEK, Luke ii. 24; A. S. hreaw; O. H. G. hre] :-- a dead
body, carrion, Grg. ii. 88, Nj. 27, Bret. 68, Stj. 201, Sturl. i. 28, Fms. iv. 244: carrion, of a beast, x.
308, passim. II. the wreck, fragments of a thing; Austmenn brutu ar skip sitt, ok gru r hrnum
(the wreck) skip at er eir klluu Trkylli, Landn. 157: scraps or chips of trees or timber,
hann at hggva til ess er hann arf at bta at, ok lta eptir hr, Grg. ii. 295; eigu eir at taka
vi af fjru manns, ok bta farkost sinn, ok lta liggja eptir hr, 356; en ef hann vill bta bs-
bhluti sna, hann at hafa vi til ess, hvrt sem hann vill r skgi er r fjru, ok lta eptir
liggja hr, 339; cp. hrvii and hrr vir. This sense still remains in the mod. hri! hri mitt,
hr-tetri, poor wretch! poor fellow! as also in hr, n. a mere wreck, ruin, an old dilapidated thing;
skips-hr, kistu-hr, etc.; and metaph. hri, poor thing! hn her aldrei veri heima, hri! a
getr aldrei ori mar r henni, hrinu, Piltr og Stlka 26. COMPDS: hr-barinn, part. [hr II],
crushed; hrbarnar hlimar, felled saplings, Stor. 2. hr-dreyrugr, adj. bloody, Akv. 36. hr-dri,
n. a carrion beast, N. G. L. i. 80. hr-fasti, a, m. = hrlog, Mork. 142 (in a verse). hr-fugl, m. a
carrion bird, fowl, bird of prey, Stj. 464, Bret. 68, (raven, vulture, etc.) hr-gfr, n. = hrdri, Lex.
Pot. hr-kl, f. the claw of a hrfugl, K. . K. 132. hr-kvikindi, n. (hr-kind, f.), a carrion
beast, K. . K. 132, Fas. iii. 265, Stj. 582. hr-kstr, m. a pile of slain, Fms. vi. (in a verse). hr-
ljmi, a, m. = hrlog, Bs. ii. 109. hr-ljs, n. = hrlog, Sturl. iii. 215. hr-log, n. a 'carrion-lowe,'
the light which gleams round decomposing matter, hrlog brunnu af spjtum eirra, sv at af lsti,
Sturl. ii. 50: mod. hrvar-eldr. Hr-svelgr, m. carrion swallower, name of a giant, Edda, Vm.
hrva-daunn, -efr, m. a smell as of carrion, Fms. viii. 230, x. 213. hrva-gautr, m., pot. a
sword, Edda (Gl.) hrva-kuldi, a, m. deadly cold, Gg. 12. hrvar-eldr, m. = hrlog. hrvar-lykt,
f. a smell as of carrion. In poetry blood is called hr-dgg, -lkr, -lgr, -pollr, -vn: weapons,
hr-frakki (see frakka, p. 169), -gagarr, -klungr, -leiptr, -linnr, -ljmi, -mni, -nar, -seir, -
skr, -sldr, -sk, -teinn: a shield, hr-bor, -net: carrion crows, hr-gammr, -geitungr, -skfr,
-skrr, Lex. Pot.
HRA, d, [Engl. dread], to frighten, with acc., Fms. iii. 48, vi. 147, . H. 119, passim. II. reex.
hrask, to be afraid of, to dread, fear, with acc.; h. e-n, to fear one, Nj. 57, Fms. ix. 242; h. Gu, to
fear God, Post. 656 C. 4; hrumk ekki ht n, Skv. 2. 9: with prep., h. vi e-t, Fms. x. 358, Sm.
131 (prose); hrumk ek vi reii ins, Sighvat; h. fyrir e-m, Br. 2: with inn. not to dare,
hrask at ljga, 656 A. ii. 16; h. at gjalda, Fms. viii. 252.
hrddr, adj. (prop. a participle, like Old Engl. adred), afraid, frightened, timid, Nj. 105, Sd. 144,
Fms. vi. 118; manna hrddastr, i. 216; h. vi e-t, frightened at a thing, Nj. 205; vera h. um e-t, to
fear, be alarmed about a thing, Fms. vii. 156, x. 18: it seems to be used as a subst. in Al. 32, Fas. ii.
531; -hrddr, fearless.
hri-liga, adv. dreadfully, fearfully, Fms. i. 202, Fb. i. 417.
hri-ligr, adj. dreadful, fearful, terrible, Fms. i. 138, ix. 489, sl. ii. 418, Stj. 22, 477, Al. 37.
hrinn, adj. timid, Fms. vi. 155.
hrsla or hrzla, u, f. dread, fear, Nj. 142, Eg. 41, Sturl. ii. 5, passim. COMPDS: hrslu-fullr,
adj. in great fear, Sl. hrslu-lauss, adj. fearless.
hrfa, , (hreifa, Fas. i. 220, Fms. xi. 90), to tolerate, bear with; in the phrase, h. um e-t, menn
ttusk trautt mega um h. hans skaplyndi ok ofsa, Fms. xi. 90; ok mtti um h. mean Hgni lifi,
Fas. i. 220, Am. 67; ok m ekki um at hrfa lengr, it is no longer tolerable, Fs. 31.
hrigr, adj. cadaverous, t. 15.
hrking, f. spitting, Hom.
HRKJA, t, [hrki], to hawk, spit, Bs. i. 347, Fb. i. 330, Stj. 325, Rm. 740, Laudn. 247; h. t, to
spit out, N. G. L. i. 11, Mark vii. 33; h. e-n, to spit on one, Matth. xxvii. 30.
hrla, a, older rla, to beat a loom with a weaver's rod; hn hrlai venn me gullhrl, Od. v.
62, hrlar rum, Darr.; h. dn, to shake eider-down on a frame to cleanse it.
HRLL, m., but rll seems the true form, the h being spurious, [cp. A. S. reol; Engl. reel, = Gr.
GREEK, Od. v. 62] :-- a weaver's rod or sley, Nj. 275; dn-hrll, a stick to clean eider-down.
hrmug-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hideous, disgraceful.
hrpa, t, [hrp], to libel, defame, with acc., Nirst. 6; h. Gu, to blaspheme, Mar. (655 xi. B. i);
hrpir hann Heimd&aolig;l, Frump. (pref.)
HRRA, , i.e. hrra: [A. S. hrran; Engl. rear; O. H. G. hruorian; Germ. rhren; Dan. rre;
Swed. rra] :-- to move: I. with acc., Hm. 33; h. herbir snar, Stj.; eir uttu burt er hrrandi
vru, Fms. v. 97; r gtu ngan mga hrrt, Fb. i. 522; ef vr hrrum hann, ii. 129; h. tungu, to
move the tongue, Stor. 1; Gu hrrir alla stjrn hugar eirra, Sks. 479. II. to stir, so as to mix;
hrru allt saman mold ok silfr, Fms. iv. 298 (Hkr. ii. 220): to stir with a ladle in cooking, hrra
katlinum, Eb. 70 new Ed.; h. pottinum, h. graut, spu, to stir in the kettle, to stir the porridge,
broth, etc.; vindr hrrir str hf, Edda: metaph. to stir in a matter, Bs. ii. 115, Rm. 257; also, h. um
e-t, orst. Su H. 6; h. e-t, id., Karl. 187, Bs. ii. 35; h. vi e-u, to touch a thing, ir. 165. III.
reex. to stir, move oneself; hrrisk heinin hfi r, Edda; v at ek tla han hvergi at
hrrask hvrt sem mr angrar reykr er bruni, Nj. 201; au sjlf megu hvergi hrrask r sta nema
au s af rum borin er dregin, Fms. i. 139, x. 373; allt at er kvikt hrrisk, Sks. 715; limarnar
hrrusk, Eg. 377; hvat liggr ar, mr ykkir sem at hrrisk stundum? Fas. ii. 507; mtti hann
aan hvergi hrrask, Nj. 203. 2. metaph., af essum hlutum hrrisk (arises) heipt ok hatr, Al. 6;
tunga hrrisk til ntra ora, Greg. 25.
HRRAR, m. pl. [Ivar Aasen ryr; cp. Lat. crus], the groin, reins; hrra (acc.), Edda (Lauf.); hann
hafi steinstt, ok l steinninn hrrunum, s er stemdi urftina, Bs. i. 310; kom spjti upp
hrrana, ok renndi ofan lrit, Sturl. iii. 14.
hrri-grautr, m. a mess of porridge, the Scot. 'stirabout.'
hrri-ligr, mod. hrran-ligr, adj. movable; -hrriligr, immovable, Sklda 173, 204, Stj. 18.
hrring, f. motion, stir, Edda 52, Bs. ii. 159; h. lkamans, Greg. 72; h. hafsins, Rb. 438; sjvar h.,
Sks. 51; h. tungls, 438; bandi eptir vatnsins hrringu, John v. 3 ( = Gr. GREEK). II. metaph.
emotion; girndir ok hrringar, Stj. 35; leyfar hrringar, Magn. 468; af sjlfra sinna hrringum, of
their own impulse, H. E. ii. 75; ges hrringar, emotions.
hrringr, m. 'stirabout,' cp. hrrigrautr.
hrsi-brekka, u, f., in the phrase, fra e-t hrsibrekku, to expose to scorn and ridicule; see
rkibrekka.
hrsinn, adj. boasting, vaunting, Sighvat, Hm. 6.
hrsna, a, to feign; h. fyrir e-m, to act hypocritically before one.
hrsnari, a, m. a hypocrite, Matth. vi. 2, 5, 16, vii. 5, etc., Pass., Vdal.
HRSNI, f. [hrs], vanity, self-esteem, self-glorication, Stj. 644; sjlfhl ok h., Fms. ii. 267, Bs.
ii. 16, Barl. 51, Rm. 267; gra e-t til hrsni, Fs. 88; fyrir tma h., 'pro van humanae laudis
jactanti,' Hom. 22; always so in old writers, but at the time of the Reformation it assumed the sense
of II. hypocrisy (GREEK of the N. T.), and is constantly with its compds used so in the N. T.,
Vdal., Pass., etc.
HRKKVA (also spelt hreyqua), pret. hrkk, pl. hrukku; pres. hrekk or hrkk, pl. hrkkva; subj.
hrykki or hreykki; part. hrokkinn; with neg. suff. hrkkvat, Km. 23 :-- to fall back, recoil, be
repelled, with the notion of a shrinking or reeling motion; Jarl hrkk ofan Barann, Fms. ii. 324;
Hallvarr hafi hrokkit fram r lyptingunni ok mitt skipit, viii. 388: with prep., geru eir hr
ena riju ok vru vi lengi, eptir at hrukku eir fr, Nj. 115; kappa tv er estir uru fr at
hrkkva, Fms. v. 162: h. fyrir, to give way to a shock; gkk konungr sv hart fram, at allt hrkk fyrir
honum, i. 45; ok sndisk egar s fylking h. fyrir, viii. 14; ok sv ryjask eir n um at allt hrkkr
liit fyrir, xi. 132: h. til, to sufce, cp. Dan. slaa til, of means, money: h. undan (to draw back)
hrukku Baglar undan, ix. 30: h. vi, to give way; ok verr Sigvaldi n vi at h., xi. 95; ok munt
ekki annat mega en h. vi, Nj. 90: to start up, from fear: h. upp, to be thrown open, of a door; to
start up from sleep, h. upp me andflum. 2. metaph., nr tti hvert tr h. fyrir, every rafter
seemed to give way, creak, Gsl. 31; at nr tti skipit h. fyrir ok braka tti hverju tr, 115: til
ess er hrkk undir midegi, till it drew nigh midday, Fas. i. 506 (where better rkk, from rkva);
hrkk hrfrakki, Gsl. (in a verse). II. to curl, of hair; hr hans ok skegg er gull sem silki ok hrkkr
sem lokar-spnn, ir. 20; hann hafi gull hr ok hrkk mjk, Fms. vii. 239; dkkjarpr hr ok
hrkk mjk, Ld. 274: part. hrokkinn, curled; hrokkit hr, Sturl. iii. 122; hrokkin-hrr and hrokk-
hrr, q.v.; me hrokknum (wrinkled) kinnum, Sks. 170. hrkkva, and t, causal of the last verb, to
drive back, beat, whip; ok beit eigi heldr enn tlknski vri hrkt um, than if it had been beaten
with a reed, Fas. ii. 534, 556: to spur or whip a horse, eptir at hrkti hann hestinn, Sturl. iii. 50;
hrki rr hestinn undir sr ok kva etta vi raust, 317; Eldgrmr vill n skilja ok hrkkr
hestinn, Ld. 150; eir hrkkva hann san brott, they whipped him off, Mar. II. reex. to fall back;
hann skyldi geyma at engir hreykisk aptr, that none should lag behind, Sturl. ii. 211; eir hrktusk
(staggered to and fro) ar lengi dags, Grett. 147 new Ed. 2. esp. to coil, wriggle, of the movement
of a snake; ormr hrkvisk (hrquesc) ok es hll, Eluc. 28, Stj. 96; undan honum hrkisk ein nara
at Oddi, Fas. ii. 300; ormrinn vildi eigi inn munninn ok hrkisk fr brott, Fms. ii. 179; gengu
menn eptir orminum ar til er hann hrkisk jr nir, vi. 297; skrei hann munn honum ok
hrkiz egar nir kviinn, x. 325; hrkkvisk hann um hans ftleggi, Stj. 96, cp. hrkkvi-ll.
hrkkvi-ll, m. a wriggling eel, pot. for a snake, Bragi: hrkkvi-ska, m., pot. = brk (q.v.), a
tanner's tool, Fms. vi. (in a verse): hrkkvi-vndr, m. a whip, Lex. Pot.
hrkkvir, m. a giant, Edda (Gl.)
hrklast, a, to reel, Mag. 158, freq.: used also of a snake.
HRNN, f., gen. hrannar, pl. hrannir, a wave, esp. used in poetry, Stor. 6, Hkv. 1. 26, passim: a ship
is called hrann-blakkr, -valr, the steed, hawk of the wave, (also hranna elgr, hranna hrafn, the elk,
raven of the wave); gold is called hrann-blik, -eldr, wave-re, Lex. Pot.: hrann-garr, m. a wall
of waves, id. II. in prose, old and esp. mod., hrannir, f. pl. the heaps or swathes of seaweed and
shells along the beach; hrs hrannir, heaps of slain, Edda (Ht.) 2. dat. pl. hrnnum, adverb. in
heaps, Lat. catervatim, = unnvrpum, drepr hann hirmenn konungs hrnnum nir, Fas. i. 105. III.
one of the northern Nereids was called Hrnn, Edda.
HRR, spelt hreyr and reyr, n. [A. S. hryre = ruina], a corpse, Lat. cadaver, Gkv. 1. 5, 11; kglar
frnda hrrs, Stor. 4; skja um hrr, Grg. ii. 141; ekki skulu r taka hrrum eirra, v at au
kvikendi eru hrein, Levit. xi. 8; alla fugla er fjra ftr hafa, skal ekki eta, ok hvergi mar er tekr
hrrum (not hrjum) eirra, saurgask hann, Stj. 316. Levit. xi. 20. II. metaph. an old decayed
thing, a ruin, wreck, a fallen tomb, akin to hreysi (q.v.), the h being borne out by alliteration in t.
19; Yngva hrr, 6; Dyggva hrr, 7; fylkis hrr, Ht. (Yngl. S. ch. 26); as also t. 19, where the sense
is that the king was buried in the avalanche of stones, -- hornn foldar beinum Hgna hrrs: in local
names, Tryggva-hreyr, Hkr. i. 178.
hrrask, , = hrrna (?); fr er hvatr er hr&aolig;raz tekr, ef barnsku er blaur, Fm. 6, a saying.
hrr-ligr, adj. 'corpse-like,' ruinous, dilapidated, Fms. iv. 93 (of houses): of men, inrm, worn by
age.
hrrna, a, to fall into decay, of buildings or the like, K. . K. 54, Fms. iii. 147, xi. 311, Eb. 6 new
Ed.; heimr hrrnar, Hom.; tt landit hrrni, Landn. 168, v.l.: to wither, tr hrrnar, Sks. 144, 665 6
A. ii. 11; hrrnar blm, Eluc.; hrrnar ll, Hm. 49; eigi losnuu hans tennr n hrrnuu, Stj. 348.
2. to become inrm, worn out by age; nd vr hrrnar, Stj. 332; mr gmlum karli, hrrnanda
hverjum degi, Sks. 730; mannsaldrar vru meiri en n, ok hrrnuu menn seinna, Mag. 89.
hrrnan, f. decay, dilapidation, Pm. 33.
hu or h, interj. ho! Sks. 304, 365.
HUGA, a, or better hugi, (as from hyggja, q.v.), to mind, Lat. excogitare, to make out, think out;
rit er n hugat, Fms. xi. 21; hugat he ek mr r, Gsl. 15; Ftt er of vandlega hugat, a saying. 2.
huga e-m e-t, to keep in store for one; verk he ek hugat r, Nj. 53, Rm. 211; hverjar furbtr
hann her hugat Hkoni konungi, Fms. vii. 261. 3. with prepp.; e-m er umhugat um e-t, one is
concerned about; mr mun mest um hugat, sl. ii. 150; allt skulda-li hans at er honum var mest
um hugat, Al. 21; sv at eigi ur um at huga flt, Vpn. 30; huga at e-u (see athuga, athugi), to
attend to, look after; var at hugat srum Kormaks, Korm. 244, Fms. vi. 137; ef rtt er at hugt, if it
is rightly considered, Al. 86; huga fyrir e-u, to provide for, Fms. vi. 127; -huga, at-huga, to
consider.
hugalt-liga, adv. amiably, lovingly, Bs. ii. 49.
huga-ltr, adj. engaging, amiable; h. ok vegltr, O. H. L. 22, Fms. vii. 321, x. 152, v.l.; h. ok
okkasll, ix. 246, v.l.
huga-liga, adv. attentively; heyra h., Hom. 86: boldly, Fms. vi. 141.
hugar, adj. minded, disposed, Stor. 14; vera e-m vel h., Fms. x. 267; grisk flkit honum ltt
hugat, 264, ir. 311. 2. bold, stout-hearted, Nj. 164; h. vel, Bs. i. 36, Lv. 38, freq.
huga-samliga, adv. kindly, Stj. 6: carefully, Fas. i. 363.
huga-samligr, adj. devout; h. bn, devout prayer, Greg. 49.
huga-samr, adj. gentle, engaging, Fms. viii. 447.
hugall, adj. mindful, attentive, Hm. 14: kind, charitable, Sklda 163; and so in mod. usage, hugull
= attentive to the wants and wishes of another; gr-h., Band. 4: neut. hugalt, carefully, Fas. i. 8.
COMPDS: hugul-samr, adj. charitable in small things. hugul-semi, f. charitableness.
hugan, f, a minding; hafa h. fyrir e-u, Fms. xi. 238: attention, Rd. 280.
hug, f. and huga, u, f. [A. S. hy and hyg; Engl. heed] :-- love, interest, affection; leggja hugu
til e-s, to take interest in, feel love for one, Fms. vi. 280; at konungr leggr enga hugu til hests sns,
he heeded it not, Bs. i. 633; mla, ra af hugu, to speak from one's heart, Bjarn. 40, 58.
COMPDS: hugar-erendi, n. = hugarml, Sklda 173. hugar-ml, n. matters which one has at
heart, sl. ii. 98. hugu-mar, m. (hugar-mar), an intimate friend, Bs. i. 175; frndr ok hugar-
menn, Fms. viii. 103, 231, ix. 525, Bs. ii. 156.
hugga, a, to comfort, with acc., Bs. i. 238, 318, ii. 149, Fms. v. 239, vi. 234, x. 367, Greg. 22: to
soothe one crying or weeping, esp. hugga barni; huggandi, crying bitterly: reex. to be
comforted, Fs. 38, Ld. 286, Fas. i. 205, Hom. 49, Hkv. 2. 27, N. T., Pass., Vdal. passim.
huggan, f. comfort, consolation, 623. 13, 52, Eb. 44 new Ed., Fms. iii. 173, v. 241, vi. 234, 371,
Sks. 106, freq. COMPDS: huggunar-lauss, adj. 'comfort-less,' 623. 56. huggunar-or, n. a word of
comfort, Stj. 195, Greg. 39. huggunar-sn, f. a comforting sight, Post. huggunar-vn, f. hope of
comfort, Fms. vi. 234.
huggandi, a, m. a comforter, Stj. 511.
huggari, a, m. a comforter, 656 C. 42, Bad. 181, Th. 77, Stj. 30: eccl. = GREEK, the Holy Ghost,
Sks. 132, N. T., Pass., Hlabk, Vdal.
hugi, a, m. = hugr, Hbl. 21, Edda 24, Glm. 323, Hkr. ii. 243, Stj. 5, and passim, the weak and
strong forms being used almost indiscriminately both in old and mod. usage, as also in the compds,
huga-gr, huga-fullr, = hug-gr, hug-fullr, q.v.; -hugi, zeal; var-hugi, caution; at-hugi, attention.
II. a pr. name, Fms.; cp. mid. Lat. Hugo, Engl. Hugh.
Huginn, m. the wise raven of Odin, Gm., Edda.
hugna, a, to please; e-m hugnar e-t, something pleases one, one likes it, is pleased, satised with
it; h. vel, lla, Eg. 395, Lv. 34, Fs. 27, 138, 152, Fas. i. 220, Glm. 355, 365, Orkn. 14, Korm. 154,
Ld. 328, Band. 7 new Ed.: reex., e-m hugnask e-t, id., Ld. 50, . H. 43, Eg. 96 (v.l.), Sturl. i. 24,
Str. 19.
hugnan, f. a pleasing, comforting, Hv. 57.
HUGR, m., gen. hugar, dat. hugi and hug, pl. hugir; an older form hogr occurs in very old MSS.,
e.g. hog-g&aolig;i, 655 xxv. 2, and still remains in the compds hog-v&aolig;rr etc., see p. 280:
[Ulf. hugs = GREEK, but only once, in Ephes. iv. 17, whereas he usually renders GREEK etc. by
other words, as frai, aha, muns; A. S. hyge; Hel. hugi; O. H. G. hugu; Dan. hu; Swed. hg;
hyggja, hugga, hygg, - (q.v.) are all kindred words and point to a double nal] :-- mind, with the
notion of thought, answering to Germ. gedanke; hugr er br hjarta nr, Hm. 94; engi hugr m
hyggja, Fms. v. 241; enn er eptir e hug mnum, 623. 26; hug ea verki, in mind or act, Fms. vi.
9; koma e-m hug, to come into one's mind, to bethink one, iv. 117, Fb. ii. 120, 325; vera hug e-m,
to be in one's mind; at mun r ekki hug, thou art not in earnest, Nj. 46, Fms. iv. 143; hafa e-t
hug, to have a thing in mind, intend; renna hug snum, to run in one's mind, consider, vii. 19; renna
hug or hugum til e-s, Hom. 114; koma hug e-t, to call to mind, remember, 623. 16; leia e-t
hugum, to consider, Sks. 623; leia at huga, Skv. 1; ganga, la, hverfa e-m r hug, to forget, . H.
157, Fms. vi. 272; sna hug snum eptir (at, fr) e-u, to turn one's mind after (to, from) a thing, iv.
87, Eb. 204; mla um hug sr, to feign, dissimulate, Fr. 33 new Ed., Hkv. 2. 15, Am. 70; orka
tveggja huga um e-t, to be of two minds about a thing, jal. 31; orkask hugar e-t, to resolve, Grett.
207 new Ed.; ef r lr nokkut tveggja huga um etta ml, if thou be of two minds about the matter,
Odd. 112 new Ed.; ok ljr mr ess hugar (thus emend.) at n einn fi fang af honum, I ween that
none will be a match for him, Fms. xi. 96. II. denoting mood, heart, temper, feeling, affection; gr
h., a good, kind heart, Hm. 118; llr h., ill temper, spite, id.; heill h., sincerity, Sl. 4; horskr h., Hm.
90; gum hug, in a good mood, Fms. vi. 110, ix. 500 (v.l.), Stj. 453; in plur., vera hugum
gum, Fas. i. 441 (in a verse); or simply, hugum, 'in one's mind,' cheerful, Hkm. 9, Hm. 11;
bi reir ok hugum, both when angry and when glad, Post. 168; reium hug, in angry mood,
Fms. vi. 4; hrum hug, in hard (sad) mood, distressed, 655 xii. 3; llum hug, in evil mood; af
llum hug, from all one's heart, 686 B. 2 (Matth. xxii. 37), cp. Hm. 125: and adverb., alls hugar,
from all one's heart, Hom. 68; all hugar feginn, Hom. (St.): reynask hugi vi, to try one another's
mind, make close acquaintance, Fb. iii. 446; v at hn vildi reynask hugum vi hann (examine
him), Fs. 128; hugir eirra fru saman, their minds went together, they loved one another, 138. III.
denoting desire, wish; leggja hug e-t, to lay to heart, take interest in, Nj. 46; leggja mikinn hug
um e-t, Eg. 42; leggja allan hug e-t, . H. 44, 55; leggja ltinn hug e-t, to mind little, Fms. x. 61;
to neglect, 96; leggja hug konu, to love a woman, Fs. 137, Fb. i. 303; leika hugr e-u, to long,
wish for a thing, hn er sv af konum at mr leikr helzt hugr , Fms. vii. 103, Rd. 254; hugir nir
standa til ess mjk, Hom. 53; e-m rennr hugr til e-s, to have affection for one, Fb. i. 279; e-m er
hugr e-u, to have a mind for a thing, be eager for, have at heart; mr er engi hugr at selja hann, I
have no mind to sell him, Fms. i. 80, iv. 30, vii. 276; er r n jammikill hugr at heyra draum minn
sem ntt? Dropl. 22, Nj. ii. 2. in plur., personied, almost like fylgja or hamingja, q.v., a person's
ill-will or good-will being fancied as wandering abroad and pursuing their object; for this belief see
the Sagas passim, esp. in dreams; vakti Tor mik, ok veit ek vst, at etta eru manna hugir, Hv.
55; etta eru llra manna hugir til n, r. 65; hvrt syfjar ik, Jrnskjldr fair ? Eigi er, Jrnds
dttir, liggja mr hugir strra manna, art thou sleepy, father? Not so, daughter, but the minds of
mighty men weigh upon me, Fb. i. 258: popular sayings referring to the travelling of the mind, e.g.
jtr sem hugr manns, swift as thought (Germ. gedankenschnell), cp. the tale of the race of Hugi
and Thjal, Edda, and of Odin's ravens Hugin and Munin. IV. with the notion of foreboding; sv
segir mr hugr um, 'so says my mind to me,' I forebode, Fs. 127; kvesk sv hugr um segja, sem
konungr myndi mjklega taka v, . H. 51; kva sr lla hug sagt hafa um hennar gjafor, her
wedlock had boded him evil, sl. ii. 19; en kvask vst hugr um segja, hver ..., i.e. he had little
hope, how ..., Fb. i. 360; e-m br e-t hug, it bodes one, sl. ii. 32; bau konungi at helzt hug,
at ..., . H. 195, Eg. 21 (see bja IV); gra sr hug, to imagine, Fms. viii. 338; telja sr hug, id.,
Fb. ii. 322, Eb. 204. V. denoting courage; hugr rr hlfum sigri, a stout heart is half the battle, a
saying, Fms. vi. 429 (in a verse); hugr ok ri, Stj. 71; me hlfum hug, half-heartedly, faintly;
me ruggum hug, fearlessly; hera huginn, Eg. 407, . H. 241; engi er hugr Dnum, Hkr. i. 338;
treysta hug snum, Odd. 112 new Ed.; hugar eigandi, bold, Fas. i. 522 (in a verse), Korm. 200;
bregask at hug, r. 48; at segi r, at mr fylgi engi hugr, Fms. vii. 297; engi hugr mun vera,
Glm. 356, passim. VI. COMPDS: hugar-angr, n. heart's grief, jal. 11. hugar-beiskleikr, m.
bitterness of mind, Stj. 290. hugar-bt, f. comfort, Dropl. 11. hugar-burr, m. fancy, hugar-ekki,
a, m. distress of mind, Fas. i. 171, iii. 81. hugar-far, n. state of mind, esp. in a moral sense, Bs. i.
317, 716, ii. 33, Thom. 40, N. T., Vdal. hugar-fst, f. desire, Magn. 468. hugar-glggr, adj. mean,
narrow-minded, Fbr. (in a verse). hugar-gr, adj. good of heart, kind, Sks. 437. hugar-hrring, f.
emotions, Bs. i. 703. hugar-hvarf, n. frowardness of mind, Barl. 4. hugar-kraptr, m. strength of
mind, Stj. 173. hugar-ltliga, adv. = hugaltliga. hugar-lund, f. fancy, disposition of mind; eptir
sinni h., after one's own fancy, Sks. 339, Stj. 451, Barl. 25, Fms. vi. 109; gra sr e-t hugarlund, to
fancy, imagine, freq. hugar-tti, a, m. fright, terror, Fms. vi. 353. hugar-reikan, -ruglan, -ruplan,
f. wandering of mind, insanity, Al. 55, Pr. 467, Stj. 121, 256. hugar-speki, f. wisdom, Hsm. 33. 3.
hugar-styrkr, m., hugar-styrkt, f. strength of mind, Stj. 132. hugar-vlar, m. hypochondria,
despair, Bs. i. 366, 368, 644. hugar-vl, n. = hugarvlar. hugar-i, n. fury, Stj. 344.
B. COMPDS: hug-st, f., in the phrase, unna hugstum, to love with all one's heart, Hkr. iii. 194,
passim. hug-blaur, adj. timid, Hbl. 49, Km. hug-bleyi, f. cowardice, Hbl. 26. hug-blr, adj.
merciful, Bs. i. (in a verse). hug-bo, n. foreboding, fancy, Fs. 18, 64, Eg. 82, Nj. 212, Fr. 202,
Fms. viii. 118, Fb. ii. 38, passim. hug-boit, n. part. what bodes one, Rd. 308. hug-bor, n.
courage, metaph. from a ship, Fms. vii. 143, Lex. Pot. hug-borg, f., pot. the breast, Lex. Pot.
hug-bt, f. comfort, mind's release, Hom. 104, Stj. 466. hug-brigr, adj. ckle, Hm. 101. hug-
dirf, f. courage, Karl. 161. hug-dir, f. id., Karl. 346. hug-djarfr, adj. stout-hearted, Bs. i. 38,
Karl. 312. hug-dyggr, adj. steadfast, Mar. hug-fallast, fllsk, dep., lta h., to lose heart, despair.
hug-fastliga, adv. steadfastly, Str. 20. hug-fastr, adj. steadfast, El. 24. hug-fr, adj. gloomy, Fms. v.
169. hug-feldr, adj. agreeable, Barl. 49, 95. hug-festa, t, to x in one's mind, Ld. 88, Sks. 237,
Orkn. 54, Fms. i. 133: reex., Fb. ii. 88. hug-frun, f., hug-fr, hug-fri, a, m. the mind's ease,
relief. hug-fullr, adj. full of courage, Hm. 8, Fms. xi. 270, Mart. 107. hug-gr, adj. kind-hearted,
merciful, O. H. L. 30, Fms. ii. 94, Bs. i. 166: cheerful, Sks. 446. hug-gi, n. goodness of heart,
mercy, 655 xxv. 2, Bs. i. 174, ii. 149, Stj. 155, Fms. v. 326, r. 28 new Ed., Fagrsk. 29. hug-
hraustr, adj. strong of mind, of good cheer, N. T. freq. hug-hreysta, t, to comfort one, cheer one's
heart. hug-hreysti, f. a being of good comfort, Pr. 454, El. 5, Fas. i. 159. hug-hryggr, adj.
sorrowful, Str. 42. hug-hvarf, n. change of mind; telja e-m hughvrf, to persuade a person to
change his conviction, Fas. i. 530, Ld. 306. hug-hgr, adj., e-m er hughgt, easing one's mind,
Glm. 348, Bs. i. 358, Fas. ii. 91. hug-kvmi, f. a 'coming to one's mind,' ingenuity, Hom. (St.)
hug-kvmiligr, adj. ingenious, Fms. vii. 225; -liga, adv. ingeniously, 351. hug-kvmr (-kmr),
adj. ingenious; h. ok margbreytinn, Vpn. 3, orst. S. St. 46, Fms. vi. 217: of things, recurring to
the mind, kva hugkvmra Vatnsdals-meyjum ef hann vri sv nr gtu, i.e. they would sooner
recollect him, Fs. 67; helzti hugkvmt er um au tendi, Fms. vi. 36, Valla L. 218, Bjarn. 7 (dear);
hversu h. hann var eptir at leita vi vini sna hvat eim vri at harmi, Fms. vii. 103. hug-lauss, adj.
heartless, faint-hearted, Ld. 232, Fbr. 35, Nj. 217, Fas. i. 192, iii. 616. hug-leggja, lagi, to lay to
mind, consider, Fas. iii. 527. hug-leia, d, to consider, reect, 655 xi. 3, Ld. 204, Eg. 70, Fs. 69,
Fms. i. 3, vi. 280, vii. 30, Stj. 25, Barl. 115, 122, Sks. 3, Grett. 161, passim. hug-leiing, f.
reection, Gsl. 16, Barl. 113, freq. hug-ltt, n. adj. light-hearted; e-m er hugltt, Stj. 290, 428,
Edda 218. hug-lttir, m. mind's ease, comfort, Bs. ii. 225. hug-leikit, n. part., e-m er e-t h., with
heart bent upon a thing, Fas. iii. 268. hug-leysa, u, f. timidity, Karl. 339. hug-leysi, n. id., Nj. 264,
Fms. ii. 68, Karl. 318, passim. hug-ltill, adj. little-minded, timid, Rb. 348, sl. ii. 102. hug-lj, a,
m. a darling; vera h. hvers manns. hug-ljfr, adj. engaging, kind. hug-mar, m. a bold man, ir.
174. hug-mannliga, adv. boldly, Fms. vii. 164. hug-mr, m. moodiness, Safn i. 33, 116. hug-
mynd, f. 'mind's-shaping,' a mod. rendering of idea. hug-prr, adj. stout-hearted, Fbr. 5. hug-
pri, f. courage, Fms. ii. 69, vi. 418, passim. hug-rakkr, adj. stout-hearted, Sks. 437, Al. 33. hug-
raun, f. 'mind's-trial,' a trial, Sturl. iii. 145: trial of courage, Fms. v. 165. hug-reifr, adj. cheerful,
Lex. Pot. hug-rekki, f. courage, Fms. ii. 322. hug-renning, f. 'mind's-wandering,' thought,
meditation, Sks. 559, Hom. 47, 54, Greg. 13, Post. 656 C. 28, Barl. 32, 86, 180, N. T., Vdal.
passim. hug-reynandi, part. a trusted, tried friend, Haustl. hug-r, f. peace of mind, Str. 88: the
name of a ship, Fms. viii. 385. hug-rnar, f. pl. 'mind's-runes,' magical runes with a power of
wisdom, Sdm. hug-sj, f., Thom. 2, and hug-sjn, f. vision. hug-sjkr, adj. 'mind-sick,' distressed,
anxious, Nj. 9, Fms. i. 205, vi. 69, vii. 104, viii. 8, Hkr. ii. 11, Al. 73. hug-skot, q.v. hug-snjallr,
adj. doughty, Lex. Pot. hug-stt, f. sickness of mind, care, anxiety, concern, Bret. 24, Str. 4, Rm.
297, Mar. hug-spakligr, adj. sagacious, Sks. 627. hug-spakr, adj. wise. hug-speki, f. sagacity,
foresight, Sturl. i. 206, Orkn. 166. hug-spi, f. 'mind-spaeing,' prophecy, Sturl. i. 206 C. hug-
steinn, m., pot. the heart, Lex. Pot. hug-sterkr, adj. strong-minded, Al. 8, MS. 4. 28. hug-
stiginn, part. in high spirits, Grett. 177 new Ed., Mart. 100. hug-stoltr, adj. haughty, Pass. 21. 7.
hug-strr, adj. high-minded, Fs. 129. hug-styrkr, adj. = hugsterkr, Karl. 345. hug-str, adj.
steadfast; e-m er e-t hugsttt, xed in one's mind, Fs. 180, Grett. 151 A; vera hugsttt til e-s, to
busy one's mind with a thing, sl. ii. 19, where used of antipathy. hug-svala, a, to refresh the soul,
comfort, Vdal., Pass. hug-svalan, f. consolation. hug-svinnr, adj. wise, Sighvat. Hugsvinns-ml,
n. the name of a didactic poem. hug-ski, f. anxiety, Luke xii. 25, Pass. 36. 6. hug-skja, t, to
dishearten, Al. 6. hug-tregi, a, m. bereavement, grief, afiction, Bs. i. 645, Fms. v. 208. hug-trr,
adj. true, faithful, Nj. 258. hug-veikr, adj. weak-minded, Fas. i. 418. hug-vekja, u, f. 'soul's-
waking,' the title of a religious tract. hug-vit, n. understanding, sagacity, Fms. ii. 286; hugvit til
bknmis, Bs. i. 793; hvass hugviti, Mar.; skilning ok h., Stj. 12; djpsi ok h., 560; skilja af snu
hugviti, Hom. 84; hugviti smisins, Eluc. 7: mod. genius. hug-vitr, adj. clever, Mar. hugvits-
mar, m. a man of genius, esp. of an artist, mechanic, or the like. hug-vrr, adj., see hgvrr,
Hom. 8, 129. hug-ekkliga, adv. engagingly; h. ok ltilltliga, MS. 15. 1. hug-ekkr, adj. endeared
to one, after one's heart; h. hverjum gum manni, Bs. i. 72, Fms. i. 140; h. allri alu, vii. 102;
llum var hann h., x. 151. hug-okkar, part. well disposed; var hvrt eirra Hallfrear ru vel
hugokkat, Fms. ii. 88; vel er mr hugokkat til Magnss hins Ga, iii. 58. hug-okkan, f, =
hugokki, Eg. 47, v.l. hug-okki, a, m. mind, disposition, judgment; eptir hugokka snum, Eg. 47,
Sks. 197; her etta farit eptir hugokka mnum, Fms. xi. 288: = hugskot, rannsaka vandliga
hugokka num, Sks. 444 B; Saul mlti hugokka snum, 706; mealorpning (interjectio) snir
hugokka manns, Sklda 180. hug-tti, a, m. disposition, with the notion of self-will,
opinionativeness; eptir h. snum. following one's own opinion, (mod.) hug-ungt, n. adj., e-m er h.,
to be depressed, Ld. 160. II. in pl. in a few words, mostly potical: hugum-prr, adj. = hugprr;
Hjlmarr inn h., a nickname, Fas. hugum-sterkr, -strr, -strangr, adj. = hugstrr, etc., Hkv. 1. 1,
Korm., Jd. 38, Fas. i. 418.
hug-r, f. = hggr, Fms. i. 177, Hkr. i. 238, r. 44 new Ed.
HUGSA, a, [early Dan. hugse, mod. huske = to remember; for the mod. Dan. tnke and also Icel.
enkja were borrowed from the German, and do not occur until the time of the Reformation] :-- to
think: I. absol. to think; v her oss at get verit at hugsa, Dipl. ii. 14; at eigi megi auga sj er
eyra heyra n engi manns hugr hugsa, hversu ..., Fms. i. 229; h. til Gus, Stj. 138; eir hugsuu hv
at mundi gegna, Edda (pref.); ek vissa hvat Smon hugsai, Post. 656 C. 28. II. with acc. to think
out, Lat. excogitare; ek mun hugsa yr konung, Stj. 441; hugsau vandliga hvar hann liggr, 424;
hugsat he ek kostinn, Nj. 3: to intend, r hugsuut mr llt, Stj. 239; sagi at hann ha at helzt
hugsat, Fms. i. 83: h. sik, to bethink oneself, ii. 133, Karl. 15, Bs. ii. 121. 2. with prepp.; h. sik um e-
t, to take counsel with oneself (um-hugsan); h. sik fyrir, to have forethought, ponder over, Fms. xi.
442; h. fyrir sr, to ponder over, vii. 88, 289; h. um e-t, to think about a thing, Stj. 423, passim; h.
eptir um e-t, Fms. x. 6. III. reex., hugsaisk honum sv til, at ..., Fms. vii. 88; e-m hugsast e-t, a
thing occurs to one's mind.
hugsan, f. thought, thinking, Sturl. iii. 242 (opinion), Fms. i. 185, Al. 163; bera h. fyrir e-u, Sturl. i.
206; h. ok tlun, 656 A. i. 31, N. T., Pass., Vdal., very freq. COMPDS: hugsunar-augu, n. 'eyes of
thinking,' intellect, Sklda 160; umhugsan, meditation. hugsunar-lauss, adj. thoughtless.
hugsunar-leysi, n. thoughtlessness.
hugsandi, part. gerund, conceivable, possible; -hugsandi, impossible.
hugsanlegr, adj. attentive, Sks. 6: conceivable, Lat. cogitabilis, (mod.)
hugsi, adj. ind. thoughtful, meditative; sem hann vri hugsi, Bjarn. 40; Gestr sitr n hugsi um sitt
ml, sl. ii. 294; fmlugr ok nokkut hugsi, 156; um slkt liggr hann hugsi, Al. 15, 70; hann fr
jafnan sem hugsi vri, as vacant, wandering, Bs. i. 170.
hug-skot, n. [properly either 'mind's-recess,' from skot, a recess, or rather 'mind's-shooting,'
analogous to hugrenning] :-- mind, soul; hryggt h., a bereaved mind, Sks. 24, Fms. x. 151; me
rttu hugskoti, Blas. 41; hugskots-eyru, Hom. 53; hugskots hendr, 54; hugskots augu, the mind's
eye, 47, Stj. 20, 132, Rb. 380; mitt h., my mind, Fms. i. 140; fjarlgr mnnum hugskotinu, 272;
vitnisburr hugskotsins, K. . 50; blindr hugskotinu, viii. 294; at fair hann skyldi vi hans h.
sem sast vera varr, Barl. 16; hreinsa h. sitt me iran, Hom. (St.), Thom. 9, 13; freq. in the N. T.
as to render GREEK or GREEK, e.g. elska skalt Drottinn Gu inn af llu hjarta, af allri slu, ok
af llu hugskoti, Matth. xxii. 37, Luke i. 35, Rom. xiii. 2, 1 Cor. ii. 16, 2 Cor. iii. 14, iv. 4, xi. 5, 2
Tim. iii. 8, Tit. i. 15, Vdal. passim.
HULD, f. the name of a giantess, cp. Gr. GREEK. Huldar-Saga, u, f. the story of the giantess
Huld, Sturl. iii. 304.
HULDA, u, f. hiding, secrecy; drepa huldu e-t, Fms. xi. 106; me huldu, in secret, i. 295: cover,
nokkur hulda l valt yr, Fs. 22; mikil h. ok oka liggr yr eyju eirri, Fas. i. 5; eir vru komnir
einn ltinn skg ok var at ltil h., Fms. x. 239: a cover, hafa huldu fyrir andliti er augum, 625. 23.
II. hollowness; in the phrase, huldu, lla brotna bein huldu, sl. js.; brast sundr hulda
hrauninu, Pr. 411. COMPDS: huldu-flk, n. pl. the hidden people, fairies, in the mod. Icel. lore; for
the origin of this name see sl. js. (begin.) i. 1, 2. huldu-mar, m. a fairy, Fms. iii. 177 (in a tale
of the 15th century). huldar-httr, m. a hood of disguise, Fbr. (in a verse).
hulfr, m. dogwood, = beinvii (q.v.), Sks. 90 B.
hulis-hjlmr, m., and hulins-hjlmr, less correct, Fms. iii. 184, Fas. iii. 219 :-- a hidden helm (see
s.v. hjlmr), Fms. ii. 141, Gull. 27, Fbr. 34 new Ed.
hulning, f. concealing, Stj. 12, 127, 315, Mar.
hulstr, m. [Goth. hulistr; A. S. heolster; Engl. holster; Dan. hylster, from hylja; cp. Germ. hlse] :--
a case, sheath.
huma, a, prop. to hum: in the phrase, huma e- fram af sr, to put a thing by.
HUMALL, m. [Germ. hummel; Dan. humle; Fr. houblon; Engl. hop] :-- the humulus, hop-plant,
Nj. 2 (v.l.), N. G. L. i. 244, Bs. i. 441, Boldt., D. N. passim: humla, u, f. a nickname, Sturl. i. 18;
vall-humall, the wild hop. COMPDS: humla-garr, m. a hop garden, Boldt. 41. humla-ketill, m. a
hop boiler, D. N. humla-mungt, n. hop beer, D. N. humla-sti, n. a place grown with hops, D.
N. humla-stng, f. a hop pole, Boldt. humla-tekja, u, f. hop-picking, Boldt. 53.
HUMARR, m. [Dan. and Germ. hummer; Fr. homard], a lobster, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot. humar-
kl, f. a lobster claw, Mag.
humtt, see hm.
HUNANG, n. [A. S. hunig; Engl. honey; Germ. honig; Dan. honing; Ulf. renders GREEK by
mili] :-- honey, Gl. 491, Bs. i. 103, 433, Eg. 69, 79, 469, Fms. vii. 173, viii. 258, Stj. 309, 411.
COMPDS: hunang-bakar, part. baked honey, Stj. 193. hunangs-dgg, f. honey dew, Pr. 401.
hunangs-fall, n. honey dew, Edda 12. hunangs-jtandi, part. owing with honey, Stj. 642, Eluc.
hunangs-ilmr, m. a smell of honey, Landn. 140. hunangs-lkr, m. a stream of honey, Fas. iii. 669.
hunangs-seimr, m. [Germ. honig-seim = virgin honey], a honeycomb, Stj. 210, N. T. hunang-str,
adj. sweet as honey. UNCERTAIN In olden times and throughout the Middle Ages, honey was one
of the chief exports from England to Scandinavia (Norway and Iceland), see the passages above; as
sugar was then unknown, the export of honey far exceeded that of the present day.
hunang-ligr, adj. honeyed, Sks. 630, Bs. i. passim, ii. 131, Mar.
HUND-, [Goth. hund only found in pl. hunda], a form of hundra, only used in pot. compds,
many, very, like Lat. multi-, Germ. tausend: hund-forn, adj. very old, d. 14; in mod. conversation
hund-gamall and hund-margr, adj. hundred-fold, innumerable, Hkv. 1. 21; h. vkingr, Sighvat (.
H. 190); h. herr, Hallfred, Fms. xi. 208 (in a verse), Sighvat (Hkr. iii. 3), Hm. 17; hunnmrg hof,
Vm. 38. hund-villr, adj. utterly lost, quite astray, Eb. (in a verse): esp. of sailors, fru eir
hundvillir, Nj. 267. hund-vss, adj. very wise, esp. used of giants and partly as a term of abuse;
hundvss jtunn, Hm. 5, Hkv. Hjrv. 25, Fas. iii. 15; hann var jtunn h. ok llr vireignar, Edda; at
jtnar hundvsir skulu ar drekka, 57. The similarity of hundr, a dog, seems here to have given a
bad sense to the word ( = dog-wise, cunning), which etymologically it did not deserve.
hund-skr, m. a dog-sh.
hund-g, f. barking, Lv. 60, 655 xxxii. 9.
hund-ligr, adj. dog-like, Clem. 55, 656 C. 29.
HUNDR, m. [Ulf. hunds; A. S., O. H. G., Germ., Dan., and Swed. hund; Engl. hound; Lat. canis;
Gr. GREEK] :-- a dog, Hm. 82, Gm. 44, Orkn. 150, Grg. ii. 119, Fms. ii. 224, iv. 314, Nj. 74, Stj.
464, passim; the shepherd's dog, watch dog, and deer hound were best known; -- smala-h. and fjr-
h., a shepherd's dog; dr-h., a fox hound; br-h., var-h., a watch dog; grey-h., a greyhound; spor-
h., a slot hound, Orkn. 150, . H.; mj-h., Dan. mynde, a spaniel; [skikkju-rakki, a lap dog, Orkn.
114;] dverg-h., q.v.; hunda-g, gnau, gelt, gnll, barking, howling, 656 A. ii. 12, Fas. i. 213; vera
r hunda hlji, to be out of the dog's bark, have made one's escape, Orkn. 212, Gsl. 7, cp. hlj B.
2; hunds hauss, hfu, a dog's head (also as an epithet of abuse), Stj. 68, 498, Rb. 346; hunds eyru,
dog's ears, in a book; hunds kjaptr, trni, lpp, rfa, hr, a dog's mouth, snout, foot, tail, hair; hunda
sveinn, a dog-keeper, Lv. 100: phrases and sayings, a er lti sem hunds tungan nnr ekki; opt
her lmr hundr ri skinn; as also hlaupa hunda-vai yr e-t, to slur a thing over, scamp work;
festa r sitt vi hunds hala, Mag. 65 :-- a dog's age is, partly in fun, partly in contempt, counted by
half years; tta vetra hunda tlu = four years; whence, ek em mar gamall, ok vnlegt at ek eiga
hunds aldr einn lifat, Fb. ii. 285 :-- allan sinn hunds aldr, throughout all his wicked, reprobate life.
II. metaph., 1. as abuse; hundrinn inn, GREEK! sl. ii. 176; eigi af hundinum num, Fms. vi. 323;
drepum enna hund sem skjtast, xi. 146; mann-hundr, a wicked man; hunds-verk, a dog's work,
Sighvat: hund-eygr, adj. GREEK, Grett. (in a verse): hund-gejar, adj. currish, Hallfred. 2. an
ogre, destroyer, = vargr, Gr. GREEK; hundr segls, via, elris, herkla, Lex. Pot., Edda ii. 512. 3.
a nickname, rir Hundr, . H.: Hunds-ftr, m. a nickname, Fas.; cp. also the pr. names Hundi,
Hundingi, Landn., Sm.: Hunda-dagar, m. the dog-days: Hunda-stjarna, u, f. the dog-star,
Sirius. 4. botan. = vulgaris; hunda-hvingras, hunda-sley, etc., Hjalt.: hund-btr, m. a biter, Bjarn.
(in a verse): hund-heiinn, adj. 'dog-heathen,' heathenish, Fms. ii. 130, Fas. ii. 186, Karl. 138,
Flv. 23. Favourite dogs recorded in the Sagas, king Olave's dog Vgi, the Argus of the northern
Sagas, Fms. . T. ch. 82, 208, 259; Gunnar's dog Sam, Nj. ch. 71, 77, 78; the dog Flki, Rd. ch. 24;
also Hlfs S. ch. 7, 8, -- ina smu ntt g hundr hans Flki er aldri g nema hann vissi konungi
tta vnir: mythol. the dog Garm, Vsp., Gm.; the dog Saurr, who was made king over the Thronds,
(eir ltu sa hundinn rj manns-vit, ok g hann til tveggja ora, en mlti it rija,) for this
curious tale see Hkr. Hk. S. Ga ch. 13: pet names, seppi, rakki, grey; and pr. names, Vgi, Snati,
Loddi, Lubbi (a rough dog), Stripill (smooth), etc.
HUNDRA, n. pl. hundru; the form hund- (q.v.) only occurs in a few old compd words: [Goth.
hunda, pl.; A. S. hund; O. H. G. hunt; the extended form in Hel. and old Frank, hundered; Germ.
hundert; Dan. hundrede; Swed. hundra; the inexive syllable is prob. akin to -rr in tt-rr] :--
a hundred; the Scandinavians of the heathen time (and perhaps also all Teutonic people) seem to
have known only a duo-decimal hundred ( = 12 10 or 120); at that time 100 was expressed by tu-
tu, cp. Ulf. taihun-taihund = ten-teen; Pal Vdaln says, -- hundra tlfrtt er sannlega fr heini til
vor komi, en hi tra er lkast a Norrlnd ha ekki vita af fyrr en Kristni kom hr og me
henni lrdmr eirrar aldar, Skr. s.v. Hundra (ne): but with the introduction of Christianity
came in the decimal hundred, the two being distinguished by adjectives, -- tlfrtt hundra = 120,
and trtt hundra = 100. But still the old popular duodecimal system continued in almost all
matters concerned with economical or civil life, in all law phrases, in trade, exchange, property,
value, or the like, and the decimal only in ecclesiastical or scholastic matters (chronology, e.g. b.
ch. 1, 10). At the same time the word in speech and writing was commonly used without any
specication of trtt or tlfrtt, for, as Pal Vdaln remarks, every one acquainted with the
language knew which was meant in each case; even at the present time an Icel. farmer counts his
ocks and a sherman his share (hlutr) by the duodecimal system; and everybody knows that a herd
or share of one hundred and a half means 120 + 60 = 180. In old writers the popular way of
counting is now and then used even in chronology and in computation, e.g. when Ari Frode (b. ch.
4) states that the year consists of three hundred and four days (meaning 364); the census of franklins
given by the same writer (where the phrase is hundru heil = whole or full hundreds) is doubtless
reckoned by duodecimal, not decimal hundreds, b. ch. 10; and in the census of priests and churches
taken by bishop Paul (about A.D. 1200) 'tr' is expressively added, lest duodecimal hundreds
should be understood, Bs. i. 136. The Landn. (at end) contains a statement (from Ari?) that Iceland
continued pagan for about a hundred years, i.e. from about 874-997 A.D. In the preface to lafs S.,
Snorri states that two duodecimal hundreds (tvau hundru tlfr) elapsed from the rst
colonisation of Iceland before historical writing began (i.e. from about A.D. 874-1115): levies of
ships and troops are in the laws and Sagas counted by duodecimal hundreds, e.g. the body-guard of
king Olave consisted of a hundred hir-men, sixty house-carles and sixty guests, in all 'two hundred'
men, i.e. 240, Mork. 126; the sons of earl Strt-Harald had a hundred men, of whom eighty were
billetted out and forty returned, Fms. xi. 88, 89; hlft hundra, a half hundred = sixty, Mork. l.c. 2. a
division of troops = 120; hundras-okkr, Fms. vi. (in a verse). II. in indef. sense, hundreds, a host,
countless number, see hund-, as also in the adverb, phrase, hundruum, by hundreds (indenitely),
Fms. vi. 407, ir. 275, 524: in mod. usage as adjective and indecl., except the pl. in -u, thus
hundru sauum, Dipl. iv. 10.
B. As value, a hundred, i.e. a hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal, and then simply value to
that amount (as a pound sterling in English). All property, real as well as personal, is even at present
in Icel. taxed by hundreds; thus an estate is a 'twenty, sixty, hundred' estate; a franklin gives his
tithable property as amounting to so and so many hundreds. As for the absolute value of a hundred,
a few statements are sufcient, thus e.g. a milch cow, or six ewes with lambs, counts for a hundred,
and a hundra and a kgildi (cow's value) are equal: the charge for the alimentation of a pauper for
twelve months was in the law (Jb. 165) xed to four hundred and a half for a male person, but three
hundred and a half for a female; cp. also the phrase, a er ekki hundra httunni, there is no
hundred at stake, no great risk! In olden times a double standard was used, -- the wool or wadmal
standard, called hundra tali = a hundred by tale, i.e. a hundred and twenty ells as stated above,
and a silver standard, called hundra vegit, a hundred by weight, or hundra silfrs, a hundred in
silver, amounting to two marks and a half = twenty ounces = sixty rtugar; but how the name
hundred came to be applied to it is not certain, unless half an rtug was taken as the unit. It is
probable that originally both standards were identical, which is denoted by the phrase, sex lna
eyrir, six ells to an ounce, or a hundred and twenty ells equal to twenty ounces (i.e. wadmal and
silver at par); but according as the silver coinage was debased, the phrases varied between nine, ten,
eleven, twelve ells to an ounce (N. G. L. i. 80, 81, 387, 390, passim), which denote bad silver;
whereas the phrase 'three ells to an ounce' (riggja lna eyrir, Sturl. i. 163, passim, or a hundred in
wadmal equal to half a hundred in silver) must refer either to a double ell or to silver twice as pure:
the passage in Grg. i. 500 is somewhat obscure, as also Rd. 233: the words vegin, silfrs, or talin are
often added, but in most cases no specication is given, and the context must shew which of the two
standards is there meant; the wool standard is the usual one, but in cases of weregild the silver
standard seems always to be understood; thus a single weregild (the ne for a man's life) was one
hundred, Njla passim. 2. the phrases, hundra frtt, a hundred paid in cattle, Finnb. 236; tlf
hundru mrend, twelve hundred in dark striped wadmal, Nj. 225; hundra bsggnum ok
hsbningi, Vm. 65; hundras-gripr, hestr, hross, kapall, hvla, sng, rekkja, psaltari, etc., a beast, a
horse, a bed, etc., of a hundred's value, Am. 2, 10, Vm. 25, 39, 60, 153, Jm. 3, 30; hundras-magi,
a person whose maintenance costs a hundred, Vm. 156; hundras viri, a hundred's value, 68. For
references see the Sagas and laws passim, and for more information see Mr. Dasent's Essay in Burnt
Njal.
C. A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common to all Teut. nations, but is most
freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hundreds made a hra or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl.
hundred, Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm's Rechts Alterthmer; the centum
pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably the Roman writer's misconception of the Teut.
division of land into hundreds; this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local
names Fjarunda-land, ttundaland, and Tunda-land, qs. Fjar-hunda land, tthunda land,
Thunda land, i.e. a combination of four, eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a
community of a hundred and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in Icel.
hundraasti, adj. an ordinal number, the hundredth.
hundra-falda, a, to 'hundredfold,' Stj. 545.
hundra-faldliga, adv. hundredfold, Barl. 200: -ligr, adj., 19.
hundra-faldr, adj. hundredfold, Stj. 94, Bs. ii. 157, Matth. xiii. 8.
hundras-hfingi, a, m. a centurion, Stj. 630, N. T., Fms. i. 142, Post. 656 B. 2, Rm. 260.
hundras-blt, n. a hecatomb, (mod.)
hunds-ligr, adj. currish, Barl. 160.
hundtr, m. a hunter, (Engl. word,) Thom. 16.
hund-tk, f. a 'she-tyke,' bitch, Fs. 71, Fas. iii. 231.
HUNGR, m., but in mod. usage neut., as in Bs. ii. 135; [Ulf. huhrus = GREEK; A. S., Engl., Dan.,
Swed., and Germ. hunger; O. H. G. hungar] :-- hunger; hungr vrn, Greg. 58; mikinn hungr, Sl.
50; fyrir hungrs sakir, Gl. 531; seja fenginn hungr, Al. 83; svelta hungri heill, to starve, Ls. 63;
ungan hungr, Gd. 49; sinn sra hungr, Fas. ii. 222; svelta hungri heill, to starve, Ls. 62.
hungra, a, [Ulf. huggrjan], to be a-hungred, to hunger, impers., hungrai hann (acc.), Stj. 144,
Greg. 30; oss hungrar, 28; hungrandi = hungrar, Sks. 632.
hungrar, adj. hungry, Stj. 145, 152, Sks. 632, Hom. 18, Bs. i. 46, Str. 45.
hungran, f. = hungr, Bs. ii. 135.
hungr-mora, adj., vera h., to die of hunger.
hungr-vaka, u, f. the hunger-waker: the name of an old historical work, from its exciting hunger
(thirst) for more knowledge, Bs. i. 59.
HUPPR, m. [Ulf. hups = rib; A. S. hype; O. H. G. huf; Engl. hip; Germ. hfte] :-- a hip, Vgl. 21,
passim: the loins of a carcase, as in the ditty, egar eg rs aptr upp ei mun kjt a f, fi r mr
heitan hupp, hlpinn ver eg , Jn orl.
HUR, f. [Goth. haurds = GREEK; A. S. hyrdel; Engl. hurdle; O. H. G. hurt] :-- a door, = Lat.
janua; drepa, berja hur, Th. 3, sl. ii. 31, Hom. 96, Vm. 34, Jm. 8, Stj. 402; reka aptr hur, sl. ii.
158, Korm. 10, Eg. 749; ti-hur, stofu-hur, br-hur, eldhs-hur, N. G. L. i. 38; hur er aptr,
shut, sl. ii. 31, passim: a hurdle, Grg. ii. 328: a lid, Eg. 234. II. metaph. phrases, eigi fellr honum
hur hla ef ek fylgi honum, the door shuts not on his heels if I follow him, i.e. I go in with
him, he is not alone, Fas. i. 204; ef hr hafa hurir verit loknar eptir essum manni, if he has been
taken in-doors, Ld. 42; hur hnigin, a shut door, for this phrase see hnga; at seilask um hur til
lokunnar, to stretch oneself across the door to the latch, to try to reach farther than one can, Grett.
67 new Ed. COMPDS: hura-naust, n. a shed of hurdles, Hv. 26 new Ed. hurar-ss, m. a 'door-
beam;' hurs or hursar were the roof-rafters nearest the door, where things (weapons, sh, meat)
were hung up, almost answering to the rt or dyra-lopt in mod. Icel. dwellings, cp. Eg. 182, 183, Bs.
i. 209, N. G. L. i. 349, 397: the phrase, reisa sr hurars um xl, to carry the door-beam on one's
shoulder, to undertake a thing one is not equal to. hurar-bak, n. the back of a door; ab hurar-
baki, behind the door, Stj. 118, Fms. vi. 188, sl. ii. 45, Fas. ii. 115, Barl. 70. hurar-bora, u, f. a
key-hole, Grett. 137 A. hurar-aki, a, m. a hurdle, Grett. 114 A. hurar-hringr, m. a door-ring,
sl. ii. 158, Pm. 113, El. 26. hurar-hll, m. = hurs, N. G. L. i. 349, v.l. hurar-jrn, n. a door-
hinge, Am. 16, ir. 364, Rtt. 2, 10, Fms. ii. 163. hurar-klo, a, m. a door-groove, = gtt, q.v.,
Eb. 226. hurar-lauss, adj. 'doorless,' without a door, Pm. 14, 66. hurar-loka, u, f. a door-bolt,
MS. 4. 29. hurar-oki, a, m. a cross-plank joining the boards of the door, Eb. 182.
hur-ss, m. = hurar-ss.
hurr, m. [cp. Engl. hurry], a hurley-burley, noise, Thom. (Ed.) 96, 97, 103.
hussun or hoson, interj. of dislike, cp. Engl. hiss! Dan. hysse! o hoson yr er hli! vat r mono
sta ok grta, Hom. (St.); hussun r gmlum! Karl. 532.
hutututu, interj., to express shivering from cold, Orkn. 326.
H, f. (hna, acc. with the article, Edda i. 370); [A. S. h; Engl. hide; O. H. G. ht; Germ.
haut; Dan.-Swed. hud; Lat. cutis] :-- a hide, of cattle; h af nauti (neat), en skinn at saui (sheep),
N. G. L. i. 420; nauts-h, but sau-skinn; hrund, of a man; h (q.v.), of a horse; skrpr, of a shark;
ro, of a sh; hvelja, of a whale, cyclopterus, etc., Eg. 69, Nj. 201, K. . K. 38, Grg. ii. 403, Sturl.
ii. 50, Dipl. v. 18; of a seal's skin, Sks. 168, 179; ha-vara, Eg. 69; ha-fang, a supply of hides, N.
G. L. i. 101. II. metaph. as a law term, of ogging or 'hiding' (as the phrase still is in vulgar Engl.);
fyrirgra h sinni, to forfeit one's hide; leysa h sna, to redeem one's skin from ogging, N. G. L.
ii. 133, 168; berja h af e-m, to og, i. 10, 85. COMPDS: har-lausn, f. saving one's hide, N. G.
L. i. 349. h-fat, n., naut. a 'hide-vat,' i.e. a hammock, Sturl. ii. 50, Fms. vi. 168, 244, vii. 166, viii.
316, Fb. i. 539, Boll. 344, Fs. 64, Finnb. 232, Gl. 94, Orkn. 274: the hammocks were leather bags,
and sailors used to bring them ashore and keep them in the harbour-booths (see b). hfats-ber,
m. a hammock bed, D. N. iv. 475. hfats-flagi, a, m. a hammock mate, Fms. ix. 321. h-keipr,
m. a canoe of skin, such as is used by the Esquimaux and savages of Vnland (America), orf. Karl.
passim, Fs. 145, Fb. i. 541. h-lt, n. loss of one's hide, i.e. a ogging, Grett. 161, Bs. i. 792. h-
sekkr, n. a hide-bag, Jb. h-skr, m. a shoe of a raw hide, Hbl. 35. h-stroka, u, f. a 'hiding,'
ogging, Grett. 135, Thom. 331, Mar. h-strokinn, part. ogged. h-strking, f. ogging, Pass.
h-strkja, t, to og, agellare, Clar., Br. 20, N. T.
HFA, u, f., proncd. ha, [Scot. how; O. H. G. hba; Germ. haube; Dan. hue] :-- a hood, cap,
bonnet; hfa hlabin, Fms. vii. 225; httr n hfa, Sks. 290; bar kona vatn hfu sinni, Bs. i. 461,
Gsl. 24, Bs. ii. 21, Dipl. v. 18 (belonging to a priest's dress), passim; stl-hfa, a steel hood; skott-
hfa, a tasseled cap; koll-hfa, a cowl or skull-cap; ntt-hfa, a night cap. 2. the name of a cow
with a white head; heimsk er hn Hfa, Stef. l., Kveld. ii. 197; Skinn-hfa, a nickname. hfu-
lauss, adj. hoodless, bare-headed. II. ( = hfr), part of a church, in the old timber churches, sl. ii.
402 (of a temple); hann lt fra innar haltarit hfuna, Bs. i. 830, 890, D. N. v. 586. hfu-vir, m.
timber for the hfa, Bs. i. 144.
HFR, m., an older form hfr, Fms. i. 176 (in a verse), as also in hfregin (q.v.), and in the phrase,
eiga miki h (below) :-- the hulk or hull of a ship; hann rfr upp fork ok rekr t hnn skipi
eirra, hann fri forkinn ann hf skipsins er seglit hafi ofan farit ok seglit hallaisk r, Fr.
165; upp nausti ok settu undir hnn skipi Orms, sl. ii. 81; kjl ea stafna, hf ea hlsa, N. G.
L. i. 100, freq. in Lex. Pot.; skeiar-hfr, a ship's hull, Arnr; stga fyrir hf, to go overboard, Jd.;
hafskips hfar, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hldir hfar, the frosted ships, Jd.; skrum hveldr hfr, Arnr;
svelldr hfr; brei-hfar, broad-hulled. COMPDS: hf-langr, adj. long-hulled, of a ship, Lex.
Pot. hf-regin, i.e. hf-regin, m. and hf-stjri, a, m. the guider or steerer of the hull = Thor the
Thunderer driving through the air, Haustl., d. II. metaph. phrases, vera heill h, to be 'hale in
hull,' i.e. to be safe and sound; eiga mikit h (h), to own much in a ship, to have much at stake,
metaph. of a merchant.
hka, t, to sit on one's hams, Sturl. ii. 220, Mag. 64, Art.; see hokra.
hkr, m. a nickname, Fb. iii.
HM, n., pot. the sea, from its dusky colour; salt hm, the salt sea, Lex. Pot., Edda (Gl.), also in
pot. compds. II. in prose, twilight, dusk; um kveldit hmi, Fb. iii. 333; en hm var mikit, Fas. ii.
284, Grett. (in a verse); hminu, in the dusk of evening, Gsl. 138, Thom. 308: of the grey dusk in
the morning, Fms. vi. 284; hence comes prob. the mod. phrase, a koma, fara humtt (hmti)
eptir, to lag behind, sneak behind another. humttu-legr, adj. sneaking and ashamed.
hma, a, to grow dusk; var n mjk hmat, Fas. iii. 223, 545; mean lfs ei hmar hm, a ditty;
see hma.
Hnar, m. pl. (but also Hnir), the Huns, and Hna-land, Hn-mrk, f. the land of the Huns;
Hnlenzkr and Hnskr, adj. Hunnish: the words occur in several of the old poems, esp. Kormak,
Akv., Hm., Og., Gkv. 1, Hornklo, but only in mythical songs or tales, Fas. passim; the word is
derived from the Tartar Huns. COMPDS: Hna-herr, m. a host of Huns, Hervar. S. Hna-kappi, a,
m. the champion of the Huns, the nickname of the mythical hero Hildebrand, Fas. ii.
hn-bogi, a, m. a kind of bow, Sks. 408: a pr. name, Landn.
HNN, m. [Gr. GREEK], a knob: naut. the knob at the top of the mast-head; draga segl vi hn, or
hn upp, or vinda upp segl vi hna, to hoist a sail to the top, . H. 17, Trst. 8, Fas. iii. 410.
COMPDS: hn-bora, u, f. the hole in the mast-head through which the halyard went; vinda segl
vi hnboru, to hoist the sail, Fr. 203. hn-dreginn, part. hoisted to the top, Sks. 394. hn-
kastali, a, m. the crow's nest or 'castle' at the mast-head, Sks. 393, Fms. vii. 256, 262. hn-spnir,
m. pl. ornaments at the mast-head, Edda (Gl.) 2. the knob at a staff's end; stafs-hnn, the knob on a
door handle etc.: a slice, skera sv breian hn til beins er bast er langt, of a whale's blubber, N. G.
L. i. 59. 3. a piece in a game, prob. from its cone-like shape: from the phrase, verpa hnum, to cast
(throw) the piece 'hn,' it seems to follow that this game was either similar to the Gr. GREEK or
rather to the mod. nine pins; eirs Haralds tni hnum verpa, Hornklo, Fagrsk. 5 (in a verse); in
Rm. 32 the 'hundum verpa' is no doubt a false reading for 'hnum verpa;' the riddle in Hervar. S.,
(where the answer is, at er hninn hnettai,) is obscure and corrupt in the text, for the hnetta or
hnefta (q.v.) was quite a different game.
HNN, m. a young bear, Kormak, Fas. i. 367, Fb. i. 253, Nj. 35, Landn. 176, Fs. 26, Stj. 530,
passim; bjarnar-hnn, a bear's young: in local names, Hna-i, Hna-vatn, Hnavatns-ing, -
ssla, Landn.; Hnavatns-lei, Fms. iii. 21. II. metaph. an urchin, boy, Vkv. 22, 30, 32, Gh. 12.
HS, n. [Ulf. renders GREEK by gards and razn, and GREEK by hrt, whereas hs only occurs
once in the compd gudhus = GREEK, John xviii. 20; in all other Teut. languages, old and new, hs
is the general word; A. S., O. H. G., Dan., and Swed. hs; Engl. house; Germ. haus; Dutch huys] :--
a house; hs eru rj hvers manns hblum, ... eitt er stofa, annat eldhs, rija br, Grg. i. 459;
leita n um hvert hs eim b, 215, x. 270; eir fara til bjarins ok hlaupa ar inn hs, Eg. 385;
nsta hsi, Ld. 318; af hverju hsi, from every house, Fms. x. 226; eitthvert mikit hs, Sks. 62; eitt
fagrt hs, Fb. i. 467; at hsinu, nr dyrrum hssins, id.; bn-hs, a prayer-house, chapel; sng-hs,
a choir; eld-hs, fjs (f-hs), hest-hs (qq.v.) 2. a house, family, rare in old writers; sonr hss, the
son of the house, Rm. 11: freq. in eccl. writers, hsi Heber, 625. 11; af annars-httar ttum ok
hsi, Stj. 246: freq. in the N. T., af hsi Davs, Luke ii. 4: a religious house, monastic order; af
Prdikara hsi, from the house of the Preaching Friars, the Dominican order, Bs. passim. 3. a case
= hsi (q.v.), corporale me hs, B. K. 84, Vm. 83, 189, Pm. 73, Rb. 358. II. in pl. = br, the group
of buildings of which a house consists, built in a row, the front (hs-bust) facing the sea, or a river if
in a dale, or looking south; the back (hsa-bak) turned to the mountain; the pavement along the
front is in Icel. called sttt, the open place in front hla, q.v.; the buildings are parted by a lane
(sund, bjar-sund); the whole surrounded by a wall, called hsa-garr; a lane, called geilar or tr,
leads up to the houses and house-yard, see Eggert Itin. 22; distinction is made between bjar-hs or
heima-hs, the 'home-houses,' homesteads, or ti-hs, the out-houses, and fjr-hs, sheep-houses,
which are at a distance from the homesteads; geymslu-hs, store-houses. That this was the same in
olden times is borne out by the freq. use of the plur., even when referring to a single house (cp. Lat.
aedes, tecta); konur skulu rsta hsin ok tjalda, Nj. 175, 220; eir sttu at hsunum, 115; eir
hlaupa upp hsin, Eb. 214; bijast hsa, skipta hsum, ra snum hsum, N. G. L. i. 109; hr
milli hsa, Ld. 204; taka hs (pl.) e-m, to take a person by surprise in his houses, Fms. viii. 172;
inni hsum, Sturl. i. 181; eir stigu af baki fyrir sunnan hsin ... ok gengu einum dun heldr
hljliga heim at hsum, iii. 185; var brtt reykr mikill hsunum, 189; tku hsin mjk at
loga, 186; n tku at loga ll hsin, nema elda-hs brann eigi ok litla-stofa ok skyrbr, 191; ar
vru ll hs mjk vndu at sm, 193; hann hljp upp hsin ok rifu akit, 218; ron hsin yr
eim, 220. Passages in the Sagas referring to buildings are very numerous: for Iceland, esp. in Sturl.
4. ch. 33, 50, 5. ch. 3-8, 6. ch. 31, 32, 35, 9. ch. 1-5, 8, 20, 52, Nj. ch. 34, 48, 78, 80, 117, 128-133,
137, Gsl. 28 sqq., Dropl. 28 sqq., etc.; for the Orkneys, Orkn. ch. 18, 33, 34, 70 (interesting), 105,
113, 115; for Norway, Eg., Hkr., . H. passim. COMPDS: I. in plur., hsa-bak, n. the back of the
houses; at hsa baki. hsa-bnar, m. = hsbnar UNCERTAIN, . H. 175. hsa-br, m.
buildings, farms, Rm. (prose), Nj. 130; mikill hsabr, Orkn. 244; gr h., Fms. xi. 192, Fas. iii.
20; ltill h., . H. 152. hsa-garr, m. = hsabr, the yard-wall, Nj. 120, v.l. hsa-gras, n. herbs
growing on a house roof, such as house-leek, Stj. 644. hsa-hagi, a, m. home pasture, Gl. 404.
hsa-kostr, m. lodgings, a means of dwelling, sl. ii. 139. hsa-kot, n. a cottage, Sturl. ii. 50, . H.
152. hsa-kynni, n. a dwelling; mikil, g hsakynni, Bs. i. 700, Fms. ii. 84; h. ok borbnar, .
H. 175. hsa-leiga, u, f. house rent, Barl. 194. hsa-mt, n. pl. the joining of buildings, Sturl. ii. 59,
Fms. ix. 24. hsa-skildagi, a, m. a contract for the tenure of a house, Gl. 330. hsa-skipan, f. the
order, arrangement of buildings, Gsl. 28, Eg. 235, Post. 656 B. 8. hsa-skipti, n. a sharing of
houses, Gl. 341. hsa-skjl, n. house shelter. hsa-skygni, n. a 'house-shed,' shelter, Stj. 121.
hsa-smir, m. a house-wright, Post. 153. hsa-sm, f. house-building, Post. hsa-snotra, u, f. a
'house-neat,' house-cleaner; the exact meaning of this word is dubious; Finn Magnusson suggested
a broom: the word only occurs in Fas. ii. (see hnsa) and in Fb. i. 548 (Symb. 14, Ant. Amer. 291);
the latter instance is esp. interesting, as the 'house-neat' which is there mentioned (about A.D. 1002)
was made from an American tree. hsa-star, m. a house-stead, the site of a building, Post. hsa-
timbr, n. house timber. hsa-torf, n. house turf for walls and roof, Dipl. v. 5. hsa-tpt, f. house
walls, without the roof, Lat. rudera, Fs. 158 (a local name). hsa-umbt, f. house repairs, Jb. 215.
hsa-vir, m. house timber, Grg. i. 200, Nj. 82 (v.l.), Ld. 32, Bs. i. 144. hsa-vist, f. abiding, an
abode, Fb. ii. 456. II. in local names, Hsa-fell, Hsa-garr, Hsa-vaill, Hsa-vk, Landn., Dipl.
i. 7: Hs-vkingr, Hs-fellingr, m. a man from H.
hsa, a, 'to house,' build houses; hsa konungs gar, . H. 43; hsa land, Grg. ii. 211; ann hluta
landsins er ekki var hsar, Glm. 335; Uni hsai ar, Landn. 246; hsa ok gra kirkju, Fms. vii.
110; hsa upp, to repair, Fas. ii. 342. 2. to shelter (= hsa), N. G. L. i. 322. 3. [hsi], to case, B. K.
34, of laths.
hsan, f. house-building, Sd. 180: a casing, B. K. 17 (twice).
hs-bak, n. = hsabak, Hm. 32, Nj. 28, Sturl. i. 63.
hs-bndi, a, m., pl. hsbndr; in mod. usage the is kept throughout the plural, but not so in old
writers; hsbndi is prop. a participle contracted from hsbandi or hsbandi; [see bndi, p. 74,
and ba, of which the older form is ba, Dan. boe, p. 86; Engl. husband; Swed. husbonde] :-- prop.
a house-master, master, the Scot. good man ( = Swed. husbonde); snum hsbanda, Hom. 121;
ann klna er hsbndi tti, Grg. i. 460; ek he r verit missttr vi hsbnda minn, Ld. 278,
Fb. ii. 385, Nj. 97; hann var me eim hsbnda lengi, he served that master long, Fms. i. 78: a
household word in Icel., where the plural hsbndr is used collect. even of master and mistress =
Germ. herrschaft, and is opp. to hj, servants; biddu hsbndrna; hsbondi gr! is an address of
servants to the house-master. In Norway the hsbndi as the landlord was opp. to the hsmar or
garsmar or cottager, N. G. L. ii. 207, D. N. v. 54: a host, Fms. vii. 30. II. a husband, answering to
hsfreya II; ef hsbndi hennar er brottu, Jd. 372; minn hsbndi, Stj. 119; see bndi I. 2; but not
freq. in mod. usage in that sense: the household phrase being, marinn, or marinn minn!
COMPDS: hsbonda-hollr, adj. faithful to one's master. hsbnda-lauss, adj. without a master.
hs-bt, f. house repairs, Am. 110.
hs-brenna, u, f. house-burning, arson, Grett. 103 new Ed.
hs-brot, n. a law term, house-breaking, burglary, N. G. L. i. 38, Gl. 345, H. E. i. 496: in pl. ruins,
Ann. 1390.
hs-bruni, a, m. house-burning, Bs. i. 78, Rb. 572.
hs-bust, f. a house front.
hs-bnar and hs-bningr, m. house furniture, esp. hangings, tapestry, Js. 78, Fms. vii. 148, .
H. 175, Eg. 94, Sturl. ii. 35, Fbr. 138, Vm. 65.
Hs-drpa, u, f. name of an old poem describing the mythical representation on the wall of an old
hall, Ld. 114, Edda.
hs-drttinn, m. the master of a house, 656 C. 16.
hs-dyrr, n. pl. house doors, Sturl. ii. 222.
hs-endi, a, m. a house end, gable, Orkn. 450.
hs-fair, m. the house father, master, Matth. xiii. 27, 52, xxi. 33.
hs-fastr, adj. 'house-fast, ' domiciled, Grg. i. 207, ii. 409, N. G. L. ii. 258, Fms. vi. 13.
hs-freyja, u, f., and by way of popular pronunciation huspreyja, Bs. i. 535, Glm. 349, N. G. L.
ii. 6; or hsfr (Swed, husfru), indecl. in sing., freq. in Stj. 123, Orkn. 326, Fms. vi. 166, xi. 437:
whence by corrupt pronunciation hstr (Dan. hustru), which form is freq. in late MS. deeds, Dipl.
iv. r, 3, v. 15, Vm. 31, 52, Bs. i. 117, 119 :-- a housewife, lady, mistress; bndi ok hsfreyja, Bs. i.
535, Grg. i. 157; Unnr hsfreyja, Orkn. 210; Gya h., Eg. 478; ein rk hsfr, a great lady, Fms.
vi. 166; hsfr Geirds, h. Salgerr, Dipl. iv. 3, Vm. 52; see fr, p. 175, and the references there
given. II. a wife, answering to hsbndi II; sr ok hsfreyju sinni (his wife), sl. ii. 201, Stj. 123,
Dipl. iv. 1; Slmundr ok hstr hans, Vm. 31, Dipl. v. 15; leitandi hvar hsfr muni sofa, where his
wife would be sleeping, Fms. xi. 437.
hs-fyllir, m. a houseful, of guests at an inn.
hs-ga, m. a house gable, sl. ii. 20, rst. Su H. 15.
hs-ganga, u, f. 'house-walking,' visits, Fs. 32, Glm. 372, Bjarn. 61.
hs-gangr, m. a begging from house to house, Grg. i. 301; fara hus- gang, Hv. 54, passim: a
beggar = hsgangs-mar, m., Grg. i. 163.
hs-gisting, f. a lodging, Greg. 50.
hs-grind, f. a house frame.
hs-gumi, a, m. the master of a house, the good man, Rm. 25, Gkv. i. 10.
hs-gngull, adj. making many visits, Grett. 96.
hs-gr, f. house-making, Js. 92, Fms. ii. 230, Jb. 211, Odd. 18, Stj.
hs-herra, m. lord of the house, Mar., Art., Pr. 416, Mag. 150.
hsi, a, m. a case, Gull. 22; skris-hsi, a scissors-case, id.
hs-karl, m. a house-carle, man-servant, opp. to hsbndi, a master; Halli var huskarl undir Felli,
Sturl. i. 55; hanu kvaddi hskarla sna me sr, Nj. 18; var skipat verkum me hskrlum, Ld. 58,
Grg. i. 435, 456, Gsl. 21, Eg. 4, 52, 565, Bs. i. 645, passim; but in mod. usage vinnumar. II. the
king's men, his body-guard, Sks. 249 B; allir eir menn er handgengnir eru konungi eru hskarlar
hans, eir konungs-menn ... hafa eir auknafn me hskarla-nafni at eir heita hirmenn, 272;
enn eru eir hskarlar konungs er heita gestir, 249, 257, 259, 261; grusk sumir hirmenn hans en
sumir gestir, sumir hskarlar, Fms. viii. 24. COMPDS: hskarla-hvt, f. name of a poem, . H.
208. hskarla-li, n., and hskarla-sveit, f. a body of house- carles, Hkr. ii. 294, Fms. vi. (in a
verse), . H. 67.
hski, a, m. a niggard, hska-legr, adj., hski-skapr, m.
hs-kona, u, f. a housewife, lady of the bouse, Rm. 25.
hs-kveja, u, f. 'house-farewell;' at Icel. funerals of persons of note, a brief sermon is delivered at
the home of the deceased when the body is removed from the house (see hefja A. 3); this sermon is
called hskveja, and a brief account is therein given of the life, character, family, pedigree, etc. of
the deceased; when the 'house-farewell' is ended, the body is carried out of the house, the last verses
of the 25th Passion hymn (En me v t var leiddr), and the following verses on John xix. 5, being
sung; after which the cofn is carried to the church, which is sometimes a long way off. See a
description of the funeral of an Icel. lady in jlfr, 17th Aug. 1869, p. 166.
hs-kytja, u, f. a cottage, hovel, Fms. v. 95.
HSL, n. [Ulf. hunsl = GREEK and GREEK, John xvi. 2; A. S. hsl; E. Engl. housel; Swed.
husl] :-- the housel, Corpus Domini, a word only used during the Roman Catholic times, never in
heathen rites, although the word is Teutonic; at the Reformation it was disused, Hom. 34, 157; taka
hsl, N. G. L. i. 144, Karl. 27, passim. COMPDS: hsl-ker, n. a housel box, Vm., Pm. hsl-ungr,
m. a housel bag, Vm.129. hsl-taka and hsl-tekja, u, f. taking the housel, the communion, N. G.
L. i. 144, Hom. (St.) 15.
hsla, a, to housel, to give the Corpus Domini to a sick person; oleai hann sgrm ok hslai,
Bs. i. 746; hann var hslar ok d san, Sturl. ii. 7; hslar ok olear, 150, Bs. ii. 70; lta hsla sik,
N. G. L. i. 390; -- only used of the Roman Catholic service.
hslan, f. the Holy Communion, Hom. (St.) 68.
hs-langr, adj. 'house-long,' nickname of a man who built a long hall, Landn. (App.) 324.
hs-lauss, adj. homeless, D. N.
hs-lestr, m. a house-reading, home-service, family prayers, at which hymns are sung and a sermon
or lesson read; such services are held in Icel. on Sundays all the year round, in the middle of the
day, for the people who cannot get to church; the hslestr consists of the Gospel for the day and a
printed sermon (Vdalns Postilla), a short prayer, the Lord's Prayer, and a hymn before and after.
During the winter an evening service is held every week day (from November to April), which
consists of a brief sermon (hugvekja), a prayer, the Lord's Prayer, and a hymn: hence hs-lestrar-
bk, f. a house-reading-book, a postil or the like; hslestrar-fr, adj. able to read a huslestr, of
one who has learnt to read well; vera vi hslestr, to attend a h. During Lent the Passu- Slmar are
by popular consent appointed for the hslestr. This old and pious custom is entirely spontaneous,
and not ordered by any church authority.
hs-leysi, n. being homeless.
hs-mir, f. a 'house-mother,' housewife, mistress; servants address their mistress as ' h. g. '
hs-mnir, m. a house ridge, sl. ii. 196.
hs-ni, n. a lodging, shelter.
hs-prr, adj. = hbla-prr (q.v.), Fms. v. 191.
hs-rm, n. house-room, lodging, shelter, Grg. ii. 333.
hs-veggr, m. a house wall, Eg. 187, Fms. viii. 347.
hs-ver, n. the price of a house, Js. 92.
hs-vitja, a, to go on a hsvitjan.
hs-vitjan, f. a 'house-visitation,' a circuit which the parish priest has to make every winter from
farm to farm in his parish, to enquire into the religious state of his people, the education of children,
and so on.
Hs-vkingr, m., Hs-vkskr, adj. a man from Hsavk, Landn.
hs-vrr, m. a house-ward, 'house-keeper' of. Shaksp., Gr. GREEK , i. e. the house dog, N. G. L.
i. 235.
hs-ekja, u, f. house-thatch, Hkr. iii. 61, Fbr. 24, Stj. 402.
hs-ing, n. [cp. Engl. hustings], a council or meeting, to which a king, earl, or captain summoned
his people or guardsmen; skaut konungr hsingi ok segir fyrirtlan sna, Eg. 357; sbjrn jarl
skaut hsingi, Fms. xi. 267; ltr Plnatki kveja hsings, 67; Sigurr konungr ... ok
ttu ar hsing; talai Sigurr konungr, vii. 151, . H. 45, 155; tti lafr konungr h. garinum
ok st upp stein ann inn mikla er ar st, Hkr. i. 252; Eysteinn konungr hafi h., Fms. vii.
249; keisarinn hafi h. vi rgjafa sna ok ara hfingja, hann sagi sv, i. 126; tti Arinbjrn
hsing vi li sitt, ok sagi mnnum fyrirtlan sna, Eg. 533; hann kvaddi hsings
(rendering of Sallust's 'concionem populi advocavit'), Rm. 146.
hs-jfr, m. a house-breaker, t. 20.
hs-rng, f. ' house-throng,' a house-full, Jb. 264.
hvaa, pron., indecl. throughout all cases and genders [see hverr], what, which, but only as an
adjective, never as a subst. pronoun, e. g. hvaa menn, hvaa konur, hvaa skip ? whereas hverr
(q.v.) is used as a substantive; hvaa is a mod. form from the old hvat or hvatta (q.v.), and is hardly
found in old vellums, except with a dat.; hvaa sn (dat.), Sks. 266; hvaa buri, Fms. viii. 8;
whereas in mod. speech hvaa as an adj. pron. has almost displaced the old hverr, which is at
present only used in the substantive sense.
hvaan, adv. interrog. [Ulf. waro = GREEK ; A.S. hwanon; Engl. whence; Germ. woher] :--
whence, Nj. 2, 125, Fms. ix. 55: absol. of the wind, hvaan er hann? whence (from what quarter) is
the wind? the answer, sunnan, noran; ttisk engi vita, hvaan ver var , whence the wind blew,
Fms. viii. 55; h. af lndum? sl. ii. 222, Vm. 22, 24, 26, Pr. 416, passim. p. spec. usage; mean ek
veit eigi vst hvaan Gumundr hinn rki stendr at, mgr minn (as long as I know not what side G.
takes'), v at ek aetla honum at veita, hvaan sem hann stendr at, Nj. 214. II. indef. = undecunque,
koma eir heilir hvaan, Hm. 157; hvaan sem, whencesoever; hann siglir hvaan sem er, he
sails whencesoever the wind may blow, whatever wind may blow, Fms. x. 204; blrs hvaan sem
renn, Pr. 473; hvaan af sem hann hafi ann spdm, Hkr. i. 224. III. as relative, Stj. i.
hvaan-va, adv. [va answers to Engl. - ever in wherever, whenever, whatever, but in Icel. only
remains in the adverb denoting the place from which] :-- from whencesoever, Fms. vii. 75 (in a
verse); drfa h., to throng together from every side, Hkr. i. 54; ustu borgarmenn h. at eim, Fms.
i. 104; ar drsk saman mikit li ok kom h. til, viii. 411; gaf eim glmskygni, sndisk eim sem
menn fri h. at eim, Sturl. i. 179; vina er h. herja oss, Stj. 398, 444 :-- phrases, tti konungi
sem h. vri augu honum, of a wild, fugitive look, Fms. ii. 180; ok hvaan- fa augun sem
hrakdri, with a look as wild as a hunted deer (as if be had eyes all over him), Korm. 60; hann vann
sv at h. vru honum hendrnar, he worked as if be had hands all over him, Grett. 101 new Ed.
HVALR, m., pl. hvalar, Sks. 180 B; hvala, acc. pl., K. . K. 138; hvalana, Grg. ii. 387; hvala alla,
359; mod. hvalir: [A. S. hwl; Germ, wall-scb; Dan. hval] :-- a whale, Hm. 21, Rb. 1812. 17,
Grg. 1. 159, ii.337: as to the right to claim whales as jetsum, see the law in Grg. and Jb., the
Reka-blkr and the Sagas passim, e. g. Grett. ch. 14,Eb. ch. 57, Hv. ch. 3, Fbr. ch. 9 :-- there was
always a great stir when a whale was driven ashore, gr skisaga ferr hvalsaga; hvals lki, Fms.
xi. 182, Fas. ii. 131; hvals auki, amber, old Dan. hvals- ky, Sks.; hvals hauss, a whale's head; hvals
vn, expectation of a whale being drifted ashore, Vm. 174; hvals ver, a whale's value, Grg. ii.
373; hvala blstr, the blowing of a whale; hvala-kvma, arrival of shoals of whales, Eg. 135; hvala-
kyn, a species of whale, Sks. 121; in Edda (Gl.) and in Sks. 1. c. no less than twenty-ve kinds of
whales are enumerated and described; hvala-skfr, whale guts, a nickname, Landn.; hvala- vetr, a
winter when many whales were caught, Ann. 1375: in local names, Hvals-, Hvals-nes, Hval-
fjrr, Hvals-eyrr, Landn. etc. COMPDS: hval-ambr, m. whale amber. hval-skr, m. a whale.
hval-fjara, u, f. a whale beach, on which a whale has drifted and is cut up. hval-fjs, f. whale
blubber, m. 83, Rd. 251. hval-utningr, m. carrying blubber, m. 78. hval-ystri, n. = hvalfjs,
Rtt. 10, II. hval-fundr, m. the nding a (dead) whale, N. G. L. hval-fng, n. pl. stores of whale
(blubber), Bs. i. 549, Fbr. 41. hval-grar, f. pl. whale pits where blubber was kept, Sturl. i. 136: a
local name in western Icel. hval-gi, n. pl. = hvalggn, H. E. ii. 130. hval-ggn, n. pl. gain
derived from whales, m. III. hval-jrn, n. a whale-iron, harpoon, Sturl. iii. 68. hval-kaup, n.
purchase of whale-blubber, Lv. 59. hval-klfr, n. a whale-calf, young whale, Fas. iii. 546. hval-
klippa, u, f. = hvalfjs, Grett. (in a verse). hval-kvma, u, f. a drifting of whales ashore, Sturl. i.
190, Bs. i. 665. hval-ltr, m. 'whale-litter,' a place where whales cast their young: a local name in
Icel. hval- magi, a, m. whale-maw, a nickname, Landn. hval-ml, n. 'whale- case, ' i. e. a claim to
whales as jetsum, Bs. i. 666. hval-rei, f. = hval- reki, Lv. 58. hval-reki, a, m. a drift of whales,
Grg. ii. 210, 366, Ld. 4. hval-rekstr, m. whale hunting (as described by Sir Walter Scott in the
Pirate), Gl. 458, Ann. 1296, Bs. i. 801, Boldt. 143. hval-rtti, n. 'whale-right,' as to jetsum, N. G.
L. i. 59. hval-rttr, m. whale hunting, Ann. 1296. hval-rif, n. a whale's rib, Hv. 48, Grett. 89.
hval-r, f. a nickname, Landn. hval-saga, u, f. whale news, Bs. i. 463. hval-skipti, n. whale
sharing, Grg. ii. 381, H. E. ii. 126. hval-sk, n. whale gills. hval-skurr, m. whale carving,
cutting up whales, Fbr. 41, Bs. i. 666, Am. 36. hval-skyti, a, m. a whale harpooner, Grg. ii. 377,
Jb. 326. hval-taka, u, f. taking, stealing blubber, Sturl. ii. 29, Rd. 251. hval-tund, f. a tithe paid
from whales, Vm. 76, B. K. 53. hval-vgr, m. a whale creek, where whales are caught, Gl. 464.
hval-vn, f. a whale expected to be driven ashore, Vm. 174. In poetry the sea is called hval-frn, -
jr, -mnir, -tn, = the abode ... town of whales, Lex. Pot.
HVAMMR, m. [Ivar Aasen kvam] :-- a grassy slope or vale; ar var byggilegr hvammr, Fs. 22;
kaus hann sr bsta hvammi einum mjk fgrum, 26; s var einn h. landi Geirmundar, at hann
kvask vilja kjsa brott or landinu, -- var bf hans statt hvamminum, -- hann eltir f r
hvamminum, Sturl. i. 5; me eim vii er eim hvammi er vaxinn, 6; eir kmu at v ski er lei
liggr til Kirkjubjar ok skamt var fr eim hvammi er eir gmundr stu , Sturl. iii. 112: very freq.
as an appellative in every Icel. farm or as a local name, Hvammr, Landn.: the best known is the
seat of the Sturlungar in Broadrth, Hvamms- dalr, Hvamms-fjrr, Landn.; Hvamms-land,
Hvamms-verjar, or Hvamms-menn, m. pl. the men from Hvam, Sturl.; Hvamm- Sturla, m. Sturla
from H., the father of Snorri.
hvann-garr, m. [hvnn], an angelica garden, N. G. L. i. 38, 241, 253, Gl. 347, Js. 134.
hvann-jli, a, m. (see jll), a stalk of angelica, Fms. ii. 179, x. 336, 337.
hvann-klfr, m. a young angelica, Hervar. (Hb.)
hvann-st, n. a bed of angelica, Vm. 143: as a local name.
hvap, n. [cp. Goth. hwapjan = to suffocate, extinguish], dropsical esh, holda-hvap. hvap-ligr, adj.
dropsy-like, dropsical.
HVAR, adv. interrog. and indef., [Ulf. hwar = GREEK A. S. hwr; Old Scot. qubar; Engl. where;
Germ, wo; Dan. hvor]: I. interrog. where? direct and indirect; in endless instances indirect after the
verbs vita, sj, heyra spyrja..., hvar, to know, see, hear, ask..., Vsp. 5, 22, Hm. i, t., Hful. 3;
kvea , hvar koma skal, Grg. i. 46; hvar vi skyldi auka, Ib. 5; eir fundu hvar upp var rekin kista
Kveldlfs, Eg. 129 and prose passim. p. followed by a subj., hvar viti? hvar ha? hvar muni? Lex.
Pot. . with a prep.; hvar skulum vit leita, where shall we go and seek? Nj. 3; greina hvar etta
heyrir til, whereto, Fms. ii. 260. 2. with the notion of whither; eigi vitum ver hvar hann for, N. G. L.
i. 218; hvar hann skyldi stefna, Fas. iii. 543; s ek n hvar sk horr, Hrafn. II. 3. with particles;
hvar fyrir? wherefore? why? Fms. iv. 47; eir spyrja, hvar til essi svr skulu koma, i. 3, passim;
hvar kvmu fer okkrir ess (staar understood) at..., hvar nema alls hvergi, sl. ii. 236; hvar landa
ertu ess faeddr, where in the world art thou born ? Lat. ubi terrarum? Fas. ii. 534. II. indef.
anywhere; allir hlutir vera bjartari glerinu slskini en hvar annarstaar, Hom. 128; hr eru vtn
verri en hvar annarstadar, Stj. 609; hr framar enn hvar annarstaar, Fb. i. 236. 2. in each place;
uru rj ing hverjum fjrungi ok skyldu ingu-nautar eiga hvar (in each) saksknir saman, b.
9; Dun (Danube) kemr sjau stum mikil hvar (IB seven arms, each of which is great) saman
sj, Rb.; turturar eru fair hvar saman, Hom. 65. 3. hvar sem, hvar es, and in old MSS. and poems
contracted hvars, wheresoever; hvar sem hann for, hvar sem eir kvmu, Fms. i. 62, vii. 21: with a
local genitive, hvar lands er kom, wherever he came, d. 8; hvar ess er (wheresoever that) mar
her ann ei unninn, Grg. i. 56; hvar landa sem ert, Fs. 23; hvar ess er arir taka fyrst arf,
191; hvar helzt, id., Hom. 155. 4. hr ok hvar, here and there, now here now there, Nj. 142, Fms. i.
136, vii. 294, 301, 324, viii. 61, ix. 362, Sks. 566; va hvar, far and wide, in many places; vast
hvar, in most places, in most instances, Skald. H. 3. 42, freq. in mod. usage. 5. eve r so, very; hvar
fjarri, ever so far, very far off; en egar er Arnljtr laust vi geislinum var hann hvarr fjarri eim,
. H. 153; honum kastai mjk upp or hsunum sv htt at hvar fjarri kom nir, Sturl. i. 161 C,
Orkn. 114; hann laust hann sv mikit hgg at hann kom hvar fjarri nir, El. 100; hugr inn er mr h.
fjarri, Stj. 417, Hom. (St.) 43: with a compar., um allt Hlogaland ok vara hvar, in all H. and
ever so much farther, Fas. ii. 504; hvar meiri, evermore; ek skal hvar meiri stund (with ever more
zeal) leggja hennar ml en ek tlaa, Fms. x. 106. III. relat. only in later writers, Dipl. v. 3, Mar.
passim; hvar til (whereunto, to which) Bjarni bau ekki fremr en r, Dipl. iii. n. B. In COMPDS,
intens. = ever, mostly in poetry: hvar-brigr, adj. ever shifty, ckle, Fms. x. (in a verse). hvar-
dyggr, adj. ever true, faithful, Lex. Pot. hvar-gegn, adj. 'ever-gain,' straightforward, upright, Fms.
xi. 314 (in a verse). hvar-gr, adj. ever good, Lb. 13. hvar-grimmr, adj. savage, Lex. Pot. hvar-
kunnr, adj. ' ever-known,' famous, Hallfred. hvar-kvntr, part, polyga- mous, having 'a wife in
every port;' a rendering of 'gentern procacissi- marn,' of the Vulgate, Deut. xxviii. 50, Stj. 345.
hvar-leir, adj. 'ever-loathed, 'detested, Hkv. i. hvar-lofar, adj. ever praised, Geisli 16. hvar-
mikill, adj. ever great, Clem.47.
HVARF, n. [hverfa], prop, a 'turning away,' disappearance: of a thing being stolen, hvrf ok
stuldir, Fbr.; hvarf Iunnar, Edda 46, Ld. 206, Band. 12 new Ed.: cp. sl-hvrf, sun-turn, i. e. the
solstice. prann hann eim ar hvarf (mod. hvarf), he ran out of their sight, Sturl. ii. 145; hlaupit
burt me ok runnit eim skjtt hvarf, Bs. i. 704: in mod. usage a hill on the horizon is called hvarf;
hvarf, to go to the other side of a hill so as to be out of sight: vera hvrfum, to waver, Skv. 3. 38.
2. shelter; v ek he n leitat r allra hvarfa, Barl. 59; ef bjrn er hornn hi, lsi v fjlda
manna at at er hans hvarf (lair), N. G. L. i. 46; at-hvarf, shelter; gra sr e-n at hvar, to call on a
friend, Fms. iv. 292. II. a local name for Cape Wrath in Scotland, Bs. i. 483; Hvarfs-gnipa, u, f.
Cape Farewell in Greenland, A. A.
hvarfa, a, [Ulf. hwarbon = GREEK , GREEK ], prop, to turn round; let hann sr hendi h. her
gullit, Hm. 21, obsolete. 2. to wander, stroll about, Fms. x. 412, Eg. (in a verse), Pr. 136. pmetaph.,
h. i millum, what is between, as a matter of dispute or dissent, Gl. 364; sakir strra hluta er her h.
milli, Nj. 177, v. 1., ok h. ar millum, run on these numbers, i.e. between the length of ten and
twenty ells, Sks. 120, Anecd. 16: e-m hvarfar hugr, one's mind wavers, Fms. x. 270.
hvarfan, f. strolling, Skv. 3. 38.
hvarf-fss, adj. shifty, Hel. 2.
hvara, a, = hvarfa, Eg. 766, Lv. 54, Sks. 141, Bs. ii. 62, Fs. 152: to waver, Aroni hvarai
hugrinn, Sturl. ii. 84.
hvarf-lauss, adj. ' swerveless,' unswerving, Barl. 146.
hvarf-semi, f. shelter, refuge, Clem. 44.
hvargi, adv. indef. (for the particle -gi see p. 199); a clear distinction is made in the MSS. between
hvargi, everywhere, and hvergi (q. v.), nowhere, (Hkr. i. 269, 278, ii. 208 in the folio Ed. are
misprints) :-- wheresoever, with the particle er (es) or sem; hvargi sem menn vera staddir, 655 iii.
4; hvargi er hann kvngask, Grg. i. 181; hvargi er mar drepr mann ok varar at skggang, ii. 14;
hvargi er menn eru staddir, 20; h. er hann tk, i. 210; h. er tekr land, Landn. 43, v. 1.; h. sem eir
herja, N. G. L. i. 103; h. er hann for, Fms. xi. 40, Hkr. i. 100, 269; h. sem vr komum, Post. 645. 71;
h. er j heyrir, Am. 103. 2. in each, every place, without the particle; sna mr, af hverju get er
hvargi, what is given in ea c h place, Nj. 76; en hit nsta sumar gat nr hvargi (almost
everywhere) ber slandi, Bs. i. 135, (the MS. has hvergi erroneously, cp. the Annals of the year
1203.)
HVARMR, m. the eyelid; br ea brna, hvarma ok ennis, Edda ii. 499, Rm. 326; hann enr upp
hvarmana, Stj. 475, Sam. xxi. 13; hann let leggja lit augu sr ok sneri um sr hvrmunum, Fs.
98; skauzt hllinn af auga-steininum ok sleit af honum hvarminn, san tk Einarr hvarminn
me hendi sinni, ok s at auga-steinninn var ar, Hkr. iii. 365; greri r hvtt hvarmi hvrum-
tveggja, 367; utan hvarmana, 655 xxx. 4: in the poets the eye is called stjrnur, tungl, geisli
hvarma, the stars, moon, beam of the h.: tears are hrynregn hvarma: eyelashes, skogr hvarma etc.,
Lex. Pot. COMPDS: hvarm-raur, adj. with red eyelids, Korm. hvarm-skogr, m. 'eyelid-shaw,'
eyelashes, Lex. Pot. hvarm-tengr, f. pl. 'eyelid-tongues,' drooping eyelids, Egil. hvarmreyr, m.,
poet. ' eyelid-thaw,' tears, Edda (in a verse).
hvars, adv. = hvar es, wheresoever, freq. in old poetry and MSS.; see er, p. 131, and Lex. Pot.
hvar-vetna, adv., hrvetna, Grg. ii. 282, Post. 686 B. 2, Fms. ii. 269; but usually, as also in mod.
usage, though less correctly, hvervetna, Nj. 32, Fms. vi. 16. 296, Karl. 534, and passim; [from
hvar and vetna, a gen. pl. from an obsolete vetta = wight]:-- everywhere; tk herr hans hvarvetna at
lta undan siga, Fms. i. 174; hvarvetna milli steinanna, 230. 2. with a local gen., h. ess er,
wheresoever that, Grg. i. 36, ii. 292, 342, N. G. L. i. 42, cp. 74, where the gen. is dropped; munu
r hljta at ra okkar millum h. er, in every case where, Fms. ii. 269, (thus Fb. 1. e., cp. Cd.)
HVASS, adj., hvss, hvasst, gen. pl. hvassa, Sdm. 20; [the Goth. form is supposed to be hwass, cp.
hivassaba, Tit. i. 13, and bwassei = GREEK Rom. xi. 22; cp. hvessa, hvetja, hvatr, as well as
O.H.G. hwassi, which seem to be kindred words] :-- pointed, tapering; hvass hjlmr ea kuml, Sks.
167; hvasst nir sem hll, id.; me hvssu enni, 170; hvss vrr, Sturl. ii. (in a verse); hvass hringr,
Fms. v. 343; hvass yrnir, sharp thorns. 2. sharp, keen, whetted, of edged tools; ngull s enn
hvassi, Nirst. 3; hvasst vpn, Grett. 137; hvassan knf, 91; hvasst sver, Barl. 155; h. hjrr, Fm. 6;
odd-hvass, pointed; egg-hvass, q. v. II. metaph. of intellect, keen; hvasst nmi, Bs. i. 235; hvass
skilningi, 681; hvass hugskoti. Hom.; hygginn ok hvass, id. 2. of the eyes or sight; hvss augu,
Sks. 170, Skld 160, .H. 109, Hkv. 2. 2; hvss sjn, a keen sight; hvassar sjnir, piercing eyes,
Sighvat; hvassir geislar, s harp beams of light, MS. 732. 17. 3. sharp, acute; hvss hljs grein, a
sharp sound, Sklda 175, 179; hvasst hlj, 160, 169; hvss samstafa, 175. 4. of wind, sharp, fresh;
hvasst ver, Eg. 99; ver var miklu hvassara, 196; hvss sunnan ver, Fms. vii. 310; hvasst
andviri, Eg. 87; hvass byrr, Fms. i. 165; h. tnyringr, hann er hvass sunnan, a er hvasst, hann
(the wind) er hvass, etc., passim; hvassir straumar, Sks. 14 new Ed.: neut. hvasst, blowing hard; eir
hfu hvasst mjk rinum, Hv. 26, 42 new Ed.: freq. in mod. usage, i-hvass, blowing very
hard; bl-hvass, blowing a gale (so as to lash the sea into tongues like ame). 5. sharp ghting,
Korm., Hkv. 2. 10, Lex. Pot.; hvassir menn, Fms. v. 137; kvesk mundu f honum annan hest, ef
nokkurir vri hvassari en sj, Rd. 298, of a horse. 6. neut. precisely; ekki hvasst umhyggju-laust,
Fms. vi. 204; at verr hvasst (precisely) tveir hlutir tjndu lnar, N. G. L. i. 78; taka hvrir eigi
hvasst (not quite) sjau penninga, 107: in poets, ra, ganga, sigla, la, skjta hvasst, to ride, walk,
sail, shoot fast, Lex. Pot.; bita hvassara, to eat heartily, kv. 25. 7. coarse; hvassar hosur, Karl.
363, (rare.) COMPDS: hvass-eygr, adj. keen- eyed, Stj. 270. hvass-eygr, adj. swift-winged, Lex.
Pot. hvass- kmbttr, adj. with a sharp comb or crest, Stj. 77. hvass-leikr, m. sharpness; h.
klungra, Barl. 18, 732. 18; h. versins, Fms. viii. 55, Sks. 212: of intellect, Hom. hvass-leitr, adj.
sharp-looking, Fas. i. 179 (in a verse). hvass-liga, adv. sharply, Stj. 181, Sks. 228. hvass-ligr, adj.
sharp, Edda (in a verse). hvass-nefjar, adj. sharp- nebbed, Sks. 418. hvass-oddar, adj. sharp-
pointed, Ht. R. hvass- orr, adj. sharp-worded, Hsm. hvass-tenntr, adj. sharp-toothed, Sks. 418.
hvass-viri, n. a sharp gale, Ld. 58, Stud. iii. 56, Fms. iv. 57, passim. hvass-gnttr, adj. sharp-
pointed, Sks.
HVAT, neut. pron. of an obsolete hvar; for the other kindred forms see hverr, hv, and ht. A.
Interrog. direct and indirect, what; eiga at ba hvat ek skal kvea, Nj. 3; vita, hvat hann skal vi
kvea, Hm. 28, Vm. 55; veit ek eigi hvat til annars kemr, Band. 36 new Ed., passim. p. = Germ,
was fr ein ... ? North. E. what for a ... ? for what sort of a ... expressing wonder or the like; hvat
gmundr ert, what sort of an O. art thou ? Fas. ii. 534; hvat f er at? Nj. 55: indirectly, eir vissu
eigi hvat li at var, Hkr. i. 268. 2. with gen., hvat er manna at mr kunnra? Vtkv. 5; hvat er at
fra, aga, drauma, ska, what sort of men, witches, dreams, shes? Alm. 2, 5, Skv. 2. 1, Fsm. 2,
Em. i; hvat mun enn vera minnar? Skv. 1. 12, 14, 18; hvat manna ert, what sort of a man art
thou? Fms. ix. 55; hvat kvenna ert? Dropl. 4; hvat karla er at? Fms. vii. 152; hvat rtta er at?
Edda 31; hvat undra var ess? 623. 35: indirect, hann spuri hvat manna Hallfrer var, Fms. ii. 54,
vii. 166; hvat sveina at myndi vera, x. 219; hann spuri hvat vri rs hennar, he asked what she
intended to do, i. 186; hvat hann vildi ra sinna, vii. 154; spuri hvat vers v, Bjarn. 54. p. with
dat., hvat lii er etta? Fms. ix. 50; hvat rani var at? sl. ii. 142; hvat hsi stendr ar? Hkr. iii. 187,
Stj. 626, 650: indirect, spuri hvat mnnum eir vri, Eg. 162; hann spyrr hvat mnnum eir s,
Fr. 64; vita hvat mnnum eir vri, Hkr, i. 268; hvat erendum, Fs. 11; er hestrinn kenndi hvat
hrossi etta var, Edda 26; ttisk rr skilja hvat ltum verit hafi um nttina. 29; hvat
matvistum, Str. 81. 3. what, why, how? in asking, denoting surprise, indignation, or expecting an
answer in the negative, Lat. numquid? hvat skal rgum manni langt vpn, to what use? hvat skalt
sveinn sess minn ? Eg. (in a verse); hvat hr ykkr me mr at vera ? Stj. 420; hvat arft at
spyrja at nafni minu ? 399, 410, 476; hvat ek veit, segir Gunnarr, hvrt... ? Nj. 85; hvat mun ek at
vita, how should I know that? Bs. ii. 104. 4. how = hve; frttir hann n hvat lii bnors-mlum, Ld.
92; hvat hlnir landsmenn vro, b. 16; hvat grimm, how cruel! Mar. 5. causal, why? hvat spyrr
mik? Hom.; hvat lystr mik? id., freq. B. Indef. pron. each, every, with the particle er (es) or sem,
whatsoever; hvat sem, or hvat es, whatsoever; hvat dr sem er, Gl. 457, Fms. vii. 29; hvat sem
hann kostai til, Edda 29; hvat fjarlgr sem..., howsoever remote..., Stj. 93: with sufxed es, hvaz
or hvats, id., see er, p. 131. 2. with the possess, pron. sinn; hvat br sinnar stundar, Lat. horam
quodque suam expectat, there is a time for everything, Nj. 79; r sr hvat, they run each his own
way, i.e. were scattered in all directions, Fms. x. 268. 3. hvat af ru, from one to another, in
succession, Fms. i. 128; hvat af hverju, 'what from which,' i.e. soon; hans er von hva af hverju, he
is expected every moment, (mod.) 4. with compar. ever so much; hann var til hans hvat betr enn til
sinna barna, he was ever so much kinder to him than to his wn children, Ld. 304. II. as interj., h,
h, er hvat! Sks. 365 B; vaknai hann alltrautt ok mlti nr vitinu, hvat! hvat! Fms. ix. 24.
HVATA, a, to make speed, hasten with a thing, with dat.; hvata fr sinni, h. ferinni, to hasten
one's journey, 655 iii. 3, Fms. iv. 144; hvata gngunni, to quicken one's pace, Edda 7; h. essu, Lv.
20; h. bli, make speed with the bale-re, Fms. x. 379: absol. to hasten, speed, hann eggjar at menn
skulu hvata, Fr. 262; hvata til skipa, Eg. 357; hvata heim, sl. ii. 387; h. brott, Rd. 16: with prep.,
hvata at e-u, to make haste with a thing, Hkr. i. 103. II. also spelt hvota, Band, and Thom. 1.c., cp.
hta (II): to stretch forth with, with dat.; hvata hnefa at e-m, to threaten a person with the st, but
without striking, Grg. ii. 14; hvota sklm at e-m, Band, (in a verse); hvotandi sverinu ofan
toman hausinn, Thom. 442: in mod. usage ota.
hvata-buss (-bussi), m. a busybody, Fbr. 191, v. 1.; gtt hans , rarinn, at hann komizk eigi
brott, ok ert jafnan hvatabuss mikill, Fms. iv. 266.
hvatan, f. an urging on, pushing on, Skv. I. 50.
hvat-frr, adj. quick, Eg. 73.
hvati, a, m. hurry, Mork. 110. an inciter, Lex. Pot.
hvatki, pron. indef. [see -gi, p. 199]: 1. each thing, every thing for itself; munu r vita til hvers
hvatki kemr, Fms. xi. 103; v at h. var ar, gngar vistir, etc., Karl. 203; hversu hann vill h. gra,
Eluc. 56; at skynja hverja jartein hvatki her, Hom. 139. 2. with er; hvatki er, whatsoever, Sighvat,
Lex. Pot.; hvatki er yr fjra ftr gengr, at skulu r eta, Stj. 416; hvatki es missagt es frum
essum, b. (pref.); h. es honum var hug, Hkr. ii. 156; hvakki er li hans her lukt, Fms. x. 395;
hvatki mlum er lzk hafa, N. G. L. i. 250; h. mnnum sem inni eru, 61; hvatki er ess rtr, er
honum er hendi, Grg. i. 94; hvatki er mar grir, id., Am. 20. II. hveskis, gen. of or for whatso-
ever, cujuscunque; hveskis er vr bijum, Hom. (St.) HI. hvgi, dat. to whatsoever, cuicunque;
skynja hvaan af hvgi er nafn get, Hom. 139. 2. = hvegi, q. v.
hvat-ltr, adj. quick, Fms. ix. 489, v. 1.
hvat-leikr (-leiki), m. boldness, energy, alacrity, presence of mind, Sturl. iii. 42, Fms. vi. 166, Sks.
59 new Ed.; h. ok ri, Nj. 271; vitsmunir ok h., 262.
hvat-liga, adv. quickly; ra h., Nj. 192, Sd. 156; bask h., sl. ii. 338; fara h., Rd. 277, Th. 77.
hvat-ligr, adj. quick, brisk; hvatlegt li, active troops, Fms. xi. 33; verjask et hvatligsta, 142;
hvatligt verk, a manly feat, x. 391.
HVATR, adj., fem. hvt, neut. hvatt, bold, active, vigorous; in the saying, engi er einna hvatastr,
Hm. 63; h. mar, Fms. vii. 160, Fm. 6. 24, 30, 31; ef engi hefi verit hvatari hfingi her essum
en , Fms. vi. 160; hvatr hugr, Fm. 26: acc. as adv., ra hvatan, to ride at a quick pace, Ld. 260:
neut. hvatt, id.; ra hvatt, Fb. ii. 125, Sighvat; hann ba menn sna fara sem hvatast, Eg. 217. II.
male, opp. to blaur, female, of beasts; h. kttr, freq. in mod. usage.
hvat-rr, adj. headlong, Lex. Pot.
hvat-ri, n. quick action, Glm. 377.
hvat-skeyti, f. precipitancy, Karl. 393.
hvat-skeytliga, adv. precipitately, Stj. 4, K. . 202, Fms. ii. 33.
hvat-skeytligr, adj. hurried, headlong, K. . 202.
hvatt, n. [hvetja], a c ut or mark on a sheep's ear, a slice cut off one side of the ear; hvatt framan,
aptan hgra, vinstra; whence hvat-rifa, n. adj. a hvat with a rift: when the slice is cut on both
sides of the ear so as to make it like a spear's point, it is called fjur, a feather.
hvatt, adv. or interj. = hvat, what! what then! Fms. xi. 118; hvatt! ltt gra gjalda vert ef
kmsk me fjrvi braut, Mork. 139.
hvat-vetna, hvat-vitna, pron. used as subst. (hvetvetna is a false form), in old MSS. often spelt
htvitna, Hm. 47, Am. 67, 95, Skm. 28, Nirst. 6, Fms. xi. 36, 68, 78, 122; [from hvat and vetna,
q.v.] :-- anything whatever; vex r hvatvetna augu, Nj. 53; h. llt, Fms. vi. 283; r lti honum
h. hla, Eg. 71; hann kvask h. mundu til vinna, Fs. 59; eigi eru bar skyldir at bera um hvatvetna,
Grg. i. 167; h. var upp broti, Fms. vi. 381; hvatvetna ar nokkvat es, Greg. 12; Gu leysir
htvetna, Nirst. 6; fyr htvetna fram, above all, Fms. xi. 68. II. dat. hv-vetna, to anything
whatever, cuivis; rntu ar hvvetna. Orkn. 294; var Hrafn fyrir eim hvvetna, sl. ii. 208;
hvvetna (hvvitni MS.) er illt er, Hom. 35; miklu er sj framarr at hvivetna, Fms. vii. 148; grr
hvvitna hornungr brur sins, i. 255; fyrir h. fram, above all, xi. 28. III. gen. hvers-vetna, of
anything whatever, cujusvis; hann kann til hversvetna r, Nj. 67; ok snir sik sv vera hversvetna
Drttinn, Greg. 4; fyrir hversvetna sakir, Fas. i. 188, Fms. xi. 104.
hvat-vsi, f. temerity, Fms. vi. 8, vii. 124, xi. 98.
hvat-vsliga, adv. recklessly, rashly, Fms. ii. 33, v. l.
hvat-vss, adj. headlong, reckless, foolhardy, Hkr. iii. 225, Fms. ii. 211, xi. 12, 75, Bjarn. 14.
hvaz, pron. = hvat es, whatsoever; see hvat (II), and er, p. 131.
hv, , to say what! (h, q. v., eh), of one not hearing; eins og ganti roi hvert vi hvi, Snt 214.
HVA, u, f., not kva, [Ulf. hwao = GREEK Luke ix. 39, and hwa- jan = to froth] :-- glue,
lime, resin, esp. from trees, freq.
HVLF, n., mod. form hlf, [A. S. hwealf], a vault, Bs. i. 177, Sks. 633, Al. 89; gufu-hvolf, or
dampa-h., 'steam-vault,' the atmosphere, (mod.): of the concavity of a shield, Boll. 340; vera
hvl, keel uppermost, of a boat or vessel; see hlf.
hvlfa, d, in old writers spelt hlfa or hlfa; but hvolfa is the mod. form :-- to turn vpside down,
keel uppermost; sj at ar hlr skip sjnum, Fb. ii. 223, as also Hb. l. c., Fbr. 103 new Ed.; ar
hvolfi skip, Njar. 376 (paper MS.); hf upp knrr ok sneri lopti ok kom hlfandi nir, Bs. i. 30;
ok hugu n mundu fullkomlega yr hlfa, it would be overwhelmed, 769.
HVLL, m., mod. hvoll, [akin to Gr. GREEK also akin to hvel, hvlf, prop, denoting what is
convex, cp. Germ, hgel] :-- a bill; not much used, holl (q. v.) being the common word; but it is still
used of a 'dome-shaped' hill; and in local names of farms lying under such hills, as Hvll in Saurbr
in the west, Berg-rs-hvll and Strlfs- hvll in the south, Beigaar-hvll in the north, Landn.;
Klfs-hvll in the east, Dropl.; Orrostu-hvll, Eg.: Hvls-mar, m. a man from H., Sturl.; eir
stefna upp hvlinn, Nj. 69; dalr var hvlinum ok riu eir angat, 197; vr vildum hvlinn ok
kmumk ekki, Dropl. 22; hvla er hlsa, Rm. 315.
hvma (hvoma), a, to swallow, devour.
hvmr (hvomr), m. a glutton.
HVPTR, m., mod. hvoptr, the cheek, Lat. bucca; kemr kinnina ok hvptinn, sl. ii. 399; mr
renna hrrml um hvpta, Hsd.; rakaa hvptana, Orkn. 288, Fb. i. 395: the mouth, gape, Lat.
rictus, of a beast, 416, 417, 530, Sks. 52, 53 new Ed.: the phrase, gott er at hafa tv hvptana ok sitt
me hverjum mla, Fas. ii. 429, jorst. S. St. 51; cp. kjaptr or kjptr.
hvrgin-ligr, adj. neuter, Sklda 185.
hvrigr, m., mod. hvorugr, either, each; see hvrrgi.
hvrki, see hvrrgi.
HVRR, pron. interrog. and indef., contr. from hvarr, which is obsolete, but occurs thrice in
poets of the 10th century, Kormak, Fas, i. 297 (in a verse), Hkr. i. 205 (in a verse): mod. form
hvorr, still so proncd. in the south of Icel.: [Goth, hwaar; A. S. hwer, cp. Engl. whether; Hel.
hwear, cp. Germ, weder]: I. interrog. direct and indirect, whether, which of two, Lat. uter, in a dual
sense, distinguished from hverr in plur.: in plur., like Lat. utri, of two parties, hvrir sigrask, either,
which of both (hosts) will gain the day, Nj. 198, Fms. x. 199; hvrir n mli annarra, Nj. 8: in sing.,
hvrr eirra, each of them, both, Grg. i. 120: with a possess. pron., hvrr okkar, Nj. 202: hvrr --
annarr, one -- another, either ... the other; hvrr sem (either) annars frndkonu , Grg. i. 29; hvrr
vi annan, Fms. ii. 366; hvrr okkarr vi annan, one to another, Fr. 174; annarr hvarr (q. v.), either.
II. indef., each of two; hvrir vi ara, Fms. x. 299, Grg. i. 70; hvarir til annarra, Eg. 126; selja
gri hvrir rum, Grg. ii. 20; tveggja (gen.) hvrr, either of the twain, 623. 24, Blas. 40, Fms. vii.
157; hvrt... ea, either ... or; hvrt er vill, lta okkr lifa er deyja, Fms. i. 205; hvra hli,
Rm.; sextigu barna, jafnmart hvrt, syni ok dtr, Stj. 408; htt er eirra hvrt, Hm. 87; sinn dag
hvrir, Fbr.; sinn veg hvrr, Rm. 347; snum stl hvrr eirra, Stj. 602; mnaar mat hvars, N. G.
L. i. 67, 98, 99; hann kastai xl sr hvrum tveimr, two on each shoulder, Grett. 134 A. 2.
adverbial, at hvru, yet, nevertheless, however, often spelt at-vru, Hom. 116, 119, cp. Hkr. iii. 288;
att varu, Al. 30, 137, Hom. 158; sr mun gramr at hvru, but however that may be ..., Hallfred; at
hvru, yet, N. G. L. i. 48; hinn at hvru at skuldfesta hann, Grg. i. 233; en hinn selr at
hvru, yet nevertheless, ii. 253; t hvru (= at h.), 313; freistum attvru, Al. 137, this phrase
is now obsolete, and is rare even in old writers. B. Neut. hvrt, interrog. adverb, whether, direct and
indirect; commonly in the rst of two correlative clauses, hvrt ..., ea or er ..., whether..., or...,
Lat. utrum..., an..., Nj. 205, etc., passim; hvat?... hvrt mg er frndsemi, what?... whether is it
afnity or kin ? Fb. i. 328; hvrt (better hvat) segi r til? hvrt skal ek fara er eigi, whether shall I
go or not? Stj. 602; f ek n varliga s, hvrt Hrrekr mun f naugat mik til ea eigi at ek lta
drepa hann? . H. 74 :-- but the latter of the two clauses is often dropped; hvrt grtr , whether
dost thou weep (or not)? what! art thou weeping? Nj. 202; hvrt er rtt, bndi, whether is it true ( or
not) ? 79; eld kveyki r n sveinar, ea hvrt skal n ba til seyis? 199; hvrt er Flosi sv nr, at
hann megi heyra ml mitt? 200; hvrt er n engi kona s er r er eigandi? Stj. 411, 602; hvat sagir
? hvrt eigi etta? ir. 59; hann vildi vita hvrt hann var brynju, . H. 74. 2. with adv. er (es,
sem), either ... or; hvrtz sem (sic) mar verr sekr at stt ea vringi, Grg. i. 121; hvrt er
Hkon Gamli vill er eigi, Fms. i. 74; hvrt sem at er at lgbergi ea lgrttu, whether it be at the
bill of laws or in the legislative chamber ? Grg. i. II; hvrt sem at var lndum ea lausa-
aurum? b. 16; hvrt er frir er betri ca verri ? . H. 208, Fms. iv. 79; hvrt sem at er heldr
essarri er annarri bk, Stj.
HVRRGI or hvrgi, pron. indef. A. Forms :-- the older form was nom. hvrrgi, Grg. i. 114, ii.
307, Eg. 286, sl. ii. 354: neut. nom. and acc. hvrtki, or with elided t, hvrki, mod. hvorki, Fms. i.
68, passim: gen. hvrskis, Grg. i. 494, N. G. L. i. 350, Fms. viii. 163, Rd. 292; hvrkis, Sks. 558:
dat. m. hvrungi, Grg. i. 10, ii. 266; neut. hvrugi, i. II, 131: acc. m. hvrngi, Grg. (Kb.), see -gi,
signif. B, p. 199. II. afterwards it changed into a regular adjective, hvrigr, mod. hvorugr, pl.
hvrgir, Gl. 114; but usually uncontracted, and so in mod. usage, hvrugir, Grg. ii. 51, sl. ii. 267,
Fms. i. 36, viii. 193, Hkr. iii. 243, Sks. 650, passim: dat. sing. fem. hvrugri, Fms. iii. 214, passim:
acc. m. pl. hvruga, passim: irreg. and intermediate forms are, acc. masc. sing, hvrngan, Egill tekr
v mjk hvrngan veg, Sturl. iii. 99 C, Fms. viii. 88, Thom, III. B. Usage: I. neither, of two, Lat.
neuter. The old form hvrgi is usually substantival; with gen., hvrrgi or hvrtki eirra, neither of
them, Eg. 286, Grg. i. 237; miklu meiri sk en hvrgi hinna var, Sks. 655, passim: with a possess,
pron., hvrtki okkat, neither of us, Nj. 10: rarely adjectival, hvrtki sverit, Korm. 112: on the other
hand, the form hvrigr is used indiscriminately as substantive or adjective; for references see the
Sagas passim. II. special usages; with annarr, neither... other, hvarigr at rum, Landn. 57; hvrigir
kunnu rum ar tendi at segja, sl. ii. 349; r hvrrgi annan, Lv. 3; sv hvrigr r at rum,
Fas. i. 506; sem hvrrgi tryi rum, Fms. i. 217; hvrigir skildu annars ml, Fb. i. 545; ok heri
hvrigir ara, Eg. 282; v at hvrigir vildu rum samneyta, Kristnir ea heinir, Fms. i. 265. III.
neut. as adv. hvrki, mod. hvorki; hvrki... n, neither... nor; hvrki til laga n til laga, Grg. i.
75; her h. heyrt til hans styn n hsta, Nj. 201; ok var mlit hvrki stt ne varit aan af, 37, Fms.
i. 27, N. G. L. i. 61, Hkr. i. 196, Sturl. iii. 99, 236, Grett. 94 B, Sks. 356, passim; hvrki... n ... n,
Sks. 157 new Ed.; hvrki... n, ... ea, Sks. 365 B, H. E. i. 419; hvrki ... ea (less correct), Sks.
hvrr-tveggi or hvrr-tveggja; an older form, hvaar-tveggi, occurs in Hkr. i. 205 (in a verse),
and acc. m. hvaran-tveggja, Korm. 224 (middle of the loth century). A. Forms :-- the older
declension is hvrr-tveggja, originally in two words, of which the latter is a gen. of tveir, literally =
uter duorum, whether of twain; this form freq. occurs in old writers, the latter part being indecl.,
thus, neut. hvrt-tveggja, utrum duorum, Grg. i. 113, Hom. 156, Eg. 61, v. 1.: gen. hvrs-tveggja,
Fms. i. 19, Grg. ii. 144: dat. hvrumtveggja, hvru-tveggja, Fms. ii. 310, vii. 251, x. 304, Hkr. iii.
8, Grg. i. 113, Nj. 64, Eg. 181, sl. ii. 332; dat. fem. hvrri-tveggja, Sks. 215 B: acc. hvrn-tveggja,
Nj. 145, Fms. i. 12, 13, K. . K. 158: nom. pl. hvrirtveggja, Sks. 272: gen. pl. hvrra-tveggja,
Fms. x. 276. II. tveggja afterwards took a kind of weak inexion, viz. tveggi in nom. sing., tveggju
in the oblique cases and in plur., in dat. tveggjum, but these forms are often applied with great
irregularity; nom. sing, hvrr-tveggi, Grg. i. 6l, Fms. i. 17, 265, x. 249, Nj. 39, 55, 59, Ld. 290,
Landn. 47, sl. ii. 360, 366, 369, Eg. 765, Js. 8, Hkr. iii. 8, passim: gen. fem. hvarrar tveggju, Boll.
326 C: dat. fem. sing, hvrri-tveggju, Grg. ii. 228, Nj. 210, v. 1.: acc. fem. hvra-tveggju, Fms. i.
62: pl. hvrir-tveggju, 655 xvii. i, Grg. i. 69, 107, Fms. i. 38, Eg. 267, Fb. ii. 103, 211, Fbr. 98,
passim: acc. pl. hvra-tveggju, Grg. i. 78, Ld. 210: gen. pl. hvrra-tveggju, Eg. 32, Fms. ii. 14: dat.
pl. hvrum-tveggjum, Grg. i. 30, ii. 44, Fms. i. 114, Landn. 160, passim. 2. mixed irreg. forms,
nom. pl. hvrir-tveggi, Grg. i. 69; hvru-tveggju (as nom. pl.), sl. ii. 254, scarcely occurs in good
old MSS., but is freq. in mod. usage even as an indecl. form. B. Usage: I. either, each of two, both,
Lat. uterque, Gr. GREEK used both as adjective and substantive: 1. as adjective; r hvrritveggju
hlustinni, Nj. 210; r hvrutveggju liinu, Hkr. iii. 8; hvrumtveggjum leysingjunum, Fms. i. 114;
r hvrutveggja v vatni, vii. 251; hvrrtveggi herrinn, Hkr. iii. 8; um Mri hvratveggju, Fms. i.
62; at hvrritveggju tiltekju essi. Grg. ii. 228; Blkastum hvrumtveggjum, Landn. 160. 2.
as substantive, with gen.; hvrrtveggi eirra, Grg. i. 61; hvrumtveggja eirra, Nj. 64; hugr
hvrstveggja eirra, Fms. i. 19: with a possess, pron., hvrrtveggi okkarr, Nj. 55. p. absol., til
hvrstveggja, gs ok lls, Grg. ii. 144; hvrttveggja, fuglar ok arar skepnur, Sks. 103 B; vi
skaplyndi hvrratveggju, Fms. ii. 14; hvrttveggja, ok ..., Sks. 351 B; at hvrirtveggi nemi or
annarra, Grg. i. 69. II. the neut. hvrttveggja, used as adverb, both; her at h. tynt gum
sium ok dugandi mnnum, Sks. 348; very freq. in mod. usage with the particle enda ironically
expressing dislike, a er hvortveggja hann kann mikit, enda veit hann af v, 'tis true he knows
much, but he lets it be seen.
hvrz = hvrts, = hvrt es, = hvrt er, pron. neut. from hvarr, q. v., either, used adverbially; hvrz ...
er, either... or; hvrtz hann her farit til essa er eigi, Grg. i. 48; h. er til sknar ea varnar, 56;
hvrz eir eru bndr er grimenn, 57; hvrz hverfa til lofs er lstnnar, Greg. 10; hvrz verit hafa
g er ll; hvrz hann er lrr er lrr, h. hann svimr sj er vatni, Hom. (St.) passim: adding
a superuous sem, hvrtz sem mar verr sekr at stt er vringi, Grg. i. 121.
HVE, adv., hvei, Gl. 495 A; the vowel was prob., as in all similar monosyllables, sounded long,
qs. hv; prop. an old instrumental case from hvat: [Ulf. hwaiva; A. S. hwu; Engl. how; Germ. wie;
Swed. huru; Dan. hvor-ledes] :-- how, interrog.; ok freista hve hlddi, Ib. 7; bera vtti, hve fyrir
sek hans var mlt, Grg. i. 83; hve for me eim, sl. ii. 341; kvea , hve ing heitir, Grg. i. 100
(see heita A. II); hve heitir, how art tbou named ? hve margir, how many ? Ld. 74; hve mjk,
how much ? Nj. 24; hve mikill? Fms. vi. 286, ir. 273, Hom. 35; eir vissu eigi, hve fram var
(mod. hva framori var), they knew not the time, of the day, K. . K. 90; spuri, hve gamall mar
hann vri, Ld. 74; at var me miklum lkindum hve (how violent) stormr var er snfall, Finnb.
312: hve nr, when?; Stj. 339, Fb. ii. 394, Nj. 142, Hom. 9, passim; but see hvenar below.
hvenir, m. a kind of sh, Edda (Gl.)
hvegi, adv., qs. hve-gi; hvigi, Grg. (Kb.) i. 144, 147, N. G. L. i. 71; hveregi = hvegi, Sklda 169
(Thorodd), see p. 199 :-- howsoever, always with a following particle er (es) or sem; hvegi er ml
fara me eim, Grg. i. 330; hvegi er um hlaup bersk, Kb. i. 147; h. vandr sem vri, Hom. (St.) 53,
Am. 33; hvigi mikinn rtt sem erngi hennar henni, N. G. L. i. 71; hvegi er margir vitakendr
eru, Grg. (Kb.) i. 195; hvegi margir sem eru, N. G. L. i. 79; hvegi er san grisk, 19; h. skyllig er
hn vri, howsoever important it may be, Post. 686 C. I; hvegi er fundr ferr, Fms. viii. 118 (in a
verse); h. vnt sem eim hyrfi, xi. 76; hvegi lengi sem, h. va sem, x. 392, 395; h. litla hr sem,
H. E. i. 243; h. nin at frndsemi er, Grg. i. 227: a kind of gen., hvegis ltt sem eptir var af
skunni, st ljs af mikit, Blas. 37.
hveim, dat. to whom, = Lat. cui: I. interrog.; direct, hveim eru bekkir baugum snir ? Vtkv. 6:
indirect, aesir vitu hveim ..., Ls. 8; hveim ofreir, Skm. I, 2; hann skal segja hveim hendr var,
Grg. i. 65; hveim ek he jr selda, N. G. L. i. 88. II. indef. to any, with gen.; hveim hlda, to
any, every man, Skv. 3. 12; manni hveim, Skm. 7; but manna hveim, 27; hveim snotrum manni,
Hm. 94; hn hratt hveim af hlsi, Skv. 3. 42. 2. with er; hveim er, to whomsoever, Lat. cuicunque;
nefni ek etta vtti hveim er njta arf, Grg. i. 7; hveim er sr gan getr, Hm. 75; hveim er r
kn hafa, Sdm. 19; hveim er liinn er, 34; hveim er sna mlgi n mana, Ls. 47; hveim er sr
gan getr, Hm. 75; hveim er vi kaldrifjaan kemr, Vm. 10. This form remains in the mod. hvim-
leir or hvum-leir, qs. hveim- leir, adj. loathsome to everybody, detested, hateful.
HVEITI, n. [Ulf. hwaiteis = GREEK , John xii. 24; A. S. hwte; Engl. wheat; Hel. hueti; O. H. G.
hwaizi; Germ, waizen; Swed. hvete; Dan. hvede] :-- wheat, Eg. 69, 79, 460, Stj. 255, 413.
COMPDS: hveiti- akr, m. a wheat eld, Stj. 413, Fas. iii. 373, Fb. i. 540. hveiti-ax, n. an ear of
wheat, orf. Karl. 412. hveiti-brau, n. wheaten bread, Stj. 221. hveiti-hleifr, m. a wheaten loaf,
Bev. hveiti-korn, n. a grain of wheat, Stj. 99, Hom. 37, Pass. xvii. 27. hveiti-mjl, n. wheat meal,
our, K. j. K. 74, Fms. xi. 157. hveiti-salli, a, m. the nest our, Stj. 294, 309, 318. hveiti-sekkr,
m. a wheat sack, Stj. 217.
hvekkja, t, to tease, vex.
hvekkr, m. a bad trick, of an urchin.
HVEL, n., later form hjl, q. v.; the vowel was prob. long, qs. hvl, as in the Engl.; for in d. 6 hvl
and hl form a half rhyme; a weak neut. hvela occurs, Rb. 1812. 92, MS. 415. 8: [A. S. hweowol;
Engl. wheel; cp. Gr. GREEK ] :-- a wheel; hverfanda hveli, on a turning wheel, Hm. 83, Grett.
119 A, Fms. i. 104, Sks. 338: of the moon, Alm. 15; v hveli er snsk und rei Rgnis, Sdm. 15;
mrg hvel ok str, Bret. 90; hlfu hvela slarinnar, Rb. 112; me fjrum hvelum, Sks. 421; hann hj
hvel undan skipi snu, Krk. 59; ar sem hn velti hveli snu, Al. 23; brjta hveli, to break on the
wheel, Hom. 147: an orb, geislanda hvel, a beaming orb, the sun, Sks. 94; fagra-hvel, fair wheel,
pot, the sun, Alm.; himins hvel, heaven's orb, the sun, Bragi; hvela slarinnar, the sun's disk, MS.
415. 8; hvel tungli, Rb. 452: a circle, vot (woven) me hvelum ok hringum, Str. 17. COMPDS:
hvel-grr, part. circular, Str. 80. hvel- vagn, m. a wheel wain, Akv. 28. hvel-vala, u, f., pot. a
pebble, d. 6.
HVELFA, , causal from hvlfa: to arch, vault, with acc.; allt hsit hvelfi hann innan, Stj. 563;
var ar upp af hvelft rfrit, Fms. v. 339: hvelfr, vaulted, Stj. 12. II. proncd. hvolfa, to turn (a ship
or vessel) upside down, with dat.; ef mar hvelr skipi undir manni, Grg. ii. 130; hann kastai
runum ok hvelfi nkkvanum undir sr, Fms. ii. 182; hann hvelr skipinu undir eim, Fb. ii. 220.
2. impers. to capsize; hvelfi ar skipinu undir eim, Fms. i. 293; hallai v nst skipinu sv at inn
fll sjrinn ok v nst hvelfi, ix. 320, v. 1.; rru dvergarnir boa ok hvelfi skipinu, Edda 47;
laust hviu seglit ok hvelfi skipinu, Ld. 326; rekr hvassviri mikit ok hvelr skipinu, 58,
Fs. 150. 3. to pour out of a vessel; h. vatni r ftu, to pour water out of a bucket; tveir vru at hvlfa
elfum lva ira s, Stefr l.: cp. Engl. to whelm, overwhelm, which may be a kindred word.
hvelng, f. a vault.
HVELJA, u, f. [hvalr, cp. Engl. wheal] , the skin of a cyclopterus or whale, etc.: in pl. the metaph.
spa hveljur, to sup on hveljur, i. e. to lose the breath, to gasp as when about half drowned; ekki
urfti hann Oddr staup, hann mist skk ea hveljur saup, Stef. 01.
hvellr, m. a shrill sound.
HVELLR, adj. [cp. Germ, hell, hallen], shrilling, thrilling, of sound as from an explosion; hvellr
hamarr, Thom. 325; hvellr lr, Karl. 359; hvellast p ok skjal, Br. 18; hveli rdd, Fas. i. 272;
hvellar hurir, Al. 70; hvellr hneri, Orkn. 448; tala hvellt, Fms. i. 215; htt ok hvellr, Thom. 451,
478.
HVELPR, m., not hvalpr. but proncd. hvolpr; [A. S. hweolp; Engl. whelp; Dan. hvalp] :-- a whelp,
Fms. xi. 10, 12, Gkv. 2. 41, passim: metaph. an urchin, cp. hunn, Fms. vi. 323, Nj. 142: of a lion's,
tiger's whelp, Stj. 71, 80, 572, Al. 3, Fas. ii. 165; a wolf's, Al. 31: a nickname, Orkn.: the phrase,
bera hvelpa undir hondunum, to pull with the elbows stuck out, of awkward rowing.
hvenar or hvenr, spelt hvenar in Dropl. 20, 21, and proncd. so at the present day; [hvenar seems
to be the true form, as the word is prob. derived not from hve and nr, but is like Engl. when-e'er,
from Goth. hwan -- GREEK A. S. hwnne; Engl. when; Hel. huan; Germ, wann] : -- when, Nj. 142,
Ld. 204, Grg. i. 103, 350, passim.
hvepsa, a, [hvptr], to snap, snap at, bite.
hvepsinn, adj. snappish, of a dog: hvepsni, f.
hveregi, see hvegi.
hver-einn, pron. every one; see hverr.
hverf, n. a scoop or basket for herring-shing; me hverfum ok ro- hfum, Gl. 427; en hverr er
sld skir ... greii hann hverf af lest hverri, N. G. L. i. 140.
HVERFA, pret. hvarf, pl. hurfu; subj. hyr; part, hornn; in mod. pronunciation inserting the v
throughout, hvurfu, hvyr, hvornn; akin to horfa, q. v.: [Ulf. hwairban = GREEK ; A. S.
hweorfan; O. H. G. hwerban; Germ, werben] :-- to turn round; hverfanda hvel, Hm. 73 (see hvel);
n mtt engi veg ess hverfa (thou canst turn to no side) at Gus miskunn s ekki fyrir r,
Hom. 156; h. murtt, furtt, to devolve upon, of right or duty, Grg. i. 177, 237; hafa hort
Gudm, 625. 59; hverfa af l, to depart from life, die, Stor. 10: with acc. of place, himin hverfa
au skulu hverjan dag, they shall pass round the heaven every day, of the sun and moon, Vm. 23.
2. with prep.; h. aptr, to turn back, return, Fms. vii. 298, x. 231, Stj. 606, Hom. 98; to recoil, aptr
hverfr lygi er snnu mtir, a lie recoils before the truth, Bs. i. 639; h. aptr til sin, to recover one's
senses, Mar.; hurfu at v ri allir rndir, all the Th. turned that way, took that part, Fms. i. 18,
vii. 206; hurfu menn egar at honum, thronged around him, xi. 193: h. af, to leave off; hvarf
af Plnatka yngd ll, i. e. P. recovered, Fms. xi. 69; egar er vilt af h. at unna la, Hkr. ii.
322 . h. fr e-u, to turn from, cut short, leave off; ar var fyrr fr hort Konunga-tali, Fms. i. 139; n
verr ess at geta er ver hurfum fr, Rd. 171 (of episodes in a story); taka ar til er hinn hvarf fr,
Grg. i. 139; r fr hyr, r sundr hyr, before they parted, Am. 34, 35: h. eptir, to follow; fr-
acute;ndr hans ok vinir eir er eptir honum hurfu, Fms. iv. 287; eptir honum hurfu margir menn,
Ver. 47: h. me e-m, to turn with one, follow, Grg. i. 8, 9; hurfu saman fjrir tigir, gathered
together, 655 xvi. B. 4: h. til e-s, to turn towards a place, Hm. 17, Gh. 7; to turn to one and take
leave, Fms. vii. 224, Am. 44: h. undan, to be withdrawn, lost; hvarf rki Noregi undan Dana-
konungum, Fms. xi. 183; at rki er undan var hort, 42: h. um, to encircle, surround, (um-hvers =
all around); innan gars ess er hverfr um akr ea eng, Gl. 136; r hverfa um hodd goa, Gm.
27. II. metaph. to turn out of sight, disappear, be lost, stolen, or the like; marinn hvarf ar, there
the man was lost from sight, Nj. 95, 275; stjrnur hverfa af himni, Vsp. 57: to disappear, skip hvarf,
Landn. 305; ef skip hverfr, Grg. 1. 215; hver fit or hirzlu hans, 401; motrinn var hornn (stolen),
Ld. 206; Steinl hurfu (St. lost) svn rj, Landn. 126; Ingimundi hurfu svn tu, 177; see hvarf.
III. part, hornn: I. surrounded; bjrn hornn i hi, much the same as hbjrn (see h), Gl. 444;
hornn foldar beinum, t. 19; brinn var h. mnnum, surrounded by men, Sturl. ii. 144, Orkn. 112.
p vera vel vinum hornn, to be well backed by friends, Nj. 268; vel um hort (in good condition),
ar st naust ok var vel um hort, Hv. 48; whence the mod. phrase, vel um-horfs, in a good state.
2. abandoned, forsaken; heillum hornn, forsaken by luck (horn-heilla), Fs. 48; hrai hornn,
bereft of a dwelling in the district, Sturl. iii. 255; sok hornn, having lost the suit, Nj. 234; mun
bann eigi hornn heimsknum vi mik, he has not left off attacking me, Sturl. iii. 228; eigi ert enn
hornn fyrirstunum vi mik, r. 41 new Ed.; gn hornn, bereft of silence, i. e. noisy, Gs. 3.
hverfa, , causal of the last verb: I. to make to turn, turn, with acc.; h. e-m hugi (acc. pl.), to turn a
person's mind, Hm. 162; sneru eir krossinum, ok hverfu (turned) hendr hans niftr, ok hfu tl
jarar, 656 C. 37; hann sneri sverinu hendi sr ok hverfi fram eggina, Fas. ii. 139; hann ofrar
vpni snu at manni, ok hverr hann fram hamar, N. G. L. i. 67; h. at sr hinn mjvara hlut, t. 13;
vr hverfum oss austr (we turn our faces towards the east) er vr bijum fyrir oss, Hom. 156,
158. II. to enclose; h. gari um e-t, to enclose with a fence, Gl. 407 (gar-hverfa); himinn ann er
hverfr er tan um lopt ll, Fms. v. 340; hverfr vi e-t, stirred so as to be blended with, Sdm. 18.
hver, n. a cluster of farms, such as almost to form a village, freq. in Icel. local names, Fiskilkjar-
hver, Skga-h., Rangr-h., Inglfshfa-h., Fljts-h., Landn.: metaph., vizku-h., the abode of
wisdom = the breast, Fbr. (in a verse); tanna-h., the 'tooth-abode,' i. e. the mouth, Kristni S. (in a
verse): a shelter, vera e-m at hver, Sturl. i. (in a verse).
hver-legr, adj. ugly, Nj. 147, v. 1.; whence mod. herlegr (-liga), q. v., wretched, miserable.
hverng, f. turning, in sjn-h., eye-deceit, glamour.
hverngi, a, m. a froward ERROR person, Post. 201.
hver-steinn, m. a grindstone, Vm. 177.
hverf-lyndi, n. 'turn-mind,' ckleness, Str. 61, Rm. 305.
hverf-lyndr, adj. shifty, ckle-minded, Rd. 295, Str. 26.
hverfr, adj. shifty; hverf haustgrma, Hm. 73; hverfr hugr, a shifty mind, Sol. 31: crank, of a ship,
freq. in mod. usage: also in the phrase, stra hverft, to steer wrong. Fas. ii. 178. 2. metaph., ra
hverft, to give false counsel, Karl. III; fara hverft, t o s t a rt, stagger, as if . frightened, Nj. 197, Sd.
154; whence the mod. vera hverft, to be startled, be frightened: of clothes, rtt-hverfr, turning
right; t-hverfr, turning outside; as also t-hverfa, rtt-hverfa, u, f.
hverf-rr, adj. ckle, wavering, Fms. viii. 447, v. 1.
hverfull, adj. shifty, changeable, of things, Barl. 32, 97; -hverfull, not shifty, abiding rm,
hverfull-leiki, a, m. shiftiness, freq.
hvergi, pron., see hverrgi.
hvergi, adv. [see -gi, p. 199], nowhere; hann undi h., Landn. 174, Vsp. 3; r var h., before there
was none anywhere, b. 16; s eir h. konung, Fms. ii. 332; hvergi bjum, Sturl. iii. 55; h.
annarsstaar, nowhere else, passim: with gen., hvergi lands, Helr. 9; hvergi jarar n upphimins,
kv. 2; moldar h., Fas. i. 521 (in a verse), Merl. 1. 59. II. metaph. in no manner, by no means, not at
all; uggum hvergi, be not afraid! Kormak; varar honum slkt sem hvergi s l, Grg. i. 438; ef
bregr h. af, Nj. 31; at eir skyldu h. at gra, 189; hvergi f at taka fr kirkju, K. . K. 20 new Ed.:
fara hvergi, to 'fare nowhere,' to stay at home, 9 new Ed., Fms. i. 10; ek vil hvergi fara, I shall not
go at all, sl. ii. 32; vil ek at hvergi s eptir riit, nopursuit, 358; vera hvergi frr, to be quite unable
to go, Eg. 107, Hkr. i. 269, . H. 128. 2. with compar.; at ykki mr hvergi vnna, Fms. xi. 94; h.
framar, noways inferior, 48; h. betr, no better, Bs. i. 633; hvergi nr (mod. hvergi nrri), nowhere
near, far from it, Eg. III. 3. alls hvergi, not at all, Grg. i. 141; hvar nema alls hvergi, where but
nowhere, sl. ii. 236.
hverigr, adj., see hverrgi.
HVERN or hvrn, f. [proncd. kvrn or kvern, but distinction is to be made between kvern, mola,
and hvern, cerebrum; for in the latter word h is the true initial, as is shewn by comparison with Ulf.
hwairnei = GREEK , Mark xv. 22; Scot, harns; Germ, hirn; Swed. hjerna; Dan. hjerne, which
stand in the same relation to hvern as hjl to hvel] :-- the two boat-formed white bones embedded in
a sh's brains. These bones, as well as shells, are in Icel. collected and used by children in the game
of guessing, as nuts etc. are in England; hann lauk upp hfuskeljum mannanna, og tk hnefa-
fylli r hverju hfi og hugi vandliga a; eintmar hvarnir, og ekki nema tvr orsk-kindinni,
Fjlnir (1845) 52. hvarnar-skeljar, f. pl. = hvarnir.
hverna, u, f. [hverr, m.], a pan, basin, Nikd. 28.
hvernig, qs. hvernveg, [see hverr], interrog. direct and indirect; the forms vary, hverneg or
hvernig, Eg. 19 A, 106, 123, 292, 394, Hkr. i. 170, 287, Korm. 130, 148, Glm. 327, Band. 18 new
Ed., passim: hvernog or hvernug, Orkn. 83 (v. 1.), Hkr. i. 120, 347, Al. 63, 65, and passim in old
MSS.: the mod. form is hvernin, proncd. hvurinn or kvurninn, qs. hvernveginn, from vegr with the
article, which form is also now and then found in old MSS., Fs. 105 (MS. Arna-Magn. 132), Bs.
Hungrv. passim, as also later MSS. :-- how? in what way? the references passim.
HVERR, m., pl. hverar: I. a cauldron, boiler; hver kringlttan af eiri, Stj. 564; heyri til hddu er
orr bar hverinn, Sklda 168, Hym. 1, 3, 5, 9, 13, 27, 33, 34, 36, 39 (of a boiler); hefja af hvera,
Gm. 42,= mod. taka ofan pottinn; in Gkv. 3, 6, 9, 10, ketill and hver are synonymous: hver-gtir,
m. a cauldron-keeper, cook, Am. 58: hvera-lundr, m. a cauldron groove, Vsp. 39: Hver-gelmir, m.
local name of the northern Tartarus, the abyss, Edda. II. metaph. in volcanic Icel. this word was
taken to express the hot springs, and it is so used to the present day (in pl. often hverir), Sd. 191,
Grett. 141 (hverar), Bs. i. 322, Ann. 1294, and freq. in local names. In the west the largest hverar
are those in Reykjahlar, Eggert Itin. 382; in the north the Reykja-hver; Hvera-vellir in the
wilderness Kjl, 637; Reykjadals-hverar, among which the largest is the Uxa-hver, and Ba- stofu-
hver, 640, 641. In the east there are only a few, see Itin. 798; whereas the south is very rich in such
springs, especially the neighbourhood of Haukadal (Geysir, Strokkr), see Ann. 1294; Grafar-hver,
890- Reykjaness-hverar, 895, (whence Hver-holmr, the name of a holm); the springs in Krsuvk,
897; the hverar in Reykja-holt and Reykja-dalr: they are found even in glaciers, as in Torfa-jkull,
766. COMPDS; hvera-fuglar, m. pl. fabulous birds, Eggert Itin. 890. hvera-hella, u, f. =
hverahrr, Itin. 142. hvera-hrr, m. the tophus or tuf-stone deposited by hot springs, Itin. 145.
hvera-leir, m. a kind of lime Itin. 127. hvera-sl, n. the soft pulp deposited by hot springs, Itin.
109. hvera-steinar, m. pl. a kind of tuf-stone, Itin. 660. hvera- vatn, n. water from a hver. For old
dried up hverar see Itin. 295; cp. also the remarks s. v. Geysir and Ann. 1294. From hvera-lundr in
Vsp. an Icel. origin of this poem is suggested by Prof. Bergmann in his Pomes Islandaises, Paris
1838, p. 183, as the verse seems to refer to volcanic agencies.
HVERR, pron. interrog. and indef.; at the present day proncd. hvur, with u throughout, and in
mod. printed books usually spelt hvr, a form no doubt derived from the dual hvrr (hvorr), used in
a plur. sense: for its declension, see Gramm. p. xxi; an acc. hverjan, Hm. 39; hverjan morgin, Vsp.
22, Fb. ii. 71 (in a verse); hverjan dag, Vm. 11, 18, 23, 41, Gm. 8, 14, 20, 29; hverjan veg, Vm.
18; whence the contracted form hvern. [The Gothic has a threefold interrog. pron., a sing, hwas,
hwo, hwa; a dual, hwaar; and a plur. hwarjis, hwarja, hwarjata. To the rst of these pronouns
answers the old Icel. form hvar, A. S. hwa, Scot. who, Engl. who, Swed. ho, Dan. hvo, cp. Lat. quis;
but this pronoun is defective, and remains only in the neut. hvat, q. v., Ulf. hwa, A. S. hwat, Engl.
what, Germ, was, Dan. -Swed. hvad, Lat. quid: the dat. masc. hveim is obsolete, Goth, hvamme,
Engl. whom, Dan. hvem: the dat. hvi (see hvat II, III): a nom. masc. hvar (hva-r) seems to be used a
few times in old MSS. (e. g. Kb. of the Grgs), but it is uncertain, as the word is usually
abbreviated UNCERTAIN or UNCERTAIN : a gen. sing, hves (Goth, hwes, North. E. whese)
occurs, hves lengra, how much farther? Hom. (St.) 50; til hves, to what? 65: possibly the GREEK
hs, Ls. 33, is a remnant of the old gen. To the Goth, dual answers the Icel. hvrr (hvaarr), q. v. To
the Goth. plur. answers the Icel. hverr, with characteristic j, which is used in sing, and plur. alike.
In the neut. sing, the two forms, hvat and hvert, are distinguished thus, that hvat (hva) is interrog.,
hvert indef., e. g. hva barn, what bairn ? but hvert barn, every bairn.] A. Interrogative, = Lat. quis,
quae, quid? who, what, which ? as substantive and adjective, direct and indirect; hvers fregnit
mik? Vsp. 22; hverjar ro r meyjar ? Vm. 48; hverir sir ? 30, Fsm. 8, 34; hverr er s enn eini?
Fas. ii. 529; hverir hafa teki ofan skjldu vra? Nj. 68; hverju skal launa kvit? sl. ii. 230; hverr
er s mar? Fms. ii. 269; telja til hvers hann hafi neytt ei hvers neytt, Grg. i. 155; spyrja hverja
eir vilja kveja, ii. 24; kvea ingmrk hver eru, i. 100; (segja) hverjar gusifjar me eim eru,
30; hugsa til hvers munt frr vera, Fms. i. 83; vita hverr ert, ii. 269; vita hvert bija skal,
Edda; eir ttusk sj til hvers aetla var, Fms. ix. 461; eigi veit ek til hvers ek m tla, Bs. i. 541;
hn segir honum hvers efni eru, how matters stood, 539; eir vissu hverju hann tlai fram at fara,
Fms. i. 291; hann segir hverrar ttar lafr var, 81; sgu me hverju (erendi) eir hfu farit, Eg.
281. 2. with the notion of Lat. qualis; en hvat kemr r hug, hverr (qualis) ek muna vera eim
rum, ef ? ..., Fas. ii. 529; eim tti snt hverr frir genn vri, Fms. v. 24; s einn veit, hverju
gei styrir gumna hverr, Hm. 17. B. Indenite pronoun, = Lat. quisque, every one, each, used both
as substantive and as adjective: 1. as subst.; with gen., at sti tlai sr hverr sona hans, Fms. i. 7;
manna, seggja, la, gumna hverr, every one of the men, every man, Hm. 14, 17, 53-55, Sl. 49;
frra hverr, every wise man, Hm. 7; rsnotra hverr, 63: absol., as in the sayings, hverr er sjlfum
sr nstr; brr er hverr at ra snu; djarfr er hverrum deildan ver; frr er hverr fregnvss; hverr
er sinnar hamingju smir; daur verr hverr, Hallfred; hail er heima hverr, Hm.; kver hverr sinnar
urftar: lt harm ar tala um hvern at er vildi, Eb. and passim: with a possess, pron., ef sr ferr
hverr vrr, each of us, Glm. 329. 2. as adj., hverju ingi, Hkr. ii. 300; hverjan dag, every day,
Vsp., Vm., Gm.; hverri t, at any time, Hom. 112; hver undr, Fs. 115; hverjum manni, Nj. 6;
meiri ok sterkari hverjum manni, Hkr. i. 148; hver spurning litr til svara, Sks. 307; hverr gumi, Hm.
13, passim. 3. as adv., hverju, evermore; verit x hverju, Fms. vi. 379; ykir harna sambin
hverju, grew ever worse and worse, xi. 441; verit x hverri, Skld. H. 4. 14. II. any; fyrir utan
hverja hjlp, Hom. 159: esp. if following after a compar., es meiri fgnur boinn essi t en
hverri annarri, Hom. (St.); her etta me meirum fdmum gengit heldr en hvert annarra, Band.
33 new Ed. III. adding the relat. particle er or sem, whosoever, which- soever, whatsoever; hvers
sem vi arf, Fms. i. 306; sk hverr er vill, Grg. i. 10; hverr er sv er spakr, Hom. 2; hverju
sinni er, whensoever, Str. 27 and passim. IV. with another pron. or adj.; hverr at rum, one after
another, Eg. 91, Fs. 158; hvert at ru, Fas. ii. 556; hvert sumar fr ru, Grg. i. 92; hverja ntt
eptir ara, ir. 53, 150; at ru hverju, now and then, adverbially; hverir tveir, every two and two,
by twos, Fms. iv. 299; rija hvert r, every three years, Fas. ii. 64; hverjum remr rum, id., Stj.
573; dag inn sjaunda hvern, K. K.; rija hvert sumar, Landn. 299; annan hvern dag, nundu hverja
ntt, Skm. 21, Nj. 190. 2. hverr ... sinn, every ... his; hverr mar snu rmi, Nj. 51; hverr sr, each
separately; sr hverr, each in particular, every one; at serhverju ho, at every single temple, Landn.
336 (App.); at ek greina eigi ser hvat, though I do not tell each thing in detail, Bs. i. 64;
srhverja atburi, 134; srhverjum hlut, Fms. v. 333; srhverjum eirra, Nj. 256, Landn. 35, Sturl.
ii. 175; srhvern ngr, Fas. iii. 345; srhvern mann, Fms. i. 149; allir ok srhverir, all and several,
i. e. everyone, Grg. ii. 36, 140, Eluc. 43, H. E. i. 468; einn ok srhverr, one and all, every one,
Sklda 161; hverr sem einn, each as one, all like one man, 165, Al. 91, 93, Bad. 40, Stj. 4; hvereinn,
every one. C. Relative, = Lat. qui, quae, quod, Engl. who, which, only in later writers of the end of
the 13th and the 14th centuries, and since freq. in N. T., Vdal., Hymns; at rst it was seldom used
but with the particles er, at, as in Engl. who that ...,which that...; at herbergi, hverju er ..., in which
that..., Stj.; takandi vtta, hverir at sru fullan bka- rei, Dipl. ii. 2; me fullkomnum vexti, hverr
at ekkr mun vera, Fms. v. 159 and passim: singly, tvr jarir, hverjar sv heita, Dipl. v. 27; Gus
or, hver frjfgask munu, Fms. v. 159; Gerhardus, hverr me fgrum pslar-sigri fr brott, Mar.;
me hverjum hann hugar-pri vann, Fb. iii. 567.
HVERRGI or hvergi, indef. pron. each, every, Lat. unusquisque. A. Forms: I. declined like
hvrrgi, viz. nom. hverrgi, passim; gen. hverkis, N. G. L. i. 126; dat. masc. hverjumgi, Grg. (Kb.)
14; fern, hverrigi, 655 iii. 4; acc. masc. hverngi, Grg. passim; neut. hvertki or hverki, passim; see
more references s. v. -gi, p. 199 A. II. declined as an adjective, hverigr; acc. sing. fern, hverega,
Thorodd; dat. sing. fem, hveregri, N. G. L. i: nom. plur. hverigir, Grg. i. 392; hverigar, 94; hverigra
(gen. pl.), ii. 20: hveriga (acc. pl.), Nj. 101; hverigar (acc. fem, pl.), 623. 48, . H. 74. 2. mixed
forms, acc. hverngan, Grg. ii. 13; hvernegan, Hkr. ii. 79; hveregi handsl (acc. pl.), Grg. i. 140. B.
Usage: I. alone, mostly as subst.; hvat hverigum hentir, Fms. iv. 147; hvat hverrgi her, Sklda 160;
hverr hverrgi er, Fms. viii. 314; hverr hverrgi s, xi. 152; hvat sem h. segi, ix. 256; hvat hverrgi
talai, ii. 67; hverju heilli hverrgi kemr, Fas. iii. 41; Njll vissi grla hverr hverrgi hafi verit, Nj.
104; hann sagi fyrir heima-mnnum snum hvat hverrgi skyldi starfa mean hann vri brottu,
196; hvat hverrgi eirra her af sr tekit, Sklda 159; vant er at at sj hvar hverrgi berr hjarta sitt,
Orkn. 474; skipar jarl til hvar hveregir skyldu at leggja, 360; af hverjungi btil hverrar kirkju, K. Jj.
K. l. c.; hvar hverrgi eirra mundi jarar vera, Al. 14, Fms. x. 323; ok eigi vitu hvar hverkis skulu
leita, N. G. L. i. 126. 2. as adj., hverngi dag, every day, Rb. 1812. 57; hvar hvergi hs hfu stait,
Fas. ii. 558. II. adding er, whosoever, Lat. quicunque, subst. and adj.; hverrgi er beiir, Greg. 53;
hvertki ess er rtr, Grg. i. 48, 2 77; hverngi veg (howsoever, Lat. quocunquemodo) er eir hafa
r seti, 69, 174, ii. 13; hverrgi er fyrr let gra, Kb. 14; hvernegan veg sem hann vill svara, Hkr. ii.
79; hverngi (staf) er ek rt, Sklda (Thorodd) 165; n hverngan veg sem arir vilja, Hkr. iii. 370;
hverega tungu er mar skal rta annarrar tungu stfum, verr sumra stafa vant, Sklda (Thorodd)
160; hverega lund er, K. . K. (Kb.) 23; hverega helgi sem hann vill leggja ingit, Eb. 24;
skalt aldri vera mti mr, vi hverega sem ek um, Nj. 101; hveregir aurar, sem ..., Grg. i.
392; hverngi annarra sem hana berr, Rb. 46; hverigar hfur sem hann tekr til, Fms. iv. 259; me
hveregi skepnu sem er, N. G. L. i.
hvers-dagliga, adv. every day, Fms. ix. 267, 384, Sklda 199, Eb. 32, 258, Gull. 20, Jb. 33, Eg.
598, Ld. 22, of week days.
hvers-dagligr, adj. daily, every day, Gl. 42, Greg. 42, 625. 178; h. httir, Bs. i. 164; h. bningr, a
dress to be used on week days, K. . K. 82, Vm. 46; h. mar, Nj. 258.
hvers-dags-, mod. pronunciation hvundags, every day: in compds, hversdags-bningr, m. (-ft, n.
pl.), one's every-day dress, work-a- day clothes, K. . K. 140: hversdags-hkull, m., -kli, n.,
Vm. 52, Grg. i. 323: -leika, n., Sturl. iii. 127; -mar, m., Nj.: in mod. usage, hvundags, -bningr,
-ft, etc., Vm. 38; opp. to spari-ft.
hvers-konar, adv. of every kind, Hom. 87, 91, passim.
hvers-kyndis = hverskyns, Thom. 113.
hvers-kyns = hverskonar, Fms. x. 379, passim.
hversu, adv., proncd. hvursu, (hversug, N. G. L. i. 27, 91, qs. hvers- veg, what way, = hve) :-- how,
Nj. 2, 68, Al. 10, Fms. x. 404, sl. ii. 364, N. G. L. i. 91, Hom. 103, passim; for hversu is the
common word, whereas hve is obsolete.
hversu-gi, adv. howsoever, = hvegi, q. v.; with the particle sem or er, Fms. viii. 59; h. mikit f er
eir gefa me sr, Grg. i. 223; h. margar sem fgrur eru, Alg. 360.
hvert, proncd. hvurt, neut. sing, of hverr, used as adv. whither, Germ, wohin, interrog.; Gunnarr
sagi eim hvert hann tlai, Nj. 76; Jarl spuri hvert hann fri aan, 132; gera r hvert hann
sneri aan, Fms. v. 24. II. hvert er, whithersoever; hvert er hann ferr, Nj. 129; hann let reka skipit
hvert er vildi, Fms. i. 293; hvert er hann ferr fullum dagleium, er ..., Grg. i. 93; ge gaum at,
hvert er hann er (in what direction) fr merki v er hann skal fylgja, O. H. 204.
hvertki, adv. whithersoever; h. sem hann fr, Greg. 53, jal. 351.
hver-vetna, see hvarvetna, everywhere, passim.
HVESSA, t, [hvass], to sharpen; hvessa ok hvetja, Fms. vii. 37; hvessa sn, Pr. 474; h. augu, to
look with a piercing glance, Hkv. I. 6, Edda 36, Eg. 44, 457, Fms. ii. 174, vii. 172: to make keen for
a thing, encourage, Al. 33, Fms. vii. 37, Bs. i. 750: of weather, to blow keenly, blow up a gale,
impers., ver (acc.) tk at hvessa mjk, Ld. 326; hvesti verit, Fms. ix. 21; hvessti sv, at ..., 387,
freq.; a er farit a hvessa, a fer a hvessa, it 'fares to blow sharp.'
hvessir, m. a wbetter, sharpener, Lex. Pot.
HVETJA, hvatti, hvatt, pres. hvet, part, hvattr, Gh. 6; a middle form hvttomc, Hom. 29; [A. S.
hwettgan; Engl. whet; Germ, wetzen; cp. hvass] :-- to whet, sharpen a cutting instrument; h. sver,
Kormak; h. spjt, Fb. i. 189; Skarphinn hvatti xi, Nj. 66, Fs. 72, Landn. 293; h. gadd, Stj. 77. II.
metaph. to make one keen, encourage; ats mik hvatti hugr, Ls. 64; san hvatti hann li sitt, Fms.
ix. 509, Hm. 2 ; hvat hvatti ik hingat, what urged thee to come here ? Nj. 6; h. ok hvessa, Fms.
vii. 37; hugr mik hvatti, Fm. 6; heilg ritning hvetr oss opt at fara, Hom. 9, Fs. 6, passim: part,
hvetjandi, an inciter, instigator, Mar. 656 A. i. 12: pass, hvatinn, cut; hvatinn spjti, pierced with a
spear, Fas. ii. (in a verse), GREEK cp. hvatt (q. v.), of the sheep mark, which seems to point to an
afnity between Engl. to cut and Icel. hvetja.
hvet-vetna, adv. = hvatvetna, q. v.
HVIA, u, f. [A. S. hwia], a squall of wind, Ld. 326, freq.: medic. a t; hsta-h., a t of coughing.
hviur, m. the 'squatter, ' poet, the wind, Aim. 21.
hvik, n., mod. hik, a quaking, wavering. COMPDS: hvik-eygr, adj. with wandering eyes, Bs. i. 671
(in a verse, v. l.) hvik-lyndi, n. ckleness. hvik-lyndr, adj. ckle. hvik-ml, n. pl. slander, Bjarn. 57
(in a verse), emend. MS. hvitml, qs. hvicmal. hvik-saga, u, f. an idle tale, nonsense, Al. 4, Sturl.
iii. 125. hvik-tunga, u, f. a slander-tongue, tale-bearer, N. G. L. ii. 437.
HVIKA, a, mod. hika (a strong pret. hvak occurs in Fms. x. (grip) 383) :-- to quail, shrink,
waver; ok hvikai (Ed. hinkai wrongly) hestrinn undir honum, Fs. 159: of ranks in battle, Karl.
364; hvika undan, io quail; konungrinn hvak undan ltt at, shrank from the blow, Fms. x. 383; her
jafnan undan hvikat, Korm. 202; at er n r at h. eigi undan, Vgl. 72 new Ed.; hvikit r allir,
Nj. 78, Bs. ii. 229; Sigmundr kva n ekki gra at h. um etta, Fb. i. 148: impers., hv hvikar r
sv, why quakest tbou thus? Nj. 143.
hvikan, f. a quaking, Lv. 54: wavering, Bs. i. 654 (in a verse).
hvikari, a, m. a coward, Karl. 363.
hvikr, adj. quaking, epithet of a stag; hviks hjartar liki, Pd. 7.
hvikull, adj. shifty, changeable; -hvikull. rm.
HVILFT, f. [Ulf. hwilftri = GREEK , a cofn, Luke vii. 14] :-- a grassy hollow, a combe or corrie,
Edda ii. 482; 566, l. c., spells hvilmt; freq. in mod. usage. II. a local name in western Icel.
HVIMA, a, [cp. Engl. whim], to wander with the eyes, of a fugitive look, as of one frightened or
silly; hvirna og skirna allar ttir.
hvim-leir, adj. loathed, detested, Bjarn. 71 (in a verse); see hv.
hvimpinn, adj. shaking the bead from fright, of a horse.
hvimsa, adj. [cp. hvima], blank, discomtted, Grg. ii. 55, Fas. iii. 290: freq. in mod. usage, and
proncd. hvumsa.
hvinand-ori, a, m. ' whining-speaker,' a nickname, Fms. vii.
hvinnir, m., pot, a stealer, i. e. the wolf, Edda (Gl.)
HVINNR or hvinn, m. a pilferer, Fbr. (in a verse); distinguished from a thief; ef mar stell rtug
ea rtug meira, er s jfr;... enn ef mar stell minna en rtog, er s torfs-mar ok tjru;... en
ef minnr stelr en veiti, skal s heita hvinn um allan aldr san ok eigi engan rtt sr, N. G. L. i.
253, Edda ii. 495; ef mar stel einhverju essu (viz. a plough, harrow, etc.), heiti hvinn at
sekju, Gl. 359; ef mar stelr hundi manns, ea ketti, kn ea belti ok llu v er minna er vert en
eyris, er hvinnska, N. G. L. ii. 172; hvinna-tt, Sighvat. Hvinn- gestr, m. a pr. name, Fms. vi.
(in a verse).
hvinnska, u, f. petty theft, larceny, Gl. 197, cp. Jb. l. c., N. G. L.
HVINR, m. (hvimr in Eb. 182, but wrongly, as hvna is the root word), a cracking, whizzing,
whistling, as of a whip or missile; hann heyrir hvininn af hgginu, Fms. vii. 230; hvin rvarinnar, ii.
272; Arnkell heyri hvininn (of a stroke), Eb. 182; hann heyrir hvininn af for Fbr. 40.
Hvin-verskr, adj. from the county Hvin in Norway, Fms. Hvin- verjar, m. pl. the men from Hvin:
Hvinverja-dalr, a local name, Landn.
hvirl-fylr, m. a squall of whirlwind.
HVIRFILI, m., dat. hviri; [Engl. whirl, whorl; Germ, wirbel; Dan. hvirvel] :-- prop, a circle, ring,
= hvirngr; eir rku saman einn hvirl heiingja, Karl. 360: but esp., II. the crown of the head,
where the hair turns all ways as from a centre, Lat. vertex, Germ, wirbel, (cp. Icel. sveipr); fra iljum
til hvirls, Sks. 159; milli hls ok hvirls, Stj. 617; fr hviri til ilja, Job ii. 7; lstr ofan mijan
hvirl, Edda 30; dreyri or hvirinum, Fms. ii. 272, Fb. iii. 406, sl. ii. 343, Bs. i. 190; fyll skinn
af bli ok set hvirl mr, 229. 2. a top, summit, Sks. 728; hvirar heimsins, the poles, Pr. 476; h.
fjallsins, Stj. 306, Mar.
hvirl-vindr, m. a whirlwind, Fms. x. 201, Ld. 156, Bs. i. 724, ii. 5, Stj. 114, Barl. 162.
hvirng, f. or hvirngr, m. a circle of men; setjask hvirng, to sit in a circle, Fms. vi. 279; eir
smnuu eim saman eina hvirng, Karl. 249; Helgi spuri hvrt eir sti hvrngi er hverr t
fra rum, Ld. 272; eir setjask nir einn sta hvirng, Band. 33 new Ed.; san vru go hennar
sett hvirng ti, Fms. v. 319. II. a drinking match, at which the cup was passed round, cp. the
Engl. loving cup; it is opp. to tvmenningr, when two persons pledged one another in the same cup;
drekka hvirng, . H. 61. COMPDS: hvirngs- brir, m. a club-mate, club-brother, Fms. vi. 440.
hvirngs- drykkja, u, f. a drinking bout, a kind of club in Norway in olden times as opposed to the
later gildi, q. v.; hann kva engar veizlur hafa haft at haust nema gildi sn ok hvirngs-drykkjur,
Hkr. ii. 165; lafr konungr (who died A. D. 1193) lt setja Mikla-gildi Narsi, en r vru ar
hvirngsdrykkjur, Fms. vi. 440. hvirngs-klukka, u, f. a bell in such a club, Fms. vi. 440.
hvira, a, to whirl; h. heyit, Fb. iii. 522, in mod. usage with dat.
hviss, interj. whew! to imitate the sound of whistling, Bs. i. 420.
hvissa, a, [Engl. hiss], to run with a hissing sound, e. g. of a stream; a hvissar honum.
HV, prop, a dat. of an old and partly obsolete pron. hvat, [see hvat and hverr] :-- Lat. cui, for what:
I. interrog., var s yr hv stafrinn hafi bit, 655 iii. 2; kvir berr hv hann orkar, of what it is
capable, Grg. i. 252; at hv neyt s, w hat it is good for, ii. 260; spuri Hallr hv at stti, H.
asked what was the matter, Fms. ii. 193; hvi saetir hark etta ok hlaup ? . H. 109; fyrir hv,
wherefore ? (in vulgar Engl. still, for why?), fyrir hv bir eigi lkningar? 222; spuri hann fyrir
hv eir vri ar? Eg. 375, Eluc. 4: with compar., hv verri, how much the worse, quanta pejor;
skulu bar telja hv hann var verri at hafa er hann var sjkr en er hann tk vistina, Grg. i.
155, 475. II. indef. any; Gu mun vi hv (= hverju) faerni ganga, er hann jtar oss skirninni, 655
i. 2. B. Adverb interrog., prop, ellipt. [cp. Goth, du hwe = GREEK ; A. S. hwi; Engl. why; Germ,
wie] :-- why ? (see fyrir hv above); hv freisti mn ? Vsp. 22; hv einn sitr ? Skm. 3; hv siti ?
Gk. 2; hv , why then? Vm. 9, Ls. 47 is dubious; hv ykkir dttur minni sv llt vestr ar? Nj.
11; hv skal eigi egar drepa hann? Eg. 414; eigi veit ek hv gengr me slku mli, 523; mun ek
kveit gera hv annig er til skipt, sl. ii. 346: hvi-ligr, adj. (q. v.), Fms. x. 107: hv-likr, adj. = Lat.
qualis, (q. v.) 2. with subj.; hv um segjak r? Skm. 4; hvi vitir? Vm. 42; hv s drengr at
feigri? Km. 22. 3. = hve, instrumental, Skm. 17, (q.v.).
hv, interj. imitating a gull's cry, Bb.
hva, a, to squeal, of a vicious horse when ghting.
HVLA, d, to rest, esp. to rest, sleep in a bed; hvluna ar er hn hvildi, Eg. 567; h. rekkju sinni,
Fb. ii. 195, Stud. iii. 282, Fms. vii. 222; h. tveim megin brikar, Korm.; the old beds stood with the
side to the wall, hence the phrase, hvla vi stokk, or il, cp. Sturl. i. 207, 208; see also brk; h.
sama sing konu, Grg. i. 329; h. hj e-m, Hbl. 17. 2. metaph. of the dead, to rest, sleep, Fms. vii.
240, N. G. L. i. 348, Sighvat, but only in a Christian sense, so that 'her hvlir' (= Dan. her hviler) on
Runic stones is a sure test of a Christian age. 3. hvla sik, to take rest, pause, Eg. 492, 586; h. li
sitt, to let one's troops rest, Karl. 370. II. reex., hvlask, to take rest, pause, 623. II, Vkv. 28, Nj.
132, Lv. 59, Fms. v. 64, vii. 193, Sks. 550: to pause, vil ek n lta ru hvlask, Sks. 240; n
verr ar at hvlask, Gsl. 18.
HVLA, u, f. [Ulf. hweila = GREEK ; A. S. hwl; Engl. while; O. H. G. hwila; Germ, weile; Hel.
hvla; all of them in a temp, sense, = a while, an hour; whereas the Scandin. word has the notion of
rest, making a distinction between hvld in a general, and hvla in a special sense; Dan. hvile; Swed.
hvila] :-- a bed, Sturl. i. 207, 208, iii. 282, Nj. 14, Eg. 567, Fms. xi. 290, Gsl. 16, Am. 9, Sl. 72;
vers-hvla, Grg. ii. 183, passim. COMPDS: hvlu-breia, u, f. a bed-blanket. hvlu- brg, n. pl.
cohabitation, Fas. iii. 305, 470. hvlu-felagi, a, m. a bedfellow, Fms. ix. 321. hvlu-glf, n. a bed
closet, Fms. ii. 85, 197, Eg. 603, Dropl. 29, Hv. 31 new Ed., Gsl. 30, Ld. 138; also called lok-
hvla, cp. Gsl. 29, Eb.; thalamus is rendered by hvluglf in Hom. (St.) 101. hvlu-hll, f. =
hvlugolf, Karl. 20. hvlu-kli, n. pl. bedclothes, Vm. 109, Finnb. 216, N. G. L. i. 358. hvlu-
neyti, n. the sleeping in one bed, Stj. 197, Br. 17. hvlu-stofa, u, f. = hvilu- glf, D. N. hvlu-
stokkr, m. the outside edge of a bed, 623. 52, Pr. 439. hvlu-tollr, m. hire of a bed, Fas. iii. 372.
hvlu-vir, f. pl. bed sheets, (mod. rekkvir or rekkjir), Vm. 177. hvlu- rng, f. the taking up
one's bed, Gsl. 16; lok-hvla, q. v.
hvl-ber, m. a bed of rest, Akv. 31.
hvld, f. rest, repose, Nj. 43, Eg. 492, Fms. v. 307, vi. 420, vii. 193, Sks. 235, Stj. 613, passim:
pause, Nj. 248; hvld, in baiting, in rest, Hbl. 2. COMPDS: hvldar-dagr, m. a day of rest, Magn.
502: esp. eccl. the Sabbath, halda skalt helgan hvldar-daginn Drottins Gus ns, the Fourth
Commandment, Stj., Vidal. passim. hvldar-hestr, m. a relay horse, Sturl. iii. 23. hvldar-lauss,
adj. restless, without rest, Sks. 235. hvldar-star, m. a place of rest, Stj. 155, Pass. 10. 3.
hvl-dagr, m. = hvildardagr, Rb. 1812. 48.
hvlig-leikr, m. = Lat. qualitas, Alg. 372, Edda ii. 90.
hv-ligr, adj. = Lat. qualis, Fms. x. 107.
hv-lkr, adj. interrog. [Ulf. hweileiks; A. S. hwylc; Engl. which; Early Engl. and Scot, while,
whilk] :-- what like? (as still used in North. E. for of what kind?), Lat. qualis, Fms. ii. 220, v. 302,
Nj. 269, passim in old and mod. usage. II. relative, Stj. 85.
HVNA, pret. hvein, hvinu, hvinit, [A. S. hwnan; Engl. whine; Dan. hvine; Swed. hvina] :-- to give
a whizzing sound, as the pinions of a bird, an arrow, shaft, gust of wind, or the like; hein hvein
hjarna maeni, the bone whizzed into his skull, Hausrl. 5; rvarnar ugu hvnandi yr hfu eim,
Fms. viii. 39; rvar hvinu hj eim llu megin, 179; sr fell at landi hvnanda, Clem. 48; lta hein-
ynntan hryneld h., Edda 88 (in a verse).
hvskra, a, [Dan. hviske; Swed. hviska], to whisper, Karl. 211.
hvskran, f. (hviskr, n.), a whispering, Karl. 236.
hvsl, n. (and hvsla, u, f., Thom. 535), a whispering, THom. 447.
HVSLA, a, [A. S. hwslan; Engl. whistle]: to whisper; h. vi e-n, Fms. v. 201; h. me e-n, Karl.
53; h. sin millum, Karl. 356: mod., hvsla at e-m: recipr. hvslask, to whisper to one another, Fms.
xi. 425.
hvta, u, f. the white in an egg.
hvti, f. whiteness, fair hue, sl. ii. 211.
hvtill, m. (Ivar Aasen kvitel, the Engl. quilt), a white bed-cover, Sir., N. D.
hvtingr, m. a kind of whale, Sks. 123, Gkv. 2. 42; mod. mjaldr: name of horses, Bjarn. 20: of
drinking horns, Fms. iii. 189.
hvt-leiki, a, m. whiteness, Stj. 92, Mar.
hvt-mata, a; a hvtmatar augun honum, of milky white eyes.
hvtna, a, to become white, Edda 28, Sir. 64.
HVTR, adj. [Ulf. hweits = GREEK; A. S. hwt; Engl. white; Hel. hut; O. H. G. hwz; Germ,
weiss; Swed. hvit; Dan. hvid] :-- white; hvit skinn, white fur, 4. 24; h. motr, a white cap, Ld. 188; h.
skjldr, a white shield, Fms. x. 347; hit hvta feldarins, Fbr. 148; hvtt blm, white blossom, 4. 24;
hvtt hold, white esh (skin), id.; hvt hnd, a white band, Hallfred; h. hls, a white neck, of a lady,
Rm.; h. hestr, a white horse, Fms. ix. 527; hvtr har, white-haired, vi. 130; h. mar (fair of hue) ok
vnn andliti, x. 420; hvtan mann ok huglausan, Ld. 232; hvt mrk, white money, of pure silver,
opp. to grtt (grey) silver, B. K. 95; hvitr matr, white meat, i. e. milk, curds, and the like, opp. to
esh, in the eccl. law, K. . K. 126; hvtr dgurr, a white day meal, Sighvat; hvta-matr, id, K. .
K. 102; mjall-hvtr, fann-h., snj-h., drift-h., white as driven snow; al-h., white allover. B. Eccl. use
of the word white: I. at the introduction of Christianity, neophytes in the week after their baptism
used to wear white garments, called hvta-vir, f. pl. white weeds, as a symbol of baptism
cleansing from sin and being a new birth; a neophyte was called hvt-vungr, m. a 'wbite-
weedling,' one dressed in white weeds, Nirst. II: the Sagas contain many touching episodes of
neophytes, esp. such as were baptized in old age, and died whilst in the white weeds; at er sgn
estra manna at Kjartan ha ann dag grzt handgenginn la konungi er hann var frr r hvta-
vum ok eir Bolli bir, Ld. ch. 40; san hafi konungr boi snu ok veitti eim ena
viruligustu veizlu mean eir vru hvtavum, ok lt kenna eim heilg fri, Fms. i. 230;
Glmr (Vga-Glm) var biskupar banastt af Kol biskupi ok andaisk hvtavum, Glm. 397;
Brr tk stt litlu sar enn hann var skrr ok andaisk hvtavum, Fms. ii. 153; lafr
Haukagili var skrr ok andaisk hvtavum, Fs. (Vd.) 77; var Tki san skrr af hirbiskupi
lafs konungs, ok andaisk hvtavum, Fb. ii. 138; san andaisk Gestr hvtavum, Br.
(sub n.) Sweden, but above all Gothland, remained in great part heathen throughout the whole of
the 11th century, after the neighbouring countries Denmark and Norway had become Christian, and
so we nd in Sweden Runic stones referring to Swedes who had died in the white weeds, some
abroad and some at home; sem var daur hvtavum Danmrku, Baut. 435; hann var daur
Danmrku hvtavum, 610; eir d hvtavum, 68; sem d hvtavum, 271; hann var daur
hvtavum, 223, 497. Churches when consecrated used to be dressed out with white; var Kjartan
at Borg grann, var kirkja nyvg ok hvtavum, Ld. 230. II. the white garments gave rise to
new words and phrases amongst the rst generation of northern Christians: 1. Hvta-Kristr, m.
'White- Christ,' was the favourite name of Christ; hafa lti mik heitan Hvita-Kristr at viti eld, ef...,
Sighvat; another poet (Edda 91) uses the word; and in prose, dugi mr, Hvta-Kristr, help thou
me, White-Christ! Fs. 101; ok eir er ann si hafa taka nafn af eim Gui er eir tra , ok kallar
er Hvta-Kristr ok v heita eir Kristnir, mr er ok sagt at H. -acute;
s sv miskunsamr, at..., Fms. i. 295; en ef ek skal gu nacquat tra, hvat er mr verra at ek
tra Hvita-Krist en annat gu ? . H. 204; Arnljtr svarar, heyrt he ek geti Hvta-Krists, en
ekki er mr kunnigt um athfn hans ea hvar hann rr fyrir, 211; en tri ek Hvita- Krist, Fb.
ii. 137. 2. the great festivals, Yule (see Ld. ch. 40), Easter and Pentecost, but especially the two
latter, were the great seasons for christening; in the Roman Catholic church especially Easter,
whence in Roman usage the rst Sunday after Easter was called Dominica in Albis; but in the
northern churches, perhaps owing to the cold weather at Easter time, Pentecost, as the birthday of
the church, seems to have been specially appointed for christening and for ordination, see Hungrv.
ch. 2, Thom. 318; hence the following week was termed the Holy Week (Helga Vika). Hence;
Pentecost derived its name from the white garments, and was called Hvta-dagar, the White days, i.
e. Whitsun-week; fr Pskadegi inum frsta skulu vera vikur sjau til Drottins-dags Hvta- dgum;
Drottinsdag Hvtadgum skulu vr halda sem hinn fyrsta Pskadag, K. . K. 102; vttdag fyrir
Hvtadaga = Saturday next before Whitsunday, 126, 128; Pskadag inn fyrsta ok Uppstigningar-dag
ok Drottinsdag Hvtadgum, 112; Imbrudaga er um Hvtadaga vera, 120; vru afteknir tveir
dagar Hvtadgum, Bs. i. 420; um vrit Hvtadgum, Orkn. 438: Hvtadaga-vika, u, f. White-
day week = Whitsun-week, K. . K. 126: in sing., eir kmu at Hvtadegi (= Whit- sunday) til
Bjrgynjar, Fms. x. 63, v. 1.: Hvitadaga-helgi, f. the White-day feast, Whitsuntide, Fms. viii. 373,
xi. 339, Sturl. iii. 206: Hvtadaga-hr, a snow storm during the White days, Ann. 1330: Hvit-
Drottins-dagr, m. the White Lord's day, i. e. Whitsunday, the northern Dominica in Albis, Rb. 484,
Ems. vii. 156, Bs. i. 62, where it refers to the 20th of May, 1056, on which day Isleif the rst bishop
of Iceland was consecrated. The name that at last prevailed was Hvta-sunna, u, f. Whitsun, i. e.
White-sun, D. N. ii. 263, 403: Hvtasunni-dagr, m. Whitsuday, Fb. ii. 546, Ems. viii. 63, v. l.:
Hvtasunnudags-vika, u, f. Whitsun-week, Fb. ii. 546; Pskaviku, ok Hvtasunnudags-viku, ok
rjr vikur fyrir Jnsvku, ok sv fyrir Michials-messu, N. G. L. i. 150; hvtasunnudagsht,
Thom. 318. As the English was the mother-church of that of Norway and Iceland, the Icelandic eccl.
phrases are derived from the English language. See Bingham's Origg. s. vv. White Garments, and
Dominica in Albis, where however no reference is given to Icel. writers. In modern Denmark and
Norway the old name has been displaced by Pindse, i. e. Pngsten, derived from the Greek word,
whereas in Icel., as in Engl., only the name Hvitasunna is known, UNCERTAIN In Denmark the
people make a practice of thronging to the woods on Whitsun morning to see the rising of the sun,
and returning with green branches in their hands, the trees being just in bud at that season. C.
COMPDS: hvta-bjrn, m. the white bear, K. . K. 110, Sks. 191, Landn. 174; see bjrn. hvta-
dagar, see B. II. 2. hvta-gnpa, u, f. white peaks, the foaming waves, Lex. Pot. hvta-logn, n. a
white calm, of the sea. hvta-matr = hvtr matr, K. . K. Hvta-sunna, see B. II; hvta-vir, see B.
I. hvta-valr, m. a white/ al co n, Sks. 189. hvt-armr, adj. white-armed, Hm. 162 (epithet of a
lady). hvt- brnn, adj. white-browed, Fas. iii. (in a verse). hvt-brnn, adj. white-browed, Ems. x.
321. hvt-dreki, a, m. a white dragon, Merl. 2. 41. Hvtdrottins-dagr, see B. II. 2. hvt-faldar,
part. white-hooded, of the waves, Fas. i. (in a verse). hvt-fjarar, part. white-feathered, of a
swan, Fas. i. (in a verse). hvt-ekkttr, adj. white-decked, white-spotted, Stj. 93, 250. hvt-fyrsa, t,
to be white with foam, of a current, Fas. ii. 252. hvt-fyssi, n. a white foaming stream, Thom. 303.
hvt-haddar, part, white-haired, Lex. Pot. hvt-hrr and lavt-hrr, adj. white-haired, 4. 25,
Sks. 92. hvt- jarpr, adj. white-brown, blond, of a woman, Fms. (in a verse). hvt- klddr, part.
clad in white. hvt-melingar, f. pl., pot, arrows, Edda (Gl.) hvt-rndttr, adj. white-striped, Stj.
93. hvt- skeggjar, part. white-bearded, Flv. 41. hvt-skinn, n. white fur, D. N. hvt-vungr, m.,
see B. II. as pr. names, Hvtr, Engl. White, Dan. Hvid, Landn.; esp. as a surname, Hvti, the White,
lfr Hvti, orsteinn Hvti, Landn.: Hvt-beinn, m. White-hone, a nickname, Landn.; as also
Hvta-skld, Hvta-sk, Hvta-ler, Hvta-kollr, Landn.: in local names, Hvta-br, Whitby;
Hvta-nes, Hvta-dalr, Landn.; Hvt-, the White-water, a name of several Icel. rivers owing from
glaciers, Hvtr-vellir, Hvtr-sa, Landn.; Hvtramanna-land, White-men's-land, old name of
the southern part of the present United States, Landn.
HVSA, t, [Engl. hiss; Dan. hvse; akin to hvsla] :-- to hiss; h. sem hggormr, to hiss like a
serpent, Greg. 50, Rm. 238; nam jtunn h. halt, lf.
hvsing, f. hissing, Al. 168.
HVNN, f., gen. hvannar, pl. hvannir, [Norse kvanne], angelica, arcbangelica L., Grg. ii. 348,
Fms. ii. 244, Fbr. 87, 88: wild angelica being common in Icel., the word is freq. in local names,
Hvann-, Hvann-eyri, Hvann-dalr, Landn. In olden times the angelica seems to have been much
used to give avour to ale; see jll.
HVT, f., gen. hvatar, pl. hvatir, instigation, impulse, Al. 119, passim, as also in mod. usage, fram-
hvt, q. v.: alacrity, Lex. Pot.: names of poems, Gurunar-hvt, Sm.; Hskarla-hvt, . H.
COMPDS: hvatabuss, m., q. v. hvata-mar, in. an instigator, Ld. 240, Fms. xi. 263.
hvtur, m. an instigator, author, Lex. Pot, chiey in pot. compds.
hvtun, f. = hvatan.
hyggiliga, adv. wisely, with circumspection, Hkm. ii, Ld. 178, Glm. 337, Karl. 442.
hyggiligr, adj. wise, circumspect, Bs. i. 294, Nirst. 3.
hyggindi, in mod. usage a n. pl., but in old writers often a f. sing, and spelt hyggjandi, Edda (Gl.),
Hm. 6, Skv. 3. 49, Fms. iv. 132, Hm. 28, Hom., Grg. i. 176 :-- circumspection, wisdom, svo eru
hyggindi sem hag koma, a saying; at viti ok hyggindi, Fms. v. 342; at hyggindum, Landn. 259; at
hyggindi ok rttlti, Fms. iii. 106; vill hyggjandi (gen. sing.), out of one's senses, Fas. i. 436 (in a
verse); hyggindis-munr, Grett. 147 A-
hygginn, adj. clever, intelligent, discreet, sl. ii. 341, Fms. v. 221, xi. 17, 33, Sd. 178, Grg. i. 175.
N. G. L. i. 231; hyggnir menu, Post. 33, Karl. 352, 359.
HYGGJA, pres. hygg. pl. hyggjum; pret. hugi; part. hugt or hugat; pres. reex, hyggjumk, Stor.
13; pret. hugumk, Em. I; pres. 1st pers. hykk = hygg ek, Lex. Pot, passim; and with neg. hykk-at,
id.; [Goth. hugjan] : -- to think, mean, believe; hugu mjk sr hvrir-tveggju, were of different
opinions, Fms. vii. 176; ek hygg at ekki kaupskip ha komit jafnmikit f, Eg. 72; ferr etta mjk
annan veg en ek huga, 127; minni urr en hann kvask hugat hafa, Bs. i. 778; hugi (suspected)
v hestvrrinn fri, Fms. ix. 351: to guess, far hyggr egjanda rf, a saying, none can make out
the wants of the silent, Sl. 28; r of hugi, made out, Sdm. 13: to observe, muse, sat ek ok
hugak, Hm. 11. 2. to intend, purpose; sknar-gagna eirra sem hann hugi fram at fra, Nj. 110; at
hann ha fram fra skn sem hann hyggr, Grg. i. 60; mla fagrt en h. tt, Fms. ii. 91, Hm. 44,
90. 3. to imagine, appre- hend; eiri en at of hyggi hverr svira apa, Gm. 34; er eigi m eyra
heyra n hjarta manns hyggja, Blas. 44; mka ek hyggja hv ..., Korm., Am. 12; at hugum vr, at
vr hefim hndum himin tekit, Fms. i. 33 ; hyggja e-m vel, to be well-disposed towards a
person, Sturl. iii. 150; h. e-m gott, Am. 33; h. vel ri e-s, to he pleased with, Eb. 206 (in a verse);
h. vel, to be of good comfort, Gsl. 71 (in a verse); ok munu au vel hyggja (they will be glad) er
au hafa akrinn, Glm. 343; h. e-u lla, to be ill-disposed, dislike, Fas. ii. 486, Skv. i. 24, 40: with
inn., er hann hygi htt fjrvi snu vera munu, Grg. ii. 32. II. with prepp.; hyggja af e-u, to
'think off' a thing i. e. leave off thinking of it, drop or forget it; h. af heimsku, Hkr. 1. 103; h. af
harmi, Fms. vi. 389; hannhugi seint af andlti hans, vii. 17; af hyggja um e-t, to give up, vi. 381:
hyggja at, to 'think to' attend to, mind, behold, Rm. 25, Am. 3, Hm. 3, Hm. 23, Stor. 13, Hful. 3;
hugi hann at vandliga hvat ar var markat, Fms. i. 134; konungr hugi vandlega at manninum,
Nj. 6; var vandliga at hugt sium allra eirra, Sks. 245 B, 278 B; Flosi gkk lgrttu at hyggja
at fnu, Nj. 190; hn hugi at spmanna bkum, Mar.; hn hugi at sr vel um messuna sem hn
var vn, Bs. i. 435; h. at eigi spilltisk, Fms. ix. 308; hugu eir at eldinum, Bs. i. 669 :-- hyggja e-
t, to 'think on' (as in North. E.), attend to a thing; hyggja tta, to think of ight, Fms. ii. 306, Am.
101, Ed. 88 (in a verse) :-- hyggja fyrir e-u, to take thought for; eiga b ok brn fyrir at h., Fms. v.
24; h. fyrir ori ok eii = Lat. mentis compos, Grg. i. 461 :-- hyggja um e-t, to think about a thing;
h. um me e-m, to deliberate with one about a thing, Fms. vii. 139; h. um sik, to think about
oneself, Fm. 35: e-m er um hugat um e-t, to have a thing at heart, be concerned about it, Glm.
332. III. reex., hyggjask, to bethink oneself, suppose, deem; ek hugumk rsa, me thought I rose,
Fm. 1; einn rammari hugomk llum vera, Fm. 16, sl. ii. 249 (in a verse); hann hugisk vi Esau
mla, 655 vii. 2; ef mar er kvaddr ess vttis er hann hyggsk eigi vera, Grg. i. 44; hann hygisk
eiga, 415; hyggst betr gra munu, dost thou think that thou canst do it better? Nj. 19; hugusk
menn aan mundu fng f, Fms. i. 86: to intend, hugisk rna mundu orstein landeign sinni,
Eg. 737; hann hugisk til reiar, Fms. x. 413; hyggjask fyrir, to thinkon before, premeditate, Ls.
15 :-- impers., hugisk honum sv, it appeared to him so, Landn. 57. IV. part. hugr, as adj.;
nauleytar-manna, er annarra hugra manna, or other beloved person, 625. 192; af hugu,
intimately, Bjarn. 58; hann rddi ekki af hugu, 40; ra hugat ml, to speak what one has at heart,
Korm. (in a verse); mla hugat, to speak sincerely, Skv. . 10, Hful. 13; hugan hrr, a song of
praise, encomium, Jd. I.
hyggja, u, f. thought, mind, opinion; h. ok hugleiing, MS. 4. 7; at sinni hyggju, N. G. L. ii. 173;
Guleg h., Rm. 308: understanding, mannleg h., Stj.; fyrr fullkominn at hyggju en vetra-tlu, Ld.
18: -hyggja, care, anxiety; fyrir-h., forethought; van-h., want of forethought; um- hyggja, concern.
COMPDS: hyggju-lauss, adj. thoughtless, hyggjuleysi, n. thoughtlessness, Ld. 60.
hyggjar, part. minded, intending, Gh. 16.
hyggjandi, f., see hyggindi.
hyggnask, a, to give an insight, jal. 20.
hygli, f. consideration, K. . 104.
hyl-bauti, a, m. 'depth-beater,' pot. a ship, Edda (Gl.)
HYLDA, d, [hold], to slash, N. G. L. i. 381, Am. 55; h. hval, Fms. v. 178 (in a verse). II. reex. to
grow fat, get esh, K. . K. 130: hyldr, part. eshy, Grett. 91.
hyldga, a, to get esh.
hyldgan, f. getting esh; of-hyldgan, medic.
HYLJA, pres. hyl (hylk = hyl ek, Hbl. 11), pl. hyljum; pret. huli (huldi); part. hulir, huldr, and
hulinn; [Ulf. huljan = GREEK; A. S. helan; Old Engl. to hele, hull; O. H. G. huljan; Germ. hllen;
Swed. hlja; Dan. hylle and hle] :-- to hide, cover; hylja hann allan, Edda 72; hann huli hfu
sitt, Fms. x. 255; huldi andlit sitt, 361; hn huldi dk, bj, Rm.; hann huldi hr hans, Nj. 27, Grg.
ii. 88; ok sv mikit hrit at hn mtti h. sik me, Nj. 16: to bury, jru hulinn, buried in the earth,
Magn. 506; hylja auri, Korm. (in a verse); hulir sandi, Geisli 25: to conceal, limi okkra hyl ekki,
Sks. 504: part. huldr or hulir, id.; fara huldu hfi, to go with the head covered, i.e. in disguise or
by stealth, Eg. 406, Fms. i. 222; cp. hulishjlmr.
hyljan, f. a covering, hiding, Sturl. iii. 234.
hylki, n. a hulk, of an old tub or vessel.
HYLLA, t, hylda in N. G. L. ii. l.c.; [cp. hollr; Germ. huldigen; Dan. hylde] :-- to court a person's
friendship; h. sik fjndmnnum e-s, Fms. vi. 174; h. sik sv vi menn, Gl. 25; h. fyrir e-m, to
recommend one, Lv. 6; h. ok samykkja, N. G. L. ii. 65, 220; h. hug me e-m, to consent, 183. II.
reex., hyllask e-n at (athyllask, q.v.), to cultivate, pay homage to, Fs. 130, Fms. iv. 448: eccl. to
worship, hyllask at Gu, hyllisk n at Thomas biskup, pray to bishop Thomas! Sturl. iii. 234.
hylli, f. favour, grace, kv. 29, Fas. ii. 69; Gus h., Grg. ii. 167, sl. ii. 382, passim.
hylling, f. homage.
HYLMA, d, [akin to hylja], to hide, conceal; used only as a law phrase, and with the prep. yr; yr
h. verk sitt, Stj. 42; n mundi elligar yr hylmask ml Odds, Fms. vi. 384; arf ekki lengr yr essu
at hylma, vii. 20, Fas. i. 195.
hylming, f. a concealing, of a sin, Pass. 5. 3.
HYLR, m., gen. hyljar, pl. ir, [akin to holr], a hole or deep place in a river, e.g. places where trout
and salmon lie hidden, Bs. i. 46, Hrafn. 23, Fs. 48: freq. in local names, Skip-hylr (a dock in a
river), fu-h., Hrgs-h., D. I.
hyltingr, m. [from holt; cp. hultiggir in the Golden horn], the 'holt-dwellers,' in compds, Hjar-
hyltingar, etc.
hymni or ymni, proncd. himni, a, m. [a for. word], a hymn, m. 54, Bs. hymna-bk, -skr, f. a
hymn book, B. K. 83, Pm. 24, 29; but out of use except in the word hymna-lag, n. a hymn, melody;
me hymnalag, Pass. (begin.)
hyndask, d, [hund = hundra], to be multiplied, a GREEK; unz f hyndisk, till the money increases,
N. G. L. i. 23.
hyndla, u, f. [hundr], a little dog, doggie, Mar. 494, v.l.: name of a giantess, whence Hyndlu-lj,
n. pl. the name of an old song.
hypja, a, [hjpr], to huddle the clothes on; h. sig ftin, to dress oneself in a hurry.
hypja, adj. in ttrug-hypja (q.v.), Rm.
HYRJA, pres. hyrr, [hurr], to knock at; hann hyrr hurir = impingebat in ostia portae of the
Vulgate, Stj. 475 (v.l.), 1 Sam. xxi. 13.
hyrja, u, f. name of a giantess, Edda.
hyrna, n, f. [horn], one of the horns or points of an axe-head, xar-h., Bjarn. 36, Fms. vii. 191, Nj.
198: of a mountain, a peak, freq.: of a house, Hornklo: a horned ewe is called hyrna; M-hyrna,
Gr-h. II. a nickname, Landn.: in compds, Vatns-h., the book from Vatnshorn, etc.
hyrndr, adj. horned, Rb. 356, Grg. i. 501, Fms. xi. 6, Stj. 314: angular, mathem., r-h., fer-h., tt-
h., Alg. 195.
hyrning, f. a corner, nook of a house, Sklda 162, Stj. 152, Eg. 91, Fbr. 168, Grett. 57 new Ed., Fas.
ii. 427, Thom. 80.
hyrningr, m. a horned man, used mockingly of a bishop with his crosier; margt mlir h. hj, . H.;
karp ess hyrnings er r kallit biskup, id. 2. a pr. name, Fb. iii. II. an angle, mathem.; r-hyrningr,
a triangle; fer-h., a square; tt-h., an octagon.
HYRR, m., gen. hyrjar, [cp. Ulf. hauri = embers, John xviii. 18, Rom. xii. 20] :-- embers of re, but
only in poetry, Vm. 31, Hdl. 45, t. 20, Haustl. 14, Vellekla, passim, as also in a great many
compds denoting weapons ( = the re of the battle or of Odin), or gold ( = the re of the sea), see
Lex. Pot. pp. 431-433. Hyrr-okin, the name of a giantess, from hyrr, and rokinn from rjka, Edda.
HYSKI, n. [better hski, from hs], a household, family, cp. hj, Edda 5, Hkr. 197, Fms. vi. 368,
Al. 21, N. G. L. ii. 473, Hom. 152, Stj. 57; but, in mod. usage at least, used almost exclusively in a
low sense, of beggars and low people.
hyskinn, adj. slothful.
H, n. the down of plants, hair, feathers, Lat. lanugo; skalf hnakka h, Sturl. i. 22 (in a verse); h
er ffa, Stj. 40. h-nefr, m. downy nose, a nickname of one with a tuft of hair on his nose, Landn.
har, part. edged, Bb. 2. 26.
h-bli, n. pl. home; see hbli.
ha, d, [h], to og, Fms. vi. 187, ix. 349, N. G. L. i. 13, 85.
hi, n. a husk, shell, pod, Lat. legumen.
hing, f. a 'hiding' (slang Engl.), ogging; s skal hing valda er heimskastr er ingi, a saying,
N. G. L. i. 349, Grg. i. 456, Stj. 396.
hi, a, m. [hj], a domestic, servant, Grg. ii. 40, a GREEK.
h-jafn, adj. quite even, Lex. Pot.
hma, d, [hm], to sneak in the dark, Fas. ii. 284; but see hma.
Hmir, m. [hm], name of a giant, Edda; Hymis-kvia, u, f. the name of a poem.
h-ntt, f. [hj], the 'wedding-nights,' i.e. the three nights either just before or rather just after the
wedding (Skm. 42): that they were three is stated in Fas. i. 250 (in a verse), where hjar-ntr =
hntr seems to be the true reading; the same number is hinted at in the Skm. l.c., -- hve um
reyjak 'rjr.' May not the Engl. honeymoon be derived from this old word, qs. hnttar mnur =
the wedding-night month?
Hnskr, adj. [Hnar], Hunnish, Fas. i. 207.
hra, u, f. a mild expression, sweetness; hran af henni skein, Stef. l.; m ek vel lofa mna hru
(my love), Bb. 3. 27; from the saying, hverr lofar sna hru, every one praises his love.
hrask, , dep. to be gladdened, brighten up; hrisk hann skjtt vibragi, Fs. 184, freq. in mod.
usage.
hring, f. a kindling, Mar. 23.
hrlega, adv. sweetly, with a smiling face, Fas. i. 57, iii. 209, Bs. ii. 55.
hrligr, adj. smiling, sweet, of the eyes, face, Bs. i. 217, freq. in mod. usage.
hrna, a, to brighten up.
h-rgi, n., qs. hrgr, [h-], bearded rye (?), Hm. 138; see haull.
HRR, adj. [O. H. G. ga-hiuri; Germ. ge-heuer], sweet, smiling, mild; Vkv. 15; hgr ok hrr, Bs. i.
345; essi dr vru hr, Fas. iii. 78; hrr ok hug-ekkr, Stj. 588, Bs. ii. 13; hgt og hrt, Pass. 12.
16; huga-h., 23; bn af irandi hjarta hr, 40. 6: the saying, vera aldrei me hrri h, to be never in
good cheer, always melancholy: in mod. usage bright, sweet, of the face.
hsa, t, [hs], to house, harbour, Stj. 152, Gl. 144.
hungr, m. [h, n.], downy hair on the chin.
h-vg, n. [hj], a law term, homicide, where the person slain is another person's bondsman, Grg.
ii. 152.
h, an interj. of shouting from exultation.
H, f. [Ulf. hauia = GREEK and GREEK; A. S. heaho; Engl. height; Dan. hjde; Germ.
hhe; Swed. hjd] :-- height; hlaupa h sna, Nj. 29; h trjnna, Stj. 74; breidd, lengd, ykt,
h, Alg. 372, passim; manns-h, a man's height; fjalis-h: of hair = lengd, Fms. x. 177, etc. 2.
a height, hill; hir r er n heita Hallbjarnar-vrur, Landn. 152; eir fru hina, ena syri
hina, v eru rjr vrur eirri hinni, 153; sat Ljtr h einni, 147; gengu eir upp h
nokkura, Nj. 267; dalr ok h, Fms. ix. 490; hir ea haugar, . H. 67; er eir ganga ofan r h,
Stj. 444; skalt ganga upp h me mr, 443; hlar, hir, Nm. 2. 100; leiti n hir, Grg. i.
433. . a top, summit, Stj. 66; h borgarinnar: of the heaven, Hom. 90; hir himna, Hlabk;
Fair himna h, id.; nu eru himnar h talir, Edda (Gl.); ha blt, frnfring, gfgan, hof,
sacrice, worship, a temple on the high places, Stj. 635, 640, 641. II. metaph. highness, shrill tone,
of the voice, Sklda 175; tala h ea leynd, to speak aloud or secretly, Sks. 365. 2. amount, of
price; kaupa me sama h, Dipl. v. 21; upp-h, amount: highness, exaltation, Hom., Mar.
HA, d, [h], to scoff at, mock; with acc., Al. 170, Fms. ii. 46, Stj. 411, 583; also, h. at e-m, Eg.
755; hit it n at mr, Fms. ii. 101, Flv. 34, Karl. 477.
hi-liga, adv. mockingly, scornfully, Fms. vi. 110, 152, viii. 171, Stj. 395, 418.
hi-ligr, adj. ludicrous, Fms. i. 14, vii. 210, Sturl. ii. 90, Fs. 159, Orkn. 240, Stj. 396, 431.
hing, f. a scofng, Bret. 36, Barl. 125.
hinn, adj. scofng, Hm. 30.
hi-yri, n. pl. taunts, Nj. 27, Korm. 34.
hni, f. mockery, scurrility, Fms. iii. 21, Hom. (St.), Pass. 14. 14. hnis-gjarn, adj. scofng,
Pass. 27. 3.
HFA (hfa), , [hf and hafa], to hit, with acc.; hann hfi allt at er hann skaut til, Nj. 29, Fms.
i. 9, viii. 140; eir hfa aldri dr, Fas. ii. 543, Fms. viii. 385, Grg. ii. 7, passim: hfa e-t, hfi
hann eigi spjti, Fms. ii. 250; sama h ek um draumana, Ld.; hfa skoti snu, to take an aim,
ir. 94: hfa til, to aim at, aim; sv hafi smirinn til hft, so well had he aimed, Fms. x. 321; sv
hafi hann glggliga til hft um grftinn, vi. 149. II. with dat., mostly metaph. to moderate, mete
out justly; hfa refsingum, Stj.; hfa h e-s hlutar, to hit the right mean, Grg. xvii, cxv; ek skal
at (v?) hfa, I will put that right, Lv. 8. III. to t; hfa e-m, hfu Kjartani au, they (the
clothes) tted K., Fms. ii. 79. 2. to behove, be meet; hr oss eia vel at halda, Fb. ii. 119; segir
varla h. minni fvizku, Fms. i. 140; sva vitr sem spkum konungi hfi at vera, 259; hvat yr hr
at gra, 281; eigi hr at drepa sv fran svein, 80; sv hr eigi, it will not do, xi. 123; skyldir
kunna r hf, hvat r hr, iii. 330; at hr honum (it is meet for him), at sverit er fast
umgrinni, Fas. i. 70; ess hlutar sem eim hr til, which is due to them, K. . 54. IV. reex. to
correspond; spjti mun hfask ok sr at, the shaft and the wound will correspond, Hkr. ii. 203;
vilda ek at at hfisk mjk , at li at kmi, ok vr sltim talinu, Ld. 320; ef mjk hsk me
mnnum um ba-kv, Grg. ii. 52.
hfa, u, f. a foundation; a er engin hfa fyrir v, there is no foundation for it; -hfa, what is
shocking; til-hfa, a foundation.
h, n. tness; vera vi e-s h, to t one, be convenient, what one can wield, Eg. 109, Fas. ii.
521; -h, what is unt, monstrous. hs-liga, adv. tly, Flv. 22.
h-ltr, adj. meet, moderate, Sks. 435, Sturl. iii. 169, ir. 131.
h-liga, adv. tly, Grg. i. 441; -hliga, untly.
h-ligr, adj. t, due, Anecd. 58, 66, Fs. 46, sl. ii. 369, Fms. ii. 86, vi. 69, Sks. 13; -hligr, unt.
hndi, n. pl. what ts, behoves, Fms. vi. 121, Sturl. i. 60 C.
hng, f. aiming at; gra h., to aim at, Fas. ii. 344.
hnn, adj. aiming well, making a good hit, Sturl. ii. 135.
hfni, f. being hnn, Fb. i. 463.
hfr, adj. t, proper, Fms. xi. 94, Stj. 92: t for use, Germ. brauchbar, bkr hfar, opp. to fntar,
Am. 73; vaml hft til kla, Grg. ii. 341 B; engu hfr, useless, worthless, Fms. ii. 123; -hfr,
unt, useless, Karl.
hg, f. [hog-], ease, facility; me hg, with ease, easily: in pl. hgir, medic. stools, hgar-
leikr, m. an easy game; a er enginn hgarleikr, 'tis no easy game.
hgindi, n. pl. relief (e.g. for the sick and poor); vitja sjkra ok leita eim hginda, 686 B. 2;
var hgenda leita jarli, 623. 31; -hgindi, pains, Bs. i. 69, 70; e-m til hginda, 655 xi. 4; gra e-t
til hginda, to do a thing so as to make matters easier. 2. comforts; auri ok h., Bs. i. 68; skiljask
vi sv mikil hgindi, Sturl. i. 97 C; snask til hginda, to turn to advantage, for the better, Fms.
vii. 263; me hgindum, Sturl. i. 60, (better hfndum, C.) II. sing, a bolster, pillow, cushion; ttjn
skinnbeir, hlfr fjri tigr hginda, Dipl. iii. 4; undir hgindit hvluna, Eg. 567; hn vildi vekja
hann ok tekr eitt h. lti ok kastar andlit honum, sl. ii. 393; dnur ok h., Eb. 96, 264, Fms. vii.
197, 198, xi. 290, Hom. 95; hgindis-ver, a pillow case, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18. III. eccl. hgindi or
hgindis-kirkja, u. f. a private chapel; N. G. L. i. 8 distinguishes between a fjrungs-, ttngs-,
hras-, and hgindis-kirkja; ef mar grir sr hgindis-kirkju jr sinni, 344. hgindis-prestr,
m. a priest in such a chapel, N. G. L. i. 136: Hgindi, n. a local name, D. I. i: cp. also hginda-
hs, n. a house which a tenant builds at his own expense on the estate of his landlord, Gl. 332.
hgja, , to abate, with dat.; hgja rs sinni, to slacken one's course, Landn. 251, passim. 2.
metaph. to relieve; h. vlai sitt (snu), 655 iii. 1: to seek relief for one, of a sick person, var eim
hgt llu sem mtti, Fms. xi. 290. II. impers., of a storm or high sea, to abate; veri hgir, a
er fari a hgja; as also, III. reex. to abate; sjr tk at hgjask, Fms. x. 150: to get smoother,
kann vera at hgisk rit, Band. 8; er Gu vill lta nokkurn veg hgjask um hans ml, Fms. viii.
19: impers., eptir allt etta hgisk Fra lti, F. became more at ease, Fas. i. 5.
hg-liga, adv. with ease, gently, Karl. 508, Odd. 2; lifa h., Hom. (St.); sttask h., readily, Lv. 75;
sem hgligast, Finnb. 336. 2. easily; eg get a h., freq. in mod. usage.
hg-ligr, adj. easy, convenient; h. umbnar, Odd. 2, 4, Barl. 9; h. samfarir, Sturl. ii. 148; h. fri,
Fms. vii. 30.
hg-l, n. an easy life, Str. 36, Stj. 36, 423, Barl. 9, Hkr. ii. 38; r mikit ok h., Orkn. 6 old Ed.
HGR, adj. [hg-], easy, convenient, Germ. behaglich, Fms. vi. 240, 261, viii. 154; e-m er e-t
hgt, Eg. 507; h. ok mjkr, Fms. ii. 201; sem honum var hgt, at his ease, Sturl. i. 197 C; hg
hvla, Fms. xi. 290; hgjar nir, Stj. 420; taka hga hvld, Sks. 42; ef honum ykir sr at hgt,
Grg. i. 355; er eim ykir sr hgst, 486; ykkr er at hgst um hnd, it is most at hand for you,
Nj. 25: hgr byrr, a gentle, fair wind; hgja byri, Fms. ix. 497, Fas. ii. 520; hafa tivist skamma ok
hgja, Fms. i. 285; ekki var samlag eirra hgt, they were not on good terms, Sturl. i. 139 C; hinn
sara vetrinn var hgra me eim = they lived on better terms, id.: medic. painless, hg stt:
gentle, hgr sem saur, Br. 11; hgr ok hrr, Bs. i. 345; hgr ok hgvr, Fms. x. 409; hgr
bium, long-suffering, Lv. 75; hgr viskiptis, Fms. xi. 91.
B. Compar. hgri, [Dan. hjre; Swed. hgra] :-- the right hand, opp. to vinstri, the left; skgrinn
var til hgra vegs, on the right hand, Eg. 295; hgri hendi, Fr. 76, Ls. 61, Fms. vi. 165, Nj. 28;
hgri handar, Hom. 102; hgri ftr, N. G. L. i. 209; hgra auga, hgra eyra, etc.; hgra megin, on
the right side, passim.
hg-vrr, adj. = hgvrr, Barl. 119.
hkil-bjgr, adj. bowed, crouching, Band. 8.
hki-liga, adv. [hkr], voraciously, savagely, Rm. 353.
HKILL, m. [hykjel, Ivar Aasen], a 'hough,' or hind-leg, of a hide; af heming fyrir ofan
hkilinn, N. G. L. i. 209: freq. in mod. usage, but only of a skin: a nickname, Fms. ix.
hkja, u, f. a crutch, Grett. 161, Mag. 66, Fb. i. 210, Fas. iii. 154; ganga hkjum, to go on
crutches.
hkka, a, [hr], to become higher, to rise, of a hill; fjalli hkkar, opp. to lkka, to become lower,
to drop. 2. causal, to heighten.
hla, d, to kick with the heel, N. G. L. i. 164. 2. to secure by a peg.
HLA (hla), d, [hl], to praise, atter, with dat., Eb. 164; hrsa ok hla e-u, Karl. 438: to glory,
boast, hann hldi, at Haraldr hefi hefnt Gamla, Fms. i. 48; eigi m ek af v hla, Lv. 10, passim.
II. reex. to boast, vaunt; hlumk minnst mli, Fms. viii. (in a verse): hlask e-u, to glory in a
thing, 85, Karl. 412, Fagrsk. 93, Nj. 204, 237: hlask um e-t, to brag about, 54, Grg. ii. 145, Karl.
372, Valla L. 212: hlask af e-u, to boast of, 655 xx. 8: absol., Grg. ii. 145, Thom. 84: hlask vi
e-n, to boast over one, Grett. 128, Fms. vi. 399.
hli, n. a shelter, refuge; leita sr hlis, eiga hli, Fms. i. 210, vi. 74, xi. 367, Eg. 139, Barl. 118,
Rd. 258. hlis-lauss, adj. homeless, helpless.
hlinn, adj. boasting, Sks. 383, r. 29 new Ed.; sjlf-h., id.
HLL, m. [Engl. heel, cp. Lat. calx: this is a Scandin. word, for the A. S. term is hh, the Goth.
fairzna,, the Germ. fersen] :-- the heel, Bs. i. 423, Hm. 34, N. G. L. i. 339, Stj. 37, passim. 2. in
phrases, hlaupa hla e-m, to follow at one's heels, Nj. 202; falla hla e-m, to shut upon one's
heels, of a door; fara, ganga hla e-m, Edda 2, Fms. v. 316, viii. 36; fara aptr hli, to return
immediately, like the Gr. GREEK, Gsl. 272; mod. um hl, adverb., in return, e.g. skrifa um hl
aptr, to write by return of post; hopa, fara (undan) hli, or hl, to recede, draw back, Eg. 296,
506, Fms. vii. 70, 298, viii. 134, x. 139, xi. 95, Bret. 46, Nj. 258, Karl. 375; milli hls ok hnakka,
between heel and neck: brjtask um hl ok hnakka, to struggle heel and neck, of one restless in
sleep :-- proverb. phrases, hann stgr aldrei angat tnum sem hinn hafi hlana, he will never
reach with his toes where the other had his heels, i.e. he is far inferior to his predecessor; a er
undir hlinn lagt, it is laid under one's heel, i.e. 'tis very uncertain. II. metaph., kjalar-hll, 'keel's
heel,' the hindmost part of the keel; stris-hll, 'rudder's heel,' the hindmost point of the rudder.
COMPDS: hl-bein, n. the heel bone, Fms. vi. 15, Fas. ii. 354, ir. 86. hl-btr, m. a heel biter,
Hbl. hl-drepa, u, f. a kicking with the heel, Mag. 63. hl-drepa, drap, to kick with the heel, Stj.
431. hl-krkr, m. 'heel-crook,' back-heel, a trick in wrestling, Fas. iii. 392, 547. hl-sr, adj.
'heel-long,' of a garment, 625. 183, Stj. 194. hl-star, m. the place of the heel, N. G. L. i. 339.
B. A peg fastened in the earth, either for mooring a vessel (festar-h.) or by which a tent-rope is
fastened (tjald-h.); jarfastr hll, Stj. 417, Korm. 86, Fms. vi. 334, Hkr. iii. 365, Blas, 48: the
handle in a scythe shaft (orf-hll), Fb. i. 522; hurar-hlar, door pegs, N. G. L. i. 397, v.l.:
belonging to a ship, Edda (Gl.)
C. Prob. a different word, a widow whose husband has been slain in battle, Edda 108, cp. the pun in
Eg. 763 (in a verse).
hlni, f. vain-glory, boasting, Sks. 703, Str. 74, Karl. 367, Hom. 24, 86; sjlf-hlni, self-praise.
HNA (hna), u, f. [hani, formed on the same analogy as dal and dl, hag and hg] :-- a hen, Al.
160, Fms. vii. 116, Fs. 156, Stj. 3, passim: in pr. names, Lopt-hana, Sklp-h., Landn.
hna, d, to allure, attract; hna e-n a sr: reex., hnast a e-m, to take a liking for one; a mod.
word.
hngi-vakr, m. a bird, the kittywake (?), Edda (Gl.)
HNGR, m., older and better hingr, m. a male salmon, called hungell in Shetl., Edda (Gl.), Fb.
ii. 520 (in a verse) spelt hngs, Fas. ii. 112, freq. in mod. usage: a nickname, Landn.
Hnir, m. the name of the mythol. god Hnir, Vsp., Edda, Clem. 44.
hns (hns), n. pl., mod. hnsn or hnsni, also spelt hsn, K. . K. 34 new Ed., Hkr. iii. 62;
[Dan.-Swed. hns] :-- hens, fowls, poultry, Bret. 32, K. . 196, sl. ii. 124, Karl. 472, Rtt. 70,
passim; Hnsa-rir, Thorir the poulterer, a nickname, sl. ii, whence the name of the Saga.
hnsa-ri, n. feathers of poultry, orf. Karl. 374.
hpi, n. adj. doubtful: in the phrase, a er hpi, 'tis very uncertain: prop. scanty, a corrupt form
for hneppt, qs. hept, as the word is indeed spelt in Grett. 169 new Ed., whence hpi.
HRA, u, f. grey hair, hoariness; ok hra nekver hri hans, Post. 645. 66; skegg hvtt af hru,
sl. ii. 438; f elli ok hru, to live to a hoary old age, Hkr. i. 123: in plur., hafa hrur hfi, Grett.
16, 20 new Ed.; hvtar hrur, Barl. 119: esp. in pl., in phrases as, grr, hvtr, snjhvitr fyrir hrum,
Fas. ii. 557, Fms. viii. 25, Eb. 330, Stj. 447; hr hvtt af hrum, Karl. 280; hvtr af hrum, Fms. vii.
321 (v.l.), Barl. 15: the phrase, kemba ekki hrur, to comb no grey hairs, of one who dies in the
prime of life; hann kembdi ekki hrur hsi snu, Od. viii. 226. COMPDS; hru-karl, m. a hoary
carle, Grett. 143, Barl. 94. hru-kollr, m. hoary head, a nickname, Grett. hru-langr, adj. 'long-
hoary,' a nickname, Grett. hru-skeggi, a, m. a hoary beard, Clem. 32. II. = hr, hair, esp. the long
hair of wool, whence hru-poki, a, m. a hair-poke, bag made of hair.
hrr, part. haired, hairy; hr kvenna bezt, Korm. 24, Landn. 151; vel h., Fms. vii. 199, Nj. 39.
hringr, m. a hoary man; sv ttum vr hringinum n at hann l eptir, referring to the death of
earl Erling, Fms. viii. 104, v.l. :-- a pr. name, Landn.
hsi, f. [hss], hoarseness, Mar.
HTA (hta), t, [ht; Uif. hwtian = GREEK; early Dan. hde] :-- to threaten, with dat. of the
person and thing; h. e-m e-u, Ls. 62, Fms. vii. 220, ix. 18, x. 316, Fs. 35, 165, Karl. 397, 437, ir.
225, Al. 47, lk. 35; see hta.
hting, f. a threat, Stj. 35: taunts, Hbl. 53, where masc.
htinn, adj. threatening, Karl. 491.
htta, u. f. danger, peril, Fms. iv. 122, 132; leggja httu, to run a risk, Eg. 86, 719; leggja sik, lf
sitt httu, Fs. 4, 21, 41, Fms. iv. 86; eiga mikit httu, to run a great risk, Nj. 16, Fms. x. 232.
COMPDS: httu-efni, n. a dangerous matter, Fs. 57. httu-fer, -fr, f. a dangerous exploit, Fs.
50, Fms. iv. 135, viii. 431, Nj. 261. httu-lauss, adj. free from danger, without danger, Fms. iii.
155, Bs. i. 286. httu-ligr, adj. (httu-liga, adv.), dangerous. httu-ltill, adj. with little danger,
Sturl. iii. 68, 71. httu-mikill, adj. very dangerous, Nj. 149. httu-r, n. a dangerous plan, Lv.
22.
HTTA, t, to risk, stake, with dat., Hm. 106; htta t mnnum snum, Sd. 153; htta til ess
viring inni, to stake thy honour on it, Eg. 719; htti it ok mestu til hversu ferr, Nj. 49; litlu
httir n til, there is but small risk, Fms. vi. 243: absol., her s er httir, he wins who risks,
'nothing venture nothing have,' Bjarn. 7, Hrafn. 16. 2. with prepp.; htta e-t, to venture on a thing
(htta, q.v.), Nj. 48; htta vald e-s, Fms. xi. 285: h. til e-s, id., Eg. 57, Nj. 73; eigi veit til hvers
happs httir, Sturl. iii. 228; kva ar hangt til htta, 44.
HTTA, t, to leave off, with dat.; htta sei, to leave off witchcraft, Fms. i. 10; hann ba bndr h.
storminum, 36; h. heyverkum, Nj. 103; h. mli, 10: absol. to leave off, desist, Hkon ba hann h.,
Fms. vii. 154; heldr vildu vr h., N. G. L. i. 348: with inn., h. at tala, Fb. ii. 83 :-- impers., htti
ysnum, the tumult ceased, Fms. vi. 16.
htting, f. danger, risk, Fms. viii. 431, Hkr. ii. 79, Lex. Pot.; httingar-fer, f. = httufer, Fms.
viii. 431.
httinn, adj. [httr], behaving so and so; lla h., Sks. 239.
htt-leggja, lagi, to risk, Bs. ii. 66.
htt-leikr, m. danger, Grg. i. 383.
htt-liga, adv. dangerously, Fms. viii. 144, Stj. 189.
htt-ligr, adj. dangerous, serious, Fr. 263, Fms. viii. 98, ix. 291, xi. 367, Bs. i. 536, 766, Edda 36,
Stj. 604; er ok httligt, 'tis to be feared, 686 B. 5; httligra lagi, in a dangerous case, Lv. 86 :--
medic. = httr, klluu httligan mtt hans, they said that he was sinking fast, Fms. ix. 390.
httr, adj. dangerous; slkr mar er httastr, ef hann vill sik til ess hafa at gra r mein, Fms. i.
199; grttu eir aan , var at miklu httara, Eg. 581. 2. exposed to danger; hest arf sv at
ba, at ekki s hann httr fyrir vpnum, Sks. 403. 3. medic., httr vi daua, dangerously ill, Jb.
406; er herra Rafn var mjk httr, when R. was sinking fast, Bs. i. 784; hn l htt, Korm. 164,
(einhttr, q.v.): in mod. times htt is used indecl., hann, hn, liggr htt; eir, r liggja htt, he,
she, they lie dangerously ill. 4. neut., e-m er htt vi e-u, to be in danger of; var uri vi engu
meini htt, Th. was out of danger, sl. ii. 340; mun orkatli brur num vi engu htt? Gsl. 28;
n hyggr mar sr htt vi bana, Grg. i. 497; rum tlaa ek at mundi httara en mr,
methought that would be more dangerous to others than to me, Nj. 85, 260.
httr, part. of htta, having left off, having done; eg er httr a lesa, I have left off reading.
httur, f. pl. [htta], the time of leaving off work and going to bed, used chiey of dairy and
household work (cp. the Homeric GREEK;) hafa gar httur, to go early to bed; seinar httur,
being late at work.
hveska, u, f., hveski, Sks. 273, 274, 276 B; also spelt hoverska; [a for. word from mid. H. G.
hovesch; Germ. hich, etc.] :-- courtesy, good manners, esp. in regard to behaviour at table and the
like; rttir ok h., Fms. i. 78; siir ok h., vi. 71; at er h. at hann kunni hversu hann skal haga
klum snum, Sks. 433; at er h. at vera blr ok lttltr, 264, 432; h. ea gir siir, 266: in mod.
usage, of priggish ceremonies: fashion, httr upp hvesku Franseisa, Karl. 178. hversku-lauss,
adj. rude, Sks. 246.
hvesk-liga, adv. courteously, politely, Fas. i. 460, Odd. 30: fashionably, h. kldd, Fms. ii. 187.
hvesk-ligr, adj. well-mannered, polite, Fms. vi. 131; h. sir, Al. 4.
hveskr, adj., also spelt heyveskr, Str. 75, or heyskr, Art. :-- well-mannered, polite, Fms. ii. 133,
vi. 1, Sks. 246, 276, 277; h. siir, polite manners, Sks. 8.
HD, f. [A. S. heau- in several pot. compds; cp. Sansk. atru and taymi; Lat. caedo; Gr.
GREEK] :-- war, slaughter, but only in compd pr. names, H-broddr, Fb.; H, f. the name of a
Valkyria (also Geira-h), Gm.: as also of a woman, but mythical, Fas.: the name of an island in
Norway: Hr, m., gen. Haar, dat. Hei, the name of the blind brother and 'slayer' of Baldr, the
'fratricide' or 'Cain' of the Edda, Vsp. 37, Vtkv. 9, Edda 17, 56: also the name of a mythol. king,
whence Heir, pl. a Norse people; and Haa-land, the county, Fb. iii. Haar-lag, n. the metre of
Hd, a kind of metre, Edda.
hfa, a, [hfu], to 'head,' but esp. used as a law term, to sue, prosecute; h. ml, sk hnd e-m,
to bring an action against, Grg. i. 19, 81, 142, Nj. 234, Fms. vii. 133, passim. II. to behead ( =
afhfa;) h. sk, Fas. i. 489: to execute, Karl. 371.
hfar, part. headed so and so; h. sem hundr, 310. 99.
hfi, a, m. a headland, Landn. 54, Fb. i. 541, 542, Eb. 62, Rd. 267, Krk. 46, 52. II. local name of
a farm, whence Hfa-menn, m. pl. the men from Hfi, Landn. III. a carved head, ship's beak;
amb-hfi, hjart-h., arn-h., hest-h., karl-h., orkn-h., svn-h.; whence hfa-skip, n. a ship with
beaks.
HFINGI, a, m. a head, chief; rr Gellir var h. at skinni, b. 8; formar ea h., 671. 5; s er
h. grisk (ringleader), N. G. L. i. 313, Gl. 387; h. ra-grar, Eg. 48; h. fyrir tfer Gerhardi
bta, Mar. 2. a captain, commander; setti konungr ar yr hfingja rlf ok Egil, Eg. 272;
vkinga-hfingi, Fms. vi. 389; at allir hfingjarnir fari fr liinu, xi. 134; ok kva Ketil Flatnef
skyldu hfingja vera yr eim her, Eb. 2; hers-h., hundras-h., sveitar-h., q.v. 3. a ruler, used of all
governors from a king downwards; esp. in pl., the gentry, opp. to almgi, the common people;
hfingjar ok gir menn, b. 14; hfingjar ok rkis-menn, 13; sleifr tti rj sonu, eir uru allir
hfingjar ntir, 14, 17; hann lagi undir sik Sureyjar ok grisk h. yr, sttisk hann vi hina
strstu hofingja fyrir vestan hatit ... at Ketill var h. Sureyjum, Eb. 4; Hrlfr var h. mikill, 6;
er Gizurr biskup andaisk vru essir mestir hfingiar slandi, Bs. i. 31; essir vru strstir
hfingjar landinu, 4; hann var rkr h., Nj. 1; bija alla hfingja lisinnis, 213; auigr at f ok h.
mikill, sl. ii. 290; Brr grisk brtt h. mikill, Eg. 31; einn hverr konunganna, ea einhverr
hfingja annarra, Sks. 278; Erkibiskup eirra he ek s ok ykki mr hann lklegr til gs
hfingja, Fms. x. 9; orsteinn grisk h. yr Vatnsdlum, Fs. 44; Snorri grisk h. mikill, en
rki hans var mjk fundsamt, Eb. 42; Brsi var h. yr dalnum, Hkr. ii. 310; vru hfingjar
Noregi, Tryggvi konungr ..., Fms. i. 47; er etta ka hfingja, ok ar me alls flks, 35; uru eir
hfingjar heims, Augustus ok Antonius, Rb. 412; h. lfsins, lord of life, Sks. 160; h. dauans,
prince of death, id.; heims h. = Satan, Nirst. 1; myrkra h., prince of darkness, 623. 28, Greg. 42:
with the article, the great, hva hfingjarnir hafast a hinir tla sr leyst a, Pass. 22. 10; yztu
myrkrum enginn sr, agreining hfingjanna, 8. 20. COMPDS: hfingja-st, f. love for one's
chief, Fb. i. 499. hfingja-brag, n., -bragr, m. the manners of a h., sl. ii. 204: a noble feat,
Orkn. 144. hfingja-djarfr, adj. frank and bold in one's intercourse with the great, Fms. ii. 15, vi.
205, vii. 162. hfingja-dmr, m., -dmi, n. dominion, power, Stj. 85, 226, Barl. 169, Hom. 2.
hfingja-efni, n.; gott h., Nj. 174. hfingja-fundr, m. a meeting of chiefs, Fms. ix. 324.
hfingja-hlutr, m. a chief's lot or share, Orkn. 306. hfingja-kyn, n. noble kin. hfingja-krr,
adj. in favour with the great, . H. 59. hfingja-lauss, adj. chieess, Fms. i. 220, vii. 182.
hfingja-merki, n. a chief's standard, Fms. viii. 356. hfingja-nafn, n. a chief's title, Hkr. iii.
195, Fms. xi. 62. hfingja-skapr, m. = hfingskapr, Sks. 479, 610. hfingja-skipti, n. change
of chief or king, Germ. Thronwechsel, Nj. 41, 156. hfingja-son, m. the son of a h., Hrafn. 14.
hfingja-stefna, u, f. = hfingjafundr, Hkr. iii. 146. hfingja-styrkr, m. the support of great
folk, Fms. i. 221. hfingja-val, n. chosen people, Stj. 628. hfingja-veldi, n. power, empire, rule,
Rb. 374, 655 xiv. 3. hfingja-tt, f. noble extraction, high birth, Magn. 466, Sks. 616. II. with
gen. sing.: hfings-mar, -kona, -flk, etc., a man, woman, people of noble extraction, as also
generous, magnicent people. hfings-gjf, f. a princely gift, and many similar compds.
hfing-liga, adv. in princely wise, nobly, generously, Eg. 410, Nj. 228, 254, Orkn. 144.
hfing-ligr, adj. princely, noble, magnicent, Fms. vi. 206, vii. 63, ix. 277, Stj. 207, passim.
hfing-skapr, m. power, dominion, Sturl. i. 213, Sks. 610, Fms. xi. 205: authority, prestige, Nj. 33,
266: liberality, magnicence, Fms. vii. 65.
hfga, a, to make heavy, weight, Greg. 80; eir hfgau hirzlur eirra me grjti, 656 B. 1. II.
impers., e-m hfgar, to become heavy, sleepy, Fas. iii. 526, Bs. i. 354: with acc., 369. III. reex. to
grow heavy, increase, 655 vii. 4.
hfgi, a, m. heaviness, weight; h. jarar, Sks. 627; h. krossins, Hom. 103; gefa e-m hfga, to weigh
upon one, Anecd. 20. II. metaph. a sleep, nap, Fb. i. 542; lttr h., Th. 77; rann h. Svein, Fms. xi.
288; svefn-h., megins-h. hfga-vara, u, f. heavy wares, Grg. ii. 402.
hg-brr, adj. heavy to bear, Greg. 43.
hg-leikr, m. heaviness, Edda 4.
HFIGR or hfugr, adj., acc. contr. hfgan, hfgir, hfgum, [A. S. heag] :-- heavy, Hkr. iii. 199;
h. steinn, Bs. i. 640; hfug byrr, Grg. ii. 166, Fms. x. 203, Hkr. iii. 184: neut., hann kva sv
hfugt sr, at hann mtti hvergi hrrask, Sturl. i. 119 C. 2. heavy with sleep, sleepy; e-m er hfugt,
Fms. viii. 89, 655 iii. 2; svefn-hfugt. II. metaph. hard, rude; hgt or, Bs. i. 341: heavy, difcult,
169: irksome, 155.
HFN, f., also spelt hmn, gen. hafnar; [hafa]: 1. a holding, possession, esp. tenure of land;
skal eim dma eingis-hfnina er heimild kemr til, Grg. (Kb.) ii. 86; jarar h., tenure of land; at
jarar-hfn ok at fjr-megni, N. G. L. ii. 38; n skal grum skipta eptir jarar-hfn ok llum
verka, 122; hafnar-vitni, testimony as to tenure of land, opp. to als-vitni, N. G. L. i. 246, 247: the
allit. phrase, hnd ok hfn, hand and having, absolute power; nema eim sem hann leggr hendr ok
hfn sem hann vill, cp. Dan. 'skalte og valte med,' Bs. i. 706, v.l., -- no emend. seems necessary. 2. a
foetus; lstr mar kviuga konu, sv at hfn s deyr, er hn ferr me ok skilsk hn vi hfnina, Stj.
302; taka vi hfn, Lat. concipere, Flv., Bs. ii. 173, Hom. (St.): the time of pregnancy, enum
nunda mnai hafnarinnar, 686 B. 14. 3. pasture; saua-hfn Mla-fjall, Vm. 64; nauta tr ok
hmn, N. G. L. i. 379, D. N. ii. 146, iii. 120. 4. a coat, cp. Lat. habitus, esp. = a cloak; hann tk af
sr hfnina ok sveipai um konunginn, Fms. ix. 25; yr-h., a cloak, cp. sl. ii. 245 (in a verse): a
kind of stuff, Grg. i. 504, Nj. 7, D. N. i. 134, ii. 6, iii. 8, 451, Vm. 103, 117, Pm. 57; hence hafnar-
feldr, m., hafnar-vaml, n., hafnar-v, f. denoting a plain stuff, as it was sold in trade. 5. skips-
hfn, a ship's crew; munns-hfn, 'mouth-habit,' language.
B. [Engl. and Dutch haven; Germ. hafen; Dan. havn; Swed. hamn] :-- a haven, harbour, Fms. xi.
74, Eg. 79, Hkr. iii. 248, Grg., etc.: eccl., slu-hfn, lfs-h., passim: sometimes spelt hafn, sl. ii.
398: as also in local names, Hfn, Landn.: Hafnar-menn, m. pl., Sturl. ii. 91; Kaupmanna-hfn,
Copenhagen; Hraun-hfn, Eb., etc. COMPDS: hafnar-austr, m. pumping in harbour, Jb. 407.
hafnar-bi, a, m. a law term, a harbour-neighbour, i.e. the member of a kind of naval court
composed of persons summoned from a harbour, Grg. ii. 401. hafnar-dyrr, n. pl. doors, entrance
of a haven, Fms. xi. 88. hafnar-kross, m. a cross-shaped hafnarmark, q.v. hafnar-lykill, m. 'haven-
key,' a nickname, Landn. hafnar-mark (and -merki, Fas. ii. 336), n. a harbour mark, a kind of
beacon, being a pyramid of stone or timber, or often a carved gure in the shape of a man, Bjarn.
33, Hkv. Hjrv., Bs. i. 563, Rb. 468; or in the shape of a cross, Bs. i. 607, ii. 80. hafnar-rn, n. a
law term, thronging or annoying one in harbour, dened in Jb. 396. hafnar-tollr, m. a harbour toll,
Grg. ii. 401, Fs. (Flam. S.) 157. hafnar-vgr, m. a creek, Str. 4.
hfnun, f. = hafnan, q.v.
hfrungr, m. a dolphin, prop. a 'he-goat,' from hafr, because of the dolphin's tumbling; the word is
not found in old writers. hfrunga-hlaup, n. a kind of athletic sport, 'dolphin-leap,' a kind of leap-
frog.
HFU, n., dat. hfi; gen. pl. hfa, dat. hfum; in Norse MSS. often spelt hafu, Anecd. 4
(without umlaut); the root-vowel seems in very early times (8th century) to have been a diphthong;
thus Bragi uses the rhymes, lau -- haufi, and rauf -- haufu, Edda; the old ditty with a half
rhyme, hfu vr haufi, Hkr. i. 104, wou'd be faulty unless we accept a diphthong in the latter
word: in good old MSS. (e.g. Sm. Cod. Reg.) the word is always spelt with &avlig; or au, never o,
and probably never had a diphthongal sound; the Norse spelling havu however points to a short
vowel; and later Icel. MSS. spell o or &aolig;, e.g. Hb. in Vsp. l.c. It is probable that the short
vowel originated in the contracted form, as haufi sounds hard; [cp. Goth. haubi; A. S. hefod;
Engl. head; Hel. hbid; O. H. G. houpit; mid. H. G. houbet; mod. G. haupt; Dan. hved; Swed.
hufvud; Ormul. hfedd (the single f marks a preceding long vowel); thus all old Teut. languages
except the Icel. agree in the length of the vowel, whereas Lat. c&a-short;put, Gr. GREEK have a
short root vowel.]
A. A head, Vsp. 38, Sdm. 14, Vm. 19, kv. 16, 19, Skm. 23, Nj. 19, 275, Grg. ii. 11, Fms. x. 381,
Eg. 181, Edda 59, passim; mtti sv at kvea, at nliga vri tvau hfu hverju kvikendi, Hrafn. 22
(of a great increase in stock); Grmr rakai bratt f saman, vru tvau hfu hvvetna v er hann
tti, sl. ii. 14. II. phrases and sayings, lta hfi skemra, to make one a head shorter, behead, Hm.
15, Fm. 34; strjka aldrei frjlst hfu, to stroke never a free head, be never free, never at ease;
(sagi) at eir mundi aldrei um frjlst hfu strjka, er vinir hans vri, mean rr vri hfingi
sari, Sturl. ii. 124; eg m aldrei um frjlst hfu strjka, I never have any time to spare; sitja
aldrei srs hfi, to be always quarrelling; skera e-m hfu, to make a wry face at one, Grett. 17;
heita hfuit e-m, to be called after a person; hn js sveininn vatni ok kva hann skyldu heita
hfu fur snum, ok var hann kallar Gestr, Br. 24 new Ed.: the mod. usage distinguishes
between heita hfu e-m, when a person is alive when the child was born, and heita eptir e-m,
when that person is dead; halda hfi, to hold one's head up, Flv. 43, Og.; bera htt hfu, to bear
one's head high, Sturl. iii. 147, Sighvat; hefja hfus, to lift one's head, Thom. 535; drepa nir
hfi, to droop one's head, Bs. i. 625; oku hf af hfi, the fog lifted, Ld. 74; ba hvrr annars
hfi, to be at loggerheads, Sks. 346; fara huldu hfi, to go with a hidden head, in disguise, to
hide oneself, Fms. vi. 12; fra e-m hfu sitt, to surrender oneself to an enemy, Eg. ch. 62, 63, Fms.
x. 261; stga yr hfu e-m, to pass over one's head, overcome one, 304; er engri stundu rvnt
nr elli stgr yr h. mr, Eb. 332; hlaa hellum at hfi e-m, to leave one dead on the spot, Dropl.
18; ganga milli bols ok hfus, 'to gang between bole and head,' i.e. to kill outright, Eb. 240; htta
hfi, to risk one's head, Hm. 106; leggjask e-t undir hfu, to lay under one's pillow, to put aside;
leggjask fer undir hfu, Fr. 132, Orkn. 46; munt vera ftt undir hfu at leggjask ef ek skal
vi r taka, Sturl. i. 27; vera hfi hrri, to be a head taller, Fms. x. 381; setja hfu hfu ofan,
to set head upon head, Bs. i. 73, (viz. to consecrate a second bishop to a see, which was against the
eccl. law); cp. kjsa annan konung hfu Dav, Sks. 801. III. in a personal sense, in poets, a
person, = Lat. caput, Gr. GREEK, GREEK; frgjarnt hfu, thou fearful woman! Fas. ii. 556;
hraustara hfu, a bolder man, 315; berjask vi eitt hfu, 49; heiptrkt hfu, t. 25; andprtt
hfu, high-minded man! Sighvat; trar h., glorious man; leyfar h., id., Geisli 56; vina hfu =
cara capita, Bm. 2; frnda hfu, kinsmen, Skld H. 3. 40; hvarfst h., thou ckle woman! Hel. 2.
2. a number, tale, head, of animals; fdygt hfu, of a fox, Merl. 1. 39: head, of cattle, eir eiga at
gjalda ingfarar-kaup, er skulda-hjna hvert her hfu, k skuldalausa ea kgildi, Grg. (Kb.) i.
159, referring to the old way of taxation, which is still the law in Icel., that a freeholder has to pay
tax (skattr) only if he has more head of cattle (kgildi, q.v.), than persons to support. IV. a head,
chief; hfu lendra manna, Fms. vii. 273; h. ok hfingi, Stj. 457; rndheimr er h. Noregs, Fms.
vi. 38; hfu allra hfu-ta (gen.), Leiarvs. 23. V. of head-shaped things: 1. a beak, of a ship;
me gylltum hfum, Fms. viii. 385, x. 10, 417, passim; dreka-hfu, q.v.: the beak was usually a
dragon's head, sometimes a bison's, . H.; a steer's, Landn. 5. ch. 8; or it was the image of a god,
e.g. of Thor, Fms. ii. 325, (. T. ch. 253); or of a man, Karl-hfi, . H., the ship of St. Olave; cp.
the interesting passage, at var upphaf enna heinu laga, at menn skyldu eigi hafa hfuskip ha,
en ef eir hefi, skyldi eir af taka hfu r eir kmi lands-sn, ok sigla eigi at landi me
gapandum hfum er gnandi trjnum, sv at landvttir fldisk vi, Landn. (Hb.) 258, Fms. vi.
180 (in a verse), vii. 51 (in a verse). 2. the capital of a pillar, Al. 116, Fb. i. 359 (of tent poles): of
carved heads in a hall, sr augun tar hj Hagbars-hfinu? Korm. ch. 3: heads of idols carved
on chairs, Fbr. ch. 38: carved heads on high-seats, Eb. ch. 4: that these gures sometimes
represented fairies or goddesses is shewn by the word bra (q.v.) and stlbra; heads of bedsteads
seem to have been carved in a similar way; cp. also Korm. 86, see tjasna. 3. the head-piece of a
bridle; tndi mar hfi beisli v er grsema-vel var grt, Bs. i. 314, v.l.; the head of a rake,
hrfu-h., etc. COMPDS: hfa-bza, u, f. name of a ship, Fms. viii. hfa-fjl, f. the head-board of
a bedstead, Sturl. ii. 50, Fas. i. 489, Fb. ii. 297; opp. to ftafjl, q.v. hfa-lag, n. the head of a
bedstead, Fas. iii. 543; brast upp ilfjl at hfum orsteins, Fms. iii. 196. hfa-skip, n. a ship
with a beak, Fms. ii. 302, Fb. iii. 448. hfa-tal, n. a 'tale of heads' Gl. 396, Al. 75, Sks. 340.
hfa-tala, u, f. = hfatal. hfu-band, n. a head-band, snood, Edda 71. hfu-bani, a, m. (and
hfus-bani), 'head's-bane,' death, destruction; tunga er h., a saying, Hm. 72, Landn. 307, Edda 73,
Nj. 68, 71, Ld. 132, 246. hfu-bein, n. head-bones, Fms. vi. 30, Bs. i. 178, Grett. hfu-burr, m.
the bearing of the head: metaph. help, backing, support, lzt mr sem ltill h. muni mr at v, it will
be of little avail for me, sl. ii. 125, Bs. i. 464, ii. 156, Sturl. i. 209, Fms. x. 170, Fs. 123, Mar.
hfu-bnar, hfu-bningr, m. head-gear, Stj. 627, Sks. 225. Hfu-dagr, m. 'Head-day,' i.e.
Aug. 29, the Beheading of St. John Baptist. hfu-dkr, m. a head-kerchief, hood, Nj. 200, Stj.
208, Gsl. 21, ir. 226, D. N. iii. 106, iv. 217. hfu-faldr, m. = hfudkr, Str. 82. hfu-fatnar,
m. head-gear, D. N. v. 263. hfu-fetlar, m. pl. the head-piece of a bridle, t. 10. hfu-ger, f.
(Dan. hoved-gjerde), the head of a bedstead, Mar. hfu-gjarnt, n. adj. fatal, dangerous to one's
life; at honum mundi h. vera, Fb iii. 550; segir mr sv hugr um, at h. (hfugrant, Ed.) veri
nokkurum vina Pls, ef ..., Sturl. i. 104. hfu-gull, n. 'head-jewels,' Stj. 396, Bs. ii. 142, Art., Mar.
hfu-hlutr, m. the 'head-part,' upper part of the body, opp. to ftahlutr, Eg. 398, Fms. v. 352, xi.
277. hfu-hgg, n. a blow on the head, Grett. 119. hfu-lausn, f. head's lease, is the name of
three old poems, Ad. 8, where this is the true reading, see Eg. ch. 62, 63, Fb. iii. 241-243, Knytl. S.
ch. 19. hfu-lauss, adj. headless, without a head, Nj. 203, Fr. 185, Stj. 93, Rb. 344: without a
leader, Fr. 169, Fms. viii. 264; h. herr, ix. 253; daur er hfulaus herr, a saying. hfu-ler, n. the
head-piece of a bridle, Bs. i. 314. hfu-ln, n. a linen hood, belonging to a priest's dress, Vm. 26,
29, 70, 73, Dipl. v. 18. hfu-mein, n. a boil or sore on the head, Bs. i. 196. hfu-mikill, adj. big-
headed, Br. 165. hfu-mundr, m. head-money, blood-money, for the slaying of an outlaw, Sturl.
ii. 2. hfu-rar, f. pl., medic. delirium, Sks. 703, Post. 656 C. 11, Mirm. ch. 20. hfu-rt, f.,
botan. rose-root, a kind of sedum. hfu-sr, n. a head-sore, wound in the head, Gl. 180. sl. ii.
269, Fbr. 211. hfu-skl, f. the 'head-shell,' skull. hfu-skip, n. = hfaskip, Landn. 258. hfu-
skjlfti, a, m., medic. a trembling of the head, palsy, Stj. 43. hfu-smtt (smtt from smjga), f.
[hovud-smotta, Ivar Aasen], an opening for the head, in a coat, Ld. 134, 136, Fas. i. 165, Sm. 139.
hfu-snaur, adj. headless, Bjarn. hfu-stt, f. the turning disease, falling sickness, of sheep.
hfu-steypa, u, f., fara hfusteypu, to be overset, Fas. i. 272. hfu-sundl, n., hfu-svmi, a, m.
dizziness in the head. hfu-svrr, m. the head skin, scalp; in the phrase, standa yr e-s
hfusvrum, to have an enemy's head at one's feet, slay one, Fms. iii. 104, Ld. 132, 172, Al. 106,
116. hfu-tund, f. a tithe from stock or investment, opp. to vxtar-t., that on interest, K. . 58, N.
G. L. i. 346. hfu-verkr, m. head-ache, Bs. i. 179, 183, 253, Lkn. 471. hfu-vti, n. capital
punishment, Sturl. (in a verse). hfu-vrr, m. a body-guard, Stj. 488, Al. 103, Sks. 258, Fms. vii.
203, x. 150, Hkr. i. 244. hfu-vttr, m. head-washing, Lv. 84, Vgl. 30. hfu-yngsl, n. pl.
heaviness in the head. hfu-rr, adj. insane, Mar., Art. hfu-rsl, n. pl. = hfurar, Sks. 703.
B. Chief, capital, found like the Gr. GREEK in countless COMPDS: hfu-atrii, n. a chief point.
hfu-, f. a chief river, Stj. 68. hfu-rr, m. an archangel, Greg. 35, Hom. 145. hfu-tt, f. one
of the cardinal points, Rb. 440, Hkr. i. 49. hfu-barmr, older hfu-bamr (Ad. 19, Eg. 316 (in a
verse), Edda Ht.), m. the head stem, a Norse law term of an agnate lineage, opp. to kvennsift (q.v.),
N. G. L. i. 49, 52, Edda. hfubarms-mar, m. an agnate, N. G. L. i. 28, Js. 61. hfu-baugr, m.
the head-ring, in weregild. see baugr, a law term in Grg. ii. 171. hfu-benda, u, f. 'head-rope'
naut. the stays, Br. 5, Fr. 164, Fas. iii. 118, N. G. L. i. 199, ii. 283, Krk. 59: metaph. a stay,
help, Fms. vii. 362, Finnb. 298; f sr nokkura hfubendu, Fms. iv. 79. hfu-biti, a, m. the chief
cross-beam in a ship. hfubita-rm, n. the place of the h., N. G. L. i. 335. hfu-blt, n. the chief
sacrice, Hkr. ii. 97, Rb. 412. hfu-borg, f. a 'head-burgh,' metropolis, Fms. i. 101, Rb. 398.
hfu-bl, n. a manor, domain, Gl. 233, N. G. L. i. 43, Fms. x. 393. hfu-bli, n. = hfubl,
Gl. 387, Fagrsk. 57. hfu-br, m. = hfubl, Fms. x. 265, xi. 422. hfu-drottning, f. a
sovereign queen, Sks. 759. hfu-efni, n. = hfuskepna, Hb. hfu-engill, m. an archangel, Nj.
157, Hom. 133. hfu-fair, m. a patriarch: a father of the church, Stj. 87, 132, Al. 64, Nirst. 10,
Fb. i. 264. hfu-rn, f. a great scandal, Fb. iii. 327. hfu-fl, m. a great fool, 4. 20. hfu-
gersemi, f. a great jewel, Hkr. i. 264. hfu-gjf, f. a capital gift, Sks. 609, 738. hfu-glpr, m. a
capital sin, Sks. 332, Mar. hfu-go, n. a principal god, Fms. xi. 386. hfu-grein, f. a chief
article, Barl. 167 (of faith). hfu-gfa, u, f. capital luck, Fms. vii. 88, x. 185. hfu-ht, f. a
principal feast, Fms. ii. 38, Mar. hfu-hetja, u, f. a great champion, chief, Fas. ii. 242. hfu-hof,
n. a chief temple, Eg. 256. hfu-innihald, n. chief contents. hfu-sar, m. pl. great masses or
clumps of ice (on a river), when a channel is open in the middle, Fs. 52, Ld. 46, Nj. 142, 144, Sturl.
i. 14. hfu-rtt, f. a principal art, Mar. hfu-kempa, u, f. a great champion, Sturl. iii. 65.
hfu-kennimar, m. a great clerk or scholar, ecclesiastic, Bs. i. 153. hfu-kirkja, u, f. a high-
church, cathedral, 623. 15, Fms. viii. 126, ix. 369, Bs. i. 48, Karl. 545, N. G. L. i. 7, D. N. ii. 4, Al.
10. hfu-klerkr, m. a great clerk or scholar, Sturl. i. 95. hfu-konungr, m. a sovereign king, Fas.
ii. 11, Edda (pref.), Karl. 410. hfu-kostr, m. a cardinal virtue, Hom. 134. hfu-kvl, f. a great
torment, Mar. hfu-list, f. = hfuirtt, Sks. 633. hfu-lti, n. a capital fault, N. G. L. ii. 417.
hfu-lknir, m. a chief physician, Hkr. iii. 35. hfu-lrdmr, m. a chief doctrine. hfu-lstr,
m. a cardinal sin, deadly sin, Sks. 609. hfus-mar, m. a head-man, chief, leader, Fms. x. 40, xi.
243, Hkr. i. 139; in Icel. in the 16th and 17th centuries this was the title of the governor, see
hirstjri. hfu-meistari, a, m. a head-master, Sks. 634, Stj. 564, Bs. ii. 223. hfu-merki, n. the
chief mark, characteristic, Rb. 80: the chief standard, Karl. 158. hfu-musteri, n. = hfukirkja,
Lex. Pot. hfu-nafn, n. the principal name, Rb. 112. hfu-nausyn, f. high need, Ld. 296, Fms.
ix. 509, Karl. 140. hfu-nijar, m. pl. the head-kinsmen, agnates, = hofubarmsmenn, Bragi, Gkv.
3. 5. hfu-prestr, m. a 'chief priest,' the priest of a hfukirkja, H. E. i. 474, 655 ii. 1, D. N.
passim, N. G. L. i. 378, 390: a chief priest, high priest, N. T. hfu-r, n. a head-council, chief
council, Gl. 6l, Fms. viii. 438, ix. 240. hfu-rgja, a, m. a chief adviser, Barl. 109, Fms. ix.
293. hfu-skld, n. a 'head-scald,' great poet, Fms. vi. 386, Fbr. 116, Edda 49, 154, O. H. L. 57,
Geisli 12. hfu-skepna, u, f. a 'head-creation,' prime element, Bs. i. 145, Sklda 174, 175, Barl.
131, Eluc. 8; himnarnir munu forganga me strum brestum, en hfuskepnurnar brna, 2 Pet. iii.
10. hfu-skutilsvein, n. a head cup-bearer, Karl. 84. hfu-skmm, f. a chief shame, scandal,
Fms. vi. 262, Al. 147. hfu-skrungr, m. a great and noble person, of a woman, Sturl. iii. 6.
hfu-smir, m. a chief workman, architect, 656 B. 8, Stj. 23, Bs. i. 81, Fms. x. 320, Fbr. 12.
hfu-spekingr, m. a great, wise man, Sks. 14. hfu-star, m. a 'head-stead,' capital, chief place,
Fms. iv. 236, vii. 159, xi. 202, 299, Eg. 267, Sks. 647, Edda 10, Bs. i. 90. hfu-stafn, m. a 'head-
stem,' raven's beak, Hful. hfu-stafr, m., gramm. a 'head-stave,' head letter, capital, initial,
used freq. in this sense by Thorodd: but grammarians use it specially of the letters h, q, v, , which
can stand only at the beginnings of syllables, (see Gramm. p. xv, col. 1 at the bottom; Sklda
165-171) :-- in prosody, the third of the alliterative letters (ljstar) standing 'ahead' of the second
verse line, the preceding two being called stular; thus in ' var grund groin | grnum lauki,' the g
in 'grnum' is a hfustafr, but in 'grund' and 'grin' a stuill, Edda 120: in mod. usage hfustar
in pl. is used of all the alliterative letters, skldskapr inn er skothent klr | skakk-settum
hfustfum me, Jn orl. hfu-stjarna, u, f. a chief star, Rb. 440. hfu-stll, n. a chief seat: a
trade term, capital, opp. to interest. hfu-stlpi, a, m. a chief girder, Sks. 633. hfu-styrkr, m.
principal strength, N. G. L. ii. 416. hfu-synd, f. a deadly sin, Hom. 33, 74, 671. 17. hfu-sti,
n. a chief seat, Sks. 108, 460. hfu-tunga, u, f. a chief language, Edda (pref.) hfu-vpn, n. a
principal weapon, Sks. 430. hfu-veizla, u, f. a chief banquet, Fms. xi. 422. hfu-vl, f. a chief
device, Sks. 528, 633. hfu-vindr, m. a wind from one of the cardinal points, Rb. 438. hfu-vinr,
m. a bosom friend, Fms. ix. 308, 451. hfu-ing, n. a great jewel: a chief meeting. hfu-tt, f. a
chief family.
HFUNDR, m., gen. ar; the masc. inex. -undr reminds one of the Gothic (Gramm. p. xxxii. B.
V); in old writers the word is found only four times, always in the sense of a judge, and referring
chiey to Gothland in Sweden; Hfundr (a mythol. pr. name) var manna vitrastr, ok sv rttdmr, at
hann hallai aldri rttum dmi, ... ok af hans nafni skyldi s hfundr heita hverju rki er ml manna
dmdi, Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 523, cp. 513: as also in Hrlfs S. Kraka (referring to Gothland), hfundr
einn var ar til settr at skora etta ml me sannindum, settusk margir etta sti, ok kallai
hfundr ngum sma, rir gengr seinastr ok sezk hann egar stlinn; hfundr mlti, r er sti
hligast, ok muntu dmdr til essarar stjrnar, Fas. i. 58: sigr-hfundr, the judge of victory, the
Lord of battle, a name given to Odin by Egil, Stor. 21: lastly in Thorodd, skld eru hfundar allrar
rnni ea mls-greina, sem smiir mlmgripa (?), er lgmenn laga, the poets are judges in all
matters of grammar and syntax, as smiths in workmanship, and lawyers in law, Sklda (Thorodd)
164; this passage as well as the preceding is erroneously rendered in the earlier translations, as also
in Lex. Pot. II. an author, originator; the revival of this ancient word, in quite a different sense, is
curious; it does not occur in any of the earliest glossaries of the 17th century nor in the Bible nor in
Vdaln, but, as it seems for the rst time, in the Lexidion Islandico-Latinum, published at
Copenhagen A.D. 1734, as a rendering of the Latin auctor, and was probably inserted by some
learned philologer (Jon lafsson?) from the passage in Sklda, by a mistake. 2. by the end of the
century it came to be used = a writer, and is now freq. in that sense, either rit-hfundr or singly; but
still in 1781, in the preface to Fl. of that year, ritsmir (writ-smith) and hfundr are both used,
shewing that the latter was not yet settled, though at present the use of this word is quite xed.
HGG, n., old dat. hggvi, . H. 184, Fms. vii. 230, Nj. passim; gen. pl. hggva; [Shetl. huggie;
Scot. hag; Dan. hug; Swed. hugg; cp. the verb hggva] :-- a stroke, blow, esp. a stroke with an
edged weapon, but also with a blunt one, Fms. vii. 191, 230, 297; laust hann selinn svma et fyrsta
hgg, Bs. i. 342; ljsta hgg dyr, to knock, Fs. 131, Nj. 28; einu hggvi, of throwing a stone,
Edda 72; hgg loptsins, Sklda 174: sayings, skamma stund verr hnd hggvi fegin, Nj. 64, 155,
213; eigi fellr tr vi it fyrsta hgg, Nj. 163, 224; eiga hggvi vi e-n, to have a quarrel, come to
blows with a person; a sr ekki hgg vatni, a stroke in water is not seen, leaves no mark, of
efforts without effect. 2. slaughter, a beheading; leiddr til hggs, Grett. 85, Karl. 518, Clem. 58;
dma e-n til hggs, Blas. 49; slaughter of cattle, yxn er hann tlai til hggs, Eg. 181; strand-hgg,
q.v. 3. a hewing down of trees, Dan. hugst, Grg. ii. 297; skgar-hgg, 292; hgg ok hfn, D. N.: a
gap, kom skjtt hgg liit, Fms. ix. 305. 4. of an instrument; ela-hgg, q.v.; saum-hgg, q.v.;
fjal-hgg, a chopping-block. 5. a ravine or a cut-like gap in a mountain. hggva-skipti, -viskipti,
n. exchange of blows, Fms. i. 38, v. 165, Eg. 581, Korm. 212, Fs. 48.
hgg-eyx, f. a hewing axe, hatchet, Fbr.
hgg-fri, n. the being within sword's reach, so as to have a chance of striking, Nj. 97, Gull. 30,
Al. 33, passim.
hgg-jrn, n. a 'hewing iron,' chopper, Ld. 38, K. . K. 112: a chisel.
hgg-ormr, m. [North. E. hagworm; Swed. huggorm], a viper, 623. 26, Sklda 176, Edda 37, Stj.
28, passim. COMPDS: hggorma-bit, n. a viper's bite. hggorms-tnn, f. a viper's tooth.
hgg-orrosta, u, f. a close ght, Eg. 231, Fms. vi. 78, passim.
hgg-r, usually spelt hugr, f. a clinch on a sword's hilt, Edda (Gl.), Fms. i. 177, Hkr. i. 238, r.
75: name of a ship, Fms. viii: in Hkv. Hjrv. the true reading is prob., hugr hjalti, ... nn er oddi,
for the MS. reading 'hugr er hjalti' yields no meaning; hugr and nn (q.v.) were parts of the
sword.
hgg-rm, n. room to draw a sword, r. 47, Eg. 492.
hgg-sax, n. a kind of hatchet, Fbr. 58.
hgg-skgr, m. [Dan. skovhugst], felled trees; at er h. er menn hggva upp, Grg. ii. 264.
hgg-sledda, u, f. = hggsax, Safn i. 689.
hgg-spjt, n. a kind of halberd, Fms. iv. 338, vi. 113, vii. 143, Fr. 207, Eg. 374, 378, = kesja.
hgg-star, m. a place for a blow, Eg. 507, Fms. vi. 99, vii. 290, viii. 404, Hkr. iii. 165.
hgg-stokkr, m. a chopping-block, . H. 117: a block for execution.
HGGVA, also spelt heyggva, Sm. (Kb.); pres. hggr, mod. also heggr; pl. hggum, mod.
hggvum; pret. hj, hjtt, hj, mod. hj, hjst, hj; pl. hjoggum and hjuggum, mod. only the latter
form; a Norse pret. hjoggi = hj, D. N. ii. 331; pret. subj. hjggi and heyggi, mod. hjyggi; part.
hgginn, mod. but less correct, hggvinn, which also is freq. in the Editions; but in the MSS.
usually abbreviated, hg&g-long;, hggt UNCERTAIN, = hgginn, hggit: [not recorded in Ulf.; A.
S. heawan; Engl. hew, hack; Hel. hauwan; O. H. G. houwan; Germ. hauen; Dan. hugge; Swed.
hugga] :-- hggva denotes to strike with an edged tool, sl and drepa with a blunt one: 1. to strike,
smite with a sharp weapon; hggr s er hlfa skyldi, he strikes who ought to shield, a saying: to deal
blows with a weapon, hann gri ymist hj ea lagi, Nj. 8; hann hj ttt ok hart, passim; hggva
bum hndum, 29; h. sveri, xi, strike with, i.e. to brandish, a sword, axe, Fms. v. 168, Gs. 6; h.
til e-s, to deal a blow to one, smite, Grg. ii. 7, Al. 78; h. e-n bana-hgg, to smite with a deathblow,
Eg. 220: to cut down, destroy, eir hjuggu drekann mjk, Fms. vii. 249: to maim, ef mar hggr
hund ea bjrn til hungar manni, Grg. ii. 121; h. rauf hjlmi, Al. 78: the phrases, h. sik lends
manns rtt, Fms. ix. 399: spec. phrases, hgg allra manna armastr, n hjttu Noreg r hendi mr!
Ek ttumk n Noreg hnd r hggva, . H. 184. 2. to put to death, behead, Fms. vii. 250, 251,
xi. 148-152: to kill, hgg hestinn, Nj. 92: to kill cattle, slaughter, h. b, bf, kr, geitr, naut,
Landn. 293, Eg. 532, Fms. vi. 95, xi. 123, Fb. i. 186: hggva strandhgg, Eg. 81. 3. to fell trees;
hggva skg, Grg. ii. 294; h. keyrivnd, id.: absol., hann her hggit skgi mnum, Nj. 98,
passim: to cut grass (rarely), ef mar hggr hey hlut annars manns, N. G. L. ii. 112; upp hggvit
gras, cut grass, Dipl. iv. 9, Jm. 7, (else always sl of mowing.) 4. to bite, of snakes (hgg-ormr);
Migarsormr hj hann til bana, Edda 155; naran hj fyrir agbrjskat, 76: of a wound from a
boar's tusk, ef svn hggr mann, Gl. 190: the phrase, h. hest sporum, to prick a horse with the spur,
Mag. 9. II. with prepp.; hggva af, to hew or cut off; h. af kampa ok skegg, to cut off the beard, K.
. K.; h. af lim, Sks. 555; to kill, slaughter, h. af f, Ld. 64; hggva af sr, to parry off, Fms. v. 13 :--
h. nir, to cut down, i. 38; to kill, butcher, vii. 261, Orkn. 120; hjuggu eir nir mungt sitt (by
cutting casks to pieces), Fms. vii. 249 :-- h. upp, to cut down a tree, Greg. 48, Matth. iii. 10; h. upp
skip, to break a ship up, Fms. iii. 228, ix. 381; h. upp hs, to break a house up, viii. 166 :-- h. r, to
cut out, metaph. to make even; vru margar greinir r er r urfti at h. milli biskups ok leikmanna,
Bs. i. 751; lta konung ok erkibiskup r h. (smooth) sagar greinir, 773. III. reex. to be cut,
hacked; hjsk skjldr Helga, Dropl. 24. 2. recipr. to exchange blows, ght; eir hjuggusk nokkura
stund, Hv. 56; eir h. til kafa, Bret. 74. 3. metaph., hggvask mitt ml, to begin abruptly, in the
middle of a sentence; taka heldr at uppha til, en hggvask mitt ml, Landn. 275, v.l.; ef enn
hggsk nokkurr ok mlir sv, cuts in, objects, Sklda 168: tti honum n taka mjk um at
hggvask, things looked hard, Grett. 142; tti honum hart um hggvask, Bs. i. 423.
hggvandi, a, m., part. a hewer, as a nickname, Fms. xi. 115: a headsman, Post. 645. 65.
hgg-vpn, n. a cutlass, Eg. 580, Fms. vi. 158.
hggvin-kinni, a, m. cut cheek, a nickname, Landn.
HGLD, f., pl. hagldir, a kind of buckle (shaped like ), commonly made of horn, used to run the
rope through with which hay is trussed: hann tekr reip tu hesta ok leysir af hagldir, Fb. i. 523: in
metaph. phrases, hann ttisk n hafa hagldir fengit snum mlum, Bs. i. 730; and the mod.
phrase, hafa bi tglin ok hagldirnar, to have it all one's own way. haglda-brau, n. buckle-
gingerbread.
hgldungr, m. = hgld. hgldungs-reip, n. a rope with buckles; kirkja tu hgldungsreip, Vm.
177.
hgni, a, m. a tom cat, freq. in mod. usage. II. a pr. name, mid. H. G. Hagene, Landn.
hkta, t, to limp, Br. 167; h. kyrr, Fas. ii. 369.
hku-, see haka.
hkul-brkr, f. pl., also by dropping the aspirate, kul-brkr, Fas. iii. 41 :-- 'cloak-breeks,' a kind
of dress, perhaps like a Highlander's kilt, prob. derived from hkull, hekla, and not from kla, an
ankle; it is used of beggarly attire, sl. (Kjaln. S.) ii. 417, Fas. iii. 41.
HKULL, m., dat. hkli, [Ulf. renders by hakul the Gr. GREEK, i.e. GREEK, Lat. paenula, a
mantle, 2 Tim. iv. 13; A. S. hacela; O. H. G. hachul; old Fr. hekil; Dan. messe-hagel; akin to hekla,
q.v.] :-- a priest's cope; purpura-h., Bs. i. 67; hann haf ok t pell at er h. s er r grr er
Skarbendingr heitir, 77, Vm. 13, 92, Fms. iii. 168, viii. 197, D. I. passim.
hkul-lauss, adj. 'cope-less,' without a cope, Vm. 22.
hkul-skar, part., prob. wearing a kilt and brogues like a Highlander, Fms. ix. 512; this word is
also, in the various MSS. to l.c., spelt with or without the h, see Fb. iii. 151 (kulskor).
hku-ntt, f. mid-winter night, about the time of Epiphany, when the heathen Yule began; a
GREEK: hann setti at lgum at hefja Jlahald sem Kristnir menn ..., en r var Jla-hald hat
Hkuntt, at var misvetrar-ntt (thus in Fms. i. 32, l.c.), ok haldin riggja (rettn?) ntta Jl,
Hkr. i. 138 (Hk. S. Aalst. ch. 15). The Scot. hogmaney, = the last day of the year or a feast given
on that day, is a remnant of this ancient word. The heathen Yule seems among the Scandinavians to
have been celebrated about three weeks later than Christmas; but the Norse king Hakon, who had
been brought up in Christian England, altered the time of the festival, so as to make it correspond
with the English Yule or Christmas; and so the heathen hkuntt came to represent our Christmas
Eve. The etymology is not known.
hld-borinn, part. born of a hld (see hldr), enjoying a hld's right, Hdl. 11, 16, N. G. L. i. 346.
hld-mar, m. = hldr, N. G. L. i. 44, 55, 71, 175.
HLDR, m., in old MSS. spelt h&avlig;lr or h&avlig;lr, denoting that the d is inexive, not
radical; [the word therefore is not to be derived from halda, but is identical with A. S. hle, Germ.
held, whence mod. Swed. and Dan. hjlta and helt, see halr] :-- a Norse law term, a kind of higher
yeoman, like the statesman of Westmorland, i.e. the owner of allodial land, mod. Norse odelsbonde;
the hld is to be distinguished from a hersir (q.v.) or a lendr mar, who held land in fee from the
king, see the interesting story in Har. S. Harr. ch. 62 (Fms. vi. 278); the hld is thus dened, s er
h&avlig;ldr er hann her l at erfum tekit bi eptir fur ok mur, au er hans forellrar
(forefathers) hafa tt r fyrir eim, N. G. L. ii. 146; hlda tv ea bndr ina beztu, i. 251. In old
Norway the churchyards were divided into four parts; in the rst were buried the lendir menn, next
them the hlds and their children (hlds-lega), then the freed men (leysingjar), and lastly the thralls
(man, q.v.) nearest to the wall; the hld had right to twice as much as the simple franklin, and half
as much as the lendr mar, e.g. bandi hlvan annan eyri, hldr rj aura, lendr mar sex aura, jarl
tlf aura, konungr rjr merkr, N. G. L. i. 45, cp. 55, 71, 81; egnar ok h&avlig;lar, sv eru bendr
kallair, Edda 107; haular, at er bendr eir, er gildir eru af ttum ea rttum fullum, 94; Bjrn
hlaut annan bsta gan ok virilegan, grisk hann ekki handgenginn konungi, v var hann
kallar Bjrn hlr, Eg. 198; lends manns son skal taka hlds rtt ef hann fr eigi lnd, N. G. L. i.
71; hann veltisk r jarldminum ok tk hlds rtt, Orkn. 12: for the weregild to be paid for a hld
(hlds-gjld) see N. G. L. i. 81: a law of king St. Olave ordered that Icelanders whilst in Norway
should enjoy the right of a hld; slendingar eigu at hafa hlds-rtt Noregi, D. I. i. 65. 2. in poetry,
a man, Hm. 41; hlda synir, the sons of men, 93, Fm. 19, Hkr. i. 101, where the mother of Ganger-
Rolf calls him 'the kinsman of the hlds,' cp. also Rm. 21, Gs. 17; h. inn hvti, sl. ii. 251 (in a
verse): in mod. Icel. usage it remains in b-hldr, q.v.
hlfa, a, see hvlfa.
Hlgi, a, m. a pr. name, in the Hb. spelt Hlgi; this is the old Norse form, whereas the old and mod.
Icel. form is Helgi, and of a woman, Helga, u, f., Landn.; prob. contracted from Hlogi, cp. the
Dan. Holger and Russian Olga: Hlgi was the name of a mythol. king, Edda 83, whence Hlga-
brr, f. the bride of Hlgi, or Hlga-trll, n. (Sklda 168, Fms. xi. 134), the giantess of H.: hlda-
brr and hrga-brr are less correct forms, Nj. 131 (v.l.), Fb. i. 213; for the various readings in
different MSS. see Jms S. ch. 44, Nj. ch. 89: this is the name of two weird sisters worshipped by
the earls of Hlair; the passage in Sklda l.c. refers to some lost myth concerning these sisters.
HLKN, n. a rough stony eld, almost = hraun, q.v.; hlkni einu, Fas. iii. 625; hann setsk nir
hlknit fyrir ofan birnar, Ld. 290 (v.l. hraunit); er undir sv hart sem hlkn, Hrafn. 26; hlkn
ea hreysar, N. G. L. i. 38; fjru ea hlkn, ii. 111, 146, Hm. 24; um hlkn ok skga, Karl.
243: in local names, Hlkna-heir, see the map of Icel.
hlkvir, m., pot. a horse, Edda (Gl.); h. hvlbejar, pot. a clothes' horse, cp. Dan. snge-hest (?),
Akv. 31; glf-h., a 'closet-horse,' pot. a house, Bragi; bor-h., a 'board-hobby,' a ship, Lex. Pot.
II. the name of a mythol. steed, Edda.
HLL, f., gen. hallar, often spelt hall without umlaut, Fb. i. 212, l. 26, Fas. iii. 42, 87, Fms. viii.
191, v.l.; as also rhymed so in poets, e.g. Geisli 11; [A. S. heal, gen. healle; Engl. hall; Hel. halla;
but not found in old and mid. H. G., the mod. Germ. halle being a borrowed word, Grimm's Gr. iii.
427] :-- a hall, but in the Norse only of a king's or earl's hall, whereas a private dwelling is called
skli, eldhs, q.v.; and thus 'hall' never could be used of an Icel. dwelling. In earlier times it seems
to have had a more general sense, which remains in a verse of Kormak, Korm. 42 :-- in the
mythology and old poems 'hall' is also used of the hall of gods, giants, Vm., Hm., Lv.; Val-hll,
Valhalla, the hall of the slain, of Odin, Gm., Edda: as also Gus hll, God's hall = the heaven,
Geisli; dags hll, days' hall, the sky; hll fjalla, mountain hall, the sky; lfs hll, life's hall, the
breast, Lex. Pot. :-- in prose constantly, konungs-hll, a king's hall, or hall simply, passim. For the
building, structure, seats of a hall, see the Sagas passim, Fagrsk. ch. 219, 220, Hrlfs S. Kr. ch. 34,
40, Jmsv. S. ch. 5, 22, Vls. S. ch. 3, Hlfs S. ch. 12, Eg. S. ch. 8, Edda 2, 30-33, 82. As all
heathen Scandinavian buildings were of timber, the hall of stone of Nj. ch. 6 is no doubt an
anachronism. COMPDS: hallar-bnar, -bningr, m. the hangings of a hall, Fms. x. 235, xi. 16.
hallar-dyrr, n. pl. hall-doors, Edda 2, Fas. i. 15, Al. 70. hallar-glf, n. a hall-oor, Edda 31, Fms.
iii. 188, vii. 157, Fas. i. 284. hallar-veggr, m. the wall of a hall, Fms. iv. 189, Sks. 709: Hll, name
of an Icel. farm, Skld H., whence Hallar-Steinn, a pr. name.
hlzti, see heldr B. III.
HM, f., gen. hamar, [A. S. and Engl. ham], the ham or haunch of a horse; Grettir hljp undir
hmina hesti snum, Grett. 108; kom hmina hestinum, Karl. 124; skjta eir upp hminni allir
senn, Od. xiii. 83; standa hm = hama, q.v., of horses in a tempest.
hmul-grti, n. [provinc. Norse humul, Shetl. hammers], heaps of earth-fast stones; klungri ea
humulgrti, Barl. 19.
hmungr, m. = hemingr (q.v.), N. G. L. ii. 511.
HND, f., gen. handar, dat. hendi, acc. hnd, pl. hendr, mod. proncd. hndur, gen. handa; [Goth.
handus; A. S. and Engl. hand; O. H. G. hant; Germ. hand; Dan. haand; Swed. hand] :-- a hand;
beit hndina ar er n heitir lir, Edda 17; armleggir, handleggir ok hendr, Anecd. 6; kn er
hendi, Grg. ii. 8; ganga hndum, Fms. vi. 5; me hendi sinni, K. . K. 5 new Ed.; taka hendi e-
u, to touch with the hand, Fms. x. 110; taka hndum um hls e-m, Nj. 10; hvtri hendi, Hallfred;
hafa e-t hendi, to hold in hand, wield, Eg. 297, Nj. 84, 97, 255; hrjta r hendi e-m, Fms. xi. 141;
hafa ngrgull hendi, Nj. 146; handar-hgg, Fms. xi. 126, Fas. ii. 459; sj ekki handa sinna skil
(deili), not to be able to see one's hands, of a dense fog. 2. the arm and hand, the arm, like Gr.
GREEK, Nj. 160, 253; hendi heitir alnbogi, Edda 110; hendr til axla, Fas. i. 160; leggir handa ok
fta, Magn. 532; hnd fyrir ofan lnli, Nj. 84; hafa hring hendi, of an arm-ring, Nj. 131; hring
hgri hendi fyrir ofan lnboga, Fms. iv. 383 :-- the arm and arm-pit, n, taka undir hnd (arm-pit)
e-m, Gl. 380; var eigi djpara en eim tk undir hendr, the water reached to their arm-pits, Ld. 78;
taka undir hnd sr, to take hold under one's arms, Eg. 237, Nj. 200; sj undir hnd e-m, Fas. ii.
558; renna undir hendr e-m, to backspan one, Hv. 40, 41; ykkr undir hnd, stout, Ld. 272. 3.
metaph. handwriting, hand; rita ga hnd, to write a good hand; snar-hnd, running hand, italics.
II. the hand, side; hgri hnd, the right hand; vinstri hnd, the left hand; hvra hnd, on either
hand, each side, Landn. 215; vinstri hnd, Nj. 196; hgri hnd; tvr hendr, on both hands or
sides, sl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384; bar hendr, Grg.; hvat sem ara hnd ber, whatsoever may
happen; ara hnd ... en ara, Ld. 46; til hvrigrar handara, Fms. x. 313; til annarrar handar, Nj.
50, 97; til sinnar handar hvrr, 140; til beggja handa, Eg. 65; til msa handa, Bs. i. 750; ver-hnd,
a hand's breadth; rv-hnd. III. sayings and phrases referring to the hand: 1. sayings; sjlfs hnd er
hollust, one's own hand is best, i.e. if you want to have a thing well done, do it yourself, Glm. 332,
. H. 157; bl er btandi hnd, blessed is the mending hand; gjrn er hnd venju, Grett. 150, Nj.
(in a verse), and Edda (Ht. 26); margar hendr vinna ltt verk; plar hnd feigu tai; betri ein krka
hendi en tvr skgi, Ld. 96; skamma stund verr hnd hggvi fegin, see hgg. 2. phrases; drepa
hendi vi, to refuse, Nj. 71; halda hendi yr e-m, to hold one's hand over, protect, 266, Fbr. 22,
Anecd. 14; taka e-n hndum, to take hold with the hands, seize, capture, Fms. x. 314, Nj. 265,
passim; eiga hendr snar at verja, to act in self-defence, 84, 223; hefja handa, to lift the hands, stir
for action, 65, Ld. 262; bera hnd fyrir hfu sr, to put one's hand before one's head, stand on
one's guard, defend oneself; vera hers hndum, vina hndum, to be in a state of war, exposed to
rapine; vera gum hndum, vina-hndum, gra manna hndum, to be in good hands, among
friends. . lknis-hendr, 'leech hands,' healing hands; pains and sickness were believed to give way
to the magical touch of a person gifted with such hands, Sdm. 4, Magn. S. Ga ch. 36 (Fms. vi.
73), cp. Rafns S. ch. 2; hnd full, a handful, Fms. ii. 302, vi. 38, viii. 306; fullar hendr fjr, hands
full of gold :-- kasta hendinni til e-s, to huddle a thing up; me harri hendi, with hard hand,
harshly, rudely; me hangandi hendi, with drooping hand, slothfully; fegins hendi, with glad hand,
joyfully; sitja auum hndum, to sit with empty hands, sit idle; but me tmar hendr, empty-handed,
portionless, Thom. :-- lta hendr standa fram r ermum, to work briskly; vkja hendi til e-s (handar-
vik), to move the hand to do a thing; a er ekki tveim hndum a hafa vi e-n, of double handed
(i.e. faltering) half measures, when the one hand undoes what the other has done; kann ek at sj at
ekki m tveim hndum hafa vi slka menn, Band. 3; lta hnd selja hendi, of a ready bargain; lta
e-t ganga hendi rr, to let go out of one's hands, lose, Ld. 202; ok lt sr eigi hendi rr ganga, and
never lost sight of him, 656 ii. 4; e-m fallask hendr, to be discomted, lose one's head (see falla);
leggja grva hnd allt, to be a ready hand, adept in everything, Thom. 300 (see gra F. 2); taka
hnd e-m, to join hands, Nj. 3; takask hendr, to join, shake hands, Grg. ii. 80; leggja hendr
saman, id., Gl. 18, -- of shaking hands as symbolical of a bargain, see the compds hand-lag, hand-
festi, handa-band; eiga, taka, jfnum hndum, to own, take with even hands, i.e. in equal shares,
Grg. i. 171, ii. 66, Hkr. i. 318; vinna jfnum hndum, to work even-handed, to help one another; e-
m eru mislagar hendr, one's hands are amiss, when bad work is done by one from whom better
was expected; honum hafa veri mislagar hendr, etc.
B. Metaph. usages: I. dat., sverja sr af hendi, to forswear, Fms. vii. 176; fra af hndum sr, to
dismiss, Grg. i. 248; hefjask af hndum e-m, Fms. xi. 59 :-- af hendi e-s, on one's behalf, part,
Landn. 154; af hendi Hkonar, Fms. i. 20, iv. 118; af hendi landsmanna, ix. 359; af sinni hendi, of
one's own hand, for one's own part, Grg. i. 392; reia, greia, gjalda, inna af hendi or hndum, to
discharge, pay off, Fms. vii. 230, Nj. 146, 190, 232, 239, 257, 281, Grg. i. 82, ii. 374; selja, lta af
hendi (hndum), to part with, dismiss, Nj. 186, 231, Fms. vii. 173, Rb. 12; la af hendi, to pass, of
time, sl. ii. 144, Fms. iv. 83: koma, bera at hendi, to happen, Nj. 71, 177: at hendi, as adv. in turn;
hvern at hendi, each in turn, Fms. i. 150: ar nst Gunnarr, Loinn, hverr at hendi, Nj. 140;
hverr segir at hendi at er fr honum her stolit verit, Mar.: felask hendi e-m, to be under one's
charge, protection, Nj. 201, Bs. i. 167, 173. vera e-m hendi, id., Fms. vii. 243; vera bundinn
hendi e-m, Sturl. i. 57: hafa e-t hndum (hendi), to have a thing in hand, of duty, business to be
done, Grg. i. 38; eiga fer hndum, Ld. 72; hvat er r hndum, what hast thou in hand? for
what art thou concerned, distressed? Nj. 133, Ld. 270; ella eru r strir hlutir hndum, Fms. vii.
30; ef honum vri ekki hndum, if he had nothing in hand, if his hands were free, Ld. 42: eiga e-t
fyrir hendi (hndum), to have in hand (duty, business, engagement), Fas. ii. 557; farvegr langr fyrir
hendi, Fms. xi. 316; tveir kostir fyrir hndum, Nj. 264, Grg. i. 279; hafa sslu fyrir hndum, sl. ii.
344; eiga vandri fyrir hndum, Ld. 4; eiga gott fyrir hndum, Hkr. iii. 254: vera hendi, to be at
hand, within reach, at one's disposal, in one's power; hann er eigi hendi, Fms. vi. 213; at er eigi
hendi, 'tis no easy matter, v.l.; hafa raun (evidence) hendi, Bs. i. 708; hafa r e-s hendi sr, Ld.
174, Fas. i. 260; hafa vel, lla hndum, to behave well, badly, sl. ii. 387, Eg. 158; var honum at
vel hndum, 50: hafa e-t me hndum (f, au, embtti, etc.), to have in hand, manage,
discharge, Grg. ii. 389, Greg. 25, Stj. 248, Hkr. iii. 131; to design, hafa r, strri me hndum,
623. 51: hljta undan hendi e-s, from one, at one's hands, Fas. i. 365: undir hndum, eigi ltill undir
hndum, not a small man to handle, Fms. vii. 17; vera undir hndum e-m, to be under or in one's
hands, under one's protection, in one's power, Sks. 337, Fms. i. 7, 13; sitja undir hendi e-m, Hkr. i.
166, -- um hendr, Fms. iv. 71, is prob. an error = undir hendi. 2. absol., annarri hendi, on the other
hand, Fms. vii. 158; en annarri hendi vildu eir gjarna veita konungi hlni, ix. 258. II. acc., with
prepp.; hnd, hendr, against; hfa sk, lsa vgi (etc.) hnd e-m, to make a suit ... against,
Grg. i. 19, Nj. 86, 87, 98, 99, 101, 110, 120, 230; hyggja e-t hendr e-m, to lay a thing to a
person's charge, Hom. 115; reynask hendr e-m, to have a charge brought home to one, Fms. xi.
76; sna vanda hendr e-m, to throw the responsibility upon ..., Nj. 215; fra, segja str hendr e-
m, to wage, declare war against one; fara geystr hendr e-m, to rage against, Fms. vii. 230; frask
e-t hendr, to undertake, Nj. 126; ganga hnd e-m, to vex one, 625. 33; stt elnar hendr e-m, Eg.
126; leggja e-t hendr e-m, to lay (a burden) on one's hands, Fms. xi. 98; in a good sense, ganga
hnd, to pay homage to, submit, . H. 184; dreif allt flk hnd honum, submitted to him, lled his
ranks, Fms. i. 21; bjargask snar hendr, by one's own handwork, Vpn. 28; (for at hnd, Grg. i.
135, read hnd): selja, f, gefa e-t hnd, hendr e-m, to give into one's hands, hand over; selja sk
hnd e-m (handsl), Grg. ii. 80, Nj. 4, 98, 112, 186; so, halda e-u hnd e-m, sl. ii. 232, Fms.
vii. 274; ba hendr e-m, to make it ready for one, Ld. 130; veii berr hendr e-m, Nj. 252; kalla til
e-s hendr e-m, to lay claim to a thing at the hands of another, Ld. 300, Eg. 350, Fms. iv. 222, ix.
424; egar hnd, offhand, immediately, Bs. i; smu ntt er fr hnd, the following night, Fms.
viii. 397, Glm. 341; gjalda hnd, to pay in cash, Vm. 16; ver x hnd, the wind rose higher
and higher, Fb. i. 432: undir jafna hnd, equally, Sturl. iii. 243; standa brigiliga undir jafna hnd,
Dipl. v. 26: vra hgt um hnd, to be easy in hand, Nj. 25; egar eg vil er hgt um hnd, heima
Frni a vera, Nm. 1. 10; but mr er e-t um hnd, it is awkward, costs trouble: hafa vi hnd sr,
to keep at hand, Fms. x. 264; tku konur manna ok dtr ok hfu vi hnd sr viku, Grett. 97; hafa
e-t vi hndina, to have it at hand. III. gen., with prepp.; til handa e-m, into one's hands; fara Gui
til handa, to go into God's hands, Blas. 51; ganga til handa e-m, to put oneself in another's hands,
submit to him, Rb. 404, Eg. 12, Fms. vii. 234, Fas. ii. 522; ef at berr r til handa, if it befalls thee,
i. 135; skmm ks ek mr eigi til handa, I will not have that shame at my door, Nj. 191: for one,
on one's behalf, bija konu til handa e-m, 120, 180, Grg. i. 353; eirri bn er hann orti oss til
handa, for its, for our use, our sake, 655 i. 2; hann hlt fnu til handa rndi, Landn. 214, Nj. 151;
safnar konungr lii (til) handa Oddi, Fas. ii. 553; til handa orkatli, Fs. . dropping the prep. til;
mikit f handa honum, Rd. 195 (late MSS.): whence, handa has become an adverb with dat., handa
e-m, for one, Lat. alicui, which is freq. in mod. usage. 2. adverbial; allra handa, Dan. allehaande, of
every kind; allra handa rgzka, Edda (pref.); allra handa ganganda f, r. 51 new Ed.; fjgurra
handa, of a fourfold kind, H. E. i. 525. 3. absol., minnar handar, for my part, sl. ii. 356; yvarrar
handar, for your part, Fms. ix. 498; hvrrar-tveggju handar, on either hand, Sklda 164; innan
handar, within one's hands, easy, Ld. 112; tti eim innan handar falla at taka land etta hj sr
sjlfum, 210.
C. COMPDS: I. plur., handa-a, n., Edda, = handa, p. 237. handa-band, n. a joining or shaking
of hands, as a law term = handlag, Dipl. i. 11, iv. 2, Vgl. 23; in plur., Bs. (Laur. S.); heilsa, kveja
me handabandi. handa-festi, f. a hold for the hands, Fms. ii. 276. handa-gangr, m. grasping after
a thing with all hands, Fas. iii. 345. handa-grvi, f. 'hand-gear,' gloves, Sd. 143, Fbr. 139. handa-
hf, n., in the phrase, af handah, at random. handa-kenning, f. hand touching, Eluc. 20. handa-
klapp, n. a clapping of hands, Sklda 174. handa-lti, n. pl. gestures with the arms, Sks. 116.
handar-ml, n., in the phrase, at handarmli, in heaps; var drepit li hans at handarmli, Fas. i.
41. handa-saumr, m. tight gloves, Bs. ii. 10. handa-sr, adj. = handsr. handa-skil, n. pl., in the
phrase, sj ekki h., not to see one's own hands, as in the dark, in a dense fog. handa-skol, n. pl.
maladroitness; a er allt handaskolum. handa-skmm, f. shameful work, a scandal; a er mesta
h.! handa-star, m. the print of the hands. Fas. i. 285. handa-tak, n., -tekt, f., -tekja, u, f. a taking
of hands, as a bargain, Hv. 42, H. E. ii. 194, D. N. i. 398. handa-tki, n. pl. a laying hold, a ght,
Bs. i. (Laur. S.): a pledging of hands, Dipl. ii. 6, D. N. passim. handa-upphald, n. a lifting the
arms, Stj. 296. handa-verk, n. pl. one's handiwork, doings, N. G. L. i. 76, Fms. vii. 295, Stj. 198;
handaverkum ea bkfri, 46; handaverk manna, men's handiwork, Blas. 47; Gus h.; ek em n
h., Sks. 610; hans h., Fms. viii. 406. II. sing., handar-bak, n. the back of the hand, Sdm. 7.
handar-gagn, n. a being ready to the hand; leggja e-t til handargagns, to lay it so as to be ready at
hand, Hkr. ii, 158, 249. handar-grip, n. a measure, = spnn, Karl. 481. handar-hald, proncd.
handarald, n. a handle, Fas. ii. 355. handar-jaarr, m. the hand's edge; in the phrase, vera undir
handar-jari e-s, to be in one's hands, in one's power, Fr. 201. handar-kriki, a, m. 'hand's-creek,'
the arm-pit, Eg. 396, Fms. vi. 348, Sturl. ii. 37. handar-mein, n. a sore in the hand, Bs. i. 115, 187,
Sturl. ii. 177. handar-stfr, m. a 'hand-stump,' stump of the arm, the hand being hacked off, Fms.
x. 258, xi. 119. handar-vani, a, m. maimed in hand, Hm. 70, Matth. xviii. 8. handar-veif, n.,
handarvei, in a 'wave of the hand,' in a moment. handar-vik, n. the hands' reach, movement,
work; lti handarvik, a small work. handar-vni, a, m. want of hands (?), Hm. 72.
UNCERTAIN For the compds in hand- see pp. 237, 238.
HNDLA, a, (handla, Stj. 22, 47), to handle; h. heiarliga, Karl. 51; h. varliga, Stj. 22: to
manage, Gkv. 1. 8; h. e-n lla, to treat one ill, Stj. 47; h. um e-t, Mar.; h. kaup, to strike a bargain, to
handsel (North. E.), Gl. 493. II. as a law term, to seize, catch, Hrafn. 7, Ld. 148: to arrest, 623. 62,
Nj. 267, Symb. 59, Pass. 8. 1; h. glpamann, Fms. ii. 85.
hndulega, adv. adroitly; honum frst a hnduliga.
HNK, f., gen. hankar, pl. henkr, hankar, Fs. 132, l. 12, mod. hankir; [Engl. hank, cp. Germ.
henker] :-- a hank, coil, skein; toga hnk, Fms. vi. 312, Fs. 146; ar var hnk mealkaanum, ok
dr hann hana hnd sr, Eg. 378, Grett. 101; henkr tvr af vijum, Gl. 413; festa me hnkum,
381; sterkar henkr (clasps), Fs. 132.
Hrar, m. pl. the Hords, a people of Norway; whence Hra-land, n. the land of the Hords:
Hra-konungr, -kappi, m. the king, champion of the Hords, Fms. passim: Hru-bl, n., Hru-
dalr, m. a local name in Icel.: Hr-dlir, m. pl. the men from H., Sturl.
Hrr, m., Heri, Hr, a pr. name, Landn. Harar-saga, u, f. the story of Hr.
HRFA, a, [akin to hvarfa, q.v.], to retire, Fas. iii. 34; h. fr brott, Nj. 216; hvrt sem eir h. me
nni norr ea sur, 228; h. fyrir, to give way, Grett. 114; h. undan, Sd. 175, Fbr. 41 new Ed., Fs. 45;
n h. eir innar eptir hllinni, Fas. ii. 261; hann hrfai at borinu t, Fms. vii. 264; skal ganga
feld r ha af hrfat, Korm. 86: to pass round, her at (viz. the moon) hrfat hring sinn, Rb.
116: reex., lta hrfask undan, sl. ii. 447.
hrfan, f. retrogression; h. heimsins, Mag. 69.
hrg-brjtr, m. a breaker of horgs, of a missionary king, Hallfred.
HRGR, m., never f., for the form hrg (Landn. 111) is merely an error; [A. S. hearg; O. H. G.
haruc] :-- a heathen place of worship. Distinction is to be made between hof (temple) and horg; the
hof was a house of timber, whereas the horg was an altar of stone (the htimbrar in Vm. is not
literal) erected on high places, or a sacricial cairn (like haugr), built in open air, and without
images, for the horg itself was to be stained with the blood of the sacrice; hence such phrases as, to
'break' the horgs, but 'burn' the temples. The horg worship reminds one of the worship in high places
of the Bible. The notion of a 'high place' still remains in the popular Icel. phrase, a eru ekki uppi
nema hstu hrgar, only the highest horgs jut out, when all lies under a deep snow. In provincial
Norse a dome-shaped mountain is called horg (Ivar Aasen). The worship on horgs seems to be older
than that in temples, but was in after times retained along with temple worship, and then, it seems,
specially reserved for the worship of the goddesses or female guardians (dsir), Hervar. S. ch. 1,
Hdl. l.c., Edda l.c., cp. also Hrga-brr, f. the bride of the horgs, see Hlgi. Many of the old
cairns and hows are no doubt horgs or high places of worship of the heathen age. A third way of
worshipping is recorded, viz. a portable booth or tabernacle in which the god was carried through
the land, mentioned in Tacit. Germ. ch. 40; traces of this ancient worship were still found in Sweden
at the close of heathendom, see the interesting tale of Gunnar Helming in Fms. ii. 73-78. II.
references; hrg hann mr gri hlainn steinum, n er grjt at at gleri orit, etc., Hdl. 10; hofum
ok hrgum, Vm. 38; eir er hrg ok hof htimbruu, Vsp. 7; hof mun ek kjsa, hrga marga, Hkv.
Hjrv. 4; htimbrar h., Gm. 16; hamra ok hrga, skga, vtn ok tr, Fms. v. 239; brjta ok brenna
hof ok hrga, Fms. i. 283, ii. 41; Oddr brenndi hof ok hrga braut, Fas. ii. 288 (in a verse); hauga n
hrga, en ef mar verr at v kunnr ea sannr, at hann hler hauga, er gerir hs, ok kallar hrg,
ea reisir stng, N. G. L. i. 430, cp. ii. 496; hfu frndr hennar san mikinn trna hlana, var
ar grr UNCERTAIN hrg(r) er blt tku til, tru eir at eir di hlana, Landn. 111; ar vru
r blt ok hrgar, Kristni S. ch. 11; eitt haust var grt dsablt mikit hj l konungi, gkk
lfhildr at bltinu, en um nttina er hn rau hrginn ..., Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 413; at var hrgr er
gyjurnar ttu, Edda 9, a paraphrase of the passage in the Vsp. l.c.; blths ok hrga, Rekst. 2.
pot., brna-hrgr, the 'forehead-horg' or peak = the horns of a steer, t.; gunn-hrgr, a 'war-horg'
= a helmet (not a shield), Hkr. i. 135 (in a verse); hrga herr, the host of the horgs = the heathen
host, Knytl. S. (in a verse). III. in Icel. local names, but not so freq. as Hof; Hrg- and Hrgr-
dalr, in the north; Hrga-eyrr, in the west; Hrgs-dalr and Hrgs-land, in the east; Hrgs-holt
and Hrgs-hl, in the west, Landn., Kristni S., map of Icel.; Hrgs-hylr, Dipl., sl. Hrg-dlir, m.
the men from Hrgrdalr, Sturl. In Norway, Hrg-in, Hrga-setr, Munch's Norg. Beskr.
hr-hnoa, n. a clew of ax, Fms. vi. 296.
hrkla, a, [hark and harki], to hobble, go with difculty, as if walking on rough ground; hann
hrklar af heiinni ofan, Bs. i. 443.
hrkn, n. = hlkn, Bs. i. 452, v.l.
hrkull, m. roughness; hann segir sv mer hrum hrkul, 732. 15; skal ek gra eim mikinn
hrkul, I will work them much annoyance, MS. 4. 16: noise, din, hfsk bardaginn me miklum
hrkul, Karl. 289; mtti heyra mikinn gn ok gurligan hrkul, 307; eir heyru hrkul ok str
hgg Frankismanna, 354: hence comes prob. the mod. hrgull, meaning dearth; a er mesti
hrgull v: as also in the phrase, spyrja e-n t hrgul, or segja e-t t hrgul, to ask or tell
minutely.
hrmugr, adj. aficted, Gkv. 3.
hrmuliga, adv. sadly, 4. 15, Gl. 45, Stj. 51, Hom. 116, passim.
hrmuligr, adj. sad, distressing, Sturl. i. 13, ir. 174; h. tendi, Nj. 170; h. villa, Stj. 250; h.
hryg, 494; h. glpr, Fms. i. 205: neut. a distressing thing, Fms. vii. 160, x. 400: also with the
notion of indignation, a er hrmulegt a sj a!
HRMUNG, f. [harmr], grief, afiction, Fms. vi. 94, Str. 24, 453, Fas. iii. 303; hrmungar tala,
lamentation, Fms. iv. 165; hrmungar or, H. E. i. 255; hrmungar vg, Fs. 8; freq. in mod. usage,
N. T. = GREEK, esp. in plur., Mark xiii. 19, Acts vii. 10: in sing, with the notion of indignation, a
er hrmung a vita til ess.
Hrn, f. one of the names of the goddess Freyja, Edda.
hrpu-, see harpa.
HRR, m., old dat. hrvi, mod. hr, pl. hrvar, Hful. 12 :-- ax, but also = linen, Lat. linum, Sks.
287, Rm. 28; dkr hvtr af hrvi, a white linen table cloth, id.; hr glst, clad in linen, of a
woman, Kormak; from the wearing of linen a lady is in the poets called hr-bil, -brekka, -t, -
gefn, -gerr, -nauma, -skora, -veig, -ella, Lex. Pot. 2. a cord of hemp, as a bowstring or the
like, Hful. 12; boga fylgi hrr, toginn hrr, Edda (in a verse); hrfa sleipnir, the hemp horse =
the gallows, t. 12. hr-dkr, m. a linen cloth, Hallfred.
hr-skrdd, part. f. clad in linen, Skv. 3. 49.
hrtl, n. [qs. hrkl or hrkull?], the roughness of frozen ground; a er hrtl gtunum, hrtl a
ra.
hr-tgill, m. a hempen cord, Stj. 416. Judges xv. 14.
HRUND, n. the skin, of a person, prop. the cuticle or inner skin, as shewn by the phrase, milli
skinns ok hrunds, between the skin and hrund, Bs. i. 252; verr hrundit ok skinnit allt bltt sem
drep, Mar.; e-m rennr kalt vatn milli skinns og hrunds, one feels a cold chill between the skin and
hrund; allt hans hrund er sv hart sem horn, ir. 183 (of the 'Gehrnete,' Sigfried); koma blir
ekkir hrundit, Bs. i. 611; kom hrollr hrund honum, Orkn. 182; allir synir hans stusk eitr
hrund utan, Sm. 118; var allr roti r hans hrundi, Bs. i. 644; sr vru mrg fallin hrund
hans, 298; h. ok lkamr, Mar., Karl. 524, v.l.; ef rtnar hrund, Grg. ii. 129: hence skin,
complexion, bert hrund, 129, Fms. vi. 143; svartr (hvtr) hr ok hrund, swart (fair) in hair and
skin, vii. 157; allra manna fegrstr hrund, viii. 446: the esh, var sem elds-hiti kmi h. honum,
Hkr. i. 102; nlgaist kuldi hans hrund, Sks. 758; meyjar h., id., 1 Kings i. 1, 2; vatn at rennr h.
sem mungt, Sks. 164; allar ar hans hrundi, Fbr. 149: genitalia, euphemistically, egar hann
kemr vi mik er hrund hans sv mikit, at hann m ekki eptirlti hafa vi mik, Nj. 13.
COMPDS: hrunds-bjartr, hrund-hvtr, hrund-ljss, adj. of bright complexion, Hkr. iii. 179,
Landn. 120, Bs. i. 127, Bret. ch. 9. hrunds-litr, m. complexion, Bs. ii. 180, Fb. ii. 300.
B. Fem. the esh; sv sem hrundin dr oss glpinn, Stj. 149; hrundar hungr, the lusts of the
esh, Sl. 50; fara hungri hrund, 71; kipp sv r srinu at eigi sli hrundinni saman, O. H. L. 73;
hrundar litr, complexion, Edda 19, Fms. v. 347.
hrund-fall, n. impotentia (?); at m skilja festar-ml, ef h. kemr annat-tveggja, N. G. L. i. 27,
cp. ii. 320, H. E. i. 247, (a lawful cause for divorce.)
hrund-kuldi, a, m. coldness of the skin, chill, Sks. 758.
hrund-mjkr, adj. soft-skinned, of a woman, Orkn. (in a verse).
Hrzkr, adj. from Hraland, Landn.
hr-rr, m. a linen thread, Bs. i. 644.
hs-magi, a, m. a sheep with a gray, dusky belly, Grett. 154: the spelling haustmagi is caused by a
false pronunciation.
hs-mgttr, adj. gray on the belly, Grett. 148.
HSS, adj., acc. hsvan, with a characteristic v; [A. S. hasu, gen. hasweg and haswig; Engl. hazy;
Lat. caesius] :-- gray, of a wolf; lfr enn hsvi, Em. 6; hsvan serk hrsgrisnis, a gray wolf's coat,
Hl., Edda 86; hss rn, a gray eagle, Fms. vi. 159 (in a verse); and hss sver, a dusky sword blade
(or = hvss?), Lex. Pot.: in pr. names, Hs-kollr, in common pronunciation Hskuldr, the gray
Coll; the old form is freq. presented in good MSS., e.g. Arna-Magn. 468, as also in the old ditty,
trautt man ek tra r | troll kva Hskollr, Sturl. ii. 136; but that even in the 13th century the name
was pronounced as at the present day is shewn by the pun in the words Hskuld and haustskuld,
Sturl. iii. 216. The word is quite obsolete, and does not occur elsewhere in prose.
hstugr, adj. [hastr, herstr], harshly, Pass. 40. 4.
hsvask, a, dep. to slink (as a wolf?), sneak, Fms. iii. 189.
hsvir, m. a gray wolf, Edda (Gl.): name of a slave, from his dress, Rm.
httttr, adj. hooded, of cows or sheep with heads differing in colour from the body.
HTTR, m., hattar, hetti, acc. pl. httu, a later form hattr, Dropl. 13, Eg. 407, Nj. 32, 46, Gsl. 55,
O. H. L. 46, as also in mod. usage; [the A. S. hd, Engl. hood, O. H. G. huot, Dutch hoed, Germ.
hut may perhaps be identical; but A. S. ht, Engl., Dan., and Swed. hat certainly answer to the old
httr, cp. also hetta, q.v.] :-- a hood, in olden times only a cowl fastened to a cloak, as is seen from
numerous instances. Fms. i. 149, ii. 72, viii. 368, x. 225, 229, 301, Eg. 375, 407, Grg. ii. 132: a
cowl of felt, fa-httr, Dropl. 13, Nj. 179. 2. of a gorgeous foreign hood or turban from the east,
Fms. xi. 77, 85; called Gerzkr (Russian) in Nj. 46, Gsl. 55, or Girskr (Greek) in O. H. L. 46;
Danskr httr, a Danish hood, . H.: a hat in the mod. sense was unknown to the men of old; even
the hat-like helmet was called stl-hfa, a steel cap, not stl-httr. II. in poetry the head is called
hattar land, haur, -stallr, -fell, -stei, the land, knoll, fell, stithy of the hood; or hatt-staup, n. a hat-
knoll, Ad.: Odin is represented wearing a htt, and so the helmet is called the hood of Odin, etc.; as
also la httr: the vaulted sky is foldar httr = earth's hood, Lex. Pot.: dular-h., huldar-h., a hiding
hood, hood of disguise. hattar-mar, m. a hooded man, man in disguise, Rd. 272; S-httr, 'Deep-
hood,' was a favourite name of Odin from his travelling in disguise, cp. Robin Hood. III. a pr.
name, Fas.
htur, m. [hata], a hater, Lex. Pot.
I J
I is the ninth letter; in the old Runic alphabet it was called ss or ice (Sklda 176), and represented
by RUNE (s kllum br breia of the Runic poem), a form borrowed from the Greek or Latin: but
'stunginn ss' (RUNE) was in later Runes used to represent e.
A. PRONUNCIATION, SPELLING. -- I is either a vowel (i), or consonant (j), called jo: these are
here treated separately: 1. the vowel i is sounded either short (i) or long (), the short (i) like Engl.
hill, prolonged with a breath; but it is almost certain that in olden times it was sounded short, as in
Engl. wit. 2. the long () is sounded as Engl. e or ee in evil, feet. 3. the j is sounded as Engl. y before
a vowel, jata, jar, jl, as yata, yard, yole. The oldest writers bear witness to the use of j as a
consonant; thus Thorodd says, -- i er hann verr fyrir samhljanda settr, Sklda 164; and the
second grammarian, -- en ef hljstafr (vowel) er nstr eptir hann, skiptisk hann mlstaf
(consonant), svo sem j, jr ea jr, 170; and Olave Hvtaskld, -- i ok u hafa v eiri greinir, at
eir eru stundum samhljendr, sem essum orum, iarl and uitr, 176; but in syllables beginning
with j (ja, jo, ju) in old alliterative poetry it always stands for the vowel, from the earliest poems
down to the 15th century, e.g. jr or gi -- ija-grna, Vsp. 58; vilt nokkut jtuninn eiga | tum
grir hann kosti seiga, rymlur 2. 2; lmr hafi annan dag | jrni etta at sna, Ska R. 64,
which, as now pronounced, would sound harsh, since in modern poetry syllables beginning with j
cannot be used alliteratively with any other letter, cp. Pass. 37. 1, 10, 40. 8, 46. 3, 11, etc.; only in
such words as eg (jeg), eta (jeta) can i serve both as a vowel and consonant, see Pass. 6. 2; but jeg in
5. 5, 10, (the verse 6 of the same hymn is a poetical licence); so also the name Jess is now and then
used alliteratively with a vowel, 47. 18, 21; the hymns of the Reformation follow the same usage.
The pronunciation of j seems therefore to have changed: in early times it was probably similar to
Engl. e in ear, tear, hear; an additional proof of this is, that the oldest spelling was, as in Anglo-
Saxon, ea, eo ...; and Thorodd himself probably wrote ea, e.g. eafn, ern, earl, for jafn, jrn, jarl,
see his words: in old poets ea sometimes makes two syllables, e.g. in the verse cited in Sklda 164
(of A.D. 1018); as also in the name Njll (Niel), which is dissyllabic in the verses, Nj. ch. 136, 146.
At a still earlier time j was probably sounded purely as a vowel. II. in ancient MSS. i serves for
both i and j; in MSS., esp. of the 15th century, j is used ornamentally for initial i, e.g. jnn = inn, as
also in the double ij = , e.g. tijd = t, mijtt = mtt, the j was introduced into print only in the last
year of the eighteenth century. 2. an i is often inserted in MSS., esp. after g, k, so as to mark the
aspirate sound, e.g. gieta = geta, gita = gta, kir = kr, etc.: in inexions it is also more correct
to write eyjar, bjar, than eyar, bar :-- ji is not written, but pronounced, e.g. vili ( = vilji), but vilja.
B. CHANGES. -- The i and e are exchanged in many root syllables, but i is usually the older, e the
later if not the modern form, as, if and ef, brinna and brenna, tvinnr and tvennr, rimr and remr,
miil and meal, snimma and snemma, gingu and gengu, ngu and fengu, tigr and tegr: the article
varies between enn and inn :-- the inex. -endi and -indi :-- Norse MSS. spell mek, ek, sek, = mik,
ik, sik (e.g. Thom. Cd. Holm.); -ligr and -legr, gagnligr and gagnlegr: for the inexive e and i see
introduction to letter E (signif. B), p. 114 :-- i for y in old MSS., in rir, ir, mindi, skildi, minni
(mouth), minnast (to kiss, mouth) :-- i and u are interchanged in inexion, as, morginn and
morgunn, vandill and vndull; but esp. in the adjective inexions - igr and -ugr, bligr and
blugr, auigr and auugr. II. the j in most instances originates from an e, either through
absorption or contraction, as in jr (q.v.), or through the dissolution or breaking of e, as in jr
(q.v.); again, the i as initial is in most instances caused by absorption; as of n in (in) and compds;
of v or b in llr (evil) and compds; of d in some compds in - from i; -- in Gothic there is only a
single word (eisarn, i.e. sarn = iron) with a long initial. III. by comparison with other Teutonic
languages it is seen that a radical initial i or j has in the Scandinavian been dropped in a few words,
while it has been kept in Gothic, Saxon, and German, thus Icel. r, Goth. jr, Engl. year, Germ. jahr;
Icel. ungr, Goth. juggs, Engl. young; Icel. ok, Goth. juk, Engl. yoke, Germ. joch, Lat. jugum; Icel.
ami, murligr, and O. H. G. jamar, Germ. jammer; Icel. upp, Goth. jup, Engl. up; Icel. r (ye), Goth.
jus; Icel. ostr (a cheese), cp. Engl. yeast: in two words, jarteign and jurt, both of them probably
foreign, the j stands for w: on the other hand, because of the resolution or breaking of vowels
(Gramm. p. xxix, bottom), words which in Engl. and Germ. begin with e are in Icel. often to be
found under j, thus Icel. jr (old Scot. yerth) = Engl. earth, Germ. erde: there are also a few stray
words, -- jata (a manger) for eta, jeta for eta, jeg for eg (ek). IV. the Icel. answers to Ulf. ei (rsa,
Goth. reisjan), to mod. Germ. ei in zeit, Engl. i as in time, Icel. tmi; in early German the diphthongs
ei and were, as in Icelandic, distinguished (zt, sarn, = mod. zeit, eisen). V. in mod. Dan. in a few
words the Icel. short i is represented by an e, thus Icel. vi, lir, vir, sir, bija, limr, vinr, sin, =
Dan. ved, led, ved, sed, bede, lem, ven, sene, probably owing to the fact that the old Danish
pronunciation of i was not the same as the present Icelandic.
I
I, f., the gen. ijar, Hkr. ii. 227, points to a root ii; [this root word with derivatives, which in
cognate languages is of rare occurrence, seems prop. to mean a perpetual motion, cp. Swed. and
pot. Dan. id] :-- a doing; or ok iir, words and deeds, Nj. (in a verse); ymissar iir, Sighvat; leyf
i, id.; tregnar iir, sorrows, tears, Hm. 1; j veit nar iir, thy feats, Edda (in a verse); v
verr eigi til ijar n vers haldit, it can neither be worked nor sold, Hkr. l.c.
i, n. a restless motion; vera allr ii.
I- (ija-, Vsp. 58), a particle only used in compds, chiey poetical, answering to Goth. i-, = Lat.
contra, O. H. G. id- and ida-, A. S. ed-, = Lat. re-; but in Icel. esp. in an intensive sense. COMPDS:
i-gjld, n. pl. recompense; ll igjld, Hm. 106; sonar igjld, Stor. 16; igjld e-s, of one dead,
Fs. 13, 61; en at kom samt me mnnum, at hans ttusk aldrei igjld f, Bs. i. 70; hfum vr
nokkut sv igjld fur ns, sl. ii. 175. i-glki, n. a counterpart, Eb. (in a verse). i-glkr, adj.
exactly like, Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse). i-gngr, adj. abundant, Hkr. 1. 21. i-gntt, f. abundance,
Ad. 19. i-lka, adj. = iglkr, Mag. 580. 9. i-vandliga, adv. honestly, Gd. 20. i-vandr, adj
guileless, Geisli 4, Rekst. 24. II. contracted in a few words, even in mod. usage; -lkr, much like; -
ngr, e-nough, plentiful; -ltill, very small.
i, pron. dual = it, it. q.v.
IA, a, an eddy, whirlpool, Grett. 141 A; ok munt nna saman rekit eina iu, 623. 37, passim;
hring-ia, q.v. iu-kast, n. a whirling eddy, Mag.
ia, a, to move to and fro, be restless, like an eddy or mercury; eg ia ll af kti, Snt; fram og
aptr iar, t bar hliar, Sig. Ptr.; etta eru nir smiir, v er von iir, r einum annan sta,
Jn orl.; freq. in mod. usage.
i-gjarn, adj. eager for.
Ii, a, m., gen. ija, name of a giant, Edda.
iinn, adj. [Scot. ithand, ythen], assiduous, steady, diligent, Sks. 437, Bs. i. 166, Fas. i. 85, freq. in
mod. usage; iinn a lesa, lra, vinna.
ija, a, [Old Engl. ithe = thrive, Chaucer] :-- to do, perform, be active, busy; eir skyldu engan
hlut eiga at ija, Lv. 13; veit engi mar hvat eir hafa ijat, Fas. i. 71; vst valt eim vana halt,
vinna, lesa og ija, Hallgr.; segu egar ija tt, llt s r hendi, a ditty.
ija, u, f. [Dan. id = a pursuit] :-- activity, doing, business, profession, Eg. 134 C, Hrafn. 5, Fas. i.
244, Bs. i. 83, Fms. ii. 199, ir. 25. COMPDS: iju-fullr, adj. hard-working, Njar. 366. iju-
lauss, adj. [Dan. idls], idle, Grett. 123. iju-leysi, n. idleness, Rb. 196. iju-mar, m. a hard-
working man, Eg. 134, Fas. iii. 205. iju-samr, adj. (iju-semi, f.), assiduity.
ija-grnn, adj. [Dan. idelgrn], ever-green, Vsp. 58.
ijan, f. = in, Skld H. 7. 53.
ika, a, to study, cultivate, Rb. 312, Thom., freq. in mod. usage.
ikan, f. a studying, performing steadily, cultivating.
in, f. occupation, business, = ija, Fs. 35, 72, Bjarn. 12, Fms. x. 233, Landn. 205 (v.l.), 217, Fms.
iii. 102, MS. 4. 6: in mod. usage, handiwork, profession. inar-lauss, -mar, = ijulauss, Fms. iv.
35.
ina, a, = ija, to work, Grg. i. 147-150, Str. 2; llt inandi, Stj. 652; ekki munu vr hr ina at
sinni, Eg. 351.
inar, m. handicraft, profession. inaar-mar, m. a workman, Hom. 150.
IR, n. pl.; [this word cannot be derived from inn ( = nn), for even the Gothic idreiga and
idreigon have the d; O. H. G. in-adiri; the word is prob., as suggested by Grimm, akin to Germ.
ader, Icel. r (a vein)] :-- the bowels, entrails (see innyi), Grg. ii. 371, Bs. i. 346, Orkn. 458,
Landn. 217, Ld. 222, Gull. 23, Fbr. 208, Fms. iii. 77, viii. 326; ir ok innyi, Stj. 280, Post. 238.
II. metaph., freq. in eccl. usage like GREEK; miskunar-ir, bowels of mercy, N. T.; skaka ok skelfa
ir ok alvru sns fur, Stj. 132. ira-kveisa, u, f., ira-verkr, m., North. E. and Scot. 'belly-work,'
a pain in the bowels, 655 xii. 3, Al. 23, Stj. 436.
IRA, a, usually dep. irask, [Ulf. idreigon = GREEK] :-- to be moved inwardly (from ir), but
only used metaph. like Gr. GREEK, to repent: I. act., impers. with gen. of the thing, to repent of;
hvers engan irar, 2 Cor. vii. 10: with acc. of the person, nom. of the thing, Gus gjar og kallan
kunna eigi a ira hann, Rom. xi. 29. 2. pers., a (sic) irar mig ekki, 2 Cor. vii. 8; eigi ira mik
mnar grir, Mar.: absol., heldr en ik iri eptir, Sks. 250. II. more often in reex. form, irask e-s,
to repent of, rue; opt tla ek at vr irimk essa, Eg. 732; irumk ek ess mjk, Sks. 720, Nj. 78,
79. Eg. 176, Fs. 8, Fms. iv. 369, viii. 54, Barl. 172, 180, N. T., Pass., Vdal. passim. III. part.
irandi, repentant, Magn. 430, Mar.: as subst., Greg. 39; irandans, Hom. 78.
iran, f. [Ulf. idreiga = GREEK], repentance, 623. 23, Greg. 20, 38, 45, Fms. x. 327, K. . K. 36,
H. E. i. 585; iranar grtr, tr, iranar tmi, Stj. 55; iranar skrn, 656 C. 14; iranar mark, a mark of
repentance, H. E. i. 486, Stj., Greg. 38, Mar., Pass. passim :-- in the N. T. = GREEK, Mark i. 4, vi.
12, Luke iii. 3, 8, v. 32, x. 13, xv. 7, 2 Cor. vii. 9, 10, Pass., Vdal. passim. COMPDS: iranar-
lauss, adj. unrepentant, Sturl. ii. 12, Fms. vii. 118. iranar-leysi, f. impenitence.
irar, f. pl. bowels, = ir, Gkv. 2. 23: metaph. ruth, repentance, Am. 65.
iri, see innri.
iula, adv. = iurliga, Lex. Pot.
iuliga and iuligr, see iurliga and iurligr.
Iunn, f., pr. name of the goddess, Edda: she was the wife of Bragi (the god of poetry), Edda 17;
for tales about her, see Edda 46 and Haustl.: hence in mod. poetry a poet is called the husband of
Idun, -- Sjlfr Iunnar annar ver, Snt. II. a pr. name.
IUR-, a prexed particle; [perhaps akin to i- (above); Goth. id-; O. H. G. it-, ita; A. S. ed-,
answering to Lat. re-; cp. Lat. iterum, iterare, Grimm's Gramm. ii. 757] :-- frequently, passim.
iur-liga, adv., irliga, O. H. L. 78; iuliga, Hom. 113, Sks. 66, 174, 231 B, Barl. 93, Anecd. 24,
Fms. x. 392: mod. iugliga, Bs. i. 849, Sks. 121, 359: iula or iola, Hom. 140, Pr. 471 :--
frequently, passim.
iur-ligleikr, m. repetition, frequency, Barl. 196.
iur-ligr, adj. frequent, continuous, Barl. 94, 100: iuligr, H. E. i. 511, Stj. 71, Barl. 93.
iur-mlt, n. adj. a kind of metre, repeating the same syllable, Edda (Ht.) 47, Sklda 210, -- e.g.
eim-verrir ger seima | seim-rr lii beima.
IF, ifa, and derivatives, see ef, efa, p. 115.
ill, m., pl. iar, a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.), see Lex. Pot.
ifjungr, m., pot. a bear, Edda (Gl.)
if-rull, m., pot. the sun, Edda (Gl.)
IGA, u, f. a kind of bird, the nuthatch, Norse egde, sitta Europaea L., Edda 74, Fas. i. 164, 332,
Sm. 136.
ikt, f. the gout. ikt-ski, f. id.: mod. ikt-sjkr, adj. gouty.
IL, f., pl. iljar, the sole of the foot, planta pedis, Edda 110, Stj. 160, Hom. 17; hann steyptisk fyrir
bor, ok sr iljar honum, Edda 36, Grett. 141, Fms. iii. 101; millum hvirls ok ilja, Sks. 159; undir
ilinni hgra fti, Fms. viii. 265; nean ilina, Sturl. iii. 68, passim: in poetry, ilja gaupnir, the
'gowpens,' i.e. soles, of the feet, d.: the toes were in poetry called il-kvistir, m. 'sole-twigs,' and il-
orn, m. 'sole-thorns,' Am., Lex. Pot.
il-band, n. a strap under the foot. ilbanda-brkr, f. pl. a kind of breeks, Hkr. iii. 282.
il-breir, adj. having a broad sole, at-footed, a nickname, Fms.
ilki, a, m. = il, Orkn. (in a verse).
ILLR, illa, and derivatives, see llr.
ILMA, , (irma, Sks. 633 B), to smell sweet; ilmir alla, Hom. 153; ilmdi allskonar stum
grsum, Str. 69: to scent, eir megu eigi ilma af aldininu, Rb. 346; efja ok ilma, Anecd. 4: part.
ilmandi, sweet-smelling, ilma grs, Sks. 48, 633, passim in mod. usage.
ilmar, adj. sweet-smelling; ar tti Grelu lla ilmat, Landn. 140; stt ok ilmat vel, Fb. i. 544.
ilman, f. smell, scent, (mod.)
ilming, f., spelt hilmning in Best. 20, smell, scent; ilming ens stasta grass, Mar.: ilmingar vit, the
sense of smell, Hom. 53, Best. 20.
ILMR, m., spelt hilmr in Hom. 28, Fms. x. 241; hirmr in Sks. 632 B :-- a sweet smell; ilm af eplum
ok grasi, Rb. 346; drligr ilmr, Fb. ii. 375; himneskr ilmr, Orkn. 174; daun en eigi ilm, Anecd. 8.
ilm-str, adj. sweet-smelling.
il-sporna, a, to tread, Lat. calcare, Lex. Pot.
ilstri, n., the Swed. jolster = salix pentandra, a kind of willow, Edda (Gl.)
IM and derivatives, see m.
Imbru-dagar, m. pl. = Ember-days, corrupted from tempora (i.e. quatuor tempora), the seasons set
apart for Ordination (as is seen more plainly in the Dan. Tamper-dage), K. . K., K. ., Rb., N. G.
L. passim: Imbru-dgr, n. = imbrudagar, Fms. viii. 356: Imbru-ntt, f. Ember-night, K. . K.:
Imbru-vika, u, f. Ember-week, D. N. The word was no doubt borrowed from the English along
with the eccl. rule; but the etymology was lost, so that the ancients derive it from Lat. imber, see
Lex. Pot, (pref.), or even trace it to an old woman called Imbra.
in, part., see en, the temp. adv. (2. p), pp. 127, 128.
India-land, n. India, passim: also in mod. usage Ind-land or Indin, n. pl.: India-mar, m. an
Indian, 655 xiii. B: Ind-verskr, adj. Indian, Al. 147, Stj. 70: Ind-verska, u, f. the Hindu tongue, Al.
172.
Ingi, a, m. a pr. name: freq. also in compds; of women, Inga, Ingi-bjrg, Ingi-leif, Ing-veldr, Ingi-
rr, Ingi-gerr, Ing-unn or Ing-ur; and of men, in Ingi-marr, Ingi-mundr, Ingj-aldr,
Ing-lfr, Landn.: many more compds are found in the Swedish-Runic stones, as this name was
national among the ancient Swedes; cp. also Yngvi and Ynglingar.
INN, adv., compar. innar, superl. innst, [Ulf. inna; A. S. in; Engl. in; Germ. ein; Dan. ind; Swed.
in; Lat. intus] :-- into, in, denoting motion towards the place; ganga inn bina, Nj. 3; ganga inn,
to go in-doors, Rm. 2; b inn, Grg. i. 31; t ok inn, Nj. 104, Vkv. 4; setja inn, to shut in, Grg. i.
418, 436; hafa e-n inn, to take a person in, give him lodging, Grg. i. 229 new Ed.; kasta inn, to cast
into prison, Fms. x. 155; leggja inn skipi, to berth a ship, xi. 323. II. with prepp., inn at, inn , inn
eptir, inn um, etc., denoting direction; hann nam land, ... alt hit ytra, inn, ru-megin, at ernunesi,
Fb. i. 250, cp. Landn. 253; land inn til Leirulkjar, Eg. 140; hann sigldi inn Borgarfjr, ok inn
Lang, he stood into Borgrth, id.; inn meginland, Fas. ii. 517; bergsns er vissi til lands inn,
sna e-u inn land. Eg. 389; miklar bygir vru inn landit, Fms. i. 226; var ar glaumr mikill inn
at heyra, i.e. into the house, ii. 30; inn rndheimi, i. 55; inn Naumudal, Eg. 53; inn vi sj, Ld.
130; inn vi Vgsbotn, Fms. x. 30; ra inn til Borgar, Eg. 394; inn til Veradals, Anal. 91; inn eptir
ri, inwards along, Eb. 254; inn um, in through, Vsp. 44; inn undir, in and under (as in North. E.),
Njar. 378; inn undir virkit, Fms. xi. 34; inn yr, to pass inwards, over, through; inn yr hls,
fjrur, heii; t ok inn me (along) hverjum ri, Eg. 48; fram ok innar, out and in-doors, Bs. i.
343 :-- innar [Old Engl. ynnere], more inward, farther in; innar af (fr) seti, sl. ii. 262, Bs. i. 523;
innar hsinu, 342; innar fr, farther in, Nj. 50; innar binn, Fms. ii. 71 :-- innst [Old Engl.
ynneste], innermost, inmost; innst sat Auunn, Eg. 27; innst vkinni, Hkr. iii. 140.
INN, the article, see hinn.
INNA, t, to do, perform; inna rtt, Edda 31; inna skrslu, Ld. 60; freista ef hann megi essa
daglei upp inna, Str. 51; er hann tlagr ef hann innir eigi mldaga, Grg. ii. 267; hafi hann af
hendi innt alla stt sna, Nj. 281; ll lgmlt skil af hendi inna, 232; inna af hendi surgngu, Fms.
vi. 36. 2. to pay, discharge; inna flgu, Grg. i. 154; inna tund af hendi, Grg.; inna gjald af hendi,
K. . K. 152; inna kirkjunni f sitt, id.; inna e-m kostna sinn, Js.; hvat ttu mr llt at inna, what
evil hast thou to repay me? what evil have I done thee? Fas. ii. 204: hence the mod. phrase, eiga e-
m gott (llt) upp a unna, to have an account of good (evil) against one. II. to relate, tell; inna sn
vandri, Fms. viii. 154; tekr Kolbera at lta rnarnar, ok innti stana, and told, read the Runes,
Fas. i. 211; er hann hafi etta mlt ok innt allan veg enna, Hkr. ii. 206; minnisk ok innir
vandlega, Bs. i. 198; innti hann ok at, hversu ..., Fms. vii. 101; hann innti sv eistann, vi. 53;
inna spurning, to answer a question, Sks. 686; eru mrg hans verk g at inna, Fms. x. 409. 2. with
prep.; inna e-t til, to hint at, allude to, mention; en er innir til essa, as thou alludest to it, Valla
L. 209; skatta sem n mon ek til inna, Fms. xi. 21; konungr innti til (the king replied), hv kvattu
sv at? v. 318: to utter, say, innti Sigurr konungr til ess, at hann vildi ekki ..., vii. 140; innti
Antenor til ess fyrst, hverja ..., Bret. 80; skalt fyrst inna til mldaga vi Svein, thou shall rst
remind Sweyn of the agreement, Fb. ii. 8; litlu sar inntu eir til vi Ketil, Nj. 139; n innir
konungr til um heitstrengingar eirra, Fms. xi. 113: inna upp (to expound, sum up) allan mlavxt,
Eg. 473; m ek at eigi n upp inna skmmu mli, Fms. xi. 89. III. reex., recipr.; inntusk eir til
um kaupa-kosti, they discussed the bargain, Ld. 322; vi skulum innask til nokkut r um at
ml, Fms. vi. 205: mun ok samykki okkat vera mest, at vit innimst ltt til um ann hlut landa,
Orkn. 88; vi skulum enn innask or vi r, exchange words, Fms. xi. 29.
innan, adv. [Ulf. innana = GREEK], from within, from an inner part; lafr hlt tan fjrinn ...,
ar reri innan mti Erlendr, Hkr. i. 251; rru eir innan mti eim, Fms. vii. 201: adv. from the
inside, lsti hn loptinu innan, Nj. 7. II. [A. S. innan; Dan. inden], within, chiey with a prep.,
innan um, , etc., with or without motion; lta bo fara hra innan, N. G. L. i. 352: inwardly,
within, inside, Greg. 19: within, sitja dmhring innan, Grg. i. 78; um verld innan, in all the
world, 625. 163; senda um heim innan, Hom. 149; rkina reiddi um haf innan, Ver. 8; valhnotar
skurn innan, Fms. vii. 225; ok fannsk ar innan eirteinn, ii. 129; hn seri v um gamman bi
tan ok innan, i. 9; rak au san um haf innan, 226 :-- fyrir innan, see fyrir, p. 182, C. xi; fyrir
innan Aganes, Fms. i. 12; fyrir innan rsbjrg, iv. 12; fyrir innan Skarsheii, Eg. 754; sv mikit
tti kirkjan fyrir innan sik, Vm. 36; fyrir innan stokk, in-doors, opp. to tan stokks, out-of-doors,
Nj. 11, Grg. i. 333, sl. ii. 401: dropping the prep., kirkja innan sik (i.e. as in-door's inventory)
krossa tv, Vm. 1; at sem henni (viz. the church) innan sik ok tan til heyrir, Dipl. ii. 13.
B. With gen. within; innan ltils tma, within a short time, presently, Fms. iii. 133; innan mnaar,
within a month, Ann. 1362; innan rj tigi daga, Sks. 592; innan fra ra, Landn. 271, v.l. II. but
esp. in a great many adverbial COMPDS, followed by a genitive, within, inside of: innan-bors,
[Dan. inden-bord], on board, Eg. 161, Fms. iii. 181, Gsl. 49. innan-borgar, within the town, Fms.
xi. 74, 76, Stj. 505. innanborgar-mar, m. a townsman, 655 iii. 4. innan-brjsts, within one's
breast, inwardly. innan-bar, within the booth, K. . K. 26. innan-bjar, innan-bjar, [Dan. ind-
byggir], within town, in-doors, (see br), Gl. 139, Fms. ix. 465. innan-dura, in-doors, Gg. 15.
innan-fjarar, within the rth (district), Gl. 11. innan-fjrungs, within the quarter, Grg. i. 470.
innanfjrungs-mar, m. the inhabitant of a fjrung, Grg. i. 351, ii. 198. innan-fylkis, within a
fylki (q.v.), Gl. 289. innan-gara, [Dan. inden-gierds], within the 'yard,' inside the fence, Pm. 102.
innan-gars, [Dan. inden-gaard], within doors. innan-gtta, within the door-groove, in-doors, Vm.
95. innan-gengt, n. adj. having a thoroughfare from within; var innangengt r stofunni matbr;
innangengt var fjsit, Valla L. 218, Gsl. 28. innan-hallar, within the hall, Fas. i. 60. innan-
handar, in hand, within reach, Nj. 105, Ld. 112, Fs. 24. innan-hras, within the hra, Jb. 75,
338, 363, 422. innanhras-mar, m. an inmate of a hra, Grg. ii. 405. innan-hirar, within the
hir, Sks. 249, Nj. 6, Fms. xi. 72. innan-hrepps, within a Rape. innanhrepps-mar, m. the
inhabitant of a Rape, Grg. i. 293. innan-hss, within the house, in-doors, Fms. xi. 438, Gl. 376,
K. . K. 3. innan-kirkju, within church, Fms. xi. 429, Vm. 6. innan-lands, [Dan. inden-lands],
within the land, at home, opp. to abroad, Fms. i. 5, Hkr. i. 175. innanlands-flk, n. the people of
the land, opp. to foreigners, Fms. i. 37. innanlands-hfingi, m. a native chief, Fas. i. 341.
innanlands-menn, m. pl. natives, Fms. xi. 226. innan-rifja, within the ribs, inwardly, Bs. i. 305,
Th. 15, Fas. i. 286. innan-skamms, yet a little while. innan-sknar, within a parish. innansknar-
mar, m. a parishioner. innan-stafs, within a paling, N. G. L. i. 244, Gl. 437. innan-stokks, in-
doors, Vm. 177 (of movables). innan-veggja, within the walls, Am. 45, Sd. 179, Vm. 108, Dipl. v.
12. innan-inga, pl. within the parish, Vm. 92. innan-ings, within a ing (jurisdiction).
innanings-mar, m. the inhabitant of a ing, Grg. i. 101.
innan-mein, n. an internal complaint, 655 xi, Bs. i. 323.
innan-tkur, f. pl., medic. colic.
innan-vtr, adj. 'in wet;' hafa innanvtt, a naut. term, to have the sea washing over, Fr. 256; eir
fengu mjk innanvtt, they had a wet passage, Hv. 48.
innan-verr, adj. inward, inner, interior; innanverri binni, Nj. 3; innanverum rinum, Fms.
ix. 429; at setum innanverum, Eg. 397; innanverum skla, Eb. 256; innanverri hendinni, Fms.
vi. 165.
innar-liga, adv. far inward, sl. ii. 156.
inn-blstr, m. inspiration, Fas. iii. 491, Vdal. passim.
inn-borg, f. the inner castle, keep, Fms. viii. 178.
inn-borinn, part. in-born, Stj. 87, 253; innbornir menn, natives, 238.
inn-bi, a, m. an inhabitant.
inn-byggjandi, part., and inn-byggjari, a, m. = innbi.
inn-byris, adv., naut. on board, Gsl. 46, Eg. 358, Fs. 143: mod., metaph. [Dan. indbyrdes],
amongst one another; meal vor i., amongst ourselves, N. T., Vdal., Pass. passim.
inn-drtt, f., pot. a king's body-guard, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot.
inn-dlgirni, f. an easy life, Hom. (St.)
inn-dli, n.; this and the following word are derived not from inn-, but from ein-, qs. eindli,
eindll, ease, comfort; skemtan er i., Fms. vii. 277; me inndaeli (pleasure) lkams-losta, Hom.
159: mod. delight, charm, mesta inndli, delightful. inndlis-lega, adv. (-legr, adj.), delightfully.
inn-dll, adj., qs. eindll (q.v.), quite easy; at mun r inndlt, v at fir munu gera mti r,
Fms. iii. 161; nema s vili inndlla gra honum, unless he will make it still easier for him, Js. 9,
Gl. 28, N. G. L. i. 19; eindll, Fas. ii. 492: mod. delightful, charming.
inn-eygr, adj. in-eyed, hollow-eyed, Hv. 53, Barl. 199.
inn-fall, n. [Germ. einfall], fancy, (mod.)
inn-ringr, m. a man from the inner part of a fjord (district), Sturl. i. 176, 178.
inn-fjlgr, adj., see fjlgr, Hkv. 2. 43.
inn-fddr, part. native, in-born, D. N. ii. 95, freq. in mod. usage.
inn-ganga, u, f. going in, entering, Fms. i. 16, Hom. 51, Nirst. 9; inngngu-ley, leave to enter,
Fms. ii. 160; mnaa inngngur, the entrance, beginning of a month, Rb. 56; kirkju-i., a going into
church; kvenna-i., the churching of women; klaustr-i., the entering a cloister, as a monk. 2. an
entrance, door-way, Stj. 41.
inn-gangr, m. = innganga, Eg. 519, Bs. i. 783. 2. = Lat. introitus; inngangr messunnar, Hom. (St.);
Fstu-inngangr, the beginning of Lent, Bs. i. 744 :-- introduction, to a book etc. (mod.)
inn-geris, adv. within the pales, D. N.
inn-gipta, u, f. endowment (of a monastery), D. N.
inn-gjald, n. an income; biskups rentur ok inngjld, H. E. i. 434: paying in, opp. to tgjald, an
outlay, Bs. i. 751: a tax, hann tk af eim str inngjld, Stj.
inn-grinn, part. in-grown, inveterate, (mod.)
inn-grptr, m. an engraving, Bs. i. 791 (on a seal).
inn-hallt, n. adj. standing near the shore, Fb. i. 475.
inn-hlaup, n. a refuge; eiga i. hj e-m.
inn-hsa, t, to house, harbour, Fms. vi. 14, Sturl. ii. 83; vera innhstr, to be an inmate of a house,
Bs. i. 350.
inn-hsingar, m. pl. a household, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot.
inn-hsis, adv. = innanhss, 671. 1.
INNI, adv. in-doors, denoting remaining in a place; binn ok li at allt er inni var, Fms. i. 12, Fs.
42; ti er inni, Grg. ii. 19, Eg. 407; brenna inni, to be burnt to death in a house, Nj. 285: in one's
house, ef gngumar verr daur inni at manns, Grg. i. 191; hafa brullaup, veizlu inni, to hold a
wedding, a feast at one's home, 333; hafa bo inni, id., Nj. 24, 152.
INNI, n. [Engl. inn], an inn, abode, home; engin hendi n hitti sitt inni, Eg. 390; gengu san aptr
binn, ok til sama innis, and to the same house, Fms. viii. 108; n snu inni, to get home, Fas. ii.
327; til ess innis er heilagr Blasius var , Blas. 39; ek he grt at, at brenna innin fyrir eim, Hkr.
ii. 343.
inni-hald, n. contents of a book.
inni-hs, n. a dwelling-house, opp. to ti-hs, Grg. ii. 333 (v.l.), D. I. i. 320.
inni-hfn and inn-hfn, f. a harbouring, housing, Grg. i. 73, Nj. 150 (v.l.), orst. Su H. 6.
inni-liga, adv. exactly; muna i., to recollect exactly, Sks. 236; at elta s i. skilat, 685; skra e-t i.,
487; segja i. (minutely) fr, Fms. x. 371, Ld. 282; marka rn baki honum sem inniligast, nicely,
exactly, Fas. ii. 292. 2. [cp. Dan. inderlig], intimately; taka vel ok i. vi e-m, to receive one in a
friendly way, Stj. 85: as also in mod. usage.
inni-ligr, adj. [Dan. inderlig], kind, hearty.
inni-lykja, , to encompass, enclose.
inning, f. [inna], a discharge; inning ok efning mldaga, Grg. i. 316.
innir, m. a performer, Lex. Pot.
inni-vist, f. a dwelling in, abiding, Greg. 50, Grg. ii. 158, 333, orst. Su H. 6.
inn-kaup, n. pl. buying in, Rtt.
inn-kulsa, adj. catching cold, (mod.)
inn-kvma, u, f. a coming in, arrival, Fms. ii. 72 (Fb. i. 337), Fs. 174.
inn-kvmt, n. adj. passable into, sl. ii. 414.
inn-land, n. the inland, Fms. viii. 305.
inn-lss, m. a lock on the inside, Vm. 129.
inn-lei, f. a naut. term, a coasting along, course along the shore, opp. to tlei, Fms. iii. 43,
passim. II. = innyi, innlei dra, a GREEK, Gkv. 2. 22.
inn-leia, d, to introduce, lead in.
inn-leisla, u, f. introduction, Bs. i. 700, Th. 19.
inn-lendr, adj. native, opp. to tlendr, Sks. 375, N. G. L. i. 170: residing in one's country, Bs. i. 76.
inn-lenzkr, adj. indigenous, Eg. 264, Hkr. i. 212, Gl. 490.
inn-lkr, adj. similar, alike, K. . 216; cp. iglkr.
inn-mni, a, m.; i. ennis, 'forehead moon,' pot. the eye, Hd.
inn-planta, a, to plant: mod. esp. in a metaph. sense.
inn-raptr, m. an inner rafter, Ld. 280.
inn-rei, f. a riding in, Flov. 28: eccl., innrei Krists, on Palm Sunday.
inn-renta, u, f. income, Bs. i. 844, D. N., Thom.
INNRI, a compar., in old MSS. almost always spelt iri, and so used in poets; lihraustr konungr
sr in iri, Fms. xi. 314 (in a verse of the beginning of the 12th century); superl. innstr :-- the
inmost, Lat. interior, en iri sundin, Eg. 358; Eynni iri, Hkr. i. 144; at Hlmi enum ira, Landn.
52; hann bj undir Felli eno ira = the present Staarfell, Sturl. i. 9 (MS.); fara hit ira, to go by the
inner road, Eg. 13, Rd. 268; it ira, inside the house, Kormak; konungs skip lgu innst (innermost)
vkinni, Fms. vi. 337; sitja iri, to sit innermost, Konr.; eir skulu sitja innstir hirpall, N. G. L. ii.
447. II. metaph., ens ytra manns ok ens ira, Hom. 53; hin innri augu, H. E. i. 513; ens ira vegs,
Greg. 25; ef eigi er kennandi innra, sem lri hjarta, 19; af enum innsta srleik hjartans, Hom. 11:
enu innstu hluti himins, 57.
inn-rta, t, to root in one's breast: metaph., part. innrttr, rooted.
inn-setning, f. putting in, Gl. 386: instalment. inn-setningar-or, n. pl. the words of consecration
in the Holy Communion, see 1 Cor. xi. 22-24.
inn-sigla, a, [for. word, Lat. insigillare], to seal, Hkr. ii. 267, Fms. x. 57, Bs. i. 641, N. G. L.,
passim in mod. usage, Matth. xxvii. 66.
inn-siglan, f. sealing, B. K. 126.
inn-sigli, n. [A. S. insegel], a seal, a seal-ring, as also the wax afxed to a deed, Sturl. ii. 222, Mar.,
Eluc. 18; brf ok i., Fms. vii. 104, . H. 162; brf me i., Bs. i. 61; rit ok i., K. . K. 74, Gl. 133;
inn-siglis grftr, Stj. 158: freq. in mod. usage, undir beggja inniglum, Bs. i. 751.
inn-skeifr, adj. 'in-legged,' bandy-legged, Lat. varus; opp. to tskeifr.
inn-skrifa, a, to matriculate, put into a book, inscribe, (mod.)
inn-stafr, m. an inner pillar, Fms. x. 16, v.l.
inn-steri, n. pl. = innyi, Hom. 82, 84, Pr. 186.
inn-stofa, u, f. the inner part of a stofa (chamber), Fms. x. 16.
inn-stlpi, a, m. = innstafr, a pillar, O. H. L. 9.
inn-strnd, f. the inner strand, Grett. 86.
inn-sta, u, f, [inn, standa], 'in-standing,' investment, capital, opp. to rent or interest, Grg. i. 188,
195, Vm. 97, Bs. i. 725, N. G. L. ii. 353, 380. COMPDS: innstu-eyrir, m. an investment, Gl.
258. innstu-kgildi, see kgildi.
inn-sti, a, m. = innsta, Grg. i. 182, 184, 189, 408, N. G. L. ii. 485.
inn-tak, n. the contents of a book, letter, Bs. i. 729.
inn-tekja, u, f. 'in-taking,' income, revenue, Bs. i. 752, D. N. ii. 63, 93.
inn-tekt, f. = inntekja, Dipl. v. 18, Stj. 157.
inn-vir, m., usually in pl. the 'in-timber,' timber for the ribs of a ship, Fms. i. 293, vii. 82, ix. 33,
447, Lv. 100, Ld. 326, Greg. 59, 60; innviar tr, id., N. G. L. i. 100: cp. Gr. GREEK, Lat.
interamenta.
inn-viriliga and inn-viruliga, adv., qs. einviriliga, closely, minutely, strictly; rannsaka i., Gl.
33; spyrja i., Stj. 215; undirstanda i., Mar.; geyma, halda i., K. . 202, Mar., Stj. 264; skoa i., Dipl.
v. 16; sem hann hefi i. st ok heyrt, Stj. 6; hugsa i., H. E. i. 470; telja i., 487; segja i. fr e-u, Bs. i.
9.
inn-viriligr, adj. seeming, Al. 155.
inn-vortis, adv. [from Germ. inwrts], inwardly, internally, opp. to t-vortis, (mod.)
inn-vrr, m. a keeper, porter, Al. 72, 106.
inn-yr, prep. 'in-over,' through, = inn yr.
inn-yi, n. pl., spelt innyl, Fms. ix. 467 (Cod. Fris.), El. (twice); [A. S. inelfe; O. H. G. innuovili
and inndi, in-adiri; cp. Germ. eingeweide; Grimm, Gr. iii. 407; originally a distinction seems to
have been made between innyl, the bowels, and ir, the nobler parts, viscera, the seat of feeling
and sense, see ir] :-- the entrails, bowels, Ld. 216, Stj. 77, MS. 4. 20, 22, Al. 34, Sks. 135, Fms. ix.
467.
Inn-rndir, m. pl. (Innrnzkr, adj.), the Inner Thronds, people of Norway, Fms., N. G. L.,
Ann.
instr, see hindri.
Irpa, u, f. the Brown, from jarpr, a mythical name, Fb. iii.
isja, u, f. a nickname, Sturl. ii. 108.
, prep., often used ellipt. or even adverbially, [Goth., Saxon, and Germ. in; contracted to in the
Scandin., but in earlier times pronounced with a nasal sound, as seen from Thorodd's words, ' s
sa,' Sklda 162] :-- in, denoting the inside of a thing (for the comparison with prep. see p. 36
sqq.), with dat. and acc.; in the rst case denoting remaining in a place, in the latter denoting motion
towards a place.
WITH DAT.
A. LOC.: I. in, within, generally; fela f sitt jru, to hide it in the earth, Fms. i. 50; fastir
vellinum, fast in the ground, Ld. 58; steini, in the stone; hendi, in the band; skgi, in the wood,
Nj. 98; gtunni, in the road, 75; mrkinni, 625. 93. 2. vera sveit, to be (live) in a parish or
district, Nj. 81, (but vera sveit, to be a pauper, a 'burden' on the parish); hrai, in a district,
Fms. xi. 43; hr ingbrekkunni, Eg. 727; sr var mijum hlum, the mountains were half below
the sea, a naut. term denoting distance off land, Hkr. ii. 244; setja lg landi, Eg. 400; rum
lndum, in foreign lands, Nj. 107; vrum lgum, in our law-district, Grg. i. 181; rnda-lgum,
Fms. i. 13. II. with local names, denoting low land, rth or inlet, dale, island, holt, wood, haven;
Borgarri, Vestfjrum, Laxrdal, Hrappsey, Viey, Orkneyjum, Sureyjum, Saueyjum,
Trollaskgi, Mrk, Sklaholti, Lundi, Hfn, Kaupmannahfn, Fms. x. 2, Landn., Nj., Fms. passim;
Hvammi, Vestr-hpi, Eyrarsundi, Fljtshl, passim; Vgi, Vk, si, Elliar-vk,
Rgnvalds-vgi, Salteyrar-si, Laxr-si, Elnni, Fms. x. 101, 124, 125, Eb. 54, Ld. 32; Lni,
Landn., Am. 135; Krmt, Myl, Stor (islands), Fms. passim; Vkinni, i. 28; Hlmi, Bjarn.: of
towns, Lundunum, in London; Jrvk, Tnsbergi, Bjrgyn, passim: circumlocutory, heitir ar
san Geitdal, Hrafn. 3; ar er san heitir Hvammi, Ld. 10; br heitir Vestrhpi, sl. ii. 325; rr
bir er Mrk heita allir, Nj. 257; kaupstar er heitir Lundi, Eg. 241; stainn Lybiku, Fms. x. 48;
at stanum Sklaholti, vii. 198: of countries, Noregi, Svj, Danmrku, in Norway, Sweden,
Denmark, passim; Austrrki, in the East, Nirst. 4; Englandi, in England, Fms. i. 26, ix. 373, (but
Englandi, i. 15, 20); Skotlandi, Nj. 281, (but Skotlandi, Fms. iv. 229.) III. with words denoting
a hall, inn, vessel; turn einum, Fms. ix. 3; hsi, Bs. i. 182; litlu hsi, Fms. i. 35; loptinu, Nj. 7;
eldhsi, skla, hll, etc., passim; kerum ea kistum, byrum ea rkum, N. G. L. i. 383; hs
lsi, a locked-up house, Mar.; ef fundit er lsum, under lock, N. G. L. i. 158; kili niri, in the keel,
Fbr. 131; hann var stafni skipi hans, he was an inmate of the stern of the ship, Eg. 177: as also
local names, rndheimi, B, Kirkjub, Landn. passim: of a river, sea, lake, nni, in the river,
passim; lknum, in the brook; er mikill fjldi eyja v vatni, there are many islets in that water,
Fms. x. 134; fengu eir ha storm mikinn, vii. 51; skiljask ha, x. 122; liggja lgi, in harbour,
Grg. i. 92: of a place, einum sta, eim, hverjum sta, in one, that, every place, Nj. 3; heimi, in
the world; liggja valnum, Vgl. 26; standa hggfri, within sword's reach, Nj. 97; miri
fylkingu, 274. IV. ganga allir einum okki, all in one ock, Nj. 100; bkum, in books, Fms. xi.
49, ( bkum, Landn. 23); Aldafars-bk, Landn. 23. 2. in, among; Gyinga-flki, among the
Jews, Ver. 12; var llr kurr Bglum, Fms. ix. 45; engi kvenmnnum, not one of the women, Str.
18. V. in, within; hafa, halda hendi, to wield, hold in the hand; hafa staf, spjt, vpn, sver, etc.,
hendi, Nj. 91; reia knjm sr, to carry on one's knees, Eg. 396. 2. of dress, clothes; vera ..., to be
in, wear; hann var blm stakki, treyju, kyrtli, skarlats-klum, geithni, litklum, Nj. 48, 83,
91, 143, 175, 211, Fms. xi. 85.
B. TEMP, in, during; enna vetr Jlum, during Yule, Fms. x. 159; Jla-fstunni, in Advent, Dipl.
ii. 14; hinni fyrri f, in olden time, Ver. 59; fyrsta heims-aldri, 7; aldrei optar ldinni, never
more during the period, Rb. 78; hverri t, at any time, Hom. 112; fornld, in days of yore; ri,
this year, Sighvat, Lex. Pot.; sumri, this summer, Bjarn. 7; hausti, this autumn, Fms. vii. 70 (in a
verse); vetri, this winter, Eb. (in a verse); degi, to-day, Fas. ii. 33 (in a verse); kveldi, to-night,
(mod. kveld), Ska R. 108, Sturl. iii. 275, see p. 37 (B. IV); fyrstu, at rst, Fms. i. 147, x. 4;
uppha, in the beginning; v bili, in that moment, 389; essu bili, 103; v sinni, at that time,
Sturl. ii. 3; fyrsta ..., ru sinni, the rst ..., second time, sl. ii. 211, v.l.; v (bili understood),
adverb. in the very moment, then, Nj. 114; v er Gunnarr stendr upp, rr ..., 82; essu, in the
same moment, 125; Drottins-dag hinn fyrra ingi, during the 'Thing-time,' Grg. i. 48: also, fyrsta,
sasta dag sumri, vetri, viku, mnai, the rst, last, day of summer, winter, week, month;
augabragi, in a moment, Barl. 124.
C. METAPH. in various relations: I. denoting action, engagement, condition, often in Engl. to be
rendered by a participle; vera fr me e-m, to be in the suite of another, travelling in his company;
ar var ok brr fr, the bride was also in the party, Ld. 94; Skammkell var fr me Oddkatli, Nj.
81; ef mar andask ingfr, on the way, Grg. i. 138; hafa kaupskip siglingu, frum, to have a
ship in trade, voyage, Nj. 3; vera vkingu, to be engaged in freebooting, Eg. 178; vera bardaga, to
be in the battle, Nj. 97; ef hann hittir hann verki (working, at his work) ti ..., ef hinn er verki (at
work), Grg. i. 244; vera sm tutigi vetra, to be a hundred years in building, of a house, Ver. 8;
vera gzlu, to be in custody, Fms. ix. 3; vera gu yrlti, to be in good quarters, live well, x.
63; vera boi e-s, to be in a person's invitation, bidden by him, his guest, ix. 497: trausti, nafni
e-s, to do a thing in one's condence, in one's name, passim; minni eigu, in my possession, Ld. 30;
eg a ekki eigu minni, ala barn nau, Grg. i. 363; vera skuld, to be in debt, id.; sitja
festum, Nj. 4; trausti e-s, in his trust, under his protection, Eg. 465; gra e-t banni, ley, orlo e-
s, to do a thing with the ban, leave, consent of one, passim; nafni Gus, in God's name, Nirst. 8,
N. T.; sitr Gunnarr n heima smd sinni, in all his glory, Nirst. 88; eiga mikit byrg, to have
much at stake, passim; hlji, in silence, in hearing, (see hlj); hafa e-t hug sr, to have in mind,
Ld. 40. 2. denoting state; liggja viti, to lie in a swoon, Nj. 91; srum, Eg. 34; helstt, Grg. i.
201; menn vru svefni, asleep, Hrafn. 26, Barl. 66; lta lla svefni, Nj. 94; sofa r, to sleep in
peace, Fms. vii. 317; vera blu, gu, llu skapi, to be in a blithe, good, ill humour, Sks. 285;
reii, in anger, Barl. 86; hrum hug, 655 xii. 3; vera valdi e-s, in one's power, Barl. 86; ka,
under water. II. denoting capacity, regard to, quality, in; hinir mestu llvirkjar rnum, great evil-
doers in robbery, Fms. ix. 372; roskinn orum, mature in words, 241; lttr mli, cheerful in
speech, Ld. 228; tti sem engi hestr mundi hafa vi eim vgi, Nj. 89; hann gafsk bezt llum
mannraunum, in all trials, Ld. 60; ef r pretti hann engu, in naught, Nj. 90; llum hlutum, in
everything, Barl. 115; allri atfer sinni, in all their ways, Dropl. 7. 2. by means of, through; opt
kaupir sr litlu lof, Hm. 51; hann sveik tv sveina fjlkyngi sinni, 623. 49; hvrt sem eir gra
at rum er rum hlutum, Grg. i. 314; sakir r er her gjrt hnd r bjrgum vi
rlf, Ld. 44; fannsk at llu, at ..., Nj. 90. III. denoting substance, matter, value, in; a er
gott efni e-u, it has good stuff in it; gott silfr hring, gott manns-efni e-m, the stuff of a good man
is in one; varat (var Ed.) lls egns efni vaxit syni mnum, i.e. my son would have made no bad
thane, Stor. 11; hafa ga forystu e-m, to have a good leader in a person, Sklda 200 (in a verse);
at eigi ha komit meiri gersemi skikkju (never had come such a jewel of a cloak) til Noregs, Fms.
x. 200; f er v, there is value in it, vii. 197; Hallr kva gan kost henni, H. said she was a
good match, Nj. 180; essu var eim skmm, it was a disgrace to them, Barl. 139; meiri er veir
Flosa, en mrgum rum, there is more in F. than in many of the rest, Nj. 232; hefnd vri honum,
he would be a t object for one's revenge, Hrafn. 26; a er gagn, li e-u, a thing is of use; ekkert
gagn, li, e-u, useless; spyrr rlfr eptir, hvat veri her erendum eirra, Th. asked what their
errand had been, Eg. 19; hvat er v, how is that? what is the matter? Nj. 67; at var mest v
(that was the chief reason) at allir vildu leita r vegs, 78. 2. mikit sr, much, good in itself, Fms.
ix. 227, Hkr. i. 275; gr sr, H. E. i. 517. 3. denoting payment, in; var at sumt silfri, sumt
grvru, some in silver, some in fur, Eg. 375; lndum er lausum aurum er kirkju-bnai, K. .
K. 40; skal gjalda at f vamlum ok varar-feldum, gulli ok brendu silfri, 44; jrum, in land,
Bs. i. 853; lausa-f gulli ok silfri, Nj. 257; skal lgaura vi bja, en ekki landi, Grg. ii. 245;
hverjum aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, Nj. 259; inna alla sekt sna, bi utanferum ok fgjldum,
281. IV. denoting specication; bjgr hrygg, bowed in the back, Br. 175; ft ristar-li, the joint
in the foot, Nj. 70; hnd olbuga-bt, 97; miju, in the midst, Eg. 212; spjti brotnai falnum,
Nj. 108. 2. circumlocutory for a gen. or possess. pron. with the parts of the body, see p. 37, C. IV;
augu, tunga, tennr, hjarta, bein, hryggr, ir, ar e-m, one's eyes, tongue, teeth, heart, bones, back,
bowels, veins, cp. the Engl. phrase 'the spirit within me;' hann braut hrygg henni, he broke her
back, Br. 170; sundr gkk Hrafni handleggrinn, Rafn's arm broke, 169; hann kntir saman alla
halana nautunum, all the cows' tails, Gsl. 27. V. denoting parts of the whole, ellipt.; s mar er
hlut mgum, who has a share in the ., Grg. i. 242; eiga fjrung vireka, Am. 135: ellipt.,
hlutr or the like being understood, eir menn er hvalnum eigu, Grg. ii. 378; sv sem eir eigu
skipi, i. 186. VI. the prep. can also be put after its case, esp. in poetry, old as well as mod.; Hva
hllu , Hm. 112; svik hans lgi svo hylming , Pass. 2. 3; vngari Drottins , 15. 8; himneskri slu
, Hallgr. VII. either the noun or pronoun is dropped, and the sentence becomes elliptical; hann
ttisk ar sj helvtis kvalar niri, beneath (in the river), Nj. 275; hann fann stran s ok eld ,
and re in it, sl. ii. 462; engi vn (viz. v) at, it was not to be expected that ..., Fms. ix; ef engra
ra er leita, if no steps are taken, i. 68; fs ykki mr leita, Bs. i. 352; grusk (there
arose) fleikar af eirra hendi til Hskuldar, Nj. 169; segja konungi, hvat er her grsk, they
told the king what had happened, Fms. xi. 26; missa, sakna e-s , to miss a thing, where '' has
almost become an adverb in an intensive sense.
WITH ACC. in, into, towards.
A. LOC.: I. (answering to dat. A. I-V, see above), in, into; spjti nir vllinn, Nj. 84; ganga
spor e-m, to tread in one's steps, 108; eir kmu tnit, 79; skginn, into the wood, Eg. 237; ganga
upp ingbrekku, 727; berit sla yra haga, Nj. 33; ra fram at Rang, nesit, 95; fru eir norr
Vkina, Fms. x. 101; norr Noreg, 160; koma England, to come into E., 254; fara allt Saxland,
as far as S., 100; sur Mn, 159; settisk konungr borgina, Eg. 275; koma ann sta, er ..., Grg.
i. 485; koma skotfri, Nj. 108; koma augsn e-m, to come before one's eyes, Eg. 458: in, among,
ef f kmr f manns, Grg. ii. 305; n koma hrtar ea hafrar saui manns, 310: eir festa
skjldu sna limar, Nj. 104; eir settusk nir bar-dyrnar, sl. ii. 194; hs er eir kmu , Eg.
234; ra heim b, ra gar, Fms. iv. 77; fra naust ea sel, N. G. L. i. 38; leggja kistu, to
put into a cofn (chest), Eg. 127; hann verpr sr sulinn, into the saddle, Nj. 83; hann stakk
sverinu bug hringnum, Eg. 306; steinninn kom hfu bandanum, hit him in the head, Nj. 96;
tros fll hfu mr, Edda 30 :-- sigla, lta haf, to stand out to sea, Fms. x. 76, Ld. 72, Eg. 514;
halda skipi hfn, to stand into harbour, 515; koma Hvt, to land in Whitewater, Fms. x. 12;
leggja (to land) Laxavg, 106 :-- of dress, fr konungr annan bna, he got into another dress,
16, Barl. 81; fara brynju, kyrtil, ft, yrhfn, to put on, dress. II. connected with adverbs denoting
direction, -wards, (southwards, etc.); stefna sur land, Eg. 32; riu sex sur (southwards), sex
norr (northwards), Nj. 279; sna fram nesit, 96; fellr in sum austr, sum landsur, 263; s dalr
gengr vestr fjllin, Ld. 138; s fjrr skersk landnorr, 20; eir sar liggja meir landnorr, Sks.
173; r tsuri norrtt, r austri ok vestr, Fms. x. 272; lsti lopt ok lg, it beamed into the
sky, Edda 22; at austr hor botninn Hjrungavgi, Fms. xi. 125; sex dgra sigling norr fr
Bretlandi, Landn. 36. 2. with a fancied or indirect motion; tekr verit at ylgjask norrit, Fms. xi.
136; hn veifai kofra snum austrtt, Vgl. 22; ganga e-m drauma or svefna, to appear to in a
dream, in one's sleep, of a vision, Lex. Pot. III. even with verbs not denoting motion, e.g. such as
signify to be drawn up in ranks, to stand, as also to see, to hear 'towards' a place, and in many of
which a modern language would use dat.; var at sagt Gunnari inn bina, the news was told G.
'into' the booth, reported into the booth to G., Nj. 80; giptask nnur lnd, to marry into other
countries, marry an alien, Ld. 264; deyja risbjrg, Mlifell, to die into, pass into after death,
78,
192, Eb. 7 (v.l.) new Ed.; deyja helvti, to die 'into hell,' Nirst. 9; lgu skip ann arminn, the
ships were placed on that ank, Fms. i. 174; Brir var annan fylkingar-arminn en Sigtryggr
annan, Nj. 274; annan enda hssins var lopt, in (towards) the other end of the house was a closet,
. H. 153; ann hp, among those, Skld H. 6. 47: this remains in the mod. phrase, sofa upp
ann arminn, to sleep turning one's head to that end of the bedstead; hann s eyjar liggja tsur til
hafs, Landn. 36; getr Stgandi st ru-megin hlina, Ld. 156; rr svaf ok horfi lopt upp,
turning the face uppermost, 140; heyru eir hark mikit brit, Eb. 266; ef lgsgu-mar kann ar
eigi mann fyrir sveit, Grg. i. 10; beia mann annat ing ok et rija, id.; taka vandri
annarra ara fjrunga, Nj. 181: the acc. is here caused by the fancied notion of 'seeking.'
B. TEMP, in, during; at mund, at that hour, Korm. 128, Fms. xi. 136, Lv. 74, Nirst. 3, Ld. 104;
r mundir, Fms. iii. 223; ann tma, Eg. 15; enna tma, Fms. x. 27; annan tma, a second
time, Pass.; ann t, Blas. 43, Jb., Grg. i. 500; ml, each meal, i.e. morn and eve; oxa arf hann
ml, Fas. i. 238; gefa ftkum mnnum mat rj ml (three meals a day), en Kolbeinn lt gefa
eim eitt mal, Bs. i. 477; skal mar ala (fa) eitt ml, tvau ml, Grg. i. 293, 400; annat
ml, Dipl. v. 28; nefndan dag, the appointed day, Mar.; skein sl mija ntt, in the middle of
the night, Hom. 30; mivikudag mitt ing, the Wednesday in the midst of the parliament, Grg. i.
199; morgin, this morning, Bs. i. 810, Fms. vi. 254 (in a verse); morgin skulu eir koma til mn,
655 ix. A. 2; mijan morgin, at six o'clock, K. . K. 40; kveld. this evening, Nj. 252; ntt, this
night, to-night, Eg. 283, 416; = the last night, 564, sl. ii. 156, Barl. 66; dag, to-day, Grg. i. 16,
18, Nj. 36; enn dag, Barl. 65, passim; gr-dag, yesterday; fyrra-dag, the day before yesterday,
Hv. 50; vetr, this winter, Nj. 4; allan vetr, all this winter, Ld. 42; allan dag, all the day, to-day,
Nj. 252; alla ntt, all this night, Eg. 418, Nj. 55; vr, last spring, Eg. 235; sumar, this summer or
the coming summer, Ld. 104, Nj. 113, Eg. 74, Fs. 51; haust, last autumn, Nj. 168, (but hausti,
v.l.); r, this year, Fkv.; fjrtn vetr, for fourteen winters, Hkr. iii. 169; nokkurar vikur, for some
weeks, Br. 173: thus also in mod. usage, nokkra dag, mnui, nokkur r, for some days,
months, years, but also without the prep.
C. METAPH. and various usages: I. denoting entrance into a state, condition, in, into; kom honum
mlit me r, bring him into the case, Nj. 102; ganga li me e-m, to help another; ef f kemr
fr manns, Grg. i. 262; hversu marga menn munu vr urfa fyrirst? Nj. 93; ganga bnd ok eia,
to enter into bonds and oaths, Band. 20 new Ed.; ljsta e-n ngvit, rot, to strike a person into
sorrow, so that he swoons, Grg. ii. 16; falla vit, to fall into a swoon, Nj. 91; berja, drepa hel, to
smite to death, Eb. 98, (see hel); mla sik fru, to talk oneself into destruction, Boll. 352; egia
sik fjrbaugs-gar, to fall into outlawry by default of silence, Grg. i. 69; hggva sik hlds rtt ...;
taka e-n fri, to pardon one, Fms. x. 161; taka vald konungs, to conscate, 23. 2. law phrases,
bera vtti dm, to produce a witness in court, Grg. i. 22; skja sk dm, Nj. 225; skal ann
dm skja, sem frumskin er stt, in the same court in which the case was rst brought, Grg. i.
56; festa ml konungs dm, Fms. x. 8; bja bum setu, to call on the neighbours to take their
seats, Nj. 87; nefna sr vtta at vtti, at ..., to call on witnesses to testify, that ..., Grg. i. 77;
nefna Gu vitni, Fms. x. 246. II. denoting change, into; skjldrinn klofnai tv hluti, split in
twain, Nj. 108; tvau, in twain, passim; rennt, into three pieces; brotna spn, to be shivered, Eg.
405, Nj. 267, 282; mola, id.; rsta sundr kli sn streng, to cut one's clothes into strings, Fms.
ix. 3; skipta llu gott, Barl. 119; snask st ok grt, to be turned into woe and wailing, Fms. xi.
425. 2. denoting investment, payment, discharge, into; mla mrgum orum sinn frama, Hm. 104;
verja f snu lausa-eyri, to convert one's money into movables, Eg. 139; iggja e-t vingjar, as a
friend's gift, Eb. 116; gefa mla, kaup, to give in pay, wages, Fms. i. 1; gjalda sonar-btr, paid
in the son's weregild, Nj. 102; jtuu upp jarir snar, as payment for their estates, Bs. i. 853;
skal skeytt angat Hernes mikla proventu hans, Fms. vii. 196; taka f skuld, Hkr. ii. 136; taka,
gjalda gjld, sakf, skatt, N. G. L. i. 75, Sks. 104 new Ed.; kaupa e-t skuld, to buy on credit,
Hrafn. 22, Band. 1; skyldi horn drekka minni hvert, a horn should be emptied to every toast, Eg.
206; her oss jafnan dugat nausynjar, Fms. iv. 242; mun e-m, to one's delight, to please one,
Korm.; gra e-t hag, vil, skaa e-m, in one's favour, to one's scathe; engan mun, not a bit, by no
means, Fms. iv. 254; strttar mur-kyn, high born on his mother's side, Ld. 102; rlborin
allar ttir, . H. 112; alborin ok lendborin ok tiginborin fram ttir, Eg. 343. III. with verbs,
langa e-t, to long after; sj, horfa e-t, to grudge, (-langan), etc. IV. ellipt., eir gfu heyvndul
ok ltu hestana grpa , Boll. 348: adverb., tt bresti nokkut, though something should fall short,
Nj. 102; hr vantar , here something is wanting; vantar miki , Lat. multa desunt.
UNCERTAIN Used before or after adverbs or prepositions: I. prexed; hj, besides, aside, Jb. 11,
passim, (see hj); gegn, against, Bs. i. 22, passim, (see gegn); braut, burt, away, passim, (see
braut); fr (cp. Swed. ifrn), from, passim, (see fr); fyrir, in front, Fms. iv. 137; framan (q.v.),
in the face; frammi (q.v.); hafa frammi, to hold forth; meal and milli (q.v.), among, between:
kring, kringum (q.v.), all around; mt (q.v.), mti, mts, against, towards, passim; samt,
together, continually, Fms. xi. 4, 73; sundr (q.v.), in sunder; senn (q.v.), at once, Gl. 354, sl. ii.
378. 2. after local adverbs, towards or into a place; nir , aptr , fram , upp , downwards,
afterwards, forwards, upwards; or niri , aptr , frammi , uppi (proncd. nir' , framm' , upp' ),
framan , aptan , all proncd. as one word. II. prexed to nouns and verbs, -blstr, see the following
list of words. 2. in a few instances this - conveys a diminutive notion, esp. in mod. usage, e.g. -
beiskr, -bjgr, -boginn, -ltill, proncd. ei-ltill; this - is no doubt etymologically different, perhaps
qs. i-. . in other cases intensive or iterative, as in -grnn, ever-green, contracted from i-grnn;
-ngr, qs. i-gngr; -rtt, q.v.; as also -treka, q.v., etc.
-beiskr, adj. a little hot to the taste.
-bjgr, adj. a little crooked.
-blr, adj. a little blue, Bs. ii. 182.
-blstr, m. 'in-breath,' inspiration, Fas. iii. 237, Hom. 123, Bs. i. 231.
-boginn, part. = bjgr.
-brosligr, adj. ludicrous, to be smiled at, Sturl. i. 23.
-ba, u, f. a female inmate, Lex. Pot.
-b, f. in-dwelling; til bar, Stj. 487, 609.
-bygginn, adj. brooding over, conceited.
-byggjari, a, m. an inmate, inhabitant, Mar., Lil. 71.
rtt, see rtt.
dus-dagr, m. (Lat.), the Ides of a month, Fms. iii. 11.
-endr, adj. [nd], 'in breath,' still breathing, Fms. xi. 141.
-fang, n. an undertaking, grappling with, Bs. i. 757, Mar.
-fellt, n. adj. of the wind, lling the sails, Sturl. iii. 59.
-fer, f. a 'faring into;' fer fjru, gathering weeds, Vm. 97, Jm. 20, Pm. 38.
-fjrvan, adj., acc. m. = endan, 'in-life,' living, t. 20.
-fr, see fr.
-fra, u, f. a kind of sherman's hook or boat-hook, Sks. 30, v.l.
-ganga, u, f. an entering, undertaking, Sturl. iii. 3, Grg. i. 485: introitus, fstu-. = inngangr;
gangs-fasta, id., D. N.
-gangr, m. a wearing of clothes, a suit; gangs-kli, wearing apparel, Eg. 75, Orkn. 462, K. .
166, Hkr. ii. 280.
-gegn, prep. through; see gegn.
-ger, f. suppuration of a sore.
-gildi, n. = igildi, Sks. 262; hn er karlmanns ., she is a match for a man, as strong as a man.
-gjarn, adj. = igjarn.
-grr, adj. grayish.
-grra, adj. in blossom; jr var ekki grra at vringi, Bs. i. 172.
GULL, m. [Gr. GREEK; Lat. echinus; A. S. l; Germ. igel], a sea-urchin, echinus esculentus,
Eggert Itin. 612: also called gul-ker, n. from its ball-formed shape. gul-kttr, m. a hedgehog, Art.:
a kind of war engine, Sks. 418.
gul-tanni, a, m., pot. a bear, = jgtanni, q.v.
-hlutan, f. meddling, ihlutunar-mikill, -samr, adj. meddlesome, Fms. ii. 69, Eg. 512, Boll. 346.
-hrddr, adj. a little timid, Nj. 210.
-huga, a, to consider, Rd. 303, Fms. vi. 191, viii. 101, xi. 20: to muse over, x. 259, Sks. 594:
absol. to mind, Ld. 260.
-hugan, f. a minding, consideration, Fms. viii. 358, Barl. 157.
-hugi, a, m. a minding, = hugan, Fas. i. 69, Hom. (St.): sympathy, O. H. L. 35; mjk var Hrekr
raunar me huga snum me Knti, 51. COMPDS: huga-fullr, adj. full of care, Mar.; hugsjkr ok
., Fms. x. 25, viii. 25. huga-verr, adj. worthy of consideration, doubtful, Valla L. 236.
-hvolfr, adj. a little convex.
-hyggja, u, f. consideration, hyggju-samr, adj. = hugasamr, Lv. 91.
-hgg, n. striking in, Sturl. iii. 66.
KORNI, a, m. a squirrel. This word is undoubtedly, as Grimm suggests (s.v. eichhorn), not of
Teut. origin, but a popular corruption of the Gr. GREEK ( = shade-tail), from which word all mod.
European languages have borrowed the name of this animal; A. S. cvern; early Dutch ncoren;
Dutch eekhoren, eikhoren, inkhoren; O. H. G., mid. H. G., and Germ. eichorne, eichorn; Dan.
egern; Swed. ickorn, ekorre: in the Romance languages, old Fr. escuriere; Fr. ecureuil; Ital.
schiriuolo; whence Engl. squirrel. The word korni occurs in the heathen poem Gm., but the word is
outside the metre, spoiling the ow of the verse, and was no doubt added afterwards; therefore,
instead of 'Rata-tskr heitir korni | er renna skal,' read 'Rata-tskr heitir | er renna skal.' Perhaps the
ancient Scandin. name of the animal was tskr, akin to Engl. tusk, A. S. tux, from its sharp teeth,
and then Rati ( = the climber?) would in the verse be the pr. name, tskr the appellative of that
animal; and thus Rata-tskr would stand for Ratitskr = Rati the squirrel; see also Edda, . H. 85,
Sks. 115, Gl. 448.
-kyndask, d, dep. to be kindled, take re, Fms. x. 29.
-lag, n. a mortgage, Bs. i. 876, H. E. i. 195, 220; tu hundraa lag, sem starinn Mruvllum
tti jr slksstum, Dipl. v. 9.
-lt, n. a vessel, cask into which a thing is put, Bs. i. 461, Korm. 154; sekkr er lt, Sklda 168;
mlir ea annat lt, Mar.
-leia, d, to lead into, induce, H. E. i. 490.
-leiing, f. introduction, H. E. i. 190, 490.
-lenda, d, to make lendr, to naturalise, a law term, N. G. L. i. 170: reex. to settle in a country,
Fas. ii. 395, orst. Hv. 46.
-lendr, adj. naturalised, settled in a place, Gl. 89, Eg. 346, Fms. i. 257, vi. 254.
-lengjast, d, to make a longer stay, settle in a place.
-lit, n. the looking to a mark; at hvrki veri at rkuml n lit, Grg. i. 347; ef hundr btr sv at
rkuml veri eptir er lit, ii. 120; meta lit ok lem alla, N. G. L. i. 67.
-lkr, adj. = iglkr; nokkut ilict v sem Gyingar geru vi Drttinn vru, O. H. L. 37.
-ltill, adj. very little; proncd. in the south of Icel. eiltill.
lla, d, to harm one; llir engi mar farar hans, N. G. L. i. 32.
lla, adv., compar. verr, superl. verst (see verr), badly, ill; lka lla, to like ill, dislike, Hkr. ii. 138;
eir kvu sr vi rn verst lka, Landn. 287; kurra lla, to grumble sorely, Fms. vii. 151; heyra, sj
lla, to bear, see badly, Fb. ii. 171; var hann lla til frnda sinna, he behaved ill to his kinsmen, Nj.
38; lla Kristinn, an ill Christian, Fms. vii. 151; lla rt, a bad year, Nj. 10; a er lla fari, it is a
great pity; lla heill, in ill health, Hm. 68; lla ok mannliga, Fb. i. 280.
llendi or llindi, n. pl. spite; til leitni er llenda, Fb. iii. 248; en er Brandr var varr vi imtan
eirra, ba hann eigi fara me slk llendi, Sturl. iii. 80; vera hr vi llindi (Ed. ll-lyndi) sona
inna, Fs. 34; at sj ik llindum (in troubles) ok eris-munum, Fb. i. 280. 2. medic. gangrene;
at sr greri lla sv at blstr hljp ok llendi , r. (Ed. 1860) 96.
lli-liga, adv. hideously; lta ., Fms. vii. 102; grenja ., Grett. 101 A.
lli-ligr, adj. grim, frowning; llileg (hideous) gaulan, . H. 135; mikill vexti ok ekki llilegr, ill-
looking, Fb. i. 254; uxi gurliga str ok ., 257, 261; sv llilegr sem genginn s t r sjvar-
hmrum, Nj. 182; dkkr ok llilegr sjnu, Bs. i. 40; fann hann fti hans ekk llilegan, fullan af
eitri, Fms. x. 332.
lling, f. evil, calamity; nau ok ., Fms. x. 399, O. H. L. 61.
llingr, m. a bad man. llinga-seta, u, f. a set of rogues, Bs. i. 142.
LLR, adj., compar. verri (q.v.), superl. verstr; llr is still often pronounced with a long vowel, esp.
in the forms llt, lls, as also llr and illr, although it is usually in mod. books spelt with i; the long
vowel is a remains of the contraction which in the Scandin. languages has taken place in this word:
[Ulf. ubils; A. S. yfel; Engl. ill, evil; Hel. ubil; O. H. G. ubil; Germ. bel; Dan. ild; Swed. ill-; in
mod. Engl. ill is of Scandin., evil of Saxon origin] :-- ill, evil, bad, in a bodily and moral sense: in
sayings, llt er at eiga rl at einga-vin, Grett. 154; llt er at eggja bilgjarnan, or llt er at eggja llt
skap = GREEK; erat mar sv llr at einugi dugi, Hm. 134; ftt er svo fyrir llu llt, a ekki boi
nokku gott, = 'tis an ill wind that blows nobody any good; lla gefask ll r, Nj. 20; opt stendr llt
af kvenna tali, Gsl. 15; opt hltr llt af llum (or llt m af llum hljta), sl. ii. 151; frest eru lls
bezt, Fms. v. 294. 2. ill, bad, of quality, capacity; llr begn, a bad farmer, Fms. i. 69; llr hestr, a
bad horse, ir. 191; llt skld, a poetaster. 3. evil, wicked; ga fr llum, Eluc. 37; llr mar, Hm.
(ll-menni); ll r, evil counsel, 9; til gs ok lls, for good or evil, Grg. ii. 144; sj vi llu,
beware of evil, Sdm. 39; llt eitt, all wickedness, as a nickname, Fms. ix. 419 (423 sqq.) 4. bad;
llum huga, an evil mind, spite, Hbl. 21; lls hugar, Hm. 9; llt skap, ill humour; vera llu skapi, to
be in an ill mood; a er llt mr, to be angry; mla llt, to use foul language, Bjarn. 32; ll or,
evil words, Skm. 2; var honum llt til lis, Fms. i. 22; ll ld, evil times, vi. 96; llt ver, ill weather,
v. 295; llar lgur, evil, oppressive burdens, vii. 75, v.l.; ll heilsa, ill health; llt, unwholesome; er
at llt manni, Eg. 604; medic., e-m er llt (mr er llt), to be ill; llt er ('tis a pity) at eiga dlausa
sonu, Ld. 236; honum tti llt (he was sorry) at heyra lti eirra, Fms. iv. 368: denoting harm,
hurt, grunai at mikit llt mundi af r hljtask, sl. ii. 151; verr hann eim strhggr, ok f eir llt
af honum, Fms. xi. 135. 5. with gen. ill, difcult; llr vir-eignar, ill to deal with, Nj. 18, Eg. 147;
llir heimsknar, Fms. vii. 299; estir vera llir aptrhvarfs, 315: with dat. ill to one, llr e-m, (cp.
Scot. 'ill to his friend, waur to his foe'), 655 A. 4. 6. close, stingy, cp. gr (II. p); llr af aurum, Jd.
35; llir af mat, Hkr. i. 140; hinn matar-lli, a nickname, Hkr. COMPDS: ll-brigi, n. pl. a bad trick,
Hkr. ii. 287, Grett. 111 A. ll-bli, n. a wretched home; gra e-m ., sl. ii. 141. ll-deildir, f. pl. and
ll-deilur, ill-dealings, hostilities, quarrels, Ld. 158, Fms. vii. 144, Nj. 77, Vgl. 29. ll-dri, n. an ill
beast, noxious animal, sl. ii. 300. ll-felli, n. mishap, Barl. 115. ll-fengr, adj. ill-natured, Fms. iii.
143, Grett. 144. ll-ferli, n. pl. ill doings, evil ways, Bs. i. 279. ll-fss, adj. ill-willed, Ld. 258. ll-
fygli, n. an ill bird, noxious bird, Pr. 186. ll-fstr, part. bent on evil, Nj. 72. ll-gengr, adj. rough, of
a horse, opp. to ggengr. ll-geta, u, f. 'ill-guess,' imputation. ll-girnd and ll-girni, f. ill-will, ill-
nature, wickedness, Fms. vii. 37, Rd. 236, Grg. i. 131, Bs. i. 45. ll-gjarn, adj. ill-willed, ill-
natured, wicked, Nj. 38, Hom. 19, Bs. i. 40: superl., Fms. ii. 46, x. 327. ll-gjarnligr, adj. ill-
natured, spiteful, Hom. 19, 53, Sks. 445. ll-gresi, n. 'evil-grass,' tares, Magn. 502, Sks. 549, Barl.
34, N. T., Vdal. passim. ll-grunar, part. suspected of evil, Mar.; vera llgrunar um e-t, Bs. i. 264.
ll-gfa, u, f. ill-luck, Barl. 55. ll-gti, n. ill fare, Barl. 55. ll-gr, f., esp. in pl. ill doings, Fms.
vi. 291, Sks. 583, Stj. llgra-okkr, m. a gang of rogues, Fms. viii. 232. llgra-mar, m. an
evil-doer, of thieves, robbers, Eb. 300, Fms. i. 43, N. T., Vdal. llgra-samr, adj. (-semi, f.), evil-
doing, Fms. xi. 90. ll-hreysingr, m. (see hreysi), a savage, miscreant, Sturl. i. 14, iii. 26. ll-hveli,
n. an evil whale, Fas. iii. 507. ll-kvikendi, ll-kykvendi, n. an evil beast, e.g. a snake, toad, etc.,
655 xii. 2, A. A. 284. ll-kvittinn, adj. slanderous. ll-kvittni, f. calumny. ll-kyndugr, adj. lewd, Bs.
i. 256. ll-kyngi, f. lewdness, Mag. 129. ll-leikni, f. ill-treatment, Fms. ii. 185, viii. 41. ll-lifnar,
m. an evil life, lewdness, Stj. 386. lllifnaar-mar, m. a man of an ill life, Fb. i. 233. ll-l, n. a
wicked life, Barl. 138, Fms. viii. 54. ll-lfr, adj. wicked, ir. 69. ll-lyndi, n. an ill temper. ll-lyndr,
adj. ill-tempered. ll-lti, n. pl. hideous grimaces, Konr. ll-mannliga, adv. wickedly, cruelly; lla ok
., Fms. v. 265; . ok grimmliga, Ld. 246, Mar. ll-mannligr, adj. ill-looking, rogue-like, cruel,
wicked, Fas. ii. 84, Fms. iii. 116: neut., Mar.: compar., Fas. ii. 534: superl., Nj. 78. ll-mligr, adj.
foul-mouthed, slanderous, Finnb. 280, Hv. 38, Str. 15. ll-menni, n. a knave (of thieves and
robbers), a wicked, cruel man, Fms. ii. 4, vi. 60, Symb. 59, Nj. 32. ll-mennska, u, f. wickedness,
cruelly, Hv. 44. ll-mla, t, with acc., in mod. usage with dat., to libel, slander, talk evil of, Str. 15,
Hkr. iii. 262; vera llmltr af e-u, to have evil reputation from, Bs. i. 759. ll-mlgi, f. slander,
calumny, 623. 30. ll-mli, n. a libel, Nj. 183, Lv. 53, Boll. 350, Dropl. 11, Krk. 7. ll-orr, adj.
'ill-worded,' abusive, Fms. iii. 143, Nj. 66. ll-rigr, adj. giving wicked counsel, Fms. x. 380. ll-
rr, adj. wicked, Sturl. iii. 281: a nickname, Fb. iii. ll-ra, u, f. bad language, Sks. 25. ll-ri,
n. evil doings, crime, Fms. x. 390, Rm. 256. llris-mar, m. an evil-doer, criminal, Sturl. i. 137,
Fms. iii. 155, Fs. 20. ll-rmdr, part. of evil report. ll-sakar, f. pl., in the phrase, troa llsakar vi
e-n, to have a rough ght with one, Nj. 219. ll-ski, a, m. the less of two evils; hvrt ykkir r
betr? ... at ykki mr llskinn at har, Band. 21 new Ed. ll-skrri, compar., ll-skrst, superl.
the less of two evils; a er llsktra, llskst. ll-skeptr, part. 'ill-shapen,' i.e. ill-natured, Stj. 43:
wroth, Th. 76. ll-sklda, u, f. a poetaster, Eg., Hkr.; a nickname given to a poet for having stolen
the burden of another poem, see Fms. iii. 65. ll-spr, f. pl. evil prophecy, croakings, Glm. 354,
Fas. i. 372, Bret. 38. ll-svipligr, adj. ill-looking, Fb. i. 260. ll-tindi, n. pl. evil tidings, bad news,
Sturl. iii. 210. ll-tyngdir, f. pl. [tunga], 'evil tongues,' slander, Grg. i. 361. ll-ugi, i.e. llhugi, a pr.
name, cp. hugr (II). ll-, f. ill-nature, Vkv. 19, 22. ll-igr, adj. evil-boding, Am. 13, Hkm. 15,
Fas. i. 192. ll-ligr, adj. ill-looking, grim, Br. 167. ll-verk, n. an evil deed, Hv. 38. ll-viri, n.
bad weather, Fms. i. 275, ix. 233, Rb. 102, Str. 88, Sks. 211. llviris-klakkar, m. foul-weatber
clouds, Sks. 234. llviris-krka, u, f. an evil crow. ll-vili, a, m. ill-will, Fms. i. 71, vii. 312, xi.
250, Orkn. 264. ll-vilja, adj. = llviljar, Fagrsk. ch. 272. llvilja-fullr, adj. ill-willed, Bs. i. 45.
llvilja-mar, m. an ill-wisher, Sturl. iii. 227. ll-viljar, part. ill-willed, Fms. ix. 335, Sks. 160,
Barl. 38. ll-virki, n. a cruel, evil doing, crime, Hv. 38: as a law term, an outrage, done with an
evil intention, dened in Grg. i. 130, 131: robbery, ravage, Fms. vii. 18, xi. 57. ll-virki, a, m. an
ill-doer, criminal (thief, robber), Grg. i. 130, Greg. 40, Fas. i. 56 (Ed. llvirkr), Fms. xi. 445, Al.
108. ll-viti, a, m. evil-boder, a nickname, Bjarn.: name of certain crags, among which sounds are
heard when a storm is coming. ll-vrt, n. adj. what is not to be stood; kom regn sv mikit, at .
var ti, a pelting rain, so that one could hardly stay out-of-doors, Bs. i. 172. ll-yra, t, to abuse,
speak evil to, Fas. ii. 229, Finnb. 228, Stj. 529. ll-yri, n. pl. foul language, libel, Nj. 64, Boll. 360,
Karl. 509. ll-yrmi, n. [ormr], vermin, Fms. x. 380. llyrmis-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), like vermin. ll-
gi, f. = ll, Hom. (St.) ll-olandi, part. intolerable. ll-rli, n. a wretched thrall, Am. 59. ll-
i, n. [j], a rabble, gang of thieves and robbers, Fms. vii. 8, 16, Bs. i. 142, Hkr. iii. 208, Fb. ii.
349. llis-flk, n. = lli, Hkr. i. 36, Fms. vi. 162, ix. 384, v.l. illis-mar, m. a thief and
robber, Fms. viii. 73, v.l.
llska, u, f. ill will, wickedness, cruelty, Fms. x. 304, xi. 445, Fb. ii. 388, Nj. 82, Js. 27, Hom. 4, 151,
Stj. 314, Sks. 606, N. T., Pass., Vdal.
passim: as also fury, rage, a er llska honum: llsku-fullr, full of wickedness, Fms. ii. 137; llsku-
limr, a limb of wickedness; llsku-kraptr, llsku-rtt, 188, 656 B. 1, Hom. 27; llsku-verk, a wicked
work, 14; llsku-vttr, an evil wight, Str. 43; llsku-mar, a wicked, cruel man, Br. 8; llsku-r,
doggedness, Stj. 268: mischief, evil, Fms. i. 184: as also in mod. usage, llsku-ver, a ery gale.
llskask, a, dep. to wax wroth and furious, Fas. iii. 657.
-lngun, f. longing after.
M, n. [no doubt akin to eim in eimyrja, Engl. embers], dust, ashes, embers; hann hreinsar at skjtt
af, at nokkut m ha oss dregit af samneyti annarlegs siferis, Fms. ii. 261; hann brennir af oss
synda m, Greg. 19, 46; n tk m af honum, at hann var sannr propheta, Fms. x. 392.
ma, u, f. = m; elds ma, embers, Harms. 39: pot. a she-wolf, from the ember-like colour (?), Edda
(Gl.): a giantess, id.
m, f. name of an ogress, Edda, Hkv. 1. 39.
m-gerr, f. name of a giantess.
mi, a, m. (marr, mr, m.), a giant, Edda (Gl.), Vm. 5: a pr. name, Bs. i.
mi-gustr or mu-gustr, m. 'giants'-gush:' disgust, in the metaph. phrase, hafa migust e-u, to feel
dislike, abhorrence for a thing.
m-leitr, adj. dusky, gray-coloured, of a wolf, Lex. Pot.
mun, f., pot. a ght, battle, Lex. Pot., l. 33, Hkv. 1. 49. COMPDS: mun-bor, n. a shield,
Vellekla. mun-ds, f. a war-goddess, Haustl. mun-laukr, m. a sword, Eyvind.
-mynd, f. the very image.
-mynda, a, to imagine; eg mynda mr, I fancy.
-myndan, f. imagination, fancy.
-neyzla, u, f. participation in; neyzla jru, Gl. 367.
rar, m. pl. Irishmen; rland, n. Ireland; ra-konungr, m. the king of the Irish; rskr, adj. Irish;
rska, u, f. the Irish tongue, Ld. 72, Fs. 78, Bs. i. 227, the Sagas passim. II. rland it mikla, Great
Ireland, was the name of Southern America, just as Eastern Russia was called Great Sweden.
rask, a, dep. to be rumoured abroad; mtti ok at rask, at (then it may be that people would
say, that) r eignir fylgi henni heiman, er hn tti Noregi, O. H. L. 30.
-raur, adj. reddish, a little red, Mar.
RI, a. m. gossip, rumour, tattle; hfum vr heyrt nokkurn ra , hvrt sr konungs-son er eigi,
Fms. ix. 278, v.l., a GREEK, hence prob. the mod. ra-fr, hurly-burly; mesta rafri.
sa, a, to 'ice,' freeze; sai egar sem r, Fms. ix. 400; sar, iced, frozen, 386, Rd. 277.
sarn, n. iron; see jrn.
s-brot, n. broken ice, Fas. ii. 501.
s-brn, f. the edge of an ice-eld, Fms. i. 211, Grg. ii. 386, Jb. 330.
-seta, u, f. a sitting in judgment; seta dmi, Grg. i. 78: occupation, unlawful, rn ok seta, Jb.
159, N. G. L. i. 53. setu-arfr, m. inheritance by right of occupancy, N. G. L. i. 207.
s-heill, adj. dub., Br. 34 new Ed.
s-hldr, part. [hla], covered with rime, Sks. 229.
s-hgg, n. ice breaking, Hkr. iii. 140, Vgl. 26.
sing, f. sleet, Stj. 14.
-sj, f. attention, Konr.
-sjverr, adj. worth looking after, Ld. 66, Nj. 155, Karl. 547: mod., a er sjrvert, 'tis rather
dangerous.
-sjn, f. a looking into, Fbr. 147.
s-kaldr, adj. ice-cold, Al. 51, Sks. 153.
-skilja, , to bargain, stipulate, Dipl. i. 5.
-skipan, f. a putting in or upon a place, Vm. 87.
-skyggilegr, adj. dark-looking, suspicious.
-skyld, f. = tak, q.v.; sv margar skyldir kirkjan Odda, Vm. 27; taka jr me llum skyldum,
Dipl. v. 26.
s-leggir, m. pl. ice-legs, shin bones of sheep used for skates, Fms. vii. 120.
s-lg, n. pl. layers of ice, Fs. 26, Eb. 186, Fms. vii. 246, ix. 368, Ld. 286.
-smtt, f. [smjga], a cloak with a hole for the head to pass through, Sks. 117 new Ed.
s-ml, f. ground ice, broken ice; sem isml si, Fms. vii. 18, xi. 365; var allt at sj sem eina
sml si er vpnin gluu, vi. 412.
spi, a, m. [for. word], hyssop, Br.
-spen, f., pl. spenjar, a kind of sausage lled with lard and suet.
s-reki, a, m., and s-rek, n. an ice-drift, ice-oe, Fms. ix. 350.
SS, m. [A. S. s; Engl. ice; O. H. G. s; Germ. eis; Swed. and Dan. is] :-- ice; ss is ice on sea and
water, svell on a plain or meadow; klaki = frozen ground, etc.; distinction is made between hafss,
drift ice or Polar ice, and lagnaar-ss, 'lay-ice,' common ice; in plur. sar, of large sheets of ice; en
er sa lagi vtn, Fms. vii. 54; sa leysir, the ice thaws, 55; ss var lagr Hofstaa-vg, Eb. 236;
sinum (mod. snum), Nj. 143: for sliding, si skra, Hm. 82; see also sleggir. Severe winters are
marked in the Annals by the extent of frozen water; A.D. 1047 (a sheet of ice between Norway and
Denmark), 1306 (ice from Rostock to the Sound), 1126, 1197; Polar ice in Iceland in 1145, 1233
(hafsar allt sumar), 1261 (hafss umhvers sland), 1275 (kringdi hafss nr um allt sland),
1306 (hafss fyrir noran land nr allt sumar), 1319 (sa-vr, hafsar lgu umhvers sland fram um
mitt sumar), 1348 (snjar sv miklir ok slg at fraus sjinn umbergis landit, sv at ra mtti
umbergis landit af hverju annesi um alla fjru), 1375 (hafsar framan til Bartholomeus-messu), cp.
also Vd. ch. 15, Eb. ch. 57, 61: for later times and for the currents driving the ice around Icel. see
Eggert Itin. ch. 645, 853 :-- the name of the Rune RUNE, Sklda 176. COMPDS: sa-fjldi, a, m.,
sa-fr, f., sa-gangr, m. drifts of ice, Sks. 192, Grett. 133, Bs. i. 338 (of a river). sa-lauss, adj. ice-
free, Landn. 26, v.l. sa-lg, n. pl. layers, strata of ice, Fs. sa-vlk, n. being tossed about in ice,
Sks. 174. sa-vr, n. an icy spring, cold spring, Ann. 1319. sa-vk, f. an open hole in ice, Sks. 174:
in local names, s-eyri, in Denmark; sa-fjrr, m. in Denmark and Iceland; s-ringr, m., s-
rzkr, adj. from Icefjord; s-land, n. Iceland, for the origin of the name see Landn. 30, -- hann s
norr yr fjllin fjr fullan af hafsum, v klluu eir landit sland. s-lendingr, m. an Icelander,
Landn. etc. passim. slendinga-bk, f. the Icelanders' Book, the historical work of Ari, b. (pref.),
. T. (1853) 33. slendinga-saga, u, f. the old name of the Sturlunga Saga, as opp. to Konunga
Sgur or Histories of the Kings, Sturl. i. 107, Bs. i. 589, 591: in mod. usage slendinga Sgur means
the Lives of Icelanders, recorded in the Index D. ii. slendinga-skr, f. the Icelandic scroll, prob. =
the Landnma, Fb. i. 526. slendinga-ttr, m. a section or chapter treating of Iceland, Fms. x.
294. slenzkr, adj. Icelandic, passim. slenzka or slenzk tunga, u, f. the Icelandic tongue.
-sta, n., usually in pl. st, a stirrup, Sks. 372, freq. in mod. usage, but stgreip (q.v.) is older,
being of rope, whereas the st are of metal.
staa, u, f., in stu-lauss, Fas. iii. 548; stu-ltill, adj. who stands but little, delicate, sensitive,
esp. of children who cry readily at harsh words; hann er svo stultill.
-stangan, f. instigation, pricking, Karl. 197, Mar.
-stig, n. = sta, Flv. 24, Str. 39, Thom. 208.
str, n. = stra, ir. 341 (v.l.), Hb. (1865) 22.
STRA, u, f. the fat of the paunch, of persons, Stj. 383, orf. Karl. 432, ir. 341. stru-magi, a, m.
paunch-belly, a nickname, Fms.
sungr, m. an ice-bear (?), a nickname, Sturl. iii. 270.
-tak, n. a law term, a partial right of property in another's estate, esp. of glebes (Kirkju-tk),
Grg. ii. 207, D. I. i. 522, passim. taka-lauss, adj. without tk, i. e. full possession, Vm. 108, D. I.
i. 507.
-tala, u, f. a proportionate share in a right or in an estate, Grg. ii. 254: = tak, Vm. 164, Dipl. ii.
10, Fms. vi. 103, v.l. tlu-lauss, adj. = takalauss; tlulauss eign, unshared, full possession, Am.
99, Dipl. ii. 3.
tala, u, f. Italy, passim: tala-land, n. id., Ver. 37, Bret. 108: talskr, adj. Italian.
tar-legr, adj. ne, glorious; drleg ok tarleg kirkja, Symb. 10; at hs er bazt her verit ok
tarlegast, Ver. 27; tarleg fsla, lordly fare, Greg. 22, 97; essum enum tarlega Gus vn, Clem.
48; allt var tarlegt um rar ferir, Am. 91; . at liti, Lex. Pot.; . hilmir, a lordly king, Merl. 2. 34.
tar-liga, adv. exquisitely; . binn, ne dressed, Fms. xi. 85; herbergi . bin, well furnished, iv.
194; klask ., to dress ne, Hom. 98; ba . um e-t, Ver. 56.
TR, adj., the r is radical, [this word is hardly to be found in any other Teut. language] :-- glorious,
excellent, mostly in poets; tr liti, beautiful to behold, Sks. 1. 7; tr konungr, tr yngvi, a great king,
10, Fms. vi. 87 (in a verse); inn tri lingr, Skv. 1. 23; trum la, tr Haraldr, epithet of kings,
Lex. Pot.; tran ttbti Einars, Arnr; tru lii, in the valiant host, . H. (in a verse): of things, tr
rnd, a ne shield, Edda (Ht.); tran sal fjalla, of the sky, Edda (in a verse); til trar elli, to a
glorious, golden age, Edda (Ht.); tr lausn, glorious redemption, Lkn. 39. In COMPDS, only in
poets, = glorious: tr-borinn, part. high-born, Am., Hkv. tr-bl, n. the glorious abode, Rekst. 33.
tr-ger, adj. gentle, Geisli. tr-hugar, adj. high-minded, Geisli 10. tr-laukr, m. garlic, Hkv. 1. 7
(mun-laukr?). tr-mar, m., tr-menni, n. a noble man, Lex. Pot. tr-mannligr, adj. of stout, noble
bearing, Hkr. iii. 160. tr-skapar, part. beautifully shaped, Hkv. 2. 36. tr-tunga, u, f. epithet of a
sword, Landn. (in a verse). tr-vaxinn, part. of beautiful stature, epithet of a lady, Kormak. tr-
veginn, part. clean-washed, bright, clean, epithet of a lady's arms, Ls. 17.
treka, a, (qs. i-vreka = to wreak again?); this word seems not to occur in old writers, but is freq.
in mod. usage :-- to iterate, repeat.
trekan, f. repetition.
valdi, a, m. a mythical name of a dwarf, Edda.
-vasan, f. bustle, fuss; varaldar ., worldly affairs, H. E. i. 255.
vi-gjarn, adj. [Hel. inwid = fraud], wicked, evil, a GREEK, Vkv. 26.
vii, n. a dub. word, Vsp. 2, prob. an ogress = vija, which is the reading of the Hb. l.c.; see Sm.
(Mbius), p. 265.
-vija, u, f. an ogress, prob. from inwid, and not from and vir, Hdl. 44, Edda (Gl.); see the
preceding word.
-vist, f. an abode, in-dwelling, N. G. L. i. 47. II. a local name, Uist, one of the Hebrides, Fms.
RTT, f., also spelt irtt, prob. from i- and rtt or rttr, power, qs. i-rtt; the long vowel
seems due to absorption, analogous to Svj = Svi-j; the rhyme, irttir ... nu, Orkn. l.c.,
shews that the vowel was sounded long: [Dan. idrt; Swed. idrott; but not in Saxon nor Germ.] :--
accomplishment, art, skill, in olden times esp. of athletic exercises, but also of literary skill; king
Harold (in the verse in Mork. 15, rttir kann ek tta) counts eight rttir, -- poetry, riding,
swimming, sliding in snow-shoes, shooting, rowing, playing the harp, and versication; earl
Rognvald (in the verse in Orkn. ch. 61) counts nine, -- chess playing, Runes, 'book,' sm, sliding on
'sk,' shooting, rowing, playing the harp, and versication; cp. also the tale in Edda of Thor and
tgara-Loki, where running a race, eating fast, drinking, lifting the cat, and wrestling are among
rttir. In mod. usage the word is applied especially to the ne arts (painting, sculpture); kann ek
rtt, at engi er hr s inni er skjtara skal eta mat sinn en ek, Edda 31; vel binn at rttum,
Nj. 61; vel at sr grr um rttir, Eg. 111; hann lt Gunnar reyna ymsar rttir vi menn sna, ok
vru eir engir er n eina rtt hefi til jafns vi hann, Nj. 46, Edda 31; n snir Sigmundr rtt
sna, Fr. 76; inna rtt, Edda 31; g rtt. id.; me gtri irtt, of music, Bs. i. 155; irtt s
er Grammatica heitir, 163; irtt er grammatica heitir, Clem. 33; af irtt eirri er dialectica
heitir, Al. 3. COMPDS: rtta-lauss, adj. unskilled, Sks. 25; frir menn ok rttalausir, Clem.
33. rtta-mar, m. a man skilled in exercises, Fms. i. 17, Eg. 199, Finnb. 336; . ok vitr, Bret. 8;
haun grisk enn mesti rttamar (master) ess-konar nmi (viz. in grammar), Bs. i. 163.
rtt-ligr, adi. skilful; . mleiki, a dexterous feat, Fms. vi. 225; torvelt er at tna ll gti
rttligrar lkningar hans, Bs. i. 646.
J
J is really the tenth letter of the alphabet, but since it is usually regarded as another form of I, K is
commonly reckoned as the tenth letter.
jaar-r, adj. loose in the edge, of stuff, Grg. i. 498.
JAARR, m., dat. jari, pl. jarar; a form jurr (as vaall and vull) occurs in Vsp. 5: [A. S.
and Hel. edor = septum; provinc. Bavarian ettor, Schmeller] :-- the edge, selvage, of cloth, Grg. i.
408, Nj. 176, v.l.; of a tent, Stj. 307, Str. 40: of a sail, Mag.: of the limb of the moon, Rb. 34: the
edge-beam or rail of a paling, s garr er gildr, er ln er meal staurs hvers, en hjstaurr enn rii,
ok jaarr er yr, N. G. L. i. 246: pot., himin-jur, the 'sky-border,' horizon, Vsp.; sk-jaarr,
'cloud-border,' the heaven, Geisli 2; slar-jaarr, id.: the edge of the hand (handar-jaarr), Edda 110:
the border along the shore, me Bllands jari, Lex. Pot.; frns jaarr, id.; Eylands jaarr = ora
maritima, Merl. 2. 5: whence a local name of the Norse district, Jaarr, m. Jderen; also Jaar-
bygg, f., and Jaar-byggjar, m. pl. the men of the country J., Fb., Fms. passim. II. metaph. [A. S.
eodor, Beow.], the foremost, best, with gen.; sa jaarr, the best of all the Ases, Ls. 35: flks jaarr,
the best of men, Hkv. 2. 40; gos jaarr, the highest god -- Odin, Stor. 22; hers jaarr, Fm. 36, Merl.
jaar-skegg, n. whiskers, Sks. 288, (recorded as a German fashion.)
jara, a, to brim, border; jarar, part. bordered, Gl. 308.
jarakan, n. a kind of Icel. bird, numenius: mod. jarreka, Edda (Gl.)
JAFN, adj., also spelt jamn, f. jfn, neut. jafnt, often spelt as well as proncd. jamt; compar. jafnari,
superl. jafnastr: [Ulf. ibns, Luke vi. 17; A. S. efen; Engl. and Dutch even; old Fr. ivin; O. H. G.
eban; mod. Germ. eben; Dan. jevn; Swed. jemn; akin to Lat. aequus by interchange of palatal and
labial, see Grimm's Dict. s.v. eben] :-- even, equal, but, like Lat. aequus, mostly in a metaph. sense,
for slttr (q.v.) answers to Lat. planus; often followed by a dat., jafn e-u, equal to a thing, in
comparison: I. equal, equal to; jfn eyri (dat.) gulls, K. . K. 72; jafn Gui, equal to God; jafn mr,
passim. 2. equal, the same; enda er jfn helgi hans mean hann ferr sv me sr, Grg. i. 93; ella er
jfn sk vi hann fram lei, 322; at ek vera jafn drengr hvert sinn, Sd. 188; nar vera estar
jafnastar, thy acts are mostly the same, i.e. all bad, Fms. viii. 409. 3. xed, unchanged; me jafnri
leigu, jfnum kaupum, jfnum skildaga, Rtt. 2. 7, Stat. 264, Fb. ii. 137; hann var ellefu vetra er
tu, ok sterkr at jfnum aldri, and strong for his age, Eg. 188, 592; eiga eir jfnum hndum (see
hnd) allt at er eir taka, Grg. ii. 66. 4. even, even-tempered; jafn ok mslyndr, Mar.: of numbers,
jfn tala, even in tale, equal, opp. to odda-tala, Alg. 356. II. neut. jafnt or jamt, almost adverbially,
equally, just; jafnt utan sem innan, Grg. i. 392: as, just as, ok hafa eitt atferli bar jamt, both
together, both alike, Fms. xi. 137; jafnt er sem r snisk ('tis as it appears, indeed), af er ftrinn,
Nj. 97; jafnt rlar sem frjlsir menn, Fms. i. 113: jamt sem, just as, equally as; jafnt sem
fjrungs-dmi, jamt skal eiga frnsdm eptir fjrbaugs-mann sem eptir skgar-mann, Grg. i. 87;
skal hann lta vira f at jamt sem maga-eyri, 189; menn skulu sv sakir hluta, jamt sem
alingi, 122; jafnt her komit er spir, it has happened just as thou didst foretel, Nirst. 8:
ellipt., ok skal hann jamt (sem eir) allri bt upp halda, Grg. ii. 182. 2. temp. at the same time,
just; ek skri ik, ok nefna barn, nafni Fur, ok drepa barninu vatn um sinn jafnt fram fyrir sik,
and dip the bairn each time info the water, K. . K. 10: just, precisely, in the very moment, at var
jamt Jla-aptan sjlfan er eir brusk, Fms. xi. 15; jamt v hann stakai. 133. 3. adverb., at
jfnu, equally, in equal shares, Fms. xi. 131. 4. til jafns, vru eir engir at n eina rtt hefi til
jafns vi hann, Nj. 46; halda til jafns vi e-n, Ld. 40; komask til jafns vi e-n, Fb. i. 261.
B. COMPDS: I. such a, so ... a; Karvel jafn-frgum dreng, so ne a fellow as K., Karl. 103; er at
skmm jafn-mrgum mnnum, 'tis a shame for so many men, Gsl. 51: with the particle sem, jafn-
ungr sem hann var, young as he was, i.e. so young as he was for his age, Vpn. 5; vel ha r mnu
mli komit, jafn-vnt sem var, ir. 136; kva at ekki hfa jafn-mikilli hti sem (in such a
feast as) hnd ferr, Fb. i. 376; at eigi skyldi Hugon keisari yr stga jafn-reir sem hann var
eim, Karl. 478; undraisk hn hversu frr ok fagr hann var jafn-gamall mar (for his age), Stj.
225; mikill mar ert rir, jafn-gamall, . H. 176; rir Oddsson var sterkastr jafn-gamall,
Gull. 4. II. mod. phrases such as, a er jafngott fyrir hann, it serves him right; hann er jafngr
fyrir v, it won't hurt him; or honum er a jafn-gott, it will do him good, serve him right; vera
jafn-nr, to be equally near, i.e. none the better; hann fr jafnnr, it was all of no use. III. in
countless COMPDS (esp. adjectives) with almost any participle or adverb, rarely with verbs and
nouns, and denoting equal, as, the same, as seen from the context often followed by a dat., e.g. jafn-
gamall e-m, of the same age as another person :-- of these compds only some can be noticed: jafn-
aldri, a, m. one of the same age, Fms. i. 13, vii. 199, Bs. i. 179, Eg. 25, 84. jafn-auigr, adj. equally
wealthy, Band. 2: equally happy, hann setr hund sinn jafnaudigan okkr undir bori, Bjarn. 27. jafn-
ausr, adj. as perspicuous, Eluc. 41. jafn-auveldr, adj. as easy, Ld. 78. jafn-gtr, adj. as good,
as noble, Nj. 129. jafn-kafr, adj. as impetuous, Fms. xi. 137. jafn-beinn, adj. as straight, Sturl. i.
196. jafn-berr, adj. equally bare, Fas. i. 67. jafn-bitinn, part. evenly bitten or grazed, of a eld,
Gl. 407. jafn-bitr, jafn-beittr, adj. as sharp, keen. jafn-bjartr, adj. as bright, Nj. 208: neut., Sks.
69. jafn-bja, bau; j. e-m, to be a match for one, Finnb. 260: to be equal to, contest on equal
terms with one, Fms. ii. 27, vii. 22; gripr betri en eim peningum jafnbji, 655 xxx. 10. jafn-blr,
adj. equally mild, Fr. 154. jafn-borinn, part. of equal birth, Ld. 332, Fms. x. 79 (v.l.), Gl. 133; j.
til e-s, having equal birthright to, Fms. vii. 8, x. 407. jafn-brattr, adj. as steep. jafn-brtt, n. adj.
as soon, at the same moment, Hom. 114. jafn-breir, adj. equally broad, Edda 28, Gl. 355. jafn-
binn, part. equally 'boun' or armed, Fms. ii. 165: ready, prepared, Stj. jafn-deildr, part. equally
shared, Hom. 148. jafn-digr, adj. as stout, Sturl. iii. 63. jafn-djpr, adj. as deep. jafn-djpvitr,
adj. as deep-scheming, Orkn. 214, Hkr. iii. 95. jafn-drengilegr, adj. as gallant, sl. ii. 446. jafn-
drjgdeildr, part. going as far, of stores, Sturl. i. 166. jafn-drjgr, adj. keeping as long, Sturl. i.
216, Rb. 18. jafn-drligr, adj. equally splendid, Bs. i. 454. jafn-drr, adj. as costly, glorious, of the
same price, K. . K. 28, Nj. 56, Grett. 104 A, N. G. L. i. 150, 348. jafn-dgri, n. (mod. jafndgr),
the equinox, both dgr (q.v.) being equally long, Edda 103, Rb. 454, 456, 472, and passim: equal
length, of day and night, Fb. i. 539; see eykt. jafn-dmi, n. equal judgment, justice, Fms. vi. 431,
Pr. 413. jafn-dmr, adj. just, giving equal judgment, Rb. 364. jafn-einfaldr, adj. as simple,
guileless, Hom. 50. jafn-fagr, adj. as fair, Nj. 112. jafn-fallegr, adj. as handsome. jafn-fastr, adj.
equally rm, Grg. i. 7, K. . K. 166: as adv., Fms. x. 270, Finnb. 338. jafn-fir, adj. as few. jafn-
feigr, adj. as fey. jafn-feitr, adj. as fat. jafn-mlega, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as alert, Fms. ii. 273. jafn-
mr, adj. as alert, Fr. 272, Hkr. i. 291, v.l. jafn-fjr, adv. as far. jafn-fjlmennr, adj. with as
many men, Nj. 222. jafn-att, n. adj.; fara j., to fare so ill, Fms. vi. 379; see atr. jafn-jtr, adj. as
swift. jafn-fram, adv. equally forward, side by side: with dat., jafnfram skipi Rts, Nj. 8: locally, of
places, over against, ( = gegnt and gagn-vart, q.v.); with dat., er hann kom jafnfram Borgund, Hkr.
ii. 309; j. Eisvelli, Verm, Fms. ix. 408; j. gagntaki konungs sonar, j. boanum, vii. 170, ix. 387
(v.l.): as adv., standa jafnfram, to stand evenly, in a straight line; standa allir j. fyrir konungs
borinu, i. 16, Eg. 581, Nj. 140, Rb. 466, Sturl. iii. 244: temp. at the same moment, of two things
happening together, Fms. vi. 24; eir riu til ings jafnfram Skeggja, r. 18 new Ed.; hann ferr
valt jafnfram frsogn Gus-sonar, follows parallel in the story, 625. 83: in equal share, taka
aff j., Gl. 248; at the same time, also, hugsa at j., at the same time consider, Stj. 156; jafnfram
sem, jafnfram ok, as soon as, Karl. 158, Pr. 413. jafn-framarla, -framar, -liga, adv. as forward, as
far, just as well, Ld. 254, Bs. i. 778. jafn-frammi, adv. = jafnframt, Sks. 364, Sturl. i. 32: temp.,
Fms. iii. 218. jafn-framt, adv. = jafnfram, Hv. 42: temp., Sturl. i. 1: along with, with dat., Pass.
viii. 9: equally, in the same degree, Ld. 62. jafn-frr, adj. as fair, Fms. i. 8: as valuable, K. . K.
172. jafn-frjls, adj. equally free, Fas. iii. 8. jafn-frjlsliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as freely, as liberally,
Hkr. i. 78. jafn-frr, adj. as wise, as knowing, Sks. 544. jafn-frgr, adj. as famous, Fas. i. 277.
jafn-frkn, adj. equally gallant, Edda. jafn-fullr, adj. as full, Grg. i. 20, 68, Gl. 477. jafn-finn,
adj. equally rotten, jafn-fss, adj. equally willing, Sturl. i. 190. jafn-frr, adj. as able, Nj. 97. jafn-
ftis, adv. on equal footing; standa j. e-m, Sturl. ii. 134, Hkr. ii. 153. jafn-gamall, adj. of the same
age, Ld. 108, Fms. i. 60, xi. 96. jafn-gei, n. evenness of temper, Sks. 435. jafn-genn, part.
equally given to, Fas. i. 268. jafn-gegnt, adv. just opposite to, Sks. 63, Fms. ix. 463; see gegnt.
jafn-girnd, f. and jafn-girni, f. fairness, equity, Sks. 273, 639, Hom. 17. jafn-gjarn, adj. as eager,
Hom. 19: as equitable, Sks. 355, Hom. 135, Karl. 495. jafn-gjarna (-gjarnliga), adv. as willingly,
as readily, Fms. iii. 45 (v.l.), ix. 508, Stj. jafn-glar, adj. as glad, as cheerful, Eb. 88: neut., mr er
ekki jafnglatt sem r, Fas. i. 106. jafn-glggt, n. adj. as clearly, Bs. i. 352. jafn-gr, adj. equally
good, as good, Nj. 18, Eg. 54, Gl. 233, N. G. L. i. 347, Dipl. v. 16: unhurt, none the worse, see (II)
above. jafn-gviljar, adj. with equally good will, Stj. 629. jafn-grannr, adj. equally thin. jafn-
grimmliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as ercely, Th. jafn-grimmr, adj. as erce, Sks. 79. jafn-grunnr, adj.
as shallow. jafn-gfr, adj. as meek, Rb. 397. jafn-ggr, adj. as good, as famous, Sturl. iii. 11, Bs.
i. 133. jafn-grla, adv. as clearly, Grg. i. 299, Fms. ii. 171, Fas. i. 271. jafn-hafr, part. equally
used, N. G. L. i. 249. jafn-hagliga, adv. as skilfully, Krk. 53. jafn-hagr, adj. as skilful in
handiwork, Nj. 147. jafn-harr, adj. as hard, as severe, Nj. 79: neut. jafn-hart, as fast, Fas. iii.
488: jafn-haran, adv. instantly. jafn-harsninn, part. as hard-twisted, as tight, Nj. 79. jafn-hr,
adj. as high, as tall, as loud, Rb. 112, 474, Fas. ii. 79: of metre, see hr (I. 3), Fms. vi. 386, Sklda
182, 190: neut., Stj. 79. jafnhtta-gr, adj. as well-mannered, Ld. 174. jafn-heilagr, adj. as holy,
as inviolable, Sks. 674, Grg. i. 90. jafn-heill, adj. as hale, as whole, Eg. 425, v.l. jafn-heimoll, adj.
equally open to use, Eg. 47, Ld. 70, Gl. 214, 353: equally bound, 57. jafn-heimskr, adj. equally
stupid, Fms. ii. 156, Sd. 178. jafn-heitr, adj. as hot, Sks. 540. jafn-hentr, adj. as well tted, Sturl. i.
196. jafn-hlr, adj. equally snug, Rb. 440. jafn-hollr, adj. equally sincere, Orkn. 166. jafn-
hgvrliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as meekly, Krk. 36. jafn-hgvrr, adj. as gentle. jafn-hraustr, adj.
as valiant, Fms. ii. 356, Krk. 51. jafn-hryggr, adj. as distressed, Hkr. iii. 269. jafn-hugar, adj.
even-tempered, Sks. 24: of one mind, 300: as daring. jafn-hvass, adj. as sharp, Ld. 306: blowing as
hard. jafn-hvatr, adj. as bold, as quick, Sturl. i. 112, v.l. jafn-hvtr, adj. equally white. jafn-
hiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as ridiculous, Fas. iii. 91. jafn-hgr, adj. equally easy, ready, meek,
Fms. ii. 106, Fr. 69, Grg. i. 264, ii. 257. jafn-httr, adj. as dangerous, Sks. 540. jafn-hgr, adj.
as heavy, Rb. 102, Edda 38. jafn-lla, adv. as badly, Fms. viii. 140 (v.l.), sl. ii. 181. jafn-lliligr,
adj. (-liga, adv.) as ill-looking, Fas. ii. 207. jafn-llr, adj. equally bad, Grg. ii. 145, Fas. ii. 513.
jafn-kaldr, adj. as cold, Sks. 215. jafn-keypi, n. an equal bargain, Fs. 25. jafn-kominn, part. on
even terms, Sks. 455: neut. an even match, jafnkomit er me ykkr, ye are well-matched, Nj. 59;
hann kva jafnkomit me eim fyrir aldrs sakir, Fms. iii. 76; jafnkomnir til erfar, with equal title
to, Grg. i. 304; jafnkomnir til fyrir ttar sakir, Fms. i. 220; jafnkomnir at frndsemi, sl. ii. 315.
jafn-kosta, adj. well-matched, good enough, of wedlock, Stj. 204. jafn-kostgnn, adj. equally
painstaking, Bs. i. 681. jafn-krappr, adj. as straight, narrow; jafnkrappan sta, in such a strait,
Ld. 168. jafn-kringr, adj. equally dexterous, Sks. 381. jafn-kristinn, adj. a fellow Christian, Jb. 92,
Barl. 44. jafn-kunnigr, adj. as well known, Grett. 162 A: knowing as well. jafn-kunnr, adj. as well
known, Hom. 90. jafn-kurteis, adj. as courteous, Sturl. i. 165. jafn-kyrr, adj. as quiet. jafn-kta, t,
with dat. = jafnyra. jafn-knn, adj. as 'cunning,' as well versed, Stj. 561. jafn-krr, adj. as dear,
as beloved, Fms. i. 215, xi. 319. jafn-langr, adj. as long, equally long, Fms. xi. 376, Gl. 350, 355,
sl. ii. 219, Grg. i. 406, Edda 138 (of the same length): neut., en ef r segja jafnlangt, if they say
both the same, Grg. i. 7. jafn-lgr, adj. equally low. jafn-leir, adj. equally loathed, Fms. viii. 240.
jafn-leiki, n. = jafnleikit. jafn-leikit, n. part. an equal game, Fms. xi. 131. jafn-lendi, n. a level,
even piece of ground, Eg. 584. jafn-lengd, f. 'even-length,' the return to the same time in the next
day, week, month, year, etc.: of a day, til jafnlengdar annars dags, Grg. ii. 16, Stj. 49; ann sama
dag tk Gormr konungr stt, ok andaisk annan dag at jafnlengdinni, Fms. i. 119, Fas. ii. 30, 37: of
a year, anniversary, skal eigi brullaup vera fyrr en at jafnlengd, Grg. i. 311; tu aurar s leigir eyri
til jafnlengdar (a year's rent), 390; at jafnlengd it sasta, 487; eigi sarr en fyrir jafnlengd, Fms. xi.
397; halda ht at jafnlengdum, Greg. 13, Hom. 98; jafnlengdar-dagr, 129, Fms. v. 214, Dipl. v. 8;
jafnlengdar ht, an anniversary, Greg. 13. jafn-lengi, adv. as long, Grg. i. 423, Fms. iii. 9, MS.
732. 7. jafn-lttmltr, adj. equally easy, just as pleasant in one's speech, Fms. vii. 227. jafn-lttr,
adj. as light, as easy, Sturl. iii. 90: neut. (adverb.), Kjartani var ekki annat jafn-ltthjalat, K. liked
not to speak of anything so much, Ld. 214. jafn-lttvgr, adj. as ready in wielding arms, Sturl. iii.
90. jafn-lia, adj. with an equal number of men, Eb. 144. jafn-liga, adv. equally, fairly; snisk mr
eigi j. komit, Bs. i. 531, Vm. 169; skipta j., Fb. ii. 300: perpetually, all along, always, usually,
Fms. i. 191, x. 88, 89, Dipl. v. 8, Rb. 348, 472, Stj. 77. jafn-ligr, adj. equal, fair, Hkr. ii. 149, Hv.
57, Eg. 488; er at miklu jafnligra, a more equal match, Fms. vii. 115. jafn-lkligr, adj. as likely,
Sturl. iii. 7, Lv. 77. jafn-lkr, adj. as like, Lv. 58, Fas. ii. 478: equal, alike, j. sem hornspnar efni,
Bs. i. 59. jafn-ltill, adj. as little, Fas. iii. 487. jafn-ljss, adj. as bright, Bret. 62. jafn-ljtr, adj. as
ugly, Fms. iv. 175. jafn-ljfr, adj. as willing. jafn-lygn, adj. as 'loun,' as calm, of the wind. jafn-
lyndi, n. evenness of temper, Stj., Fagrsk. 132, Bs. i. 141, Mar. passim. jafn-lyndr, adj. even-
tempered, Fms. vi. 287, viii. 447 (v.l.) jafn-lskyldr, adj. equally bound, as liegemen, Sks. 270.
jafn-lrr, adj. as learned. jafn-magr, adj. equally meagre. jafn-maki, a, m. an equal, a match,
Sks. 22, 255. jafn-mannvnn, adj. equally promising, orf. Karl. 382. jafn-margr, adj. as many,
Nj. 104, Grg. ii. 210, 403, Fms. i. 152, ii. 34. jafn-mttugr, adj. as mighty, Fms. ii. 157, Eluc. 6.
jafn-mttuligr, adj. equally possible, 655 xxii. B. jafn-menni, n. an equal, a match, Ld. 132, sl. ii.
358, Fms. vi. 345, vii. 103. jafn-menntr, adj. of equal rank, Hrafn. 10. jafn-merkiligr, adj. equally
dignied, Bs. i. 148. jafn-mikill, adj. as great, Grg. ii. 264, 403, Fms. i. 1, Gl. 363: equally big,
tall, Fms. x. 202, Nj. 11: neut. as much, Fms. vii. 240, Sklda 168. jafn-mildr, adj. as mild, as
gracious, Rb. 366. jafn-minnigr, adj. having as good a memory, Bs. i. 681. jafn-mjkliga, adv. as
meekly, as gently, Lv. 50. jafn-mjkr, adj. equally soft. jafn-mjk, adv. as much, as strongly, Grg.
ii. 140, Sklda 168. jafn-myrkr, adj. equally dark, Sklda 209. jafn-mli, n. fair play, equality, Fb.
i. 407, Fms. vi. 206, Grg. i. 88, 200, Ld. 258, H. E. i. 247, Karl. 99. jafn-naumr, adj. as close.
jafn-ninn, adj.; j. at frndsemi, equally near akin, Grg. i. 171, ii. 67, Eb. 124, sl. ii. 315, (jafnan,
Ed.) jafn-nr, mod. jafn-nrri, adv. equally near: loc., er lafs mark j. bum, Fms. vii. 64, 268,
Sks. 63, 216: as near, at honum vri varligt at lta jafnmarga heina menn vera j. sr, Fms. ii. 34:
equally near (by birth), i. 123: metaph., eigi her honum jafnnrri gengit jafnar eirra sem mr,
Sturl. iii. 238: also jafn-nr, adj. equally nigh, not a whit the better, see (II) above. jafn-ntti, n.
the equinox, 673. 54, Stj. 15. jafn-oki, a, m. = jafnmaki, an equal, a match for one, Sks. 22: a play-
fellow, Stj. 497, ir. 213. jafn-opt, adv. as often, Nj. 211, Rb. 566, Grg. i. 186. jafn-tt, adj., neut.
as adv., at the same, time, immediately. Pass. 20. 2: one after another, taka e- jafntt og a kemr.
jafn-rakkr, adj. as strong, as straight, Ld. 168. jafn-ramr, adj. as mighty, as great a wizard, Vm.
2. jafn-rangr; adj. as wrong. jafn-rinn, part. equally determined, Grett. 149. jafn-reir, adj.
equally angry, Hv. 52. jafn-rtti, n. an equal right. jafnrttis-mar, m. a man with equal right, N.
G. L. i. 31. jafn-rttr, adj. as right, as lawful, Edda 93, Grg. i. 18: of equal authority, Hkr. iii. 79.
jafn-rttvss, adj. equally just, Sks. 670. jafn-rigr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as large, Lv. 75. jafn-rkr,
adj. as rich, equally mighty. jafn-rjr, adj. as ruddy, Hkr. i. 102. jafn-rmr, adj. equally large,
Bjarn. jafn-ri, n. an equal match, Fms. ii. 22, Glm. 350, Nj. 49, Gl. 215. jafn-rskr, adj. as
brisk, as quick, Fms. iii. 225, vi. 96. jafn-saman, adv.; fyrir essa hugsan alla jafnsaman, all at
once, all together, Fms. i. 185, Ld. 326, . H. 46, Stj. 86, 121, Barl. 191. jafn-sannr, adj. equally
true, 671. 1, Edda 19, Stj. 471. jafn-srr, adj. as sore, as smarting, Mar. jafn-seinn, adj. as slow.
jafn-sekr, adj. just as guilty, Grg. ii. 64, 89. jafn-sis, adv. along with. jafn-sr, adj. as long, of a
garment (sr), Stj. 563. jafn-sjkr, adj. as sick, Fms. v. 324. jafn-skammr, adj. as short, Al. 129.
jafn-skarpliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as briskly, Nj. 199, v.l. jafn-skarpr, adj. as sharp, as keen. jafn-
skipti, n. equal, fair dealing. jafn-skiptiliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally, mutually, Stj. 159. jafn-
skiptr, part. equally shared. jafn-skjtr, adj. as swift, Fms. vii. 169, Rb. 454 :-- jafn-skjtt, neut. as
adv. immediately, at once, Eg. 87, 291, 492, Fms. ii. 10; jafnskjtt sem, as soon as, Nj. 5, Barl. 176,
Karl. 409, 441. jafn-skygn, adj. as clear-sighted, 655 xiii. A, Bjarn. 59. jafn-skyldliga, adv. (-ligr,
adj.), as dutifully, Ver. 3. jafn-skyldr, adj. equally bound or obliged, Grg. ii. 362, 403, Gl. 70,
477, Fms. vii. 274. jafn-skruliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally bold, Nj. 199. jafn-sltta, u, f. even,
level ground. jafn-slttr, adj. equally level, Stj. 79: as easily, Fas. ii. 48.jafn-slgr, adj. as cunning,
Fr. 99. jafn-snarpr, adj. (-snarpligr, adj., -liga, adv.), as sharp, Fms. vi. 156. jafn-snarr, adj. as
alert. jafn-snart, adj., neut. as adv., as soon, instantly, Fas. iii. 434, Matth. xxvii. 48. jafn-snaur,
adj. as poor. jafn-snemma, adv. at the very same moment, of a coincidence, Eg. 425, Nj. 253, Fms.
vi. 221; allir j., all at once, ix. 506, xi. 368 (both together); vru essir atburir margir jafnsnemma,
en sumir litlu fyrr er sar, Hkr. ii. 368. jafn-snjallr, adj. equal, Glm., Bjarn. (in a verse). jafn-
spakr, adj. equally wise, Hm. 53. jafn-sparr, adj. as saving, as close, Grg. i. 197, 222. jafn-sterkr,
adj. as strong, Fms. i. 43. jafn-stirr, adj. as stiff. jafn-strltr, adj. as proud, Ld. 116. jafn-
strliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as proudly, lk. 34. jafn-strr, adj. as big, as great. jafn-strttar, adj.
of equally high birth, Fms. iv. 26. jafn-strr, adj. as hard, severe, Sks. 639. jafn-stuttr, adj.
equally short, brief. jafn-syndligr, adj. as sinful, Sks. 674. jafn-str, adj. as sweet, Fb. i. 539. jafn-
stti, n. an agreement on equal terms, Nj. 21, Sturl. iii 253, Fb. i. 126. jafn-tamr, adj. equally
alert. jafn-tei, n. an equal, drawn game, Vgl. 32. jafn-tengdr, part. in equal degrees of afnity,
Grg. ii. 183. jafn-thjalat, n. part. as much talked about, Nj. 100. jafn-trtt, n. adj. =
jafnthjalat, Nj. 100. jafn-tguliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally lordly, Fms. x. 109. jafn-ttt, n. adj. as
often, as frequent, Nirst. 10. jafn-torogtr, adj. as rarely to be got, choice, Bs. i. 143. jafn-
torstligr, adj. as hard to get at, Fms. x. 358. jafn-traur, adj. as unwilling. jafn-traustr, adj. as
much to be trusted, Fms. vi. 244. jafn-trr, jafn-tryggr, adj. as faithful. jafn-undarligr, adj. (-liga,
adv.), as strange, Sks. 80. jafn-ungr, adj. as young, Fms. iii. 60, iv. 383. jafn-beint, n. adj. as far
from the mark, of a bad shot, Fms. viii. 140. jafn-frr, adj. as unpassable, Sturl. iii. 163. jafn-
hefnisamr, adj. as tame, Rb. 366. jafn-rinn, part. as irresolute, Grett. 153. jafn-spakr, adj.
as unruly, Sturl. ii. 63. jafn-tlagr, adj. having to lay out the same ne, N. G. L. i. 158. jafn-
vandhfr, adj. as dangerous to keep, treat, Grg. i. 89. jafn-vandliga, adv. as carefully, Grg. ii.
249. jafn-varliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as warily, Fms. vii. 127. jafn-varmr, adj. as warm, Sks. 217.
jafn-varr, adj. as well aware, as much on one's guard, Dropl. 28. jafn-vaskliga, adv. as gallantly,
Fms. vii. 127, Ld. 272. jafn-vaskligr, adj. as gallant. jafn-vaskr, adj. as bold, Str. 3. jafn-vtr, adj.
equally wet. jafn-veginn, part. of full weight, Stj. 216. jafn-vegit, n. a law phrase, used when an
equal number has been slain on both sides, in which case there were no further proceedings, Glm.
383, Fas. ii. 208. jafn-vel, adv. as well, equally well, Nj. 48, Eg. 111, Gl. 354: likewise, hafa
fyrirgrt f ok frii ok jafnvel als-jrum snum, 142; en enna ei skulu jafnvel biskupar
byrgjask vi Gu ..., jafnvel sem (as well as) hinir lru, 57; jafnvel af snum sem af landinu,
Al. 2; ok jamvel sendir jarl eim mnnum or, sem ..., Fms. xi. 120: even, dgfll um ntr jafnvel
at heiskrum verum, Stj. 17; jafnvel eptir at er au misgru, 40; jafnvel sniliga, j. oss
nduum, 9, Bs. i. 549, Barl. 170, 176, Gsl. 83; this last sense is very freq. in mod. usage. jafn-
velviljar, part. as well wishing, Sks. 312. jafn-vesall, adj. as wretched, Krk. 54. jafn-viri, n.
equal wirth, Bs. i. 9, Al. 48. jafn-vgi, n. equal weight, equilibrium, Hkr. ii. 250, Fas. i. 121;
bandi ok hsfreyja j. sitt, i.e. both of them equally, N. G. L. i. 6. jafn-vgja, , to weigh the same
as another, Fms. iii. 120. jafn-vgr, adj. of equal weight, Sks. 644. jafn-vnn, adj. equally ne,
handsome, promising, Fms. x. 429, Sturl. iii. 67. jafn-vtta, t, to weigh against, counterbalance,
Stj. 13, orst. Su H. 14. jafn-yra, , with dat. to altercate, bandy words, Sturl. iii. 213. jafn-
arfr, adj. as useful, Arnor. jafn-ttr, adj. pressed as closely together. jafn-jfgenn, adj. as
thievish. jafn-olinmr, adj. as patient, Rb. 366. jafn-olinn, adj. as enduring. jafn-reyttr, part.
as weary. jafn-rinn, adj. as cleanly. jafn-rngr, adj. as tight. jafn-ungr, adj. as heavy,
pressing, Fms. v. 264, Stj. 278. jafn-urr, adj. equally dry. jafn-ykkr, adj. as thick, Hkr. iii. 159.
jafn-yrstr, part. as thirsty. jafn-fr, adj. as impetuous. jafn-str, part. equally excited, Band. 34
new Ed. jafn-rr, adj. as eager, as liberal. jafn-ruggr, adj. as rm, steadfast.
JAFNA, a, jamna, [Ulf. ga-ibnjan: cp. jafn], to make even, but seldom in its original sense, see
sltta: to cut even, Katla lk at hafri snum ok jafnai topp hans ok skegg, Eb. 94; mrum snum
mn jafnai, kv. 6. II. metaph. to make equal; sv sem sklir jafna (make to balance) tvr vgir,
732. 18; en arnum megi jafna hlut eirra, Grg. i. 173; bar skulu j. hlut manna, ii. 343. 2. with
dat. and with a prep.; jafna e-u saman, to compare, to set off one against the other; var jafnat
saman vgum, Nj. 250; bar skulu jamna ar nesjum saman, Grg. ii. 262: jafna e-u vi e-t, to
compare one thing with another; en hvat of jafni rum mnnum vi hana, Mar.; er hinum fornum
lgum jafnat vi blt, Eluc. 39; jamnit r aufum yrum vi snn au, Greg. 27: jafna e-u til e-
s, to liken one thing to another; v he ek jafnat essu til hornspnsins, at ..., Bs. i. 59; Gunnhildi
tti hyggjuleysi til ganga, er fund, ef nokkurum manni var til Hrts jafnat, Ld. 60; sv m ek
helzt til jafna essum konungum, Fas. iii. 60: absol., svo til a jafna, sem ..., so for example, as if ...
III. reex. to compare oneself, to be equal to, call oneself a match for another; n veit ek eigi hvrt
ek mtta vi ik jafnask, Glm. 337; segir at eir hafa of dregit fram rla, er slkir skulu
honum jafnask, when such fellows presume to be his equals, Fms. x. 421; jafnask til vi e-n um e-t,
to compare oneself with another in a thing, Fb. i. 261: with dat., hann rak engilinn fr sr er honum
vildi jafnask, Fms. viii. 240: jafnask orum vi e-n, to bandy words with one, 308, v.l. 2. pass. to
become equal; kva jafnask me eim, then would all be made straight among them, Sturl. i. 77.
jafna, u, f. [O. H. G. epani; Germ. ebene], level ground, a plain, Lat. planities; hann i af
hlsinum ofan jfnu, Hkr. i. 151; er ar riggja mlna fr af jfnu til orpsins, Greg. 80; koma nir
jfnu, Stj. 380, Rm. 272.
jafnar, m. and jfnur, gen. ar, [Ulf. ibnassus = GREEK], an equal share; en aan af hfum vit
jafna af bir, Hrafn, 17; slkt sem honum sndisk jfnur milli eirra, Fms. xi. 87; skyldi mm
tigir hundraa jafna Sigrar, Dipl. v. 3; jafna vi at gz, sem ..., id.; at jafnai, in equal
proportion; eiga e-t at jafnai, Grg. ii. 72; skipta e-u at jafnai, i. 442, Fms. xi. 401, Fb. ii. 55, 256:
in temp. sense, usually, ekki a jafnai, Fas. iii. 226, Mar.; me jafnai, id., Mar. 2. the dat. plur.
jafnum (in mod. pronunciation jafnum) is used in adv. sense; hann mir sik fstum ok
vkum ok bnum at liggja, ok jafnum sv talandi, Th. 7: in mod. usage, bit by bit, one by one,
each in its turn ..., eg vil spyrja jafnum ok eir koma, I will ask them one by one as they come
in; as also jafntt, see jafn B. II. metaph. equity, fairness, justice, Karl. 554, freq. esp. in mod.
usage. COMPDS: jafnaar-bo, n. a fair offer, Fas. ii. 444. jafnaar-dmr, m. a law term,
arbitrium; leggja ml til jafnaardms, to put a case for an umpire, Nj. 101; tvennir kostir ..., bja
rgilsi jafnaardm, ok mundi hann svara fgjldum eptir v sem dmr flli , s annarr at unna
orgils sjlfdmis, Sturl. iii. 170 (where jafnaardmr is opp. to sjlfdmi), Sks. 736. jafnaar-
eir, m. a law term, Gl. 199; for this word see eir. jafnaar-fundr, m. a meeting for making an
agreement, Sturl. ii. 134. jafnaar-ge, n. an even temper, Sks. 448. jafnaar-gjf, f. a law term,
an equal gift, equal portion; gaf hann henni tuttugu hundru af snu gzi, ok reiknai at j. vi
Halldru dttur sna, Dipl. iv. 7. jafnaar-hlutskipti, n. an equal share, equal portion, Dipl. v. 3.
jafnaar-hnd, f.; leggja e-t undir jafnaarhnd, to share a thing in common, N. G. L. i. 220.
jafnaar-kaup, n. an equal bargain, Ld. 96. jafnaar-leiga, u, f. a fair rent, Jb. 392. jafnaar-
mar, m. an equal match; taka sr jafnaarmenn, Fms. vii. 119, Band. 37 new Ed.: as a law term,
an umpire, Fms. ix. 327: a fair, forbearing man, vizkumar mikill ok jafnaarmar, x. 170; ofsa-
mar mikill ok ekki j. (overbearing), Sturl. ii. 143; ltill j., Fb. i. 520; jarl tti engi j., Orkn. 44.
jafnaar-mli, a, m. a law term, an agreement, Dipl. iv. 2. jafnaar-samr, adj. (-semi, f.), fair,
Sturl. ii. 143. jafnaar-skipti, n. fair dealing, Grett. 105 A. jafnaar-okki, a, m. mutual affection;
j. er me ykkr, ye love one another, Korm. 26, Grett. 162 A, Fas. i. 176.
jafnan and jamnan, adv. constantly, always, Fms. ii. 37, Barl. 78; sem sagir jafnan, as thou
didst say always, Nj. 17; nsta jafnan, Sks. 18; jamnan, ever and ever, Sks. 193 B, passim.
JAFNI, a, m. an equal, a match for one: of a thing, ml til jafna ( = til jafna) vi e-n, Fb. i. 250:
mathem. an even number, odda en eigi jafna, Hom. (St.)
JAFNI, a, m., botan. lycopodium clavatum, a herb used by dyers, Hjalt., mentioned in Sd.; jafna-
baggi, jafna-belgr, a bag full of jafni, Landn. 208. COMPDS: jafna-brir, m. = jafni, Hjalt. jafna-
kollr, m. a nickname, from hair as dyed (?), Landn.
jafnindr (jamyndir menn), prop. a part. pl., a law term, 'day's men,' umpires; in Norse law, these
day's men served as a kind of neighbours or jurors in matter of compensation; bta ... sem jamyndir
menn (as adj.) meta, N. G. L. i. 75; en ef hins verr l, er lg festi fyrir, skolu jamnyndir menn
meta, hve mikit hann neytti til laga stefnu, 248; bta munda-baugi, sem jafnendr unno, eir er okkr
vilja stta, Hbl. 42, analogous to the Icel. law phrases, sem bar meta, of the Grgs.
jafningi, a, m. an equal, a match, Nj. 29, Fms. vi. 104, xi. 76: the saying, kemr mar manns
sta, en ei jafningi jafnan, passim: in ir. and Karl. the peers of Charlemagne are called jafningjar.
jag, n. a quarrel, squabble, Lat. rixa.
JAGA, a, [O. H. G. jagon; mid. H. G. jage; Germ. jagen; whence mod. Dan. jagen, pret. jog = to
drive, whence to hunt, but in Icel. only in a particular sense] :-- to move to and fro, e.g. as a door on
its hinges. 2. metaph. to harp on one string; hvat arf ek um slkt at jaga, Mkv.; jaga vallt enni
smn sk, to be harping all along on the same case, Mork. 183. 3. reex. jagast, to altercate, Lat.
rixari; cp. jag. II. to hunt; jaga dr, Fas. iii. 273; in this sense however the word can hardly be said
to be Icelandic.
jagt or jakt, n. [jaga], a yacht, (mod.)
JAKI, a, m. [cp. A. S. gicel], a piece of ice, broken ice, Fas. i. 472, Eb. 236-240, Grett. 140, passim.
COMPDS: jaka-fr, f. and jaka-hlaup, n. broken ice in a river, Grett. l.c.; see jkull: bel-jaki, a
bulging piece of ice, metaph. a rough strong man; hann er mesti beljaki.
Jakob, m. James: Jakobs-land, n. St. James' land, Compostella in Spain: Jakobs-messa, -vaka,
St. James' mass, vigil, Fms.: botan., Jakobs-fll, m. erigeron Alpinus, Alpine ea-bane, Hjalt.
JALDA, u, f. [provinc. Swed. jlda], a mare, only in poetry, gmul jalda sti, Kormak (twice);
jldu lki, Fms. xi. 42 (in a verse); ra jldu, Grett. (in a verse). Jldu-hlaup, n. Mare's-leap, a local
name in the north of Ireland, Landn.
jam- and jamn-, see jafn-.
jamla, a, to grumble, (slang.)
Jamtr, m. pl. men from Jamtaland in Sweden, Fms.
japla, a, to mumble, as with a toothless mouth.
jappa, ad, to harp on the same thing.
JAPR, m. [Norse jever], pot. a kind of snake, Edda (Gl.)
japra, u, f. = japr, Edda (Gl.)
JARA, u, f., pot. a ght, battle, Edda (Gl.), sl. ii. 353 (in a verse); jru skript, a 'war-tablet,' i.e. a
shield; jru-ollr, a warrior, Lex. Pot. II. in pr. names; of women, Jar-rr (mod. Jar-rr),
Fms. vii; of men, Jr-undr, Landn.
jara, a, [Engl. to earth], to earth, bury, Bjarn. 69, Nj. 99, Eg. 130, sl. ii. 19, Mar.: reex., H. E. i.
510.
jaran, f. earthing, H. E. i. 493.
jarar-, see jr.
jar-bann, n. 'earth-ban,' when, from the earth being frozen or covered with snow, there is no feed
for cattle, Eb. 290, Fb. i. 522, Bs. i. 873.
jar-borg, f. earth-works, an earth stronghold, Hkr. ii. 69.
jar-bugr, m. the earth's convexity, Rb. 474.
jar-bi, a, m. an earth-dweller, a dweller in underground caves, Fms. iii. 119.
jar-byggjandi, part. a tenant, Gsl. 83.
jar-byggvir, m. = jarbyggjandi, Vellekla.
jar-dki, n. an earth-dyke, Stj. 194, v.l.
jar-eigandi, part. a landowner, Gl. 348.
jar-eign, f. landed property.
jar-eldr, m. 'earth-re,' volcanic re, Landn. 78, Symb. 27, Bret. 8, Stj. 89, Grett. 141 new Ed.
jar-epli, n. pl. [Germ. erd-apfeln, Fr. pommes de terre], potatoes, (mod.)
jareskr, adj. = jarneskr, Barl. 36.
jar-fall, n. an earth-slip, Gsl. 33, Glm. 341, Sks. 50, Pr. 381, sl. ii. 10.
jar-fastr, adj. earth-fast, xed in the earth; j. steinn, Fms. xi. 442, Fas. ii. 256, Finnb. 324; j. hll,
Stj. 417, v.l.
jar-f, n. treasure hidden in the earth, Grg. ii. 403, Hkr. i. 12.
jar-fjk, n. a snow-drift, Valla L. 218: mod. skafrenningr.
jar-flginn, part. hidden in the earth, Gl. 310, Barl. 199.
jar-gj, f. an earth-pit, Stj. 193.
jar-grinn, part. = jarfastr, Eg. (in a verse).
jar-ggr, adj. 'lord of earth,' epithet of a king, Eg. (in a verse).
jar-hellir, m. an underground cave, Stj. 89.
jar-hita, u, f. = jarhiti, Stj. 82, Bs. i. 306.
jar-hiti, a, m. subterranean, volcanic heat, Bs. i. 118, Grett. 136.
jar-hlutr, m. a land-allotter, liege-lord, Kormak.
jar-hola, u, f. an earth-hole, Eg. 767, Edda (pref.), Al. 166, Stj. 89.
jar-humall, m. wild hops, Hjalt.
jar-hs, n. an earth-house, underground home, Landn. 32 (in Ireland), Fms. vi. 149 (in besieging),
Eg. 234, Fr. 169; or an underground passage opening into a dwelling house, and used for hiding
or as a means of escape, freq. mentioned in the Sagas, Dropl. 28, Gsl. 44, Hv. 49, Fms. i. 15.
jarhs-nautr, in. a sword taken from a j., Fs.
jar-kerald, n. a large vat xed in the oor, for keeping butter or the like, Pm. 91; mod. bira.
jar-kol, n. pl. fossil coal or saltpetre (?), Sks. 392; jarkol ok brennusteinn = saltpetre (?) and
brimstone.
jar-kostr, m. a choice of land, land to be had, Stj. 190.
jar-kross, m. a cross-shaped sod, cut so as to serve for a mark or boundary, K. . K. 90, Valla L.
208, Dipl. i. 7.
jar-kykvendi (-kvikendi), n. a land animal, Ver. 2.
jar-laug, f. a bath in a warm spring from the earth, sl. ii. 412.
jar-laust, n. adj. furnishing no grazing; cp. jarbann.
jar-leiga, u, f. land-rent, Js. 83.
jar-leysi, n. = jarbann.
jar-ligr, adj. earthly, Lat. terrestris, Edda (pref.), Fb. iii. 465, Fms. x. 317, Nirst. 6, Greg. 44,
Hom. 38, Hem. 33. 2.
jar-litr, m. earth colour, dark colour, MS. 544. 39.
jar-ls, f. an 'earth-louse,' pediculus calcareus (Mohr), or rather a kind of beetle, cp. A. S.
earwicge, Engl. earwig: used in contempt, munu jarlsnar, synir Grms, vera mr at bana?
Landn. 146.
jar-lgr, adj. lying on the ground, of a keel, Fms. x. 319.
jar-munr, m. [Dan. jords-mon], a strip of land, portion, D. N.
jar-neskr, adj. earthly, esp. in an eccl. sense, Fms. x. 342, Stj. 14. 20, O. H. L. 11, Jtv. ch. 3, N.
T., Vdal., Pass.
jar-ni, n. a home, tenancy. jarnis-lauss, adj. homeless, of a tenant.
jar-plgr, m. ploughing, Stj.
jar-rki, n. the earth, the world, Edda (pref.), Sks. 491, Fms. i. 225, Barl. 84, etc.: esp. the
kingdom of earth, eccl., opp. to himinrki, N. T., Vdal.
jar-setja, t, to bury, Pr. 413.
jar-skjlfti, a, m. an earthquake, Sks. 143, Hom. 139, Mar., freq. in mod. usage; cp. landskjlpti.
jar-stofa, u, f. = jarhs, Fms. vii. 32: the oor = Germ. erdgeschoss, D. N. i. 350, iv. 395, (Fr.)
jar-varp, n. the act of throwing to the earth.
jar-varpa, a, to throw one to the earth, a law term.
jar-vegr, m. the earth, Mag.: in mod. usage a soil, gr j., llr j., sendinn j., etc., good, bad, sandy
soil.
jar-yrkja, u, f. agriculture, (mod.)
jarganlega, adv. querulously, (mod. and slang.)
JARKI, a, m. [akin to jaarr, qs. jarki], the outside of the foot, Edda 110, freq. in mod. usage;
hoppa t jrkum, to walk on the jarki: in the Froic dialect jarki is used of the hand = handar-
jaar.
jarkna-steinn, m. [prob. a for. word derived from the A. S. eorcnan-stn] :-- a gem, it occurs only
in the following poems, Vkv. 23, 33, Gkv. 1. 18, 3. 9, which may all have been composed by one
man, who borrowed the word from the A. S.
JARL, m., older form earl, [Hel. erl; A. S. eorl; Engl. earl]: this word had a double sense, one old
and common to the Saxons as well as the earliest Scandinavians, one later and specically Norse,
which afterwards became English through the Norse and Danish invasion, and was nally
established by the Norman Conquest.
A. A gentle, noble man, a warrior, and collect. gentlefolk, as opp. to the churl folk or common
people (karlar, bendr); thus the old poem Rgsml distinguishes three classes, earls, churls, and
thralls (jarla-tt, karla-tt, rla-tt); so also in A. S. eorl and ceorl are almost proverbially
opposed; in the old Saxon poem Heliand, 'erl' is used about a hundred times = a man. Prof. Munch
suggested that the name of the Teutonic people Eruli or Heruli simply represents an appellative
(warriors), which the Roman writers took to be a proper name. In the Scandin. countries this use of
jarl is rare and obsolete, but remains in pot. phrases, in old saws, and in law phrases; oddar grva
jarli megin, spears make the earl's might, Mkv.; rudda ek sem jarlar forum mr til landa, I won me
lands like the earls of yore, Glm, (in a verse): jarls yndi, an earl's delight = a man's delight, Hm.
96; jrlum llum al batni, Gh. 21; hlait r, earlar, eikikstinn, 20; trar jarla-brir, 'earl's-
brides,' ladies, Gkv. 1. 3; alsnotrir jarlar, the gentle earls, 2; eggja ek yr, jarlar, Am. 54; jarla
einbani, 'earl-slayer' = GREEK, Em., Hkm.; karl-flk ok jarla, churlfolk and earl folk, Sighvat; eitt
mein skir hvern jarl, every earl (man) has his ill luck, Fb. ii. (in a verse): in the law, jarls jr, an
earl's estate, is opp. to konungs jr, a king's estate, in the phrase, hlfan rtt skal hann taka er hann
kmr jarls jr, en allan ok fullan er hann kmr konungs jr, Grg. (Kb.) i. 192, for this is
undoubtedly the bearing of this disputed passage; jarlmar is opp. to bkarl, Fms. vii. (in a verse);
so also karlmar (q.v.) in its oldest sense is opp. to jarlmar, = churl-man and earl-man; hir-jarl =
hirmar, Fms. xi. 302, v.l.; berg-jarl, pot. a 'crag-earl' = a giant, Edda (in a verse); bak-jarl, a
'back-earl,' an enemy in one's rear; of-jarl (q.v.), an 'over-earl,' an overbearing man.
B. A chief, as a title, specially Norse and Danish. The Landnma, which is almost our only source
for the political and personal history of Norway before king Harald Fairhair and the settlement of
Iceland, records several chiefs of the 8th and 9th centuries who bore an earl's name as a family
dignity; varr Upplendinga-jarl (Upplnd, a Norse county), Asbjrn jarl Skerja-blesi, Eyvindr jarl,
317; Atli jarl Mjvi af Gaulum (a Norse county), orkell Naumdla-jarl (earl in Naumdale, a Norse
county), 281; Grjtgarr jarl Slva (a county), 297: and as a family title, the famous Hleygja-
jarlar (the earls of the Norse county Hlogaland, whose pedigree from Odin was drawn out in the
old poem Hleygja-tal; Hkon jarl Grjtgarsson, etc.): so also the Mra-jarlar, the earls of Mri (a
Norse county), the foremost of whom was Rgnvaldr Mra-jarl, the forefather of the earls of the
Orkneys (Orkneyja-jarlar) and the earls of Rouen (Ru-jarlar = the dukes of Normandy). II. along
with the Danish and Norse invasion the name appears in England, Bjartmr jarl in Ireland, Landn.;
Hunda-Steinarr, an earl in England, id.; see also the Saxon Chronicle passim, where the very name
indicates a Danish or Norse connexion. It is very likely that many of the earls of the Landnma
were sovereign chiefs, differing from kings only in title, for in old poetry a king and an earl were
addressed in the same way. III. about the time of Harald Fairhair all the petty chiefs became
liegemen under one king, the earl being in dignity nearest the king, answering to comes in mid. Lat.
and graf in Germ. In Scandinavia both name and ofce became extinct about the 13th century: in
Iceland, being a commonwealth, it never took root; see however Gizur jarl (died A.D. 1268) in the
Sturlunga. -- For references see the Sagas passim, esp. Har. S. Harf. ch. 6. IV. in eccl. translation the
Roman procurator provinciae is often rendered by jarl, e.g. Platus jarl, earl Pilate, Ver. 67, Pass.
20. 2. COMPDS: jarla-kappi, a, m. champion of earls (of Orkney), a nickname, Landn. jarla-
skld, n. poet of earls, a nickname of the poet Arnor for his poems on the earls of Orkney. Jarla-
sgur, f. pl. Earls' Sagas (earls of Orkney), the old name of the present Orkneyinga Saga, Fb. ii.
347, . H. 100. jarls-efni, n. a young earl, earl's heir, N. G. L. jarls-mar, m. an earl's man,
follower, Nj. 127. jarls-n, n. earl's libel, name of a poem, Fb. i. jarls-rki, n. an earldom, Hkr. i.
101, Fms. xi. 179. jarls-sti, n. an earl's seat, Hkr. i. 81.
jarl-borinn, part. earl-born, Fs. 125.
jarl-dmr or jarls-dmr, m. an earldom, Landn. 260, Fms. i. 6, vii. 315, Hkr. i. 263.
jarl-dmi, n. = jarldmr, Fms.
jarl-mar, m. an earl. 2. freq. as a pr. name on Swed. Runic stones, Baut. passim. II. an earl's man,
Lex. Pot.
jarma, a, to bleat, of sheep and goats, Grett. 137 A, Greg. 50 passim.
JARMR, m. [prob. identical with A. S. geomor; Hel. jamar; North. E. yammer; O. H. G. jamar;
Germ. jammer, which words are else alien to the Scandin.] :-- a bleating, Gull. 19; saua-jarmr, the
bleating of sheep, Hrafn. 7; fugls-jarmr, the 'bleating,' crying of birds, as the giantess calls the birds'
song, pot., Edda (in a verse), passim.
jarpi, a, m. a kind of bird, tetrao bonasia (?), Norse jerpe, Edda (Gl.)
JARPR, adj., fem. jrp, brown, of the hair; jarpr hr, jarpt hr, Fms. vii. 112, 238, x. 397, Nj. 39;
jarpa skr, Hm. 21; skarar jarpar, Gkv. 2. 19: as epithet of a lady, Fms. vii. 62 (in a verse); hvt-j.,
id.: of horses, jarpr hestr, Flov. 33; in mod. usage, of horses only, Jarpr of a stallion, Jrp of a
mare.
jarp-skamr, Hm. (doubtful.)
jarp-skjttr, adj. skew-ball, i.e. bay piebald, Sturl. ii. 177.
jartegn or jartein, later form jarteikn or even jarteikn, but not so in good MSS.; in Thom. S.
even spelt hjartegn; jargtegn (badly), Fms. xi. 38: that the syllable tein was sounded guttural is also
shewn by the rhyme, slks eru jarteignir, Eb. (in a verse); and fregnar jartegnir, Leiarv. 6; but also
hrein ... jarteinir, 36: in the Rekst. the former syllable jart is rhymed on bjart: [Hel. word-tkan, O.
H. G. and mid. H. G. wort-zeichen shew the true etymology to be word-token, whence, by a false
etymology, arose the mid. H. G. and mod. Germ. war-zeichen; in the Scandin. the w was changed
into j, Dan. jertegn, Grimm's Gramm. ii. 481, note; the word is however scarcely genuine
Scandinavian, although it occurs in poems of the former part of the 11th century, e.g. the Rekst., as
also in Eb. in the Hrafnsml; but it is freq. used in the Sagas]: I. a token, a ring, knife, belt, sword,
or the like; properly, 'a word's token,' which a messenger had to produce in proof that his word was
true; or ok jartegnir, orsending ok jartegnir, Fms. i. 21. Eg. 36. 167, 467, 477; erendi ok j., 472;
brf ok j., Fms. vii. 47, (see brf); me skilrkum vitnum ok jartegnum, Gl. 60; senda menn me
jartegnum, Eg. 67; f e-m jartegnir snar, bera fram jartegnir e-s, 96; bera upp rendi sn ok sna
jartegnir, . H. 53; ngrgull etta fr Rgnvaldi jarli, r jartegnir mun hann kenna, id.; bar
hann fram orsendingar konungs ok sndi at me jartegnum, Eg. 38; eim er taka vilja vi vinttu
minni ok jartegnum, . H. 75; vera til jartegna, to be a token or proof of a thing, Eg. 49, 768; hafa
e-t til jartegna, use as a token, proof, Sks. 725 B, Fms. viii. 197, Gsl. 97; n tak hr gullit ok haf til
jartegna, Fs. 8; n er hr gull er skalt bera til jarteigna, at ek sendi ik, 7; uttu sendimenn hr
me konungi berar jarteignir af jarli at eir fru me snnum hans eyrendum, Hkr. i. 327; sannar
jartegnir, til sannra jartegna at segir satt, fr honum, Fms. iii. 61, Eg. 28, 476; at eru
miklar jartegnir, hve hlynir ..., it is a great token, how ..., b. 16; at vru jarteinir, at herr var
landi, it served as a token, that ..., Fms. i. 167. II. in sing, as well as plur. a miracle, esp. as a token
or proof of the holiness of a saint, Nj. 162, Clem. 47, 59, Fms. vii. 351, xi. 38, Rb. 374, 418, Hkr. ii.
393; at mun r ykkja jartein -- at kalla ek atbur, segir hann, en eigi jartein, Sturl ii. 54; bru
jarteinir vitni heilagleik hans, Greg. 57; Gus jarteinir, Fms. i. 133. 2. a mystery; vita jartegnir rkis
Gus, Hom. 67 (Mark iv. 11): in mod. usage, N. T., Pass., Vdal., krapta-verk, and not jarteikn. III.
gramm. token, value, of a letter; hafa eitt hlj ok jartein, Sklda 166 (Thorodd); eirra stafa m
arnask ef vill vru mli, vat engi er einka jartein eirra, 167; lkneski, nafn ok j., id. COMPDS:
jarteina-bk, f. a miracle-book, Bs., Orkn. 174, v.l. jarteina-gr, f. the working of miracles, Stj.,
Hkr. ii. 328, Fms. xi. 207, Orkn. 174. jarteina-kraptr, m. the power of working miracles, Greg. 54.
jarteina-mar, m. a worker of miracles, Greg. 55. jarteinar-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), wonderfully,
Stj.
jarteina, d, earteina, Sklda 166; jartegna, jargtengna, Bret. 59, Cod. B. (badly); mod.
jarteikna :-- to betoken; mun s sir j. au en fgru epli, Fms. xi. 12; jarteindu at au in miklu
sltrin, er Bari lt angat fra, sl. ii. 342; at jartegndi blma rkis hans, Hkr. i. 123; Dav
konungr jartegnir Krist, Rb. 390: gramm. to represent, of a letter, hann (the character) lt ek
jarteina jafnt sem hina tv,, Sklda 166; s stafr jarteinir tuttugu, id.; ok skolu tv sta earteina, id.
JASTR or jast, n. [Engl. yeast; mid. H. G. jest and gest; Germ. gischt; Ivar Aasen jest and jestr;
akin to ostr (q.v.) = a cheese] :-- yeast, leaven; jastri, dat., Nikd.: jast-ostr, m. a kind of cheese,
Fms. vi. (in a verse): jast-rn, f., pot. the 'yeasting-stream' = poetry, song, Kormak: in mod. usage
jastr means the skin on curdled milk, whence jastr-sr, adj. curdled, acid, of milk, Lex. Pot.; hence
the mod. hjastr, n. a frothy, light work; a er mesta hjastr.
jata, u, f. a manger (mod. = eta, q.v.), Gsl. 131, Luke ii. 7, 12, 17, passim in mod. usage. jtu-
band, n. a manger rail.
JAUR, adv., also spelt jr, Sklda 163 (Thorodd), Art. 126: in mod. usage proncd. double, jur-jr
or jir-jr (sounded yer-yor), which word was at the end of the last century still used in the north of
Iceland (Thingeyjar-ssla): [it is a compd particle, from j = yea and r, which may be a pers. pron.,
analogous to the early Gmn. j ich! j d! j s! j ir! Grimm's Gramm. iii. 765; other Teutonic
languages have preserved this particle, although in a somewhat different sense, mid. H. G. jra or
jr-ia, jra-ja] :-- yea, yes! with emphasis, yea, in sooth, yes indeed, yes certainly, as a reply to an
expression of doubt or denial. Of this interesting particle only six instances are found in old writers:
-- three in O. H. L., biskup leit tar kirkjuna ok s hvar lafr st ok mlti, n er konungr t
kominn, eir sgu at hann var eigi t kominn. -- Answer, Jaur, sagi biskup, s er sannr konungr,
er n er t kominn, 10; hvat er n um flag at er konungrinn me yr? eir drpu nir hfi ok
kvusk ekki haus flag hafa. -- Jaur, sagi hann, r sgusk vst vera hans flagar, 45; Mar
svarar, hv mlir at ? -- Jaur, segir hann, at var mr hug, etc., 69; one in Thorn, (the Norse
Recension), ekki var ek ar nrri, ok v s ek enga essa hluti, ekki heyra ek ok at er segir
fr. -- Jaur, segir hann, Gu at veit, at ek em uruggr um at at ek s ik ar, 246; one in Valv. S.
126 (spelt jr); and lastly, one in Thorodd, austr, ern, eir, jr, eyrir, vn, Sklda 163. Gudmund
Andreae mentions this particle as in use in his time, and as sounded jr-jur, e.g. er ekki dagr? --
answer, jr-jur! vilt ekki etta? -- answer, jr-jur! but his derivation from Lat. jure is erroneous.
JAXL, m. [Shetl. yackle], a jaw-tooth, grinder, Lat. dens molaris, Am. 79, Eb. 60, Nj. 144, 203,
Fas. i. 331, Stj. 414, N. G. L. i. 80; tennr ok jaxlar, Edda 5, Hv. 43, 49; jaxla verkr, tooth-ache, Bs.
i. 195.
jaxl-brir, m. = jaxl, Eg. (in a verse).
jaxl-garr, m. the jaw-bone, Fas. i. 331.
J, adv. [Ulf. ji and j; O. H. G., Germ., Dutch, Swed., and Dan. j; Old Engl. and North. E. aye;
A. S. gea; Old Engl. yea: the Saxons and Germans however prefer a compd; thus the A. S. ge-se,
from gea = yea, and the subj. se ( = Lat. sit), whence Engl. yes (qs. ye-s = yea be it); the Germans
say ja wohl! ja freilich! in preference to ja singly; as also Dan. ja-vist; analogous is the A. S. ne-se
= no (Grimm's Gramm. iii. 764); as also jaur above] :-- yea, yes; j, sagi Kri, Nj. 263, passim:
even, hfingja, minni menn, j, hverja herkerlingu, Sturl. i. 36: as subst., j sem j er, nei sem nei
er, K. . 200: f j e-s, to get a person's 'yes,' his assent, N. G. L. i. 33; me jm (dat. pl.) ok
handslum, D. N. ii. 101. II. as interj., aye! yes! j, segir hann (hn), sl. ii. 144, 348, 353, Band.
passim, esp. in Cod. Reg.: doubled, aye, aye! yes, yes! j, j! segir Hermundr, Band. 33 new Ed.,
Trist. 12; j, j? vel, vel! Bs. i. 421; j, j! sagi hann, kaupmar vst, O. H. L. 16.
j, , part. j, to say yes, assent, consent, Lat. aio, with dat.; eptir sem honum tti biskup sr j
hafa, Fms. ix. 378; frekara en eir ju, 52; hann ji v, Finnb. 224; ok hann jr (pres.) honum at
halda, Bs. i. 281; ann kost er mr var j, Fms. vi. 160; gengu allir bndr undir orgils, ok ju
honum (confessed him) til yrmanns, Sturl. iii. 270: with prep., j e-u undan sr, to yield up, Bs. i.
281; j e-u upp, to yield up, Fms. vi. 194; alla hluti sem n eru upp jir, H. E. i. 398.
j-eir, m. = jor, H. E. i. 465.
j-kva, , to say yes, with dat., Sks. 772, Fms. vii. 280.
j-kvi, n. assent, consent, Orkn. 50, Fms. iv. 87, Anecd. 74.
j-kvr, adj. assenting, consenting, 623. 24.
jlfar, m. a name of Odin, from jlmr.
JLKR, m. [Norse jelk: Dan. vallak], a gelding; ef grar hestr btr jlk, Gl. 392: in mod. usage a
hackney, freq. II. a pr. name of Odin, Gm., Lex. Pot.
jlma, a, to clatter, Lat. stridere, Fb. i. 405 (in a verse).
JLMR, m. a noise, bustle, pot., Landn. 162 (in a verse); j. mlma, a clash of weapons, Fms. v.
(in a verse); geira j., the clash or ring of spears, Orkn. 76 (in a verse).
jnka, a, to say yes; hann jnkai v, (convers.)
j-or, n. a 'yea-word,' assent, consent, Fms. vii. 305, Sturl. i. 141.
JRN, n., in older spelling earn, Thorodd; jrn is a contracted form; the older pot. form is sarn,
which occurs only ve times in old poetry, Eb. 26 new Ed. (in a verse of A.D. 981); sarn gullu,
Hornklo: sarn-leikr, m. iron play, Haustl.: sarn-meir, m. a blacksmith, Eg. (in a verse); Edda
(Gl.) distinguishes between sarn and jrn. The contracted form jarn or earn however occurs even in
the oldest poems, (jrnvir, Vsp.), and is dissyllabic in such verses as gunnings earn-hringar (a
verse of the beginning of the 11th century), Sklda (in a verse); but monosyllabic in jrn, rhyming
with orna, Fms. vii. 35 (in a verse); fksk arnar matr jrnum, Sklda: [Goth. eisarn; A. S. sen;
Engl. iron, still often pronounced iern; O. H. G. sen; Hel. sarn; mod. Germ. eisen; Dan. jern;
Swed. jrn] :-- iron; ritair earn ar sem ek munda jrn rta, Sklda 164; hagr mar tr ok jrn,
Eg. 4; r jrni, of iron, Nj. 272, passim. 2. in the phrase, bera jrn (as an ordeal), to bear iron; sitja
til jrns, etc., Fms. ix. 280; for references see bera A. III. 1, p. 58. II. in plur. irons, fetters; setja
jrn, Fms. ii. 143, xi. 246, 285; sitja jrnum, 287, passim: iron spikes, ar vru jrn trjm fyrir,
vii. 266: iron chains, irons, hann hafi jrnum komit fyrir Stokksund, Hkr. ii. 5; iron hinges, lk ar
grind jrnum, Fms. v. 331: horse-shoes, either jrn or hesta-jrn, (mod.): arms, weapons, Edda
(Gl.) passim: also in sing., Nj. 193. III. in pr. names, Jrn-gerr, Landn., and Eld-jrn, id.
COMPDS: jrna-far, n. an iron-print, a mark of weapons, Fas. ii. 400: iron-plating on a ship,
Orkn. 362. jrna-gangr, m. the clash of arms, Fms. xi. 288. jrna-lauss, adj. without hinges (a
chest), Pm. 6: unshod, of a horse. jrna-star, m. a mark, print of irons, Hkr. iii. 290. jrns-litr, m.
iron colour, Stj.
B. In endless COMPDS: jrn-auga, n. 'iron-eye,' a nickname, Sturl. iii. 68. jrn-band, n. an iron
borer, Barl. 179. Jrn-bari, a, m. 'Iron-boarder,' name of a battering ram, . T. jrn-benda, d, to
band, gird, hoop with iron. jrn-borg, f. an 'iron castle,' used of a ring of iron-clad ships, Hkv.
Hjrv. jrn-brandr, m. an iron bar, Nirst. 106. jrn-broddr, m. an iron prod or spike, jrn-
bundinn, part. iron-bound, of a shield, Karl. 240, 262, 349. jrn-burr, m. iron-bearing, the ordeal
of carrying hot iron, mid. Lat. ferrum candens, for references see bera A. III. 1. jrn-btr, m. an
iron stump, orst, Su H. 10: a nickname, Sturl. iii. 217. jrn-dragi, a, m. an 'iron-drawer,'
magnet, Konr. 33. jrn-drepsleggja, u, f. an iron sledge-hammer, Eb. 272. jrn-faldinn, part.
hooded in mail, Eb. (in a verse). jrn-festr, f. an iron bond, Vm. 70, 165, Greg. 54, Fas. iii. 213.
jrn-fjturr, m. an iron fetter, Edda 20. jrn-einn, m. an iron bar, Fas. iii. 125. jrn-gaddr, m. an
iron goad, Landn. 212, Fb. iii. 300, Bs. i. 820. jrn-ger, f. an iron girdle, Fms. v. 345. jrn-gl,
a, m. an iron glove, Edda 15 (of Thor). Jrn-glumra, u, f. name of an ogress, Edda (Gl.) jrn-gr,
adj. of good iron, Fas. ii. 466. jrn-grr, adj. iron-gray, Dipl. iii. 14 (of stuff); in Edda (Ht.) of a
coat of mail. jrn-greipr, f. pl. = jrngl, Edda 60, 61. jrn-grind, f. an iron grate, Nirst. 106,
Symb. 58. jrn-gr, f. iron-forging. jrngrar-mar, m. a blacksmith, Grett. 129 A. jrn-hanki,
a, m. an iron hoop, Sd. 191. jrn-hattr, m. an iron hat, a kind of helmet, Ann. 1394, D. N. i. 321.
Jrn-hauss, m. Iron-skull, a nickname, Fr. jrn-hespa, u, f. an iron hasp, Fas. iii. 383. jrn-
hlekkr, m. an iron link, chain. jrn-hli, n. an iron gate, Lil. 61. jrn-hosa, u, f. = brynhosa, ir.
169. jrn-hlkr, m. an iron tube, jal. 8. jrn-hringr, m. an iron ring, Hkr. ii. 12 (in a verse), iii.
266, ir. 187: spelt earnhringar, Sklda 164. Jrn-hryggr, m. Iron-back, a nickname, Fas. jrn-
hur, f. an iron hurdle, door, Fms. i. 104, xi. 74, ir. 169. jrn-hvalr, m. a whale found with a
harpoon in it, Jb. 108, 312, Js. jrn-kambr, m. an iron comb, Fas. iii. 612, Blas. 46. jrn-karl, m.
an iron hoe, Vm. 177, passim in mod. usage. jrn-kertistika, u, f. an iron candlestick, Vm. 34.
jrn-ketill, m. an iron kettle, Grg. i. 501. jrn-kl, f. an iron claw or fang, sl. ii. 195. jrn-
klukka, u, f. an iron bell, Landn. 42. jrn-klddr, part. iron-clad, Hkr. iii. 201. jrn-kola, u, f. a
small iron lamp, Jm. 31, Vm. 177. jrn-krkr, m. an iron crook, Fms. v. 157. jrn-kylfa, u, f. an
iron club, Fas. iii. 324. jrn-lampr, m. an iron lamp, Pm. 126. jrn-leikr, m. an iron game, pot. a
battle, Hful. 8. jrn-ligr, adj. of iron, Lat. ferreus, Stj. 345. jrn-litr, m. iron colour. jrn-loka, u,
f. an iron lock, Fas. iii. 380. jrn-lurkr, m. an iron cudgel, Hbl. jrn-lykkja, u, f. an iron clasp,
Gsl. 88. jrn-meiss, m. an iron basket: name of a ship. Nj. 163. jrn-ml, n. pl. the iron mouth-
piece of a bridle. jrn-mikill, adj. of solid iron, Fb. i. 524. jrn-milti, n. an iron bar. jrn-munnr,
m. an iron mouth, pot. of a beak, Lex. Pot. jrn-nagli, a, m. an iron nail, Bs. i. 860, passim. jrn-
nef, n. an iron neb or beak, Fas. iii. 507. jrn-nkkvi, a, m. an iron boat, used of a giant seen
rowing in a boat of iron, Landn. 78. jrn-onn, part. iron woven, of a coat of mail, Fas. i. (in a
verse). jrn-port, n. an iron gate, Stj. 205, jrn-rekendr, part. pl. iron chains, barring a strait, Fms.
vii. 183, xi. 322: shackles, Sks. 416; svaf Petrus bundinn tvennum jrnrekendum, Post. 656 C.
11. jrn-rending, f. [rnd], an iron brim, Korm. 120. jrn-rendr, part. bordered with iron, Korm.
68, Grett. 119 A. jrn-saumr, m. iron nails, N. G. L. i. 101. jrn-sax, n. an iron cutlass, Lex. Pot.
Jrn-saxa, u, f. Iron-chopper, name of an ogress, Edda: a nickname, Nj. jrn-serkr, m. an iron
sark, coat of mail, Lex. Pot. jrn-sa, u, f. a red-hot iron bar, Edda 61. Jrn-sa, u, f. Ironside,
nickname of a mythical warrior king, Ragn. S.; cp. the A. S. king Edmund Ironside: name of an
Icel. code of laws (1271-1280), prob. from being cased in iron, Ann. Resen. 1271. jrn-skip, n. a
ship's model in iron, Pm. 51, 79. Jrn-skjldr, m. Iron-shield, a pr. name, Fb.: as also a nickname,
Hdl. jrn-skr, m. an iron shoe, Br. 179, Edda 56, (of the mythol. shoe of the god Vidar.) jra-
sl, f. an iron bar, Fms. i. 129, Gsl. 88, Sks. 631, Fas. i. 415. jrn-sleggja, u, f. an iron sledge-
hammer, Bs. i. 120, Karl. 338. jrn-sleginn, part. mounted with iron. jrn-smir, m. a blacksmith,
Eg. 141, Landn. 118, Fms. vi. 361, Stj. 451: metaph. a black insect, so called as opp. to gullsmir,
q.v. jrn-sm, f. the forging of iron, Fms. xi. 427. jrn-smi, n. smith's work, Sturl. i. 47. jrn-
spjt, n. an iron spear, Karl. 365. jrn-spng, f. an iron clasp, Gl. 105: iron-plating, Fms. ii. 310.
jrn-stafr, m. an iron staff, Nj. 211, Hkr. i. 229, Landn. (in a verse), jrn-stika, u, f. an iron
candlestick, Vm. 2, 6, Dipl. iii. 4. jrn-stll, m. an iron chair, Dipl. v. 18, D. N. jrn-stlpi, a, m.
an iron post, Sks. 631. jrn-stka, u, f. the sleeves of a coat of mail, Sighvat. jrn-stng, f. an iron
bar, Br. 164. jrn-sla, u, f. an iron column, Edda 61, Fb. i. 527. jrn-svipa, u, f. an iron lash,
Clem. 57, 656 C. 36. jrn-teinn, m. an iron prong, Eg. 285, Bs. i. 854: iron wire, Fms. ii. 129, v.l.:
an iron fork, Fas. iii. 123. jrn-tund, f. a tax on iron, N. G. L. i. 462. jrn-vann, part. wound
round with iron, Eg. 285, Sturl. i. 63, Krk. jrn-varr, part. mounted with iron, Darr. 2, Stj. 387,
Fms. vi. 145. jrn-vpn, n. an iron weapon, Fas. ii. 178. jrn-vijar, f. pl. iron withes, iron wire,
Fas. iii. 211, Symb. 57, Gull. 52. Jrn-vir, m. the Iron Wood, a mythical wood with iron leaves
(Vsp. 32), peopled by ogresses, called Jrn-vijur, f. pl., Edda, Eyvind (Yngl. S. ch. 9): also the
local name of a wood in Holsten, -- den stora Holstenska skov Isarnhow, der af de Danske
oversttes Jarnwith, Nord. Tidskr. for Oldk. i. 272. jrn-vlr, m. an iron bar, Bev. jrn-r, f. iron
vein, ore, 544. 39. jrn-r, f. an iron shaft, N. G. L. i. 102: also = herr, q.v. (sub herr B, at end).
jrna, a, to mount with iron; jrnair vagnar, wains mounted with iron, Stj.; jrnu kerra, 386;
jrnar skjldr, Valla L. 213; jrnu hur, Br. 15; rrgltr me jrnuum mla, Sks. 395: with
hinges, jrnar kistill, kista, D. N. iii. 421, Pr. 413; jrna kistu, Rtt. 2. 10, Pm. 120, Vm. 121. II.
spec, usages, to put in irons, Fms. xi. 445: to be mailed, 365. 2. to shoe a horse; jrna hest, Boll.
346, Fms. viii. 182; hann li honum hest jrnaan llum ftum, Sturl. ii. 145; hnn lt sr til
ferarinnar jrna tvau hross, Bs. ii. 184; al-jrnar, shod on all the feet; lla, vel jrnar; bl-jrna,
to 'blood-shoe,' shoe to the quick: the ancients usually said ska (to shoe) hest, but jrna is the mod.
term.
JTA, a, or jtta, t: it varies between the 1st and 2nd conjugation, the older forms being, pres.
jti, jtir, as still used in the north of Icel., pret. jtti, part. jtt; the later, pres. jta, jtar, pret. jtai,
part. jta: [mid. H. G. jaze] :-- to say yes: I. with dat. or absol. to say yes, assent; allir jttuu v,
Fms. vii. 281; essu jttar rndr, vi. 190; essu jtir hann, Glm. 360, 361: to acknowledge,
confess; jtta ek v, at ek he ..., Fms. vii. 305; sagi at Erkibiskup hafi v jtta (v.l. j), viii.
258; n jtar ek Drttni, Stj. 174; ef eir gra iran jtandi nu nafni, 567; jta Gui, Greg. 20;
hann neitai Gus nafni en jtai guuni snum, Fms. x. 324: to consent, at jttat ha verit, Sks.
776 B; eptir lgum ok v sem var jttat, Gl. 47; jtuu ok samyktu allir, at ..., id.; ek mun jata
(consent) at grask hans eiginkona, Fms. i. 3; eir beia ess at Sturla jtai dm Jns Loptssonar
um mlit, Sturl. i. 105; Dana-konungr jttai gjnni, Fms. x. 84; n jtti jarlinn hvru-tveggja,
Kristninni ok vingan konungs, 277; jtta e-u undan sr, to yield up, Orkn. 52; jtai biskup upp
(yielded up) llum stum, Bs. i. 730: to promise, ann Finninn er hann hafi jtt (jt), at ..., Fms. x.
379; mun ek essu jta fyrir mik ok heimamenn mna, Nj. 162; jttir ferinni, didst thou promise
to go? Fms. iii. 72; jta skuldar-stum, Ld. 212. II. with acc. of the thing, to acknowledge,
confess; jta syndir, Fb. ii. 434, Sks. 129 new Ed., Th. 23, 625. 92: to grant, jttuu allir r
konungdm, Fms. vii. 153; Jess Christr s er ek tri , ok jti me munni, Blas. 41: to yield, give,
jta konungi at alt er hann beiddi, Fms. xi. 224; konungr ba bndr jta sr reiskjta, 223; jta
sik, to confess one's sins, Bs. i. 121; ann tma er herra Gyrr hafi sik til jttat (promised), H. E. i.
528; jtta sik undir e-t, to engage oneself, Dipl. ii. 11, Fms. ii. 238. III. reex., jtask undir e-t, to
engage oneself to, accept, profess, Nj. 122, Fms. x. 24, xi. 38: to promise, hvrt-tveggja jtask ru
til hjskapar, H. E. i. 247.
jtan and jttan, f. confession, Edda ii. 192, H. E. i. 484.
jtari, a, m. a confessor, Hom. 147, Bs. i. 48.
jting, f. = jtning, Hom. 4.
jtning, f. confession, esp. in an eccl. sense; jtning heilagrar trar, Fms. i. 142; Trar-jtning. the
Creed, confession of faith; Augsborgar-trarjatning = the Augsburg Confession, Confessio
Augustana, Vdal. passim: synda-jtning, confession of sins, H. E. i. 476, Bs. i. 746, 846, passim.
jtsi, adj. indecl. saying yes, confessing; konungr var honum ess jtsi, Fms. x. 379.
j-yri, n. = jor, Fms. ii. 291, vii. 359, xi. 218, Sturl. iii. 315, K. . 112.
J, n. [this interesting word is prob. akin to al, aur, eli, referring to an old lost strong verb,
ja, au, throwing light upon the sense of these words] :-- a baby, Edda 108, Rm. 38; j l Edda,
jsu vatni, Rm. 7; l ek mr j, Gh. 14, Skv. 3. 60 (Bugge); eiga j, Vkv. 31; fa j, Am. 103;
js aal, a baby's nature, pot. of one sucking like a baby, t. 13: pot., arnar-j, lfs, gyldis,
rnis j, an eagle's, wolf's, giant's kin, Lex. Pot.; hauk-j, a hawk's offspring, Rekst.; hn (the
fox) sr holu j, hva eiga au a eta? Snt.
j-ds or j-ds, f. a sister, pot., Edda 109, t. 7: as a pr. name, of women, J-ds, J-frr, J-
reir, J-runn; of men, J-steinn, see the remarks under ds.
jla, a, [j], to drawl like a baby.
j-ligr, adj. blooming like a baby; hn mun barn fa ok mun at sveinn vera bi mikill ok
jligr, Fb. ii. 9; hn fddi meybarn bi mikit ok jligt, sl. ii. 19.
j-mir, f. [Dan. corrupt jorde-moder], a midwife.
j-sjk, f. adj. 'baby-sick,' in labour, Ann. 1371.
j-stt, f. the pains of childbirth, travail-pains, Fms. iv. 32, Mar. passim.
j-ungr, adj. 'baby-young,' infantile, Skv. 3. 37.
j-verkr, m. = jstt, Mag. 95.
JL, n. pl., in rhymes, glig, Jla, . H. (in a verse); [A. S. gel, sometimes used of the whole
month of December, whereas December is also called ra geola = fore Yule, and January ftera
geola = after Yule; the plur. in Icel. perhaps refers to this double month. The origin and etymology
of the word Yule is much contested, and has been treated at length by Grimm (Gesch. der
Deutschen Sprache), who tries to make out a relation between the Lat. J&u-long;lus or J&u-
long;lius and the Teut. Yule, the one being a midsummer month, the other a midwinter month; like
former etymologists, he also derives the word from hjl, a wheel, as referring to the sun's wheeling
round at midwinter and midsummer time. The resemblance of the words is striking, as also the old
northern celebration of the midsummer feast Jnsvaka (see below), which was in fact a kind of
midsummer Yule.]
B. Yule, a great feast in the heathen time, afterwards applied to Christmas (as still in North. E.) In
Icel. popular usage Yule-eve is a kind of landmark by which the year is reckoned, so that a man is as
many years old as he has passed Yule nights, hafa lifa (so and so) margar Jla-ntr; for the year
counts from Yule night, whence the phrase, vera lla or vel r kominn, to become well or ill in the
year; thus a person born shortly before Yule is 'lla r kominn,' for at next Yule he will be
reckoned one year old, whereas one born just after it is 'vel r kominn.' The heathen Yule lasted
thirteen days, whence are derived the names rettndi, the thirteenth = Epiphany, i.e. the 6th of
January, as also the Engl. 'Twelfth-night;' it is however probable that the heathen feast was held a
little later than the Christian (see hkuntt). The heathen Yule was a great merry-making, and tales
of ghosts, ogres, and satyrs were attached to it, esp. the Jla-sveinar or 'Yule-lads,' a kind of goblins
or monster satyrs, thirteen in number, one to each day of the feast, sons of the kidnapping hag Grla
(q.v.), whose names were used to frighten children with, see sl. js. i. 219, 220. As the night
lengthens and the day shortens, the ghosts gain strength, and reach their highest at Yule time, see
Grett. ch. 34-37, 67-70, Eb. ch. 34, Flam. S. ch. 22. The day next before Yule is called atfanga-
dagr (q.v.) Jla, when stores were provided and fresh ale brewed, Jla-l. Passages in the Sagas
referring to Yule are numerous, e.g. Hervar. S. ch. 4, Hlfd. S. Svarta ch. 8, Har. S. Hrf. ch. 16 (in a
verse), Hk. S. Ga ch. 12, 15, 19, . H. ch. 151, Eb. ch. 31, Landn. 3. ch. 15 (in the Hb.), Bjarn.
51 sqq., Sturl. iii. 127. As for Yule games cp. the Norse and Danish Jule-buk, Jola-geit (Ivar Aasen)
= a Yule goat, Dan. Jule-leg = a Yule game. II. in poetry a feast (generally); hugins jl, a raven's
feast, Fms. vi. 255 (in a verse), cp. Bjarn. 36. COMPDS: Jla-aptan, m. Yule-eve, Landn. 215,
Fms. vii. 183, ix. 480, xi. 15. Jla-bl, n. a 'Yule-bale,' Yule-re, a bright blazing re, Skr. 265.
Jla-bo, n. a Yule banquet, Eg. 516, Fms. ii. 39, Hkr. ii. 70. Jla-bk, f. a Yule book, lessons for
Christmas Day, Am. 30, Pm. 14. Jla-dagr, m. a Yule day (rst, second, etc.), K. . K., Nj. 165,
270, Rb. 44, 436. Jla-drykkja, u, f. Yule drinking, Landn. 216, Fbr. 138, Bjarn. 51, Fms. vii. 274.
Jla-fasta, u, f. Yule-fast, the preparation for Christmas = Advent, K. . K., Rb., Eb. 272. Jla-
frir, m. Yule-peace, sanctity, Sturl. iii. 127. Jlafstu-bk, f. lessons for Advent, Pm. 79.
Jlafstu-t, f. (-tmi, a, m.), Advent time, K. . 188. Jla-gjf, f. a Yule gift, Christmas box, Eg.
516, Hkr. ii. 70: a tax paid to the king, N. G. L. i. 58, Fms. vii. 1, x. 410. Jla-gri, n. pl. =
Jlafrir. Jla-hald, n. a keeping of Yule, Fms. i. 31. Jla-helgi, f. Yule holiday, K. . K. Jla-hll,
f. a hall where Yule is held, Fms. ix. 372. Jla-kveld, n. Yule-eve, Fms. i. 76, iv. 82, vii. 161. Jla-
les, n. a Yule lesson, Pm. 31. Jla-morgin, m. Yule morning, Fs. 143. Jla-ntt, f., see above, Fms.
i. 31, x. 296, K. . K. 126. Jla-skr, f. a Yule scroll, see sl. js. ii. 561, a kind of almanack with
weather prophecies. Jla-sveinar, m. pl., see above. Jla-t, f. Yule-tide, N. G. L. i. 350: in plur.,
Jla-tir, Christmas service, Fms. ii. 37. Jlata-bk, f. lessons for Christmas, Am. 72. Jla-
tungl, n. the Yule moon. Jla-veizla, u, f. a Yule banquet, Fms. i. 31, x. 178. Jla-vist, f. holding,
staying the Yule, Eb. 236, Hkr. i. 72, Fms. ix. 290, x. 410, Sturl. i. 216. Jla-l, n. Yule ale, Eb. 274.
Jlfur, m. a name of Odin, Edda; as also Jlfr, a pr. name, Fas. ii.
JLL, m.; the mod. form njli is no doubt a corruption from hvannjli (q.v.), by dropping the
former part of the compd, but retaining the nal n, which was transferred to the latter part of the
compd, just as in Dan. paa = opp-aa: [jol = angelica sylvestris, Ivar Aasen] :-- wild angelica; the
word is recorded in the Edda Lauf., and occurs in Ls. 3, -- jl (acc.) ok fu fri ek sa sonum ok
blend ek eim sv meini mj, denoting that Loki threatened to poison their ale with ill-avoured
herbs (the passage must certainly be so taken, and not as suggested s.v. fr, p. 40).
Jl-mnur, m. the Yule month, Rb. 556, Fms. x. 222.
Jlnir, m. a name of Odin: in plur., jlnar, the gods, Edda (Gl.), Ht.
JM, n. a county in Pomerania, where the Danes had an ancient colony and stronghold called
Jms-borg, f. and Jms-vkingar, m. pl. the Vikings of Jom: Jmvkinga-bardagi, a, m. the battle
of J. (in the year 994), Fms. passim: Jmvkinga-saga, u, f. the Saga of J.
Jmali, a, m. [a Tchudic word], the idol of the Finns at the White Sea, . H. ch. 122.
jm-fr, f. a maid, miss; see jungfr.
JN, m. (Jnn, Fb.), a pr. name, contraction of the older dissyllabic Jann, John, Johannes, see b.
17: of the same origin are Jhann, Jhannes, Jens, which have come into use since the
Reformation, whereas Jn or Jan appears in Icel. at the middle of the 11th century, and soon
afterwards became so popular that in the K. . (of 1276) it is made to serve for M. M. (N. or M.) in
the baptismal formula, as also in the law formula, yr hfi Jni, against M. M., see Njla. Jns-
bk, f. John's book, the code of laws of 1281, named after John the lawyer (lgmar), who brought
the book from Norway to Icel., Ann. 1281, rna S. II. St. John Baptist's Day (June 24) is in the
northern countries a kind of midsummer Yule, and was in Norway and Sweden celebrated with
bonres, dances, and merriment; and tales of fairies and goblins of every kind are connected with
St. John's eve in summer as well as with Yule-eve in winter. The name of the feast varies, -- Jns-
dagr, m., Jns-messa, u, f., Jnsvku-dagr, m. the day, mass of St. John = the 24th of June; Jns-
ntt, f., Jns-vaka, u, f., St. John's eve, 'John's-wake,' Rb. 530, Sturl. iii. 59, N. G. L. i. 340, 343,
Fms. viii. 357, ix. 7: Jnsvku-skei, Fms. x. 49: Jnsvku-leyti, id. In Norway the feast is at
present called Jonsoka = Jnsvaka, and the res Jonsoku-brising (cp. the Brisinga-men of the
Edda). The origin of this feast is no doubt heathen, being a worship of light and the sun, which has
since been adapted to a Christian name and the Christian calendar. For the fairy tales connected
with this feast, see sl. js., which tales again call to mind Shakspeare's Midsummer Night's
Dream: Jnsmessu-l, n. ale brewed for St. John's day, N. G. L. i. 137; var sumar-t ok ht
mikil Jnsvku-ntt, Br. 17. 2. Jns-dagr, Jns-messa are also used to signify the day or mass of
the Icel. bishop John (died A.D. 1121), April 23 and March 3, see Bs.: Jns-hfu, Jns-skript, f.
the head, tablet of St. John, B. K., Vm., etc.: Jns-stka, u, f. chapel of St. John, Sturl. i. 125.
JR, m., gen. js, Ls. 13; dat. j, Hm. 89; acc. j, Hkv. 2. 47, Skm. 15, Kormak: plur. jar, dat.
jm, Gm. 30, Hm. 3; acc. plur. ja, Hkv. 2. 38, but ji, 39; gen. plur. ja, Gm. 43: [O. H. G. and
Hel. ehu; in Goth. prob. aihvus; but as the Acts, Apocalypse, and Epistle of St. James are lost in the
version of Ulf., we do not know the exact Goth. word for a horse: the Gr. GREEK (GREEK) and
Lat. equus represent the uncontracted, the Teut. ehu, e- (j-r) the contracted form] :-- a stallion,
but only used in poetry; in mod. poets the r is wrongly kept as radical in plur. jrar, dat. plur. jrum:
pot. also, bor-jr, siglu-jr, 'board-steed,' 'sail-steed,' = a ship.
jr-bjg or rather jr-bjga, n. [from jfur, a boar, and bjga, q.v.] :-- a kind of sausage (?), a
GREEK, Gkv. 2. 24, referring to irar bltnar and svns-lifr soin in the preceding verse.
j-rei, f. horsemen (?), Hkv. 1. 47.
j-reykr, m. the cloud of dust seen afar off above a body of horsemen, Fms. vi. 411, vii. 68, Al. 31,
Fas. i. 497.
Jr-salir, m. pl. Jerusalem. COMPDS: Jrsala-borg, f. Jerusalem. Jrsala-fari, a, m. Jerusalem-
traveller: as an appellative,
Sigurr J., Fms. vii; Bjrn J., Ann. Jrsala-f, -gjf, -tund, f. a Jerusalem fee, penny, tithe
(referring to the Crusades), Fms., Ann., Sks., Bs., Rb., Hom. passim. Jrsala-fer, -fr, f. a journey
to J. Jrsala-haf, n. the sea of J. = the Mediterranean. Jrsala-heimr, m., -land, -rki, n. the land
of J. = Palestine. Jrsala-konungr, m. the king of J. Jrsala-menn, -lr, m. the people of J.
jrtr, m. rumination, of animals: jrtr-dr, -kvikendi, n. ruminating animals.
JRTRA, a, prob. qs. jtra, from jtr (q.v.), to ruminate, Stj. 316 :-- jrtru h, a rugged hide,
rough as an animal's maw, Fas. iii. (in a verse).
Jr-vk, also in later writers Jrk, contr. from A. S. Eoforwic, York (Lat. Ebor&a-short;cum), Fms.
Jtar, m. pl. the Jutes, a Dan. tribe. Jtland, n. Jutland: Jtlands-haf, n. the Cattegat: Jtlands-
sa, u, f. the west coast of Jutland, Fms., Eg.
JTR, m., gen. jtrs, d. 17, a canine tooth, Edda (Gl.): medic., andlits mein (face disease) at er
menn kalla jtr, similar to gaddr (q.v.) in sheep, Bs. i. 611.
Jtskr, adj. Jutish, from Jutland, Fms.
ju, n. a maundering.
jua, a, to maunder; vertu ekki a jua! (slang.)
jukk, n. a mess, medley; allt jukki, all in a mess.
jula, u, f. a yawl, (mod.)
jung-fr, f., junk-fr, Fms. x. 86, v.l.; jung-frva, Mork. 14; whence the mod. jm-fr, Dan.
jomfru; both words are foreign and derived from Germ. jungfrau, as is shewn by the initial j; the
word however appears in the 13th century, mostly in the sense of a princess, esp. those of foreign
birth, as in Fms. vi. 59, 132, of a Saxon and Russian princess; but also jungfr Margrt, of a
daughter of Skli hertogi, ix. 292, 412; jungfr Kristn, 220, of an earl's daughter; but esp. in the
Hk. S. Gamla (Fms. ix, x), passim: of the Virgin Mary, Dipl. ii. 14, B. K. 83. jungfr-aldr, m.
maiden age, time of maidenhood, Stj.
jungfr-dmr, mod. jmfrr-dmr, m. maidenhood, Clar.
jungfr-ligr, adj. maiden-like, Mar.
jung-herra, m., or junkeri, a, m., the Germ. jungherr, junker, prop. a young lord, in old writers esp.
used of a prince, Fms. vi. 51, Magn. 462, Ann., Fms. ix. passim, Fas. iii. 358.
jung-ligr, adj. = ungligr, Fb. ii. 538.
jung-menni, n. a young man, Barl. 112, 156.
jungr, adj. young ( = ungr); this Germanized form is freq. in some MSS. of the 14th and 15th
centuries (see Fb. pref. xxii), as also in ballads (rmur) of that time (Ska R. 199, rymlur 7), but
was afterwards disused, and never took root in the spoken language.
JURT, f., later urt, which forms also occur in old writers, Al. 85, Hom. 53, no doubt a borrowed
word from the Germ. or Saxon; the j being a substitute for the Germ. w, which cannot be sounded in
Icel. before the letter u; [A. S. wyrt; Engl. wort; O. H. G. wurz; Germ. wrze; Dan. urt] :-- aromatic
herbs, used to season wine, dishes, ointment; in old writers only in that sense, whereas in mod.
usage = a herb; smyrsl ok jurtir, Magn. 430; smyrja me drustum jurtum, Al. 30; skalt laugask ok
smyrja ik gtum jurtum, Stj. 423; drligra urta, Eluc. 53; drar jurtir, Fas. iii. 359; allar r urtir
er bezt ilma, Al. 85; gtar jurtir, Bs. i. 258; krydd ok jurtir, Stj. 194; ilmandi urtir, Hom. 53. II.
mod. a herb; grsin og jurtir grnar, Hallgr. COMPDS: jurta-garr, m. [Dan. urtegaard], a garden
of herbs, a kitchen-garden. jurta-kle, a, m. a room for spices, Stj. 205. jurtar-legr, adj. spicy, Stj.
74. jurta-teinungr, m. a stick of spice, Stj. 74: but, mat-jurtir, herbs, garden stuff (mod.); matjurta-
bk, a book about herbs.
justa, u, f. [for. word; justa, Du Gauge], a kind of measure for liquids, four justur making a bolli
(q.v.), Gl. 525, MS. 732. 16 (of a vessel), Nj. 43.
justis, m. [for. word], justice, H. E. i. 503, Thom.
j, adv. [cp. Dan. jo; O. H. G. j; Germ. je], yes; j j, yea yea; -j, id. (convers.)
Jdi, a, m. a Jew, Lat. Judaeus, (rare); cp. Gyingr.
JGR, n. [Engl. udder; North. E. yure or yower; Germ. euter; Dan. yver; Swed. jur; Gr. GREEK;
Lat. uber] :-- an udder, Bs. i. 194, Fb. ii. 165, freq. in mod. usage; va stlmi var farinn a koma
jgrin, Od. ix. 440. jgr-blga, u, f., jgr-mein, n. an udder disease.
jg-tanni, a, m., qs. jtr-tanni (?), 'tusk-tooth,' pot. for a bear, Korm., Lex. Pot.
jr, yes, Sklda 163, Art. 126; see jaur.
jristi, a, m. [for. word], a lawyer, Bs. i. Laur. S.
j-ja, interj. aye aye! yes! denoting hesitation, Piltr og Stlka 8.
jfnur, m. equity; see jafnar.
JFURR, m., dat. jfri, pl. jfrar: I. [A. S. eofor; O. H. G. epar; Germ. eber; Lat. aper] :-- a wild
boar; but it occurs in this sense only twice or thrice in poetry, Merl. 1. 39, Gkv. 2. 24. II. metaph. a
king, warrior, prob. from the custom of wearing boar's heads as helmets, cp. A. S. eofor-cumbol and
Hildigltr; jfurr in this sense is not used in prose, but is freq. in old poetry, even in poems as old as
the t., see Lex. Pot. Sense I. is unknown to the Scandin., and sense II. to the Teut. languages.
jklar, part. covered with icicles, Sks. 229, of the beard.
jkul-barinn, part. storm-beaten, stiffened with ice, Lv. 86.
jkul-hlaup, n. an 'ice-leap,' ravine.
jkul-kaldr, adj. ice-cold, Flv.
JKULL, m., dat. jkli, pl. jklar, prop. a dimin. from jaki, q.v.; [A. S. gicel, i.e. s-gicel, whence
Engl. icicle; Low Germ. jokel] :-- an icicle; gkk inn sal, glumdu jklar, var karls er kom
kinnskgr frrinn, Hm. 10, of the icicles in the giant's beard; san tku eir jklana ok brddu,
Fms. ix. 155: so also in pot. phrases, where silver is called jkull handar or mund-jkull, the icicle
of the hand, Hallfred, Lex. Pot.: as also bvar-j., the war-icicle = the sword, or sr-j., the wound-
icicle, see Lex. Pot. II. a metaph. sense, ice, gener.; vatni snsk jkul, Sks. 196; settu eir at
upp me llum sjnum sem var ok jklinum, en at var mjk slt, i.e. they launched the ship with
all the ice in it, Grett. 125: snjr ok jkull, Sks. jkla-gangr, m. an ice-drift, Grett. 132 new Ed. 2.
in specic Icel. sense, a glacier; this sense the Icelanders probably derived from the Norse county
Hardanger, which is the only county of Norway in which Jkul appears as a local name, see
Munch's Norg. Beskr.; in Icel. it is used all over the country both as an appellative and in local
names, whereas the primitive sense (icicle) is quite lost, Fs., Fb., Eg. 133, Nj. 208, passim. 3. in
local names, Ball-jkull, Eyjafjalla-j., Snfells-j., Vatna-j., Mrdals-j., rfa-j., Dranga-j., Langi-j.,
Eireks-j., etc., see the map of Icel.; the glaciers of the Icel. colony in Greenland are also called
jkuls: of rivers, Jkuls-, f. Ice-water; Jkuls-dalr, m. Ice-water-dale; Jkla-menn, m. pl. the
men from the county Jkul (i.e. Snfells-jkull), Sturl. ii. 158; Jklamanna-b and goor, see b
and goor.
jkul-vatn, n. ice-water from a glacier, Fas. iii. 570, Mar.
jkul-vetr, n. an icy, hard winter, Ann. 1233.
JR, f., gen. jarar; dat. jru, mod. also jr; pl. jarir; in old writers dat. and acc. are carefully
distinguished; in mod. prose and conversation the apocopated dative is mostly used, whereas the
poets use either form, as is most convenient for the ow of the verse and the metre, as in the
Passion hymns, u. the full form; og hindra gjru, | Gus drarljs svo lsi mr lifandi manna
jru, 9. 9; merk a r jru mtti ei neinn, 46. 10; hrp og hreysti gjru ... | kringum krossinn
jru, 39. 7; nakinn Jesum jru ... | me heiptar sinni hru, 33. 4; Lausnarinn nir jru, 34. 1;
blsveitinn inn eg bi mr s, | blessan og vernd jrunni, 3. 12; eins hr jru upp fr v,
21. 10; leggist lk jru ... | hn mtir aldrei hru, Hallgr. . the apocopated form; en Jes
hlni aptr hr, allri jr blessan frir, Pass. 24. 6; heir, lof, dr himni og jr | hjrtanleg star
akkar-gjr, 3. 18; heiarleg s hr jr | holdi tvaldra lkfr gjr, 49. 14; ef hr jr er
hrp og h, 14. 16; hva gra eir sem hr jr | hafa a spotti Drottins or, 10: [Goth. aira; A.
S. eorde; Hel. ertha; old Scot. yearthe; Engl. earth: O. H. G. erda; Germ. erde; Dutch aarde; Fris.
irth; Swed.-Dan. jord.]
A. The earth; jr ok himin, Nj. 194; jr ok upphimin, Vsp. 3; jr ija-grna, 58; llt er jr of
orit, Glm. (in a verse), Hm. 138, and prose passim; jarar yrbrag er blltt, Rb. 460, 465;
jarar bugr, bllr, hringr, hvel, mynd, endi, byg, the earth's bight, ball, ring, wheel, shape, end,
habitation, 440, 466, 472: for the mythol. genesis of the earth see Vsp. l.c., Vm. 20, 21, Gm. 40: as
a mythical goddess, the Earth was daughter of nar (nars-dttir) and Ntt (the night), and sister of
Day on the mother's side, Edda 7: Thor was the Earth's son, Jarar-sonr, m., Haustl. II. the surface
of the earth, earth; falla til jarar, Nj. 64; koma til jarar, to throw down, Fms. v. 348; falla frjls
jr, N. G. L. i. 32, Grg. ii. 192; jru ok jru, Finnb. 290; bta gras af jrunni, Fms. xi. 7;
skeja jru, K. . K. 22; jr ea stein, Sks. 88; erja jr, to 'ear' the earth, plough, Rb. 100; estir
menn sru jarir snar, Fms. i. 92: jarar aldin, vxtr, blmi, dupt, dust, dr, kvikendi, skridr,
etc., the earth's fruit, produce, blossom, dust, deer, beasts, reptiles, etc., H. E. ii. 188, Grg. ii. 347,
Ver. 17, Fas. iii. 669, Sks. 527, 628, Stj. 18, 77. 2. pasture; gri kulda mikla me snjum ok llt til
jarar, Grett. 91 A; taka til jarar, to graze, Skm. 15: freq. in mod. usage, g jr, ltil jr, jar-
leysi, jar-laust, jar-bann, q.v. 3. mould, Lat. humus; jr s er innsigli er lg, Lkn. 472: soil,
sand-jr, sandy soil; leir-jr, clayey soil, etc. COMPDS: jarar-ber, n. pl., Germ. erd-beeren,
strawberries. jarar-fr, f. burial. jarar-megin, n. 'earth-main,' power, in a mythol. sense, Hm.
138, Hdl. 37, Gkv. 2. 21. jarar-men, n. [Dan. jordsmon], a sod, turf, Lat. caespes, Landn. 293 (in
a verse), Eb. (in a verse); ganga undir jararmen: for the heathen rite of creeping under a sod
partially detached from the earth and letting the blood mix with the mould, see Gsl. 11, Fbr. 6 new
Ed.: as an ordeal, Ld. ch. 18: as a disgrace, similar to the Lat. jugum subire, Nj. 181, Vd. ch. 33.
B. Land, an estate, very freq. in Icel., answering to Norse bol, Dan. gaard; thus, tlf, tuttugu,
sextu, ... hundraa jr, land of twelve, twenty, sixty, ... hundreds value; byggja jr, to lease a
farm; ba jr, to live on a farm; leigja jr, to hold land as a tenant (leigu-lii); g b-jr,
good land for farming; harbala-jr, barren, bad land; plgs-jr, land yielding rare produce,
eider-down or the like; land-jr, an inland estate, opp. to sjvar-jr, land by the sea side;
Benedikt gaf sira ri jarir t Skaga hverjar sv heita ..., Dipl. v. 27. COMPDS: jarar-, sing.
or jara-, pl.: jarar-brig, f. reclamation of land, N. G. L. i. 238, Jb. 190. jarar-bygging, f. a
leasing of land. jarar-eigandi, part. a landowner, Gl. 337. jarar-eign, f. possession of land, Pm.
45: an estate, Dipl. iii. 10, iv. 9. jarar-hef, f. a holding of land, tenure, Jb. 261. jarar-helmingr,
m. the half of a land or farm, Dipl. iv. 2, v. 24. jarar-hundra, n. a hundra (q.v.) in an estate.
jarar-hfn, f. = jararhef, Gl. 91. jarar-ag, n. mortgaged land. Dipl. v. 9. jarar-kaup or
jara-kaup, n. the purchase of land, Dipl. iii. 8. jarar-leiga, u, f. rent of land, Gl. 260. jarar-
lsing, f. the publication of a conveyance of land, Gl. 307. jarar-mark, n. a landmark, march or
boundary of land, Dipl. v. 7. jara-mat, n. a survey of land for making a terrier: jaramats-bk, the
terrier of an estate :-- so also jara-mldagi, a, m. jarar-mli, a, m. a lease, MS. 346, 167.
jarar-megin, n. a certain portion of land; skulu eir sv halda gari upp sem eir hafa j. til, N.
G. L. i. 40; halda kirkju-gs eptir jararmagni, H. E. i. 459; s leiangr er grisk af jararmagni,
Gl. 91. jarar-partr, m. a portion of land, Dipl. iv. 13. jarar-rn, f. seizure (unlawful) of land,
Gl. 357. jarar-reitr, m. a parcel of land, Jm. 8, Pm. 52. jara-skeyting, f. escheatage of land, N.
G. L. i. 96. jarar-skipti, n. a parcelling of land, Gl. 286, 287: mod. jara-skipti, n. pl. =
exchange of lands, Dipl. i. 12. jarar-spell, n. damage of land, Rd. 274, Gl. 311. jara-tal, n. a
'land-tale,' a register of farms. jarar-teigr, m. = jararreitr, Dipl. iii. 12. jarar-usli, a, m. =
jararspell. jarar-ver, n. the price of land, Dipl. v. 17, 22. jarar-vgsla, u, f. consecration of
land by sprinkling holy water, N. G. L. i. 352. jarar-jfr, m. a 'land-thief,' a law term of a person
who removes the mark-stones, N. G. L. i. 44.
JRFI, a, m. gravel; hann js jrfa ok moldu, Stj. 529. 2 Sam. xvi. 13, 'lapides terramque
spargens' of the Vulgate :-- gravel, gravelly soil; ar var va blsit ok jrvi, er vru hlir
fagrar, Fas. ii. 558; orsteinn gkk fr at jrva nkkurum, orst. Su H. 183: in local names, Jr
(Eb.) in the west, and in the south Klifs-jr, also called Klifs-sandr, Bjarn. (in a verse). Jrva-
sund, n., Hkv. 1. 24 (Bugge), Vdal., Skr. 302.
JRMUN-, a prex in a few old mythical words, implying something huge, vast, superhuman: [cp.
the A. S. eormen- in eormcn-cyn, -grund, -lf, -strind, -e; and Hel. irmin- in irmin-got = the
great god, irmin-man = the great man, irmin-sul = a sacred column or idol, irmin-thiod = mankind,
see Schmeller] :-- great; the compds. of this word, which occur in old Scandin. poets only, are,
Jrmun-gandr, m. the Great Monster, a name of the northern Leviathan, the Midgard Serpent, Vsp.
50, Bragi (Edda i. 254): Jrmund-grund, f. = A. S. eormen-grund (Beowulf), = the earth, Gm. 20:
Jrmun-rekr, m. a pr. name, A. S. Eormenric (the Goth. form would be Airmanariks), Edda, Bragi:
Jrmun-rjtr, m. the Great Evil One, of a giant, Haustl.
jrmunr, m. a name of Odin, Edda (Gl.): name of an ox, id.
jstr, m., gen. jastar, [ister, Ivar Aasen], a kind of willow, Bragi (Edda) twice.
Jsurr, m. a pr. name, Hdl.; perhaps derived from Norse jase = a hare, Ivar Aasen.
jtun-bygr, part. peopled by giants, t.
Jtun-heimar, m. pl. Giants'-land, Edda, Haustl., Vsp., Stor., Sm. 70.
jtun-kuml, n. the giant-badge, the stamp of the giant, Fas. iii. (in a verse).
jtun-mr, m. giant's mood, giant's fury, a kind of berserksgangr, Vsp. 50; frask jtunm,
Edda 136, Fms. iii. 194.; opp. to s-mr.
JTUNN, m., dat. jtni, pl. jtnar; [this word, so popular in Icel. and still preserved in the form
jutel of the Norse legends, hardly occurs in Germ. or Saxon, except that A. S. eoten, ent, and entisc
occur perhaps ten or a dozen times, see Grein] :-- a giant, Vm. passim, Vsp. 2; jtuns brr, a
giant's bride, Hdl. 4; jtna synir, the giants' sons, opp. to 'sons of men,' Vm. 16; jtna vegir, the
giants' ways, the mountains, Hm. 106; jtna rnar, the giants' mysteries, the mysteries of the world,
Vm. 42, 43; jtna garar, the giants' yard or home, Skm. 30; jtna mjr, the giant's mead, poetry,
see Edda 47, 48; jtuns hauss, the giant's skull = the heaven (cp. Vm. 21), Arnr; jtuns und, the
giants' wound = the sea, Stor. 2; gold is called the speech of giants (or, munntal jtna), Lex. Pot.;
Thor is the bane of giants, jtna-bani, -dlgr, Lex. Pot. For the genesis of the Jtnar see Edda.
Famous giants of whom the Edda records tales were, mir, Hmir, Hrungnir, jazi, rvandill,
Gmir, Skrmir, Vafrnir, Dofri, see Edda (Gl.): for appearances of giants in the Sagas see Nj. ch.
134, Hkr. i. 229, Landn. 84, Fb. i. ch. 453-455.
jtun-uxi, a, m. 'giant-ox, ' a kind of beetle, scarabaeus.
K
K (k) is the tenth letter of the alphabet; in the common Runes it was represented by RUNE (kaun);
the Anglo-Saxon k was called cen or cn = Germ. kien, a pine or r-tree; but as this was not a
Norse word, the Scandinavians represented it by the Norse word nearest in sound to it, kaun (a boil
or scab), which bears witness of the Anglo-Saxon origin of the old Norse Runic poem.
B. PRONUNCIATION. -- The k is sounded hard or aspirate, the pronunciation varying as that of g
does, see p. 186; it is hard in kaldr, koma, kunna, aspirate in kel, kem, kenna, ki, kyssa, kti, keyri,
vekja, etc.; the only difference is that k has the same sound, whether initial or medial, kaka, kkir,
just as in English: in modern Danish the medial k has been softened into g, e.g. Icel. sk, vaka, lka,
Engl. sake, wake, like, are in Danish sounded sag, vaage, lige, whereas Sweden and Norway as well
as Iceland have kept the old pronunciation. 2. the letter k before t and s is sounded as g, thus okt and
ogt, ykkt and ygt, slks and slgs are sounded alike; and so k is now and then misplaced in MSS.,
e.g. lakt = lagt, heilakt = heilagt. The spelling and other points referring to k have already been
treated under C, p. 93; for qu = kv see Gramm. p. xxxvi. (II. i. o).
C. CHANGES. -- The change of initial kn into hn has been mentioned in the introduction to letter H
(B. II. 2. ), where however 'hne' ought to be struck out of the list: for the changes of nk into kk see
the introduction to letter N. II. according to Grimm's law, the Teut. k answers to the Gr. and Lat. g;
thus Lat. genus, genu, gent-is, Gr. GREEK = Icel. kyn, kn, kind, etc.: but in borrowed words no
change has taken place, as in Keisari, kista, kerti, kjallari, = Lat. Caesar, cista, cera, cella; the
words borrowed in that way are verv numerous in this letter, but there are some slang or vulgar
words, which seem not borrowed, and yet no change has taken place.
kaall, m., dat. kali, [prob. like Engl. cable, borrowed from mid. Lat. capulum, caplum; the word
perhaps denotes twisted ropes, for in olden times the Scandinavians made their cables of walrus
skin, svrr] :-- a cable, esp. as a naut. term, Fms. ii. 279, vii. 82, 283, . H. 28, Fas. ii. 543, Gull.
8, passim.
KAF, n. [akin to kvef, kf, kfa (q.v.), dropping the v] :-- a plunge into water, a dive, diving; fr
hann annat kaf at ru, one dive after another, Fb. ii. 215; kaf and kaf, into water, under
water; hlaupa kaf. to plunge into water, dive, Fs. 48, Eg. 123, Fms. vi. 318, vii. 224, passim; sigla
skip kaf, ii. 64; fara kaf, to go under water, duck, Bs. i. 355: as also of land covered with water or
ooded, or even covered with snow, passim; falla kaf, frask ymsir kaf, they ducked one another,
Fb. ii. 215; ka and ka, under water, diving, swimming, Bs. i. 355, Eg. 387, Fms. iii. 4, vii. 232,
xi. 383, Grg. ii. 309: of snow, lgu hestarnir ka snjnum sv at draga var upp, Eg. 546: also
metaph., standa ka, to sink deep, so as to be hidden, of a weapon in a wound; xin st ka,
Fms. vi. 424; kom annat hornit kviinn, sv at egar st ka, Eb. 326: opp. to these phrases is,
koma upp r kali, to emerge, Stj. 75: plur. kf, gasping for breath, Bjarni 142, (and-kf, choked
breath.) 2. pot. the deep; kafs hestr, the horse of the deep, a ship, Sighvat; kaf-sunna, the sun of the
deep = gold, Eb. (in a verse). COMPDS: kafa-fjk, n. a thick fall of snow, Fms. ix. 233, Bs. i. 442,
Fs. 54. kafa-hr, f. id., Sturl. i. 212, Fas. ii. 133.
kafa, a, to dive, swim under water, Jb. 403, Eg. 142, Fs. 92, Fms. iii. 4, Stj. 75, Fbr. 100 new Ed.,
Grett. 131, 141; kafa upp, to emerge, Stj. 249, passim: of a ship, to be swamped in a heavy sea,
san kafai skipit, Fas. ii. 492: reex. to plunge into water, Sks. 116, N. G. L. ii. 284.
kafald, n. a thick fall of snow, freq. in mod. usage; mold-k. kafalds-fjk, n. id.
kaffe, n. coffee; kaffe-kvern, kaffe-bolli, kaffe-ketill, a coffee-mill, coffee-cup, coffee-pot; derived
from the Fr. caf through Dan. caffe, and not older than the 18th century, for the satirical poem
agnarml of 1728 and Eggert lafsson (died 1768) mention tea and tobacco, but not coffee, which
came into use in Icel. as a popular beverage not earlier than the end of the 18th century.
kaf-fra, , to duck another, Mag. 77.
kaf-fr, f. a ducking, r. 11 new Ed.
kaf-hlainn, part. deep-laden, of a ship, . H. 115, Bs. ii. 81,
kaf-hlaup, n. a deep snow-drift, Eg. 74, Fms. viii. 400, ix. 366, v.l.
kaf-hleypr, adj. impassable, of snow, Fagrsk. 186.
KAFLI, a, m. [akin to kei, q.v.; Swed. bud-kae], a piece cut off; esp. a buoy fastened to a cable,
net, or the like, Gl. 427, 428; meal-kai, a 'mid-piece,' a sword's hilt. 2. metaph., tk at leysa
sinn kum, the ice began to thaw into oes, r. 11 new Ed.: in mod. usage, kum and me
kum (adverb.), now and then, 'in bits.' II. mod. a piece, bit, episode, and the like; lesa ltinn kaa,
mikai, a 'mid-piece.'
kafna, a, (older form kvafna, Sks. 108), to be suffocated, choked, in water, steam, or the like;
kafna af sandfoki, Al. 50; sgu at Kvsir hefi kafnat mannviti, Edda 47; k. stofu-reyk, Grett.
116: of light, to be extinguished, Sks. 208: of a horse, kafna er springa, Fas. iii. 74.
kafnan, f. suffocation, Bs. i. 18.
kaf-rjr, adj. crimson red, of the cheeks.
kaf-setja, t, = kaffra.
kaf-steyting, f. a diving, a plunge, Gl. 174, Mar.
kaf-sund, n. a dive, Hkr. iii. 323, v.l.
kaf-syndi, n. a plunge into deep snow.
kaf-syndr, adj. good at diving, Fms. vii. 120.
kaf-ykkr, adj. thick, foggy; ver kafykkt ok drfanda, Sturl. iii. 50.
KAGA, a, [kaga, Ivar Aasen; cp. Old. Engl. kyke (Chaucer); Scot. keek; Germ. kucken; Dan.
kige] :-- to bend forward and peep, pry, gaze; hn kagar hj gttinni, Fbr. 18, v.l.; kom t mar ok
kagai hj dyrrum, Fs. 42; kaga upp himin, Hom. 89; hjartans augum til hans kaga, 90; kguu til
hans framliga, Nirst. 5; see kgla.
kaggi, a, m. [Engl. cag or keg; Swed. kagge; mid. Lat. caga, whence Engl. cage; the Dutch and
Low Germ. kaag and kag = a ship used in rivers and canals] :-- a keg, cask, Bs. i. 790, freq.: a
nickname, Bs.
KAKA, u, f. [Engl. cake; Dan. kage; Swed. kaka; Germ. kuchen] :-- a cake, freq. in mod. usage.
kakali, a, m. a nickname, Sturl.; [cp. Germ. kachel, O. H. G. chachala] : = an earthen pot; whence
the mod. kakal-ofn, m., Germ. kachel-ofen, an oven, prop. of clay.
kakari, a, m. a potter, Germ. kachler; kakari minn ert ok skjl mitt, Gu minn, 623. 30, with
reference to Rom. ix. 20, 21 (?).
kakka, a, [Germ. kachen], to heap up in a mess or lump, e.g. of wet hay; a kakka saman blautu
heyi; cp. kkkr, a lump.
kakkildi, n. a lump.
KALA, pret. kl, klu; pres. kell, mod. kelr; part. kalinn: [cp. Engl. chill, cool; Germ. khl] :-- to
freeze, esp. impers. of limbs to be numb and dead from frost; ok er sveininn (acc.) tk at kala,
Landn. 77, v.l.; ok kl hana hel, she froze to death, Sd. 143; sv at ik kali, Fas. i. 30; alla kl
um nttina, 78; kell mik hfu, Vkv. 29; mik tekr n at kala, en mr var heitt fyrir stundu, Fb. ii.
112; var bi at hann kl mjk ok hungrai, en veiddi ekki, Bs. i. 350; hann var kalinn ftum sv
at af leysti sumar trnar, Orkn. 432, Sturl. iii. 198; hann kl sem ara hundtk, Fs. 71; ok mun ik
kala ef ek sit sv lengi ok tarliga sem ek em vanr, Edda 35; drit var kalit fyrra fti, Fs. 179;
kalit hel, frozen to death, Fr. 185; sveinar tveir, veslingar, kalnir ok mttdregnir, 42; kn kalinn,
Hm. 3; kalinn ok kllauss, Fas. iii. 8; kla kalna, O. H. L. 22 :-- part. kalinn [ = Germ. kahl], of a
eld barren from cold or frost. II. naut., of a sail, to lose the wind; segli (acc.) kelr, whence
kalreip, q.v.
kalda, a, to become cold, Bs. ii. 148: to blow cold, n dvl kaldar af boa-fallinu, a gust of cold
air arose, Bs. ii. 49; en ar kaldar mt af Sighvati, 112.
kalda, u, f. a fever with cold ts, an ague: also kldu-stt, f., N. T.
kald-brjstar, part. malignant, cunning.
kald-hamra, a, to hammer (iron) cold.
kald-liga, adv. coldly, Sks. 230.
kald-ligr, adj. cold, Sks. 230.
kald-munnr, m. cold-mouth, a nickname, Landn.
kald-nefr. m. 'cold-neb,' pot. an anchor uke, Fms. vi. (in a verse).
KALDR, adj., kld, kalt; compar. kaldari; superl. kaldastr; [from kala, as aldr from ala, galdr from
gala, stuldr from stela: Goth. kalds; A. S. ceald; Engl. cold; Dutch kolt; Germ. kalt; Swed. kall;
Dan. kold; common to all Teut. languages; cp. Lat. gelu, gelidus] :-- cold; kalt jarn, cold iron, Fb. ii.
197; kalt ver, Fms. v. 178, viii. 306; kaldr nr, Pass. 44. 7; ef mar grefr lik r kalt er, K. . K. 26;
lkin vru enn eigi kld, Fms. iv. 170; sv sem kalt st af Niheimi, Edda; kld kol, cold coals,
ashes, = kalda kol, Fb. i. (in a verse); brenna at kldum kolum, to be burnt to cold ashes, utterly
destroyed, Fms. xi. 122, passim. 2. impers., e-m er kalt, one is cold; mr er kalt hndunum,
ftum ..., Orkn. 326 (in a verse); konungi gri kalt, the king began to get cold, Fms. v. 178. 3. acc.,
kaldan as adv.; blsa kaldan, to blow cold, Sks. 216: s-kaldr. ice-cold; hel-k., death cold; svi-k.,
burning cold; -k., not cold; hlf-k., half cold; sr-k., sorely cold. II. metaph. cold, chilling,
baneful, fatal, Lat. dirus, infestus; han skulu honum koma kld r undan hverju ri, . H. 132,
Ls. 51, Vkv. 30; so in the saying, kld eru opt kvenna-r, women's counsels are oft-times fatal, Nj.
177, Gsl. 34; kann vera at nokkurum veri myrkari er kaldari r Haralds konungs en mn, Fms.
vi. 229; kld fund, envy, Geisli; kld rdd, an evil voice, Akv. 2. 2. sometimes in translations in the
metaph. sense of cold; kalt hjarta, Greg. 19; kaldr ok afskiptr, Stj. 195. COMPDS: kalda-hltr, m.
sardonic laughter, Nj. 176; see hltr. kalda-kol, n. pl. a law phrase, 'cold-ashes;' gra kaldakol
jru, to make the hearth cold, to desert a farm, punishable on the part of a tenant, Gl. 339, Jb.
210, cp. Hnsa . S. ch. 9. kalda-ljs, n. cold light, ignis fatuus (?), a nickname, Sturl.
kald-rr, adj. cunning, Sturl. i. 104, Hkr. iii. 452.
kald-rifjar, part. 'cold-ribbed,' scheming, cunning, Vm. 10.
kald-skfar, part. 'cold-curled,' covered with icicles, Sks. 230.
kald-yri, n. 'cold-words,' sarcasm, Fb. i. 214, ii. 78.
kalekr, m., Fms. iii. 28, vii. 198, Dipl. ii. 11, Fs. 115, Bs. i. 76; kalkr, Hom. 139, B. K. 83; mod.
kaleikr, the chalice, Matth. xxvi. 27, Mark xiv. 23, Luke xxii. 20, 1 Cor. xi. 24-27, Vdal. passim;
see kalkr below.
kalendis-dagr, m. [Lat. calendae], the kalends, Stj. 471.
kali, a, in. a cold gush: metaph. coldness, unkindness.
kalk, n. [A. S. cealc; Engl. chalk], chalk, (mod.)
kalka, a, to chalk, lime: kalkar, limed, Konr.
KALKR, m. [borrowed from Lat. calix; A. S. calic and calc; Engl. chalice; O. H. G. chelih; Germ.
kelk; Dan.-Swed. kalk; the word came in with Christianity from the Engl.; for, though it occurs in
ancient poems, none of these can be older than the Danish settlement in England: the form kalkr is
used in a heathen sense, whereas the later form kaleikr is used in the ecclesiastical sense only] :-- a
chalice, cup, goblet, it occurs in the poems Hm. 28, 30, 32, Akv. 30, Rm. 29, Skv. 3. 29; hrm-
kalkr, Ls. 53; silfr-k., a silver cup, Hkr. i. 50; n er hr kalkr, er skalt drekka af, eptir at tk
hann kalkinn, var enn eptir kalkinum, er hann hafi af drukkit kalkinum, Gull. 7; n tk hann
kalkinn ok hnd hennar me, Hkr. i. 50.
kall, n. a call, cry, shouting; p ok kall, Nj. 236; heyra kall mikit, Fs. 179; me htligu kalli, Sks.
748; kall ok eggjan, . H. 215; kall ok lra-ytr, ir. 324. 2. a calling on; Eyjlfr heyrir kallit, ok
ltr vi, Fbr. 61 new Ed.; eigi skalt herstask annan mann kalli nu, Hom. 16. 3. a call, name;
nefna jarl enn lla ... var at kall haft lengi san, Hkr. i. 254; essi eru at kalli (are by name, are
called) in mestu ref-hvrf, Edda (Ht.) II. eccl. a call, cure of souls, (cp. Scot. 'call' of a minister);
kjl ok kall, Dan. prste-kald, mod. 2. a claim; kalls-lauss, adj. free from claim, Fms. ix. 409.
KALLA, a, with neg. suff., pres. kalliga, I call not, Gkv. 3. 8; kallar-a, Akv. 37; [an A. S. ceallian
occurs once in the poem Byrnoth, and hilde-calla in Exodus, but in both instances the word is
Danish; the word however occurs in O. H. G. challon, mid. H. G. kalle, but only in the sense to talk
loud, and it is lost in mod. Germ.] :-- to call, cry, shout; hver er s karl karla er kallar um vginn?
Hbl. 2; kallai konungr ok ba ltta af, Eg. 92; klluu allir ok mltu, 623. 26; bnda-mgrinn
pti ok kallai, Fms. i. 21; kalla htt, Sturl. ii. 203; ek em rdd kallanda eyimrk, GREEK, 625.
90; kalla kaldri rddu, Akv. 2: of the raven's cry, hrafn htt kallai, Bkv. 11; hann kallai egar, ba
eigi ja, Fms. viii. 142; rir kallai t skipit, . H. 136; lt hann kalla skip fr skipi, 182;
kallai Erlingr ok ht li sitt, id. 2. to call, send for; san lt konungr kalla bndr, ok sagi at
hann vill eiga tal vi , . H. 109; gkk hann til hsings sns ok lt angat kalla menn Sva-
kouungs, 45; um kveldit kallai konungr slk, Fms. vii. 161; konungr lt kalla til sn brr, Eg.
73: eccl., til ess er Gu kallai hann af heiminum, Fms. ix. 383. II. to say, call; at kalla menn
at ..., people say that ..., Fms. x. 277; Svj ena miklu kalla sumir eigi minni en ..., Hkr. 5; at
bltmenn kalla eigi, at ..., Fagrsk. 18; en ef lands-drttinn kallar sv, at ..., N. G. L. i. 249; r kallit
gu ykkarn margar jartegnir gra, O. H. L. 108; kalla ek betra spurt en viss at vera, Sks.; sumir
menn kalla at eigi s sakleysi , tt ..., Ld. 64; tt eir kalli f etta me snum fngum, 76. 2. at
kalla, so to say, nominally, not really; sttir at kalla, nominally on good terms, Fms. vii. 246; ok
vru sttir at kalla, . H. 112, Gull. 66; ltu sr lka essa tilskipan at kalla, sl. ii. 355; at
menn vri skrir ok Kristnir at kalla, Eb. 274; Helgi var Kristinn at kalla (Christian by name) ok
blandinn mjk trnni, Fms. i. 251; greri yr at kalla, Fs. 67; menn hldusk at kalla, ok gengu
land, Fb. ii. 73; at eir hefi lf at kalla, Stj. 436. 3. to assert; skal ess at ba, ok kalla hann
rjfa stt yr, Nj. 102; eru synir nir heima? at m kalla, segir hn, Fr. 264. III. with prepp.;
kalla , to call on; hann kallai Karla, . H. 136; Hskuldr kallar hana, far hingat til min!
segir hann, Nj. 2: to call on, invoke, kallai hann Gu ok hinn helga laf konung, . H. 242;
kallai hann til fulltings ser Br, Br. 16. 13 new Ed.: to lay claim to, Snkollr kallai b
nokkur ar eyjunum, Fms. ix. 423 :-- kalla eptir, to protest; en Kolbeinn kallar eptir ok vill eigi
biskups dm, Sturl. ii. 4 :-- kalla til e-s, to lay claim to (til-kall, a claim), to claim, demand; tti n
sem dlst mundi til at kalla, Eg. 264, Fms. ix. 327; essar eignir er hann kallai r til, x. 414;
kallai hn til alls ess er arir ttu nnd, Nj. 18; hann kallai til fjr hendr eim, Ld. 300: to
invoke, Br. 173 :-- kalla aptr, to recall, revoke, N. G. L. iii. 150, H. E. i. 477. IV. to claim for
oneself; kalla sr e-t; konungr kallai sr allar Orkneyjar, Fms. i. 201; ok kallai sr landit allt,
vii. 180; at jarl kalli sr at, Fs. 132; ef menn skil , ok kallar annarr sr, en annarr almenning ...,
hann er jr kallar sr, Gl. 451; kallai Grmr hersir konungi allan arf hans, Landn. 213. V. to
call, name; klluu Karl, Rm. 18; skal ar kirkju kalla er hann vill, K. . K. 42; kllum karl inn
skegglausa, Nj. 67; Mrr ht mar er kallar var gigja, 1; Einarr er var kallar Skjaldmeyjar-
Einar, Fms. xi. 127; essir menn vru kallair skrir, baptized nominally, called Christians, sl. ii.
399; rr s er kallar er sarr, Edda: ok m at kalla htta-fall,UNCERTAIN Sklda 210; eir
taka hann ok kalla njsnar-mann, Sturl. ii. 247; ef mar kallar annan mann trllriu, N. G. L. ii.
326. VI. reex, to call, tell, say of oneself; kallask sumir hafa lti f, . H. 58; hn tali upp harma
sna er hn kallaisk hafa fengit af la konungi, 191; konungr kallaisk hann reynt hafa at
gum dreng, Ld. 60, Geisli 2. 2. recipr., kallask , to shout to one another; er okkr alhgt at
kallask fyrir tindum, Fas. ii. 65, Sklda 210. 3. pass, (rare), to be called; speki hans kallask sonr
hans, Eluc. 4; er at rttu m kallask postuli Normanna, Fms. x. 371; at er kallat, it is said, 656 C.
1; ok vsar sv til sgu Bjarnar, at eir kallaisk jafnir at rttum, Grett. 133, cp. Bjarn. 38, -- eir
lgusk ofan eptir nni, ok vru 'kallair' jafnsterkir menn.
kallan, or kllun, f. a call, vocation, freq. in mod. and eccl. usage.
kallari, a, m. a crier, herald, Stj. 604: as a law term, a kind of beadle or town clerk, N. G. L. i. 306,
ii. 251.
Kall-bak, n., qs. kaldbak, Cold-back, name of a mountain, whence Kall-baklingar, m. pl. the men
of C., Landn.
kalldr, m., mod. kalldr, a kind of iron, Merl. 2. 95.
Kall-grani, a, m. Cold-beard, name of a giant, Edda (Gl.)
kall-rani or kald-rani, a, m. a taunt, sarcasm. kaldrana-legr, adj. sarcastic.
kall-skn, f. a calling to service, H. E. i. 392.
KALLZ, n. [kaldr II], taunting, sarcasm, raillery, Bs. i. 793, ii. 93, orst. St. 49, Fms. ii. 268, v.
231, Pass. 30. 7, Stj. 163, 218, Barl. 60: vituperation, Bs. i. 686. II. [kalla], a claim, Dipl. ii. 13,
Karl. 52, Fms. vi. 371. kallz-yri, n. pl. gibes, Fms. vi. 194.
kallza, a, to taunt, mock, Barl. 60, Bs. ii. 37, Stj. 16, 216, Fas. ii. 344: to vituperate, Stj. 254: to
molest, Dipl. i. 3, Stj. 199. II. [kalla], to call on; hv kallsar ea kallar upp mik? Stj. 286: to
claim, demand, hinn kallsai fsluna at f, 161.
kal-reip, n. [kala II], a rope attached to a sail, so as to prevent it from shaking out the wind.
kamarr, m., dat. kamri, [O. H. G. chamara; Gr. GREEK whence Engl. chamber, etc.] :-- a privy,
Eb. 120, Grg. ii. 119, Sturl. ii. 95, 101, Landn. 247, Fb. iii. 567 (in a verse), ir. 77, Mar.
kamban, n. a nickname, prob. Gaelic, Landn. 47.
kambari, a, m. a comb-maker, N. G. L. ii. 204, iii. 2, 10; a nickname, Fb. iii.
kamb-httr, m. a nickname, Fr. 14.
kamb-pungr, m., proncd. kampungr, a 'comb-purse:' in mod. usage, a letter-bag.
KAMBR, m. [A. S. camb; Engl. comb; O. H. G. champ; Germ. kamm; Dan. kam] :-- a comb, Dipl.
iii. 4; ladies used to wear costly combs of walrus-tusk or gold, whence the place in Icel. at which
Auda lost her comb was called Kambsnes; au lendu vi nes at er Aur tapai kambi snum; at
kallai hn Kambsnes, Landn. III; eigi berr hann kamb hfu sr, ir. 127; see Worsaae, No. 365.
2. a carding-comb (ullar-kambr), Grett. 91 A, Fb. i. 212. II. a crest, comb, Al. 171; hreistr-k. (q. v.),
hana-k., a cock's crest, cp. Gullin-kambi, Gold crest, Vsp. 2. a crest, ridge of hills; malar-kambr, a
ridge on the beach, Hv. 48 (where spelt kampr), Grg. ii. 354; as also bjar-kambr, the front wall
of a house. III. freq. in local names, Kambr, of crags rising like a crest, Landn., Finnb. ch. 27.
kamb-star, m. a law term, a scar in the head, such as to cause pain when the hair is combed, N. G.
L. i. 68.
kamelet, n. [for. word], camelot or camlet, Karl. 60.
kamell, m. [for. word], a camel, Karl. 502; usually lfaldi, q. v.
kampa, a, to devour, used of a whiskered wild beast.
kamp-hundr, m. a dog with whiskers, Sturl. i. 139.
kamp-hfi, a, m. a 'whisker-head,' Fagrsk. 174, v. 1. knapp-hfi, q. v.
kampi, a, m. a bearded person, Sturl. ii. 50 (Bs. ii. 109): as a nickname, Sturl. iii. 185, Fs.
KAMPR and kanpr, m. a beard, moustache; stutt skegg ok snggvan kamp, Sks. 288; skegg heitir
bar, grn ea kampar, Edda 210; hendi drap kampa, Hm. 21; hann hafi biti kampinum, Nj.
209; hggva kampa ok skegg, K. . K.; hann (the idol) hafi kanpa af silfri, Fms. x. 386; af
knpunum, langa kanpa, hr ok kanpar, . H. 229; efri ok neri kampr, Fas. ii. 253; v nst hvetr
hann that (the spear) sv bat st kanpi, i. e. till it was as keen as a rasor, Krk. 49: the whiskers
of a seal, cat, and lion, Fb. i. 462 (of a seal). kamp-loinn, adj. with long whiskers, of a lion.
kampa-sr, adj. long-bearded, Ska R. 90, ryml. 41. II. a crest or front wall = kambr; var Aron
ti hj duronum, ok st vi kanpinn er hlainn var af vegginum, Bs. i. 544 (Sturl. ii. 86): mod.
bjar-kampr, id.; malar-k.
kangin-yri, n. pl. jeering words, Hbl. 12.
KANK, n. (kank-yri), gibes, as also kankast, dep. to jeer, gibe (mod. conversational), akin to
kanginyri.
kank-vss, adj. jeering, gibing.
KANNA, u, f., gen. kanna, Snt 172, [A. S. canne; Engl. can; O. H. G. channa; Germ, kanne; Dan.
kande; from Lat. cantharus] :-- a can, tankard, jug; vn var knnu, Rm. 29, Stj. 207, Fms. viii. 413
(v. 1.), Dipl. iii. 4; knnu-brot, Pm. 137, Dipl. iii. 4; knnu-stll, a can-stand, Pm. 113: a measure,
Rtt., D. N.
kanna, u, f. a mark on cattle; oxi er hans k. vri , Fs. 173; allt at sem eirra kanna leikr er , D.
N. i. 80, 91, iii. 144; see einkanna and einkunn.
KANNA, a, [kenna = to know, but kanna = to enquire] :-- to search; kanna land, of an explorer, to
explore a land; eir knnuu landit fyrir austan na, um vrit kannai hann austr landit, Eg. 100,
Landn. passim; ykkir mar vi at fvss vera ef hann kannar ekki varr en hr sland, Landn.
310; fara va um heim at kanna helga stai, Fms. i. 276; kanna heim allan, to travel through all the
world, Edda: the phrase, kanna kunna stigtu, to 'try unknown ways,' to travel where one has never
been before; kanna rkra, annara, manna siu, i. e. to travel abroad, Ld. 164, Fms. i. 276; kanna li,
to review, muster troops, ix. 478, Hkr. i. 23, 30; kanna val, to search the eld for slain, Nj. 45, Fms.
i. 182. II. with prep.; kanna e-t af, to nd out, make out; konungr spuri lf hvat hann kannai af
um siferi Eindria, Fms. ii. 193; spuri, hvat hann kannai af um Rgnvald, iv. 193; at kannaa
ek af, at s herr myndi kallar vera Jmsvkingar, xi. 119; ferr Brandr biskup norr Vllu, ok
kannar at af, at ..., Bs. i. 450. III. reex., kannask vi e-t, to recognise, know again, recollect;
kannaisk hn vi hann ok kynferi hans, Hkr. ii. 129; Sigurr kannaisk vi tt hans, Fms. i.
79, orst. Su H. 169; kannaisk hann vi ok mlti, nafnfrgir eru r fcgar, Nj. 125; rlfr
hitti ar marga frndr sna er hann hafi eigi r vi kannask, whose acquaintance he had not
made before, Eg. 30; kannask margir vi ef heyra virnefni mitt, Finnb. 338; sgu essir mean
ll snn merki til hvar eir hfu barninu komit, sv at hinir rlarnir knnuusk vi er sveininn
hfu fundit, Fms. i. 113; he ek hr gull or hann kva yr mundu vi kannask, Fs. 9: to recognise
as one's own, kannask vi skot, f, saui, Grg. ii. 312, 352, 374; me v at engi kannask vi svein
enna, Fms. i. 294: to remember, vru ar eir menn er vi knnuusk, at Hallfrer hafi til ga
vi grt, ii. 55. 2. recipr., kannask vi, to recognise one another, make one another's acquaintance;
ha eir vi kannask, Grg. i. 224; san knnuusk au vi, then they knew one another, Fms. i.
186; knnuusk menn hugi vi, Fs. ii;UNCERTAIN fll mart r eir kannaisk vi, . H. 216; ok
eptir etta kannask eir vir me llu, Bs. i. 228.
kannar, knnur, m. an explorer, Lex. Pot.; land-k., q. v.
kann-ske, adv. [Dan. kanske] , may be! (mod.)
kanoki and kanuki, a, m. [mid. Lat. canonicus; Dan. kanik; Engl. canon] :-- a canon of a church,
Fms. viii. 376, ix. 532, Bs., H. E., D. I. passim; kanoka klaustr, setr, lifnar, vgsla, bningr, a
canon's cloister, seat, order, ordination, dress, Ann. 1295, Bs. passim.
kansellera, a, [for. word], to cancel; k. hendr snar, Stj. 229.
Kantara-borg, f. (-byrgi), [A. S. Cantuarbyrig] , Canterbury, Bs.
kantari, a, m. in kantara-kpa, u, f. [eccl. Lat. cantare], a bishop's gown, Fms. viii. 197, Hkr. ii.
175: a priest's gown, Am. 95, Bs. i. 324, 847. kantara-sloppr, m. id., Bs. i. 324, v. 1.
kanzellari, kanselleri, a, m., kanceller, m. [mid. Lat. cancellarius], a chancellor, Ann., Bs., Fms.
ix, x, Thom.
kapaln, m. (mod. kapellan), [mid. Lat. capellanus], a chaplain, Landn. 172, Fms. vii. 311, Bs.
passim.
KAPALL, m., pl. kaplar, [Lat. caballus; whence Fr. cheval] :-- a nag, hack, in mod. usage also a
mare; naut ok kapla, Rd. 284, Pd. 49; rj hundra kplum, Vm. 32; lifi engi kvik kind eptir
nema ldru kona ok kapall, D. I. i. 246; lestfran kapal jrnaan ok alfran, H. E. ii. 505; kapal-
ln, lending a k., id. kapal-hestr, m. and kapal-hross, n. = kapall, Eg. 730, Fms. ii. 231. II, in mod.
usage, a truss of hay; mtn kaplar heys, ve trusses, of a known weight or bulk.
kapella, u, f. [for. word], a chapel, K. . 36, Symb. 31, Bs. i. 800, H. E. i. 241, Fms. x. 153, Hkr. ii.
390, iii. 69. kapellu-prestr, m. the priest of a chapel, H. E. i. 477, Stat. 247, 266, 307: a chaplain,
Bs. 1. 795.
kapituli, a, m. [Lat. capitulum], eccl. a chapter, Mar., Dipl. iii. 5: a chapter of a book, Grg. i.
clxviii: freq. in mod. usage, kapitula-skipti, a new chapter.
KAPP, n. [a word common to all Teut. languages; A. S. camp; O. H. G. champh; Germ, kampf;
Swed. and Dan. kamp; in the Icel. the m is assimilated; and in Danish also kap] :-- contest, zeal,
eagerness, energy, but throughout with the notion of contest, which is the old sense; even in early
Germ, kamph is still duellum, whence it came to mean bellum: deila kappi vi e-n, to contend,
contest with one; megu vr eigi deila kappi vi Hrafnkel, Hrafn. 10; ungt get ek at deila kappi vi
Hrafnkel um mla-ferli, 11; er hann deildi kappi vi orgrm goa rness-ingi ok vi sonu
hans, sl. ii. 215; deila kappi vi konunga, Fagrsk. 10; mikit er upp tekit, ef vill kappi deila vi
laf Sva&dash-uncertain;konung ok vi Knt, . H. 33; ok tla r aldri san at deila kappi vi
oss brr, Fs. 57, cp. deila I. 4: brjta kapp vi e-n, to wage war against; hr at ekki
konungdmi yrum at brjta kapp vi kvenn- menn, Fagrsk. 10, Fms. vii. 45 (in a verse): at halda
til kapps ok jafns vi hfingjana, Fb. ii. 46; siigu hoiuim at bc'r s;una, at halda eigi. til kapps
vi Hofs-menn, Fs. 35: kosta kapps um e-t, to strive. 2. a race; in the phrase, ba haini renna
kpp vi (run a race with) jpjulfa, Edda 31; at vit at kiippum keundar vrum, we were noted for our
matches, Gs. 14; ekki dy'r er at, at renna mstti kpp vi hann, Karl. 514, cp. Dan. lobe omkaps
med en -- to run a racc. II. eagerness, vehemence; er konungi mikit kapp v, Eg. 16; eigi veil ek
hvar kapp itt er mi komit, Ld. 166; hann heir engi mann ora at mla vi sik nema at eilt er hann
vill vera luta, ok her hann ar vi allt kapp, 0. H. 68; mltu sumir at honum hlypi kapp kinn,
Sturl. iii. 232; at at vri konungi vegsemd en eigi fyrir kapps sakir vi hann, Eg. 44; honum
grisk sv mikit kapp essi veii, at hann skrei ar eptir allan dag, (5. 11. 85; kapps lystr, eager,
Hornklo; lgu eir ~ at it mcsta kapp hverr betr rei er betri hesta tti, Hkr. i. 27; Onundr
konungr lagi at kapp mikit ok kostna, at ryja markir ok byggja eptir ruin, 44; me kappi ok
girnd, D. N. i. 3; berjask af miklu kappi, jir. 326; gangask r tvennar fylkingar at mti me
iniklu kappi, 328; verja me ka[)pi, Eg. 7:o; essi ctlan er mcir af kappi en forsji'i, . H. 32; var s
veizla gr me enu mcsta kappi, 31; hn gkk at me llu kappi at veita lal konungi, 51; mcir
skir etta n;e r-ngimd ok kappi (ob-tinacy) heldr en vi gvild ok drengskap, Nj. 15. III.
gun. kapps, intens. kapps-vel, mighty well, Bjarn. (in a verse), Fms. vii. 45 (in; verse); kapps-auigr,
mighty wealthy, merl. I. Q; kapps-hr, mighty high (cp. Dan. kjephj), Lex. Pot.; kona kapps glig,
a very gentle woman, Akv. 6; or even singly. COMPDS: kapps-fullr, adj. /W/ of energy, vigorous,
impetuous, Lv. 32; harr ok k., Bjarn. 48, Sks. 649. kapps-mar, m. a man of energy, Eg. 9:
headstrong, 710.
kapp-alinn, part, well fed, of a horse kept in a stall.
kapp-dregit, n. part, bard to pull, difcult, Nj. 100, v. l.
kapp-drykkja, u, f. a dri?iking-match, 0. H. 151.
kapp-drgt, adj. hard to pull; var eiin k. leiknum, it was a hard contest, Bs. i. 620; kva eim
etta mundu k., it would be a hard task, Nj. loo.
kapp-fss, adj. = kappgjarn, Lex. Pot.
kapp-girni, f. energy; hreysti ok k., Fbr. 116, Fas. i. 119.
kapp-gjarn, zdj. full of energy and zeal, Fms. vi. 105.
kapp-gr, adj. very good, Merl. 2. 79.
KAPPI, a, m. [a Teut. word, noticed by Plutarch, Marins ch. n -- Kn~povs bvopaôvai Tfpftavol
rovs \yaras; see also kapp] :-- a hero, champion, man of valour; konungr s;'i er kappi pykkir, Hkm.
14; t'hisk tt ar ztir kappar, Hdl. 17; tti r kappi, Am. 98; bji Arnrr Reykjahl, kappi
mikill, ... ok m af v marka hverr k. hann var, Lv. 3; essa b -orkell hkr, kappi mikill (cp.
Germ, handegen] , Nj. 184; eru Reykjadal kappar miklir? 32; gslinn var kappi mikill, ok ban
angbran'di pataldr, Bs. i. 9; hverjir berjask skulu nu'ti ess kppum af eirra lii, Fms. xi. 126. 2.
in a special sense, an elect champion, answering to the knight of the Middle Ages; essir kappar
vru me Haraldi konungi, Fas. i. 379; v var Bjiirn san Kappi kallar, Bjarn. 11; Hrulf Kraka ok
Kappa hans, Fb. ii. 136; mco honum (the king) ok bans Koppnm, Fas. i. 35: Kappar konungs, 69;
Hrolfr konungr ok allir hans Kappar ok strmenni, 76, /f), 91, 95, 101, 102, 105, 108; Hroltr
konungr bysk n til ferar me hundra manna, ok auk Kappar hans ti'lf ok berscrkir tlf, 77; i;pp
upp, allir Kappar ! 100, Skjld. S. ch. 8, 9 (Fas. i. 379-385); kappa-li, a troop of champions,
warriors, Grett. 84; kappa-tala, a tale or ro ll of champions, Fms. iii. 157; kappa-val, c hoi c e of
champions, ii. 315. II. even as a nickname of some choice champions; Bjiirn Breivkinga-kappi,
Eb.; Bjorn Hitdla-kappi, Bjarn.; V'bjrn Sygna-kappi, Landn.; Hildibrandr Iluna- kappi; Asmundr
Kappa-bani, a slayer of champions, Fas.
kappi, a, m. the hand at the back of a bound too k.
kapp-kosta, a, to strive, endeavour, Br. 176.
kapp-leikr, m. afghting-match, Rm. 269 = Lat. cer. 'amen.
kapp-mella, u, f. a loop.
kapp-mli, n. a dispute, tsl. ii. 236, Fms. i. ii, x. 312, Fb. ii. 271.
kapp-ngr, adj. plentiful, Sturl. iii. 88.
kapp-orr, adj. wrangling, Flv. 44.
kapp-rr, m. a rowing-match, Fms. x. 312.
kapp-samliga, adv. impetuously, with energy, Fms. x. 356, Sks. 572; richly, abundantly, gcfa k.
mat, sl. ii. 337, Fb. i. 374; griungr k. alinn (= kappalinn), Hkr. i. 37.
kapp-samligr, adj. impetuous, vehement: k. reii, Sks. 227: ri c h, liberal, veizla fgr ok
kappsamlig, Fms. vi. 182.
kapp-samr, adj. pushing, eager, impetuous, 0. II. 27, Nj. 51; hfingi mikill, manna kappsamastr,
147; k. ok reiinn, Eg. 187; k. ok vginn, O. H. L. 35.
kapp-semd, f. -- kappscmi, Eg. 257.
kapp-semi, f. energy, headstrong character; k. ok frrcknleikr, Bret. 36, fjir. 207.
kapp-sigling, f. a sailiiig-matcb, Fms. x. 278, xi. 360.
kapp-svinnr, adj. very noble, Am. 74.
kapp-rinn, adj. more than sufcient, abundant; k. li, Bjarn. 71.
kaprn, n. [for. word], a kind of cowl or c ap, Jb. 187, Sturl. ii. 145, iii. 306, B. K. 98, Siat. 299, D.
N. passim.
kar or karr, n. the mucus or s lime on new-born calves and lambs: metaph., kar er 4 kampi voruni,
kystu mr ef lystir, a ditty in a ghost story.
KARA, a, to clean ojf the kar, as cwcs and cows do by licking their young. II. metaph. to nish
ojf; a er allt karra, V i s all unlicked into fhape, in a rough state; or, a er ekki nema hl-
kara, it i s but half nished.
karar-, see kor.
karbunkli, a, in. [for. word], a carbuncle, FIuv.
kardinali, a, m. [for. word!, a cardinal, Ann., Bs., Fins, vii, x.
karfa, u, f., or krf, f., [Lat. c or bi s], a basket; akin to ker (q. v.), a bunch, a mod. word, the old
being vand-laupr.
karfasta, u, f. = karina, Sturl.
KARFI, a, in. [By/ant. Gr. /:apa~os; mid. Lat. carabiis; Russ. koralii] :-- a kind of galley, or swift-
going ship, with six, twelve, or sixteen rowers on each side, esp. used on lakes or inlets, Gretl. 95,
97; k. mtun-sessa, 0. II. 42, 62 (to be used on the lake Mjrs); eir hfu karfa ann er rmi bor
tlf menu er sextan, Ea;. 171; Riign- valilr koumiss son tti karfa elnn, reru sex (sextan?) menu
bora, 371, 386; karfar eir seni til landvarnar eru skipair, Rt. 42, Fms. ix. 408, Fb. i. 194; san
tk hann karia nokkurn ok 16; draga ut urn cyjarnar verar, Fins, viii. 3/7, 424; eikju-kar, q. v.;
they were long, narrow, and light so as to be easily carried over land, valtr karii, a crank, unsteady
karti, Sighvat; whence the phrase, karfa-ftr, of reding, tottering steps, . H. 72.
kar, a, m. [Engl. carp; O. H. G. cha r/ h o; Germ, iarpi] , a kind of ~d\ a carp, Edda (Gl.): so in
the phrase, raur seni karti, red as a k., Flor. 71; karfa-rjr, blushing like a goldfuh.
kar, a, m., botan. cumin, freq. in Norway, Ivar Aascn, but in Icel. this old word appears to be lost.
kargr, adj. [mid. H. G. karc; Germ, karg; Dan. iarrig] , lazy, stubborn, as an ass; hann er svo
kari:r, heiilin niin, hann nennir ekki neitt a gera, ltuni vi strkinn stdera, Grnd.
kar-koli, a, m. a kind offsb, a sole.
KARL, m. | a word common to all Teut. languages, although not recorded in Ulf.; A. S. car l, ceorl;
Engl. carle, churl; Germ, kerl, etc.] :-- a man, opp. to a woman; brigr er karla hugr konuin, Hm.
90; kostum drcpr kvenna karla ofriki, Am. 69; often in allit. phrases, karla ok konur, konur ok
karlar, etc.; bi karlar ok konur, Fms. i. 14, Kb. 276, 298; kvenna ok karla, Edda 21; drpu eir
menu alia, unga ok gamla, konur sem karla, Fms. ii. 134, viii. 432; er at ekki karla at annask um
matreiu, Nj. 48; taldi hn aeiis oka kurteisi karlanna, er skyldi heita vtra fyrir eim sem
ohraustum konum, Bs. i. 340; karlar tlf vetra gamlir ea ellri cru log-segendr ea lg-sjcndr,
Gr;ig. ii. 31; yngri menn en sextan vetra gamlir karlar, ea konur yngri en tuttugu, K. . K.;
samborin systir, bi til karls ok konu, a sister on the father's and mother's side, D. N. ii. 528;
spuri hvat konu varai ef turn vicri brkum jafnan sv sem karlar, Ld. 136; svu er ir. lt um
karla ef eir klask kvenna klnai, Grg. (Kb.) ii. 204. COMPDS: karla-flk, n. male folk;
brenndu hann itiui ok allt karla-flk en konur gengu ut, Dropl. 4. karla-fot, n. pl. metis attire, Bs. i.
653, Sturl. i. 65, Ld. 276, v. 1. karla-sir, m. habits of men, Grg. i. 338. karla- skli, a, m. a room
for men, Dipl. v. 18. karla-vegr, m. the male side, side where the men sit, the right hand in a church,
etc., i. e. opp. to kvenna vegr, D. N. iv. 283. karls-efhi, n. a nickname, one who promises to be a
doughty man, Landn. karls-ungi, a, m. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 258. B. In a political sense, the
common folk, opp. to great folk, see jarl; vr karla born ok kerlinga, we bairns of carles and
carlines, Hkr. i. (in a verse), opp. to hrnigr Haralds, the king's son; aan eru komnar Karla
rettir, Rm. 22; era at karls sett er at kvernum stendr, Hkv. 2. 2; kiilluu Karl, Rm. 18; ek em
konungs dttir en eigi karls, I am a king's daughter and not a carle's. Fas. i. 225; skyldi hn gacta
hjarar ok aldri annat vitask, en hn vxri karls dttir ok kerlingar, 22 (of a king's daughter in
disguise): in the allit. phrase, fyrir konung ok karl, /or king and churl, D. N. i. 523, ii. 747, Gl. 137;
so in the saying, at er margt karls hiisi sem eigi er konungs gari, there are many things in the
carle's cottage that are no! in the king's palace, Gsl. 79, Fas. iii. 155, Mag. 73: mod., a er mart
koti kars sem kongs er tkki ranni; so also in the popular tales, which often begin with the phrase,
that there was a Kongr og druttning riki sinn og karl og kerling Gars-horni, and have as a
standing incident that the churl's son marries the king's daughter, sl. Jjjs. ii, cp. also 0. T. (1853)
pref.; svo byrjar essa sgu at karl bj ok tti sr kerlingu, Pare, (begin.); karl her bi'nt ok kona
ldru, Fb. ii. 331 (in a verse); karls son, a churl's son, Fms. ix. 509. karla-cettir, f. pl. the churls,
Rm, II. a house-carle, servant; hrundu eir fram sktv., ok hlupu ar sex karlar, Nj. 18; bun hafi
skipi me sr tuttugu karla frjlsa, Landn. 109, cp. Fb. i. 265; hs-karl, b-karl, salt-karl, q.v.;
Slttu-karlar, Fbr.; cp. Swed. Dale-karlar. III. in contempt; fret-karl, q.v.; staf-karl (Norse stakkar,
Dan. stakkel), a 'staff-churl,' beggar: in the phrase, karl ok kll, beggar and bag, Nj. 274; braga-
karl, a cunning fellow; ltill karl, you little wretch! orir ekki, ltill karl, at segja satt til, Fbr. 39
new Ed.: in mod. usage also in a good sense, gr karl, a good fellow; harr karl, a hardy carle: as
also with the article, karlinn = Germ. der kerl.
C. An old carle, old man, opp. to kerling; sv skal krlum skipta ok kerlingum, sem rum
skuldum, N. G. L. i. 51; heyrit r hvat karlinn mlir, Nj. 143; karl inn skegglausi; orbjrn karl,
the old carle Th., Eb. 176; Arngeirr karl, Bjarn. 59, 69, 71; einn gamall karl, Barl. 74; karl afgamall,
a decrepit old carle, Eg. (in a verse); hann glkir sik gmlum karli, Stj, 475, passim in old and mod.
usage.
Karla-magns, m. Charlemagne; Karlamagns Saga, the History of Charlemagne, Jm. 32.
karl-askr, m. a full measure, opp. to kvennaskr, a kind of half measure, Jb. 375.
karl-barn, n. a male child, Stj. 248.
karl-dyrr, n. pl. the men's door; in ancient dwellings the wings (skot, set) were occupied, the one
side by the men, the other by the women; hence the door leading to the men's side was termed
karldyrr, as opp. to the entry leading to the females' side, Nj. 14, K. . K. 9, 14 new Ed., Grg. ii.
228.
karl-dr, n. a male beast, Stj. 71.
karl-erf, f. a male inheritance, of agnates, N. G. L. i. 49.
karl-ftt, n. adj. wanting in males; var k. heima, Sturl. i. 142.
karl-fjldi, a, m. a multitude of male persons, Sturl. ii. 144.
karl-flk, n. common folk, Sighvat.
karl-fugl, m. a male bird, Stj. 77, Pr. 409.
karl-ft, n. pl. male attire, Ld. 276, Grg. i. 338.
karl-gildr, adj., a law term, meaning full, complete; thus karlgildr magi means, not a 'male-magi,'
but a 'complete invalid,' one who can contribute nothing towards his sustenance, e.g. an infant, a
sick or aged person, male or female. The word is a standing term in the old church deeds, where the
donor charged the gift with the support of a karlgild magi for ever, D. I. passim. The old Swedish
laws present the same use of the word, e.g. karlgild mark = good money, money of full value, see
Verel. s.v.
karl-hfi, a, m. a carved man's head, gure head; ba hann orgeir reisa ar upp s, ok skera
karlhfa endanum, an efgy 'in contumeliam,' Rd. 305; cp. Fs. 56, -- Jkull skar karlshfu
slu-endanum ok reist rnar; as also Landn. 4, ch. 4: name of a ship with a man's head carved on
her prow, . H.
karlinna, u, f. a woman; ar fyrir skal hn k. kallask af v hn er af karlmanni tekin, Gen. ii. 23.
karl-kenndr, part. masculine, Edda 68.
karl-kind, f. the male sex, Stj. 74, 115, 283.
karl-kli, n. pl. men's clothing, Grg. i. 338, N. G. L. i. 75.
karl-kona, u, f. false reading for karlmenn, Ld. 136.
karl-kostr, m. a (good) match, of a man, Sturl. i. 207.
karl-kyn, n. the male kind, Stj. 56.
karl-leggr, m. the male lineage, the agnates, Gl. 244, passim; opp. to kvennleggr.
karl-ligr, adj. masculine, Al. 172.
karl-mar, in. (spelt karmar, N. G. L. i. 50, Eluc. 4), a man, male, opp. to kvenn-mar, a woman;
karlmar ea kona, N. G. L. i. 51; samb milli karlmanns ok konu, Stj. 21; karlmar ok kona, Eg.
247, . H. 152; skal karlmann tlf vetra gamlan ea ellra nefna dm, Grg. i. 16; karlmar sextn
vetra gamall skal ra sjlfr heimilis-fangi snu, 147; hann er karlmar, v at hann her sonu tt
vi konu sinni, 190; er hann lt eigi aka skegg sr, at hann vri sem arir karlmenn, ok kllum
karl inn skegglausa, 67; slkt vti honum at skapa fyrir at sitt hf, sem karlmanni, ef hann her
hfu-smtt sv mikla at sji geirvrtur hans berar, Ld. 136; skerask setgeira-brkr sem karlmenn,
id.; gefa karlmanns-ver, a meal for a man, a full meal, D. I. i. 201, Vm. 169. 2. metaph. a man of
valour; styrkr ok fltr ok inn hraustasti karlmar, Nj. 177; sv s ek fara, at estum bilar rit,
at gir karlmenn s, Fms. ii. 31; ef hann orir, ok s hann ragr karlmar, xi. 94; vr skyldim
hafa karlmanns hjarta en eigi konu, 389; k. at lunderni, Bs. i. 709. II. in a political sense = karl, a
'churlman,' a churl, commoner; cp. jarl and jarlmar: this sense is obsolete, but is represented in the
Frank. pr. name Karloman, Latinized Carolus Magnus, whence Charlemagne, Germ. Karl der
Grosse, without regard to the true etymology.
karlmann-liga, adv. in a manly way, Nj. 144, Fb. ii. 674.
karlmann-ligr, adj. masculine, Th. 23, Sklda 185. 2. manly, bold, Fms. vi. 209, Nj. 70, Eg. 322; k.
kappi, 623. 33; k. skap, 36, passim.
karl-menni, n. a stout, valiant man; hann er mesta k.
karl-mennska, u, f. manhood, valour, Nj. 176, Fs. 4, Fms. vii. 168, xi. 80, 110, passim;
karlmennsku brag, prowess, iii. 134.
karl-sift, f. 'carle-sibness,' relationship by the father's side, Lat. agnatio, opp. to kvenn-sift, Grg.
ii. 176, Fms. i. 220. karlsiftar-mar, m. an agnate, N. G. L. i. 78.
karl-skp, n. pl. genitalia, Ver. 70, Mar.
kar-mar, m. = kararmar, bedridden.
kar-mannliga, adv. wretchedly, Nj. 229, v.l. (Johnson.)
KARMR, m. [Dan. karm = a frame; vindues-karm, dr-karm = a window-frame, door-frame] :-- a
closet; slu-karmr = vestiarium, Hallfred; l-karmr, an ale cask, Landn. (in a verse); mj-k., a
mead cask, Lex. Pot.; bekk-k., a bench frame, couch = Lat. triclinium, id.; kastalar ok karmar,
Fms. iv. 49. 2. a cart, B. K. 20, still used in that sense in Dan. and Norse.
karn (?), a kind of bird, Edda (Gl.)
karnar, m. [kr = a bed (?)], concubinage; kaupa ambtt til karnaar, Grg. i. 358.
KARP, n. bragging; var minna karp itt mean Hkon konungr, fstri minn, lifi, Mork. 139;
snisk mr sem minna s n karp itt heldr en inn fyrra daginn, O. H. L. 27.
karpa, a. to brag, boast.
karp-mlugr, adj. bragging, Karl. 429.
karp-yri, n. pl. braggart words, boasts, Flv. 29.
karra, a, to card wool :-- karra kalf, see kara.
KARRI, a, m. in rjp-karri, a male ptarmigan.
karri, a, m. a card, for combing.
karsk-liga, adv. briskly. Fas. iii. 625.
karsk-ligr, adj. brisk, doughty.
KARSKR, adj., fem. krsk, karskt, proncd. kaskr; [from karl or karr, qs. kariskr; Germ. karsch, a
north Germ., word, Grimm's Dict. by Hildebrand; Dan.-Swed. karsk] :-- brisk, bold, Nj, 120, v.l.:
hale, hearty, era karskr mar s er ..., he is not a hale man, i.e. he suffers much who ..., Stor. 4: freq.
in mod. usage.
karta, u, f. a short horn: metaph., n krakka karta, thou urchin! Grnd.
kart-nagl, m. a hangnail, Nj. 52, Snt 209, passim.
KARTR, m. a cart; karta at grva, Rm. 19; s er r sat gyltri kerru er n settr hervilegan kart,
Al. 107; fjgr hundru, vagna ok sund karta, 166.
KASA, a, [ks], prop. to heap earth or stones upon, to earth, commonly used of witches,
miscreants, carcases of men or beasts, Grg. ii. 156 (of an outlaw); lk ris var upp rekit ok kasa
eir hann hj Sigmundi, Fr. 177, Fs. 62; vru eir frir t hraun ok kasair dal eim er ar var
hrauninu, Eb. 138; ar heitir Knarrarnes er hann var kasar, Ld. 156; vildu eir eigi jara hann at
kirkju ok ksuu hann utan-borgar, Mar.: to bury in snow, eru eir kasair mjllinni, Fs. 143,
Sturl. iii. 215; bru san at strt grjt ok kasau , Stj. 370: metaph., eir kasau etta me sr,
Fms. iv. 284, v.l.; kvusk hlaa mundu vegg dalinn ok kasa ar metor Gumundar, Sturl. i. 155.
II. in mod. usage, to pile in heaps, esp. of the blubber of whales or sharks.
kass, m., mod. kassi, a, m. a case, large box, Stj. 253, 357, v.l.; kasta kssunum, to take to the
heels, run, Fms. viii. 421, v.l.; komi r eigi eim kassa mik, you shan't lay this box on my back,
Grett. 127: a shing case, ker ok kassa, D. N. ii. 35; kassa-ski, shing with creels, (mod. silunga-
kista, laxa-kista), D. N.
kassar, part. cased, Pm. 103.
kast, n. a cast, throw of a net; eignask eir sld alla er kast ttu, Gl. 427, Boldt. 53; um kast ef
menn hitta storma, N. G. L. ii. 278, :-- in the phrase, koma kast vi e-n, to come in collision with
one (Dan. komme i kast med en), Nj. 260; koma kast saman vi e-n, H. E. i. 524. . a throw of
dice, Sturl. ii. 159, . H. 90, Sks. 26. 2. kstum saman, by heaps, r. 62; at seinustum kstum, at
the last moment, D. N. ii. 535: metaph., kemr til e-s kasta, one's turn comes, mun ykkja koma til
vrra kasta, at veita li mlum yrum, Valla L. 221; n hafa kappar kveit hring, kemr til minna
kasta, sl. js. ii. 7. II. a kind of cloak, a dust cloak; hlgu at honum er hann var kasti mrendu,
Nj. 179: in mod. usage, a cloak worn by milkmaids whilst milking.
KASTA, a, [a Scandin. word; Dan.-Swed. kaste, not found in Saxon and Germ., so that Engl. cast
must be of Dan. origin] :-- to cast, throw, with dat. of the thing (to throw with a thing), but also
absol.; Egill kastai egar nir horninu, E. ung the horn away, Eg. 215; smala-mar kastar hfinu
nir, Nj. 71; en er skjldr Atla var nttr, kastai hann honum, Eg. 507; hann kastar aptr llu ok
vill ekki iggja, Man.; kasta brynju, Hkv. 2. 42; kasta akkerum, to cast anchor, Eg. 128; k. farmi, to
throw the cargo overboard, 656 C. 21, Sks. 231 B; kasta verplum, to cast with the dice, Grg. ii.
198; Surmenn tveir kstuu um silfr (gambled); Magn. 528; hana kastai, ok kmu upp tvau sex,
. H. 90: to throw, toss, ef griungr kastar manni, Grg. ii. 122; k. e-m inn, to cast into prison, Fms.
ix. 245. II. with prepp.; kasta um hesti, to turn a horse at full gallop; ven hest inn gan um at
kasta hlaupanda skre, Sks. 374; Jns-synir kstuu um hestum snum, Sturl. ii. 75: metaph.,
biskupi tti hann hafa kasta sr um til mtstu-manna kirkjunnar, that he had turned round to
the enemies of the church, Bs. i. 722; k. um hug snum, to change one's mind, Stj. 285: k. til e-s, to
cast at one, pelt one, Grg. ii. 7: ef hvarrgi kastar fyrir annan, lay snares for another, Gl. 426. III.
to cast off; kasta tr, to cast off one's faith, be a renegade, Nj. 166, 272; kasta Kristni, to apostatize,
Fms. i. 108, vii. 151. IV. phrases, kasta orum e-n, to address one, lk. 37; k. kallz-yrum at e-m,
to throw taunts at one, Fms. vi. 194, Fb. i. 214 (at-kast); kasta reii e-n, Fms. vii. 228; k. sik
stt, to feign illness, Nj. 14: k. fram kvilingi, vsu, stku, to extemporise, cast abroad, a ditty, Fms.
ii. 207; kasta sinni eign e-t, to seize upon: k. nir, to cast down, Eg. 730: k. e-u til, to insinuate,
Fb. ii. 148; k. mti e-m, to cast in one's teeth, Stj. 173: kasta upp, to forward, bring forth, Nj. 88. V.
impers., of being cast, thrown, ung, esp. by wind, waves, etc.; var sv mikill eldsgangrinn, at
logbrndunum kastai upp borgina, Fms. x. 29; er hann frtti at skipinu hafi kasta, capsized, Bs.
i. 389; r sur ok gneista, er kasta hafi r Mspells-heimi, Edda 5; kldum draug kastar upp
bnka, Skald H. 4. 19; kastai fram seglinu akkeris-eininn, Fms. ix. 387; menn dasask, skips-
farmi kastar, Sks. 231; enda kasti hvlum ea vii yr malar-kamb, Grg. ii. 354; at f er kastar
land, 388; kastar egar vindi eptir eim, it blew up to a breeze, Bs. i. 461; n kastar vindi
innan eptir rinum, Fms. ii. 72; henni var kasta skinni at beini, the skin was as it were thrown
over her bones, of leanness, Br. 176. VI. reex. or recipr., kastask mti, to cast against one
another, Gl. 426; kastask orum , to exchange words, Eg. 547, orst. St. 52. 2. pass. to be thrown,
Fms. ix. 245, x. 49.
kastali, a, m. [from Lat. castellum], a castle, stronghold, Fms. vii. 94, 159, 194, viii. 177, 418, x.
358, Al. 90, Sks. 597, Fas. i. 497, Ver. 10, Sturl. ii. 42, Fs. 70, Orkn. 344-354; kastala hur, dyr,
veggr, vgskr, a castle door, wall, rampart. Hkr. iii. 312, Orkn. 350. Sks. 416; kastala stafr, a
castle pillar, Fms. viii. 429; kastala-kirkja, a castle church, vii. 189; kastala-menn, defenders of a
castle, Orkn. 350, Fms. vii. 192, Fs. 70. 2. a kind of war engine, Sks. 3. naut., hn-kastali, q.v. 4. a
dome-shaped hill is in Icel. called kastali; cp. borg.
kastan-razi, a, m. a nickname, Bs.
kast-ml, f. coarse gravel.
kast-vella u, f. boiling, Bs. ii. 9.
KATI, a, m. a kind of small ship, a 'cat,' Edda (Gl.); gaf Hrr nafn nesinu ok kallai Katanes,
v at honum tti ar margr kati fyrir fara, sl. ii. 85 :-- ketll (kettle) seems to be a diminutive from
this old word. II. local names; Kata-nes, n. Caithness in Scotland: Katnesingar, m. pl. the men of
Caithness, Orkn.: Katneskr, adj. from Caithness, Grg. i. 299, Orkn.
katlari, a, m. a kettle-maker, Rtt. 59.
Katrn, f. a pr. name, Catherine; Katrnar-messa, -saga, Catherine's mass, saga, Pm., Vm.
katt-belgr, m. a cat's skin, Grg. i. 501.
katt-skinn, n. a cat's skin, orf. Karl. 374; kattskinns glfar, cat-skin gloves, id.
kaua, u, f. = kaui, a nickname, Fms. vii. 217.
kaui, a, m. a rascal, Edda (Gl.) ii. 496, freq. in mod. usage.
KAUN, n. a sore, of wounds and scabs, Bs. ii. 20 (in a verse), Mar.; fullr kauna, Luke xvi. 26: freq.
in mod. usage is the phrase, blsa kaunin, to blow on one's sores, of ngers burnt, sore, or cold,
Grnd. 46, = GREEK of Theocr. 19. 3. 2. the Rune RUNE, see introduction to letter K.
KAUP, n. a bargain; llt kaup, a bad bargain, orst. St. 54; daprt kaup, a sad bargain, Sighvat;
krpp kaup, Grett. (in a verse); gott or g kaup, a good bargain; af-kaup, q.v.; hn gaf fyrir heklu
ekktta, ok vildi kaup kalla, she paid a spotted frock for it, thus making it a bargain, Landn. 319;
ll skulu kaup haldask me mnnum vttlaus, nema fjgr, Grg. ii. 406; kona at ra fyrir hlfs-
eyris kaupi, a woman has a right to make a bargain amounting to half an ounce, i. 333: phrases, sl
kaupi vi e-n, and sl kaupi saman, to strike a bargain, Fms. ii. 80, Fb. ii. 79; slyngja kaupi, to
strike a bargain, Ld. 96; kaup ok slur, buying and selling; ganga kaupum ok slum, to go into
trade; eiga kaup vi e-n, Fms. vi. 103; vera at kaupi, to come to a bargain, Ld. 96; semja kaup, Fb.
i. 124; kaupa smm kaupum sem strum, ii. 75; eiga kaup vi e-n, to exchange, bargain, trade with
one, Nj. 157, passim. II. a stipulation, agreement; allan verka ann er kaup eirra kom, Gl. 329;
ek mli til kaupa vi ik, vill Rtr grask mgr inn ok kaupa dttur na (of marriage, see br-
kaup), Nj. 3; tala eir um kaup, ok vera allt sttir, 51; skulu vit korna saman essi ntt at v
kaupi sem vill vera, Fms. vii. 244. III. wages, pay; eigi kann ek kaups at meta, to take pay for a
thing, O. H. L. 66; utan kaups, without pay, gratuitously, ir. 312; vera af kaupi, to be off one's
bargain, to have forfeited it, Edda 26; skal hann eigi taka meira kaup en hlfa mrk, Grg. i. 147; at
mar taki tv aura at kaupi, 466, Rtt. 2. 10; hvat kaup vilt hafa fyrir skemtan na? O. H. L. 66;
mla sr kaup, Bs. i. 171, Stj. 176; konungr gaf honum mikit kaup, Fms. x. 320; fara me kaup sn,
to let oneself for hire, Grg. i. 468; prests-kaup, a priest's pay for singing mass, Bs. i. 759; hann galt
engum manni kaup, Grett. 109. COMPDS: kaupa-blkr, m. a section of the law referring to trade
and exchange, Grg., Gl., Jb. kaupa-brf, n. a deed of a bargain, D. N. kaupa-jr, f. purchased
land, opp. to alsjr, N. G. L. i. 75. kaupa-kostir, m. pl. terms of a bargain, Ld. 322, Rd. 260.
kaupa-land, n. =kaupajr, Bs. i. 684. kaupa-mar, m. a hired labourer during haymaking in the
summer, opp. to vinnu-mar = a servant hired for the whole year. kaupa-mang, n. barter, Sturl. ii.
125. kaupa-mark, n. a purchased mark, opp. to one inherited (in cattle), Grg. ii. 307. kaupa-
vttr, m. (and kaups-vttr, Grg. ii. 204), a witness to a bargain, Dipl. v. 26. kaupa-vinna, u, f.
working for wages, of mowers. kaups-vtti, n. id., Grg. ii. 272.
KAUPA, kaupir, pret. keypti, part. keypt; [Ulf. kaupatjan = GREEK and kaupon = GREEK, Luke
xix. 13; A. S. cepian; Old Engl. chop; North. E. coup; cp. Engl. cheapen, chaffer, couper, chap-
man, etc. (see angr); Germ. kaufen; Dutch koopen; Swed. kpa; Dan. kjbe; a word common to all
Teut. languages. The derivation from Lat. caupona is hardly admissible, whereas Grimm's
ingenious suggestion (Dict. iii. 198) connecting it with Goth. kaupatjan, which Ulf. uses = to strike
in the face, is strongly borne out by the very form of the Icel. word; -- since, rst, this word,
although having au as its root vowel, follows the 2nd and not the 1st weak conjugation; secondly,
the vowel changes in preterite and participle, which is characteristic of a verb with an inexive or
characteristic j; thirdly, the t in the preterite (so far as is known) is never spelt with or , -- keypti,
not keypi or keypi (see introduction to letter D, C. III. 2), -- which indicates that the t is here
radical and not inexive. The Icel. word therefore represents in its tenses both the Gothic words, --
kaupan in the present tense, kaupatjan in the preterite: the bargain was symbolized by 'striking,'
hence the phrase 'to strike' a bargain, Dutch koopslagen.]
B. To buy; magran mar kaupa, Hm. 83; kaupa fri, Skm. 19; opt kaupir sr litlu lof, Hm. 51; vel-
keyptr, 107; allan ann varning er kaupir ok selr, Sks. 20; hann keypti skip til ferar, Mar.
passim; keypti Njll land Ossab, Nj. 151, Grg. ii. 243; Vill Rtr grask mgr inn ok kaupa
dttur na, Nj. 3 :-- the bargain or price in dat., skal ln (dat.) kaupa geymslu k, Grg. i. 147,
466; kaupa land veri, ii. 243; k. sex lnum, i. 466; kaupa mey (konu) mundi, er kona mundi
keypt, er mrk sex lna aura er goldin at mundi er handslu, er meira f ella, 175; gulli keypta
lzt Gmis dttur, Ls. 42. 2. absol. to make a bargain; tt vr kaupim eigi, Nj. 49: kaupa kaupi,
to bargain; eigi kemr mr at hug at Snorri kaupi snu kaupi betr tt hann ge r mat, Eb. 182;
k. drt, to buy dearly, metaph., Parc., Str. 50. II. with prepp.; kaupa saman, to bargain, Hkv. Hjrv.
3; kaupa braut, to buy one off; ess vntir mik, at sr vel essu braut kaupandi, well worth
being bought off at this price, Fms. xi. 56 :-- k. vi e-n, to make a bargain, come to terms with one,
Nj. 40, Fb. ii. 75 :-- k. um, to barter, exchange; keypti hann um lnd vi Gurnu svfrs-dttur,
Eb. 282; kaupa klum (kli um?) vi e-n, to exchange clothes with one, Fms. ii. 156; mlt var at
au mundi kaupa um lnd, Snorri ok Gurn, Ld. 248; drottning keypti um sonu vi ambtt, Fas. ii.
59 :-- k. e-t at e-m, to buy of one; hann keypti at orgeiri, b. 11 (c&avlig;pti MS.); at er mitt
eyrendi at k. at r kvikf, Fms. vi. 103, Ld. 96, Fb. ii. 75. III. reex., rtt er at mar lti kaupask
verk at, hire oneself out, Grg. i. 468: sv mikit sem mr kaupisk , as much as I gain by it, Band.
31 new Ed.; ef ek vissa, at at keyptisk , at ..., that it would be gained by it, Fms. v. 138; mikit
kaupisk n , much is gained, vii. 116; slkt sem mr kaupisk , xi. 285. 2. recipr., ar sem menn
kaupask saman at lgum, to bargain with one another, Gl. 477; at uru vit sttir er vit keyptumk
vi, Fb. ii. 78; egar er r kaupisk vi, Eb. 112; rumtveggja eim er vi hafa keypzk, Grg. i.
227: the phrase, komask at keyptu, to pay dearly for, smart for it, Eg. 64, Hv. 46, Karl. 401. 3.
pass., ekki munu frndr Grettis ausa t f fyrir verk hans ef honum kaupisk enginn frir, Grett. 126
A; sem essi fer muni mr engi frami kaupask, St. Odd. 10.
kaup-angr, m. [kaup and vangr, dropping the v, rather than angr, q.v.] :-- a market-place, village,
town; ef mar hs kaupangi en b hrai, Gl. 93; kaupangi sem hrai, N. G. L. i. 303; allt
at sem kaupangri er grt, at skal at kaupangrs-rtti skipta, 53; skal hann fara til kaupangrs
me ft sn, 304. II. it is also freq. in Scandin. local names denoting old market-towns, Dan.
Kjbing, Nykjbing, Kjben-havn, Swed. Kping, Norkping, Engl. Cheap-side, Chipping-Ongar;
Chipping-Norton, etc.: the Norse town Narss was specially called Kaupangr, Fms. ii. 232, iii.
40, iv. 314, 340, v. 104, 117, x. 448, xii. passim, sl. ii. 391: also as a local name in northern Iceland,
Lv., Rd. 274. COMPDS: Kaupangs-fjall, n. a local name in Norway, Fms. viii. kaupangs-konur, f.
pl. town-women, the women of Narss, Fms. vi. kaupangrs-lr, m. town-folk, Fms. x. 411.
kaupangs-menn, m. pl. town-men, people, Fms. viii. 35. kaupangs- manna-lg, n. pl. =
kaupangrsrttr, Gl. 263. kaupangrs-rttr, m. town-law, Gl. 264, N. G. L. i. 53.
kaup-brf, n. a deed of purchase, Dipl. v. 16.
kaup-brigi, n. a breach of contract, orst. hv. 40.
kaup-br, m. = kaupangr, Hom. 118, Fms. iv. 93, vii. 112, 151, sl. ii. 391.
kaup-drengr, m. = kaupmar, Fms. vi. 36, sl. ii. 126.
kaup-drr, adj. exorbitant, demanding a high price, Ld. 176.
kaup-eyrir, m. articles of trade, wares, cargo; kaupskip ok kaupeyri, ship and cargo, Eg. 157; hann
fr me kaupmnnum vestr til Englands ok hafi gan kaupeyri, Orkn. 204, Fs. 131, Ld. 254
(money); af kaupeyri ok garleigum kaupsta, Gl. 93; f e-m kaupeyri, Fs. 84. kaupeyris-tund,
f. a tithe or tax on trade, excise, H. E. ii. 98.
kaup-fang, n. a purchase, Nj. 131, v.l.
kaup-fer, f. a journey; sigla kaupfer, Eb. 140; stundum vking stundum kaupferum, Eg. 154;
optliga kaupferum en stundum hernai, Fms. i. 185; hitt hafa ek heldr n tla at htta
kaupferum, Nj. 22; hann rak kaupferir til ymissa landa, . H. 50; Loinn fr kaupfer Austrveg,
Fb. i. 207; settisk frir ok kaupferir r rndheimi til Jamtalands, . H. 142: metaph. phrases,
ok munu essir hafa vlka kaupfer sem hinir fyrri ( = fara smu fr), Fms. viii. 405; ok enginn
skir s at honum, at eigi her vlka kaupfer, ir. 326.
kaup-fox, n. cheating, fraudulent dealing, Gl. 496, Jb. 359.
kaup-frir, m. 'trade-peace,' security for trade, Fms. vi. 7, O. H. L. 39.
kaup-fr, f. = kaupfer, esp. in pl.; fara kaupfrum ok aa sr sv fjr, Sks. 251; er hann rnti mik
skipi v er eitt er bezt haft kaupfrum, . H. 215.
kaup-gegn, adj. good at trading, Fb. ii. 138.
kaup-gjald, n. wages, pay, Stj. 182.
kaup-hlutr, m. a bargain, Mar.
kaup-hs, n. a shop, Symb. 23.
kaup-hndlan, f. [Germ. handling], trade, (mod.)
kaupi, a, m. a buyer, Jb. 56, Pr. 128; bir, kaupi ok sali, N. G. L. ii. 100: = kaupunautr, ir. 104.
kaup-lag, n. a tax, price, Grett. 95.
kaup-laust, n. adj. without charge, gratuitously, 656 B. 2, Fs. 92, Fb. i. 122, Al. 135, Korm. 68:
without bargain, prot, Germ. unverrichteter sache, Ld. 322, Konr. 38.
kaup-lendingr, adj. a law term, owner of purchased land (opp. to an allodial owner), N. G. L. i.
247.
kaup-ligr, adj. mercantile, Fms. iii. 159.
kaup-lstr, m. a aw in a bargain, N. G. L. i. 75.
kaup-mar, m. [cp. Engl. chapman; Germ. kaufmann; Dan. kjbmand; Swed. kpman] :-- a
merchant, traveller; in old times, trade was held in honour, and a kaupmar (merchant) and farmar
(traveller) were almost synonymous; young men of rank and fortune used to set out on their travels
which they continued for some years, until at last they settled for life; even the kings engaged in
trade (see e.g. the pref. to the Hkr., of king St. Olave and Hall Haukadale); whence in after-times
arose the notion of royal trade monopoly. Numerous passages in the Sagas refer to journeys taken
for trade; kaupmar ok smir mikill, . H. 5, 214, Nj. 124, Fms. viii. 234, 303, sl. ii. 126, Fs. 24,
Eb. 140; kaupmanna gr, a merchant's attire, Fms. v. 285; kaupmanna-lg, a league of merchants;
kallai hann eirra manna augastan er verit hfu kaupmanna-lgum, Ld. 28.
kaup-manga, a, to bargain, Sturl. i. 171.
kaupmannliga, adv. in a merchant-like manner, Fb. ii. 75.
kaupmannligr, adj. merchant-like, mercantile.
kaup-mli, a, m. a bargain, contract, Grg. i. 225, Nj. 17, Fms. x. 12, 300, Th. passim; kaupmla-
brf, a deed, Dipl. iii. 4.
kaup-rein, f. a market-place, N. G. L. i. 26.
kaup-rof, n. a breach of bargain, N. G. L. i. 237.
kaup-sttr, adj. agreed to as a bargain, Sturl. iii. 133.
kaup-skapr, m. stores of merchandise, wares, Eg. 41, Fms. i. 185; hafi hann me sr hns ok
seldi au me rum kaupskap, sl. ii. 124: -- mod. trade, trading.
kaup-skattr, m. = kaup-skapr, H. E. i. 492, ii. 72.
kaup-skil, n. pl. dealings; fara me rttum kaupskilum, bargains; eirri eigu er kom kaupskil
eirra, D. N. i. 83.
kaup-skip, n. a merchant ship, . H. 215, Eg. 81, Nj. 3, Fr. 249, N. G. L. i. 48, Eb. 49 (v.l.) new
Ed., Fs. 70, 85, 92.
kaup-slaga, a, [Dutch kopslagen, whence Dan. kjbslaae], to 'strike a bargain,' to bargain, Ann.
1414, Fb. i. 209.
kaup-star, m. a market town, a town, sl. ii. 232, Eg. 119, 241, Fms. ii. 27, vi. 440, vii. 235, Fr.
5.
kaup-stefna, u, f. a fair, a market, Eg. 41, 69, 599, . H. 64, 134, Grg. i. 463, Fms. i. 185, x. 227,
sl. ii. 126, 192, Fs. 100: a bargain, . H. 114.
kaup-sveinn, m. = kaupdrengr, Fms. vi. 238, Fas. iii. 165.
kaup-t, f. market time or season (July and August).
kaup-tn, n. a 'cheap or chipping town,' market town, Fb. ii. 122; orp er k., Stj. 183, 570, O. H.
L. 13.
kaupu-brf, n. = kaupbrf, D. N.
kaupu-nautr, m. a customer, Fms. iii. 91, Sd. 186, O. H. 114, Fb. i. 209.
kaupungr, m. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 226.
kaup-varningr, m. merchant wares, Dropl. 9.
kaup-vttr, m. a witness to a bargain, Dipl. iv. 4, N. G. L. i. 223, B. K. 124.
kaup-verzlan, f. trade, (mod.)
kaup-vitni, n. = kaupvttr.
kaup-orp, n. = kauptn, Fms. x. 67, v.l.
KAUSI, a, m. [kause, Ivar Aasen], a cat, = kisa, q.v.; Snorri mlti vi son sinn r kausa, sr
kttrinn msina, sees the cat the mouse? sl. ii. 309 :-- a nickname, Eb.
K, , to harass; enna grimmustu vina er kallza oss ok k, Barl. 60: reex., ksk e-u, to meddle
in a thing, Str. 24.
k-beinn, m. a nickname, Fb.
kf, n. a stirring about: metaph. pretence of work, no real work, a er ekki nema kf.
kfa, a, to stir; kfa heyi, to stir the hay with a rake.
kk, n. bungling; a er ntt kk.
kka, a, [from Engl. quack], to bungle, play the quack; kka vi e-t.
kklast, a, dep. to pick up quarrels; r mun kostr at kklast um, komir austr angat, Ska R.
61.
KL, n. [A. S. cawl; Engl. cole; Scot. kale; Germ. kohl; Dan. kaal] :-- a cabbage; mun hann einn
tla at ta allt kl Englandi? . H. 131; grn kl, Stj. 61: kale broth and bacon, Fas. iii. 381; e-m
fellr esk kl, Bs. i. 717, Fms. x. 348, see esk: in the saying, ekki er sopit klit ausuna s
komit, the kale is not supped though it be in the ladle, i.e. there is many a slip twixt the cup and the
lip, Grett. 132 A; er at vel at vr deilim klit, 168 new Ed. COMPDS: kl-fr, n. kale seed. kl-
garr, m. a kale garden, Bs. i. 765, D. N. kl-meti, m. kale food. kl-spa, u, f. kale broth.
klf-br, f. adj. a cow that will bear calves, Grg. i. 501, N. G. L. i. 75.
klf-full, adj. with calf, of a cow.
KLFI, a, m. the calf of the leg, Orkn. 12, Eb. 60, Nj. 247, Fas. i. 61, ii. 343, 354, N. G. L. i. 339,
Bs. i. 229. klfa-bt, f. = the ham = knsbt, ir. 86.
KLFR, m. [Goth. kalbo = GREEK; A. S. cealf; Engl. calf; O. H. G. chalb; Germ. kalb; Dan.
kalv; Swed. kalf] :-- a calf; kr ok klfr, Fms. i. 168, vi. 260, 368, Njar. 374, Gsl. 80, Eb. 316,
318, Fas. iii. 34, Grg. i. 502, N. G. L. i. 25: the phrase, ala rum rl klfs-eldi, to feed a thrall
for another man as a calf, i.e. to feed a person who does nothing but eat, 31; hindar-k., a fawn, Str.
3: a whale-calf. II. metaph. of a small island near a large one, eyjar-k.; Manar-k., the Calf of Man,
at its southern extremity; Rastar-klfr, the Calf of the island Rost. . hvann-klfr, young angelica,
Hervar. (Hb.) Gsp., cp. Gr. GREEK: klfa-kjt, n. 'calf-esh,' veal, Stj. 91: klfs-belgr, m. a calf's
skin, Gsl. 118, Fas. iii. 621: klfs-ftr, m. pl. a calf's legs; egnar klfs ftr, ayed calves feet, of
the stockings hanging about one's legs. III. metaph. a calf, i.e. a silly person, dunce; ert mesti
klfr!
klf-skinn, n. a calf-skin; klfskinns skr, Sturl. iii. 199: the phrase, eigi tti honum meiri himinn
en klfskinn, sv tti honum konungr gurligr, the heaven seemed to him not bigger than a calf-
skin (he was so dazzled), so frowning seemed the king, Hkr. iii.
klf-suga, u, f. the caul of calves, Bjrn; tregar klfsugur, Hallgr., Snt (1866).
KM, n. [West Engl. keem = scum on cider; Germ. kahm, kahn, keim], grime, lm of dirt, km-
leitr, adj. grimy in the face, kmugr, adj. 'keamy,' grimed.
KPA, u, f. [A. S. cappe; Engl. cape, cope; O. H. G. chappa; Germ. kappe; Dan. kaabe; also the
Romance languages, from the mid. Lat. cappa] :-- a cowled cloak, cloak with a hood, Fms. iv. 166,
Nj. 143, Eg. 726, Jb. 187; bl kpa, Gsl. 37; kpu-ermr, -httr, -skaut, -grma, a cope's sleeve,
hood, lap, Eb. 250, Bs. i. 623, Band. 33 new Ed., Fas. i. 143, ii. 133, Gsl. 37, Hv. 45; lo-kpa, a
furred cloak, Fms. vii. 19; tvbyr kpa, Rtt. 2. 10; kantara-kpa, q.v.: the phrase, honum verr
ekki kpan r v klinu, he will never get a cloak of that cloth = he will fail, be disappointed in
that. 2. the cover of a book, (mod.)
kr-hfar, part. curled, ir. 175, 181.
kr-hfi, a, m. one with curled hair, a nickname, Bs.
kri, a, m., pot. the wind, freq. in mod. usage: a pr. name.
krna, u, f. [through Fr. carme, from Lat. quadragesima], a fast of forty days, ordered as a
penance in the old eccl. law, H. E. i. 521, ii. 189, 191. krnu-fasta, u, f. = krna, Sturl. ii. 231.
krna, a, [either from the preceding word or rather from Goth. kaurs = heavy, kaurens =
heaviness] :-- to become distressed; heldr tk a krna fyrir rna, Jn Arason.
KRR, m. [A. S. cerre; Ivar Aasen kaara], a curl or curls in the hair; svartr hrslit ok krr hri
hans mikill, Post. 645. 66; rendering of 'capillo nigro et crispo:' a pr. name, Krr, Landn.; and as a
nickname in unn-krr, thin-haired; gull-krr, gold curl; rlu-krr, Landn.
kssa, u, f. a mess, muddle; allt einni kssu.
kssast, a, dep.; k. upp e-n, to pick a quarrel with.
ktna, u, f. merriment, merry pranks.
ktliga, adv. in an odd, funny manner, Barl. 74.
ktligr, adj. cheerful; k. ok me glei-bragi, Nj. 118; funny, comic, Grett. 127 A, Bs. ii. 148; all-k.,
Grett. 112.
KTR, adj. [Dan. kaad], merry, cheerful, in good spirits, of mood, temper, Eg. 44, 483, Fms. i.
202, vii. 152, 157, 175, ix. 477, . H. 70; all-ktr, in excellent humour, 57; -ktr, downcast.
k-vsi, f. archness, Karl. 123.
k-vslega, adv. archly, Stj. 16.
k-vsligr, adj. wily; k. or, Pr. 166.
k-vss, adj. arch, wily, Fms. ix. 304.
keja, u, f. [Germ. kette; Lat. catena; Dan. kjede], a chain, (mod.)
KEFJA, older form kvefja, Sks. l.c.; pres. kefr, pret. kafi, part. kann, [kaf; mid. H. G. quebe] :--
causal, to dip, put under water; mant hversu fr um sundit me okkr, ek mtta kefja ik ef ek
vilda, Fms. vii. 119; sem at kve (kv, new Ed.) reykr ea mjrkvi, Sks. 211; kafi hn
hfuit sv at ar d hann, Hkr. Yngl. S.; er rki itt klandar ok sjlfan ik vill kefja, MS. 4. 26: the
saying, ann m eigi kefja er Gu vill hefja, Fb. iii. 408. II. impers. to be swamped, founder, sink, of
a ship; skipit kafi undir eim, Eg. 600; kafi skipit undir eim ok ltusk ar allir, Hkr. i. 115,
Mar.; sv er ver etta mikit at vi v tti bit, at kefja mundi skipin undir eim, Fas. ii. 180. III.
reex. to dip oneself, duck, dive; at er ath essa skrimsl, at at her opt kafsk, Sks. 170 :-- to be
quenched, ok er v lkast at ljsit kvesk eim reyk, 47 new Ed.; at ljs vili kefjast (old Ed.)
2. part. kafr, drowned; sumir vru vatni kafir, Hom. 147: metaph. overwhelmed, kafr
hyggjum, Mar.; nnum kann, overwhelmed with business.
kea, , to gag a lamb, so as to prevent its sucking; sagi at lmbunum vri tregast um ti fyrst er
au eru nked, Eb. 244. II. to mangle; kea vtt, to mangle linen, freq. in mod. usage; 'ar vart
at er mar kedi vtt' is prob. the true reading of the corrupt passage 'er fear klei vtt' in Sklda
162 (Thorodd); the MS. prob. had keli = kelfi (as the word is sounded), and UNCERTAIN ar,
which two words the transcriber mistook for klei and pear.
KEFLI, n. [kai], a cylinder, stick, piece of wood; lnar lng kei ll ok smri, Jb. 317; viar-reki
fylgir allr nema kea reki, Vm. 130, Grett. 169 new Ed., Fms. vii. 170, xi. 347, Fs. 137; rsta rnar
kei, to carve Runes (magical characters) on a k., Gsl. 67, Eg. 605, Grett., Sd. 140, 141: a gag,
Fms. ii. 179. II. a mangle; sv eru Flosa r sem fari kei, F.'s plans are a rolling cylinder ( = Gr.
GREEK), the metaphor being probably taken from a mangle :-- laga-kei, see lg.
keing, f. gagging, Bs. i. 528.
kei-vlr, m. a cane, stick, Fms. vii. 193, N. G. L. i. 334.
kefsir, m. = Germ. kebs-mann, Edda (Gl.)
kegill, m. a nickname, Sturl.
keikan, n. a nickname, Fb. iii.
keikja, t, to bend backwards, Eg. 397, v.l. to kneykja; Flosi keiktist mjk, of a wrestler, = kikna or
lykna (q.v.), Fms. iii. 188.
KEIKR, adj. bent backwards, the belly jutting forwards; sv at geru eik | gkk heldr keik, Bjarn.
(in a verse); stendr heldr keikari, Band. 11, Fas. iii. 557; k. hlsi, Mag.
keila, u, f. a sh, gadus longus, Edda (Gl.): ref-keila, a female fox.
keilir, m. a wedge (cp. Germ. keil); ef mar brtr h af skipi manns er keili, N. G. L. i. 325, Edda
(Gl.) keili-selgr, keilis-mli, a, m. a nickname, Landn.: a cone-formed mountain, a local name in
the south of Icel.
keimr, m. avour, taste; bera keim af e-u, to have a taste of; llr keimr, a bad avour, keim-lkr,
adj. of like avour.
keipa, a, to pull an angler's line up and down, with dat.; forgens hafi skimann, frinu keipat
lengi dags, Jn or.: metaph. to fret, be cross.
keipttr, adj. fretful, ckle, shifty.
KEIPR, m. a rowlock, Edda (Gl.), Fms. vii. 66, freq. II. = hkeipr (q.v.), a canoe, Fb. i. 525,
Skld H. 4. 17, 20. keip-nagli, a, m. and keip-nef, n. a rowlock thrall, a rower. III. metaph. fretful
ts, of children; seldu mr hana keipa-stelpu na, Snt 298.
keipull, m. a kind of boat, the coble of the north-east coast of England and south-eastern of
Scotland, b. 9.
KEIS, f. [akin to keikr], a round belly, freq. in mod. usage: a nickname, Sturl. iii. 225.
keisa, t, to jut out; keisti fald, perhaps keikti fald, Rm. 26.
keisari, a, m. Caesar, Germ. Kaiser, an emperor, Ver. 40, Hkr. iii. 343, passim; keisara rki,
anempire; keisara garr, hll, stll, vgsla, the imperial residence, hall, chair, consecration, Ver. 47,
Fms. vii. 94, Stj. 1, Ann. 913, Fas. i. 323. COMPDS: keisara-dmr, m., -dmi, n. an empire, Fms.
xi. 329, 417. keisara-inna, u, f. [Germ. kaiserin], an empress, Ann., Thom. 162.
kekkja, u, f. [kkkr], a nickname, Fas.
kektunar-mar, m., Nj. 105; see klektun.
KELDA, u, f. [mid. H. G. qual and quil; Germ. quelle; Dan. kilde; Swed. klla; cp. Engl. well,
North. E. keld = a spring] :-- a well, spring; krjpa at keldu (mod. vatna lmbum), orf. Karl. (in a
verse); kelda er ok ar nr hellinum, ok konungr sr , . H. 187; af sannri lfs sem lfs
keldu, Barl. 84; lk ann er keldu er fll r brunninum, Bs. i. 462; um ker ok keldur, ar skal ker
vera gari sem eigi er kelda til ok vatn , N. G. L. ii. 248, Sks. 91, Bret. 30; tan gars ok innan
me keldu, D. N. i. 527; at keldunni eirri er mitt er garinum, ii. 498, iii. 98; keldu-lkr, a stream
from a well, Karl. 266: and so in Dan. and Swed. local name, Roes-kilde, as also in mod. Dan. and
Swed. II. specic Icel. a stagnant pit in a swampy ground, Eb. 266, Ld. 204, Lv. 5, Jb. 278, Dipl. ii.
1, Fb. i. 231. COMPDS: keldu-sktr, m. = myri-sktr, a snipe: a nickname, Fms. vii. keldu-sog, n.
the outlet of a k., Dipl. v. 19. keldu-svn, n. a hedge-hog: local names, Keldur, f. pl., Keldu-hver,
n., Landn.; whence Keld-hverngar, m. pl. the men from K., Grett.
keldttr, adj. miry, marshy.
KELFA, d, to calve, Gl. 504, see Pal Vdal. Skr. s.v. kelft.
kelng, f. calving, Gl. 498.
kli-, [Swed. kel; Dan. kjelen, kjele = to fondle; cp. also ein-kili] :-- it occurs only in COMPDS:
kli-sjkr, adj. hysterical; fyrir kelisjkar konur, Fsm. 23. kli-stt or kli-ski, f., Swed. kelenhet
= hysterics, Fl.
kelkinn, adj., in r-kelkinn, obstinate, and r-kelkni, obstinacy.
kelli, kella, see kerli, kerla.
kelpa, u, f. a trap for otters, Fms. vii. 21; see kilpr.
KEMBA, d, [kambr], to comb; skera hr silt n k., Eg. 6; k. hfu, Vsp. 38, Vtkv. 11; kembdr ok
veginn, Skv. 2. 25; laug skal gra hveim er liinn er, hendr v ok hfu, kemba ok erra r
kistu fari, Sdm. 34 (Bugge); k. sik, Stj. 138; usually k. sr, Karl. 409, Sturl. i. 168, Bs. i. 560; megi
r k. eim eigi hagligar tjaldklur, Fas. ii. 448; k. hrur, to comb gray hairs, see hra. II. to card
wool; kemba ull, Bret. 32, Stj. 78.
kemba, u, f. a skein of carded wool.
kembir, m. a comber, a nickname, Fb. iii.
kempa, u, f., spelt kenpa: I. [kappi], a champion, Dan. kjempe, ir. 123, Stj. 384, Fms. viii. 158, x.
383, xi. 97, 389, 439. II. [kampr], plur. kempur, the gunwale of a boat.
keng-boginn, part. crooked.
KENGR, m. [cp. Shell. keeng = a brook; North. E. and Dutch kink = a creek, fold; mod. Engl. kink
or twist in a rope] :-- a horseshoe-formed crook of metal, Safn 67, 84, Munk. 103, hurar kengr;
Vm. 56 (of a bell): a bend, bight, en kttrinn beygi kenginn, Edda (Ub.) ii. 285; beygja sik keng,
to crouch; var upp r kryppu kengr, Ska R. 8: a nickname, Landn.
kenjar, f. pl. freaks, whims: kenjttr, adj. whimsical.
KENNA, d, kennig, Hm. 164; part. kennandisk, Bs. i. 322, H. E. i. 499, Dipl. iv. 8; [Goth. kunnan;
A. S. knwan; Old Engl. and Scot. ken; Dan. kjende; Swed. knna] :-- to ken, know, recognise;
kennir konu er heitir Oddn, Fms. vii. 103, Hkv. 2. 12; hann kenndi hann egar, Nj. 9; Flosi
kenndi Kra er hann kom stofuna, 282; hann kenndi skipit, v at hann hafi at skip s fyrr, Eg.
120; ar kenndi Ingimundr lnd au er honum var til vsat, Landn. 175, Sd. 186; ttisk hann kenna
sitt mark vsu essari, Fms. iii. 20: with inn., eir kenndu at at var Eirekr visj, sl. ii. 335; er
etta hann Skalla-grmr? Grmr sagi at hann kenndi rtt, Eg. 112; kennir nkkut til gripa
essara! Nj. 75. II. kenna sr e-t, to know as one's own, claim; kenna sr land, Grg. ii. 204; hann
eigi at er hann kennir sr, 219; Ingimundr kenndi sr mm vntunnur ... munt kenna r at er
arir menn eigu, Bs. i. 433; v kenndi hvrr-tveggi sr nautin, Landn. 47; at enginn dir sik at
kenna sr at er hann grir eigi, Al. 88; ek spyrr hverr sr kenni M. M. at ingmanni, Grg. i. 19.
III. to acknowledge as belonging to another, attribute to him; ll vr gverk eru honum at kenna
ok eigna, Stj. 25; var ok r um ll lnd, kenndu Svar at Frey, Hkr. i. 16; hr er tunglinu kennt
embtti slarinnar, Sklda 211; k. e-m barn, to father a child upon one, Bs. i. 807, K. . 16; var
sveinn s kenndr Jni er rarinn ht, Sturl. i. 223; at hann s kenndr nokkurum manni at syni,
Grg. ii. 113, (kenningar-son, a natural son): cp. the phrase, ar er enginn kenndr sem hann kemr
ekki, no one is known where he comes not, i.e. men had better keep aloof from where they have no
business to be. 2. to lay to one's charge, impute; sbjrn kenndi sr vld um at harrtti, Rd. 249;
Eva kenndi sna synd orminum, Stj. 37; ef eim eru engir laga-lestir kenndir, Grg. ii. 41; ef meiri
eru r kennd um konu-nm eim manni, i. 335; ef hann vri sannr verks essa er honum var
kennt, Fms. ii. 73; Sigurr taldi at satt sem Ingi konungr kenndi eim, vii. 242; eir kenndu
honum, at hann hefi verit at vgi Benteins, 224; kenndi at hvrr rum, at ekki hldi at er mlt
var, 248; a er mr a kenna, it is brought home to me; yr er at kenna, Am. 51: k. e-m um e-t, to
charge one with a thing; orgeirr vildi ekki at brrum hans mtti um kenna, hvat sem grisk,
Nj. 252; kenndu eir v mest um, at Kjartan hafi egit skikkjuna, Fms. x. 295. IV. to know,
perceive, feel, taste, scent; egar hirin hafi kennt (tasted) fyrsta rtt, Fas. iii. 302; eir kenna sv
stan ilm at eir hfu aldri fyrr slkan kenndan, Fms. i. 228; kenna flt, to perceive a foul smell,
Hallfred; kenna daun, Fms. viii. 230; eir brugu munn sr ok ttusk ekki jafnstt kennt hafa,
Fb. i. 539; hundarnir rktu sporin, vat eir kenndu (got scent of) af hreinstkunum, . H. 152;
kenndi djkninn ekki (he felt not) at eir lgi honum, Bs. i. 464; hn kenndi (she felt pain) meira
lagi, er nlgaisk ht orlks biskups, 323. . kenna nir (or niri), to touch the bottom; en er
skipin kenndu nir gkk jarl land, Hkr. i. 206; ok er skipit kenndi nir, hlupu eir fyrir bor,
Grett. 97, Fms. viii. 317, ix. 23; sv var djpt bi bor, at forkarnir kenndu eigi nir, it was so
deep that the boat-hooks did not reach the bottom, Ld. 56; er skipit aut ok eigi kenndi nir, 78.
. absol., er eir kmu upp heiina, kenndi at br lit, the colour was felt to change, i.e. it began
to darken, Sturl. iii. 217 C; kenndi (one could scent) r laukinum, Fbr. 215; er mar heilundi
er kra (acc. or gen.?) kennir inn til heila-basta, Grg. ii. 91. 2. with prepp.; kenna af (, at), to
perceive, see; ess kennir n at (af?) at r ykkir ek fvani, it is clear that ..., I see that ..., Eb. 38;
kenndi ess mjk (it was much to be seen) um marga Upplendinga, at lla hafi lekat
UNCERTAIN aftaka ris, . H. 188; ess kenna margir af, at ert frndstrr, Fb. ii. 270; deyr
allt at er af kennir (all die that taste or smell of it), eir deyja egar er eir kenna af, Rb. 352 :--
kenna til, to smart, feel pain, ache, freq. in mod. usage. 3. with gen. to have feeling of, feel; kenna
mi, lo be exhausted, Eg. 124; hjarta manns kennir alls, Sklda 169; kenna sttar, to feel sickness;
kona kennir sr sttar, of childbirth, Fs. 26, Fas. ii. 504, Sd. 176: kenna karlmanns, to 'know' a man,
cohabit with, Mar.; ek kennda eigi karlmanns, barn at bera, Hom. 30; kenna asmunar, lismunar,
rkismunar, to feel the odds, be overmatched, Hkr. i. 286, Fms. iv. 331, Ld. 38; kenna harinda,
Fms. vi. 110; kenna kulda af e-u, to feel cold from, Eb. 42; k. hita af e-u, Bs. i. 42; k. odds, benja, to
feel the point, the wound, Am. 59, 88; virisk mr kall etta meir kenna rangltis en rttvsi, it is
more prompted by overbearing than by justice, Fb. i. 19; hn kenndi ess at ar st r , ii. 365; n
m vera at mr kenni heiptar vi suma menn, that I feel hatred against somebody, Sturl. iii. 233; tk
at kenna annars litar, it began to grow dark, 171; vnvir var efst ar sem holta kenndi, the holts
were covered with vines, orf. Karl. 420; kenna fu, to taste food, Stj. 490, 492; but also k.
fu, 453, 517; kenna grunns, to touch the bottom, of a ship or anything aoat, Grg. ii. 353; k.
endi-skeis, Bragi. V. to call, name; kenna e-t vi e-n, to call after one; Helgi tri Krist, ok
kenndi v vi hann bsta sinn, i.e. called it after Christ (Christness), Landn. 207; eim fjrungi
er dmrinn er vi kenndr, in the quarter by which name the court is called, Grg. i. 65; at helga r
allt landnm sitt ok kenna vi hann, Landn. 97; k. mnuinn vi ann mann sem vatnsins gtir, Rb.
104; vi ann er kennt Gunnars-holt, Nj. 29; Oddbjrn er Oddbjarnar-lei er vi kennd, Eg. 102;
Fleiri hlupu eir fyrir berg, ar sem vi er kennt san, Landn. 36; kenna me margfjlda
atkvi, address them in the plural, Sks. 312; s var kenndr (nicknamed) Knarrar-smir r, 43;
Ntt en Nrvi kennda, i.e. Night, the daughter of Norvi, Alm. 30; hvar eru Hjrvari haugar
kenndir, where are the hows called Hjorward's? Fas. i. 519 (in a verse); Mringr mr of kenndr, my
own sword M., Bjarn. (in a verse); hlutir er skal varask, at verir eigi vi kenndr, Sks. 358,
780; kenndr vi styr, mor, connected with, Korm. 2. in poetry, to call by a periphrasis or
descriptive name; rtt er at kenna (to call) hana (a woman) sv, at kalla hana selju ess er hn
milar, Edda; hvernig skal kenna r? -- Sv at kalla hann son ins ..., how is Thor to be called?
-- Thus, call him the 'son of Odin,' 53: hvernig skal kenna mann? -- Hanna skal k. vi verk sn, 67:
with prep., kona er kennd vi stein, Edda; ok kenn hvrn til sinnar inar, Fms. vi. 362; konu skal
k. til alls kvenn-bnaar, Edda, etc., see Edda (Skldskm.) passim; hence kennd heiti (compound or
circumlocutory names), opp. to kennd heiti (plain appellatives), Edda 49.
B. In a causal sense, [Goth. kannjan = GREEK] :-- to teach, with acc. of the thing, dat. of the
person, or with inn. of the thing or absol.; kenna e-m rttir, Fms. v. 334; kenna e-m rtta tr ok
ga siu, i. 17; kenn mr engan sann, iii. 85; Gunnarr fr me llu sem honum var r til kennt, as
he was taught, Nj. 100; kenn rit til, Fms. x. 334; kenna e-m at ja, Hkr. i. 149; ek he kennt
r rsku at mla, Ld. 72; kenna helgar ritningar, 623. 18; ing-kenna, to proclaim in public, N. G.
L. i. 7; far sem ek kenni r, as I tell thee, Sd. 182; ek em sunr ka, sv er mr til kennt, so I am
told, Fms. xi. 153. 2. to teach in school; Andresi syni eirra lt Herra biskup kenna ok vgi san,
Bs. i. 716; kenna kenningar, to preach, 140; heyri hann til er prestlingum var kennd rtt s er
grammatica heitir, 163; k. prestlingum, id.; at kann ek it tjnda er ek va kennig mey n manns
konn, Hm. 164; ungr kenndak mr annat, I was taught otherwise when young, Fms. vi. 401 (in a
verse); slkt kennir mr at sofa lti, Fas. ii. (in a verse). 3. to teach, make one to do; kenna e-m
falda rauu, Edda (Ht.); kenna e-m bta, lta gras, Lex. Pot.; kenna e-m at drpa, Sighvat; k. e-m
brautir, to shew one the way, Hm. 12, Hbl. 56; ek mun r stna kenna, 6. 4. to tell; kennit mr
nafn konungs, Hkv. Hjrv. 12.
C. REFLEX. to feel, seem to oneself; ar er hann ltr kennask sv gtan ilm, Fms. i. 229; lfr
kennisk mr (appears to one to be) vitr mar, v. 334 :-- with prep., kennask vi, to recognise;
kenndisk hann af v egar vi mennina, Nj. 267, Bret. 48; ef engi kennisk vir, N. G. L. i. 345;
dilkunum eim er eigi kennask r vi, Grg. ii. 312: to confess, kennask vi sannan Gu, 625. 66;
eir eigu at kennask vi sik, at eir hafa vald af Gui, Gl. 43; at eir mtti vi kennask sinn
ltilleik, Edda. (pref.); ekki kennumk ek vi etta, segir Hri, Fb. ii. 76; nefndr Skeggi vir-
kenndisk, at ..., Dipl. ii. 8; n em ek eigi sv heimskr mar, at ek kennumk eigi vi at ek he talat
lla, Fms. ii. 33; goldit var honum etta sv, at hann mun lengi kennask, feel it, remember it, Edda.
30; kenndisk sv Klfr, at, Vm. 48; ek kennumst me essu mnu br, at ..., Dipl. v. 5. 2. to feel,
taste, touch; mold snisk mr, ok sv kennisk (tastes) mr eigi sr ostrinn er ek et, sl. ii. 352; hn
reifar um hann, -- Bari mlti, hv kennisk r til, how is it to the touch? 342; slks ek mest
kennumk, Am. 52. II. recipr. to know, recognise one another; sv var myrkt at eir kenndusk eigi,
Fms. ix, 50; ef eir hfu hr r vi kennsk, Grg. ii. 72. III. pass., kenndust (were taught)
margar stir, Edda pref. (rare). IV. part. kenndr, vinsll ok vel kenndr af snum undirmnnum,
Mar.; lla kenndr, having ill report, Fs. 49. 2. tipsy; kenndr af drykk, Stj. 172; hann er dlti kenndr.
kennandi, part. a teacher, Greg., Post., passim: as a law term, a witness for recovering and
identifying a lost thing; s mar er kennendr vill fra til fjr sns, hann skal vinna ei at v at hann
tti f at, Grg. i. 424; s, er f tti, allt at er hann kennir ..., nema kennendr komi til, N. G.
L. ii. 46.
kennanligr, adj. to be felt, tangible, Mar.
kennari, a, m. a teacher, tutor, master, Bs. i. 733, 625. 79, Greg. 23; barna-k., skla-k., passim.
kenni, n. a mark, Germ. kennzeichen; eir mrkuu kennum Orms etta f, Bs. i. 748; ein-kenni,
q.v.
kenni-dmr, m. doctrine, Stj. 2, 671. 22: mod. a body of learned men, the clergy.
kenni-fair, m. a teacher, Stj. 5: esp. patres ecclesiae; heilagra manna ok kennifera, Mar.;
kennifer Kristninnar, 671. 22.
kenni-mar, m. a teacher, but only used of a cleric or priest, opp. to leikmenn (laymen), Rb. 396;
biskup ok arir kennimenn, Fms. i. 32; rija hlut (of the tithe) skyldu hafa kennimenn, Bs. i. 68; ok
sagt upp lgrttu af kennimnnum sumarit eptir, b. 17; ganga til skriptar vi kennimann, K. . K.
33, Bs. i. (e.g. Arna S.) passim; kennimanns-bningr, -kli, a priest's dress, 655 xiv, Stj. 110;
kennimanna fundr, an cumenical council, Ann. 485, Mar.; kennimanna setr, skyld, vist, a priest's
maintenance, residence, Fms. x. 317, Vm. 5, 108, Stj. passim; kennimanna kr, the choir, Bs. i.
kennimanns-dmr, m. priesthood, Anecd. 12, Th. 52, Fms. viii. 9.
kennimann-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), clerical, 625. 85, Sks. 490: with the air, dignity of a priest, Bs. i.
183.
kennimann-skapr, m. priesthood, 415. 1, Sturl. i. 100, Stj. 241, 251, 301, passim.
kenni-mark, n. a mark ( = kenni), Fas. ii. 300, Sd. 137.
kenni-nafn, n. a surname, t. 27.
kenning, f. doctrine, teaching, lesson, esp. of preaching, Fms. i. 148; kenna kenningar, to teach,
preach, 625. 24, K. . 22, Bs. i. 140, N. T., Vdal.; tagr ok k., passim; -kenning, q.v.; vir-k.,
acknowledgment. 2. a mark of recognition, Grett. 132 A; kenningar-or, words of admonition, Hkr.
iii. 23, Fb. iii. 279; kenningar-mar = kennimar, Rb. 366; kenningar-sveinn, an apprentice, N. G.
L. ii. 204. II. a poetical periphrasis or descriptive name (see kenna A. V. 2), Edda passim, opp. to
kennd heiti (simple appellatives); a kenning is either simple (kennt), double (tv-kennt), or triple
(rekit). The ancient circumlocutions were either drawn from mythology, as to call Thor the son of
Earth (Jarar sunr), and the heaven the skull of Ymir; or from the thing itself (sann-kenning), as to
call the breast the mind's abode: similar phraseology is found in all ancient poetry, but in the old
northern poets it was carried farther and was more articial than in other languages. COMPDS:
kenningar-fair, m. a father by name, Joseph var k. Jesu, Hom. (St.) kenningar-nafn, n. a
surname, Ld. 52, Nj. 22, . H. 139, Fms. ii. 51, Fbr. 80, Stj. 139, Bs. i. 589, Eluc. 12. kenningar-
son, m. a natural son (see kenna A. 111. 1); Freysteinn var fstri orbrands ok k., v at at var
estra manna sgn at hann vri hans son, en ambtt var mir hans, Eb. 156, Fms. xi. 162.
kennir, m. a knower, Lex. Pot.
kenni-semi, f. sense, Hom. (St.)
kenni-speki, f. the faculty of recognition, Bs. i. 328, Greg. 26, Fas. ii. 446; cp. Scot. kenspeckle =
easy to be recognised, remarkable.
kennsl, n. pl., in the phrase, bera kennsl e-t, to recognise, identify, . H. 72, Fms. xi. 85, Mag. 97.
II. a charge made on evidence, N. G. L. i. 72; bar konungr hendr bndum essi kennsl, . H.
103; vru essi k. borin hendr honum, en hann synjai verliga ok bau skrslur fyrir, Fms. vii.
186; at var kennt Margretu drttningu at hn hefi rit mann til at svkja konunginn drykk, ann
mann tku Birkibeinar ok hfu essi kennsl honum, en hann setti ar syn fyrir ok bau
skrslur ..., ix. 5. kennsla-ml, n. cases of circumstantial evidence; dular-eiar ok um kennsla-ml,
ar sem eigi eru lgleg vitni til, Gl. 199; ar at skyldu allir eia sverja um kennslaml ll, sl. ii.
403, -- for these cases were disposed of by an oath of compurgators or by ordeal.
kennsla, u, f. teaching (kenning is properly preaching, kennsla teaching), Dipl. v. 3, Sturl. i. 126,
iii. 242, Bs. i. 431, 846, passim; barna-k., teaching children; skla-k., school-teaching. COMPDS:
kennslu-laun, n. pl. wages for teaching. kennslu-piltr, m. a school-boy, Bs. i. 792. II. = kensl (II),
N. G. L. i. 410.
kenpa, u, f. a champion; see kempa.
KEPPA, t, [kapp], to contend, strive hard, Am. 54, 61; keppa um e-t, Fms. iii. 214, Grg. i. 410; ef
tveir menn keppa um einn hlut, Fb. i. 150; keppa vi e-n, to contend with one, Nj. 29, Hkr. iii. 264.
II. reex. to contest; kepptusk eir sv mjk, at eir rrusk sv nr, at eir brutusk rarnar fyrir,
Fms. viii. 216; kepptusk au mjk um gta menn, vildi hvrtveggja til sn hafa, i. 100; keppask til
e-s, to strive after a thing; sv at hann keppisk til smrra hluta ok fr eigi, . H. 87; eigi
kepptumk ek til konungdmsins, Fms. viii. 219: k. vi e-n, to contend with or against; eigi kepptisk
hann au vi auga menn, Rm. 347; Knti konungi tti hann keppask um skrautgirni vi sik,
Fms. v. 181; varask at at keppisk vi r meiri menn, Eg. 21: absol., keppask vi, to strive
hard, do one's best, Al. 154, Mag. 53: to be busy, work hard, freq. in mod. usage.
keppi-kei, n. a thing worth ghting for: in the phrase, a er ekkert k., it is not worth having,
metaphor prob. from the lagakei, q.v.
keppilega, adv. impetuously, Rm. 314.
kepping, f. a beating with a keppr, Mar.
keppinn, adj. contentious, Hv. 42, Arnr.
KEPPR, m. [Dan. kjep], a cudgel, club, Ska R. 136, Fas. iii. 345: a nickname, Sturl. II. a sausage
( = spen, q.v.), from the shape.
keptr, m. = kjaptr or keyptr, ir. 122, Edda ii. 291.
KER, n. [Goth. kas = GREEK; O. H. G. char; mid. H. G. kar; Dan. kar] :-- a tub, vessel, Grg. ii.
339, Fs. 137, Bs. i. 336, 339, 340, Fms. vii. 150; hvert ker kann vera sv fullt at yr gangi, Sturl.
iii. 282: for shing, gra gara er ker, Grg. ii. 350: valit ker, a chosen vessel, 656 C. 13, Matth.
xxv. 4, Mark xi. 16, Luke viii. 16, Rom. ix. 21, 22, 1 Thess. iv. 4, 2 Tim. ii. 21, Rev. ii. 27: a goblet,
Fms. x. 236, Js. 78, Hm. 18, 51: a chest, Gh. 7; aus-ker, a bucket, cp. Yngl. S. ch. 14; l-ker, an ale
cask, Orkn. 246; vn-ker, a wine cask; sru-ker, Bs. i. 336; v-ker = vestiarium; skap-ker = Gr.
GREEK; gull-ker, leir-ker, silfr-ker, a gold, earthen, silver vessel: pot., vind-ker, the wind basin =
the sky, Egil; ker svefna, 'basins of sleep' or 'tear-basins' = the eyes, Gsl. (in a verse).
kerald, n., proncd. kjarald, a cask, Matth. xiii. 48, Blas. 43; eir kvusk rakit hafa spor sv str
sem keralds botna, Grett. 111 A, esp. in dairy-work :-- a measure, K. . 206.
ker-ba, n. a tub-bath, Fms. x. 147.
kerf and ker, see kjarf.
KERFI, n. [A. S. cyrf; Scot. carf; Germ. kerbe] :-- a bunch, wreath; blmstr-k. :-- sina-k., the
nervous system, etc. (mod.)
ker-ganga, u, f. a kind of ght in a tub, Fs. 137.
kergi, f. or kergja, u, f. [kargr], doggedness.
kerla, u, f. = kerling, kerla mn! Fas. iii. 65, Hrlfs S. 236 (Ed. 1664).
ker-laug, f. 'tub-washing,' bathing in a tub, Lv. 118, Bjarn. 19, Fas. i. 377, cp. Fms. vii. 150.
kerli, proncd. kelli, = kerling, kelli mn! Piltr og Stulka, (convers.)
KERLING, f. [answering to karl, q.v.], a woman; essi skal kerling heita v at hn er af
karlmanninum komin, Stj. 34. II. used, like Scot. carline, almost always of an old woman, and only
of a common person, not of a lady, see karl; mr heitir fyrst hver, en kerlingar er gamlar eru, Edda
108; gaman ykkir kerlingunni at, mur vrri, Nj. 68, Eb. 44; kerling ein gmul, an old woman,
318; kerlingin mir konungs, Fms. i. 76; ar sem ek ligg einn hsi ok kerling mn, I myself and
my old wife, Grett. 127; krlum ok kerlingum, Gl. 257; karls dttir ok kerlingar, Fas. i. 22; karla
brn ok kerlinga, Hkr. i. (in a verse); karl og kerling, karl og kerling gars horni, see karl;
kellingar gamlar, hrumar ok rvasa, Fb. i. 423: in the phrase, eyta or ytja kerlingar, to 'oat
witches,' to play at ducks and drakes; kerlingar nef, a nickname, Fb. iii; kellinga bani, a nickname,
Fms. xi. COMPDS: kerlingar-eldr, m. a kind of mushroom. kerlingar-eyra, n. a kind of fucus.
kerlinga-saga, u, f., kerlinga-bk, f. an old woman's story, nonsense. kerlingar-tnn, f., botan.
lotus, Hjalt. kerlinga-villa, u, f. an old woman's tale, nonsense, superstition, Sm. 118. II. as a pr.
name, Gull.; cp. Carolina. III. naut., like Engl. carling, one of the fore and aft timbers supporting
the planks of the deck, Edda (Gl.)
KERRA, u, f., gen. pl. kerrna, Stj. 288, [for. word], a car, chariot, Bret. 68, Stj. 204, 288, 387, Al.
42, Fb. i. 320; kerra slarinnar, Edda 7; kerra rs, Nj. 131; eldlig k., Nirst. 9; kerru gtir, a
charioteer, Sklda 194, Pr. 477: the zodiacal sign, Rb. kerru-slei, a, m. a kind of sledge, D. N.
KERRA, t, to force or throw the neck backwards; hnakka-kertr (part.), throwing the neck
backwards; heldr en ekki hnakka-kertr, hndum stingr mjamir , Hallgr.
KERSKI, f., often spelt and proncd. keski, [karskr], cheerfulness, mirth, fun, Fas. i. 525; mla sr
gaman ok k., Karl. 473, . H. 170 (in a verse), Korm. (in a verse). COMPDS: keski-mr, adj. witty,
Bs. i. 81. kerski-ltr, adj. id., Skld H. 2. 27. kerski-ml, n. a jest, Fbr. 207. kerski-mll, adj.
facetious, Fas. iii. 195. kerski-or, -yri, n. pl. jokes, Orkn. 302, Sturl. i. 21. keraki-orr, adj. =
kerskimll, Skld H. 3. 19.
kerskinn, adj. scurrilous: keskni, f. scurrility.
kerskr, adj. = karskr; kersk j, Lex. Pot.; kerskr, enn kerskari, the weaker (the poorer), Grg.
(Kb.) i. 172.
ker-staa, u, f. the placing of a shing-creel, Vm. 85.
KERTI, n. [from Lat. cera, cp. Germ. kerze] :-- prop. a wax candle, taper, used in church service,
as also in attending great men, Dipl. iii. 4; stu kerti-sveinar me kertum, Fms. x. 149; brunnu
kerti um allan kr, Bs. i. 311: of votive candles, en kerti var mm lna langt, 347; htu eir at gra
kerti at er tki um oxann, id.; me steyptum kertum, Stj. 43, Sturl. iii. 266; kertis gr, candle
making, Bs. i. COMPDS: kerta-grind, f. a candle-frame, Am. 8. kerta-hjlmr, m. a chandelier,
Vm. 35, H. E. ii. 107. kerta-klo, a, m. snuffers, Stj. 565. kerta-ppa, u, f. a candlestick, Pm. 103.
kerta-stika, u, f. a candlestick, Fms. iii. 28, Fs. 115, Rb. 384. kerta-stokkr, m. a candle-box, Vm.
47. kertis-ljs and kerta-ljs, n. candle-light, Rb. 358, Fb. ii. 272. kertis-log, n. id., . H. 2-25.
kertis-rak, n. a candle-wick, Bs. i. 118, 306. kertis-stafr, m. a 'candle-staff,' candlestick, Bs. i. 316.
kerti-hjlmr, m. = kertahjlmr, B. K. 83.
kerti-kista, u, f. = kertastokkr, Pm. 25
kerti-klo, a, m. = kertaklo, Vm. 25.
kerti-stika, u, f. = kertastika, Stj. 565, Fms. i. 124, v. 339.
kerti-stokkr, m. = kertastokkr, m. 8.
kerti-sveinn and kerta-sveinn, m. a 'candle-boy,' link-boy, an attendant on a great man, Hkr. iii.
181, Fms. vi. 422, vii. 159, ix. 421, x. 137, 147, 157.
ker-veir, f. shing with creels, D. I. i. 179.
KESJA, u, f. [prob. a Celtic word from Celtic-Latin gaesum, cp. GREEK in Polyb.] :-- a kind of
halberd, Eg. 202, 285, 289, 378, 380, 387, Sks. 407, Fms. i. 43, iv. 65, vi. 76, 336, 411, 413, vii. 69,
72, 265, viii. 97, 120, 124, 318, 350, ix. 55, x. 314, Stj. 475, 486, Karl. 123; kesju einn, Fas. ii.
419; kesju lag, a thrust with a halberd, Fms. viii. 138; kesja skammskept, ii. 330, x. 363; -- kesja,
atgeir, and hggspjt appear to be the same thing. 2. a nickname, Fms. xi.
keski, f., see kerski.
ketil-botn, m. the bottom of a kettle, Br. 8.
ketil-garr, m. a kiln (?), N. G. L. ii. 246.
ketil-hadda, u, f. a kettle-handle, Fms. i. 36.
ketil-hrm, n. kettle-grime, soot, Fas. iii. 621, Barl. 41.
ketil-jrn, n. a gridiron, D. N. iv. 457.
KETILL, m., dat. katli, pl. katlar, [Goth. katils = Mark vii. 4; A. S. cytel; Engl. kettle; O. H. G.
kezil; Germ. kessel; Swed. kettel; Dan. kjdel] :-- a kettle, cauldron, Eb. 198; elda-hsinu var eldr
mikill ok katlar yr, Eg. 238, Bs. i. 342, ii. 135, B. K. 52, Fms. vi. 364, Edda 28; elda undir katli,
kljfa vi undir ketil, Fbr. 72 new Ed., Fs. 150; var honum goldinn k. mikill ok gr, orst. Siu H.
171; bar-k., Eb. 198; eir-k., Eg.; jrn-k., stein-k., an iron, an earthen kettle, . H. 223: in old
usage as a general name for every kettle, boiler, cauldron; in mod. usage, esp. of a kettle of a certain
shape or of a small kettle, kaffe-k., a coffee kettle; but pottr = cauldron; the same distinction is
made in Dipl. v. 4. -- sex katlar, tu pottar: katla-mls skjla, a measure, Grg. i. 501: the phrase, e-
m fellr allr ketill eld, one's kettle falls into the re, of consternation. 2. the earliest northern eccl.
law prescribed as an ordeal for a woman to take hot stones out of a boiling kettle, whereas a man
had to take up hot iron; ganga til ketils, taka ketil, Gkv. 3. 7, (the ordeal being called ketil-tak, n.);
beri karlmar jrn en kona taki ketil, N. G. L. i. 152; karlmar skal ganga til arins-jrns en kona til
ketiltaks, 389; er berr hn jrn er tekr hn ketil, Grg. i. 381. II. as a pr. name of men, Ketill,
Ketil-bjrn; of women, Katla, Ketil-rr: but chiey used as the latter part in compd names of
men, contr. into 'kel,' As-kell, Arn-kell, Grm-kell, Hall-kell, Stein-kell, lf-kell, r-kell, V-kell:
of women, Hall-katla, r-katla. In poets of the 10th century the old uncontracted form was still
used, but the contracted form occurs in verses of the beginning of the 11th century, although the old
form still occurs now and then. The freq. use of these names is no doubt derived from the holy
cauldron at sacrices, as is indicated by such names as V-kell, Holy kettle; cp. Ketilby in
Yorkshire.
ketla, u, f. a kind of small boat, Edda (Gl.)
ketlingr, m., dimin. a kitten, Fms. vii. 219.
ketta, u, f. a she-cat: of a giantess, Fb. i. 526, Grett. 151 new Ed.: kettu-hryggr, m. a nickname,
Bs. i.
keypiliga, adv. bargain-like, businesslike, Grett. 120.
KEYRA, , [Dan. kjre], to whip, lash, prick on; hann keyri hest sinn, Nj. 55; villt at ek
keyra hest inn? 91; k. hest sporum, Edda 38; k. ja oddum, Hkv. 2. 38; ok hrum mik hggum
keyri, Gkv. 1; lti keyra upp (whip up, raise) flkit, Fms. vii. 182; hann hafi svipu hendi ok
keyri hana, Sd. 185; hann stgr stann ok keyrir sem brn eru vn at gra, Fms. iii. 176. 2. to
drive, ride; keyrir sian sem harest til sinna manna, Karl. 241; keyra plg, to drive a plough, Rm.
10. II. to drive; hggit ok leggit til eirra ok keyrit brott han, Nj. 247. 2. to ing; greip
bjar-marinn Kjartan, ok keyri kaf, Fms. ii. 28; bregr honum lopt ok keyrir hann t Rang,
Nj. 108; keyra e-n tbyris, to ing overboard, Fms. vi. 16: Grmr greip upp r ok keyrir nir sv
hart, at hann lamdisk allr, Eg. 192. 3. to drive, thrust, of a weapon; hann keyri til spru, . H. 95;
hann skal taka knf ann ok keyra gegnum hnd ess er lagi, Gl. 165; keyra nagla, to drive a
nail, Lkn. 16; prestr keyri hll UNCERTAIN bjarginu (drove a peg into the rock) ok bar grjt,
Grett. 141 A; k. sver hfu e-m, Gsl. 51; fundu eir reyi ndaua, keyru festar (forced ropes
through it) ok sigldu me, Glm. 391; ea ek keyri xina hfu r ok klf ik herar nir, Nj.
185; Jrunn tk sokkana ok keyri um hfu henni, J. struck her about the head, Ld. 36. III.
impers. it drives one, i.e. one is driven, tossed by the wind, waves; lstr vindinum holit verplanna,
ok keyrir () t at virkinu, Fms. xi. 34; ver st at landi, keyrir ar at skipit (acc.), Finnb. 242;
keyrir skipit vestr fyrir Sklmarnes, Ld. 142; fundu eir eigi fyrr en keyri land upp, Nj. 267:
the phrase, e- keyrir r h, it exceeds all measure, Fb. i. 417; verit keyri r h, it blew a
violent gale: part., hreggi keyrr, storm-beaten, Jd. 32; jsti keyrr, driven by anger, Glm. (in a
verse).
keyri, n. a whip, Sturl. iii. 105; keyris-hgg, 117; keyris-vndr, a 'whip-wand,' Grg. ii. 295.
keyrsla, u, f. driving, D. N.
keyta, u, f. foul water ( = veisa), Konr. 39: mod. stinking urine.
KI, n., gen. kija, orf. Karl. l.c.; but better kii, dat. kium, Grg. i. 503; [Engl. and Swed.
kid] :-- a kid, Fms. vi. 260, Barl. 53, Mork. 227; geitr me kium, Grg. i. 503; ki er klf, Fms. i.
53; kija-mjlk, kid's milk, orf. Karl. 376; ar lgu ki tvau bundin, Gull. 63: in local names,
Ki-ey, Kia-fell, etc., Landn.
kilingr, m. a kidling, young kid, Mork. 227, Pr. 472, 477, Stj.: a nickname, Sturl. iii. 209. kilings-
munnr, m. a nickname, Fms.
ki-sknn, n. a kid-skin, Stj. 165, Rtt. 2. 10.
Kikini, a, m. a nickname (cp. Engl. Kitchin), in Kikina-skld, the poet of K., Fms. vi.
KIKNA, a. [cp. keikr], to sink at the knees through a heavy burden; kikna knsbtum, Fbr. 159,
v.l. (but lyknar, Fb. l.c.); rekr klrnar framan fangit sv at Ormr kiknar vi, Fb. i. 530; ok er hann
bar af sr lagit kiknai hann vi, Grett. 3 new Ed.; l vi at hann mundi kikna, Fms. iii. 187.
kikr, m. a nickname, Fms. ix. 326.
kili, a, m. [cp. Dan. kjelen], only in the compd ein-kili, q.v.
kilja, a, to fondle (?); kiljar kvn ok elja, Edda ii. 491 (in a verse).
kilpr, m. a handle of a vessel ( = hadda); msurbolli ok yr gylltr kilpr, Fagrsk. 115; ok yr kilpr
gyldr af silfri, Mork. 19: in mod. usage kilpr is a loop of whalebone fastening the handle to the
bucket.
KILTING, f. [Scot. kilt], a skirl; hann hafi Inga konung kilting sr, Fms. vii. 208 ( kiltingu sr,
Mork. 208), xi. 346; rlfr bar hann kiltingu sinni til skgar, vi. 325; steypi hann silfrinu
kilting sna, . H. 135; kjltungu sr, Fb. iii. 365; see kjalta.
kimbi, a, m. a nickname, Eb.
kimbill, m. [kumbl], a little trunk, a bundle ( = auka-pinkill); kimbill nfra, N. G. L. i. 101. kimla-
bnd, n., prop. trusses, a metrical term, in which a foot is added (trussed) to the end of each line,
Edda 135, 136; brands hnigili randa stranda, where 'stranda' is the additional foot (kimbill).
kimbla, a, to truss up; at k. yrum vandrum mnar hyggjur, to make your troubles into a
truss with my cares, Fms. viii. 20, v.l.
KIND, f., pl. kindir, mod. kindr; [A. S. cind, gecynd; Engl. kind; cp. Lat. gent-em (gens)] :-- kind,
kin, kith, of men and beasts; helgar kindir, 'holy-kind' = the gods, Vsp. 1, opp. to mann-kind,
mankind; ok lusk aan af mannkindir, Edda 6; bi karl-kindar ok kvenn-kindar, both of male
kind and female kind, 79; mellu kind, the giantess kind, Nj. (in a verse); Hrmnis kind, giant kind,
Hdl.; Fenris kind, the kith of F. = the wolves; Ellu kind, the kith of Ella = the English; Gamla kind,
Fjlnis kind, the kindred of G. (Fjlni); Jamta kindir, the Jamt people; Bjarmskar kindir, the Perms;
Syslu kind, the Osel people, Vsp. 32, . H. (in a verse), Fagrsk. (in a verse), Hallfred, Hkr. i. (in a
verse), t.; Sva kind, the Swedish people, id.: mann-kind. q.v.; ra kind, vira, ljna, skatna,
seggja, gumna, ta kind or kindir, the kind (sons) of men = mankind, Sl. 1, Rekst. 4, Vsp. 14, Likn.
3;, Lex. Pot, passim; r kindir, those people, Gkv. 2. 31; hver kind, what kind of people? = who?
Kormak; vi flki er sv htta at at er miklu strra ok sterkara en nokkur kind nnur, than any
other creature, Fas. ii. 234; hverjar kindir tar eru, what kind (of beasts) may be eaten? K. . K.
130; lifi engi kvik kind eptir (no 'quick kind,' living creatures, lived after), tan ein ldrud kona ok
kapall, D. I. i. 246; allar konur sem annars kyns ok kindar eru en hann, Stj. 207; allir ok srhverir
klerkar, hverrar stttar, vgslu ea tignar sem hverr er, N. G. L. iii. 280: a child, Germ. kind, leysa
kind fr konum, of a midwife. Sdm. 9. II. in mod. usage, sheep, plur. kindur, ellipt. from sau-kind,
'sheep-kind;' sr eignar smalamar f, enga eigi hann kindina, the shepherd calls the sheep his
own, though he owns no sheep thereof, a saying; kindrnar hlupu allar saman einn hnapp, ...
kindrnar liu hgt og hgt og smbtandi undan piltinum, ... n ver eg a fara og ha kindunum
dlti lengra fram eptir, Piltr og Stlka 9-13; essa kind veit eg ekki hver , 19; ! hvaa smali er
a skrattinn s arna, a ekkja ekki kindrnar hans fur sns! 20, 21 :-- hence, kind-lauss,
sheepless, 15; kinda-hpr, a ock of sheep, etc. 2. orsk-kind, a cod-sh; -kind, a nasty thing,
monster; kindin n, thou wretch! verr hdd, kindin n! ef kemr of snemma heim kveld,
Piltr og Stlka 9.
KINGA, u, f., also spelt qinga, [kengr; Shetl. keengs, a pewter brooch] :-- a brooch worn on the
breast by ladies, so called from the clasp (kengr) by which it was fastened; kinga var bringu, Rm.
26; kross skal dttir hafa ea kingu, hvrt sem hn vill, ea brjst-bna inn bezta, ef eigi er r gulli
grr, N. G. L. i. 211 (Js. 78); ar fannsk k. ok seistar mikill, Ld. 328. As foreign coins, or copies
of them, were used as brooches (Worsaae, Nos. 398-409), GREEK (Luke xv. 8), drachma of the
Vulgate is rendered in an old version of the 12th century by kinga, ef kona nequer tio qingor, ...
fagni r me mr, vat ek fann kingo mna; leita kingo, ... en lkneski es merk kingo, ... kinga
fanzk es umb var snit, Greg. Frump. 82, 83.
kingla, u, f. the name of a mare, Grett.
kingi, n., snj-kingi, a heavy fall of snow.
kingja, d, to swallow; k. e-u nir, hann getr ekki kingt: to fall thick, of snow; a kingir nir snj.
kings, in the phrase, koma til kings, to come to kicks (?), Ska R. 155.
kingsa, , = kinka.
kinka, a, to nod archly with the head; kinka kollinum: cf. kengr.
KINN, f., gen. kinnar; pl. kinnr, old kir, Lb. 18, sl. ii. 481, 686 C. 2: [Ulf. kinnus = GREEK; A. S.
cin; Engl. chin; O. H. G. kinni; Dan. kind, etc.; Gr. GREEK; Lat. gena] :-- the cheek; hleypti hann
annarri brninni ofan kinnina, Eg. 305, 564; kmu rauir ekkir kinnr honum, Nj. 68; roi
kinnunum, 30; kenna vi hku, kinnr ea kverkr, Edda 109; vtar kir af grti, Lb. l.c.; bar kir,
sl. ii. l.c.; ljs beggja kinna, pot. the 'cheek-beam' = eyes, Kormak. COMPDS: kinnar-bein, n. pl.
= kinnbein, Hkr. iii. 36:, Sd. 147, Bjarn. 36, Ska R. 9. kinnar-kjlki, a, m. the jaw-bone, 623. 31,
Stj. 77, Sturl. ii. 95, iii. 186, Rd. 299. kinna-sr, n. a cheek wound, Landn. 54.
kinn-bein, n. pl. cheek-bones. Br. 176, Fms. iii. 186.
kinn-bjrg, f. the cheek-piece, of a helmet, Sturl. ii. 220, Grett. 118, Karl. 286.
kinn-lla, u, f. the 'cheek-esh,' cheeks, Fas. i. 88, Gull. 27.
kinn-skr, m. 'cheek-sh,' the cheek-muscles. COMPDS: kinnska-mikill, adj. with full cheeks.
kinnska-soginn, part. with sunken, thin, haggard checks.
kinn-grr, adj. gray-cheeked, Sklda 193 (in a verse).
kinn-hestr, m. a 'cheek-horse,' box on the ear, 623. 56, Ld. 134, Nj. 75, 116, Finnb. 322, Fms. vii.
157, Pr. 445.
kinn-hggva, hj, to hew or hack the cheek, Landn. 54, v.l.
kinn-kjlki, a, m. the jaw-bone. Lex. Pot.
kinn-ler, n. the leather cheek-piece of a bridle, Grett. 129.
kinn-rifa, u, f. 'cheek-crevice,' a nickname, Fb. iii.
kinn-roi, a, m. 'cheek-blushing,' blush of shame, 655 xx. 3, Hom. 53, Anecd. 6, Stj. 325, Bs. i.
856, Mar., passim; gra e-m kinnroa, to put one to shame, Stj. 423.
kinn-skjni, a, m. a horse with a piebald head, Sturl. i. 40, v.l.
kinn-skjttr, adj. with piebald head, of a horse, Gull. 13.
kinn-skot, n. a kicking in the face, Fas. iii. 502.
kinn-skgr, m. the 'cheek-shaw,' pot. = the beard, Hm. 10.
Kinn-skr, m. = kinnskjni, Gull.
kinnungr, m. the bow of a ship, Fms. viii. 139, x. 78.
kinn-vangi, a, m. the cheek, Eg. 386, Fms. x. 78, v.l.
KIPPA, t and , [Scot. to kip, see Jamies.] :-- with dat. to pull or snatch; hann kipi honum upp at
pallinum, . H. 95; tk konungr hr sveininum ok kipi, 63; k. bryggjum af landi. to pull in the
gangways before weighing anchor, Fms. x. 286; kippa af (kippa t) eirri bryggjunni, er ar var
meal skipanna, i. 158; kippa ofan seglinu, to pull the sail down, Bs. i. 422; k. skm ftr sr, to
slip on shoes, Nj. 28; Egill kipli at sr sverinu, E. drew the sword in, Eg. 379; hann kippir mnnum
at sr, he gets men together, Ld. 64; Gu kipti honum fr riki ..., Sks. 714; k. aptr orum snum, to
retract one's words, 680; m v engu upp kippa, it cannot be retracted, 655 xx. 6. II. impers., in
the phrase, e-m kippir kyn um e-t, 'to turn into one's kin' ( = brega kyn), to be 'a chip of the old
block,' resemble one's kinsman; er at eigi rvnt at honum kippi kyn, Glm. 346; at honum
mundi kyn kippa um dlleik, Sturl. i. 15; vera m at oss slendingum kippi kyn, at vr
gangim heldr fyrir blu en stru, Fms. ii, 34. III. reex., kippask, to pull, tug; kippask um e-t, to
'pull caps,' struggle with one another about a thing; kippask eir um lengi, Sturl. i. 15; au ll
kiptusk enn um Noreg, Fms. x. 390; n er eigi allhglegt at kippask um vi hann, vi. 274; ar til
kippask au um kerti at at stkk sundr miju, Mar. 2. kippask vi, to make a sudden motion,
quiver convulsively; en mean drpr eitri andlit honum, kippisk hann sv hart vi at jr ll
skelfr, Edda 40; at eins s menn at Gsli kiptisk vi ok litt, Fms. vii. 35. 3. recipr., Eindrii
segir, at eir hefi sannlega kippsk (struggled) nokkut sv, er hann vildi eigi at eir hefi ferju-
skipit, Bs. i. 709.
kippa, u, f. a bundle drawn upon a string; sk-k., korn-k., Nj.
kippi, n. a sheaf, Barl. 34.
kipping, f. a pulling, snatching, N. G. L. i. 157.
kippr, m. a pall, shock, spasm; sina-kippir, nervous spasms; verr n vi kippr mikill, Mar. 1056:
metaph. a pull, a distance; gan kipp, a good bit of the way.
kipra, a, [kippa], to wrinkle, draw tight, of a slight spasmodic contraction.
kipringr, m. a slight spasm, such as to form a fold or wrinkle.
kir, n. a bunch.
kirja, a, [GREEK], to chant, intone; k. upp sng; hann var a kirja kvin sn, Stef. l.
Kirjalax, m. a pr. name = GREEK, Fms.
kirjall, m. = GREEK in the Litany, Fms. viii. 227, Pm. 29, Jm. 34.
Kirjlir, m. pl. the people on the Finnish Gulf, Careles.
KIRKJA, u, f., gen. pl. kirkna; [Scot. kirk; Dan. kirke; Germ. kirche; but Engl. church] :-- a kirk,
church; timbr-k., a timber church; stein-k., a stone church; the earliest Scandin. churches were all
built of timber, the doors and pillars being ornamented with ne carved work, see Worsaae, Nos.
505-508; in the 12th and following centuries the old timber churches were one by one replaced by
stone buildings. In Denmark the last timber church was demolished at the beginning of the 17th
century, but in Norway some old churches (called stav-kyrkior) have remained up to the present
time, see an interesting essay in Nord. Aarb. 1869, p. 185 sqq. Many passages in the Sagas refer to
the building of churches, especially in records of the years following after 1000, see esp. Ld. ch. 74
sqq.; a curious legend, for the purpose of encouraging men to build churches, is told in Eb. ch. 49, --
that a man could grant as many souls a seat in heaven as the church which he built held persons; ok
egar er ingi var lokit (the summer of A.D. 1000) lt Snorri goi gra kirkju at Helgafelli, en ara
Styrr mgr hans undir Hrauni, ok hvatti pat mjk til kirkju-grar, at at var fyrirheit kennimanna,
at mar skyldi jafnmrgum eiga heimolt rm himinrki, sem standa mtti kirkju eirri er hann lt
gra, Eb. l.c. For the removal of a church, when all the graves were to be dug up and the bones
'translated' to the new church, see Eb. (ne), Bjarn. 19. For references see the Sagas passim; kirkju
atgr, atbt, uppgr, church reparation, Vm. 12, 118, N. G. L. i. 345; kirkju brjst, glf, dyrr,
horn, hur, lss, lykill, rf, stigi, sto, stpull, sylla, veggr, a church front, oor, door-way, corner,
door, lock, key, roof, stair, pillar, steeple, sill, wall, K. . K. 168, 170, 186, Fms. vii. 211, 225, viii.
285, 428, ix. 47, 470, 524, Landn. 50, Pm. 5, Vm. 46, Sturl. i. 169, iii. 221, 228, K. . 28, N. G. L.
i. 312; kirkju sr, a church font, Jm. 2, 35, m. 6; kirkju kpa, ketill, kola, kross, mundlaug, Sturl. i.
191, Vm. 1, 6, 34, 99, 149, Dipl. v. 18; kirkju mark (on sheep), H. E. i. 494, Bs. i. 725: ttungs-k.,
fjrungs-k., fylkis-k., hras-k., hfu-k., hgindis-k. (q.v.), rijungs-k., veizlu-k., heima-k., etc.:
in tales even used in a profane sense, trolla-k., lfa-k., a trolls' and elves' church, place where they
worship. 2. eccl. the Church = Ecclesia, very rarely, for Kristni and sir are the usual words; kirkjan
er Kristnin, Stj. 44. II. in local names, Kirkju-br, Kirkju-bl, Kirkju-fjrr, Kirkju-fell,
Landn. and maps of Icel. passim, cp. Kirkby or Kirby in the north of England. COMPDS: kirkju-
bann, n. the ban of the church, Bs. i. 749. kirkju-bk, f. = kirkjumldagi, H. E. ii. 207: mod. a
church book. kirkju-bl, n. a church estate, an estate on which a church is built, K. . K. 170.
kirkju-blstar, m. id., K. . K. 48, Landn. 50. kirkju-bndi, a, m. a church-'statesman,' church-
franklin, Vm. 116. kirkju-bningr or -bnar, m. church hangings, Vm. 156, K. . K. 154, Hom.
97. kirkju-br, m. = kirkjubl, K. . K. passim, Fms. ix. 351. kirkju-dagr, m. a church-day,
anniversary, Germ. kirchweihe, Sturl. i. 35, 106, K. . K. 42, Bs. i. 77, Hom. 97, Pm. 10.
kirkjudags-hald, n. a keeping church-days, Hom. 93. kirkju-drttinn, m. a church lord, church
patron, Sturl. iii. 197. kirkju-eign, f. church property, Bs. i. 689, H. E. i. 458. kirkju-embtti, n. a
church ofce, K. . 232. kirkju-f, n. church property, K. . K. 48, Sturl. ii. 4, Bs. i. 748. kirkju-
flk, n. church people. kirkju-frelsi, f. church-freedom, privilege, K. . 216, H. E. i. 459. kirkju-
frir, m. church-peace, sanctuary, K. . 46, Sturl. i. 30, Fms. ix. 524; kirkju-fribrot, a breach of
church sanctuary, H. E. i. 242. kirkju-fundr, m. an cumenical council. kirkju-ganga, u, f. church
going, Sturl. i. 168: churching after childbirth, H. E. ii. 86. kirkju-garr, m. a church-yard, K. .
K. passim, Eg. 768, m. 89, Sks. 95. kirkjugars-hli, n. a church-yard gate, Fms. ix. 517.
kirkju-gengt, n. part., an eccl. term; eiga k., to be allowed to go to church, not being under ban,
Sturl. ii. 42, K. . K. 26. kirkju-gjf, f. a donation to a church, K. . K. 166. kirkju-gz, n. church
properly, glebes, H. E. i. 529. kirkju-gri, n. pl. = kirkjufrir, Sks. 770, Fms. ix. 478, Sturl. i. 30,
iii. 71. kirkju-grfr, adj. who can be buried at a church, not being under ban, K. . 6, N. G. L. i.
4, Gl. 58. kirkju-gr, f. church-building, Rb. 396, Bs. i. 163, Fms. ix. 236, N. G. L. i. 344.
kirkju-helgi, f. church service, Hom. 93, Sturl. i. 29. kirkju-hluti, a, m. a church portion, Bs. i.
748, Am. 222. kirkju-land, n. church-land, glebe, K. . K. 170. kirkju-ligr, adj. ecclesiastic, H. E.
i. 501. kirkju-lgr, adj. t for a church, of timber, Pm. 106: neut., eiga kirkjulgt = to be
kirkjugrfr, Grg. ii. 62, K. . K. 34. kirkju-lg, n. pl. church-law, ecclesiastical law, Bs. i.
kirkjulg-bk, f. a church-law book, book of the canons, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) kirkju-ml, n. a church
cause, church question, K. . 216. kirkju-maldagi, a, m. a church deed, written, Vm. 7. kirkju-
menn, m. pl. churchmen. kirkjumanna-fundr, m. = kirkjufundr, Mar. kirkju-messa, u, f. =
kirkjudagr, Fms. viii. 46. kirkju-nir, f. pl. = kirkjugri, Jb. 93. kirkju-prestr, m. a church priest,
parson, Grg. i. 73, Vm. 166. kirkju-rn, n. sacrilege, Bs. i. 775. kirkju-reikningr, m. a church
account, Vm. 69. kirkju-reki, a, m. jetsum belonging to a church, Jm. 1. kirkju-rttr, m. a church
right, Sturl. iii. 267. kirkju-skot, n. the wing of a church, Fms. vi. 302, ix. 492, v.l. kirkju-skraut,
n. a church ornament, Am. 7. kirkju-skr, n. (-skri, a, m.). a church ornament, Vm. 5, 58, 108,
Landn. 389 (App.), B. K. 82. kirkju-skyld, f. (-skylda, u, f.), a church claim or right, Dipl. v. 5, 28,
Vm. 113. kirkju-sm, f. = kirkjugr, 656 A. ii. 14, Bs. i. 81. kirkju-skn, f. church-worship,
attendance at service; at kirkjusknum ea mannfundum, Grg. i. 419; eir hfu k. til Burakirkju,
Fms. xi. 159; me rettlti, k. ok bnum, Hom. 31, 65: mod. a parish, freq., Sks. 94. Fms. x. 66.
kirkjusknar-mar, m. a parishioner, K. . 40, N. G. L. i. 14. kirkjusknar-ing, n. a parish
meeting, Gl. 389. kirkju-sttt, f. a church pavement, Sturl. iii 221 C. kirkju-stll, m. a church
pew, Sturl. iii. 182, Vm. 5. kirkju-stuldr, m. sacrilege, Hom. 33. kirkju-sngr, m. church music.
kirkju-tund, f. a church tithe, K. . K. 152, K. . 98, Pm. 35, Bs. i. 749. kirkju-tjld, n. pl.
church hangings, Vm. 11, Grg. i. 460. kirkju-varveizla, u, f. church keeping, Bs. i. 129. kirkju-
vegr, m. the church path, way to church, D. N. kirkju-vir, m. church-timber, Landn. 54, Vm. 53,
Ld. kirkju-vist, f. a being in church, Bs. i. 902. kirkju-vgsla, u, f. consecration of a church, K. .
28, 102, Sturl. i. 121. kirkju-vrr, m. a churchwarden, 655 xiii. B. kirkju-jfr, m. a church
thief. III. in plur. kirkna-frir, -gz, -gr, -ml, -skn, etc. = kirkju-, Fms. ix. 236, 478, K. .
216, Bs. i. 689, sl. ii. 380.
kirk-messa, u, f. = kirkjumessa, Vm. 35. kirkmessu-dagr, m. = kirkjudagr, Dipl. i. 5.
KIRNA, u, f. [North. E. and Scot. kirn] :-- a churn. kirnu-askr, m. a churn-pail; eir er heiman
hafa hlaupit fr kirnuaskinum, Fms. viii. 350, xi. 272, Boldt. 167.
kirningr, m. = kjarnhafr, Grg. ii. 194.
kirn-samr, adj. quibbling, Krk. ch. 6.
kis, kis! interj. puss, puss!
kisa, u, f. puss, the pet name of a cat. kisu-gras, n., botan. echium vulgare, viper's bugloss.
kisi, a, m. = kisa; kttr ok kisi, Fas. iii. 556: the name of a giant, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Ann.
1362, 1382.
KISTA, u, f., gen. pl. kistna, Nj. 20; [A. S. kist; North. E. and Scot. kist; Engl. chest; Dan. kiste;
from Lat. cista] :-- a chest, Eg. 310; kerum ea kistum, N. G. L. i. 383; kmu til kistu krfu
lukla, Vkv.; kistur ok hirzlur, 656 B. 1, passim; kistu lok, botn, lykill, the cover, bottom, key of a
chest, Nj. 94; kistu-fjl, a chest board, Hom. 155; kistu-hringr, a ring in a chest, Fms. x. 258; kistu-
rum, the old shell of a chest, Pm. 64, 73: a cofn (usually lk-kista), Eg. 126, 127, Grg. i. 207, Bs.
i. 337, Fs. 132; kemba ok erra r kistu fari, Sdm. 34; knrr mun ek kaupa ok kistu steinda, m.
101, see Worsaae, No. 504: the seat in the poop of a ship (cp. hstis-k.), Orkn. 400, Fms. vii. 201:
the word, although foreign, is old, as it occurs in old poems such as Vkv., Sdm., Am. kistna-smir,
n. a joiner, Rtt. 2. 10, N. G. L. ii. 246. kistu-leggja, lagi, to lay in a cofn.
kistill, m., dimin., dat. kistli, a little box, Vm. 29, 655 xiii. B. 2, Fms. iii. 136, Fas. iii. 296.
KITLA, a, [A. S. citelan; Scot. kittle; Germ. kitzeln] :-- to tickle, with acc., Mar. 1057; killuu
mig ekki! impers., mig kitlar, I feel ticklish; y kitlar ig? etc.
kitlur, f. pl. a feeling ticklish.
kf, n. [O. H. . kip; Germ, keib; Dutch kijf; Swed. ki/] :-- a quarrel, strife. Art.
KFA, a, [Germ, keifen or leeiben] , to strive, quarrel, Stj. 159, 255.
kfan, f. a quarrel, quarrelling, Stj. 163, 295.
knn, adj. quarrelsome, Grett. 116 A, 120, sl. ii. 62.
kkir, m. [Dan. kikkert], a telescope.
kkja, t, [Scot, keek; Dan. kige"\, to stare; see kaga.
KLL, m. [kil, Ivar Aaên; mid. H. G. k l; cp. the Germ. prop, name ' iel] :-- an inlet, canal; ia,
fors ok kill, Edda (Gl.); ar skarsk inn vik ein eigi mikil, fundu eir ar andir margar ok klluu
Anda-kl, Eg. 131; at laek eim, er ofau fellr kl ann, er fellr lit ana, Vm. 162.
Kpr, f., gen. Kiprar, Cyprus, Symb. 27.
kta, t, to quarrel; see kvta.
kjafall, in. a kind of garment worn by the Indians in America, orf. Karl. 412.
kjagg, n. in axar-kjagg, an old, blunt hatchet.
Kjalarr, m. a name of Odin, Edda (Gl.), Gm.
Kjallakr, m. a pr. name, from Gaelic Cealloc, Landn.; whence Kjallekingar or Kjalleklingar, m. pl.
the men or family ofK., Eb., Landn.
kjallandi, f. the name of a giantess, Edda (Gl.)
kjallari, a, m. [from Lat. c ella, as are Engl. cellar, Germ, keller, etc.] :-- a cellar, Bs. i. 840, Fms.
xi. 425, Grett. 98 A, Sturl. ii. 152, 242, iii. 228, passim.
Kjalnesingr, m. a man from Kjalarnes (see kjlr), Sturl. ii. 192.
kjal-sog, n. the bottom of a boat, in which the bilgcwater is; no doubt derived from kjolsyja, q. v.
kjalta, u, f. [from kilting, q. v.], the ' kilt, ' lap; hann greip tait ok steypir kjuitu sr, Fas. iii. 629,
bkld H. 6. 37: esp. of a woman, hafa barn kjltu, kjoltu-barn, a ' lap-bairn, ' a baby; kjltu-rakki,
a lap-dog.
kjal-tr, n. a 'keel-tree, ' keel-'imber.
kjal-vegr, m. 'keel-way, ' local name of a hi. g' h ridge of mountains, = kjlr (II), Fas. i. 56.
kjammi, a, in. = kjannr, a cooked sheep's head.
kjamta, a, to maunder.
kjannr, m. [kinn], the side of the bead, Edda 109.
kjappi, a, m. pet name of a he-goat, from the ' chopping' of his teeth, Edda (GL); brakar klaufum
kjappa mnum, Fas. iii. 305.
kjapta, a, to chatter, gabble, tell tales, use scurrilous language, Fas. iii- 305-
kjapt-ss, m. a gabbler; hann er mesti kjapts.
kjapt-forr, adj. scurrilous.
KJAPTR, m., older form kjptr or keyptr, in ginkeyptr, q. v.; [Germ, kiefer; Dutch kieuw; Dan.
kjeeft^ :-- -the mouth, jaw, of beasts or in a vulgar sense; Dav tekr sinpi hendi hvern kjptinn, Stj.
459; hann reif sundr kjapta ins arga dyrs, Rb. 382; er inn efri kjptr vi himni en inn neri vi
jru, ... hann stgr rum fti nera kevpt nlfsins, annarri hendi tekr hann enn efra keypt lfsins
ok rfr sundr gin hans, Eclda 41, 42; ef mar bindr tagl munn hrossi manns, ea bindr kept vi
ft, Grg. i. 383; opt gis kjpta, Edda (in a verse); skjldrinn gkk upp munninn sv at rifnai
kjaptrinn en kjlkarnir hlupu ofan bringuna, Grett. 95 new Ed.; skeggstainn, hkuna, kjaptana
ba, Fb. 1. 531: in abuse, halda kjapti, as in Engl. slang, hold your jaw, Germ, maul hal/en;
skrokknum lir ekkert | utan tnvr kjaptr, a ditty. COMPDS: kjapta-skumr, m. a gabbler. kjapts-
hgg, n. a box on the ear, vulgar.
kjapt-vik, n. pl. the c reek or corner of the mouth, of a beast, = munn- vik, of a person.
kjapt-i, n. loquacity, slander.
kjarf, n. = ker, a bundle; spjt bundin ker, tied in a bundle, Sturl. iii. 101 C; kjarf riklinga, N.
G. L. i. 143: krf riklinga, 304.
kjark-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), weak, faint.
kjark-leysi, n. lack of vigour, Stnrl. i. 162 (in a verse).
kjark-mar, m. an energetic man.
KJARKR, m. vigour, pith, energy; r r er barr kjarkr allr, Fb. ii. 189; gat hann talit kjark
Berg rindil, Bs. i. 808; at segi r at mr fyigi engi kjarkr, Fagrsk. 176; telva knell ok kjark (kirk,
MS.) , 655 xxvii. 24, Bs. i. 654 (in a verse).
kjarn-gr, a. d] . fat, good, of milk, pasture, or the like; a er kjarn- gott, cp. kjarni and Engl.
churn.
kjarn-hafr, m. a he-goal, ram, Grg. i. 503.
KJARNI, a, m. [Germ, kern; Dan. kjerne; cp. also Engl. kernel'] :-- a kernel, nucleus, esp. of
berries, Mar.; or metaph., k. landsins, the best of the land, Stj. 221; Ltnu-k., nucleus Latinitatis;
Bibliu-k., etc.
KJARR, n., pl. kjrr; [Dan. kjr; Ivar Aasen kjerr and k/'orr] :-- copsewood, brushwood; kjorr ok
skga, Rm. 43; smvi ok kjrr, Eg. 580; ok stingr nir jrina undir eitt kjarr, ir. 68; hann let
liit fara kjrr nokkur, Fms. viii. 79; er eir riu um kjrr nokkur, [Orkn. 80; ok rei ek r ar
knt kjarrinu, Hkr. iii. 265, Fms. vii 123; fram um kjorriu, viii. 414; hris-k., q. v.
kjarr-mrr, f. a marsh grown with brusbivood, Hkr. iii. 138.
kjarr-skgr, m. copsewood, Eg. 546, Fms. vii. 68, viii. 172.
kjassa, a, to coax.
kjass-mli, n. coaxing: kjass-mll, adj. coaxing.
kj, , to grin, make grimaces, look stupid; sr at hverr kjr nenu at rum, Grett. 147 A; eins
og gunti ori hvert vi hvi i-lengi framan mig kji, Snt 215.
KJLKI, a, m. [Engl. cheek, - O. H. G. chelch; mid. H. G. kel c h]:~ the jaw-bone; hoku ok kj;ilka,
Fms. ii. 59, vii. 141, passim. II. a kind of sledge; draga kjlka, Gm. 47; gri Brr kjlka hverju
kvikendi, ok let hvert draga sitt fr, Landn. 226.
kjnka, a, = kj, q. v., (slang.)
kji, a, m. a s ea bird of the tern kind, Hill's sterna 3, coprotherus: kja-egg, n., -hreir, n., -ungi, a,
m. the egg, nest, young of the k.
KJLL, m., in sense and declension to be distinguished from kjlr, a keel; [A. S. cel; North. E.
keel = a at-bottomed boat for carrying coals; O. H. G. cheol, chiel~\ :-- -a keel, barge, ship: this
word is freq. in old poetry, even in such as Vsp., but in prose it only occurs twice, and in both
instances of English ships; whereas in A. S. it is freq. even in pr. and local names, as Ceolmnnd,
Chelsea: it was prob. borrowed from the English: a. in poetry; kjll ferr austan, Vsp.; snefgir kjlar,
Hkv. I. 48; kjola-valdi, a keel-wielder, Hy'm. 19; ra kjl, Rm. 45; kjla kcyrir, a keelman, Landn.
223 (in a verse); hls hleypi-kjlar, pot. the leaping keels of the heels = the feet, Fms. vi. (in a
verse); arin-kjll, ' hearth-keel' = a house, t.; Ullar kjll, the keel of the god Ull = the shield,
Rekst. 6: kjl-rennir, m. a keel-runner, sailor, Bs. i. (in a verse1). p. in prose; en hn (the lightning")
laust siglu-tr kjl einum, er aut fyrir bnurn, einn hlutr af trnu var at skaa manni er kominn
var kjlinn at kaupa glys, en enga sakai ara er kjlnum voru, Fb. ii. 175; sigldu bar at ha
kjlar tveir er kornnir vru af Eng- landi ok tluu til Dyinnar, ... eir Sveinn liigSu at
kjolunuin, ... hann hafi tekit af kjlunum vin mikit ok mjo F^nskan, Orkn. 462, 464 (ch. 116).
kjll, m. [from Dan. Ttjole; contr. from kyrtill] :-- a frock, coat, (mod.)
KJS, f., also kvos, a deep or hollow place -- dl, q. v.: a local name, Kjs, Kjsar-ssla, in the
south of Iceland, Landn. Kjos-verjar, m. pl. the men of Kjs, Sturl. i. 199.
KJSA, pres. kvss; pret. kauss, 2nd pers. kauss u, Gs. 8; pl. kusu; subj. kysi; part, kosinn: but also
as frjsa (q. v.), pret. kjri (kri, keyri), pl. kuru, kjru, Fms. vi. 420, subj. kyri or keyri, part,
kjrinn, keyrinn: with neg. suff. kjos-at-tu, imperat. (choose not), Hkv. Hjorv. 3: the forms kaus,
kusu, kysi, kosinn are very rare in old writers, see the following references, whereas in mod. usage
the forms in r are all obsolete: [Ulf. kisan = 5ontfj. ^ftv, 2 Cor. viii. 8, Gal. vi. 4; A. S. cesan;
Engl. c h oos e; O. H. G. kiusan; Germ, kiesen, cp. kjor; Dan. kaare; Swed. k r a] :-- to choose,
elect, with acc. or absol., o. eim mnnum er hann kjri til me sr, Bs. i. 84; aer lf kuru, Vsp. 20;
kurum land ara, Am. 97; segja honum hvat eir kuru af, Fms. xi. 67; kuru eir at af at ganga til
hauda konungi, Hkr. ii. 41; keyri hann ann af er betr gegndi, Fms. i. 202, Bs. i. 37; Sigurr
konungr kjri (kaus, Mork.) heldr leikinn, Fms. vii. 96; eir kjru at fra heldr f til strandar, Fb. ii.
25; minni slgja en eir tluu er keyru orvald til eptirrnuls, Glm. 383; skipta helminga landi,
en Magnus konungr kyri (keyri), Fms. viii. 152; tr rj skip nnur au sem hann kej'ri or herinum,
x. 84; at kuru allir Birkibeinar, viii. 186; en eir kjru fri vi Odd, Fas. ii. 190; hann spyrr hvern
ek kjra (subj.) af eim sem komnir vru, i. 191; at kjra ek (subj., 7 would choose) at vera
konungr, ii. 233; ok mi htu vr kjrit sem Gu kenndi oss, Fms. vii. 89; nu ha r at kjrit
(kosit, Fms. viii. 1. c.) er mer er skapYelldra, Fb. ii. 611; at eir hfu keyrit hans sta;ibta, Fms.
ix. 338; ok var keyrinn (kosinn, v. 1.) hans sta sira |xjrir, 412, x. 50, 98; her her keyrit mann
til, Ld. 258 C; en eir kuru hundinn, vat eir ttusk heldr sjlfri mundu vera, Hkr. i. 136;
kuru heldr (chose rather) at drepa hina, Rm. 295; kjri hann heldr at halda gr jarls en eir vri
nsttir, Fms. ii. 114; hann keyri heldr at leysa lif sitt, Nj. 114; allir keyru honum at fylgja, 280; er
kjrit er handsalat er, Grg. i. 198; etta er keyrit hyggiliga, Ld. 178; er hinn skyldr at hafa kjrit
sumardag fyrsta, Grg. ii. 244: in the phrase, hafa kjorna kosti, to have the choice things; var
dmt, at Vringjar skyldu hafa kjrna kosti af llu v er eir hfu rtt um, Fms. vi. 137. |3.
ann mann er kosinn er til veganda at lgum, Grg. ii. 41; fkalt kjsa KoTtiI veganda at vgi
Hjartar, Nj. ioo; margir kjsa tkki or sik, people cannot help bow they are spoken of, 142; kjsa
sik annan hrepp, Grg. i. 444; vildi Hallr bi kjsa ok deila, Ld. 38, (see deila); e:r er vga
uru skyldi kjsa mann til, ... at hafa annan veg kosit, ... ok vildi hann heldr hafa annan til kosit,
Glm. 383, 384; hlfan val hn kyss, Gm 8, 14; kjsa hlutvi, Vsp.; kjs (imperat.), Hm. 138;
kjosa mr fr mgum, Fm. 12; ok kusu (kjru, v. 1.) ina vildustu hesta, Karl. 328; hann kaus heldr
brott verpa stundlegum metorum, Mar.; rj kostgripi er hann kaus, (kjri, v. 1.), Edda i. 394;
hn ba hann kjsa hvrt heita skyldi Glmr ea Hskuldr, Nj. 91. II reex., recipr., skyldi annarr
hanga en rum steypa forsinn Sarp, ok ba kjsask at, draw lots, Hkr. iii. 302.
KJKA, u, f. a kind of fre. '-b soft cheese, ost-kjnka: blautr einsog kjka, soft as a k., of a horse's
hoof; whence hf-kjka, the soft part q/ the hoof.
kjklingr, m. [A. S. cicen; Engl. c hi c ken; Dan. kylling; Swed. k/w kling] '. -- a chicken, young
of birds, rett. 90, as also the verse.
kjkr, n. a voi c e stied by tears, a choking voice.
kjkra, a, to whine, to speak with a broken, faltering voice; kvca kjkrandi, Sturl. ii. 214, freq. in
mod. usage.
kjl-far, n. the ' keel-print, ' ship's wake.
kjl-fari, a, m. a nickname, Landn.
KJLR, m., kjalar, dat. kili, mod. kjl, plur. kilir, acc. kjlu; [Engl. keel, which seems to be of
Norse origin, as the A. S. uses quite a different word for carina; Dan. kj'l; Swed. k l] :-- a keel;
klkkr k., Lex. Pot.; langir, svalir kilir, id.; rsta kaldan sj kili, Edda (Ht. IOI); brotnai kjlrinn
undir skipinu, Fs. 152; laust skipit sv at egar horfi upp kjlrinn, Ld. 142; hggva skip sundr ok
auka at kili, Fms. viii. 372; koma e-m or komask kjl, to get on the keel when a boat is capsized,
ix. 320; eir l-tu fallask kjlinn nir, vii. 288; ok er nir hlaupinn drykkr allr kjl skipinu, xi.
233; land Rnar, kjalar, stla ..., Edda 66; eir segjask eigi f tr sv strt no gott at heyri til
kjalarins, Fb. i. 433; ok hvelr sv skipinu, at hn ri&r urn veran kjlinn, . 26; rifnai skipit
nean, ok var skjtt imdan kjolrinn, Bs, i. 842: phrases, sigla lausuni kili, t o sail with a l oos e keel,
with an empty ship, 0. H. 115: in poetry, kjalar- sl, kjalar stigr, keel-track, keel-path = the sea;
kjalar-land, id., Lex. Pot. II. metaph. a keel-shaped range of mountains; h fjll liggja eptir
endilangri morkinni ok eru at kallair Kilir, Eg. 58: esp. as a local name of the mountain Ki'len
between Sweden and Norway, Eb. 2, 4, Hkr. i. 137, passim; as also in Iceland, Landn., Sturl. 2. the
back of a book; biskup let ba ok lima oil blin kjlinn, sl. ii. 460; bk gyllt kjl, a gilt book,
freq. in mod. usage: as also the inner margin of a book when open, whence the phrase, lesa ofun
kjlinn, to re a d closely; hann her ekki lesit ofan kjulinn, of supercial, loose reading.
COMPDS: kjalar-h. ll, in., see h. l. Fas. ii. 589. kjalar-lei, f. = kjalvegr, Slurl. iii. 278. kjalar-tr,
n. = kjal-tro, Fb. i. 433.
kjl-sja, u, f. the keel suture, the boards nearest to the keel, Edda (Gl.)
kjltr, n. [qs. kjtl, from kitla, q. v.], in hsta-kjlt, a tickling cough.
kjltung, f., see kilting.
kjptugr, adj. loquacious, scurrilous, tale-bearing.
KJR, n., also spelt keyr, [kjsa; cf. Germ, kur in kur-frst, etc.] :-- a choice, decision; ef undir oss
brr skal koma kjrit, Nj. 192; vr viljum hugsa fyrir oss um kjorit, Fms. vii. 88; verr at af
kjrurn (the nal choice) at eir fara allir saint, Fs. 120; at vru allra kjr, at menu kjru til biskups
Norlenzkan maun, Bs. i. 80; skyldi eigi fyrir ;i sk skipta keyrinu, alter the choice, Glm. 383;
enda ha hann tngi ann mann fengit til krs (= kjrs) fyrir sik, Grg. ii. 240; vandaist kerit
(keyrit), Sturl.; ganga at kjorum, and ganga kjr, to go as one wit-hen; hann kva at hata gengit
kjr, Fas. ii. 371; fala kjor, id., Ska R. 104; ganga allt vi kjr, id., Harms. 37. II. in plur. cheer;
mikil kjr, mickle cheer, abundance; -kjr, a bad lot (to choose from): used in the west of Icel. of
bad weather, mestu -kjr, a pelting rain; vil-kior (Dan. villtaar), bliss, wealth.
kjr-gripr, m. a choice or co stly thing; ek vii taka rj kjrgripi af nskiptu herfangi, Fms. vi. 148.
kjr-ligr, adj. jfa to be chosen; tti honum hinn eigi kjorligri, Fms. iv. 226.
kjrrttr, adj. overgrown tvi/h copsewood, Eg. 580.
kjrr-skgr, ni. = kjarrskgr.
kjr-tr, n. a choice piece of timber, in jetsum the best log of wood driven ashore; kirkja kjrtr af
Kirkjubli, Yin. 75.
kjr-vpn, n. a choice weapon, Fas. iii. 387.
kjr-vir, ker-vir, m. = kjrtr, Rd. 251, 252; kjrvia-taka, 254.
kjr-viltr, part, having chosen amiss; kjrviltvart. Kristn! Safn/i.
kjr-vsligr, adj. acceptable; tti eim s eigi kjrvsligr, at eiga enga vn sjlfr til ttlcifar
sinnar, Orkn. 58, Fb. . 180, Karl. 152.
KJT, n., also proncd. ket, dat. kjtvi, mod. kjti; [a Sc'andin. word; found neither in Saxon nor
Germ.; Scot, ket = carrion; Dan. k/o d; Swed. k tt] :-- esh, meat, I, at. caro; heitt kjt, Fms. vii. 1,
^9, 160; ok suu vr r me ru kjti, Fb. ii. 376; eta kit, K. K. 130, 136: at er kjt er menn
lta afnaut, frsaui, geitr ok svu, 130; varna vi kj'tvi, to abstain from meat, 134, passim: in plur.
stores of meat, au kjt sem lll ess eru nir lg vegum, Stj. 71; gengu kjiitin v harara sinn
veg, Bs. ii. 144. COMPDS: kjt-t, n. a meat-eating, 656 A. ii 16, N. G. L. * 343- kjt-ta, u, f. =
ki;t, Fms. x. 417. kjt-lr, n. a joint of meat, Fms. viii. 117. kjt-matr, m. Jlesbfood, meat, Hom.
93. kjt-stykki, n. a piece of meat, Grg. ii. 170, Fbr. 38. kjt- vaxinn, adj. eshy, Sturl, i. 10. kjt-
tr, adj. eatable; also of days o n which esh was allowed; fugla er kjottir eru, K. . K. 132,
Sks. 180; eim tum er kjttt er, id.
kjt-ligr, adj. carnal, Stj.; kjtligt barn, K. . 146.
kjtvi, a, m. the eshy, a nickname, Hkr.
kla, a, m. a kind of fork, put on the neck of cattle; at er kla kyrkir, N. G. L. i. 19, 341.
COMPDS: klafa-kerling, f. a kind of two-pronged stick, Br. 17 new Ed. klafa-stafr, m. -- klataker-
ling, Br. 19, 29 new Ed.
klaga, a, [Germ, klageri] , to complain, accuse, (mod.)
klagan or klogiin, f. a complaint.
klak, n., see kliik.
klaka, a, [Dan. klukke~\, to twitter, of a swallow; to chatter, of a pie; hann hevri at igur klkuu
hrsinu, Sin. 136, Eg. 420, Stj. So, ir. 168, Karl. 544: of an eagle, sl. ii. 195: metaph., of a
person, ok und kvernum klaka, Ls. 44 :-- reex., klakask vi, to have a dispute about; vi biskup
munum klakask vi um kirkju-hann, Bs. i. 749.
klaka, u, f. a pr. name. Klku-tt, f. the family o/K., Landt).
KLAKI, a, m. hard-frozen ground, Finnb. 282, Vgl. 24, passim: the phrase, koma e-m kaldan
klaka, to put one on a cold ice-eld, to bring one into distress; a her komi mrgum kaldan
klaka. COMPDS: klaka-riross, n. a jade, a poor horse left to feed on a frozen eld, Band. 37 new
Ed. klaka-h. ogg, n. a crowbar to break the frozen ground, Vm. 80, (for a grave-digger.) klaka-torf,
n. frozen turf, Vgl. 71 new Ed.
KLAKKR, in. a peg, prop, the peg of a pack-saddle on which the packs are hung; setja, lypta
klakk, to lift to the k.; hriikkva upp af klkkunum, to be ung down from the k., freq. :-- metaph.
heavy, peaked clouds (sky'-klakkar, klakka-sky), llviris-k., q. v.: in local names of peaks (two and
two), Dimunar-klakkar in Breiifjrdr.
klakk-sekkr, in., proncd. klassekkr, a heavy trunk: a beavy, un- wieldy thing, mesti klassekkr.
klak-laust or klakk-laust, n. adj. [A. S. cla:cleas -- free~\, scatheless, unhurt; komask k. af, to come
off unhurt, Finnb. 262; at vit mundum eigi klakklaust skilja, Fb. i. 417; ef ek komumk n brott
klakklaust at sinni, Fms. iv. 312; ok ver v feginn at komisk klakklaust brott, Fas. iii. 98; ar
sem arir komask eigi klaklaust nausyn beri til, Fms. vi. 299, (klaclaust, Mork. 61, I. e.)
klak-srr, adj. touchy, feeling sore; e-m verr heldr klaksrt, to be rufed, rudely bandied, Grett.
110 A.
klambra, a, to clamp or pinch together.
KLAND, n., mod. klandr, dat. klandri, Fb. ii. 388: [perh., through Lat. scandalum, from Gr. ff/i/
SaXoi'] :-- calumny, molestation; yr her leyst af llu illu klandi, Stj. 445; komask r klandi sinna
mtstu- manna, 415; baiid-karl var fyrir klundutn rikra manna, Hom. 117, (klandum, O. H. L.
80); hann kom eim r klandi vikinga, Gieg. 52; tku hann burt r llu klandi Odds ok hans manna,
Bs. i. 707: hindrance, af klnd koma nil eirra fyrir brullaup, N. G. L. i. 148. klanda-lauss, adj.
free from molestation, Str. 74, Fms. ix. 409.
klanda, a, mod. klandra, to molest, Stj. 216, Greg. 65; meiddir ea drepnir e&a klandair, Sturl. i.
41.
klandan, f. calumny, Stj. 163, (calumnia of the Vulgate); ver frjls af allri k. minni, Art.
klapp, n. clapping the hands; handa-klapp, Sk/tlda 174.
KLAPPA, a, [Engl. and Scot, clap; Germ, klopfen; Swed klappa] : -- to pat, stroke gently; kyssa
ok k., to ki s s and stroke, 655 xxxi; cp heot to clap a cat; klappai hn urn granirnar, Edda
(pref.); jarlinn klappai lendi sinni bak honum ok ba hann vaka, Fms. viii. 88; mar her staf
liendi ok klappar lend hestinum, Bs. i. 633; kallar konungr til sin hund sinn Viga ok klappai
um hann, hins. x. 327; him spyrr art hann tlar enn Mfahl at k. um kerlingar-nrann, Fb. 44,
Grett. 33 new Ed.; oroddr klappai uni hann (the calf), Eb. 320. 2. to clap the hands; rlestir ptu
ok klppuu, shouted and clapped, N. 168: the phrase, k. lo lfa, to clap, exult; klappa
dyruin, to nip at the door, Eg. 409, Fms. xi. 425; klappa hur, Fas. iii. 583. II. a stone-mason's
term, to chop stone with a hammer; hann klappai rauf hellu, Grett. 137 A; essi steinn var tan
sein klappar vri rum er pllum, Fms. i. 137; vru klappair steinvegginn krossar)rr, vii. 64;
eim steini vru klappair fjrir koppar, Bs. 1. 640; nar klappaar steini, 655 xiv. B. 2; spor
vru klppu berginu, -'as. iii. 569. 2. to hammer; arf eigi holan bang um at at klappa, ''b. iii.
404; ok klappai urn hans hjarta, bis heart clapped, throbbed. Fbr. 37; eir sgusk iiuindu k. um
(they would clench it, make it right) ef nlin knii heini hra, Sturl. i. 134; nuin ek mi k. um
aptr, / will nake it good, ii. 38.
klaret, n. claret, Fas. iii. 3^9, Flv. 22 (for. word), Karl. passim.
KLASI, a, m. a cluster, bunch, esp. of berries: berja-klasi, vinberja- :., a cluster of grapes:
metaph., eyja-klasi, skerja-k., a cluster of islands, sksrries.
klastr, n. (klastra, a), o n entanglement, tangle, bunch.
klatr, n. a clatter; sv mikit k. at varla fkk hlj, Br. 12, Al. 12: n toy, trie.
klatra, a, to waste on toys and tries.
KLAUF, f., pl. klaur, [A. S. clef; Engl. cleft, clove; Germ. klaue] :-- a cloven foot, Stj. 316, 317;
gltrinn svamm par til af gengu klaurnar, Landn. 177; eir rku angat sem klaurnar hfu
vitja af hreinstjunum, . H. 152: the cleft between the toes ( = neip between the ngers), sr
nean ilina ok skar t klauna vi umaltna, Sturl. iii. 68. 2. a beast, a head of cattle; allar vrar
hjarir, sv framt at eigi skal nokkur klauf eptir vera, Stj. 276; hjoggu skip sn hverja klauf, Fms.
viii. 380. 3. gramm. an asyndeton, viz. two adjectives attached to one noun without a copula, Sklda
193. COMPDS: klaufa-gangr, m. the tramp of cattle, Fas. iii. 386. klauf-lax, m., see lax. klauf-
rak, n. a driving of cattle, D. N. ii. 146. klauf-tro, n. a track made by the hoofs of cattle, D. N.
klauf-hamarr, m. a cloven hammer.
klau, a, m. an awkward, clumsy boor; ert mesti klau! a nickname, Landn. COMPDS: klaufa-
legr, adj. (-liga, adv.), clumsy, awkward. klaufa-skapr, m. clumsiness, want of skill.
klausa, u, f. (for. word), a clause, passage, Sklda 174, 191; k. br, Bs. i. 706, 707.
KLAUSTR, n. [like A. S. clstor, Engl. cloister, Germ. kloster, from Lat. claustrum] :-- a cloister,
Fms. i. 147, x. 1, xi. 343, Bs. passim. COMPDS: klaustr-bnar, m. a convent dress, Mar. klaustr-
fr, f. a convent lady, Mar. klaustr-ganga, u, f. entering a convent, Mar. klaustr-haldari, a, m. a
convent steward. klaustr-hlaupari, a, m. one who elopes from a convent, Mar. klaustr-hs, n. a
convent house, Bs. i. 293. klaustr-jr, f. a convent glebe.
klaustri, a, m. = klaustr; yr klaustranum, klaustra snum, Sks. 694 C, ir. 368; helgum klaustra,
Br. 8. COMPDS: klaustra-brir, m. a friar, Fms, i. 148. klaustra-flk, n. convent folk, Fms. x.
10. klaustra-frsla, u, f. removing a convent, Bs. i. klaustra-garr, m. a cloister yard, 645. 120.
klaustra-innganga, u, f. entering a convent, Mar. klaustra-lifnar, m. convent life, Mar. klaustra-
menn, m. pl. convent people, K. . 42, 58, Sks. 694, Fms. ix. 372. klaustra-star, m. the glebe-
land of a convent, K. . 38.
KL, pres. kli, pret. kl, kltt, kl, pret. kleginn, [Scot. claw] :-- to scratch or rub an itching spot;
var fengin kona at kl honum ft sinn, Sturl. i. 189; hann kallai mik ok ba mik kl ftinn, Fms.
ii. 187; san gekk konungr til svefns, ok kl ek ftinn, x. 331; ok vnti ek at nokkurir kli srt
sur, r vit Aron ltimk bir, Bs. i. 538; var ar fengin til kona um aptaninn er hann var kominn
rekkju, at kl ft hans, en er honum tti of kyrt klegit, 462; ok er ftr minn hafi kleginn verit,
Fb. i. 400, -- the ancients seem to have had their feet rubbed in bed in order to bring on sleep. II.
reex., ar mundi eigi ykkja vi kollttan at klsk, Sturl. iii. 238, v.l.
kli, a, m. the itch, Fms. ii. 187, x. 331; br kla hvarmana, Fb. ii. 367; augna-k., fta-k.: a
scab, fjr-k., scab on sheep.
kl-sjkr, adj. scabby, 655 xi. 1.
klugr, adj. scabby.
klfr, m. a kind of rough box carried on horseback, Lv. 59.
KLM, n. [akin to A. S. clmian = to daub], lthy, obscene language; in mod. usage only in that
sense, klm ok n, Skld H. 5. 24; vsur fullar af flu klmi, 26. COMPDS: klm-fenginn, adj. (-
fengni, f.), foul-mouthed. klm-hgg, n. a 'stroke of shame,' a law term, a wound or stroke behind,
Bjarn. 66, Grg. ii. 12, Fas. iii. 102. klm-or, n. a libel, Eb. (in a verse). klm-vsa, u, f. an
obscene song. klm-yri, n. foul language, Fb. iii. 415, 427.
klp-eygr, adj. goggle-eyed, Br. 10.
klpr, m. = klfr, a nickname, Sturl. ii. 212.
klra, u, f., or klrr, m. a kind of coarse rake used to spread dung.
klr-hestr, m. a hack.
KLRR, m. a hack, cart-horse; at er jamligt, hestr s ok klrr inn, Glm. 356; klrr kostuligr,
Fs. 128, Nj. 55, Fas. ii. 252; hest-klrr, har-k., a hack.
klrr, adj. [like Germ. klar, Engl. clear, etc., from Lat. clarus], clear, bright; klr kenning, Pass. 10.
12; blminn fagr kvenna klr, Fkv.; -klrr, Sks. 135.
klr-vgr, adj. clumsy, awkward.
KL, m., gen. klj (kla), pl. kljr, qs. klar; [cp. Gr. GREEK or GREEK, qs. GREEK?] :-- one of
the stones to keep the warp straight in the old upright loom; er ek sl venn, fll af einn
klinn af mijum vefnum ok tk ek upp, ok s ek at kljr eir vru ekki nema manna-hfu,
Fms. xi. 49; manna-hfu vru fyrir kljna, Nj. 275. klj-grjt, n. a weaver's stones, Nj. 275, v.l.
KLEFI, a, m. (kli, Greg. 49, Mart. 120), [A. S. cleofa], a closet; heimulegr k., Stj. 205; hn var
lukt litlum klefa, Clem. 51; hann fr eptir braudiski klefa, 656 B. 4; tar af elda-sklanum vru
klefar tveir, sinn hnd hvra, ok hlait skrei annan en mjlvi annan, Eb. 268, 272; litla-stofa
ok kle are distinguished, Sturl. iii. 187; var st opt ljs til klifa ess er inn ungi mar var , Mart.
120; skalf kli s allr, Greg. 49; svefn-k., a sleeping closet, bedroom, Stj. 204.
KLEGGI, a, m. [klegg, Ivar Aasen; cp. North. E. and Scot. cleg = a horse-y] :-- a cleg or horse-
y, Stj. 481. 1 Sam. xxiv. 14; m ea kleggja, Eluc. 22; ugur r er kallask af alu kleggjar,
Best. 2. II. a cock of hay (hey-kleggi), Hv. 53, Fb. i. 523.
KLEIF, f., plur. kleifar, [from klfa, to climb], a ridge of cliffs or shelves in a mountain side; hljpu
sjau menn r skginum ok upp kleina, Eg. 581; skgar-kjrr ok kleifar nkkurar, Fms. vii. 56;
eir ksuu hann ar vi kleina, Eb. 166 (klit, v.l.); ar sem helzt vru kleifar ok skgar
rngvastir, Fms. ix. 359; sur undir kleifarnar, Gsl. 67, 70: pot. the head is called hjarna kleif,
'harn-cliff,' Km.: Kleifar, f. pl. a local name in western Iceland, Sturl., Landn., Ann. 1238.
kleima, d, [kleima, Ivar Aasen; akin to klm], to daub, smear, dabble; at ek gta kleimt einhvern
eirra, Fas. iii. 544, (conversational.)
kleima, u, f. a blot, dab: name of an ogress, Fas.
kleisask, t, to become inarticulate; tunga kleisisk, Anecd. 3.
kleiss, adj., kleiss mli, inarticulate in one's speech, Fms. x. 39.
KLEKJA, pres. klek, pret. klaki, part. klakinn, klaktr, [Ulf. niu-klahs = GREEK; Dan. klkke;
Swed. klcka] :-- to hatch; klekja t, to hatch out; klekr au t, Stj. 78; ungar t klaktir, id.; sem
hann liggr eggjunum ok hann skal t klekja, id.; hna klaki dreka, Al. 160.
klekking, f., in the compd klekkingar-mar, see klektan.
klekkja, t, in Icel. only used in the phrase, klekkja e-m, to make one smart, punish; eg skal k.
honum, (conversational.)
klektan, f. = klekking; [klektan and klekking are prob. akin to Goth. -klahs in niu-klahs; cp. also
klekkjen = brittle, Ivar Aasen] :-- chicken-heartedness; so in the phrase, hann er engi klektunar
mar, i.e. he is no chicken, he is a daring, dangerous man, Sturl. iii. 282; ok s sv fyrir at hann
er engi klektunar mar, Eb. 90 new Ed., Nj. 105; for the various readings (klectun, kleckun,
klecting, klektun) see Nj. Johnson. 214.
klembra, a, [Germ. klemmen], to jam or pinch in a smith's vice, klmbr, q.v.; klptir ok
klembrair, Stj. 285.
Klement, mod., proncd. Klmus, m. a pr. name, Clement; Klemens kirkja, messa, dagr, saga, the
church, mass, day, Saga of St. Clement, Clem. 48, K. . 18, Vm. 6.
klenging, f. the picking up a quarrel; hann tki af mnnum slkar klengingar, Sturl. i. 76.
klengi-sk, f. a law term, picking up a quarrel; ykkir honum etta klengisk vera, lk. 35; eigi
vilju vr at egnar vrir s taksettir ea stefndir fyrir fpretta sakir er nokkura klengisaka, for the
sake of cheating or chicane, N. G. L. ii. 482.
KLENGJASK, dep. [perh. akin to A. S. clingan, Engl. cling = to cleave to] :-- to pick up a quarrel;
ok var skatli lla vi, ok tti hann mjk klengst (MS. kleins) hafa til essa mls, Rd. 272; ok
at me engu mti erf at ganga. at sumir ha ranglega vi klengzt, N. G. L. ii. 402.
klnn, adj. [for. word; from A. S. cln; Engl. clean; Germ. klein] :-- snug; klnn koss, Fas. iii. (in a
verse of the 15th century); k. sng, lf. 4. 44: little, puny, kln tign, Pass. The word rst occurs in
the 15th century, but it never took root.
KLEPPR, m. [cp. Dan. klippa = a rock; Germ. klumpen; A. S. clympre] :-- a plummet, lump, Bs. i.
806 (of a comet's tail), Konr. 31; bl-kleppr, q.v. II. a local name in Icel.
klepra, u. f. or klepr, m., pl. kleprar, a clot, icicle-like, of fat, ice, hair, wool, Jnas.
kleprttr, adj. clotted, of hair, wool, beard.
klerk-dmr, m. learning, Bs. i. 793, Sturl. i. 125, Al. 42, Barl. 12; nema klerkdm, Fms. vii. 327:
the clergy, (mod.)
klerkliga, adv. learnedly; prdika k., Bs. i. 846.
klerkligr, adj. clerkly, scholarlike, Th. 79; klerkligar listir, Bs. i. 680; klerkligar bkr, Sklda (pref.)
KLERKR, m. [from Lat. clericus], a cleric, clerk, scholar; gr klerkr (beau-clerk), Fms. ix. 531,
x. 111; Rikini var klerkr gr (a good clerk), bi diktai hann vel ok versai, Bs. i. 239;
Aristoteles me klerka-sveit sna, Al. 8; hann skildi grla Vlsku vat hann var gr k., El.; Paris
klerkr, a Paris clerk, one who has studied in Paris, Fb. ii. 475; vitr ok ggjarn ok k. mikill, Fms. i.
229; Eirkr konungr var vitr mar ok gr k. ok kunni margar tungur, xi. 298; sv grir ok inn
skilningslausi, ef hann kemr fr skla, hyggsk hann egar vera gr k., Sks. 247. 2. a clergyman,
clerk, esp. of the minor orders; klerk er klaustra-manni, K. . 40; fjrir tigir presta ok mart klerkar,
Sturl. ii. 6. 3. a parish-clerk as in Engl.; messu-prestr skal engi leiangr gra, n kona hans n
klerkr hans, N. G. L. i. 97, iii. 77, D. N. passim: a nickname, Orkn. COMPDS: klerka-flk, n. the
clergy, Fms. i. 147. klerka-lr, m. id., 623. 15. klerka-ml, n. pl. clerical, ecclesiastical matters,
H. E. i. 389. klerka-siir, m. pl. clerical customs, Fms. vii. 199. klerka-sveinn, m. a clerk. klerka-
sveit, f. the clerical body, Sturl. i. 122: a body of scholars, Al. 8. klerka-sngr, m. church music,
Fms. i. 260.
klessa, t, to clot, daub: reex. klessast, to talk thick, Anecd. 10: part. klesstr = kleiss (q.v.), Fms. x.
39, v.l.
klessa, u, f. [kleksa, Ivar Aasen], a clot; blek-k, an ink-clot, etc.
kless-mltr, adj. talking thick, Fms. x. 39, v.l.
kletti, n. a lump of fat in the loins of meat.
KLETTR, m. [Dan. klint], a rock, cliff, Fr. 29; ar stendr skgar- klettr vi Hafslk, orsteinn
gkk upp klettinn, Eg. 717, Bs. ii. 111, Sturl. iii. 104, Gsl. 147; hr k., Grett. 101; eir sj hvar
klettar tveir koma upp r hanu, Fas. ii. 248: in plur. a range of crags: pot., hera k., 'shoulder
rock,' i.e. the head, Ls.; hjarna k., 'harn rock,' i.e. the head; hjlma-k., helmet crag, cp. Helm-crag
in Westmoreland, Lex. Pot. COMPDS: kletta-belti, n. a belt of crags. kletta-fr, f., botan. the
saxifrage. kletta-skora, u, f. a scaur. kletta-sns, f. a jutting crag, freq. in mod. usage.
kleykiliga, adv.; vera k. kominn, to have got into bad scrapes, Th. 76.
kleykir, m. a nickname, Landn.
klia, a, to murmur inarticulately.
KLIR, m. a din, the murmur in a great assembly when no articulate sound is to be heard; yss ea
k., Gsl. 56; k. ok hreysti, Fms. vi. 374, Bs. ii. 129; skilr hr nokku ml manna? eigi heldr en
fuglakli, Fas. ii. 175; einum kli = einum duni, -- allt var senn einum kli | upp vatt trss
meal hera, Sk. R. 28.
KLIF, n. [A. S. clif; Engl. cliff], a cliff; klif and kleif are used indiscriminately in Eb. and Eg. l.c.;
eir fengu tekit hann t vi klif er upp rr r fjrunni, Eb. 166; ok ksuu hann ar vi klit, id.
v.l.; klif bratt ok einstigi yr at fara, Eg. 576; var ar undir niri skgr en skglaust uppi
klinu, 580; ok er Egill kom upp r klinu, id.; kli nokkuru, Bs. i. 200; var brattasta einstigi upp
at ganga ok hara h klif (plur.), Stj. 452. 1 Sam. xiv. 4 (eminentes petrae of the Vulgate); san
gkk hann til klifs ess er jgata l yr, eir stefndu hit gegnsta til klifsins, Korm. 146: pot.,
hauka klif, hawk's cliff = the hand, Hallfred; h klif, a high cliff, Sighvat: local names, Klifs-jr,
Klifs-sandr, Klifs-dalr, Bjarn.; Klifs-lnd, Clifand or Cleveland, in England, Fms. vi.
klifa, a, prop. to climb, but only used metaph. :-- to repeat, to harp on the same thing; ba eigi
klifa sv ey ok ey, sl. ii. 349; klifar nakkvat jafnan, mannfla n, Nj. 85; kerling klifai allt
sumarit um arfa-stuna at inn skyldi bera, 194; vr kumpnar lrum ik eitt vers, ok er at n
egar r sv krt sem kunnir engan hlut annan, klifandi at jafnan fram, Mar.; klifar s margr
kvin lin, Skld H. 3. 2. 2. reex. to wrangle; tluu menn at sj mar vri it mesta f, hversu
heimsliga hann klifask vi konung, Fb. iii. 381.
klifa, n. part. a kind of metre, where the same rhyme-syllable is repeated throughout the half of a
verse, a specimen of which is Edda (Ht.) 48.
klif-gata, u, f. a 'cliff-gate,' way along a cliff, sl. ii. 176.
klifra, a, to climb, Rb. 102, Fagrsk. 125; usually as dep. klifrask, id., Fas. iii. 443.
kling, kling, kling, kling! interj., of bells or a tinkling sound, Jnas.
KLINGJA, d, [Germ. klingen; Dan. klinge; cp. Engl. clink] :-- to ring, tinkle; hugsar at hr muni k.
til upphafs, Fms. xi. 434; hltr a klingja dalanna dyngja dkinn , Snt 99; klingir mr fyrir eyrum
mr, Bjarni 136.
KLIPPA, , to clip; k. me sxum, Str. 9; klipti negl hans ok hr, Fms. vi. 204; k. hr, to clip, cut
the hair, Stj. 202; k. saui, hjr, to clip, shear sheep, K. . K. 104, Stj. 482, 484.
klippa, u, f. a clipping, sample; af-klippa.
klippari, a, m. a hair-cutter, Stj. 524 :-- a dealer, monger, Rtt. 2. 10.
klipping, f. a clipping, shearing.
klippingr, m. a shorn sheepskin, Grg. i. 501, Bs. i. 834, H. E. iv. 131.
KLFA, pres. klf, pret. kleif, pl. klifu; [A. S. clan; Engl. cleave to; Dutch kleven; Germ.
kleben] :-- to climb; Jnathan kleif ekki sr me hndum en ftum um einstigit, Stj. 452; konungr
kleif upp einn bakka, Fms. viii. 75; en sumir klifu sv bratta brekku, 401; kom jarl at hlaupandi
ok kleif upp yr kstinn ok aan upp yr hsin, ix. 225; sv at hann mtti klfa upp virkit af
skildinum, Sturl. ii. 33; ok kleif einn hku mr, Dropl. 22; v er knlegra at k. skemra, ok falla
lgra, Al. 145; eim er r hfu klit, Hkr. i. 290; klfa kjl, Sturl. ii. 224 (in a verse).
KLGJA, , mod. kla, a, [provinc. Norse klia, pret. klidde and kligta, pres. klir, see notes to Al.
186] :-- to feel nausea; hn klgir mjk, Al. 153; eirra nd klgir mt inum himneska mat, Mar. :--
mod. impers., mig klar, or mig klar vi v.
klgja, u, f., mod. kla, nausea, Mag. 89.
KLNA, d, to smear; klna brau, to butter bread, Fms. ix. 241; klnask leiri, Best. 673. 53: mod. to
daub, esp. with ordure.
klningr, m. [klining, Ivar Aasen], buttered bread; kasta klningnum ok knnunni, cp. the Engl.
proverb 'to throw the helve after the hatchet,' Fms. viii. 413, v.l.: as a nickname, Orkn.: the word is
still used in the old sense in Norway. II. in Icel. it is only used of cakes of cow-dung.
klstra, a. to glue, paste.
KLJ;, , [kl, pl. kljr], to x the weights to a loom (see kl); mr tti kljr vera vefrinn, Fms.
xi. 49; harkljr, hard stretched, Darr.: metaph., vera enda kljr, to be nished, done; a er
ekki enda klj, there is no end of it as yet; vera t kljr, done; a er t klj um au ml: klj
enda, to wind up, to have done; er ek enda kljr at ola at lengr, sl. ii. 420.
KLJFA, prts. klf; pret. klauf, klauft (klaufst), klauf, pl. klufu; subj. kly; part. klonn; [A. S.
clefan; Engl cleave; O. H. G. chlioban; mid. H. G. klieben; Dan. klve; Swed. klyfva] :-- to cleave,
split; hann hj skjld Rts ok klauf allan nir, Nj. 95; elda er rtt at gra ok k. torf til, K. . K. 88;
tluu at hann kvikan ok klufu svrinn hfinu, Fms. vii. 227; era sem kolvi klj, karl s er
vegr at jarli, viii. (in a verse); ea ek klyf ik herar nir, Nj. 185; kom hfuit ok klauf ofan
jaxlana, 144; skildir 'ro klofnir, cloven, cleft, Vsp. 46: metaph. to split, ek klf r essum sex greinir
ins fjra tigar, Sklda 162. II. reex., ar at sem bjrgin kljfask, are cleft, branch out, Finnb. 242.
2. recipr., at eir klysk herar nir, Fas. i. 404. 3. part. klonn, as adj. cloven; langt upp
klonn, i.e. long-legged, Br. 165.
klof, n. the cleft between the legs, the fork, Fas. ii. 346. COMPDS: klof-langr, adj. long-forked,
long-legged. klof-snjr, m. snow reaching to the klof. klof-stuttr, adj. short-forked.
klofa, a, to stand or stride with the legs apart; klofa snj.
KLOFI, a, m. a cleft or rift in a hill closed at the upper end; metaph., eir vru komnir sv mikinn
klofa, at Ingjaldr var ara hnd, en Lax ara hnd, i.e. they were 'in a cleft stick,' -- the enemy
on one hand, the river on the other, Ld. 46; so also as a military term; at samnar vri Rangr-
vllum ok vri s ragr, at eim s tla at vera klofanum, 'were in a cleft stick,' 'caught in a
trap,' Sturl. i. 201; mun ek ok senda li til fulltings vi yr, ok skal at koma bak eim, sv at eir
veri klofanum, Fas. i. 33; ok var sv stefnt at hann skyldi aan at koma, ok skyldi ornnr vera
klofanum, Orkn. 68: fjalla-klo, a ravine with a bottom, Stj. 87, Al. 26: landa-klo, a delta at the
fork of a river, Sks. 194, 199; lausa-klo, gramm. a diphthong (au, ei, ey), Sklda 170: medic., gin-
klo, q.v. 2. the groove (hurar-klo) in which the door moves up and down instend of moving on
hinges (see hnga III); hence the phrases, lka upp huru, or lka aptr hur mijan klofa, to open
or shut the door to the middle of the groove, i.e. shut it half way, Br. 171, Fb. i. 547; hur hnigin
mijan klofa, half shut, Fms. iii. 74, Fas. iii. 546; hann gengr ar til er hann kemr at huru, hn var
greypt stokk ok hnigin eigi allt klofa, Fb. i. 258; hann svarar lla ok rak aptr hurina klofa,
Gull. 15; eptir at opar orbjrn inn undan, ok lauk hurinni klofa, 18. 3. the forks to support
tents on board a ship, Edda (Gl.); ba hann me sna ganga ytra me borum, ok hggva tjldin
r klofum, Eg. 122: a place in a ship = klofa-rm, v skal hlaa klofa inn, N. G. L. ii. 276. 4. a
forked mast, used in boats on the west coast of Icel. 5. snuffers; gra skalt klofa af gulli ljs at
slkkva, Stj. 306. Exod. xxv. 38, Vm 36; kerta-ppa staf ok klo, Pm. 103; kerta-klo, q.v.; horn-
klo, q.v. COMPDS: klofa-kerling, f. and klofa-stafr, m. a cleft stick or staff, Br. 170, 171; see
kla. klofa-rm, n. a ship's cabin near the mast; v skal hlaa klofarmi vi siglu, Jb. 386.
klofa-sigling, f. sailing with a forked mast. klofa-stef, n. a metric. term, a 'cleft-burden,' a kind of
refrain, consisting of several lines inserted separately in different lines of a stanza, Sturl. ii. 59.
klofna, a, to be cloven, Vsp. 52; essum gn klofnar himininn, Edda 41; klofnai hann tv hluti,
Nj. 108; skildirnir klofnuu, Eg. 507, v.l.; jrin skalf og bjrgin klofnuu, Matth. xxvii. 51.
klofningr, m. anything cloven, cp. the Engl. clove (of garlic); the name of a mountain in western
Iceland, Landn.
KL, f., gen. kl, N. G. L. i. 100, mod. klar, pl. klr, i.e. klr; [A. S. clawu; Engl. claw; O. H. G.
chlawa; mid. H. G. kl, Germ. klaue; Dan. klo, pl. kler] :-- a claw, talon, of beasts of prey, kattar-
klr, ljns-klr, arnar-klr, krumma-klr, vals-klr, the claws of a cat, lion, eagle, raven, falcon;
gambrs-kl, q.v.; br henni hnotar lki ok hafi klm sr, Edda 46; ugu at eim hrafnar, ok
sndusk eim r jrni nen ok klrnar, Nj. 272; hann (the crocodile) her strar tenn ok klr, Stj.
77; me hvssum klm, 80: metaph. a claw, of the hand, klnar n klnum, Grett. 94 B: as also in
the ditty, kalt er mr k. l. . kenni eg ess s. i. ... (i.e. kalt er mr klnum, kenni eg ess
sjonum ...): a nickname, Orkn. kla-gangr, m. a ght with the claws, Fas. iii. 210. II. naut. the clew
of a sail, Edda (Gl.); eyri fyrir hanka hvern, eyri fyrir kl hverja, N. G. L. i. 101; en fyrir smreip
hvert er segli er ertog silfrs ok sv fyrir kl hverja, ii. 283; eyri fyrir krapta hvern, eyir at einnar
klar missi, i. 100, ii. 283: the cleat = kolla (q.v.), N. G. L. l.c.
klask, dep. to ght with claws: in the saying, ndurir skolu ernir klask, . H. 183, Fas. ii. 495.
kl-bjgr, adj. an epithet of an eagle.
kl-dr, n. a beast with claws, K. . K. 134.
kl-festa, t, to clutch.
kl-fugl, m. a bird with claws or talons, opp. to tfugl (q.v.), K. . K. 132.
klkindi, n. pl. cunning, cleverness, Fas. iii. 267.
klk-leiki, a, m. craft, cunning, Karl. 130, Mar.
klk-liga, adv. cleverly, cunningly, Stj. 167, Pass. 15. 5.
klk-ligr, adj. cunning, crafty, Fms. x. 172.
KLKR, adj. [perh. not a genuine Scandin. word, but, like Dan. klog, Swed. klok, borrowed from
Germ. klug] :-- arch, clever, Fms. xi. 227, Stj. 160, 223: arch, wily, 34, 70.
klk-skapr, m. archness, Stj. 75, 91, 178, Bs. i. 767: wiliness, Stj. 37, 416, Fms. xi. 445, Grett. 162
A; klkskapar list, -vl, a device, Stj. 177, 178, 247.
klr, n. a scratching, Fas. iii. 502; kattar-klr, a cat's scratch: bad writing, a scrawl, etta er ljta
klri.
klra, a, to scratch like a cat, Stj. 77. 80, Fas. ii. 370: to scrawl, write badly, klra brf.
kl-segi, a, m. claw-like streaks of clouds, Bjrn.
klt, n. [Germ. klotz; Dan. klode = a ball] :-- the knob on a sword's hilt, Ann. 1405, Fas. iii. 472.
klungr, m. a kind of lichen, Bjrn.
kl-vara, u, f. hides with the claws left on, N. G. L. i. 257.
kl-ang, n. a kind of seaweed, kelp, fucus vesiculosus, Hjalt.
kluft, f. a cleft: Kluftir, f. pl. a local name, Sand-k., Sturl.
KLUKKA, u, f., gen. pl. klukkna, older form klocka, Fms. vi. 147, Hom. 9, 68, 69, Bs. i. 38; [A. S.
clucge; Engl. clock; Germ. glocke; Dan. klokke] :-- a bell, Grg. i. 460, Bs. i. 65, K. . K. passim.
COMPDS: klukku-hlj, klukkna-hlj, or klokkna-hlj, n. a peal of bells, Bs. i. 38, Fb. i. 417,
Fms. vi. 63, xi. 341. klukku-hringr, m. a bell-ring, Pm. 103. klukkna-hs, n. a bell-chamber,
belfry, Pm. 60, Sturl. ii. 119, Hom. 68, D. N. klukku-mlmr, m. [Dan. klokke-malm], bell-metal,
m. 29, Pm. 124. klukku-strengr, m. a bell-rope, Fb. i. 354, Jm. 32. II. metaph., botan. a bell; a
short cloak.
klukkari, a, m., old form klokkari, Str. 18, Fms. iv. 171, [Dan. klokker] :-- a belman, Fms. xi. 256,
. H. 72, D. N. passim; klukkara-hs, -stofa, a belman's room, D. N.
KLUMBA, u, f. and klubba, Fagrsk. 49, O. H. L. 70, Hkr. ii. 175, Rb. 1812. 18: a club, Fms. iv.
246, xi. 129, Sd. 147, Bv., El. (Fr.); klumbu-ftr, a club foot; klumbu-nef, a snub nose.
klumsa, adj. lock-jaw, Germ. maulklemme, a disease of horses.
KLUNGR, m., the r is radical, [klungr, Ivar Aasen] :-- a bramble; millum klungra ok hagyrna,
Barl. 18, 139; orn ok klungr, Stj. 38; milli orna ok klungra, 47; me klungrum ok hvssum
hagornum, 395, ('spinis tribulisque' of the Vulgate); yrni, klungr, ok allt annat llgresi, Fms. v.
159; rsan vex upp milli klungra ok yrna, Hom. (St.); sem rs hj klungrum, Gd. 6: pot., hr-k.,
carrion-thorn, pot. for a weapon, Merl. 1. 36, Lex. Pot. II. metaph., in Icel., where there are no
thorns, any rough ground is called klungr; hraun ok klungr (klungr ok hrkn, v.l.), Bs. i. 452: allit.,
klettar ok klungr, crags and rocks.
klungrttr, adj. grown with bramble, Stj. 45, Art. :-- stony, rough.
klunna, t, to cling to, in a rude sense; hann sitr ok klunnir skgartrjm, Stj. 80, v.l.; en hin klunna
vir bakit, of an ape and her young, 95.
klunni, a, m. a clumsy, boorish fellow. klunna-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), clumsy in shape.
klka, u, f. a local name in the west of Icel., see Bjrn.
klrr, adj. coarse, esp. in language and manners; the word is now freq., and although not recorded
in old writers, it must be old, as one of the thralls in Rm. is called Klrr.
klsa, a, [for. word], to make intricate: klsar, part. intricate; -klsar, unhampered, Fr. 265.
Kls-Petrs, m. St. Peter with his keys, 'Key-Peter,' . H. (in a verse).
kltr, m. [for. word; A. S. clt; Engl. clout; Dan. klud; it appears in writers of the 14th century] :--
a kerchief, Bs. i. 791; ok ar um vat einum hreinum klt, 829, ii. 170; ln-kltr, i. 790; vasa-kltr, a
pocket-handkerchief, (mod.)
KLYF, f., gen. sing, and nom. pl. klyfjar; [Dan. klv] :-- a pack or trunk on a pack-horse; leggja
upp klyf, to pack a horse, N. G. L. i. 349; ef mar ekr ea berr klyfjar, ... tt eigi s klyfjar hrossi
manns, Grg. i. 441; taka af klyfjar af hesti, Grett. 119 A; at var ng klyf, it was a full weight for a
horse, Fas. iii. 401; hrindr ofan reiinginum me klyfjunum, Sturl. iii. 114; hrossum me klyfjum,
. H. 187. COMPDS: klyfja-band, n. the pack on a horse, Nj. 56. klyfja-burr, m. carrying packs
on horseback, Fbr. 65, Nj. 56, v.l. klyfja-hestr, m. and klyfja-hross, n. a pack-horse, K. . K. 80,
Nj. 264, Landn. 152, Grg. ii. 279, Fbr. 41, 42 new Ed., Eb. 296, orst. Su H. 13.
klyf-beri, a, m., proncd. klybberi, and spelt thus, Grg. (Kb.) ii. 109, l. 21 :-- a pack-saddle, K. .
K. 86, Sturl. iii. 114. klyfbera-band, n. and klyfbera-gjr, f. a pack-saddle girth, Lv. 91.
klyf-brr, adj. t to carry a burden, of a pack-horse; sjau kaplar klyfbrir, Vm. 177; fola
klyfbaerrar snu, Matth. xxi. 5.
klyfja, a, to load a pack-horse, Nj. 74, Eg. 593, Stj. 460, 483, . H. 170, Ver. 124, Fbr. 17 new
Ed., passim.
klyfja, klufi, [kljfa], to split, cleave, Vm. 53; segja sumir menn at eir klyfi hann til hjarta, Fbr.
57 new Ed.: part. klufr, cleft; hjr-klufr, a cleft with a sword, Lex. Pot.
klykkja, t, [klukka], to ring; ar er klykt, 671. 16; klykkir til frnar upphalds, Mar., N. G. L. ii. 242,
D. N. ii. 77; but in Icel. hringja is the common word.
klymta, t, [A. S. clumjan], to maunder, murmur; ok vil ek at klymtir n eigi mti mr, Hv. 17
new Ed.
klyppr, m. a pr. name, Fb. iii.
KLPA, klpi, later klpti, but pres. klpr, mod. klpir; in mod. usage this word has (except in
pres.) been turned into a strong verb, klpa, kleip, klipu, klipinn; [Engl. to clip = to clasp] :-- to clip,
pinch; tk Laurentius su Stephani ok klpti fast, Sks. 652; ef mar btr mann ea hrfr ea
klpr, Grg. ii. 133; san klpo eir tungu-stnn me tng, . H. 250: to squeeze in, klptir ok
klembrair, Stj. 285; her eyimrkin sv klypt , id.
klpa, u, f. a bit pinched out of another; smjr-k., a bit of butter.
klping, f. a clipping, pinching, Grg. ii. 133, Sks. 652.
klpi-tng, f. a smith's tongs or clippers, nail pincers.
kla, d, to clothe; kla sik, to dress oneself, Nj. 171; kla nkan, kalna, Hom., O. H. L. 22;
afklddi hann sik (he put off) snum kyrtli, Stj. 466; ttu fyrir dag st hann upp ok klddi sik,
Edda 28. II. reex. to dress oneself, to rise in the morning; afklask, to undress, Fms. x. 16;
klask pells-klum, . H. 31; ml mun vera upp at standa ok klask, Edda 30; hvern dag er
eir hara klsk, 25; en dagan st mir upp ok klddisk, 35; Snorri st upp ok ba menn
klask, ok er eir vru klddir, Eb. 188: en san klisk hann ok hskarlar hans ok fr ofan til
vatns, . H. 62; san stu eir upp ok klddusk, Ld. 44. III. part. klddr, clad, dressed;
morgun er ert klddr, Fs. 110; svart-klddr, clad in black; hvt-k., clad in white; rau-k.; unn-
k., thinly clad; al-klddr, quite dressed; spari-k., in one's 'spared' clothes, i.e. in one's best clothes.
kl-fr, adj. 'few-clad,' thinly clad, Bs. i. 442, Bret. ch. 34.
kl-hfr, adj. t for clothes, t for wear, Grg. ii. 247.
KLI, n., irreg. gen. pl. klna, Barl. 80, 83, Str. 21; [A. S. cl; Engl. cloth; O. H. G. chleit;
Germ. kleid; Dutch kleed; Swed. and Dan. klde] I. cloth, stuff; mla vaml ok lrept ok kli
ll, Grg. i. 497; vestr til Englands at kaupa sr kli ok nnur fng, ... hlaa skipit me hveiti ok
hunangi, vni ok klum, Eg. 69; Ensk kli me mrgum litum, 517; gaf konungr orgilsi
laufgrnt kli mtn lna langt, Sturl. iii. 131; vel r au kli til hosna er brnu s at lit, en
ekki nnur kli nema skarlat s, Sks. 286; skalt taka r kli er vr eigum bezt, Fas. iii. 265;
mtn lnir klis brnat at lit, en klit var gersemi, Bs. i. 433; kennir hann kli au kyrtlum
hirmanna, er hann hafi rntr verit, 434; rjtigi stikur klis, 875; tvbreitt, rbreitt kli, tveln
kli, N. G. L. iii. 205, 208; hlit kli, chequered cloth, Fms. ii. 70: in mod. usage distinction is
made between the foreign machine-made kli and the home-made vaml, q.v.; klis-treyja,
klis-fat, opp. to vamls-treyja, vamls-fat. II. a garment; Arinbjrn hafi lti gra kli at
vi vxt Egils, Eg. 516; eitt gullhla, ok rautt kli, Nj. 35; mar rauu kli, Fms. x. 367; ef
kli rifnar af manni, K. . K. 88 :-- fjar-k., dn-k., feather or down cloth; sul-k., a saddle
cloth. 2. esp. in plur., clothes, apparel, dress; vsku yztan kla, Nj. 32; laza kli sn, Anal. 292;
vndu ll kli, Eb. 34; hvar fyrir berr rau kli, ar sem au eru klerkum fyrirboin at bera?
v, sagi hann, at ek he engi nnur til, ... hann kom inn litlu sar me brn kli er erkibiskup
hafi sjlfr borit, -- Ber essi kli htis-daga, Bs. i. 800; kasta klum, bera kli vpn, to
throw clothes over the weapons, in a brawl, to hinder bloodshed, Vpn. 28: bedclothes, hann lt
bera vind kli au er hn hafi haft r, Eg. 567; und klum, sl. ii. 252 (in a verse); kla lt,
kla rk, a clothes chest, 655 xxx. 7, Js. 78; kla hirir, keeper of a wardrobe, Stj. 649; kla
hlai, a pile of clothes, Grett. 160; kla kaup = klaskipti, Fbr. 94 new Ed.; kla spell, spoiling,
damaging one's dress, N. G. L. i. 163; kla ver, the price of clothes, Gl. 259 :-- vs-kli, over-
clothes; rekkju-kli, bedclothes; her-kli, armour; ln-kli, linen clothes; lit-kli, chequered
clothes, all of them in plur. COMPDS: kla-bnar, kla-bningr, m. apparel, Bs. i. 134, Fms.
i. 69, Stj. 697; eir hfu mjk lkan kla-bna ok vpna, Hkr. i. 344. kla-faldr, m. the hem of
a garment, N. T. kla-fll, n. pl. the folds of a garment, Mar.: medic. = kvennatir. kla-
mangari, a, m. a clothesmonger, Rtt. 13. 9. kla-skipti, n. pl., gra k., to change clothes, Stj.
518, Fbr. 161, Sturl. iii. 100, Ld. 286. kla-skurr, m. the cut of clothes, Rtt. kla-sni, n. the
cut, fashion of clothes, Hkr. iii. 181, Fas. ii. 344.
kl-lauss, adj. 'clothes-less,' naked, Stj., Fms. ii. 174, vi. 302.
kl-leysi, n. nakedness, Barl. 61.
kl-margr, adj. having many clothes, opp. to klfr, Sturl. iii. 228.
klnar, m. clothing, apparel; hsbnar, borbnar ok klnar, Eg. 94; k. ru ok gripir, 158,
Grg. i. 299, 460, Karl. 545.
kl-sekkr, m. a clothes-bag, knapsack, Fms. iii. 178, Grett. 134 A, Stj. 214, v.l.
kl-ylr, m. clothes-warmth, of bedclothes, Sks. 758. 1 Kings i. 1.
klingr, m., contr. klngr, a name of a raven, pot., Edda (Gl.) II. a pr. name, Klingr, Landn.
KLJA, a, to itch; n klja oss lfarnir, our palms itch, Sturl. i. 42; gn um hls mr errunni
vat mr kljar mjk, iii. 111; eim mun brn brega ok ofarliga klja (it will itch sorely) er
ek berr fram vrnina, Nj. 239.
KLKI, n. (in mod. usage klkr, m.), [perh. akin to klekja and Goth. klahei = pusillanimity] :--
disgrace, cowardice; kva mnnum klki vera, ef einn Vkverskr mar skal yr oss ganga hr
frndhaga vrum, Hkr. iii. 395; oss er at klki, segir hann, ef ..., Fms. vii. 269; at honum vri
hvrki at san skmm n klki, Sturl. iii. 150; allir verum vr at klkjum, Fms. v. 204; haf n
etta, ok me bi skmm ok klki, Gsl. 63; en n hat r nau ok rlkon ok ar me strklki
ok ningsskap, . H. 227; bera nlegt klkisnafn at ora eigi at hefna n, Fms. ii. 69; klkis
hgg, a dastardly blow, Bjarn. 66, (a pun.) COMPDS: klkis-efni, n. a mean, dastardly
proceeding, orst. Su H. 49. klkja-fullr, adj. disgraceful, Stj. 406. klkis-laust, n. adj.
blameless, 'sans reproche,' Sturl. i. 221. klkis-mar, m. a dastard; kva eigi meal-
klkismenn vera er eir yri eigi at hefna sn, sl. ii. 71, Fms. xi. 270, Sturl. ii. 170. klkis-nafn,
n. a name for cowardice; see above. klkis-or, n. in same sense, Hom. 111, Fms. v. 136, Hkr. iii.
114. klkis-skapr, m. baseness, cowardice, Fms. xi. 270, Lv. 50. klkis-verk, n. a base work, Ld.
282.
klki-liga, adv. in a dastardly way, Fs. 41, Vpn. 27.
klki-ligr, adj. dastardly, cowardly, Bs. i. 165, sl. ii. 451.
klki-skapr, n. baseness, meanness, Fbr. 74, Nj. 32.
klkja, t, to put to shame; suma ha hn lti klkja nokkurn htt, Fas. iii. 75; ok telr at manngi
munu grt hafa at klkjask vi hann, sl. ii. 319; hence the mod. klekkja e-m, to punish one;
engi skal dirfask at gra henni kinnroa er klkja hana um, at hn fari ftkliga, Stj. 423.
klma, d, [klm], to fall foul of; klmdu mjk orum snum Maumet ok Terrogant, (as Spenser,
'Maumet and Termagaunt'), Flv. 42 :-- mod., reex. klmast, to use obscene, lthy language.
klminn, adj. using obscene, lthy language.
klk, n. pl. [Dan. klukken], the chirping of birds, Rm. 41.
klkkna, a, to become klkkr, Karl. 545, freq. in mod. usage.
klkkr, adj., with a characteristic v, acc. klkkvan, etc., prop. bending, pliable, as of a reed; klkkr
kjlr, Bs. i. 483 (in a verse); var Mariusin klkk mjk ok skaut lykkjunum. Fms. viii. 199; klkk
stl, of a ship, Edda (Ht.); klkkva saumfr, Orkn. 104 (in a verse). II. metaph. soft, crying faintly,
moved to tears; hann var vi etta klkkr mjk ... ok segir honum til vandra sinna, Rd. 50; Jn
tlai en sem fyr biskup me kgan klkkan at gra, Bs. i. 289: broken-hearted, Eb. 78 (in a verse);
uro eir klkkvir (they lost heart) ok u fr ri, Hkr. Cd. Fr. 264; at hann skyldi grta sem
barn, ok litill rttr mundi honum vera, at hana var sv klkkr vi etta, . H. 300; konungs-
dttir var klkk vi or hans ok bliknai, Karl. 100.
KLKKVA, pres. klkkr, pret. klkk, pl. klukku, also spelt with ey, kleyqva, Kb. of the Sm.; [A.
S. cloccan and Engl. cluck, limited in sense, like Lat. glocire; Dan. klynke]: I. to soften; klkkvandi
kalda jr, Mar. (rare). II. metaph. to sob, whine; kostir 'ro betri heldr en at klkkva s, Skm. 13;
klukku eir karlar er kunnu grst heyra, Am. 62; af sonarlegri st klokk n Josaphat mjk, Barl.
187; klkk konungrinn ok allir eir er honum fylgu, 211; klkkr hann af harmi hugar, Sks.
226; er Dav heyri essi tindi, klkk hann, 716; einn af gestum Magnss konungs gkk til ok
kysti lkit ok klkk vi, Fms. viii. 236, v.l.; honum fannsk sv mikit til vgslunnar at hann klkk, x.
109, v.l.; sumir klukku en sumir grtu, Barl. 190; sta ok klkkva, Hom. (St.): part. klkkvandi,
with failing voice; san minntusk eir vir Karl klkkvandi, Karl. 2, 180, 288: tti honum konan
klkkvandi kvea, Sturl. ii. 214 C; bija, mla klkkvandi, passim; the word is obsolete except as a
participle.
klkkving, f. emotion, Mar.
KLMBR, f. [akin to a well-known root word common to all Teut. languages, cp. Germ. klam,
klemmen] :-- a smith's vice, of which a drawing is given in the old edition of Glm. (1786). 2.
metaph. of troops drawn up in a similar shape; klmbrina mija millum essara fylkinga, Stj. 512;
skulu vr n renna at ok hafa spjtin fyrir oss, ok mun klambrar-veggrinn ganga ef fast er fylgt,
Glm. 386; losnai jtt fylking Skagringa sem klambrar-veggr vri rekinn, Sturl. iii. 84 :-- a
local name in Icel., see the poem in Fjlnir (1836), p. 31.
KLPP, f., pl. klappir, [klappa], a pier-like rock projecting into the sea, and looking as if shaped by
art; lenda vi klppina, or klappirnar, freq. in western Icel.; as also of stepping stones over a stream,
leiin l yr mrar ok fen, ok vru ar hggnar yr klappir, Fms. vii. 68; klappar-nef, n. a
projecting rock.
klppur-nes, n. jutting rocks, . H. 182 (Fb. ii. 309); lti klppurnes gkk fram fyrir utan hj
skipum eirra, ok s eir v nr ekki t fjrinn, Fms. viii. 217; gkk klepparnes fyrir tan , .
H. 182.
knafa, a, stuprare, only occurring in the form knafat, as a various reading to sorit, Nj. 15.
KNAKKR, m., different from hnakkr and hnakki, q.v., [cp. Engl. knick-knack = trie] :-- a kind of
little chair, high stool; skalt gera kistu at mur inni ok undir knakka, make a cofn and a hearse,
Fs. 132; hann settisk nir einn knakk, Bs. ii. 186; stlar fjrir, knakkr, lectari, Pm. 17; lang-
knakkr, an oblong bench; eldar vru strir elda-sklanum, ok stu ar nokkurir menn
langknkkum, Finnb. 310; hand-knakkr (q.v.), a kind of crutches.
KNAPI, a, m. [A. S. cnapa; Engl. knave; Germ. knabe] :-- a servant boy, the valet of a king or
great man, Js. 14, N. G. L. ii. 434, O. H. 70, 71, Karl. 331, ir. 141.
knappa, a, to furnish with studs; knappar, studded, of a garment, Rtt. 120; gull-k., Eg. (in a
verse).
knapp-hfi, a, m. a knob-head, ball-head, Hkr. iii. 80.
knappi, a, m. a nickname, Landn.; whence Knappa-dalr, m. a local name, id.
knapp-jrn, n. iron with a knob at one end, Bs. i. 379, used for surgical operations.
knappr, adj. [Dan. knap], scanty.
KNAPPR, m., mod. hnappr, [A. S. cnp; Engl. knop (Chaucer), later knob; Germ. knopf; Dutch
knop] :-- a knob; staf hendi ok knapp , orf. Karl. 374; the knob or head of a pole or the like,
Fms. viii. 428; skfu egar knappinn or hrips-grindinni. Lv. 65; stng mikil upp r ok knappr
r gulli, Fb. ii. 128; upp af hornstfunum vru strir knappar af eiri grvir, 297; ofanverri eirri
stng er einn mikill gullknappr, ir, 189; stng gulli bin upp at knppunum, id.; hringr ea
knappr, Grg. ii. 232: the phrase, gefa frelsi fr horni ok knappi, from the clasp and neck-collar
being a badge of servitude, N. G. L. i. 228; ra knapp e-t, to furnish a thing with the knob, i.e.
nish it, sl. ii. 102. 2. a stud, button; kjafal kneppt saman milli fta me knappi ok nezlu, orf.
Karl. 412. knappa-svipa, u, f. a kind of lash = Russ. knut, Bs. ii. 10.
knapp-tjald, n. a tent; see knappr, D. N.
knarri, a, m. = knrr (q.v.), Arnr.
knarr-skip, n. = knrr, Fms. vi. 305, v.l.
knatta, a, to lift to the level of one's head; also jrn-knatta.
knatt-drepa, u, f. a 'ball-smiter,' a bat, Vgl. 69 new Ed.
knatt-drepill, m. = knattdrepa, Grett. 92.
knatt-gildra, u, f. a trap to catch the ball in the knattleikr, Grett. 92 A.
knatt-hgg, n. a blow with a ball, Vgl. 69 new Ed.
knatt-leikr, m. playing at ball, a kind of cricket or trap-ball, a favourite game with the old
Scandinavians, Sturl. ii. 190; described in the Sagas, Grett. ch. 17, Gsl. pp. 26, 32, Eg. ch. 40, Vgl.
ch. 11 (13 new Ed.), Hallfr. S. ch. 2 (Fs. 86), orst. S. Vk. ch. 10, Gull. ch. 2, Har. ch. 22; the ice
in winter was a favourite play-ground, see Gull. etc. l.c.
knatt-tr, n. a bat-trap, Eg. 188, Fas. ii. 407, Gsl. 32.
knauss, m. a knoll, crag, D. N. v. 620; whence the mod. Dan. kns and bonde-kns = a 'boor knoll,'
a boorish youth.
KN, a defect. verb, for the conjugation of which see Gramm. p. xxxiii; the pres. inn. knegu
nowhere occurs, whereas a pret. inn. knttu occurs in Sighvat (Fms. vi. 40); a subj. pres. knega,
knegi, knegim, Hkv. 2. 34, Fsm. 22, 25, 41, Stor. 15, N. G. L. i. 89; pret. kni for kntti, Fms. xi.
296 (in a verse), Rekst.; with a suff. neg. kn-at, non potest, Gm. 25; knk-a, non possum, Hm. 32,
Am. 52; knegu-t, plur. non possunt, Hkv. Hjrv. 13: [A. S. cnwan; Engl. know] :-- I know how to
do a thing, I can, or quite paraphrastically like Engl. do; ek kn sja, I can see, i.e. I do see, freq. in
poetry, always followed by an innitive, but very rare in prose: I. in poetry; llu gulli kn hann einn
ra, Fm. 34; hver er r kn hafa viltar, Sdm. 19; knttu sj mey und hjlmi, Fm. 44; melta
knttu, Akv. 36; er vrr n verr vinna kntti, Gkv. 33; ef ek sj kntti, 22; ef hann eiga kntti, Skv.
3. 3; ok kntta ek r fami felask, Hkv. 2. 27; knttim hefna, Gh. 5; knegu oss fara, ye cannot
confound us, Hkv. Hjrv. 13; knega ek grami fagna, Hkv. 2. 34: knegi hnga, Fsm. 25; knegi sofa,
41, 42; s er tra knegim, Stor. 15; skjldu knegut ar velja, Akv. 4; knkat ek segja, I can never
say, Hm. 32; knka ek ess njta, Am. 52; ek hykk knttu (pret. inn.) kjsa, Sighvat;
ginnunga-v knttu brinna, did burn, Haustl.; knttu drpa, they did droop, Eg. (in a verse); kntti
svelgja, t. 4; unnir knegu glymja, Gm. 7; bjllur knegu hringjask, . H. (in a verse); hann kn
kjsa, he does choose, Vsp. 62; knttu sporna, they did spur, 28, Og. 9; hann kni velja, Rekst.;
kni lenda, Fms. xi. 296 (in a verse); hann kntti vakna, did awake, Bragi; r knttu skipta, ye did
share, Edda (in a verse); ek kn stra, Landn. (in a verse); kn-at s veig vanask, Gm. 25; kn sna,
Vsp. (Hb.) II. in prose; kn at grafa kirkju-gari, then it can be buried in a churchyard, N. G.
L. i. 12 :-- I shall, in law phrases, vrr kn engi blandask vi bf, N. G. L. i. 18 :-- I can, I do,
skulu ingmenn veita honum vpnatak til ess at hann knegi verja jr sna lgum at dmi, N. G. L.
i. 89; hann kntti engu bergja (he did not taste) af himneskum stleik, Eluc. 59; eir bu at eir
kntti sj lkama Clement pafa, Clem. 47.
kn-leikr, m. prowess, pithiness, Sd. 138, Bjarn. 48.
knliga, adv. deftly, doughtily: eir skja k. ferina, Ld. 226; stndum mt eim k., Fms. i. 303;
skipai jarl Orminn sem knligast, iii. 12; hann keyri nautin k., Glm. 342.
knligr, adj. deft, brisk-looking; eir vru knligir menn ok vru mjk grjtplar fyrir bi svfrs,
Ld. 122; mialdra menn ok inir knligustu, Sturl. i. 99.
KNR, adj., fem. kn (kn, Bs. i. 345), neut. kntt, [cp. Lat. gnavus] :-- pithy, vigorous; hann var
mikill mar vexti ok knr, ok inn vaskasti um alla hluti, Sturl. ii. 38; orbjrn var knstr mar, Lv.
27; var gott til knrra manna Miri, r. 15; var Karl knstr, Sd. 138; var san til kona vel
tvtog, en kn, Bs. i. 345; knir menn ok latir, Fbr. 50 new Ed.; ok knm mnnum, Bs. i.
349; skal ek f til kn menn at fylgja r, orst. Su H. 181; vita mtti at, segir Grettir, at ek
munda eigi slku til leiar koma, sem ek he unnit, ef ek vra eigi all-knr, Grett. 97 new Ed.;
margr er knr hann s smr, a saying; eigi matti hann styrkvan kalla at ai en var hann hinn
knsti ok inn masti, Sturl. iii. 221; essi skriu tndisk Marks, en s komsk brott heill er
knstr var, Bs. i. 640; lkar eim vel vi Brand, vat hann var bi knr ok livaskr, Lv. 24;
rarinn var knstr mar annarr en orgils, Fs. 143.
KN, n., gen. pl. knj, dat. knjm, and older knim; [Goth. kniu; A. S. cneow; O. H. G. chniu:
Germ. knie; Dan. kn; Lat. genu; Gr. GREEK] :-- the knee; hrynja kn, kv. 30; knjnum, Fms.
i. 182; bi kn, Nj. 70; setja kn e-m, Fms. i. 16; andaisk Kjartan knjm Bolla, ii. 257; kn
kalinn, Hm. 3; at er fall, ef mar styr nir kn er hendi, Grg. 2. phrases, ganga, koma (fara,
hvarfa) fyrir kn e-m, to go, come, before another's knees, approach as a suppliant, Nj. 212, 229,
Fbr. (in a verse), Fms. viii. 299; leia e-n fyrir kn e-m, id., Sks. 650; lta kn fylgja kvi, let the
knee follow the belly, plant the knee on the belly, in wrestling, Grett. 28 new Ed.; koma e-m kn,
to bring one to his knees, overcome; llum kemr hann (the death) kn, Al. 132; henni (Elli = the
Age) her engi kn komit, Edda ii. 286, Karl. 421; tala um vert kn sr, to 'talk across one's
knees,' to gossip, chatter, Sturl. iii. 150; rsa kn, to arise, Hm. 51; sitja fyrir kn, knjm e-m, to
sit at one's knees, feet, Og. 8 (of a midwife); en jnustu-kona hennar sat fyrir knjm henni, ok
skyldi taka vi barninu, Fms. viii. 7; falla kn, to fall on one's knees, Edda 33; steig hann af
baki, fll kn ok bask fyrir, 92; leggjask kn, id., 95. 3. knee-timber, in boat-building; engi var
saumr , en vijar fyrir kn, Fms. vii. 216; ok eigi var meiri sjr en mitt knjm, Bs. i. 390; ertog
fyrir kn hvert, krapta hvern ok kollu hverja, N. G. L. ii. 283. COMPDS: kns-bt, f., pl. knsbtr,
(but knsftum, Sm. 91), the houghs, Lat. poplites, Fms. iii. 188, Fbr. 159, 179, Al. 43, Fas. ii.
354, Edda 40. knj-dkr, m. a knee-cloth, cushion, Vm. 52, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18. knj-lir, m. the
knee-joint, Fas. iii. 329. II. [A. S. cneow; but cp. also Ulf. knods = GREEK, Phil. iii. 5; O. H. G.
knot; Hel. cnostes] :-- a degree in relationship or lineage, spec, a degree of cognate relationship, a
Norse law term, (hfubam is the agnate); at sjaunda kn ok sjaunda li, in the seventh cognate
and agnate degree, N. G. L. i. 15; at mta kn ok mta li, id.; at mta kn ok mta manni, to the
fth degree of relalionship by the female and the fth by the male side, 350; til nunda kns, 49, 50;
af kn hverju, at stta kn, 148; n skal engi mar f frndkonu sna skyldri en at mta kn, ok at
mta manni frndleif, 350; kvenn-kn (q.v.), cognate lineage.
B. COMPDS: kn-ber, m. a knee cushion; falla knbe, to kneel, Greg. 67, Hom. 75, Ld. 328,
Nj. 132, Fms. viii. 95; leggjast k., Bs. i. 352; knbeja-fall, kneeling, H. E. ii. 188. kn-beygjask,
, to bow the knees, Mar. kn-bjrg, f. a knee-piece, Sks. 405. kn-fall, n. kneeling, Th. 16, Barl.
25, Stat. 299. kn-falla, fll, to fall on the knees, Stj. 204, Fms. i. 147, Bs. i. 684. kn-kast, n. (?),
knkast, festar-f ok morgungjf, D. N. i. 356. kn-krjpa, kraup, to kneel. kn-lir, m. the knee-
joint. Sturl. iii. 116. kn-runnr, m., see below. kn-setja, tt, to set on one's knees, a kind of
adoption; hann knsetti ann svein ok fstrai, Hkr. i. 97; tk Haukr sveininn ok setr kn
Aalsteini konnngi ... Haukr mlti, knsett her hann n ok mttu myra hann ef vill, 120.
kn-setningr, m. a 'knee-set,' a foster son, Fms. i. 85. kn-sig, n. a sinking on one's knees, metaph.
f knsig, Fas. iii. 430. kn-skl, f. the knee-pan, Fr. 269, Nj. 205, O. H. L. 73. kn-skot, n., see
below. kn-sl, f. the name of the Rune RUNE, Sklda 177.
knefa, a, to determine; er ar n knefat um annat r, Sturl. ii. 181; er at n knefat at ek vil hafa
Skagafjr, iii. 232.
knefan, f. determination (?); m eigi at mla at r takit knefanar kost, Sturl. iii. 276.
knell, m. a post, pole; b me fjrum kneum, Gl. 499.
kneif, f. [cp. Engl. nip], a kind of nippers or pincers, Bjrn; hreifa kneif, 'palm-pincers,' pot. for
the hand, grasp, Gsl. (in a verse): a nickname, Landn. 278.
kneiking, f. a grasping, embrace; kossa ok kneikingar, Fb. i. 411.
KNEIKJA, t, [Dan. knkke], to bend backwards with force; hann kneikti hann aptr bak, Eg. 397;
tk axlir honum ok kneikti hann upp at stfum, 552; san kneiktir hann Kallrana, Fas. ii. 131.
knell, m. courage; kjark ok knell, 655 xvii. 24.
KNEPPA, t, [knappr], to stud; hettu knepta nir millum fta sr, Br. 179, orf. Karl. 412;
kneppta ska, nailed shoes, Fas. i. 34.
knerra, u, f. = knrr, a nickname, Fms. viii.
kn-runnr, m. [A. S. cneow-rim and cneowres, see kn II. above: knrunnr (if referred to runnr = a
grove) gives no adequate meaning, whereas the A. S. rm = number is just the word we should
expect; and as the identity between the A. S. and Norse law terms can scarcely be doubted, it is
likely that the Norse or Icel. form is simply a corruption of the A. S. form. Probably, as the A. S. rm
was unintelligible to the Norsemen, they took the Norse word nearest in sound; the word was
probably borrowed from the A. S. through the eccl. law, so that its use in Nj. is an anachronism] :--
lineage, as also degree in lineage; at er k. at telja fr systkinum, Grg. i. 171; telja knrunnum,
254; veg aldrei meir enn sama knrunn en um sinn, Nj. 85; allt til hinnar sjaundu kynkvslar
ea knrunns, Stj. 54; ella mun ek mla at or, Yngveldr, at uppi mun vera alla knrunni
yrum, orst. Su H. 186.
kn-skot, n. a dishonour, humiliation, of a member of a family; n verr knskot erfum, skal
s hafa er nnari er, N. G. L. i. 49; koma knskoti e-n, to bring one to his knees, Barl. 53.
kneyfa, , a false form; see kveyfa.
kneytir, m. a ravisher (?), Bjarn. (in a verse).
KNA or knj, : I. to press, urge, debate; eigi kunnu vr at segja hve lengi eir knu etta, Fms.
xi. 48; en er eir knau etta ml milli sn, . H. 127, (Hkr. ii. 207, Fms. iv. 284 wrongly knau.)
II. most freq. in poetry, but only in the pret. kni, to knock, strike, press; hamri kni hfjall skarar,
Hm. 2. 1; kni grindr, Am. 35; hrpu kni, Akv. 32; hir kni rar, Rekst.; knum unnir, we
rowed, Akv. 36; hinn er kjlslir kni, Fms. xi. 196 (in a verse); eir knu ber bir, pressed the
vine, Sklda (in a verse); eir knu hjlma, Fas. ii. 549 (in averse); eir knu bl bor, Sighvat;
atrr mikinn knu (gnu MS.), Jd. 22. III. reex. to struggle, ght hard; harir knusk menn at,
Fms. xi. 305 (in a verse). 2. part. knr, knan kjapt, Fms. viii. 208 (in a verse); foldar su brimi
kna, a surf-beaten coast, xi. 307.
knar, m. pl. champions; seggir, knar ok liar, Edda (Gl.)
KNFR, m., mod. hnfr; [Dan. kniv; Swed. knif; Engl. knife] :-- a knife or dirk, such as the ancients
wore fastened to their belts; and so a knife with a belt is freq. mentioned as a gift; the handles of
these knives or dirks were neatly carved of walrus' tusks; see Landn. l.c., Sks. l.c., Am. 55, 59, Gl.
164, Eg. 210, N. G. L. i. 39, Bs. i. 385; knf ok belli, Nj. 73, Fs. 98: metaph. in the phrase, kaupa
um knfa, to exchange knives, to change one's state, Korm. 238; skar Tjr au knfsskepti snu,
T. carved their images on his knives' handles, Landn. 248; hafa eir hvalir tennr ekki strri en gra
m mjk str knfa-hepti af, Sks. 127. COMPDS: knfa-dkr, m. a napkin (?), Vm. 109, D. N. iii.
202, iv. 217. knfs-bla, n. a knife's blade, Rtt. 2. 10. knfs-egg, f. a knife's edge. knfs-hepti, n. a
knife's handle, Landn. 248, Sks. 127. knfs-oddr, m. a knife's point, Fs. 144. knfs-skapt (-skepti),
n. = knfskepti, Fms. iii. 358, 391, Landn. 248.
KNOA, a, mod. hnoa. [A. S. cndan], to knead; knoa saman mjl ok smjr, Landn. 34; eir
hfu knoat saman deig vi snj, Ann. 1337; mlu eir at sundr sem smst, knoau san
saman, Stj. 293; ba Sigmundr hann knoa r mjlvi v ... mjlinu, er ek tk at knoa, ok hr
he ek me knoat at er var, Fas. i. 129.
KNOKA, ad, [A. S. cnucian], to knock, thump; eir hfu r bart hfuit allt honum ok knokat,
Hom. 120; orvaldr knokai (forced) sna menn til ljgvitna, Bs. i. 665; ok hygg ek at menn mnir
hefi hann mest knokat, Karl. 399.
KNOSA, a, [Ulf. knusian = to kneel; A. S. cnysian; Dan. knuse] :-- to bruise, beat; eir hfu r
barit hfu hans ok knosat, Fms. v. 148; senda mun Drottinn yr ik hungr ar til er hann knosar
ik, Stj. 344, 345; skal ek me miklum ok margfldum kvlum knosa yra lkami, Fb. i. 404; tekr
hann at knosa hjarta Theophili, Th. 14; knosu bnd, Lkn. 30: knosar, often eccl., in the sense of
bruised, contrite; sundrknosa hjarta, a contrite heart, Vdal. passim.
KNI, a, m. a knuckle, Rm. 8; hann heri hendrnar at hamarskaptinu sv at hvtnuu knarnir,
Edda 28, Fms. vi. 106; knjm ok knum, v. 140. II. a kind of ship, Edda (Gl.) 2. a pr. name, Gs.
13.
knska, a, to knock, ill-treat, Fms. vii. 269, ix. 468, Fas. iii. 497.
knskan, f. knocking. Fms. ii. 87, viii. 41.
KNTA, u, f., mod. hnta :-- a knuckle-bone, joint-bone, head of a bone (lr-knta, the hip joint);
bl hljp milli leggjarins ok kntunnar, Bs. i. 179, 253; hann tekr sv vi kntunni, ar fylgir
leggrinn me, Fas 67. kntu-kast, n. a throwing with knuckle-bones, a game, Br. 176.
kntttr, adj. knotted, Berl. 147.
KNTR, m. [Engl. knot; Dan. knud; Swed. knut], a knot, Stj. 96, Bs. ii. 170; leysa knt, Edda 29,
Fms. i. 112; ra knt, to tie a knot, iii. 97, vii. 123; knta knt, to knit a knot, Fb. i. 97; ef kntr
losnar,
gjaldi s er knt kntti, N. G. L. ii. 281: metaph., rei Nichuls knt v, at hann mundi aldri
lausar lta r eignir, Sturl. iii. 144; rembi-kntr, a kind of knot; reipa-k., -- some of these
references, esp. Fms. vii. l.c., as also several phrases, refer to a tale akin to that told in Arrian Anab.
2. 3. II. medic. a bump, protuberance, after a bone fracture or the like, 655 xi. 1, Bs. i. 328, Br.
174; tku at losna eir kntar sem sinarnar hfu saman dregit, Mar. III. a pr. name, Kntr, m.
Cnut, Canute, Fms.: mar-kntr, q.v.
knykr, m. = fnykr (q.v.), Barl.
knylla, t, [A. S. cnyllan; Engl. knell], to beat with a blunt weapon; eir knylltu harm me keyrinu,
Sturl. iii. 212.
knypri, n. a cowering; vefja sik knypri, to crouch together, Konr.; see hnipr.
knysking, f. = knskan, Hv. 41.
knytja, a, mod. hnytja, [kntr], to knit together, truss; n knytja au saman yxnina, Bret. 26;
sumri hey hnytja, Haligr., Snt.
Knytlingar, m. pl. the descendants of Cnut, the old royal family of Denmark. Knytlinga-Saga, u, f.
the Saga of the K.
knyttr, m., see knyttr.
knll, m., mod. hnll, a short horn, Hkr. i. 72, Fms. x. 170.
knttr, adj. short-horned, Fms. viii. 243, Thom. 473.
KNJA, pres. knr, pl. knjum; pret. kni and kni; part. pass. kninn: [Scot. know, knusc, = to
press down with the sts and knees; Swed. knoga; Dan. knuge] :-- to knock, press; tvr kistur fullar
af gulli, sv at eigi mttu tveir menn meira k. (carry?), Fms. xi. 24; kni , ok mun fyrir yr upp
loki vera, Matth. vii. 7; hann kni hurina, he knocked at the door, Fms. vi. 122; knr hausmagi
hur, brir, ok knr heldr fast, Grett. 154; eptir at knja eir ar ofan strt grjt, Fas. ii. 508 :--
to press, knr hann ar til er eir segja, Bs. ii. 227; pnn knr hann at eistafnum, 52; eir
knu fast rar me strum bakfllum, Fas. i. 214; hann stafestisk fyrir hellis-dyrum, kni fast ok
kallai, Barl. 199; kn hann fast ok ml etta, ... ok v er Einarr var kninn, Fms. vi. 280. 2. esp.
in poetry, to press on, urge onwards; hann gat varia fylgt henni, sv kni hn fast reiina, Ld. 138;
knyja merki, vexilla proferre, Fms. vi. 87 (in a verse); knja v, id., Orkn.; skr kni snekkju
brand fr landi, Fms. vi. 134; sverlfr kni lagar st sunnan, Ht.; eir knu bl bor, Sighvat;
ormr knr unnir, Vsp. 50; lafr knr Vsund (the ship) noran, . H. (in a verse); knja bardaga =
bellum gerere, Lex. Pot.; kappar knu hildi, Fas. ii. 276 (in a verse); knja tta, to press on the
ying, Fms. x. 424 (, in a verse); haus knr hjarar vsi, Eb. (in a verse). II. reex. to struggle on,
press on; v harara er rr knisk at fanginu, Edda 33; knjask eir at vginu, Bret.; hann laust
fjtrinum jrina ok knisk fast at, spyrnir vi, braut fjturinn, Edda i. 108; knjask eir fast, ok
verr brak mikit um , Grett. 107; knusk Baglar eptir, Fb. ii. 659; ok me essari tlan
knisk fram alan, Fms. xi. 269; lendir menn eggjuu li sitt, ok knusk til framgngu, . H.
216. 2. part. kninn, hard driven, hard pressed; til kninn af essi nausyn, Stj. 450; til kninn af
Gus hlfu, Bs. ii. 38, freq. in prose.
KNTA, t, [kntr; A. S. cnytan; Engl. knit; Dan. knytte] :-- to knit, fasten by a knot, bind, tie; ek
kntt silki-dregli um hfu barninu, id., Fms. xi. 2; leggr ok kntir vi vagn, Bret. 26; knta
saman, to knit together, Sklda 180; hann kntir saman halana nautunum, Gsl. 29. 2. of a purse
(kntil-skauti); ngrgullit hafi kntt verit enni sveininum, Fms. xi. 2; hn hafi kntt dkinn
gull mikit, Fs. 59. II. impers. in a medic. sense; kntti hrygginn (acc.), the back knotted up, became
crooked, Fms. vii. 208; l mestr verkr lendum hennar ar til er r (acc.) kntti, Bs. i. 328;
er snar kntti, Eb. 244; knttr, knotted, crippled; knttr var hann herum ok bringu, Fms. vii.
239; kntt ok bmlu, ryml. 71; var ekki bein broti ok kntt, Bs. i. 347; var hryggr ok lendar
knttr en ftrnir kreptir, 181.
knti, n. a bag, purse; hn tekr upp grsin ok leggr knti undir hfu sr, Fas. iii. 580, Bs. ii. 170;
see knti-skauti.
kntir, m. knitter, a nickname, Landn.
knti-skauti, a, m., prop. a knotted sheet or kerchief, a bag, purse; for the ancients used to keep
money and precious things in kerchiefs knotted up and used as a purse, Bs. i. 337, 340, . H. 148.
Gsl. 19 :-- so also kntil-skauti, a, m.; tk einn kntilskauta ok leysir til, lk. 37; leysa til
kntilskauta, Fas. iii. 580: see knti.
KNRR, m., gen. knarrar, dat. knerri, n. pl. knerrir, acc. knrru; [A. S. cnear] :-- a ship, esp. a kind
of merchant-ship, opp. to langskip; hann hafi tv knorru ok sextigu hermanna hverjum, Fms. iii.
36; ll strskip bi knrru ok nnur, ix. 167; er betra at halda langskipum til hafnar en knrrum,
Fas. i. 278; eptir at kom Hngr me knrru tv, Eg. 71, 79. 98, Lv. 100. COMPDS: knarrar-btr,
m. = eptir-btr, a ship's boat, Bjarn. 16, Ld. 116. knarrar-bringa, u, f. a nickname, Landn.
knarrar-nes, n. a local name in Icel. knarrar-skip, n. = knrr, Dropl. 4. knarrar-smir, m. a
shipwright, a nickname, . H.
KNTTR, m., gen. knattar, dat. knetti. pl. knettir, acc. knttu :-- a ball, orf. Karl. 426, Fms. iii.
186: var sullrinn sprunginn ok hlaupinn rj knttu, Bs. i. 178, v.l. II. a cricket-ball, Sturl. ii.
190, Grett. 92, Vgl. 24, Gsl. 26, Fs. 60, 86; betra ykkir Hrafni at hera kna at knetti en hefna
fur sns, H. is fonder of playing at ball than of revenging his father, Fms. vi. 106.
kobbi, a, m. popular name for a seal, kpr: a nickname, Fas. ii. 439. II. a pet name for Jacob.
KODDI, a, m. [Scot. and North. E. cod; Swed. kudde] :-- a pillow, Str. 5, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Vm.
109; kodda-ver, a pillow-case, freq. in mod. usage; silki-k., a silk pillow.
kori, a, m. the scrotum, of animals; cp. A. S. codd = a bag.
kofa, u, f. a young pufn; teisti-k., lunda-k.: kofna-far, n., -tekja, u, f. catching young pufns.
kofan or kofarn, n. and kofarn-rakki, a, m. [cp. early Dan. kofn-rakk] :-- a lap-dog, N. G. L. i.
234 (spelt kofan): metaph. a snappish person, hann var et mesta kofarn skapi, Finnb. 280.
koffort, n. [for. word], a coffer, (mod.)
KOFI, a, m. [A. S. cofa], used of a convent cell, 673. 55, Bs. i. 204, Landn. 50, Stj. 227, 471, D. N.
passim, Mar.: a hut, shed, freq. in mod. usage.
ko, m. a cowl; see ku.
kofr, n. [for. word], a coffer; skrn ok kofr, Pm. 19.
kofri, a, m. a hood or bonnet of fur, lk. 34; svartr lambskinnskofri, Sturl. ii. 154, orf. Karl. 374,
N. G. L. i. 211, Vgl. 22.
kofr-mlugr, adj. testy, snappish, Fas. ii. 233.
kofr-menni, n. a snappish, testy person; k. skapi, Finnb. 280.
kogla, a, [kaga], to goggle, Fs. 48.
KOK, n. the gullet, esp. of birds; ok vka kokin vesallig, vandi lta mata sig, Bb. 2. 25, freq. in
mod. usage. kok-mltr, adj. speaking in the gullet.
koka, a, to gulp like a gull.
kokkll, m. = Dan. hanrej, from Lat. cuculus, a cuckold.
kokkr, m. [for. word], a cook; kokks-hnfa grlur, Hallgr., (rare.)
kokkr, m. a cock, occurs as a GREEK in Edda (Gl.) ii. 488.
KOL, n. pl. [A. S. cl; Engl. coal; O. H. G. and Germ. kohlen; Dan. kul] :-- coals, charcoal; kurla,
kvista, sva kol, brenna kol, Grg. i. 200, ii. 295, Nj. 57, lk. 34; gra kol, Grg. ii. 297; leiri ok
kolum, Fms. ii. 59; elda vii ok hafa til kola, Grg. ii. 211; brenna at kldum kolum (see kaldr),
Fms. iii. 92, passim; kalda-kol (see kaldr), cold ashes. II. metaph., in compds, kol-svartr, kol-
dimmr, coal-black; in pr. names (of dark skin, hair, beard), of men, Kolr, Kol-beinn, Kol-grmr,
Kol-bjrn, Kol-nnr, Kol-skeggr; of women, Kol-nna, Kol-brn (q.v.), Kol-grma, Landn.
COMPDS: kola-grf, f. a charcoal-pit. kola-karl and kola-mar, m. a charcoal-maker, Vpn. 16,
Rtt. 59, Art. kola-meiss, m. a box of coals, Art.
kola, u, f. a small at open lamp, Sturl. ii. 117, Vm. 8, Gsl. 29, D. N. iv. 457; kolum af steini er
eiri, N. G. L. ii. 247, (stein-kola, q.v.)
kol-btr, adj. 'coal-biter,' coal-eater, a popular name of an idle youth sitting always at the reside,
cp. Dan. askes, as also aschbrdel in the German legends; Starkar var hmaldi ok kolbtr ok l
eti vi eld, Fas. iii. 18; hann her upp vaxit vi eld ok verit kolbtr, ii. 114; Beigaldi var kolbtr,
Eg. 109.
kol-blr, adj. 'coal-blue,' dark blue, livid, Eb. 172, Bs. i. 354, (from a blow): esp. of the sea, sjr
kolblr, Nj. 19, Ld. 118, Fms. iv. 309.
kol-brenna, u, f. hot charcoal, Eb. 120, lk. 34.
Kol-brn, f. 'Coal-brow,' nickname of a lady, Fbr.; whence Kolbrnar-skld, n. nickname of a
poet, id.
kol-dimmr, adj. dark as coal, of a dark night.
kol-grf, f. a charcoal pit, Grg, ii. 333, Nj. 58.
kol-gr, f. charcoal-making, Vm. 80.
koli, a, m. a kind of sh, a sole.
kolka, u, f. a nickname, Landn.
kol-krabbi, a, m. the 'coal-crab,' i.e. cuttle-sh.
KOLLA, u, f., prop. a deer without horns, a humble deer, a hind; fll hann ar grasvllinn hj
kollunni, Str. 4, 7; hirtir allir ok kollur, Karl. 476, (hjart-kolla, q.v.) 2. a cow; kollu hali, a cow's tail,
Bjarn. (in a verse); at heita Kollu-vsur, er hann kva um kr t slandi, Fms. vi. 366, Bjarn. 43,
cp. 32. 3. in mod. usage, esp. a humble ewe; , arna er hn Kolla mn blessu komin af fjallinu!
Piltr og Stlka 20; M-kolla, Grett. 4. of a girl; fri-kolla, a 'peace-maid,' Swed. Dal-kulla = the
maid of the Dales. II. a pot or bowl without feet. III. naut. one of the cleats in a ship (?), N. G. L. ii.
283, v.l. kollu-band, n. the stay fastened to the kolla.
kolla, a, to hit in the head, metaph. to harm; ykkir n sem eim muni ekki kolla, Sturl. iii. 237.
kol-laupr, m. a coal-box, Vpn. 16.
kollekta, u, f. [for. word], a collect, eccl., m. 45.
koll-gta, u, f. a right guess; eiga kollgtuna, to guess rightly.
koll-grta, u, f. a pot without feet, D. N. v. 586.
koll-hei, n. bright sky overhead; kollhei upp himininn, Br. 20 new Ed.
koll-hetta, u, f. a kind of cap, Sturl. ii. 9. sl. ii. 417.
koll-hns, m. [kollr and hnsa = a dolphin, = Dan. kollbtter], a somersault; stingast kollhns, to
make a somersault, a game.
koll-hr, f. the paroxysm in childbirth when the head appears, of men and beast: metaph. the
highest pitch, mean kollhrin stendr .
koll-hfa, u, f. a skull-cap: the phrase, leggja kollhfur, to butt with one's head, of a vicious horse.
koll-httr, m. = kollhetta, Bs. i. 497.
kollttr, adj. without horns, humble, of a cow or sheep, Gl. 401, Sturl. i. 159; hann tk kolltta af
hverjum bnda, Landn. 147, 148, Sturl. iii. 238; Auunn var kollttr (with shaven crown) ok
kllauss, Fms. vi. 302; hann var kominn fr Rmi ok var stafkarl, k. ok magr ok nr kllauss,
viii. 206: having the hair cut short, sveina tv kolltta, Fr. 34; kollttar meyjar, of nuns, Orkn. (in
a verse).
KOLLR, m. [Scot. coll = a hay-cock], a top, summit; ok mndu upp r kollarnir, of hayricks, Sturl.
i. 179; kolli fjallsins, Stj. 399, fna-kollar. II. the head, crown; ungr mar, vaxit hr af kolli, Fr.
9; piltar tveir lku glnu, eim var sprotti hr r kolli, Fb. i. 258. 2. a shaven crown; hann rakar
af eim hrit, ok gri eim koll, Hv. 56; grir r koll, Nj. 181, Fas. i. 234; honum skal
raka koll; bra skal koll hans, N. G. L. i. 334. 3. phrases, ok lt hans vndskap koma honum koll,
let his wickedness fall on his own pate, Stj. 485; geta kollinn, to guess true (koll-gta); koll af
kolli, from head to head, one after another; a gekk svo koll af kolli; knka kolli, to nod; hnippa
kolli hvr at rum, Grett. 166 new Ed.: um koll, Dan. om kuld, head over heels; eir rtuu um
koll tainu, Vgl. 17, (rtuu fyrir honum tainu, new Ed. l.c.); hrinda e-m um koll, Fas. iii. 545. 4.
a pet name, a boy, my boy! hv vildir , kollr minn! ljga at okkr Mru? cp. kolla, Bs. i. 600; gl-
kollr, a fair-haired boy. 5. a ram without horns; M-kollr, Grett., (kolla, a ewe.) 6. a nickname,
hru-kollr, hoary head; i-k., downy head, Landn.: a pr. name, Kollr, id.: in compds, Koll-sveinn,
Hs-kollr, q.v.; Sn-kollr, Landn.
koll-steypa, t, = kollverpa.
koll-sveinn, m. a boy with a at cap, = kollttr sveinn, Fms. iii. 178.
koll-verpa or koll-varpa, a, to overthrow, ( = varpa um koll), Bs. ii. 71.
kol-merktr, part. black as jet; kolmerkt kli, Sturl. ii. 32, Vm. 126.
kol-mla, u, f. 'coal-mouth,' black mouth, pot. a goat, Edda (Gl.)
kol-mlugr, adj. black in the mouth; komi engi kolmlugr r ka, er rdeya llu norr-
ha, of shes, sl. js. ii. 130 (in a ditty).
Kolni, f. Cologne, Fms. passim. Kolnis-meyjar, f. pl. the eleven thousand virgins of Cologne.
kol-nia-myrkr, n. pitchy darkness, Dan. blg-mrke.
kolorr, m. [for. word], colour, Stj. 72.
kolr, m. black tom-cat: a pr. name, Nj.
kol-reykr, m. coal reek, smoke from burning charcoal, Nj. 58, Bjarn. 42.
kol-skeggr, m. coal-beard, black-beard: a pr. name, Landn.
kol-skgr, m. a wood where charcoal is made, Vm. 168.
kol-skr, f. a poker, see sl. js. ii. 459 (in a verse).
kol-svartr, adj. coal-black, jet-black, Fb. i. 526, Sks. 92, Bs. i. 670, Fas. iii. 12.
kol-trna, u, f. coal-snout, sl. js. ii. 463.
Kolumba, m. St. Columba. Kolumba-messa, -kirkja, u, f. the mass, kirk of St. Columba, Landn.,
Fms.
kol-vir, m. 'coal-wood,' wood for charcoal, Nj. 58, Grg. ii. 298, Jb. 237; era sem kolvi klj |
karl s er vegr at jarli, Fms. viii. (a ditty).
KOMA, pres. sing, kem, kemr, kemr; an older form komr is used constantly in very old and good
vellum MSS., as the Kb. of Sm.; and even spelt keomr or ceomr (in Eluc., Greg., etc.); reex.
komsk, 2nd pers. kmztu (pervenis), Sdm. 10: pret. kom, kom-k, I came, Skm. 18: 2nd pers. komt,
17, mod. komst: the pret. plur. varies, kvmu being the oldest form; kvmu, often in the MSS.;
kmu, as it is still pronounced in the west of Icel.; the usual and latest form is komu, with a short
vowel; the spelling of the MSS. cannot always be ascertained, as the word is usually written kumu
UNCERTAIN or qumu UNCERTAIN: pret. subj. kvmi and kmi UNCERTAIN (kmi): imperat.
kom, kom-, proncd, kondu, come thou! pret. inn. kmu (venisse), Fms. i. 224 (in a verse), Geisli
62 :-- with suff. neg., pres. k&aolig;mr-at or kmr-a, Akv. 11, Grg. ii. 141, Gkv. 3. 8; pret. kom-a,
kom-a, came not, Ls. 56, orf. Karl. (in a verse), d. 18; 2nd pers. komtau (non venisti), Am. 99;
subj. kmi-a (non veniret), Gs. 10: reex., pres. kmsk-at, Grg. ii. 180; pret. komsk-at (could not
come), Am. 3 :-- a middle form, pres. 1st pers. komum-k (komumsk), . H. 140, 214, Skm. 10, 11;
subj. pres. komimk, . H. 85; pret. kmomc, Hbl. 33 (Bugge); part. pass. kominn, see Gramm. p.
xix. The preterite forms kvam and kvaminn, used in the Edition of the Sturl. and in a few other
mod. Editions without warrant in the MSS., are due to the fact that the Edition of Sturl. was
published from a transcript now in the Advocates' Library in Edinburgh, made by the learned priest
Eyjolf Vllum (died A.D. 1745), who used this spelling: in prehistoric times, before the age of
writing, it may be assumed for certain that this verb had a v throughout, as in Gothic: [Ulf. qiman,
i.e. qwiman, = GREEK; A. S. cuman; Engl. come; O. H. G. queman; Germ. kommen; Dutch komen;
Dan. komme; Swed. komma; Lat. venio, qs. gvenio; the Ormul. spells cumenn, indicating a long
root vowel; cp. North. E. coom.]
A. To come; s eirra sem fyrr kmi, Fms. ix. 373; konungr kom norr til Tnsbergs, 375; kmu
Finnar heim, i. 9; eir mgar kmu r hjkl, Sturl. ii. 124; kmr hann konungs fund, Fms. ix.
221; vru eir noran komnir, 308; hr er n komin r ein kolltt, Sturl. i. 159, passim. 2. to
become, arrive; brf kmu fr Skla jarli, Fms. ix. 375; ef sv sarliga kmr skip til hlunns, Sks.
28; en er vr kom, Eg. 167; koma at mli vi e-n, to have an interview, talk with one, 467; konungi
kom njsn, Fms. vii. 57; komu honum au tendi, i. 37; etta kom allt fyrir Ingimar, vii. 114;
kom honum at (it came to him, he got it) fyrir tan f, en engum kom fyrr, x. 394; hvat sem bak
kemr, whatsoever may befall, Nj. 193; koma e-m at haldi, or hald, to avail oneself, 192, Fms. x.
413; koma at gagni, to 'come in useful,' be of use, Nj. 264; koma at vrum, to come at unawares,
Ld. 132; koma e-m fyrir vart, id., Fms. xi. 290; koma vart, Nj. 236; koma rf = koma gagn,
Fms. vii. 14; hvar kom kapp itt ? Bs. i. 18; ml koma dm, to be brought up for judgment, Fms.
vii. 115; lr vetrinn, kemr ar (that time comes) er menn fara til Gulaings, Eg. 340; var sv
komit, at allir menn vru sofa farnir, 376; kom sv (it came to pass) at Bri var heiti meyjunni,
26; sv kemr, kemr ar, at, it comes to pass. Fb. i. 174, ii. 48, 68; lta koma, to let come, put; san
ltu eir koma eld spnuna, Fms. xi. 34. 3. in greeting; kom heill, welcome! kom heill ok sll,
frndi! Nj. 175: mod. komdu (kondu) sll! komi r slir! II. with prepp.; koma , to hit; ef
kmr, Grg. ii. 7 :-- koma at, to come to, arrive, happen; lttu at v koma, let it be so, Dropl. 24;
kom at mjk optliga at honum, of sickness, Fms. vii. 150; kom at eim svefnhfgi, sleep came
upon them, Nj. 104; koma at hendi, to happen; mikill vandi er kominn at hendi, 177, Hom. 80;
koma at e-u, to come at, regain, recover; koma at hamri, kv. 32 :-- koma fram, to come forth,
appear, stund var milli er eir s framstafninn ok inn eptri kom fram, Fms. ii. 304; engin kom
nnur vistin fram, Eg. 549; n eru ll sknar-ggn fram komin, Nj. 143: to emerge, hann kom fram
Danmrk, Hkr. i. 210, 277, sl. ii. 232, Eg. 23, Landn. 134, Orkn. 152: to arrive, sendimenn fru
ok fram kmu, Fms. xi. 27; reifa ml au fyrst er fyrst eru fram komin, each in its turn, Grg. i. 64:
to be fullled, happen, v er num dgum mun fram koma, Ld. 132; n mun at fram komit sem
ek saga, Eg. 283; kom n fram spsagan Gests, Ld. 286; ll essi merki kmu fram ok fylldusk,
Stj. 444; aldrei skal mar arf taka eptir ann mann er hann vegr, er rr bana fram kominn, whom
he has slain, or whose death he has devised with effect, Grg. ii. 113; staar-pri est fram komin,
Bs. i. 146; vera langt fram kominn, mod. fram kominn, to be 'in extremis,' at the point of death,
644; er s frsgn eigi langt fram komin, this story comes from not far off, i.e. it is derived from
rst, not second hand, Fms. viii. 5 :-- koma fyrir, to come as payment, tvau hundra skyldu koma
fyrir vg Snorra (of weregild), Sturl. ii. 158; henni kvask aldri hefnt ykkja Kjartans, nema Bolli
kmi fyrir, Ld. 240; allt mun koma fyrir eitt, it will come to the same, Lv. 11, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 208;
koma fyrir ekki, to come to naught, be of no avail, sl. ii. 215, Fms. vi. 5 :-- koma , to enter, come
in, a sherman's term; koma drtt, to hook a sh; at komi me ykkr orbrandssonum, that ye and
the Th. come to loggerheads, Eb. 80 :-- koma me, to come with a thing, to bring; kondu me a,
fetch it! -- koma til, to come to; vera kann at eigi spillisk tt ek koma til, Eg. 506; n er rtt
lgruning til ykkar komin, Nj. 236; koma til rkis, to come to a kingdom, Eg. 268; eir ltu til hans
koma um alla hras-stjrn, Fs. 44: to befall, kom sv til efnis, it so happened, Mar.; eim hlutum
sem hanu kunni opt til at koma, Stj. 105, Sks. 323: to mean, signify, en hvar kom at til er hann
sagi, . H. 87; ef at kom til annars, en ess er hann mlti, id.: to cause, hygg ek at meir komi ar
til ltilmennska, Eb. 172; konungr spuri hvat til bri glei hans, hann kva koma til mislyndi
sna, Fms. vi. 355, Fb. ii. 80, Band. 29 new Ed.: to concern, etta ml er eigi kom sr til yvar en
vr, Fms. vii. 130; etta ml kemr ekki til n, Nj. 227; at er kemr til Knts, Fms. v. 24; at er til
mn kemr, so far as I am concerned, iv. 194; hann kva etta ml ekki til sn koma, vi. 100; eir eru
ormargir ok lta hvervetna til sn koma, meddle in all things, 655 xi. 2: to belong to, skulu eir
gjalda hinum slka jr sem til eirra kemr, proportionally, Jb. 195; kemr at til vr er lgin
kunnum, Nj. 149; s sk er tylptar-kvir kmr til, Grg. i. 20; tylptar-kviar jafnan ingi at
kveja, ar sem hann kmr til saka, ii. 37; er komit til essa gjalds (it is due), er menn koma
akkeris-st, 408: to help, avail, koma til ltils, to come to little, be of small avail, Nj. 149, Fms. vi.
211; at gra litla fsekt, veit ek eigi hvat til annars kemr, I am not aware what else will do, I believe
that will meet the case best, Band. 36 new Ed.; koma til, to 'come to,' of a person in a swoon, etc.;
veit ek eigi til hvers koma mun s tiltekja Fb. i. 177, Fms. xi. 103; hvar til essi svr skulu koma, i.
3; a kemr til, it will all come right; kom ar til me kngum tveim, two kings came to a quarrel,
Ska R. 48: to be of value, importance, authority, tti allt meira til hans koma, Fas. i. 16; hvart
sem til hans kmi meira er minna, Fms. xi. 76; sver at er til kom hlf mrk gulls, Ld. 32; sv
fmikill at til kmu tuttugu merkr gulls, Fms. xi. 85; mr ykir lti til hans koma, I think little of
him :-- koma saman, to come together, live together, marry, K. . 134: to agree, at kom saman
me eim, they agreed on it, Dropl. 9, Gsl. 41; kom at samt me eim, id., Fb. i. 168; koma vel
samt, to agree well, Nj. 25 :-- koma undir e-n, to come unto one, ef undir oss brr skal koma
kjrit, if we are to choose, Nj. 192; ll lgmt skil au er undir mik koma essu ingi, 239: to
depend on, a er mikit undir komi, at ..., be of importance :-- koma upp, to come up, break out;
kom upp grtr fyrir henni, she burst into tears, Fms. ix. 477; er lrar kvi vi, ok herblstr
kmi upp, v. 74; er seiltin kmu upp, Ld. 152; eldr kom upp, re came up, lk. 35, (hence elds-
uppkoma, an upcome of re, an eruption); ef nokkut kemr san sannara upp, Fms. vii. 121: kom
at upp at hann hafi beit hennar, Eg. 587; kom at upp af tali eirra, at ..., Fms. vii. 282; at kom
upp (it ended so) at hverr skyldi vera vin annars, i. 58: to turn up, ek tla mr gan kost hvrn sem
upp kemr, Eg. 715; mun n hamingjan skipta hverr upp kemr, 418; at sakar grisk ea upp kmi,
Grg. i. 27; skaut til Gus snu mli, ok ba hann lta at upp koma er hann si at bazt gegni, . H.
195, Stj. 385 :-- koma vi, to touch, hit; s eigi komi vi, if it is not touched, Grg. ii. 65; komit
var vi hurina, Fas. i. 30; at eir skyldi koma vi torfuna, Ld. 60; he ek aldrei sv reitt vpn at
manni, at eigi ha vi komit, Nj. 185; hann kemr vi margar sgur, he comes up, appears in many
Sagas, Ld. 334; koma eir allir vi essa sgu san, Nj. 30; sem ek kom vi (as I mentioned,
touched upon) morgin, Fms. ii. 142; er mestr er, ok skapligast komi vi, Ld. 118: to t, at kemr
ltt vi, 'tis not meet, it won't do, Lv. 20; mun ek gefa r tveggja dgra byr ann er bezt kemr vi,
Fas. iii. 619: koma vi, to land, call; eir vru komnir vi sland, Eg. 128; eir kmu vi Hernar,
Nj. 4; eir kmu sur vi Katanes, 127; eir kmu vi sker (struck on a skerry) ok brutu stri sn,
Fms. ix. 164; hann hafi komit vi hval, he had struck against a whale, Sturl. ii. 164; hence in mod.
usage, koma vi, to call, make a short stay, also on land: to be added to, tekr heldr at grna gamanit
ok koma kvelingar vi, i. 21; koma r ntr vi inar fyrri, Rb. 58; koma enn ellefu ntr vi,
22 :-- koma yr, to overcome, pass over; ss er yr kmr, Hm. 81; hvert kveld er yr kom, Finnb.
230; hryggleikr kom yr, 623. 57; at s dagr myndi ekki yr koma, Sks. 111.
B. With the dat. of the object, to make to come, put, bring, carry; pfa ess, er Kristni (dat.) kom
England, who Christianised England, b. 14; koma mnnum til rttrar trar, Fms. i. 146; koma
orum vi e-n, to speak to a person; grisk hann styggr sv at fir menn mttu orum vi hann
koma, i.e. that no one could come to words with him, Eg. 3; hann gri sik sv reian, at ekki mtti
orum vi hann koma, Fms. i. 83, xi. 293; koma vlrum vi e-n, to plan against one, Eg. 49;
koma ugu munn e-m, Nj. 64, 68; skalt ekki lta skorta at koma eim (mlit) me r, 271;
hann skyldi koma r Geirrar-gara, make Thor come to G., Edda 60; hann kom orhaddi
heilum yr na, he brought Th. safe across the river, orst. Su H. 181; koma kaupi, to bring about
a bargain, Gl. 415; koma e-m hel, to put one to death, Anal. 233; koma e-m til falls, to make one
fall, Edda 34; koma e-m stt, Fs. 9; mun ek koma r stt vi konung, Eg. 227; hann kom sr
mikla krleika vi jarlinn, Nj. 268; koma sr jnustu, Fs. 84; koma sr vel, to put oneself in
favour, be engaging; ek he komit mr vel hj meyjum, Kormak; eir komu sr vel vi alla, Fas. iii.
529, Fs. 96, Nj. 66; koma sr lla, to make oneself hated; a kemr sr lla, it is ill seen, unpleasant;
as also, a kemr sr vel, a thing is agreeable, acceptable; koma e-u til leiar, to effect, make, Nj.
250, Eb. 118; koma e-u til vegar, id., Ld. 320; koma tlu , to put, count on, count, number, Anal.
217; koma frii, sttum , to bring peace, agreement about: hann kom eim tta, he put them to
ight, Fms. vii. 235; tku ar allt er eir kmu hndum , all they could catch, ix. 473; koma e-m r
eldi, Fb. i. 300; tk hann merkit ok kom v (put it, hid it) millum kla sinna, Nj. 274: Gunnarr
kom angat at eim runum, 115; allt at er biti var ok bli kom t , where it was bitten so as to
make blood ow, Fms. vii. 187. II. with prepp.; koma e-u fram, to effect; koma fram fer, mli, Nj.
102; til ltils tti at koma, en enginn kvmi snu mli fram tt til alingis vri stefnt, 149, Fb.
ii. 90; at skal aldri vera at hann komi essu fram, Eg. 765; ef ek kem hefndum fram, Ld. 262;
koma fram lgum vi e-n. Eg. 722 :-- koma e-u , to bring about, introduce :-- koma e-u af, to
abolish; fkk hann v ekki af komit, Bs. i. 165; koma e-u af sr, to get rid of, Fs. 96, Eb. 40,
41 :-- koma e-u fyrir, to arrange; koma e-m fyrir, to get a place for one; hann kom honum fyrir
skla: to destroy (fyrir-koma), hann kom hverjum hesti fyrir, Glm. 356 :-- koma e-u upp, to open;
r ek kom henni upp, before I could open it, Fms. iii. 74; kerling tekr hrpuna ok vildi upp koma
(open), n fr hn upp komit hrpunni, Fas. i. 233; hann mtti lengi eigi ori upp koma fyrir harmi,
it was long before he could speak, utter a word, Fms. vi. 234; s svarar er mtti mli upp koma, vii.
288 :-- koma e-m undir, to overthrow one, get one down; var at kenna as-munar r hann kmi
honum undir, Eb. 172 :-- koma e-m undan, to make one escape. Fms. vii. 265, 623. 18 :-- ek tla at
koma mr tan, I think to go abroad, Nj. 261 :-- koma e-u vi, to bring about, effect, to be able to
do; ek mun veita r slkt sem ek m mr vi koma, as I can, Nj.; munt ru koma vi en gabba
oss, Anal. 77; hann kom v vi (brought about) at engi skyldi fara me vpn, Fms. vii. 240; ef
vttum kvmi vi, in a case where witnesses were at hand, b. 12; liit i allt at er v kom vi,
all that could ed, Eg. 529; Gumundr hafi almanna-lof hversu hann kom sr vi (how he
behaved) essum mlum, Nj. 251; komi eir til er v koma vi, who can, Gl. 371; menn skyldi
tala hljtt ef v kmi vi, Sturl. iii. 147; ef v kemr vi, if it is possible, Gl. 429; uru eir at
ja sem v kmu vi, Fb. ii. 187; ekki mun oss etta duga, at hann komi boganum vi, Nj. 96.
C. Reex. komask, to come to the end, get through, reach, Lat. pervenire; the difference between
the active and reex. is seen from such phrases as, hann kemr ef hann kemst, he will come if he can;
or, eg komst ekki sta, I could not get off; eg komst ekki fyrir llviri, I could not come for bad
weather; or, to come into a certain state, with the notion of chance, hap, komask lfs hska, to
come into danger of life; komask skipreika, to be shipwrecked, and the like; ornnr kom ngu
hlji lrinn, ok komsk eigi upp blstrinn, Fms. ix. 30; komask ftr, to get on one's legs, Eg.
748; hann komsk vi sv bit rki sitt, Hkr. i. 76; meina honum vtn ea ver sv at hann m ekki
komask til ess staar, Grg. i. 496; hann komsk me sundi til lands, Eg. 261; kmusk sauirnir upp
fjallit fyrir eim, Nj. 27; ef Gunnarr fri eigi utan ok mtti hann komask, 111; ef mar byrgir
mann inni hsi, sv at hann m eigi t komask, so that he cannot get out, Grg. ii. 110; en allt flk
i me allt lausa-f er me fkk komisk, with all the property they could carry with them, Fms. i.
153; ek komumk vel annar-staar t, tt hr gangi eigi, Nj. 202; komask milli manna, to get
oneself among people, intrude oneself, 168; komsk hann mestu krleika vi konung, Eg. 12;
komask at ori, to come by a word, to express oneself; einsog hann a ori komsk, passim. II. with
prepp.; komast , to get into use; a komst :-- komask af, to get off, escape, save one's life; hann
ba menn duga sv at af kmisk skipit, Fms. x. 98; tveir druknuu, en hinir kmusk af :-- komask
at e-u, to get at a thing, procure; mrgum manns-ldrum sarr komsk at bk eirri Theodosius,
Nirst. 10; Hrani gat komisk at trnai margra rkra manna, Fms. iv. 62; her at essum
peningum vel komisk, 'tis money well gotten, i. 256; eigi skalt lla at komask, thou shall not get it
unfairly, vii. 124 :-- komast eptir, to enquire into, get information of :-- komask fyrir, to prevent,
come in another's way :-- koma hj e-u, to evade, pass by, escape doing :-- komast til e-s, to come
towards, and metaph. to have time for a thing, ek komst ekki til ess, I have no time; eg komst ekki
til a fara :-- komask undan, to escape; allt at li er undan komsk, Eg. 261; ekki manns barn
komsk undan, Fms. xi. 387; komask undan tta, Eg. 11 :-- komask vi, to be able; komusk eir
ekki fyrstu vi atlguna, Fms. vii. 264; ef hann vill refsa da-mnnum, ok m vi komask,
N. G. L. i. 123; brenn allt ok bl, sem mtt vi komask, Fr. 64; ef ek vir of kmimk, Hbl. 33;
er ek komumk vi, Eg. 319; komask vi veri, to get abroad, Rd. 252; hann lt at ekki vi veri
komask, Fms. vii. 165: to be touched (vi-kvmni), hann komsk vi mjk ok felldi tr, iii. 57; ea
hann komisk vi (repent) ok hver aptr at llsku sinni, Greg. 41; komsk mjk vi inn vlai, sv
at hann matti eigi lengi ori upp koma fyrir harmi, Fms. vi. 234; komsk hn vi kaega mjk,
Clem. 32; me vi komnu hjarta, with a touched heart, Bs. i. 561, Karl. 166 :-- komask yr e-t, to
overcome, get hold of; er hann komsk yr ft, Br. 175.
D. Part. kominn, in special phrases; inn komni mar, a new comer, stranger, Gull. 47; at kominn,
arrived; hinn akomni mar, a guest; at kominn, just come to, on the brink of; kominn at andlti, at
daua, to be at the last gasp; var at komit, at ..., it was on the point of happening, that ..., Str. 8;
vru eir mjk at komnir (much exhausted) sv magrir vru eir, Fas. iii. 571 :-- heill kominn, hail!
Blas. 42; vel kominn, welcome! vertu vel kominn! ver me oss vel kominn, ir. 319, Fs. 158; hann
ba vera vel komna, passim; so also, a er vel komi, 'it is welcome,' i.e. with great pleasure,
granting a favour :-- placed, ertu mar sannorr ok kominn nr frtt, Nj. 175; Ptri var sv nr
komit, P. was so closely pursued, Fms. ix. 48; ok n eigi allfjarri yr komit, xi. 123; sv vel er s
uppst komin, at ..., ix. 368: situated, hann (the hospital) er kominn fjall upp, is situated on a fell,
Symb. 18; tsker at er komit af jlei, Eg. 369: metaph., vel, lla kominn, well placed, in good,
bad estate; ek ykjumk hr vel kominn; hann var vel til nms kominn, he was in a good place for
learning, Bs. i. 153; at f er lla komit er flgit er jru, Grett. 39 new Ed.; mr ykkir son minn
hvergi betr kominn, methinks my son is nowhere better off, in better hands, Fms. vi. 5; ltt ert n
kominn, Njar. 376; ykkjumk ek hr vel kominn me r, Nj. 258 :-- kominn af, or fr e-m, come
of, descended from, Landn., Eb., passim :-- kominn sik vel, in a good state, accomplished, Orkn.
202; hverjum manni betr sik kominn, Ld. 110; kominn sik manna bezt, sl. ii. 203: vera legg
kominn, to be grown up, Fms. xi. 186; vera sv aldrs kominn, to be of such an age, Fs. 4, 13, Sturl.
iii. 100, Fms. xi. 56; hr er allvel komit, it suits well enough, Bs. i. 531: hann sagi henni hvar
var komit, how matters stood, Nj. 271, Fms. ii. 152; hann undi vel vi ar sem komit var, as it
stood, in statu quo, Nj. 22; Sveinn segir honum sem komit var essu mli, Fms. ii. 159; at sv
komnu, as matters stand, Bs. i. 317; mlum vrum er komit ntt efni, Nj. 164, 190 :-- vera
kominn til e-s, to be entitled to, have due to one; ef hann fengi at er hann var eigi til kominn, Fms.
x. 7; eir er til einskis eru komnir, ix. 248; f eir margir af yr smd mikla er til minna eru komnir,
en hann, Eg. 111; eim til smdar er til ess er kominn, Sks. 311, rtt komnir til konungdms, rtt
kominn til Noregs, right heir to the kingdom, to Norway, Fms. ix. 332; lzk Sigvaldi n kominn til
ra vi Astri, xi. 104: t for, entitled to, hann tti vel til kominn at vera konungr yr Danmrk,
i. 65: shapen, etta ml er sv til komit, vii. 130; sagisk hann eigi verr til manns kominn en Sturla
brir hans, Sturl.; eigi ttusk eir til minna vera komnir fyrir ttar sakir, entitled to less, Eb. 17.
II. part. pres. komandi, a new comer, stranger, Fbr. 168, Stj. 525: one to come, future generations,
verandum ok vir-komendum, N. G. L. i. 121; allir menn verandi ok eptir-komandi, D. I. i. 3;
komendr, pl. guests, comers.
koma, u, f. = kvma, arrival, komu-mar, m. a guest.
kommun, n. [for. word], a commune, guild, H. E. i. 504, D. N. passim. kommun-stofa, u, f.,
kommun-hs, n. a guild-house, D. N.
kompa, u, f. the copy-book in which schoolboys write their Latin compositions, Piltr og Stlka 71.
2. a small closet.
kompn, m. [for. word], a companion, fellow, Edda ii. 497.
kompsa, a, [for. word], to compass. Mag. 13, Sks. 16 new Ed.
kompss, m. a compass, sketch, Stj. 62, Pr. 436: mod. a ship glass.
komplera, a, [for. word], to compile, Stj. 131, Sklda 177.
kompon, n. a composition in Latin, Bs. ii. 77.
kompona a, Lat. componere, to compose, in Latin, Fb. i. 516.
KONA, u, f., kuna, Fms. vii. 106; gen. pl. kvinna, 109, 274, Hdl. 15, but usually kvenna, which
form is a remains of an older obsolete kvina: [Goth. qino = GREEK; Hel. quena; O. H. G. chiona;
Swed. kna; Dan. kone; again, the forms of the Goth. quens or qveins, A. S. cwen, Engl. queen,
Scot. quean = Engl. wench, Dan. kvinde answer to the obsolete kvn, q.v.]: -- a woman; karl ok
kona, man and woman, passim; brigr er karla hugr konum, Hm. 90; kona ok karlmar, Grg. i.
171; kona ea karlmar, Nj. 190; hn var kvinna frust, Fms. vii. 109; henni lzt ykkja agasamt,
ok kva ar eigi kvinna vist, 274; konor r er arfgengjar eru, Grg. i. 228; mun at sannask sem
mlt er til vr kvenna, Fms. iv. 132; kver hann vera konu nundu ntt hverja ok eiga viskipti
vi karlmenn, N. G. L. i. 57: sayings, kld er kvenna r, Gsl.; meyjar orum skyli manngi tra, n
v er kver kona, Hm. 83; sv er frir kvenna, 89; hn var vn kona ok kurteis, Nj. 1; ok var hn
kvenna frust, she was the fairest of women, 50; hn var skrungr mikill ok kvenna frust snum,
hn var sv hg at fr konur vru jafnhagar henni, hn var allra kvenna grimmust, 147; fundusk
mnnum or um at konan var enn viruleg, Ld. 16; Unnr var vegs-kona mikil (a stately lady),
Landn. 117; konur skulu rsta hsin ok tjalda, Nj. 175; konu-hr, -kli, -ft, woman's hair, attire,
Fms. iii. 266, Greg. 53; konu b, woman's estate, Grg. ii. 47; konu-lki (liking), woman's shape,
Sklda 172, Grett. 141; konu-nm, konu-tak, eloping, abduction of a woman, Grg. i. 355, Bjarn.
17; konu-ml, rape, fornication, = kvenna-ml, Eb. 182, Fs. 62, Stj. 499: frnd-kona, a kinswoman;
vin-kona, a female friend; mg-kona, a sister-in-law; lf-kona, an 'elf-quean;' troll-kona, a
giantess; heit-kona, a spouse; br-kona, a bridemaid; vinnu-kona, gri-kona, a female servant;
rs-kona, a stewardess; b-kona, hs-kona, a house-mistress, house-wife; sp-kona, a prophetess,
Scot. 'spae-wife;' skld-kona, a potess. II. a wife; ek em kona Njls, Nj. 54; Evu Adams konu,
Hom. 31; vi hans konu Sophram, Ver. 52; af konu minni ea sonum, Nj. 65; en ef b eirra standa,
munu eir vitja eirra ok kvenna sinna, 207; messu-djkn enginn, n kona hans n klerkr hans,
N. G. L. i. 97. -- The word is now almost disused in sense I, kvennmar being the common word,
whereas in sense II. it is a household word. konu-efni, n. one's future wife, bride: konu-f, n. a
marriage portion, Js. 80: konu-lauss, adj. wifeless, unmarried, Fs.: konu-leysi, n. the being
konulauss: konu-rki, n., see kvnrki.
B. COMPDS, with the gen. plur. kvenna-: kvenna-askr, m. a kind of half measure, opp. to
karlaskr, q.v.; hlfr annarr k. karlaski, Jb. 375. kvenna-st, f. amour, Bs. i. 282, Fms. v. 341.
kvenna-bnar, m. a woman's attire, Sklda 334. kvenna-far, n. love affairs, Lat. amores, Fms. i.
187. kvenna-fer, f. a journey t for women, Ld. 240. kvenna-flk, n. woman-folk, Nj. 199.
kvenna-frir, m. sacredness of women, N. G. L. ii. kvenna-fylgjur, f. pl. female attendants, Grg.
i. 342. kvenna-gipting, f. marriage, N. G. L. i. 343, Jb. 6. kvenna-giptir, f. pl. a giving in
marriage, N. G. L. i. 27, 343. kvenna-hagr, m. woman's condition, Rb. 414. kvenna-heiti, n.
names of women, Edda (Gl.) kvenna-hjal, n. women's gossip, Gsl. 15. kvenna-hs, n. a lady's
bower, Fas. ii. 162. kvenna-innganga, u, f. entrance of women into the church, churching, B. K.
110. kvenna-klnar, m. a female dress, Grg. i. 338. kvenna-land, n. the land of the Amazons,
Rb. 348, Fms. xi. 414. kvenna-leiir, m. 'women-guide,' a law term used of a child as the sole
witness to lawsuit for a rape; barn at er heitir k., N. G. L. i. 357, 367. kvenna-li, n. woman-folk,
Nj. 199, Lv. 38. kvenna-mar, m. a woman's man, given to women; mikill k., Hkr. i. 208, Rb. 414;
ltill k., chaste, Fbr. 12. kvenna-ml, n. love matters, Orkn. 334: rape, fornication, 444, Lv. 3.
kvenna-munr, m. distinction of women, Fms. x. 387. kvenna-nm, n. a rape, Grg. i. 353.
kvenna-r, n. pl. women's counsel, Nj. 177. kvenna-sir, m. habits of women, Grg. i. 338.
kvenna-skap, n. a woman's temper, Nj. 68. kvenna-skli, a, m. a woman's apartment, Sturl. iii.
186. kvenna-skipan, f. arrangement of the ladies (at a banquet), Ld. 202. kvenna-sveit, f. a bevy of
ladies, Fms. vi. 1. kvenna-vagn, m. 'woman's wain,' a constellation, opp. to karlsvagn, Rb. 1812.
16. kvenna-vist, f. women's abode, t for women, Hkr. iii. 339.
konrmera, a, [for. word], to conrm, H. E. i. 477.
konrmeran, f. conrmation, eccl., Mar.
kongr, m. a king; see konungr.
kongr, m., qs. kfungr (q.v.), a conch-shell, Lat. concha, Eggert Itin.
kongur-vofa, see kngurvfa, Eluc. 23.
konr, m. kind, an obsolete noun only existing in gen. sing. -konar, as sufxed to adjectives, as Lat.
-modi; alls-konar, of all kinds; hvers-konar, of every kind; ymiss-konar, of sundry kind, Mar.;
nokkurs-konar, of some kind; margs-konar, of many kinds; sams-konar, of the same kind; ess-
konar, of that kind; einskis-konar, of no kind; -- see these words.
KONR, m., pl. konir, acc. pl. koni, the gen. is not recorded; this word is solely poetical, and used
by poets of the 10th and 11th centuries, but since disused; it is the masc. answering to kona (q.v.) :--
a man of gentle or noble birth; hve ik kalla konir? how do men call thee? Hkv. Hjrv. 14; koni
(acc.) neisa, the gentle men, Hkv. 1. 23; dulsa konr, t. 2; of mran kon, of a valiant man, Edda
(in a verse); tt-konr, q.v. 2. a royal kinsman; konungmanna konr, kinsman of kings, sl. ii. 229 (in a
verse); hildinga konr, siklinga konr, kinsman of heroes, Lex. Pot.; Yngva konr, kinsman of Yngvi,
Skv. 2. 14; rgna konr = Gr. GREEK, Vellekla; bragna konr, . H. (in a verse); Ellu konr, kinsman
of Ella, Fms. vi. 64 (in a verse); haukstalla konr, Edda (in a verse); slinga konr, kinsman of the
wealthy, Fms. xi. (in a verse); Heita konr, kinsman of the sea king H., Arnrr, cp. Orkn. ch. 3; konr
Sigmundar, son of S., Skv. 2. 13. II. as a pr. name, Rm.
konst, f. [from Germ. kunst], art, (mod.)
konstall, m. [for. word], a constable, Karl. 10.
konstr, n., Germ. kunst, a device, Fas. iii. 293, 308.
konunga, a, to address as a king, Fms. viii. 75. See under konungr.
konung-borinn, part. king-born, Fms. i. 81, vii. 8, Hkv. Hjrv. 32, Hkv. 46, . H. 16.
konung-borligr, adj. of royal birth, Fms. vi. 159.
konung-djarfr, adj. speaking boldly to kings, Fms. xi. 203.
konung-dmr, m. a kingdom, Skv. 3. 14, Fms. ix. 334, Fb. ii. 278, Sks. 620, Nj. 271, Ld. 84, Eg. 7,
263, Gl. 60, 157, passim.
konung-lauss, adj. kingless, without a king, Hkr. ii. 266.
konung-liga, adv. kingly, beseeming a king.
konung-ligr, adj. kingly, royal, Fm. 40, Fms. i. 4, vii. 70, ix. 277, x. 322, xi. 114, Stj. 208, passim.
konung-mar, m. a royal person, a king, Eg. 415, Hkm. 20, t. 7, . H. 230 (in a verse), sl. ii.
229 (in a verse).
konung-menni, n. a kingly person, Fms. ix. 235 (in a verse).
KONUNGR, m.; since the 14th century in a contracted form kngr, and so in the poems and
ballads of that time, Lil., l. R., Ska R., Vls. R., as also in the best mod. poets, Hallgrim, Eggert,
cp. Pass. xxvii. 8, 9, 13, 15, Bb. 2. 15, 3. 96, 100, passim: the old vellums mostly abbreviate thus,
kgr, kg, kgs UNCERTAIN; the contracted form occurs in MSS. of the 14th century or even earlier,
e.g. Cod. Fris., and this is also the usual mod. pronunciation: [this word is common to all Teut.
languages except Goth., where iudans = Icel. jan is used; A. S. cynig; Engl. king; O. H. G.
chuninc; Germ. knig; Swed. kung and konung; Dan. konge; the word is prop. a patronymic
derivative from konr, = Gr. GREEK = a man of noble extraction; the etymology Konr ungr (young
Kon) given in the poem Rm. is a mere poetical fancy] :-- a king; hvrki em ek k. n jarl, ok arf
ekki at gra hsti undir mik, Nj. 176; jarl ok konungr, N. G. L. i. 44; Dyggvi var fyrstr k. kallar
sinna ttmanna, en r vru eir drttnar kallair, Hkr. i. 24, passim: the saying, til frgar skal
konung hafa, meir en til langls, Fms. iv. 83, vii. 73; cp. fylki skal til frgar hafa, Mkv.; mrg eru
konungs eyru, Hkr. i. 287; langr er konungs morgin, Sighvat: j-konungr, a king of a j, = Gr.
GREEK; s-konungr, a sea king; her-k., a king of hosts, both used of the kings of old, whose sole
kingdom was their camp or eet, and who went out to conquer and pillage, -- at var sir vkinga,
ef konunga synir ru fyrir herlii, at eir vru kallair konungar, Fms. i. 98; l hann lngum
hernai ok var kallar konungr af lismnnum, sem vkinga sir var, 257; er lafr tk vi lii ok
skipum, gfu lismenn honum konungs-nafn, sv sem sivenja var til, at herkonungar eir er
vking vru, ef eir vru konungbornir, bru eir konungsnafn, tt eir sti hvergi at lndum,
. H. 16; Konungr konunga, King of kings, the Lord, 656 C. 32: also of an emperor, Nero k., king
Nero, 26; Girkja-k,, the king of the Greeks = the Emperor of Constantinople, Fms. passim;
Karlamagns k., king Charlemagne, etc.
B. COMPDS: Konunga-bk, f. the Book of Kings, the history of the kings of Norway, also called
Konunga-, originally a work of Ari, and since applied to later recensions of the same work; hr
hefr upp Konungabk eptir sgn Ara prests Fra, inscription to Hkr., Cod. Fris. p. 3; also,
Noregs-konunga, Knytl. S. ch. 1, 21, 100; Bk Noregs-konunga, Fb. i. 152. konunga-fundr, m. a
meeting of kings, Ann. 1273. Konunga-hella, u, f. name of a place, Fms. konunga-hs, n. a king's
house, palace, 625. 95. konunga-kyn, n. royal kin, royalty, Fms. i. 107. konunga-mir, f. mother
of kings, a nickname, Fms. konunga-skipti, n. change of kings, succession, Germ. thronwechsel,
Ver. 19, Bret. 70. konunga-stefna, u, f. a congress of kings, Fms. vii. 62, Sturl. i. 1, Edda 89.
konunga-stt, f. peace among kings, Fms. v. 158. konunga-tal, n. a series of kings, Fms. x. 378:
the name of a poem, Fb. ii. 520. Konunga-, f. the Lives of Kings, the name of a historical work,
b. 3. konunga-tt, f. = konungakyn, Fms. i. 187, vii. 279. konungs-atsetr, n. a king's residence,
Finnb. 270. konungs-borg, f. a king's castle, Stj. 519. konungs-brf, n. a king's writ, warrant,
Fms. ix. 443. konungs-bryggja, u, f. a king's bridge, Fms. vii. 183. konungs-b, n. a royal estate,
Eg. 372, Fms. i. 90, iv. 255. konungs-br, m. a king's residence, Hkr. i. 40. konungs-dmr, m. =
konungdmr, Gl. 185. konungs-efni, n. a future king, Fms. viii. 332, Js. 15. konungs-eir, m. a
king's oath, coronation oath, Jb. 50. konungs-eign, f. a king's property, Gl. 338. konunga-eigur, f.
pl. royal property, Hkr. ii. 20. konungs-eyrendi, n. a royal errand, Fms. vii. 19. konungs-fundr, m.
audience given by a king, Sks. 282. konungs-garr, m. a king's palace, the king's treasury, Eg. 409,
Fms. vii. 159, 207, Sks. 669; er konungsgarr rmr inngangs en rngr brottfarar, Eg. 519.
konungs-gata, u, f. the king's highway, Stj. 333. konungs-gipta, u, f. the king's good luck, cp. Lat.
fortuna Caesaris; k. fylgir r, Fms. ii. 60, v.l. konungs-gjf, f. a king's gift, Eg. 183. konungs-
gfa, u, f. = konungsgipta, Fms. ii. 60. konungs-grsemi, f. a king's jewel, see grsemi, Fas. ii.
349. konungs-heiti, n. a king's name, Edda. konungs-herbergi, n. a king's cabinet, Fms. vii. 314,
Gl. 139. konungs-hir, f. a king's hir (q.v.), Fbr. 116. konungs-hs, n. a king's house, Grg. ii.
170. konungs-hfn, f. a king's haven, Fbr. 122, Fms. ix. 447. konungs-hll, f. a king's hall, palace,
Ver. 31. konungs-jr, f. a king's estate, Gl. 79. konungs-kveja, u, f. an address to a king, Br.
180. konungs-lauss, adj. kingless, Fms. iv. 355. konungs-ley, n. a king's leave, Fms. vi. 98.
konungs-li, n. the king's troops, Fms. viii. 70. konungs-lr, m. the king's trumpet, Fms. vii. 287,
Hkr. iii. 325. konungs-lykill, m. a Norse law term, the king's key = an axe, which opens all doors
and chests; munu eir bera konungslykil at hsinu, they will break it by force, Fms. vi. 188; ek he
at varveita konungslykil ann er at llum kistum gengr ok lsum ... Vegglagr sr at hann mun upp
hggva kistuna ef hn vri eigi upp lokin, Fbr. 46 new Ed. konungs-lgi, n. the king's berth, Fas. i.
528, Hkr. iii. 79, 83. konungs-mar, m. a king's man, Eg. 17, Sks. 253, 341, Fms. i. 10, 280, . H.
216, passim. konungs-mrk, f. a royal forest, Grg. ii. 408, Gl. 79. konungs-nafn, n. a king's
title, Eg. 590, Fms. i. 6, vii. 1. konungs-nautr, m. a king's gift, sl. ii. 226, Ld. 204, Hallfred.
konungs-ningr, m. a traitor to the king, Fms. viii. 387. konungs-or, n. the king's command,
order, Fms. ix. 443. konungs-reii, f. the king's anger, Fms. ix. 454. konungs-rttr, m. the king's
right, Fms. vii. 305. konungs-rki, n., mod. kngs-rki, Germ. knigsreich, a kingdom, Fms. i. 85,
xi. 30, Ant. 289, Sks. 464, passim. konungs-setr, n. a royal residence, Fms. ix. 330. konungs-skip,
n. a king's ship, Fms. vii. 260, Sturl. iii. 132. konungs-skri, a, m. king's apparel, Stj. 601.
konungs-smir, m. the king's smith, Fas. i. 15. konungs-smi, a, m. royal dignity, Hkr. iii. 240.
konungs-stei, a, m. the king's stithy, i.e. the mint, Js. 157, Fms. viii. 166. konungs-sveit, f. the
king's retinue, Fms. ix. 22. konungs-sver, n. the king's sword, i.e. the secular power, Js. 19.
konungs-ssla, u, f. a royal ofce, district, Eg. 27, 36, Hkr. ii. 162. konungs-sti, n. the king's
seat, residence, Fms. vi. 439, Sks. 108, Stj. 76. konungs-tekja, u, f. election of a king, Bret. 70,
Fms. ix. 8, Hkr. ii. 20, iii. 146. konungs-tign, f. royal dignity, Fms. iii. 48, vii. 22. konungs-
umbo, n. royal commission, konungsumbos-mar, m. the king's commissary, Gl. 20. konungs-
vald, n. royal authority, Gl. 533. konungs-vinr, m. a king's friend, Fms. ix. 368. konungs-vgsla,
u, f. a coronation, Fms. vii. 306, x. 14, Hkr. iii. 146, Gl. 63. konungs-ing, n. the king's assembly,
= hsing (q.v.), Gl. 438. konungs-rll, m. the king's thrall, a term of abuse, . H. 120, Br.
82. Ld. 4. konungs-, f. a king's life or reign. Gl. 70.
konung-rki, n. a kingdom, Fms. x. 273.
konung-sll, adj. lucky as to kings, blessed with good kings, Fms. xi. 217.
konvent, n. [for. word], a convent, Sks. 96.
konventa, u, f. a convent, Vm. 109; konventu-brir, -systir, Dipl. iii. 6, 9; konventu-hs, D. N.
kopa, a, in the phrase, e-m kopar, or honum er fari a kopa, one begins to fall off, from age or the
like; perhaps the passage in Hm. 16 belongs to this, but see kpa.
KOPARR, m. [Engl. copper; Germ. kupfer; Dan. kobber] :-- copper, Stj. 88, Fms. v. 344.
COMPDS: kopar-bagall, m. a copper crosier, Dipl. v. 18. kopar-bllr, m. a copper ball, Dipl. iii.
4. kopar-hringja, u, f. a copper buckle, Vm. 177. kopar-kanna, u, f. a copper can, Boldt. kopar-
ker, n. a copper vessel, Vm. 25. kopar-kross, m. a copper cross, Pm. 120, B. K. 83. kopar-ligr,
adj. of copper. kopar-peningr, m. a copper penny, Stj. kopar-slagari, a, m. a coppersmith, D. N.
kopar-spnn, m. a copper spoon, Pm. 5. kopar-stika, u, f. a copper candlestick, Vm. 20.
koppar, part. spotted; handkli koppat, B. K. 84.
koppari, a, m. a turner, joiner, N. G. L. ii. 241; koppara-jrn, a turner's chisel, Fms. v. 339.
KOPPR, m. [Engl. cup; Dan. kop; cp. also W. Engl. cop = a round hill, and Germ. kopf = head,
which prop. mean a cup, analogous to Icel. kolla and kollr, q.v.] :-- a cup, small vessel, esp. in
dairy-work; koppar ok kerld; koppum ok kerldum, Bs. i. 721; trog, dall, eysil, ask n kopp,
Snt; vismjr koppi, Stj. 590; fi ok lta fylgja kopp, N. G. L. i. 131 (418): a chamber pot, Bs.
ii. 345: a cup-shaped hole, eim steini vru klappair fjrir koppar, san er hann hafr til
vttsteins, Bs. i. 640; segja menn at enn sji berginu sv sem sm-koppa, ar sem konungsmenn
settu rfalina, Fms. i. 280: of the eye-socket, Bs. i. 177; sp-koppar (Dan. smilehuller), a dimple in
the cheeks. II. = knappr, the bell-shaped crown of a helmet, Fas. iii. 535, Karl. 355. kopps-tr, f. a
local name, Sturl. i. 63.
kordna-hosur, f. pl. hose of cordovan leather, Fms. iv. 77.
korgr, m. grounds, dregs; kaffe-k., bl-k.
korka, u, f. a pining or wasting away; a er korka honum. korku-legr, adj. pining, perhaps a
corruption from kraki, kroklegr, legr, q.v.
korki, a, m. [from Gael, coirce], oats, a GREEK, Edda (Gl.)
korkna, a, to dwindle away.
korkr, m. cork, (mod. and for.)
Kormakr, m., Korm-l, f., pr. names of Irish origin, Landn., Nj.
KORN, n. [Goth. kaurn = GREEK and kaurn = GREEK; A. S. and Engl. corn; O. H. G. chorn;
Germ. and Dan. korn] :-- corn, grain; ellefu korn, ok ellefu pipar-korn, 655 xxx. 8; leynisk litlu
korni a trsins, Greg. 14; hleifr er grr af mrgum kornum, 625. 90: seed, grain, korn er malt, .
H. 113; hann skal honum greia kr ok korn, smjr ok vru, Gl. 305; sumir skru korn, sumir
bundu, sumir ku heim korninu, . H. 30; ar var hallri korni (a bad crop) en gott korn (a good
crop) austr land, 102; korn (crop) var heldr rvnt, 113; fra menn nir korn sn, Nj. 169; hann
sr ar nir korninu, 82; er ok llu komi til s, enda mun llt af gra, a saying, 174; s himnesku
korni hjrtu manna, H. E. 500: our, tak rgbrau, eigi blandat vi annat korn, Lkn. :-- in plur.
stores of grain, hann utti me sr mikil korn, Fms. vii. 173; ar vru forn korn, . H. 102, 113 :--
oats, corn, (Swed. hesta-korn, cp. 'a feed of corn'), gefa hestum korn, 31; hann var Gauzkr hlaupari
ok alinn korni vetr ok sumar, Gull. 12 :-- Mikkjals-korn, lafs-korn, Michael's corn, St. Olave's
corn, a kind of tithe paid to the church in Norway, Fr. II. metaph. a bit, grain; ok ar kemr lti
korn nir af eim bita, of a bit of meat, Fas. i. 54; hkarls-korn, Snt 226; sand-korn, a grain of
sand. 2. in mod. usage freq. as a diminutive sufx to a noun; a var mltak hans vi hvern mann,
brir! karl-korn mitt! of bishop Sweyn, who died A. D. 1476. Esp. rb. 1475; barn-korn, a bit of a
bairn = GREEK; stundar-korn, a little while; hs-korn, a scrap of a house; b-korn, a small
household; or-korn, a little word: this use, however, scarcely occurs before the 15th century
(unless it be in the passage Fas. l.c., which, however, is only found in a paper MS.), and it may be a
kind of imitation of the Germ. -chen. COMPDS: korn-amstr, n. a corn-stack, Orkn. 448. korn-r,
n. a 'corn-year,' crop, Fas. ii. 126. korn-bingr, m. a 'corn-bin,' heap of corn. korn-deild, f. a kind
of contribution or tithe paid in corn, N. G. L. i. 142. korn-feitr, adj. 'corn-fat,' of a horse, Fms. xi.
280. korn-frj, n. seed-corn, Pr. 448. korn-garr, m. a corn-shed, Vm. 18. korn-gildr, adj.
payable in corn, D. N. korn-gyja, u, f. the corn-goddess = Ceres, Stj. 83. korn-gr, f. corn-
produce, Stj. 164. korn-hjlmr, m. a corn-stack, Stj. 424, Fb. i. 541. korn-hlaa, u, f. a 'corn-
lathe,' barn, Eg. 43, 49, 235, . H. 30. korn-hs, n. a 'corn-house,' barn, 656 C. 31. korn-jr, f.
corn-soil, arable land; s ga k., Hom. 67. korn-kaup, n. purchase of corn, . H. 113, Gl. 352.
korn-kippa, u, f. a corn-sieve, Nj. 82, 170. korn-krlag, n. a cow's value in corn, B. K. 55. korn-
sala, u, f. sale of corn, . H. 114. korn-s, n. our, rendering of polenta, Stj. korn-skreppa, u, f. a
'corn-scrip,' corn-sieve, Nj. 82. v.l. korn-skurr, m. shearing (as it is called in North England and
Scotland), reaping, Stj. 422, 438, Clem. 30, Magn. 502. kornskurar-mar, m. a shearer, reaper,
Stj. 422, Greg. 69. kornskurar-mnur, m. the shearing month, Edda. kornskurar-tmi, a, m.
shearing time, Stj. 61, 354. korn-sltta, u, f. a reaping, N. G. L. i. 254. korn-tund, f. a tithe paid
in corn, B. K. 53. korn-ungr, adj. quite young. korn-virki, n. a corn shed, Gl. 454. korn-vist, f.
stores of corn; bannat at selja k., O. H. L. 35. korn-vn, n. a kind of wine, B. K. 64.
Korn-bretar, m. pl. the Britons of Cornwall (Kornbreta-land), Fms.
korpa, u, f. pining away, Bjrn.
korpna, a, to fall off.
korporal, n. [for. word], a corporal, Hom. 138, Pm., Vm., B. K.
korpr, m. [Scot. corbie; Swed. korp], a raven, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Fb. iii.
korpu-legr, adj. falling off, thin, Bjrn.
korra, a, older form kvarra, q.v.; a korrar honum.
korri-r, interj. (qs. kr'--r, sleep in rest!), a lullaby, sl. js. i. 209.
kort, n. a map, mod. Dan. kort, Germ. karte.
kortr, adj. [Germ. kurz], short, lf. 7. 133, is scarcely an Icel. word.
kos-eyrir, m. choice things, = kjrf, Sturl. i. 77.
kos-girni, f. a caprice, whim; at er ekki nema k. ein, N. G. L. i. 384.
kosning, f. [kjsa], an election, Fms. viii. 268, ix. 227, Sks. 748, BS. passim. kosningar-brf, n.
the writ for an election, Ann. 1321.
kosningi, a, m. the chosen or elect one; ert konungr ok k. essa rkis, El.
kosningr, m. = kosning, Sturl. i. 214, Fms. vi. 93, viii. 259, x. 58: a franchise, 96.
kos-or, n. an election, Fr.
KOSS, m. [cp. Ulf. kukjan; A. S. cyss; Engl. kiss; Germ. kuss; Dan. kys; Swed. kyss] :-- a kiss;
fylgja skal kveju koss, a saying, Fsm. 48; eptir trblandinn koss skilja au, Fms. xi. 425; eigi tju
eiar oss ea margir kossar, Vgl. (in a verse); hann sveigir hana at sr ok vera einstaka kossar,
Fs. 88; me stsamlegum kossi, Barl. 186; gefa e-m koss, Greg. 46; friar-koss, a kiss of peace, Nd.
59; Jdas-koss, a Judas-kiss; ekki, Lafranz, vill ek kyssa ik, vat at m vera, ef stundir la, at
at kallir Jdas-koss, Bs. i. 842: in Hm. 81 kossa is corrupt for kosta (see kostr I. 4), for in law,
kissing a maiden by stealth was a nable offence, -- as in the case of the poet Kormak, Korm. ch.
24, -- and if against her will it was liable to fjrbaugs-garr, Grg. i. 337; cp. teygjattu r at kossi
konur, Sdm. 28; laun-koss, Grg. (Kb.) ii. 47. COMPDS: kossa-ens, n. kissing, licking, in a bad
sense, Snt. kossa-gangr, m. much kissing, Art. 100.
koss-mildr, adj. 'kiss-mild,' fond of kissing, Art. 108, Fas. iii. 483.
KOSTA, a, [akin to kjsa; A. S. costjan; Germ. kosten = to taste; Lat. gusto; Gr. GREEK] :-- to
try, tempt, strive: with gen., kosta as, to try one's strength, Vsp. 7; k. magns, id., Rm. 9; k. megins,
Gs. 22; k. sunds, Fms. vii. 351 (in a verse); k. rsar, orf. Karl. (in a verse); (til) rsar kostar n,
Fs. 45; k. vgs, to ght, . H. (in a verse); kosta mans, to fall in love, Hbl. 15; Brr urfti alls at
kosta, B. had to exert all his strength, Bard. 166; kosta kapps, to strive hard, Grett. 202 new Ed.: to
risk, vil ek ar til kosta fjr fur mns, Fms. ii. 63; hvrt eir fri til ings, ok kostim at v allra
vina vrra, Eb. 98; verja f yvart ok frelsi, ok kosta ar til allra eirra manna er yr er lis at vn,
Eg. 8; tla ek at skja oddi ok eggju frndleif mna, ok kosta ar at allra frnda minna ok vina ok
allra eirra er ..., . H. 32. 2. to tempt; at vr fyrir-farimk eigi kostan eirri er djfullinn kostar vr,
Hom. 158; v er hann kostar (tries) upp at rsa, Al. 144; eir sgu hann fullu kosta hafa, he had
taken pains enough, Odd. 18; skal hann kosta at koma, N. G. L. i. 348. 3. as imperat. giving
emphasis to the verb, like Lat. age, come! kosti sv keppa, ght so hard! Am. 54; kostum r at
forask, Leiarv. 39; kostum (not kstum) at sta, 40; kostau at vinna vel margar rttir, Hsm.
29; kostau hug inn hera, Sturl. iii. (in a verse); kostau hins, at haldir fast hesti ok skjaldi,
Korm., Lkn. 11; en hinn er fallinn er, kosti hann ok rsi upp sem jtast, Blanda (MS.); n kostit,
brr, ok verit hraustir, come, brethren, be of good cheer! 656 C. 22; en r kosti ok grit sv vel,
at r leggit r me mr, Karl. 484; vi at er kostanda (exert thyself), at yr veri stigit af r
me andans ai, MS. 677. 5; v kosti hverr sem stafastlegast at gra gott, Hom. 24. II. impers.
with acc. it strains a thing, i.e. it is strained, damaged; at kjl kosti, though the keel is sorely
strained, Fms. vii. 59 (in a verse); hvrki var eim at meini hungr n kuldi, heitt n kalt, hvrki
kostai au, neither of them was hurt, suffered from it, Blanda (MS.); at fall var sv mikit, at
kostai lrlegg hans, Fms. ix. 219. 2. reex., kostast, to suffer a bodily or inward injury; at var
ml manna, at ornnr mundi eigi lifa hafa, sv mjk var hann kostar af eldinum, Sturl. i. 162;
mjk kostar af hita, 161; bi var kosta hold hans ok bein, Greg. 80; kostar hestr, a broken-
winded horse; sakir fyrnsku vru bararnar mjk kostaar, dilapidated, Bs. ii. 146. III. [Engl. cost;
Germ. kosten], to cost, with acc. of the person and price; mik (acc.) kostai mm merkr (acc.) gulls,
it cost me ve gold marks, El.; at kostar lf (acc.) hans, it cost his life, Fas. i. 532; lkneski sem til
kostai tu aura, Vm. 101: get ek at r ykki mikit (acc.) k. at kaupa hann, Fms. i. 79; sem bar
vira at dmi, at mik ha kosta fyrir au, Grg. i. 368; slkt sem (acc.) her kosta, K. . K. 54;
spuri hvat (acc.) kostat hafi rarin (acc.), Fms. v. 315: with acc. of the thing and price, keisarann
kostai eigi minna f leikinn (acc.), the play cost the emperor not less, vii. 97; kerru (acc.)
kostai sex hundru (acc.) skillinga, the car cost ..., Stj. 573; einn riddara (acc.) kostar tta merkr,
Fms. xi. 331. 2. to defray the expences of, with acc.; at bo kostai Unnr, Ld. 10; au hin smu
kli sem eir hfu kosta (purchased) me kirkjunnar gzi, Mar. :-- to spend, lay out, with acc.,
hvat vilt til kosta; at hann skyldi essa nafnbt engum peningum kosta, that he should be at no
expence for it, Fms. x. 93, v.l.; at fra lkneski hafi prestrinn kosta sna peninga, Mar.; her
kosta oss (entertained us), bndi, Fs. 150; allt at er hann leggr til ok kostar, lays out, N. G. L. ii.
354; er sv mikit lt sik kosta oss til lausnar, who let it cost himself so much, Barl. 114; hafi hann
setu Grund ok kostai einn allt fyrir, and defrayed all the costs, Sturl. i. 155 :-- in mod. usage with
dat., k. miklu til eins, hann her engu til ess kosta, he has invested no money in it, done nothing
for it; k. miklu upp e-, to spend much money on a thing.
kostall, adj. costly, expensive; e-m verr kostallt, Bs. i. 722.
kostan, f. cost, pains; leggja kostan ok stund e-t, Fms. x. 395: temptation, k. fjandans, Hom. 33,
158.
kost-gr, adj. of good quality, Grg. i. 498; esp. of milk, pasture, jarir kostgar ok grsugar, Stj.
341: of a horse, skjtr hestr ok kostgr, Flv. 28.
kost-gripr, m. a costly thing, choice thing (see kjrgripr), Fs. 40, 43, Fms. x. 215, Bs. i. 37, Edda
15, 82.
kost-gfa, , to push on with a thing; kostgfa eptirfrna, to pursue hard, sl. ii. 360; k.
undanrrinn, Fb. i. 396; k. e-s nausyn, ii. 91. 2. to strive, take pains, with inn.; k. at fremja, Bs.
i. 42, Magn. 468, Fms. i. 184, vii. 31, Eb. 39 new Ed. :-- reex., H. E. i. 249, Barl. 78.
kost-gf, f. painstaking, Bs. i. 273, Mar. 1067.
kost-g, n. and f. painstaking, care: u. neut., allt k., Hom. 49; me miklu k., with mickle pains,
Fms. x. 277; me llu k., with all diligence, 656 A. i. 17, Fms. i. 260, Bs. i. 38, Al. 163, Stj. 595. .
fem., sakir kostg eirrar, Bs. i. 166.
kost-gligr, adj. painstaking, diligent.
kost-gnn, adj. painstaking, (the mod. form.)
kost-giga and kost-gliga, adv. with pains, diligently, Hom. 1, Fms. i. 263.
kost-gfni, f. = kostg, N. G. L. ii. 481, freq. in mod. usage.
kost-gfr, adj. painstaking, diligent, Sturl. i. 90, Greg. 27; verum sem kostgfstir, 55; k. athugi,
Hom. 52; k. e-t, Fms. ii. 145.
kost-gr, f. the state of affairs, Finnb. 318.
kost-hald and kost-heldi, n. entertainment, D. N. ii. 393, 482.
kostigr, adj. costly, choice; kostig lnd, ne pasture, Ld. 124; gtir hagar, kostigir ok lonir, Stj.
258: chosen, of a person, Hd.; -kostigr, mean, common, Fs. 128.
kost-llr, adj. bad, common, Fas. ii. 111.
kost-lauss, adj. 'cost-less,' bad, vile, Fms. v. 14.
kost-ligr, adj. costly, choice, desirable, . H. 98.
kost-mr, adj. 'meat-weary,' weary after a hearty meal, Hm. 30.
kostnar, m. cost, expence, Eg. 43, Grg. i. 336, Fms. i. 52; kostna ann er her fyrir mr, Eb.
262; stu sumir snum kostnai, Orkn. 334, Gl. 59; ltill k., small cost, Flv. 34: living, var
skipt Eyjunum hvar hvrir skyldu kostna hafa, Orkn. 272. COMPDS: kostnaar-laust, adj.
without expense. kostnaar-ltill, adj. of little cost. kostnaar-mikill, adj. very costly, expensive,
Eg. 38, Fms. vii. 73. kostnaar-samr, adj. expensive, Fms. xi. 316, Bs. i. 830, Orkn. 96.
KOSTR, m., gen. kostar, pl. kostir, old acc. pl. kostu, which is used in old poets as Sighvat (. H.
39), Arnr (Edda 50); but the usual form in the MSS. as well as in mod. usage is kosti; [Ulf. kustus
= GREEK, 2 Cor. ii. 9, xiii. 3; Germ. and Dan. kost = fare, food] :-- a choice, the fundamental
notion being trial; I. condition, chance, but mostly with the notion of a hard choice; eru n tveir
kostir til, s annarr, at ..., hinn annarr, at ..., Nj. 199; s er hinn rii kostr, Grg. ii. 83; munu r
hinn sama kost fyrir hndum eiga sem vr ttum, at verja f yvart ok frelsi ... en at rum kosti,
Eg. 8; hann s engan sinn kost annan, en hann lt fallask vers undan laginu, Nj. 246, Eg. 24; sm
vr ann helzt vrn kost at rrask fund hans, 70; n m Flosi sj sinn kost, hvrt hann vill sttask til
ess at sumir s utan stta, Nj. 250; a er hverjum manni boit, at leita sr lfs mean kostr er,
202; einbeygr kostr, the only choice left, Orkn. 58. 2. choice, terms; hvern kost vili r n gra
Ingjaldi? Nj. 3; ek gri r skjtan kost, Dropl. 6; gra e-m tv kosti, Ld. 212, Fs. 57; tk Kali
enna kost, Orkn. 214. 3. a chance, opportunity, possibility; gra kost e-u, Nj. 155, 271; mun ek
ngan kost gra, I will give no choice in the matter, i.e. will not do it, 149; kost munt lta at etja,
90 :-- kostr er , or gen. kostr e-s, a thing is possible, there is a chance, 254, 263; ef ess er k.,
Grg. ii. 56; Hreks var ekki vi k., there was no question as to H., sl. ii. 315; er mn er eigi vi
kostr, when I am gone, Stj. 363 :-- eiga e-s kosti, to have a chance of, be able, allowed, Grg. i. 63,
468, Ld. 84, 160, 184, Nj. 57, 132, Eg. 16, 60, 531, Sks. 20 B. 4. a match, of an unmarried woman;
Sigrr ht dttir hans ok tti beztr kostr Hlogalandi, Eg. 25; hann tti dttur eina er Unnr ht,
hn var vn kona ok kurteis ok vel at sr, ok tti s beztr k. Rangrvllum, Nj. (begin.); Hallr
kva gan kost henni, H. said she was a good match, 180, Fs. 88, Stj. 187; engi kostr tti
vlkr sem Helga hin Fagra llum Borgarri, sl. ii. 206: giving a woman away, hann spyrr hverr
ra eigi fyrir kosti hennar, who was to give her away, Band. 9 new Ed.; mey til kosta, a maid to be
married, Hm. 81, (MS. kossa), cp. liggja heima sem mr til kosta, Fas. iii. 409, (ra-kostr, a
match); kvennkostr (q.v.), gr kvennkostr. 5. choice, state, condition; at mun mna kosti hr fram
draga, at tt ekki vald mr, Orkn. 120; kostum drepr kvenna karla ofrki, i.e. the tyranny of man
crushes a woman's right, Am. 69; drap brtt kosti, then the state grew worse, id.; sj fyrir snum
kosti, to take care of oneself, Fms. x. 236; eigi mun honum ykkja batna hafa vrr kostr, Eg. 287;
eigi treystusk menn at raska kosti eirra, people dared not meddle with them, disturb them, Ld. 146;
bndr vildu verja kost sinn, defend themselves, Fms. ix. 306; san lt Simon varveita kost hennar,
guard her affairs, vii. 233; heldr hann kosti snum, then he holds his place, loses not his right,
Grg. ii. 209; -kostir, afar-kostir, a hard, evil choice; r-kostr, lack of choice, poverty. II. cost,
expence; allan ann kost er hann her fyrir haft, Jb. 321; s er vitna arf skal standa eim kost
allan, 358; hver mar er sik ok sn hj heldr snum kosti, K. . 78; at skip hfu bjar-menn
lti gra af snum kosti, Fms. ix. 270; hann hlt sik rkmannlega at klum ok llum kosti (fare),
ii. 278; hann lt alla sna flaga sinn kost ann vetr, Gull. 9; hv hann var sv djarfr at taka slka
menn upp kost hans, Landn. 149, v.l.; hann gaf sr mikinn kost til (he took great pains), at koma
eim llum vingun vi Gu, Hom. 108; at hann hefi mrgu sinni mikinn kost (pains) til get,
Al. 116; hann lzk ar vildu sna kosti til leggja (do his best), at eir Hkon deildi enga hfu, Fms.
i. 22. III. means; er (eir) synja lmusu, er kosti hfu til, Hom. 64; hafa meira kost, to be the
strongest, Fb. ii. 361; eiga alls kosti vi e-n, to have it all in one's power, i.e. to be the strongest;
Jkull gaf honum lf ok tti r alls kosti vi hann, Fs. 10; eiga alla kosti, Fms. iv. 296, Stj. 481;
Bessus er slks tti kosti vi hann er hann vildi grt hafa, Al. 101; eiga nokkurs gs kosti, 96; hafa
ltils kosti, to have small chance, be little worth, Mar.: means, provisions, mean mr endask fng
til, tt ek vla um mna kosti, though I am left to my own supplies, Eg. 66; bau hann Oddi alla
kosti me sr, Fas. ii. 540; ef vr hittumk sar sv at eir ha meiri kosli (forces), Fms. v. 87;
bndr edu kost hans um bit, Sturl. iii. 196 C: stores, tvau skip hlain vnum kosti, Fms. xi.
436; hr s ek beggja kost, I see here plenty of either, Sighvat; mungt n ara kosti (fare), setjask
kosti e-s, Fms. viii. 58; bndr uggu at sezt mundi kost eirra, ok kurruu lla, Bs. i. 549:
victuals, provisions, Germ. kost, selja silfr fyrir kost, Fas. i. 450; hveiti ok annarr kostr, Stj. 112;
Kirkja etta kosti, tvr vttir skreiar, vtt smjrs, vtt kjts, Pm. 34; tvau hundru haustlagi,
tu aura kosti, Vm. 42: board, bndi skal halda honum kost, Jb. 374; bau Ketill f fyrir kost
hennar, Dropl. 4; til kostar ok kla, fare and clothing, B. K. 108; at konungs kosti, at the king's
table, Bs. i. 782; far-k. (q.v.), a ship, vehicle; lis-k., forces, troops. IV. cost, quality; af lttum
kosti, Fms. x. 173; at sax var afburar-jrn kosti, of ne steel, id. 2. good things; frii fylgja allir
kostir ok ll frindi, Clem. 29; kyn ok kostr (quality), MS. 4. 9; ftt frra kosta, Hdl. 45: eir
kostir skulu ok fylgja, at ik skal aldri kala skyrtunni, Fas. ii. 529, 531; ferr hann r skyrtu
sinni, ok hlt hn llum kostum snum, 539: fatness, Lat. ubertas glebae, jararinnar kost ok
feitleik, Stj. 167; ar vru allgir lands-kostir, Hkr. i. 55; er mr sagt gott fr landa-kostum, at ar
gangi f sjlfala vetrum en skr hverju vatni, Fs. 20, 25, Landn. 225, v.l.; af kostum skal essu
landi nafn gefa ok kalla Markland, Fb. i. 539. 3. virtue; eir stgask yr af hermnnum Krists fyrir
helga kosti, Hom. 27; Kristni rask at mannfjlda ok kostum, MS. 677. 8; eigi er at rnanna
kostr, ... heldr er at inn kostr, Sklda 162, freq. in mod. usage. 4. a good quality, virtue; segja kost
ok lst, to tell fairly the good and bad of a thing; skalt segja kost ok lst konunni, Nj. 23; hann
sagi kost ok lst af landinu, Landn. 30; lstu ok kostu bera lja synir blandna brjstum , Hm.
134; -kostr, a fault, aw; mann-kostir, virtues. 5. spec. of a horse, plur. a ne pace; hestr kafs af
kostum, Sighvat. V. spec. and adverb. usages; til kostar, well! all right! well done! er at til kostar,
ef eigi jum vr fyrir mnnunum, Fms. xi. 139; at er til kostar, ef ..., well done, if ..., Hm. 33; er
at ok til kostar (it is a comfort) at Hskuldi muni tveir hlutir lla lka, Ld. 70: because, allra
mest af eim kosti, at ..., Hom. 33: sagi svfr at eir mundi kostum (indeed) nna, at au
Gurn vru eigi jafnmenni, Ld. 122; eim kosti, in that case, Grg. i. 40; engum kosti, by no
means, MS. 4. 21; at eim kosti, on that condition, Grg. ii. 239; at rum kosti, else, otherwise,
Eg. 8, 749; at rija kosti, thirdly, 14, Grg. i. 395; at sasta, efsta kosti, in the last instance, last
emergency, Nj. 221; at fsta kosti, at least, N. G. L. i. 61; at versta kosti, in the worst case, 101; at
minnsta kosti, at least: gen., alls kostar, quite, in every respect, Sks. 674 B, passim; eigi eins kostar,
not very, not peculiarly, sl. ii. 322; annars kostar, as for the rest, 108 B; nokkurs kostar, in any wise,
Fms. xi. 79, Fb. i. 74; sums kostar, in some respect, Fas. ii. 547, v. 69, Hom. 89; ess kostar, in this
case, thus, Fms. xi. 79, Rb. 36, Hom. (St.): acc., kostu, as adv., in such a manner, N. G. L. i. 327;
fyrir hvern kost, by every means. UNCERTAIN Kostr, in sense I, is in old writers often omitted, and
left to be supplied by the adjective or pronoun, e.g. ann (viz. kost) munu vr af taka, Ld. 188; at
hann mundi vera ann upp at taka, Eg. 157, Nj. 222; er ok s einn (viz. kostr) til, 227, Fms. vii.
265; er oss n engi annarr til, Nj. 143, Eg. 405; er yr engi annarr grr en sna aptr, Nj. 207;
Hkon jarl er alltraur undir trna at ganga, ok ykkir vera harr (viz. kostr) annat bor, Fms. xi.
39. COMPDS: kostar-hald, n. maintenance, Stj. 184. kostar-lauss, adj. without provisions, sl. ii.
463. kosta-bo, n. pl. a very favourable choice, Eg. 539, Vpn. 30, Sturl. iii. 151. kosta-mikill, adj.
good, ne, valuable, Sturl. iii. 7. kosta-munr, m. difference in quality, Nj. 52. kosta-vandr, adj.
fastidious, Vgl. 16. kosta-vanr, adj. cheerless, Skm. 30.
kost-samr, adj. ne, excellent, Hkm. 2.
kostuligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), costly, Fas. i. 76.
kost-vandr, adj. fastidious, Fas. iii. 115, Vgl. 48 new Ed.
KOT, n. [A. S. cote; Engl. cot], a cottage, hut, small farm; fyrir hv ertu kominn kot etta! Clem.
25, Barl. 194, Orkn. 78, . H. 208, Fms. ix. 359; leggjask kot, Rtt. 10. 7: allit., karl and kot, at
er mart koti karls sem kngs er ekki ranni, or karl ok kerling koti snu, see karl; v er betra kl
koti en ketill str af borgar oti, Eggert.
kot, n. [from Engl. coat], a coat, jacket.
kota or kotra, a; kotra sr nir, to seek out a hole.
kot-bndi, a, m. a cottier, Lv. 59, Fas. ii. 46; tla ek mrgum kotbondonum munu ykkja vera
rngt fyrir dyrum, . H. 127.
kot-br, m. = kot, Barl. 46, Fagrsk. ch. 193.
kot-karl, m. a cottier, cottager, a boor, Sks. 254, Sturl. iii. 122, Fms. iv. 283, vii. 253, Glm. 391.
COMPDS: kotkarla-tt, f. poor folk, Fas. iii. 289. kotkarls-barn and kotkarls-son, m. a churl's
bairn, churl's son, Fms. ix. 330, 331, Stj. 206; hinn herligasti kotkarls-son ok innar minnstu ttar,
Fms. vii. 157, Thom. 401.
kot-l, n. humble life, Stat. 276.
kot-mar, m. = kotungr, Sturl. (in a verse).
kot-mannliga, adv. meanly, in a beggarly way, Bjarn. 29.
kot-mannligr, adj. beggarly.
kotra, u, f. a game, backgammon, = kvtra, q.v.
kotroskinn, adj. prudish, Snt (1866), (conversational.)
kotung, n. cotton, = kotun. kotungs-lauf, n. and kotungs-vir, m. a kind of salix, Hjalt.
kotungr, m. = kotkarl, Fas. iii. 249, Fb. ILLEGIBLE 26, Str. 45.
kotn, n. cotton, (mod.)
kovertr, n. [for. word], 'coverture,' a covering, Sks. 403.
K, n. the fry of trout and salmon; brand-k.
KF, n. [kaf, kefja], thick vapour, steam, mist, Sks. 204. COMPDS: kf-sveittr, adj. steaming hot.
kf-viri, n. [Shetl. kavaburd], a misty sleet or snow; k. ok frostviri, Fbr. 112.
kklast, a, to hobble, get on with difculty.
KLFR, m. [akin to Engl. club, Germ. kolb], the tongue in a bell, Fms. vi. 147: klf-klukka, u, f.
a bell with a tongue, Pm. 129; (klf-lauss, adj. without a k., Vm. 9): the bulb of a plant: endi-k., a
sausage, sl. js. i. 177. II. a kind of bolt, Swed. kolf, Rm. 43, ir. 371, Karl. 68, 244, N. G. L. i.
69; bakka-klfr, a bird bolt; for-klfr, q.v.: the phrase, sem kl skyti, swift as a bolt, as lightning,
Fms. ii. 183, vii. 343, Sturl. iii. 220. klf-skot, n. a bolt shot, of distance, Edda 31.
klga, u, f., pot. a wave, Edda (Gl.), Hkv. 1. 25, Orkn. (in a verse), Fms. vii. 49 (in a verse), Bs. i.
16 (in a verse): one of the Northern Nereids (Rnar-dtr), Edda.
klna, a, to become cold, Stj. 45, Fas. i. 148; ver tk at k., Fms. i. 67; klnai verit ok dreif, Eb.
204; lk skal eigi grafa r klnat er, K. . K. 26; dagr klnar, Hom. (St.): impers., e-m klnar, one
gets cold; oss klnar klnum, Grett. 94 B; kulda-ver var ti, ok tk honum fast at klna, Fb. i.
276.
klnan, f. getting cold, Germ. abkhlung, Rb. 102.
kmeta, u, f. [for. word], a comet, Ann. passim; but in mod. usage, hala-stjarna, q.v.
kngr, m. a king, = konungr, q.v.
kni, a, m. a bullock (?), Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse): as a word of abuse, hann er fallegr kni!
kpa, t, [kopa, Ivar Aasen], to stare, gape; kpir afglapi, Hom. 81.
KPR, m. a young seal, freq.; prob. from its round-formed head (see koppr, kpa). COMPDS:
kp-heldr, adj. 'seal-tight,' of a net, Vm. 98. kp-skinn, n. the skin of a kpr.
krna, u, f., contr. krna and krna, q.v. [Lat. word], a crown, Fas. viii. 193, x. 107, Gl. 60,
passim; gull-k., yrni-k.
krna, a, to crown, Ver. 57, Fms. vii. 306, Gl. 63, Th. 20.
KRR, m., dat. krnum, Symb. 57; krinum, Fms. vii, 174, 291; [Lat. chorus] :-- a choir, Vm. 171,
Bs. i. 84, passim: a choir, music, Str. 1, Karl. 545. COMPDS: kr-bak, n. the back of the choir or
church. kr-bjalla, u, f. a choir-bell, Vm. 17. kr-bk, f. a choir-book, hymn hook, Vm. 109, Am.
47. krs-brir, m., eccl. a 'choir-brother,' a canon, Fms. viii. 269, ix. 461, Bs. (esp. Laur. S.)
passim. kr-dyr, n. a choir-door, Fms. xi. 273. kr-kpa, u, f. a priest's cope, Fms. viii. 557, ix.
341. kr-kjappi, a, m. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 85. kr-prestr, m. a choir-priest, Bs. i. 876, a priest
ofciating at the altar. kr-sm, f. a choir-building, Bs. i. 706. kr-ili, n. a 'choir-deal,' panel of
the choir, Hom. (St.) 97.
krabb, n. a crabbed hand.
krabba, a, to scrawl, write a crabbed hand.
KRABBI, a, m. a crab; k. gengr fugr lngum, Rb. 100, Stj. 91, Al. 168, Pr. 477; krabbinn segir
son sinn vi, sfellt gengr t hli, a ditty: a nickname, Sturl. iii. 246: of the zodiac, Rb. (1812)
16; as also krabba-mark (-merki), n. id., Rb. 100, MS. 732. 4: krabba-mein, n., medic. a cancer.
kraak, n. [perh. akin to A. S. crd, Engl. crowd], a crowd, swarm, (conversational.)
krafa, u, f. craving, demand, Gl. 475, N. G. L. i. 21, Fms. vi. 192.
kraa, a, to paw or scrabble with the hands; ok kraai fyrir (fr?) nsunum, he (an exposed
infant) had pawed (the snow) from his face, Fs. 60; still used, kraa fram r e-u, to crawl out of a
strait.
kraa, u, f. a nickname of an infant, see the preceding word: the name of a volcano in Iceland.
kraandi, a, m. the name of a hot spring in western Iceland,
krafsa, a, to paw or scratch with the feet, as horses or sheep when grazing on a snow eld; hann
krafsai sem hross, Ld. 120; hundrinn krafsar sundr hrguna, Fas. iii. 547; ekki arf at k. af v
ofan, er oss er hug, Nj. 224; hann kvask eigi mundu k. um at at segja honum sannindi, Sturl. iii.
313.
kragi, a, m. [Swed. krage; Dan. krave; cp. Scot. craig = neck], the collar of a coat: a kind of short
rain cloak.
kraka, a, to drag under the water; er hann krakai at upp, Grg. ii. 276; eir krkuu upp
sptingana ok pakkana, ... ok lta upp kraka at sem fengist af gzi, Bs. i. 842; krkuu eir hann
upp, ok uttu til lands, 610 :-- to furnish with pales, allt var krakat it ytra me sjnum, Fms. viii.
177 :-- to touch the bottom, of an anchor or the like, tku akkerin at kraka, x. 135; kraka niri, of
a horse in a deep stream only just touching the bottom with the feet: kraka hey upp, to cock hay,
Grg. ii. 107.
KRAKI, a, m. [Dan. krage], a pale, stake; konungr lt setja kraka utan fr Borg it fremra me
snum, Fms. viii. 148: a drag, boat-hook, vru grvir til krakar, ok var dregit sundr hot, sl.
ii. 411: prop. a looped and branched stem, used as a staircase, in which sense it is still used in
Norway (Ivar Aasen); this also was the old Dan. sense, see Saxo ii. 31; hence metaph. the nickname
of the famous mythical Danish king Rolf Kraki, from his being thin and tall; n sitr hr hsaeti
kraki einu ltill, Edda 81. 2. a kind of anchor, = Gr. GREEK.
krakka, a, to emit a cracking sound, to simmer.
krakki, a, m. [akin to kraki], a thin youth, urchin; krakkinn! krakka-tetri! etta er n barn enn ,
krakkinn, Piltr og Stlka 9, (conversational, of either sex.)
kraklegr, adj. thin, Lat. gracilis; hann var kraklegr (he was thin and weak of frame) ok tti heldr
seinlegr, Glm. 335.
kram, n. [for. word; Engl. cram; Dan. kram; mid. Germ. krme = a shop], toys, Rtt. 2. 10: kram-
vara, u, f. id.: kram-verk, n., sv. S.
kramari, a, m. [Dan. krmmer], a toyman.
kramask, , to pine and waste; see kremja.
KRAMR, adj. half thawed, of snow; krmum snj, Fms. i. 280; ok egar dreif Lginn krmmu,
Fb. ii. 327; also of butter, kramt smjr: bruised, of berries when the juice oozes out, and the like.
kramsi, a, m., pot. a raven, Edda (Gloss.)
kranga, a, to creep, Skm. 30.
krangi, a, m. [cp. krakki]. kranga-legr, adj. [krangled, Ivar Aasen], thin, of a boy; hann er ofbos
krangalegr!
krangr, adj., krng, krangt, weak, crank, Skv. 3. 44.
krank-dmr, m. ailing, sickness, Mar., Bs. ii. 140, passim.
krank-dmi, n. = krankdmr, Fas. iii. 642.
krank-leikr, m. (-leiki), = krankdmr, Fms. viii. 443, Jb. 167, Fas. ii. 394, Grett. 152.
KRANKR, m. [Germ. krank], ill, sick; krankr mjk, Fms. x. 146, Finnb. 322: k. lkam. B. K. 97;
krnk augu, Stj. 171: sore, distressing, hin krankasta t, the sorest time, of a famine, 162; krankir
hlutir, 156; krnkustu tilfelli, 218; inar krnkustu ugur, 271.
kranz, m. [for. word; Germ. kranz; Dan. krans], a wreath; setjast kranz, to sit in a ring, Mar., lf.
6. 19; koma saman krans, 5. 10.
KRAPI, a, m., and krap, n. sleet, thawed snow; vaa opt til kirkju krapa, Sklda (Thorodd) 179;
leggsk hann sv at hryr um krapit, Finnb. 310. COMPDS: krapa-drfa, u, f. a shower of sleet,
Sturl. i. 50, Gsl. 118. krapa-fr, f. a drift of thawed ice, Finnb. 310. krapa-hr, f. a sleet tempest.
KRAPPR, adj., krpp, krappt, [see kreppa] :-- strait, narrow, of a road or the like; krpp lei,
Sklda 169; komast krappan sta, to get into straits, a saying, Fb. i. 311: naut., krappr sjr, a short,
chopping sea: metaph., krpp kaup, a scant bargain, Grett. (in a verse): of a person, sharp, crafty,
krpp var Gurn, Am. 70. krappa-rm, n. the 'strait-room,' a place in an ancient ship of war, the
third from the stern, Fms. ii. 252, Fb. iii, 219.
krapt-auugr, adj. powerful, Gd. 38.
krapti, a, m. [akin to kraptr], a bar, one of a ship's timbers, a rib or knee, Edda (Gl.); eyri skal bta
fyrir krapta hvern, N. G. L. i. 100; krapta-valr, 'timber-hawk,' pot. a ship, . H. (in a verse); the
bar across the inside of a shield, cp. Gr. GREEK, krapti geirbrar, Vellekla: metaph., krapti skla,
the main pillar of a school, epithet of a bishop, Gd. 13. II. = kraptr; hafa nokkurn krapta (acc.)
aldrsins, Fms. xi. 14; hafa engu minna krapta, x. 318.
KRAPTR or kraftr, m., gen. krapts and kraptar, dat. krapti; [Engl. craft; Germ., Swed., and Dan.
kraft; prob. akin to krappr, prop. meaning a crooked bar, such as ribs and knees in a ship, which
sense has been kept in the weak form krapti; whence metaph. it came to mean power, strength] :--
might, strength, power; me llum krapti, with might and main, Fms. vii. 305; me miklum krapti,
x. 274; engi er ri kraptr ea styrkri, Sks. 25; undir krapti hlninnar, Mar.; algrr krptum, 656
A. 2; grisk sv mikill mttr at krapti hans, 655 iii. 4; me ljsi krapts sns, Nirst. 7; ek sri ik
fyrir alla krapta Krists ns, Nj. 176; af Gus megni ok krapti ins heilaga kross, Fms. x. 417. In the
N. T. GREEK is often rendered by kraptr, Gus kraptr, Matth. xxii. 29; kraptar himnanna, xxiv. 29;
til hgri handar Kraftarins, xxvi. 64. krafta-verk, n. (Gr. GREEK), 'power-work,' a miracle, N. T.
passim; for jartein (q.v.) is not Biblical, Magn. 430 :-- in plur. powers, supernatural, whence
krapta-skld, n. a 'power-scald,' a poet whose song has a magical power, see sl. js.: physical,
bodily strength, hafa mikla krafta, to be strong; litla krapta, to be weak. COMPDS: krapta-lauss,
adj. weak. krapta-ln, n. the gift of strength, Hom. 125. krapta-leysi, n. weakness, debility.
krapta-ltill, adj. weak, Fr. 185. krapta-mar, m. a strong man, 656 C. 12. krapta-mikill, adj.
strong, Eb. 204. krapta-skld and krapta-verk, see above.
krass, n. a scrawl: krassa, a, to scrawl.
krattans, gen. with the article, from kratti = skrati or skratti (q.v.), a swearing, Ska R. 136.
krauma, a, to simmer, of the sound when the water in a kettle begins to boil; a er fari a
krauma katlinum.
KR, f. [Dan. kro], a nook, corner; kr er hyrning, Stj. 152, Bs. ii. 134, Skld H. 6. 2, freq. in
mod. usage.
KRKA, u, f. [Dan. krage; cp. Engl. to croak], a crow, Lat. cornix, Hom. 69, Fms. vi. 446, Karl.
437, Edda (Gl.), Rm. 44; vinna eina krku, Fms. vii. (in a verse); galandi krka, Hm. 84; llviris-
krka, a croaking crow, boding ill weather; sumar-k.: the saying, betri er ein k. hendi en tvr
skgi, a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, Ld. 96: a nickname, Krka, Fas., whence
Krku-ml, n. pl. name of a poem, id.: krku-nef, n. crow nose, a nickname; whence
Krkneingar, m. pl., Landn. COMPDS: krku-skel, f. a shell-sh, mytilus edilis, Mag. 63.
krku-stgr, m. a 'crow-path,' zigzag. krku-ungi, a, m. a young crow, Fms. viii. 156, Fas. i. 337.
krkr, m. a kind of crow or raven, Edda (Gl.); ber sjlfr krk inn, carry thou thy crow thyself!
orst. Su H. 2; lka-krkr, a kind of pole for digging graves.
KRS, f. [Dan. kraase], a dainty, kv. 24, Stj. 58, Barl. 96, 200, 656 A. 2; drligar krsir, Bs. i.
152; heiarlegar krsir, Fs. 5; margskonar krsir, Fms. iii. 36; krsa diskr, . H. 85; s her krs er
krefr, a saying, Sl.
krea, u, f. [perh. akin to A. S. cradel; Engl. cradle], a fondled person, kreu-legr, adj., Bjrn.
kredda, u, f. a creed (Lat. credo); kvask numit hafa Pater noster ok kredduna, Fr. 257, 258: a
belief, fancy, hafa sna kreddu, sitja vi sna kreddu (conversational), prob. derived from the story in
Fr. S.
kredo [for. word], indecl. = kredda, Fr. 258.
krefa, u, f., medic. crusta lactea, an infant's disease, Ann. 1428, Fl. x. 8, passim in mod. usage,
krefu-stt, f. = krefa, Ann. 1389.
KREFJA, pres. kref, krefjum; pret. krafi, subj. krefi; part. krafr, krann; [A. S. crafjan; Engl.
crave; Dan. krve] :-- to crave, demand, to call on one, with acc. of the person, gen. of the thing; or
also, krefja e-n til e-s, krefja hann til utanferar, Sturl. i. 214; vera sumir krafir til at stra, Sks.
263; ek em kominn at krefja ik at ltir laust, Eg. 501; ok krafi sra Bjarna, at lka sr au tjn
hundru, Dipl. iii. 13; ella kre Gu hann andar sinnar, Sks. 720: at neita v er ek vil kraft hafa,
Fms. xi. 225; ok kref ek ok bind ek lgum riggja marka tleg, Grg. i. 384; krefja e-n mls,
Fms. vii. 162; engi ori at krefja hann ora, no one durst speak to him, Edda 22: krefja fjr, Sturl.
i. 48; kre hann manna, K. . 70; konungr krafi leiangrs, Fms. viii. 419; k. bendr lis, . H.
205; s tti mr ungr at krefja eisins, Edda 37; hann krafi dura, he knocked at the door, Fms.
viii. 332, v.l.; krefja lukla, Vkv. 19, 21: with subj., krfu eir at sveinninn fri me eim, Fms. i.
74. II. reex. to claim, with gen.; krafisk Hvarr torfxarinnar, Hv. 47; m konungr krefjask
af eim eirrar jnustu, sem ..., Sks. 263.
kreg, f. or krega, u, f. a wasting, pining, of infants :-- a nickname, Hrlfs S. Gaut. (Ed. 1664), p.
76.
kreik, n. walking, hobbling; vera kreiki.
KREIKA, a, [Engl. crouch, cp. crutch; Germ. kriechen], to walk in a bent posture, hobble;
kreikau rttr sonr minn, a ditty; freq. in mod. usage.
kreima, u, f. [krm], a weak person; hann er engin k.! (conversational.)
KREISTA, t, betttr kreysta, [cp. Ulf. kriustan = GREEK; Dan. kryste; Swed. krysta] :-- to squeeze,
pinch, press, Eb. 242, Fas. i. 285, Br. 10, Bret. 10, Al. 2. 30, Fas. i. (in a verse, Bm.); hann kreisti
sik undir vegginn, he pressed himself, crouched under the wall, r. 75; kyssa ok k., to kiss and
hug, Al. 44, ir. 30.
kreisting, f. pinching, squeezing, Fas. iii. 502.
kreklttr, adj. crooked.
krellr, m. [cp. Germ. kralle = a claw], spirit; k. n dugr, Fas. i. 71; enginn k. er yr, there is no
spirit in you, 96.
KREMJA, pres. kom, pl. kremjum; pret. krami; part. kramir, kramdr, kraminn; [mid. H. G.
krimme; see krm, kramr] :-- to squeeze, bruise; hann krami hold af beinum, Fas. iii. 348, passim,
-- esp. of berries, grapes, or juicy things :-- reex. to be pinched, to pine, from a wasting sickness,
margir krmusk lengi eir er lifu, Fms. viii. 443; eitt sinn kom ar stt mikil b eirra, ok
krmust margir lengi, sl. ii. 274.
krenkja, t, [krankr; mid. H. G. krenke; Germ. krnken], prop. to make sick, to hurt, H. E. i. 434,
737; erinda-fjldinn aldrei dvn | allmart vill a krenkja, Pl Vdal.; hjarta vill hrslan krenkja,
Pass.
krepja, u, f. sleet, = krap.
KREPPA, t, [Engl. cramp, crimp; mid. H. G. krimpfe; cf. krappr, Germ. krampf, etc.], to clench;
Grettir hafi kreppt ngrna at saxinu, Grett. 154 A; bindr hann ok kreppir, Stj. 96; kreppandi
saman me sterkum kntum, id.; hvers landi er hann kreppir (catches) ea merkir, Jb. 309; k. at e-
m, to pinch, press hard on one; krepptu eir sv at orgrmi, at ..., Sd. 148. 2. impers., medic. to
become crippled; l verkr lendum hennar ar til er r kntti en hana krefti, Bs. i. 328; hnd hans
var kreppt lfa, 313 (v.l.), 462; krepptir vru ngr lfann, id.; hann hafi kreppta hnd, Magn.
518; hn var kreppt ll, sv at bir ftr lgu bjgir vi knn, Fb. ii. 383; krepptr ok knttr, Sd.
148; saman krepptr, Stj. 51; krepptr miklum sult, pinched by hunger, Rm. 361.
kreppa, u, f. a strait: medic. a being crippled: a scrape, koma slkar kreppur, Ld. 264. kreppu-
stt, f. a kind of scorbutic disease, Fl. x. 37.
krepp-hendr, part. cripple-handed, a nickname, Fms.
krepping, f. a scrape, Fms. iv. 147.
kreppingr, m. a handful, Eg. 10.
kretta, pret. kratt, a def. strong verb, to maunder, murmur; engi ori um at kretta, Grett. 140 A, B;
Uxi kratt jafnan um, Finnb. 280 C; eir oldu lla, en krittu (kruttu?) um, Fas. i. 129.
kriki, a, m. [Engl. creek], a 'crack,' nook, freq. in mod. usage; handar-k., the armpit.
krikt, n. adj. = krkt (q.v.), swarming; mjl var krikt, the our was swarming, as if with grubs and
vermin, Vls. R. 229.
krikta, t, = kretta; hann kva at skamsamlegt at k. um smhluti, Fs. 31; eir kriktu um, Fas. i. 129.
krimta, t, to utter a sound; lta ekki sr k., not to stir, (conversational.)
KRING and kringum, adv. [akin or a twin word to kringr, with an initial tenuis] :-- round; ganga
krk og kring, all around, round and round, Fms. ii. 141; hringinn--kring, all around; skoa e-
krk og kring :-- kringum, around, with acc.; hann gengr rysvar rangslis kringurn valinn, Fas.
iii. 337; kringum hann, Br. 180; alla vega kringum sik, Fas. i. 105; skalt ra kringum
sktuna, Hv. 46; kringum hallina, Fb. ii. 137.
kringar, m. pl. the pullies of a drag net; ar til er kringar koma land, Gl. 427.
kringi, f. adroitness, in or-kringi, q.v.
kringi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), comical, funny, (conversational.)
kringja, , usually with prep. um, kringja um e-t, to encircle, surround, or, kringja umhvers, id.;
but also singly, with acc., eir hfu kringt sv um konung, Fms. viii. 67; eir kringu um kirkjuna,
ix. 469; at eldr kringi umhvers hn, Sks. 205; kringdr umhvers, id.; kappar Heinreks hfu
kringt um mik, Br. 16; kringi Haraldr konungr me sinni fylking bak jarli, Fms. vi. 407;
Birkibeinar kringu (surrounded) binn egar, ix. 311: milit. to outank, vr skulum hafa fylking
langa sv at eir kringi eigi um oss, Hkr. i. 150, Fms. vii. 178. 2. absol. to go round; hann gekk it
efra fyrir innan fjall, ok kringi sv inn til Alreksstaa, Fms. viii. 354; kringit um borgina, go round
the town (of Jericho), Stj. 359, Karl. 134. Mar.
kringla, u, f. a disk, circle, orb; hjlanna kringlur, Stj. 288; kringla heims, kringla jarar, the disk of
the eartb, Sks. 194, 200, 626, Hkr. (init.); me hvelum ok kringlum, Str. 17: the name of a MS.,
from its initial word, given to it by Torfus, whence the mod. Heimskringla, the Globe, = the Book
of the Kings of Norway, commonly ascribed to Snorri; the name rst occurs in the Ed. of
Peringskld (A.D. 1697), and was unknown before that time: skoppara-k., a top. COMPDS:
kringlu-auga, n. a nickname, Fms. vii. kringlu-leitr, adj. round-faced. kringlu-skurr, m. a
shaving the crown; k. sem klerkar, Fb. ii. 196. kringlu-stt, f. (mod. hfustt), the turning
sickness in sheep, Bs. i. 465.
kringlttr, adj. round, circular; hn (the earth) er kringltt, Edda (pref.); tn kringltt, Fms. vii. 97;
hver kringlttan, Stj. 564; k. gluggr, Sturl. iii. 186, Vm. 98; kringltt hsti, Br. 6.
KRINGR, adj. easy; sv var honum kringr skldskapr sem rum mnnum ml sitt, verse-making
was as easy to him as speaking to other men, Fb. ii. 135: neut., e-m er e-t kringt, a thing is easy to
him, he is adroit in it; mun r kringra at hafa ljsa-verk at bi nu, enn ..., Nj. 185; jafn-kringt,
equally smooth, Karl. 108, Sks. 381.
kring-slast, a, dep. [sl = sun], to walk all round the dial, as if bewildered.
krisma, a, to anoint, Rb. 82, Mar., Bs. i. 575.
krismi, a, m., krisma, u, f., H. E. i. 480, 482, ii. 137, [for. word; Gr. GREEK] :-- chrism, Fms. viii.
26, x. 372, K. . K. 20, 72, Bs. i. 135. COMPDS: krisma-ker, n. a chrism box, Pm. 11. krisma-
kli, n. chrism, Dipl. iii. 4. krisma-star, m. the 'chrism-spot,' on the breast of infants, N. G. L. i.
339.
krista, adj. a nickname, Fms. viii. 254.
Krist-b, n. 'Christ-estate,' i.e. glebe-land given for the support of the poor, Vm. 169; some deeds
of the 12th century referring to such lands are published in D. I., Nos. 30-34.
Krist-f, n. 'Christ-fee,' old Icel. eccl. name of property given for the support of the poor, --
'Christf apud nos communiter dicitur quod pauperibus legatum est,' H. E. iii. 98; gaf Sira rarinn
ftkum frndum snum mikit gz, ok setti mrg Kristf mrgum jrum um Svarfaardal, ok
sv annars-staar, Bs. i. 790, H. E. i. 430, Vm. 163. COMPDS: Kristfjr-jr, f. glebe-land for the
poor, Vm. 152. Kristfjr-magi, a, m. a pauper maintained on Christf, Pm. 21, 121.
Kristiliga, adv. in a Christian-like way, Fs. 80, Bs. ii. 81, passim; -kristiliga, cruelly, wickedly.
Kristiligr, adj. Christian; Kristilig tr, K. . 74; Kristileg fri, Kristilegt lgml, Fms. x. 288,
passim: Christian-like, -kristiligr, unchristian-like, cruel, wicked.
Kristin-dmr, m. Christendom, Christianity, Sturl. i. 127, N. G. L. i. 203, passim: matters
ecclesiastical, Gl. 487. In old writers often in two words, see Kristinn. Kristindms-blkr, m. the
section containing the ecclesiastical law, N. G. L. i. 339, Jb. 5, Bs. i. 697, 698.
Kristinn, adj. Christian, K. . K. (init.), Nj. 158, Eg. 265, Bs. passim; vel Kristinn, a good
Christian, observing the Christian rites, Eg. 265, Fms. i. 17; lla Kristinn, a bad Christian, Mork.
227 (in a verse); enn Kristnasti mar Antiochia, the best Christian in Antioch, Clem. 38; Kristi
mor, the murder of a christened child, opp. to heiit mor, N. G. L. i. 340. COMPDS: Kristinn-
dmr, m. Christendom, Sturl. i. 127 C; Kristins dms, Hom. 99. Kristinsdms-rttr, m. the
ecclesiastical law, Jb. 5 B. Kristin-lg, n. pl. the ecclesiastical law, H. E. i. 437. Kristinnalaga-
ttr, m. the section containing the (Icel.) ecclesiastical law, Grg. (Kb.) 3; sv settu eir orlkr
biskup ok Ketill biskup, at ri zurar Erkibyskups ok Smundar ok margra kennimanna annarra,
Kristinna laga tt sem n var tnt ok upp sagt, K. . K. 140. Kristinn-rttr, m. the ecclesiastical
law, N. G. L. i. 352, H. E. i. 541 (note), passim.
Kristn, f. a pr. name, Christina, Fms.
Krist-kirkja, u, f. Christ Church, seems to have been a general name for cathedrals; a Kristkirkja is
mentioned in Bergen, Drontheim, Borgund (Norway), Fb. iii, Boldt.
Krist-mar, m. a 'Christ-man,' champion of Christ, . H. 204, 216; er nokkurr s nu fruneyti,
Kristmarinn, er meira ha degi vaxit, en vit braer, 202.
Kristna, a, to Christianise, Nj. 156, the Sagas passim: to christen, baptize, fa skal barn hvert er
borit verr penna heim, Kristna ok til Kirkju bera, N. G. L. i. 339: in mod. usage to conrm. II.
reex., lta Kristnask, to be Christianised, Fms. i. 33, Nj. 158, Bs.
Kristna, u, f. = Kristni, Rafn 38, (Jellinge-Runic stone); this form also occurs in early Swedish.
Kristni, f. Christianity, Nj. 157, Fms. i. 31, passim: Christendom, Gus K., 655 xi. 1, Greg. 44, Bs.
i. 575, ii. 105: christening, Hom. 147. COMPDS: Kristni-bo, n. (-boan, f., Fms. i. 142),
preaching the Gospel, Fms. i. 32, x. 393, Eb. 254. Kristni-hald, n. keeping Christianity, Fms. ii.
236, Fb. ii. 49. Kristni-lg, n. pl. = kristinlg, Fb. ii. 54. Kristni-Saga, u, f. the name of the Saga of
the introduction of Christianity into Iceland, Bs. i. 3. Kristni-spell, n. breach, profanation of
Christianity, Valla L. 209, Fms. i. 26.
kristning, f. christening, Stat. 292.
Kristr, m. Christ, see p. 93; cp. Hvta-Kristr. COMPDS: Krists- kirkja, u, f. = Kristkirkja. Krists-
minni, n. Christ's toast, a toast given in great banquets, probably answering to the grace in mod.
times, Fms. vii. 148. Krists-musteri, n. 'Christ-minster,' = Christ Church, Rb. 368. II. in pr. names,
Krist-rr, Fms., Krist-rn, etc.
KRA, u, f. [this word does not occur in old writers, and may be derived from Swed. kry, from the
brisk and lively temper of this bird]: -- a sea-bird, the tern, Lat. sterna; from this restless and noisy
bird comes the saying, vera einsog kri steini, or, einsog kra verpi, to be restless and unsteady.
kru-egg, n. the egg of a k. For an account of this bird, which abounds in Icel., see Eggert Itin. ch.
675; and for the curious lawsuit called Kru-ml, see Espol. rb. 1692, 1693.
kra, a, to cry or beg; kra sr e- t, (conversational.)
krkar, m. pl. [krki], the thighs, Fas. ii. 256.
krli, n. [North. E. creel], a small basket, creel.
krm, n. sod, grime; augna-krm, xerophthalmia, Fl. ix.
krmugr and krmttr, adj. grimy, of sheep with black cheeks.
krsta, t, to chirp, onomatop.; a krstir honum, of suppressed laughter.
Krt, f. [Lat. creta; Germ. kreide; Dan. kridt], chalk. II. a local name, Crete; Krtar-byggi, Krtar-
menn, the Cretans, Edda (pref.), Symb. Krtar-rr, m. Thor (i.e. Jove) of Crete, Bret., Edda
(pref.)
KRJPA, pres. krp; pret. kraup. pl. krupu, subj. krypi; part. kropinn; [A. S. crepan; Engl. creep;
Swed. krypa; Dan. krybe] :-- to creep, crouch; vru dyrnar sv lgar at nr var at k. inn, Hkr. ii.
379; hann kraup til fta eim, lk. 35; at ek krypa nestu smugur helvtis fylgsna, Sks. 605; gaf
Sverrir konungr eim mikit skak fyrir at, er eir hfu kropit ar um hris at nokkrum
silfrpenningum, Fms. viii. 143; vr krjpum eigi bug skjaldi, vi. 416 (in a verse); hann kva
konung hlzti lengi hafa kropit ar um lyng, Hkr. iii. 376; fkk hann nauula kropit til at hggva
virgulinn sundr, Hom. 117; mtti hn eigi r krjpa angat r sem n gkk hn, 115. 2. to fall
prostrate, kneel, esp. in an eccl. sense, to humble oneself; er vr krjpum til hans me iran
undir hans miskunn, Sklda 211; biskup lknai hvervetna eim sem til hans miskunnar krupu, Bs.
i. 751; mildr llum eim er til hans krupu, Al. 135; krp ek til kross, Lkn. 30; jta r sektina ok
krjpa undir skriptina, Th. 78; gjarna vil eg a ftum n, feginn fram atr krjpa, Pass. 41. 4 :--
eccl. to kneel in service; as also krjpa kn, id. II. part. kropinn, crippled; see kroppinn.
KROF, n. [cp. kryfja, and a lost strong verb krjfa, krauf, kronn, to embowel] :-- the cut-up
carcase of a slaughtered animal; nauts-k., sauar-k., Dipl. v. 18, Sturl. iii. 262, Fas. ii. 114.
kropna, a, to be crippled, Hom. 114, O. H. L. 84: to be clenched, stiffened, var hndin kropna at
brnu, Rm. 248.
kropning, f. a kneeling, Sturl. ii. 178.
kroppa, a, to crop, pick; settisk uga ein hnd honum ok kroppai, Edda 69; kroppa gras, to
crop grass, graze.
kroppa, u, f. a nickname, Landn.
kroppin-bakr, m. a hump-back, Fas.
kroppinn, adj. crippled, crooked; kroppnir ftr, O. H. L. 84; kroppnir knar, Rm. 8.
kroppin-skeggi, a, m. a nickname, Landn.
KROPPR, m. [A. S. and Engl. crop (of a bird); Germ. kropf; Dan. krop; Swed. kropp] :-- a hump
or hunch on any part of the body; ok rekr kroppinn erninum ..., var fst stngin vi kropp
arnarins, Edda 45, Mag. 10 :-- in mod. usage the body, me beran kroppinn; kropprinn veri
kaldr nr, Pass. 44. 7, passim: a nickname, Landn., Sturl. II. as a local name, Landn.
kroppungr, m. a kind of sh, shrimp (?), Edda (Gl.), D. N. v. 75.
KROSS, m.; the earliest poets use the Lat. form, but as masc., helgum crci, Edda 92 (in a verse);
merki crcis, Lkn. 52, which form remains in the pr. name Krysi-vk, Kryci-vika, q.v.; [like A. S.
and Engl. cross, Hel. cruci, Germ. kreuz, Swed.-Dan. kors, from Lat. crux] :-- a cross, Bs., N. T.,
Pass., Vdal. passim. 2. the holy rood, crucix, in the Roman Catholic times; Valgarr braut krossa
fyrir Meri ok ll heilg tkn, Nj. 167; taka kross hnd sr, of one taking an oath, Grg. i. 64;
hann lt einn gullkross gra ok san vgja, Fms. vi. 142; brkum ok krossum, Bs. i. 132. These
holy roods were erected on high roads, and worshipped, -- hn hafi bna-hald sitt Krosshlum,
ar lt hn reisa krossa, Landn. 111; eir hfu krossa tv, er n eru Skari inu eystra, merkir
annarr h lafs konungs en annarr h Hjalta Skeggjasonar, Bs. i. 21: allit., kirkja er kross, fara
til kirkju ea kross, to go to worship at church or cross, Hom. (St.); hann kom hvrki til kross n
kirkju, Art. 21; hafnar-kross, Bs. i. 607, (see hfn); hinn rija dag Jlum at kveldi var hn at
krossi, she was worshipping at a cross, 370, cp. 607; kross-sm, the carving of a cross, Ann. 1334.
Many local names bear witness to this cross-worship, which answers to the hrgar of the heathen
age, cp. the passage in Landn. l.c.; Kross, Kross-, Krossr-dalr, Kross-ss, Krossa-nes, Krossa-
vk (whence Krossvkingar, sl. ii), Kross-holt, Kross-hlar, Kross-sund, as also Krysi-vk (q.v.)
in southern Icel., prob. from a harbour cross being erected there, Landn., Sturl., the map of Icel., cp.
Engl. and Scot. Holy Rood :-- the name of several ancient poems, Kross-drpa, Kross-vsur. 3. the
sign of the cross (signa or signa sig); Ski gri skyndi-kross skjtt me sinni loppu, Ska R. 125;
kross, adv. cross-wise, in form of a cross; at kallai hann sv er kross var sprungit, Glm. 383;
ok var hvrtveggi brenndr kross, Nj. 209; at hafi hann helzt til trar, at hann bls kross yr
drykk snum, Fs. 103. 4. a cross used to summon people to a meeting (the Scot. Fiery cross), called
skera kross, Grg. i. 166, 446, 447, N. G. L. i. 11, 348, 378, answering to the heathen her-r.
COMPDS: krossa-lauss, adj. 'cross-less,' not making the sign of the cross; hann drakk ll minni
krossalaus, Fms. i. 37. kross-band, n. a band cross-wise, Gl. 382. kross-binda, batt, to bind cross-
wise. kross-bza, u, f. name of a ship, Ann. kross-dkr, m. a cross-kerchief, Vm. 95. kross-fall, n.
the dropping a cross (v. supra 4), N. G. L. i. 378. kross-f, n. a payment to keep up a holy rood, D.
N. kross-ferill, m. and kross-ganga, u, f. the way of the cross, Christ's bearing the cross, Pass. 11.
3. kross-fr, f. the forwarding a cross (v. supra 4), Grg. i. 446. Kross-gildi, n. Crossgild, a pr.
name, Fms. ix. 529. kross-gtur, f. pl. cross-paths; for popular tales of wizards sitting on cross-
roads, where all the fairies pass by, see sl. js. i. 436-438. kross-hs, n. a cross-house, house
with a holy rood, Bs. i. 379. kross-mar, m. a cross-man, warrior of the cross, . H. 216. kross-
mara, u, f. a kind of madder, bed-straw, galium. kross-mark, n. the sign of the cross, Fms. i. 35,
Magn. 512. kross-merki, n. = krossmark, Greg. 51. Kross-messa, u, f. Cross-mass, twice in a year,
once in the spring (Krossmessa vr), the 3rd of May (Inventio Crucis), and once in autumn, the
14th of September (Elevatio Crucis), K. . 188, Rb. 372, Fms. ix. 374. krossmessu-dagr, m. id.,
Jb. 454, 476. kross-psl, f. the passion on the cross, Barl. Kross-Saga, u, f. the Story of the Cross;
ar eru kross-sgur bar, Vm. 6. kross-skjldr, m. a shield with a cross on it, Rtt. kross-skurr,
m. the despatching of a cross (message), N. G. L. i. 137, 378. kross-tkn, n. the token, sign of the
cross, Hom. 90. kross-tir, f. pl. a cross-service, legend, to be at a cross-worship, Ann. 1333.
kross-tr, n. the tree of the cross, 623. 20, Symb. 20. kross-urt, f. = krossmara. kross-vara, u, f.
a cross-beacon, wayside cross. kross-vegr, m. = krossgata, D. N. kross-vir, m. = krosstr, Bv.
kross-vti, n. a 'cross-wite,' a ne for not forwarding a cross message, N. G. L. i. 11.
krossa, a, to sign with a cross, passim, as also to erect a cross; krossa l, to mark a eld with the
cross, as a sign that it is to be put up for sale, N. G. L. i. 37: reex. to take the cross as a crusader,
Fms. xi. 351; krossar til tferar, id.
kross-festa, t, to fasten to the cross, crucify, 625. 76, Sklda 209, Bs. passim, N. T., Vdal.: part.
kross-festr, crucied, H. E. i. 469, passim.
kross-festing, f. crucixion, 623. 2, 625. 73, Fms. v. 343.
krota, a, (krot, n.), to engrave, ornament, of metal; knappar krotair, D. N., and in mod. usage.
KR, f., pl. krr, [Dan. kro], a small pen or fence, in Icel. the pen in which lambs when weaned
are put during the night.
kra, a, to pen in a kr; kra lmb, to pen lambs.
krgi, a, m. a boy, urchin; krabbinn talar vi krgann sinn, Hst.
krk-boginn, part. bent as a hook.
krk-faldr, m. a crooked hood, Ld. 126; see faldr.
krk-fjr, f. a barbed head of a spear or arrow, Grett. 99, see Worsaae, Nos. 350, 351.
krk-loppinn, adj. with hands crooked and numbed from cold.
krk-lykill, m. a hook-shaped key, Sd. 139, see Worsaae, No. 465.
krk-nefr, m. crook-nose, Bs. i. 824.
krkttr, adj. crooked, winding; krktt , a winding river, Pr. 476: cunning, Fb. i. 208: neut.
krktt, Band. 32 new Ed.
krk-pallr, m. a crooked seat, corner seat (?), Fms. vii. 325.
KRKR, m., krkr, Am. 45, Pm. 76; [Engl. crook; Dan. krog; Swed. krok] :-- a hook, anything
crooked; krkr r-angar, a three-pronged hook, a trident, Bret. 6: a barb on a spear or arrow head,
Grett. 45, 109 new Ed.: of a shing-hook, Lil. 60, 78, 82; tveggja krka hald vatnit, Pm. 41; n er
lfs-hali einn krki, a saying, Band, (in a verse): a peg, eir tku reip ofan r krkum, Hrafn. 20;
brjta spjt r krkum, Sturl. iii. 188: a kind of crooked-formed box to carry peat in, torf-krkar: the
coils like a dragon's tail on a ship's stern, opp. to the 'head' (hfu) on the ship's stem, fram var
dreka-hfu, en aptr krkr ok fram af sem sporr, Hkr. i. 284; at var dreki, var bi hfuin ok
krkar aptr mjk gullbit, Orkn. 332; hfuit ok krkrinn var allt gullbi, Fb. i. 435: a kind of
boat-hook, a brand-hook, sl. ii. 411 (v.l.), N. G. L. ii. 448: of a wrestling trick, see hl-krkr; the
phrase, lta koma krk mti bragi: a game, trying the strength by hooking one another's ngers,
fara krk: the phrase, leggja sig framkrka, to exert oneself, plan and devise; stris-krkar, a
rudder's hook, Fas. iii. 204; hence prob. the phrase, ar reis at undir krki, there rose (a wave)
under the rudder, Sturl. i. 47: an anchor uke, Fms. vi. (in a verse). 2. a winding; Mriu-sin (a
ship) reist langan krk er eir skyldu sna henni, Fms. viii. 222; sv var skipat mnnum me f
essu at ar skyldi engan krk rsta, i.e. to go straight, Ld. 96; gora sr krok, to make a circuit, Fas.
iii. 197. 3. a device; ok her hann at hug sr at rtta enna krk, Ld. 40, 260, Stj. 515; Krka-
Rcfr. Ref the Wily, Krk. II. a nook; krkinn hj hsinu, Fs. 42, (krk-pallr); aka e-m ngan krk,
to put one into a corner, to entrap, a saying, Fms. vi. 132 (in a verse). III. a nickname, Landn.;
whence Krks-fjrr, a local name, Landn. krka-spjt, n. a barbed spear, Ld. 78, Eg. 726, Fbr.
11, and see Worsaae, No. 350.
krk-raptr, n. crook-rafters in a house, Gl. 331.
krk-spjt, n. a barbed spear, N. G. L. i. 80.
krk-stafr, m. a crooked stick, Karl. 278, Fms. iii. 178: a crosier, D. N.
krk-stika, u, f. a kind of candlestick, Vm. 34, 69, Jm. 2.
krk-stjaki, a, m. a boat-hook.
krk-svia, u, f. a kind of hatcbet with a hook, Gull. 14.
krk-r, f. a barbed arrow, Al. 149, N. G. L. i. 80, Fas. iii. 331, Rm. 240, O. H. L. 71.
krubba, u, f. [Engl. crib; Dan. krybbe] , a crib, Skld H. 6. 19.
krukka, u, f. [A. S. crocca; Hel. cruca; Engl. crock; Germ, krug; Dan. krukke], a pot, MS. 1812
(Gl.), freq. in mod. usage.
krumma, u, f. (krymma, Hkv. Hjrv. 22), [Germ. krum], a crooked, clownish hand, paws, Ska R.
8, Fms. iii. 189, vi. 206, Grett. 124 new Ed., sl. ii. 443.
krummi, a, m. a pet name of a raven, perhaps Crook-beak, Edda (Gl.),sv. S. 3, 4, 6; freq. in
popular songs, -- Krummi krunkar ti, | kallar nafna sinn; Krumminn skj, skj, | skekr belgi
rj, rj, etc.; betr skrifa krumma klr, Jn. orl. Krumma-kvi, n. Raven song.
krumr, m. = krummi (?), a nickname, Landn.; whence Krymlingar.
krumsi, a, m. = krumnii, Edda (Gl.)
krungr, m. a hump; krungr upp r bakinu honum.
krutr, m. = krytr, a murmur, Bs. ii. 227.
krna, u, f. [Lat. corona], a crown, Stj., Fms. passim: the crown of the head, Sturl. iii. 281: the
crown, royalty, H. E. i. 528: a shaven crown, K. f). K. 72, Bs. i. passim: the forehead of oxen.
COMPDS: krnu- breir, adj., rendering of the Gr. GREEK krnu-gull, n. a coronation ring,
Jtv. 2. krnu-kli, n. coronation robes, Jtv. Krnu-messa, u, f. 'Crown-mass,' Corona
Spinarum, = the 11th of October, Ann. 1300, H. E. i. 444. krnu-vgsla, u, f. a coronation. Bs. i.
414, 640.
krna, a, to crown, Fms. vii. 308, N. G. L. i. 451: reex., Bs. ii. 98.
krnk, n. onomatop. the raven's cry; knk ! krnk ! Snt (1866) 141.
krnka, a, to croak, of a raven; hani, krummi, hundr svn, ... galar, krnkar geltir, hrn, a ditty.
krs, f. a pot, tankard, Lat. crustula, Stj. 582; krsum ea knnum, Rtt. 13. 2.
Kryci-vika, u, f. [old Sax. cruci-wica; Germ, kreuz-wocbe] , the second week before Whitsuntide.
krydd, n. [Hel. krud = herba; Germ, kraut] , . spice, Stj. 194, 205, Flov. 80. krydd-jurt, f. spice
herbs.
krydda, a. [Dan. krydre] , to spice.
KRYFJA, pres. kryf, pret. krufi, part. krufr and krunn, to split, embowel; krufi hann hana
sinn, Fms. v. 194, Fas. ii. 376 (of a sh); sv segja menn at eir kryfi orgeir til hjarta, Fbr. 108;
var klfr einn skorinn ok krufr, Fas. iii. 33, Mag. 138.
krymma, u, f. = krumma, Hkv. Hjrv. 22.
kryplingr, m. [Engl. cripple; Dan. krbling] , a cripple, Hkr. iii. 116, Fms. xi. 308, Magn. 528, Bs.
passim.
kryppa, u, f. [kroppr], a hump, huncb. Fas. ii. 390, Ska R. 8.
kryppill, m. a cripple, Karl. 469, Mar.
krypt and kraupt, [a for. word], a crypt in a church, Thom.
Krysi-vk, f. a local name in Icel., no doubt qs. Kryci-vk, -- Kross- vk, = Holy-rood-wick; from
the Saxon form cruci, as in Hel.
krysja, pret. krusti, defect. [cp. Dan. kryster = a coward] , to crouch, linger; eir er krustu undir
garinum uru eigi fyrr varir vi, en ..., Fms. viii. 38.
krytja, krutti, to murmur, = kretta; ori n engi at krytja er kveina mti Israels-l, Stj. 370.
krytr, m. murmurings, ill will; nba-krytr, neighbour-quarrels.
krna, d, to crown.
krning, f. coronation.
kra, u, f. a kind of lichen, lichen coralloides, Bjrn.
krfr, adj. daring, (conversational.)
krki-ber, n. pl. the fruit of the crow-berry, empetrum nigrum, Bs. i. 135, freq. in mod. usage,
krki-lyng, n. crow-berry.
krkill, m. a crooked stick, Finnb. 216, 222.
KRKJA, or t, [krkr], to hook with anything crooked, the instrument in dat.; hann krkti
handar-stnum kistu-hringana, Fms. x. 258, Eg. 564, Fb. i. 524, Grett. 50 new Ed., Karl.; hann
krkir ftunum nir undir kviinn (of a horse), Sd. 177; hkk akkeri mikit Drmundinum, ok var
krkt einunum borit, en leggrinn vissi ofan, and had the uke hooked on the gunwale, but the
leg turned down, Orkn. 362; rir krki upp xinni, . H. 135, Fms. vii. 264,E. b. 310, Fr. 110;
krkt er saman beinnin br, tby bones are hooked together, i. e. . badly knit, Grett.; hann knekti
fr undan eini me staf, be booked their legs with his stick, Fms. vii. 264; hann vudi k. af honurn
skjldinn, Gull. 15. II. metaph. to go in circuits, in windings; eir koma aptan dags einn fjr
mikinn, ok kravkti ymsa vega landit, a fjord which branched, spread widely into the coun'y, Krk.
52. III. reex. to be booked, Sks. 27 new Ed.; krkjask til, to grapple in close ght, Fr. 18; vera
inni krktr, to be shut in, Fms. viii, 386.
krkla, u, f. a crooked twig.
krklingr, m. a shell, common sea snail, used for sh bait.
krla, d, to stir: fyrsta sinn me ngri mr | fann ek nokkut krla, Vls. R. 230: mod., lta ekki
sr krla, not to stir.
KRSA, t, [krs], to make a dainty dish; krsast, to fare sumptuously, Stj. 514, Karl. 250.
krsing, f. sumptuous fare, dainty.
KRF, f., gen. krafar, pl. krar, [krefja], a claim, demand, Stj. 225; K. . 220, Fms. i. 66.
krggur, f. pl. [from Engl. crags ?], straits; vera krggum, komast i krggur, (conversational.)
krkt, n. adj. swarming; krkt af f, freq. in mod. usage; see krikt.
KRM, f., gen. kramar, [kremja; Ulf. krammia = GREEK, Luke viii. 6] :-- a pining, wasting
sickness; her hn haft langan vanmtt, ok var at krm mikil, Eg. 565; rndr hafi augnaverk
mikinn ok arar kramar miklar, Fr. 213; la sv margir dagar at herrans sjkdmr snsk
krm, Bs. ii. 227; nie leiri krm, Od. xi. 200 (GREEK); kuldi ok krn, krm og vesld.
krptr, m., pl. kreptir, a crypt, Thom. 543.
krptugr, adj. [kraptr], strong, Str. 60, Hrafn. 27, H. E. i. 513.
krptuliga, adv. with might and main, Hm., freq. in mod. usage.
krptuligr, adj. mighty, strong, freq. in mod. usage.
KUBBA, a, [Engl. chop], to chop, cut clean; kubba e-t sundr.
kubbttr, adj. = kufttr (q. v.), Sks. 64 B.
kubbr, m. a notch; tr-kubbr.
kur, adj., see kunnr.
kuungr, m. a kind of shell, see kufungr; hneppa sig kuung, to crouch into one's shell, like a
snail, cp. Safn i. 91, 97.
KUFL, m., older form ko, [Engl. cowl; mid. Lat. cuculus] , a cowl, Fms. viii. 245, ix. 531: a
cowled cloak, Landn. 218, Fas. ii. 541, Fs. 74. kus-httr, n. (-hattr, Fms. v. 182), a cowl, Fms. iii.
162, Fas. i. 9.
ku-mar, m. a cowl-man, Fms. iii. 37, Fas. ii. 541.
kuungr, m. a cowl-man, Fms. viii. 245: name of a party in Nor- way, Fb. iii.
kuggi, a, m. = kuggr (?), a nickname, Landn.
KUGGR, in. [Engl. and Dutch cog; by Du Gauge derived from Lat. concha] :-- a cog, a kind of
ship, but originally (as is probable) a foreign ship, Saxon, Hanseatic, or the like, Fb. iii. 175, 224,
Orkn. 200, 298, Ld. 314, Fms. i. 122, viii. 249, ix. 44, Ann. 1343, 1349, 1392.
KUKL, n. [prob. a for. word, which occurs in no very old writers; Germ, gaukel; Engl. juggle] :--
juggling, sorcery, Edda ii. 638 (spelt kuckl), Mag. 176; kukl og fjolkyngi, Pass. 14.11.
kuklari, a, m. a juggler, wizard, kuklara-skapr, m. sorcery, Bs. i. 237, Fas. iii. 237.
kul, n. a cold breeze; fagrt kul, Fms. xi, 439.
kula, a, to blow gently.
kul-bor, n. the windward or weather side, opp. to the leeward.
KULDI, a, m. cold, opp. to hiti; frost ok kuldar, Fms. ii. 29, 228, viii. 19, Ld. 168, Gg. 12, Fs. 179,
Fbr. 28. COMPDS: kulda-blga, u, f. a chilblain. kulda-samr, adj. cold, chilly, Ld. 286. kulda-
skel, f. a kind of shell, concha orbiculata levis. kulda-str, f. a withered straw: metaph. an outcast.
kulda-ver, n. cold weather, Fms. v. 178, Fas. i. 393. kulda-vegr, in. the cold zone, (mod. kulda-
belti, n.), Sks. ic;8. II. metaph. coldness, malice; kenna, kulda af e-m, to feel chilly, sore, Eb. 290,
Ld. 106, 158, Sturl. ii. 129.
kulna, a, to 'cool out,' go out, of re.
kul-samr, a dj. - kulvss, Grett. 160 new Ed., v. 1.
kult, n. [prob. a for. word], a quilt: a counterpane, Eb. 264, Sturl. iii. 165, Dipl. v. 18. Str. 5. 51,
Fms. x. 16: masc., einum drum silki-kult, Art.
kul-vsi, f. the being kulvss.
kul-vss, adj. sensitive to cold, Dan. kulskjer, Grett. 144 A.
kumba, u, f. the name of a bondwoman, Rm.
kumbaldi, a, m. a small cairn, hovel; i geti soti ein gamla kumb- aldanum ykkar, Undina 7,
freq. in mod. usage: a nickname, Sturl. ii. 105.
kumbi, a, m. a nickname, Sturl. ii. 69.
kumbr, m. = kubbr, a chopping, cutting; tr-kumbr, Barl. 165. II. nykr, q. v., or the fabulous sea
horse, Maurer's Volks. 33.
KUML, kumbl, kubl, n. This word is chiey interesting because of its frequent occurrence on the
old Dan. and Swed. Runic stones, where it is always used in plur.; the spelling varies, kuml, kubl, or
kumbl; in old Icel. writers it only occurs a few times, and they even use the sing.; it is now quite
obsolete: I. prop, a sign, badge, mark, [A. S. cumbol; Hel. cumbal and cumbl = sigmtm] , a war
badge, esp. used of any heraldic emblems; yet in the Scandin. language this sense is rare, -- kuml
konunga r kerum valdi, Gh. 7; kumbla-smir, a 'cumbol' smith, Akv. 24; the compd her-kuml, the
badge worn on the helmet; jtun-k., the giant's mark, i.e. the badge of being the giant's kinsman,
Fas. ii. (in a verse); and lastly in r-kuml, a lasting scar, maiming for life, cp. kumla below. II. in
Scandinavia, analogous to the Gr. GREEK, kuml came to mean 'a monument,' a cairn, how; in the
phrase, gra kuml (kubl), synonymous to gra mark, merki, which also occurs (e.g. Baut. 138, 214,
461, 722, 1143); kuml is the general term, opp. to stain, rnar, which are special terms; thus
distinction is made between stain and kuml, Baut. 771: I. on Runic stones, u. on Danish stones,
Tuki raisi stain ausi ok gauri kubl, Rafn 213; Asfrir gri kumbl aun, Thorsen 43; kubl usi,
23; urnumdr niout (i.e. njt!) kubls, Th. enjoy thy kuml! rest in peace! 265; Ala sunir garu kubl
ausi aft faur sinn, Rafn 193; sii s mannr es ausi kubl upp briuti, a curse be on the man that
breaks this k., 205; Usk gari kumbl isi, 202; Haraldr kunungr ba gaurva kubl ausi at Gurm
faur sinn, 39, (Jellinge.) . on Swedish stones, gari kubl isi aftir Svin sun sinn, Rafn 35; garu
kuml sniallir sunir Hulmlaugar, Baut. 759; ma igi brautar kubl batra vara, a better road kuml
cannot be, 41, (see the remarks under bautasteinn); Ketill risi kuml iasi aftir Val, 1027; Finnir
gari kuml aisi aftir Gairbiurn faur sinn, 824; kuml gari atsi Ketil slagr, 771; Usk let gaura
kuml, likhus ok bru at sun sinn, 735, 1100; au risu (raised) kuml isi, 886. 2. in Icel. a cairn; en
mannfll essi eru sg eptir kumlum eim er fundin eru, ar er bardagarnir hafa verit, Gull. 25;
ar fell rarinn krkr, ok eir fjrir, en sjau menn af Steinl, ar eru kuml eirra, Landn. 128; ar
fll Skeggbjrn ok tta menn arir, ar er haugr Skeggbjarnar tinni, en arir vru jarair
Landraugs-holti ar hj tinni, ok sr ar enn grla kumlin, Bs. (Kristni S.) i. 15; ok reimt ykkir
ar san vera hj kumlum eirra, sl. ii. 115: in sing., au liggja bi kumli Laxrdal, Ld. 158;
orkell vill n bera aptr sverit kumlit, ... saxit var ok upp tekit r kumli Nafars, Rd. ch. 19;
gekk hann dalverpi lti ok fann ar kuml manns, ar reifai hann nir fyrir ftr sr, ok fann ar
manns bein ok sver eitt, Draum. 129. The worship of hows and cairns was forbidden even in the
heathen age as being connected with sorcery, see haugr, hrgr, whence bltr kumbla, a worshipper
of cairns, a wizard, warlock, a term of abuse, Eg. (in a verse); kumla brjtr, Korm. S., is also prob. a
false reading for bljtr or bltr. III. in provinc. Icel. a low hayrick is called kuml; cp. also
kumbaldi.
kumla, kumbla, a, to bruise, wound: part. kumlar, bruised; srr ok k., Sturl. ii. 71; brynja n
slitin, hjlmr inn kumlar, ir. 110: in mod. usage esp. of scratches and bruises on the hands and
face; rkumlar, maimed.
kuml-bi, a, m. a cairn-dweller, Draum. 130.
kuml-dys, f. a little cairn, Gg. i.
kuml-mark, n. a monument, Rafn 213.
kumpnn, m. = kompnn, a companion, fellow, mate, Fr. 158, Fms. iii. 157, Vgl. 29, Fs. 14, 72:
also of a woman, D. N. i. 389: this word seems in the 14th century to have been used in familiar
address = dear friend! dear boy! and occurs freq. in the Laur. S. kompna-skapr, m.
companionship, friendship, Laur. S., Stj. 255: in mod. usage Icel. say kompana-legr, adj.
companionable, frank, merry, familiar, and kompna-skapr, m. familiarity.
kumpsa, a, Sks. 64; see kompsa.
kumpss, m., Rb. 466, 472, Sturl. iii. 306; see kompss.
kumra, a, [cp. Dan. kummer = woe, grief], to bleat, of a goat.
Kumrar, m. pl. Cumbrians; Kumra-land, n. Cumberland, d.
Kumrskr or Kumbskr, adj. from Cumberland, Hallfred.
-kunda, from koma, only in compds, sam-k., a congregation.
KUNDR, m., gen. kundar, pot. a son, kinsman, Lex. Pot. passim.
-kunn or -kur, f. in compds, ein-kunn, vr-kunn, mis-kunn, q.v.
KUNNA, pres. (in pret. form) kann, kannt (kannt), kann; pl. kunnum, kunnut, kunnu (mod.
kunnum, kunnit, kunna); pret. kunni; subj. kynni; imperat. kunn; part. neut. kunnat; the pres. inn.
kunnu for kunna is obsolete, whereas a pret. inn. kunnu, potuisse, occurs, sldr. 9: with neg. suff.
kann-at, Hm. 147; kann-k-a ek, I know not, Sklda (Thorodd) 167, Hallfred; see Gramm. p. xxiii:
[Ulf. kunnan = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. and Hel. cunnan; O. H. G. kunnan; in these old languages,
the two senses of knowing how to do and being able to do are expressed by the same form, and this
remains in Dan. kunde, Swed. kunna: in others, a distinction is made: Old Engl. and Scot. ken, know
and can; Germ. kennen and knnen.]
A. To know, understand, of art, skill, knowledge, with acc.; hann ttisk rsta henni manrnar, en
hann kunni at eigi, Eg. 587; hann kunni margar tungur, Fms. xi. 326; kannt mart at er eigi
kunnu arir menn, v. 236; k. sei, Vsp. 25; Hann rddi, ef hann kynni nafn Gus it hsta -- Kann
ek nkkurt nafn Gus, -- ykkja mr slkt eigi prestar er eigi kunna it hsta nafn Guds -- Kannt
nafnit? -- Ek veit ann mann er kunna mun, ... Nefn ef kannt! ... Gu veit at ek vilda gjarna
kunna, Bs. i. 421; engi skal s vera hr me oss er eigi kunni nkkurs-konar list er kunnandi, Edda
31; ekki kann ek skldskap, Fms. vii. 60; kannt nakkvat lgum? -- Kunna tta ek norr ar,
Nj. 33; at etta vri at vsu lg tt fir kynni, 237; ek kann ltt til laga, 31: of sports, kunna
skum, Fms. i. 9; k. vi sk ok boga, . H. 71; k. vi buklara, Sturl. ii. 44; kunna bk, to know
by book, know how to read, Mar. 2. to know by memory; kunna menn enn kvi eirra, Hkr. (pref.);
hv kver okka eina, kannt ok engar drpur? -- Eigi kann ek drpurnar fri en okkana, Fms.
vi. 391; lj ek au kann, er kannat jans son, Hm. 147 sqq.; at kann ek it ttjnda, er ek va
kennig, 164; en Konr ungr kunni rnar, Rm. 40, 42; kunna betr, id., Vkv. 26; kunna utan-bkar, to
know without book, know by heart; hn kunni r allar (Spurningar) vel, nema Sjtta kapitulann, ...
Sigrr kunni allar lfars-rmur, Piltr og Stlka 23. 3. to know a person, a face; synir Heli vru
siugir ok kunnu eigi Gu Drttinn, Stj. 429; ek kann ann mann, 460; ok unni honum hverr mar
er hann (acc.) kunni, every man that knew him loved him, Hkr. i. 121; kann kvask eigi k. ok eigi
hira hverir vru, Barl. 36; ik kann ek fullgerva, I know thee well enough, Ls. 30; ga menn er
ek grva kunna, Hbl. 7; kunna ek ba Brodd ok Hrvi, Hdl. 24; hverr er kunni (mik), Helr. 7; hvars
menn eli okkart k., 3: to know, of the character, hann kva k. sik grla, er eir veittu honum
tlur, v at ek he dregit yr undan daua, segir hann, Ld. 282; ek kann hvrn-tveggja ykkarn
konungs, Fms. vi. 100. 4. spec. phrases; kunna ga stilling e-u, hversu ga stilling hann kunni
herstjrninni, how skilful he was in military things, Fms. i. 98; k. hf at um e-t, to know one's
measure in respect of a thing, to behave with moderation, Finnb. 356; orvaldr kva hana ekki hf
at kunna, Ld. 134; allt kann s er ht kann, Gsl. 27; ef Griss kynni hf sitt, Sd. 139; Klau,
Klau, kunn hf itt? id.; kunna sr margt, to be skilled in many things; hn var vn kona, ok
kunni sr allt vel, Dropl. 7, 35; hann kunni enga lei, he knew no road, Eg. 149; eir munu eigi k.
leiina, Fs. 105: absol., uxarnir kunnu heim, found their way home, Dropl. 8; k. skyn e-s, to
know all about ...; hann kunni allra skyn borginni, Fms. vi. 410; sa ok lfa ek kann allra skil,
Hm. 160; k. nga mannraun, to have no experience of men, Fms. vi. 53; ek kann skap itt at v,
at ..., Sturl. i. 30. II. metaph. usages; kunna e-m kk, to be thankful, obliged to one, Fms. xi. 29,
32; at hann kynni ess mikla kk ok aufusu, Eg. 521; veizla er yr bin, kann ek yr mikla kk at
r iggit, Fms. vi. 277; k. e-m kk fyrir e-t, v. 14; k. sr rf til e-s, to feel the want of a thing;
ef bndi kann ess rf, if he knows the need of it, Grg. i. 152; at hann leggi fram vruna sv sem
kannt r rf til, Ld. 70. 2. kunna sik, to know oneself; s er svinnr er sik kann, he is a wise man
who knows himself, a saying, Hrafn. 10: to behave, Grmr kvesk mundu meia hann ef hann kynni
sik eigi, Eg. 189; ok vita ef eir kunni sik grr meir, Stj. 264; k. sik lla, to be naughty, Bjarn. 3.
kunna sr, kunna munda ek mr at (I should know how to do that) ef ek hefa vg vegit, Gsl. 143;
g ess, ok kunn r (take heed, learn!) at varask annars vgkni, Sks. 383; er orlfr sv viti
borinn, at hann mundi k. sr (have sense enough) at vera eigi fyrir lii yru, Eg. 134; kunni hann sr
ann hagna at girnask ekki Sva-konungs veldi, . H. 57; en kunnit yr engi forr er fyrirhyggju
egar er r komit nokkurn vanda, 67. III. denoting feeling, to feel angry or pleased; kunna e-n e-s,
to be angry with a person for a thing; ba rir konung, at hann skyldi eigi fyrirkunna hann ess
at hann hafi Egil me sr um vetrinn, Eg. ch. 48; eigi vil ek fyrirkunna ik essa ora, vat
veizt eigi hvat varask skal, . H. 57; eigi huga ek at hann mtti mik essa k., vat eigi drap ek
son hans, Hrafn. 16; kver eir eigi sik einskis at k., sl. ii. 314; kunnit mik eigi ess er ek mun
mla, Fbr. 116; spuri hvers hn kynni arfa-stuna, Nj. 194, v.l. 2. with prep.; kunna e-n um e-t, id.;
eigi er hann um at at kunna, Fs. 38; eigi munu r kunna mik um etta, Fms. i. 175; ekki tt hann
um at at kunna, vi. 223; ef hertogi vill ik nokkut um etta kunna, xi. 323; hn kunni hana mjk
um leitni , er ..., Bs. i. 340. IV. with dat. to know; eir er menn kunnu eigi hr mli ea tungu
vi, Grg. i. 224; ef lgsgumar kann ar eigi mnnum fyrir sveit, i. 10 B; kunni hann nliga
manns mli, Fas. ii. 443; hann kann eigi ltilmensku vrri, Bjarn. 54; kann j kerski minni, . H.
(in a verse); ek kann skapi Gunnhildar, I know Gunhilda's temper, Nj. 5; kann ek glensyrum yrum
Gautanna, Fas. iii. 80; ek kann rum Gunnhildar en kappi Egils, Eg. 257; ek kann skapi Hrafnkels,
at hann mun ekki gra oss, ef hann nir r eigi, Hrafn. 27: eigi kannt ggirnd (dat.) fur vrs,
ef hann her honum eigi undan skoti, Fs. 38. 2. to be pleased with a thing or not; munda ek kunna
v, at vr hefim manna-lt mikit, ef ..., Eg. 585; Eyjlfr lzk v nafni mundu vel kunna, E. said
be should be well pleased with that name, Glm. 328; verr hvru-tveggju at kunna, one must take
one or other of the two, . H. 52; vit munum v lla k. ef veitir okkr eigi at er vit beium, Eb.
114; hann kunni v strlla ok hljp brott, Hkr. i. 36; munu synir Njls lla k. vginu, Nj. 64; Njll
kunni lla lti Gunnars, 117; Ingi konungr kunni essu sv lla at hann grt sem barn, Fms. vii. 273;
andaisk hann, Gurr kona hans kunni v ltt, Fb. i. 543; til ess at hn kunni v betr andlti
mnu, id.; lla munu eir k. hggum er heiman hafa hlaupit fr kirnu-askinum, Fms. viii. 350. 3.
with prep.; kann ek ekki vi v at yr ykki sumt ofjarl en sumt ekki at manni, I do not care for
what you call ..., Fms. vi. 53; kannka ek mart vi veifanar-ori manna, I take no notice of idle
rumours, Hallfred; hence the mod. phrase, kunna vi e-, to be pleased with; eg kann ekki vi a,
I do not like it; kunna vel, lla vi sik, to feel happy, unhappy in a place or condition; eg kann vel
vi mig ar, I like the place.
B. To be able, Lat. posse, (in Engl., can, pret. could, has ceased to be used except in the nite
moods), with inn.; the senses often run one into the other, but the use of the innitive shews that
the sense can is at least partly implied; mlti konungr, ertu skldit? -- Hann sagi, kann ek yrkja,
I know I can make verses, Hkr. i. 288; hann kunni grr ver at sj en arir inenn, Eb. 150; hluti er
eir kunna honum til at segja, 112; freista hvat hann kynni segja honum, Hkr. i. 228: hn sagi hann
eigi k. at iggja sma sinn, Fs. 131; hugsit um hvar ann mann kann f, where that man can be had,
Stj. 460; sv hygginn at hann kunni fyrir skum ra, Grg. ii. 75; hvrt kannt mr hll sma?
656 B. 8; eir er mildlega kunnu stra Gus hjr, Hom. 37; kannt nkkut yrkja? Fms. vi. 361;
kunna eigi at mla, he could not speak, Ld. 30; mikil tendi kann (= kannt ) at segja af
himnum, Edda 12; skalt eigi kunna fr tindum at segja, thou shalt not be able to tell the
tidings, shall not escape with life, Nj. 8; um hluti er ek kann grr at sj en r, Ld. 186; ekki
kann biskup grr at sj mann velli en ek, Fms. ii. 173. II. to chance, happen; ef Bjrn fair eirra
kann fyrr andask, if B. should happen to die rst, Dipl. v. 3; hvar sem ik kann at bera, wheresoever
thou may happen to arrive, Fms. iv. 176; ef nokkut kann at til at bera inni , Gsl. 25; ef hann
kann lengr at dveljask brottu, D. N. v. 43; ok hn kann af essum heimi brott at fara, iii. 137.
C. Recipr. to know one another; eir kunnusk, Mork. 106. 2. part. kunnandi, cunning, knowing,
learned, with gen.; veit ek at ert margs kunnandi, 655 xix. 3; hn var margs kunnandi, Fs. 73;
Gya var marg-kunnandi fyrnsku ok frleik, 131.
kunnandi, f. knowledge, Edda 31, Br. 19, Hom. (St.)
kunnand-leysi, n. want of knowledge, N. G. L. i. 346, 361.
kunnasta and kunnusta, u, f. [Germ. kunst], knowledge, knowing, Jb. 353 B, Fms. vi. 95, Edda
(pref.), H. E. ii. 59: with the notion of witchcraft, Fms. i. 8, Stj. 101, Landn. 179. COMPDS:
kunnustu-lauss, adj. ignorant, kunnustu-leysi, n. ignorance, N. G. L. i. 346.
kunntta, u, f. knowledge, Edda (pref.), Fms. iii. 184, freq. in mod. usage: as also of knowing by
heart, etta er engin kunntta! -- magical knowledge, Eb. 44, Landn. 179. COMPDS: kunnttu-
lauss, adj. ignorant. kunnttu-leysi, n. ignorance, Fms. ix. 331.
kunn-gra, , to make known, publish, Dipl. iii. 5, 9, Fas. i. 28, iii. 189.
kunnig-leiki, a, m. information, knowledge, of a thing, Fas. i. 9: familiarity, acquaintance.
kunnigr, adj., mod. kunnugr: I. [kunna], 1. of a thing, known; gra kunnigt, to make known, Eg.
282; vera kunnigt, to be known, 36, 38; hinna fyrri biskupa sem lands-httr var hr kunnigri, H. E.
ii. 79; menn sv vitrir, ok kunnig lgin, to whom the law is so well known, Hkr. iii. 258; r mun hr
kunnigt um hsa-skipan, Eg. 235; var mr kunnigt um Brynjlf, enn kunnara um Br, 39; kunnigt
er mr um hag ykkarn, Nj. 17; at er yr kunnigt, you know well, Fr. 138. 2. wise, supernatural, in
which sense it has the contr. forms kunngir etc.; sa-flk var sv kunnigt, at allir hlutir gngu at
vilja eirra, Edda (init.); Haraldr konungr bau kunngum manni at fara hamfrum til slands, Hkr.
i. 228; Simon Magus lastai Petrum ok kva hann vera kunngan mjk, Post. 656 C. 26; margar
kunngar vttir byggja land at, Fms. xi. 182; fjl-kunnigr, q.v. 3. in mod. usage, knowing well,
well acquainted, familiar; vel kunnugr, gagn-kunnugr, hund-kunnugr, intimately acquainted. II.
[kyn], high born; s kunnigan, Rm. 1; kunnigri kvn Niaar, Vkv. 23: kindred, s-kunnigr, Go-
k., lf-k., q.v.
kunningi, a, m. a friend, acquaintance, but less than vinr; vinir ok kunningjar, Eg. 116, Fms. ii. 5,
308, iv. 379, vi. 329, xi. 262, Fs. 8, Sks. 447; forn-k., an old acquaintance.
kunn-kona, u, f. a female acquaintance, . H. 196, Greg. 33.
kunn-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), knowledge, intelligence; gra e-m e-t kunnleika, to inform a person
of, Fms. vi. 400, vii. 33, sl. ii. 182, Bs. i. 717, Fs. 21; e-m er k. e-n, to know, be informed of,
Grg. ii. 343; var honum allr k. Brynjl, he knew B. very well, Eg. 162, Rd. 285; ef eir eru hr
sumir, er eigi er at kunnleika, who does not know, Fms. viii. 313; ok m at opt annarr vita er
rum er eigi kunnleika, Bret. 99. 2. intimacy, familiarity; ar vru r kunnleikar miklir me
eim Siguri, Eg. 37; n hafa lengi kunnleikar milli vr verit, Valla L. 202; fkk Steinn ar allgar
vitekjur, vat ar vru r kunnleikar miklir me eim, . H. 143.
kunn-liga, adv. intimately, as an old acquaintance; kvejask k., Fb. i. 272; essi mar kvaddi
orgils kunnliga, Ld. 276; vitja mn k., Fs. 131; orgils skyldi k. senda menn til Sigurar, Fms. vii.
220; vitja k. orkels Geysu, hvenar sem ykisk ess vi urfa, vi. 223; leita k. fund
ess manns er ..., 224; ltask k. vi, Fs. 88; kunnliga ra eir , 105.
kunn-mar, m. a friend, acquaintance, Hkr. ii. 3, Fms. viii. 15, MS. 732. 13.
kunn-mi, n. a word of unknown sense in Orkn. 386; prob. corrupt from some Gaelic local name.
kunnr, adj., older kur, which form is freq. in poets, Hm. 56, and in old MSS.; dat. fem. sing, kuri
(notae) rhymed with Svk (Southwark), . H. (in a verse), as in the compds -kur etc.; [Goth.
kuns; A. S. cu, whence Engl. un-couth, prop. = strange; Germ. kund] :-- known; vil ek gra r
kunnt, hvat vera skal um nn hag, 655 ix. A. 2; var mr kunnara um Br. Eg. 39; r munu kunnar
leiir, Fms. i. 71; jkk v es mr var san kunnara, b. (pref.); jafn-kunnr; Bjrn var frgr mar
ok mrgum kur (kunnr, . H. 53, l.c.) at sn ok at mli, Hkr. ii. 78: familiar, grannar nir ok
kunnir menn, neighbours and friends, Hom. 151; vinir hans ok kunnir menn, Sks. 109; eir vru
mjk kunnir r, intimate friends, Ld. 166. 2. with prep.; kunnr at e-u, known, convicted of; verr
hann at v kunnr ea sannr, N. G. L. i. 16, Gl. 17: in a good sense, en , Einarr, ert k. at
drengskap, Fms. vi. 21; emk kur at slku, Fms. vi. (in a verse); kur at mli = mlkunnugr, 'speech
friend,' on speaking terms, Hm. 56: nafn-kunnr, famous; -kunnr, unknown.
kunnug-lega, adv., mod. for kunnlega, q.v.
kunnug-leiki, a, m., mod. for kunnleikr.
kunta, u, f. cunnus.
kurfaldi, a, m. a coal cutter (?), a mean churl, cp. Dan. kulsvier, Fms. vi. 363 (in a verse).
KURFL, n., proncd. kurl, cuttings of wood for charcoal. Fas. iii. 356, freq. in mod. usage: the
saying, a koma ekki ll kurl til grafar, not all the cuttings come into the coalpit, of waste.
kura, a, mod. kurla, to chop kur; kurar vir, Jb.
kurfr, m. a chip, a cut-off piece; hann hafi hendi af spjtbroti ltinn kurf, Karl. 329: ugu
kurfarnir yr hfu eim, Art. 82.
KURR, m. (kur, Ska R. 34, for the sake of rhyme) :-- a murmur, grumbling, uproar; stanai
kurr bandanna, . H. 69, Hkr. i. 142; var egar kurr mikill af bndum, Fms. i. 33; hann lt
eigi heyra llan kurr kaupmanna, Nj. 124; kurr nokkurr hafi verit herinum, Fms. ix. 497, v.l.; engi
ori enna kurr djarega upp at kvea, . H. 51; sgu eir honum kurr bnda um fjr-drtt, Fms.
vi. 191. 2. rumour; aug til konungs kurr nokkurr, Stj. 521; spurisk essi kurr Vindland, Fms.
x. 341; s kurr mun loginn, Ld. 34.
kurra, a, [Dan. kurre, of the whirr of birds of the grouse kind], to murmur, grumble; hvat sem r
Danir kurrit, Fms. xi. 246; kurrai at hverr snum hblum, Sturl. iii. 127; vinnumenn ok rlar
kurruu um at, at ..., Fms. i. 33; bndr kurruu lla, Orkn. 40; kurruu bndr mjk, Fms. vi. 191;
hv sitja bndr eigi nir ok hla eyrendi, en kurra eigi sv, Fb. ii. 393.
kurr-hugr, m. or kr-hugr, low spirits; vera krhuga, to be concerned, anxious, Fms. ix. 462;
hann ba menn eigi vera kurrhuga um etta, 478, Thom. 400.
KURT, f. [for. word], courtesy, chivalry, good manners; kurt (chivalrous feat) nam ek
Hnalandi, ir, 57, Konr. 9; me kurt ok hvesku. Fas.: freq. in poets of the 15th to the 17th
centuries, enga ber kurt, Hallgr.; hjarta mitt er hlait me kurt, a ditty, sl. js. ii. 303.
kurteisi, f. (korteisi, Fms. x. 381, 393), courtesy, feat of chivalry, ne manners, grace; yrlit ok k.,
Nj. 17, of a lady; gra sia ok k., Sks. 242; grum k. (good manners), segir Hrafn at vit frum
etta eigi kappmli, ok ltum konung ra, sl. ii. 236; kurteisis-kona, Fms. ii. 21: chivalry, hann
lt kenna honum alls-konar k., i. 17; riddaraskap ok k., x. 381; manna bezt at sr grr allri k., 393:
pomp, me sv miklu drambi ok k., 232.
kurteisliga, adv. courteously, gracefully; heilsa k., Fms. i. 78: splendidly, stately, tjalda eir b
sna vel ok k., Ld. 104; en er sv k. var komit ra-hag Dagnns, Odd. 32: gently, with dignity, bar
hann sv k. sinn harm, Ld. 228.
kurteisligr, adi. courteous; vn kona ok k. (graceful), Fms. ii. 132.
kurteiss, adj. [Fr. courtois], courteous, gentle; k. mar, Sturl. ii. 133; kurleisar konur, gentle ladies,
Fms. vii. 105; vn kona ok k., Nj. 1, Fms. xi. 106: of chivalrous, stately appearance, me gtum
riddarabnai, var essi mar inn kurteisasti, vi. 225; hann var ltill vexti en k., he was small of
stature, but yet stately, vii. 157; riddari k. ok vaskr, Anal. 292; me kurteisri kveju, 235.
kurtr, m. = kurt, Karl. 168, 465.
kus, kus! cow, cow! a milkmaid's call.
kusli, a, m. = kussi; n er kusli daur, daur er kusli! Bs. i. 610.
kuslungr, m. = kussi, Ems. ix. 403.
kussa, u, f., mod. kusa, a cow, as a colloquial dimin., freq. in mod. usage; and so cush is used in the
north of England: as a nickname, Fms. viii. 247.
kussari, a, m. [for. word], a corsair, Hkr. iii. 56.
kussi, a, m., mod. kusi, a dimin. a calf, bullock. Bs. i. (in a verse), freq. in mod. usage.
kuti, a, m. a little blunt knife; cp. Engl. cut.
kutiza, u, f. a nickname, Fms. vii.
KA-, gen. pl. of kr, q.v.
ki, a, m. akin to k, q.v.: in local names, Ka-jt, Landn.
k-drekkr, m. a cow sucker (pilferer), N. G. L. i. 253.
kfa, a, to heap, ll over the brim; kfar, overlled, of a measure.
kfttr, adj. convex; kftt hvel, Sks. 63 B.
KFR, m. the heap above the brim of a vessel.
kfungr, m. the shell of the sea snail, Eg. 152: a nickname, Bs.
KGA, a, [Engl. cow, which is prob. borrowed from the Norse word] :-- to cow, force, tyrannise
over, Nj. 185; ek man ekki kga hann til nkkurra hluta, Fms. ii. 260; at s manndjfull kgi oss,
Fs. 36; kga e-t af e-m, to press out of one, Ld. 146, Bs. i. 490, Band. 4; lta kgask, to let oneself
be cowed into submission, Fms. ii. 46, Hkr. i. 279: part. kgandi, k. hgg, feeble blows, Sks. 382.
kgar, m. a nickname, Sturl.
kgan, f. tyranny, hectoring; hafu frammi k. vi uppi vi fjllin, sl. ii. 215; eir buu
mnnum kgan, Bs. i. 5; me k. ea rnum, Fbr. 13 new Ed.; vil ek heldr daua ola en nokkurs
manns k., Fms. ii. 266; pintingar ok k., Fb. ii. 65; k. lfs ok lima, Karl. 551.
kgari, a, m. a tyrant, Jn orl.
kgi, a, m. a nickname, Orkn. Kga-drpa, u, f. a poem, Sklda 198.
k-gildi, n. a cow's value, Grg. i. 145, 502, Fb. i. 524; kgildis-hestr, -hross, a horse worth a k.,
Vm. 136, 149; kgildis skai, the loss of a cow's value, Grg. i. 130.
k-gildr, m. of a cow's value, Vm. 159.
kka, a, cacare: kkr, m. merda.
KLA, u, f. [Germ. kugel, whence mod. Dan. kugle], a ball, knob; tjald-kla, bl-kla: the phrases,
gra n at eim klur hermanna htt, Bs. i. 519; marka klur hfi e-m, to make balls in one's
head, i.e. to beat soundly, Band. 13 new Ed., prob. from some game; gor-kla, a kind of fungus:
medic. a hump. COMPDS: klu-bakr, m. a humpback, klu-nefr, m. hump-nose, a nickname,
Sturl.
k-neyti, n. 'cow-neat,' cows, opp. to geldneyti, Ld. 98, Eb. 320.
KPA, u, f. a 'cup,' bowl, basin; smjr-kpa, a butter box; haus-kpa, the skull, cranium.
kpr, adj. bowl-formed, convex.
kra, a, [akin to kyrr], to sleep, doze; kra barn mitt, korri-r, kru vrt og sofu lengi! a ditty.
k-reki, a, m. the primrose, primula, Hjalt.
Krir, m. pl. the inhabitants of Kurland (Courland), Fms., Eg.
krur, f. pl. complaints; gra krur sn millum, Fms. v. 102; -krur, reprimands.
k-skel, f. the 'cow shell,' cyprina Islandica, Mag. 63, see Itin. 69.
kt-magi, a, m. a sh's maw.
ktr, m. a cask for liquor, blndu-ktr; dala-ktr, a cask of money.
kt-veltast, t, dep. to roll like a cask (slang), Jnas 196.
kvabb, n. a begging; bna-kvabb, id.
kvabba, a, to beg, (conversational.)
kvaa, u, f. [kvea, kveja], a request, claim, demand, esp. as a law term, Gl. 481. COMPDS:
kvu-dmr, m. a court for settling a claim, N. G. L. i. 219. kvu-vttr, m. a witness in a case of
claim, Grg. i. 124, N. G. L. i. 219. kvu-vitni, n. = kvuvttr, N. G. L. i. 32: testimony in a case
of k., N. G. L. i. 86.
kvaning, f. a greeting, Fms. iii. 95: order, command, Hkr. ii. 2.
kvarantr, m. [for. word], a quadrant, Rb. 446, 464.
kvak, n. a twittering; fugla-kvak, Bb. 2. 10: bna-kvak, praying.
KVAKA, a, [Engl. quack], to twitter, of a swallow, Eg. 420; fuglinn kvakadi, Hkv. Hjrv. 94; rn
einu settisk hj lptinni ok kvakai vi hana blliga, sl. ii. 195; b b og blaka! lptirnar kvaka, a
ditty: metaph., Rb. 174.
kvak-samr, adj. whining, querulous, Hkr. iii. 454.
kvalari, a, m. [kvelja], a 'killer,' tormenter, 623. 13, 44, Pass. 35. 1.
kvalning, f. torment.
kval-ri, n. torments, Sl. 10, Post. 191, freq. in mod. usage.
kval-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), tormenting, Sks. 524.
kval-samr, adj. painful.
kvanta, a, to molest; -kvantar, unmolested, Bs. i. 806.
kvantr, m. molestation; Slla spyrr n kvant (the massacre?) sinna manna, Rm. 158.
kvap, n. jelly or jelly-like things; see hvap.
KVARA, a, kvorra, mod. korra, to emit a rattling sound, as if about to be strangled; hann var sv
rmr ok kvarrai sv at ekki nam hvat hann mlti, Fms. x. 279; hann kippir honum nir undir sik
sv at kvorar honum, Fas. iii. 308.
Kvaran, m. nickname of a Norse king in Dublin, prob. Gaelic, Fb. iii.
kvari, a, m. [the Dan.-Swed. kaarde = a dirk is prob. the same word; Swed. quard = selvage] :-- a
yard-wand, Grg. i. 497, freq. in mod. usage: the phrase, setr n at honum kvara, Ska R.; mli-
kvari, a measure, proportion, of a map; cp. also -kvar, to measure, x, determine.
KVARTA, a, to complain; k. um e-t, to complain of, Fas. ii. 370, Hv. 52.
kvartan, f. complaining.
kvartill, m., mod. kvartl, n. [for. word; Germ. viertel], a quarter: the fourth, of time in music, Rb.
460: a quarter of an ell, Dipl. iii. 4: in mod. usage, of the moon, fyrsta, sasta kvartil.
kvart-samr, adj. querulous, whining, Fms. vii. 322.
kvaterni, n. [Lat. quaternio], a kind of protocol, N. G. L. iii. 67, Boldt, Rtt., Bs. i. (Laur. S.)
kva, mod. kvoa, u, f. = hva, resin, N. G. L. iii. 119.
KVMA, u, f., mod. koma, a coming, arrival; Flosi var feginn kvmu hans, Nj. 254, Fms. vii.
108, N. G. L. i. 410, Landn. 306, passim; at-kvma, arrival; heim-k., coming home, kvmu-mar,
m. a comer, stranger, Fms. ii. 229, Fbr. 168, passim.
KVN, f. (kvn, Ls. 26, 56, kv. 8, Am. 6, Gkv. 3. 7), [see kona; Goth. quns; A. S. cwn; Engl.
queen; Scot. quean; Hel. qun] :-- a wife, but never used in the general sense = a woman; an
obsolete and poetical word, a 'queen,' wife, n frit mr Freyju at kvn, kv. 22; honum var brr
at kvn of kvein, Fsm. 42, 46; sv bei hann sinnar kvnar, Vkv. 5; kvn frj sna, Skv. 3. 8;
Hins kvn, the queen of Hedin = Hilda, Korm. 4, . H. (in a verse); s kvn, the queen of Od,
Hkr. i. (in a verse); kvn Niuar, N.'s queen, Vkv. 28; brir hans kvanar = his wife's brother,
brother-in-law, Am. 28; ok kynvi kvnar minnar, Stor. 20: plur. kvnir, Skv. 3. 14; bi kvn, a
beloved wife, Lex. Pot.; sk-kvn, id.; Viris kvn, Odin's wife, Ls. 26; Byggvis kvn, 56; kvn
konungs, a king's queen, Gkv. 3. 7; nema fri mr Freyju at kvn, kv. 8, but kvn, 11, 22; kvn
var hn Hgna, Am. 6. COMPDS: kvnar-efni, n. one's future wife, Fas. iii. 61, Mag. 37. kvnar-
ml, n. matrimonial affairs. kvnar-mundr, m. a dowry, Nj. 146, Grg. i. 172, Bs. i. 462.
kvn-bnir, f. pl. wooing, sl. ii. 215, 216, 239 (where it is sing.), Fas. iii. 144, 595.
kvn-fang, n. 'queen-fetching,' wife-taking, as also a match, wife; leita e-m kvnfangs, Eg. 22; leita
um k., Nj. 66; f gott k., Fms. i. 11; viruligt k., vi. 57; Brynjlfr hafi get honum at k. er hann
hafi r tt, Eg. 36; sir tku sr kvnfng (married) ar innanlands, Edda 152 (pref.); gefa e-m
til kvnfangs, D. N. kvnfangs-eir, m. a wedding oath, as to the forbidden degrees, Grg. i. 319.
kvnga, a, I. act. to make a man marry; eigi fair-ea mir at kvnga son sinn er gipta dttur
sna me meira f heiman en slkt komi hlut eirra er eptir eru, ef vri erfum skipt, N. G. L. i.
81; this form however is not usual; but, II. reex. kvngask, to marry, take a wife, of a man, (but
giptast, to be given away, of a woman), Nj. 39, sl. ii. 214; ef karlmar kvngask en kona giptisk
fyrir tan frnda r, N. G. L. ii. 77, passim: part. kvngar, married, Eg. 83, Nj. 88, passim.
kvngan, f. the taking a wife, Post. 645. 78.
kvn-lauss, adj. wifeless, unmarried, Fas. i. 184, Fs. 21: widowed, Korm. 56, Fms. vi. 104.
kvn-rki, n. uxoriousness, Nj. 214, N. G. L. i. 340, Fas. i. 232.
Kvsir, m. a mythol. person, the hostage given by the Vanir to the Ases, whose blood when slain
was the poetical mead, see Edda 47; Kvsis dreyri, the blood of Q = the poetry, 52.
kvtra, u, f., mod. kotra, [Fr. quatre], a kind of backgammon, still used in Icel. and recorded in the
13th century as a favourite game, Sturl. i. 173, ii. 184, Bs. i. 596. kvtru-ta, n. id., Karl. 470, 486.
KVEA, sing. kver, pret. kva, 2nd pers. kvatt, kvatt, Fms. vi. 386, pl. kvu, kvu, and ku,
Ls. 24, Hom. 12, . H. 48, Fms. viii. 71, xi. 107; pret. subj. kvi; imperat. kve, kve-, kvett,
vi. 361, mod. kveddu; with neg. suff., pres. kvek-a-ek, I say not, t. 7: [Ulf. qian = GREEK,
GREEK, GREEK; A. S. cwean; Engl. quoth; O. H. G. quedan; Swed. quda; Dan. kvde; cp. Lat.
in-quit] :-- to say; n v er kver kona, nor what a woman says, Hm. 83; at Frey kveir
leiastarr lifa, Skm. 19; kvea (dicunt) Heimdal valda vum, Gm. 13: in an epic sense, to say, or
kva Vingi, Am. 37, 38; Glaumvr kva at ori, 30, 32; ok hann at ora, alls fyrst um kva =
Homer's GREEK ..., kv. 2, 3, 9, 12; or, kva at Heimdalr; kva at rr; kva at
rymr, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30; Egill fkk glei mikla sv at hann kva eigi or, Eg. 518; k.
glei-or, to say a cheerful word, Vgl. 89 new Ed.; eir kvu ekki gott or at honum, 655 vii. 3;
er hann hafi at mlt, kva hann ti annat or, Fms. xi. 16; hverr essa stafa, ef hann verr
nef kveinn, if he is nasal in sound, Sklda 162; lsingar-vttar Marar kvu sv at ori, Nj. 233;
til bls ok til brands kver at fornu mli, as it is said in old saws, N. G. L. i. 50; Rannveig kva vel
at hann fri tan, Nj. 111 :-- with inn., hn kvad ar eigi kvenna-vist, Fms. vii. 274; kveum
mla (let them speak) vrar tungur, 656 C. 6: the pret. kva (proncd. kvu) as adv. or absol., 'tis
said, they say, a kva (kvu) vera, they say so. 2. with prep.; kvea at, adverb. so to say; sv mtti
at kvea, id., Fms. xi. 72; er sv mun mega at k. at lf manna lgi vi, Nj. 78; kver sv at, it is so
said, Ver. 83; er sv at kveit, 3; lgsgumar skal ra ok at kvea (determine) hvar hvergi
dmr skal sitja, Grg. i. 27: gramm. to pronounce, sound, Sklda 165; mikill harmr er at oss
kveinn, mickle harm is doomed us, Nj. 201; mikit er at Kjartani kveit (there's mickle said against
K., i.e. he is a doomed man), ok mun hgt vera at gra vi forlgum eirra, Ld. 190: a kver
miki (lti) a e-u, to be of great (small) inuence or importance :-- kvea , to x, determine,
Grg. i. 35, 39, Nj. 90, Ld. 74; var kveit brullaups-stefnu, Nj. 40; var grt um mlit ok kveit
fgjld, 111, Fs. 68: to state, kver ar skrt etta, it is expressly stated there, Ld. 334: a law term,
to cancel, object to, kvea ggn, to cancel the evidence, Grg. i. 67, 106: to x, make up one's
mind, resolve, 100, Nj. 3, 252: part. kveinn, xed, appointed, 256: fated, eigi m saka ik um
etta, segir Njll, vat slkt er mjk kveit, 166: kvein or, an agreement, stipulation, Hkr. ii.
372; me kvenum orum, in express words, Grett. 89; vant er mr at at skra me kvenum
orum, Sks. 660; me kvenu, id., K. . 208; mun ek kveit gra, hverir ar skulu vera, sl. ii.
346: kvein or, pointed, libellous words, Bjarn. 57 :-- kvea vi, to reply, Hm. 26 :-- k. upp, to
pronounce, make known, Gsl. 10, Fms. vii. 88. II. to sing; hn ba orstein kvea nokkut, Grett.
159; skemti Stfr ok kva okk einn, ok er lokit var ba konungr hann enn k. -- Hversu mrg her
n kvin kveit? ... hv kver okka eina? Fms. vi. 391; skyldi ok engi kvea vsurnar, Nj.
71; Egill orti alla drpuna, ok hafi fest sv at hann mtti kvea um morguninn, Eg. 421; k. kvi,
sl. ii. 232; tt hann kvei t kvi etta, Fms. v. 175; konungr mlti, tel oss kvi nokkut, --
ormr settisk upp ok kva htt mjk, sv at heyri um allan herinn, hann kva Bjarka-ml en
fornu, . H. 207; harm hf upp kvit ok kva htt, Eg. 427; slgu konur hring umhvers
hjallinn, en orbjrg sat uppi seihjallinum, kva Gurr kvit sv fagrt ok vel, at engi
ttisk heyrt hafa me fegri rdd kvi kveit, orf. Karl. 378: in mod. usage kvea is used of the
rhapsodic delivery of a ballad (rma), half reciting half singing, thus Icel. say, kvea rmur, to recite
a ballad, as also kvea vel, to recite, sing well; hann er gr kva-mar, he is a good ballad-
singer, but never of a hymn or full melody; eir riu um bygina kveandi um daginn, Fms. xi. 376;
ferr hann me fjlkyngi, ef hann kver at ea kennir, K. . K.; n eru Hva-ml kvein, Hva
hllu , Hm. 165; ok Austmarr jfri Snskum gmis lj at gamni kver, t. 18; ar sat kona vi
kvern ok kva forkunnar fagrt, Fms. vii. 233. 2. to make a verse; kvett n, jlfr, um deild
eirra, ... jlfr kva (and the verse follows), Fms. vi. 361; kvea vsu, to make a ditty, Fms., Nj.
passim; kvit var mjk kveit, Fms. v. 173; essi vsa var lla ort ok skal ek kvea ara betri, hann
kva, vi. 416; heyr jskldit! kvatt sv, grm, skmm? ekki eru r hendingar jafnhvar, 386 :--
kvea e-n, to challenge one in a song; kalla r s kveit sik | af krleiks elsku-fundum, Ska
R. 3. 3. kvea vi, to scream; kva s vi v er kesjan st honum mijum, Fms. viii. 354;
hundrinn kva vi htt, Nj. 114: to sound, v nst kva lr vi, the trumpet sounded, Fms. vi. 16,
vii. 288; eir ltu kvea vi lra sna, ix. 527; v kva vi klokka, Fb. i. 417, Fms. iii. 60, ix.
510. III. reex. to say of oneself; eir er biskupar kvusk vera, who said they were bishops, b. 13;
hann kvesk eigi ra mundu, Nj. 12; Njll kvask me v einu fara myndu, 105; eir kvusk eigi
vita hverju gegndi, Fms. vii. 272; eir er st kveask hafa seglin, 322; eir kusk koma mundu, xi.
107; hann kvask ess albinn, Nj. 100; ttarr kvask eigi vara, at ..., Fs. 87. 2. also impers., mr
kvesk = eg kve mr; er r kvesk ykkja gott at deyja, Fms. xi. 153; hafi hann ftt um
fyrstu, en kvask etta ( = kva sr etta) vel lka, ix. 291; Kra kvask (i.e. Kri kva sr)
nnur fer betri ykkja, K. said he would like better to take another course, Nj. 139; herligt
kvesk honum ykkja at hokra ar fyrir stokkum ea steinum, Fas. ii. 505; Glmi kvesk v betr
ykkja, Rd. 286; kvask eim horn-heilla at ykkja, Fms. vii. 272; honum kvesk vel ltask, vi.
99; eim kvask ykkja sr vandalaust, 107; Vigdsi kvask eigi vera um lygi, Ld. 44; honum
kvask meira um at halda fram, Fb. iii. 447; honum kvask sv hugr um segja, Sturl. 3. kveask at,
recipr. to exchange songs, a game played at a wake or dance; s leikr var mnnum tr, at kveask
skyldu at, karlmar at konu, ok kona at karlmanni, Bs. i. 165: in mod. usage, kveast , to cap
verses, each party in turn replying in a verse beginning with the letter with which the preceding one
ends; Komd n a kveast | kvin okkar str og sm, a ditty, cp. kvea II. 2. above.
kveandi, f. the recital of a song, singing; ok er lokit var kvinu, lt ttarr eigi nir falla
kveandina, heldr hf hann upp drpuna, er hann hafi ort um konunginn, Fb. iii. 242; fgr var
s kveandi at heyra, Grett. 152; ar skyldi vera k. mikil sem hn (the prophetess) var, Fas. ii. 506;
v nst heyru eir kveandi harla gurliga me mikilli raust, Draum. 124; heyri hann hs
nokkut kveindi sv fagra, at ..., Fms. vii. 233. 2. metric, rhythm, ow of a verse; hr er stafa-
setning s (viz. the alliteration) sem htti rr ok k. grir, Edda 120; ok gr sv lng samstafa af
skamri, vat ella helzt eigi k. rtt vsu-ori, Sklda 182; s stafsetning er hatt grir ok kveandi,
Edda 121; essi gura er upphaf til eirrar kveandi, er saman-heldr Norrnum kveskap, Sklda
192; en fegra r mjk kveandi, Edda 122.
KVEJA, pres. kve; pret. kvaddi; imperat. kve, kve, kveu, Hm. 127 (Bugge); part. kvaddr:
with neg. suff., pres. indic. kve-ka, Ls. 10: [see kvea] :-- to call on, address, request, summon;
orvaldr kvaddi hskarla sna, Nj. 18, Eb. 314: with gen. of the thing, acc. of the person, k. e-n e-s,
ok er ess mest vn at ek kveja ik ess eigi optar, Fms. iv. 38; k. dura, to call at the door, Sklda
163, Fms. ii. 194, vi. 21; k. matar, svefns, to call for food, sleep, Bs. i. 366; k. sr hljs, to call for
a hearing, Nj. 105, sl. ii. 255, Rekst. 1; k. e-n at i, to call one to listen to one's song, Jd. 1,
Leiarv. 2. 2. with prepp.; k. e-n at e-u, to call on a person to do a thing, call his attention to; ik
kve ek at essu, Nj. 150; hann vildi, jafnan at lafr vri at kvaddr llum strmlum, Ld. 94;
kvaddi hann at v Gregorium Dagsson, Fms. vii. 256; kvaddi hann ar at Erling Skakka, 257;
Bjrn kve ek at essu, Ld. 14 :-- k. e-n brott af, fr, to call on one to go; eigi her ek yr ... brott
kvatt af mnum gari, Fas. i. 71 :-- k. e-n fr, Nj. 170; ek he menn optlega kvadda fr erfum,
Fms. i. 305 :-- k. e-n til e-s, to call on one for a thing; kve ek hann til farar me r, ... hann skalt
k. til fruneytis me r ... ekki skalt hann k. til essar ferar, sl. ii. 322, 323; skalt k. menn til
ferar me r, Nj. 14 :-- k. upp, to call up; k. upp alla menn er mikils eru virir, Fms. xi. 120;
samnai lii ok kvaddi upp almenning, Nj. 107, Fms. vi. 179 :-- hann kvaddi t Hskuld ok Rt, Nj.
21 :-- with dat., eigi kann ek at at mnu ri sj, at kveja burtu mnnum orgils, ok frunautum,
Sturl. i. 22. II. in law, a general term, to request, demand, summon, call on one to perform any legal
duty, as also to challenge, appeal to, and the like, according to the context; sv skal mann kveja,
nemna mann ann nafn, ok kvei hann gripar ess er hann at honum, ok nemni gripinn, ok kvei
hann laga kv ok lyritar, N. G. L. i. 218, 219; kvaddi hann sv at vr heyrum , kvaddi hann um
handselt ml orgeirs, Nj. 238; ggn au ll er r var til kvatt, Grg. i. 106; kve ek yr lgkv,
Nj. 218; berum vr sv skapaan kvi fram, sem Mrr kvaddi oss, 238; eir kvddu fjra ba r
kviinum, they challenged four neighbours, 110; kve ek yr sv at r heyrit sjlr, 218; stefna,
ok kveja til tlptar-kviar, Grg. i. 213, 214; -- kveja ba heiman, to summon neighbours (jurors)
at their home (heiman-kv), a law phrase, opp. to kveja ba ingi, to summon them in
parliament (inga-kv), passim in Grg. and the Sagas, see kv; hann kvaddi ba til mls, Nj. 36;
kvaddir Keisarann til ns mls, they appealed to Caesar, Post.; kve ek yr um handselt ml N.
M., Nj. 218. 2. with gen. of the thing, to call, summon; kveja ings, to convoke a meeting, Fms. i.
149, vi. 12 (acc., Fb. i. 565, wrongly); k. mts, Fms. vii. 60; k. tlptar-kviar, Grg. i. 34; k. laga, D.
N.; k. frnsdms, 81; k. fjr, 402, N. G. L. i. 23; k. sr gria, Bs. i. 544 :-- k. e-n e-s, to summon,
call on a person to perform a duty; k. goa tlptar-kviar, Grg. i. 105; k. ba bjargkviar, Nj. 110;
kve ek yr eirra ora allra er yr skylda lg til um at bera, 218, 238; vru vr kvaddir at bera vitni
at, 238. III. to welcome, greet; eir kvddu konung. Am. 6, Eg. 28, Nj. 3; hann var sv ktr at
hvert barn kvaddi hann hljandi, Fms. vii. 172; kyssa ok kveja, Hkv. 13: of one departing, hann
gengr n brott ok kver engan mann, Band. 4 new Ed. 2. recipr. to greet one another; eir
kvddusk vel, sl. ii. 355, passim, see heilsa and the remarks there made: k. e-n heipta, to lay
imprecations on one, Hm. 152, cp. 138.
kveja, u, f. a welcome, greeting; konungr tk kveju hans, Eg. 63, passim, Matth. i. 29: also of
one absent, hann sagi eim kveju Gunnhildar, Nj. 5; bar hann konungi kveju rlfs, Eg. 53;
eir skyldu segja konungi kveju hans, Fms. x. 290; kveju-sending, sending one's greeting,
compliments, vi. 92, vii. 103, Sturl. ii. 149: salutation, in the formula at the beginning of a letter,
Ingi konungr sendir kveju Siguri konungi, Fms. vii. 220; N. M. sendir N. M. kveju Gus ok
sna, D. I. passim :-- in mod. usage the address on a letter is called kveju.
kve-skapr, m. poetry, verse-making, opp. to prose; bi er at yrkir vel, enda ert allvandltr
um inn kveskap, Fms. vi. 387; gr k., good poetry; llr k., bad poetry: song, Sighvatr segir
snum kveskap, 40; nnsk at ok kveskap Hallfrear, at ..., iii. 7; hann kvesk lla una vi
kveskapinn Inglfs, Fs. 60; s er ein tala hversu margir httir hafa funnisk kveskap
hfusklda, Edda 120; m ok eigi undrask at kveskaprinn s stirr, vat svefni var kveit,
Draum. 123; k. ok sngvar, Sks. 633; fellr mr sv ge k. s, Sd. 160, Bret. 48; na e-n
kveskap, Fms. vii. 60: with the notion of satire or lampoon, stefna e-m um kveskap, to summon a
person for lampooning, iii. 21; hann nddi mik kveskap, vi. 117.
KVEF, n. [akin to kvefja, kefja, etc.; Engl. cough; Germ. keichen; Swed. quaf] :-- a catarrh, freq.
kvef-stt, f. epidemic of kvef.
kvefja, kvafi, to quench, extinguish; see kefja.
kveif, f. [from Fr. coif], a coif, cap; htt er k., Sks. 434; htt n hfu ea k., 291: esp. a mitre, Fms.
viii. 378, Bs. ii. 186: in mod. usage, metaph. a feeble person, hann er mesta kveif: as also kveifara-
skapr, m. feebleness; kveifar-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), weak, faint.
kveikja, kveikr, see kveykja, kveykr, Fms. v. 25.
kvein, n. wailing, Bs. i. 40, ii. 140, Al. 55; andar-kvein, lamentation; harma-k., a dirge, freq. in an
eccl. sense.
KVEINA, a. [Ulf. qainon = GREEK: A. S. cwnjan: Engl. whine, wanion; Germ. weinen] :--
either, kveina um e-t (mod. k. yr e-u), to complain of a thing, or absol. to wail, mourn, lament, but
not used transitively as in A. S.; er hr kveinat um eldiviar-f, Fms. i. 291; grit hn hjufra n
hndum sl, n k. um sem konur arar, Gkv. 1. 1 (2. 11); taka n k. um at, er ..., Al. 52, Fas. iii.
154; hn kveinai um mjk mean hn starfai, Hom. 113: absol., munu r k. ok kalla til Drttins,
Stj. 441; krytja er k., 370, Fas. i. 200; en eir ltu sem eir heyri eigi hvat er hn kveinai, Fms.
vi. 352.
kveinka, a, to complain; k. um e-t, O. H. L. 78, Rb. 174, Bs. ii. 64: mod., k. sr, to wail, cry, from
pain.
kveinkan, f. lamentation, Rb. 174, Bs. ii. 561, Thom. 248, Karl. 191.
kvein-samlegr, adj. lamentable, Al. 149.
kvein-star, m. pl. wailings, lamentations, Al. 154.
KVEISA, u, f. a whitlow, boil; hafa kveisu fti, Hrafn. 14; kveisa er komin hnd r, Pr. 470;
kveisu-nagli, the core of a boil, Hrafn. 14, 15, Nj. 244; kveisu-sullr, a boil, Bs. ii. 168: in mod.
usage, of shooting pains, ira-k., colic: as also, ug-k., shooting pains. kveisu-gras, n., botan.
entiana.
kveistinn, adj. touchy, tender; ert svo kveistinn!
kveistni, f. touchiness, tenderness.
kveita, u, f. [kveite, Ivar Aasen], a halibut, ounder (heilag-ski); kalt vatn augum en kveita (kvett
or kveit. MS.) tnnum, lrept lki, in the Merman's song, Fas. ii. 33; this is prob. the meaning of the
word in this much-contested passage, and not as suggested in Aarb. (1866) 377.
kveita, tt, a false form for kneyta, Fas. ii. 131.
KVELD, n., proncd. kvld: [akin to kvelja, for evening is the quelling or killing of the daylight;
Ivar Aasen kveld; Swed. qull] :-- evening; in Icel. as well as in Norway kveld is the common
popular word, whereas aptan (eve) is poetical and solemn; kveld is prob. elliptical, from kveld dags,
quelling of day: sayings, at kveldi skal dag leyfa, Hm.; allir dagar eigu kveld; at kveldi, at eve, in
the evening, K. . K. 102; at kveldi dags, on an evening, Fms. vi. 83, Eg. 106; kveldi, this evening,
Ska R.; kveld, to-night, Stj. 121, Nj. 252; kveldit, in the evening, Ld. 14; um kveldit, Nj. 6,
120; ok er mjk lei kveldit ..., at vilda ek at frir eigi heim kveld, ... Gunnlaugr kom eigi
heim um kveldit, Eb. 46, 48; at kveld er lkmenn kmu heim, 268; kveldum, Fs. 143. COMPDS:
kveld-langt, n. adj. the evening long; drekka k., Fas. i. 13, Barl. 144, Sd. 141. kveld-lestr, m. an
evening lesson, evensong, Safn i. 85; see hslestr. kveld-ligr, adj. vesper time, Sks. 41. kveld-matr,
m. = kveldverr. kveld-ml, n. eventide, Fr. kveld-mlt, n. a supper, Fas. iii. 282: eccl. the Lord's
Supper, Germ. Abendmahl, Dan. Nadverd, Swed. Nattvard: Kveldmltar-Sacramenti, n. the
Holy Communion. kveld-ria, u, f. an 'evening-rider,' night-hag, witch, riding on wolves in the
twilight, Hkv. Hjrv. 15, Hallfred, Lex. Pot.; orbjrn stefndi Geirri um at at hn vri k., Eb.
46; hn var fjlkunnig, ok hin mesta k., Fas. iii. 650; kveldriu st, the 'ogress-steed' = the wolves,
Hallfr. kveld-roi, a, m. the evening red of the sky, opp. to morgun-roi. kveld-seta, u, f. a sitting
up late, Fms. vii. 126. kveld-stjarna, u, f. the evening star. kveld-svfr, adj. fond of sleep in the
evening, opp. to morgun-svfr, Eg. 3, Fms. vii. 126. kveld-sngr, m. evensong, vespers, MS. 625.
178, Bs. i. 849. kveld-tmi, a, m. eventide, Fas. ii. 427. Kveld-lfr, m. a nickname, Eg. kveld-vaka,
u, f. eve-wake, the time between twilight (rkkr) and bed-time, when people sit and work by candle-
light, also simply called vaka. kveld-verr, m. a supper.
kvelda, a, mod. kvlda, to draw towards evening; er kveldai, Fms. iii. 114, vi. 156, Hkr. i. 24,
Fs. 14; n tekr at k., Al. 81; var sv kveldat, at ..., Fms. xi. 63; vert hj oss, vat kvlda tekr
og daginn lr, Luke xxiv. 29: absol., r en essi dagr kveldi, MS. 4. 32.
KVELJA, pres. kvel, pret. kvaldi, part. kvalr, kvalir, kvalinn; with neg. suff., imperat. kvelj-at,
Vkv. 31; [A. S. cweljan; Engl. to quell, kill; Hel. quellian = cruciare; Germ. qulen; Dan. qule;
Swed. qulja] :-- to torment; mtti enga skemtan af hafa at kvelja , Eg. 232; at hann mundi sv
vilja kvelja hana, Fms. vi. 352; ek skal alla vega lta k. Markvar, Mag. 2; at eigi kveli bruna-efr
bkanna menn er ..., 656 B. 1; ekki m verra vera en fund s, er kvelr af anuars gu, Hom. 21;
hann barisk allan dag gegn mr ok kvaldi mik, Fms. viii. 240; kvelit mik ekki lengr, Anal. 186;
Grmhildr kvelr brr sna, ir. II. reex. to be tormented; kveljask vesld, Fs. 172; muntu
kveljask me fjndanum Helvtis loga, Fms. i. 202; vat ek kvelst ungliga essum loga, Luke
xvi. 24; n er hann (Lazarus) huggar en kvalir, Greg. 22; hann var lla vi ok kvesk
kvaldr, ... er hann skyldi kveljask ti hverju llviri, Grett. 178 new Ed., Fs. 172: to be quelled,
kvlusk ll r fyrir konunginum, Hom. 112. III. part. as adj.; klrinn skir angat mest sem hann
er kvaldastr, Fas. ii. 252.
kveljari, a, m. a 'killer,' tormenter, 656 B. 5, Al. 78.
kvelling, f. [perhaps akin to keli-, q.v., cp. also kvilli], ailment, ailing, Post. 210, Grett. (in a verse).
kvellinga-samr, adj. ailing, valetudinarian, Eg. 126, Sturl. ii. 53.
kvelli-sjkr, adj. ailing; ekki he ek verit k., Ld, 54, Eg. 126.
kvelli-stt, f. ailment, Eg. 519.
kvelni, f. quailing, despondency, Hom. 86.
kvendi, n. a woman, womankind, Stj. 71, 257, 289, Grett. 161 A; kvendum ok krlum, MS. 4. 13: in
mod. usage in a low sense.
Kvenir, m. pl. the Tchudic people of Kvenland in northern Russia, Eg.
KVENNA-, gen. pl., see kona B.
kvenn-borinn, part. cognate, Fms. iv. 8.
kvenn-bnar, m. women's dress, Eb. 256, Edda 68, Stj. 186.
kvenn-dr, n. a she-beast, Stj. 71, 77.
kvenn-fat, n. woman's attire, Landn. 119, N. G. L. i. 255.
kvenn-flk, n. woman-folk, women, Fas. iii. 644, freq. in mod. usage.
kvenn-fugl, m. a hen-bird, Pr. 409.
kvenn-gildr, adj., opp. to karlgildr, q.v.: in the phrase, k. magi, a half pauper, who can do
something for himself, Vm. 52, D. I. passim.
kvenn-gjf, f. a gift to a woman, N. G. L. i. 75.
kvenn-hallr or kvenn-hollr, adj. amorous, Fms. v. 341.
kvenn-hempa, u, f. a woman's petticoat.
kvenn-kenna, d, to address as a woman, Fas. iii. 75, Vgl. 24: gramm. kvennkendr, feminine, Sks.
103, Clem. 29.
kvenn-kind, f. womankind, Stj. 79.
kvenn-kli, n. pl. women's dress, Grg. i. 338, Landn. 119, N. G. L. i. 75.
kvenn-kn, n. kin by the woman's side, cognate lineage, Hkr. i. 112: a female degree of kin, Fms.
ix. 251, 327.
kvenn-kostr, m. a good match, of a woman, Fb. i. 407; tti s k. einnhverr beztr Noregi, Fms. vi.
353; hinn bezti k., Grett. 71; um kveldit var eim trtt um kvennkosti, Korm. 56.
kvenn-kvikendi, n. a female creature, Stj. 80, Sks. 103.
kvenn-kyn, n. the female sex, Hom. 31, Stj. 56, Barl. 24.
kvenn-kyrtill, m. a woman's kirtle, Bs. i. 506.
kvenn-leggr, m. kindred by the woman's side, the cognates, Gl. 244, Fms. i. 6.
kvenn-legr, n. fornication, N. G. L. i. 377.
kvenn-liga, adv. woman-like, lady-like, Vgl. 33.
kvenn-ligr, adj. woman-like, Bs. ii. 152, Fas. iii. 576, Fs. 134.
kvenn-list, f. female skill, Vgl. 48 new Ed.
kvenn-mar, m. a woman, freq. in mod. usage (see kona), Ld. 8, MS. 4. 23; kvennmanna bein, Eb.
338, and in countless compds; kvennmanns-bnar, kvennmanns-ft, a woman's dress, Br. 173.
kvenn-mannligr, adj. woman-like, Sks. 169, Fas. iii. 528.
kvenn-ntr, adj. virilis, Stj. 195.
kvenn-samr, adj. given to women, Sturl. ii. 195, Rm. 250.
kvenn-semi, f. the being given to women, Hom. 86, Finnb. 300.
kvenn-sift, f. (kvenn-svift, N. G. L. i. 78, 79), kin by the woman's side, cognate lineage, opp. to
karlsift (q.v.), Grg. ii. 176, Hkr. i. 112, Fms. i. 6; kvennsiftar-mar, a cognate relative, N. G. L. i.
79.
kvenn-silfr, n. the silver or jewels of a woman's dress.
kvennska, u, f. womanhood, Stj. 5: chastity, Gl. 140, Br. 11.
kvenn-skari, a, m. a bevy of ladies, Konr. 42.
kvenn-skikkja, u, f. a woman's cloak, Nj. 200, Fms. ii. 134.
kvenn-skinn, n. womankind, in a low sense, Mar.
kvenn-skratti, a, m. a bad woman, termagant, Gsl. 52.
kvenn-skri, a, m. woman's attire. Fas. ii. 377.
kvenn-skygn, adj. looking after women, Fas. iii. 527.
kvenn-skrungr, m. a stately, great lady, Nj. 30, Dropl. 6, Fs. 102.
kvenns-ligr, adj. = kvennligr, Al. 34, 172.
kvenn-stlar, m. pl. women's seats or pews in church.
kvenn-styrkr (kvenn-sterkr), adj. a match (in strength) for a woman; varla tla ek ik
kvennstyrkan, Grett. 119 A, Fas. iii. 572.
kvenn-svift, f. = kvennsift.
kvenn-sull, m. a woman's saddle, side-saddle, Fms. x. 87.
kvenn-magi, a, m. a female pauper, Vm. 117, Bs. i. 285.
kvenn-vir, f. pl. 'women's weeds,' petticoats, kv.
kvenn-vlar, f. pl. female plannings, Gsl. 44.
KVER, n. [a for. word; Engl. quire], a sheet folded in a book; var stolit r (the book) einu kverinu,
Fms. viii. 402; ar er aspiciens bk kverum (not bound), Vm. 122; bkr tuttugu, ok mm kver at
auk, Pm. 5: in mod. usage a small book, volume, Bna-kver, a Prayer-book; Stafrofs-kver, an a b c
book; Fra-kver, Hallgrms-kver, orlks-kver, = the poems of Hallgrim, Thorlac; and esp. with
the article Kveri = the volume containing the Catechism.
KVERK, f., pl. kverkr, mod. kverkar: I. in sing. the angle below the chin; hann tk undir kverkina
ok kyssti hana, Nj. 2; ok var allt rti undir kverkinni, Bs. i. 382; jstlfr laust undir kverkina,
Fms. vii. 211: metaph. the inner bight or angle, of an axe, undir kverk xinni, Nj. 84; fll hverr
boinn kverk rum, Fms. xi. 13; bita-k., sperru-k., the angle under a cross-beam. II. in plur. the
throat; konungr for hndum um kverkr sveininum, . H. 196; r st um verar kverkrnar, Eb. 244;
tekr hann um kverkr henni, Fms. iii. 224; hku, kinnr ea kverkr, Edda 109; er hann leggr
hana um kverkr sr, MS. 625. 183; hann laust fremri hyrnu undir kverkr eim, Fms. vii. 191; nstir
tunguna vi kverkrnar, Al. 77, Grett. 101 new Ed.; kverknar fnuu, Bs. i. 189; at er minnr nef
kveit en meirr kverkr, Sklda 166; tk verk allan r kverkunum, . H. 197. COMPDS: kverka-
blga, u, f. bronchitis. kverka-mein, n. bronchitis, Bs. i. 116, 189, 347, 445. kverka-stt, f. a
throat disease, Ann. 1310. kverka-sullr, m. a boil in the throat, quinsy, . H. 196.
kverk-l, f. the cheek-strap of a bridle.
kverk-band, n. a string of a cap or hood, Grg. ii. 132.
kverk-mltr, adj. speaking in the throat.
kverk-segi, a, m. a muscle in a sh's head.
KVERN, f., gen. kvernar, but the mod. form kvrn, gen. kvarnar; [Ulf. qairnus, Mark ix. 42; A. S.
cwyrn; Old Engl. quern; O. H. G. quirn; Dan. kvrn; Swed. quarn] :-- a handmill; ar sat kona vi
kvern, Fms. vii. 233; ok und kvernum klaka, Ls. 44; era at karls-tt er kvernum stendr, Hkv. 2.
2; bondwomen used to turn the handmills, and the turning of the quern was, as it still is in Icel.,
where every farm has its handmill, accompanied by singing a song, see esp. the Millsong in the
Edda (Grttasngr), 78 sqq. 2. metaph. an eddy or whirlpool in a river is called kvern, agreeably to
the legend popular among all ancient Teut. people of a wonder mill grinding salt at the bottom of
the sea, such as the famous mill Grtti, in the old Danish story of king Frode, which ground gold
and peace, and at last the sea salt. COMPDS: kvernar-auga, n. a 'mill-eye,' mill-hole, Edda, cp.
also the prose to Hkv. 2. kvern-, f. a mill-stream, Bret. 45. kvern-berg, n. a mill-stone quarry, D.
N., H. E. i. 396. Kvern-btr, m. mill-biter, a name of a sword, Hkr. kvern-foss, m. a mill-force, D.
N. kvern-hs, n. a mill-box, = lr, Boldt, D. N., B. K. 81. kvern-steinn, m. a mill-stone, Edda 78,
Fms. i. 17, Sks. 420. kvern-sti, n. a mill-place, where a mill stands, D. N.
KVEYFA, d, this -- not kneyfa or qneyfa as in the Editions -- is the true form of the word, which
has become obsolete in Icel., but remains in Engl.; [Engl. quaff = to drink in large draughts till one
loses breath] :-- to quaff; Egill kveyfi af horninu einum drykk, Eg. 557; Egill drakk um hr, ok
kveyfi hvert horn er at honum kom, 559, Trist. 10; kveyfa ker, Mag. 68; hlfit Kristr er klgu
hrafn kveyfi me stfnum, Christ helped not when the sea raven (his ship) quaffed water from
stem to stern, was swamped, Bs. i. 16 (in a verse).
kveyr, m., pot. a quaffer, Lex. Pot.
kveyking or kveiking, f. kindling, Stj. 6, Mar.
KVEYKJA, t, or kveykva, Grg. (Kb.) i. 16, Hm. 1; ququa, Greg. 33, 34, etc.; kvykja, Sks.
634; but also spelt kveikja, Fb. i. 203, Sks. 53 new Ed., Fms. v. 316, x. 367, Hom. 193; gen. pl.
kveykna, Nj. 194; [Ulf. qiwian = GREEK; A. S. cwician; Engl. quicken; Hel. aquicon; Dan. kvge;
Lat. vivere] :-- to quicken, kindle; kveykja ljs, to kindle a light, Fs. 38; k. log, id., Fb. iii. 408;
kveikja eld, to kindle a re, sl. ii. 152; essi arfa-sta var tekin ok kveyktr vi eldr, Nj. 194, 199;
san kveykti essi mar eld, Fs. 5; me kveyktum eldi, Eb. 56 new Ed.; kerti fkk konungr honum
ok sagi at sjlft kveykjask mundu ef v vri lopt brugit, Br. 179; ququa ljs keri, Greg.
33, 34; kveykt er tendrat, Mar.; k. lostasemi, Rb. 352; k. upp fjandskap, Valla L. 227; henni var
mikill harmr kveikr hjarta, Fms. x. 367; kveykva sorg, Hm. 1. 2. metaph. to kindle a report; ein
er s sgn er s kveikir, Mar.; eim hlt vi va er etta hfu kveykt, Fms. ix. 358, v.l.; rarinn
ba eigi neina kvittu kveikja hir konungs, v. 316. 3. pass., engi skyldi kvittr kveikjask, Fb. i. 203;
n kveykir hn galdra, Bret. 26; stormr kveikisk, Sks. 231 B; tungl kveykisk, the moon is lighted,
Rb. 122; kveykja upp kyn hins andaa, Stj. 425; kveiktir mik sv sem Gu vildi ndveru,
Hom. 154; heldr en kveikvi, MS. 677. 9; harm kveyki orm einn at mla vi Evu, Ver. 4; kveikjask
til star, Fms. i. 231.
kveykja or kveikja, u, f. kindling, Stj. 192; fundar k., Bs. ii. 21: in the west of Icel. a slight
swelling of the rivers from rain or a thaw is called kveykja, a freshet, -- a er komin k. rnar. cp.
kvikva (II). II. plur. kveykur (and kvikur, Bs. i. 197), yeast, ferment of ale; queyquor voru lagar
undir mungts efni, Bs. i. 339; einhverr mar vildi mungt gra, ok horfisk vnliga, kvikurnar
(kveikarnar, v.l.) vildu ekki duga, 197.
kveykr, m. [Engl. wick; Swed. veke; Dan. vge], a wick, of a lamp, Fb. iii. 508, freq.
kvia, u, f. [kvea], an epic poem, a song or ballad composed in such metre as the Vlusp, and
thus opp. to ml (a didactic poem, sentences), q.v., drpa (heroic), q.v., and rma (modern ballads),
q.v.: the name of several old songs, Hmis-kvia, Sm. 105 (Bugge); ryms-k., 124; Vlsunga-k.,
193; Helga-k., 112 (Mbius); essi kviu, 241 (Bugge); Gurnar-k. in forna, 241, 242; Sigurar-
k. in Skamma, 246 (Fas. i. 197); kvia Sigurar, Sm. 247; k. Gurnar, 274; Atla-k. in
Grnlenzka, 282; Hkonar-k., Fms. ix; Gllungs-k., v. 100, 108; kviunni, Grett. 105 new Ed.
kviu-httr, m. the metre of a kvia, the epic metre such as that of the Vlusp, Beowulf, and the
like, opp. to lja-httr and ml; vat ykkir betr hlja essar samstfur kviu-htti, Sklda
182 (Olave Hvta-skld); the word also occurs in the Httatal Rgnvalds, verse 3, and is a more
correct name than the usual fornyralag, which has no old authority, except in a lemma from a later
hand in one of the verses of the Httatal by Snorri.
kviar, part. = kviugr, Post.
kvi-ll, m. the esh of the stomach of animals. Dipl. iii. 4.
kvi-band, n. a kind of belt.
kvi-blstr, m. swelling of the belly, Thom. 461.
kvi-burr, m. [bera kvij, the verdict or delivery of the verdict of neighbours (bar), Grg. i. 54,
104, 168, Nj. 87, passim; berr norr alla kviburi = in that spot the verdict belongs to
neighbours to be summoned in the north, referring to a battle fought on the northern slope of a
wilderness, sl. ii. 347: metaph., ryja menn r kviburinum, to challenge men out of the k., i.e. to
challenge the neighbours, Nj. 235.
kvi-drag, n., medic. a rupture, of a horse, Gl. 504.
kvi-dragi, a, m. ruptured, of a horse, Jb. 366.
kvi-drttr, m. = kvidrag, Jb. 366 A.
kvi-gjr, f. a belly girth, of a saddle.
kvi-hlutr, m. a belly piece, of a skin, Karl. 32.
KVIJA, a, [akin to kvea], prop. a law term, to banish, as in the saw, Urar ori kvijar (MS.
wrongly kver for kvir? UNCERTAIN) engi mar, no wight can resist the word of weird, there is
no appeal against the weird of fate, Fsm. 47: to forbid, blt eru kviju, Hallfred; blt er oss kvijat,
at vr skulum eigi blta heinar vttir, ok eigi heiin gu, n hauga n hrga, N. G. L. 1. 430; en ef
hinn vill kvija haga sinn, seti hann gar milli, 245; at lkai lla ornni ok nennti eigi at
kvija honum mat, Grett. 36 new Ed.; kom ar loks at kvdd (qs. kviju) var byg kppum eim
er mistu dyg, i.e. the evil-doers were banished the country, Skld H. 3. 41; jfurr lt kvijat fri,
the king forbad all strife, Od. 16, Fms. vi. 154 (in a verse): with dat., k. e-m e-t, to forbid; mir
hans vildi at kvija honum, Bs. i. 152; s er fyrr gri lofaan hint, ok kvijai hann sr lofaan,
Greg. 38; neyttir kvijaan vxt jarar, the forbidden fruit, Sks. 548; smilegt er at eir gri
at sjlr, er eir eiga rum at kvija, H. E. i. 457: with inn., eim tum er biskup her kvijat
oss konur at taka, N. G. L. i. 16; skaltat of kvija mr at berjask, Korm. (in a verse). II. part.
kvijandi, a banisher, forbidder; str-kvijandi, a 'strife-banisher,' peace-maker, Lex. Pot.
kvijan, f. banishment, a ban, K. . 202, Bs. ii. 64.
kvilingr, m. . mod. kvelingr, a ditty, esp. of a satire or lampoon, b. 11, Nj. 50, Eg. 124, Sturl. i.
13, Fms. vi. 193, Grett. 32 new Ed.
kvi-mar, m. a 'verdict-man,' juror, Grg. i. 54.
KVIR, m., gen. kviar, pl. kviir, acc. pl. kviu. [Ulf. qiss = GREEK, GREEK, as in ana-qiss =
GREEK; iui-qiss and waila-qiss = GREEK; missa-qiss = GREEK, etc.] :-- prop. a saw, saying,
speech, word, and hence in law a verdict given by neighbours; for the Engl. 'verdict' is indeed a
kind of rendering of the Norse term; kvir Norna, the word of the Norns, weird, fate, death, kveld
lir mar ekki eptir kvi Norna, Hm. 31; ors-kvir, a saw, proverb; mis-kvir, 'saying-amiss,'
false pleading. The old law makes a distinction between vtti (a witness) and kvir (a verdict), --
ar er bi fylgir einni sk vtti ok kvir, skal vtti fara fyrr fram en kvir, Grg. i. 47: before
delivering his opinion each neighbour had to take an oath, -- at er mlt, r kvir s borinn, at eir
skulu eia vinna allir r at dmi, 53. The old records mention various kinds of neighbours and
verdicts: 1. in Norse law, u. the heimis-kvir (heims-kvir, heimilis-k.) or a 'home-verdict,' a
verdict of neighbours, bearing some resemblance to the oath of compurgators; ten, or in lesser cases
four or six, neighbours were to accompany the accused to the court, two of whom had to swear on
the book, and the rest followed, -- en at er heims kvir er tu menn fylgja til mts, en sverja tveir
menn bk, en tta sanna at, N. G. L. i. 311, cp. ii. 505; hafa me sr heimiliskviar-vtta til
ings, K. . 214; hann ha heiman heimiliskviar-vitni, 152; nema heimiliskviar-vitni fylgi, Gl.
193: skal me essu heimiliskviar-vitni skja, N. G. L. 4. 140 (heimskviar-vitni, 337); skal
me essu heimiliskvijar-vitni skja, at einn skal bera en tveir sanna um riggja aura ml, en um
sex aura ml skal einn sanna en fjrir sverja, en eir skulu vera fylkis-menn, N. G. L. i. 140, 316; en
ef eigi kemr saga hins sra fram fyrsta ingi n heimiliskviar-vitni, ..., 160: similar were the
'sandemnd' (soothmen) of the early Danish law; to this the old saw refers, httr er heimiskvir,
nema sr gan geti, perilous is the home-verdict, unless one gets a good one, Sdm. 25. . in Icel.,
unless the bjargkvir (q.v.) be identical to heimis-kvir, this sort of verdict is seldom mentioned;
eigi skal heimis-kvi annan at henda, Grg. i. 361. 2. in Icel. law the tlftar-kvir (verdict of
twelve), also called goa-kvir (priest verdict), Grg. i. 168, viz. a body of twelve men, of whom
eleven were to be summoned by the goi of the district, and he, being the twelfth of the number,
had to deliver the nal verdict. The verdict of twelve was only appointed for certain cases dened in
the law, K. . K. 168, v.l.; n her mar tlptar-kviar kvatt, ok skal goi nefna rijungs-menn
sna til kviar ess me sr, ok er honum rtt hvrz eir eru bndr ea gri-menn, hann skal ellefu
menn nefna ara en sik, Grg. i. 57, see the whole chapter 17 in . ., as also the Grg. passim; ella
kveja til tylptar-kviar goa ess (ann?) er sttr er ..., en ef sjlfr er sttr goinn eirri sk,
skal kveja samingis-goann tlptar-kviar; tlptar-kviar skal kveja ann goa er s er ingi er
sttr er, Grg. i. 138; er goi er kvaddr tlptar-kviar um at er hann eigi at skilja, ..., 168, 207;
n koma menn til ings, ok mlit dm, ok Glmr (in his capacity as goi) at bera tlptar-kvi, ...
Glmr berr at honum kviinn ok ntti mlit, Glm. ch. 18: tlptar-kvir tti um at skilja, en
hvrrgi eirra Snorra n Arnkels tti bera mega kviinn fyrir hleyta sakir vi skjanda ok varnar-
ailja, var Helgi Hofgara-goi kvaddr tylptar-kviar, ... eptir at bar Helgi at kviinn, Eb. ch.
16, cp. also the passage in Lv. ch. 4, where a verdict of twelve seems to be meant. . but the
common popular verdict was the ba-kvir or neighbour-verdict, given by ve, and in some cases
by nine, neighbours (see bi), who had to be summoned either at home (kveja ba heiman) or in
certain exceptional instances in the court ( ingi); the instances in the Grg. and the Sagas, esp. the
Nj., are almost endless: technical phrase, bera kvi, to give the verdict, Nj. 87, Grg. i. 57, passim;
as also, bera af kviinn, or, bera kviinn, to give a verdict for or against, (see bera B. I); ryja
kvi or kviu, prop. to 'clear the verdict,' i.e. to challenge the neighbours, Grg. i. 29; bja til
runingar um kviinn, Nj. 87, passim. . a special kind, egningar-kvir, a kind of law quirk, Grg. i.
56: ironical, n er geti um fyrir orkatli at honum ykkja rkt bornir kviirnir, Lv. 27. From the
analogy of the Icel. customs, it can be inferred with certainty that along with the invasion of the
Danes and Norsemen, the judgment by verdict was also transplanted to English ground, for the
settlers of England were kith and kin to those of Iceland, carrying with them the same laws and
customs; lastly, after the Conquest it became the law of the land. This old Scandinavian institution
gradually died out in the mother countries, and came to an end in Icel. A.D. 1271-1281, with the fall
of the Commonwealth, and the introduction of a Norse code of laws, whereas it was naturalised in
England, which came to be the classical land of trial by jury.
KVIR, m., gen. kviar, pl. kviir, acc. pl. kviu; [Ulf. qius = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. cwi; O.
H. G. quiti; Swed. qved; Gr. GREEK; cp. Lat. venter] :-- the womb; Ulfr reist honum kviinn, Nj.
275; minta styrkir kvi, Lkn.: of animals, svall allr kvirinn hestinum, Bs. i. 345; so water
reaches, upp kvi; ta hlfan kvi, to eat half one's ll; fara sganda kvii, to go with a sinking
belly, i.e. to limp, lag behind; get ek at eim fari han af sganda kvii, Grett. 151 A; hann tk
hendi sinni nir undir mijan kviinn, Edda 33, Fms. iv. 385. 2. esp. the womb, Lat. uterus; konu er
barn her kviknat kvii, K. . K. 134, Grg. ii. 69; at barn er eigi arfgengt, er kvikt er kvii r
murinni s frelsi get, i. 178; x brar kvir fr brjsti nir, Bjarn. (in a verse), Fms. vi.
350-352, as also the N. T., -- munt getna f kvii num, Luke i. 31; ok barni spratt upp
hennar kvii, 41, 44; blessar er vxtr kviar ns, 42; r en hann var getinn mur-kvii, ii. 21;
allt karlkyns at er fyrst opnai sinnar mur kvi, 23; af mur-kvii fddir, Matth. xix. 12, Gal. i.
15; sll er s kvir er ig bar og au brjst er milktir, Luke xi. 27.
kvi-skegg, n. hair on the belly, Fas. iii. 98.
kvi-slit, n., medic. a rupture: kvi-slitinn, part. ruptured.
kvi-sullr, m. a boil on the stomach, Bs. i. 353.
kviugr, adj. pregnant, big with child, Stj. 176, 197; mr mun kviog vera ok mun ala son, Post.
645. 62; s mr ok mir var kviug af Helgum Anda, Mar. :-- with prep., vera kviug at barni, to
be with child; hn var kviug at barni, Bs. ii. 166; Helga kona hans var kviug at barni rar,
r. (1860) 95: kviug af kviknuu ji. Nikuld. 8; var Loptr kviugr af (at?) konu llri, Hdl. 40,
where the meaning is that Loki gave birth to an ogress (Hel?).
kvi-verkr, m. colic, Mar.
kvi-roti, a, m. a swelling of the stomach, Bs. i. 323.
kvika, u, f. the quick under the nail or under a horse's hoof, Bs. ii. 184, freq. in mod. usage. II.
fermentation, swelling, of a uid; eitr-kvikja, q.v.; ok af eim kviku dropum kviknai ok var
maims lkandi, Edda 4; see kvikva.
kvika, a, to move, stir; hann kvikar ekki; this verb is freq. in mod. usage, but is not recorded in old
writers.
kvikendligr, adj., mod. kvikindisligr, rendering of Lat. animalis, of the animal kind, Eluc., Hom.
(St.): mod. shabby.
kvik-f, n., kyk-f, Grg. i. 397 :-- live stock, cattle, 414, Eg. 132, 133, Eb. 40, Stj. 106, Fms. v.
315, Gull. 25, Fs. 128, Bs. i. 738, passim.
kvik-fnar, m. = kvikf, Sks. 323, freq. in mod. usage.
kvikindi, see kvikvendi.
kvik-ltr, adj. quick, lively, Al. 38, Fas. iii. 67, N. G. L. ii. 421.
kvik-liga, adv. briskly, Karl. 86.
kvik-ligr, adj. brisk, lively, Bs. i. 80.
kvikna, a, kykna, Hom. St. :-- to quicken, come to life; dvergar hfu kvikna moldunni, sv
sem makar holdi, Edda 9; af eim kviku-dropum kviknai ok var manns lkendi, 4; ek em einn
andi kviknar manns lkam, Hkr. i. 280; konu er barn her kvikna kvii, Grg. ii. 69; ann tma
sem eir eru kviknair, Stj. 80: of the moon, tungi kviknar, the moon is born, is new, Rb. 130; r
tunglit kvikni, MS. 415. 10; me kviknuu tungli, with a new moon: of light, to quicken, eldr
kviknai seint, Bs. i. 7; ljsit kviknai aptr, Br. 180; kyknar ljs miskunnar, Hom. (St.): metaph.
to revive, get spirits, kviknai hestr hans er fyrr var mr, Br. 18.
kviknan, f. quickening; dvergarnir hfu tekit kviknan, Edda 9.
KVIKR, adj., also kykr, with a characteristic v, which is often retained before a vowel, so that we
have two forms, kvikvan or kykvan, kvikvir or kykvir; in mod. usage this v has been dropt; [Ulf.
qius = GREEK; A. S. and Hel. quic; Engl. quick; provinc. Germ. queck; Swed. quick; cp. Dan.
qug = cattle and quge; the Lat. virus, vivere, as also Gr. GREEK, are according to comparative
philologers, identical with the Teut. word] :-- quick, alive, living, chiey with the notion of feeling,
the 'quick,' as opp. to the unfeeling or dead; kyks n daus, quick nor dead, Edda 39 (in a verse);
dauan ea kvikvan, Hallfred (kykvan, Hkr. l.c., but wrongly, as the syllable rhymes with bliks); ef
allir hlutir heiminum, kykvir ok dauir, grta hann, Edda 38; kvikum n dauum, Hom. 59; ef
hann snir eigi at inglausnum hrossit kvikt n dautt, Grg. i. 140; ey getr kvikr k, Hm. 69; kvl
tti kvikri at koma hs Atla, Am. 98; yr gtu | ni engi kvikr komask (no quick, no living),
Sl. 1; sem kykum manni, . H. 231 (in a verse); skera e-n kvikvan, to dissect alive, Akv. 24, Gh.
17; yra ek ik kvikvan, Am. 22; ok ert kvik en konung-borna, Hkv. 2. 46: sem kykvir tvar, like
quick men, Sighvat (. H. 230 in a verse); eir ettu hann af klum ok tluu at hann kvikvan,
Fms. vii. 227; sem hann vri eginn kvikr, Mork. 221; ef verr nokkut kvikt fyrir sjnum eim,
Fms. i. 9; bau Helena at brenna alla kvikva eldi, Hom. 101; at barn er eigi arfgengt, er
kvikt er kvii murinni, Grg. i. 178; hvat segir , kvikr Fjandi? MS. 4. 15: allit., engi kvik
kind, D. I. i. 246; kykum kvisti, 303. 2. quick, sensitive; kykr vvi, the quick muscle, the quick of
toes and nails; hann batt hfu hans vi slaglar sr, ok laust kykva-vva snum tnnina, er
skagi r hfinn, Hkr. i. 100, (Orkn. 12, l.c., alters the word into 'klfanum,' but erroneously; the
legend of the death of earl Sigurd bears resemblance to that of Hannibal's death, as told in Pausan.
viii. 11, -- GREEK.) 3. lively, glad; sv verr herrinn kvikr vi enna kvitt, at ..., Al. 117. 4. in the
phrase, skra kvikr, to be alive, swarming; tti jrin ll kvik skra fyrir mannfjlda, Stj. 598: of
vermin, essum haug l hundrinn Argus, og skrei n kvikr, Od. xvii. 300 (GREEK).
kvik-sandr, m. quick-sand.
kvik-setja, t, (kyk-setja, Fms. viii. 201), to bury alive, Br. 179, Ann. 1357, Pr. 413 :-- eccl.,
kyksettr, enshrined as a saint; man gott orit til kyksettra bnum essi hr, Fms. viii. 101.
kvik-silfr, n., mod. kvika-silfr, [Dan. kvg-slv], quick-silver, mercury, Rtt. 39.
kvik-syndi, n. a swamp, quick-sand.
kvik-tr, n. a kind of hearse carried on horseback; reia kviktrjm.
kvikva, u, f., mod. kvika, [Engl. quick; Swed. quicka], the quick, the esh under the nails, and in
animals under the hoofs; hendi heitir ... kvikva, Edda 110, freq. in mod. usage; skera ngl upp
kviku, to cut the nail to the quick; jrna hest upp kviku, to shoe a horse to the quick. II.
fermentation, swelling, of a uid: also yeast, see kveykja and kvika. kviku-dropi, a, m. drops of k.,
Edda 4.
kvikva-settr, part. enshrined, . H. 230 (in a verse).
kvikvendi, n., spelt and sounded variously, kykvendi, mod. kvikindi :-- a living creature, of men
and beasts: hn (the earth) fddi ll kykvendi, Edda (pref.); au bi (soul and body) eru eitt
kvikendi, Hom. (St.); allt er hlj at er kvikendis eyru m heyra, Sklda 173; ar af sigrar hann ll
kvikvendi, Edda (pref.); ll kvikvendi fddu dauan frumgetna, Mar.; hann tti gishjlm er ll
kvikvendi hrddusk vi, Sm. 131 :-- animals, beasts, as opp. to men, menninir ok kykvendin,
Sklda 180; manna ea kykvenda, 656 C. 26; einhverju kvikendi, Fs. 128; alla fugla ok ll
kykvendi, Sks. 499 B; er Gu hafi skrddan allan heim mer kykvendum ea fuglum, 498 B;
d ll Egipzkra manna kvikendi, Stj. 272; sem at kvikvendi var vert, Gl. 190; hveregum
kykvendum er mar vsar er flir at manni, Grg. ii. 119; hverju var lkt? -- Sem kykvendi lti,
Fms. vi. 202; en ekki var san mein at essu kykvendi, 144, Best. 50 (of a salamander); kvikenda
kyn, kind of beasts, Stj. 18; skor-kvikendi, insects; skri-kvikendi, reptiles.
kvilla, u, f. = kvilli; urs veldr kvenna kvillu, Rnakv.
kvilli, a, m. [cp. kvelli-], sickness, ailment, freq. in mod. usage.
kvintill, m. a kind of measure, Rb. 460.
kvirr, adj. calm; see kyrr. kvir-leikr, m. = kyrrleikr, Thom. 44.
KVIS, m. [kvir; cp. Goth. qis], a rumour, tattle; n sem konungr heyri kvis eirra, Stj. 518, v.l.,
freq. in mod. usage, as in 2 Cor. xii. 20 = Gr. GREEK.
kvisa, a, to gossip, whisper; n sem hann sr sna menn kvisa me sr, Stj. 518; r hat kvisat
milli yvar, at ..., Edda 30.
kvis-sgn, f. and kvis-sgur, f. pl. tale-bearing, Sturl. iii. 125.
kvista, a, [Ulf. qistjan = GREEK], to branch out like a tree; sem hrtt hrs nr at er skgi
kvista, Fas. iii. 447; k. lim af tr, Stj. 401; eir kvistuu ar bl mikit, they cut (wood) for a large
re, Eb. 314: metaph. to cut down, ef hann kvistar af mr slka vinina sem ert, Lv. 49; vera m at
ek kvista einhvern yar r en ek em felldr, Njar. 344; kvista menn nir sem hrvii, Karl. 155.
Kvistlingr, m. a sapling: descendants of Kvist, Landn.
kvistttr, adj. twisted, gnarled, of wood.
KVISTR, m., pl. kvistir, acc. pl. kvistu, [Dan. kvist; Swed. qvist; akin to kvsl] :-- a twig, branch;
tkum tv kvistu ok leggjum oss i mynd krossins, Fms. i. 136; eir veltu vijunum drekann, ok
fylgir mar upp hverjum kvisti, Fas. ii. 188; limar ok kvistu viarins, Fms. vi. 153; arir hjuggu
kvistu af trjnum, Matth. xxi. 8; sjaldan vera kvistir betri en aaltr, O. H. L. 5; kn gengr hne
of kvistir verra, Am. 69; sem fura at kvisti, Hm. 5; sem ernir kvisti, 31; kykum kvisti, in a
living twig, i.e. in a fair condition, D. I. i. 303; kvista fjldi, Sks. 441: metaph., engi kvistr orni s
er af mr blmgask, Sks. 616 B; me kvisti es, ok me sins hring (of the cross stroke in the letter
), Sklda 161; il-kvistir, pot. 'foot-twigs' = the toes, Am. 62, cp. GREEK in Hes. Op. 740. 2. in
mod. usage also a knot; tr fullt af kvistum, a tree full of knots. 3. a pr. name, Landn.
kvist-skr, adj. 'twig-scathing,' epithet of the sun (?), Hm. 5.
kvistungar, m. pl. = kvistlingar, Sturl. iii. 184.
KVITTA, a, [a kind of iter. from kvea; Scot. quitter] :-- to rumour, report, noise abroad; var
kvitta, at mannsafnar vri fyrir noran land, Sturl. iii. 19; var at kvitta, at ..., i. 62 C; ef sv er
sem sumir kvitta, Al. 134.
kvitta, a, [a for. word; Fr. quitter, from late Lat. quietare], to acquit, esp. of a debt, due; Gyrr
kvittai Hall ar um, Vm. 72; hanu kvittai Orm af sgu jarar-veri, Dipl. i. 11; her kvitta
fyrir mig, Pass.
KVITTR, m., pl. kvittir, acc. kvittu, [kvir] :-- a report, loose rumour; s kvittr kom yr, at ..., Eg.
164; s k. kom fyrir , at ..., Fms. i. 67; ljsta upp kvitt, to spread reports, Nj. 107; kveykja kvittu,
Fms. v. 316; hann kva at ekki vera nema kvitt ok pata einn, Hom. 113; eigi skulu ar kvittir ra,
Grg. i. 347, Gsl. 47; gjalt varhuga vi eim kvitt hla (murmur), Sighvat; bir hann ok konung
var vi gjalda eim kvitt er bndr hfu, Fms. vi. 42; ing-kvittr, rr ttisk spyrja tenda, --
Hinn sagi ing-kvitt, he told him news from parliament, Sturl. i. 30; Sveins menn segja aptr eim
kvitt, Orkn. 404; hann heyri ann kvitt at Hornboi mundi honum eigi trr, 298; etta berr
breytiliga til, er her at ganga eptir kvittum (tittle-tattle, kvittun MS. falsely) vsra manna, Lv.
77.
kvittr, adj. quit, acquitted, receipted; er hann skyldr kirkjunni sjtjn aura en kvittr um allt annatt,
Vm. 4; gra e-n kvittan ok liugan, Dipl. iii. 1; handleggja kvitt ok liugt, v. 1; gefa e-t kvitt, Fms.
v. 291: the phrase, skilja kvittr vi kvittan, to put clear from one another; um allt v eg kvittr er,
Pass., Vdal. passim: whence kvittera, to give a receipt (kvittering).
kvitt-samr, adj. slanderous, Krk. 46 C.
KV, f., pl. kvar, [quey or quoy, Orkn. and Shetl.], a fold, pen, esp. where sheep are milked; reka f
kvar, Hrafn. 8; r kvum, Dipl. ii. 14; tlagask hann vi ann er kvna , Grg. ii. 329; r kv
eirri, id.; ef bf gengr r kvum, Js. 100; kva gimbill, a young sheep, Sturl. ii. 150; sem sauir
kv, Fms. viii. 219; hugisk mundu taka kvum sem saui til skurar, 60 :-- in mod. usage in pl.
the pen where sheep are milked, moka kvar, Bjarn. (in a verse), sl. js., Piltr og Stlka, Snt :--
metaph. a lane of men branching like a fork = klmbr, . H. 119, Orkn. 468, Eg. 232, Sturl. i. 29,
Fms. vi. 69: in plur., Lv. 95, Glm. 386. COMPDS: kva-bl, n. a milking-place, Snt. kva-garr,
mod. kva-veggr, m. a pen-wall, Hrafn. 8, Sturl. ii. 195. Kvar-mi, n. a local name, Landn.: local
names, Kv-, Kva-bekkr, Landn.
kva, a, to pen sheep for milking, freq. in mod. usage: to pen, hem in, Bs. i. 330, Fs. 27: to enclose,
at konungr kvi oss hr vgs-botninum, Fms. xi. 66, Grett. 83 A; kva e-n af, to shut one up.
KVA, pret. kvddi, but in mod. usage a strong pret. kvei, kviu, kviit; but in pres. weak
kvi :-- to feel apprehension for, with dat.; kva e-u, hann kvddi ok engu vilgi mjk, Bs. i. 393;
hann kviddi daua, MS. 623. 1; kaupmarinn ok bandinn kvir sr ok snu f, Fms. viii. 234; ekki
kvi ek mr, Bret. 36; menn kvddu fjr-forrum mnum, Bs. i. 479; ok kva ekki htum hans,
Fr. 21; harms ess er hann kvddi, Sklda 186 :-- with prep., kva vi e-u, id.; kvddu allir vi
kvmu hans, Gsl. 78; snemmt er r at k. vi hnum, Lv. 26; k. vi harmi, Sklda 186; hann kvddi
vir frostinu, Stj. 122; hann kvddi mjk vi nau, Hom. 118; ok kvddu menn mjk vi eim, Fs.
76; svo kvi eg szt vi daua, Pass. 37. 14 :-- k. fyrir e-u. id. (mod.)
kva, u, f. apprehension, anxiety, Sks. 228 B; kvu-star, fear,apprehension, Ld. 190.
kv-bjr, m. a dismal foreboding, Bs. i. 145.
kv-bogi, a, m. (qs. kvboi), apprehension; bera kvboga fyrir e-u.
kvi, a, m. apprehension, freq. in mod. usage, = kva.
kvinn, adj. timid, anxious, Karl. 491; -kvinn, unconcerned, Eb. 88.
kv-vnligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), gloomy-looking.
KVGA, u, f., gen. pl. kvgna, Glm. 340, [Scot. and North. E. quey or whye] :-- a young cow
before she has calved, Lat. juvenca, Landn. 46, 264, Grg. i. 502, Eb. 318, Sturl. i. 173, Fas. iii. 211,
Bret. 10, Edda (pref.); kvgu-klfr, Bs. i. 368, Eb. 318, passim: a local name, Kvgu-vgar, Landn.
kvgendi, n. a young cow or bullock, Fas. i. 253 (where = kvga); in local names, Kvganda-fjrr,
-nes, mod. Kvgendis-fjrr, Landn.
kvgildi, n. = kgildi, q.v.
kvgr, m. a young bullock, Lat. juvencus, Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Fb.
KVSL, f. a branch, esp. of a tree, a fork, Fms. i. 75 (a dung fork); hey-k., a hay fork: of a stag's
horns, Str. 3; kvsla-tr, a forked tree, a fork, Rd. 296: of the letter y, Sklda 161. II. metaph. the
fork of a river; hann hlt upp eptir inni Eystri kvsl, Fms. vii. 55, 188, Stj. 108, Symb. 12; n eru
kvslir eiri, ok skal eigi banna ski fr einni kvsl, Grg. ii. 351; mi-k., the middle stream, Nj.
236; Elfar-kvslir, a local name, the mouth of the Gota River, Fms.; Vana-k., Hkr. (begin.) :-- the
stem or pedigree of a family, skal kvsl al hverfa, Gl. 282; milli fjarborinna kvsla, Sks. 330;
kyn-kvsl, tt-kvsl, ni-kvsl, lineage.
kvsla, a, to branch; k. saman, Bs. i. 314: but esp. dep. kvslask, to branch out, of a tree, lineage,
stream, etc., Fms. v. 347, Fs. 146, Sks. 441, 609.
kvola or kvla, a, to squeeze or crumple between the hands.
kvonstr, n. = kynstr, Ann. 1407.
kvora, a, = korra.
kvos, f. a little hollow place, = kjs, q.v.
kvotla, a, to dabble, (conversational.)
KVI, n. [kvea], a poem, song; kvi is the general name, drpa, lj, ml, kvia, rma, the
names of special kinds; but kvi cannot be applied to a hymn; yrkja kvi, Fms. i. 12, . H. 180;
sv sem segir kvum hans, Eg. 178; ek vnti ltil kvis-mynd mun r ykkja, Fms. vi. 366;
fornum kvum ea sgu-ljum, Hkr. (pref.); tel oss k. nkkut, . H. 207; en rita ek est
eptir v sem nnsk kvum sklda eirra er vru me la konungi, ... kvum ea rum
kveskap, ... ef eigi vri k. bi n ok forn, . H. (pref.); en kvin ykkja mr szt r sta fr,
ef au eru rtt kvein ok skynsamlega upp tekin, Hkr. (pref.); blautlig-k., love songs, Bs. i. 237;
forn-k., an old song; er-k., q.v.; lof-k., an encomium; mansngs-k., a love song, Bs. i. 165; Grlu-
k., tu-k., a fox song, etc., passim. COMPDS: kvis-laun, n. pl. reward for a poem, a prize, Bjarn.
7, sl. ii. 231, Fms. iii. 93. kva-frr, adj. knowing many songs (by heart), Fms. vi. 392.
kvinn, adj. = kvafrr; ekki var hann skld n k., Odd. 106 new Ed.
kvfa, , to choke; see kfa.
kvkla, a, [kvak], to chirp, Fas. iii. 372.
kvlni, f. = kvelni, Hom. 122 new Ed.
kvmt, n. adj. [koma; Scot. queem; Germ. be-quem], coming: in the phrase, eiga kvmt, to have
free passage to come; er engum yrum mnnum kvaemt Noreg (i.e. being outlawed), Hkr. ii. 87,
sl. ii. 432; aptr-kvmt, t-kvmt, as also hald-kvaemr (q.v.), hug-kvmr (q.v.)
kvn, f., see kvn.
kvna, d, mod. t, (kvntist, Fb. i. 213), to make a man marry, Grett. 87 A. II. reex. kvnask, to
take a wife, Glm. 344, Fb. i. 213: part. kvndr, mod. kvntr, married, of a man, Sturl. i. 31, Fr.
3.
kvning, f. the taking a wife, marriage, Fms. x. 197.
KV, f., gen. kvaar, pl. kvaar, mod. kvair, [kveja], a claim, demand, esp. as a law term: I. a
summoning of neighbours (ba-kv), Grg. i. 36, 52, ii. 52, passim; the summons was either to be
on a man at home (heiman-kv and kveja heiman ba) or in parliament in special cases (inga-
kv and kveja ba ingi); the latter was the case in the tlptar-kvir (see kvir), or in case one
or more of the neighbours summoned had died, and it was necessary to make up the roll; -- Oddr
kver heiman ba; ... at verr til tinda at mar andask r kvinni, Oddr kver annan stainn,
fara menn n til ings, ... Her rangt til bit mlit, kvatt heiman tu ba ok er at lgleysa, ttir
at ingi at gra en eigi hrai, Band. 5: a body of neighbours, eir ruddu fjra ba r
kvinni, Nj. 100; vanda skal ba inga-kv slkt sem heiman-kv, Grg. i. 142; and rttir eru
eir menn ingi at kveja ef eir eru ar staddir, ef heiman eru rttir kv, id.; s sk er heiman
kv fylgir, Grg. i. 130, 142; vera rttr kv, to be duly elected a 'neighbour,' Grg.; gagn-kv,
a counter summons, ii. 102; tlptar-kv, Landn. 89. II. any demand, duty; tti bndum hann yfrit
frekt mla kvunum. Fms. xi. 225; n ek hrrs of kv, a song is due from me, Hful. 2. in
mod. usage esp. liability, burden, service, = Germ. frohn-dienst. COMPDS: kvaar-vttr, m. a
witness duly summoned, Grg. i. 42, ii. 321. kvaar-vtti, n. evidence of summons, Grg. ii. 321.
kvull, m. in frum-kvull, q.v.
KVL, f., gen. kvalar, pl. kvalar, mod. kvalir, [kvelja; Dan. qual] :-- torment, torture, Am. 61, 98,
Fms. viii. 53, Stj. 157, Sks. 155: eccl. the Passion, Pass., Vdal. passim: in plur. esp. the torments of
hell, helvtis kvalar, Fb. ii. 391, Nj. 273; Helvti ok kvlunum, Luke xvi. 23; j, sagi Sturla, sv
m vera, vat allar kvalar munu honum sparar til annars heims, Sturl. i. 89. COMPDS: kvala-
star, m. a place of torment, Rb. 424, Luke xvi. 28. kvala-stund, f. the hour of the Passion, Pass.
kvld, n. evening; see kveld.
kvl-heimr, m. the home of torment, hell, Sl. 53.
kykr, kykvendi, kykf, etc., see kvikr, etc.
kykva-vvi, a, m. the quick; see kvikr.
kylfa, , to stammer; k. til oranna, Fms. vii. 165.
KYLFA, u, f. [Engl. club; Germ. kolbe; Dan. kolle] :-- a club, Fms. i. 177, xi. passim, Sd. ch. 14:
the saying, lta kylfu ra kasti, to take a chance, metaphor from the ball and the bat. kylfu-hgg,
n. a blow with a club, Fms. xi. 144, Fas. ii. 367. II. the club-formed beak on a ship's stem; svartar
kylfur, Sighvat.
kyl, n. = kylfa II; fru konungsmenn stafnle skeiar-kylnu, ok hldu eim, -- mlti
jarlinn, at stafnbar skyldu af hggva kylnu, . H. 40.
Kylngar, n. pl. the inhabitants of a part of the ancient Garar, Eg. ch. 10, Rb. 320, Symb. 9.
kylja, u, f. = kylr, lf. 12. 52.
kylli-atr, adj. prostrate; detta kylliatr, (slang.)
kyllir, m. the scrotum, Dropl. 24, Edda (Lauf.): esp. of beasts, hrts-k., nauts-k.: a bag, skyr-k., a
bag for curds, Grett.; tbaks-k., a tobacco-pouch, kylli-nef, m. a nickname, Orkn.
kylna, u, f. a kiln. kylnu-eldr, m. a kiln re, Gl. 376.
kylr, m. a gust of cold air, Sks. 196 B.
kylta, u, f. [perh. akin to kjltr, q.v.], a quibble; var samt k. me eim, Sturl. ii. 165.
kyltl, n. a bad reading for kyrtill (q.v.), Nj. 48.
kymi, a, m. a dark retired nook: see af-kymi.
KYN, n., gen. pl. kynja, dat. kynjum; [akin to knn, kunna] :-- wonder; en eptir etta kyn yngisk
hnd Drottins yr ..., Stj. 436; tti mnnum etta kyn mikil, Sturl.: uru mrg kyn bi
draumum ok snum, Bs. i. 662; tti eim at kynjum sta, 655 xxvii. 22; mnnum tti kynjum
vi brega, Fms. vi. 95: in mod. usage, a er ekki kyn, 'tis not to be wondered at. COMPDS: kyn-
burr, m. a strange, monstrous birth, Stj. 80. kynja-lauss, adj.; var eigi k. r lauk, it was not by
fair means at last, orf. Karl. 384. kynja-lti, n. pl. strange gestures, Fms. vi 218. kynja-mein, n.
a strange illness (not natural), Bs. i. 644. kynja-menn, m. pl. 'wonder-people,' i.e. fairies, goblins;
lfar ok arir kynjamenn, Bs. i. 417: uncouth people, Jrunn kva sr eigi um kynjamenn alla, Ld.
36; hafa mr allir kynjamenn lla gesk, Mag. 7. kynja-stt, f. id., Ann. 1389, Hom. (St.) kynja-
vetr, m. a 'wonder-winter,' Bs. i. 417.
KYN, n., gen. pl. kynja, (but kyna less correct, Greg. 75, Sks. 450 B); [Ulf. kuni = GREEK, passim;
= GREEK, Luke ii. 36, Philipp. iii. 5; GREEK, Luke i. 8; A. S. cyn; Engl. kin; O. H. G. kunni;
Dutch kunne; lost in mod. Germ; Swed.-Dan. kn; Lat. genus; Gr. GREEK] :-- kin, kindred; ar tti
hann kyn hlft, Eg. 288; fair eirra hafi kyn tt tveim megin Gautelfar, 72; Danskr, Snskr at
kyni, Danish, Swedish by extraction, . H. passim; e-m kippir kyn, Fms. ii. 34, Glm. 346; telja
kyn sitt til e-s, Fms. v. 132; ek kyn Jamtalandi, . H. 211 :-- in names of families = a house,
lvusinga-kyn, the house of the O., Landn.; Mramanna-kyn, the house of the M., Eg. 770;
Vatnsringa-kyn, the house of the W., Ld. 129; Eireks kyn, Eirek's kin, . H. (in a verse); kyn
jar, mankind, Geisli 20, Merl. 2. 29; fra kyn, lofa kyn, t. 21; gumna kyn, id.; kyn beirna, id.;
la kyn, id., Edda (in a verse); kyn aldar, id., Harms. 34; ggjar kyn, giant-kind, Helr. 13; gyldis
kyn, wolf-kind, Edda (Ht.); kyn kvenna, womankind, Kormak; karl-kyn, male kind; kvenn-kyn,
womankind; jfra kyn, the royal kin, . H. (in a verse); konunga kyn, royal family, Fms. xi. 406. 2.
a tribe; llum kynjum (tribes) Israel, Stj. 342; allra mannligra kyna, Greg. 75. II. a kind, sort,
species; allr fnar mer jfnu kyni, Stj. 178; me reykelsi ok llu kyni blta, 656. A. ii. 14;
skyldasta kyni, of the most betting kind, Landn. 168; hvalr tvtgr ea lengri eins kyns, Grg. ii.
337; alls kyns, of every kind, Fms. v. 345; annars kyns, of other kinds, viii. 251; hvers kyns, of any
kind; engis kyns, of no kind, Stj. 27; margs kyns, of many kinds, Fb. ii. 297; ess kyns, of that kind,
Fms. vi. 216. 2. gender; karl-kyn, masculine; kvenn-kyn, feminine, Sklda 185; hvrginligt kyn,
neuter, 185; fll, kyn ok nafn, 180; kynja-skipti, change of gender, 185. kyns-mar, m. a kinsman;
fr kynsmnnum Abrahams, 656 B. 2; fyrstr sinna kynsmanna, Eg. 263, 536, Fms. ii. 22.
kyn-borinn, part. of noble kin, D. I. i. 185.
KYNDA, d, mod. t, to kindle, light a re; k. funa, eld, loga, bl, vita, Hkv. 2. 37, Am. 5, Mar.; ok
skyldi aan vita fyrst upp k. ef herr vri snn, Fas. iii. 18; k. ofn, Fb. i. 416: absol., skalt eigi
beiask at baka heitara en ek mun kynda, Eg. 239: metaph., Heilagr Andi kyndi stareld brjstum
eim, Greg. 18. II. reex. to be kindled; logbrndunum kastai upp borgina ok tk at kyndask,
Fms. x. 29; hugrinn kyndisk sv mrgum brndum sem boorum, Greg. 19; ok er at (the bale
re) er mjk kynt, Fas. i. 202: for Vsp. 47 see kynna and mjtur.
kyndari, a, m. a kindler, Fb. i. 416.
kyndi, n. = kyn, in the phrase, ess kyndis = ess kyns, Bs. ii. 89, 162.
kyndill, m. [cp. Lat. candela], a candle, torch, Sturl. iii. 172; hreinir kyndlar, Sl. 69; kyndil ok
kerti, Edda ii. 429; Ey-kyndill, Island-taper, name of an Icel. lady of the beginning of the 11th
century from her taper-formed gure, Bjarn. COMPDS: kyndil-ljs, n. candle-light, Hkr. ii. 382.
kyndil-ml, n. a candle measure, wick (?), Bs. i. 339. Kyndil-messa, u, f. Candlemas, the feast of
the Purication, . H. 83, Bs. i. 73, Rb. 532, Dipl., N. G. L. passim.
kyndug-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), guilefully, Bev.
kyndugr, adj. guileful, Sks. 320, Fas. i. 76, Karl. 63, 72, Fb. i. 77.
kyndugskapr, m. guile, wiliness, Fb. i. 208, Stj. 198, Mar., Karl. 71.
kyn-fer, f. kindred, extraction, Eg. 22, Fms. xi. 54, . H. 112: in plur., Stj. 191.
kyn-feri, n. = kynfer, Magn. 434, Ld. 86, Fms. xi. 18, . H. 81.
kyn-ferugr, adj. of such and such extraction, Mar.
kyn-fylgja, u, f. a family characteristic, peculiarity, Sturl. iii. 183, Landn. 276, Bs. i. 196, Barl.
passim: a family genius, Fas. i. 122, (see fylgja): kindred, Sks. 48; kynfylgju-spell, a spell in a
family, H. E. i. 247, 248.
kyngi, f. [kunna], prop. knowledge, but only used of magic, 656 B. 2, . T. 36, sl. ii. 89; kyngi
kraptr, magical power, Fas. iii. 444; kyngi ver, a storm raised by magic, ii. 435; see fjlkyngi.
kyn-gr, adj. of good family, Str. 11.
kyn-gfgi, f. nobility of birth.
kyn-ggr, adj. of noble kindred, Sks. 274, Mar.
kynja, a, impers., e-n kynjar, to wonder, think strange.
kynjar, part. descended, native, Fms. i. 241, Landn. 288, Str. 61.
kyn-kvsl, f. a 'kin-branch,' lineage, pedigree, Fms. i. 218, Sks. 96, Stj. 48, 54, 112, passim: kind,
hlj her margar kynkvslir, Sklda 173.
kyn-liga, adv. strangely, Hom., Nj. 130.
kynlig-leikr, m. a strange thing, Sturl. i. 132.
kyn-ligr, adj. strange, extraordinary, wonderful, Fms. ii. 154, 157, viii. 15, x. 169, xi. 9, sl. ii. 352;
e-m grisk kynligt, to feel strange, feel ill, Finnb. 336.
kyn-lkr, adj. resembling, Bs. ii. 142.
kyn-ltill, adj. of low extraction, sl. ii. 62, Barl. 169.
kyn-margr, adj. of various kinds, Sks. 86.
KYNNA, d, mod. t, [causal from kunna], to make known; k. sr e-t, to make known to oneself,
study; k. sr kaupskap, r. 17 new Ed.; hann kynndi sr sv siu annarra manna, Fms. iii. 213; k.
e-m e-t, to communicate to one, 655 xi. 3, MS. 623. 12; hverr mun kynna oss (shew us the way) til
konungs, Karl. 470; kynna um e-t, to enquire into, Sturl. i. 32. II. reex. to become known, come
abroad; at kyndisk, then it was seen, Hkm. 18, Greg. 59; e-m kynnisk e-t, to get acquainted
with, v heldr sem mr kynnisk betr, Fms. ii. 37, vi. 392 :-- with dat., kynnask e-u, to become
acquainted with a thing, Fs. 31 :-- with acc., kynnask e-t ( = kynna sr e-), to study, teygja til ess
unga menn, at kynnask vrt ml, Bs. i. 59 :-- with prep., kynnask vi e-n, to offend a person; hann
kynndisk vi mik, (ok stakk spjti snu vi sj mnum ok rei brott), sl. ii. 498; but also, to
make acquaintance with one, in a good sense, Stj. 422, Konr. 10, passim; perhaps also the debated
passage, mjtur kyndisk, the ruler enquires (?), Vsp. 47, belongs to this word and not to kynda,
see mjtur.
KYNNI, n. acquaintance, intercourse; ek ar slkt k. vi rlf, Eg. 148; at er vina-kynni,
friendly intercourse, Hkv. Hjrv. 3; kka ek ess kynni, i.e. I have not deserved it, Am. 13: habit,
nature, kotmanna-k., Sturl. ii. 17 (in a verse); at er mannsins kynni, at ..., Hom.; -kynni, Germ.
unart, bad manners, Hm. 18. 2. a friendly visit to a friend or kinsman; at var engi sir, at sitja
lengr en rjr ntr at kynni, Eg. 698; Glmr var ar rjr ntr at kynni snu, en bsk hann heim,
Glm. 344; ru sinni mun ek hingat kynnis leita, Sturl. i. 93; koma til kynnis, Hm. 16, 29, 32;
skja kynni, to make a visit, . H. 115; fara kynni, id., Fb. i. 532; fara til kynnis, id., Bjarn. 59;
sitja at kynni, to stay on a visit, Eg. l.c. 3. domestic affairs; au ein eru kynni heima at n, Band.
13: home, mr ykkir sem munir eiga hr kynni, Fb. i. 253; heim-k., home; hsa-k., buildings;
sala-k., id., Vm. 3. COMPDS: kynnis-fer, f. a journey on a visit, Orkn. 220. kynnis-gjf, f. a gift
to a visitor, Fms. vi. 358. kynnis-lei, f. a visit, Sturl. i. 58, 655 xxvii. 4. kynnis-leit, f. (-leitan,
Sturl. C, l.c.), a visit, Njar. 368, Sturl. ii. 25, Dropl. 9, Stor. 17. kynnis-skn, f. a visit, Hkr. i. 114,
Sturl. ii. 18 C, . H. 114. kynnis-vist, f. the being on a visit, a visit, Ld. 192., Fms. iv. 256.
kynning, f. acquaintance with, knowledge of, esp. in an eccl. sense, Hom. 3, Greg. 22, Fms. ii. 46,
Fr. 136, Stj. 377.
kyn-rkr, adj. of great extraction, Band. 29 new Ed.
kynsl, n. pl. wonders, strange things; mikil, str kynsl, Fas. i. 194, iii. 7.
kyn-sl, f. kindred, progeny, pedigree, Edda (pref.), Eg. 100, 709, Stj. 314: kindred, family, Edda
(pref.), Landn. 108, . H. 189.
kyn-smr, adj. of low extraction, Sturl. i. 153 C.
kyn-stafr, m. a scion, Edda (Gl.)
kyn-strr, adj. high-born, noble, Eg. 127, 137, Fms. i. 63, x. 379, Bret. 53.
kynstr, n. pl. strange, prodigious things, esp. of witchcraft, Fms. iii. 89, Fas. i. 56, 194, iii. 210,
308; kynstra-mar, ii. 425; f-kynstr, wonders.
kyn-sll, adj. blessed with good and great offspring, a man from whom many great and good men
are descended; fjldi manna er fr Karlsefni kominn, ok er hann k. mar orinn, Fb. i. 549; fr Jda
er mestr hfingi var ok kynslastr, Stj.
kyn-vani, adj. 'wanting in kindred,' Fas. iii. 257.
kyn-vir, m. = kynstafr, Stor. 20.
kyn-ttr, m. lineage, Sturl. i. 8, Landn. 48, Fms. ii. 89, Stj. 443, Korm. 160.
kyr or kyrr, f. [Ulf. qairrei = GREEK], rest, quietness; kyrum, in rest, Fms. xi. 90, Korm.
140; me kyr ok frii, Fms. x. 404.
kyr-liga, adv. meanly, humbly, lf. 4. 44.
kyr-ligr, adj. humble, mean; hsabr ltill ok k., Fas. iii. 219.
kyrking, f. a strangling, Grg. ii. 9.
kyrkja, t, kvirkja in N. G. L. i. 340, 341, [kverk], to strangle, Grg. ii. 9; hengdr ea kyrktr, 131;
kyrktr ea kafr, 34; kvirkt ea kvft, N. G. L. i. 340; kvirkir kla, 341.
kyrningr, m. a suckling (?), of a calf or sheep; drekka sr kyrnings hjarta, Fb. ii. 676.
kyrn-samr, adj. slanderous, Krk. 46.
kyrpingr, m. [korpa], a weakling (?), as abuse, Edda ii. 495; aldrei gri ek ik lkan rum
kyrpingum, Grett. 94 A, B.
KYRR, adj., older form kvirr, which is freq., esp. in Norse MSS., N. G. L., Bs. i. 18; in present
pronunciation kjurr or kjur; both the r's belong to the root, and are still proncd. so; compar.
kyrrari, superl. kyrrastr: [Ulf. qairrus = GREEK, 2 Tim. ii. 24; Swed. quar; Dan. qver; N. H. G.
kirr] :-- still, quiet, at rest; halda vpni kyrru, to hold a weapon at rest, Grg. ii. 64; ef vttr er
upp hengdr fyrir helgi, skal hanga kvirr, N. G. L. i. 397; siti kvirr medan heilagt er, id.; hlir
at eir s rr, er hr landi veri jafnan kyrrir, Grg. ii. 129; hann ba Bolla vera kvirran, Bs. i. 18;
Hkon ba hann htta ok vera kyrran, Fms. vii. 154; er n kyrt ar til er menn ra til bos, Nj. 24;
lt konungr vera kyrt, Eg. 18; at vri nst mnu skaplyndi, at kaup etta vri kyrt, Ld. 212;
setjask um kyrt, to take to rest (in life), Eg. 118, Fas. ii. 530; sitja um kyrt, to sit at rest, stir not, Nj.
102, Ld. 84; halda kyrru fyrir, not to stir, 216. II. neut. kyrt, as adv. gently; tak kyrt ar , touch
it gently, . H. 176; honum tti of kyrt klegit, Bs. i. 462; sl n kyrrara, Fms. v. 152.
kyrra, , to calm; kyrra elda, Rm. 41; eir stu stundum en stundum kyru, Fas. iii. 237: impers. to
become calm, samdgris rfr okuna ok kyrrir sjinn, ii. 516. II. reex. to become calm; en er
kyrisk strtinu, Fms. ix. 24; en er kyrisk yr v, MS. 645. 120; af ess nafni kyrrisk padda ok
stvask ll eitrkykvendi, 623. 26: with prep., k. um e-t, tekr n aan af at kyrrask um mlin,
Bjarn. 73; n kyrusk eir Arnrr vi etta, Sturl. ii. 16.
kyrring, f. calming, Rtt.
kyrr-ltr, adj. calm, peaceful, gentle, Eg. 598; vitr mar ok k., 702, Fms. viii. 447, xi. 223.
kyrr-leikr, m. tranquillity, MS. 674. 41, Stj. 33, Lil. 1.
kyrr-liga, adv. calmly, quietly, Fms. ix. 432.
kyrr-ligr, adj. calm, Sturl. ii. 131.
kyrr-seta, u, f. sitting, living at rest, Grett. 13; setjask kyrrsetu, to take rest in life, Eg. 367, Fs. 21;
sitja kyrrsetu, Orkn. 184; hafa kyrrsetu, to have rest, orst. Su H. 170; fir una n kyrrsetunni,
Fms. viii. 279: in plur., medic. want of exercise: kyrrsetu-tak, a law term, bail for a person, N. G. L.
i. 48.
kyrr-setja, t, to sequester, Ann. 1391, D. N. passim.
kyrr-sti, n. = kyrrseta, Hkr. i. 30, Eg. 367, Fms. vii. 28, viii. 279, Sks. 46, Ld. 82, Orkn. 142.
kyrr-ey, n., in the phrase, kyrrey, silently.
kyrtat, adv., qs. kyrt at, gently, Sklda 188 (in a verse).
KYRTILL, m.; kyltl, Nj. 48, is a mere misspelling of a single MS.; [A. S. cyrtel; Engl. kirtle;
Germ. kittel; Dan. kjortel, and contr. kjole] :-- a kirtle, tunic, gown; hvtan kyrtil, Fms. vi. 346;
raur k., Eb. 226, Nj. 48, 91; s er tv kyrtla , ge hann annan ftkjum mnnum, MS. 625. 91;
tla jafnan gan mun styttri skykkju na en kyrtil, Sks. 287; eir hfu stutta kyrtla ok sv
yrhafnir, Fms. vii. 63; kyrtla af daura kvikenda skinnum, Stj. 39; hlitr k., Bs. i. 434; kyrtill me
hettu, 876; hlfermar k., Sturl. iii. 306; kyrtill me hlum, D. N. iv. 363. COMPDS: kyrtils-bla,
n. the lap of a kirtle, Sks. 718, Fms. iii. 160, cp. Eb. 226. kyrtla-kli, n. cloth for a kirtle, Bs. i.
434. kyrtils-lauss, adj. without a kirtle, Mart. 122, Sks. 286. kyrtil-skaut, n. = kyrtilsbla, Sks.
718.
KYSSA, t, [koss; Goth. kukjan; A. S. cyssjan; Engl. kiss; Germ. kssen; Dan. kysse; Swed.
kyssa] :-- to kiss, Hkv. 2. 13, kv. 27, Hkv. Hjrv. 43, Skv. 3. 4, Grg. i. 337, Landn. 247; kysti
Kormakr Steingeri tv kossa, Korm. 224; k. hnd or kn e-m, as a token of homage, Fms. v. 238,
vii. 314: whence the phrase, margr kyssir hnd, er hann vildi gjarna af vri, viii. 231. II. reex.
in a recipr. sense, to kiss one another, Sd. 142, Sks. 513.
kyssiligr, adj. t to be kissed, kissable, Fas. iii. 341.
kyta or kytra, u, f. [kot], a cottage, hovel, Eg. (in a verse); hs-kyta, q.v.
kfa, , [kfr], to ll over the brim.
ka, u, f. an ogress (?), Fms. viii. 305; perhaps better gylfra, q.v.
kkja, t, = kingja.
kla, d, to ll a bag, to ll one's belly with a thing; kla vmb sna mii ok mungti, Fs. 4, Fms. i.
493; kemba lmb | kla fulla eirra vmb, Jn orl.; kla l, to tipple ale, drink hard, Fms. vii. 190.
KLI, n. a boil, abscess, freq. in mod. usage; the phrase, grpa klinu, to touch a sore place, Fms.
vii. 121.
KLL, m. [cp. Lat. culeus], a bag; var r sv troit kl sem korni belg, Fms. vii. 21; hann bar
kl rs, he carried Thor's knapsack, Edda 28; karl ok kll, beggar and scrip, Nj. 274, Sturl. ii. 52.
kma, d; kma at e-u, to make merry over a thing.
kmiliga, adv. in a funny, facetious manner, Grett. 200 new Ed.
kmiligr, adj. amusing, funny; kmiligar sgur, merry tales, Grett. 98 A, Mag. 15, Art. 77; freq. in
mod. usage also of a person, but the etymology is not known.
KR, f., gen. kr, dat. and acc. k; n. pl. acc. kr, gen. ka, dat. km; and with the article, sing.
krin, krinnar, knni, kna, plur. krnar, kanna, knum; [a word common to all Teut. languages,
as also Lat. b&o-long;s, Gr. GREEK] :-- a cow, Ld. 156, Bs. i. 335; kr s er Auumbla ht, Edda;
kr rvetr, Grg. i. 501; klf-br kr, 501; geld kr, 502; kr yxna, 426; snemmbr kr, an early-
calving cow, viz. in autumn or in the early winter mouths; Jlabr kr, a cow to calve at Yule time;
as also, sbr, vrbr, sumarbr, a late-calving cow, viz. in the spring or summer; selja k leigu,
Gl. 98; leigu-kr, N. G. L. i. 24; leiga k, id.; n skal f skilja at kr, 75; eigi ellri k en tta vetra,
id.; veita vr k (dat.), Gl. 500; eitt kveld var vant kr (gen.) ykkva-skgi, Ld. 156; tluu at
aka heim knni, ... eir es kna ttu, Bs. i. 335; klfa undan km (kum MS.), Grg. i. 305; mm
tigi ka (gen. pl.), B. K. 28: allit., karl ok kr, Fms. ii. 138, Sturl. ii. 152, (else karl ok kll.)
COMPDS: ka-lubbi, a, m., botan. a boletus, mushroom, Hjalt. ka-mjlk, f. cow's milk. ka-
smjr, n. cow's butter. kr-eldi, n. cow's fodder, Dipl. kr-fr, n. a cow's fodder, a measure of hay,
Bs. i. passim, Boldt 89. kr-h, n. a cow's hide, Grg. i. 505. kr-hvalr, m. a kind of whale, Edda
(Gl.) kr-lag, n. = Icel. kgildi, a cow's value, B. K. 8, 53, Gl. 343. kr-land, n. land yielding a
cow's value in rent, D. N. kr-leiga, u, f. a cow's rent, H. E. i. 519, D. N. passim. kr-ver, n. a
cow's worth, K. . 206.
kta, t, [kyta, Ivar Aasen], to quarrel, quibble.
KFA (i.e. kfa) or kvfa, , [kf, kefja] :-- to quench, choke, drown; eir vildu kfa hann
lauginni, Fas. i. 377; hann kr hann ok drepr, Stj. 96; kfa ljs, to quench a light, Gsl. 29; ok
marga menn inni kft stofu-reyk, Sturl. iii. 261: kyrkt ea kvft, N. G. L. i. 340: reex. to be
suffocated, kfisk hestrinn undir ri, Sturl. iii. 23: metaph., snin ksk, Mar.
KFA, u, f. a kind of seasoned, preserved meat; in western Icel. called villi-br.
kja, , to decoy, allure (?), a GREEK; Magns konungr hafi skmmu r komit, ok vildi ekki
lta kia sik samdgris, ttisk urfa hvldar, Mork. 36.
kkinn, adj. ill-mannered, Fb. i. 77.
kkr, m. a (strange) habit, mannerism; a er ekki nema kkr, gra sr upp kki, to feign.
KLA (i.e. kla), d, [causal from kala, kl; Germ. khlen] :-- to cool, Edda 7, ir. 95, Barl. 132;
lt jarl bera vatn ok kla grjti, Orkn. 352; hann hafi klt sr marga hluti, Stj. 156; at hann
kli mna tungu, id.; at hann drepi hinu minnsta sns ngrs vatn ok kli tungu mna, Luke xvi. 24:
part. kldr = kaldr, vru ar mjk kld hbli, Sturl. ii. 109.
k-meistari, a, m. [for. word], a ruler of a feast, John ii. 9.
KNA, u, f. [Germ. kahn], a kind of boat, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Fms., freq. in mod. usage.
Knu-garar, m. pl. a part of ancient Garar (q.v.), Fb. iii.
kni, f. = knleiki.
kn-leikr, m. craft, sagacity, Hkr. i. 254, Sturl. iii. 315, Fms. viii. 292.
kn-liga, adv. cleverly, warily, Fms. viii. 289, xi. 326; fara k., to go warily, Finnb. 352.
kn-ligr, adj. clever, skilful, Al. 145.
KNN (i.e. knn), adj., compar. knni, superl. knstr (knastr); [O. H. G. chuon; mid. H. G.
kuene; Germ. khn] :-- wise; knna hverr, every wise man, Skv. 2. 25; knir menn, Leiarv. 40: an
epithet of God, Bs. i. 138 (in a verse); of Christ, Od. 9, Hallfred: but usually, 2. skilful, expert; knn
vi e-t, skilful in a thing; knn vi leika, orrostur, riddaraskap, Fs. 14, Fms. vi. 5, vii. 257, x. 231;
hinn knasti at allri herstjrn, ii. 106; knn vi alla rkis-stjrn, a wise ruler, i. 218 :-- clever,
Hkon var knstr ok fremstr ok gfu-mestr, vi. 328; knni ok klkari, Stj. 248; allra kvenna var
hn knst ok ori farin, Ld. 122, (knust, Fms. ii. 21, l.c.); vg-knn, her-k., stjrn-k.
knska, u, f. skill, craft, Sklda 164; hann sl hrpuna me sv mikilli knsku, Bs. i. 155.
kpa, u, f. [kpr], a female seal with young, freq. in mod. usage: a nickname, Fms.
kpa, t, to have young, of a seal.
KRA, , to accuse, complain of, also to plead, with acc.; orsteinn kvask eigi vilja kra frndr
sna um etta ml, Rd. 234; hvervetna ar sem ef er nokkru mli, kri eir sem um at ml
eigu at dma, K. . 204; hann kri angr sinn, Str. 4; kra vandri sn, k. ml sn fyrir e-m, Hkr.
i. 196, Fms. x. 24; er lands-nausynjar vera fyrir honum krar, Sks. 496 :-- to plead, herra Rafn
kri krankleik sinn, Bs. i. 782; kra ml sn, to plead one's cause, Gl. 16; ll ml ok sakarferli
skyldi fyrir dmanda krask, Stj. 164; kra lg er lof, to debate laws or licenses, Grg. i. 5; tt
eir kri (debated) etta um hr milli sn, Hkr. ii. 42. 2. to complain, with prepp.; kra e-n, to
make a charge or complaint against, accuse; m hn n ekki okkr kra, vat ek senda kiit sem
ek ht, Stj. 197; Svar kru mjk Hkon konung, at hann hafi brennt Vermaland, Fms. x. 2: to
plead against, accuse, gkk fram sira Jn holt ok kri Ketils-sonu, at eir hefi lgliga tekit
fyrir honum kvikf mart, Bs. i. 738: ef nokkurr krir jr, Jb. 253; engi hafi krt n at
fundit, Dipl. i. 7; vi hvern eiga essir menn at kra, against whom have these men to complain?
Dropl. 16: kra sik, to complain, murmur; egar bndr tku at k. sik, Fms. iv. 271, Stj. 294.
kra, u, f. a complaint, esp. as a law term, a complaint made before a king or court, Fb. ii. 170,
Dipl. ii. 13: a murmur, Stj. 291: a quarrel, dispute, 131. COMPDS: kru-efni, n. a matter for
quarrel, H. E. i. 386. kru-lauss, adj. quit, free; kvittr ok krulauss, Dipl. iv. 5.
kri, a, m. dear; heilsa ok kalla kra sinn, Stj. 70.
krir, m. an accuser, Fms. ix. 454.
kr-kominn, part. wished for, welcome.
krleikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), love, charity. 2. often in pl. intimacy; hann var miklum krleik vi
konung, Eg. 406; rir var hinum mestum krleikum vi konung, 171; grisk krleikr
mikill me eim, Fms. i. 57; var hann ar um vetrinn me konungi krleikum miklum, . H. 94;
eru me eim enu mestu krleikar, Nj. 268; komsk hann ena mestu krleika vi konung, Eg. 12;
n er rlfr ar allmiklum krleikum me konungi, 29. 3. in the N. T., GREEK, charitas in the
Vulgate, is usually rendered by krleikr, and, if with the article, the weak form is used in gen., dat.,
and acc., but the strong in nom., thus, stundi eptir krleikanum, 1 Cor. xiv. 1; a eg talai
tungum Englanna og mannanna og hefi ekki krleikann, ... a eg fjllin r sta hrri, en hefi
ekki krleikann ..., but, krleikrinn er olinmr, krleikrinn vandltir eigi, ... vonin, trin,
krleikrinn, en krleikrinn er mestr af essum, 1 Cor. xiii, Vdal., Pass. passim; kjtligr k., carnal
love, Stj. 131.
kr-liga, adv. [Dan. kirlig], dearly, lovingly; elska k., Mar.; kyssa k., Br. 176; heilsa e-m k., sl.
ii. 465.
kr-ligana, adv. = krliga.
kr-ligr, adj. dear, beloved, Dipl. ii. 11, v. 20.
KRR, adj., compar. krri, superl. krastr and krstr; [Dan. kir; Swed. kr; this word, which
does not occur in old poets of the heathen time, was prob. introduced through the French from the
Lat. c&a-long;rus] :-- dear, beloved, intimate; lengi hfu vit fegar ekki krir verit
Noregskonungum, Nj. 8; hinn krasti konungi, Fms. i. 15; var me eim en krasta vintta, Eg. 2:
gru eir me sr ena krstu vinttu, Nj. 103; verit her krra vi rlf af inni hendi, Eg. 255;
allir gru sr krra vi Hkon, Fms. i. 22; inna krastu vina, Stj. 539; mn kra, my dear! 388;
minn kri, my dear!
krsla, u, f. a complaint, Stj. 539; hfu arir menn snar krslur fyrir konungi, Hkr. ii. 136; jarl
hafi miklar krslur var bodda, Fms. ix. 260. Krslu-sunna, u, f. the Sunday Judica me, the 5th
Sunday in Lent, early Dan. Kre-Sndag, D. N. passim.
ksa, t, to make to ferment; kstr, fermented, decomposed, esp. of the esh of skate or sharks, kst
skata, kstr hkarl.
KSIR, m. rennet from a calf's maw, used to curdle milk, for making cheese and skyr (q.v.), freq.
in mod. usage. ksis-gras, n., botan. butterwort, pinguicula, Hjalt.
KTA, t, [ktr], to gladden, Stj. 418: reex. to be gladdened, rejoice, Hkr. iii. 278, Barl. 144, 208.
kti, f. cheer, gladness, Fms. x. 409, Barl. 74, 134.
KGGULL, m., pl. kglar, the joints in the ngers and toes; at af skfum fremstum kglum fta
ok ngra, Stj. 379; skeindisk Kormakr umal-ngri ok klofnai kggullinn, Korm. 88, Sturl. i. 31;
ok loddi kggullinn sinunum, Lv. 86, Magn. 536: metaph. a small piece, m-kggull, ta-k.
kgla, a, [dimin. from kaga], to ogle, orst. hv. 43, Fs. 48.
kgur-barn, n. [Norse koggebarn], prop. a 'swaddled-bairn,' a bantling, infant, as a term of abuse,
Fas. ii. 232.
KGURR, m., dat. kgri, pl. kgrar :-- a quilt with fringe, a counterpane; hann lt gra grind um
legstainn ok breia yr kgur, Fms. viii. 237; er leg hans miju kirkju-gl, ok breiddr yr
kgurr, Hkr. iii. 376, Fms. x. 128, 150: of a church inventory, kgrar rr, Dipl. iii. 4, Pm. 34: a bed-
cover, hann bj egar rekkju ok yr breiddi einn kagur, Str. 45; sonr setkli ll, ... bekk-kli ok
kgra, N. G. L. i. 211; kgur ok handkli, Vm. 92: of dress, vaa ok vta kgur minn, Hbl. 13: in
mod. usage of fringe or fringed cloth: a nickname, Landn.; munu jarlsnar synir Grms kgurs,
vera mr at bana? 146: botan. the thyrsus, Hjalt.
kgur-sveinn, m. = kgurbarn; ola vlkum kgursveini kpuryri, Edda 30, Mar. 1056; skylda
ek launa kgursveini num kanginyri Hbl. 13.
KKKR, m., dat. kekki, a lump, e.g. in badly-stirred porridge, in the throat, and the like; sn-k., a
snow-ball, Dropl.
Klski, a, m. [Kolr], the Black One, the Evil One, in popular tales.
klzugr, m. [kallz], pert, saucy, Grett. 116 A.
kmbttr, adj. [kambr], crested, Stj. 95.
kngull, m. a stalk; vnberja-k., a vine-stalk, orf. Karl.
kngul, f. = kngurvfa. kngular-vefr, m. a spider's web.
kngur-vfa, u, f., which is the truest and oldest spelling; kongorvfa, Eluc. 23, Barl. 195, v.l.;
kavngorvfa and kaungorvofva, Mar. 153; whence kngulvfa, Barl. 195; mod. kngul: [the word
is derived from an obsolete kngur (a texture), which has been preserved in the Norse-Finnish
kankas, kankuri; perhaps also kgurr (above) is akin, if not the same word; O. H. G. kanker; Norse
kaangle] :-- a spider, passim.
kppu-steinn, m. [North. E. cobble; Dan. kampesteen], a boulder, Barl. 165.
kpur-mll (kpurmlugr, Fas. ii. 233, v.l.), adj. bantering, Fas. ii. 128 (in a verse).
kpur-yri, n. pl. (kpur-or, Karl. 463), banter, Edda 30, Karl. 463, ir. 186.
KR, f., gen. karar, a bed in which one lies bedridden; liggja kr, to lie bedridden, Ld. 82, Hkr. i.
35, Bs. i. 351, Fms. ii. 200, Gkv. 2. 43; leggjask kr, to lay oneself down bedridden; sagi at allt
var annat athligra en at auvirask ok leggjask kr, Eg. 103: mythol. the bed of Hel is called kr,
Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: karar-kerling, f. an old bedridden carline, Sturl. i. 36. karar-mar, m. a
bedridden person, Sturl. i. 190, Hv. 50, Clem. 51.
kr, n. choice, election, . H. 97; see kjr.
kr-ber, m. = kr, Eg. (in a verse).
KRI or keri, a, m., medic. a tent, probe; ef kra kennir inn til heila-basta, Grg. ii. 91: pot. a
sword is called keri, Hallfr.; as also Val-keri, id.
kr-leg, n. the lying in a kr; krlegs-mar = kararmar, Stj. 158.
kr-lgr, adj. bedridden, D. N.; see karlgr.
krtr, m. [karta], short-horn (?): a nickname, Landn., Sturl.
KS, f., gen. kasar, a heap, pile, as of stones, blubber, or the like; hvalr l ks, Eb. 292; ok er s
ks (a heap of stones) ar enn allt til essa dags, Stj. 359, v.l.; eir rr fella marga riddara ok alla
eina ks, El. 16; sumir lgusk ks, Fms. viii. 306.
KSTR, m., gen. kastar, dat. kesti, pl. kestir, acc. kstu; [akin to ks] :-- a pile; bera saman kstu,
Grg. ii. 297; ar fll hverr um annan veran, sv at ar var k. mikill. Fms. ix. 225; hjoggu ok bru
saman einn kst, Sturl. i. 69; val-kstr, a pile of slain; hris-k., a pile of fagots; kastar skurr, the
right of digging peat enough to make a stack, Vm. 64: esp. a pile of fuel, whence pot., lfs kstr,
'life's-pile' = the body, Eb. (in a verse); kastar hel, 'pile's-bane' = re, Lex. Pot.
ksungr or kausungr, m. a kind of jacket, Fms. vi. 422.
KTTR, m., kattar, ketti, pl. kettir, acc. kttu, mod. ketti; [A. S. and Engl. cat; O. H. G. chatza;
Germ. katze; Dan. kat; Swed. katt] :-- a cat, originally the martin cat or weasel; engi dynr verr af
hlaupi kattarins, Edda 19; hross eigu menn eigi at eta ok kttu, K. . K. 134; mss sv strar sem
kettir ungir vaeri, . H.; liggja hj sem kttr hreysi, Orkn. 104; sr kttrinn msina, sl. ii. 309;
rfast eins og grir kettir, to live a cat and dog life, a saying; hvatr, blaur, breyma k. (q.v.); a tom-
cat is called fress, hgni, steggr; a she-cat, bleya; a black tom-cat, kolr; a white tom-cat, mjaldr;
the pet name is kisa, kis kis, q.v.; hreysi-k. (q.v.), the ermine cat. It seems that in the Saga time
(10th century) the cat was not yet domesticated, for passages such as Vd. ch. 28, Eg. S. Einh. ch.
10, and the story in Edda (Thor lifting the giant's cat) apply better to the wild cat or the martin cat;
and the saying in sl. ii. l.c. (sees the cat the mouse?) probably refers to the weasel and the eld
mouse; but that early in the 12th century the cat was domesticated even in Icel. is shewn by the
story of the chess-players and the kittens leaping after a straw on the oor, told in Mork. 204, 205;
for a curious legend of the genesis of the cat, see Maurer's Volks. 190; kattar sonr, a cat's son (the
ermine cat), a bastard, was a term of abuse, Hkv. 1. 18 :-- a nickname, Landn.; hvers son ert? --
Ek em Kattarson, -- Hverr var s kottrinn? Fms. vi. 390. COMPDS: kattar-auga, n. cat's eye,
botan. forget-me-not. kattar-rfa, u, f. a cat's tail. kattar-skinn, n. a cat's skin, Grg. i. 504.
kattar-tunga, u, f., botan. cat's tongue, the sea-plantain, plantago maritima, Hjalt.
L (ell) is the eleventh letter of the alphabet, and the rst of the liquids. In the Runic alphabet on the
Golden horn, as well as in the later Runes, it was represented by RUNE, called lgr, q.v. (lgr er
a er fellr r fjalli, Runic poem; A. S. lagu), and was, as the form shews, evidently drawn from the
Greek or Latin alphabet. In old MSS. a digraph RUNE is often used for ll, see Bs. i. 333 sqq.
B. The l is in Icel. sounded as in other Teut. languages; but ll, after a vowel and not combined with
another consonant, had a peculiar sound, almost dlh, thus, gull, fall, hella, kalla, = gudlh, fadlh,
hedlha, kadlha. This pronunciation is still observed in Icel. as well as in some provincial dialects of
western Norway, Vorse-vangen, Sogn, Hardanger; in some other parts of Norway it is sounded as
dd. There are no means of ascertaining with certainty whether the ancients sounded ll exactly as the
Icel. at present do, or whether it was not more aspirate than dental (as llh). 2. the peculiar aspirate
sound of l before a radical dental is mentioned Gramm. p. xxxvi. (II): thus holt, allt, gult, llt, hallt,
etc. were sounded (and are still sounded) as holht, alht, gulht, lht, halht; as also in old writers
before d, hold, kald, = holhd, kalhd, although in mod. pronunciation the aspirate sound is less
perceived before a media than before a tenuis.
C. In some Icel. words the ll is due to assimilation, and answers to Goth. l, Saxon and Germ. ld,
e.g. Icel. gull = Goth. gul, Engl. and Germ. gold; it is however likely that originally these words
were distinct in sound from those which had a radical ll, and it may be that the present peculiar
sound of ll was due to this cause -- that the sound of the assimilated ll prevailed and became
universal, whilst the original radical ll sound was lost; though even in the earliest rhymes no
distinction is to be perceived. 2. in much later times l assimilated into ll in a few words, brlla =
brla; as also lr into ll in inexions, hll = hlr, stell = stelr, Gramm. p. xvi. (I. 3. o): in still later
times rl changed into ll, jarl, karl, varla, etc., which in mod. pronunciation is sounded as jall, kall,
valla, etc.; but this is not observed in writing, although it is so in early print, as also in MSS. of the
15th century.
UNCERTAIN All words having a radical initial h (hl) are to be sought for under H; see the
introduction to that letter.
labba, a, to slouch; labbau veginn, Blesi, a ditty.
LAA, a, [Ulf. laon = GREEK; A. S. lajan; Hel. lathjan; O. H. G. ladon; Germ. laden] :-- to
bid, invite a guest; Geirrr spari ekki mat vi menn, ok lt gra skla sinn um jbraut vera,
hn sat stli ok laai ti gesti, en bor st inni jafnan, ok matr , Landn. 100; ok munu menn
mla, at s lai er rin , Bjarn. 53; Broddhelgi bau eim ar at vera ... orsteinn spuri hv hann
laai gesti, orst. hv. 44; laa hir hll, Edda (Ht.); ef hann er kurteisliga laar, Fms. x. 234:
metaph., laa menn til sn, to draw one to oneself, Sklda (in a verse), Harms. 65, Lkn. 28; laa
menn til eilfrar slu, Fb. i. 517; ok laar til hugskota vrra Drottinn sjlfan ok Engla hans, Hom.
149: reex., laask, to be drawn; ok laask allir til Broddhelga, Vpn. 19, but perhaps better
hlaask, see hlaa (ne).
laar, m. an invitation. laas-mar, m. = lamar; ok bei hann af v sem l. hans jarteina, Bs. i.
303.
laan or lun, f. an invitation.
la-or, n. an invitation, bidding; iggja laor at e-m, Bjarn. 53, and perhaps in the corrupt
passage Bs. i. 142 instead of leitor or letor.
larunn or latrn, m. [from Lat. latro, -nis], a robber, Al. 68, Stj. 91.
laf, n. a lap; kjl-laf, hempu-laf.
LAFA, pres. la, pret. lafi, pass. pret. neut. lafa :-- to hang, dangle, as a ap; loddi kggullinn
sinunum -- mlti Oddi, lt lafa, muna eir mein er iggja, Lv. 86; kom ftinn vi klat, ok tk
af sv at lafi vi, Sturl. ii. 70; at it litla ok vesalliga (hfu) sem lar num hlsi, Bjarn. 68:
metaph. to dangle, ok ykki mr sem ekki torfri s lei minni tt lar stigum, Fs. 32; lengi
he ek lifat haugi mnum ok lafat f, Fas. ii. 271.
lafi, f. [from Early Engl. lefdye; Engl. lady; A. S. hlfdige; but borrowed at a time when the initial
aspirate had already been lost in the Engl.] :-- a lady, Sks. 455, 457, MS. 4. 7, and now and then in
mod. poetry, but the word never took root.
laf-hrddr, adj. quivering, quaking from fear, Gsl. 60, Hem.
Lafranz, m. a pr. name = Lawrence, Bs.: Lafranz-dagr, m., -messa, u, f., -vaka, u, f. the day,
mass, vigil of St. Lawrence, Bs., Fms.
laf-skeggr, m. 'wag-beard,' a nickname, Landn.
laft, n., Ivar Aasen laft = the coin or joint in a wooden building, D. N. passim; cp. lopt. laft-steinn,
m. a laft stone, D. N.
LAG, n. [leggja], a stratum, layer; vru Varbelgir at taka af au lg sem eptir vru brarinnar,
Fms. ix. 512: freq. in mod. usage, e.g. lag vegg, a layer or course of masonry. II. metaph. shape,
Lat. forma: 1. a laying in order, due place, right position; leggja stri lag, to ship the rudder in its
place, hook it on, Fms. vii. 47; leggja stri r lagi, to unship the rudder, Al. 67; ganga r lagi, to be
displaced, get wrong, Fms. viii. 291; fru n brnn hans lag, his brows became smooth and
straight, of a man frowning, Eg. 306; koma lagi e-t, to make a thing right, get a thing into order,
Fms. xi. 28; hann kvask eigi lagi mundu koma fyrir nstu vetrntr, 67; fylkingar hans komask
vel lag, his ranks fell into good order, Al. 142; brugit er n lagi r v sem vant er, i.e. matters go
wrong, not as they were wont to go, Grett. 183 new Ed.; nrri lagi, pretty well. 2. companionship,
fellowship, in an enterprise of peace or war; leggja saman lag sitt, to enter into fellowship, Orkn. 88;
eir ttu mikit lag vi veringa, Lv. 73; bundu eir jarl lag sitt saman, Fms. i. 20; kom til lags vi
Sigur jarl s mar er ht Raur, 194; rsk til lags me honum Einarr ambarskelr, v. 4; taka
e-n til lags ok flagsskapar, x. 202; hann fr til lags me Srkvi Karli ok herjai, Nj. 183: of living
together, hann rsk til lags vi Beru, Gull. 13; f-lag, q.v.: cohabitation, eiga lag vi konu, to
cohabit, Karl. 47, ir. 247, Ver. 27, H. E. i. 247, Fms. vi. 122; taka konu til lags, Bs. i. 852; fylgja
e-m at lagi (i.e. not in wedlock), Sturl. i. 94, 97; f lag konu, ir. 299. 3. market price, tax, as e.g.
in Icel. the godi of a district had to 'lay,' i.e. set or regulate the market price, Hnsa. S. ch. 2;
gjalda allt at v lagi sem ar gengr, Grg. i. 213; leggja lag mjl, ii. 404; leggja lag varning
manna, sl. ii. 126; sagi ann vanda at hann legi lag varning manna, id.; hundras-lag, B. K. 53;
fjr-lag, tax, Grg. i. 500. 4. a thrust, stab, Nj. 97, 253, Eg. 231, 379, Orkn. 450, Fms. ii. 94, and
passim; see leggja. 5. regular time; rar-lag (q.v.), a boating term, time, stroke; hafu lagi, keep
time! hafa seint, jtt lagi, kunna ekki rarlagi: so in the saying, allt vill lagi hafa, all things
require time and tact, or require to be done in a due manner; -lag, disorder; a er allt lagi, a
er lag v :-- naut., lag is the lull between the breakers, the nick of time for landing; but lag, the
wrong time, when the breakers are dashing against the shore; one of these waves is called daua-
lag, see the interesting passage in sl. js. i. 660. 6. [Engl. lay], an air, tune; htu eir er bundnir
vru hinn heilaga Thorlk biskup, at eir skyldi lausir vera, lgum nokkrum (sngum, v.l.), Sturl.
ii. 33: freq. in mod. usage, esp. of hymns, hymna-lag, a hymn-tune, of the Ambrosian hymns;
slma-lag, a psalm-tune; vsna-lag, a song-tune; rmna-lag, a ballad-air: also used of metres, in old
metric, Haar-lag, Edda (Ht.) 140; Togdrpu-lag, 137; tog-lag, 138; Fornyra-lag, 142; Blkar-lag,
id.; Galdra-lag, 143; Flaga-lag, 245; it is possible that songs composed in these metres were a kind
of 'airs' accompanied by singing. II. adverb. in layers; tvennu lagi, in two layers, double, Fms. i.
156; llu lagi, in every respect, in everything, quite, Band. 6 new Ed.; mrgu lagi, in many
respects, Fms. vi. 133, Fs. 123; sumu lagi, in some respects, Fms. vi. 207. 2. with compar. or
superl., denoting degree; meira lagi, considerably, rather, ir. 80; fyrra lagi, rather early, among
the earlier, sl. ii. 126; minnsta lag, the least share, Sturl. iii. 238; verra lagi, among the worst,
Hrafn. 9; hljara lagi, rather silent, Sks. 370; fastara lagi, Str. 9; lengra lagi, ann dag svaf
Unnr lengra lagi, U. slept that day longer than she was wont, Ld. 14; lgra lagi, Stj. 107; hrra
lagi, fremra, sara lagi, passim; mesta lagi, very greatly; s er mesta lagi strauma eirra er
Breiari eru, Ld. 56, Stj. 156; heldra lagi, Fms. ii. 72, Al. 92; Helias var fyrsta lagi spmanna,
H. was one of the rst of prophets, Ver. 29; elzta lagi sona hans, among the oldest of his sons,
Fagrsk. 12; nrra lagi, rather close, Konr. 3; esta lagi, very numerous, Gsl. 26 :-- sr lagi, laid
by itself, apart, D. N. ii. 93; meallagi (q.v.), average. COMPDS: lags-kona, u, f. a concubine, Bs.
i. 802. lags-mar, m. a companion, Grg. ii. 10, Fbr. 195, Karl. 513, Fms. ii. 87, iv. 277, vii. 250,
passim.
B. Lg, only in plur., [prop. what is 'laid,' cp. Germ. gesetz, Gr. GREEK; the Engl. law seems to be
a Scandin. word, for Germ. and Saxon use other words; Dan. lov; Swed. lag] :-- law; proverbs, me
lgum skal land byggja en me lgum eya, Nj. 106; svo eru lg sem hafa tog, Kveldv. i. 45:
various law phrases, segja lg, to say the law, tell what is law, esp. technically used of the law-
speaker who had to read the law in public, and who, in cases of dispute, had to say what was the
law; sv er mlt at s mar skal vera nokkorr vallt landi ru er skyldr s til ess at segja lg
mnnum, ok heitir s lgsgu-mar, Grg. i. 1; biskup skal lg segja en eigi leikmenn, Bs. i. 720;
hlir at hvergi at hafa eigi lg landi, Nj. 149; sem ek veit sannast ok rttast ok helzt at lgum, in
the oath formula, 232; leia lg, to introduce a law; eptir at leiddi Skapti roddsson lg
mmtardm ok allt at er upp var talit, 151; her mest at grt, segir Gestr, tt rum veri
auit lg at leia, 163; taka e-t lg, id., Bs. i. 158; leggja lg e-t, id.; dma e-m lg, Eg. ch. 57;
mla lg, Fms. vii. 142; rna e-n lgum, Ld. 102; bja, festa lg fyrir sik, N. G. L. passim; setja
lg, Fms. xi. 75, Fb. ii. 48; halda vel log sn, 76. II. law community, communion, as also a law-
district; yki mr sem mlum vrum s komit ntt efni, ef eigi hafa ein lg allir, en ef sundr-skipt
er lgunum mun sundr-skipt friinum, Nj. 164; hverri essi deild landsins er sitt lging ok sn
lg, yr hverjum lgum er lgmar, . H. 65; rlar mnir eru ekki lgum er landsrtt vi ara
menn, id.; kaupeyri mun ek f r sv mikinn at megir ganga hraustra manna lg, Ld. 254; at
menn vildi angat rask er eigi vru essum lgum, Fms. xi. 76; sgusk hvrir r lgum vi
ara, Nj. 164; leia e-n lg, to introduce a person as a lawful citizen, naturalise, Grg. i. 357; eru
eir n leiddir lg me eim Jmsvkingum, Fms. xi. 80; lendum mnnum ok sslumnnum
hverjum lgum (law community) sem eir sj at bezt ber ok hr, Gl. 56; innan laga vrra, N. G.
L. i. 7; ef mar kemr r lgum vrum fylki annat me b sitt, 98; en at grisk ar, at annarr
mar at rum nefndi sr vtta ok sgusk hvrir r lgum vi ara enir Kristnu menn ok enir
heinu, Bs. i. 22: in a geographical sense, almost as a local name, Gulaings-lg, Eisvis-lg,
rnda-lg, passim :-- in nicknames of great lawyers, Laga-Eir, Br. new Ed.; Laga-Uljtr,
r. (1860) 94. COMPDS: laga-afbrigi, n. breach of law, contempt of law, Grg. ii. 39, 345.
laga-beisla, u, f. a lawful demand, Jb. 250. laga-bo, n. a 'law-bidding,' statute, Grg. (pref.)
laga-boor, n. law-commandments; Tu Lagaboor, the Ten Commandments. laga-bk, n. a law-
book, Rb. 420, Fms. viii. 277. laga-brjtr, m. a law-breaker, Clem. 44. laga-brot, n. a breach of
law, Eb. 24, Rd. 275, Fms. vii. 172, Al. 65, passim. Laga-btir, m. law-amender, nickname of a
king. laga-deilur, f. pl. lawsuits. laga-dmr, m. a lawful judgment, Gl. 179. laga-eir, m. a lawful
oath, Fms. vii. 307. laga-kjur, f. pl. law-quirks. laga-frestr, m. a lawful respite, K. . 22. laga-
frtt, f. a legal enquiry, Fms. iv. 203. laga-gipt, f. a legal donation, N. G. L. i. 346. laga-grein, f.
an article of law, Sturl. iii. 13. laga-gzla, u, f. law-maintenance, Sks. 441, 522. laga-hald, n. law-
keeping, Hom. laga-hellur, f. pl. the tables of the law, of the Decalogue, Ver. 22. laga-hlni, f.
obedience to law, H. E. i. 434. laga-kaup, n. a legal bargain, Grg. ii. 213. laga-kei, n. a 'law-
stick' (a ery cross), N. G. L. i. 216. laga-kvnfang, n. a lawful marriage, Sturl. i. 94. laga-lauss,
adj. lawless, MS. 677. 5. laga-leiga, u, f. lawful rent, N. G. L. i. 236. laga-lyriti, n. a law protest,
Nj. 187. laga-lstr, n. an evasion of law, Grg. ii. 24, 37, 41, Nj. 187. laga-mar, m. a lawyer, a
man of law; hann var sv mikill lagamar at engir ttu lglegir dmar, nema hann vri , Nj. 1;
sagi Njll mr sv, at hann hefi sv kermt rhalli lg at hann mundi mestr lagamar vera
slandi, 237; Eyjlfr var hinn rii mestr lagamar (v.l.) slandi, 222, Ld. 332, passim. laga-ml,
n. a legal decision, Gl. xii. (pref.) laga-or, n. a law word, of the Commandments, Hom. 72; Tu
lagaor, Pr. 437. laga-prf, n. a legal proof, Bs. i. 852. laga-refsing, f. law-punishment, Gl. (pref.)
laga-rtting, f. law-mending, Nj. 238, v.l. laga-rttr, m. a legal personal right, Fms. viii. 272: legal
satisfaction, Gl. 202. laga-ripting, f. a legal voidance; lagaripting landi, escheatage, Dipl. ii. 6.
laga-setning, f. legislation, Jb. (pref.), Fms. i. 33, v. 102, Orkn. 124. laga-skilnar, m. a legal
divorce, Nj. 14. laga-skilor, n. a legal provision, Gl. 166. laga-skipan, f. an enactment, Stj. 281:
ordering of the law, Sks. 665. laga-skipti, n. a change of law, Fms. ix. 336, Sturl. iii. 307. laga-
snpr, m. a pettifogger. laga-skn, f. a legal prosecution, Gl. 489. laga-stefna, u, f. a law
summons, Gl. 29, Jb. 302: a xed law term, N. G. L. i. 340. laga-tak, n. lawful bail, Gl. 124.
Laga-t, f. the Law period, of the Jews, Hom. laga-undanfrsla, u, f. a legal plea, acquittal, N.
G. L. i. 145. laga-rskurr, m. a legal decision Gl. 508, Grg. (pref.) laga-vpn, n. a lawful
weapon, N. G. L. ii. 246. laga-vegr, m. course of law, fara lagaveg, Mar., Bs. ii. 125.
laga, a, [lgr; Dan. lave], to mix a beverage. Am. 72, Hm. 65. II. to ow readily, esp. of blood, to
bleed freely; a lagar, or a lagablir, qs. lagar og blir.
laga, a, [lag], to shape, put right, mend, (mod.): reex. to set right, a lagast.
lagan or lgun, f. a mending, putting right.
lag-brir, m. a fellow, brother, companion, MS. 4. 22.
laga, a, to 'enwool,' enrich.
LAGR, m. a lock of wool (ullar-l.), Sm. 131, Fas. iii. 386, Krk. ch. 13, passim, lag-fagr, -
gr, -prr, adj. with ne eece, of sheep.
lag-fra, , to mend, put right.
lag-fring, f. a mending, putting to rights.
lagga, a, [lgg], to put the bottom into a cask.
laggari, a, m. [lgg], a cooper, N. G. L. ii. 245.
laginn, part. skilful, expert.
lag-klauf, n. the pastern of sheep, Fas. i. 63.
lag-knn, adj. skilful.
lag-liga, adv. meetly, handsomely; skilja l., Sturl. iii. 17: mod. neatly.
lag-ligr, adj. t, meet, l. skilnar, Sturl. iii. 255, Mar., Ld. 272: mod. neat, handsome, freq.
lagnar, m. a laying; neta-l., a laying nets. COMPDS: lagnaar-ss, m. smooth ice; see ss.
lagnaar-skta, u, f. a boat for net-shing.
lagnar-, see lgn.
lag-net, n. a net to be laid, catch-net, opp. to a drag-net.
lagning, f. laying: addition, lagningar vika, extra weak, Rb. 576.
lag-vpn, n. a thrashing weapon, Eg. 580.
lak, n. = lakan; ln-lak.
lakan, n. [A. S. lacan; Dan. lagen], a bed-sheet, Boldt.
laki, a, m. the maw in ruminating animals, Fbr. 156, freq. in mod. usage.
lakk, n. sealing-wax, [cp. Dutch segel-lak, Germ. siegel-lack.]
lakka, a, to seal, (mod. and for.)
laklega, adv. lacking, badly.
lak-ligr, adj. of lacking, bad quality.
LAKR, adj., lakari, lakastr, [Engl. lack], lacking, defective, of weight, measure; lakr penningr, Bs. i.
325; rj laupa laka, D. N. iii. 116; lk mrk: lacking in quality, at li sem lakast var, Fms. ix. 361,
v.l.; lta sinn hlut lakara vera, Br. 9 new Ed.; hin lakari (opp. to the better of the two) var mikils
fjr ver, Str. 5; hn var eigi lakari en hundra marka silfrs, Karl. 302.
lakra, a, to lag behind.
lalla, a, to toddle, as a child beginning to walk.
lalli, a, m. a toddler, of a child, Snt (1866) 386: of a ghost, sl. js.
lama, a, to bruise, half break, freq. in mod. usage, eg lamai a; a er lama, half broken.
lama-barming, f. a beating so as to injure one, a law term, Grg. ii. 144, 145.
lama-sess, n. a broken state; liggja lamasessi.
LAMB, n. [common to all Teut. languages], a lamb, Fms. viii. 253, Ld. 170, Hom. 82, Grg. i. 415,
Stj. 279, Gull. 26, passim; lambi mitt! lambi gott! my dear lamb! lambkin! an address.
COMPDS: lamba-okkr, m. a ock of lambs, Bret. 115. lamba-hs, n. pl. lamb sheds, Fbr. 77, Bs.
i. 627. lamba-rekstr, m. the driving lambs into the mountain pastures, Am. 17. lamba-stt, f.,
medic. atrophy; liggja ls og lambastt. lamba-sra, u, f., botan. the dock, rumex. lambs-eldi, n.
lamb-keeping, an eccl. term, referring to the rule that every householder in the parish has to keep a
lamb for the priest through the winter, Dipl. v. 5, Vm. 74, 83. lambs-gra, u, f. a sheep-skin, Grg.
ii. 401, 500, 504, H. E. i. 131, K. . K. 150.
lambar, part. with lamb, Bs. i. 334.
lamb-burr, m. the bearing lambs, lambing, Jb. 362.
lamb-eldi, n. = lambseldi, Vm. 75.
lamb-gymbr, f. a gimmer, a ewe that has not lambed, Grg. i. 502, Jb. 347.
lamb-hagi, a, m. pasture for lambs, Ld. 70.
lamb-hs, n. pl. lamb sheds, Fbr. 78.
lamb-lauss, adj. without a lamb, Grg. i. 429.
lamb-skinn, n. a lamb's skin, Sturl. ii. 154.
lamb-skota, u, f. a ewe which has lost her lamb, Jb. 346.
lamb-r, f. a ewe with lamb, Band. 38 new Ed.
lam-heyrr, part. 'lame,' i.e. hard, of hearing, Th. 8.
LAMI or lama, adj. [A. S. lam; Engl. lame; O. H. G. lm; Germ. lahm] :-- a lame person; liggja
lami, Hom. 116; lama er vanheilir, Fms. ii. 225; skakkr ea lami, 656 B. 7: maimed, Grg. ii. 286:
metaph. paralysed, Hom. 12: ft-lami, foot-lame.
lamning, f. a 'lamming,' thrashing, Mar.
lampi, a, m. and lampr, m. [for. word], a lamp, Stj. 76, Bs., Sturl. iii. 55, and passim.
lampr, m. = lampi, Pm. 6, 73.
lam-viri, n. a beating storm.
LAND, n. [common to all Teut. languages], land, as opp. to sea; lands ea lagar, on land or sea, Al.
107; taka land, to land, sl. ii. 246; leia e-t at landi, metaph. to land a thing, i.e. end, nish it, Odd.
6: phrases, nema land, to take land as a settler, Eb. passim; kanna land, to explore, 8; byggja land,
to occupy a land, Landn.; yja land, to y the land: of a kingdom, ra lndum, to ride; sitja at
lndum, to reside, as a king, Fms. passim; setjask at landi, to take rest, reside at home, as a king, i.
82. 2. the (opposite) bank of a river, bay, fjord; inn me ru landi ok ru t, to enter by one side
and go out by the other, Fms. i. 167; nr hinu syra landinn, Ld. 6; bi lnd, Gl. 411; draga va
at hvru landi sem eir vilja, Grg. ii. 349; s menn ferina af hvrutveggja landinu, Ld. 326. 3. a
country; verja landit fyrir Dnum, Fms. i. 23; lit rann r orpinu landit, Eg. 529; hr landi,
opp. to abroad, Nj. 6: in plur., t lnd, into foreign lands, Ld. 314; nokkurir menn hfu kennt
hann t lndum, Fms. iii. 5, where it is opp. to Norrlnd = Scandinavia; but in Icel. all the outer
world is often called tlnd. 4. land, estate; s er hverjungi megin land, Grg. ii. 266; annars
manns land, 349; landi annars manns, id.; eiga lnd er goor, i. 411; dmr skal dma landit
eim manni er brigi, ii. 210, 338; eyddusk fyrir henni lausaf sv at hn tti ekki nema lnd ok
gripi, Nj. 29; um hausti stti Kolskeggr til lands Meiarhvli, 103; hlft landit, Eb. 38; Arnkell
hafi undir sik bi lndin lfarsfell ok rlygs-stai, 186; Helgafells-land, 38; Hjararholts-land,
Ld. 322; verr-land, Glm.; s-land, a eld; beitar-land, pasture. II. local names; Land, Landn.;
esp. in the latter part. Eng-land, r-land, Skot-land, Bret-land, Vind-land, Gaut-land, Sax-land,
Frakk-land, Jt-land, Grk-land, s-land: of counties, Haa-land, Hloga-land, Hra-land (in
Norway), Hall-land, Verma-land, Sj-land, Norymbra-land, Hjalt-land, etc.
B. COMPDS: landa-brigi, n. = landsbrigi, Grg. ii. 202. landabriga-ttr or -blkr, m. a
section of the law dealing with land, Grg. ii. 202, 344, 345. landa-eign, f. land-owning, Hkr. ii.
206: mod. landar-eign (sic), the land, elds, and pasture belonging to an estate: landareigninni,
within the borders of an estate and the like. landa-fundr, m. land-nding, discovery, Fb. i. landa-
hringr, m. 'land-ring,' pot. for the sea, Hallgr. landa-kaup, n. land purchase, Grg. ii. 313:
exchange of land, Bs. i. 725. landa-klo, a, m., see klo, Sks. 194, 199. landa-kostr, m. =
landskostr, Eg. 139, 140, Fs. 25, 26, Valla L. 206. landa-leit, f. a journey to discover land, search
for land, Landn. 76. landa-leitan, f. = landaleit, Landn. 190, Fms. i. 247, Grg. ii. 410. landa-
ljmi, a, m. beam of the earth, of the sun, Runic poem: a nickname, Bjarn. landa-mark, n. a
landmark, Stj. 342: plur., Dipl. v. 23. landa-merki, n. pl. a landmark, boundary, of an estate, Ld.
100, Eg. 235. landa-mri, n. border-land, Eg. 260, Nj. 123, . H. 45, Karl. 382, Stj. 76, 88, 269
(plur.): a landmark, Ld. 102. landa-ripting, f. = landsbrigi, Sturl. ii. 236. landa-skipan, f.
geography, Fms. i. 233, Sks. 194. landa-skipti, n. a division of land, Ver. 24, Stj. 44: a boundary,
Fms. vii. 52: a change of land, Bs. i. 716. landa-skr, f. a 'land-scroll,' deed, D. N. iii. 929. lands-
aun, f. a laying waste, depopulation of a land, Fas. i. 526, Hkr. ii. 75. lands-lfa, u, f. a region,
Matth. xv. 21. lands-bk, f. the 'land-book,' code of laws, Jb, 43, 44. lands-brig, f. escheatage of
land, Grg. ii. 202, 203, Jb. 188. lands-bruni, a, m. wildre, Sm. 95 (prose). lands-b, n. =
landsbyg, Grg. i. 74, Bs. i. 718. lands-bi, a, m. a land dweller, inhabitant, plur. = landsmenn,
Sturl. i. 45, . H. 27: a tenant, Hkr. i. 90. lands-byg, f. the peopled land, Gr. GREEK, Lv. 16,
Fms. x. 376: peopling, settlement, Landn. 311, v.l.: tenantry, Grg. i. 445. lands-bygging, f.
occupation of a land, Sks. 441. lands-btr, f. pl. land improvements, Fms. x. 152. lands-deild, f.
partition of land, Grg. ii. 253. lands-dmari, a, m. a chief justice, of Pilate, Matth. xxvii. 11, Pass.
25. 1. lands-drttinn, m. a landlord, Grg. ii. 334, Gl. 312. lands-eign, f. land-owning, Grg. ii.
268. lands-endi, a, m. the land's end, boundary, N. G. L. i. 102, Fms. i. 6, vii. 110, viii. 244, Hkr. ii.
162. lands-fjrungr, m. the quarter of a land (of Iceland), Grg. i. 433, Landn. 251, Bs. ii. 81.
lands-tti, adj. exiled, Fms. x. 403. lands-flk, n. the land-folk, people of the land, Fms. i. 55, vii.
174, Gl. 44. lands-frir, m. the peace of the land, public peace, Fms. vi. 284. lands-gzla, u, f.
the guarding the land, Eg. 536, Fms. vii. 69, ix. 398: landsgzlu-mar, ir. 162. lands-httr, m.
national custom, H. E. ii. 79. lands-heiti, n. an index of local names, Edda 153. lands-herr, m. =
landsflk, Fms. i. 132, 214, Fb. ii. 109. lands-herra, m. = landsdrttinn, Stj. 214. lands-hlutr, m. a
portion of the land, Jb. 129. lands-horn, n. the land's end, Landn. 194. landshorna-mar, m. a
landlouper, Sturl. ii. 125, cp. Ska R. 15. lands-hfingi, a, m. the 'land-ruler,' great chief of the
land, Hkr. i. 261, Fms. xi. 266, Sks. 603, passim. lands-kjlki, a, m. 'land-jaw,' used = landshorn,
Sturl. iii. 80. lands-kostr, m. the best of the land, Landn. 276, Edda (pref.): choice land, Landn.
312, Eg. 116, 137; see kostr. lands-lag, n. the nature, 'lie' of a country, Fms. iii. 207. lands-leg, n. =
landslag, Landn. 174. Ld. 156, Fs. 22, 25, Fms. vii. 56, Rd. 276. lands-leiga, u, f. land rent, Grg.
ii. 334, Sturl. iii. 140; landsleigu-blkr, the section of the law about tenancy, Grg. (pref.) lands-
lr, m. = landsflk, Fms. vi. 400, x. 379, Stj. lands-lg, n. pl. the law of the land, public law, Nj.
191, Grg. i. 181, Sks. 668. lands-mli, a, m. a right of redemption, Grg. ii. 240. lands-megin, n.
the 'main' of the land, main power, regarding strength or area, Fms. iv. 119, vii. 183, Eg. 50;
landsmegin hans (his kingdom) er oss fjarri, . H. 85. lands-menn, m. pl. the men of the land, the
people, Grg. i. 454, 463, Eg. 78, Nj. 137, Fms. i. 27, v. 67, Orkn. 136, passim. lands-merki, n. the
'land's mark,' border, boundary, Grg. ii. 209. lands-mgr, m. the people, esp. the common people,
. H. 34. lands-nausynjar, f. pl. public affairs, wants, Sks. 496. lands-nytjar, f. pl. the produce of
the land, sl. ii. 118, Grg. ii. 210, D. I. i. 470. lands-ofringi, a, m. a landlouper, Grg. i. 192.
lands-rttr, m. the law of the land, public law, Eg. 476, Fms. vii. 295; lg ok landsrttr, Fs. 27,
passim. lands-sir, m. the custom of the land; forn landssir, the old law of the land, Nj. 6, Bs. i.
284, 682; lttr er s er ekki fylgir landssinum, a saying. lands-skai, a, m. damage on the land,
Hkr. i. 96. lands-skapr, m. a 'landscape,' region, Bs. i. 877, Stj. 73, v.l.: = landssir, 172; sakir
landskapar ok fornrar venju, Bs. i. 281, Str. 30. lands-skattr, m. a land tax, Fms. x. 410. lands-
skipan, f. = landssir, Grett. 97 A, Stj. 73. lands-skipti, n. a division of land, Grg. ii. 255, 261.
lands-skyld, mod. lands-skuld, f. rent of land, Fms. i. 18, 90, . H. 27, Orkn. passim, lands-staa,
u, f. 'site of a country.' lands-stjrn, f. government, Fms. i. 1, Sks. 329, Fb. ii. 172, passim;
landsstjrnar-mar, a public authority, ofcer, Fms. vi. 392, xi. 218, Jb. 51. lands-sur, m. =
landsur, Grett. 136. lands-sn, f. = landsn, Landn. 258. lands-tunga, u, f. a tongue of land, Hom.
92. lands-vani, a, m. and lands-venja, u, f. = landssir. lands-vn, f. a lookout for land, a naut.
term, being near land, Fms. ii. 216. lands-ver, n. the price for land, Dipl. iii. 10. lands-viring, f.
the taxation of land, Grg. i. 83. lands-vist, f. an abode, residence in a land, also opp. to the being
exiled, Fms. ii. 112.
land-aun, f. laying a land (country) waste, b. 4, ir. 162: a desert, Sks. 323.
land-aurar, m. pl. [eyrir], 'land-dues,' a tax which esp. foreign ships or travellers had to pay to the
king as the lord of the land, . H. ch. 54, 239, Hkr. ii. 46; thus an Icelandic ship sailing between
Norway and Iceland had to pay this tax to the king; the amount was xed by a law of king St.
Olave, b. ch. 1, cp. also the deed in D. I. i. 65, 3, 8, 11, 12; gjalda landaura af knerri, . H. 36
(Sighvat, in a verse); for Icel. it was abolished in the deed of the union with Norway, D. I. i. 620,
5; this tax was probably the beginning of the custom dues of after times: a land tax had also to be
paid to the king for license of travelling or trading abroad, landaura skal engi mar gjalda eirra
sem tgerum eru, N. G. L. i. 59; reykmla ok afr ok landaura alla, 257; mar hverr er til
slands fri skyldi gjalda landaura, . H. 227. landaura-gjald, n. the tax of landaurar, Fms. vii. 1,
x. 410, H. E. i. 391.
land-lfr, m. elf of the land, epithet of a king, Eg. (in a verse).
land-ss, m. the guardian god of the land, Eg. (in a verse).
land-beiar, m. epithet of a king, Eg. (in a verse).
land-bori, a, m. the 'landward' side, Fms. viii. 417, Bs. i. 423.
land-bli, a, m. (land-blari, D. N. i. 544), a tenant, D. N.
land-brig, n. = landsbrig, Js. 84.
land-brot, n. land slips, caused by the sea, rivers, or the like.
land-burr, m. = landgangr, of shoals of sh, sl. js. passim.
land-bi, a, m. = landsbi, Grg. ii. 209, Fms. i. 24, iv. 8, Fr. 218.
land-bskapr, land-bnar, m. husbandry.
land-eiga, u, f. = landeign, Hom.
land-eigandi, a, m. a landowner, Grg. i. 181, 279, Glm. 393.
land-eign, f., mod. proncd. landar-eign, an estate, esp, the grounds, elds, and pastures, Krk. 39,
Fs. 20; rskots-helgi vi landeign sna, Landn. 287; hann tk sr bsta Borg, ok tlai ar
landeign til, Eg. 735: er stefnu-star eim b sem landeign er maga nir skoti, Grg. i. 297;
ar at eins var reynivir vaxinn hans landeign, Sturl. i. 6; fara r landeign konungs vrs, N. G.
L. i. 82.
land-ekla, u, f. lack of land, Ld. 122.
land-erf, f. a law term, if a stranger died in a place, and no lawful heir appeared for three years,
the king of the land in which he died took the inheritance, N. G. L. i. 50.
land-eya, u, f. land-waster, the name of a standard, Fms. vi, viii: = landaun, iv. 126: mod. a
tramp, scout.
land-fall, n. a land slip, Pm. 88.
land-farstt, f. an epidemic, (mod.)
land-fastr, adj. 'land-fast,' of a ship ashore, Nj. 10, Sturl. i. 224, Ver. 9, Bs. i. 526, Fb. ii. 386.
land-festar, f. pl. moorings, Grg. i. 216, Fms. ii. 126, viii. 288, N. G. L. i. 50, 437, Fb. i. 281,
passim.
land-fjlskyld, f. public business, troubles, Bs. i. 84.
land-tti, -tta, adj. exiled, Lat. profugus, Grg. ii. 99, Fms. i. 151, x. 36, Orkn. 96, Fs. 202, Ver.
27, Stj. 488.
land-mdr, part. driven off the land, exiled, Bret. 28, Flv. 24.
land-flk, n. = landsflk, Sighvat, Edda (pref.), Hom. 113.
land-fss, adj. eager to make the land, of sailors, Krk. 45.
land-ganga, u, f. a landing, disembarking, Hkr. ii. 7, Fms. vi. 334.
land-gangr, m. a running ashore, of shoals of sh; 'landgangr af ski' is used when there is a large
catch of sh, K. . K. 112.
land-garr, m. 'land-fence,' pot. the sea, Fms. vii. (in a verse).
land-genginn, part. pasture-haunting, of cattle, Jb. 346.
land-gi, n. pl. the good of the land.
land-gzla, u, f. defence of the land, Hkr. i. 93.
land-ggn, n. pl. produce, emolument of the land, m. 2, Dipl. iii. 10.
land-hallt, n. adj. standing along the shore, Fms. x. 347, Fas. i. 324: compar. landhallara, Fb. i.
351.
land-herr, m. 'land-host,' people of the land, t. 5, Hkr. i. 144, Fs. 16, Fms. iv. 180, Nj. 127; allr
borgar-lr ok landherr, Jhann. 24, Sighvat.
land-hluti, a, m. (hlutr), a share of land, Jm. 25, Sd. 138.
land-hreinsun, f. 'land-cleansing,' clearing the land of miscreants, Gl. 135, 136, Fms. ix. 302; a
var landhreinsun a honum, a saying when a bad man is dead and gone.
landi, a, m. a 'landsman,' countryman; ossa landa er vru austr, b. 10; erlendis sem fyrir rum
lndum, Grg. i. 99; vra landa mm, 183; vrr landi skal hverr friheilagr, N. G. L. i. 158: =
mrlandi, eir sgu at landi hefi eigi fast haldit feldinum, sl. ii. 39: a nickname, Bs. i.
land-jr, f. an inland estate.
land-kannar, m. a 'land-prober;' the name belongs to an old ceremony of taking land in
possession as a settler, thus described, setti hann nir staf nbirktan er eir klluu landknnu,
Landn. 190.
land-karl, m. the land carles, common folk, Sighvat.
land-kaup, n. the purchase of land, Grg. ii. 213, Sturl. ii. 12, Ld.
210. 2. in Norse, a ne to be paid to the king, by one exiled or banished, N. G. L. i. 154, 156.
land-konungr, m. king of the land, Fas. i. 501.
land-kostir, m. pl. the qualities, good things of the land, Eg. 99, 116, Fs.
land-kvmt, n. adj.; eiga landkvmt, to have free admission into a country, N. G. L. i. 171.
land-lega, u, f. lying on land, not putting to sea, of shermen.
land-leigandi, part. a tenant, Dipl. iii. 10.
land-lyritr, m. full possession, title of land, see lyritr, Grg. ii. 225.
land-menn, m. pl. = landsmenn, Fms. v. 27: the name of the people of a district in Icel. called Land,
D. I. i. 580.
land-munr, m., esp. in pl. longing for land, home-sickness, nostalgia: in the phrase, e-m leika
landmunir, to feel homesick; fll honum at vel skap, lk landmunr mikill at fara Noreg ok taka
ar vi rki sem frndr hans hfu fyrr haft, . H. 200; Auunn kvask vilja fylgja honum, ok lku
honum landmunir, Bjarn. 16, (Ed. ltu heim at landinu erroneously, see N Fl. xviii. 160); lku
honum landmunir at skja vestr til Eyja, Orkn. 136; eir er ar hfu tt eigur ok frndr ok vini, ok
lku eim landmunir til heimferar, . H. 194.
land-mling, f. geometry, (mod.)
land-nm, n. the taking land, a law term: I. in Norse law, an unlawful holding of another man's
land, and hence a ne for trespassing on another man's land; n ef hann selr, er honum jr
heimil, gjaldi landnmi hvrttveggja, N. G. L. i. 37; n ef hann tekr einahverja hur ok frir
brott, skal hann aptr fra ok leggja landnm, ef hann her leyst fr, 38; en ef hann grefr upp,
skal hann bta landnmi, id.; engi skal annars hauka taka, nema landnmi vili fyrir bta, ok fra
hauka aptr, 39; ok leggi landnm ok jarar-spell, eim er jr , Gl. 311; ok leggi umbosmar
landnm ofan , 313; um landnm ok verka jru, Jb. 232; um landnm ok skgar-hgg, 234:
distinction is made between the ne and the compensation, fulla skaa-bt skal greia fyrir beit ok
tu akra ok engja landnms-laust ... en ella fullt landnm, 258, 259. II. in Icel. the taking
possession of land as a settler, occupation, particularly used of the settlement of Iceland: in Landn.
and the Sagas passim it is used in sing. of the land allotted to each settler, landnmi snu, hans
landnmi, etc., almost like landeign, see Landn. passim; but often in plur. of the settlement itself, n
er yr farit um landnm au er vr hfum heyrt at verit ha slandi, Landn. 320; n eru ritu
landnm Vestringa- (Norlendinga-, Austringa-) fjrungi, 167, 236, 274. COMPDS:
Landnma-bk, f. (commonly called Landnma, u, f.), the Book of Settlement, the famous
historical work begun by Ari the historian, Landn. 24, Fs. 122. Landnma-saga, u, f. the History of
the Settlement, Landn. 275. landnma-t (-tmi, Vgl. 19), f. the time of the settlement (about A.D.
875-935), Landn. 133, Fb. i. 268. landnms-kona, u, f. a female settler, b. 19: hence landnms-
mar and landnma-mar, m. a settler, and in plur. the settlers, of the rst generation of settlers in
Iceland, nglfr var frgastr allra landnmsmanna, Landn. 38, 236, 320, 321, passim, b. ch. 1, 11.
land-noran, adv. from the north-east.
land-norr, m. 'land-north,' north-east, opp. to t-norr = the north-west, a phrase borrowed from
the Scandin. continent (see landsur), Fs. 22, K. . K. 138, Grg. ii. 283, Sks. 173, Bs. ii. 48, Bjarn.
(in a verse).
land-nyringr, m. a north-east wind, Eg. 87, Fms. viii. 254, Eb. 252, 328, Bs. ii. 48, Sks. 41, Fb. i.
539, Merl. 2. 44, 84.
land-r, n. pl. the 'land-rule,' government of the land; hann var fyrir llum landrum, Fms. i. 2;
hann var forstjri fyrir landrum, vii. 238; en Eysteinn konungr skyldi hafa landr af hendi
beggja eirra, 75; ek mun hafa landr mean, xi. 22; unna honum hlfs rkis ok landra vi
sjlfan sik, Odd. 115 new Ed.; ra landrum, Fms. vi. 431, . H. 52. 2. 'land-treason,' high
treason, (from ra, to betray), N. G. L. i. 103, Fms. i. 58, viii. 196, Gl. 57, 133. COMPDS:
landra-mar, m. a governor, Fms. vii. 280: a traitor, viii. 296, Gl. 57. landra-sk, f. a case
of high treason, Gl. 121, 535.
land-randi, part. a ruler of the land, Lex. Pot.
land-rn, n. the harrying a land, Fms. vi. 27.
land-reki, a, m. a 'land-wreaker,' protector of the land, pot. a king, Hkv. 1. 32, Edda (Gl.), Lex.
Pot.
land-rekstr, m. banishment, Eg. (in a verse).
land-rttr, m. = landsrttr.
land-rgnir, m. = landss, of a king, Akv. 12.
land-sala, u, f. sale of land, Landn. 317, Grg. ii. 214.
land-selr, m. a 'land-seal,' the common seal.
land-seti, a, m. a 'land-sitter,' tenant, Grg. i. 296, Eb. 314, Sturl. ii. 103, Orkn. 334, Gsl. 50, freq.
in mod. usage.
land-seyra, u, f. public famine (seyra = starvation); var en mesta lansra (sic) er eigi skyldi vera
kaupfrir milli, . H. 51; ok tla han at ytja smjr ok skrei, er mikil landseyra er at eirri
brottutningu, Fms. viii. 251, v.l.
land-sir, m. = landssir, Vm. 71.
land-skai, a, m. = landsskai, Fms. i. 193.
land-skapr, m. = landsskapr, Stj.
land-skekill, m. a strip, outskirt of land, Bs. i. 739.
land-skipan, f. = landsskipan, Fms. x. 148, xi. 409.
land-skipti, n. = landsskipti, Grg. ii. 255, Fms. ix. 243, xi. 362.
land-skjlfti, a, m. an earthquake, Edda 40 (the mythical origin of the earthquake), Sks. 142, Greg.
49, MS. 655 xxvii. 22 spelt land-skylpi.
land-skyld, f. = landsskyld, B. K. 40, Fb. ii. 247; landskyldar burr, Fms. iv. 258; landskyldar skr,
a rent roll, Rtt. 56.
land-stjrn, f. = landsstjrn, Fms. vii. 326, Eb. 194.
land-sur, m. 'land-south,' south-east, opp. to t-sur = south-west (see landnorr), Nj. 263, Fms.
ix. 502, Rb. 90, Stj. 83, 88, Fs. 186, Gull. 11, freq. in mod. usage.
land-sunnan, adv. blowing from the south-east.
land-synningr, m. a south-east wind, Fms. ix. 387, Sks. 39.
land-sn, f., naut. the sight of land; landsn, within sight of land, Karl. 554; r landsn, out of
sight of land; sigla haf ok r landsn, Fb. i. 542; vera r landsn, N. G. L. i. 103.
land-taka, u, f. the taking land, landing, Korm. 228, Eb. 332, Nj. 267, Eg. 159, Fas. ii. 231: mod.
also a landing-place, ar er g, ll landtaka, etc.
land-tjald, n. a land tent, originally a naut. term, a tent pitched ashore when in harbour, opp. to the
tents on board, often in plur., Nj. 157, Hkr. i. 26, Stj. 45; landtjald Drottins, the Lord's Tabernacle,
Sks. 146, 780.
land-tog, n. a towing from shore, Snt 306.
land-vanr, adj. acquainted with the country, Fas. iii. 87.
land-vara, u, f. a tax to be paid by shermen to the landlord or the king as liegelord; hverr mar
er haf rri, skyldi gjalda konungi landvru, hvaan sem fri, en at eru mm skar, . H. 227
(Fms. x. 399); at sv greii skiparar allir ..., sv at hvrki skai tundina, konungs-skrei n
landvrur n leiangrs-gerir n nokkurar arar skyldir, N. G. L. ii. 475, Boldt 89, 143, cp. N. G.
L. i. 257, 2.
land-vn, f. = landsvn, Landn. 43 (v.l.), N. G. L. i. 346; ok er hann kom landvn vi Noreg, Hkr.
i. 292.
land-ver, n. a land wind, Landn. 225.
land-vegis, adv. by land, Fr.
land-vegr, m. a way by land, opp. to sjvegr; fara landveg, Eg. 94, K. . K. 24.
Land-verskr, adj. from the county Land, Fs.
land-viri, n. = landver, Fms. ix. 49, Landn. 225, Bs. i. 483.
land-vrt, n. adj.; eiga landvrt, to have residence in the country open to one, opp. to the being
outlawed or under ban, Bs. i. 675, Grg. i. 209, Glm. 382, Fms. v. 265.
land-vttr, f. the guardian spirits of a country, abiding in mountains, rivers, etc., in the shape of
giants, fairies, animals, see the interesting story in Hkr. . T. ch. 37, as also Landn. 258, (for the
references see hfu A. V); sn ek essu ni landvttir r er land etta byggja, Eg. 389; at s
freskir menn, at landvttir allar fylgu Hafrbirni til ings en eim orsteini til veia ok skjar,
Landn. 271.
land-vrr, m. a land-warder, pot. a king, Lex. Pot.
land-vrn, f. the defence of the land, N. G. L. ii. 199 sqq.; Guthorm son sinn setti hann til
landvarnar austr vi landsenda, Fms. i. 6; skyldi Einarr jarl hafa forr fyrir eim ok landvrn,
Orkn. 44, 160. COMPDS: landvarnar-blkr, m. the section of Norse law treating of defence, N. G.
L. ii. 199 sqq. landvarnar-mar, m. a man charged with the defence of the country against
freebooters and foreign invasion, Eg. 265, 401, Fms. v. 89, vi. 295. landvarnar-segl and
landvarnar-skip, n. a ship of war for the defence of the country, H. E. i. 419, N. G. L. iii. 83, Gl.
79.
land-ing, n. a kind of parliament.
langa, u, f. [Scot. laing], ling, a sh, Fas. ii. 111, Edda (Gl.), freq. in mod. usage, lngu-bak, n. a
nickname, Landn.
LANGA, a, to long for: 1. impers. 'it longs me,' I long for; mik langar ekki til ess, I long not for
it, Fms. i. 284; er (acc.) langai ekki til fundar hans, viii. 431; ess er vn at ik muni angat
langa, Fs. 104; tti eim n Kolbeinn aptr kominn ok endrborinn er langai eptir, Sturl. iii.
269; at Orkneyinga (but Orkneyingar, Fms. vii. 28, Orkn. 142, l.c.) mundi ltt langa til, at hann
kmi vestr angat, Magn. 446: as also freq. in mod. usage, mig langar e-, I long for a thing, of
food; but langar til ess, of other things; mig langar til a fara. 2. personal; ok langai til hennar
burar allir rttltir, Hom. 130; allir hinir vitrustu menn lnguu til hans fundar, Bs. i. 450, Orkn.
142; n er s dagr kominn er vr hfum allir (oss her alla, v.l.) langat til, Fms. viii. 220; sem eir
hfu til langat, 655 xx. A. 1.
langi, a, m. one of the stomachs in sheep or cattle.
LANGR, lng, langt, adj., compar. lengri, superl. lengstr, [common to all Teut. languages] :-- long,
of space and time; lng sver, Fas. i. 379; af lngu skeggi, Sklda 181; lengri hina eptri ftr, Stj.;
at s s lengri, N. G. L. i. 44; eir lifa opt langan aldr er me orum eru vegnir, a saying = Engl.
words break no bones, Nj. 252; hann fkk eigi mlt tveim orum lengra samfast, Hkr. ii. 138;
Fstudagr inn langi, Long Friday, Good Friday, passim; langt lf, Hom. 12; mjk langa hr, Nj. 94;
er dagr er sem lengstr, er ntt er sem lengst, Landn. (pref.); vili r iggja lengra lf, Fms. vi.
166; sigr inn mun eigi langr vera, xi. 23; hfum vr eigi heyrt essa sgu lengri, we have not heard
this story any farther, i.e. here ends the tale, Njar. (ne); at er lng saga at segja, 'tis a long story
to tell, Fms. xi. 99; seint er um langan veg at spyrja tenda, a saying, Edda 31; endi-langr, liggja
endi-langr, to lie at full length; hn lagisk sem hn var lng hj honum, Karl. 47: long in prosody,
Sklda 175, 179. II. neut. long, far, distant; langt milli fjalls ok fjru, Landn. 57; ok ttu eigi langt
til eyjarinnar, Fms. i. 41; langt brott, a long way off, far away, Stj. 195; langt mun yr estum til at
r veiit sv, . H. 78; jti var sv mikit, at langt var um reitt, that it was impassable far beyond
that, Nj. 63; hann seildisk upp sv htt sem hann mtti lengst, Edda 33; sv langt vestr, at engi her
san lengra eignask, Landn. 41; li kom vel til hans r hruum, en ftt kom um lengra, Fms. iv.
385; vat eir tluu ekki lengra kveld en til Hfabrekku, Nj. 252; ok urfti ar eigi lengra at
grafa til vatns en djpum dlum, Edda (pref.); langt mun milli vera ltilmennsku minnar ok ess
hins mikla huga er r br brjsti, Fms. iv. 80: in the saying, leita langt um skammt, cp. Lat. quod
petis hic est, Nj. 207. III. adverbial phrases; of langt, far off, s hann of langt krossinn, 656 B. 5;
langt fr, far from it! langt-um, by far; langtum betra, better by far. 2. lngu or laungu, long since;
s ek etta lngu hans yrbragi, Fms. i. 141; sv sem ek saga yr lngu, 139; sem mr sagi
lngu hugr um, Nj. 191; mjk lngu, very long ago, Sks. 117; seg oss n tendi, lngu fundumsk
vit nst, we have not seen one another for an age, Bjarn. 15: fyrir lngu, long ago; at vissa ek
fyrir lngu at ek var vel kvntr, Gsl. 69; hann hafi tekinn verit r jru fyrir lngu r, Fms. i. 51:
lngum, long, mostly, continuously; Eirekr var lngum me fur snum, 6; hn var lngum um
ntr kirkju at bnum snum, Ld. 328; en lngum (mostly) vel stiltr, Nj. 38; eir vru samota,
sv at hvrir vissu lngum til annarra, Eg. 126: compar. lengrum, longer; lengrum en lg stu til,
Fms. xi. 99; eir skolu skipta vikum ea smrum, ok eigu eir at ra er lengrum vilja skipta, Grg.
ii. 350: superl. lengstum, mostly, most of the time; hfuborg s er Geira sat lengstum, Fms. i. 101;
hann var lengstum at Grjt, Nj. 135; gamanml er it munut lengstum um tala, Ld. 306. IV.
metaph. longing, taking interest in; hvat er yr langt at essum mnnum, hvrt mg er
frndsemi, what interest take you in these men? Fms. ii. 211; hann lt eigi ra, hvrt menn vru
tignir ea tignir, er honum mikit at langt ea lti, Rb. 364. 2. neut. long, weary; langt ykki mr,
ligg ek einn saman, Eg. (in a verse); at vil ek, at komir til heimkynna minna, vat r mun
langt ykkja hr heiinni, Grett. 130 new Ed. V. in many local names, Lang-ey, Langa-nes,
Langa-hl, Langa-land (the Danish island), etc., Landn.; see below.
B. COMPDS: langa-bein, n. long-bone, a nickname, Sturl. langa-br, n. a 'long-bower,' a store-
room, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18. langi-djkn, m. long-deacon, a nickname, Sturl. Langa-fasta, u, f. the long
fast, Lenten fast, Grg. i. 245, 246, 291, K. . K. 122, 124, Rb. 82, Stj.; langafstu-gangr, the
beginning of Lent, Grg. i. 122. Langi-frjdagr, m. Good Friday, K. . K., N. G. L. passim.
Langa-spjt, n. 'Long-espe,' Long-spear, a nickname, Fms. langa-tng, f. 'long-prong,' the middle
nger. II. lang-a, a, m. a great grandfather. lang-amma, u, f. a great grandmother; langmmu-
brir, -systir, a great granduncle, aunt. lang-ss, m. a purlin, opp. to vertr, Fms. ix. 512. lang-
bakki, a, m. (see bakki 2); in the phrase, skjta langbakka, to stave off for a long time, Fms. x.
132. lang-band, n. the purlin along the roof in a house. lang-barr, m. a halberd, Hkm. 7; Edda
(Gl.) reckons it amongst swords: name of a serpent, Edda (Gl.) Lang-barar, m. pl. the Lombards,
either from their beard (bar) or battle axe (bara), Skv. 3, Greg. 63. Langbara-land, n.
Lombardy, Mart. lang-bein, n. = langabein, a nickname, Ann. lang-bekkr, m. a long bench, bench
lengthways, opp. to verbekkr, Fms. vi. 193, Sturl. i. 142, iii. 182. Lang-brk, f. 'Long-breek,'
nickname of a lady on account of her tall stature, Nj. lang-eldar, m. pl. long res (see eldr II), Eb.
276, Nj. 15, Korm. 144. lang-ermar, f. pl. long sleeves, Fms. vii. 321. lang-fegar, m. pl. agnate-
forefathers, ancestors by the father's side, counted upwards, Hkr. i. 1, Eg. 2, Nj. 158. langfega-
kyn, n. the lineage of langfegar, Hkr. i. 14. langfega-nfn, n. pl. the name of one's langfegar,
Edda 153 (pref.) langfega-tal, n. a tale or roll of langfegar, agnate pedigree, Eg. 536: the name
of an old historical work containing ancient pedigrees of kings, Hkr. i. (pref.) langfega-tala, u, f. =
langfegatal, Nj. 25. langfega-tt, f. = langfegakyn, Fms. x. 158. lang-fegin, n. pl. ancestors,
agnate and cognate. lang-fer, m. pl. = langfegar, and langfera-tal, n. = langfegatal, Gl. 284,
Stj. 331, Fagrsk. 151, Hom. 46. lang-feri, n. = langfegar, Landn. 167. lang-fer, f. a long
journey, Sturl. ii. 185, Fs. 51, Bs. ii. 162. langfera-mar, m. one who 'fares' far, a far traveller, Fs.
lang-frami, a, m. lasting fame, Orkn. 466, Fb. ii. 513, Mar.; langframann, mod. til langframa,
adverb. for good, Rtt, 4. 25. lang-fttr, adj. long-legged, Stj. 276. lang-fr, f. = langfer, Eb. 298.
lang-gi, n. long-lasting, corrupt from lang. lang-gr and langligr, adj. a later and inferior
form for langr, langligr, Bs. i. 62, Fas. iii. 57. lang-hls, m. long-neck, a nickname, Landn. lang-
hlsar, adj. long-necked, Njar. 364. lang-hendr, adj. with long hands, Ld. 298. Lang-hlingar,
m. pl. the men from Langahl, Sturl. lang-hfr, m. long-hulk, name of a ship, Bs. lang-hsa, a, to
run, in a pun (langhs = rann), Krk. 63, 64. lang-hyggja, u, f. long-suffering, Barl. 42. lang-
hfar, adj. long-beaked, of a ship, Hkv. 1. 24. lang-hfi, a, m. a nickname, Sturl. lang-knakkr,
m. a kind of bench, Finnb. 310. lang-lega, u, f. a long stay, of a weatherbound ship, Fms. ix. 296; as
also of long sickness in bed. lang-leggr, m. the long leg, bone of a leg of mutton, Br. 176, Hv.
40. langleggjar-stykki, n. a leg of mutton, Hv. 40. lang-leii, n. lengthwise; langleii sn milli,
at a long distance, Stj. 73, Eg. 579. lang-leikr, m. length, Stj. 346. lang-leitr, adj. long-faced, Fms.
i. 155, ii. 20, vii. 175, 321, ir. 174, Bs. i. 72. lang-liit, n. part. after a long time, Bs. ii. 133.
lang-liga, adv. for a long time past, = mod. langalengi, Js. 24, Sturl. iii. 297, Fas. ii. 268. lang-l,
n. long life, Fms. vii. 73, K. . K. 60. lang-lfr, adj. long-lived, Fs., Fms. iii. 173. lang-loka, u, f.
'long-lock,' a kind of eight-lined verse in which the rst and the last line make a sentence, whilst the
six between them are intercalary, of which Edda (Ht.) 14 furnishes a specimen: in mod. usage
langloka is a poem not divided into strophes, for specimens of which see Snt 72, 215. lang-lund, f.
long-suffering, langlundar-ge, n. id. lang-minni, n. a long memory. lang-minnigr, adj. having a
long memory, Nj. 30, v.l.: long to be remembered, Pr. 158. lang-mlgi, f. long-winded talk, Fms. v.
225. lang-mli, n. long talk, Hom. 125, Bs. ii. 117. lang-mltr, part. long-spoken, long-winded,
Sks. 316, Hom. (St.) lang-nefjar, adj. long-nosed, Sturl. ii. 133, iii. 105. lang-nefjur, f. pl.
rowlocks, Edda (Gl.) lang-nefr, m. long-nose, a nickname, Sturl. lang-nijar, m. pl. a descending
lineage by the father's side, pedigree of agnates, counted downwards, Vsp. 16; opp. to landfegar
when counted upwards in time. lang-ntti, n. the long night, Fr. lang-orf, n. a long handle of a
scythe, Korm. 38, Sturl. i. 180, Sks. 358. lang-pallr, m. a dais along (not across) the hall, Fms. vi.
439. lang-rei, f. a long ride, Vgl. 61. lang-ra, u, f. a long talk, Fms. ix. 252. lang-rr, part.
long-spoken, long-winded, Sks. 316. lang-rki, n. rancour, an unforgiving temper, N. G. L. ii. 417,
Hom. 33, 143. lang-rkr, adj. having a long memory, brooding long over past wrongs, Anal. 171,
Eb. 42, Bret. 92, ir. 181, Fas. iii. 520. lang-samlega, adv. incessantly. lang-seta, u, f. a long stay,
Vm. 113. lang-setis, adv. lengthways, lang-skepta, u, f. a long-shafted spear, Karl. 405. lang-
skeptr, part. long-shafted, Sks. 388, Fs. 64. lang-skip, n. a long ship, a kind of large ancient ship of
war, distinguished from the lesser skei, both being distinguished from the merchant's knrr (cp. Gr.
GREEK, Lat. longa navis), Hkv. 2. 11, . H., Fms. passim, Eg. 37, 42; langskips mastr, r, segl, a
mast, yard, sail of a long ship, Sturl. i. 194, Eg. 198, 515, Fms. vii. 30, passim. langskipa-gr, f.
building of a langskip, Gl. 121. langskips-bza, u, f. = langskip, Hkr. ii. 143. langskips-menn, m.
pl. the crew of a long ship, Fms. ii. 16, Fs. 92. lang-skr, f. the lower hem of a tent, Fas. i. 372.
lang-stainn, part. of old date, long-standing, Lv. 77. lang-stll, m. a long seat, Vm. 7, Fas. i. 84.
lang-strti, n. a long street, Fms. viii. 319. lang-snn, adj. far-sighted, Fas. i. 157. lang-si, f. a
far sight, Edda i. 544. lang-sr, adj. long-sighted, prophetic, Lv. 81. lang-talar, part. long-spoken,
Fms. i. 288. lang-igr, adj. = langrkinn, Hkr. iii. 252. lang-vari, a, m.; til langvara, to last long,
Njar. 376. lang-vaxinn, part. longish, Fms. ii. 59. lang-v, mod. lang-va, u, f. a bird, columbus
troile, Edda (Gl.) lang-viir, m. pl. the long timbers in a house or ship, N. G. L. i. 65, 100, Hom. 95.
lang-viri, n. pl. long-continued weather, heat, cold, or the like. lang-vinnr, adj. long-lasting, of
sickness, bad weather, or the like. lang-vinr, m. a friend of long standing, Hm. 157, Fas. ii. 64,
Br. 173; langvinirnir rjfask szt, a saying, Grett. 184 new Ed. lang-vist, f. a long abode, Hom. 9,
Fr.: adv. langvistum, staying long, Fbr. 33, Fms. vii. 112, Eg. 227, Fs. 149. lang-vngr, m. long
wing (?), Vm. 27. lang-ili, n. the wainscot lengthwise, opp. to verili, Gl. 346. lang-, f. long-
lasting; til langar ea fullnaar, Bs. i. 740, Ant. 112. lang-liga, adv. for a long time, Sturl. ii.
186, MS. 625. 77. lang-ligr, adj. long-lasting, Stj. 47, Fas. i. 171, Bs. i. 311. lang-r, adj. [langr
and = ever, or akin to Germ. ew, ewig], long-lasting; langtt musteri, MS. 677. 6: vegsama fur
inn ok mur, sv at srt langr yr jrinni, Stj. 301 (Fifth Commandment); hverr eldrinn
mun vera heitari ok langrri, Fms. vii. 37; m vera at sigrinn veri ekki langr, ii. 10; at langr
frir standi essu landi, Bs. i. 572.
larar, adj. worn, weary, (conversational.)
larr, m. [from Fr. and Engl. lard], lard, fat: in the phrase, e-m sgr larr (cp. e-m sgr kvir), one's
stomach sinks, one is worn out, (vulgar.) In Hrafnagaldr 23 the sun is pot. called Fenris fr-larr
= the 'wolf's lard,' the bait, the prey of the wolf, according to the tale in Edda of the wolf (Fenrir)
running after the sun (Edda 7) and trying to swallow him. This poem however cannot be ancient, for
this French word prob. came to Iceland through the English trade of the 15th century. The
explanation given in Fl. x. 10 is erroneous.
larfr, m., esp. in pl. larfar, rags, tatters.
las-bura, adj. feeble, ailing.
lasinn, adj. dilapidated, half broken, Orkn. 528: medic. ailing; eg er lasinn, hlf lasinn, I am not
quite well.
laska, a, to break asunder: reex. to be half broken: part. laskar, bruised, and of wood with
aws.
laski, a, m. a aw, ssure in wood. II. the wrist-piece of a gauntlet beneath the thumb, (opp. to l or
l = the nger part); the phrase, l og laski! The foreman of a shing-boat divides the catch of
sh into two heaps, then throws a glove between these heaps, and turning his face away shouts, l
og laski! whereupon each man of the crew has, in his turn, to choose either the l or the laski, and
take his share according to the side to which the laski or the l points.
las-legr, adj. = lasinn.
las-leiki, a, m. ailment.
las-meyri, f. decrepitude, Mar.
las-meyrr, adj. mellow, decrepit, Band. 28 new Ed., Stj. 98.
lasna, a, to decay, become dilapidated.
last, n. vituperation, Sighvat, freq. in mod. usage.
LASTA, a, [Germ. lstern], to blame, vituperate, speak ill of; lstuu at estir, Eg. 196; mun
sjlft lofa sik ef vel er, enda mun sjlft lasta sik ef lla er, Nj. 176; ornnr jarl kom at ok lastai
ekki verkit, Orkn. 114; lta ok lasta, Stj. 135, Greg. 49; lasta Gu, to blaspheme, Fb. i. 287.
lasta- in compds, see lstr.
lastan or lstun, f. slander, reproach, blame; lof e lstun, MS. 677. 10, sl. ii. 450. lastanar-or,
n. pl. words of blemish, Fms. vi. 33.
lastan-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), reprehensible, Mar.
last-auigr, adj. vicious, evil, 655 xi. 2, Hom.
last-fullr, adj. full of evil, Hom. 24.
last-ligr, adj. slanderous, Germ. lsterlich, Rtt. 61.
last-mli, n. slander, Grg. ii. 148, Fms. viii. 252, Pass. 11. 15.
last-or, n. = lastmli, Fas. i. 107.
last-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), reprehensible, Stj. 156.
last-samr, adj. slanderous, Stj. 8.
last-varliga, adv. without guile or sin, Bs. i. 300.
last-varr, adj. guileless, virtuous, Sks. 24, 687.
lata, a, to be slow, slacken, abate: impers., Helgi skir at fast er hann nnr at orgrmi latar, Fs.
138; er hann nnr at linu latar, abates, (latrar Ed.), Fms. xi. 137.
latan, f. slackening :-- metaph. dissuasion, Sturl. ii. 106.
lat-hendr, adj. slow of hand, Sturl. iii. 200.
lati, a, m. the late or lazy one, Edda (Gl.)
lat-liga, adv. slowly, Fms. vi. 207, Krk. 42, MS. 686 B. 1.
LATR, adj., fem. lt, neut. latt, compar. latari, superl. latastr; [Ulf. lats = GREEK, GREEK; A. S.
lt; Engl. late, lazy; O. H. G. laz; Germ. lass; Swed. lat; Dan. lad] :-- slow, lazy, Sturl. ii. 155, Fms.
xi. 256; latr ok -hlinn, 686 B. 2: so in the saying, latr skir latan heim: with gen., latr e-s, Fms.
xi. 256; -latr, diligent: passim and freq. in mod. usage, eg er latr, latr a lra, latr a vinna, etc.
LAUR, n., mod. lr, but the diphthong is borne out by old rhymes as, lauri, raua, Fms. vi. 47
(in a verse); nau, vii. 66; as also by the derivative leyra, q.v.: [A. S. leaor = a kind of nitre, used
for soap; Engl. lather] :-- the froth or foam of the sea water; laur var lagt bei, Fms. vi. 180 (in a
verse); ljtu lauri dreif lypting, id.; alda lauri faldin, Orkn. (in a verse); vir olir nau lauri,
Fms. vii. (in a verse): laur ins elda, pot. = the blood, Gsl. (in a verse); haf-laur, sea-scum,
Lex. Pot.; vpn-laur = blood. II. in prose esp. of a kind of nitre or soap used in cleaning, e.g. the
head; cp. Swed. lodder = a kind of soap, Engl. lather; ok hn hfu hans, ... ok hafi hn eigi
vegit laur r hfi honum, sl. ii. 333 (Heiarv. S.): lneik (the maid) strauk lauri um skr mna,
Vgl. 82 new Ed. (in a verse).
laura, a, mod. lra, to foam, to be dripping wet with salt water: and esp. of blood, lrandi af
bli, dripping with blood.
laurungr or lrungr, m. a box on the ear, prob. metaph. from washing and lathering the head;
[cp. vulgar Engl. to lather = to beat.]
LAUF, n. [Ulf. laufs = GREEK; A. S. and Engl. leaf; Germ. laub; Dan. lv; Swed. lf] :-- a leaf,
foliage, Hm. 5, Fs. 135; aldin ea lauf, Gret. 14, Sks. 105; rjpna-lauf :-- metaph., lauf hjlmi,
El. 17, Sturl. iii. 140: in local names, Lauf-ss, whence Laufsingar, the men from L. COMPDS:
laufa-drttr, m. leaf-formed embroidery, Art. laufa-fettir, m. a name of a fox, Edda (Gl.) lauf-bla,
n. a 'leaf-blade,' single leaf, Edda 29. lauf-gr, adj. leafy, abundant in leaves, Barl. 149. lauf-
grnn, adj. leaf-green, Rkv.; laufgrnn kyrtill, Hrafn. 13, El. 12. lauf-gyltr, part. gilt-wreathed,
MS. 4. 16. lauf-hs, n. a 'leaf-house,' Hkr. iii. 180. lauf-segl, n. a leaf-shaped sail; in the phrase,
sigla me laufsegli at e-m, to deal leniently with a person, Eb. 96, Fas. i. 7. lauf-settr, part.
ornamented with leaves, El. lauf-skli, a, m. a 'leaf-house,' summer-house, Konr., Fas. iii. 303,
Karl. 78. laufskla-ht, f. the Jewish feast of Tabernacles, O. T. lauf-steindr, part. leaf-dyed, =
laufgrnn, Karl. 341. lauf-vii, n. leaf-wood (ash, elm, etc.), opp. to needle-wood (r, pine), B. K.
55.
laufgask, a, dep. to be leafy, Sklda 200: part. laufgar, leaved, Br. 15, Barl. 149, Pass.: metaph.,
laufgar hjlmr, El.
Lau, a, m. the name of the sword of the hero Bvar Bjarki, Landn.
lauf-lttr, adj. light as a leaf.
lauf-ligr, adj. leafy, Sks. 627.
lauf-ugr, adj. leafy, Konr.
lauf-vir, m. leaf-wood, = laufvii, Merl.
LAUG, f., old dat. laugu; with the article laugunni, Rd. 276, Thom. 484, but lauginni, Sturl. ii. 98,
Fms. vii. 150; pl. laugar: [cp. Swed. lr; Dan. lver in lr-dag, lver-dag, = Icel. laugar-dagr,
q.v.] :-- a bath; hn varveitti barn drottningar borit mean hn var laugu, Landn. 110; taka
laugar, Fs. 72; ar vru laugar grvar, en er konungr var lauginni var tjaldat yr kerit, Fms. vii.
150; prestr er skyldr at vgja rjr laugar um dag (of baptismal water), N. G. L. i. 347; laug skal
gra hveim er liinn er hendr v ok hfu (of washing the dead), Sdm. 34 (Bugge); san vru
bor tekin, en Flosi tk laugar ok li hans, Nj. 176, (hand-laug, mund-laug, q.v.): the bath in which
a new-born infant is washed is called laug. II. in Icel. a hot spring, which was used for bathing; en
Fstudags-aptan fru biskupar bir til laugar Laugar-s eptir nttver, Bs. i. 78; eitt hvert kveld er
eir fru til laugar, ... en laugin (the spring) var ekki almanna-veg, 621; at var eitt kveld er Snorri
sat laugu, at talat var um hfingja, ... Sturla Brarson hafi haldit vr yr lauginni ok leiddi
hann Snorra heim, Sturl. ii. 98; fyrir sunnan na eru laugar (hot springs) ok ar hj jarholur strar,
Eg. 747; Kjartan fr opt til Slingsdals-laugar (the well in S.), jafnan bar sv til at Gurn var at
laugu, Ld. 160; Gestr kemr til Slingsdals-laugar, ok dvelsk ar um hr, Gurn kom til laugar ok
fagnar vel Gesti frnda snum, 124. III. in Icel. the hot springs were public bathing-places, and the
word is freq. in local names, Laugar, f. pl., Laugar-, Laugar-ss, Lauga-bl, Laugar-brekka,
Laugar-dalr, Laugar-dlar, Laugar-nes, Lauga-land, Lauga-vatn, Lauga-fell, Laugar-vellir,
Lauga-sker, Laugar-hs, Landn.; see the Sagas, the map of Icel., Eggert Itin.; and as the latter part
of a compd, Valla-laug, Slingsdals-laug, Reykja-laug, etc., all indicating places with hot springs
used for baths in olden times. IV. Saturday was the day appointed for cleansing and bathing, and
hence the day took its name, laugar-aptan, m. 'bath-eve,' Saturday evening, sl. ii. 274: laugar-
dagr, m. 'bath-day,' Saturday, Grg., K. . K., N. G. L., the Sagas passim: laugardags-morginn,
m., -kveld, n. Saturday morning, evening, passim: laugar-kveld, n. = laugaraptan, sl. ii. 247:
laugar-morginn, m. 'bath-morning,' Saturday morning, sl. ii. 232: laugar-ntt, f. 'bath-night,'
Saturday night, (the night between Saturday and Sunday, as shewn by Sturl. ii. 170); ok er lofat at
eta hvtan mat miviku-ntt ok laugarntt Hvta-dgum, K. . 188, K. . K. This washing and
fasting had a religious character, as is shewn bv laugavatn, Sl. 50; as also by the verse in Ska R.,
-- aldrei fr ek at aumum rjt | mun llra meina batna | fyrr en lofar at leggja af bit | ok laugarntr
at vatna, 202: and that it came from the remote heathen age, when the year was still counted by
pentads and not by heptads, we may infer from the freq. use of laug as the latter part of the compd
in proper names, esp. of women, s-laug, Gu-laug, r-laug, Odd-laug, Sigr-laug, Sn-laug, V-
laug (= the Holy well, the Holy bath); and of men, Her-laugr, Gu-laugr, see Landn. and the Sagas.
V. COMPDS: laugar-hs, n. a bath-house, Bs. ii. 22. laugar-ker, n. a bathing-tub, MS. 451.
laugar-pning, f. 'passion' in a bath, of a bishop who died when in a bath, Bs. i. 78, (see the context
of the passage.) lauga-vatn, n. bathing-water, Sl. 50.
lauga, a. [Swed. lga; cp. Lat. lavare], to bathe; eir tku kyrtil Joseph, lauguu hann ok lituu
kija-bli, Stj. 194; hann laugai xina blinu, Eb. 200; v hann ok lauga, Greg. 61; fr hann
t til Jrdanar ok laugai sik ar sem sir er til plmara, Hkr. iii. 67: a nurse's term, to bathe a
new-born infant, performed in olden times, and perhaps still, with some ceremony. II. reex. to
bathe; laugaisk konungr nni Jordan, Fms. vii. 87, 92; allr lkami Lausnarans laugaist bli
hans, Pass. 3. 9: metaph., laugar leiri ok moldu, Karl. 409; silfri laugat, Fas. iii. 627; laugar
rauu gulli, i. 172.
laug-mr, adj. 'bath-weary,' weary after having bathed, Thom. 484.
lauk-jafn, adj. 'leek-even,' straight, just, metaph. from the plant, Sighvat.
LAUKR, m. [A. S. lec; Engl. leek; O. H. G. louh; Germ. lauch; Swed. lk; Dan. lg] :-- a leek;
hn hafi ar grt steinkatli stappalauk (onion) ok nnur grs, ok gaf at ta enum srum mnnum,
vat kenndi af laukinum t r sri v er hol var, . H. 223. 2. in old writers and in poetry esp.
garlic (geir-laukr, q.v.), Fas. 176, 205, 246; var grund grin grnum lauki, Vsp. 4; lti kvea
lauki gft til auka, a saying, Sighvat, Lex. Pot., passim. 3. metaph. of sleek, taper- formed things;
rttr sem laukr, straight as a leek, Jtv. 4, Pr. 406 (lauk- jafn); bl-laukr, a sword; itr-laukr, q. v.; a
mast is called the leek of a ship, Edda 91, Lex. Pot.; ttar-laukr, the'leek of a family, ' the best man
of a family. 4. theoily skin of sea birds is called laukr, e. g. kofna-laukr, the ski n of a young pufn.
COMPOS: lauka-garr, m. a leek-garden, Ld. 260, N. G. L. i. 253, Mag. 171. lauks-hfu, n. a
leek-bead, clove of garlic, Clar.
laum, n. secret money: in the phrase, laumi, by stealth.
LAUMA, a, with dat. to put by stealth; eg laumai v a honum: reex, to sneak, go stealthily, eg
laumaisk a honum.
LAUN, f. [from ljuga, contr. from laugn; cp. \J\f. ga-laugns -- Kpinrros, and laitgni, f. = npvmv
Dan. -Swed. Ion, cp. Engl. lone, lonely; the word is therefore quite different from laun = reivard\ :--
secrecy, concealment, biding; sgu at eir hfu tekit f til launar ok lygi, hot they had taken
money to conceal and forswear it, 656 0. 57; er mor ... ea ef mar hylr hr til launar, Grg. i.
87; dul ea laun, Edda (Ht.) 127; nn heimtir annarr eirra betr ea eira f en van eigi, ok leggr laun
, Grg. i. 424. 2. esp. in the adverb, phrase, laun, ' alone, ' hidden; hann fr upp angat ok var
laun, Nj. 57; ar var Kri nkkura stund laun, 258; menn skyldi biota laun ef vildi, Bs. i. 25;
m!a laun, t o speak secretly, Am. 3; hann sendi mann laun, Al. 91; Geirrnundr skipar jarir
snar laun... (leynt her hann essu alla menn), Ld. 112; me laun, id.; hann for nie laun, ok br
sik gamals manns liki, Edda I. COMPDS: laun-barn, n. a secret bairn, natural child, Grg. i. 237,
252. laun-blt, n. secret (heathen) worship, Fms. ii. 162. laun-dttir, f. a natural daughter. laun-
dyrr, n. pl. a secret doorway, Gull. 15, Fs. 84, Nj. 198, Orkn. 430, Fms. ii. 2. laun-festar, f. pl. a
secret betrothal, H. E. 1. 475. laun-festing, f. = launfestar, H. E. ii. 139. laun-fundr, m. a secret
meeting, Bret. 80. laun-getinn, part. secretly begotten, illegitimate, natural, Nj. 30, Eg. foS, Grg. i.
170, Bs. i. 285. laun-heitr, adj. treacherously hot. laun-karr, adj. dealing in secrets, mysterious; vera
launkr at tendum, Bs. i. 621; in Bjarn. 24 (in the verse) read launkrr for launkrar, as is shewn
by the sense as well as the rhyme. laun-koss, m. a secret kiss, Grg. i. 337. latui-mar, in. a hidden
(sham) person, a dummy. Boll. 338. laun- mli, n. s e er et talk, Bs. ii. 229. laun-r, n. a s e c ret
device, Edda 21. laun-st (mod. laun-satr, n.), f. a 'hidden seat, ' an ambush, Stj. 364, 365, 402, 619.
laun-stt or laun-stt, f. a s ecret agreement, Bs. i. 871, H. E. i. 561. laun-sigr, n. a victory won by
fraud, t. laun-sonr, m. a secret son, natural son. laun-staTj m. bidden Runes, Eg. (in a verse).
laun-stefna, u, f. a secret meeting, Fms. ix. 34. laun-stigr, m. a secret path, Hkr. iii. 133. laun- stuldr,
m. pilfering, theft, Fms. ix. 272. laun-tal, n. secret speaking, whispering, Fms. vii. 128, Gsl. 54.
laun-vgr, m, a bidden creek, Bjarn. 14, -- leynivagr, q. v. laun-vig, n. a secret manslaughter, a law
term, ranging between full murder and manslaughter, dened in Gsl. 22. launvgs-ml, n. a case o/
launvig, Lv. 109. lauu-bing, n. a secret meeting, Fms. viii. 327, Orkn. 268.
LAUN, n. pl. [Ulf. /aim = jtiff0os, x^'p's; A. S. len; Engl. loan; O. H. G. Ion; Getm. lohn; Dan. -
Swed. l ow] :-- rewards: minni munu vera launin en vert vaeri, Nj. 10; at lei s laun ef gi, Hm.
38; gs laun, 124; iggja nkkur laun, Fms. v. 192; vil ek heldr eiga undir r launin, xi. 192; eir
hfu boit honum laun, en hann neitti, i. 12; laun munu fylgja mor, ek skal gjalda hverjum eptir
sinum verkum, Hom. 144, and passim, but never in sing.; kvis-laun, bragar-laun, etc.; Gus
laun ! ha er Gus laun, inn! (cp. Gu B. II), Ska R. 109. launa- verr, adj. worthy of
reward.
launa, a, to reward, with dat. of the person, acc. of the thing for which the reward is given, but dat.
of the gift itself; eir hafa yr (dat.) at (acc.) engu launat nema illu, Fms. i. 84; ilium huga launair
gar gjar, Hbl. 21; hv mundi hann oss (dat.) at eigi gu launa, Fb. ii. 38; llu num r
launat vera, Nj. 38; ok skal ek at vel launa r, F, dda 23; at arf eigi at iauna sern eigi er grt, a
saying, Grett.; -launar, unrewarded; var-launar, scantily rewarded; eiga e-m var- launat, to be
indebted, be under an obligation to one, Karl. 198: to pa y, fyrir penning hvern er smidar skolu
launa, N. G. L. i. 101; launa e-t at" sr, to work out, pay in work done, F'r.
launung, f. concealment, secrecy; esp. in adverb, phrases, af (, me) launungu, secretly, Nj. 103, v.
1.; mjk laummgu, Fms. i. 66, viii. 368; me launungu, Bs. i. 622: in mod. usage singly, mer er
engin launung v, ' ti s no matter ofsecrecy for me.
LAUPR, m. [A. S. and Old Engl. leap; still used in Lancashire for a weel or shing-basket] :-- a
box or basket, in Icel. of lattice-work, to carry on the back, also called meiss, q. v.; lauprinn er hann
bar sveininn, Fms. x. 217, Vapii. 16, Vm. 98; selja salt laupum, N. G. L. ii. 254: in Norway esp. of
a measure of butter, Gl. 491, 493, 524 (smjr-laupr), D. N. passim; kol-laupr, q. v.; ef munda bik
hafa upp ftt ull-laupi minum (m y wool basket) ef ek vissa at mundir einatt lifa, Orkn. 28. 2.
metaph. the timber frame or scaffold of a building; er eir hfu reistan laup kirkjunnar, Fms. ii.
234; ru rinu var lauprinn reistr, seni voru allir innstiiplar ok syllurnar tvr, Safn i. 66.
lausa-brullaup, n. an improvised wedding, Eg. 24.
lausa-b, f. a s hed, extemporised booth, Bs. ii. 107.
lausa-eyrir, m. [Dan. lsr e], = lausaf, b. 16, Eg. 131.
lausa-f, n., gen. fjr, movable property, as opp. to lands or even to land and cattle, Nj. 29, Eg. 13,
67, 395, Fms. i. 25.
lausa-fjl, f. a l oos e board, bjal.
lausa-gz, n. =lausafe, Vm. 79, Pm. 4, Fms. xi. 441.
lausa-hross, n. a led horse, Jb. 278.
lausa-kjr, n. pl. l oo se conditions, a void bargain; undir ml no lausakjr, no false or feigned
bargain, Grg. i. 225; enda skolu engi lausakjr vera, 268.
lausa-klo, a, m., gramm. a diphthong, Sklda 170.
lausa-kli, n. pl. the l oos e (upper) garments, Eg. 579.
lausa-leikr, m. whoredom; eiga barn lausaleik: lausaleiks-barn n. a c hild begotten out of wedlock.
lausa-mar, m. a law term, a ' loose-man, ' able-bodied labourer who has no xed home, Jb. 350,
(thus opp. to grimar or mar vist); hann var lausamar, ok var vistum (had his temporary
abode) Stokkahlm, Sturl. ii. 67; bndr ok lausir menn, Fs. 23: hence a tramp, vagabond,
strkar ok lausa-menn, Bs. i. 807.
lausa-matr, m. meat of various kinds; krof mm ok enn lausamatr nokkurr, Dipl. v. 18.
lausa-mennska, u, f. the state or life of a lausamar.
lausa-mjm, f. a trick with the hip in wrestling, Br. 183.
lausa-penningr, m. l oo se money, cash, Dipl. i. 2.
lausa-snjr, m. l oos e snow, Eb. 236, Sturl. iii. 26.
lausa-taug, f. a l oo se strap t o c arry a b ow t one, Eg. 279.
lausa-tk, n. pl. a wrestler's term, a l oos e grasp, opp. to close ' back- spanning. '
lausa-vir, m. l oos e logs, planks, Bs. i. 392, Dipl. v. 18.
lausa-vsa, u, f. a ditty, Edda (Ht.), freq. in ntod. usage.
lausa-ili, n. a movable panelling, Gl. 346.
laus-beislar, adj. unbridled, unhampered, lei loose.
laus-eygr, adj. with unsteady eyes, Fb. i. 540.
laus-gejar, adj. = lausger, sl. ii. 418.
laus-ger, adj. ckle-minded, Rm. 266.
laus-grttr, adj. with loose pebbles. Glm. 394.
laus-gyrr, adj. loose-girthed, of a horse, belt, Gl. 540: without a belt, without money, sl. ii. 52.
laus-hrr, adj. w ith l oos e hairs, Edda 21.
laus-hfar, adj. loose-beaded, false, Rm. 161.
lausingi, a, m. = leysingi, q. v.
laus-leiki, a, m. looseness, a loose life, Mar.
laus-liga, adv. loosely, Orkn. 430.
laus-ligr, adj. l oos e, unsteady, Sturl. iii. 200, 215.
laus-lyndi, n. looseness of mind, ckleness, Fas. ii. 134, Sks. 776.
laus-lti, n. = lauslyndi, Vgl. 26: mod. looseness, uncbastity.
laus-mll, adj. l oos e of speech, Glm. 372, Fms. -vi. 108.
laus-mlgi, f. l oos^ speech, Glm. 372.
laus-mli, n. pl. breach of word, Fms. x. 50, Hkr. ii. 122.
lausn, f. release, liberation; hann lagi hvern eirra verk ok lausn, he p!/ t a work and ransom on
each of his bondsmen, i. e. he gave them a chance of emancipating themselves by paying a xed
sum of money, 0. H. 28: eccl. redemption, til hjlpar ok lausnar Uu mannkyni, Mar.; at man okkr
vera til engra lausna, Hom. 155; fyrir vra lausn oldi hann psl., id.; r s lausn kom er heitin var
Abraham, 51, Stj., N. T., Pass., Vidal. passim; endr-lausn, q. v. :-- right of redemption, B. K. 40 :--
absolution from sin or ban, Bs. i. 287, Fms. ix. 524; hann tk lausn af sjlfum puvanum, Nj. 281, K.
. 38, 76, Bs. i. 710, passim; af-lausn, q. v.: release from a ditty, Fms. x. 21. II. decision, judgment;
en er konungs son var bnirm at segja fram lausnir mala, Sks. 643; par var lausn ok band allra vanda-
mula, Fb. ii. 71! e'ga lausn mli, to decide in a case, Bs. i. 708 :-- plur. lausnir, in ing-lausnir, q.
v. COMPDS: lausnar-gjald, n. a ransom. lausnar-mark, n. a badge of redemption, Hom. 104.
lausnar-steinn, m. a stone with hidden power to loose the pains of labour, Maurer's Volkssagen.
lausnar-tindi, n. l oose ne ws, Sturl. ii. 96, iii. 256.
lausnari, a, m. a releaser, 656 B: eccl. the Redeemer, Stj. 27, Horn, 36, Barl. 30, Pass., Vidal.
passim.
laus-orr, adj. = lausyrr, Sks. 773, Karl. 439.
LAUSS, adj., compar. lausari, superl. lausastr; [Ulf. laus = Kfvs; A. S. le as; Engl. l oose, r elea s
e; Germ, l os; Dan. ls] :-- loose, opp. to fast; fast ok laust; steinn, annarr fastr enn annarr lauss, Pm.
106; (for) utan- bors seglit ok allt at er laust var blkanum nema menn, Bs. i. 422; vera lauss,
to get loose; eldr var lauss, re broke loose (cp. Dan. ildls), Fms. x. 29; lta laust, to let loose, let
slip, yield up, vi. 203, Nj. 58, Stj. 184; Hggia laust fyrir, t o s it l oos e, be easy to seize upon; tti
eigi sv laust fyrir liggja sem eir tluu, Fms. viii. 357. II. metaph. free, unimpeded, Germ, ledig;
ar var engi niar lauss at sla hest konungs, . H. 15; bndr ok lausir menn, Fs. 23; essa megin
skalti lta hest inn, ok gakk Jni lauss yr bruna, leave thy horse behind, and walk loote (i. e.
unencumbered) across the bridge, Konr.; skal at li mti v er laust er ok eigi er fylkingu, Eg.
293: ra laust, to ride (travel) unencumbered, without luggage, Hrafn. 27; lauss hestr, a led horse,
Fms. v. 285. 2. disengaged, with gen.; en ek skal lauss allra mala ef hann kemr eigi sv t, sl. ii.
217; vit erum lausir allra svardaga, Fb. 1. 232; lauss einka-mla, . H. 194. 3. void, not binding; n
er laus vejan okkar, Fms. vi. 370; laus eru oil nmli ef eigi vera upp sg et rja hvert sumar,
Grg. (Kb.) i. 37; en ef Sigvaldi kemr eigi essu fram, sem nti var skilt me eim, skulu ml
erra oil vera laus, Fms. xi. 100; kuggrinn star kjlnum fast en kaup er laust, Stef. 01. 4. vacant;
viljum vr gefa yr lafs kirkju, vat hn er mi laus, Bs. i. Soo; lauss biskupsdmr, a vacant
bishopric, Mar.; laust brau, a vacant living for a priest. 5. with the notion of empty; sigla lausum
kili, t o s ail' w ith a l oo se keel, ' i. e. without a cargo, 0. H. 115; sig'. a lausu skipi, id., Bs. i. 518.
6. li g" ht, of sleep; hann var kominn hvilu sina ok sofnar laust, Mar.; seig hann svefn, ok
sv lauss, at hann ttisk vaka, . H. 195, Vkv. 29. 7. dissolved, of a meeting (ing-lausnir); ing
skal laust segja mijum degi, Grg. i. 116; dag ann er sknar-ing er laust, 117. 8. l oos e, i. e.
personal, property; lond ok lausa aura (see lausafe, lauseyrir), Eg. 34, Js. 62; lausir penningar, l oos
e money, cash, D. N. v. 488. &. not lined, of a garment; rr dkar me rautt skinn ok enn fjri
lauss, Vm. 47; hkull lauss, stola laus, 15. 10. absolved from ban; hann sung yr eim miserere, ok
segir eim , at vru eir eigi lausari en r, Sturl. ii. ii. 11. l oos e, dissolute; lauss snum
framferum, Mar.: heed- le ss, lauss ok me litlum athuga, id. III. as the last part in compds mostly
sufxed to a root word, often in gen., in a negative sense, in Icel, almost in endless instances, of
which many remain in English, saklauss, sackless; aunu-lauss, luckless; athuga-lauss,
thoughtless; meinlauss, guileless; vit-lauss, witless, insane, etc., from which is formed the neut.
subst. termination -leysi.
laus-tkr, adj. easily taken, Band. 28 new Ed.
lausung, f. [A. S. leasung; Old Engl. leasing; North. E. lee sw m] :-- lying, falsehood; gjalda
lausung vi lygi, Hm.; lausnng fyrir staiesti, Al. 23, Fbr. 74 j me lausung, at large; eima degi
sem gengr t ... me lausung, Stj. 557. Kings ii. 42; eir stela nauti, en gefa laus- ungina Gus
nafni, they steal the ox, but give the offal to the name of God, Prov. xx. 25 in a note to the Bible of
1644; cp. ' to steal a pound and give a penny. ' II. loose living, life of a libertine, Mar., Hom., Fms.
xi. 423, passim in old and mod. usage. COMPDS: lausungar- kona, u, f. a loose woman, harlot,
Mar. lausungar-mar, m. a losel, libertine, Mar. lausungar-or, n. deceit, Jb. 385.
laus-yri, n. breach of one's word, Fms. vii. 151, Sks. 776, Fbr. 64.
laus-yrr, adj. unreal in one's words, Sks. 773.
LAUT, f. [hita; early Swed. lot -- pasture, Schlyter], a hollow place, Grett. (in a verse). Lex. Pot.:
the word is freq. in mod. usage, but seems not to be recorded in old prose.
LAX, m. [Scot, lax; O. H. G. lahs; Germ, lachs; Dan. lak s; Swed. lax] :-- a salmon, Edda 40, 72,
Nj. 69, Fs. 35, 164, Fb. i. 539, passim: the male lax is called hingr (contr. hngr), cp. go-lax, q.
v. In Lent it was forbidden even to mention meat by name, and hence at that season people called it
jestingly klauf-Iax, ' cloven-hoofed salmon, ' see the story told in Maurer's Volks. 207, 208. II. freq.
in Icel. local names, Lax-, L -- Laxwater, Salmon water, a name of many rivers; whence Laxr-dalr,
m. Laxwaler dale, and Lax-dlir, m. pl. the men from L.: Laxdla-Saga, u, f. the Saga ofL., Eb.
334, Grett. 15 new Ed., Fms. ii. 257. COMPDS: laxa-ski, n. salmon-dishing, Boldt. laxa- kast,
laxa-verpi, n. a salmon casting-net, Boldt.
lax-, f. a salmon river, Gl. 419; see lax.
lax-brir, m. a kind of salmon.
lax-ganga, u, f. shoals of salmon entering rivers, Bs. i. 595. lax-varpa, u, f. a salmon cast, Boldt.
lax-veir, f. salmon-shing, Eg. 136, Ld. 14, Bs. ii. 140, 141.
lax-verp, n. a salmon-cast, B. K. 29.
LAZ and latz, n. [for. word, from Fr. lace, Germ, lat z, Lat. laqueus] '. -- a lace; kyrtia ok latz at
su, kiriles laced on the sides. Eg. 602: drag-kyrtla latz, Fms. vi. 440.
laza, a, to l ac e; laza kli sin, Sir. 81.
lazan, f. lacing; lazan kla sinna, Sir. 82.
L, f., pl. lar, the line of shoal water along the shore, edged by the surf; ekti hann at tr aut
lnni, Mar.; hann hleypr nt lrnar ok bregr skinn rum enda snaerinu, Finnb. 220; liki
Pompeius kstuu eir sj t, ok rciddi at lnni, Rm. 232: still in mod. usage :-- poet, the s ea
generally, Lex. Pot.; odd-l = blood, Hful.; jrn-l. II. = Ix, craft, a v. Afy. in Vsp. III. hai r, Lat.
lanugo, cp. l; hr heitir l, Edda 109.
L, pres. li, pret. li, part, l; [Ulf. laian -- \otoopw, John ix. 28, and used strong; A. S. lean;
Hel. and O. H. G. lahan] :-- to blame; la e-m e-t, eg li r a ekki, I do not blome the e for it; or,
a er ekki luandi (gerund.), it is excusable. It is curious that no instance is on record from old
writers, although the word must be old.
L, n. [prob. akin to ln, Germ, lebn ( = n), prop, denoting a ef] :-- land, but mostly only in
poetry: in the allit. phrase, land ols l, land and lea, Hkm. 21; fyrirgra landi ok li, Fms. xi. 363;
l og log, land and sea; ls og lagar dr, an amphibious animal; hann kom fram eitt fgrt l,
Kar). 71: freq. in poetry, see Lex. Pot.: as also in poet, compds, esp. as l-gefandi, pa. rt. ef-
giving: l- gfgar, part, gifted with lands: l-Valdr, m. a ef-wielder = a king; l-varar and
l-vrr, m. a land-warder, all epithets of a king, Lex. Pot.
l-deya, u, f. a smooth, dead sea.
l-mar, m. [an A. S. word, as the root vowel a = ei shews] :-- a loadsman, pilot, guide; Keisarinn
sendi konungi herli mikit ok lmenn af sinu riki, Fms. xi. 313, v. 1. (cp. the verse), Fas. ii. 304 (in
a verse).
l, a, m. a thrashing oor, barn oor, Stj. 397, 620, Gpl. 346; lfa li, a barn oor, N. G. L. i. 38;
lfa garr, a barn, Stj. 392, 397.
L, a, m. a pet name = Olafr, Grarnm. p. xxxv.
LG, f., log in Edda 68, 85; [Swed. lga; Ivar Aasen log; Engl. log] :-- a felled tree, log; lrf?g
heitir ok tr at er fellr skgi, Edda 85; loog, at er tr, 68; vru ar fen str ok hggnar lgir,
Eg. 577; stu eir allir samt einni lag, Fms. i. 179, xi. 64, 332; ;i spuri Hvarr, hverr fell af
lginni ? Hkr. i. 241; ok v nst koma eir at lag nokkurri er liggr urn vera gtuna, Fb. iii. 376:
the word is now obsolete in Icel. or is only used in the sense of II. pl. lugar, a deep, hollow place;
lag and laut are synonymous: the phrase, lta e- liggja lginni, to let a thing lie in the hole, i. e.
hide, conceal it.
l-garr, m. a 'fence of la., ' the surf; s au at sylgja l steini lgrunum, Bs. i. 317; kom
ar urn sir at hann reyttisk sundi, var hann kominn lgara, dru hann nir, v s hann
hvar kerling ein str t at honum, Fas. 11. 435.
lga-sngr, m. the ' low-chant' in the Roman Catholic mass when the host was elevated, Bs., Hom.,
H. E. passim; lgasngva bk, kver, skr, the b oo k (scroll) containing the low-chants, Vm., Am.,
Pm.
lg-leikr, m. lowliness, 'humility. Mar.
lg-lendi, n. low land, at land, Stj. 591.
lg-lendr, adj. low-lying, at, of a county.
lg-liga, adv. lowly, Stj. 601; secretly, Fms. x. 425, 437.
lg-ligr, adj. low, Fas. i. 43.
lg-mltr, part, loiv spoken, with a low voice, Fms. i. 159, Ver. 30.
lgna, a, to become high, of meat: part, lgnar, of meat, sh.
lg-ntti, n. ' low-night, ' the depth of night, midnight, opp. to high day (hdegi).
LGR, adj., compar. lgri, superl. lgstr; [Dan. lav; Swed. l og; not found in A. S., so that
probably the Engl. low is borrowed from the Scandin. word] :-- low; lt hl inn sga nokkut sv
lgra en tr, Sks. 372; at nti s lgra hornnu en r, Edda 32; cn lgstr Magnss kross, Hkr. iii.
221; er slin er lag um kveldit, when the sun is low on the horizon, ir. 338: s h or t, at er mitt
r, at trir aldri lgum manni ok rauskeggjuum, F'ms. xi. 428; xi mikla ok lgt skapti,
Sturl. i. 64; jjrr enn lgi, . H. 139 :-- low, low-lying, of land, egar regn koma er vrt at biia
ar sem lgt liggr, Fms. vi. 136 :-- low, of the voice; hann svarar ok heldr lgt, i. 159; konnngr tk
kveju hans lgt, Sturl. iii. 305; bija fyrir sr lgt, Hom. (St.) II. phrases, bera lgt hfu, t o c a
rry o ne's head low, hang the head, be discomted, Nj. 94; stefna at Birkibeinum ok standa nu en
gum mun laegra en eir, are noworse off than they, Fms. ix. 44; en hina lgri daga (the lower holy
days) rim aurum, K. . 170; munda ek at vilja r essu ingi er lokit, at r frit lgra, I would
like to see ye lowered, humbled, Nj. 220; bera lgra hlut, t o ^ et the worst of it. Fms. v. 59, vi. 412.
lg-raddar, part. = lgraustar.
lg-raustar, part, low-voiced, Br. 176.
lg-skeptr, adj. with a s h or t handle, of an axe, Fms. ii. 71, 100.
lg-talar, adj. speaking in a low voice, Fb. i. 336.
lg-vaxinn, part, low-grown, short of stature, Fas. iii. 307.
Lki, a, m., contr. for orlkr, Gramm. p. xxxv.
L-land, n. Laaland, a Danish island, Fms. xi.
lmr, m. [Gael, lamb] , a paw, of the hand, Edda no.
LN, n., but an older feminine is indicated by the compd lanar- drttinn; [A. S. l n; Engl. loan;
Dan. laan] :-- aloan; in the saying, ekki er ln lengr en hi cr; iggja ln, to receive as a loan, Grg.
i, 437; at lani, as a loan, Fms. ix. 404; hafa at lni, to get on credit, Nj. 259; selja at lani, to lend,
Grg. i. 400. 2. with the notion of land, a ef; en ef vilt rliga halda rkinu, mun r hinn
til at fara fund hans ok grask hans inar, munu V('T bija me r, at hann fi r at lni etta
rki, . H. 45; 11 v lni, Sighvat, cp. l; Gus bin, a loan from God, Hom. 149. 3. metaph. luck,
good luck; -ln, ill-luck, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: lns-f, n. lent money, Fms. iv. 328, 0. H.
149, N. G. L. i. 22. lns-hestr, m., lns-hross, n. a borrowed horse, Grg. i. 433. lns-kli, n. pl.
borrowed clothes, Al. 85. lns-mar, m. a lucky man; -lnsmar, an ill-fated man.
lna, a, to lend; etta er lnsf er ymsir menn hafa lnat mr, Fms. iv. 328; en eim lnai ht'n
kli er eigi ttu sjlrir, Hkr. ii. 31; ok vil'dir fst v sem r er ekki lnat, at yrkja lof um mik,
Fb. i. 245-
lnar-drttinn, m., prop, a liege-lord, whence generally a lord, master, esp. of the king or lord of a
district; heit er lnardrttins st, a saying, Fs. li; r ek r annat heilri, at svk aldri
lnardrttinn inn, Nj. 129; her skammliga svikit inn lnardrttinn, at hann vri eigi gr,
Grett. 184 new Ed.; hann bei sv ens sta meistara ok lnardrttins, MS. 625. 63; hann tti vel
hafa fylgt snum lnar- drttni, Fms. vii. 223: a master, betra ykki mr at ltask nu hsi en
skipta urn lnardrttna, Nj. 57.
ln-f, n. = lnsf, N. G, L. i. 22.
lrr, m. a box to keep wool in, freq. in mod. usage.
lr-vir, m. [for. word], a laurel.
ls-bogi, a, m. a 'latch-bow, ' cross-bow, Fms. viii. 285, Sks. 390, Karl. 349, Art. 63.
ls-lauss, adj. unlocked, latcbless, Fms. xi. 226.
LSS, m. [Dan. -Swed. ls, - Engl. latch, borrowed from theScandin. (?)], a latch, lock; lukla at
lka lsum upp, Grg. ii. 195; sy'ngr lsi, ... var skemman lsi (locked), Fms. iii. 67; vera lass
ok lykill fyrir e-u, viii. 235; lsum ea lokum, N. G. L. i. 84; hann kti um alla lsa, Fb. i. 276;
borg vr her langan tma verit sv sem lss fyrir yru rki, Fms. i. 156; bar vru uti-dyrr, ok
sterkr lass fyrir, Grett. 44 new Ed.; reka las fyrir kistu, 198 new Ed.; stkkr lss af limum, Gg.
10; hve hn er las um lokin, Gm. 22.
ls-r, f. a cross-bow shaft, Sturl. i. 180.
LT, n., like the Engl. subst. let, scarcely used except in compds; t-lt, an outlet; i-lat, an inlet, a
bag; bl-lt, blood-letting. "LI. a loss; eir sgu konungi lt sitt, ok klluusk eltir hafa verit,
Fms. xi. 370: -- death, de c ease, ek segi per lt Eyvindar brur ns, Nj. 4; lt hins helga Knts
konungs, Bs. i. 71; litlu sar var mr sg brenna hans ok lt, Fms. ii. 18; hann fr lt sonar sins,
Gull., passim; manna-lat, los s of life; and-lt, lf-lt, q. v.; af-lat, killing. III. in pl. manners; allit.,
litr ok lt; skipta litum ok ltum, to change shape and manners, Skv. I. 38: esp. of bod manners,
howling, uproar, hn var sv mjk bltin at menn mttu eigi standask lt hennar, Fas. i. 254; skrpa-
lt, scurrility, Fms. viii. (in a verse), see lti; en aldrei veil ek hvat ltum var, vii. 202; snum
ltum sumum, Sklda 170; gera spott at ltum yrum, Nj. 124; hann ba menn ekki syrgja n lta
rum herlegum latum, IQ7' lta-lti, n. pl. dissimulation.
LTA, pres. Ixt, Iset'k, Edda (in a verse), pl. ltum; pret. let, 2nd pers. lzt (rhyming with hristir in
Edda in a verse); subj. lti; imperat. lt, ltt; part, ltinn: middle forms, pres. ltumk, Am. 89; pret.
letumk, Hm. 106, Eb. (in a verse), Eg. 103 (in a verse): with neg. suff., pres. lkk-a ek, 7 lei not,
. H. 171 (in a verse); pret. lt-a, Skv. 3. 42; imperat. lt-attu or lt-au, Sdm. 28, Likn. 6: [Ulf.
ltan -- aipitvai; A. S. lcetan; Old Engl. laten; Engl. let; O. H. G. lazan; Germ. lassen; Swed. / a/ a;
Dan. lode.] A. To let, put, place; bau hann at lta myrkva-stofu, MS. 623. 30; var Haralcir bar
inn latinn (shut in), Hkr. iii. 69; lta naut inn, to let ' neat' in a stall, let (hern in, Gsl. 20; hita t, to
let out, Fms. vi. 215. II. to let, suffer, grant; vil ek ess bija yr, herra, at r lti oss mrk yra,
Ld. 112; konungr let margar tptir til gara ar 4 rbakkanum, Fms. ii. 27; lta laust, to let go, let
loose, Nj. 70, Fms. i. 168; hann vildi eigi lta enna hest, viii. 123; lta hlut sinn, to letô o ne's
share, be worsted, i. 74. 2. to leave, forsake; bir hann at eir lti bltin, P'ms. x. 274; lta fyrir
ra, to throw to the winds, see ri, and lta fur lid; hann lt ok fur li allan farangr sinn, sl. ii.
362; lta einan, to forfake a person; lttu mig, Drottinn, einan ekki, Pass.; hann tlai at lta eina
(to divorce) drottningina, Fms. vii. 171. 3. to l os e; ok ltir hrossin eigi at sr, Ld. 146; en ef
eir vera fortta, muiiu eir lta li sitt, Eg. 284; fnu v sem hann hafi lti, Magn. 528;
lta skal hanu ok fit allt, Fms. vii. 24; at ek hafa fyrir v lti manndm ea sannindi, ix. 333; lta
leikinn, to lose the game, Edda 31; lta lt, to l os e one's life, Eg. 14, Nj. 15, Fms. xi. 3. 4. with
dat. to suffer loss in or of A thing; ltr lfr ar lnu, suffered loss of his life, perished, Finiib. 256;
hot ek v at lta heldr li niinu (lif mitt, v. 1.), en gauga enna eistaf, Fms. viii. 155; gengu
jkla upp ok ietu li er dagei var til bygoa, Bs. i. 408; fyrr skal ek minu fjorvi lta, Skv. 3. 15;
skalt lta miiiu landi, 10: and in mod. usage, lta kl, to d ro p the calf; and lta fstri, to miscarry.
5. to let do or let be done; hann let sveininum ekki i mein, he let nothing be done to the boy,
indulged him in everything, Nj. 147; Dofri uuni honum sv mikit at hann mtti ekki mti honum
lta, Fb. i. 566, cp. lta eptir, undau e-m, etc. 6. vru ltnir fjtrar af Hallfrei, Fms. ii. 12; lta
eir egar af sr tjldin, Eg. 261; vil ek at ltir lokur fr hurum, Gsl. 28; lta barn af brjsti, to
wean a child, N. G. L. i. 340; lta hest stall, Karl. 5: lta Ijs, to make known, Sks. 195: lta bl,
to let bl oo d (bl-lt). III. with prepp.; lta af e-u, to leave off, desist from; sumir Ietu af bltuni,
Fms. i. 32; ti vill seint lta af mann-drapum, 274; orgeirr mun eigi fyrr af kita enn hann rr r
bana, Nj. 109; enum nstum hlfum mnai er fallstt ltr af (ceases), Grg. i. 458; lta af hendi,
to let ou t of one's hands, deliver up, Eg. 66, Nj. 186, Fms. vii. 173! lta f af, to kill, slaughter
(cattle), Grg. i. 429, K. . K. 80, 92, Rb. 344 :-- lta aptr, to shut; kmu Austmenn virkit, v at
Austmenn hfu eigi aptr lti, Landn. 162; lttu aptr dyrnar, shut the door :-- lta at, to yield,
comply; mun ek lta at yr, / will comply with you, MS. 623. 24; alla er at mnum orum lta, Eg.
18; hann (the ship) for jafnan hallr ok let eigi at stjrn, she heeled over and obeyed not the helm,
Fms. iii. 13 :-- lta eptir e-m, to indulge; Jjorr let at eptir honum, Eg. 188; r (the scales)
sy'ndusk honum sv vgar, at ef eitt lti hr vri lagt i, at mundu r eptir lta, Sks. 643:
absol., lta eptir, with acc. to leave behind, MS. 623. 36, Eg. 87, 220 :-- lta fram, lti mik fram at
Kolskeggi, Nj. 97 :-- lta fyrir, to let go, give way, yield; ok sagt, at fyrir let annarr fylkingar-
armrinn, Fms. vi. 317; eir munu vera fyrir at lta ef vr leggjum skruliga at, vii. 257; hann Isetr
ekki fyrir jrni n eldi, Kb. 544. 39, Gl. 285 :-- -lata i, to let go into; lta ker, to pour into a
vessel, ll it (-lt), Konr. :-- lata til, to yield; Einarr vildi me engu mti lata til vi Harald konung,
Fms. iii. 62; ar kemr enn nu at konungr Ixtr til, ok mlti sv, xi. 429; var Gunnarr vi hana
lengi far, ar til er hn let til vi hann, Nj. 59 :-- lata undan, to yield to, give way; ek skal hvergi
undan r lta, 27 :-- lata upp, to open (opp. to lata aptr), Eg. 409, 602, Fms. ix. 26, 476; ltr
Kjartan enna upp, K. let him get up, Ld. 168: lata uppi, to l a y out; ok Isetr hann rtt skirn uppi, at
hann lti at lgheimili sinu, K. |j. K. 6; ok ert saklauss, ef ltr uppi (grants) vistina, Glm. 327;
ef fit er eigi uppi lti, Grg. i. 384; en ef hinn ltr honum eigi uppi mat ann, 47; ltum n at
uppi (let us make a clean breast) er vr hofuni jafnan mlt, Fms. ix. 333 :-- lta t, to let out, of a
thing shut in; at hann mundi brjta upp hurina, ef hann vseri eigi t ltinn, vi. 215: naut. to let go,
put to sea, san lctu eir t ok sigldu til Noregs, Nj. 128. IV. with inn. to let, cause, make; lti
mik vita, let me know, Nj. 231; er ek let drepa ri, Fms. v. 191; fair Bjarnar, er Snorri Goi let
drepa, Landn. 93; Gunnarr mun af v lta vaxa okka vi ik, Nj. 107; let hn ar fjndskap
mti koma, Ld. 50; hann s engan annan kost, en lta allt sv vera sern Bjrglfr vildi. Eg. 24; ef
bndinn ltr hann brott fara, Grg. i. 157; ltu eir stefna ing fjlmennt, Fms. i. 20; konungr
lot gra menu sina, ... en veita unib, Eg. 34; ok let leia hann land upp ok festa ar upp, Nj. 9;
skal hann stefna honum, ok lata honum vara tleg, Grg. i. 47, 385; let jjorbjrn vera kyrt
ok for lei sna, Hv. 46; ltt bnnar essar egar er e"k lt eptir koma, let them be ready when 7
call for them, id.; lt r at hug koma !'... ltt er v ykkja minstan skaa um fjrtjn, ok
skalt li'tta r hug koma, at..., Sks. 446, and in numberless instances. 2. with a reex, inn. to let a
thing be done or become, or referring to a person himself, to l f t oneself do, etc.; ltt nemask at,
learn thai! mark that! Skv. I. 23; er hn let sveltask, Og. 17, Skv. 3. 27; skulu r ekki eptir
ganga, ok lta sjlfa sjsk, Nj. 147; Egill mun ekki letjask lata nenia sr eptir, Eg. 257; at
frndr yrir ok vinir lti mjok hallask eptir num fortlum, Fms. ii. 32; ef s mar ltr dm
nefnask er n var fr skilir, Grg. i. 16; ok ha hinn fellda haua, ok lti fallask, and let himself
fall upon her, ii. 60; ok lti kaupask verk at, if be lets work be bought of him, i. e. works for wages,
i. 468; hann let fallask vers undan laginu, Nj. 246; ef hon vill vigjask lata til nunnu, Grg. i. 30/;
lata ser iatt um e-t nnast, t o disapprove, Fas. i. 51; r hann lti af berask, Fms. ii. 12. 3. with part,
pass., in circumlocutory phrases; hann let vera farit, he went, Fagrsk. 120; ltu eir va vera
farit, they rowed much about, 185; liit skal lta vera leita bsejarins, Fms. viii. 374; let konungr
vera sagt, v. 201; hann let hana vera tekna, he seized her, ' let herbe taken, ' Fas. ii. 153: ellipt.,
omitting the inn., lta um mlt, to let be said, to declare, Vgl. 76 new Ed.: rare in prose, but freq.
in old poetry, ek let haran Hunding vegiun, / sent H. to death, Hkv. I. lo; lata soinn, Gm. 18; gulli
keypta lczt Gyrnis dttur, Ls. 42; lta tr bona, Od. 9; let of sttan, Haustl. V. naut. to stand; lata
lit, lata haf, to let go, put out to sea, Eg. 370; san ltu eir lit ok sigldu til Noregs, Nj. 128; var
honum sagt at eir hiifu t lti, 134; hann bar skip ok let haf, 282, Ld. 50; lta til lands, to
stand towards land, to put in, Fms. i. 294; lata at landi, id., 228; vil ek ra yr, at r lti brott
han, Eb. 330. B. Metaph. usages: 1. to behave, comport oneself, by gestures, manners, or by the
voice, answering to lit (III); forvitni er inr hversu eir lta, Glm. 3-27; lata sem vitstoli, Stj. 475;
hann bao menn eigi syrgja n lta rum herligum ltum, Nj. 197; hann sofnai fast, ok let ilia
svefni, to be unruly in sleep, 94, 211; fnik vr eigi vi skrafkarl enna er sv ltr leiinliga, Hv.
52; bjrn ferr at henni, ok ltr allbltt vi hana, /o ndle s he r, Fas. i. 51; bi er, at i crt grligr
mar, enda ltr allstrliga, makesl thyself big, Ld. 168; jarl lt sr ftt til bans, the earl treated
him coldly, Fms. i. 58; let hann ser futt um nnask, vii. 29; lata hljtt yr e-u, to keep silence about
a thing, Nj. 232, Al. 15; lata kyrt um e-t, id.; lata mikit um sik, to pride oneself, puff oneself up,
Grett. 108; Bjrglfr kallai annat sinn ok rija -- ". ;i svarar mar, lt eigi sv ! lt eigi sv,
mar! segir hann, Fms. ij;. 50. 2. lta vel, lla yn'r e-u, to express approval, disapproval of a thing;
mun ek segja eim tendin ok lta lla yr verkinu, Nj. 170; Brynjlfr let ilia yr essi ra-gr,
Eg. 24; Kveldlfr let vel yr v, 115, Nj. 46; hann ltr vel yr v, he expressed himselffavotirably
about it, Ld. 50; ok ltu menn hans vel yr essu, 168; let hann vel yr eirra eyrendi, Fms. i. 16. 3.
to make a s if; hann gengr lei sna, ok ltr sern hann sji ekki sveinana, Hv. 52; mun ek n taka
hnd r ok lta sem ek festa mr Helgu dttur na, sl. ii. 206; justlfr gkk me xi reidda ok
let at engi sem vissi, Nj. 25; ltt sem hinn tti dagr Jla s Drottins-degi, Rb. 128; ok mun ek
lta sem ek taka af eim, Nj. 170; en flk etta let sem ekki vri jafnskylt sem Jla-drykkjan essi,
Fms. vii. 274: the phrase, honum er ekki svo leitt sem hann ltr. 4. to estimate, value; manngjld
skyldi jfn ltin ok spora-hggit, Nj. 88; hann vildi eigi heyra at nokkurr konungr vri honum jafn
ltinn Norrladum, Fms. v. 191; v at eir oldu at eigi, at Finnbogi var framar ltinn, Finnb.
290; ftt er betr lti en efni eru til, a saying, Band. 6 new Ed.; er mi er heilagr ltinn, Clem. 4. 9. 5.
to express, say; i fylki at ea hra, er s let sik r vera, Gl. 155; ltr at (he intimates) at s gjf
var gr me ri konungs, Eg. 35; ornnr bndi let heimilt skyldu at, 564; lctu eir (they
declared) n sem fyrr, at hn festi sik sjlf, Nj. 49: to run so and so, of writs, books, skr er sv let,
Dipl. ii. 19; mldaga sv ltanda, Vm. 4. 7. 6. to emit a sound, scream, howl; halt kvei r, en
let hrra atgeirinn er Gunnarr gckk ut, Nj. 83; sem kykvendi lti, Fms. vi. 202; ttask ekki hversu
sem sjr let, vii. 67; at vertta li ilia urn hausti, Ld. 50; hann heyrir ok at er gras vex jru ok
allt at er hrra laetr, Edda 17; ok einn tima er prestr ltr at honum, ltr vrrunum -- tv
hundru gili, tvan hundru gili. Band. 14; ok let htt holsrum, sem nttra er til sranna, Fbr.
ill new Ed. C. Reex.: I. t o 6 e lost, to die, perish; betra ykki mr at ltask nu hsi, en skipta
urn lnar-drottna, Nj. 57; ltusk (fell) fjrtn menn, 98; kmusk mm skginn en rr ltusk, Eg.
585; ok ltzk hn eirra sast, Ld. 58; hversu mart her hr tyrir-inanna ltisk -- Her her ltisk
Njll ok Bergra ok synir eirra allir, Nj. 203. 2. t declare of oneself, feign, etc.; lzk ar vilja
sna kosti til leggja, Fms. i. 22; en allir ltusk honum fylgja vilja, ix. 316; ck b angat eim
mnnum, er f ltask at honum hafa tt, Grg. i. 409. II. part, ltinn, dead, deceased, Eg. 300, Nj.
112, Ld. 8, Fms. vii. 274- 2. vel ltinn, highly esteemed, in good repute, sl. ii. 122, Sks. 441; vi
ltinn, o n the alert, ready, 'Fms. viii. 371, ix. 459; a er sv vi lti, it so happens, Fb. i. 204; vel
fyrir latinn, well prepared, Grett. no
ltar, part, mannered; vel ltar, Stj. 588, Fms. viii. 447, Karl. 446.
lt-brag, n. bearing, manners, deportment, Ld. 272, Bs. ii. 78.
lt-gr, adj. courteous, well-mannered, Fms. x. 152.
lt-gi, n. manners, Sks. 282 B, Bs. i. 76.
ltinn, part, deceased; see lta C. II. I.
Ltna, u, f. Latin, K. . K. 74, Sks. 23; Ltnn-bk, -brf, -fkr, -sngr, a Latin book, deed, scroll,
canticle, Fms. x. 147, Bs. i. 869, Pm. 86, Am. 73; Latinu dikt, Latin composition, Fms. iii. 163;
Ltnu stafr, stafrof, L atin letters, alphabet, Skulda 170, 177; L;tnu-list, Bs. i. 235; Latinu lrr, a
L atin scholar, Grg. (Kb.) i. 22; Ltnu-ml, -tunga, the Latin tongue, Sklda 181, Ver. 37, Hom.
139, K. . K. 74, 76; Lau'nn klerkr, a Latin clerk, scholar, Sklda 179; Ltuu mar, a Latin,
Roman; Latinu skldskapr, Latin poetry, 1 78; Latinu snillingr, a master in Latin, 181.
lt-prr, adj. of gentle bearing, Edda 21.
LTR, m., in old poetry and better lttr, [from lag, as slttr from slag, Engl. litter] :-- the place
where animals, esp. seals, whales, lay their young, Gpl. 465: in poetry, Ffnis lttr, the serpent's
litter = gold: freq. in mod. usage, as also in local names, Ltr (pl. Hval-lr), Ltra-bjarg, -neir, see
the map of Iceland.
-ltr, adj. mannered: a sufx in compds denoting manners or qualies, see Gramm. p. xxxiv.
ltrask, a, dep. to litter, of seals, beasts, Fas. ii. 284, where used metaph.
ltun, m., Karl. 267; [Fr. laiton; Engl. latoun or latten"] :-- brass; af enum bezta ltuni, Vm. 41,
177, Am. 18; but neut. in mod. usage.
lt-i, n. bearing, deportment, manners, Sks. 282, 370.
lvarr, m. [like lafi, borrowed from the Early Engl. lauerd, as it was spelt and sounded in Engl.
of the 2th century; A. S. hlford] :-- a lord, master, Fms. vii. 250, x. 226, Hom. 89, Mar. passim:
the word is used in the N. T. along with drottinn and herra.
L, m., with the article linn, Fms. vii. 264; acc. sing. Ha, Korm. 38; Ijainn, Fb. i. 522; plur. learnir,
Edda 48; dat. liantim (Ijanum), id.; acc. pl. lia (= lja), id.: the mod. form is nom. Ijar, gen. ljus, dat.
and acc. j; the nom. Ijar occurs in Fb. i. 522: [North. E. ley, lea; Dan. lee; Swed. lia] :-- a scythe;
hinn deigi 16, Mkv.; hvass l, Flv. 25; stltr l, Grg. i. 501; dengja Ija, ii. 211; orb ok nyjan Ija,
Fb. i. 522; Ijii langorti, Korm. 38; stafn-lja (dat.), an entering hook, Fms. vii. 264. COMPDS: 16-
dengd, f. (or le-denging, f., Jb. 218), the hammering, "sharpening a scythe, Grg. ii. 338; see
dengja. l-garr, m. a swathe, Finnb. 340.
l-barn, n. an infant, Hkr. i. 35, Fas. ii. 115.
leja, u, f. m 7^ d, oos e, slab.
LER, n. [A. S. le'5 er; Engl. leather; North. E. ledder; Germ. leder; Dan. l der] :-- leather, freq.
in mod. usage, but no instance in old writers is recorded. COMPDS: ler-blaka, u, f. [Swed. Idder-
lapp] , a ' leather apper^ a bat, Al. 168, Edda (Gl.) ler-aska, u, f. a lea/ herbottle, Grett. 88.
ler-hls, m. a nickname, Landn. ler-hosa, u, f. leather hose, gaiters, Fms. vi. ler-hs, n. a leather
box, D. N. ler-panzari, a, m. a leather jack, Karl.
lera, a, to line with leather, N. G. L. iii, Nos. 2, 10.
leg, n. [liggja], a burial-place, K. fj. K. 28, Nj. 281, Fms. vii. 251 :-- the ' lie, ' position of a county,
lands-leg: of grass, liggja leg, to be laid, of overgrown grass: liggja leg, to lie waste, of land,
Grg. ii. 279; leggja leg, to desert a farm, 278.
lega, u, f. a lying in bed, Al. 72: of sickness, the lying bedridden: the being so ill as to keep one's
bed, liggja langa legu. COMPDS: legu- nautr, n. a bed-mate, mess-mate, Sturl. iii. 145, Hkr. iii. 394.
legu- neyti, \\. companionship, Sks. 293 B.
legti, a, m. [Lat. word], a legate, Fms. viii-x.
legenda, u, f. [Lat. word], a legend.
LEGGJA, a causal of liggja, q. v.; pres. legg, pl. leggjum; pret. lagi; subj. legi; imperat. legg or
legg; part, lagir, lagi, lagit; contr. lagr, lg, lagt; part, laginn, Fb. ii. 386, which form is in
mod. Icel, used as an adjective only; a part. pass, lag/lr, lgzt, lag/. t, Fas. ii. 345, and in mod. usage:
[\Jli. lagjan~Tidivat; A. S. lecgan; Engl. lay; O. H. G. legjan; Germ, legen; Swed. lagga; Dan.
lgge~] :-- to lay. A. Prop, to lay, place; ok lagi hann altaia, Ver. 14; er hann var lagir bi'ilit,
Hkr. i. 32; lr lagir, Vm.; vru steinar lagir hring utan um, Eg. 486; Mr l tar bckk, ok
hafi lagt hfu sitt kn Raunveigar, Sturl. i. 13; leggja net, to l rt y a net, K. p. K. 88 :-- to lay
down, leggja sinn aldr, Ht. 2. to put; leggja band urn, umhvers, to fasten a string round the body,
Eg. 340; leggja samau augun, to put the eyes together, shut them, id.; leggja eld i, to put re to, Nj.
74, 131; leggja hendr at sum inr, Fms. x. 331; leggja stri lag, to put it right, Hkr. i. 32; leggja
ofan segl ok viu, to haul down, take in the sails, Fms. iv. 372, ix. 23; 1. lnur, sul, hest, to put
a saddle on a horse, Nj. 74, Landn. 151; I. hest, or leggja;i (simply), to saddle; leggja hapt hest,
Grg. i. 436; 1. mark , of sheep, 426; 1. hs ofan, to pull it down, Bs. i. 163; 1. klyfjar ofan, to
unload a horse, K. Jj. K. 94; 1. klyfjar npp, to pack a horse, N. G. L. i. 349; 1. rar upp, to lay up
the oars, give up pulling, Edda 36: the mod. phrase, leggja rar bat, to give a thing up, lose heart;
1. fyrir li, to give up, see li; fyrir lagr, outworn, exhausted, Mar. 1060, Fas. ii. 278. 3. leggja at
jru, at velli (or vi jru, vi velli), to overthrow, make bite, the dust, Nj. 117, Eg. 426, Fms. vii.
296, viii. 43, x. 257, Njar. 378; leggja fyrir bor, to put overboard, metaph. to forsake, Clem. 47;
leggja leg, to l y waste, Grg. ii. 278; leggja hlut sinn, to lay down or lose one's lot, be worsted,
Sturl. iii. 103: leggja ml gr, to put into court, Nj. 88, 101; 1. null umrn, to p!/ t it
todiscussion, Orkn. 426; 1. mul til stta, Nj. in. 4. to lay, drop, of a beast; hvelparnir er eigi vru
lagir, Fb. i. 104. II. metaph. in a mental sense; leggja stund, starf, hug, kapp ... a, e-t, to study a
thing, take pains about, interest in it; as also, leggja st, elsku, intr e-t, to feel love, affection,
interest for, to love, cherish a thing or person; and again, leggja f, fund, hatr ... , to take dislike,
envy to, Al. 95, sl. ii. 197, Nj. 31, 46, Eg. 42, 418, Ld. 60, Fb. ii. 229, Fms. i. 31: freq. in old and
mod. usage, thus, Sturla lagi mikinn hug a, at lta rita sogu-barkr eptir bokuni eim er Snorri sctti
saman, Sturl. ii. 123; leggja e-t e-m til ors, inlis, to put a thing to a person's blame, blame him
for it, Nj. 62, 85, 138, 246, Ld. 250; 1. e-t til lofs e-m, to i vn/ d one, put a thing to a person's credit,
Fms. x. 98. 2. with prepp.; leggja a, t o impose, put upon; Icggja skyldir, skatt... a, Fms. x. 51, 93,
Rb. 394 :-- leggja af, to leave off, cease doing; legg af han af versa-gr, sagi erkibiskup, ok
stiidera heldr kirkjunnar logum, Bs. i. 799 :-- leggja e-t fyrir sik, to set a task before one, Fms. ii.
103, xi. 157 :-- 'eggja til, to add t o, xi. 51, Hom. 138 :-- leggja undir or undir sik, to l rt y under
oneself, conquer, vanquish, Fms. i. 3, x. 35, Eg. 12, Stj. 46, 146; leggja e-t undir egnskap sinn, t o
ass ertonon e's honour, Grg. i. 29, Nj. 150; leggja e-t undir e-n, to submit it to a person, refer to,
105; 1. e-t undir trna e-s, to trust, Fms. ix. 397; ok er at nijk undir hann lagit, it depends much
on him, Bjarn. 52 :-- leggja t, mod. to translate (t- legging) :-- leggja vi, to add t o, Grg. i. 22,
Hom. 138, 155. Rb. 88, Al. 358. III. to lay, place, found, build; leggja aa, Vsp. 7; leggja gara, to
make fences, Rm. 12; leggja g'ur, to make roads, Dipl. iv. 12; leggja lra, to place right, adjust
the bin, Gs. 3; leggja lei, to take a direction, Fas. i. 57; hann lagi mjk kvmur snar gr, he was
in. the habit of coming to O., Fbr. 30; iegrj. e-t vana sinn, to make a habit of. 2. metaph. to l a y,
settle; leggja sakar, to settle strife, Vsp. 64; loggja landrtt, to settle the public rights, make la
Sighvat; leggja log, to lay down laws, of the three weird sisters ordering the fate of men, Vsp. :-- to
lay down, ordain, lagt er allt fyrir, a ll i s pre- destined, Skv. I, Skm. ig, Ls. 48; era me lstum lg
r, Skv. i, 33; hvat mun til lkna lagt Siguri, 30; leggja , to ordain, en hugfest hluti er
ek segi r, ok legg ik, Bs. i. 199; ef eir eru lagir (ordered) fyrir vttum, Gl. 439; hluti er
ek he lagt vi ik, Eg. 738; leggja 'g , to make, lay down a law, Bs. i. 28: leggja rkt , to order
peremptorily: of a spell, leggja , to enchant; ' mli eg urn og legg eg &!' is in the tales the formula
with which witches say the spell. 3. to appoint, x, a meeting or the like; eru leikar lagir
sbjarnar-nesi, Ld. 196; leikr var lagir Hvtr-vllum, Eg. 188; eir lgu vi landsmenn hlfs-
mnaar fri, 228; leggja stefnu me sr, Fms. i. 36; var lg konunga-stefna El, vii. 62; leggja
bardaga vi e-n, xi. 418; 1. me sr vinttu, Eg. 278; Augustus keisari lagi fri (established peace)
um allan heim, Edda. IV. to tax, value (fjr-lag); hross eru ok lg, hestr fjgurra vetra gamall vi
k, Grg. i. 503; leggja lag mjl, ii. 404; ef fyrr er keypt en lag er lagt, id.; leggja lag varning
manna, sl. ii. 126; at ykkir mr jafnligast at leggir land sv dyrt, en ek kjsa hvrr okkarr
leysa skal, ... hann lagi hlft landit fyrir sex tigi silfrs, ... er leggr sv dy'rt Helgafells-land, Eb.
38; vil ek at vinna til stta at leggja son minn gildan, Nj. 250; at Hallr af Su hafi lagit gildan
son sinn, ok vann at til stta, 251; leggja at lttu, to lay a tax on light, Fas. iii. 553. V. to lay out,
pay, discharge; leggja at vei, to give as bail, Edda 17; buu at leggja sik ve fyrir essa menn,
Nj. 163; leggja httu, to ri s k, Eg. 86; leggja mikinn kostna, to run into great expences, Eg.
43; leggja ve er f vrzlu, Gl. 389: leggja kostna, to expend, Fms. xi. 232; leggja sik hska,
ve, to put oneself in danger, to s takeone's life, vii. 263, Nj. 163:* -- leggja aptr, to pay ba c k,
Grett. 174 new Ed.; leggja lf , t o s takeone's life on a thing, Nj. 106, 178 :-- 1. fram, to lay forth,
lay out, exhibit (fram-lag); allan ann sma er hann her fram lagit, Ld. 32; mikit munt urfa fram
at leggja me honum, vat hn allan arf eptir mik, Nj. 3; 1. fram lif sitt, Eg. 426 :-- leggja til, t o
p a y to, furnish, contribute, as one's share; hvern stvrk her mir mn til lagit me r, Nj. 7; hvat
vilt til leggja? langskip tvau, 42; skortir mik eigi f til at leggja fyrir farit, 128; kunni hann til
alls g r at leggja, Eg. 2; he ek ar til (lagit) mrg or, 728; let ek ar slu-hs gra ok laga
f til, Fms. vii. 122, Js. 4; au r er Greg- orus lagi til, Fms. vii. 258; 1. fo til hfus e-m, to set a
price on one's head, Nj. 112, Grett. passim :-- metaph., leggja ftt til, to say little, be reserved, Nj.
88, 112; Gunnarr lagi ekki til, G. remained silent, 52; leggja lof til, t o g- ive praise to, Eg. 33;
leggja or (til), t o ' l a y a word t o, ' say a word in a matter, remonstrate, Grg. i. 290; leggja gott,
illt til e-s, to lay a good (or ill) word to, to interfere in a friendly (or unfriendly) manner, Sturl. iii.
151 (til-lgur) :-- leggja hlut sinn, lif sitt, vi, t o r iskone's lot, stake one's life, i. 162, Nj. 113, 218;
1. sik allan vi, t o d o o ne's be s t, Eg. 738; 1. sekt vi, 1. lgbrot vi, of a penalty, Nj. 113, Eg.
352, H. E. 1. 505 :-- leggja t, to lay out, pay, Vm. 33; of betting, Orkn. 200 :-- leggja f upp, to lay
up, invest; 1. f upp jr, Dipl. v. 21; laga ek upp vi minn kzra Orm biskup hlfan vireka, I
made it over to O., ii. 4; 1. upp f, to lay up, board. VI. of direction, esp. as a naut. term, to stand off
or on, lay a ship's course, esp. from or towards a port, to or from an attack, to sail, proceed to sea,
absol., or the ship in dat. or acc., leggja skip or skipi; skalt leggia fram sem r likar (place the
ship to attack), Nj. 8; ok leggr fram skciina jafnfram skipi Ruts, id.; eir leggja nt uudir eina ey ok
ba ar byrjar, 133; hann lagi skip sin inn a sundit, 271; eir bjuggusk um sem skjtast ok lgu
t skirnmum, Eg. 358; en er skipit var lagit lit undir Fenhring, Fms. x. 64; Sigvaldi leggr skip sitt
mija fylking (lay s his ship alongside of), xi. 126; eir hittu drmund einn ha ok logon til niu
skipurn ok borusk, ... at lyktum lgu eir snekkjunum undir dromundinn, Hkr. iii. 353; leggja
undir land, to stand in towards land, Eb. 126, where in a metaph. sense = to give in; lgu eir eigi
inn sinn, en Kigu tarliga hfnina, sl. ii. 126; bau hann t leiangri at lii ok skipum ok
lagi (stood) t til Stas fyrir innan rsbiorg, Fms. i. 12; san leggja eir Lginn upp, Hkr. i. 32;
Knutr konungr lagi egar upp ana ok at kastalanum, Fms. ix. 23, xi. 196; rru eir langskipiuu
upp ana ok lgu til bjar ess, Eg. 80; lgu vkingar vi at fr, Landn. 223; lgu eir at
nesi einu, Eg. 161; ok lgu ar at landi, 203; lagi hann at (landed) vi Sundlfs-stai, Fms. ix.
483; en er eir koma norr at Hkonar-hellu lgu eir ar at, Hkr. i. 160: leggja at, t o attack, in
a naval battle (atlaga); lgu eir at eim, Nj. 25, Eg. 81; munu ver leggja til orrostu vi ,
Fms. vii. 257; letusk allir bnir at 'eggja at eim Hkoni, id.; ef eir leggja at, Jomsvikingar, xi.
134 :-- leggja rtt, to drift or run before the wind, skipverjar, eir er sigla vildu, er eir er rtt
vildu leggja skipit, Fbr. 59; mltu eir er lei sgu at varligra vri at lgja seglit ok leggja skipit
rett um nttina, en sigla til lands at Ijosum degi, Fms. ii. 64; kom andviri ok leggja eir rtt,
Bs. i. 420; lgu eir rtt haran, kom stormr sv at eigi fengu eir lengi rtti legit, ok sigldu
eir vi eitt rif, Br. 5; kemr enn landviri ok leggja cnn rtt ok rtkr vestr haf, Bs. i. 483;
lgu eir rtt haran, 484; fll verit ok gri lgn, lgu eir rtt, ok ltu reia fyrir
nokkurar ntr, Eg. 372. 2. without the notion of sea, t o s tart; leggja tta, to turn to ight, y,
Fms. x. 241, xi. 341, 391, Orkn. 4, Hkr. i. 319, passim; leggja fund eirra, Fms. vii. 258; leggja
eptir, to pursue, x. 215; leggja upp, to st a rton a journey: metaph., leggja e-t ekki langt upp, Grett.
51 new Ed. 3. t o st a b, thrust with a weapon, the weapon in dat. or absol. (lag = a thrust), Nj. 8,
64, Njar. 378, Eg. 216, 258, 298, Nj. 43, 56, Grg. ii. 7, Gl. 165, passim; opp. to hiiggva, hggva
ok leggja, hann hj ok lagi, and the like. VII. impers. it turns, in driven in a direction, of smoke,
smell, re, or the like; hingat leggr allan reykinn, a ll the smoke blows thitherward, Nj. 202; en
eldinn lagi at eim, Fms. i. 266; fyrir tidaun er or hauginum mun t leggja, iv. 28; varask gust ann
ok daun er t lagi or haugnum, ... af fy'lu eirri sem t lagi, sl. ii. 45; ok er eldrinn var grr,
lagi reykinn upp skarit, Eb. 220; ef hval leggr t, if a (dead) whale is driven ojf land, Gl.
462 :-- of ice, snow, to freeze, be covered with snow, ice, leggr snjo nokkurn fyrir , 655 xv. 12;
er is leggr vatnit, Grg. ii. 287; er sa lagi vtn, Fms. ii. 103: the place frozen in acc., vru
slg mikil ok hafi langt lagt lit Brciafjr, Ld. 286; lagi ok ogrsvatn, Fbr. 30 new Ed.; lagi
fjrinn t langt, 60 new Ed.: part., iss var lagr Hofstaa-vg, Eb. 236 :-- of winter, cold, egar
er gott er ok vetr (acc.) leggr , Grett. 24 new Ed.; lagi egar frer ok snjfa, Bs. i. 872; but pers.,
leggr hrir ok snjvar (better snjva), Bs. i. 198. 2. the phrase, leggja user, t o ' lie near, ' be on
the brink of; nr lagi at fru eitt shin, it had well nigh come to a disaster, Edda 17; lagi sv
nr at allr ingheimr mundi berjask, it wa s on the brink of., ., Nj. 163; lagi nr at hann mundi
reka svelginn, Fms. x; 145. B. Reex, to l a y oneself, lie; leggjask nir runna nokkura, Nj. 132;
er Skalm merr your leggsk undir klyfjum, Landn. 77; leggjask akrinn ugur r, er ..., 673 A.
3 :-- of going to bed, eir hfu lagizk til svefns, w ere gone tosleep, Nj. 155; Skarphinn lagisk
ekki nir um^kveldit, 170 :-- leggjask me konu, to cohabit (illicitly), Fms. i. 57, K. . 118, Fas. iii.
390, Grg. i. 351 :-- of illness, to fall sick, take to bed, tk hn sou ok lagisk rekkju, Nj. 14; let
hann bua hvilu sina ok lagisk stt, Fms. xi. 214: the phrase, leggjask e-t ekki undir hfu, not l a
y it under one's pillow, do it promptly, be mindful of a thing, ii. 120, v. 264 :-- leggjask e-t, to fall
upon, of robbers, beasts of prey, etc.; at spillvirkjar mundi 1. f eirra, i. 226, Grett. 125 new Ed.;
Vindr lgusk valinn ok raufuu, xi. 380: rn lagisk (prayed) eyna, Bs. i. 350 :-- leggjask fyrir,
to take rest, lie down, from exhaustion, sickness, or the like, 387; lgusk fyrir bi menn ok
hestar af tiviri, Sturl. iii. 292; lgusk leisagnar-menn fyrir, vat eir vissu eigi hvar eir vru
komnir, Fms. viii. 52; fyrir leggjask um e-t ml, to give it up, Bs. i. 194: leggjask nir, to pass out
oftise, cease, Fms. x. 179, xi. 12: leggjask a, to arise, mun s orromr leggjask, at..., Nj. 32, Fms.
i. 291; okki lagisk milli eirra brsera, xi. 14. 2. to cease; at s vandi leggisk sem r her
verit, Fms. i. 280. II. to swim (partly answering to A. VI); leggjask til sunds, to go into the water
and swim, Ld. 46; eir leggjask um hr ... Sigmundr leggsk um hr ... hann lagisk sar (swam
behind), Fr. 173; hann lagisk eptir geldingi gmlum t Hvalscy, Landn. 107; Grettir lagisk mi
inn a fjrinn, Grett. 148; hann laqisk yr vert sundit ok gkk ar land, i, Hkr. i. 287, Finnb.
266; eir koma upp ok leggjask til lands, Ld. 168; for legir read legiz, Njar. 378. 2. to set out;
leggjask i herna, viking, to set out on a freebooting expedition, Fms. x. 414, passim: legejask lit, t
o s et o?/ t intothe wilderness, as a highwayman, Odd. 8, Fas. i. 154, passim (tilegu-rnar = a
bigbivayman); ek lgumk t merkr, Fms. ii. 103; leggjask tta = leggja tta, to take to
ight, xi. ôg: leggjask djupt, to dive deep (metaph.), Nj. 102; leggjask til e-s, to seek, try eagerly
for, Stj. 90, Bs. i. 198; leggjask e-t, to occupy oneself with, Rb. 312. 3. lgusk logn mikil, okur
ok slgjur, Orkn. 358; vindar lgusk (the wind wafted) af hrauninu um kveldum, Eb. 218, (see A.
VII): the phrase, ekki lagisk mjiik me eini frndum, they were not on good terms, Ld. 68: ok
lagisk ltt me eim Snorra, Sturl. i. 124; eir tluu lengi ok lagisk vel me eim, things
went well with them, Orkn. 408; ungt her lagizk me okkr Strt- Haraldi jarli um hr, Fms. xi.
84; Steinl tti at lkt ok ekki, ok lagisk ltt me eim, Gull. 11 :-- lti leggsk fyrir e-n, t o
com e t o a shameful end; lti lagisk n fyrir kappaim, vat hann kafnai stofu-reyk sem hundr,
Grett. 115; sv lti sem fyrir hann lagisk, wh o had been so easily slain, had made so poor a
defence, Ld. 150; lti lagisk hr fyrir gan dreng, er rlar skyldu at bana vera, Landn. 36;
kann vera, at n leggisk lti fyrir hann, ek skal riiin til setja, Fms. iv. 166. III. recipr., leggjask at,
to attack one another, Fms. xi. 130: leggjask hendr , to lay hands on ne another, Ld. 154; leggjask
hugi , to take a liking for each other, Br.: leggjask nr, to run close up to one another, of two
boats, Gsl. 51. IV. part. lagr, as adj. ji t, destined to a thing, or tted, of natural gifts; at hann
mundi bi sp-mar vesa ok lagr til mikils rifnaar ok gfu Gy- inga-l, 625. 87; vera kann
at r s meirr lagr (that tkou art more tted for) fsnr ok ferir en tilstilli um mla-ferli, i. e.
that tbou art' more tted to be a traveller than a lawyer, Band. 5; llu v llu sem honum var lagit,
Fb. i. 215; hn var eim til ly'ta lagin, she was doomed to be their destruction, Sol. 11; sem maelt er
um menn sem injk er s rtt lagin, Fms. v. 40; vat r mun lagit vera at vera (V i s weirded
for thee, tbou art doomed to be] einvalds konungr yr llum Noregi, Fb. i. 564; r var lengra lif
lagit, a longer life was doomed to thee, Fas. iii. 344; allar spr sgu, at harm mundi vera lagr til
skaa eirn, Edda 19: laginn, expert, skilled, disposed, freq. in mod. usage, hann er laginn fyrir a
lra, hann er ekki lund-laginn a, he has noinclination for it, whence lgni = skill; thus also,
lagar from laga (q. v.), vera lagar fyrir e-t, lagar fyrir lrdm, given to learn, of natural gifts. V.
part. pass, lagztr; er hann var lagztr nir, when be bad laid himself down, Fas. ii. 345: freq. in mod.
usage, hann er lagztr fyrir, lagztr nir, and so on.
leggjaldi, a, m. a nickname, Landn., Rm.
LEGGR, m. [Engl. leg] , gen. leggjar, pl. leggir, gen. leggja :-- a leg, bollotv-bone, of arms and
feet, Edda no, Magn. 532, Stj. 458, Fms. iv. lio, vii. 102; lr-leggr, ft-leggr, of the legs; hand-leggr,
arm-leggr (q. v.), of the arms; hann tekr sv vi kntunni, ar fylgdi lcggrinn me, Fas. i. 67: allit.,
leggr ok \ibi, leg and joint; li kalla menn at er leggir mtask, Edda 110: phrases, komask legg,
or rsa legg, to get on one's legs, grow up from infancy, grow strong, Eg. 171, Fms. xi. 186, Glm.
344, Bjarn. 4, Grett. 22 new Ed., Hkr. i. 106. II. metaph. the stem, trunk of a tree, Fas. i. 119, Hkr. i.
71: the s t oc k of an anchor, Orkn. 362: the shaft of a spear, Slur), i. 63; of a column, Al. 116: of
lineage, rt-leggr, frnd-leggr, lineage. III. a pr. name, Sturl. COMPDS: leggja-band, n. a garter,
Karl. 173. leggja-brot, n. broken legs, Sturl. i. 121. leggja-knta, u, f. the condyle of a leg, MS. 4.
11.
legill, m. [Germ, lgel; Scot, leglin; prob. not from lgr, but through Germ, or Scot, from Lat.
lagena~\ :-- a cask, Stj. 128, 367, 388, Mar. 195, Sams. 28, freq. in mod. usage.
leg-kaup, n. a burial-fee, payable to a church, Grg. ii. 388, N. G. L. i. 346, Bs. i. 812.
leg-or, n. fornication, seduction, Anecd. 3, Grg. i. 338, passim, legors-sk (-sekt), f. a ca s e
(ne) of seduction, Nj. 98, Grg. i. 104, N. G. L. i-49.
legr, n. seduction, N. G. L. i. 350.
leg-r, f. the rest in bed, Bs. i. 344, Mar. 112.
leg-star, m. a burial-place, Eb. 176, K. . 70, Fms. iv. 3, Bs. i. 813.
leg-steinn, m. a tombstone, Al. 14, Hkr. i. 122, Fms. viii. 237, Fagrsk. 3.
leg-sti, n. = legstar, D. N.
leg-sngr, m. the burial service; legsongs kaup, a burial fee, Vm. 47.
leg-titull, m. an epitaph, Al. 14.
LEI, f. [A. S. l a d; Engl. lode or load (in lodestar, loadstone)'] :-- that which leads, a lode, way;
ria, fara, lei sna, Fms. vi. 176, Nj. 260, Eg. 359; or gen. leiar sinnar, Fms. i. 10; ra leiar
sinnar, sl. ii. 342; inn lei, inwards, Eg. 81; alla lei, all along, Fb. i. 442; noran lei, Eg. 51.
2. a way, road; var honum ar allt kunnigt fyrir, bi um leiir ok manna-deili, Eg. 539;
skginum vru tvennar leiir ... var s leiin skemri, 576; alu-lei, the high road, 579; ar er
leiir skildi, where the roads parted, id.; eir fara sem leiir leggja, Fb. i. 253. 3. esp. a naut. term,
the course on the sea; j-lei, the highway; inn-lei, the course along the shore; t-lei, djp-
lei, the outer course; segja lei, to pilot, Bs. i. 484; whence the Old Engl. lodesman -- pilot. II.
metaph. and adverb. phrases; komr. e-u til leioar, to bring about, Nj. 119, 2:0, Fms. vi. 300; koma e-
u lei, id., i. 51; smia til leiar, id., vi. 122, vii. 136; skipask betri lei, to change to a better way,
Eg. 416; lei, thus, Fms. iv. 252; hverja lei sem, howsoever, Stj. 595: fram lei, or lei
(ram, further, all along; barnit aepi sem r lei fram, Bs. i. 342, Orkn. 316, Sks. 301:
afterwards, for the time to come (fram-leiis), Grg. i. 322, Sks. 480: um lei, by the way; um lei
og eg kom, mod.: egar lei sem, adverb, a s s oo n as, Stj. 94; egar lei sem hann var fddr, 101,
267; egar um lei, at once, Bad. 157; lei, th?/s, Hom. 120: in the same manner, sinu lei,
likewise, Grg. ii. 134, Stj. 123; ara lei, otherwise. III. a levy -- -leiangr; bija leiar, Hkv. I. 21;
ra leiina enda gjalda leivti, Hom. St. COMPDS: leiarlengd, f. a xed length, distance,
Grg. i. 50, Gpl. 476. leiar- lsing, f. guidance, Stj. 83. leiar-nesti, n. viands, Fas. iii. 673, Fms.
iii. 98. leiar-steinn, n. a loadstone; hfu hafsiglingar- menn engir leiarstein Norrlndum,
Landn. (Hb.) 28, Konr. 29; eptir himin-tungla gang ok eptir leiarsteini, id. leiar-stjarnaj u, f. the
lodestar, Symb. 31, Rb. 464, Fms. x. 112, Mar. leiar-sund, n. a street, passage, Fas. ii. 249, Fms.
viii. 131. leiar-vsan, f. gu id- an ce: the name of an old poem. leiar-vsir, m. a guide, Ver. 21, Stj.
83, 285, Rm. 236: the name of an old itinerary, Symb. 32. leiar-vti, n. (lei III), a ne for default
in respect to levy, Fms. i. 87.
LEI, f. [different from the preceding, and akin to if not derived from the A. S. Z, i5a, the name of
a double month, June and July, (rra and ftera LiSa); it remains in the Engl. L eet = the law court
of the hundred] :-- the L eet, a meeting which in the Ictl. Commonwealth was held shortly after
midsummer, fourteen nights after the dissolution of the Althing; the Leet was the third and last
public meeting (Vr-ing, Alingi, Lei); at the Leet the new laws and licences of the past Althing
were published, as also the calendar of the current year, etc. At the time of the Grgs, 12th and I3th
centuries, the Leet was held where the vr-ing or fjrungs-ing used to be held, and lasted a day
or two (tveggja ntta Lei, Nj. 168, Fs. 75), and was held in common by all the three goar of the
quarter (sam-lei). But in the Saga time (loth century) the Leets appear to have been a kind of
county assemblies; this may be inferred from the records of the Sagas, as also from local names
indicating small county ' Leets/ different from the sam-lei of the Grgs. For the Grgs, see esp.
jbingsk. . Kb. ch. 61 (p. in Ed. 1853). P'or the Sagas, Glirn. ch. 25, Lv. ch. i, 3; lr m sumarit,
rr hann til Leiar ok helgar liana, Band. 9, 10, orst. Su H. ch. 3, Ld. ch. 6l, Sturl. iii. 169; the
manna-mot, Heiarv. S. ch. 17, also refers to a Leet; leium ok lgnitum, Fs. 43; tveggja ntta
lei, 75; lei- mt, Nj. 168, Fs. 75, Lv. 8. Special Leets named, Vla-Iei, Hegranes- lei, Rd. 292;
Ljsvetninga-lei, Nj. 184, Lv. 7, Rd. 292; Eyringa-lei, Reykdla-lei, Lv. 7 (verr-lei, v. 1.);
verr-lei in south-western Icel., Sturl. iii. 169. II. local names, Lei-vllr, Lee-eld, Har^. S. ch.
31; Lei-hlmr, Konn. ch. 9, where also holmganga was held. jftF After the union with Norway the
Icel. Leet remained (see the Jb.), and was held at intervals down to the 17th century, see Pal Vidal.
Skvr. s. v. lei, pp. 326, 327. COMPDS: Leiar-dagr, m. the day on which the Leet was held, Ld.
Leiar-ml, n. the section of law referring to the Leet, Grg. 1. c. Leiar-morgunn, m. the L eet
morning, Band. 10, Leiar-skei, n. the season of the Leet, the Leet month, Landn. (Hb.) 291; cp.
Nj. ch. 87, ' um hausti ... lka heyverkum. ' Leiar-vllr, m. the Leet eld, where the Leet is held,
K. fj. K. 29.
LEIA, d, [A. S. Indian; Engl. to lead; Germ, leiten; Dan. lede] :-- to lead, conduct, lead by the
hand; hann tk hnd henni ok leiddi hana eina saman, Nj. 29: of guests, hvergi mun ek leia ik,
segir hn, ok far mi vel ok heill! Ld. 188; Olafr konungr leiddi Kjartan til skips, 190; allir leiddu
hann ofan til sjofar, 655 xvi. B. 2; leiddu Hildirar- synir hann viruliga brott me gjfum, Eg. 52;
ef hun faer sv t leitt son sinn, at at er me vlkri strmensku sem mi leiir hn hann inn, O. H.
31; ann skal nt leia, er mar vill at aptr komi, a saying, Fr. IOI; leiddi hann Eirik son sinn
hsti sitt, Fms. i. 18; leia fram, Nj. 91: metaph., leia upp, to drag ashore; tla eir at leia upp
skipit undir houum, to draw it ash or e, Ld. 78; r r er eir telja at leitt hati dilkana, Gn'ig. i. 417:
leia konu kirkjn, to church a woman, N. G. L. i. 384, Vm. 76. II. metaph. phrases, leia augum
(sjnum), to behold, Hy'm. 13, Sks. 434, Fms. ii. 6, Stj. 719; leia hugum, to consider, meditate,
Sks. 334, 368 (hug-leiing); leia huga at, to mark, note, 301, Fms. iv. 33 (at-hugi); leia
spurningum at um e-t, to enquire, 230; leia getum um e-t, to guess at a thing, Nj. 14, 205; leia
atkvum, to declare, Nirst. 2, Bs. i. 295; leia stum, to love, Hkv. Hjrv. 41, F. b. 206 (in a
verse): leia af e-u, to result from, Nj. 38, 109, 169, 171, Fms. iii. 210, H. E. i. 497 (af-Ieiing =
result). 2. gramm. to pronounce; vat hann leiddi eigi sv sem tast er, Glm. 389; opt skipta
ora-leiingar llu mli, hvrt inn sami hljstafr er leiddr skjtt ea seint, Sklda 171; hann
kvaak Hskuldr heita, ... Hvrt tti r hann seint leia nafn sitt er skjtt '( -- Vst heldr seint,
segir Rafn, kalla ekhann Haustskuld, Sturl. iii. 216. III. to bury, lead to the grave; Steinarr leiddi
hann uppi holtunum, Eg. 713, Karl. 128; hann s ar hang niikiun, hana spuri hverir ar vri
lciddir, Landn. (App.) 254, 326, Bret. 166, v. 1.
LEIA, d, [different from the preceding word, see leir below; A. S. lceddan = lo hate; Engl.
loathe] :-- to make a person loathe a thing, with dat. of the person and acc. of the thing; hafi hann
at hug sr, at lcia sm-mnnum at skja ml hendr honum, Hrafn. 18; en sv skal leia
drttiiis-svikuin, Fms. x. 271; ok leia sv rum at brjta login, vi. 98; ok leium sv rum fnni
at svkja sna herra, Karl. 59; ok 1. honum sv landr ok drttins-svik, Fb. ii. 330. II. reex., with
acc., leiask e-t, to loathe, get tired of; ungr leiddisk cldvelli, Hornklo; leiisk manngi gott ef getr,
Hin. 13; krsa, sesk hann ok leiisk r, Greg. 28; leiask andligar krsir, 3; bndi leiisk konu
sina, Post. 656 A. ii. 15; leiisk r (abhor ye them) sem villu-menn er heiingja, Bs. i. 105;
n vill sveinn eigi nema ok leiisk bk, K. . K. 56. 2. irnpers., e-m leiisk e-, to become tired of;
mr lciisk at eiga fyrir hndum slkan friar-gang, Fms. i. 188; ok leiisk honum bk, Grg.
(Kb.) i. 18; nn leiisk ninnum her at sitja, Fb. ii. 56: freq. in mod. usage, nir leiist, ' it irks me, '
nd the time long.
leia, u, f. irksomeness, Sks. 325.
leiangr, m., the r is radical, [akin to lei; early Swed. leihunger; Dan. leding] , an old Scandin. law
term, a levy, esp. by sea, including men, ship, and money; bja lit leiangri, to levy men and ships
for war, Eg. 31; bja t leiangri at mnnum ok vistum, Fms. ix. 33; bja t lci- angri ok
skipum, i. 12; hafa leiangr ti, to make a sea expedition, 0. H. 51; lafr konungr for me lii snu
ok hafi leiangr liti fyrir landi, 134; samna leiangr (sea forces), opp. to landherr (land forces), O.
H. L. 12: allit. phrases, li ok leioangr, Fms. viii. 334, O. H. L. 12, Fb. . 303: the proverb, ra
leiangrinn, ok gjalda leivti, to pay the tax rst, and the ne to boot (i. e. to pay twi c e over),
Hkr. i. 200; rjfa leiangrinn, to break up, of the levies or crews breaking up and returning home,
Fms. viii. 307, passim. 2. w a r contributions, a xed perpetual duty or tax payable to the king; this
sense of the word is esp. freq. in the Norse as also Dan. and Swed. law of the 12th and Ijth
centuries; eir tku leiangra ok allar konungs-skyldir, Fms. ix. 8, 347; ar tku eir Baglar
leiangr mikinn er Einarr hafi saman dregit urn Rogaland, 12, 368; biskupar bu at kardnallinn
skyldi bija konung, at hann g nokkut af leingrum til heilagrar kirkju, x. 121; hann hafi sent
austr Vik eptir landskyldurn sinum ok leiangri til mla-gjafar, 482. COMPDS: leiangrs-fall, n. a
ne for default as to the levy or tax, Gl. 91, 92, D. N. passim. leiangrs-far, n. a levy ship, Fms. iv.
320. leiangrs-fer, f. a war expedition, Hkr. i. 391. leiangrs-flk, n. levied folk, Fms. x. 122, xi.
245. leiangrs- gr, f. the raising a levy. Fms. vii. 19, Gl. 75. leiangrs-li, n. a levied army, Fms.
i. 62, 0. H. 154. Fser. 79, Orkn. 68. leiangrs- mar, m. a levied man, p'ms. viii. 312. leiangrs-skip,
n. a levied ship, N. G. L. i. 198. leiangrs-vist, f. the xed time of service for n levy, N. G. L. i. 200.
leiangrs-vti, n. the ne for default in the duty of levy, (lethangs withe, Thorkel. Dip!, i. 3), N. G. L.
i. 202.
lei-beina, d, to guide.
lei-beining, f. guidance.
leii, n. a leading wind, fair wind; sem leii gaf, Fms. i. 203, Orkn. 410; gott leii, 332, Fb. ii. 338,
passim; byr-leii, q. v. II. [O. H. G. leita], a t om b (leia III), Ver. 47, Bs. i. 340; mr mislkar er
grikona n errir ftr sna leii mnu jafnan, er hn gengr fr stli, Fms. i. 254; stendr ar n
kirkjan sem leii hans er, Landn. 52; Svar brenndu hann ok grtu allmjk yr leii bans, Hkr. i. 15;
var hann grann hj leii Kols biskups, Bs. i. 64, Fms. vii. 251, Stj. 101, 250, passim; vlvu-leii,
Vtkv.
leii, a, in. irksomeness, Hv. 40: a feeling uneasy, mod.
leii-f, n. a fool to be led about, Eb. 250.
leii-gjarn, adj. wearisome, Stj. 152, 246.
leii-liga, adv. hideously, Hv. 52.
leii-ligr, adj. (mod. leiin-ligr, Bs. i. 802, Br. 178), loathsome, loathly; ljut ok 1., Fms. ii. 137,
Stj. 417, 436; ll ok 1., 265, Hom. 143, Bs. i. 452: mod. tiresome, irksome, passim.
leiindi, n. pl. loathing, Stj. 49, Mom. 9: an unpleasant thing, en bija ekki gria st':r, sv at bri
vri leiindi v, Sturl. iii. 39: an uneasy feeling, lkams krsir gra sei ok leiindi, Greg. 28;
leggja leiindi vi e-n, to take a dislike to a person, Korni. 132, Pr. 225: in mod. usage,
irksomeness, tiresomeness.
leiindr, adj. loathsome, tiresome, Stj. 152.
leiing, f. leading, persuasion, Stat. 260. COMPDS: leiinga-mar, m. a n easily-led person, Fms.
iv. 117, Sturl. ii. i. leiinga-samr, adj. -- leiitarnr, Sturl.
leii-or, n. 'leading-word, ' walking and talking with a person, Ld. 246.
leiir, m. a leader, N. G. L. i. 357. leiis-lauss, adj. without a leader, alone, id.
leii-tamr, adj. easy to be led, Fms. ii. 112, Hrafn. 20.
Lei-mt, n. a Leet meeting, Lv. 8, Nj. 168, Fs. 75.
LEIR, adj., lei, leitt, [A. S. l tVS], loathed, disliked; at llum s"r at leiari, Fas. i. 333; at
lei so laun ef gi, Hm. 37, lei erumk fjll, Edda (in a verse); andstyggr ok leir, Hom. 102; mr
eru allir staf- karlar leiir, Fms. i. 70; e-m er e-t leitt, to dislike, Ld. 44; mer er leitt at segja ik
afhendan, Fs. 34: allit., Ijufr ok leir, beloved and loathed, Hm. 38; hann segir Sveini pa ljuft ok
leitt sem farit hafi, Orkn. 284, Fms. viii. 48, N. G. L. i. 50, 51, Js. 76; see Ijufr. 2. medic., mer er
leitt, to feel unwell.
lei-rtta, t, to put right, mend, correct, redress, Glm. 341, Fas. i. 512, Bs. i. 142, K. . 66: reex,
to mend oneself, be mended, Stj. 117, Sks. 608, Rb. 3, Greg. 47: passim in mod. usage.
lei-rtta, u, f. an amending, putting right, K. . 226: redress, Sturl. '73-
lei-rtting, f. (lei-rttan less correct, Bs. i. 166, cp. Gramm. p. xxxi), a setting right, correction,
Hom. 12. 104, Post. 656 A. ii. 7: passim in mod. usage.
lei-saga, u, f. 'lode-saying, ' guidance, Ld. 74) Fms. viii. 52, Bs. ii. 96, Stj, 286: esp. piloting,
leisgu-mar, m. a ' lode-sayer, ' guide, Fs. 105, Gull. 5, Fms. vii. 52: esp. a lodesrnan, pilot,
Gl. 96, Jb. 386, Nj. 122, Ron. 6. 3.
lei-sagari and lei-sagnari, a, m. = leisagi, Karl. 544, Sturl. iii. 6.
lei-sagi, a, m. a guide, Stj. 284.
leisla, u, f. guidance, leading, Hom. 6l, Anal. 292; hand-L, passim in mod. usage: metaph. a
vision, being 'led' in a vision through heaven . and hell, as in Dante's Commedia, the Slarlj, and
other works of the Middle Ages; leisla Rannveigar, Bs. i. 451; Duggals-leisla, the Vision
ofDuggal, an old legend; hence the mod. phrase, ganga leislu, t o walk a s in absence of mind or
distraction. II. burial, interment, Fas. i. 204, Bret.; t-leisla. leislu-drykkja, u, f. a parting bout,
Hkr. iii. 181.
lei-star, m. pl. loathsome Runes, charms, Ls. 29.
lei-sgn, f. = leisaga, Fms. ix. 233, 376, Sturl. iii. 289, Bs. i. 484. leisagnar-mar, m. =
leisgumar, Fms. viii. 52.
lei-togi, a, m. a guide, Fms. i. 69, Stj. 347, sl. ii. 232, 265.
lei-vegis, adv. upon the road, N. G. L. i. 421.
lei-vsan, f. = leiarvsan, 655 xxvii. 18.
lei-vsi, n. knowing the course on the sea, Sks. 53.
lei-vti, n. = leiarvti, Hkr. i. 250, Hom. (St.); see leiangr.
Lei-vllr, m. the 'thing-wall' or place of a Leet, K. b. K. 29, sl. ii. 92.
LEIF, f., pl. leifar, [Ulf. laib a, Mark viii. 8]: I. sing, a ' leaving, ' patrimony, inheritance, of an
estate: freq. in Norse and Dan. local names, Haders-lev, Snolde-lv, = Hrs-leif, Snjalls-leif, but
obsolete and not used in Icel.; cp. leif. II. pl. leifar, leavings, remnants, esp. of food; hann bltai
forsinn, skyldi bera leifar allar forsinn, Landn. 291; varga leifar, Gkv.; sj karr me afgangs-
leifar, Mark viii. 8; en er eir vru mettir, hiri Arnljtr leifar eirra, . H. 153, passim. 2.
metaph. effects; ilia gefa ills rs leifar, Nj.
Leif, f. and Leifr, m., pr. names, Landn.; and in compds, of women, Ingi-leif, As-leif, etc.; of men,
bor-leifr, Hjr-leifr, etc., id.
LEIFA, , [Ulf. bi-laibjan = irtpi\t'nrv; A. S. lyfan; Engl. leave; O. H. G. liban; Germ, b-leiben;
cp. Dan. levne, Swed. lmna, Lat. lin- qttere, Gr. \titrtiv~\ :-- to leave a heritage; hann leifi honum
lond ok lausa-fe, Rb. 318. 2. to relinquish; vr hfurn leift fyrir nar sakir allt at er vr ttum,
Flv. 28; ek mun ann kost taka, at leifa konungs-nafn heldr en berjask, Fms. xi. 222; eir leifu
skipin i Raumsdal, vii. 291; ea synisk yr at leifa skipin ok ganga land, viii. 214. 3. to leave out;
ef menu leifa nokkut or kvium ea vttum, Grg. i. 138; ok hafa at allt er hizug leir (thus the
vellum, not leyr) er glggra er, a nd adopt whatever has been left out in the other book or what is
clearer, 7. 4. to leave, of food; fjorir hleifar ok ar me sltr, ok leir hann ess ekki, Fms. iv.
246 :-- reex., eigi skal nokkurr hlutr af lambinu leifask, ef nokkut vtta leisk sv at ekki verr
eti, skulu r at eldi brenna, Stj. 280.
leif, f. = leif (I), only in compds, fur-leif, tt-1., patrimony.
LEIGA, u, f. hire, rent, Grg. i. 340, 502, B. K. 9, 41: opp. to insta (capital), bygs;ja f leigu,
to let money out on interest, Bs. i. 684; selja k leigu, N. G. L. i. 24; reia leigu af, to pay the rent
of, 25; hverr jor er br ? r eigit, herra, ok takit leigur af, Fms. viii. 446, Grg. i. 188;
'leggja leigu eptir hofn, to pay a harbour duty, Fms. xi. 321: of passage money, spuri hvar at f
vri er hann bau leigu undir sik, Nj. 128. 2. wages; kallask hann engrar leigu makligr, Fms. xi.
428, Gpl. 8l: of a soldier's pay, Flv. 30; let biskup reia honum fyrir smina mikla leigu, Bs. i.
872, Stj. 561. 3. in mod. usage, leigur, pl. = a kind of land-rent paid in butter, as the rent of a certain
number of kgildi which belong to each farm. COMPDS: leigu-bl, n. a rented farm, Grg. ii. 207,
208, Gl. 344. leigu- burr, m. rent of land, Gl. 255, Jb. 377, Dipt. iii. 9. leigu-fall, n. default in
paying rent, Gl. 332: deductionfrom wages, 514. leigu- f, n. c a// le (chattel) hired, Grg. passim,
Landn. 239. leigu-frr, adj. rentable, Fr. leigu-genta, u, f. a servant girl, D. N. leigu- jr, f. a
rented farm, N. G. L. ii. 107. leigu-kona, u, f. a female servant, Fr. leigu-kr, f. a hired cow, N. G.
L. i. 24, Grg. ii. 430, H. E. i. 394. leigu-land, n. rented land, Grg. ii. 249, 337, Nj. 118. leigu-
Iauss, adj. rent free, without interest, Grg. i. 191, 336, 398: gratuitous, Vm. 29. leigu-lii, , m. a
tenant, Gl. 354, 355, N. G. L. i. 37. leigu-mar, m. a tenant, Grg. ii. 210, 430, Ld. 2, Fms. i. 5: a
hireling, Gl. 107, 512, Mar., Flv. 32. leigu-ml, n. an agreement (as to rent), Grg. ii. 332. leigu-
mli, a, m. an agreement (as to rent), N. G. L. i. 24, Grg. i. 427, Gl. 336: of rented land, N. G. L.
i. 242. leigu-prestr, m. a hired priest, a curate, Fms. ix. 272, D. N. passim. leigu-star, m. a place
where money is invested, investment, Nj. 31, Sturl. i. 97, B. K. 41.
leiga, , mod. leigja, [Dan. le/ e], to hire; leiga e-t at e-m, to hire from a person, Grg. i. 427; uleg
varar eim er iggr ln ea leigir, ef hann veil at eiri eigu, 437; hinn er landit leigir, whohold s
the land, Nj. 236; hann leigi land tu hundruum, Bs. i. 418; leiga jr, N. G. L. ii. 105; ok leiga
(leigja, v. I.) sor til lis arlenzkan her, Stj. 512; hann leigi borlaugu gar, Fms. v. 322; leiga k, N.
G. L. i. 24; leigja verk- mann, 219; leiga rl, 35.
leiga, n. rent; only in the phrase, selja at leiga, to lend on interest, Gn'ig. i. 398, 427; ann er li
er leiga seldi, 434.
leigja, b, -- leiga, N. G. L. i. 219, Stj. 512 (v. I.), and in mod. usage.
leig-lendingr, in. a tenant, Grg. i. 297, N. G. L. ii. 105. leig- lendinga-ttr, m. a section about
tenancy, Grg. ii. 232.
LEIKA, pres. leik; pret. lk, lku; part. leikinn; [\J\i. laikan -- ffKtprav; A. S. Incan; mid. H. G. lei
c he; Dan. lege; Swed. leka, North. E. to lake]: -- to play, sport, Vsp. 42, Am. 76; hann leikr nu
eplir magni, Lv. 28; leika leik, 68; hann lk fyrir honum marga mleika, Fr. 66; leika at skktai,
to play a c he s s, Fms. iv. 366; en er eir lku at tainu, lk konungr ngrbrjt mikinn, ok
sagi hann skyldi annat leika, id.; leika hrpu, to play the harp, Stj. 458; leika sungfseri, 631 :--
leika sr, t o play, esp. of children, passim; as also, leika sr at e-u, to play ai a thing, passim. 2. to
delude, play a trick on; Djfullinn leikr alia, Andr. 66: esp. with prepp., leika e-n, to play a tri c
kon a person, Nj. 155; mjk her oss leikit, nr sem vr fum ess hefnt, Grett. 149; ef arir
leita oss, m vera at vr leikim enn nokkut mot, to make a counter move, Boll. 346; lk
hn fcr sinn af sr, she played him off, Stj. 181; svat eins leikr vi esta vini na, Fms. ii. 181.
3. ef svlla er. at um at s at leika, if thai is on tie cards, Fms. via. 102, AI. 132, 134; hn segir
fur snum um hvat at leika er, she told her father bow things stood, Ld. 206, Fms. via. 93. 4. to
perform, of a feat or act of prowess, of a play; fkt eigi leikit at er mjukleiUr var i, Fms. vii.
119; eir kvu hann veran vera at hafa, ef hann lki at, Finnb. 220; en ek hygg at engi annarr fi
at leikit, Fms. i. 152; haun k'k at optliga, er hann barisk, er fair gtu vi s, ii. 106; at ni
leikask, Fas. i. 88; essa rj hluti lk hann senn, Eb. 240. 5. the phrases, leika lauss vi, to be free,
at large, disengaged (cp. ' to play fast and lose with'); I;iti r hann n eigi lausan vi leika lengi,
Fms. xi. 154; en Hakon sjalfr skal leika lauss vi sv, H. shall not be engaged in the battle, i. e. be
in reserve, 127; leika lausum hala (see hali); leika tveim skjolduin, to play a double game, Hkr. i.
(in a verse). II. to move, swing, ivave to and fro, bang loosely; leika lopti, Hm. 156; leika mars
baki, Hm. 12; lk ar grind jarnum, Fms. v. 331; landi skalf sem ri lki, Fas. i. 424;
skjlfa tti hsit sein als oddi Icki, 87; let hann luika laust kiu':it brkinni, Fms. vii. 170; rar
It'ku lausar hndum honum, vi. 446; eir stevpo golli ny'teknu or ai ieikanda (melted gold) i
munn honum, Hom. (St.) 69. 2. t o lick, of ame, to catch, of re = Lat. lambere; eir vknuu eigi
fyrr en logi Ick um , Fms. i. 292; hiti leikr vi himin, Vsp. 57; var eldr lauss mijum bnum,
cldrinn lk skjtt, tluu eir at verja eldinum, en var ar sv mjk leikit (so much burnt) at eir
mtu ekki vi festask, Fb. iii. 175; eldr tk at leika hsin, Gull. 28; eldrinn tk at leika vatns-
kerldin ok viinn, Fms. xi. 35; heldr en ar k'-ki eldr yr, viii. 341; lik e'drinri skjtt tjrgaa
spnu kerldunum, i. 128. 3. of water, waves, stream, to pl ny, wash; unnir k-ku, Hkv. 2. H, Lex.
Pot.; tti honum at helzt fri at hafa hondina niri lknum, ok kita strauminn leika um srit,
Fas. iii. 388; vatnit var djpt at landinu, ok hafi leikit undan bakkanum, sv at holt var me, the
water had washed the earth away, and made the bank hollow, Grett. 131 A :-- of wind, ver var kalt
ok lk nordan, 113 new Ed.: allir ketill k'k utan ok innaa sem ein sia, Bs. ii. 9. 4. metaph., k'jk at
or , it was rumoured, Fms. i. 288, Fs. 75; var vintta eirra kr, tt at lki nkkut msu,
though there were ups and downs in their friendship, Fms. vi. 369; leika tvennu, id., Mag. 33; lk
hinu sania, it went all one way, Fms. v. 252; leika tveim tungum, ' to iwi/ig on two tongues, ' of
various reports of the same thing, ix. 255; leikr at szt tvmli, hverr fri-mar sem fra eim
her sagt, Edda (pref.) 147; ef tortrvg lcikr A, if there is any suspicion, Js. 26; ar leikr minn
hugr , have a mind for a thing, Eg. 520; at leikr nu-r skapi (/ have a mind) at kaupa islands-far,
Fms. ii. 4; ok ef JX'T leikr aptr nnmr at, Ld. 318, v. 1.; leika mun, id., Skv. 3. 39; k-ika landmunir,
to feel homesick, Bjarn.; e-m leikr fund 4 e-u, to envy, Fms. vi. 342; leika hugr u, to have a mind
to, love; hn er sv af konum, at mr leikr helzt hugr , vii. 103. III. esp. in the part, hag-ridden,
bewitched, as madmen or people bedridden or taken by a strange illness were thought to be '
ridden' by trolls; syndisk mnnutn ann veg hel/, t sem hann mundi leikinn, vat hann for hj sr
ok talai vi sjlfan sik, Eb. 270; mar s, er Snorri ht var Icikinu af agi einu, Bs. i. 464. 2.
metaph. to ill-treat, vex; hvi ert sv;'i ilia leikin? Nj. 18, Sd. 169; suit ert leikinn, Samr fstri. Nj.
114; sagi eim engan frarna at drepa f menu ok r ilia leikna, Fms. ix. 47; biiru eir mik ok
h'-ku srliga, Fb. i. 547; eir tku hann ok luku hart ok bru, Andr. 64; Loka n-aer her leikinn
ailvakl, Lola's maid (Death) has laid hands on the king, Yt. :-- to vex, annoy, cp. at jfar n ieiki,
that the thieves shall not take it, Hm.; au vagi vindr of k'k, the wind swamped them, Gkv. I;
meinit hafi lengi vi leikit, the illness had vexed him a Ions; time, Bs. 5. igo. IV. reex, to be
performed, (lone; ef at m leikask, if this can be done, Fas. i. 88; sgu at at nitti vel leikask,
at vinda segl Orminum ok sigla haf t, Fms. ii. 326 :-- leikask e-n, to get the worst of it; mjiik
herir leikisk minn hluta, I have been utterly worsted, sl. ii. 269; ok lksk injk nuiiinum Aga
iaris, Fms. iii. 187; ok tti n opt leikask viskiplum tirra Grettis, Grett. 151. 2. recipr., leikask
vi, to play a match, to play one against another; ok er at bezt at vit sjlr leikimk vi, Grett. 99
new Ed., Stnrl. i. 23, Fms. ii. 269, jbr. 15 new Ed.: ok hfu eir leikisk vi barnleikum allir rr
mean eir vru ungir, they had been playmates Fms. vi. 343; ef eir skyldi tveir vi leikask, Glm.
370 :-- at her komizt undan me lausaf yart, en leikisk um loud sem auit er, escape with the
movable property and leave the land to its fate, and lei them quarrel about the land as best they
can, Eb. 98.
leika, n., pl. leiku, a plaything, doll, puppet; ert leikum Ijosari, MS. 4. 9; ek skal fra ik
Hildigunni dttur minni, ok skal hn hafa ik fyrir leika (Jeiku Ed.), Fas. ii. 233; tt hann ykki
trautt hvers barns leika vera, Fms. xi. 95; lku eir SIT um dag, ok ba Steinlfr Arngrm Ij sr
messingar hest -- Arngrmr svarar, ek mtm gefa r, vat at er n heldr itt leika en mitt fyrir aldrs
skum, Glm. 353; kurrai at hverr snum hbylum, at vetrgestr Brynjlfs mundi eigi vera hvers-
dags leika, Sturl. iii. 127: plur., fgr leiku eru etta, O. H. L. 50; eir tveir trmenn er Frey hfu
fengnir verit til leikna, Fb. i. 403.
leika, u, f. -- leika, n. but a later form, min leika, Grett. 107 new Ed., cp. Fas. ii. 233. 2. a play-sister
= ltiksystir; vit vetr nu vrum leikur, Gs. 11; Dvalins-leika, Lex. Pot. 3. cunnus.
leikandi, f. a sport, jest, sl. ii. 451.
leikari, a, m. [North. E. laker], a player, esp. a ddler, jester, MS. 623. 18, Fms. viii. 207, Fagrsk.
(in a verse), Hkr. i. 30, AI. 41, Th. 77. COMPDS: leikara-skapr, in. scurrility, histrionic manners, H.
E. ii. 113, 138. leikara-sngr, m. a lay, Mar.
leik-bla, n. ' sway-blade' poet, a pinion, Haustl.
leik-blandinn, part, sportive, MS. 4. 6.
leik-bor, n. a play-board; skjta (Ijtu) leikbori fyrir e-n, to turn the tables upon a person, Gg. I,
Grett. (in a verse).
leik-brir, m. a play-fellow, Fr. 58. II, [Lat. lai c?* s], a lay- b ro ther received into a convent, D.
N. iv. 89.
leik-dmr, m. the laity, Bs. i. 750, Sturl. iii. 63.
leik-fang, n. wrestling, Jb. 83: mod. a plaything.
leik-flagi, a, in. a play-fellow, Kar!. 176.
leik-fer, f. sp or t, Bs. ii. 28.
leik-flk, n. lay-folk, laity, Bs. ii. 138, K. . K. 140.
leik-goi, a, in. a nickname, Landu.
leikinn, adj. playful, gay, Fms. ii. 169, vii. 175, Mar. 280.
leik-knttr, m. a 'play-ball, ' top, Jn fxirl.
leik-ligr, adj. [Lat. laicus] , lay, Bs. ii. 45.
leik-mar, m. a layman, Sturl. iii. 60, Bs., K. ., H. E. passim. II. [leikr], a player, Gsl. 32, Sturl. i.
23.
leik-mannliga, adv. jester-like, Mar.
leik-mikill, ad] , playful, merry, sl. ii. 439, Br. 8 new Ed.
leik-mt, n. a 'play-meeting, ' public athletic sports, Eg. 188, F's. 4. V
Leikn, f. the name of an ogress, perhaps with reference to the ancient belief that sicknesses arise
from the being 'ridden' by witches, Edda 54 (in a verse), cp. Edda (GI.); leiknar hestr, the ' ogress
steed, ' poet, the wolf, Hallfred; the Ijeikin, Vsp. 25, is prob. identical, sei hn leikin, she (the
prophetess) worshipped zvitchss (trolls') -- she was a sorceress.
LEIKR, m., dat. Ieiki is freq. in poetry and old prose, but mod. leik; plur. in old usage always
leikar, even in late MSS. such as Fb. iii. 405; but in mod. usage Icikir, acc. Ieiki: the phrase ' nyja
leik' seems to point to a lost feminine leik: [ Ulf. laiks = x0P^Sj Luke xv. 25; A. S. lc; North. E. /a
ik; O. H. G. leik; Dan. h'g; Swed. / ek] :-- a game, play, sport, including athletics, Eg. 147, Edda
31-33, Fs. 60; ok eigi var s leikr er nokkurr yrfti vi hann at keppa, Nj. 29; sj skulum ver leika
na (not Ieiki), Fb. iii. 405; leika ok glfi, Fagrsk. ch. 26; slu leik, to set up a game (cp. sla dan/,),
Sturl. ii. 190 (of a game of ball): of a dance, Bret. 42; hann heudi ganian at araunnm ok leikum, ...
knattlcikar vru tiir, Eg. 187; leikr var lagir Hvtr-vllum allfji'ilmennr, 188; sveiiminn var
a, Ieiki me rum ungmennum, Fms. i. 78; fara at (mc) leik sinuin, to roa/w about, Boil. 336,
Fms. x. 159; hverir eiga her leik sv njauian? Nj. 125: of a ceremony, Fbr. 7: of capping verses, Bs.
i. 237; cp. streng- leikr, a ' string-play, ' lay. 2. metaph. a game, sport, Grett. 50 new Ed.; hann segir
eim um hvat leika (gen. pl.) var, he told them what the game was, Fb. i. 325, Fms. ii. 49; sagi hvat
leikinn var, Sd. 152; tk Icikrinn ekki at batna af beiira hendi, Fms. vi. 212: the phrase, nyja leik,
anew, b. 10, N. G. L. i. 334, Sks. 234, Fms. ix. 274, 284, 370, 401, 409, 511, xi. 62; nyjan leik is a
modernized form not found in good old vellums; eptir e-s leik, after one'sgood pleasure, Stj. 148:
the phrase, leikr er gjorr til e-s, a person is aimed at, is the mark of a;i attack; vat til hans var leikr
grr, Ld. 152; gora sJ-r leik til e-s, to act wantonly :-- poet, phrase, ilildar leikr, ins lcikr, svera,
jrna leikr, etc., the play of Hilda, of Odin, of swords, rf iron - battle, Lex. Pot.; the Freys leikr, the
play of Frey, by Hornkloii, Fagrsk. 4 (in a verse), is by the older Grundtvig ingeniously identied
with our Yale play, see the connection in which the word stands in the verse. The ancients used to
assemble for athletic sports (lcik-mt), and during that time they lived in booths or sheds (lcik-
skli), even womui used to be present as spectators, Eb. ch. 43, Lv. ch. 9, Gsl., Sturl. i. 23. (Jy- An
interesting description and account of modern games is given by Jn lafsson in his Collectanea
towards an led. Dictionary, s. v. leikr (in the Additam. to the Arna-Magn. Collection in
Copenhagen); thus, bruar-leikr, skolla-1., risa-1., hufu-1., felinga-1., and many others, leiks-lok, n.
pl.; at leikslokum, j nally.
-leikr, m. an inexion or termination, see Gramm. p. xxxiii, col. I.
leik-skli, a, m. a play-shed, Eb. 216. Leik-sklar, m. pl. local name, Landn.; see leikr above.
leik-stefna, u, f. = leikmut, Clem. 31.
leik-sveinn, m. a playmate, Stj. 578, Fs. 130, Vgl.
leik-vald, n. the lay-power, laity, Bs. ii. 21.
leik-vllr, m. a play-ground, Fas. ii. 407, Sklda 170, Br. 7, Tistr. 3.
LEIPTR, f., pl. leiptrir, Hkv. 1. 15; gen. sing, leiptrar, 2. 29; but in mod. usage neut. :-- lightning,
Sks. 203, passim in mod. usage. 2. in poetry; hr-L, ' carrion-lightning' = a sword; or vig-1., ' war-
lightning, ' id.; alnar-1., ' arm-lightning' -- gold; enni-Ieiptr, the ' brow-lightning' -- the eye, see Lex.
Pot.; leiptra hrt, the ' lightning-roof = the sk y, Harms.: leiptr is the name of a sword, Edda (G'l.)
II. the name of a myth, river, cp. the Gr. Hvpi(p\tytotiw, Gm.: an oath sworn by this river, Hkv. 2.
29.
leiptr, m., gen. leiptrs, a kind of whale or dolphin, Dan. lyft, Edda (Gl.); hnisa ... ea leiptr er eigi
verr lcngri en sjau ulna, Sks. 203, Lex. Pot.
leiptra, a, to ash, of lightning, but also of the twinkling of stars, the eyes, and the like, Fas. ii.
368, Karl. 542.
LEIR, n., as in leirinu, Stj. 72, 414; me gu leiri ok seigu, Sks. 417; Icirit, Fms. ix. 511, v. 1. In
mod. usp. ge leirr, m., which also occurs in Fms. ix. 511 (leirrinn); grr leirr, Orkn. 374 (in a verse);
leir- inum, Fb. i. 354, Orkn. 336, but leirinu llu two lines below; Icirnum, Fas. iii. 583; Icirinn,
Orkn. 374 (Fb.); thus the older vellums prefer the neut., the later the masc.; [Dan. leer; Swed. ler;
Scot, l a ir] :-- clay, earth, loam, but also mud, esp. on the beach, passim, see the references above:
in plur. lcirar = leira (cj. v.) II. metaph. and poet., arnar leir, 'eagle's mud' -- bad poetry, referring to
the legend told in the Edda 49, alluded to in Gd. 2, Sturl. ii. 56 (in a verse); as also in mod. usage,
whence leir-skld, n. a poetaster: local names, Leir-a, Leir-vik, etc. COMPOS: leir-bakki, a, m. a
clayey bank, Fms. v. 252. leir-blt, n. a c lay idol, N. G. L. i. 383. leir-bolli, a, m. an earthen bowl.
leir-brsi, a, m. an earthen pot. leir-burr, m. bad poetry. leir-b, f. a c lay booth, Bs. i. 249, ii.
157. leir- depill, in. a loamy spot, O. H. L. leir-gata, u, f. a loamy path, Nj. 84. leir-grf, f. a loam-
pit, Nj. 84, v. 1. leir-jtunn, m. the c l a y giant, Edda 58. leir-kelda, u, f. a loam-pit, Bs. i. 577. leir-
ker, m. a n earthen pot. leirkera-smir, m. a palter, N. T. leir-krukka, u, f. an earthen 'crock, ' Ver.
25. leir-ljs, adj. grayish, of a horse. leir-mar, m. a clay-man, Edda ii. 298. leir-pottr, m. an earthen
pot, Sks. 543. leir-skld, n. a poetaster. leir-sletta, u, f. a blot of mud, Rm. 259. leir-smir, m. a
potter, Matth. xxvii. 7. leir-stokkiim, part, mud-splashed, Hrafn. 7. leir-tjrn, f. a loam- pit, El. leir-
vaill, m. a shallow mud bank, Stj. 135. leir-vik, f. a muddy creek, Hkr. ii. 196: a local name =
Lerwick in Shetland. Leir- vr, f. the name of an ogress, Edda.
leira, u, f. a ' loam eld, ' the muddy shore at low water mark, Fms. viii. 315, ix. 44, 405, x. 138, O.
H. L. 14, 15, Orkn. 336, Eb. 84 (v. 1.) new Ed.: a nickname, Fb. iii: local names, Leiru-lkr, Leiru-
vgr, Landn., Fs. COMPDS: leiru-bekkr, m. a muddy brook, Fms. viii. 421. leiru-vik, f. = leirvik,
Fms. iv. ^153.
Leira, u, f. the river Loire in France, O. H.
leirigr, adj. loamy, muddy, Fms. v. 230, Stj. 291.
leir-ligr, adj. of clay, Bs. ii. 157.
LEISTR, m. [Ulf. laists: = XVQS; A. S. last; Engl. cobbler's last; Dan. l st; cp. Germ, leisten,
prop. = to follqw in the footsteps] :-- the foot below the ankle, Edda no. 2. a short sock; her
agna framan af ftinum rum skinnit me nglunum ann htt sem leistr, Bs. i. 618; ok brann
gegnum skinn ok leistinn (v. l. hosuna), ok ftrinn brann, ir. 358, v. 1.: mod., h-leistr, a '
hough-last, ' a sock reaching to the ankle: poet., hyrjar-Ieistr, Yt. 20; leista tre, the leg, Edda 100.
COMPDS: leista-brkr, f. pl. breeks with stockings fastened to them, long hose, Eb. 242, Nj. 212,
sl. ii. 218. leista-lauss, adj. without afoot- piece, Fms. vi. 205.
LEIT, f. a search, exploration, as also an exploring party, expedition; jarl var sjlfr leitinni, Nj.
131; fru rr hverja leit, Eg. 220; konungr mun seint af hyggja um leitina, Fms. vi. 381; skipta
eir lii snu helminga til leitar skginum, x. 218; eir spuru at hestum eim, er eir vru leit
komnir, the horses which they were ' laiting' come in search of, sl. ii. 349: plur., hvers leitum
ert, w hat art tbou seeking ? Fsm.: in a local sense, skulu vr fara dreift, vat leitin er v, Fms. i.
70: in plur. leitir, ' sbeep-laiting, ' the search for sheep in the mountain pastures in autumn.
LEITA, a, prop, a causal from lita, [Ulf. wlaiton = irtpp\irfcr9ai; North. E. to lait; Dan. led e] :--
to seek, search, with gen. leita e-s, 01 with prep, leita at e-u, or absol., hrasmenn lcituu hennar
ok fundu hana eigi, Nj. 14; leita lands, Fms. ii. 214; Hngr sigldi haf ok leitai Islands, Eg. 99,
Landn. 27, 32, Fms. i. 27, 71; leita e-m kvnfangs, Eg. 22, passim: metaph., ef yar er ilia leita, if
you are challenged, rudely r\ treated, Nj. 139; tt hans vri eigi vel leita, Fb. ii. 73 :-- hn leitai
i eina hirzlu, Fms. iv. 37; leituu eir um skginn allan, i. 72; Njll leitai Hskuldi um manna-
forr, Nj. 149: leita at e-m, to seek for, Fms. ix. 218; ok leiti r at honum Hoskuldi, Nj. 171,
passim in mod. usage: leita eptir e-m, id., Fms. i. 69: the phrase, leita sr staar, to go on one's
business, cacare, Hm. 113, Fr. 197. II. metaph. to seek for help; vil ek at leitir aldri annarra en
min ef arft nokkurs vi, Nj. 74; leita sr heilla, Landn. 33; leita Isekninga, to seek for healing,
to call in a physician, Johan. 26; leita ra, to seek for advice, Nj. 75. 2. to enquire, examine, Sks.
638, Hom. 65. 3. with prepp.; leita e-n, to offend in word or deed, be aggressive, Nj. 16, O. H.
222, (a-leilinn); leita vi e-n, to contest, call in question, Grg. i. 36; leita um e-t, to try, attempt;
hvar skulu vr leita? Nj. 3; en at r ek, at leitir eigi optarr hreysti inina, that th o?^ dost not
a^- ain question my valour, Orkn. 402: leita eptir e-u, t o ' lait after, ' seek for, passim; leita eptir
mali, to follow a case, take it up, Nj. 75; leita eptir vi e-n, t o entreat a person, Fbr. 117; leita eptir
um e-t, to enquire into, Eg. 536: leita upp, t o s eek ow t, Germ, anfsuchen, Fms. x. 71 :-- leita vi,
to try, endeavour, Nj. 21, Sturl. i. 17, Rb. 382, Eg. 606, Jb. 382; leita vi for, to try to get away,
Grg. i. 91: leita til e-s, to try for, F'b. ii. 309. III. in a local sense, to try to go, make ready to go,
proceed on a journey; ef Eirekr konungr leitai vestan um haf me her sinn, Fms. i. 26; hann
kvask aptr mundu leita til vina sinnu, ii. 214; ef hann leitai aptr land, v. 32; leita braut or landi,
to go abroad, 0. H. 130; leita fund e-s, to visit a person, Eg.; halt vr , ef hann leitar (trie s to
escape) t um munninn, Fms. vi. 351: leita undan, to go back, y, Stj. 479. IV. reex, to seek;
leitask um, to explore; leituusk eir um hvar lkast var t at komask, Eg. 233; leituusk heir
um ok fundu hur glnu, 234, Stj. 479: leitask fyrir, id., H. E. i. 245, Sks. 706: leitast vi, to
attempt, mod. = leita vi. The reexive is more freq. in mod. than in old usage.
leiti, n. [from lita], a hill or elevation on the horizon hiding the view, Eg. 220, Grg. i. 433, Fms.
viii. 147, Orkn., Stj. 401; leiti berr milli, Nj. 263, Fbr. 55 new Ed.; fara sv at sinu leiti er jafnan
hverr, Mar.; ef hann saei nokkurn maim ra um leiti fram, Glm. 363, Bjarn. 25 (in a verse), Edda
(Gl.); Oinn hleypti sv mikit, at hann var ru leiti fyrir, Edda 57; eir riu undr leiti nokkut, en
eir ssk aldri san, Nj. 279; var fyrir eim leiti nokkut nijuk halt, Fms. vii. 68: freq. in mod.
usage, esp. in Icel. local names.
leiti, n. [hlutr], a share, part; see hleyti.
-leitr, adj. [lita], looking so and so, in compds, see Gramm. p. xxxiv, col. I. (IX.)
leizla, n, f. = leisla, q. v.
LEKA, pres. lek; pret. lak, lku; part, lekit; a weak part, lekat occurs, Fms. ix. 345; [A. S. leccan;
Engl. leak; Dan, l cc kke] :-- prop, t o drip, dribble; af eim legi er lekit hafi or hausi
Heidraupnis, Sdm. 13: -- to leak, of a ship or vessel, en hn lak eigi heldr enn it ttasta kerald,
Bs. i. 596; var mjk lekat skipit, Fms. ix. 345; leka eins og hrip, freq. in mod. usage: of milch kine,
en ru kvikf ef at lekr, Jb. 366.
leki, a, m. a leakage, leak; kmu lekar at skipinu, Grett. 96: the phrase, sj vi eim leka, to see
toa future leak (emergency).
lekr, adj. (compar. lekari, N. G. L. i. 199), leaky, Grett. 94, Jb. 378, Fms. ix. 381, Stj. 367, N. G. L.
i. 304.
lek-stlpar, m. pl. 'leak-beams, ' prob. a kind of pump, Edda (Gl.)
lektari, a, m. [eccl. Lat. lectoriuni] , a lectern, reading desk, Vm. 10, 52, Dipl. v. 18, Bs. i. 797.
lekta, u, f. [Lat. word], a lesson, 625. 169, Vm. 38.
lektor, m. [Lat. word], a reader, Ver. 49.
l-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), vile, of little worth; this word does not occur in old writers; the etym. is
dubious, cp. lmagna, lbarn, etc.
lemba, d, [lamb], to lamb; lembd r, a ewe with lamb, Stj. 185, Grg. i. 502.
lemd, f. lameness, from a blow, N. G. L. i. 30, 67.
l-meginn, adj., mod. le-magna, indecl. faint, exhausted; lmegit Ijos, a faint light, Stj. 16.
lem-heyrr, part, deaf, Anecd. 2 new Ed.
LEMJA, pres. lem; pret. lami; part, lamir, Glm. 342; imperat. lem, lemdu, Ska R. 131; lamdr,
and mod. also laminn, Mar. 637: [A. S. lieman; provinc. Engl. lam = to thrash; Germ, l ti hmen] :--
t o thrash, og, heat, so as to lame or disable; uru ar ttjn menn srir en margir lamir, Fms. ix.
355; lemja mun ek bogann fyrir honum ef ek ma, x. 362; jporbjrn ba hann starfa betr, ella kvask
hann mundu lemja hann, Grett. 20; eir lrnu hann nliga til btleysis, 154; laman til heljar,
Am. 41; ok lema (subj.) alla liu, Ls. 43; ok tt jtuns alia lami, kv. 31; munu eigi oil lami
(neut. pl.), Glm. 340; leinja smtt, to smashT Mar.; lama (lame), halta ok blinda, Greg. 28; fugli
me lamum vngjum, Hom. 142: lemja e-m, to 'lam into one, ' give one a thrashing, Ska R.
135. II. metaph. to suppress; skuhi bndr taka fr segl ok lemja (to upset) sv for eirra, N. G. L. i.
103; hann tlai sv at lemja fyrir eim smina, Stj. 312; vivrun hrslu . Jemr holdi, Hom.
14: lemja nir, to beat down, suppress, Fms. ii. 199. III. reex., Gunnarr hj hnd Hallgrimi, ok
lamisk handleggrinn, en sverit beit ekki, Nj. 45; sverit brotnai en haussinn lamisk, but the s
kull was fractured, Gsl. 4; sv mikit hgg at haussinn lamisk mjk, Fb. i. 400. 2. recipr., nnur
efni eru n vru mli, en at r lemisk rrinn fyrir, to break one another's oars, Fms. viii. 216. 3.
to be ruined; allr frir lemsk, all happiness is destroyed, Hallfred; landvrn lamisk, the defence
was paralysed, Sighvat.
lempa, ad, [a mod. for. word borrowed from the Dan. lmpe; cp. A. S. limpan] :-- to temper,
accommodate; lempa sig eptir e-u.
lempinn or lernpiligr, adj. pliable, gentle.
lemstr, ni., gen. lernstrar, a severe contusion; lernstr malhelti minnar, Hom. 143. COMPDS: lemstr-
hgg, n. a blow causing contusion, D. N. iv. 84. lemstrar-sar, n. a disabling wound, Gl. 180, Ann.
1398.
lemstra, a, to contuse.
LN, n., mod. also lni, [Dan. len; Germ, lehen], a ef, fee; taka land ln, Fms. i. 22, iv. 212;
halda lnd ok ln af konungi, 232; hann hafi ln hlfar Freyjar af Haraldi Grfeld, ii. 91; at ln
sem hann veitir mr, Gl. 63 (in an oath of homage); Herra Kntr hafi hlft Rygja-fylki ok Sogn
halfan, ok tti honum at ln minna en hanu vildi, Fms. ix. 428, x. 116; beiask lns yr fylki,
Fagrsk. 7; ar sem lendr mar her ln, N. G. L. ii. 407 :-- a royal grant or emolument, bi um
skyldir ok tgerir ok mrg nnur ln, Fms. vi. 339; hann heitr yr mt miklu lni ok trausti, viii.
204; hann gaf honum mikit Ion ok land sinu riki, O. H. L. 18; hann hafi veitt honum mikit ln, ok
gct honum drligar gjar, 68; skyldu ok eir sem lnin hfu missa eirra, ef eir ytti eigi essi
brf, Bs. i. 764 :-- ro yal revenue, itt rki liggr undir frii, ok tekr ii eigi af vlkt ln sem
ttir at hafa, O. H. L. 30 :-- an ofce, umbos-ln, D. N. v. 417; s konungs umbos-mar sem ar
her Ion, N. G. L. ii. 280. II. metaph. the good things of this life; sumir hafa lti ln er lof, Edda
II. lnsmar, m. a 'ef-holder, ' feoffee; in the Middle Ages the king's governor was so called :-- in
Norway a kind of ofcer, bailiff, D. N., Fr. passim.
lna, u, f. to grant, Vgl. 31.
lna, u, f. [cp. Germ, lehne; Engl. to lean] :-- the pad or cushion laid under the pack-saddle; hann
k tv hesta ok lagi lenur (mod. rei- ing), Nj. 74; kmu eir til hesta sinna, ok er eir vildu
lnur leggja, Bs. i. 389; vru lagir lit vru-sekkar nokkurir hlait, ok ar lnur me, sl. ii.
204.
lna, a, to saddle; Beam lnai snu sna, Stj. 334.
LEND, f., pl. lendir, mod. also lcndar; [A. S. lenden; Old Engl. lendes; Scot. lendis; Engl. loi ns; O.
H. G. lenli; Germ. lende] : -- the loin; the mod. usage distinguishes between the sing., the loin or
croup of a horse and pl. Icndar of the human loins; lendir yrar sktihi r gyra, Hom. 84 (Luke xii.
35); munu konungar t af num lendum fask, Stj., Sks. 404; undir herum, lendum, kncs-botum,
Edda 40; lenda-kli, Fas. iii. 102: -- of a horse, harm ner af henni alla baklengjuna aptr lend,
Grett. 91; lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann klappar lend hestinum, Bs. i. 633; um hfu, lend, brjst
ok kvi ok allan hest, Sks. 404. lenda-verkr, m. ' loin-work, ' lumbago, Pr. 471, Ld. 32.
LENDA, d, mod. t, [land], to land, Fms. vii. 31, viii. 33, ix. 23, Eb. 234, Ld. 32, passim: lenda
skipi, Fbr. 163. II. metaph. impers., e-m lendir saman, to come into collision with, close with one
another; oss (dat.) mun mi saman lenda ef r lti eigi lausan manninn, Fms. vii. 117; mun ek ekki
letja at oss lendi saman, Ld. 324; munu er (= mun yr?) saman lenda, nema milat s mlum,
Bjarn. 55. 2. e-u lendir, to be landed, to come to an end; ar lendir essi viru ok hjali, Fms. xi.
52; her lendir me eim, at..., Bs. ii. 72, eigi vitu vr hvar essu mli lendir, Mar.: absol., lenda
vanda, to be landed in difculties, get into scrapes, Karl. 308; sv mikit ofrei at eigi mtti lenda,
ir. 272. III. to give land to a person, with acc.; en hverr sem lendir hann vi minna, sekr eyri, N.
G. L. iii. 37.
lenda, u, f. land, elds; hann tti hundru kgilda leigu-stum ok tu lendur, Sturl. i. 97; var
lendur ok fagrar, Ld. 96; lendur ok lausa-fe, Fms. i. 289.
lend-borinn, part. ' land-born, ' of the landed gentry, Eg. 342, Fms. viii. 155.
lending, f. a landing, landing-place, Lv. 93, Fms. ii. 93.
lendi-st, f. a landing-place, N. G. L. i. 243, 380, v. 1.
lendr, ad] , landed, esp. as a law term; lendr mar, lendir menn, = 'landed-men' or the barons of
ancient Scandinavia, holding land or emoluments (veizlur) from the king, and answering to hersir
(q. v.) of a still earlier time; heita eir hersar ea lendir menu Danskri tungu, Edda 93; gjri
konur. gr jjrlf lendan mann, ok veitir honum allar veizlur r er r hafi Brr haft, Eg.
35, Sks. 5, Fms. i. 60, ix. 496, Gl. 12, and passim in the Laws and Sagas, but never referring to the
Icel. Commonwealth. II. in compds, v-lendr, -lendr, sam- lendr (q. v.), ut-lendr, outlandish.
lend-vn, f. expectance of a ef, N. G. L. i. 360.
lengd, f. [langr], length of space and time, Bret. 32, Stj. 74, Fms. viii. 88, Eg. 318, Alg. 372, Barl.
165 :-- gramm., Sklda 175: lengthening, Sks. 119. 2. adverb, phrases, til lengdar, long, for a long
time; alls til lengdar, t oo long, Karl. 227; br ok lengdar (mod. br og lengd), for now and
hereafter, Fms. vii. 88; egar til lengdar ltr, in the long run; a-lengdar, afar off'.
LENGI, adv., the compar. lengr is used in a temp, sense, lengra in a local sense, see langr; [Dan.
lnge] :-- long, for a long time; lengi her mr at hug verit, Nj. 2; hversu lengi? 141; eigi lengi,
Ld. 168; of lengi, t oo long; sv lengi sem, a s long as, Rb. 64; ok eru eir miklu lengst niri, by
far the longest time, id.; ok olir eigi inni lengr, co?/ ld nolonger ' thole' or endure it, Fr. 269,
passim; lengr en skemr, rather long than short, for a good while, Bs. i. 155; til ess at lengr en
skemr frestaisk at ningsverk, Al. 105: -lengr (q. v.), hereafter: lengr er, until; lengr er lyriti er
varit at logbergi, K. . K. (Kb.) i. 18; lengr er eir hafa snt biskupi, 22: with gen., lengi vetrar, /o r
a long part of the winter, Fbr. i. 334; lengi ae, during a long part of one's life, 224; lengi dags,
lengi nsetr, and so on.
lenging, f. lengthening, Fms. iii. 12; mla-lenging, prolongation.
lengja, d, [langr], to lengthen; var lengt nafri haos, there wa s added to his name, Fms. vi. 16;
lengja lif silt, i. 126; arf eigi at lengja sgu um at ml, it b oo t s not to tell a long tale, xi. 9;
lengja lei sna, Eg. 742; or-lengja, to lengthen out words; hvat arf at lengja, what need tomake
a long story? Karl. 374, 427. II. impers. t o lengthen, esp. of days and seasons; um vetrinn er daga
lengdi, Hrafn. 30; ntt (acc.) lengir. III. reex., e-m lengisk, to long after; sem essir tveir vetr vru
linir tti Jsaphat lengjask mjk, Barl. 198.
lengja, u, f. an oblong piece, Ska R. 27; bak-lengja, q. v.
lengrum, see langr III. 2.
lengstum, adv., see langr III. 2.
lni, n. [le], a scythe, steel and iron welded together in a forge; gseta arf lka a v, mean veri
er a sl lni, a . .,, rm. Al. iv. 119.
Lent, f. Lent, in the words of John the Fleming, Nu er koinin Lentin..., Ekki skilr flkit rival Lentin
er, Bs. i. 801.
lenz, f. [for. word; Lat. lan c e a], a lance, Edda (Gl.)
le, m. [for. word; Lat. leai] , a lion, Fms. vii. 69, Fbr. 34, Nj. 143, Jjir. 190, Stj. 71, 411, Plac.; this
Lat. form is freq. in old writers; the prop. Icel. form is Ijn, q. v.
len, n. a lion, Fb. i. 165, Fms. vii. 69, Stj. 71, 231, 459; Ijns hvassar sjonir, Sighvat; yet the
vellums hardly ever use the mod. spelling Ijon, but Icon :-- the word is masc., ir. 190, Pr. 402,
434. lens- hvelpr, m. a lion's whelp, Stj. 231.
lena, u, f. a lioness, Stj. 80. '
leparr or leoparr, m. [for. word], a leopard, Al. 167, Art.; the Icel. form is hlbarr, q. v.
LEPJA, pres. lep, lapti; part, lapit; [A. S. lapian; Engl. lap] : -- t o lap like a dog; this word seems
not to occur in old writers, but is freq. in mod. usage and undoubtedly old.
LEPPR, m. [cp. Engl. lump~\, a lock of hair; f mr leppa tv or hri iiu, Nj. 116; hann skar r
lepp r hri ess maims, Fas. i. 528; hann hafi Ijsan lepp hari sinu hinum vinstra megin, Hrafn.
13: ok tk ek einn lepp or tagli hans, Fb. i. 354; mila mer mot lepp or maga- skeggi nu, Fms. vi.
141; the word is obsolete iu this sense. 2. a rag, tatter, cp. Germ, lump; sem leppr rotinn, Bs. ii. 56;
ina vnda leppa sem hann hafi, Fms. ii. 161; hverr leppr er upp brotinn i vru skipi, vi. 382:
freq. in mod. usage, leppr or i-leppr, s oc ks towear in shoes; bak-leppr, the pad under a saddle.
COMPDS: leppa-kli, n. slashed clothes, Roll. 40, 48. Leppa-li, a, m. a monster, the husband
of the ogress Grla (q. v.), Maurer's Volks.
lepra, u, f. [a Lat. word], leprosy, Fas. ii. 390; in mod. vulg. usage diarrh a.
lepsa, u, f. a rag, piece of cloth.
-lera, [cp. lara], in compds, stt-lera, tt-leri, q. v.
LREPT, n. [Dan. lrred; prob. a compel, qs. lu-ript = s o/ t raiment] : -- linen, a linen cloth, K. .
K. 20, Grg. i. 213, Sks. 287, Fms. vi. 348, Fs. 147: also in plur., vera at lreptum, to be atone's
linen, of a lady, 161; Icrept is opp. to vaml, K. . K. (Kb.) 8. lrepts-dkr, -hkull, m. a linen
cloth or cope, Vm. 53, 114.
LERKA, a, [Scot, lerk], to lace tight; var httrinn lerkar um hlsinn, Landn. 147; lerka ermar at
xl... drambhostir lerkaar at beini, Fms. vi. 440: metaph. to chastise [cp. North. E. to lace],
lerkandi sina sal, Mar.; hann lerkai sinn lkam me fstum, THom. :-- part, k-rkar, bruised,
contused; blar ok lerkar af storum hggum, Fas. iii. 357: in mod. usage feeling as if sore all over
the body.
les, n. a lesson, in divine service: orlks sng ok les me, Vm. 35; at song ok lesi. 52; me lesi ok
song, Am. 43, 74; messu-sng ok les, Bs. i. 811. COMPDS: les-bk, f. a lesson-book, Vm. 52, 55,
Dipl. v. 18. les-djkn, in. a reading clerk, Bs. ii. 11, Th. 76. les-kr, m. a reading gallery or choi r,
Mar. les-skr, f. = lesbk, Jm. 11. II. knitted wares, such as knitted gloves, drawers, socks, and the
like, freq. in mod. usage; a endingu eg ska r | a fair les og smr | skattinn, Snot (1865)
330; prjn-les, knitted wares, socks, shirts, etc.
LESA, pres. les; pret. las, last, las, pl. lsu; subj. lsi; imperat. les. lestu; part, lesinn: [Ulf. lisan =
av\\ty(iv, avvaytiv; A. S. lesan; provincial Engl. to lease; O. H. G. lesan; Germ. lesen; cp. Gr. \tyv,
Lzt. legere] :-- prop, to glean, gather, pick, Stj. 615; lesa hnetr, aldin, Gsl. (in a verse), Dropl. 5;
lesa ber, to gather berries, K. jp. K. 82; hafi hn lesit sr mikil ber til fslu, Bs. i. 204; lesa blm,
Art. 66 :-- lesa saman; vera nokkut vinber saman lesin af yrnum ? Matth. vii. 16; vat eigi lesa
meun saman kjur af yrnum ok eigi heldr vinber af istlum, Luke vi. 44; lesit fyrst illgresit saman,
Matth. xiii. 30; eir lsu saman manna um morguninn ... hafi s eigi meira er mikit hafi saman
lesit, Stj. 292; essir smir articuli sem her eru saman lesnir, Fb. iii. 237; saman lesa lif e-s, to
compile', H. E. i. 584: eir lsu upp (picked tip) hlm ann allan, Mart. 123; tku eir silfri ok lsu
upp, Fms. viii. 143. 2. to grasp, catch; eklrinn las skjtt tr-viinn, Eg. 238: of a ship, at m rtt
heita Stigandi er sv less hat, Fs. 28; bririnn less um herar sr ann kaals-hlutinn sem eir
hfu haldit, grasped it, wound it round his shoulders, Mar.; harm greip sviuna, ok las af hondum
honum, he gripped the weapon and snatched it out of his hands, Sturl. i. 64: lesa sik upp, to haul
oneself up; las hann sik skjntt \ipp eptir xar-skaptinu, Fr. ill; fx'jrir gkk at skgarinum, ok
krki upp oxinui. las sik uppeptir, (3. H. 135. 3. to knit, embroider; hn sat vi einn gull- ligan
bora ok las (embroidered) ar mn liin ok framkoniin verk, Fas. i. 176; typt kli ok veigo ok
lesin (better lesni, q. v.), Js. 78. II. metaph. to gather words and syllables, to read, [cp. Lat. legere] ;
sem lesit er, Stj. 40; hann let lesa upp (t o r ead aloud) hverir skrir vru konungs-skipit, Fins,
vii. 287; statuta skulu ... geymask ok lesask, H. E. i. 509; sat konungr ok hirin nti fyrir kirkju ok
lsu aptan- snginn, Fms. vii. 152, Bs. i. 155; mean biskup las ttn-sng, Fms. xi. 390: in endless
instances, mod., lesa or lesa hslestr, q. v. This sense of course never occurs in poems of the
heathen age, but the following references seem to form a starting-point, in which lesa means 2. to
talk, gossip; lesa um e-n, to talk, speak of; hittki hann r tt eir um hann far lesi, ef hann me
snotrum sitr, Hm. 23; kann enn vera at mar vensk at lesa of ara, ok hafa uppi lstu manna,
Hom. (St.): part, lesandi, able to read; vel lesandi: lesinn, well read; v-lcsimi, who has read many
things.
lesandi, a, m. a reader, one able to read; see above.
lesari, a, m. a reader.
l-skrpr, m. a tanned shark-skin, sl. ii. 113.
lesni, n. [prob. from lesa I. 3], a kind of head-gear for women; tvpt klsear, vaevgia ok lesni (lesin)
at dttir, N. G. L. i. 211, cp. Js. 78: poet., lesnis stofn, the ' stem' of the lesni = the bead, Landn.
152 (in a verse); lesnis land (lesni lands MS.), id., Leiarv. 24.
lesnig, n. = lesni, D. N. iv. 328.
lesning, f. reading, H. E. i. 475, Hom. 4.
lest, f. [cp. Engl. last, as in Orkneys and East Angl. ' a la s t of herrings, ' and Old Engl. lastage --
freight; Germ, last; Dan. lst] , a last, burden, a measure of ship's burden, reckoned at twelve '
skippund, ' D. N. iv. 651, Bs. i. 545, Gl. 371, B, K. 20, 89, MS. 732. 16 (where wrongly ten for
twelve); lest gulls, Fms. xi. 351, where = talewt wwz(?); lest jams, harstcins, D. N.; lest sildar, N.
G. L. passim: a cargo, Jb. 386. In mod. usage the tonnage of Dan. and Norse ships is counted by
loafer. II. in Icel. sense, a caravan of loaded pack-horses, Grett. 119: plur. lestir, the market season
in June and July. COMPDS: lesta-mar, m. a driver of a lest. lesta-tal, n. 'the tale oster' tonnage,
Jb. 390.
lest, f. reading, a lesson; mean leslin veror lesin, Stat. 299, N. G. L. i. 390.
LESTA, t, [Lat. laedere, by Grimm's law, t for d], to break up, injure, wreck; lesta skip, to wreck
one's ship, Eg. 159; lesta hiis at lsum ea vii, Grg. ii. 110: impers. to be wrecked, ok lesti ar
skipit, Fms. x. 158; er bi (botb ships) lesti Hjlp ok Kifu, Orkn. (in a verse). 2. metaph. to
break, violate; lesta log, Sklda (in a verse). II. reex, to be damaged; ef kirkja brennr upp ok
lestisk, K. |x K. 42; bogi eirra lestisk, 623. 31; lestisk rain, Grett. 86; fell hann af baki ok lestisk
ftr hans, Fb. i. 538; skip lestisk, Grg. ii. 268: part., ok lest (broken) sv skip hans at eigi vri frt,
Fr. 116; hestr er lestr, haukr er daudr, Maurt-r's Volks. 321.
LESTI, adv., oulv in the phrase, a lesti, at last; [cp. A. S. on laste; Germ, am letztett] ; it occurs in
old poetry, but rarely in prose, and is now obsolete; the explanation in Lex. Foot, deriving it from
lstr (a crime) is erroneous: 1. in poetry; Jordan er lesti, Edda (Gl.), Hallfred (Fs. 206. 5); hann
gkk fyrstr hildi en r lesti, he went rst into battle and last out of it, Sighvat, Korm. 128 (in a
verse); fy'stisk sunnan | Siguror lesti, Mork. 217 :-- at lesti = lesti, Lil. 20, Grett. (in a verse); the
Am. 63 is corrupt, perhaps = litu er lsti. 2. in prose; en fyrir at munu vr lta f vrt ok frndr ok
sjlfa o?s lesti, Bret. 36; tra hfsk Gyinga-landi, ok mun angat koma lesti, 625. 189; fyrst
at uppha kenningu sinni, san jartegna- gr, ok lilti lesti, 655 xiii A. 27; him var nunna
slandi ok einsetu-kona lesti, Ld. 338, (vellum Arna-Magu. 309), Hom. (St.) 55 ef vill eigi
enna kost, munt mta kvlum (ok MS.) lesi, 625. 74; ok gaf hann henni lesti son sinn nu
vetra gamlan, . T. 15; ok lesti hellti hann t snu bana-bli, 40.
lestir, m. a breaker, wrecker, Lex. Foot.
lestr, f. a lesson, portion for reading; Kristr mlti sjlfr enn eirri helgu lestr, Hom. 63; sv sem
heilagr p Leo segir lestinni, 671 B. 3. II. in mod. usage, lestr, m., gen. lestrar and lestri, reading;
gkk lestrinn seint ok tregliga, Bs. i. 155; gkk fram lestrinn djkna, 871, freq. in mod. usage :--
home-service = huslestr, q. v.; vera vi lestr, heyra lestr, to attend to a lestr; fyrir lestr, in the
forenoon; eptir lestr, in the afternoon on Sundays, see huslestr. COMPDS: lestrar-kver, n., -bk, f.
a reading-book. lestr-bk, f. = lesbok, Am. 5. lestrar-kr, m. = leskr, Bs. i. 823 (885).
lest-reki, a, m. a 'caravan-driver, ' a steward, Sturl. i. 74; sendimar ea lestreki, iii. 128, Bs. i. 848,
872.
leti, f. [latr], laziness, sloth, Hom. 26, Sks. 2; leti at rita, Bs. i. 137, passim. COMPDS: leti-fullr, adj.
slovenly, Mar. leti-svefn, in. a sleep of sloth, Bs. ii. 9t.
letingi, a, m. a lazy person.
LETJA, pres. let; pret. latti; subj. letti; part, lattr; with neg. suff. pres. reex, leti-a, Skv. 3. 44;
letsk-a-u, Ls. 47 (Bugge, see the foot-note): [A. S. latjan; Old Engl. le (io hinde r)] :-- to hold
back, dissuade, with acc. of the person, gen. of the thing; hveti mik ea leti mik, Bkv. 14, Vm.
2, Am. 29, 46, Skv. 3. 41; fystu sumir, en sumir lttu, Eg. 242; eiri lttu, ok klluu at n'i at ...,
0. H. 145, Fs. 108, Gkv. 1. 2; sumir attu fyrir konungi, Fms. ix. 370; sumir lttu fyrir- satinnar,
Sturl. i. 36; arir gir menu lttu fyrirstar, 38; Bjrn latti ferar, . H. 174; helclr lttu eir ess,
ok kvu slkt ekki kvenna fer, Ld. 240; um vrit vill Leifr herna en Inglfr latti ess, Fs. I2I;
hann latti (dissuaded them) at vera me konungi, Gull. 5; mun ek at eigi gra, af ek s ek f
eigi latt, Ld. 238. II. reex, to be let or hindered, slacken, desist; hv n letska, Loki, Ls.; eigi
mun ek letjask luta nema ii sr eptir, Eg. 257, Boll. 346; en sella ek, at letisk meirr fyrir sakir
hrslu en hollostu vi koining, 0. II. 145; rllinn tk at letjask nijk starfanum, Grett. 148; herr
lattisk at ganga, they did not go, could not do it, Glm. 396 (in a verse); letjask Gui at jna, Stj.
388. 2. part., lifs of lattr, poe. t. reft of life, t. 2.
let-or, n. dissuasion, Bs. i. 142.
l-torf, n. turf cut with a scythe; kirkja rj tigu l(':torfs Vestr- holtum, Vm. 29.
l-torfa, u, f. a turf or sod cut with a scythe, for roong or the like; h'torfua-skurr, Vm. 140; varrar
hans vru sem ltorfur, Fas. ii. 518.
LETR, n. [from Lat. litera~\, letters; i framutning mls ok letri, Skalcla 181; til letrs ok bka-
gerar, Bs. i. 790: type, letters, characters, Latinu-letr, Latin letters; sett-letr, nmnka-Ietr, 'monks'-
letters' -- black- letter; hfa-letr = the angular letters found in inscriptions on old tombstones;
Runa-letr, Runic letters; galdra-'etr, magical characters: -- a letter, writ, Jin. 19. letrs-httr, in. a
mode of writing, alphabet, Sklda 160.
letra, a, to put into letters.
letr-gr, f. writing, Stj. 379.
letr-list, f. the art of writing, Sklda 160.
LTTA, t: I. with acc. to Ugh/en; hann ba h'tta skipin, Sturl. iii. 62; eir kstuu farrninuni ok
lttu skipin, 656 C. 52. II. with dat.: 1. to lift; lctti kttrinn einuin fti, Edda 33. 2. to alight
from; letta fer sinni, eir lttu eigi fyrr fer sinni en eir kniu norr til rlfs, Eg. 76, 106; lttu
eigi fer sinni fj'rr, en..., Nj. 61, Fms. i. 72; and absolutely, to stop, halt; eir lttu eigi (stopped not,
halted not) fyrr en eir kinu Skaptr-tungur, Nj. 261; er n nil at letta essum leik, Fms. xi. 96;
1. hernai, Fr. 99 :-- ltta af e-u, or letta af at gra e-t, to leave off doing, cease doing, give up;
hann lttir aldregi af slikt at vinna, Fb. ii. 391; ltta af lcitni vi e-n, Fms. vi. 209; letta af at drekka
vin, Stj. 428; ef hann i'ttir af at leita okkar, Bs. i. 228; at at'tta rangltum, Mar.; letta af hernai, to
leave off freebooting, Fms. i. 30; U'ua af kvanium, ii. 13; ba ltta af at ilrepa menn, Eg. 92:
absol., sem beir li'-ttu at berja hann, D. N. iv. 90: with prepp., ltta e-t, to check, stop, make alight;
verr mi at ltta ofan-frna hennar, fsl. (Heidarv. S.) ii. 339: var bat ausnt ltt hvarttvi-ggia,
6o/ h were clearly stopped, held in check, Bs. i. 142 (a dubious passage): ltta undan, to draw back,
Fms. vii. 192; Sigvaldi letti undan ok r, xi. 95. III. to relieve, ease; hann lutti hans ineini me
mikilli rtt, Bs. i. 644; ltta sr (mod. ltta sr upp), to take recreation (holidays), Mar. IV. impers.
to clear up, esp. of weather; lettir upp mjorkvanum, Al. 140; san K'tti upp hrinni, Fb. ii. 194;
ltti hroinni, Bjarn. 55; verit hlzk rjr ntr, ok er upp ltti, Finnb. 312, Eb. 210; eptir at ltti
upp storminum, 50 :-- of illness, eptir at ltir af sttinni, Fs. 175; sagi at stt (dat.) hans mundi
ltta, Sks. 25 new Ed.: with the person in dat., the sickness in gen., honum ltti brtt sttarinnar,
sl. ii. 175; ef r lettir ekki, Hav. 44; hann spyrr hvrt honum ltti nokkut, Gsl. 48. V. reex, to
be lightened, cleared, eased; hinn syri hlutr lttisk, of the skv, Edda 4; lttisk honum heldr, ok var
ftum rj daga, x. 147; n lttisk honum vi etta mikit, xi. 4S; biskupi lttisk mikit' um hjarta-
rtrnar, he w as much eased, Bs. i. 769: pass, to become lig/Jl.
ltta-stt, ltta-kona, see U'-ttr B.
ltti, a, m. alleviation, relief, easing; e-m til ltta, Karl. 207, Mag. 160; Bsi kvesk v:ita mikils
ltta af konungi, Fas. iii. 200, Bs. ii. 81; engir eir sem upp hfu get sinn part vildu nokkurn ltta
undir leggja, they would lend no help, Grett. 153. 2. the pulley above the bed of a sick person is
called ltti. 3. in the adverb, phrase, af k'tta, outright, plainly, Germ, frhcbweg; Grettir spuri at
tidendum, en Bari segir af ltta slk sern vru, Grett. 73 new Ed.; spyrr lion hann af storvirkjum
sinum, en hann sagi ailt af ltta, Fb. i. 278; stt vara gor me ltta, not straight, Eb. (in a verse).
COMPDS: ltti-byringr, n. a light boat, Fms. xi. 430. ltta-drengr, in. an errand- boy, ltti-
mttull, in. a light mantle, Fagrsk. 182. letti-skip, n. and ltti-skta, u, f. a light, eet ship, Eg. 261,
Fms. vii. 259, viii. 137, ix. 285, Hkr. i. 279. ltti-vintta, u, f. a slight, suf. erf. cial friendship, Sturl.
iii. 291.
lttir, m. alleviation, relief.
LTTR, adj., lttari, k'ttastr, [cp. Ulf. leihts = iKa^pla, 2 Cor. i. 17; A. S. leobt; Engl. light; (). H.
G. lihti; Germ, lei c ht; Dan. let, - Swed. l u tt; cp. Lat. le w's; Gr. -Xa-ps] :-- lif ht, of weight;
bjortunnu ea anna eigi lttara. Bs. i. 389. 2. of the body; manna iimastr ok lttastr sr, Fms. x.
73; vera lttasta skeii (aldri), /o be at one's most active age; er Haraldr var lcttasta skeii
aldrs, Eg. 536, O. H. 68; ek em n af lttasta skeii, ok ekki til slks frr, / have passed my best
years, Hv. 40 :-- the phrase, vtra lttari, to give birth, ' to be lightened of the womb, ' Spenser, (-
ltt = heavy with child); ok nu la stundir fram lil ess er hn verr lttari, ok f3ir luui sveinbarn,
Fais. xi. 53, Nj. 91, sl. ii. 11), 0. H. 144, Fs. 143, 190; vera lttari barns (= at barni), N. G. L. i.
131. II. metaph. li if ht, easy; mddisk hann fyrir eim ok gkk eim k'ttara, F. g. 192; vat at
kann henda at monnum verr harms sins lttara ef um er talat, Fms. vii. 105 :-- light, of wind, var
ver ltt ok segltkt, 286; hann siglir lit lttan land- nyring, Ld. 116. 2. light, mild, gladsome, of
manners or countenance; var konungr lcttr llum rum, Eg. 55; lcttr nuV. um, Ls.; lettr ok
linr nu'tli, gracious, Germ, huldvoll, Bs. i. 154; hann var vi alla menu lttr ok ktr, Nj. 48;
hverjum manni ktari ok ltari ok vakrari, Fms. x. 152; e-m segir eigi ltt hugr um e-t, to have
apprehen- sions, Fs. 38, Fms. vi. 211. 3. of value, light, vile; gtaan dk smiligan ok annan
k'ttari, Vm. 32; betri, opp. to lttari, Dipl. iii. 4; hinar betri, hinar lttari, Vm. 58; ltt fa, light
fare, Mar.; lettr forbeini, Bs. ii. So; leggja e-t lttan sta, to think lightly of, Grett. 1 75 new Ed. B.
COMPDS: ltta-brag, n. cheerfulness, Stnri. iii. 196. let-talc ona, u, f. a midwife, Thoin-482.
ltta-stt, f. child-labour, Mar. 976. ltt-brnn, adj. 'light-browed, ' fair-complexioned, Gull. 9, Ld.
48, 94; spelt ltt-brnn, Grett. "160 new Ed. ltt-binn, part, lightly-clad, Stj. 240, Gull. 8. ltt-
brr, adj. easy to bear, 625. 72, Bs. i. 105, 236. Ltt-feti, a, m. ' light-pacer, ' name of a horse, Edda,
Gm. ltt-eygr, ^] . eet-winged, Sks. ltt-fri, f. alertness, Mar. ltt-frr, adj. nimble, eet, Rb.
334, ir. 343, Korm. (in a verse). ltt-fttr, adj. light-footed, eet. lett-hendr, adj. light-handed.
ltt-hjala, n. part.; e-m ver 1., to chatter, Fms. xi. 234. ltt-hlairm, part. ligb:-lnden, Fms. ii. 188.
ltt- h. ugar, ad] , light-minded, Sks. 24. ltt-klddr, part, ligh. 'ly-clad, Hkr. iii. 281. ltt-ltr, adj.
light-hearted, cheerful, Sks. 24. Fms. vii. 175, viii. 447, ix. 4. ltt-leikr, in. (-Iciki, a, in.), lightness,
agility, alertness. Sks. 620, Fas. iii. 237, Lil. 17. ltt-liga, adv. lightly, easily, Fms. i. 85, viii. 78, Stj.
17: civilly, Stj. 209, Barl. 119: lightly, of dress, Ld. 46: readily, Eg. 200: may be, perhaps, Stj.;
Kittliga hvergi, 16, 24, 35, 112; h-ttliga at, may be that, 47, 59, 106, 122, 126, 159, 400, Fb. i. 376.
ltt-ligr, adj. lightly, light, Bs. ii. lio. lt-t- lifr, adj. 'light-lived. ' living an easy life, N. G. L. ii. 444,
Mag. 90. lett-ljmdi, n. an easy temper. ltt-lyndr, adj. easy-tempered. ltt- lti, n. a light life;
l:tlis-kona, a harlot, Sti. 350, Fms. vii. 24f, Sir. 9. ltt-meti, n. a poor diet. ltt-mil-r, pait.
light-spoken, ligbt-tongied, Fms. vii. 227. ltt-, f. ligbt-berirled/iess, Fms. vi. 287: mod. levity,
frivolity. ltt-igr, adj. light-minded, Fms. ii. 20, xi. 5: light, ibovgb. 'less. ltt-vaxinn, part, ight of
gure, slender, Hem. ltt-vgr, adj. prone to ght, Kb. 43 new Ed. ltt-vsi, f. levity, Barl. 148. ltt-
vgr, adj. light-weighted, of little value.
LEYRA, a (?), [laur or lr], to wasb; leyra borker or bjrker, to wash the dishes, Em. i.
LEYFA, , [lof; Germ, er-lauben'] : I. to permit, allow; ley fa e-m e-t, leyf r honum at fara sem
honum gegnir be/t, Nj. 10; var levft at gefa upp gamal-inenni, Fms. ii. 225; villt ley fa nkkurum
monnuin tgngu, Nj. 200, passim in old and mod. usage. II. to praise, with acc.; leyfa is the older,
lofa (q. v.) the later form; leyfa freq. occurs in old poets, Hm. 81, 91, Gh. 4 (Mm. 5), Fms. i. 182 (in
a verse), xi. 215 (in a verse), 0. H. 173, Fldda 65 (in a verse): in prose -- er ek Icy laf konung
ok sv httu haiis, Fms. v. 327; ltt er essi mar leyfr fyrir oss, vi. 108; er hann mjk leyfr af
murgum inonnum, Bs. i. 480: the phrase, eiga ftum fjr at leyfa (mod. fjor at launa), O. H. L. 6;
but esp. freq. in poetry is the part, ley for = famed, glorious, passim, see Lex.
leyf, f. praise, 0. H. 24 (in a verse).
ley, n. [Engl. leave^. leave, permission, Fms. ii. 79, viii. 271, K. . 176, Sks. 59, Bs. i. 500; lof e.
ley, Fb. ii. 266; taka ley af e-m, to take leave, Flv. 32, Sir. 64: of poetical licence, Edda 120,
124. COMPDS: ley-dagr, m. a ' leave-day, ' holiday, K. . K. 120. leys-laust, n. adj. without
have, Jb. 398.
ley-liga, adv. by leave, with permission, Mar., H. E. i. 470.
ley-ligr, ad] , permitted, alloii/ed, Fs. 23.
LEYGR, in., gen. leygjar and leygs, [akin to logil, a lowe, re, ame, freq. in old poetry, singly as
well as in coinpds, but never used in prose; esp. freq. in pout, circumlocutions of gold and weapons;
bru-leygr, the waves'beam = gold; arm-lcygr, the a:b of the arm -- a bracelet; und- leygr, the ai-
h of a wound, of blood, of Odin, etc. = a weapon, see Lex. Pout. leyg-fr, f. are (Lat. incendium),
Fms. ix. 533 (in a verse).
LEYNA, d, [laun; Scot, layne] , to hide, conceal, absol. or with dat. of the thing; var leynt nafni
hans, Ld. 296, Grg. i. 125, sl. ii. 251, Ld. 296. 2. with dat. of the thing, acc. of the person; leyna e-
n e-u, to hide a thing from one, Og. 27, Nj. 23, Grig, i. 370, Fms. viii. 12; old leynig v aldri,
Sighvat, 0. H. 119: with acc. of the thing, less correct, Sir. 31, 50, D. N. iv. 546. II. reex, to hide
oneself; leynisk hann mi Norinanin-kommgr, Fms. i. 44, Sks. 605 :-- leynask broil, to steal away.
Eg. 572, Fb. ii. 367: or absol., v tlar bndi at leynask lit myrkrit, Eg. 240 :-- leynask at e-m, to
steal upon a person, attack by stealth, Greit. 149 A. 2. part, leynandi -- Icyndr, in the phrase, me
leynanda lstum, with hidden aws, N. G. L. i. 25, 29: leyndr, part. pass, secret, hidden; e-t ferr
leynt, goes by stealth, in secrecy, Eg. 28; leynd mat, secrets, Grg. i. 362; for bat eigi leynt, it was
not hidden, Fb. ii. 271.
leynd, f. secrecy, hiding; til leyndar, Fms. x. 383, Sks. 365; me leynd. secretly, Stj. 200, Rd. 235,
sl. ii. 199, Fms. x. 380, passim; leyndar-brt, -crencl, a secret letter, secret errand, viii. 128, ix.
341, Stj. 383. cor. ii'Ds: leyndar-dmr, in. a mystery, N. T., Vidal. . Pass. leyndar-ko, a, in. a closet,
Bs. i. 253. leyndar-limr, m. the hidden limb, genitalia, Sij. 21. leyndar-ml, n. a secret ajfair, Fms. i.
54, viii. 342, Sks. 341. leyndar-nef, n. a hidden person, N. G. L. i. 200. leyndar-star, m. a hidden
place, Sturl. ii. 151. leyndar-tal, n. secret talk, Fms. x. 262, 320.
leyni, n. a hiding-place, esp. in pl., 623. 3: sing., leita sr leynis, Nj. 267; Ityni e-u, Korm. 144:
leyni?=i leynd. COMPDS: leyni- brag, n. a secret plot, Fms. v. 257. leyni-dyrr, n. pl. s e c ret
doors, Nj. 198 (v. L), Anal. 186. leyni-fjrr, m. a hidden fjord, Fas. leyni-gata, u, f. a secret path,
Sol. 23. leyni-grf, f. a bidden pit, sl. ii. 74. leyni-lira, n. a secluded county, Rm. 260. leyni-
ko, a, in. a secret closet, Mar. leyni-stigr, in. a bidden path, sl. ii. 44, Al. 89. leyni-vgr, m. a
hidden creek, Nj. 280, Fs. 112, Eg. 374, O. H. L. 2, 36. leyni-vegr, in. a secret way, Rd. 222.
leyni-liga, adv. secretly, Nj. 5, Gl. 63, 65.
leyni-ligr, adj. hidden, secret, 625. 190, Fms. x. 269, N. G. L. iii. 5.
leyningr, m. a hollow way; skal ra lkr fyrir ofan ho! er fellr or leyningum, upp fjail ok fram
, Dipl. iv. I: a local name, Rd. 276.
leyninn, adj. hiding; 1. af kniptum sinum, 625. 83.
leyra, u. f. (spelt lra, Edda ii. 464, 547), [cp. Dan. kukke-lure and Scot, loiciy -- a fox] :-- a
sneaking, worthless person, mann-lra; laeist kisu-lra (the naughty pass sneaks) latir cndann
klra, Flaligr.
LEYSA, t, [lauss; Ulf. lausjan = pvttv; A. S. losjan; Ei\g\. loosen; Germ, losen] :-- -to loosen,
untie, Edda 29, Eg. 223, Ems. vii. 123; leysa skua, 656. 2: the phrase, mun einn cndi leystr vera
um etta mill, it will all be untied, end in one way, Gsl. 82, cp. Korm. (in a verse); leysa til sekkja,
to untie, open the sacks, Stj. 216; leysa til srs, t o unbind a ivound, Bs. ii. So; leysa sundr, to te n r
asunder, Grett. 115. 2. inipers. it is dissolved, breaks up; bat ver geri mnu- daginn, at skipit
(acc.) leysti (wa s dissolved) undir eim, hljpu menu i bat, Sturl. iii. 106; sum (?kip, acc.) leysti
lia undir monnum, were wrecked, broken up, Bs. i. 30; bein (acc.) leysti r hfi henui, 196;
leysti ft undan Jni, Sturl. iii. Il6 :-- of ice, snow, to thaw, er var koni ok snse leysti ok isa, Eg.
77; koin eyr iniki'. I, hlupu votn fram, ok le\'sti arnar, the ice broke up on the rivers, Sturl. iii. 45;
egar sa leysir af votnuni, Fms. iv. 142; in var leyst (thawed, open) me lnduni, en iss aut
henni miri, Boll. 3:8; vtn (acc.) mun ok skjtt leysa, Fbr. 12 new Ed. II. metaph. to free, redeem;
leysa lif sitt, Nj. 14 J leysa sik af h'. mi, passim, see hlmr :-- leysa sik, to release oneself by
performing one's duty, see atiausn, Fbr. 154; o mun (iuiinarr leysa ik af essu mli, Nj. 64; ek
mun leysa orstcin undan fer essi, Eg. 542: to redeem a vow, leysa kross sinn, Fms. x. 92; leysa
heit, Stj. 520; ' surgngu, Nj. 2. to redeem, purchase, as a law term; au sex hundru, er hn hafi
til sin leyst, Dipl. v. 7. 3. to discharge, pay; at leysa at gjald sem var kveit, Fms. x. 112; hann
leysti eitt (hundra) kosti, mm sltrum, Dipl. v. 7; leysa or leysa af bendi, t o perform, Band.
3; leysa e-n undan e-u, to release, Grg. i. 362. 4. to solve; hann, leysti hvers manns vandri, he
loosed, cleared up all men's distresses, he helped every man in distress, viz. with his good counsel,
Nj. 30; Sturla skyldi fara fyrir ba fega ok leysa ml eirra, Bs. i. 554; leysa rtu, to settle a
strife, Rm. 295; leysa gtu, to read a riddle, Stj. 411; marga hluti spyrr konungr Gest, en hann
leysir est vel ok vitrliga, Fb. i. 346: leysa or e-u (spurningu), to solve a difculty, answer a
question, Fms. vi. 367; n mun ek leysa r inni spurningu, Bs. i. 797; karl leysti r v llu
frliga sem hann spuri, Fb. i. 330, Ld. 80, Hkr. iii. 186: to absolve, in an eccl. sense, Hom. 56, K.
. 64, Bs. passim. 5. levsa t, to redeem (cp. ' to bail ow t'); m vera at nir at leysa hann tit
han, Fms. i. 79, vii. 195: leysa ut, to pay out; leysir Hoskuldr t f hans, Ld. 68; Hoskuldr leysti
t f Hallgerar me hinum bezta greiskap, Nj. 18, Fas. i. 455: to dismiss guests with gifts (see the
remarks to gjf), leysti konungr t me smiligum gjfum, Fms. x. 47. III. reex, to be
dissolved; tk hold peirra at rntna ok leysask af kulda, 623. 33. 2. to absent oneself; leystisk sv
han nzstuin, at r var engi van lfs af nu'r, Eg. 411; ann tma er leystisk Eyrar-oti, 78; sv
he ek leyst or gari lvaraar, Eg. (in a verse); Mriu-messudag leys(sk) konungr or
Grningja-sundi, Bs. i. 781. 3. metaph. to redeem, relieve oneself; en hann leystisk v undan vi
, b. 11; en hann leystisk v af, at hann keypti at borgeiri lgsgu-manni hlfri mrk silfrs, Fms.
x. 299; at land er erngjar ens daua leysask af, Grg. ii. 238; megu ver ekki annat tla, en leysask
af nokkuru eptir slk strvirki, Ld. 266.
leysing, f. loosening, Skulda 203: a thawing, melting of ice and snow, Fas. ii. 407.
leysingi, a, m., a!solaitsingi, leysmgr, m., esp. in gen. leysings, N. G. L. i- 29. 33) 36, 49, 238, 345,
Grg. i. 185, Jb. 6 :-- afreedman, Lat. libertus; rls mor ca leysings, Jb. I. e., Grg. i. 184, 185,
265, 266, Eb. 166, Eg. 740, Ld. 12, 100, Landn. ill, 112, Nj. 59, Fb. i. 538, Fms. i. 114. leysings-
eyrir, m. a freedman's fee, to be paid to his master to the amount of six ounces, N. G. I/, i. 36, 39. II.
a landlouper; harm var nliga lausingi einn fclauss, Ld. 38: =
leysingja, u, f. a freed-woman, Grg. i. 184, 185, N. G. L. i. 33.
leyti, n. part., see hleyti.
LI, n. [cp. la], a host, foil:, people; li heitir mannflk, Edda HO; fyra li, the people, Hm.
160; sjaldan hittir leir li, 65; Dvalins li, the dwarf people, Vsp. 14; rr r v lii, 17; sgrimr
bau v llu lii til sin, Nj. 209; tndisk mcstr hluti lis ess er bar var inni, Eg. 240; eir brenndu
binn ok li at allt er inni var, Fms. i. 12; gkk liit sveitum mjik, the people were much divided,
Clem. 43; liit rann r orpinu landit egar er at var vart vi herinn, Eg. 528; ef eir hafa eigi
li (crew) til brott at halda, Grg. i. 92; allt li vrt triiir, a ll our people trow, 656 C. 20; yr llu
Kristnu lii, 623. 58 :-- a family, household, hlzk vintta me eim Gunnari ok Njli, tt ft vri
medal annars lisins, Nj. 66; hafi hann ekki ra li nie sr enn ena fyrri vetr, Eg. 77;
konungrinn ba mart li angat koma, ok sv Igenu me li sitt, 656 A. ii. 15; eir vru allir eins
lis, all of one party, Eg. 341; samir oss betr at vera eins lis en berjask, Fs. 15 :-- a troop, herd,
Freyfaxi gengjr dalnuni fram nie lii snu, Hrafn. 6; hann (the wild boar) hafdi mart li me sik,
Fms. iv. 57; rennr ar galti med li sitt, Fb. ii. 27. II. esp. a milit. term, t roo ps, n h os t, by land
or sea, originally the king's household troops, as opposed to the levy or leiangr; this word and lii
(q. v.) remind one of the comitatus in Tacit. Germ.; hence the allit. phrase, li ok k-iangr, hann
sanmai bi lii miklu ok kiangri, O. H. L. 12; Baglar toku nu bi leiangr ok li, Fms. viii.
334, Eg. 11, 41; me herskip ok li mikit, Fms. i. 11; vera lii nie e-m, 2, Nj. 7; skip ok li,
Orkn. 108; fjoldi lis, Fms. vii. 320; gra li at e-m, to march against, id.; samna lii, to gather
troops, xi. 27, 121. 2. help, assistance; veita e-m li, to aid, Fins, xi. 27, 121, Orkn. 224; gefa f til
lis (sr), Grg. i. 144; me manna lii, with the help of men, Gl. 411; ssla um li. to treat for
help, 285. COMPOS: lis-ai, a, m. forces, troops, Fms. iii. 203, vii. 207. lis- beini, a, in. the
giving help, Lv. 105. lia-bn, f. a prayer for he. lp, Lv. 105. lis-drattr, m. an assembling troops,
sl. ii. 171, Sturl. i. 87: open hostility, var mikill lisdrttr me sonum feigs at eptinnii, Grett.
87. lis-fjldi, a, in. a great host, Fms. vii. 326, Orkn. 108, Bs. i. 763, Hkr. ii. 376, passim. lis-
hfingi, a, m. a captain of hosts, Fms. vii. 37. lis-kostr, m. a military force, Fms. vii. 319, Hkr. i.
281: means, forces, Grug. i. 287, Eg. 79. lis-laun, n. pl. reward for help rendered, Fms. vii. 146.
lis-mar, m. a follower, warrior, in pl. lisnienn, the men of one's army. Eg. 57, Fms. ix. 36, 47,
509: a sailor, in the pr. name Lismanna-konuiigr (cp. A. S. li?, - man -- a sailor), the surname of a
mythical king, Sturl. i. 23, Fas. ii. 154. lis-munr, m. odds, Eg. 289, Nj. 86, Fms. i. 42, Hkr. i. 115,
Fs. 14. lis-safnar, m. a gathering of troops, Fms. vii. 1 77. lis-yri, n.; leggju e-m 1., to speak a
good word /or one. lifj-Jmr, adj. in need of help, Fms. vii. 265, xi. 24. lis-burft, f. w eed of help,
Fms. viii. 199. lis-brf, f. = lisurft, Fms. viii. 140, Hkr. iii. 340. B. [A. S. li o' = a eet; prob.
from the same root as the preceding, cp. lii] :-- a ship; li heitir skip, Edda no; li y'tr, 132 (in a
verse); mrg li, . H. 180 (in a verse), cp. 160 (in a verse): in prose only in the phrase, leggja fyr
li, to throw overboard, to forsake, Kormak; lta fur li, to abandon, sl. ii. 362; cp. also
Lismanna-konungr, m. a sailor-king; see A. II.
lia, a, [lir]. to arrange; skal biskup me eim haetti lia lausn- ina, H. E. i. 243: to
dismember, lia sundr or sundr-lia, and metaph. t o expound [cp. ' to divide, ' poTo/tV, N. T.];
-liar, unexplained, Hom. (St.) 87. II. reex, liask, to fall in curls, of hair;' hrit Ijsjarpt ok
liaisk vel, Fb. iii. 246; gult hr ok liaisk allt herar nir, Ld. 272, bir. 174.
lian, f, exposition, Hom. (St.) 51.
li-bt, f. addition of help, THom. 36.
li-drjgr, adj. strong, powerful, Fms. viii. 345.
li-fr, adj. sh or t of men, Fms. vii. 289, sl. ii. 408.
li-f, f. a scarcity of men, bir. 64.
li-frr, adj. able-bodied, Eg. 117, 146, Fms. x. 399, xi. 146, Hkr. ii. 384.
li-gr, adj. ôo d at doing, handy; kappsfullr ok 1. at llu ... li- betri, Bs. i. 655, Fms. vi. 337.
li-henda, u, f. a kind of metre, Edda 134 (Ht. 53).
li-hending, f. = lihenda, Edda 124.
li-hendr, adj. in the metre lihenda, Edda 131.
lii, a, m. [], a follower; liar at eru fylgar-menn, Edda 107; Eysteins, borkels, Hreks,
Valifs liar, the men of Eystein ..., Waltbiof, Fas. ii. 50 (in a vtrse), Fms. v. 222 (in a verse), Lex.
Pot.; Ba-liar, the men of Bui, Fms. xi. 140; Langbars liar, the Lombard people, Gkv. 2. 19; s-
liar, the /b e s, Skm. 34; hans liar, his men. Fas. ii. 315^ (in a verse); fjandinn ok hans liar, Hom.
(St.) 77; ek ok mnir liar, O H. 243. II. a traveller, esp. a sailor, [cp. A. S. li'Sa; and li = a ship,
lismenn = sailors] ; in vetr-lii, a winter-Mil'ir; sumar-lii, a siimmer- sailot: III. in a local sense,
a district, in regard to the levy; hann lagi bndr leiangr, at r hverjum lia skyldi gcra niann ok
urn fram pund ok naut, Fms. viii. 395, D. N. ii. 614, 624. lia-gjald, n. the levied tax (from lii = a
sailor), Fms. viii. 327, 419.
lika, a, [liugr], to make smooth and easy.
li-langr, adj.; liiangan dr. g, the live-long day.
li-lauss, adj. helpless, N. G. L. i. 211.
li-leskja, u, f. [lskr], a bad hand, laggard.
li-lttr, adj. of slight help, feeble.
li-leysi, n. lack of forces, Fms. x. 403, Jb. 392.
li-liga, adv. handily, adroitly, nely, Sturl. ii. 52.
li-ligr, adj. alert, adroit, Sks. 289, Bs. i. 651, Fb. i. 167, Sturl. ii. 52.
li-ltill, adj. having few men, Fms. vii. 207: naughty, 59.
li-mannliga, adv. adroitly, Band. 5 new Ed., Fms. vi. 326.
li-mannligr, adj. adroit, handy, Fms. iii. 83, vii. 112.
li-margr, adj. having many men, Njar. 370, Gull. II: leiri, compar., Bs. ii. 150, Stj. 588.
li-mikill, adj. = liniargr, Hkr. ii. 193.
li-mjkr, adj. [lir], lithe, slender, of the ngers, Karl. 301.
LIR, m., gen. liar and lis, pl. liir, acc. l;u, [Ulf. li/ms -- p(\os; A. S. li ; Scot, lilh; Old Engl.
(Chaucer) lith; O. H. G. lit; Germ. glied; Dan. led] :-- a joint, of the body; li kalla menu at
maimi er leggir mtask, Edda Jio; liu, Hm. 137, " ok of liu spenna, Sdm. 9; ok leina alla lin,
Ls. 43; lykja e-n liuni, to make one's joints stijf, Hm. 114: the allit. phrase, Ifggr og lir, skalf
lionviin leggr ok lir, he shivered all over the body, Fbr. 89 new Ed.; ftrinn stkk or lii, thefoot
went mit of joint, sl. ii. 246; fra li, t o put into joint, Gull.; okkrir lirnir ok ir, sl. ii. 201; bat
er lium loir sanian, N. G. L. i. 345 :-- poet., liftar ildr, hyrr, ' lith-ame, ' poet, gold. Lex. Pout;
liar-hangi, a ' li/h-loop, ' bracelet, Eb. (in a verse); lis snxr, svell, 'joint-snow' ' joint-ice, ' -- gold,
silver, Lex. Pot. 2. metaph. a degree in a lineage; at iimmta kn ok mta li, N. G. L. i. 15; tt-
lir, freq. in mod. usage. 3. of the nose; lir ne, Ld. 272, Nj. 39, bir. 178: lf-lir, the wrht; hk-
lir, hryggjar- lir, kla-lir, f:-lir. II. n limb, 656 B. 7: membrnm virile, 625. IO; losta lir, id., Pr.
71. III. metaph. a member; lion Gus, Hom. 125, Greg. 42; liir Krists, ~8; lir Djfuls, 623. 31;
Ju er hn grtr daua lia sinna, Hm. 41 :-- mathem. the tens, Alg. 356, 358. COMPDS: lia-lauss,
adj. without joints. lia-mt, n. pl. the joints.
li-rkr, adj. rejected as not able-bodied, Eb. 224, O. H. 202.
li-safnar, -samnar, m. a gathering of troops, Eg. 98, 271, Fms. i. 117, vii. 286, Fr. 105, Nj.
105, Hkr. ii. 239.
li-samr, adj. ready to help, Fms. viii. Si.
li-semd, f. assistance, Fs. 18, Eg. 265, 722, 731, Fms. i. 26, Edda 35.
li-semi, f. = lisemd, Grett. 83.
li-sinna, a, mod. t, with dat., to assist, further, Fms. vi. 269: with acc., to further, 395: lisinnar,
rart. hjiag, Fms. iv. 308, vi. 62.
li-sinni, n. help, assistance, Fms. iv. 159, Stj. 139, Fs. 33. lisinnia- mar, m. a helper, Lv. 79, .
H. 34.
li-skipan, f. an array of troops, Hkr. ii. 362.
li-skortr, m. lack of men, Al. 41.
li-skylft, n. adj. requiring many people; vr hfum skip mikit ok liskylft, requiring a numerous
crew, 0. H. 134; cp. fo-skylft.
liugliga, adv. willingly, readily, Fms. iii. 119.
liugr, adj. [Germ, ledig] , ready, willing, 655 xxxii. 2: free, unhindered, lauss ok liugr, Stj. 59;
skal Grettir fara iugr angat sem hann vill, Grett. 147; loti mr liugan gang! Safn i. 69:
unoccupied, disengaged, Fs. ii. 80, Sturl. iii. 244, H. E. 1. 422: free of payment, B. K. 119, Jb. 256;
kvittr ok liugr, Dipl. iii. I, v. 21: easy, owing (of language), me liugri Norrnu, Bs. ii. 121:
yielding, Fms. v. 299: agile, alert, in mod. usage.
Liungar, m. pl. the men from Li in Norway, in the county Vik, near to Oslo (Christiania), Ann.
1308; cp. Lt-vcingas in the old Anglo- Saxon poem Widsith.
li-vani, adj. lacking means (men), Landn. 84.
li-vaskr, adj. doughty, valiant, Lv. 24.
li-veizla, u, f. the granting help, support, Fms. i. 129, iv. 216, passim. liveizlu-mar, m. a
supporter, Nj. 178, Fms. x. 258.
li-roti, a, m. = livani, K. ., Sighvat.
li-ur, adj. = lisur, Grett. 102 A.
lif, f., see lyf.
LIFA, pres. li; pret. lifi; imperat. lif, lif, an older form li, 655 iv. I, Stj. 445; neut. part, lifat,
masc. lifr, Hm. 69: there was a strong verb lifa, leif, liiu, linn, of which leifa is the causal, but of
this word nothing now remains except the part. acc. lifna (vivos), Hkv. 2. 27, and dat. lifnum(i/ i
w)), 45: [Ulf. lifan = (tfv; A. S. lifan; Engl. live; O. H. G. leban; Germ, leben; Swed. lefva; Dan.
leve; a word common to all Teut. languages, the original sense of which was to be left, and so akin
to leifa, = Lat. superstes esse, which sense still remains in some Icel. phrases; cp. also lifna.] A. To
be left; at einn hleifr li eptir, although one loaf''lives' behind, i. e. i s left, N. G. L. i. 349; skal
at atkvi eirra vera hverju mali sem lir nafnsins eptir, er or er tekinn raddar-stafr or
nafninu, Sklda (Thorodd); er at atkvi hans hverju mali sem eptir lir nafnsins, er or er
tekinn raddar-stafr or nafni hans, id. 2. of the day, night, or season; er rijungr lir dags, when a
third of the day i s left, N. G. L. i. ); er ellefu ntr lifu eptir April is nunaar, 655 iii. 3; laugar-
daginn r lifa tta vikur sumars, Grg. i. 122, K. . K. 70; er mnur lir vetrar, Grg. (Kb.) ii.
186; fru eir brott er mikit lifi ntr, Fms. i. 99; en er rijungr lir ntr, mun hringt at Bura-
kirkjn, Kb. i. 204; en er rijungr lifi ntr, vakti jborsteinn upp gesti sna, Fms. i. 7O- 3. in old
sayings this sense is still perceptible, to remain, endure; atkvi lifa lengst, sl. ii. (in a verse); lifa
or lengst eptir hvern, Fms. viii. 16: as also in old poems, hvat lir manna (what of men will be
left?), cr hinn mra mbul-vetr lr? Vm. 44; mean old lir, while the world stands, Vsp. 16; lit
einir cr, ye alone are left to me, Hom. 4; otherwise this sense has become obsolete. B. To live; this
sense has almost entirely superseded the old. The primitive word denoting life or to live in the Teut.
languages was from the root of kvikr (q. v.), of which the verbal form has been replaced by lifa;
mean lir, whilst he lives, Hm. 9, 53; mean hann lifi, while he lived, Nj. 45; hann hlt vel tr
mean hann lifdi, Fms. xi. 418; mean eir lifi (subj.) bir, vi. 27; ek he lifat ok verit kallar
bndi nokkurra konunga , 192; at sr lifanda, Lat. se vivo, b. 18, Grg. i. 202; lifa langan aldr,
Nj. 62; the saying, eir lifa langan aldr (mod. lengst) sem me orum eru vegnir, = Engl. words
break no bones, 252: li konungr, long live the king! (cp. Lat. vivat rex), Stj. 445; li heill ,
konungr ! 655 iv. I. 2. lifa vi, to live on, feed on; lifa vi vn, Gm. 19; at eina er ver megim lifa
vi, Al. 133; ok lifu n vir reka, smdri ok korna, Fs. 177: mod., lifa e-u, to feed on, live on.
3. in a moral sense, to live, conduct one's life; hafi hann ok lifat sv hreinliga sem eir Kristnir
menn er bezt eru siair, Landn. 38; lifa dy'rligu li, Hom. 147; lifa vel, ilia, to live a good, bad life,
passim: lifa eptir e-m, to indulge a person, 656 C. 37, 42. 4. also used of re, t o live, be quick; sv
at ar mtti lifa eldr, Fas. ii. 517, freq. in mod. usage, the Icel. say, eldrinn lir, Ijsi lir; (cp. also,
drepa Ijosit, to kill, quench are, a light; eldrinn er daur, Ijosit er dautt, the re, the light is dead;
eldrinn lifnar, i s kindled;) for this interesting usage cp. also kvikr and kveykja, denoting life andyf
re. II. part, lifandi and lifandis, indecl. living; lifandis mar, Mar.; lifandis slar, Stj. 31; lifandis
manna, 39; lifandis skepnu, 57; lifandis hlut, 7, 5; but better, lifandi, pl. lifendr, a live, as also the
living; i lifanda li, in one's living life, opp. to a deyjanda degi (o none's dying day) at vr sum
dauir heimi en lifendr Gui, Hom. 79; lifcndra (mod. gen. pl.) og daura, the living and the dead;
dma lifendr ogdaua(' the quick and the dead, ' in the Creed). 2. part, lifr; betra er lifum en so
lifurn, better to be living than lifeless, i. e. while there is life there is hope, Hm. 69; lifan,
deceased, Hkv. 2.
lifna, a, [Ulf. af-lifnan -- TTfpiKiiirfuOai; Swed. lamna; Dan. levne] : -- to be left; en eir er
lifnuu (those who were left alive) iruusk lir- brota, Sks. 675 B; engir afkvistir munu ar af lifna
(to be left) essu landi, Fb. ii. 299; en at einn leifr lifni eptir, N. G. L. i. 371. XI. to come to life,
revive, K. |x K. 14, Hkr. i. 102, MS. 623. 26: to remain, Alg.
lifnar, m. life, conduct of life, Stj. 55, 223, freq. in mod. usage: -lifnar, a wicked life. 2. convent
life, a convent, Ann. 1231, Fms. xi. 444, Bs. i. 857, ii. 151.
LIFR, f., gen. sing, and nom. pl. lifrar: [A. S. lifer; Engl. liver; Germ, leber] :-- the liver, Fbr. 137,
dda 76, Stj. 309, Grett. 137, passim: bl-lifr, coagulated blood.
lifra, u, f., poet, a sister, Bragi.
lifrar, part, stewed with liver, Snt.
lifri, a, m., poi. it. a brother, Edda (til.)
lifr-raur, adj. livercoloured, dark red.
lif-steinn, m., see lyfsteinn.
LIGGJA, pres. ligg, pl. liggja; pret. la, -2nd pers. ltt, mod. last; subj. lgi; imperat. ligg and
Hgg; part, leginn: [Ulf. ligan -- Kadat; A. S. licgan; Chauc. to ligge; North. F3. and Scot, to li
g'; Engl. to lie; Germ, liegen; Dan. ligge\ :-- to lie; r liggr ar ti vegginum, Nj. 115, Fas. i. 284;
eir vgu at honum liggjanda ok vrum, 332; hann liggr hauginum, Fb. i. 215; la hann inni
mean eir brusk, Nj. 85; legsk hann nir runna nokkura ok liggr ar um stund, 132; Rafn l
bekk, Sturl. i. 140; sveinar tveir er lengi hfu ti legit fjllum, to lieout in the cold, Fms. ii. 98;
sumir lgu ti fjilum me bd sin, lay out on the fells with their cattle, Sturl. iii. 75: of robbers, cp.
ti-legu-mar, an 'outlying-man, ' outlaw; 1. ti fjoilum, Ld. 250: of freebooters, vikingar tveir, ok
lagu ti baei vetr ok sumar, Grett. 83; 1. hernai, vkingu, to be out on a raid, Fs. 120, Eg. i, Fms.
xi. 44 :-- t o lie, r e s t, skalt liggja lopti hj inr ntt, Nj. 6; 'gu au ar tvau ein loptinu, 7;
skalt ra um ntr en liggja (but lie abed) um daga, 34; Gunnarr l mjk langa hr, 94; eir lgu
ti urn nttina, lay ou t by night, Fms. ix. 364: the phrase, liggja glti, to lieon the oor, to lie in
labour, Fb. ii. 263: of carnal intercourse, to lie with, her Gurn dttir mn legit hj r, Nj. 94; l
ek hj dttur hmi, 130: Hggja me e-m, id., Grg. i. 128; hn her legit sekt gar konungs, N. G.
L. i. /58: with acc., liggja konu, suprare, Gl. 203, N. G. L. i. 20; at har legit dttur Islfs, Lv.
78: of animals (rare), en verarnir ok bukkarnir lgu r, Stj. 178 :-- to lie s i c k, hann liggr sjkr
heima at b..., l hann sjukr um allt ingit, Nj. 80; rlfr ok Brr lgu srutn, l a y si c k of
their wounds, Eg. 34; Helga tk ok vngd ok l eigi, H. lay sick, but not bedridden, sl. ii.
274; ef grimar liggr af verkum sinuni, lie s sick from his work, Grg. i. 154; ef hann liggr
helstt, 201 :-- to lie, be buried, Bjrn liggr Farmanns-haugi, Fms. i. 12; her liggr skald, Fb. i. 215
(in a verse) :-- to lie at anchor, Bs. i. 713; ar lagi hann til hafuar ok la ar um hr, Fms. i. 145;
lagu langskip konungs me endilngum bryggjum, ix. 478; eir lgu ar nokkura hr undir nesi
einu, Nj. 43; hann l Gautel austr, 122; par la fyrir hfninni knrr einn mikil!, Eg. 79; en er
hann kom fyrir Elna lgu eir ar ok biu ntr, 80; Haraldr konungr l lii sum ut fyrir
Hreinsliittu, Fms. i. 12; liggja til byrjar, to lie by for a fair wind, 135; liggja til hafs, id., Bs. i. 66,
Bjarn. 4, Gsl. 7, Landn. 223: 1. ver-fastr, to lie weather-bound: -- lgu hvelpar huudunum, they
were big with whelps, Fms. xi. 10: 1. ka, t o s ink deep; liggr hestrinn undir eim, sank in a
quagmire, Fs. 65; Gregorius hi isinuin, Fms. vii. 273; also, lgu hestarnir (i) ka, Eg. 546. II. to
be covered with ice, ice- bound (cp. leggja); vtnin lagu oil, Fbr. 13; til Vigra-fjarar, ok la hann
allr, Eb. 84 new Ed.; lgu allir rir, 306. III. to lie idle, of capital; enda er heimting til fjarias,
hversu lengi sem liggr, Grg. i. 209; enda liggr feit her alldregi, 220; erfir liggi sem rer skill um,
Gl. 254; liggja uslegit, to lie unmown, Grg. ii. 284; lata sum or liggja (to let them lie, leave out)
au er mali eigu at skipta, at er ljugvitni, i. 43; 1. niri, to lie down, lie dormant, lie untold, or the
like, Fagrsk, 126, Nj. 88, 0. II. 233, Grett. 192 new Ed.; opt ma satt kyrt liggja, t rw th may often be
left alone, a saving: liggja eptir, to be left behind, untold, Fms. viii. 4: spec, usages, liggja lauss
fyrir, to lie l oos e, lie atone's hand; fylg n viring iimi er r liggr laus fyrir, Boll. 360; tti
eigi sv laust fyrir liggja sem eir hugsuu, Fms. viii. 357: liggja undir e-m (or e-n), of power,
lands, to belong t o; jru eirri er legit her undir oss langferum, Gl. 296; at er mikit rki, ok
liggr undir biskup Skni, Fms. xi. 231. IV. to take, hold, of a measure; vatns-ker au er lagu
matskjlur tvennar, Hom. (St.): the phrase, liggja miklu, litlu rumi, to take a great, a little space,
metaph. to think much, little of a thing, Ld. 210, Al. 152; liggja liittu rumi, to care little for: e-m
liggja vel (ilia) or til e-s, to speak well (ill) of a thing or person, Konr.; honum lagu vel or til hans,
he s poke favoitrably of him, V. to lie, be situated, of a place, road, of direction; sl er l um vert
skipit, Nj. 125; liggja saman garar, Gsl. 10; liggr s steinn ar enn, Eg. 142, Gm. 4, 12; r (the
Scilly Islands) liggja vestr hat fra England!, Fms. i. 145; at gari eim sem liggr ofan eptir
mrinni, Dipl. v. 25; er sagt er at liggi sex daegra sigling norr fr Bretlandi, Landn. (begin.); en
Finnmrk Uggr fyr'r oân "M essi !nd, Eg. 58; Ey liggr Hitar, Bjarn. 22; eyin Jjggr vi
jlei fyrir tan, . H. 116; veii-st s liggr Breia-ri er Bjarneyjar heita, Ld. 38; ar liggr
til hafs litver, lies on the sea-side, 0. H. 149; veginn ann er urn skginn la, Eg. 578; sem lei liggr,
Eb. 306; liggr gata til bjarins, Gsl. 28; en til gs vinar liggja gagnvegir, Hm. 33; leiin liggr
fram me hlsinum, Eg. 582; tjaldstai er eim ttu beztir, ok hst lgu, Fms. vi. 135; angat
sem leiin liggr laegra, Sturl. ii. 247: of the body, l halt tanngarrinn, he bad prominent teeth, Nj.
39: of the eyes, raulitu augu ok lgu fagrt ok fast, Fms. viii. 447; augu au er liggja Ijosu liki,
Kormak: ofarliga muri liggja -jafnar j r, Grett. 135 new Ed. B. Metaph. usages, esp. with
prepp.; liggja , to lie he a vyon, to weigh upon, and metaph. to oppress; liggja mr hugir strra
manna, Fb. i. 258, Sks. 276; 1. hlsi e-m, to hang on one's neck, blame, Fms. xi. 336: of a ne, ar
liggr ekki fgjald , ' ti s not nable, K. . K. 164: to be bewitched, lie under a spell, at l
konungi, at hann skyldi eigi lifa um tiu vetr, Fms. x. 220 (cp. leggja e-n and -lg): to pursue,
liggja knyttum, to pursue wicked things, 172; liggja nri, Karl. 121: to be urgent, of
importance, pressing, kva honum eigi liggja at at vita, Grett. 37 new Ed.; eigi ykki mr v
lie;gja, segir Jarn- skjldr, Fb. i. 259; mun ar strt liggja, V i s a grave matter, Nj. 62; n liggr
honum ekki (it does not matter for him), tt hann komi aldri til Islands, Band. 10: mod., a liggr
ekki , it does not press, is not urgent; mer liggr , it lies on me, is pressing for me: impers. to feel,
be in spirits so and so, liggr vel e-m, to be in good spirits; liggr ilia e-m, to be in low spirits, the
metaphor being taken from the pressure on the mind: leaving out the prep., la honum at lla, it
weighed heavily on hitn, Bs. i. 775 :-- ggia a, in the phrase, a l a, that was just what was to
be expected! an expression of dislike :-- liggja fyrir e-m, to lie before one, of things to be done or to
happen, of what is fated, doomed (see for-liig); tti mr at r fyrir liggja, fair, at sendir
menu, the best thing to be done would be to send men, Eg. 167; at at mundi fyrir liggja at bask til
orrostu, 283; en Bera kva Egil vera vkings-efni, kva at mundu fyrir liggja, egar hann hefi aldr
til, 190: liggja iyrir e-m, to lie in one's way, in ambush (cp. fyrirst), Edda 148 (pref.), Eg. 240 :--
liggja um e-t, to lie in wait for, Fms. x. 287; 1. um lif e-s, to seek one's life, Stj. 550, Sks. 722 :--
liggja til, to be due to, deserved; tti at til liggja at taka af honum tiguina, Eg. 271: to belong to,
naut ok sauir, l at til Atleyjar, 719: to t to, til sumra nicina liggr bruni (as a remedy), 655 xi. 28;
btr liggja til alls, there is atonement for every case, Fas. iii. 522; e-m liggr vel (ilia) or til e-s, to
speak well (or evil) of a person, Sturl. iii. 143 :-- liggja undir, to lie underneath, be worsted, of
wrestling, Br. 166; fyrir hverjum liggr hlutr inn undir, Eb. 156 :-- liggja vi, to lie at slake;
deildi ... ok hafi einn at er vi l, sl. ii. 215; en eir kru at htta til, er ffang l vi sv mikit,
Eg. 57; skal ar liggja vi mundrinn allr, Nj. 15; liggr r nkkut vi ? -- Lif mitt liggr vi, segir
hann, 116; munt bezt gefask, er mest liggr vi, when the need is greatest, 179; sv er ok at mikit
liggr yr vi, 22^; en mr liggr her n allt vi, it is all important to me, 265; tt ek vita at lif
mitt liggi vi, 115; l vi sjlft, at ..., it was on the point of..., Al. 79: mod., a l vi, a ... C.
Reex, to lay oneself down, lie down; er at tr ok er fullt liggsk at ok sfr (of cattle), Best. 58,
cp. Gm. 2. e-m liggsk e-t, to leave behind, forget; svni lsk mr eptir, Ska R. 185; legisk her
mr nokkut minni venju, ek ga eigi at taka blezun af biskupi, Bs. i. 781: hence the mod. phrase,
mr list (Iforgot) and mer her lst, which is a corruption from met lsk eptir; for l mr eptir,
read lsk mer eptir, I forgot, neglected (?), Skv. i. 20; lskat at dgr hski, it did not mi ss, did not
fail, Anir; lskat, be failed not, Bjarn. (in a verse).
LILJA, u, f. [Lat. liliutn] , a lily, Stj. 562, Barl. 44, Trist. 7, Mag. 9: name of a poem, whence the
saying, oil skld vildu Lilju kveit hafa, H. E. ii, 398 :-- metaph. of a lady, min liljan fr ! Fkv. ii.
52: cp. den lillie-vaand (qs. lily-hand), epithet of a lady in the Danish Ballads. COMPDS: lilju-grs,
n. pl. lily owers, Matth. vi. 28. Lilju-lag, n. the metre of the Lilja, the mod. name for the ancient
hrynhenda (q. v.), in which metre the Lilja was composed, whence the name.
LIM, n., this word is heterogene, neut. in sing., fern, in plur. :-- the foliage, limbs, crown of a tree,
opp. to the stem; hann ltr sna liminu hvers trs lit af borginni, Fb. ii. 1 24; nearliga af furunni
st einn kvistr mjor, ok tk limit upp, Fas. iii. 33 :-- -fagots, festi brtt liminu er eir hfu borit
undir virkit, Fms. i. 128; eldr kveyktr urru limi, vii. 37; ef mar vll sr ny'ta lim at, Grg. ii.
297. II. plur. limar; limbs, branches, bami viar eim er lta austr limar, Sdm. II, Fsm. 19; me
greinum ok limum, Sks. 555; me limum ok kvistum, 444; bitr af Lras limum, Gm. 25; eir lgu
sv nr berginu, at lauf ok limar tku t yr skipit, . H. 36; tr mikit, u limarnar uppi, en rtrnar
sjnum, Fms. vii. 163; s eir at limarnar hrrusk, Eg. 377; festu skjldu sna limar, Nj. 104;
eir kstuu lykkju snrisins upp limar trsins, drgu san, sv at konungr hkk uppi vi limar,
Hkr. i. 26. 2. metaph. ramications, consequences; grimmar limar ganga at tryg-ro | armr er vra
vargr, Sdm. 23; ora eirra, er annan lgr | (oengi leia limar, Skv. 2. 4; af eim vnum ok
sileysum leiddi sv margar limar, Thom. 4. COMPDS: lim-dlgr, lim-garmr, lim- Korg, f. ''rod-
end, 1 poct. fre, Lex. Pot. lim-margr, adj. having large branches, fsl. ii. 18. lim-rnar, f. pl.
bough-runes, a kind of magical Runes, Sdm. 11.
lima, a, limir, pot., Edda (in a verse), [limr], to dismember, El. I, Sturl. ii. ii, Fas. iii. 126; af-lima
(q. v.), Bs. ii. 75; lima upp, to rip up, N. G. L. i. 381.
limar, part, [limr], limbed, esp. of the feet, hands; vel, ilia limar, Bs. i. 127, Ld. 20, Fms. v. 238,
0. H. 74; limar mjk, with long limbs, Fms. vi. 206. II. [lim], branching, Fb. iii. 298.
lim-byrr, f. a burden of fagots, Fms. i. 127.
lim-heill, adj. sound-limbed, N. G. L. i. 85.
lim-hlaupa, adj., prop, of a horse = bgsiga, wrung in the withers: metaph. cowed, pros/rate, r
lti mikilliga, en egar rikra manna or koma til yar, eru r egar limhlaupa, Sturl. i. 14; eir
Hrgdlir vru ornir sv limhlnupa fyrir Gumundi, at..., 163.
limi, a, m., proncd. limi, [lim], a broom or rod of twigs, rod; barr ok me lima hstrokinn, Br.
20; hann ltr ganga limann um bak honum ok bar sur, Grett. 135; let taka Svein alia, ok
leggja fast lima bak eim, and lay the rod stoutly on their backs, Fms. vi. 189; limi song haran
prima, the rod sang a harsh time (on his back), Mork. 227, cp. Orkn. 188, (in the verse in the note)
=' the waves did beat the ship:' the mod. phrase, leggja sig lima, prop, to lay oneself under the rod,
to take great pains in a thing, work hard; sp-lirui, a sweeping besom. lima-ligg, n. a ogging,
Hkr. iii. 216.
lim-lesta, t, to maim, Geisli.
lim-lesting, f. mutilation.
LIMR, in., gen. limnr, pl. limir, acc. limu, limi, Sks. 107 new Ed., as also mod.; [A. S. lim; Engl.
limb; Swed. -Dan. le w] :-- a limb; sinum limum, Hom. 126; um nasar ea ara limu, Bs. i. 522;
manna-hfu ok af hggnir limir, Fms. i. 171; lirnuna, Bs. ii. 158, 168; leysa limu sina, Sturl. ii. 90:
allit., lif ok limu, life and limb, Eg. 89; er vir liggr lif ea lirnir, Gl. 550; lfs gri ok lima, Eb.
310. 2. metaph., limu Gus, Mar.; limu Fjndans, Devil's limb, Fms. viii. 221. II. a joint of meat;
var brautu einn limr oxans, sl. ii. 331; rj limu kjts, Vm. 119; nauta-limir, hlfr fjri tigr, Dipl.
v. 18; limr sltrs, N. G. L. ii. 176. III. = lim, n.; hvern lim ea kvist eirrar ru. Sks. 568.
COMPDS: lima-burr, m. gait, bearing. lima-fall, n., limafalls-ski, f., medic, paralysis, Fl. lima-
gri, n. pl. safety of limbs (lfs gri ok lima), K. . 36. lima-lt, n. mutilation, Fms. iii. 158. lima-
ljtr, adj. 7^ ly limbed, Br. 165. lima-vxtr, m. the frame of the body, Fms. x. 151.
LINA, a, [Dan. lindre; see linr], to soften, mitigate; at linar- saur, Pr. 473. 2. metaph. to alleviate;
Gu linai eirra eymir, Stj. :-- with dat., lina vlkum unga, Dipl. ii. 14; lina atsokninui, Stj.
604; unit harmi minum, Karl. 215; lina til, to give way, Fms. vi. 28: -- to abate, Bs. ii. 49 (of the
wind). II. impers. it abates; er lttat linai clinu, Fms. xi. 136; vi tak hans linar egar sttinni,
Fb. ii. 145; at nokkut skyldi lina augna-verkinum, Bs. i. 317. III. reex, to be softened, give way;
linuusk hugir eirra, Fms. ii. 36, Pr. 471, Rb. 440, Sturl. iii. 19.
lin-aar and lin-elfdr, part, of feeble strength, Fms. iii. 206.
linan, f. mitigation, H. E. i. 259, ii. /2, 98, Grett. 117 A.
LIND, f., dat. lindi, Eg. 567 (in a verse), [A. S. lind; Engl. linden, lime; O. H. G. linta; Germ, linde;
Dan. lind] :-- a lime-tree, Edda (Gl.), Merl. 2, 88, Pr. 406, passim, see Lex. Pot. II. metaph. a
shield (of lime-wood), Rm. 32, Vsp. 50; steind lind, a stained shield, Lex. Pot.; as also a spear,
Fas. ii. 320 (in a verse), Lex. Pot.: bauga lind, Vol. 5, is dubious, perhaps = lime-bast, on which the
rings were strung.
lind, f. a well, spring, brook, freq. in mod. usage, but seems not to occur in old writers unless it be
in Skv. 2. I, (lindar-logi, ' well-loiue' -- gold): compds, vatns-lind, uppsprettu-lind.
lind-hvitr, adj. white as bast, Lex. Pot.
lindi, a, m. [prop., as it seems, from lind = a string of lime-bast] , a belt, girdle, Vkv. 17, Hkr. i. 82,
Fms. i. 217, vi. 61, Bjarn. 19, 62, Rb. 438, 470, Magn. 468; eigi lagi verri mar linda at sr,
noworse man ever belted himself, Finnb. 260; lindi af lirepti, Bs. i. 317: a belt belonging to a
priest's dress, Vm. 115, = messufata-lindi, Fms. iv. III. In mod. usage lindi is any twist of wool or
hair wound round the waist, hr- lindi, band-lindi, silki-lindi, hujosku-lindi, q. v.: poet, the sea is
called Siggjar-lindi, Raar-lindi, -=/ he belt of the islands, Lex. Pot. COMPDS: linda-bindi, a, m. a
girdle, s as h, B. K. 105. linda-lag, n. laying the lindi, a law term; skja e-n til lindalags, to a s k one
tolay down his belt, symbolical of insolvency, this done the creditor might recover his goods
wherever he nds them, N. G. L. i. 214. linda-star, m. thewaist,, Br. 9, Sks. 169.
lindi, n. a lime-tree, = lind, Lex. Pot.
lindi-ss, m. a nickname, Sturl.
lindi-skjldr, m. a shield of lime-wood, Fas. viii. 413.
lindi-tr, n. a lime-tree, ir. 116.
lin-geja, adj. faint, weak-minded.
lin-hjartar, part. soft-hearted, Lil. 59.
linja and linka, u, f. faintness, the feeling faint and weak; a er linja mr.
lin-kind, f. (proncd. lnkind, linkinni, Barl. 51), mercy, Bs. i. 765, ii. 132.
lin-kinnr, adj. gentle, Barl. 51.
lin-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), lenity, Fms. i. 296, ii. 33, xi. 223.
lin-liga, adv. leniently, gently, Fms. ii. 36, v. 240, vii. 157, Sturl. i. 13, Stj. 578: slovenly, mod.
lin-ligr, adj. lenient, Stj. 495, Sks. 629.
lin-minn, part. patient, meek, Bs. i. 579.
lin-mltr, part. drawling, Rm. 312.
LINNA, t, [Ulf. af-linnan = GREEK, Luke ix. 39; cp. A.S. b-linnan; Shetl, and Scot. linn; Old
Engl. b-lin] :-- to cease, leave off, with dat. to stop; hann linnir eigi fyrr, en ..., Fb. i. 210; linna au
eigi fyrr en heima, Vgl. 81 new Ed.: absol., linnir essa lkams vist, a hymn. II. impers., with
dat., it ceases, abates; en er v linnti, but when it ceased, Landn. 218, v.l.; en er v linnti,
greia eir atrr, Fb. ii. 43; ekki linnir umferunum um Fljtsdalinn enn, Snt.
linni, a, m. = linnr, Korm. (in a verse), Reks., see Lex. Pot.
linn-ormr, m. a 'snake-worm,' serpent, the 'lind-wurm' of the German legends, ir. 167.
LINNR, m. [cp. Germ. lind-wurm], a serpent, only in poetry, see Lex. Pot, passim; as also in
circumlocutions, the serpent of the shield = a sword; the serpent of the arm = a bracelet.
COMPDS: linn-bl, -setr, -vegr, -vengi, a serpent's lair, seat, way, eld, = gold, Lex. Pot.
LINR, adj., linari, linastr, [Lat. lenis], soft to the touch; linr ok slttr, Stj. 165; hr er mjkt ok lint,
Fb. ii. 359; linar hosur, Sks. 87 new Ed. II. metaph. gentle; me linum vindi, Bs. ii. 167; var verit
miklu linara, i. 629: of a person, gentle, opp. to hard, exacting, mjkr ok linr, Fms. iv. 210; linr ok
lttr mli, Bs. i. 154; sv linr ok hgr, 294: linr ok litiltr, 72, Sks. 514; tli r hann n munu yr
linan? .H. 213 :-- weak, lenient, linr ok eigr stjrnsamr, Stj. 419; linr lyndi, Fms. ii. 159; linr
drykkr, 655 xi. 2: weak, eigi amikill ok linr, Sturl. i. 23: gramm. soft, weak, Sklda 159, 179. III.
metaph. soft, snug; at Dnum ykki linara at reka svn til skgar, en berjask vi oss Normenn,
Fms. vi. 258; famask lint, to embrace softly, Akv. 40.
LIPR, adj., the r is radical, compar. liprari, superl. liprastr; [cp. Lat. lepidus] :-- handy, skilled,
adroit; the word is freq. in mod. usage, but seems not to occur in writers before the 15th century,
and may be borrowed; ert at nokkuru rtta-mar? at ferr fjarri, sagi hann, vat ek em liprari
(more awkward) en arir menn, Fas. ii. 262 (MS. of the 15th century); also used of speech, lipr-
leiki, a, m. adroitness.
lirla, a, [lirla or lilla, Ivar Aasen; Engl. lull] :-- to sing a lullaby, trill, whistle; Ivar Aasen says that
in Norway it is used of the shepherds; mean lirlar | lneik veri snum, Fms. vi. (in a verse).
LIST, f. [prob. derived from lra, q.v., Goth. laisjan, before the s was changed into r] :-- art, craft;
list sem astrologia heitir, Stj. 66; kvennligar listir, Fs. 134; klerklig list, Bs. i. 680; hann hafi
eirrar listar eigi fengit, Fb. i. 215; gr me list ok kunnttu, Edda 8; hann fann ok margar listir, 148
(pref.) II. [Germ. and Dan. list; Old Engl. liste], craft, artice, Sks. 689: renement, me allri list ok
kurteisi, Fas. i. 29; lafr fagnar honum vel ok me mikilli list, Fms. x. 226. COMPDS: lista-mar,
m. a skilled workman, craftsman, artist, Fas. ii. 412, Fms. iii. 193. lista-skld, n. a skilful poet.
lista, u, f., mod. listi, a, m. [A.S. and Engl. list], a list, a carpenter's term, as also the list, selvage,
border of cloth; spengr ok listur, Stj. 563; ok gyldar listur , Eb. 226, Al. 35 (of a shield).
listi, a, m. a list, = lista. 2. a catalogue, list of books, (mod.) II. a local name in Norway, Listeren,
.H. (in a verse).
listugr, adj. skilled, Edda (pref.) 149: polite, Fms. xi. 97, Sturl. ii. 230 C.
listu-liga, adv. elegantly, Fas. i. 68, 184, iii. 426: cunningly, Str. 55.
listu-ligr, adj. magnicent, Fms. (grip.) x. 377, 381, 397, 415.
list-vanr, adj. skilful, Fms. xi. 426.
LIT, n. [A.S. and Hel. wlite, Ulf. wlits, = GREEK, a glance; a GREEK, augu heita lit, Edda 109;
but found in compds, aug-lit, and-lit.
lita, a, [Shetl, to litt = to dye blue; Scot. lit], to dye, Stj. 72, Karl. 505; litair mr skallann,
Lv. 109; hafa ltt lita sik bli, Fas. ii. 471; litair bli, Mar.
litan, f. dyeing, litunar-gras, n. a dyeing herb, Stj. 81.
litask, dep. to look about; in the phrase, litask um, never used absol.; mlti tgara-Loki, ok
listask um bekkina, Edda 33, Eg. 111, Band. 3, Fr. 71, Ld. 92; fagrt um at litask, Fs. 26, passim.
lit-bjartr, adj. bright of complexion, Bs. i. 127.
lit-brigi, n. pl. a change of colour or light, in morning and evening, Grett. 179 new Ed.
lit-frttr, adj. strawberry-coloured, Gull. 14.
lit-gr, adj. of ne complexion, Fms. x. 151.
lit-grs, n. pl. a dyer's herbs, Stj. 157.
litka, a, to dye: litkar, coloured, Karl. 241; vel litkar, of a ne hue, Fbr. 36 new Ed.
lit-kli, n. pl. coloured, chequered clothes, as opp. to the plain black dress, which was the genuine
costume of the old Norsemen, Ld. 194, 294, Nj. 70, sl. ii. 335, Grett. 134, Eb. 200, Fs. 51.
lit-lauss, adj. colourless, pale, Flv. 32, Fbr. 114, Str. 13.
lit-mosi, a, m. a dyer's herbs, N.G.L. iii. 119.
LITR, m., gen. litar, pl. litir, acc. litu, [Old Engl. and Scot. lit = a stain; Dan. ld; see lit above, and
lta; the original form would be vlitr] :-- colour, hue, also countenance, complexion; litu ga, Vsp.
18; lostfagrir litir, Hm. 92; brega lit, to change colour, Fms. vi. 178; skipta litum, to exchange
colour, see the remarks s.v. hamr, Fas. i. 128; mlit skiptir sv litum, such is the case, its colour is
thus, Fms. vii. 136; eigi deilir litr kosti, a saying, Nj. 78 (see deila); s hann at at r var litr einn
genn, thou art nothing but the hue (outside), Sturl. iii. 180; blr, grr, hvtr, raur ..., at lit, of
blue ... colour, sl. ii. 213, Anal. 215, passim; regnboga eru rr litir, Rb. 336; allir litir eru bjartari
glerinu en hvar annar-staar, MS. 15. 3. 2. special usage, of day-break, the rst dawn when the
light changes; en er eir kmu upp heiina kenndu eir at lit br, they saw the day-break, Sturl. iii.
217; vsai hann eim lei, tk at kenna annars litar (viz. in the morning), 171; ok annan lit (the
second colour, viz. the changing from dark to light in the early morning, the 'blush of morn') fr
hann at sj veiiskap eirra, orf. Karl. 396; en at rum lit dags, Orkn. 196; litu er lsti (when the
light brightened, impers.) ltusk eir fsir allir upp risa, Am. 28; cp. 63, where the true reading may
be, -- d drir, dags var heldr snemma | 'litu er lysti' ... (MS. letu eir alesti). 3. dye; hann lt
leggja lit augu sr, Fms. ii. 59; skja grs til litar, Finnb. 214, v.l. COMPDS: litar-apt, n.
complexion, Ld. 134, Al. 3; spelt litar-tta, u, f., Clar. (Fr.) litar-httr, m. = litarapt, Fas. iii. 426, as
also in mod. usage. lita-skipti, n. pl. change of colour, Sks. 526.
litr, adj. hued, coloured, Eg. 133, Nj. 30, Fms. ii. 71, Fs. 147, Art. 66; mis-litr, chequered.
lit-rekt, adj., Fas. i. 212; false for lit rekt = ltt rkt, see Bugge (Edda) 294, note 16.
litur, m. a dyer, colourer, Lex. Pot.
lit-verpask, t, to change colour, grow pale, Br. 12, Fms. i. 216.
lit-verpr, adj. pale, from fear, Edda 36, Sd. 173, Orkn. 366.
L, n., not li. see the cognate words: [Ulf. leius = GREEK, Luke i. 15; A.S. and Hel. l; O.H.G.
ldu; mid.H.G. lt; it remains in many provinc. Germ. words, -- leit-haus = an ale-house, a tavern;
leit-geber = an ale-house keeper; leit-geben = to keep an ale-house; leit-kauf = earnest money, see
Schmeller's Bayrisches Wrterbuch s.v. lit] :-- cider, Germ. obstwein; l heitir l, Edda 110; drekka
l, Fms. vi. 439 (in a verse); Hrs l, the ale of Odin = poetry, Ht.; Yggs l, id., Kormak. The
word hardly occurs in prose, and is obsolete.
LA, pres. l (l'k, Edda); pret. lei; 2nd pers. leitt, mod. leist; pl. liu; subj. lii; imperat. l,
lddu; part. liinn; a weak pret. lddi occurs, Am. 50, Pr. 438, .H. 167, Mirm. 167: [Ulf. ga-leian
= GREEK; A.S. lan; O.H.G. ldan; Engl. lithe; Germ. and Engl. glide.] A. Loc. to go, pass, move,
with the notion to glide, slip, of ships, passage through the air, riding, sliding on ice, and the like; ok
er skipit lei fram hj otanum, Hkr. ii. 54: er lauss Loki lr or bndum, Vtkv. 15; batu heilan
la, thou badest him fare (speed) well, .H. (in a verse); r han lir, ere thou passest from here,
Fas. i. 519 (in a verse); la yr rig fjll, Hm. 11; la lnd yr, Gsp.; hvat ar ferr, ea at lopti
lr? -- N ek ferr, ek g, ok at lopti l'k, Edda (in a verse); landi (sliding) um langan veg,
Vkv. 8; hverjar 'ro r meyjar er la mar yr, Vm. 48, (mar-lendr, q.v. = sea gliders); n viltusk
hundarnir farsins egar eir liu at honum, Hom. 120; ok er skipit lei fram hj otanum, Hkr. ii.
57; la hgt og hgt, of a vapour, of a ghost in tales, and the like. II. even used as transitive, to
pass, pass by, esp. as a naut. term; hann um lei (passed by) Israels sona hs, Stj. 281; ok er eir
liu nesit, when they slipped by the ness, Fms. ix. 503, v.l.; ok er eir lu (passed through)
Frekeyjar-sund, Fb. iii. 85. III. impers., en er lr Euphrates- (acc.), when one passes the
Euphrates, Hb. (1865) 8; mean at lei boanum, rak skipi kaiga, ok sv san boana lei,
when the breakers were passed by, Fb. iii. 85 :-- metaph., hann var einnhverr mestr mar ok rkastr
Danmrku, egar er konunginn lr sjlfan, i.e. the greatest man in Denmark next to the king, Fms.
xi. 51; lfr var mar rkastr Danmrku egar er konung lddi, .H. 167; hann var einna mestr
hfingi er konunga lddi, Pr. 438. IV. in prose the word is esp. freq. in a metaph. sense; lr at e-m,
faintness comes over one; n tk at la at lvi, O. began to get drunk, Eg. 213; but esp. of one in
his last gasp, to be slipping away; Guthormr tk stt, en er at honum lei, sendi hann menn fund
Haralds konungs, 118; rlygr tk stt, ok er at honum tk at la, Eb. 160; lei bi at kuldi ok
mi, he fainted away from cold and exhaustion, Fms. ix. 24; n lr opt at barni (the infant may
suddenly faint away) vegum ti, sv at htt er vi daua, N.G.L. i. 339; lr at mtti e-s, one
grows faint, Fms. viii. 258, Sturl. iii. 77, Bs. i. 819 :-- la af, to pass; en er ljsit lei af, s eir
hvergi laf konung, Fms. ii.
332 :-- er hugr lr r brjsti manns, Mar.; lia r huga e-m, to slip out of one's mind, Fms. ii.
266, vi. 272; la r minni, to forget :-- la undan. to slip off, pass by, K.. 222, Fms. xi. 108 :--
la um, to pass by, leave; margir eru r betri helgir menn, ek liu vr um , and yet we pass them
by, 655 xiv, B. 2; eigi hr hluti um at lia, er ..., Fms. x. 314: ellipt., v ltu vr at la, at eigi
verr allt rita, viii. 406, v.l. :-- ltr konungr etta hj sr la, he lets it pass by unheeded, xi.
60 :-- la undir lok, to pass away, die, perish, Nj. 156, Sturl. ii. 113 :-- la yr, to pass over,
happen, come to pass; hann er vinsll ok ungr at aldri, mun ftt yr liit, Hkr. iii. 254; lafr sagi
honum allt um ferir snar, at er yr hann hafi liit, O. told him all that had come to pass, Fms. i.
79; eitt skal yr oss lia alla, one fate shall befall us all, Nj. 191: of sleep, lir yr hann lttr hfgi,
Th. 77: hann spurdi hvat lii um kvit, he asked how it went on with the poem, Eg. 420; also, hva
lr kvinu? frttir hann n hvat lii bnors-mlum, Ld. 92; hvat mun n la, ef tekr kerti
itt? Fb. i. 358; hvat lr um ml Odds sonar mns? Band. 5; san hn lei r mestri barnsku,
passed out of her early youth, Hom. 122; svefnhfgi lei hann, Fms. vi. 229: to swoon, metaphor
prob. from the belief that some evil spirit passed over one's head, a lei yr hana, she swooned;
also, la megin, to fall into a swoon, to faint, Fas. iii. 441. B. Temp. to pass; lr n vrit, Nj. 74;
liu sv au misseri, 94; lr af vetrinn, Eg. 340; ok er vrit lei fram, 467; lengra skalt renna r
vika s liin, 745; aan la ellifu vetr, r, Rb. 70; lir n sj stund er eir hfu kveit, Ld. 266;
lr fram vetrinn, 298; Egill tk at hressask sv sem fram lei at yrkja kvit, 644; lei sv fram
ara rj vetr, Fms. i. 57; liu n sv fram stundir, xi. 84. 2. with prepp.; egar fr lr, in the course
of time, after a while; hn nrisk sv sem fr lei, Fms. vi. 353; vat at v verr spurt, hverr
kva, egar fr lr (when time passes on), en eigi hversu lengi var at verit, Sklda 160; en er at lei
Jlunum, when it drew nigh Yule, Fms. i. 36; ok er lei at eirri stundu, Ld. 308; eigi lr langt
han, r, Fms. xi. 84; n lr mt Jlum, iv. 82. II. impers., la e-t, the time draws to a close,
is far spent; ok er lei daginn, Eg. 93; unz mijan dag lddi, Am. 50; n lddi fram nkkurar
stundir, Mirm. 167; ok er lei um kveldit, Eg. 206; er lei vrit (acc.), Nj. 12; n lir sumarit
til tta vikna, 93; eir svfu til ess er lei nttina, Ld. 44; en er lr daginn, 76; ok er lei dag,
mtti konung, Fms. i. 46; en n er stundina lr, x. 404; er lei upp, towards the close of his
life, 418; til ess er lr mmta dag viku, Grg. i. 142; er upp lei konunga, Rb. 388. 2.
with dat.; n lr sv dgum, at ..., the days draw on, Fms. xi. 422; hans lfdgum lei mjk fram,
Stj. 134; sgu at var liit degi, the day was far spent, Fms. ix. 299; ok er fram lei nttinni, x.
271; hann segir at tmanum lii, Bs. i. 910: of other things, er fram tk at la sminni, Fb. ii. 463:
freq. in mod. usage, hva lr r? hva lr essu? i.e. how goes it with it? how far have you got
on? as also, hvernig lr r, how goes it with you? how do you do? answer, mr lr, vel, briliga,
lla, and the like. III. part., at linu, in the latter part of a time; at linum vetri, degi, towards the
end of the winter, Ld. 234; um hausti at linu, Fms. iv. 286; ok er sv var liit (the time was so far
gone) bjsk Egill til ferar, Eg. 394. IV. part. landi, passing, eeting :-- pass. liinn, past, dead,
deceased; at liinn fylki, Hkv. Hjrv. 42; hj oss linum, Hkv. 2. 44: in mod. usage, of one who has
just ceased to breathe, hann er liinn, liinn lkami, Pass. 17. 26: in allit., lfs og liinn, living and
lifeless, i.e. in life and in death: dead, dmi liinna fera, Hom. 85; slli vri linir en lifendr, the
dead is more blessed than the living, Bs. i. 724: allit., hann er liinn sem ljs, he is gone out like a
light, i.e. quite gone.
la, lei, liu, liit, [Germ. leiden; Dan. lide], to suffer, endure, tolerate, -- this sense is very rare in
old writers, as, tlendir konunga-synir skyldu ar ekki lask er vald hafa, Fms. vi. 134; but it
appears after the Reformation, in the N.T. and in hymns, Pass., Vdal. passim. 2. to suffer; at svo
byrjai Kristi at la, ok upp at rsa rija degi af daua, Luke xxiv. 46.
LF, n. [see lifa; A.S. lf; Engl. life; O.H.G. lp; Germ. leben; Dan. liv] :-- life; l lfa, Hom. 160;
endalaust lf, 107; ra af l, taka af l, to take away one's life, .H.; r skulut ngu fyrir tna
nema lnu, Nj. 7; lf er hjarta, Fbr. 137, Hrafn. 28, and passim. 2. gen. lfs, alive; reis hann upp
lfs ok heill, 656 A. ii. 14; mean hann er lfs, Fms. xi. 111, Hkr. i. 141, ir. 21: allit., lfs ea
liinn, Karl. 535; lfs ea ltinn, Fb. iii. 402; at ltir okkr hvrki skiljask lfs n daua, .H. 208;
lfs gjarna, with all my heart, Mar.; unna e-m sem l snu, Skld H. 7. 38: l, alive; vera l
minnr, to be 'minus life,' dead, sl. ii. 315. 3. life, conduct of life; hreint lf, gott lf, passim in eccl.
writers. II. [Germ. leib], the body; bi til lfs ok slu, Barl. 19, 44; lfs ok slar, body and soul,
Mar.: esp. the waist, middle, hafi hann vat klum um lt, Fas. i. 508; a person, at sv fagrt lf
skyldi sv kveljask, so ne a man, Barl. 149; anna er ar gtt lf (a dear body) tl' eg hann heiti
Sturli, Ska R. 99; stt ok skjlfti hristir at auma lf, allt lf sktisk af upp ok nir (lf-ski =
diarrha), Thom.; vxtr lfs, the fruit of the womb, Lex. Pot., still used by eccl. writers.
COMPDS: lfs-andi, a, m. the breath of life, Stj. 18. lfs-bjrg, f. food to sustain life, Fms. vi. 235,
Stj. 420, orst. Siu H. 180. lfs-bl, n. life's blood, Stj. 61. lfs-bk, f. the book of life, Greg. 75: a
biography, Bs. ii. 163. lfs-brau, n. the bread of life, Stj. 210. lfs-dagar, in. pl. = lfdagar. lfs-
dyrr, n. pl. the doors of life. Mar. lfs-dgr, n. pl. = lfdagar, Bs. i. 101. lfs-endi, a, m. a life's end,
656 B. 3. lfs-gjarna, adv. very fain, Mar. lfs-gri, n. pl. truce, safety of life, K.. 36, Fms. vii.
294. ls-grs, n. pl. healing herbs, Fas. iii. 396. lfs-hski, a, m. life's danger, Eg. 46, Edda 40, Br.
16. lfs-hra, n. 'life's county,' Paradise, Post. lfs-hjlp, f. 'life's-help,' deliverance, Edda 154
(pref.), Fms. viii. 441. lfs-hrring, f. vital motion, Stj. liacute;fs-hvatr, adj. bounding with life,
Gkv. 2. 31. lfs-kenning, f. 'life's-doctrine,' the gospel, Clem. 49. lfs-leiindi, n. pl. weariness of
life, Fms. ii. 201. lfs-mark, n. signs of life, in one apparently dead, Nj. 154. lfs-mli, a, m. a life
contract, Boldt 103. lfs-nring, f. = lfsbjrg. food, Finnb. 234, Fms. ii. 227, iii. 12. lfs-saga, u, f.
a biography, 625. 82, Fb. iii. 237. lfs-stundir, f. pl. 'life-days,' Fms. i. 216, ii. 2, viii. 93, Stj. 223.
lfs-tmi, a, m. a life-time, Fms. iii. 89. lfs-tr, n. the tree of life, Stj., Sks. 548 (of the cross). lfs-
vanr, adj. bereft of life, t. lfs-vn, f. hope of life, hope of saving one's life, Fms. viii. 441. lfs-
vegr, m. the way of life, Bs. ii. 50. lfs-, f. an artery, Pass. 24. 12, 48. 10.
lfar, adj. full of life, Hkr. i. 32.
lf-dagar, m. pl. life-days, life, Fms. i. 53, x. 270, Rb. 400, Al. 131, Karl. 101, N.G.L. iii. 99, orst.
Su H. 180, Barl. 62, 91, 146, Stj. 139, Bs. ii. 148.
lferni, n. life, conduct, freq. in mod. usage.
lfga, a, to call to life, revive, Barl. 84, 99, Fms. ii. 142, Stj. 78, Bs. i. 859. 2. to resuscitate, of one
frozen, drowned, or apparently dead.
lfgan, f. a calling to life, Stj. 142, Stat. 300: resuscitation, of one apparently dead, lfganar-
tilraun, f. an endeavour to recover one's life.
lf-gjafari, a, m. = Hfgja, br. 20 new Ed.
lf-gja, a, m. one who saves a person's life, Lv. 101, Fas. iii. 308, Gsl. 51.
lf-gjf, f. the granting the life or pardon to one, Fs. 7, Anal. 201, Fms. iii. 161, vi. 224.
lf-gfugr, adj. leading a noble life, Greg. 54.
lf-hinna, mod. lf-himna, u, f. the 'life-membrane,' the peritoneum, Fas. iii. 138.
lf-hrddr, adj. fearing for one's life, cowardly.
l, n. = lf, conduct, Barl. 43, 69, 89, 104, 185: in compds, hrein-l, saur-l, etc.
lf-lauss, adj. lifeless, inanimate, Sklda 173, 174, Stj. 88.
lf-lt, n. loss of life, death; andlt (q.v.) is a natural, lt a violent death, a being put to death, or
death from wounds, .H. 74, 219, Fms. i. 46, ii. 30, sl. ii. 270, Ld. 8, Bs. i. 78, Fs. 61, Barl. 129.
COMPDS: lts-dagr, m. the anniversary of any one's death, 'passio,' Fms. xi. 309, Edda ii. 287.
lts-dmr, m. a sentence of death, 655 xiii. A. 2. lts-verr, adj. deserving death, Fms. ix. 498.
lf-lta, lt, to put to death, Fas. i. 294, Fms. xi. 3, Hrafn. 28, Barl. 205, passim.
lf-ligr, adj. 'vital,' Hom. 59, Sklda 173, Fms. ii. 226, Barl. 112: alive, living, Sklda 173, opp. to
lauss: lively, full of life, mod.: as also lf-liga, adv. vigorously.
lf-mikill, adj. 'strong-lived,' dying hard, Stj. 98: full of life.
lf-oddi, a, m. the 'life-gore,' gullet in sh.
lf-seigr, adj. 'strong-lived,' tenacious of life.
Lfskr, adj. native of Liand, Fas. i. 379.
lfs-pund, n. [a 'lis-pound,' Orkney and Shetl. lispund, 18 lbs. Scots. qs. Lifskt pund from Liftand],
a kind of weight, Gl. 523; fjrar eru merkr ok sjautigir lfspundi, MS. 732.
lf-steinn, m. a life stone, healing stone; see lyfsteinn.
lft, n. adj. t to live; ekki lft, not t to live; er-at vinum lft Ingimundar, Fs. 39: of a person, worthy
of life, er allir rgja, ok kvea honum eigi lft vera, 656 C. 20, Post. 645. 98.
lf-tjn, n. loss of life, Stj. 329, Fms. viii. 147 (v.l.), Bs. ii. 117.
lf-vnn, adj. with hope of life, hope of recovery, Fms. xi. 142, Glm. 381, Alg. 149.
lf-r, f. a 'life-vein,' artery, Bs. i. 368, Mar.
LK, n. [Ulf. leik; A.S. lc; Old Engl. lich, in lyke-wake, lich-gate; O.H.G. lih; Germ. leiche; Dan.
lig; Swed. lik] :-- prop. the body, as in Ulf., who renders GREEK by leik, but GREEK by nahs: I.
the body, the living body, in old poems; en at it ljsa lk, Sl. 12; nema vi at lk at lifa, Hm. 96;
lki leyfa ens ljsa mans, 91; auga at er liggr ljsu liki, Kormak; lss hlt lki drsar, Fms. vi. (in
a verse); flgi mur lki Jtna dlgs, hid in the body of the mother of Thor, i.e. in the earth,
Eyvind; cp. also the compds, lk-amr, lk-bjartr, lk-rr (q.v.), etc.: it also remains in the prose
phrase, heilu lki, 'in a whole body' whole, intact, .H. (in a verse): in mod. poetry, drliga
smuru Drottins 'lk,' where = lkamr, Pass. 49. 6. II. a corpse; var vegit lkinu ok jardat um
morguninn, Bs. i. 550; lkit var sveipat lndkum en saumat eigi um, Eb. 264; ar skk ok nir lk
orvalds, Nj. 19; ba um lk, to shroud a corpse, Grg. ii. 388; ba um lk gfugra manna, Eg. 94;
fara me lk til graftar, Fs. 153; eir sktu lkinu fen mikit, 132; lk hans eir drgu leyni-gtu ok
brytjuu brunn nir, Sl.; uttu eir n lkin til kirkju, Nj. 209; jara lk, Fms. x. 408. COMPDS:
lka-breizl, n. a pall, Vm. 54. lka-bng, f. 'lyke-knell,' 'mortuos plango,' the name of a famous
bell, Bjarn. 136. lka-fer, f. = lkfer, 'lyke-fare,' burial, B.K. 110. lka-frsla, u, f. 'lyke-
carrying,' a funeral, Vm. 71, K..K. 18. lka-grf, f. a grave, Stj. lka-grptr, m. grave-digging,
Fbr. lka-hli, n. the 'lich-gate,' in a churchyard, Sturl. ii. 248. lka-krkr, m. a hoe for grave-
digging, Vm. 29, H.E. ii. 96, cp. Feacute;l. viii. 71 sqq. lka-kross, n. a 'lyke-cross,' m. 90. lka-
kult, n. a pall, Vm. 139. lka-saln, n. = lkakult, Pm. 34. lka-ttr, m. the section of law on
burials, K..K. 18.
lk, n. [Swed. lik; Engl. leeches; Dan. lig] :-- a naut. term, the leeches, leech-line, the borders of a
sail, Edda (Gl.); skautin ok lkin, Hem. (Gr. H.M. ii. 662).
LKA, a, [Ulf. leikan = GREEK; A.S. lician; Engl. like; O.H.G. lihan; Swed. lika] :-- to like:
impers., cp. Old Engl. it liketh me, e-m lkar e-t, lkai yr vel Finnskattrinn, Eg. 61; at ek gra slkt
er mr lkar af v er ek varveiti, 395; etta lkai Eiriki strlla, Fms. i. 18: en me v at eim
lkai (they wished) sv at hafa er ar vi at auka, b. (begin.); hvrt er honum lkar vel er lla,
whether he likes it well or not, .H. 54 2. e-m lkar vel, lla til e-s, to like one well or not; honum
lkai til Sighvats vel, Fms. iv. 89; Sva konungi lkai str-lla lafs digra, 107 :-- lka vel vi e-n,
id.; lkar eim vel vi Brand, Lv. 24; lkai hverjum manni vel vi hann, Fms. vi. 112; en konungi
lkai eigi betr vi enna biskup, vii. 173; Hallgerdr sat mjk sr um vetrinn, ok lkai (mnnum)
ekki vi hana lla, Nj. 25.
lka, adv., qs. glka, also, Str. 72, freq. in mod. usage.
lkar, part. painted with images; ker ok horn vru ll lku, ok skyg sem gler, Hkr. i. 90.
lkami, a, m. = lkamr, Stj. 148.
lkam-liga, adv. bodily, in the esh, 761 B. 4: carnally, K.. 148, Sks. 785.
lkam-ligr, adj. bodily, in the body, Sklda 173, Bs. i. 550, Stj. passim.
LKAMR, m., gen. lkams, pl. lkami, dat. lkaminum, Stj. 55; a weak form lkami, a, m., is also
freq.; [A.S. lchoma; Old Engl. lichame; Scot. licama; O.H.G. lhhamo; Germ. leichnam; Dan.
legeme] :-- the body, prop. qs. 'esh-cover' or 'esh-frame' (lk-hamr), denoting the body, its hue and
frame, but used esp. of the living body; es rls lkam tk sik, Greg. 49; manns lkami, Gl. 41;
slur ok lkamir, Hom. 160, passim; when used of the lifeless body lkamr is a gentler term than lk;
san gengu til allir menn at sj lkami eirra, ... hversu ltask yr lkamir essir? ... ek he engis
daus manns lkama st jafnbjartan, Nj. 208; eir fundu lkama Skarphins ar, 109; er lkamr
essa manns var tborinn, Fms. v. 218; slri fnyk af lkamanum, x. 379; lkama fur sns, 408:
thus in the N.T. GREEK is rendered by lkami, not lk, Matth. xvii. 58, 59, Mark xv. 43, 45, Luke
xxiii. 52, 55, xxiv. 3, John xix. 38, 4O (of Christ in the grave) :-- metaph., slarinnar lkamr, Stj. 16;
af hrring nokkurs lkama, Sklda 173; saman lesa r lkama heilagra Guspjalla, H.E. i. 584. II. in
a metaph. or eccl. sense = GREEK, the esh, in many compds, carnal: lkams aldr, a natural age,
Hom. 55; lkams a, bodily strength, 146; lkams daui, a natural death, Stj., Greg. 42, 54; lkams
freistni, carnal temptation, 51, 59; lkams fst, carnal lust, Stj. 159: lkams lir, a limb of the body,
Greg. 25; lkams losti, carnal lust, K.. 28, 124, N.G.L. i. 20, Hom. 159; lkams mttr, bodily
strength, 157; lkams meinlti, chastisement of the body, 48; lkams fjtrar, the fathers of the body;
lkams munu. carnal lust, 70; lkams synd, a carnal sin, Stj. 146; lkams vit, bodily sense, 625.
177; lkama lf, bodily life, 677. 4.
lkandi, f. form, shape, Edda 4.
lk-band, n. a 'lich-band,' winding-sheet, 623. 14.
lk-barar, f. pl. a bier, 623. 57, passim.
lk-blaur, adj. afraid of a corpse, Gsl. 22.
lk-blja, u, f. a winding-sheet, Bs. i. 529.
lk-fer, f. a funeral, funeral journey, Eb. 264, Fms. ix. 534, x. 151.
lk-fylgja, u, f., mod. lk-fylg, a funeral procession, Mar., Fms. xi. 214, Mork. 10.
lk-fring, f. = lkfrsla, K..K. 18.
lk-frsla, u, f. the carrying a body to a church, N.G.L. i. 135; the law ordered that a body should
be brought to the church within ve nights after death.
lk-hringing, f. the tolling for a funeral, death knell, Fb. iii. 452.
lk-hrddr, adj. = lkblaur.
LKI, n., dat. lkjum, 656 C. 26, Hom. 46, Hom. (St.), Hkr. i. 10, [from lk, not from glkr] :-- a
body; lki leyfa ins ljsa mans, Hm. 91; vexa vel blju at verja itt lki, Am. 101; ar eptir mttu
merkja hans fegr, bi hr ok lki, Edda 15; lki fgr, beautiful, Bjarn. (in a verse). 2. me heilu
lki, whole, Lat. integer, Fms. xi. 308, Al. 12; see lk. II. form, shape; bera Valkera lki, Hallfred;
ursa lki, Alm 2; lgjarn lki, Vsp. 39; steins lki, Hkv. Hjrv. 30; dfu lki, Greg. 19; Djar
kmu msum lkum ok allra optast lki rs, Mart. 125; tk hann at skipta lkjum sr ok
sjnum, 656 C. 26; hv eir eru essum lkjum syndir, Hom. 46; hn br sr nauts-belgs lki
vatns-fulls, Landn. 212; hann br sik lki graungs eins, Edda (pref.) 148; hafa manns lki, Edda 9;
hann br sik ymissa dra lki, 149; fyrir hv eru eir essum lkjum syndir, Hom. (St.); hann
kunni r rttir at hann skipti litum ok lkjum, Hkr. i. 10; er slin gengr hrts lki (Aries), Rb.
478.
lki, a, m., qs. glki, an equal, a match, Stj. 289, Fs. 56.
lking, lkja, lkindi, lkleikr, lkligr, see glking, glkja, glkindi, glkleikr, glkligr.
lk-kista, u, f. a cofn, Hkr. iii. 14, Fms. xi. 309.
lk-mar, m. a 'lyke-man,' grave-digger, or one who carries a body to the grave, Eb. 268.
LKN, f. [lkna is the healing of the body, lkn the soothing of the mind or heart; the words seem
to be identical: in very early usage lkn seems to denote bodily healing also, and particularly of
relief in labour, hence the words lknar-galdr, -spor, -l in the old poems Sdm. and Hm., as also the
lknar-belgr, although now only used of the caul of animals]: 1. healing, remedy; hvat er til lkna
lagt Siguri? Skv. 1. 30; leitaa ek lkna, at letja ykkr heiman, I sought for means to let you from
coming. Am. 46. 2. relief, mercy, comfort; s erumk lkn, that is my comfort, Ls. 35; til leirttu ok
lknar, Stj. 149; veita lkn, to relieve, soothe; hann lt nra me allri lkn (mercy, tenderness),
Fms. ii. 226; bija e-m lknar er lfs gria, vi. 113. 3. mercy, eccl.; bija lknar sinni misgerning,
Mar.; synda lkn, forgiveness of sin, id.; hann ba Gu lknar egar hann fll nokkura sk, Sks.
734; Drottinn minn ge dauum r | hinum lkn er lifa, O my Lord, grant rest to the dead, relief to
the living, Sl. 82. COMPDS: lkna-belgr, m. the caul, esp. of calves, lambs, used instead of glass
in the windows of ancient houses, see gluggr. lknar-braut, f. the path of mercy, Bs. i. 94: name of
an oid poem. lknar-fullr, adj. merciful, Sks. 732. lknar-fss, adj. merciful, Geisli. lknar-galdr,
m. healing spells, charms, Hm. 121. lknar-gata, u, f. the way of grace, 625. 19. lknar-lauss, adj.
merciless, Sks. 511, 550. lknar-leysi, n. a hard heart, Sks. 513. lknar-spor, n. 'healing-step,' a
kind of charm; lausnar lfa ok lknarspori. lknar-r, f. a vein of mercy, Lil.
lkna, a, to shew mercy to, with dat.; s er rum vill lkna, Hom. 5; hann lknar hvers manns mli,
Fms. xi. 260; ek he beit fyrir r til Gus at hann lkni r, Orkn. 172, Rb. 310. II. reex. lknask,
sue for mercy; ef ek skal til blta hverfa ok lknask vi guin, Fms. ii. 41.
lknan-ligr, adj. = lknsamr, Mar.
lkneski, n. and lkneskja, u, f., see the references below; [prob. from lk, not from glkr, for
glkneski never occurs] :-- shape; sem Grikkir rita ru lkneski langan staf en ru skamman,
the Greeks write in one form a long vowel and in another a short one, Sklda (Thorodd) 163;
gjrum vr manninn eptir vrri lking ok lkneskju, skapai Gu manninn eptir sjlfs sns mynd ok
lkneskju, ... mer heilagrar renningar lkneskju, Stj. 19, 20. II. a graven image; hvru-tveggja
metinu var grt sem vri lkneskja manns, Fms. xi. 128 (Jmsv. 6. 27); mm lkneski af gulli, Stj.
437; Ptrs lkneski, Vm. 19; Gumundar lkneski, Pm. 64; lt hann gra eptir hnum eina lkneskju,
Stj. 101; lkneskja vrrar Fr, Mar.; jna dumbum lkneskjum dauum ok daufum, Barl. 114;
lkneski at er Astarot heitir, Rb. 342; hann ttisk standa fyrir lkneski v er Kristr var pndr, 370;
essu sama lkneski, Stj. 102: in the mod. phrase, vera eins og lkneskja framan, to look as pale as
a statue. 2. gramm. a metaphor; ok er ar sv skipt lkneskjum enum sama hlut, Sklda 187.
lkneskja, u, f., see lkneski above.
lkn-fastr, adj. fast in goodwill, beloved, Hm. 124.
lkn-ligr, adj. helping, comforting, Sks. 518, 728.
lkn-samligr, adj. merciful, Sks. 519, Stj. 121, 156.
lkn-samr, adj. gracious, merciful, Stj. 547, Edda 15.
lkn-semi, f. mercy.
LKR, adj. alike; see glkr.
lk-sima, n., pl. lksimu, [lik = leeches], the leech line, N.G.L. i. 101.
lk-str, n. pl. [Ivar Aasen likstraa], 'lyke-straw,' N.G.L. ii. 247; dead bodies before being put into
the cofn were put on straw, hence the phrase, llum lengri var s eina ntt, er ek l stirr strm,
Sl. 47; cp. also the Icel. nstr, q.v.
lk-sveipa, u, f. = lkblja, a winding-sheet, Mar. 1010.
lk-sngr, m. a funeral dirge, funeral service, Grg. i. 204. lksngs-kaup, n., mod. lksngs-eyrir,
m. a funeral fee, K..K. 28, Grg. ii. 388.
lk-orn, m. [Dan. ligtorn], a corn on the foot.
lk-r, f. leprosy, Mirm., Magn. 517, Stj. 324, 616, Fas. iii. 642, N.T. COMPDS: lkr-fullr, adj.
leprous, Stj. 260. lkr-mar, m. a leper, N.G.L. i. 97. lkr-stt, f. leprosy, Stj. 324.
lk-rr, adj. [cp. Ulf. rutlls], 'body-rotten,' leprous, 625. 46, Hom. 43, Bs. i. 849, Barl. 35, Fms.
xi. 309, Magn. 516, Stj. 616.
LM, n, [A.S. lm; Engl. lime; Germ. leim] :-- lime, chalk; Hannibal konungr lt sr leir bleyta me
bli Rmverja ok gra ar af borgarlm, Bret. (1849); af tigli ok lmi, Stj. 67; var at mikit musteri
ok grt sterkliga at lmi, Fms. vi. 267 (of the cathedral of Drontheim); llugi var son eirra, hann
druknai er hann utti lm til steinkirkju eirrar er hann tlai at gra Breiablsta Vestr-
hpi, Bs. (Krs.) i. 32, referring to about 1130 A.D.; lm ok tjara, Mag. 9, Fms. x. 186, Al. 29. II.
glue, paste, passim in mod. usage.
lma, a, to lime with mortar; til steinsmar, at sna, lma, ok nir setja, Fms. xi. 428. 2. to glue;
lma skegg vi, hku sr, Fb. i. 130; hann lt lma ok ba ll blin nir kjlinn, sl. ii. 460, Flv.
33 (of a shield): gramm., Sklda 170 (of two letters joined together, such as ), II. reex. to cleave
to, Stj. 292.
lm-farmr, m. a cargo of lime, D.N.
lming, f. liming; saman-lming, conglutination, Sklda 170, 177. lmingar-stafr, m. id., Sklda
177.
lmingr, m., gramm. 'clusters.,' see Gramm. p. xv, col. 1 bottom.
lm-setja, t, to lime, Hkr. iii. 62, Orkn. 352 (in a verse).
lm-vatn, n. lime-water, Mag. 9.
LN, n. [Ulf. lein = GREEK; Germ. lein; Engl. linen; Lat. l&i-long;num; Gr. GREEK] :-- ax;
spinna ln, Fas. iii. 594; drsir surnar drt ln spunnu, Vkv. 1; ln ok bygg, Stj.; smjr ok ln, eir,
gull ea silfr, K.. 204; af si llu, rg ok hveiti, hampi ok lni, N.G.L. ii. 355; ln rengt (of a tax
in Norway payable in that kind), O.H.L. 60; dttir ln allt ok garn, ok rei ullar, N.G.L. i. 211. II.
[Lat. linteum], linen, linen gear, esp. the head-gear worn by ladies on the bridal day, hfu-ln
(q.v.); brar-ln, kv. 12, 15, 17, 19; hence, ganga und lni, to wed, be wedded, Rm. 37, where the
earl's bride wore a ln, the carle's bride a ripti (of less costly stuff), whereas the thrall's bride was not
wedded at all; Gurn (the bride) sat innar verpalli, ok ar konur hj henni (the bride-maids) ok
hfu ln hfi, Ld. 296; ok lttliga lni verit, to cohabit, Gkv. 3. 2. B. COMPDS: ln-akr, m. a
ax eld. Lnakra-dalr, m. a local name in Iceland from the growth of ax, Landn. 169, Band.
(Cod. Reg.) ne. ln-ber, m. a linen bed, Korm. (in a verse). ln-brkr, f. pl. linen breeks, sl. ii.
83, Dropl. 29, Fms. ix. 24. ln-bundin, f. part. 'linen-bound,' swathed in linen, of a lady, Eb. (in a
verse). ln-dregill, m. a linen tape, Fms. viii. 288. ln-dkr, m. a linen kerchief, Eb. 264, Bs. i. 874,
Fb. ii. 16: a linen cloth, Fms. i. 36, 113. ln-eik, f. and ln-gefn, pot, of a lady, Lex. Pot. ln-erla,
u, f. the bird motacilla, a wagtail. ln-f, m. 'linen-fee,' a bridal gift, given on the wedding day;
hann (the bridegroom) skal ganga yr glf vert ok gefa henni lnf, N.G.L. ii. 305, Ld. 200, Edda
75, Fms. x. 312. ln-fr, n. ax-seed, Pr. 474. ln-garn, n. linen-yarn, Edda 39. ln-hfa, u, f. a
linen cap, Nj. 193, Bs. ii. 79. ln-hvtr, adj. white as linen, of a lady (from wearing linen), Hbl. 30.
ln-kltr, m. a linen 'clout' or kerchief, Bs. i. 790. ln-kli, n. pl. linen raiment, of a lady's dress,
Am. 12, Ld. 260: of men's under-clothes made of linen, Orkn. 76, Fms. iii. 67, Dropl. 30, Fas. iii. 4,
Sks. 287. lnkla-lrept, n. stuff of linen, Ann. 1332. ln-kyrtill, m. a linen kirtle, Sturl. i. 96, Stj.
308. ln-lak, n. a linen bed-sheet; plur. lnlk, Dipl. v. 8, Fms. v. 159. ln-ligr, adj. linen, Stj. 318.
ln-lindi, a, m. a linen girdle, Stj. 318. ln-rell, m. a linen tapestry, Vm. 82. ln-sekkr, m. a linen
sack, Fms. i. 9. ln-seyma, u, f. a nickname, Fms. x. 97. ln-skauti, a, m. a linen sheet, kerchief, Bs.
ii. 229. ln-sloppr, m. a linen surplice, Vm. 65. ln-sokkr, m. a linen sock, Hom. 138. ln-tjald, n. a
linen tent, Fs. 180. ln-vefr, m. linen tissue, linen, Fms. x.
ln, f., in pot, circumlocutions, bauga-ln, auar-ln, arm-ln (see Lex. Pot.), = hln, q.v.
lna, u, f. a line, and as a naut. term, the bowline, Edda (Gl.), cp. bglna: a rope, hann tk glfana,
belti ok knnn ok lnu mjfa, ... eptir at fr hann festina ok lt lnuna draga sik af berginu undir
fossinn, Gull. 8. Norsemen mostly used ropes of walrus skin (svrr), but ropes of ax are also
mentioned; mean strengr ok lna brestr eigi, Orkn. (in a verse). 2. mathem. a line, Rb. 472, 474;
Mijarar-lna and Lna = the Line, Equator, mod.: a line in a book or writing (mod.), skrifa lnu-
skakkt, to write the lines unevenly. II. ln, a head-dress; Hln lnu, pot, a lady, Kormak; lnu jr,
the earth of the ln = the head, Fms. v. 200 (in a verse); laut und lnu, lysti at kyssa, kv. 27.
COMPDS: lnu-akkeri, n. an anchor with a line, Sturl. i. 119. lnu-strengr, m. a rope, cord, 623.
46.
lri, a, m. [Dan. and Norse lire], a kind of tern, sterna nigra, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Sturl. i. 176.
LTA, pres. lt; pret. leit, 2nd pers. leizt, pl. litu; part. litinn; imperat. lt and lttu; [a Goth. wleiton
may be assumed, cp. litr, lit, leita, A.S. wltan; Lat. vultus; cp. Germ. ant-litz] :-- to look, behold,
see; ek lt, I see, behold, Haustl.; hinnig vrir undir brn at lta, Nj. 55; Slvi gat at lta hvar eir
u, 247; ok augu leit, and looked him in the eyes, Vsp. 21; hn leit ba uxana vta, sl. ii. 89;
hn leit fr sna grta, Str. 17: freq. in old and mod. usage, hf hann upp sn augu ok leit
Abraham langt burt, og Lazarum hans skauti, Luke xvi. 23 :-- the phrases, lta star, vinar, fundar,
miskunnar augum til e-s, to cast a glance of love, friendship, envy, mercy, Fb. i. 421, passim; hann
mtti eigi rttum augum til hans lta, he could not bear to look straight at him, Fms. iv. 48. II. with
prepp.; lta e-t, to look at or on; hann st nokkura stund hinn ftinn ok leit stnn ..., eigi
arft at lta , jafnt er sem r snisk, af er ftrinn, Nj. 97; til at lta ok eptir at skoa um landa-
merki, Dipl. ii. 19; rr ltr hornit ok snist ekki mikit, Edda 32; ltt ljfan, legg munn vi
grn ... leit Gurn, Gkv. 1: metaph. to consider, er at ekki jafnri ... mun v ekki vera liti,
sl. ii. 214; eigi er at lta, drepum enna hund sem skjtast, Fms. xi. 146; en hvert ml er skal
dma, verr at lta tilgr me efnum, Eg. 417, (a saying); ek mun hafa skjtt liti, ok vart
fjarri at kenna mr rin, Orkn. 214: lta me e-m, to keep an eye on, take care of, Fb. iii. 305, Fs.
172 :-- lta aptr, to look back after one, Karl. 404 :-- lta til e-s, to look towards one; hann leit seint
til eirra ok glotti um tnn, Edda 30; eir litu til ok kvusk sj hann, Nj. 70: metaph., hver
spurning ltr jafnan til svara, a question looks for an answer, a saying, Sks. 307 :-- lta yr, to look
over, look about, view; en er orsteinn hafi liti yr verk hskarla sinna, Eg. 741; kemr heim
Mel ok ltr yr eignir snar, Band. 3; hafa brtt yr liti, Fb. iii. 386 :-- lta vi e-m, to look to one;
keisari leit vi honum, ok spuri hverr hann vri, Fms. i. 125; konungr leit vi eim ok svarar heldr
stutt, Eg. 95 :-- lta upp, to lift the eyes, Hm. 130; en hann leit upp ok s hina rku, Luke xxi. 1 :--
lta nir fyrir sig, to look down. III. reex. he seems, it appears to one that, e-t lzk e-t; leizk honum
mrin fgr, Eg. 23; hann sr hvat lei drykkr inum, ok lzk honum sv sem alltill munr mun vera,
Edda 32; sv lzk mr (methinks) ... sem essi mun mestr tlar, id.; sv lzk mr, frndi, sem n
munim vit hafa grt r okkat, Nj. 5; lzk mr sv sem engum vrum brrum muni trligt, Fms. i.
53; ok ltisk eim sv at hann vili vrn hans glepja v, Grg. i. 60. beta. with prepp.; e-m ltzk
e-t, it seems, pleases me so and so; hversu ltzk r mey essa, ykki r eigi fgr vera? Nj. 2;
teksk umra mikil hversu eim hafi litisk konunginn ... sv leizk mr vel konunginn it fyrsta
sinn er ek s hann, Ld. 174; her mr opt vel litisk konunginn, en aldri betr en n, Fms. x. 296 (ii.
37); ok ba mur sna gra sr g kli, at Steingeri mtti sem bezt sik ltask, Korm. 32;
spyrr Karli hversu Lei litisk f etta, Fms. iv. 346. . one likes to have it, ellipt. for ltask r;
honum leizt at fara, passim in mod. usage :-- to like, lzk r eigi silfrit, does not the silver like thee?
Fms. iv. 346; see ltask . 2. recipr. to look to one another; fellzk hvrt ru vel ge, ok litusk au
vel til ok bliliga, Band. 3.
ltil-, see ltill B.
LTILL, ltil, lti, adj., and ltt adverb.; gen. ltils, ltillar, ltils; dat. litlum, ltilli, litlu; acc. ltinn,
litla, lti: plur. litlir, litlar, ltil; gen. ltilla; dat. litlum; acc. litla, litlar, ltil; compar. minni; superl.
minnstr (q.v.): [Ulf. leitils = GREEK; A.S. lytel; Engl. little; O.H.G. luzil; Swed. liten; Dan. liden
and lille: in Germ. the word was replaced by klein, prop. = bright = Engl. clean, but luzel remains in
local names such as Ltzel-stein = La Petite Pierre in Alsace] :-- little, of stature; litlir menn ok
smir, Landn. 145; lti barn, a little bairn, sl. ii. 326; ok sr hvar l mar ... ok var s eigi ltill,
Edda 29; ekki ltill mar vexti, 30; rr er lgr ok ltill, 33; sv ltinn sem r kallit mik, ..., id.;
hvat er at it litla (the little puny thing) er ek at lggra s'k, Ls. 44; inn Litli, a freq. nickname,
Landn. :-- small, of things, litla breixi, Hkr. iii. 16; fjrar litlar munnlaugar, Dipl. iii. 47; opt veltir
ltil fa miklu hlassi, a saying, a little mound may often upset a big wagon load, Al. 32; ltilla (gen.
pl.) sanda, ltilla sva, Hm. 52; opt kaupir sr litlu lof, 51; Eirikr konungr hafi lnd ltil, Fms. i.
23; en tt einnhverr bri litla byri, var at skjtt mikill eldr, vi. 153. II. metaph. usages;
sumar etta var ltill grasvxtr, ok var allltil heybjrg manna, a small, bad crop, sl. ii. 130; landit
er skarpt ok lti matland, bad for foraging, Fms. vii. 78; ef atfrsla eirra vri sv ltil, at ...,
K..K. 94 :-- small in degree, ltil var glei manna at boinu, small cheer, sl. ii. 251; hann er ltill
bltmar, no great worshipper, 398; at er lti ml, that is a small matter, 206; ltil tindi, Fms. xi.
118 :-- small, of value, ok verit r ltlir drengir af, ef r launit engu, Nj. 68; tldu fyrir honum
hversu jarl hafi hann lengi grt ltinn mann (treated him shabbily), Fms. i. 54; n munt , segir
hn, lengi ltill konungr, ef villt ekki atfrask, vii. 243; ok vara (was not) s af litlu skapi, Al. 2;
meta ltils, to value lightly, Ld. 174; ltill karl, mean churl! Fbr. 39 new Ed.; var hans merni lti,
of low rank, Fms. vii. 63; r munut kalla mik ltinn mann (a puny man) fyrir mr ok uni ek v lla,
Edda 33; hann var skald ok eigi ltill fyrir sr, sl. ii. 323. 2. neut. as subst.; hafa lti af rki, a small
portion, Fms. i. 52; sv at litlu loddi vi, Nj. 28, Fms. xi. 102, Fs. 87. 3. temp. small, brief; ltilli
stundu, Al. 32; litlu sarr, a little while after, Nj. 4, Fms. vi. 60; ba um ltla stund, vii. 141.
COMPDS: litla-stofa, u, f. a little parlour in ancient dwellings, Sturl. iii. 191. ltils-httar, adv. of
little consideration, lowly, Fms. i. 293, vii. 160. ltils-verr, adj. little worth, Fms. vii. 105, sl. ii.
327. ltils-vgi, n. = ltilvgi, Odd. 24. B. COMPDS: ltil-fjrligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), prop. of 'little
life,' small, low, of small amount, Hv. 42 new Ed., Fas. i. 96. ltil-gft, adj.; vera ltilgft um e-t,
to be not much pleased with, Fb. iii. 242. ltil-hugar, part. little-minded, Mar. ltil-hfr, adj.
humble, moderate, Vpn. 7. ltil-ltask, lt, to condescend, Str. 23. ltil-ltliga, adv. humbly, Stj.
229, Fms. i. 136, x. 261, Rb. 382. ltil-ltligr, adj. condescending, humble, Fs. 72, Sturl. i. 36, Bs. i.
306. ltil-ltr, adj. condescending, humble, Fms. i. 31, vii. 291, Orkn. 202 (v.l.), Band. 28 new Ed.,
Hom. 49, 148; af ltilltu hlji, low voiced, Sklda 175. ltil-leikr, m. lowness, smallness, 623. 12,
Barl. 100, Edda 146. ltil-leitr, adj. small-faced, (mod. sm-leitr), Fms. viii. 321. ltil-liga, adv.
little, in a small degree. Gsl. 44, Fms. ii. 65. ltil-ligr, adj. small. ltil-lkka, a, to humble; l.
sjlfan sig, to humble oneself. ltil-lta, t; l. sik, to humble oneself, condescend, Fms. x, 232, Fs.
52: reex., Stj. 33. ltil-lti, n. humility, condescension. Germ. demuth, Sks. 708, Orkn. 138, Fms. i.
147, Hom. 134, Greg. 29, Grett. 161 A, Fs. 53, Lil. 25, Mar. passim. ltil-magni, a, m. a poor weak
person, opp. to one strong and mighty, Stj. 652, Fms. ii. 182, Thom., Barl. 55. ltil-mannliga, adv.
in an unmanly, paltry manner, Fs. 111, Nj. 210, 229, Eb. 160. ltil-mannligr, adj. 'mannikin-like,'
unmanly, low, mean, Eb. 12, Nj. 229, Ld. 170, Eg. 407. ltil-menni, n. a mannikin, small, mean
person, Ld. 10, Nj. 248, Fs. 56, Band. 24 new Ed.: one of low condition, Fms. vii. 183. ltil-
mennska, u, f. paltriness, meanness, Eb. 170, Hkr. ii. 35. ltil-mtliga, adv. in an unmanly manner,
Nj. 229, v.l. ltil-mtligr, adj. small, insignicant, vile, Fs. 63, jal. 23. ltil-ri, n. smallness of
estate, opp. to greatness; n munu vr tla oss hf eptir vru itilri, Fagrsk. 134: degradation, en
henni tti sr l. v at sm-konungar bu hennar, Fms. vi. 30, x. 283, Al. 133, Karl. 76: a trie,
Al. 153, Finnb. 330. ltil-sigldr, part., metaph. from sails, carrying little sail, feeble, timid. ltil-
skeyta, u, f. a nickname, Sturl. ltil-trar, part. of little faith, N.T. ltil-vgligr, adj. = ltilvgr,
Hkr. ii. 234. ltil-vgr, adj. of little weight, moment. litil-yrkr, adj. 'ltttle-working' clumsy, Nj. 19.
ltil-gr, adj. content with little, Lv. 76, orst. hv. 41: easily offended (gja = to offend), Fb. iii.
422.
ltt, as adv. little; ok lrr heldr ltt, a little scholar, .H. 144; ek kann ltt til laga, I know but little
of the law, Nj. 31; hann nam ltt sta (made a little stand) ok hvarf egar, Fms. vi. 60. 2. wretchedly,
poorly; ltt ert staddr, ea vilt iggja lf at mr, Fb. i. 565; ok kver ltt vera komna, Fr. 235;
f at er ltt var komit skulda-stum, money badly invested, 241; em ek ltt leikinn, Am. 88;
Ragnhildr l gl ok skyldi vera lttari ok var all-ltt haldin, Fb. ii. 263.
ltt-at, ltt-at, adv. a little, a bit, a little way or while; hann hrri hfuit lttat, Bs. i; n verr at
vkja lttat til ess, 197; p eptir Starkai lttat, Fb. i. 417; hann lkr upp hurunni lttat, Fbr. 11
new Ed; ok skeindisk hann lttat, Bjarn. 49; lttu n at mr lttat, Fms. xi. 102; tekr hann ngr
hennar ok kreistir lttat, ir. 134; at bl-rellinn hans Vagns kmi vi mik gr ltta, Fms. xi.
144; mlti Gsli, at eir skyldi ba lttat, Gsl. 157; en konungrinn hvak undan lttat, the king
drew back a little, Fms. x. 383; r skulut n ba lttat, Mork. 183; er lttat linai linu, Fms. xi.
136; tti hann fr landi lttat, 656 C. 2. II. ltinn ann = lttat; ok brosti at ltinn ann, and smiled a
little, Fb. ii. 78.
LJ, pres. l, lr, mod. lj, ljr, pl. ljm; pret. li; pres. subj. l (Blanda MS.), lji, Nj. 77, Gg. 11,
and mod.: the part. lnir (pl.), Fms. viii. (pref. xxv), is a relic of a lost strong inexion; in mod.
usage lr; imperat. l, 656 C. 35; mod. lj or lju: [Ulf. leiwan, a redupl. strong verb = GREEK,
Matth. v. 42, Luke vi. 34; A.S. and O.H.G. lihan; Germ. leihen; cp. Icel. ln, lna, ln] :-- to lend,
with gen. of the thing, dat. of the person, but later with acc. of the thing; munt mr, Freyja,
fjarhams lj? kv. 3; inn li Dag (dat.) geirs sns, Sm. 114; ok lji (subj., better l) r
fridrjgrar farar, Gg. 11; n hjlpi oss Gu, ok l oss tms at bta syndir vrar, Blanda (MS.); hn
li honum megin-gjara ok jrngreipa, Edda 60 (Cod. Worm.); li hann rgesti setstokka
(gen. pl.), Landn. 104; ef menn lj gngu-mnnum fjr sns, Grg. i. 262.: lj rum marks, ii. 304;
lj ambttar, id.; ef mar lr manni skips, 394; eir lu honum hesta (gen. pl.), Ld. 136; s er
skyldr at lj skips er beinn er, K..K. 8; l mr hfudks ns, Post. 656, l.c.; at ljir mr
tmstundar, Nj. 77; Ingimundr lr eim Stganda (gen.?), Fs. 30. 2. metaph. to grant, allow; eir lj
honum lfs, en engrar annarrar miskunnar, Hom. 119; er n lr hann vndum mnnum at ganga yr
oss, Fms. vii. 262; eim var grunr , at mundi hafir, tt eigi vri lnir, viii. (pref. xxv); en
annarr ha l, Grg. i. 437; eir bu sr skips, eim var l egar, Nj. 20; hann kvask hafa l
honum en eigi get, Eb. 168. 3. later, with acc. of the thing, and so in mod. usage; ef hann vill sik til
ess lj, Hkr. i. 212;. hann lr sitt ga frest, H.E. i. 519; sem Gu lir (i.e. lr) honum framast vit
til, Js. 5, Fms. vi. 144, viii. 71, Karl. 247, Gsl. 19; hann lr eim hestana, id. II. impers., at m
vera r lji ess hugar at hverfa aptr, may be thou art minded to return, orst. Su H 176; ef r
lr tveggja huga um etta ml, if you are of two minds in this matter, Odd. 112 new Ed.; ok lr mr
ess hugar, I ween, Fms xi. 96 (emend, for hlr mr hugr). III. reex. ljsk, to lend oneself to a
thing, Gl. 216.
LJ, f. [l; East Angl. lay], the mown grass in a eld: kona hans rakai lj eptir honum, ok bar
reifa-barn baki sr, Bs. i. 666; Strlfr sendi grikonur snar at raka ljna eptir Ormi, Fb. i. 522,
freq. in mod. usage. II. Lj, the name of a river in western Iceland, whence Ljr-skgar, m. pl.,
Landn., but this local name is prob. of Gaelic origin, cp. Engl. Lea, Lee.
ljr, m., gen. ljs, a scythe; see l. COMPDS: lj-dengsla, u, f. the whetting of scythes. lj-far, n.
the single sweep of a scythe. lj-ms, f. a 'scythe-mouse,' a slice of sod cut with ths scythe in
mowing. lj-orf, n. a scythe-handle, sl. ii. 329.
LJ, n., esp. in pl.; the spelling with h in Hyndlu-hliod, Fb. i. 11, and hljoum, Fs. 94, note 4, is
wrong and due to some transcriber who confounded it with hlj (q.v.), which is a different root
word, cp. the alliteration on l in Hm. 163, 164; [Ulf. liu in awi-liu and liuon; A.S. le; Old
Engl. lud; O.H.G. lid; Germ. lied] :-- a lay, song: I. sing. a ditty; eigi lengr en gaukrinn agi, er
lj mtti kvea, Edda 79, cp. Ed. Arna-Magn. i. 376. note 14; ea lengr en sv lj eitt kveak, Gs.
7; kva ursinn af bjargi annat lj, Fas. ii. 29; ok var henni lj munni, 507; var henni
lj munni, Fb. i. 525. II. plur. songs, lays; in Hm. it is used of charms or spells, as also in
Yngl. S. ch. 7 -- hann kunni au lj, at upp lauksk fyrir honum jrin ok bjrg ok steinar; allar
essar rttir kenndi hann me rnum ok ljum, id.; hann ok hofgoar hans heita lja-smiir
('lay-smith') vat s rtt (i.e. poetry) hfsk me eim Norrlndum, Yngl. S. ch. 6; so also, fullr
er hann lja ok lkn-stafa, full of charms, and healing staves, Sdm. 5; lj ek au kann, Hm. 147,
163, 164: the saving, fram koma lj au lngu vru sungin, Bs. i. 766: in names of poems,
Hyndlu-lj, Harbars-lj, Sm. 97 (Bugge note); Slar-lj: used of the lays in the Strengleikar,
called Lja-bk, f. a book of lays, Str. 1: lja-httr, m. a kind of metre, such as the Hvaml; the
inscription to Edda (Ht.) 100 is by Rask; but ljs-httr occurs at the beginning of the Httatal of
earl Rgnvald: lja-tl, n. pl. instruments. Str. 37.
lja, a, [Ulf. liuon = GREEK, Rm. xv. 9, and liuareis = GREEK] :-- to make verses, sing;
essi mar ljar oss (addressed us in verse), ok kva, Fb. i. 351; at vri vel tt ttir annat at
vinna en lja um r Baldrshaga-meyjar, Fas. ii. 73; ok ljai sv nktr sn spdmsfri allan
ann dag, Stj. 471. 1 Sam. xix. 24 :-- recipr., Fas. i. 333.
ljan, f. singing, verse-making; vaknat he ek vi l. essa, Hem. (Hb.)
lj-biskup (and l-biskup, Symb. 22), m. [from A.S. le-byscop; a word adopted from England
through Christianity, and derived from A.S. le = people and byscop] :-- a suffragan bishop,
originally used of missionary bishops who preached the gospel among the 'gentiles' (gentes = le;
Old Engl. lewd people), Bs. i. 690, Fms. ix. 278, Gl. 364, Sks. 368, Hkr. iii. 362, Fms. vii. 240,
H.E. i. 420, passim.
lj-framar, m. a princely person, Ad. 4.
lj-fyllandi, f. the alliterative sub-letters (else stular); tveir ljfyllendr vi hfustaf, Edda 138;
hfustafr ok fylgir eim enn ljfyllandi, 141.
lj-fylling, f. (spelt hljfylling, but erroneously), the alliteration of the sub-letters, Edda (Ht.)
131; ar er ok skothending ok ein ljfylling vi hfustann, Edda.
lj-heimar, m. pl. the people's abode, the world, Gg. 2.
lj-horn, n. a trumpet(?), a nickname, Fb. iii.
lji, a, m. [lr]; lfa lji, the elf-man, of Vlund, Vkv. 10.
lj-megir, m. pl. men, people, Hkm.
lj-mli, n. pl. poems, a collection of poems.
lj-pundari, a, m. the 'song-pounder' pot, the tongue, Stor. 1; the metaphor taken from the
tongue of a balance.
ljr, m. = lr, Edda (Gl.), Hm. 134; see lr.
ljr, m., -ljr, Ld. 30, a corruption for ljtr, q.v.
lj-star, m. pl. the 'lay-staves,' alliterative letters, freq. in mod. usage, although the word is not
found in old writers; ljstafr is to be distinguished from hljstafr = a vowel.
lj-sngr, m. a song, Str. 2.
lj-ska, u, f. =lska, peculiarity, habits, Edda 110: gramm. idiom, slenzk ljeiska, Rb. 4, Fas.
iii. 58.
ljma, a, [A.S. leoman; Engl. loom], to gleam, shine, used impers. in old writers; via ljmai af,
er morgun-slin skein au hin gtu kli, Fms. i. 147; ok hversu ljmar af eim drum klum,
Al. 75; ok ljmai va af sjinn er slin skein , Fms. ii. 303; af hennar geislum ljmar innan alla
myrkvastofuna, Mar. 2. personal, in mod. usage, e.g. slin ljmar, dagr ljmar, the day breaks;
Ljmar ljs dagr, a hymn: part. ljmandi, shining, beaming; ljmandi fagr, beautiful.
LJMI, a, m. [A.S. leoma; Old Engl. leme; Scot. and North. E. g-loaming; Hel. liomo; the Dan.
lyn = lightning is a kindred word contracted from the Goth. lauhoma; cp. Scot. to leam] :-- a beam,
ray, radiance, Hkv. 1. 15, 21; sknn sl alla glerglugga, ok berr n ljmann um alla hllina, ir.
15, Mirm. 35: freq. in mod. usage, dags-ljmi, day-beam, fyrst dags-ljminn lsir, Pass. 15. 8;
drar-ljmi, 41. 6. II. a nickname, Fb. iii.
ljn, n. a lion; see len. ljns-ftr, ljns-kl, ljns-lappi, all botan. names for Lady's mantle =
alchemilla.
LJNAR, m. pl. an obsolete law term, daysmen or umpires; ljnar heita eir menn er ganga um
sttir manna, Edda 107, Vsp. 14, t. 3; it remains in Swed. local names, as Lin-kping = Ljna-
kaupangr, and Jon-kping, dropping the initial l according to the Swedish pronunciation.
LJRI, a, m. [from ljs; Swed. liure; Norse liore] :-- a louvre or opening in the roof of ancient
halls for the smoke to escape by, and also for admitting light, as the walls of such dwellings had no
windows; falla eitrdropar inn um ljra, Vsp. 44; hann komsk t um ljrann ok sv brott, Hkr. i. 267;
ef hs verr elda kaupangi, ok verr eigi logi ljrum hri, N.G.L. ii. 248; einn morgin kom hrafn
ljra ok gall htt, Landn. 161; hann lt sna fjl fyrir ljrann sv at lti op var , Fms. vi. 281.
The men who kept watch used to sit by the louvre; s er vi ljrann sat ok vr hlt, ix. 364; at var
sir hans, hann drakk, at mar skyldi sitja vi ljra ok horfa gegn veri drykkju-skla hans ok
halda vr, Fas. ii. 8l.
LJS, n. [Dan. lys; Swed. ljus; cp. Goth. liuht; A.S. leoht; Engl. light; Germ. licht; Lat. lux] :--
light; ljsi, in light, opp. to myrkri, Grg. i. 433; ok her at ljs af slu, Rb. 108, passim; slar-
ljs, sun-light; dags-ljs, day-light; stjrnu-ljs, star-light, Lil. 40; kerta-ljs, candle-light: and
metaph., hreinls ljs, spektar ljs, Greg. 30, Post.; ljs heimsins, the light of the world, N.T.,
Pass., Vdal. passim. 2. of lamp or torch-light (Dan. lys), often in plur.; me brennandom ljsom,
Hm. 99; rj vru log sklanum ... manns-hnd kemr hit rija ljsit, ok kr ljsit, Gsl. 29;
ar brann ljs, .H. 72; ar brann ljs kerti-stiku, Fb. i. 258; eir ttusk sj fjgur ljs
hauginum brenna, Nj. 118; kom konungr til ok lt bera til ljs, Eg. 216; hvert at ker ea kerti
sem ljsit fylgir, Stj. 76: kveykja, tendra ljs, to make a light, Fs. 38, Sturl. iii. 182; slkkva ljs, to
blew it out; but also, drepa ljsi, to 'kill' a light, i.e. to extinguish it; skri-ljs, a lantern; gangi
brgumi ljsi sama sing konu, Grg. i. 175, N.G.L. i. 48, referring to the custom of escorting
the bridegroom with lights (torches) to the bridal bed; if this was not done the marriage was
unlawful. II. metaph., hafa ljsi, to bring to light, Gl. 546; lta ljs (ljsi), to bring to light,
reveal, manifest, Sks. 195, Fms. ii. 275, viii. 16; koma ljs, to come to light, appear, Grg. i. 177.
2. metaph. the light of life; ferr hann einatt r vsa ljsi til helvtis, Hom. 159; vsa ljsi ok ru,
in this life and the next, part of the ancient oath formula in the Fifth Court, Grg. i. 74, Nj. 241. As
this court was founded in 1004, only three or four years after the introduction of Christianity, the
phrase may be of Christian origin; the passage in Am. 85 (fara ljs annat, to depart to the other
light = to die) was prob. derived from the oath formula oating before the mind of the poet; pot,
the eyes are called ljs kinna, 'cheek-light,' Kormak; brna ljs, hvarma ljs, Lex. Pot. COMPDS:
ljsa-skipti, n. pl. the 'light-shift,' twilight; ljsa-skiptunum. ljsa-stjaki, a, m. [Dan. lyse-stage],
a candlestick, chandelier. ljsa-sx, n. pl. snuffers. ljsa-verk, see below s.v. ljss.
ljsa, u, f. [Lat. lucina], a nurse or foster-mother, who was usually a midwife also, freq. in mod.
usage, also called ljs-mir, 'light-mother;'. hn ljsa mn! hn ljsmir mn!
Ljs-lfr, m. the Light Elves, opp. to the Dkk-lfar, the Dark Elves, Edda 12.
ljs-blr, adj. light blue, D.N., freq. in mod. usage.
ljs-bleikr, adj. pale, fawn-coloured, of a horse, Grett. 75, 157 new Ed.
ljs-bruni, a, m. the burning of a light, 623. 51.
ljs-engill, m. angel of light, Pd.
ljs-eygr, adj. light-eyed.
ljs-fari, a, m., pot, the ether, sky, Edda (Gl.)
ljs-hamr, adj. light-hued, t.
ljs-hrr, part. light-haired, Stj. 81, Sturl. iii. 112 C.
ljs-jarpr, adj. light chestnut, Fms. v. 238, ix. 535, Hkr. i. 320.
ljska, u, f. a chestnut mare.
ljs-ker, n. a lantern, Stj. 394, 544, 565, Rb. 378, 380, Vm. 7, Pr. 79, Fb. ii. 375, Bret. 118, Mar.
ljs-leiki, a, m. brightness, Fms. x. 169, Hkr. i. 72.
ljs-liga, adv. clearly, plainly, Sklda 168, Odd. 107 new Ed.
ljs-ligr, adj. clear, plain.
ljs-litar, part. light-hued, Nj. 29, Eb. 42, Fms. ii. 20, vii. 321.
ljs-mir, f. a 'light-mother,' = ljsa, q.v.
LJSS, adj., compar. ljsari, superl. ljsastr; gen. fem. sing. ljssar, Vkv. 5, mod. ljsrar; dat. fem.
sing. ljssi, Korm. (in a verse), mod. ljsri; gen. pl. ljssa, mod. ljsra :-- light, bright, shining; ljss
ok fagr, Edda 7; ljss dagr, a bright day, Sl. 12; ganga ljsum logum (allit.), with 'light lowes,'
bright lights; um morguninn eptir er ljst var, Hkr. i. 61; gera ljst, to dawn, Anal. 228; vera ljst,
to grow light, dawn, Fms. ix. 21, Eg. 219: of metals, ljsa exi, a bright shining axe, Ld. 276; ljsan
l, a bright scythe, Fsm.; ljsir aurar, the bright gold, Sl. 34: of a light-coloured horse, ljss hestr
and Lsingr, but the ancients said hvtr hestr: of hue, ljss andliti, Fms. ix. 535; lki ens ljsa
mans, Hm. 91; at ljsa lk, Sl. 12; lttu valt ljsar, the 'bright,' fair ones, i.e. the ladies, Am. 29;
sinnar ljssar kvnar, Vkv. 5: ljs vara, light 'ware,' ermine, Eg. 69: also of food, milk, and the like,
whence ljsa-verk, n. dairy work, Nj. 185; cp. hvtr matr. II. metaph. clear, evident, plain; ljst er
boor Drottins, Hom. 96; en hitt er ljst, at ..., Eg. 64; Egill segir fm orum it ljsasta um fer
sna, 409; hann kvask hafa spurt af et ljsasta um hans erendi, Ld. 176; mli ek v etta sv ljst,
at ek veit ..., Nj. 102; kallai hann ljst um mlefni, Fms. vii. 141 :-- ljss em ek v, ek vil
at ..., I am clear in that matter ..., sl. ii. 406; v vil ek ljsan gera mik, make a clean breast, Bs. i.
720: clear, easy to see, understand, and the like. Ljsa-vatn, n. Light-water, Bright-water, a local
name, whence Ljs-vetningar, m. pl. the men from L., Nj., Landn.
LJSTA, pres. lstr, pl. ljstum; pret. laust, 2nd pers. laust, pl. lustu; subj. lysti; imperat. ljst
(ir. 323), ljst (Kormak); part. lostinn :-- a weak pres. lstir, Grg. ii. 15, Rb. 356; a weak pret.
lsti, d. 13 (listi Ed.), Lv. 24, Post., see Lex. Pot. :-- to strike, smite, hann hf upp knatt-trit ok
laust Grm, Eg. 189; ok laust hann sveininn me sprota, Nj. 16; reiddisk orvaldr ok laust hana
andliti sv at blddi, 18; lla er ef ek em jfs-nautr, ok lstr hana kinnhest, 75; skal ek n,
segir hn, muna r kinnhestinn ann er laust mik, 116, Fms. vii. 157; hann laust vi eyra Smi,
Sturl. iii. 123; hann laust milli heranna Bergi me hjltunum, Fs. 52; mun ess goldit vera, at
lstir mik saklausan, Post.; en at er Jkull brir minn laust ik hgg, at skalt hafa btalaust, Fs.
57, Sturl. iii. 26; heldr en eir lysti stokk ea stein, Fms. vii. 227; ljsta dyrr, Finnb.; or ljsta
hgg dyrr, Fs. 131; ok laust hfu mr sv mikit hgg, at haussinn lamisk, Fms. ii. 188, Bs. i.
335; laust hann selinn svima, 342; segja menn at hann lysti (subj.) af honum hfuit, Edda 36;
lstr ofan mijan hvirl ... reiir hamarinn af llu ai ok lstr unn-vangann, 30; lstr hfu
honum, 29; ef mar lstir mann sv at bltt er rautt verr eptir, Grg. ii. 15; slkt er tt kn s
losti ea spyrnt, 16; hann lsti horninu hfu honum, Lv. 24; Rtr laust vinstri hendi utan hlr
xinni, Nj. 28; Egill laust skildinum vi kesjunni, Eg. 378; ok lstr vi atgeirinum, Nj.: of a gale, en
er eir kmu Veggjaar-sund, lustu ver, Fms. ix. 21. II. to hit, strike, with a spear or the like;
hann var lostinn manns-hfi ggnum, Edda 55; var Kntr lostinn ru til bana, Fms. i. 118;
jstlfr skaut broddi, ok laust (and hit him) undir kverkina, sv at yddi t um hnakkann, vii. 211;
mar skaut r r okki Hkonar ok laust undir kverkina, 273; hann lstir dr me hornum sr til
matar, Rb. 356; lostinn (struck) af fjnda, 623. 22: [hence the mod. Norse ljostre = to spear or strike
salmon with a sh-spear; cp. ljstr.] III. the phrases, ljsta rum sj, ok ra sem kafast, to dash
the oars into the sea, of the rst stroke of the oars, Gsl. 61, Fms. viii. 144; og lustu rum hinn gra
s, Od. (in Dr. Egilsson's version): ljsta eldi , to put re to; bru vi ok nfrar ok hlm ok lustu
ar eldi, Fms. ix. 44: ljsta upp herpi, to raise the war cry, vii. 260, 264, Eg. 88: metaph., ljsta
e-u upp, to spread a rumour, Fms. x. 120; ljsta upp kvitt, Nj. 107; ljsta e-u vi, to put forth, bring
up as a pretext, Nj. 99: to pick, nfrar skal hann eigi ljsta til slu, N.G.L. i. 39 (ii. 138). IV.
impers., of a sudden gust of wind, tempest, re, it blows up of a sudden; laust mti eim
tnyringi steinum, 656 C. 21; ok lta opna, til ess at ar lysti vindi, Fms. xi. 34; ok san lstr
llviri fyrir eim, 51; er linu laust , ok mean at hlzk, 136; laust mti eim sv miklu
frviri, ... laust vindi mti eim, Gull. 6, 8; vat myrkri laust yr allt, orst. Su H. 10; laust
eldinum af fuglunum ekjuna, the thatch caught re, Fms. vi. 153; laust verkjum, he was
taken with sudden pains, viii. 339; laust hrslu hug eim, they were panic-stricken, 43: of a
battle, ght, e-m lstr saman, to come to blows, pitched ght; laust saman me eim snarpri skn,
Odd. 117 new Ed.; ok lstr egar bardaga me eim brrum, Fms. xi. 15; ok laust bardaga me
eim, Nj. 127; ok er saman laust liinu, when they came to close ghting, Korm. 170, Fms. viii. 38,
Stj. 604; n lstr eim saman, sl. ii. 364. V. recipr., ljstask, to come to blows; ef rlar manna
ljstask, Grg. ii. 155.
ljs-tollr, m. a lighting tax, a fee to a church for lighting, H.E. ii. 223.
ljstr, m., the r is radical, [Scot. leister; Ivar Aasen ljoster; Swed. ljustra; Scot. leister; cp. the
description in Scott's Guy Mannering] :-- a salmon-spear, Pr. 454: metaph. in upp-ljstr.
ljt-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), ugliness, Stj. 201, 309, 319.
ljt-liga, adv. in an ugly manner, K.. 28, H.E. i. 467.
ljt-ligr, adj. ugly, hideous, Sks. 528, Al. 87, Fb. i. 497.
ljt-limar, part. with misshapen limbs, ugly, Fb. iii. 416.
LJTR, adj., ljtari, ljtastr, [cp. Dan. lyde], ugly, hideous, misshapen, of the body; rarinn var
allra manna ljtastr, hann hafi hendr miklar ok ljtar ... at er manns ftr, s er ek hygg, at engi
skal hr kaupstanum ljtari vera ... at eigi muni fst jafnljtr ftr ... ok er essi v ljtari, at hr
er ef en mesta tin, .H. 74, 75; Grmr var svartr mar ok ljtr, Eg. 3; en eiri vru Mramenn
manna ljtastir, 771; at hann mundi vera ljtr ok lkr fer snum, svartr hrs-lit, 147, 459 (the
verse); mikill vexti ok ljtr, Fms. vi. 200; at tla ek at eigi fisk upp ljtari mar en ert, 207;
ljtari ok leiiligri, ii. 137; enna ks ek, ftt mun ljtt Baldri, Edda 46; hann var mikill mar ok
sterkr, ljtr ok hljlyndr, Eb. 42. II. metaph. bad, sore, hideous; et ljta lf, Ls. 4; s ar ljtan
harm, fair, what a shame! Edda 58; ljtar syndir, Bs. 1. 319; ljtr siferi, Mar.; ljtastar sakir,
rn ok stuldir, Sks. 664. III. in pr. names, Ljtr, Ljt-lfr; of women, Ljt, Ljtunn, Landn.; and
as the latter part, Arn-ljtr, r-ljtr, id., Fb. iii.
ljt-vaxinn, part. misshapen, Hallfred.
ljf-fengr, adj. sweet, agreeable, of a dish.
ljf-lega, adv. graciously.
ljingr, m. [Germ. liebling], a 'loveling,' an elf, fairy, freq. in mod. usage, Maurer's Volks.
COMPDS: ljings-lag, n. the fairy metre, the mod. name of a metre like the old kviu-httr.
ljings-ml, n. pl. a fairy song, Maurer's Voiks.
ljf-lyndi, n. loveliness of mind, Pass.
ljf-menni, n. a meek, lovable person.
LJFR, adj., ljari, ljfastr. [Ulf. liubs = GREEK; A.S. lef; Old Engl. lef; provinc. Engl. lief;
O.H.G. liub; Germ. lieb] :-- dear, beloved; Gui ljr, acceptable to God, Hom. 159; allir vildu sv
sitja ok standa sem honum var ljfast, Bs. i. (Laur. S.); ltt ljfan, Gkv. 1. 13; hinn lj lvarr,
Fms. v. 148, Fsm. 50; sinn ljfa banda, ir. 308, 318; ljfa lvar, Fb. ii. 385: in addressing one,
heyr minn lj rungr! 329; sll ok ljfr, Sigurr minn, Ska R. 185: in mod. usage as subst., lj,
my love! or ljfrinn minn! 2. mild, gentle, kind; hann var ljfr ok ltilltr vi alla, Bs. i. 76; and so in
mod. usage, cp. ljfmenni. 3. allit., ljfr ok leir, opt sparir leium ats heftr ljfum hugat, Hm. 39;
ljfr verr leir, ef lengi sitr annars etjum , 34; ljft ok leitt (mid.H.G. liep unde leit), nice and
nasty, weal and woe, Fms. viii. 48, Orkn. 284; at ljfu ok at leiu, N.G.L. i. 50; gegna jafnt ljfu
sem leiu, 51; ljft sem leitt, weal and woe, Js. 76. II. as a pr. name, Ljfa, whence Ljfu-stair in
western Iceland.
ljf-samligr, adj. lovely, sweet, Stj. 289.
ljf-svelgr, m. a sweetheart, sl. ii. 256 (in a verse).
LJGA, pres. lg, pl. ljga; pret. laug, 2nd pers. laugt, mod. laugst, pl. lugu; subj. lygi; part.
loginn; a pret. l (qs. lg) also occurs, Ver. 16, Nj. 270, Lex. Pot.: [Ulf. luigan = GREEK; A.S.
legan; Engl. lie; O.H.G. liugan; Germ. lgen; Swed. ljuga; Dan. lyve] :-- to lie, tell a lie, etta
her hann logit, Nj. 80; fyrir logna sk, Al. 26; at hann lygi, Finnb. 346; gerir at ek laug,
Hom. 154; drjgr var Loptr at ljga, d. 1; lgr n, Am. 100. 2. with prep.; ljga at e-m, to tell
lies to one; mttu n nna skjtt hr snn dmi, at eigi er logit at r, Edda 19, Karl. 180, 399;
hv vilt svkja mik, at lgr at mr, Stj. 416, Fms. vi. 257 (in a verse): ljga e-n, to lie about
a person, slander; ok er hn fkk at ekki l hn hann, Ver. 16: ljga fr, to tell lies; en um
allir sagnir hallai hann mjk til, en l va fr, Nj. 270; ok szt s logit fr honum, and that what is
told of him is true enough, 32. II. to break an engagement, belie one's word, fail, absol.; sv segir
mr hugr um sem Brandr mun eigi ljga stefnuna, B. will not fail to come, Finnb. 348; ess er mr
vn at eir ljgi hlmstefnu, Fas. ii. 477; s er vetki laug, who never failed, proved faithful, Ad. 11;
mundu vst vita at vetki lgr, it will not fail, Skv. 1. 25; sjaldan lgr en langa kr, Skld H. 7. 35;
lgr skjldrinn n, now the shield proves false, Fms. vii. 323, v.l.; var frir loginn, then was
peace broken, Hful.; lugu lindiskildirnir at eim ok dugu eigi fyrir kesjum Birkibeina, Fms.
viii. 413, v.l.; ljgandi hgg, sham blows, taking no effect, Sks. 382; telja sik ljganda lof, to give
lying praise to oneself, false boasting, Art.; ljga hggin n, langi Loptr! thy blows are a make-
believe, Safn i. 55. 2. with acc. to belie, break, fail in; hel l sumum frelsi (acc.), death cheated
(bereft) some of their freedom, Fagrsk. (in a verse); Sigurr her logna (has broken) alla eia, Bkv.
2. III. reex. to fail, miss; vat eigi mun yr eptirfrin ljgask, sl. ii. 347; eigi mun vi ljgask at
hann Bari er kominn, 356; her yr at sjaldan logizt (it has seldom proved false) er ek sagi er
vrir fundir hafa at borit, Fms. viii. 134; en ef leitar eptir vexti solar, fr at varla sv glggt
sagt, at at ljgisk hvergi, Sks. 57 :-- with prepp., eigi m ek at vita, at n eitt siun ha jafnmjk
logizk um fylgdina mna, I know not that my help has ever before proved such a failure, Fms. vi.
248. 2. part. loginn; at vr flagar sm essu mli lognir, that we are falsely charged with this case,
Fms. iv. 310. 3. recipr., ljgask , to belie oneself; en ef mar lgsk sri , if a man pretends falsely
to be wounded; fyrir v at hann lsk (locsc MS.) llum godms krapti , Hom. (St.)
ljgari, a, m. a liar, Art.
ljg-eir, m. a false oath, perjury, Post. 645. 77, 656 A. 16.
ljg-fengr, m. some part of a sword, Edda (Gl.)
ljg-frr, adj. untruthful, inaccurate, Al. 25, (-ljgfrr.)
ljg-ggn, n. pl. false evidences, Grg. i. 117.
ljg-heitr, adj. false to one's word, Bs. i. 515, (-ljgheitr.)
ljg-kvir, m. a false verdict, kvir (q.v.), Grg. i. 53, 130, Nj. 150.
ljg-or, n. lying, mendacity, Lex. Pot.
ljgr, m. a liar, in compds; v-ljgr, q.v.
ljg-spr, adj. false-speaking, prophesying falsely, Fms. x. 468.
ljg-vttr, m. a false witness, perjurer, Hom.
ljg-vitni, n. false witness, perjury, Fms. vi. 195, Nj. 150, Bs. i. 665, Th. 10.
ljg-vtti, n. = ljgvitni, Grg. i. 44.
ljg-yri, n. a falsehood, lie, Sks. 339.
ljka, see lka.
LOA, pres. loi; pret. loddi; part. loat; but the part. adj. loinn points to a lost strong verb :-- to
cleave to, cling fast, stick, the original notion being of a shaggy, hairy thing; at er linm loir
saman, N.G.L. i. 345; en egar er nokkurr mar tti samlag vi konu innan borgar, loddu au
saman sem hundar, Fms. xi. 385; lt hella silfr hfu r ok haf slkt sem hrinu loir, vi. 375;
hn loddi ok lmdisk vi hendrnar, Stj. 292; hold loir yr klm, Hornklo; loddi r vi raman
reimu Jtun-heima, Haustl.; en sv loddi honum at vel eyrum, at ..., Bs. i. 163; Rtr hj me
hgri hendi ft jstl fyrir ofan knit sv at litlu loddi vi, i.e. cut the leg nearly off, so that it
hung by a shred, Nj. 28; v hj Eyjlfr umal-ngrinn honum, ok loddi kggullinn sinunum,
Lv. 86; au drgusk um einn gullhring ... hn loddi hringinum eptir magni, they pulled by a ring,
and she clung to the ring, i.e. did her best to hold it fast, Fas. iii. 387; lt loir varla e-m, Str.
56 :-- with the notion of shagginess, fundu eir at hann loddi r einni, they found that he was
all shaggy (clothed) with falsehood, Clem. 24.
lo-brk, f. shaggy breek, the nickname of a mythical Danish king, Landn., Fas. i, Ragn. S. ch. 1, 2.
lodda, u, f. a harlot(?), a word of abuse, Edda ii. 489.
loddari, a, m. [Engl. loiterer; O.H.G. lottir; mid.H.G. loter] :-- a juggler, jester, tramp, a word of
abuse, Konr. 42, ir. 140, Pr. 403. loddara-skapr, m. the behaviour of a loddari.
loddi, a, m. a shaggy dog.
lo-dkr, m. a rough, hairy kerchief, Edda ii. 494.
loi, a, m. [A.S. loa], a fur cloak, Gm. 1, Hm. 17; loa raua, Gkv. 2. 19.
loinn, part. shaggy, thick, of a eece, as also of a eld, crop of grass; loin sem dr, Al. 171; loin
sem selr, Fb. ii. 26; Loppa me lona sk, sl. js.; r lonar ok lembdar, ewes in eece and with
lamb, Grg. i. 502, Bs. i. 334, passim: of grass, tnit var slegit ok gkk hestrinn angat sem
lonast var, Grett. 107; var taan sv loin, at ..., Finnb. 340, Stj. 258, Fb. i. 522; grasi at loit
vri, Fms. ii. 278; kaf-loinn, very shaggy or thick, of grass. COMPDS: loin-ngra, u, f. hairy
ngered, the nickname of an ogress, Edda (Gl.) loin-hfi, a, m. shaggy head, a nickname, Vpn.
loin-kinni, a, m. shaggy chin, a nickname, Fas. II. in pr. names, Loinn, Fms.; Lo-httr, Lo-
mundr, Landn.
lo-kpa, u, f. = loi, Grett. 101, Eg. 574, Orkn. 400, Fms. i. 149.
lo-mltr, adj. talking thick.
lona, u, f. a shaggy spot, thick crop. 2. a kind of herring, clupea villosa.
lo-lpa, u, f. a large fur doublet, Eg. 574, Mag. 63.
LOF, n. [A.S. and Old Engl. lof; Germ. lob] :-- praise, good report; opt kaupir sr litlu lof, Hm.
51; lof ok lknsta, 8; lof ok vit, 9; lknfastan at lo, 124; ok lagi ar mest lof til er honum tti
makligir, Eg. 33; hn leit um hr, ok rddi hvrki um lst n lof, Ld. 202: in plur., vr lof, Mar.
(655 xxxii. 3); opt byrju lof, Sighvat (Hkr. iii. 13, in a verse). 2. a laudatory poem, encomium; hr
er ok lof kallat skldskapr, Edda 96; lof Sindra, Fms. iv. 13 (in a verse); vildir fsk v sem r
er ekki lnat, at yrkja lof um mik, Fb. i. 215. II. license, allowance, permission; ef konungr vill
eim lof til gefa, Eg. 86; en er eir fengu lof til at mla vi hann, .H. 131; konungr segir at hann
mundi hvrki ar til leggja lof n bann, Eg. 349: bija lofs til e-s, to ask for leave, Grg. i. 38 :--
allit., lof ok ley, nema mitt lof ok ley s til, .H. 99. 2. in plur. a law term, license, in the allit.
phrase, lgum ok lofum; eir (the legislative) skulu ra lgum ok lofum, they have to rule laws
and licenses, i.e. the legislature rests with them, Grg. i. 4, passim; at eir skulu rttir at ra fyrir
lgum ok lofum er sitja mijum pllum, Nj. 150, v.l. COMPDS: lofs-or, n. praise, laud, Fms. x.
179, Bret. 16. lofs-trr, m. fame, glory.
LOFA, a, imperat. lofau, in popular pronunciation lof'mr or lom'mr! lommr a fara; [cp.
leyfa; both forms refer to a lost strong verb, ljfa, lauf, lufu; A.S. loan; North. E. loave; Germ.
loben; Scot. loue or loif]: I. to praise; lofa konung enna sem r liacute;kar en lasta eigi ara
konunga, Fms. vi. 196: with gen. of the thing, s Gu ess lofar, be God praised that ..., viii. 219,
Nj. 58, 109, MS. 623. 19. II. to allow, permit; lofa e-m e-t, Eg. 35, K.. 176, 230, Stj. 225, H. E. 4.
491; lofa is in mod. usage the common word, leyfa is obsolete.
lofan, f. leave, permission, Hom. 144.
lofanligr, adj. laudable, Fms. x. 87, MS. 732. 13.
Lofarr, m. the name of a dwarf, Vsp.
Lofi, a, m. the name of a mythical king, Edda :-- lofar, m. pl. men, heroes, Edda (Gl.), t., Lex.
Pot.
lof-drpa, u, f. a n encomium, Landn. 283.
lofungr, m., poet, a king, prince, Hkv., Sighvat, passim :-- in plur. the kinsmen of king Lofi, Edz.
lof-gjarn, adj. prai s e-wor thy, Yt.
lof-gjarnligr, adj. laudatory, Fb. ii. 200.
lof-gr, f. praise, Fbr. (in a verse), freq. in mod. eccl. usage, Vidal.: worship, praise, Bs. ii. 157.
lof-hnugginn, part. ' praise-bereft, ' wicked, Hallfred.
lof-kenndr, part, glorious, Lex. Pot.
lof-kvi, u. an encomium, Eg. 418, Fb. i. 214, ii. 306.
lof-kstr, m. a 'pile of praise, ' a pyramid of praise, poet, a poem, Ad.
loiga, adv. gloriously.
loigr, adj. praising; loig ra, a panegyric, Skulda 197; loig or, laudation, Hkr. iii. 244:
glorious, praiseworthy, Stj. 288, Blas. 47; hans loigu li, Orkn. 160.
Lofn, f. [akin to Engl. love], the name of the goddess of Love, Edda -21.
lof-or, n. leave, permission; at engu lofori biskups-efnis, Bs. i. 4/5; leggja lofor til e-s, Fas. ii.
328. II. in mod. usage, a promise; halda, efna lofor sitt.
lof-samliga, adv. gloriously, Fms. vi. 206.
lof-samligr, adj. glorious, Fms. i. 259, Stj. 32, 170, Bs. i. 38, ii. 3.
lof-sm, f. an encomium, Gd. 40.
lof-sp, f. a glorious ' spae' or prophecy, 656 A. 19 (of the song of Simeon).
lofs-trr, m. honour, glory; see lof.
lof-sla, u, f. esteem, fame, Sir. 16.
lof-sll, adj. glorious, famous, Yt. 14, Hom. 107, Str. 19.
lof-sngr, n. [Germ, lobgesang^,, a song of praise, hymn, Hom. 142, Magn. 450, Fms. xi. 308, Rb.
396, freq. in mod. eccl. usage.
lof-tunga, u, f. a 'praise tongue, ' soubriquet of a poet, Fms.
lof-verr, adj. praiseworthy, Fms. v. 100.
LOG-, n. [Old Engl., Scotland North. E. lowe], aame; eirgfu honum kerti mjk mikit ok log ,
. H. 152; ef ktrti er lti vatni, er log er v, Rb. 352; hr-iog (q. v.), ignis faluus. 2. esp. in
plur. li g' ht (candlestick); vru log upp drtgiu stofunni, Sturl. iii. 182; rj vru log sklanum,
Gsl. 29; vru log kveykt tjldunum, Fb. ii. 128; me sver ok stangir ok log, Hom. St. (John
xviii. 3).
LOGA, a, [Old Engl. to lowe] , burn with aame; eim endanum er logai, Eg. 238; loganda
eldi-brand, Nj. 194; hyrrsc ek brenna en haur loga, burn in a bright lowe, Hdl. 48; tf ek s hvan
sal loga, Hm. 153; loga ilia skin, Finnb. 254; runnr, s er Moyses sa loga ok eigi brenna, 65ts viii.
2; ar til er borgin oil logai, Fms. vi. 154; Ijsi logar, the li g' ht lowes; a logar skum or a
ska-logar, the re lowes brightly.
loga-bla, dd, [laga], to oiv profusely, of blood; a loga-blir.
log-brandr, n. a rebrand, Fms. i. 29, 290, Gull. 15, Bret. 18.
logi, a, m. [Germ, lohe; Dan. lue\, a lowe, ame; brenna loga (dat.), /o s tand in a bright lowe, Gin.
29; brennandi logi, hr logi, Hm. 84, Am. 15, Ls. 65; Surla-logi, the ame of Surt, Vm. 50; fundu
eigi fyrr en loginn st inn inn rfrit, Eg. 239; sv var at sj fjallit upp sem loga si, er roai af
skjldunum, Fms. viii. 210; rcyk ok loga, 0. H. 121; var enn logi cldinum, there was still a
lowe in the re, 153. II. a pr. name; of a mythical king, Logi, "ft.; cp. Ha-logi; Loga-ds, Logi's
siser, id.
LOGN, n. [Scot, and North. E. loun = calm; Swed. lugn; Îvar Aasen logn] :-- calm, tratvjnil, of
weather, Aim. 23; logn vers, O. H. 36; i logni, Fms. viii. 178; ok er eir n'ru logui ok skvrru, ...
er boi fell logni, Orkn. 164; datt verit logn, Bs. i. 834; hann hastai vindinn ok sjinn,
var logn mikit, Matth. viii. 26: plur., logn inikil, Orkn. 358. COMPOS: logn-drifa, u, f. a drift of
snow in a calm, Gsl. 28, Njar. 374. logn-rtt, f., in the naut. phrase, liggja lognrtt, to be
becalmed on the sea, Fas. ii, 30. logii-snjr, m. snow fallen in a calm,
LOK, n. [lka], a co ver, lid of a chest, vessel; hann stakk endanum i lokit ar sem lykillinn gkk at,
Mag. i; ok lok yr kerinu, Eb. 196; hlfrmis-kistur eirra stu . skipum, en lyklar vru settir
lokin, Fms. viii. 85, Mag. 24, 78; kistu-lok, pott-lok: of a ship, a locker or bench in the stem of a
boat, mod. stafn-lok, gi'kk biskup fram lokit, Bs. ii. 129. 2. in plur. lockers; eir brutu upp hurir
ok hirzlur, lok ok lasa, Sturl. ii. ii; gullhringr hvarf fr hnsfreyju or lokum (out of the lockers) cr
vandlega vru lst, Bs. i. 329; lsum ea lokum, N. G. L. i. 84; eru lok eirra heilg vi
broti, Jb. 424. II. metaph. plur. an end, conclusion, cp. Germ, scbluss; at fylgir Ija lokum, Hm.
164; lok mun ek ess segja, Am. 35; fella lok e-t, to bring to an end, Grg. i. 67; fra til loka, id.,
Bs. i. 132; la imdir lok, to end, die, perish, Nj. 156, THom.; leiar lok, journey's end, conclusion,
Stj. 442; nest-lok. i-lok, mla-lok, leiks-lok, q. v. III. adverb, loks, at last, fnally, Fms. xi. 45, 86,
Fbr. 23; and til loks, id., Eluc. 73, Rb. 76, 366, Stj. 417, orst. Su H. 9; loksins, adv. at last,
nally, Bs. i. 443, Fbr. 23.
lok, n. [Ivar Aasen lok; Dan. laag~\, a kind of fern or weed; in the phrase, ganga sem lok yr akr, to
spread like iveeds over aeld; menu hans gengu sem lok yr akra, Orkn. 4; gengu eir eiuir yr allt
sem lok yr akra, Fbr. 24 new Ed.; the mod. sem logi yr akra is a corruption of the old phrase.
loka, u, f. a l oc k (latch); hann rekr aptr hur ok ltr fyrir loku, sl. ii. 135, Fms. vi. 189; lokur ok
slagbranda, iv. 299; loka var engi fyrir hurum, lta lokur fr hurum, ... Aur ltr loku (lok MS.,
but loku 114, I. e.) fr huru, Gsl. 28-30, Fms. vi. 189, viii. 332, Eg. 601, Lv. 30: the phrase, margr
seilisk urn hur til lokunnar, many a man reaches far to catch what is near at band, (almost
answering to the Lat. quod pelis hie e f t), Grett. 107: prop, a peg, Jabel tk bnar-nagla sinn ea
loku, ok hamar, Stj. 388, (Judges ii. 21, a nail of the tent.) II. a kind of song, verses running on
without division of strophes, lang-loka; urar- lokur, a warlock song, a charm; for a specimen of a
langloka see Snot 72 (Kd. 1850). COMPOS: loku-gat, n. a hole for a latch, Fas. iii. 536. loku-lindi,
a, m. a belt with a lock, Bs. i. 337. loku- rn, n. a law term, a 'lock-robbery, ' burglary, Gl. 387.
loku-sveinn, m. a 'lock-boy, ' porter, Bs. i. 849, THom. 239. loku-bollr, in. a beam in a weaver's
loom, Bjorn.
LOKA, a, [Engl. to lock] , to lock, shut; hann gokk inn hsit ok lokai innan hurdina, Fms. ii.
281; loka hs, jal. 10 :-- in mod. usage with dat., loka hurdu, dyrum.
lokarr, m., dat. lokri, [A. S. l oc er], a plane, a joiner's term; lokrar tveir, Pin. 124; kirkjan rj
lokra ok tclli-stokk, 13: metaph., frekr get ek at eim ykki lokarr minn til fegjalda, / ween they will
think my plane cuts no thin shavings in the matter of fees, Fms. ii. 65: pot., ar- lokarr, umun-
lokar, the ' voice-plane' = the tongue, Ad. 16, Edda 85 (in a verse). lokar-spnn, m. plane shavings,
Fms. vi. 156, xi. 34, Edda 46, ir. 20.
lok-hvla, u, f. a ' lock-bed, ' a locked bed-closet, in ancient dwellings, as a defence against night
attacks, Sturl. ii. 217, Nj. 183, Eg. 603, Fms. ii. 64, Fs. 72, 102; lokhvlu-il, the wainscot of a bed-
closet, Sturl. ii. 228.
Loki, a, m. [perh. akin to lokka], the evil giant-god of the Northern mythol., see Edda passim, Vsp.
39. Loka-senna, u, f. the banter of Loki, the name of an old poem: as a nickname, Landn. The name
of Loki is preserved in a few words, Loka-sjr, m., botan. rhinanthiis crista galli, Loki's purse, the
name for cockscomb or yellow rattle; and Loka- sjs-brir, m. bartsia alpina, Maurer's Yolks, i:
Loka-brenna, u, f. re, the ' blazing' of Loki -- -Sirius, according to a statement of Finn Mag-
nusson: Loka-r and Loka-heilri, n. pl. Loki's advice, i. e. ironical, misanthropic advice, sec
Snot 192; cp. the Dilmarschcr-iiigen in Grimm's Marchen: Loka-lykt, f. a c l os e smell, as from an
evil spirit haunting the room, sl. ji. ii. . 556. II. as an appellative, a loop on a thread, Dan. '
kurre paa traaden;' opt er loki nlri, Hallgr.
LOKKA, a, [Shell, luck; Germ, locketi] , to allure, entice. Am. 73, Fms. viii. 23, Bad. 107, Edda
16, Hom. 108; lokka me blum orurn, 623. 12; lokka e-t af e-m, Fms. vi. 201: to pull softly and
by stealth, haiMi lokkar pa af henni mcnit, Fb. i. 276. II. [lokkr], reex, lok- kast, to fall in locks, of
hair, Karl. 226.
lokkar, part, with locks, Rb. 478.
lokkan, f. an allurement, Stj. 38, H. E. i. 490, Barl. 129.
lokkari, a, in. an allurer, MS. 4. 30.
LOKKR, m. [A. S., Engl., Germ., and Dan. l oc k], a lock of hair, Stj. 417, Fb. ii. 563, Fs. 5, Bret.
103, the word is not freq. with the ancients, who used leppr (q. v.), which is now vulgar. lokka-
mar, in. a man with thick locks of hair, Sturl. i. 2 I.
lok-lauss, adj. coverless, uncovered, Vm. 167, Dipl. v. 18.
lok-leysa or lok-lausa, u, f, ' without end, ' nonsense, absurdity, Nj. 214, Sks. 620, Blas. 45, Orkn.
346 (of a promise not fullled), Fms. viii. 102, Karl. 50, passim; cp. cndi-leysa.
lokna, a, to drop; lta lokna nir ml, Band. (MS.) 13.
lokr, m. [cp. loki II, and lykkja], a kind of texture; kyrtill hans var lokr onn, en eigi saumar, lioni.
St. (John xix. 23).
lok-rekkja, u, f. = lokhvla, sl. ii. 262, Ld. 140, Nj. 35, Eg. 603, Eb. 118, Gsl. 115. lokrekkju-gl',
n. a locked bed-closet, \7apn. 4, Gsl. 115.
Lokrur, f. pl. ballads on Loki (in vellum).
loks and loksins, adv. at last, nally; see lok.
lok-sveinn, m. -- lokusvcinn, Th. 8.
lon, in the phrase, Ion og don, adv. incessantly, Snt.
lopi, a, m. carded wool drawn into a hank before being spun; cp. lyppa: medic, dropsical esh, hor-
lopi, q. v.
loppa, u, f. [cp. lof p] , a paw, hand, (vulg.), Ska R. 125; v cin loppan fraus, Snot (of the ogress
Gryla): numbness of the bands from cold, (mod.)
loppinn, adj. with hands benumbed with cold.
LOPT, n.: 1. [Ulf. luftu s = nijp; A. S. lyft; Scot, and Old Engl. lift; Engl. n- lo/ t; O. H. G. and
Germ. ' lii] , the air, Eluc. 19, Sklda 174: the air, atmosphere, the sky, heaven, lopt vindlaust,
Edda 4; skein sol, ok var ltt lopt komin, Ld. 36; sol er gu lopti, high in the s ky, Bs. ii. Ill; eir
heyru klukku- hlj lopti upp, Fms. vi. 63, Hdl. 41, Ysp. 29: lopt var mikit (a great height) til
jarar at falla, Fb. ii. 389: allit,, lopt ok lgr, Skm. 6; ly'sti af hndum hennar bi lopt ok a log,
Edda 22; renna lopt ok lg, "jo; hvat manna s er me gulihjlminn er rr lopt ok log, segja at
harm furu gan best, 56 :-- plur., inn ver loptin, Bret. 58; hann skapai hirnin ok jr ok
loptin, Edda; hann blaess eitri ok dreir lopt oil ok log, 41; loptin neri, Lil. 27; loptin sungu, 34;
hverfr utan um lopt oil, Fas. 2. adverb, phrases; lopt, aloft, into the sky; hlaupa lopt upp, io leap
up into the air, Nj. 84; hefja e-t A lopt, to hold tip aloft, extol, Rm. 308, Bs. i. 284, Finnb. 296;
brcga lopt, Eg. 123; bera (fra) lopt, to spread abroad, Fms. xi. 287, Fas. i. 363, Bs. i. 133, F's.
9; horfa, liggja lopt upp (or upp lopt). to lie face uppermost, opp. to a grufu, Stud. iii. 282: lopti.
aloft in the air, on high, hovering; taka spjti lopti, to catch a spear ying, Nj. 84; hann v sv
skjtt me sveri, at prj ttu lopti at sja, 29, kv. IO. 3. i r, space; hann aug um alla l;'isa ok
gat hvergi lopt fuudit sv at hann nuetti inn koinask, Fb. i. 276. COMPOS: lopt-hrddr, adj. giddy
with looking down from aloft. lopt-megin, n. skill in climbing, Fms. x. 314. lopt-mjm, f. a kind of
trick in wrestling, cross-buttock. lopt-riki, n. the realm of air, Greg. J. lopt- vgi, n. ' air-weight, '
poi-t. = the mouth, 'tor -- the voice, Stor. I. B. [Engl., Scot., and Dan. loft] , a loft, upper room, also
of houses built on piles (star), and thus lifted from the ground; this may well be the primitive
sense, from which that of n i r, s k y may be derived through the notion that the heavens were a
many-storied ceiling, see the remarks s. v. himinn; often used of the bedroom in old dwellings; en er
eir kmu upp loptriit s eir at lopti var opit. Eg. 236, Fms. ii. 5; jni skalt liggja lopti hj mr
ntt ... ok lsti hn cgar loptiiui innan, Nj. 6, 7; til lopts ess er Erlingr svaf i, O. H. 116; i annan
enda hssins var lopt uppi vertrj. im ..., fru eir Arnljtr upp lopti ok lgusk ar til svefns,
153, Nj. 199; l()pt at er ar er yr tidyrum, Eb. 118; eir gengu til svefns ok upp lopti, Fs. 85;
Gunnarr svaf lopti einu skalanum, Nj. 114; var Fjliii fylgt til lierbergis hit nsta lopt, Hkr. 1.
17; lopts dyrr, the loft doom, Sturl. ii. 94, Fas. iii. 500; lopts gat, an opening in a oor, trap-door. II.
a balcony; eir orbjrn vrusk r lopti einu, Orkn. 443; hann var skotinn lopti einu, Fms. vii.
245; tk konungr sr herbergi lopti einu, O. H. 105: in mod. usage of the ceilings or oors in
many-storied houses. COMPDS: lopt- clyrr, n. pl. the doors to a lopt; gokk hann fram eptir
svlunum ok til annarra loptdura, Hkr. i. l 7. lopt-eldr, m. lightning. lopt-gluggr, in. the window of a
lopt, Fms. vii. 245. lopt-hs, n. a ' loft-chamber' Fms. viii. 7, ix. 362, Stj. 204, 383. Judges iv. 23.
lopt-hll, f. -- lopt- hs, Fms. x. 149. lopt-ri, n. a staircase (outside the house) leading up to the
loft or upper storey, Eg. 236, sl. ii. 367, Fms. iv. 169 (cp. C). H. 72), ix. 239. lopt-skemma, u, f. a
'loft-room, ' a bouse built on piles, Fms. i. 166. lopt-stofa, u, f. = loptskemma, Fms. viii. 13; allr
garrinn me undir-buum, loptstofum, ok lluin klefum npp bar siur, Boldt 115. lopt-svalir, f.
pl. a balcony, gallery, lattice, Orkn. 74, Fms. vi. 270, 338, Stj. 606, (2 Kings i. 72, a lattice ift his
upper
lopta, a, to lift; at loptar undir e-t, a thing is lifted, the air being seen between it and the ground,
Jjr. 64: in mod. usage, with dat. to lift slightly from the ground, eg lopta v ekki, / cannot lift it,
cannot move it.
Loptr, m. one of the names of Loki, Edda (Gl.), |)d.: for Lopt-ki, Ls. 19, see -gi (B). II. a pr. name,
Landn.
lortr, m. Jiltb, I. at. merda.
los, n. looseness, breaking iip, Fms. xi. 340, Fas. iii. 29, Karl. 240 (breaking up of the ranks in
battle).
LOSA, a, [cp. lauss, referring to a lost strong verb, ljusa, laus, los- inn] :-- to loosen, make loose,
Fms. ii. 146, Finnb. 332, D. I. i. 233; hann losar til heyit niri vi jrina, Fb. i. 523. II. reex,
losask, t o get loose, 623. 26; losast vi e-t, to get rid of a thing.
losna, a, to get loose, get free, Vsp. 50, Edda 41, Eg. 233, 298; rttusk mgrnir ok losnuu
(loosened the grasp) af meal-kaanum, Grett. 154. 2. metaph., tk mi bardaginn at losna, the rank
s began toget loose, in battle, Sturl. iii. 66; tekr li hans heldr at losna, Al. 141: losna sundr, to
dissolve, break tip, split asunder, Fms. viii. 290, ix. 374, Stj. 580, Hom. 83: to get free, 623. 22: sem
au koma mija ana losna ftr undir konunni, i. e. s he slipped (cp. lauss ftum), Bs. ii. 175: to
part, leave a place, tti mr bezt at losna aan eigi fyrr en ..., Fins, ii. 5; losna brott, id., Fb. ii.
194; r eir losni r herai, Ld. 276; fannsk at hvers orum at nauigr losnai, Eb. 280. II.
reex, losnask, to get loose, Grett. 135 A.
lost, n. [Ijosta], a blow, stroke, N. G. L. i. 157.
lost-fagr, adj. so fair as to kindle lust, Hrn. 92.
LOSTI, a, ni. [this word is, according to Grimm, derived from Ijsta, to smite, so that 'lust' prop,
means smiting or being smitten; Ulf. lustus = eirtov/Aia; A. S. lyst; Engl., Germ., and Dan. l us t] :--
lust, esp. carnal lust, Hom. 16, 25, Pr. 474, Barl. 27, Orkn. 160; likanis losti, carnal lust, Magn.
466. COMPDS: losta-fullr, adj. lewd, lustful, Stj. 345. losta-girnd, f. lust, K. . 104, Al. 87. losta-
lir, m. membrum virile, Stj. 338. losta-samligr, adj, lecherous, Sks. 547. losta-semd and losta-semi,
f. carnal lust, Stj. 105, Horn, 34, Sks. 528, Mar., Barl. 75. losta-synd, f. the sin of lust, Eluc. 45.
lostigr, adj. willing, ready, with all one's heart, opp. to nauigr, Hkv. Hjorv. 42, Fms. ii. 148, . H.
112, Fas. i. 135, Art. no.
lost-liga, adv. ivillingly, lustily, 673 A. 46.
lostning, f. smiting; in upp-lostning, a pretext.
lost-verk, n. pl. a labour of love: the phrase, ltt eru loslverk (mod. ltt falla L), a labour of love
falls light, Hom. (St.)
lost-tr, adj. dainty, of a dish.
LOTA, u, f. a round, bout, continuous effort, without stopping to take breath, or pause, in a ght,
races, or the like; vru g vgin :ir til er gengnar vru ellefu lotur, Rd. 299; san glina eir rjr
lotur, Finnb. 318; gengr Inglfs hestr betr ollum lotuin, Glm. 356; essir menu gru s-v hara
lotu, at hverr eirra her fynr sik inanu ea meirr, P'as. ii. 533; gengusk eir at fast, gru langa
lotu, ok fell Jkull kn, Finnb. 328; en er eptir Steingrims- lotan, var veitt allhr atskn, en
Steingrhnr varisk alldrengi- liga ok fell ar, Sturl. ii. 60; ykki r eigi hr lota gengit hafa,
in'agr ? 53; ttisk Teitr hafa haft hann rit lengi lotu, i. 148 (ItOtu C). II. lotum, adverb, by ts
and starts; en lotuin (/row time to time) horfi hann a, Eg. 172, v. 1.; litr hans var stundum raur, en
stundum blr, en lolum var hann bleikr, Fas. ii. 285; hn reis upp or rekkju lotum, Bs. i. 353. The
word still remains in the mod. phrase, stryklotu, in one start, without rest or breath; hlaupa einni
stryklotu.
lotinn, part, stooping from age or illness; lotinn herum, or liera- lotinn.
lot-ligr, adj. bent, worn, broken down.
lotning, f. [liita], prop, a 'loitting, ' reverence, veneration, Stj. 599, Hkr. i. 6, freq. in mod. eccl.
usage.
L, f., pl. laer (i. e. lr), la, u, f., Edcla ii. 489, and in mod. usage :-- a sandpiper; for a pretly
legend of the origin of this bird see sl. Jbjs. ii. I, 2; snenima loan litla lopti blu dirrindi undir
sulu syngr. Jnas; veia smirla ok lr, Grg. ii. 346; heitir lr leiru, Sklda 205, Edda (Gl.); hei-
lo, q. v. = sandpiper; sand-16, id. 2. metaph. a coward; u eir undan, leer eir, the sandpipers,
the hares! Fms. xi. 36. l-rll, m. ' sandpiper-thrall, ' the dunlin or tringa alpina, Edda (GL), so
called from its following in the wake of the sandpiper, Fjlnir ix. 69, 70. II. = l, q. v.; l kli;
hence ai-loa, adj. threadbare.
L, f. [the word is prob. akin to loinn], the crop or produce of the land, as opp. to buildings or
establishments, a law term; l ok allan verka, the c rop and all produce, N. (i. L. i. 240; skal
log fyrir l festa, 154; ef l ea b berr erf, 116; landsdrottinn linni sv mikit sem hsit
niet/k, Gl. 330, 331, Jb. passim. In mod. usage l means the ground, esp. on which houses are
built, but that this was not the true old sense is clear from the above passage, as is stated by I'ul
Vidal., s. v. l; cp. also l-bruni, l-torfa, below. II. Lat. laruigo, the ihagginess of cloth, proncd.
10, qs. l, hence af-lua, qs. af-la = thre a dbare :-- l or l is also a ock of wool thrown away
in walking or spinning; Brr minn Jkli, Icggstu li mitt, eg skal gefa er lna og lcppana
skna, a ditty.
la, u, f. at heat, of a dog (from loa sanian).
l-bruni, a, m. burning of crop, N. G. L. i. 253; opp. to hiisbruni.
l-torfa, u, f., prop, a ' crop-turf, ' a sod with the grass on, a soft dry slice of sod to keep the re
alive on the hearth during the night, the 'gathering peat' of the Scottish.
LFI, a, m., proncd. li, [Ulf. lofa to render pa-niaâ. and pairi- &iv; Scot, l oo/] :-- the holl ow/ of
the hand, palm, Sturl. i. 42, sl. Jjjs. ii. 556, Fms. iii. 180; henni lgu rr ngr lofa, Bs. 1. 462,
v. 1.; stakk lfa ser, Eg. 211; mini ek bera at lfa mr nu fet, Fms. x. 251; klappa lofa;i hur,
Fb. iii. 583; klappar dyr me lfa sin, Fkv.; ok let brenna spnuna lfa sr, . H. 197, Post. 645.
60 :-- the phrases, hafa allan lota vi, to strain every nerve, Al. 151; legg lofa karls, sl. jjs. i.
28, Skia R. 114 (of a beggar's alms); a er ekki i lfana lagt, ' ti s noea s y matter; klappa lof
lofa, to clap hands in triumph; leika lfum, to be borne on one's hands; en Leifr leikr loiuin, ok
her viring sem konungs-barn mundi hafa, of a spoilt child, Sturl. i. 2, cp. Fldda 88 (the verse). 2.
a measure, bandbreadtb, 732 B. 5. lfa- tak, n. a sh ow of hands, a division by show of hands as in
England; samykkja me lfataki, N. G. L. iii. io; lot hinn sami Rafn Lgrttu hndum upp taka,
ok giira me lfataki litlaga alla menu, Bs. i. 763.
lg, n. a wasting; leggjask log, to be wasted, used up, Bs. i. 409; hafa eir ofrerli sv at eir munu
ekki tillu log koma, they have so great a multitude that they will be unable to make use of it all,
they cannot come to the end of it, Fms. viii. 117, v. I.; baka til lugs, t o bake up all one's stores, N.
G. L. i. 304.
LGA, a, to fart with, but with the notion of waste, with dat.; lg. iu eigi landinu, Glm. 335;
mean tt gripina, ... en em ek hrddr um ef lgar eim, 339; Glmr her n lgat eim
hlutum, feldi ok spji, er Vgfss mur-brir hans gaf honum, 389; er eir hfu baugnum lgat,
Korm. 218; lga lndum, Landn. 261; essum hring skalt eigi lga, Fr. 104; at lgat vri
goorunurn, Sturl. iii. 104; ar skal mar engu lga af vi f r virt sc, Grg. i. 194; lga viti n
ai, O. H. L. 19; dma gripinn aptr tl kirkju ef lgat er, K. b. K. 48, Jb. 218, 222: lga fyrir, to
pay for, Grg. 2. to destroy; lga af, to MM, slaughter, Grg. i. 426: lga ft; sinu af, id., ii. 339, jb.
148.
lktr, m. the name ot the sub-teacher at the school of Hlar.
lkr, m. a tramp, a term of abuse, Edda (Gl.), Bjarn. (in a verse). Lex. Pot. 2. penis.
LMR, m. [Shetl. /oo;w], the loon, ember-goose, columbus arcticus, Edda (Gl.), Eggert Itin.;
metaph. from the cry of these birds, a cry, l a- mentation; cp. bar-lmr: in local names, Lnia-gnupr,
Nj. II. meanness; lmi beittr, t.; a'. a lorn, Hallfred. COMPDS: lm-brag, n. a trick, Konr. 21.
lra-ger, adj. cunning, mean, Yt. lm- hugar, adj. vile, Haustl.
lmundr, m., pl. ir, [Ivar Aascn lemende and lomiimd; Swed. le. in- mei] :-- the mus letnmtis,
lemmer; kvikendi au er locustae heita ok sumir kalla lomundi, Pr. 436, (the Icel. writer has here
confounded the lemmer with the locust.)
LOacute;N, n. [Ivar Aast-n l ow], an inlet, sea-loch, Br. 166, Grg. ii. 354, Jb. 314; cp. the 'ln' in
Dgurarnes in western Iceland: freq. in local names, Ln, Lns-h. eir, Landn. lna-sley, f. a kind
of buttercup.
lubbi, a, m. a shaggy long-haired dog: botan., ka-lubbi, q. v.
lukka, u, f. [a for. word, from Germ. gluck, but occurs in writers of the I4th century, e. g. Br. S.,
or even earlier], luck; tti rr mikla lukku haia haft, Br. 36; eigi mun r silfr-ftt vera til
lukkunnar, Finnb. 254 (from Arna-Magn. 132 fol.), Ska R. 50, 53, 57: freq. in mod. usage, o-
lukka, ill luck, Fms. v. 255. COMPDS: lukku-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), lucky, happy, Fas. iii. 457 (paper
MS.) lukku-mar, m. a lucky man, Fas. i. 447.
lukt, f. '[Dan. lugi] , a . well, D. N.; see lykt.
lukta, a, to smell; luktandi, Sks. 201, (but not in Cod. B.)
lukta, a, to shut, with dat., Sklda 202 (in a verse).
lulla, a, to loll: lullari, a, m. a lubber, (slang, from the Engl. lollard.)
LUMA, pres. lumi; pret. lumdi (?); part, luma; imperat. lumi :-- t o keep closely, hold tight; luma
af e-u, to yield up, lumi (imperat.) af skutlinum, mar, lend me the harpoon! Fbr. 86 new Ed., cp.
Fb. ii. 209; in old writers only recorded in this instance: in mod. usage, Icel. say, luma e-u, to keep
or hoard, of money, with a notion of stealth or closeness, hann lumir penningum (of small
savings), or hanri lumai (for lumi V) v; perh. Dan. lomme -- pocket is a kindred word.
LUND, f. [Orm. lurid] , the mind, temper, Edda (Gl.); var n skipan komin um lund hans, Hrafn.
24; vera mikillar lundar, to be of a proud mind, sl. ii. 3; ef hann fann at lund sinni, Fb. iii. 247;
etju-lund, a quarrelsome mind, Vellekla, ' gildrar lundar, proud, Bs. ii. 11; leika e-m hind, to have a
mind for, Al. 137; hugar-lund, fancy, mind. II. manner; adverb, phrases, nkkura lund (acc.), in seme
manner, Hom. 55; smu lund, in the same ivay, Sks. 448; allar lundir, in every ivay, Nirst. I:
lund, thus, Edda 47; a ymsar lundir, in many ways, variously; marga hind, Edda 87; essa lund,
thus, Grg. ii. 2 2; hverja lund, in what may f how ? bir. 33 7. COMPDS: lundar-far, n. temper,
disposition, Rd. 255. lundar-lag, n. = lund- arir.
lundar, part, disposed, minded, Hom. 151.
lunderni, n. temper, Sks. 686, Magn. 434, Karl. 339, Stj. 548.
lund-ferli, n. = lunderni, Grett. 95.
lund-gr, adj. good-tempered. Lex. Pot.
lund-hgr, adj. gentle-minded, Fms. vi. 204.
LUNDI, a, m. the pufn, alca arctica, Edda (Gl.), freq. in mod. usage; lunda bein, Sturl. ii. 62 (in a
verse): a nickname, Bs. i.
lundir, f. pl. the esh along the back; hrygg-Iundir, q. v.: in animals the meat inside the hack;
whence lunda-baggi, a, m. a sausage made of the lundir and some fat.
lund-llr, adj. ill-tempered, Nj. 16, v. 1.
LUNDR, m., gen. lundar, dat. lundi, lund, Fagrsk. Ii; [Dan. and Swed. lund'] :-- a grove, Skin. 39,
41; hvera-lundr, Vsp.; ok lundi xum, Am. 68; allr lundrinn umhvers, Stj. 391; fxmr bj at Lundi,
hann bltai lundinn, Landn. 224; reyni-!undr, Sturl. i. 5; einn fagr lundr, Vgl. 17; ra einum
steini ok litlum lund, Fagrsk. 11: of a hedge (?), taka vigeka ok bera hann at lundi eim er st
sunnan garinum, Sturl. ii. 54. II. very freq. in Dan. and Swed. local names, Lundr, the
archbishop's seat in Denmark (Sweden): in Iceland, Lundr, Lundar, Lunda-reykir, Lundareykja-dalr,
whence Lundar-menn, Lundar-manna-goor, Landn., Sturl.: these places were connected with the
worship of groves, cp. Landn. I. e.: Lund also(occurs in local names in Northern England (the
ancient Denelagu), as Gilsland, and is a mark of Norse or Danish colonisation.
Lundnir, f. pl. London; Lundnum, in London: also Lunduna- borg, passim: Lunduna-bryggja,
London-bridge, 0. H.
lund-gr, adj. savage-tempered, Nj. (in a verse).
lung, n. [perh. from Welsh Hong] , poet, a sh z p, Lex. Poet, passim.
LUNGA, n., pl. lungu, gen. lungna; it occurs only in plur., the sing, may now be used of one lung;
[common to all Teut. languages] :-- the lungs, Orkn. 18, Stj. 612, Fbr. 137, Fms. iii. 285, Sturl. ii.
150; lungun fllu t sri, Glm. 381, Ska R. 144. COMPDS: lungna-blakr, m. a lobe of the
lungs. lungna-blga, u, f. pleuriiis. lungna- stt, f. lung-disease, Gl. 498.
lurka, a, to cudgel, thrash, Stj. 464, 624.
LURKR, m. a cudgel, Nj. 194, Sd. 136, Gl. 177, Vd. 77; tre-lurkr, Glm. 342, Fms. viii. 96; jrn-
lurkr, Hbl.; vera allr lurkum laminn, to feel as if thrashed with cudgels: nietaph. of the winter 1601
A. D., var s vetr aftaka-harr fr jlum um allt Island, ok kallar Lurkr, Espol. rb. s. a.
COMPDS: lurks-hogg, n. a blow with a cudgel, Gl. 177. lurks-legr, adj. clumsy, clownish.
lustr, m. [Scot, leister] , a cudgel, prop, a salmon-spear = ljostr, q. v.; hann hafi trlurk niikinn um
xl ok ekki vpn anuat -- mhi zurr, hvar eru vpn n? annan veg er at berjask vi Erling jarl
en at reskja korn, ar m vel hafa lust til, Fms. viii. 96.
l-berja, bari, to beat till it becomes tender, beat thoroughly.
la, u, f. a small ounder, lu-laki, a, m. a drone (abuse).
LR, m., the r radical, [cp. Dan. lur, Shetl. looder-horn] , a trumpet, Edda 17; eir hfu hr ok
blsu, Orkn. 300; lt taka lra ok lt blsa um alla borgina, Sks. 74^,; blsa hir, Fms. iv. 300;
eyta hir, Al, 35, Stj. 392; kvu vi lrar, Fms. vi. 16; vi hinn sasta lr-yt, v lrinn mun
gella, Cor. xv. 52, passim. COMPDS: lr-blstr, m. a blast of a trumpet, Fms. iv. 300. lra-
gangr, in. the sound of trumpets, Hkr. ii. 221, Fms. vii. 289. lrs-hlj, n. = lrytr, Fms. vii. 289.
lr-mar, m. = lrsveinn, Fms. viii. 96. lrsveinn, m. a trumpeter, Fas. i. 497, Fms. viii. 96,
213, ix. 449, 513. lra-bytr and lr-bytr, m. id., Fms. viii. 226, Cor. xv. 52. lr-beytari, a, m. a
trumpeter, Karl. 220, 525, v. l. B. A our-bin; r at lri leiddar voru, Gs. 2; leggjum lra, 3;
steinar rifna, stkkr lr fyrir, tt lr rumi, Hkv. 2. 2, 3; at ek fyrst of man er s inn fri jtunn
| var lr of lagir, Vm. 35 (referring to some ancient lost myth). The word is still preserved in
the south-east of Iceland, -- hleypr mjlit um kring kvernitia t lrinn, Fl. ii. 155 (of the year
1782): poet, the s e a is called ey-lr, island-our- bin, Edda (in a verse); see the remarks to
amli :-- the phrase, ganga e-m lr, to fall into one's bin, nietaph. phrase, to fall to one's lot, Gs.
11.
lra, a, to stoop, cringe, perhaps a metaphor taken from the stooping over a bin; lrandi lgt,
Stj. 398; fara lrandi fyrir kn bta, Mar.; hira lgt, THom. 535.
lfa, u, f. [Ivar Aasen luva; cp. lubbi], rough, matted hair, as a nickname; Haralds hr var sitt ok
kit, fyrir sk var hann Lufa kallar, Fagrsk. 9: cp. the vow of king Harold with that of Civilis,
Tac. Hist. iv. 61.
li, a, m. weariness, esp. of the body from age and overwork. la- legr, adj. mean, (conversational.)
linn, part, worn; see lyja.
LKA, pres. lyk; pret. lauk, laukt (mod. laukst), lauk; pl. luku; subj. lyki; part, lokinn; mod. Ijuka,
which form is not found in old writers; [Scot, louk; Shetl. lock; Dan. lukke]: I. to shut; hika korn-
hlum, Stj. 212: but mostly with prep., lka upp, t o o pen; luka aptr, to shut, both with acc. and
dat., in mod. usage with dat. solely; hika upp mina kistu, Fbr. 46 new Ed.; but, ly'kr upp kistunni,
dat. (in the same page): ok hjarra-grind, sv at menu hiki upp af hrossi ok aptr ef vill. Grg. ii. 264;
eru menu skyldir at hika lghli aptr lggari, ef s mar lykr eigi aptr hliit, 265; hann lkr aptr
fjsinu ok byr sv um at ekki m upp hika, Gsl. 29; hann lkr aptr eptir sr ramliga, 30; luka upp
hurum, Vail. 218: luka upp augum, t o o pen the eyes, Bs. i. 318; but, luka aptr augum, to shut the
eyes: tak n vi kistu-lyklum innum, vat ek mun eim eigi luka optar, Nj. 94; san lauk hann
upp skemmuna, Fms. vi. 189; luka upp dyrnar, viii. 332; tku fr slagbranda ok luku upp
hurina, . H. 135: nokkuru sar var lokit (upp) ti-huru, Bs. i. 627; so also, luka sundr munni, t
o o pen the mouth, Hv. 25 new Ed. II. nietaph., luka upp, t o o pen one's mind, declare, speak out;
en er jarl hafi v upp loki (when he had made known) at hann mundi fvlgja eim, 0. H. 54; nu
skal at upp luka fyrir yr er mer her lengi i skapi bit, 32; Gu heyri bn hans ok lauk upp fyrir
honum llum essum hlutum, revealed to him all these things, Stj. 5. 2. as a law term, luka upp
gr, to deliver a judgment, of an umpire, Fs. 49, Nj. 77; malin komu dm Vermundar, en hann
lauk grum upp Jbrs- ness-ingi, Eb. 246; vii ek nu luka upp sttar-gr milli eirra Steinars
ok borsteins, Eg. 735, passim; see gr. 3. lka vi, to end; vera m at sv hiki vi, r vit skiljum,
at r ykki alkeypt, Eb, 266. 4. luka yr, to come to a bitter end; eigi vii ek vi sonu na sttum
ok skal n yr lka me oss, Nj. 200; ar mti freistar hinn fraekni hversvetna, r yr lki, the
bold will not give up as long as any chance is left, Al. 100; ok hugi, at mundi brast yr luka
hans aett ok eirra frnda ef harm htti til eirra afar-kosta, it would then come to a nal issue,
Fms. viii. 24. III. to end, bring to an end, nish; n lku vr hr Hlmverja-sgu, sl. ii. 118; ok
lku vr hr essum tti, Njar. 384; lku vr sv Vpnringa-sgu, Vpn. (ne); li allt mundi
vera niri Eyjum at lka heyverkum, Nj. 113; er menn hfu lok lgskilum at mla, when
men had done, nished their pleading, Lv. 52. 2. as a law term, to bring a case to a conclusion,
discharge; vilju vr n lka mlinu tt rir einn skildaganum, Nj. 8l; at vit Gumundr grim
um ok lkim mlinu, lk. 35; er hann hafi lokit erendum snum, Sturl. iii. 280; vil ek n sv at
einu lka mlum mnum at r lki vel ok Einari, Eg. 731. 3. the phrase, lka vel, lla vi e-n (ellipt.
qs. lka mlum), to behave well (ill), deal fairly (unfairly), with a person, with the notion of a nal
dealing; at eim mundi fjndskapr ykkja ef hann lkr lla vi , Eb. 114; at hann mundi enn lla
vi lka, Lv. 23; Bolli fkk Sigri gjafor gfugt, ok lauk vel vi hana, Boll. 362. 4. lka e-u af,
to nish: lka vi e-t, id. 5. in mod. usage, ljka and ljka e-u, to have done eating; ljka r
askinum, to eat up one's platefull, leave nothing; eg get ekki loki v, I cannot eat it all. IV. to pay,
discharge, with acc. of the amount; lka e-m e-t, sv mikit f sem vr eigum konunginum at lka,
Fms. vi. 148; ok lka gulli er brendu silfri, Bs. i. 31; n bera eir vitni er hann lauk skuld eirri
allri sr af hendi, N. G. L. i. 32; luku eir jarli f sv at honum gazt at, Grett. 59 new Ed.; hann skal
lka Hallvari fjra mnaar mati, Anal. 295: acc., hina fyrstu skuld lk ek me essu Grmhildi
systur, ir. 324: to discharge, of duties, Snorri kvask mundu lka erendum eirra, Eb. 212. V.
impers. it opens; er sundr lauk rinum, when the fjord (the entrance) opened, Krk. 59; ok er eir
kmu fyrir Reykjanes, ok eir s rinum upp lka, Eg. 128. 2. it is at an end; followed by dat.,
lokit skal n okkarri vinttu, sl. ii. 238; r en lki essi stefnu, Fms. x. 358; var ess vn, at lla
mundi llum lka, that it would end badly with a bad man, Fas. iii. 314; ok er lokit var drpunni, sl.
ii. 237; ok lkr ar n sgunni, here the Saga ends, 186, 276; ok lkr ar essi sgu, Eb. (ne) and
passim; ok lkr hr n Laxdla-sgu, Ld. 334; var lokit llum vistum nema hval, all stores at an
end, all eaten up, Bs. i. 208; honum lzk allokit allri vn, all hope gone, 198; lauk sv essum
mlum, Eg. 733; r eim fundi lki, Lv. 52. VI. absol., sv lauk at lyktum, it ended so that..., sl. ii.
269; lkr sv, at eir kaupa essu, it ended so that they struck the bargain, Valla L. 216; lkr ar fr
honum at segja, there it ends to tell of him, passim; nr munu vit gangask r en lkr, Nj. 176;
munt aerit mjk elska fit, r lkr, Gull. 7. VII. reex, to be opened, open; fjallit lauksk upp
noran (opened), Eb. 28, Krk. 52; ok egar lauksk hurin hla honum, Edda 2 :-- to come to an
end, ok er um etta allfjlrtt ingi hversu essi ml mundu lkask, Nj. 109: hr lksk (here
ends) sj bk, b. (ne) :-- gkk Haldra me barni, ok lauksk seint um hennar hag. H. was heavy
with child, and it went slowly on with her, Sturl. i. 199; at essarar konu eymd yr lkisk einhvern
htt, can come to some end, Bs. ii. 173 :-- to be discharged, skal etta f upp lkask (be paid out) af
lgmanni, N. G. L. ii. 12.
lka, u, f. the hollow hand held like a cup, and in plur. of both hands held together. II. the lid in the
opening of a loft. lku- gat, n. an opening in a loft.
lkning, f. a discharge, payment; skulda-lkning, discharge.
lnttr, adj. [Germ, laune] , knavish, Snt 210.
lpu-legr, adj. crest-fallen, (conversational.)
lra, , pres. lri, to doze, nap; and lr, m. a nap.
LS, f., pl. lss, [A. S. and O. H. G. ls; Engl. louse, pl. lice; Germ. laus] :-- a louse; lss ok
kleggjar, Eluc. 23; leita sr lsa = Dan. lyske sig: sayings, last eins og ls me saum; srt btr
soltin ls; munu jar-lsnar synir Grms kgrs vera mr at bana? srt btr soltin ls, kva Gcstr,
Landn. 146; hann er mesta ski-ls, of a good angler, Hrlfr 6 (name of a play); fri-ls, a sheep
louse; jar-ls, vermin; n-ls. COMPDS: lsa-blesi, a, m. a niggard. lsa-lyng, f. the common
ling, Hjalt. Lsa-oddi, a, m. nickname of a beggar, Fbr. Lsa- skegg, n. lousy-beard, a nickname,
Fb. iii. lsa-stt, f. phthiriasis.
ls-iinn, adj. sedulous (slang), cp. Engl. bookworm.
lsugr, adj. lou s y, Fbr. 92 new Ed.
LTA, pres. lt, pl. ltum; pret. laut, lauzt (Nj. 70), laut, pl. lutu; subj. lyti; part. lotit: a weak pres.
lti, lti ek helgum dmi, the Runic poem; pret. ltti, Barl. 199, Stj. 229: [A. S. ltan; Old and
North. E. lout; Dan. lude] :-- to lout, bow down; konungr laut allt nir at jru, Fms. i. 159; hann
hlt hndunum yr hfu sr ok laut til altaris, ok bar yrhfnina aptr af herum honum er hann
hafi loti undan, iv. 172, 173; stendr hann knjnum ok lnbogunum, ltr hann nir mjk vi, xi.
64; at eigi skal urfa at lta optar um sinn hornit, en er hann raut erendit ok hann laut r horninu,
Edda 32; Grettir s er hann laut ok spyrr hvat hann tk upp, Grett. 93; hann ltr fram yr borit,
ir. 323; fell nir spnn fyrir henni, hn laut nir eptir, Eb. 36. 2. of worship; at er upphaf laga
vrra, at austr skolum lta ok gefask Kristi, it is the beginning of our law, that we shall all lout
towards the east, and give ourselves to Christ, N. G. L. i. 339; Barlaam ltti austri ok ba til
Gus, Barl. 199; henni ek laut hinnsta sinni, gis-heimi , I louted to her (viz. the sun) the last time
in this world, i.e. it was the last day of my life, Sl. 41, (cp. bami viar eim er lta austr limar,
Sdm. II), referring to a heathen rite of bowing towards the east (the rising sun) during prayer, cp.
Landn. I, ch. 9. 3. of doing homage, with dat. of the person; Erlingr laut konungi ok heilsai honum,
. H. 119; hljpu eir upp allir ok lutu vi skrimsli, 109; lauzt mr n, segir Skarphinn, en
skalt mur-tt falla r vit skiljum, Nj. 70; rarinn svarai ok laut konunginum, . H. 118;
essi mar kvaddi konung ok laut honum, Orkn. 116, and passim, cp. also Sl. 41; ltti Joseph
ltilltliga allt nir til jarar, Stj. 229; hann kva fyrr myndi hann trll taka en hann lyti honum, Fs.
53: lta undir e-n, to be subject to, Bs. ii. 5, Barl. 25: to belong to, bear upon a subject, etta efni
ltr til lofs herra Gumundar, Bs. ii. 146; hvar hann vildi at etta r lyti, O. H. L. 5; hann var ar
me mestri viringu ok lutu allir til hans, paid him homage, Fb. i. 431; lta til tlendra konunga, .
H. 45; angat ltr allt rkit, ar eru Uppsalir, 65; en hitt mun mr rgara ykkja at lta til Selris
er rlborinn er allar ttir, 112. 4. to give way, yield; let ek til ok laut ek, Mar.; er hann hafi
lti lta undan Vagni, Fms. i. 174; hinir lgri vera at lta, the weaker has to lout, a saying, Grett.
162; ar dmnum at vgja um ess manns ml er sv er at lotinn, who is thus brought to his
knees, Sks. 663; r Niungar lti, ir. 328; lta gras, to bite the dust, Fbr. 90 new Ed.: lta at
litlu, to be thankful for little, Grett. 134. II. part, lotinn, 'louting,' bowed, bent down, used as adj.
ltning, f. = lotning, Barl. 25.
ltr, adj. louting, bowed, bent down, stooping, Stj. 20, Bjarn. 33; me ltu hfi, 601, Mar.; fara
ltari, Fs. 55; nir-ltr, shameful.
lydda, u, f. [loddari], a naughty person, Fas. iii. 434, Krk. lyddu- skapr, m., -ligr, etc.
LYF, f., pl. lyfjar. also spelt lif, see the references below; the word is used as neut. in Bs. ii. 87, and
then chiey in pl. in Bs. i. 179, Fas. iii. 11, Fms. ix. 282; [Ulf. lubja-leisi = GREEK, Gal. v. 20; A.
S. lib ; O. H. G. lupi; Swed. luf ; early Dan. lv] :-- a herb, simple, esp. with the notion of healing,
witchcraft or supernatural power, = Gr. GREEK; tra lyf kvenna ea grningar, Hom. 33;
lkning, lyf er galldra, 121; g smyrzl ok lknings-lif, Fas. iii. 174; me heilsamligum smyrslum
n lkningar-lyfum, Stj. 272; lif (not lf) me lkning, Skv. 1. 17; varisk menn lif, rnir ok galdra,
N. G. L. iii. 300; tfr ok lif, rnir ok galdra, 286; laskningar lyf, 245; kona hver er ferr me lif ok
lzk kunna bta mnnum, ef hn er snn at v, er hn sek rem mrkum, i. 390 ; hann tekr
nokkur lyf af helgum dmi Jns biskups, Bs. i. 179 ; ek he at eitt gras, er ... Dagnnr svarar, engi
(=enga ?) lyf er lkning skulu vr til essa hafa, nema r einar (sic), er. . ., Fms. ix. 282; eitr-
fullt lyf, Bs. ii. 87; ltil lyf kvea hf til la sona, the sons of men are made of small matter (seed,
cause?), Fas. iii. 11 (in a verse): adverb., ekki lyf, not a hit, Skv. 1. 9, (not as explained at p. 274,
col. 1 line 1): -lyfjan, poison.
lyf, f. = lyf; oleum er arar lyfir, Stj. 522.
lyfja, a, to heal; in the phrase, lyfja e-m elli, to cure one of old age = to kill him downright, Am.
74, Fas. iii. 155, 156; lyfja eim sitt of beldi, to cure them of their overbearance, Al. 10; skal ek
lyfja r na llsku, Flv. 43.
lyf-steinn, m., also spelt lif-steinn, Korm. 80, 116, Fas. iii. 244, 307 :-- a healing stone, stone of
virtue (cp. mod. Icel. nttru-steinn); such stones are recorded as attached to the hilts of ancient
swords to rub and heal the wounds with, e. g. the sword Skofnung; wounds made by this sword
could only be healed by the stone grooved in its hilt, Ld. 250, 252, Korm. 80, cp. r. (1860) 102;
eptra hjalti sversins vru lstir lif- steinar, eir er eitr ok svia drgu r srum ef vru skafnir,
Fas. iii. 244, 307; Bersi hafi lifstein hlsi, Korm. 116, where the stone was to save one from
being drowned.
lyg, f. = lygi, Fms. ix. 401, x. 342, Bs. i. 766, Pass. 50. 9.
LYGI, f., indecl. in sing., but in pl. lygar; [ljga] :-- a lie, falsehood; fyrir lygi Ls. 14; slk lygi, Eg.
59; en mesta lygi, Nj. 79, Fms. vi. 241; ok gafsk vn at lygi (laygi), x. 389: plur., lygar ok drabl,
Fas. iii. 423; aptr hverfr lygi egar snnu mtir, a saying, Bs. i. 639. 2. a fable; en vitrum mnnum
ykkir hver saga heimsliga ntt, ef hann kallar at lygi er sagt er, en hann m engar snnur nna,
. T. 2. COMPDS: lygi-andi, a, m. the spirit of a lie, Stj. 603. lygi-fortala, u, f. false advice, Stj.
264. lygi-grunr, m. false suspicion, Mar. lygi- konungr, m. a false king, pretender, F'b. i. 28. lygi-
kvittr, m. false news, Nj. 150, Fms. ix. 350. lygi-lauss, adj. truthful, Sturl. iii. 261. lygi-liga, adv.
lyingly, Stj.: incredibly, Al. 21. lygi-ligr, adj. incredible, absurd, Anecd. lygi-lstr, m.
untruthfulness, Stj. 197. lygi-mar, m. a liar, impostor, Sks. 75, Fms. ix. 55. lygi-or, n. lying
words, Stj. 603. lygi-saga, u, f., mod. lyga-siaga, a lying story, false report, Fms. xi. il8: a fable as
opp. to sunn saga, Hrlfr sagi sgu af Hrngvii berserk ok fr la Lismanna-konungi ok haug-
broti rins, ok Hrmundi Greipssyni, ok margar vsur me. En essi saga var skemt Sverri
konungi, ok kva hann slkar lygisgur skemti- ligar, Sturl. i. 23; this is also the mod. common use,
see List of Authors (G. III)- lygi-vitni, n. a false witness, Hom. 18, Sks. 358.
lyginn, adj. lying, untruthful, Nj. 73, 78, Post. 645. 65, Anecd.; lyginn sagi mr! Piltr og Stlka
34.
LYGN, adj. [logn; Scot, loun; Swed. lugn; Dan. luun~] :-- calm, of wind and waves, Ld. 286, Eg.
482.
lygna, d, to calm, become calm: impers., lygndi verit (acc.), Sturl. iii. 56; lygndi eptir storminn,
Art. 85.
lygra, u, f. a nickname, Fb. iii.
lyg-vitni, n. = ljgvitni, Anecd.
LYKILL, m., pl. luklar, mod. lyklar, dat. sing, lykli; [from loka; Dan. ngle; Swed. nyckel,
changing l into n] :-- a key, Grg. ii. 193, Gl. 532, Odd. 16, Sklda 172, Fbr. 46 new Ed., N. G. L.
i. 131, 383; kistu-lykill, Nj. 94; konungs-lykill, see konungr, Fbr. l. c., Fms. vi. 188: the lady of a
house used to wear a bundle of keys at her girdle, hence the phrase in kv. 16, 19 :-- as a musical
term, lyklar symphonu, Sklda. lykla-vald, n. the keeping of the keys.
LYKJA, prts. lyk; pret. lukti or luki; subj. lyki; part. luktr; [cp. lka] :-- to lock, shut in, enclose;
til ess lykr hann stundum kvi kvenna, Mar.; san lukti hann stokkinn sem bezt, id.; at luktum
oxanum, id. :-- (to join, konungr s ar gara hva ok vel lukta, well wainscotted, Fms. v. 331; also,
lukti hann alla lind bauga vel, he welded it well with the hammer, Vkv. 5: lykja aptr, to shut. Rm.
233; lykja e-m, himnarki, Hom. (St.); lykja e-n ti, to shut a person out, N. G. L. iii. 230; bau
jarl at lykja hann myrkva-stofu, to shut him up in, 623. II; lykir ok innibyrgir, Fms. viii. 219;
hann lukti hann eim sta er Florenz heitir, Br. 20; hfu eir lukt um (fenced) akra sna ok eng,
Eg. 529. II. with dat. to put an end to: hvatki er lti hans her lakt, Fms. x. 395; fyrr en at er lukt
(nished), xi. 429; ok skal eim lukt vera hit sasta fyrir Jl, K. . 80; her er lykt eim hlut bkar,
er ..., Edda 217. 2. lka, to discharge, pay; ok lykja t tveim rum, Dipl. iv. j; portio s sem eigi er
t lukt, Vm. 17. III. reex., en hvatki mlum er lykzk liafa, N. G. L. i. 250.
LYKKJA, u, f. [Dan. lkke; Ivar Aasen lykke; derived from lykja, lka, but not from hlekkr] :-- a
lock, loop, coil; hann hafi lykkju ok dregr had ser, sl. ii. 226; lykkjar lionunn, Korin. 86; bar
til er lykkja j var , a bend in a fence. Eg. 231, Fas. ii. I (of a ying dragon"), Hr. I 19: he
loop or ring on which u bell bangs, \'m. 76: metaph., gera Ivkkju | leiinni, to make u loop in one's
voyage, stop. Fms. v. 197: in knitting, i taka upp lykkju, to pick up a loop; leila nir Ivkkju, to drop
a loop; \ whence lykkju-fall, n. the dropping a loop so as to leave a hole: i lykkju-spor, n. ^.
footprints in zig-zag, Jb. 424. II. an en- j closed eld (mod. Norse lyltke or Ivkke), a villa, e. g. the
Norse villas about Christiania, -- eptir oystra strti ok austcr lykkjur, N. (T. L. ii. 24! (v. 1.), D. N.
passim.
lykkjttr, adj., mod. hlykkjttr, looped, crooked, curved, Stj. 78.
lykk-lauss, adj., mod. hlykklauss, without loop or bend, Al. 173.
lykkr, m., pl. ir, mod. hlykkr, for this false aspiration see introduction to letter H :-- ft l oo p, bend,
crook, curvature.
lykna, a, to let down the knees, Fb. ii. 214: metaph., at hann muni nir lykna undir reglunni, Mar.
lykt, f. [lkal, chiey used in plur. the end, conclusion, Fms. vii. 187, x. 253, xi. 82, 217, 326, Eg.
733: adverb., at lyktum, and til lykta, at last, nally, Nj. 99, Eg. 196, Fms. vii. 232, 278, x. 409.
lykta-lauss, adj. endless, Uarl. 142.
lykt, f. [Dan. l ffg- t], a smell, Gd. 73; o-lykt, a bad smell. lyktar- lauss, adj. without smell.
lykta, a, to nish, end, Fms. i. 128, 141, iii. 35, viii. 152 (v. l.), Nj. l. SO, Fr. 191, Bs. i. 771,
Finnb. 342, Kb. 26, 28, 210, Sklda 198.
lykting, f. [lka], p a y me nt, Gl. 348, Dipl. i. 4.
lymska, u, f. wiliness, cunning, Stj. 2OO, 471, Al. 153; me leynd ok lymsku, Mar. lymsku-ligr,
adj. (-liga, adv.), wily.
lymskask, a, dep. to act cunningly, sneak, Pr. 415.
lymskliga, adv. cunningly. Mar. |
LYMSKR, adj. [Dan. lumsk; perh. derived from lmr II], wily, j cunning, Sturl. ii. 117, Fas. iii. 616,
Bs. i. 549. j
lynda, t, impers. to agree; mr lyndir ve-1 (ilia) vi hann.
LYNDI, n. [cp. hind; Swed. lynwe], temper, disposition, Fms. i. 288, vi. i 45" vu. TO, 221, Stj. 554,
passim; skap-lvndi, temper; urr-lyndi, su lki- | ne ss; gla-lyndi, cheerfulness; ung-lvndi,
melancholy; g-lyndi, good- | temper; ill-lyndi, ill-temper. COMPDS: lyndis-brag, n. temper, i
Grett. 115 A. lyndis-gr, adj. good-tempered, Fs. 70. lyndis- j lag, n. temper, Grett. 115. lyndis-likr,
adj. of like temper, Fb. i. 529, Fas. ii. 225.
lyndr, adj. tempered, Korm. 75, Fms. iii, 153: in compds, g-lyndr, i glao-lyndr, br-lyndr, jt-
lyndr, mis-lyncr, ung-lyudr, urr-lyndr. i
LYNG, n., dat. lyngvi. Fin. 21, 28, 29, mod. Ivngi; gen. pl. Ivngva. Fms. v. 234 (in a verse), Eg. (in
a verse); [A. S. and Engl. ling; Dan. lyng] :-- ling, heather, not only in the English sense, but also of
whortle on which berries grow; lyng is smaller than hrs, q. v.; skra uin lyng. Fms. vii. 251; lyng
mikit var par ok ber , there was much bush with berries on, O. H. L. 67, and so in mod. usage;
whence hrtaberja-lyng, blberja- lyng. CO. MPDS: lyng-ll, m. a ' ling-eel, ' poet, for a snake,
Korm. lyng-bakr, m. ling-back, a fabulous sea monster whose back was grown wi:h ling, Fas. ii.
249; as in the talc of Sindbad the Sailor. lyng-fLskr, m. aling-sh, poet, ior a snake, G kv. 2. 22.
lyng-hnappa, a, and lyng- hnappr, m. a bundle of ling, in a pun, Krk. 63, 64. lyng-hns, n. pl.
heath fowl, Orkn. 416 (in a verse). lyng-ormr, in. a ' ling- luorm, ' snake, Fms. ii. 79, vi. 296. Us.
ii. 94. lyng-rif, n. the pulling ling, for fuel. Vm. 158. lyng-runnr, m. a bush, Fas. i. 163. lyng-
yrmlingr, m. a little snal:e, Fas. iii. 233.
Lyngvi, a, in. a pr. name, Sm.
lyppa u, f. [lopi], wool drawn into a long hank before being spun. lyppu-lr, in. the chest in which
the lyppa is kept.
LYPTA, t, [cp. lopt], to lift, rai-. e, with acc.; lyptandi sinar hendr, Mar.: with dat., san lypti hon
kupu-hetti hans, Fms. i. 149; gt'kk konungr ar til ok Ivpti upp tjaldinu, 158; hann lypti upp
ketiimnn, Edda; lypta bri'uuini, to Lift the eyebrows, shew gladness :-- tneiaph., lypta fer, t o s tart
on a journey, Fms. x. 6; Ivptir mi Jonim sinum her, S;j. 610; m ek engum her lian lypta, Fms.
viii. 22. II. impers. it is lifted up, raised; mr var at enn mcsti harnir, er essum stormi var lypt',
ir. 326; lyptir injok bri'mum manna, the. men's eyebrows were lifted up, their faces brightened,
Fs. 26. III. reex, to move, stir; tk hann til hennar, ok lyptisk hn ekki, Landn. 151; lzk hann
ekki nunidu aan lyptask fyrr en bak Jolum, Fms. viii. l6S; lyptisk eiin Hit reii, their anger
was raided a little, Fbr. 137.
lypting, f. a raised place (castle) 0:1 the poop of old ships of war, Eg. 122, 361, Fms. i. 1. ^8, ii.
305, 308, 322, iii. i, 2, vii. lofj, x. 350, Orkn. 116, passim; lypiingar tjald, a lent in the lypting, Hkr.
iii. 77.
lyrfa, u, f". [Swed. larf \, a caterpillar, m^taph. a naughty person.
lyrgja, u, f. -- lyrgr, u nickname, Fb. iii.
lyrgr, in., mod. lurgr, a forelock (?); only in the phrase, taka e-m lyrg (mod. taka lurginn e-m), to
take one by the forelock, by the ears (vulg.), Fas. ii. 341; cp. the EiiuJ. loggerheads.
lyrit-nmr, adj. a case liable to lyri; lyritnmar sakar, Grg. i. 31 (bottom); vgakar !yritn:emar,
li8; en a-r cru allar lyritninar sakar, er cyris-bi'it ktiinr til ea inciri, ii. 173.
LYRITR, m., or belter lritr or lrittr, gen. lyritar (but lyrits, Grg. ii. 233), dat. lyriti, plur. lyritar.
N. G. L. ii. 94, Jb. 193; ihc quantity cannot be ascertained because the vellums do not distinguish
between long and short vowels; it is spelt with one t throughout the Gn'ig. (Kb.); the alliterative
phrase lagalyriir, as also the invariable spelling in the Grs/s, shew that the word had no initial h.
Former attempts at an etymology, from he and rifta (Mjiirn SkarsV, hlyrar and rt'ttir (Pal Vi\!
al.), lygi and r ti (Frity, ntr\ must be dismissed; tiie spelling lyri/ar, which once or twice occurs in
Norsr MSS. of the 14th cenuiry (N. G. L. i. 394, ii. 94, v. l. 19), i* probably a mere corruption.
Lyritr is a compd word from li'ig, law, and r-'ir or reyr, a landmark, which word in the olil Swed.
law exactly answi-rs to lyrit in the Norse law; Ivrit is thus qs. lv-rvr-ti, by assimilation and by
weakening the y into i, lyritti; the / being intle. xive: its literal sense, therefore, is a lawful ror or
landmark. In Swc'ljn there were often ve mark-stones, but it is added (Schlvter iii. s. v. riir) -- -
tiuri stenar oc ri stenar naighu riir lieta -- four stones and even three stones may be called riir, i. e.
make a ' Imi'-riir, ' a lawful landmark, a lyrit; this, we believe, is the etymology of this much-
contested word. About the gender (masc., not i'em.) tlure can be no doubt, from the numerous
instances in the Grgs; but in the 13th century the word began to become neuter, thus we have
lyritit, Grg. (Kb.) i. 103, lines 14 and 21, but lyritinn several times in the same page: nom. lyriti in
Gntg. (Sb.) ii. 226; and elalausu lyriti, Nj. passim. B. SKXSK: I. prop, when the boundary o! a eld
or estate was to be drawn, the law prescribed that a niark-s'. onc (mark-steinn) should be raised on
the spot, and three other stones laici beside it; these three stones were called landmark-stones (lyrit-
stcinar or lyritar); by their number and position they were distinguished from all other stones in the
eld, see N. G. L. ii. 94, cp. note 19 jb. 193). II. metaph. in the Icel. law, a full tide of ] obsession,
lawful claim to right or property; thus dened by Koi. rad Maurer -- 'Lyrit bedeutet in der Grgs
und in den iiltern Sagas, das voile Eigeiiturns-recht, oder auch den Bann, der c!ein (jruiKle.
gentiimer zum Schutze seines Eigeutumts, clem Coden aber Kraft seiiur Amtsgcwalt zusteht:' 1.
the earliest kind was probab'y the land-lyrit or 'land-ban;' this law term was originally borrowed
from the mark-stones themselves, and then came to mean a /i; ll ti. 'le to land, eld, pasture, or
estate, Grug. ii. 224, 225 :-- eignar-lyritr, /w ll lawful possession, a legal title of ownership; hafa
eignar-lyrit fyrir landi, -204, 222. 2. veto; Goa-lyritr, / he veto of a Goi (Priest), forbidding the
court or neighbours to deliver a sentence or verdict in a case, and thus quashing the suit. A Goi
alone, by virtue of his ofce, was entitled to stop a court in this way, whether personally or by one
of his liegemen, so that if any one else wished thus to stop a suit, he had rst to go to his liegelord
(Goi) and be authorised by him to do so; cp. the phrases, taka lyrit at" Goa, selja lyrit, ef Goi
frir lyrit sinn sjlfr fram, and similar law phrases, Grg. i. 109-111, cp. esp. Jj. Jj. ch. 38; neglect
of this was contempt of court, punishable by the lesser outlawry. The. word lyritr occurs at every
step in the Grgs, esp. in the phrase, verja lyriti, or verja e-t lyriti, to defend through a lyrit, i. e. to
put under veto, to vindicate one's right, forbid, or the like; eigi varar hagabeit, nema lyriti s vari,
Grg. ii. 224; verja lyriti haga, 225; tt inar veri eirum lyriti (dat.), 226, Nj.; lta lyrit koma fyrir
sk, t o sto p on a case, Grg. i. 109; kaupa land lagn kaupi ok lyritar, t o buy land by a lawful
bargain and with full tide of possession, ii. 213; eptir at nefndi orkll sr vtta, ok setti (vari?)
eim lyriti, ok fyrirbau eim at dma, Lv. 31; ok er nyt stefna hans er lyriti (lyritr?), Grg. ii.
226; hann (the Goi) skal nefna sr vtta, r hann faeri lyrit fram, at vtti, at ek ver lyriti, goa-
lyriti, lglyriti fullum domendum at dma urn siik ... enda skal hann sv verja kvimnnum
lyriti, at bera kviu um hann, i. 111; ek ver lyriti minimi, loglyriti domendum at cima, id.; fra
lyrit sinn fram, t o utter one's veto, id.; fara me land-lyriti, ii. 225. COMPDS: lyritar- eir, m. a '
lyrit-oatb, ' a kind of oath of compurgation in the Norse, but not in the old Icel. law; it was an oath
of three, viz. of the person who took the oath, with two compurgators, in remembrance of the three
lyrit stones, which gave the name to this oath of compurgation; n skal lyritar-ei sv vinna, sjifr
skal hann vinna, ok annarr jafnrttis- mar, ... s skal enu rii, er ..., N. G. L. i. 56, cp. Js. 30, Jb.;
stendr lyritar-eir fyrir hvrt riggja marka mal ok au er minni eru, N. G. L. ii. 306; hn skal ess
synja me lyritar-eii me frjlsum konurn tveimr, i. 376 (394), of a compurgatory oath in the case
of a still-born child. lyritar-varzla, u, f. a ban by lyrit, Grg. i. 263, 353. lyritar- vrn, f.
=:lyritarvarzla, Grg. ii. 219.
lyrta, u, f. [lurtr], a nickname, Fms. viii.
lyskra, u, f. a wisp of damp hay spread for drying in a mown eld; a eru lyskrur heyinu, there
are -wet wisps in it, 'tis not quite dry; or lyskrottr, adj. full of wet wisps of hay.
LYST, f. [losti], lust, desire, but in a good sense; at er hvers lyst sem hann leikr, a saying: appetite,
of food, hafa ga lyst; matar-lyst, id.; o-lyst, lack of appetite. COMPDS: lystar-gr, adj. having a
good appetite. lystar-lauss, adj. having no appetite. lystar- leysi, n, lack of appetite.
LYSTA, t, [losti], to list, desire: impers., e-n lystir, ' me lists, ' one wishes; sem augun (acc.) lystir at
sj, Str. 45; lifi hverr sem lysti, Bs. i. 501; drekka sem lysti, Fms. ii. 135; hann (acc.) lysti at sj
Island, Fs. 104; laut und linu, lysti at kyssa, kv. 27; e-n lystir til e-s, Barl. 23, Stj. 59; lysta e-t, id.,
Fb. ii. 171. II. reex, to be lled with delight, Barl. 29.
lysti-liga, adv. delightfully, gracefully, Stj. 31.
lysti-ligr, adj. delightful, Stj. 45, Sks. 535, Hkr. iii. 264, Barl. 148.
lysting, f. pleasure, delight, Stj. 45: desire, 148, passim.
lysti-samligr, adj. delightful, Stj.
lysti-semi and lysti-semd, f. = lysting, Fbr. 137.
lyst-knappr, m. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 55.
lystug-leiki, a, m. = lysting, Stj. 47: lust, 146.
lystugr, adj. [Germ, lustis;; Old Engl. l;*s/ y], eager, willing, Stj. 8, 178: charming, lystugt er ti at
vera vori, Bb. 3. 55. 2. mod. hearty, of appetite for food; o-lystugr, of bad appetite, also of food.
lystuligr, adj. = lystiligr.
l-biskup, m. = ljbiskup, q. v.
l-mar, m. a commoner, layman, Stj. 582, Rm. 228.
l-mannligr, adj. like a common man, Al. 86.
l-menni, n. collect. = lmar; sv tignir menu sem lymenni, Rm. 158.
LR, m., gen. ls, pl. lir; but lar, Akv. 12, Sighvat (Fms. vi. 40); [from Goth. liudan = to
grow; cp. Ulf. jugga-laups^veaviaicos; A. S. le o5; Engl. lewd p eo ple; O. H. G. lint; Germ, leute;
Swed. ung- lyde = youth; cp. Gr. Aaos, \fws] :-- people, esp. the common people; lyr heitir
landflk, Edda 108; vera allir samt sem einn lr, Stj. 187; egar lyrinn var sjlfra, O. H. 4;
allit., stjrn ly's ok lands, Orkn. 124; lands-lr, the pe op le of the land; allr lyr, all people, Fs.
178; llum l, Magn. 438; allir lyir, 656 A. ii. 18; af lum sinum, by his people, Stj. 347;
Mspells-ly'ir, Vsp. 51; en er konungr heyri kafa lsins, . H. 205; tk ar lyr vi tr ... vil
vi ly'inn, Fms. x. 393; ok margr lr annarr, Karl. 425: thehousehold folk, gakk \i t ok allr iyr
me r, Nj. 2OO.
lyska, u, f. custom, manner; si ok lsku, 656 B. 8; ein var hn sr lsku, Fs. 30; ngum
manni var hann lkari sinni ly'sku en ka mur-brur snum, Fms. xi. 50; allri ly'sku ok
llu snu ath, 78; hann her smu ly'sku sna ok r, O. H. L. 5; see Ij- ska. 2. dialect,
Symb. 10, Hom. (St.) 61, (ml-lska.)
lskar, part, mannered, Fms. i. 134.
l-skylda, u, f. homage, the duty of a liegeman towards his lord; eptir at veitti jarl honum nga
lyskydu, Fms. iv. 24, O. H. 91; sem gr egn skal gum konungi veia, skal ek honum alla
lgliga l- skyldu ... (in the oath of homage), Gl. 68.
l-skyldi, n. = lskylda, Fms. x. 398, 399.
l-skyldr, adj. subject, yielding lyskylda to one, Eg. 14; vru jarlar honum lskyldir, . H.
91, Fms. i. 14.
l-skyldugr, adj. -- lskyldr, Fas. ii. 458.
l-skrr, adj. [skera], of blubber, of which all have a right to carve, N. G. L. i. 252.
LJA, pres. ly, lyr; pret. li; part, linn (lir ?) :-- to beat soft, thraih; hann lyr ok lemr, Stj. 95;
hann lagi steininn nir fyrir smiju- dyrum, ok li ar vi jrn fan, to forge iron with a sledge-
hammer, Eg. 142; lyja likam sinn, to chastise one's body, Stj. 395; hn ly'str hann me trnu, sv at
hn lr (Ed. wrongly glr) alla hndina, strikes him (on the wrist) with a cudgel and disables his
band, Gsl. 156: metaph., IVr hann (acc.) sttin, ok deyr hann, Fs. 195. II. reex, t o become
benumbed by a blow, of a limb; ok var mikit hgg sv at lisk undir, ok brotnuu rin, Korni.
212. 2. to be worn, exhausted; tku menu at lyjask mjk eri, Grett. 95; tk Haraldr konungr
at eldask mjiik ok lyjask, Eg. 171. III. part, linn, worn, bruised; vru ok rar injk lunar, the oars
were much worn by pulling, Br. 169; hann brytr upp glt er r var laust ok hut, Bs. i. 198 :--
weary, exhausted, var luinn hestr hans mjk, Br. 171; hann verr ok luinn, feir undir eina eik ok
hvlisk ar, Fas. i. 131.
LR, m., gen. lys, a kind of/s h, gadus pollachius, Edda (Gl.), = Norse lyr; whence lr-gata, l-
braut/ l-sl, l-teigr, the track of the lyr, poet. = the sea, Lex. Pot.
LSA, t, [Ijos; Dan. lyse; Swed. Huso] , to lighten, illumine; hn (the sun) skal lysa allan heim ok
verma, Sks. 38; sl lsir tungl, Rb. 448, passim, Hom. I2S, MS. 656 C. 2; ly'sir mn af mari, to
shed light, Vm.; lysa blinda, to give light to the blind, 677. 5, 656 B. 2 :-- to lighl up, lysa lampa,
Str. 18, Sks. ii. 177: l)'sa kirkju, to light up a church, D. I. passim, Vrn. passim: to illuminate a
book, en Magnus prestr her skrifat upp aan, ok lyst alia, Fb. (inscription) :-- of the daylight, t o
dawn, lilt var lyst af degi, Ld. 46; um morguninn er lysa tk, Fms. i. ill; egar er litt var lst, . H.
115. 2. impers. it shines, beams; lysti ok mjk af hjulmi hans er slin skein a, Fms. i. 44; fyrir nar
sakar lsir allan heim, by thee light shines on all the world, Hom. 31. II. metaph. to explain, Sks.
193, 587. 2. to manifest, shew, exhibit; lysa trleik, Eg. 64; lysa hug sinn, to declare one's mind,
Grg. i. 8; Heinir ly'stu mikinn drengskap, Fms. ix. 344: pass., sem lysisc sgunni, xi. 440; hann
lysti meir v rki sitt ok rlyndi en rttlti, Bs. i. 17; ok sagi hvern fjandskap menn hfu ar
vi hann lyst, 19; segir at au lysti mikia verlyndi ok kayndi essu, . H. 144. 3. to proclaim,
publish, give notice of, as a law term: with acc., menn skulu dag ok morgun lysa sakar r allar,
er til fjrungs- dms skulu ..., ef mar vill lysa sk hnd manni, Grg. i. 18; lysa frumhlaup, sr,
er vg hendr manni, to charge a person, make an indictment against, ii. 34; vig ly'sir , Hkv. 2.
8. p. with dat., lysa vgi hendr sr, to declare oneself to be the cause of a death; immediately
after the deed the slayer had to declare himself, otherwise the deed was counted for murder, see the
remarks s. v. mor, and the Laws and Sagas passim. y. to publish, proclaim, with dat.; hn lysti vi,
at hn myndi til alingis ra, Nj. 12; Halldrr lysir ingrei sinni, Ld. 236; lsa dmum sinum,
Sks. 641 :-- lysa e-u yr, lo make known, Fms. viii. 93, xi. 6: impers., mi lysir her yr v, er margir
maeltu, at hn tti nokkut vergjrn, xi. 25: absol., ef mar lysir til mmtardms um bjargir manna,
Gnig. i. 73; hann skal lysa et nzsta sumar til framfrslu ess maga, 129. 8. to publish the bans of
marriage.
lsa, u, f. a gleam, shimmering light; bra yr blm loga, fulrir spuri hvat lsu at vaeri, Gull. 5;
ek s ly'su (lysa Ed.) langt norr haf, Fas. ii. 30 (in a verse); ek so lysu nokkura til hafsins, Finnb.
230; Sturlu sy'ndisk sem lsu nokkurri brygi fyrir hamarinn, Sturl. ii. 86. ly&u-knappr, m. a
nickname, Sturl. iii. II. a sh, gadus mer- luccius, Norse lysing, Edda (Gl.), Fms. vi. 376 (in a
verse).
lsari, a, m. an illuminator, Fms. x. 244, MS. 655 xiii. B. 3.
lsi, n. a lighting, brightness, Hom. J 28. II. o il, train-oil, from its bright colour, Stj. 154, K. .
206, Gl. 524, K. . K. 162, freq. in mod. usage; orsk-lysi, cod-oil; hakarls-ly'si, shark-oil; sel-
lysi, s eal- o il; brtt ly'si, sjlfrunni lsi. COMPDS: lsis-fat, n. o noil- cask, Bs. i. 842. lsi-
mlir, m. an oil-dealer, N. G. L. iii.
lsi-gull, n. bright gold, opp. to raua gull, Edda 68, Fas. iii. 627.
lsi-ker, n. a lantern, Vrn. 6.
lsi-kista, u, f. a candle-box, Am. 6.
lsi-kola, u, f. a kind of lamp, Vm. 9, D. I. i. 270.
lsing, f. light, illumination, K. . loo. 2. the daybreak, dawn; i lysing essa dags, Hom. 80; hann
andaisk ann sama morgun lsing, Fms. . 195: ka lysingar, iv. 151, ix. 46. II. metaph. declara-
tion, publication, Grg. i. 18, Nj. lio, Gl. 307. 2. the bans of marriage, K. . no, Bs. i. 742.
COMPBS: lsingar-skei, n. the time of daybreak, Fms. viii. 337. lsingar-vttr, in. a witness to n
declaration, a law term, Nj. 233. lsingar-vtti, n. an attestation to a ly'sing, Nj. 87.
lsingr, m. a light-coloured horse; but a light-coloured mare is culled Jjoska, q. v.
lsi-staki, a, m. a candlestick, D. N.
lysi-steinn, m. colour for illuminating books, D. I. i. 266.
lsi-tollr, m. = Ijstollr, K. . 78, 102, 162.
lski, f. [his], the ' lousy disease, ' phtbiriasis, Stj. 272.
LTA, t, [Ijotr], to deform, Sklda 170, Stj. 142. II. metaph. to blemish; lasta ok lyta, Barl. 184, Stj.
134, Fas. i. 330, ii. 207: to disgrace, violate, Stj. 376, 502, 536.
lti, n. a fault, aw, deformity, Korm. 18, Grett. 158, Hkr. iii. 64: metaph. disgrace, Grg. ii. 129.
COMPDS: lta-fullr, adj. full of faults, Stj. 473. lta-lauss, adj. faultless, Str. 2.
lti-ligr, adj. ugly, Sks. 302.
lzka, u, f. = lska.
l, n., dat. lvi, [Ulf. lew = (opn-f] and lewian = irapaoiouvai; cp. A. S. lanva = a traitor) :--
fraud, craft; Ija l, the treason of the people, Hkr. i. 255 (in a verse). 2 craft, art, skill, Vsp. 18,
where it is spelt l; nd, r, and l were the three mental gifts of the three gods who made man. 3.
bane; sviga l, ' sivilch-bane, ' poet, the re, Vsp. 52; fri-l, n breach of peace, Edda (lit.); klungrs
l, a re, Fms. vii. 66 (in a verse): a plague, evil, bija e-m ls, to wish one evil. Hm. 137; hes
lausn, a release from evil, O. H. (in a verse); long era 1/fta ] x (pl.), long are the people's woes.
Sdm. 2; blanda lopt la'. vi, to poison the air, Vsp. 29. II. -- -la, the sea, a different word, [Scot, le or
lee], water, liquor; grar l, the ogress sea = the blood, llful. (but a doubtful passage): lce-bau.
gr, in. the sea circle -- the horizon, sly -- ver nietouy- mically, 0. H. 171 (in a verse). COMPDS:
l-blandinn, part, baleful. venomous, Gkv. 2. 39. l-gjarn, adj. guileful, Vsp. 39. l- skjarr, adj.
guileless, Fms. vii. (in a verse). l-spjll, n. pl. baled tidings, poet., Darr. (Nj.) l-styggr, adj. --
laeskiarr, IlalH'rcd. l- traur, adj. guileless, Sighvat. l-vsi, f. craft, Edda 69: skill, craft, lvsi
allra hluta nemsk me venju, MS. 4. 7. lvs-liga, adv. art- fvlly, MS. 4. 6. l-vss, adj. crafty, as an
epithet of Loki, Hym., Ls., Edda; hin lvsa kona, Gg. 2: artful, skilful, l;;:vss inar, MS. 4. 5.
la, u, f. a sneaker; tjalla-la, of fog creeping about the sides of mountains but leaving the
summits clear.
LASK, d, (qs! lask?), to sneak, steal, slink, creep; loisk kisu lra, of a cat, Hallgrim: freq.
in mod. usage :-- also, but less, correct, used as act. with dat., la e-u, to put stealthily.
lingr, m. (spelt lcvingr in Cod. Reg.), [(ram lask?], the name of the charmed fetter with
which the wolf Fenrir was bound in the mythical tale, Edda 19.
lf, f. [lota], a hand's breadth; lfar brcitt, FIov. 31.
lg, f. [lgr], a hollow, low place, Nj. 61, Sks. 605, Jjorf. Karl. 420, Stj. 611, Mag. 146: lowness,
Hoin. 8, Stj. 1 73, Bs. ii. 42, Barl. 169.
lgi, n. [from liggja or perh. belter from logn (Igi) = / o 7/ n, calm water, cp. Aim. 23] :-- a berth,
anchorage, Aim. 23, Fs. 92, 148, 51, Fms. i. 157, vi. 17, 1 20, x. 233, passim: opportunity, ok gaf
eim eigi lu'sri lit r ir- inum, Fbr. 13 new Ed.; hence the mod. sta lgi, to vjalch an oppor-
tunity. 2. = leg, situation, Sks. 294.
lging, f. a lowering, degradation, Glm. 337, Fs. 13, Hom. 46, 97.
lgir (qs. lgir ?), m., poet, the sea, Edda (Gl.), prop, the calm sea; cp. slgja and logn.
LGJA, , [lgr], to lower, let down; lgja segl. Fms. ii. 305; hon laegja storma sina, Sks. 221.
II. metaph. to humble, bring down; at lg:a essa villu, Flkr. i. 102; en drap er inoti honum voru,
ea lgi (humbled) annan veg, Fms. x. 192; hi'gia sik, to lower, humble oneself, Hom. 40, 50.
III. impers. it i. s lowered, sinks; nu lgir segl (acc.) eirra, (3. II. 182; eir sigldu sv at lnd (acc.)
la-gi, they s a iled so far that the land sank out of sight, Ant. Am. 271; egar cr sua lgi, when
the sun sank, Kb. 172. 2. of a storm, it abates; a tk at lgja verit (acc.), Nj. 124; en er verit t(')k
at minka ok Ixgja brim, Eg. 99; til ess er ver lgi, 129; en egar urn vrit er si tk at lgja,
160. IV. reex, to get lower; liul lgjask, t o . '- ink under the horizon, Orkn. (in a verse) :-- to
sink, fall, abate, ;'i la-gusk eir ok fllu nir, Fms. x. 324, Sks. 204; af bans tilkviunu lgisk
harkit, Fms. ix. 414.
lgr, adj., only in compds, gras-'. Tgr (q. v.), or in neut. in the phrase, eiga laegt (at kirkju), to have
a right to be buried, K. . K. 18, 34: in the phrase, var lgt vir, at..., it was on the point of. . .
(cp. la v|), Stj. 479.
lki-dmr, ni. [Dan. /ec^ ed om], = l:cki)is-clomr, Bs. ii. 180, Mar.
lkn, f. a cure, = lkninu;; koma til lknar, Hkr. i. IO2, Post. 248; eir er vilja lacknar lifa (lyfaV),
Hm. 148.
LKNA, a, but older lkni, Fms. x. 370; spelt lccni, whence kekning, but mod. lknai :-- to
cure, heal, Barl. 9; en str lekr. i hanu, Fms. x. 370; ktkna sr, Al. 99, Bs., passim in mod.
usage.
lknari, a, m. a leech, -- lknir, r. 70, Bs. i. 294.
lkning, f. a cure, as also the art of healing, Nj. 154, Sks. II7) Stj. 625, Hom. 133, Bs. i. 639-643 :--
medicine, g lkning, Pr. 473; lkningar kaup, a fee for a cure, N. G. L. i. 67; lkningar lyf, a
medicine, Stj. 272, see lyf; lkuingar brag, a c;^ re, Fms. viii. 442. lkninga-mar, m. a leech, =
lknir.
lknir, in. a leech, physician, Sdm. II, Nj. 89, MS. 623, 40, Fas. iii. 644, Hkr. ii. 376, Mar., Stj., Bs.
i. 640 sqq., passim. COMPDS: lknis- domr, in. medicine, Stj. iz6, Bail. 17. lknis-f, n. a leech's
fee, Gl. 149. lfc] i'iis-iig's:, m. fbelcecb-nger, 'diglnsmedicalis, Stj. 191. lknis-gras, n. a
healing herb, Pr. 470. lknis-hendr, f. pl. 'leech-bands, ' healing hands, Sdm. 4. Fms. v. 40. lknis-
lyf, f. a medicine. 656 B. 11, see lyf.
LKR, in. [i. e. lu'kr; Ivar Aasen /o k], the umbilical cord, navel string, a midwife's term, Stj. 198.
LKR, m. (i. e. lockr, -- lorkr, o?gr, v fcgra bykkir hlja en kfkr, gr, SklJa 178), gen. lkjar,
dut. with the article Iicknum, sl. ii. 37, 9, 340, Fms. vi. 351; pl. l. i:kir, gen. lkja, da. lkjmn :-- a
brook, rivulet, Edda (Gl.), Nj. 69, 155, 244, sl. ii. 339, 340, Bs. i. 196. Dropl. 34, Lv. 85, Fms. i.
252, 253, vi. 351, Fb. i. 414, passim, esp. in mod. Icek, in which hrkr is always used instead of the
Dan. bk; bjar-lkr, and in many local names, Briii-lkr, Lkjar-bugr, Bs.; Lkjar- skgr, e!c.
COMI-DS: lkjar-dura, u, f. a bird: see dodka. lkjar-fall, n. a running brook. Lv. 85. lkjar-far,
n. or -farvegr, m. the bed of a brook, Korm. 182. lkjar-gil, n. a ghyll with a brook, Dip!, v. 19.
lkjar-tiS, in. the mouth of a brook, Ld. 250, Eg. 18;. lkjar-rs, f. a running brook, Stj. 163.
lkjar- sprna, u, f. a little broofc.
l-megin, see I'. 'mcgin, Stj. 16.
lmingr, m., pl. Ixmiugjar :-- -a loom (bird) =lmr, Gsl. 67, cp. 155: metaph. . the phrase,
lmingi, by stealth, Giil. 155: in Vgl. 22 the new Ed. reads evmim;i.
lna, u, f. [Ion], a hollow place, vale.
LR, n. . mod. lri, [A. S. lire; Scot, lyre ~-the eshy parts of the body; Old Eupl. here -- skin;
Dan. la a r] :-- the thigh, the leg above the knee; \r/i lrit ok undan ftinn, Nj. 97, Glm. 380;
taka mitt her, Fbr. 53; Icvsti holdit allt at lrinu, Rm. 239; bls upp allan iotiun, l. rrit tk at
grata, Grett. 153; l:crit upp at sm-rtnum, 154 :--of a beast, l-. rr galtanurn, (ullj). 15. II. a ham,
of meat; ea tvau hrr hengi, pars ek hafa eitt eti, Ilm. 66; i; at eitt Ixr hengi upp, N. G. 1. -. i.
349; lr exans tvau ok ba bgana, Edda 45; lr af ri'tvetrum oxa, (). 11. L. 60; sjahlan liggjandi
ulfr lair urn getr, ne sofandi inaor sigr, Hm. 57.
LRA, o, l UU. laiyan-ôioavictiv; A. S. henian; Old Engl. lere; Engl. harn -- to teach former! v,
and sometimes so used still; Scot, lair or lear; (). H. G. Icran: Germ. Ichren: Swed. Idra; Dan. l cc
re; in all changing the s into r; the word may be a derivative from lesa (I), to gather; cp. Eat. legcre,
to gather and to read^: I. to teach, with acc. or absol.; eirra kenr. ingar lru oss, Iloni. (St.): the
disciple in acc., lra annan i sta siiin, K. . K. 60; harm la-. ri Ara prest, Hkr. (pref.); hverr s
mar er lrir ara, Gd. 35; harm lt'-t l. cra harm vgtlrni ok riddara-skap ok. allshttar irttir,
Fms. i. 97: lrr; Liitinu-tungu, K. . K. 74; vel la-rir til vjnia ok riddara-skaps, Sks. 381; nerna
hjarta heyrandans la^risk af helgnm Anda, Greg. i(j; lrask at e-m, to get information from a per-
son, Karl. 444; cp. lrr below. II. to learn, in mod. usage iir this sense onlv, but seems not to occur
in old writers, for Fas. ii. 67 is a paper MS., but cp. lra bk, Nd. 18 (a poem of the beginning of
the 15th
lrandi, part, a teacher, Stj.
lr-djpr, adj. deep in lore, a nickname, Bs.
lr-dmr, m. learning, scholarship, Bs. i. 8; harm hatoi luifoingsknp mikinn ok herdom gan, 90,
passim: of the clergy, as opp. to the laity, leikdornr, Bs., 11. E. passim. COMPDS: lrdms-bk, f. a
book of learning, lrdms-grein, f. fcisnce. lrdms-mar, in. a scholar, Bs. i. 98.
lrr, part., [cp. Old Engl. lered] , prop. ' taught, ' and then learned, n scholar; na'inr ok ve! lrr,
Bs. i. 27, K. fj. K. 154; lrir menu, opp. to leikir menu (laymen); lrr ea kikr, Dipl. ii. 13; in
mod. usage = a scholar; ht'i-lrr, hi g- h 'earned; -!rr, unlearned; ltt-lrr, vel-lrr, freq.;
see lra (I).
lri-dmr, m. learning, -- lrcimr, Stj. 14, 64.
lri-dttir, f. a ' lore-daughter, ' female disciple, Stj. 157-
lri-fair, m. a 'lore-father, ' teacher, master, Sks. 307, 803, Post.: of the Fathers, eccl.
lri-mir, f. a 'lore-mother, ' female teacher, Greg. 27.
lri-mr, f. a female disciple, Stj. 158, Greg. 27.
lring, f. teaching, learning, in olden times esp. for holy orders; Jui seldu honum margir sonu sina
til iaTngar, ok I(':tu vigja til presta, Ib. 14, Bs. i. 63; til fstrs ea kvringar (education) ea farar,
Grg. i. 172; hann var settr til lringar, 623. 54 :-- teaching, precept, Hom. 108, 157; lringar =
kenningar, Sklda 205 (in a verse).
lri-stll, m. a pulpit, chair, Mart. 113.
lri-sunr, m. a 'lore-son,' disciple, Bs. i. 907.
lri-sveinn, m. a 'lore-swain,' disciple, Fms. i. 134, Gl. 40; Eyjlfr viri orlk mest allra sinna
lrisveina, Bs. i. 91, and passim in the N. T. (the disciples of Christ), Vdal., Pass.: freq. in mod.
usage = schoolboy.
lr-knta, u, f. a joint bone.
lr-leggr, m. the thigh bone, Fms. ix. 219, Edda 28, Sks. 372, Gull. 15.
LSA, t, [lss; Dan. laase] , to lock, shut, with dat., lsti hn egar loptinu innan, Nj. 7; var eirri
huru lst, Fms. iii. 67; au vru ll lst innan borgar, xi. 74; hurin var bi lst innan ok tan,
Hom. 120; lsti san skrninu, Fms. vi. 402; kirkjur vru allar lstar, viii. 229 :-- to shut one in,
hn fylgi eim ti-br ok lsti au ar, sl. ii. 108; var hestr Grettis lstr hsi sterkliga, Grett.
113: lsa brf, to seal, Rm. 247, Bs. ii. 122 :-- to groove, hjalti sversins vru lstir lyfsteinar,
Fas. iii. 244. 2. of a beast of prey; lsa klm, hrammi, to pierce or clasp with the claws; hn lsti
klnum inn a beini: reex., lsast or lsa sig, to pierce, penetrate; klrnar lstust inn a beini (of
claws), mjksr um limu logi mr lsir sig fast, Snt 128.
lsing, f. a lock.
lstr, part. locked, having a lock, Dipl. iii. 4.
LTI, n. pl., in dat. ltum, [Dan. lader, cp. lt], manner, also including sound; lti er tvennt, lti
heitir rdd, lti heitir i, Edda 110. Vsp. 18; engi au lti, hlj ea raddir, Sklda 172; hn kver
vi sv htt ok skurliga at slk lti ttisk konungrinn eigi heyrt hafa, Fb. ii. 26; vi askranleg lti,
Al. 142; honum tti llt at heyra lti eirra, their wailings, Fms. iv. 369; bi handa lti ok fta,
Sks. 116; lit ok lti, Skv. 1. 39.
l-virki, a, m. [A. S. lawerc; Old and North. E. lavrock], a lark, Edda (Gl.)
l-vss, adj., and l-vst, f., see l.
Lzkr, adj. of Lm, from the county Lm in Norway, D. N.
L, f., gen. laar, [laa], bidding, invitation; laar ur, Vm. 8; buumk hilmir l, Hful.;
bja lendum l, Fsm. 3; j-l, hospitable reception, Hm. 4: in pr. names, Sigr-l, who
invites victory; Gunn-l, Hm.
L, f., gen. lar, [Engl. lathe], a smith's lathe; kenna gull til sjs ea dguls ea l&av-
ligature;ar, Edda 84, freq. in mod. usage. l-hyrr, m. the re of the lathe, pot. for gold, sl. ii.
372 (in a verse).
lr, n. froth, (and lra, a), see laur and laura.
lr-mannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), cowardly, Grett. 90 A.
lr-menni, n. a coward, feeble person, Fas. iii. 437.
lrungr, see laurungr.
lur, m. a bidder, inviter, t. 23.
Lurr or Lourr, m. [cp. Germ. lodern], one of the names of Loki, -- Lourr is the Prometheus of
the Northern mythology, see l and r. Odin, Hnir, and Lurr were the three gods who created
Ask and Embla, Vsp.: vinr Lurs, the friend of Lur, = Odin, Ht. (Hkr. i. 88).
LG, n. pl. laws, see lag B. 2. in compds as a prex = lawful, legal, as dened, ordered, prescribed
in law, general, or the like.
lg-ar, a, m. a lawful heir, Fms. ix. 333, Js. 28.
lg-vxtr, m. legal interest; tunda f sitt ok allan lgvxt fjr sns, Bs. i. 68.
lg-baugr, m. a 'law-ring,' cp. baugr (II), the payment of weregild, Grg. ii. 171.
lg-beiing, f. a legal demand, legal call, in pleading, Nj., Grg.
Lg-bergi or Lg-berg, n. the Law-hill, rock of law, where the Icel. legislature was held, see Grg.,
Nj. passim, and Mr. Dasent's Introduction to Burnt Njl, which contains a description and drawing
of the place. Lgbergis-ganga, u, f. the procession (of the goar) to the Law-rock, Grg. i. 26. Eg.
703, Fms. ii. 172.
lg-binda, batt, to bind, stipulate by law, Fagrsk. 57.
lg-bja, bau, to order, prescribe by law, Jb. 170: lg-boit, law-bidden, ordered.
lg-bo, n. a legal bid, at a sale, Grg. i. 198: a lawful call = lgbeiing, Nj. 238 :-- a law,
ordinance, mod. = laga-bo.
lg-bk, f. a 'law-book,' code of laws, Fms. vii. 305, viii. 277, K. . K. 24, N. G. L. i. 378, sl. Ann.
1271, 1272, 1280, D. N. passim: but as the Icel. Commonwealth has no xed code, so the word
never applies to Icel. previous to the union with Norway.
lg-bt, f. an amendment of law, K. . K. 24.
lg-brigir, m. a law breaker, Eg. (in a verse).
lg-brot, n. a breach of law, Eg. 352. lgbrots-mar, m. a law breaker, Mar.
lg-b, n. a lawful household, Grg. ii. 39.
lg-deila, u, f. a law quarrel, a cause before a court, Bs. i. 75.
lgir, m. [leggja], pot. a 'stabber,' sword, only in poetry, Lex. Pot.
lg-dmr, m. a lawful court, Grg. i. 17 :-- a legal sentence, Bs. i. 141.
lg-dr, n. [lgr], a 'sea-deer,' pot. a ship, Lex. Pot.
lg-dma, , to adjudge by law, D. N.
lg-dmi, n. a 'law-doom,' jurisdiction.
lg-eggjan, f. full provocation, as dened by law, Nj. 154.
lg-eir, m. a lawful oath, an oath as ordered by law, Grg., Nj. passim :-- a nickname, Lg-Eir,
Br.
lg-eindagi, a, m. a legal term, Grg. i. 132, 399, K. . K. 174.
lg-eyrir, m., pl. lgaurar, legal money, lawful tender, legal payment, Grg. i. 88, 193, 391, 392,
466, ii. 245, K. . K. 172.
lg-famr, m. a legal fathom, one prescribed by law, Grg. ii. 91.
lg-fardagr, m. a legal time for moving one's household, Grg. ii. 42.
lg-fasta, u, f. the law-fast, ordered by law, Grg. i. 293, K. . K. 102; lgfstu t, Post. 645. 77.
lg-fastr, adj. 'law-fast,' domiciled, Grg. i. 243, 245, 381, ii. 39.
lg-f, fkk, to take, receive, legally, Fms. viii. 295.
lg-fkr, m. [lgr], the 'sea-steed,' sea-horse, Hm.
lg-f, n. a 'law-fee,' of a ne, N. G. L. ii. 306.
lg-flag, n. a lawful partnership, of marriage, N. G. L. ii. 305.
lg-festa, t, = festa lg fyrir e-t, see festa (II. 2), N. G. L. i. 244, Gl. 334, Jb. 250, 331.
lg-festa, u, f. a lawful title, right in matters of possession, a Norse law term answering to lyritr (II)
in the Icel. law, N. G. L. i. 244, Gl. 362, 451.
lg-festing, f. = lgfesta, Dipl. i. 7.
lg-festr, f. a lawful mooring, of a whale, Sturl. ii. 28 :-- plur. a lawful betrothal.
lg-fstr, n. a fostering, as dened in law, the fostering a child from its 8th to its 16th year, Grg. ii.
45; see fstr.
lg-fstri, a, m. one who has given lgfstr to another, Grg. ii. 45.
lg-frtt, f. a lawful query, in pleading, Grg. i. 36.
lg-frr, adj. learned in law, Bs. i. 733.
lg-fri, f. law, jurisprudence, Br. 173.
lg-fringr, m. a lawyer, a man skilled in law.
lg-fullr, adj. lawful, legal, Ld. 210, sl. ii. 379, Fs. 159, N. G. L. ii. 306, passim.
lg-fundr, m. a lawful meeting, public meeting, Ld. 62, Fs. 60.
lg-fstnun, f. legal espousals, Grg. i. 316.
LGG, f., gen. lggvar, Edda ii. 100 (in a verse); in mod. usage laggar; [Scot, leggin; Engl.
ledge] :-- the ledge or rim at the bottom of a cask, Grg. i. 501, freq. in mod. usage: also of the
inside of a cask, a er dlti eptir lgginni. 2. a mark on sheep, a small square piece cut out of
the side of the ear. COMPDS: lgg-brotinn, part. with the ledge broken off. lgg-stokkinn, part. =
lggbrotinn, Stj. 367.
lg-garr, m. a lawful fence, as prescribed in law as to height and thickness. Grg. ii. 262, 266, 267.
lg-gilda, t, to give lawful currency to.
lg-gildi, n. validity.
lg-gildr, adj. of full value, current.
lg-giptr, part. lawfully given away, of a lady, D. N.
lg-gja; and lg-gjafari, a, m. a lawgiver.
lg-gjf, f. a legal gift, Gl. 271; lawgiving, legislation, (mod.)
lggra, a, [prob. from lgg; Dan. logre = to wag the tail, of a dog]:-- to crouch abjectly, like a
dog; hvat er at it litla er ek lggra sk, ok snapvst snapir, Ls. 44, a &alpha-dasia-oxia;. r.
lg-gri, n. a lawful domicile, Grg. i. 19, 149.
lg-heilagr, adj. holy, sacred, of days according to the canonical law, Grg., K. . K. passim (alla
lghelga daga).
lg-heimili, n. = lggri, Grg. i. 150, Nj. 33.
lg-hli, n. a gate as prescribed by law, Grg. ii. 264.
lg-hreppr, m. a Rape (hreppr) as dened by law, Grg. i. 443, Jb. 178.
lg-hverf, f., or lg-hverfa, u, f. a lawful fence, D. N. v. 186.
lg-kaup, n. a lawful bargain, Grg. i. 148, K. . K. 70.
lg-kennandi, part. a 'law-surveyor' to declare if a thing belongs to a person or not, Grg. i. 424.
lg-kominn, part. lawfully entitled to, Jb. 244.
lg-krkar, m. pl. law quibbles, Fms. vii. 142, Sks. 439.
lg-kv, f. a legal summons, Grg. i. 35, Nj. 218.
lg-kni, f. skill in the law, Nj. 236.
lg-knn, adj. versed, skilled in the law, Nj. 222, Fms. vii. 133.
lg-knska, u, f. = lgkni, Fms. vii. 142.
lg-langr, adj. of lawful length, Jb. 407.
lg-lauss, adj. lawless, Sks. 77 new Ed.
lg-lei, f. a lawful Leet (meeting), K. . K. 68.
lg-leia, d, = leia lg, to bring (a freedman) to the privileges of law, (cp. to naturalise), Grg. i.
290. II. to introduce as law, (leia e-t lg), Bs. i. 720, freq. in mod. usage.
lg-leiga, u, f. lawful rent, Grg. i. 196, 217.
lg-leysa, u, f. lawlessness, a lawless state, Gl. 361, Bs. i. 71, Hkr. ii. 134, Magn. 472, Fms. xi.
294, Sks. 339.
lg-liga, adv. lawfully, Nj. 188, K. . 54, Bs. ii. 96.
lg-ligr, adj. lawful, legal, Nj. 1, Eg. 725, Fms. vii. 142, x. 307, K. . 58, passim; -lglegr,
unlawful.
lg-lyritr, m. a lawful lyrit (q. v.), Grg. i. 109.
lg-lsing, f. a legal declaration, in pleading, Grg. i, 18, Nj. 15.
lg-mar, m. [old Swed. lagman; the president of the supreme court formerly held in Orkney was
called the lagman] :-- ' law-man. ' In the ancient Scandinavian kingdoms each legal community or
state (log) had its own laws, its own parliament (lging), and its own 'law-man' (lagh- mann,
logmar); the lagman was the rst commoner and the spokesman of the people against the king and
court at public assemblies or elsewhere; he was also the guardian of the law, and the president of
the legislative body and of the law courts. As in the heathen time laws were not written, the
lagman had to sry what was the law of the laud in any case of doubt; in the general assemblies, at
least in Iceland, he had to ' say the law (from memory) to the assembled people from the Law-hill
(LogbergiJ; hence in the Icelandic Commonwealth he was called lg-sgu- jnar (q. v.), the ' law-
speaker, ' ' law-sayer, ' ' speaker of the law, ' and his ofce log-saga or lg-sgn =' law-speaking:' 1.
Sweden and Gothland in olden times were the classical lands of lagmen, for the whole kingdom was
a confederation of commonwealths, each with its parliament, law- speaker, and laws, who were all
of them united under one king; see the Various records in the old Swedish laws, Sveriges Gamla
Lagar, as edited by Schlyter, as also the classical account given of lagman Thorgny in O. H. ch. 60
sqq. -- hverri essi deild landsins er sitt lging, ok sin log, yr hverjum lgum er lgmar, ... at
skulu log vera sem hann r upp at kvea; en ef konungr, ea jarl, ea byskupar fara yr land ok
eigu ing vi bendr, svarar lgmar af hendi benda ...; arir lgmenn allir skulu vera undir-
menn ess lgmanns er Tunda-landi er, . H. 65. 2. in Norway the political institutions of the old
patriarchal ages were greatly disturbed through the wars and conquest of Harald Fairhair; the
ancient laws of Norway too have been preserved in a much more fragmentary state than those of
Sweden; of some of the most interesting laws only the eccl. section has been preserved, often in
Icelandic transcripts or abridged. The most interesting records of the lagmen are therefore not to be
found in the Norse laws, but in the Sagas, e. g. the debates in the Hk. S. Gamla, ch. 71-80, 85-97
(in the Flatey book), as also in the inga-ttr in Fms. vii. 123-150, and in stray passages in the
Icelandic Sagas, in such phrases as lgmenn ok konungr, logmenn ok dmendr, lenda menn ok
logmenn ok alla aiyu, Eg. 352. 3. in the later Middle Age in Norway, and in Icel. after 1280, the
lagman was a justice, who presided in the court lgrtta, at the lging (II), cp. jb. passim. 4. in the
Icelandic Commonwealth, the ofcer whose duties have been described above was specially called
lgsgu- mar, and lgmar is only used = lagamar = a lawyer, -- at er ok, at lgsguma skal
sv grla ttu alla upp segja, at engi viti einna miclogi grr, en ef honum vinsk eigi frleikr til
ess, skal hann eiga stefnu via mm logmenn (lawyers, men skilled in law), en nstu dgr r,
er eiri, Grg. i. 2, 3; at skal allt hafa er nnsk skrdO eirri er Haii lt gra ... en at eitt af
annarra lgmajma fyrirsgn (of other lawyers) er eigi mli v gegn, 7; Njll var lgmar sv
mikill (so ^ reat a lawyer), at eingi fannsk hans jafningi, Nj. 30. At the union with Nor- way (A. D.
1272) the lgsgu-mar of the Commonwealth was replaced by two lagmen of the Norse kind, so
that in the Sagas composed after that date (e. g. the Grettla) or in Sagas preserved in later
transcripts, the terms were now and then confounded, and 'lgmar' was, by way of anachronism,
used of the lgsgu-mar of the old Commonwealth, cp. Grett. 64, 115, 173, 191 new Ed., Nj. 24,
164, 237 (v. 1.), Eg. 597, sl. (Gunnl. S.) ii. 208, 238, 256, Bs. i. (Hungrv.) 62, Fms. iv. 115, 176,
where the 0. H. edition has the true reading, being made from a vellum of the Commonwealth
time. P. two instances are recorded referring to the loth century in Iceland, where a lgmar occurs
as a kind of county- sheriff" or ofcer, viz. in the Hv. S. (begin.) and the Svarfdla S. ch. 10; but
both records seem to be spurious and adapted to the state of things in Norway, for neither Saga is
preserved in its pure original state, but remoulded after the union; see Maurqr's Entstehung des sl.
Staates, Beitrage, 136 sqq. In Scandinavia during the Middle Ages, as the power of the king
increased, so that of the old lagman sank, and at last died away. In England it is preserved in the
Speaker of the House of Commons, whose very name recalls to mind the law- speaker of the old
Scandinavian communities. II. a pr. name, Lg-mar, Orkn. COMPDS: lgmanns-dmi, n. the
jurisdiction of a lagman, Fms. v. 266. lgmanns-eir, m. an oath of homage to the king, Gl. 66.
logmarms-lauss, adj. without a lagman, Ann. I39O- lgmanns-rskurr, m. a logman's decree, Jb.
170.
lg-mark, n. a lawful mark on sheep, Grg. i. 416, ii. 308, 309.
lg-ml, n. prescription, rule of the law; skulum vr at lgml hafa urn tgrir vrar er fyrr
her ver. it, N. G. L. i. 104; me essu lgmli skulu born hans til arfs koma, 152; greia lgml, to
solve a law point, Grg. i. 7; hafi at lgml verit, at..., it was the old law, that..., 309: = lgskil,
mla lgmlum snum, Eg. 734. 2. ordinance, statute, Th. 82, esp. in an eccl. sense; hly'inn Gui
ok hans lgmli, Bs. i. 263; Gu hafi at birt inu forna lgmli, Stj. 42, Sklda 209, 210 (of the
old and new covenant), Bad. passim: in mod. usage esp. of the Mosaic law, Lgrnli, N. T., Vidal.,
Pass. COMPDS: lgmls-bk, f. the book of the law, Stj. lgmls-spjld, n. pl. the tables of the law,
Th. 10. lgmls-star, m. a law point, Germ, recbts- punkt, Grg. i. 402; hvat vilt gra fyrjr
lgmls-stainn ? sl. ii. 149. logmals-ork, f. the ark of the covenant, Rb. 374, Pr. 77.
lg-mli, a, m. a law stipulation, Grg. ii. 234, 246, Jb. 201.
lg-met, n. le g' al taxation, N. G. L. i. 90.
lg-metandi, a, m. a legal taxer, surveyor, Grg. i. 88, 397.
lg-mt, n. a ' law-meeting, ' public meeting, Fs. 43.
lg-mltr, part, dened in the law, prescribed in the law; in the old oath, oil lgmlt skil, all
pleadings or proceedings as prescribed in the law, Nj. 2^2; see lgmtr below, which seems to be
the older form.
lg-mtr, adj. legitimate, as prescribed in the law, oil lgmt skil af hendi leysa, Grg. (Kb.) i. 46;
ok veita honum v lgmta bjrg, 78; lgmt sk, a lawful case, Fms. iii. 144. 2. in mod. usage
= lawful; -lgmtr, unlawful, not valid.
LGN, f., pl. lagnir, [leggja], a net laid in the sea, opp. to a drag- net, Gl. 421; lagnar skip, a b oa
t used in laying down nets, Eg. 4, O. H., D. N. ii. 89: in plur., lagnir, the place where the nets are
laid; sela-lagnir, tie's for catching seals. II. a neut. pl., hans menn ra sj at f grna ska me
lgn, ok n uru lgnin sv ung, at... ., ior. 71
lg-prettr, in. a quibble in law, Fms. vii. 120.
lg-pundari, a, m. a legal steel-yard, Grg. i. 499.
LGR, m., gen. lagar; dat. legi. pl. legir, Lil. 31; acc. lgu, Fb. 1. 525 (in a verse); [A. S. lagu; cp.
Engl. lake; O. H. G. Iqgu; Lat. locus'] :-- the sea; koma urn log, to come by sea, Vsp. 51: in the
allit. phrase, lopt ok log, air and s e a, Sks. 47, Skm. 6; lands ea lagar, o n land or sea; or landi
ea legi, Grg. ii. 171, Al. 107; hvergi kom ek ar lands ne lagar, at... . Bs. i. 721, ii. 5, 22; lagar
hjarta, 'sea-heart, ' poet, for a stone, t.; lagar s, the sea steeds' -- ships, Lex. Pot.; stiga land af
le, gi, Hkv. Hjrv. 26. 2. a local name of large lakes, e. g. Logr = the Melar in Sweden, 0. H.; or of a
great estuary, vi er Tanais heitir ok bann log er ar fellr or, Stj. II. water, any liquid; tak log af
grasi, Pr. 471; san tk hann sr log nkkurn, kastai ar skunni, ok gori af graut, Fms. ii. 163;
ly'si, hunang ok allskyns lgr annarr, K. . 206; vatni vrmu ea kldu, en ngum legi orum ea
vokva, H. E. i. 480; af eim legi er lekit hafi r hausi, Sdm. 13; verpa lauki lg, 8; sprna
rauum legi, . H. (in a verse); sr-lgr, benja-lgr = blood; hr-lgr, hjr-lgr, id., Lex. Pot.: lgr
Sonar, Bonar = the poetical mead, Edda; hver-Higr ins, id., Ht. III. the Rune |\ (A. S. lagu.)
lg-randi, part, a legal guardian, warden, Grg. i. 162 [cp. Germ. vormund, as also volltniindig] ,
K. Jj. K. 158; at hann mundi rttr lgrandi fyrir dltur sinni, Lv. 32; hann let mur sna
lgrandi, Ld. 62.
lg-rn, n. l os s of right, injustice, lawless dealing, N. G. L. i. 88, Eb. 26 new Ed. (in a verse).
lg-rengd, f. a legal challenge, Grg. i. 17, 31.
lg-rengja, d, to quash a suit; 1. ml, fjir. 74, (lgrinnt, qs, lgrengt.)
lg-rtt, f. a public fold for gathering and dividing sheep when driven in from the pastures, Grg. i.
417, Jb. 292.
lg-rtta, u, f. I. ' law-mending, ' an ordinance; at vri g lgrtta er konungrinn gaf um
konunglega refsing, Sks. 670. II. as a law term, the name of the legislature of the Icel.
Commonwealth, either from rtta log, to make the law right, or perh. better from rU, a fence, qs. a
law-fence, law-yard, law-court, from being held within the sacred circle, called ve-bond; for the
word is used of the place as well as of the body sitting there, e. g. ganga til Kigrttu, to proceed to
the 1., Nj. 150. 2. in the Norse law, as also in Iceland after the union with Norway, lgrtta was the
public court of law held during the general assembly (ing), and presided over by the lagman; the
members (lgrettu menn) were delegated from all the counties represented in the assembly, see N.
G. L. ii. 10 sqq., as also Jb. ingfara-balk, ch. 2, . 3. in the Icel. Commonwealth the lgrtta was the
legislative held during the althing on the lgbergi (q. v.), and consisted of the forty-eight Goar (see
goi); it was presided over by the lgsgu-mar (see lgmar), and controlled all laws and licences
(ra lgum, ok loim), and was the supreme power in the land; for its power, composition, and
duties, see esp. Ib. ch. 5, Grg. passim, esp. the Lgrttu-ttr or -section of the lgrtta, the
|)ingskapa-ttr, the Njla, and the Sagas passim; of mod. writers, Maurer's Beitrage, Dasent's
Introduc- tion to Burnt Njl. COMPDS: lgrttu-f, n. the treasury of the 1., from which the
lgsgu-mar was paid, Grg. i. 3. lgrttu- mar, n. [lagraetman, Jamiesonl, a member of the
lgrtta, in Icel. sense, Grg. i. 8; in Norse sense, Jb. i. lgrttu-seta, u, f. a seat in the 1., Grg. i. 4.
l^grettu-skipan, f. the or der, constitution of the 1., as to the number of its members, Jb. 9, Nj. 150.
lgrttu-ttr, m. the section of law of the \., Grg. i.
lg-rttr, m. a 'law-right, ' lawful due; biskup br at gjalda fyrir mlit sex hundru, ok kailar
biskup meir en tv l'grttu, Bs. i. 492.
lg-ripting, f. = lagaripting, Dipl. ii. 12.
lg-rjfa, rauf, to dissolve by law, Jb. 122 A.
lg-runing, f. a legal challenge, of neighbours or judges, Nj. 2. 35.
lg-rna, t, to deprive of law, to (real unfairly and in a lawless manner, Gl. 542, Bs. i. 737.
lg-rningr, m. a person who has been wronged or cheated of his ^ lawful right, Eg. 526, Fms, vii.
65.
lg-saga, u, f. ' law-saying'' law-speaking, ' pronouncing /he laiu, Fms. ix. 332; ba hann ri
lgmann birta sina lgsgu, 335. II. the ofce of the lgsgu-rnar in Icel., and lgmar (lagman) in
Sweden and Norway (from segja log, to speak the law): the phrases, taka log- sgu, hafa logsugu,
ar nst tk Hramn lgsiigu nstr Hngi, ok hafi tuttugu suniur, Jb. 6, passim; for Norway, see
Fms. ix. 330, 332; for IceL, see b., Kristni S., Grg., Nj. passim; as for the public reading of the
law from the Law-lull (upp-saga) see Grg. i. 2, 3: (op. the legal usage of the Isle of Man.)
COMPDS: lgsgu-rnar, m. ike ' law- speaking man, ' the lagman or law-r-penker of the Icel.
Commonwealth, see the remarks s. v. l'gmar; for the ofce, duties, etc. see Grg., esp. the L("(gs!
gumanns-ttr or section rf the \., the tb., Kristni S. ch. II, Nj., etc.; for a list of the Icel.
lgs'gumenn from 930 -1280 A. D. and logmenn from 280-1800, when the oliice and name were
abolished, see Safn ii. I sqq. The liigs. tgiinar was during the rst hundred years (930-1030)
elected for life, afterwards for a shorter time (three years); his tenure of oilice formed the
groundwork for the chronology of Ari the historian in his work the Icelander Book. lgsgumanns-
rm., n. the seat of the law-speaker in the Kigrtta, Grg. i. 37, (the opening of the courts xed at
the hour when the sun shone on the seat of the 1.) lgsgu- inanns-ttr, m. the section of law about
the lagman (see lognwr), Grg. i. 1-4.
lg-sagr, part, pronounced, declared as law, Gpl. 27.
lg-sagnari, a, m. -- l'grttumar.
lg-samr, part.; lgsamr dmr, a sentence lawfully pronounced, lawful sentence, N. G. L. i. 19,
Gl. 27.
lg-samkvma, u, f. a lawful meeting, Gr;ig. i. 296.
lg-samligr, adj. = logligr, U. K. i. 456, Eg. 725, Hom. 33.
lg-samr, adj. laivful, Stj. 311.
lg-segjandi, part. ' law-sayer, ' a person who lawfully pleads or takes part in public affairs, any
free citizen of full age, Grg. ii. 31.
lg-sekr, adj. convicted, declared guilty, Grg. ii. 63, Sturl. i. IOI.
lg-sekt or lg-sek, f. 'law-guilt, 'penalty, one of the three degrees of outlawry, Grg. i. 119.
lg-silfr, n. standard silver, Grg. i. 392, cp. 500.
lg-sjndi, part, a 'law-seer, ' surveyor; hat r nkkut lgsjndr til kvadda ! Eb. 56, Grg. i. 392,
393, 504, ii. 31.
lg-skil, n. pl. 'law-business, ' such as pleading, or any public duties in the courts or in the lgrtta:
Mrr gigia mlti lgskil at vanda snum, Nj. 3; hverr s mar er ar urfti lgskil at" hendi at
lcysa at dmi, kyldi r ei vinna ..., Landn. 258; allir eir menn er lgskil nokkur skulu mla at
dmum allngi, hvrt er eir., skulu sakir skja er verja, er bera vtti er kviu, ok skulu eir
vinna eia, r eir mli eim inlum, sv at dmendr heyri, Grg. i. 56. II. a lawful procedure; ef
mar sktr nir limaga me engi lgskil (unlawfully), Grg. i. 297.
lg-skilnar, m. a legal divorce, Grg. i. 367.
lg-skipan, f. an orditiance, Grett. 97.
lg-skipti, n. a lawful sharing, Grg. i. 425.
lg-skr, f. a law scroll, Sks. 22.
lg-skuld, f. a legal debt. lgskuldar-mar, m., and -kona, u, f. a mole (female') legal debtor, Grg.
i. 221, 233, 339, ii. 69, 70.
lg-skylda, u, f. a legal obligation, Grg. i. 73: = lgskuld, Vpn. IO.
lg-skyldr, adj. legally obliged, bound by law, Grg. i. 280 :-- /r e- scr ibed by law, K. |j. K. 102,
24.
lg-skyldugr, adj. ' law-bcund, ' ordered by the law, K. . 9.
lg-skn, f. an action at law, Gl. 217.
lg-spakr, adj. law-wise, learned in law, Bs. i. 640.
lg-speki, f. ' law-wisdom, ' jurisprudence, sl. ii. 205.
lg-spekingr, in. a 'law-sage, ' a great lawyer, 655 iv. 2.
lg-spurning, f. a lawful question, in pleading, Grg. i. 19.
lg-stakkgarr, ni. a stack-yard as prescribed by larv, Grg. ii. 286.
lg-stefna, u, f. a lawful summons, Grg. i. 39, 374, Nj. 240.
lg-sgn, f. the jurisdiction of a lagman (see lginar); essi frir skal standa uni alla essa
lgsgn, Gl. 450. II. the ofce = log- saga; hafa lgsgn, Fms. ix. 332, Landn. 321. 2. a
declaration of a lagman; r hat optarr eggjat Skla at kalla til Noregs en liigsijgn Ainunda, 333,
K. . 216.
lgsgu-mar, see lgrnar and lgsaga.
lg-taka, tk, to receive by law; messn-daga liigtekna, K. . K. 124; nlla lgtekna daga, Vm. 132;
ert miklu rri inar at aldri en sva, at ver hatim her logekna Jornsborg, at vera sveit me oss,
Fms. xi. 93. 2. to accept as law; er Kristni var lgtekin, Fs. 77; lgtekin Jnsbk Island!, .
alingi, sl. Ann. 1281, Bs. i. 720, passim.
lg-tala, u, f. a recital of the law (by the bishop); koma til ings ok telja ar lgtalu fyrir mnnum,
N. G. L. i. 37^S v. 1.
lg-tekning, f. the introduction of a law, Magn. 512.
lg-tir, f. pl. = the eccl. borae canonicae, Gnig. i. 142.
lg-tund, f. a lawful tithe, Grg. i. 379, K. . K. 140.
lgu-nautr, m., prop, a messmate, Orkn. 442, Fms. vi. 6, Sks. 370, Stj, 436 :-- a mate, colleague,
companion, Fms. vii. 268, Gl. 20, 518.
lgu-neyti, n. mefsrnateship, Sks. 293.
lg-ve, n. a lawful bail, Grg. ii. 234, 235.
lg-vellir, m. [lgr], a boiler, Hym. 6.
lg-verja, vari, to protect by law, D. N.
lg-vern, f. protection by laiv, D. N.
lg-villa, u, f. a fraudulent procedure, Grg. i. 21, Nj. 235, 237.
lg-villr, adj. mistaken in point of law, Grg. i. 316.
lg-vitr, adj. -- lgspakr, Nj. 222, Br. 171.
lg-vitringr, m, -- lgspekingr.
lg-vizka, u, f. -- lgspeki, Sklda 207 (in a verse).
lg-vrn, f. a lawful point of defence, in pleading; ok fmna eir eigi logvnrnir mlinu, ok horfi til
ess at Jjorkell muudi vera sckr, Glm. 347, Nj. ni, Grg. i. 41, 423.
lg-vxtr, m. legal interest, = lgavxtr, Grg. i. 198.
lg-ttr, m. a section of the law, Grg. i. 2, Bs. i. 707.
lg-ing and lg-ingi, a, m., also spelt li'ging, 6. H. 64; [Swed. lag'thing; Orkneys lawting,
Jamieson] :-- a Norse, Swed., and Dan. law term, a general assembly or parliament, a general
assembly of the community ' log, ' thus answering to alingi, which word is peculiar to Icel.,
whereas lging is not used in the Grgs or the Sagas of the Icel. Commonwealth, except in a
derived sense; en er Kristni var Svj, hlzk ar lging ok markar, . H. 64; hverri
essi deild landsins er sitt lging, ok sn lg, 65; hana at skja lgingi v er her er essu
fylki, en at er rndarness-ing, Fms. vii. 133; vat ek hygg at log vera, ... at ml yri eytt
remr lgingum, at aan af skyldi aldrei vera uppreist ess mls, 142; at skal til vegar ganga
logingi einhverju, Frosto-ingi, Gula-ingi, er Heifsevis-ingi, 136, (opp. to the lesser fylkis-
ing); var hann til konungs tekinn 4 hverju lgingi, Fb. ii. 309; vr skolum le;bingi vrt eiga
tlf mnaum hverjum, Btlfs messu aptan, i Gnloy ingsta rttum, Gl. 5. II. in Norway and
Sweden, in the later Middle Age, it came to mean a law court of a district, a kind of county assizes,
presided over by the lagman, see D. N. passim, and Schlyter s. v. lagh- thing. 2. in Iceland at the
union with Norway, the old althing was remodelled in Norse style, and even the old name althing
was in law abolished and replaced by the Norse lagthing; thus in the Jb., en vr skulum lgingi
vrt eiga at Oxar ingsta rettum; whence lgingis-bkr, f. pl. the records of the lagthing.
lgingis-mar, in. a member of the lagthing, Gl. 21. lgingis-skrifari, a, m. the secre- tary of the
lagthing, Esp. passim. III. in Iceland in the Saga time, a public meeting; Gunnarr rei til allra
mannfunda ok lginga, Nj. f 13; ann bang skyldi hverr goi hafa hendi sr til lginga allra,
eirra er hann skyldi sjalfr heyja, Landn. 258, Fsyg.
LM, f., pl. lamar, mod. lamir, [lama], the hinges, esp. of a chest, but hjarir (q. v.) of a door; lamar
bak en hespur fyrir, of a shrine, Fms. v. 120, freq. in mod. usage.
lmbungr, m. [lamb], a nickname, Stnrl. iii. 187.
LN, f., pl. lanar, mod. lanir, a small oblong hayrick, freq. in mod. usage: pot., hrs lanar, heaps
of corpses, ilful. 2. [cp. Engl. lane~\, a row of houses, D. N. ii. 498, iii. 862.
lngu and longum, adv., see langr.
lngum-orinn, long-talker, long-winded talker, used as a vocative, in king Harald's parting words
to the poet Arnr -- kom sja til nakkvars, lngumorinn, he came for something, that long-talker!
Mork. 32; in Fms. vii. 198 the passage is corrupted into kom sv nst til Noregs, by the transcriber
who did not understand the king's banter.
LPP, f., gen. lappar, pl. lappar and lappir, a paw, of dogs and cats.
LSKR,, adj., acc. lskvan, [cp. Engl. la z y; in early Swed. loska- mader = a bachelor, loska-kona
= a spinster, loska-lghe = stuprum; cp. Swed. losk, Dan. luske, and Icel. li-lcskja] :-- weak, idle;
lskvan l- mann, Fas. ii. (in a verse); lskr mun hann heitinn, Am. 57; lskvan tt, the weak
side (in a moral sense), Harms. 13.
LSTR, m., gen. lastar, 0. H, 176, line 3; mod. losts; dat. lesti, pl. lestir; acc. lstu :-- a fault, aw;
en ef lestir eru , Gl. 499; s lstr er vr kllum nykrat er nnglknat, Sklda 187; brag-!str, a
metrical fault, Sighvat: allit., kost ok lost, Nj. 23, see kostr; lstu ok kostu, Hm. 134; skap-lstr, /
a?/ lt of temper, O. H. 176 :-- a blunder, af lesti pentarans, Mar. II. metaph. in a moral sense,
misbehaviour; hann skal bta kirkjunni lstinn (hi s misdemeanour') tlf aurum, K. p. K. 26; ekki
nema Jestir eir s at eim at au veri at verri, Grg. i. 275. 2. a vice; lostr ofdrykkjunnar, Fms.
viii. 251; ek skal nna lstinn, . H. 175, freq. in mod. usage, N. T., Vidal., Pass. COMPDS: lasta-
fullr, adj. / l/ of aws, Sk/'lda 188. lasta-laxiss, adj. faultless, guileless, in a physical and moral
sense, Stor. 3, Grg. i. 501; lastalauss hestr, Vm. 65.
LT, f., pl. latar, [latr], dissuasion; telja latar e-u, to t ll the draw- backs, dissuade, Sturl. ii. 55;
konungr for mjok undan ok taldi allar latar urn fer essa, Fas. iii. 143.
ltra, a, = latra, [Engl. loiter] :-- to loiter, lag behind carelessly.
M (enim), the twelfth letter of the alphabet, was in the oldest Runic inscriptions (the Golden horn,
the stone in Tune) ligr. red p^j and in the later common Runes Sp and ^, whence later, the top being
left open, ^P and Y ! a" these forms being clearly derived from the old /V^. Its ancient name was
mar (a man) -- ' nuir er moldar-auki, ' in the Runic poem; but the likeness of Y to a Inai1 NV'tn
uplifted hands is merely accidental. B. SrKLLiNG, CHANGES. -- The m is sounded as in English
and other Teutonic languages: it is usually single in the words tun -- ve, um = unim, fram -- framm,
but erroneously, for it is sounded double, agreeably with the etymology. Changes: 1. peculiar to
the Northern languages is the interchange of mn and fn when both letters are radical; thus, namn,
neinna, = uafn, nefna; satnn, sainna, = safn, safna; jamn = jafn; somna, smn, -- sofna, svefn;
hemna -- hefna; stamn- stafn; stomii = stofn; hranm - lira in: the oldest Icelandic vellums
frequently use the mn, in namn, sanma. hr. imn, jamn, but more rarely in other instances, as omn.
Blas. 46; emni, Arna-Magn. 301. 3; somna. MS. 623. 34; somn- inum, O. H. L. 82, 83; sjiinm, P*J.
14; it is still sounded instead u(fn before d, as in hefnd, proncd. hemd, Hom. 7, iS: stcmdi = stefndi:
the fn has prevailed in the Icel., and is used in the Editions, as also in modern usage: on the other
hand, the Swedish lias throughout adopted the mn; thus, Swed. hamn -- Icel. hiifu, Enjrl. haven;
Swed. liim/ia -- Icel. lifna, Dan. levrie; S\ved. dmne -- -Icel. cfni; each language has taken its course
without regard to etymology, for in some of the words / is radical, in others in. 2. otherwise m and /
seldom interchange, as in the threefold form of the particle of, nm, umb; himinn, himncskr, and
hinn, hifneskr; neina (nisi), cp. Go;h. niba; hvilnit and hvilft, q. v.; as also Mal-kolfr -- Mai-kolmr,
jiti and iuhni, skelmir and skelrir. II. in vellums m is dropped in the 1st pers. plur. of verbs
bctore the pron. vr, vit, thus hiifu vr, eigu vit, but in mod. usage eigum vit; hence comes the Norse
form nu'r (plur.), mil (dual), by an anastrophe of the v and substitution of the nal m from the
preceding verb: in ollu-megin, bu-megin, etc., see megiii. In old vellums the A. S. C- is used to
mark a double m, thus frami -- -- -frammi; in most cases a medial or nal m is marked by a stroke
above the line. The Rune Y 's often used for the word mar.
maka, a, /o become maggoty, Stj. 91: makar, part, maggoty.
MAKR, in. [Ulf. mada -- aKw\^\ A. S. mr. ilu; O. II. G. 'inado; Germ, made; an augmented form,
Engl. Maggot, qs. madog: Dan. madike; Norse makk, Ivar Aascn; Scot, mancb] :-- a maggot, grub,
worm; dvergarnir hfu kviknat sem makar holdi Ymis ... ok vru makar, Edda 9; vail haun
allr nikum he!, 1-111. 414; mlu ok maka, Fb. ii. 78; san hitti borbjirn i maka-sj sem liggr
user Vinlandi, ... ok niakr s sm nean skipit til fru, A. A. 198, 199; ar drgu vr maka
digrari nianns lri, Al. 174, Stj. 91, Sks. 50 (improp. of an insect); mu-makr, a rain worm; sj-
makr, s ea worms, orf. Karl. 438; skel-makr, worms with shells, id. maka-veita, u, f. a brood of
maggots.
mak-sjr, m. a sea full of worms, orf. Karl. 438.
mak-smoginn, part, worm-eaten, of drift timber, ships.
MAR, m., qs. mann-r, which form also occurs in old poets, cr. !'i mattnr und nrini, velltkla, (for
the change of nn before r into ') see the introduction to letter N); gen. nianns, dat. maiuii, acc. maun,
plur. menu, qs. menn-r; with the article, menninir, so always in old writers, but in mod. mennirnir
erroneously, as if from niennir: the plur. mer. answering to the sing, mar, occurs in old poets --
m e f)r vitu lin:; rfj-'Va, P'ms. vii. 87 (in a verse); Nor-m e()r ra nnf)ri. vi. 309 (in a verse); m?
()r fengu mikit ve*)r, Edda 102; hir-m e dr, v e dja, Rekst., all verses of the Ilth and 12th centuries;
er ineSr Myrkvi kalla, Akv. 5: mer hlutu sr, Fbr. 75 new Ed. (in a verse): gen. pl. manna, dat.
iiuiiinmn, acc. menu. In Ballads and Rimur after the 15th century, and hence in eccl. writers of later
times, a noni. mann is now and then used, esp. in compels inuenced by Germ, and Engl., e. g.
hreysti-mann, Skia R. 58; or for the sake of rhyme, tla Ju'i ekki, aumr maim | af koinast muni
strafaust hann, Pass. 14. 17: [Ulf. manna = ('w6paiiros; in other Teut. languages spelt man, or
better mann. '] B. A man -- Lat. bomo, Gr. avOpu-rros, also people; eigi vil ek segja fr manninum
vat mr er niarinn skyKlr, at er fr nianni at segja, at mar er vel auigr at K, Nj. s; j; n:cnnskr
niar, a manlike man, ahnman being, opp. to giants or beings of superhuman strength. Gin. 31;
menu eru her koinnir ef menu skal kalla, en lkari crn eir ursum at vexti ok sy'n en mennskum
monnum, Eg. io; vjuin mi! ekki er vi menn um at eiga, Nj. 97; bat hafa ganilir menn nil, at
ess maims mundi hefnt vera cf hann f'lli gn'tfu, Eg. 107; eir UUEJU menn (the young people)
elskask sin millum, Mar.; tt nkkut vri str me enum yngrum mnnum, Ld. -200; fjldi
manns, mgr manns, Ems. ii. 45i 234, xi. 245; ykkir mnnum nkkur vrkunn til ess, 192; var bat
niargra manna nuii, at..., Eg. 537, Eni. i. 45; er at illt manni ? Eg. 604; s mar, that person, K. p.
K. 4; manna beztr, frastr ..., the best, fairest... of men, passim; allra manna bezt, beyond all men,
best of all men, Bs. i. 67; kona var enn rii mar, Hkr. iii. 184; hvrr eirra manna, each ofthe
wedded fair. Gray;, i. 476; gir menu, good men ! in addressing, passim: allit., Gui ok guni
ninnum, to God and all good men, Bs. i. 68: sayings, mar skal eptir mann lifa, man shall live
after man (as a consolation), Eg. 322: mar er maims gaman, man is man's comfort, 11111. 46;
whence huggun er manni monnum at, Pass. 2. 10: mar eptir mann, man after man, in succession;
or, niar af manni, man after man, in turn: svndi mar manni, man shewed it to man, it went round
from band to hand, Ems. vi. 216; mi segir mar manni essi iagnaar-tiendi. Bs. i. 181, foir. 142;
kunni at inar manni at segja at Brir felldi Brjan, Nj. 275. 2. phrases, at veil menu (the verb in
sing., the noun in plur.), every one knows that! to be sure ! Art. 31, 62, Karl. 48; nicr of veil,
Sighvat: mod. viti menn ! with a notion of irony; thus also menu segja, men say, (in old pout, usage
elliptically, kvea -- Lat. dicunt, Ybm. 24, 26, 28, 30. Gin. 13, lldl. 42, llni. I; k\'iib'J, people said,
Ym. 33): the sing, mar -- Er. on, mod. Dan. man (in Dan. man siger), is not vernacular. 3. in
compds. kvenn-mar, a woman; karl-mar, a man: (. ii families, Alyra-inenn, Su-nicnn, Landn.:
inhabitants, people, Nor-menu, Norsemen; Noregs-ineni), / he men of Norway; Athenu-nienn,
Athenians; Kcrintu-meim. Oj rin/ h iVi ns; of condition of life, leik-menn, lay- m ew; kenni-ineun,
clergymen; biiand-rncnn, pea s ants; valds-rncnn, rulers; kaup-nienn, merchants; sjo-inenn,
seamen; vinnu-inenn, labourers. 4. degree in a lineage: at rija, fjra, inita ... manni, in the third,
fourth, fth ... degree, Gn'ig. i. 321; manni rnari en systrungr ..., one degree remoter than ... . used
ot odd degrees (e. g. four on one side and three on the other), ii. 172; hann var manni rr en
systrungr Brar, hewax an oild iccond cousin of 1!. . lr. 165; hence tvi-inenningar, r-incnn-
ingar, fjor-menningar ..., a second, third, fourth ... cousin, passim. II. a man. Lat. vir; vi'-r liofum
brjii skip ok hundru manna hverju. Eas. ii. 521; san tor hann til manna sinna, Fms. v. 514;
grcia e)-ri gulls hverjum manni,, 178; hann for nic of maims yr landit, iv. 146; and so in
countless instances: Sigurar-menn, the followers ofS.; Tuina-ineiin, konungb-inenn, Krist-menn,
kross-inenn, vii. 293, 299, 0. II. 216. 2. a husband; Gu er Kristinnar andar inar er honum giptisk
tru, Greg. 31: freq. in mod. usage, marinn minii, w y husband! dttur-mar, a son-in-law. 3.
metaph., vera mar fyrir e-u, to be man enough for it, able to do it; eg er ekki mar f\-rir v, inar
til ess, id.; hann svndisk eigi mar til at setja. sk sv heitt sreti, Bs. i. 743; mikill, ltill, niar
fyrir sur, to be a great, strong, weak man, and the like. III. the Rune m, see introduction. C.
COMPDS, inarms- and manna-: manns-aldr, in. a man's life, generation. 6. ', 3. 10, Ems. viii. 240,
Eas. i. 406. mauns-bani, a, in. ' man's bane, ' a man-slayer. Js. 49, Ni. 119. manns-barn, n. a ' man's
bairn;' in the phrase, hvert in., every child of man, Stud. 1. 47. maniia- bein, n. pl. human bones,
Fms. i. 230. manns-bl, n. human blood, Nj. 59, Ems. iii. j 25. manna-bukar, m. pl. corpses of
slain, Ems. iii. 7' x'- 355- manna-byg, f. human abodes, opp. to the wilderness, Ems. i. 2 15.
marma-bter, in. tlwclling-bo;i?ef, Ann. 1390. manns-bsotr, f. pl. weregrlil. Eg. 259. manns-efni, n.
a;;; an to be; gott-m. (see efni\ Eg. 368, Ems. i. 174, Er. 231. manna-farvegr, in. a foot- pa:h, ('i.
539. manns-fmgr, m. a human nger. nianna-forr, n. ' man-sway ' rule, dominion; the g^dord or
priesthood is often in the Laws and Sagas so called, Hrafn. 21, Nj. 149, Gn'ig., sl. ii. 402, Ems. x.
45. manna-forri. n. -- niannaforr, Nj. 231, Ld. 3. 10. manns- ftr, m. a human foot, Hkr. ii. 114.
inaiina-fundr, m. a meeting of men, (n'ig. i. 420. manns-fylgja, u, f., or manna-i'ylgjur, f. pl. fetches
of men, I. v. 69, Es. 68; see ylgja. manna-fr, n. pl. men's footprints, Eg. 578. manna-grein, f.
distinction of men, Ems. viii. 21. inanns-hauss, m. a human skull, borf. Karl. 242. manns- liar, n.
human hair, Edda 4, Eas. iii. 266. manns-hold, n. human Jie:h, Ems. xi. 235. manna-hugir, m. pl.,
see hugr III. 2, llv. 55, Jjr. 17 new Ed. manna-hs, n. pl. men's bonset, Fbr. 77: human abodes.
manns-hu, manna-hfu, m. (he human head, K. . i. Ems. x. 280, Nj. 275. manns-hnd, f. a
human hand, Fas. i. 66. mo. nua-kona, u, f. a man's wife, married w)ii*nn, Gn'ig. i. 335. 337, 34r,
341, 380, Bs. i. 777, Sks. 340. manna- lt, n. the loss of men. loss af life, death, Nj. 248, Eg. 585,
Orkn. 296. marms-lt, n. a person's death, decease; heyra inannslut, to bear of a person's ch-atb.
raanns-lif, n. man's life, Honi. 6. manns-liki, n. human shape, Edda 9. manna-lof, n. praise of men,
Hom. 83. manna-inal, n. human voices, human speech, Nj. 154; or manns-rnal, id., in the phrase, \
a heyrist ekki inanusmal, no man's voice can be heard, of a great noise. inanna-missir, in. the loss
of men, Sturl. iii. 7, Eas. ii. 552. manns-mor, n. murder, N. G. L. i. 256. manna-mt, n. -- mar.
nfuudr, (jrag. i. 343. mannsmt, n. manly mien, ' manfnlness, ' Ems. i. 149, xi. 86; at er inanns-
nit a honum, he looks like a true man. manna-munr, m. distinc- ^ /ion, difference of men. 13s. i.
85. 5. mauna-mxigr, m. a crcwd of people. Fr. 12. manns-mynd, f. the human shape, Stj. 147.
manna- rei, f. (a body of) horsemen, Nj. 206. manna-samnar, m. = inanr, - safnar, sl. . 83.
manna-seta, u, f. msn staying in a place, Ld. 42. manna-skipan, f. the placing of people, as at a
banquet, in battle, Korm. 62, Stud. i. 20, ii. 237. manna-skipti,:i. pl. exchange of men, Germ,
attswechselting, Hkr. i. 8. manna-fjl, f. ' mart's sleuth, ' a track of men, Stud. i. 83. manna-spor, n.
pl. men's footprints. Sturl. ii. 0, 0, Eg. 578, Landii. 191. manna-styrkr, in. beip, r. 74. manna-
sttir, m. a daysman, peacemaker, Fms. x. 51, Kb. manna-taka, u, t". a reception of men, strangers,
Fb. ii. 194. man natal, n. -- manntal, Hkr. ii. 340. manns-vi, a, in. danger of life, Fnis. viti. 2:4.
marma-vegr, m. a road u'h-re men pass, opp. to a wilderncfs, Grett. 115 A, Ld. 328. manna-verk, n.
pl. -- m:mn- virki, man's work, work by human bands, Fb. i. 541. manns-verk, n. U'ork to be done
by a person, N. G. L. i., -, 8, Gl. 114. manna- vist, f. a human abode. Fms. i. 226, Jb. 9, Orkn. 434.
manns- vit, n. ' man's wit' human understanding, rea. -on, Nj. ic6. manna- void, n. pl.; in the phrase,
e-l er at" in. inna-voldnin. i/ i s due to bitman causes, not by natural causes, e. g. of a re, the
disappearance of a thing, or the like, Nj. 76, Fms. ii. 146, iii. 98. maiins-voxtr, m. a man's stature,
Fas. ii. 508, Hom. 112. manna-sngill, m. king of men, the name of Njr, Gm. 16, EdJa 104.
manns-tei, n. human bearing, behaviour. manns-, f. man's lifetime; mart kann skipask
maniisinni, a saying, Fms. vii. s 56; mart verr mannstinni, ttt var at er vr vrum ungir,
Fr. 195.
MARA, u, f. [A. S. madders] , madder, rubia, a plant, Ilialt.: freq. in local names, Mru-dalr,
Mru-fell, Mru-vellir, Lntuhi.; Mru-vellingar, the men from M.
mag-ll, m. tripe of sheep, the fe-h of the belly, esp. of:;hccp, Fas. iii. 392, freq. in mod. usag -- .
Norse kvi^cal.
mag-fyllr, f. -- maga-fyl!r, larl. 39, Hom. (St.) II.
MAGI, a, m. [A. S. maga; Enal. ni':w; O. 11. Ci. maho; Germ, magen; Dan. mave] :-- the maic,
stomach, Nj. 27: |:eir barn sinn varning brott i aigum sinuin, jorf. Karl. i. 242, Fbr. 56 new Ed.,
Fas. iii. 223, v. l.; opt fr hl. rgis manni heimskum magi ... kunna null sins maga, Hm. 19, 20; gra-
magi, rau-magi. CO. MTDS: maga-brag, n. a wrestling trick. Fas. iii. 502. maga-fyllr, f. a belly
fall, Fas. iii. 101, K. . 78. maga-skegg, n. shaggy hair on the belly. Fms. vi. 741.
MAGN, n. [cp. mcgin and mega], main (as in 'might and main'), strength; hver Gu ha fa Jx'r inagu
get? Birr. 9; tnia njagni, Fas. i-438 (in a verse); ett mas;nit VHT liti, Bs. i; lina-magn, /be
strength of the boughs, Vkv. 16; ivrir sakir ir. aims munar, by main force, Bs. i. 679; vinds inp. gn,
Barl. 63; matt ok inagn, Fb. i. 25. 9; meira magn, Bs. ii. 18; vera e-t uni magn, to be beyond one's
power, loo strong for one, Stj. 395: bi-ru e-n magni, to overpower by main force, 51 2; hen segir at
mattr ska) at Jiiagni um livcivciu v^ hann, she says that might shall go with main in he'ping him,
O. II. 144; af maimi, wi'h might and main. Lex. Pot.; eptir llu magni, id., Fms. viii. 104; er bat vi
ineira magni, at Jj gengr vi r-lkar ruciingar, it i s a sorer thing that..., Bs. i. 531; magn tttans --
megin, frb. ii. 6i5; magn rikis sins, Al. 53: plur. go- ingn (q. v.), see megin.
MAGNA, a, to empower, strengthen; Gr. magnar jfur, Fms. vi. (in a verse); oss magni go
gagni, may the gods grant ns victory ! Kb. (in a verse); rogn magna riki llkonar, Vellekla; magua
rif e-s, to give health and wealth to a person, Ib. i. 138 (in a verse); tirengr magnar lof engils, /he
poet magnies the king's praise, Sighvat. II. in prose, to charm, make strong by spell; O. inn tk
hfuit, ok kva ar yiir galdra ok magnai sv at at mlti vi hann, Hkr. i. 8; hann magnai me
mikhim bltskap lkncski jbrs, Fnis. i. 2(15; menu skulu eigi f. ira nie steina er magna til ess
at binda menn er 'na, K. . K. 78; eir klluu hann orgar ok mgnuu haim me sv
niyklum fjaiulans krapti, at hann gt'-kk ok mlti vi menu, Fb. i. 213; ok sv m;k var magnat
lkncski Freys, at..., Fms. ii. 73; he ek sv signaa ok magnaa, at engan eirra mun irn bta,
Fb. iii. 245; annan dag eptir en keriing hafi tr(''it inagnat, Grett. !=, !; eir tku at jnagna
fjlkyngi sina, Fms. ii. 141; fremja galdra er hluti nokkra er magnair s, D. I. i. 243; hann var
sv m. ignar af yrsiiugum Grrnu, at hann bitn ekki jrn, Fbr. 32 newKi!.; san er kerling hafi
magnat rtina, Gr-. -U. 1. ^3; magnai harm ktu mjk. l''s. 44: thus in mod. usage, magna
ilraug, to raise a ghost. III. reHex. to increase in power, grow strong; at vita hvernig her her
magnask Kristnin, Bs. i. 59; er Johannes s magnask alyurrm, 623. 26; s er ofmctnai vill
magnask gegn Gui, to puff himself up against God. Hom. 133; en sv kom at eldrinn inagnadisk,
Fms. ix. 533; hann sigrai inarg. ir j5:r sv at aldri mgnuusk r san, Ver. 98 :-- of a ghost,
cn Glnir lk at magnask af nyju, Grett. 112. 2. part, magiur, see above (II).
magnar or ngnur, m. a sfrengtbener; in poet, compds, hjaldr-m., a war-maker, warrior; sigr-
m., a victor, Lex. Pot.
Magni, a, m. a son of Thor, Edda, Ls.: a pr. name, Fms. xii.
magn-lauss and magn-litill, adj. 'main-lets, ' weak, feeble.
magn-leysi, n., medic, weakness, palsy.
Magnss, m. a pr. name; for the origin of this Norse name from Charlemagne see 0. H. ch. ill, -- hv
ltztu sveininn Magnus heita, ekki er at vrt ttnafn ? Sighvatr svarar, ek hot hann eplir Karla-
rnagnusi konungi (king Charlemagne), ann vissa ek mann bezan heimi. From this Magnus (king
Magmis the Good, born 1024) the name afterwards spread to all countries in which Norsemen
settled.
MAGR, adj., fern, niogr, neut. inagrt, compar. mc-gri, meajrstr or magrari, -astr; [A. S. mger;
Engl. meagre; Dan. -Swed. viager; Lat. maccr\ :-- meagre, lean; magran mar, Hm.; nuigr kv'r, Kb.
316; maT ok muttdreginn, Fms. vi. 302; hn var mogr, Rm. 216 :-- lean, vlk sl'. r er sv cm
mgr. Fms. x. 303; tv hesta ara feita en ara maora, Nj. 32; veri au mgr, Rb. 344 :-- as a
nickname, var hann sveltr sv at an kenndu hann eigi, J. au heifu hatm brottu me ser ok
klluu Helga enn Magra, Landn. 205.
magrligr, adj. lean-looking, pinched, Fas. iii. 178.
mak, n. [Dan. mag] , irkômeness: -mak, troubles, (rare.) II. in plur. iHok, (]. v. [Germ, machen;
Engl. mn~i:e\, intercourse. maka- skipti, n. pl. [I);-. n. nuiê-skie'] , exchange of estates.
MAKA, ,(Engl. make; Germ, macben; a root word quite alien from the Northern languages, for of
the three references below, two seem to be put into the month of foreigners trying to speak
Norse] :-- to make; in the phrase, ek ska. 1 maka honum hi;ng, 7 will ' make shame' to him, O. 11.
L. 45 (the persons in the story wore prob. foreigners); inaki enginn svikk. let none 'make' a
disturbance, the words of John the Fleming in Bs. i. Sol; byrjar oss at maka essar jir vrri
dvl me nokkurri venju, we ought, to put them to some shame, Al. 119. 2. to smear, grease, freq. in
mod. usage, perh. derived from maka hung above, or it may be quite a different word.
maka, u, f. a female mate, Art.
MAKI, a, m. [ Dan. mage, (Cg!e-mage = husband; Old Engl. make'] :-- a match (prob. originally a
customer, partner, cp. mak II), Nj. 35. Ld. 64, Kb. eT), . II. 112, Bs. i. 765, Karl. 296; inaki
blsrs, the 'bolster- mate, ' pout, the head, Ad. 6; tveggja, fjognrra manna maki, a match (in
strength) for two, four :-- a maic, esp. of animals, birds, Bb. 2. ii, 29- ol-
makindi, n. yl. friendly intercourse; makindum ok vinskap, Eg. 41; for at allt makindi ok
vinskap, Ld. 192. 2. res t, ea. se; makindum. at one's ease, cp. Dan. i ro og mag.
makka, a, (makk, n.), to job, make and meddle, akin to maka, q. v. (conversational).
MAKKI, a, m., qs. inanki, [mon = wza ne; Dan. -Swed. wz anke] :-- the upper part of a horde's
neck, freq.
makliga, adv. ~/ tly, properly, orst. Su II. 173: deservedly, Ld. 148, Fms. v. 70, vi. roo, x. 325.
maklig-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), mostly in pl. what serves one right, Sks. 474, T'ms. vii. 312, Fs.
165; at makiigleik, deservedly, J;orst. Stang. 55, Fms. iii. 156, vi. 342.
makligr, adj. [Scot, wj akly"!. prop, well-matched'met/, proper, becoming, Fms. i. 3, vi. 227, vii.
285, orst. Su II. 173, Kb. 80; compar. more tting :-- de-ervcd, Ks^. 561; v;rri hitt makligra, at...,
Fs. 57: deserving, of a person, with gen., makligr er j-jrarinn ess fr oss, Nj. 25, Fs. 7; miki's
gs m., 35; olluni ttu bendr makligir til skaa, O. II. 205; vkki nu'r Njilll makligr vera at ek
unna honum ess, Nj. 188.
MAKR, adj., only in compar. more suitable, easier, snugger; en eir berjask er at er makara, but
they ght to whom that tted better, Jms. xi. 277; hann kva honum makara at sitja vi elda, Fas. ii.
112; hann kann vel kyssa, makara vri (more becoming) at hann kynni jafnvel ria me riddara
vpnr. m, Sir. 59. 2. = Lat. uii:iam; niakara, at ek jiin ainbtt nitti nna miskunn nu augliti,
woidd that could] Stj.;-;O2, 400, 428; makara, at minn herra Naaman v;rri nr sp-inauni (us,
616. II. easy to deal with; aan fr var Eindrii hinn makasti, Bs. i. 7O9-I
mak-rr, adj. leisurely, Fas. i. 325.
makt, f. [a for. word, for the genuine form is mattr, q. v.] :-- might, power, Bs. i. 773' Olar., and in
romances of a later date, freq. in mod. usage, Pass., Vidal. passim. COMPDS: maktar-leiki, a, m.
might, II. K. i. 246. maktar-mar, m. a vrigb/y man.
MALA, pret. ml. mu; subj. pret. mli, Gs. 10; part, malinn; reex, pret. mlsk, Edda 78; a
defect, strong verb supplied by weak forms, thus the strong pres. indie, sing, mel scarcely occurs; in
mod. usage it is weak throughout, mala, maiai, malat, although the strong pret. may still be used in
writing: [Ulf. malan - a. \rjO(iv, Luke xvii. 35, and so through other Teut. languages; cp. Lat. mola,
molere; Gr. fj. ii\T] ; derived are Icel. mylja and iuelja, q. v.] :-- to grind; en si'i nttra fylgi
kvernunum, at at mlsk kverninni er s;'i mlti fynr er inol, ... Fri konungr ba a-r mala gull
ok fri ok slu Fra ... r mlu litla hr r uir sukku skipin, Edda 78, 79 (the tale of Fri and
the power-mill, cp. 221); au mlum Fra (dat.) moluni alslan, Gs. 5; n mli sv mr
bergrisa ... malit hett ek tyrir mik... . inol inins fur mr rammliga, ... niolum cnn frarnar, ... molu
meyjar megins kosuu, ... malit hfuni, Froi, sein munum heila, losqq.; fr ek at Froa meyjar
fullgliga niolu, Edda Si (in a verse); hann tk kli" ambttar ok-gkk at mala, Sin. 110; mala
valbygg, Ilkv. 2. 2; konungr heyri hs nokkut kvtandi sv, fagra, at honum fannsk mikit um,
hann rei til hiissins ok s inn at ar sat kona vi kvern. ok kva for- knnnar fagrt vi er lion nu'-l,
Fms. vii. 233; tl beim kvriuun mln tlf konur byggkorn ok hveiti-korn til mannfis, hiifu hinar
konurnar malat sitt hveiti, Od. xx. 106; at mala eim korn er baka eim brau, H. F. . i- 503;
*r er mlu bl Arnla (q. v.), Edda 67 (in a verse): nietaph., styri ml, of a rudder in the sea, Rek.
it. II. metaph. to purr, ot a cat, Germ, spinnen, fre(]. in mod. usage. III. part, malit gull (cp. malmr),
ground gold, pure gold; roinn gulli miilnu, Sighvat.
malar-, in compds, see mOl.
malari, a, m. a juiller.
malattu-stt, f. [from Fr. maladie] , leprosy, 15. K. 107.
malda, a, to maunder, grumble.
MALIR, f. pl. the croup of a cow or ox ( ~- lend, of a horse); rLsii hann ofan af mulunum milt,
mikla lengiu ok sia, Ska R. 27.
malla, u. f. [Dan. malle = a loop~] , a loop, noose; bat var l;'isur ok malla (thus Cod. C) i, Sturl. i.
180 (Ed. niella). mllu-r, f. a kind of shaft; Hemingr sky'tr at konungi me mlln-r. Hem.
(MS.)
MALR, m., dat. mal, Fb. iii. 446, [Fr. malle, Engl. ww il], a knapsack, Grett. 93 A, jal. Jns. 7;
hann tk hniliamar r mal einum, Fb. iii. 446, freq. in mod. usage.
MALT, n., pl. molt, Orkn. 11-2; maltanna, Glm. 351; [A. S. ami Engl. malt; Germ, mnlz] :-- malt
for brewing, Gii'im. 351, Eg. 77, Orkn. 112, Fms. vi. 263, vii. 173, viii. 89, Gl. 491, N. G. L. i. 5.
COMPDS: malt-hlaa, u, f. a malt barn, jal. 9. malt-klyfjar, f. p!. malt loads, Fms. viii. 89. Ghim.
352.
maltr, adj. sharp, bitter, of taste.
mal-urt, f. wormwood, 1'r. 472.
MAN, n., does not occur in piur. unless it be in gen. pl. niana, Stor. 13 (ni in MS.); [man is an
ancient word only used in old laws and poetry, it remains in the compd man-sal, and in the Icel.
local name Man-heimar; 'man' (vpiroSov'), being neuter and having but one;;, is prob. of
different origin from maim (iii'Opcurros, avrjp), which is. masc. and has a double nal n. The
etymology of this word is lost in the remotest antiquity; it appears in the O. M. G. m a n a -b o ulnt
-- -- -a bondman's bead, a 'serf's bead;' (Grimm in R. A. expresses a doubt as to the current ety-
mology of Lat. man-cipium from mann-capere; peril, man and capnt"!). In early Swed. law the-
word occurs twice or thrice, nmpna' man, naempn quicc, Schlyter i. 134; in Cutalagen --
kauper tu mans man i garth thin (i. e. mans-mann -- -- a bond/nan, cp. maus-manna and mans-
inar, see Schly'. er's Glossary).] B. A bondman, prob. originally of prisoners of war who were sold
as slaves (Irish in the west, Finns and Slaves in the east), see Ld. ch. 12, O. T. (Fms. i. ch. 92); sv
ok ef hann vill i mani gjalda, tva aura fyrir einn, ok a hann lausn maninu en i;. stn misseri ef
haun heiir upp alit, Gr;i. g. i. 396; kaupa man ok gefa frelsi, N. G. L. i. 5, 6; ok at ie skal liift vera
gulli ok i silfri en hlit i mani herru'nu (n a tive bondmen) eigi cilia en fertogu, ne yngra en
iimmtan vetra, SS; mans leiga, 224; ok heiiuta hann sein annan mans-mann, K. . K. 58; mani
aiistrnu, eastern s lave s, Hornkloii; maukar nicyjar at mani hal'ar, Gs. 1, 15; er |m man keyptir,
8; hlta ara alin yrir trjlsgiafa, penning veginn fyrir man-manna, N. G. L. i, 347; nst kiikju-
gari skal grata man-manna, 345; mar manna, no doubt false for man-manna, 388; er hann
rttlauss vi hann ok hans konu ok man hans allt, 36, Am. 66; J-ar koin mart man fait, ar s Loinn
konu nokkura er seld hafi verit mansali, Fms. i. 185: allit., mold ok man, N. G. L. iii. 92, v. 1. II. a
girl, maid, as also in a worse sense, a mistress, for bondwomen often became their master's
mistresses (see Ld. ch. 12), so that this sense grew out of the preceding one; liki ley fa ens Ijosa
mans, Hm. 91; myrkri skal vi man spjalla, 81; et horska man, 101; et manunga man, 163; bat et
unga man, at et mjallhvita man, Aim. 6, 7; bjarthadda man, Skv. I. 33; harigt man, 27; tostr-
man, a bondwoman mine, 3. 67; mans at kosta, Hbl. 16; live ek at andspilli komumk ens unga mans,
Skm. 11; hve ek fyrir-banna manna glaum mani, manna nyt mani, bow I ban her from all concourse
with men, 34; Ylnga man, Hkv. 2. 3; Yggjar man, the beloved of Ygg (Odin) -- the Earth, Lex. l'oi-
t.; HOins man = Hilda, the beloved of lied in, Fms. ix. (in a verse); bjarnar man, a giantess, Stor.
13. It is probable that in some law phrases the obsolete ' man' has been replaced by the common '
maim, ' e. g. in gefa manni frelsi (mani? cp. manfrelsi), N. G. L. i. 5: as also in mana-kaup in the
Swed. law, see Schlyter's introd. to the loth vol. of Sver. (Manila Lag. ir. COMPDS: man-frelsi., n.
a granting of freedom to a bondman, manumission (as a vow), Orkn. 198, 200, Gr;ig. i. 357, where
it is wrongly spelt mannfrelsi. Man-heimar, in. pl. (thus pronounce;! on the spot, not Mann-heimar,
as it is often spelt), the name of a farm in western Icel.; the local legend attributes the name to
English captives kept there by lady Olo'f, for having slain her husband, during the Fnglish trade
(1467). But at that time the word man had become quite obsolete, and so the name must be older,
prob. dating from the time of the rst settler Geirmund, who had been a freebooter in the British
waters before he came to Icel.; he may have had his household of bondmen at this farm, see Safn i.
353 (foot-note). man- kynni, n. pl.; gc in., luck in love affairs, Hbl. 31. man-manna, n. (?) -- -
mansmar, N. G. L. i. 345, 347; see the references above. man-runar, f. pl. 'love-runes, ' love-spells,
Eg. 587. man-sal, n. n 'man-sale. ' slave trade; selia e-n mansali, Fr. 117, Fms. i. 185, Fb. ii. 79.
mansals-mar, in. a bondman, Fms. i. 78, 22:. mans-mar, m. [earh Swed. mam-man'', a bondman,
(rg. i. 271. Eg. 89, K. p. K. 58. man-scmgr, m. a love song, Fig. 325. Bs. i. 165, Edda 16; esp. in
the old law a kind of loi-f libel, liable to outlawry, Grug. ii. 150, Fb. ui. 242: in mod. usage the
lyrical introduction to the epic rhapsodies or ballads (rimur) is called manscingr, tor originally
they were addressed to the poet's lady-love, Skald H. 6. i, SkaK. i, and in countless instances, e.
g. If. I. H, 2. 8, 3. 8, 4, 8, 5. 7, 7. 9, 9. 11, cp. ii. 10. mansngs-drpa, u, f., -kvi, n., -visa, u, f.
a love encomium, love song, lore di. 'ty. Eg. 5, Bs. i. 165, Fb. iii. 241, 242, Oik. 36, Fs. 60, 87.
MANA, a, [Dan. w ana - to raise a gbost\, to provoke, challenge, O. K.: to challenge tojigbt or to
a quarrel, Mittum-stangi manai llrlf. Skia R. 149: freq. in mod. usage, eg niana ig a koina !
manacHi mig ekki.
manr, n. [for. word], manners. Si), ill, 15. 9, Ciar., El.
man-frelsi, n. innmtmiion; see man.
MANG, n. [cp. mid. I. at. manômis; A. S. mangian, to trafc; mangere, a trader, which survives in
I-ngl. iron-monger, scandal- monger; derived from manig, from traic in mingled, miscellaneous
thimrs; as manga is used in Kormak, and even in a derived sense, it need not be borrowed from the
A. S., but ma)' be a genuine Norse word formed from margr at a time when the n had not as yet
changed into;] :-- ' motiving, ' ' moitgery, ' barter; allir eir menu, ba'i konur ok karlar, er me
mangi fara, hvurt sem eir hafa mar. g sitt bum er strcti, N. G. L. ii. 204; la. \a nyja ok sv
ara nyja iiska ok ostrur at skal kaupa btiini er bryggjum en viii, en eigi ylja biiir til
niangs, ^63; prestar skulu eigi fara me mangi no okri, H. K. ii. 53. mangs- mar, m. a monger, Ld.
146.
manga, a, to trade as a 'monger, ' to barter, chaffer, Sir. 26, Karl. 323: eir mnguu (barttred) um
hross vi Ska, Sturl. ii. 170; kaup-manga, i. 171: metaph. to biggie, beg, manga til vi e-n, brings
vi horn at manga, Konnak.
Manga, u, f. [cp. Scot. -1/ a^ ie], a contr. form from Margrt, as also Mangi irom Magnus. 2. a
mango?iel, a war machine, Fms. ix. to.
mangari, a, m. a monger; mangari verr K sitt marga vnda viiru, Sir. 26: in a vile sense, niangarar
ea falsarar, Sks. 17; mangarar, mylnarar, su'arar, skinnarar, str-mangarar, N. G. L. ii. 204; kjot-
in., a bittcbvr. Cor. x. 25; cp. Kji'idmanêrgade (the present Kjo'bmagergade) in Copenhagen.
mangara-skapr, in. mongery, N. Cj. L. ^417.
mangi -- manngi (q. v.), see -gi :-- Mangi, contr. of Magnus.
man-manna, see man.
manna, a, prop, to make a ' man. ' 2. mod. to man a boat, manna skip. II. reex, to become a man,
to be brought up to manhood; rir var mar tt-smr ok hafi mannask vel, Fms. iv. 255; att-
smr ok mannar vel, it' ell bred, O. H. 113; var niir mn vel mp. nu, of good family, Krandkr.
62; ef nu'r reynisk Jjrlfr tamvcl mannar (if nd Tb. as accomplished a man) sem hann er synuni
full- tlrengiligr, Eg. 29; vii ek bija dttur innar til handa (jlnii brur mnum. skaltii at vita, at
hann er vel mannar, Nj. 23; synir eirra vru Ki'ilfr ok Grmr, mannair at lu'i, '. and G. cere
rather ne well- bred men, Fms. vi. 102; son inn sv vel mannaan, ii. 193; cngar eru bat ytirblr
at hann n;'ii at eiga dttur ina, vat ekki er hann verr manuar en lion, Fb. i. 196; hann/i siau sonu
ok alla vel mannaoa, sl. ii. 215; mar af gi'iri tt er litt er mannar, Sklda 176. 2. manned, of a
ship; vel (ilia) manna, Jt-c/Z (badly) manned, of the crew; var ar ve! manna, there was a good
gathering of people, Grett. 78-
mann-ai, a, in. strength in men (troops), Lv. 47.
mannan, f. the breeding, accomplishment of a man, Js. 24, Barl. 6; fullkominn til inannanar allrar,
eirrar er kurtcisuni konungi byrjar at hafa, Fagrsk. 3.
mann-aun, f. depopulation, Fms. vi. 14.
mann-st, f. charity, love to men.
mann-baldr, in. a great, good man, Edda (GL), Lex. Poi't.
mann-bjrg, f. the saving of men, saving of life; bruin eir skipit, ar var m., Nj. 282, Ann. 1413.
maiinbjargar-mar, m. a rescuer.
mann-blendinn, atij. sociable.
mann-blt, n. human sacrice. Bs. i. 23, Fms. viii. 293, xi. 135.
mann-bo, n. n banquet. Fms. i. 161, vi. 119. Rm. 303: a message, ^H).
mann-borligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), of manly bearing.
mann-broddr, in. iron st-ikes to walk on ice with, Yiipii. I.
mann-btr, f. pl. were-. 'jld for one slain, Fig. 259. 2. sing., niannbot, a feat, prowess, Gsl. (in a
verse).
mann-daui, a, in. -- manndanr; in compels, maniuiana-suniar, -r, -ver, Ann. 1402, 1404, 1405
(of the great plague), Bs. i. 822.
mann-daur, m., later mann-daiioi, a, in., dat. manndaununi. Fm5. x. 212 :-- loss of life, mortality,
Eg. 98 new Ed., Fms. x. 211, Bs. i. 31, Ann. passim.
mann-d, f. a manful deed, act of prowess, in plur. virtues, Hom. (St.) 59, MS. 686 B. 8, 625. 184.
mann-deild, f. a discussion, division, Fms. x. 97.
mann-djfull, m. a demon in human shape, end of a man, cp. Germ. Manteuffel, Fs. 36.
mann-dmligr, adj. human, Mar., Edda 147 (pref.), Barl. 110.
mann-dmr, m. manhood, humanity, human nature, Edda 149 (pref.), Pr. 465, Gl. 40, Sks. 688;
taka sik manndm, of the Incarnation, Barl. 27, 168. II. manliness, prowess, Nj. 176, Al. 83, Fms.
ix. 333. 2. humanity, goodness, generosity, Fms. i. 222; engan manndm n hjlp vildu bygar
menn sna eim, 197; sna e-m manndm, to shew kindness towards, Bs. i. 35. COMPDS:
manndms-st, f. = mannst, Al. 45. manndms-leysi, n. unmanliness, meanness, Fb. iii. 448.
manndms-mar, m. a brave man, Eg. 39, Fms. iv. 86.
mann-drp, n. murder, slaughter, Hom. 86: esp. in plur. slaughter in a ght, Fs. 9, 135, Edda 40,
Fms. iii. 11, vi. 421, Hkr. i. 290, Stj. 621. COMPDS: marmdrpa-laust, n. adj. without slaughter,
loss of life, Sturl. ii. 63. manndrps-mar, manndrpa-mar, m. a man-slayer, murderer, Fms. xi.
226, Stj. 517, Hkr. i. 155. manndrps-sk, f. a case of murder, Sks. 692, 786, Stj. 467.
manndrps-ver, n. a violent gale, in which many lives are lost. manndrps-ing, n. an assembly
held on account of a murder, Gl. 438.
mann-drpari, a, m. a man-slayer, murderer, Gl. 22, Stj. 13.
mann-dyg, f. virtue, Bs. i. 46, Fas. iii. 395.
mann-drir, f. pl. manly qualities, 625. 26, Rb. 378, Rm. 302, MS. 655. vii. 2, Al. 87, Geisli 18,
Edda (Ht.) 13.
mann-eign, f. the having a husband, Greg. 74.
mann-eldi, n. the maintenance of a person, Grg. i. 296, 444: human food, m. 66; gott til
manneldis.
mann-elska, u, f. = mannst.
mann-erja, u, f. = mannlra, Glm. 341, but a doubtful passage.
mann-eskja, u, f. [Germ. mensch, m.; cp. Ulf. mannisks = GREEK; Dan. menneske; Swed.
menneska; Scot. mensk] :-- a man (Lat. homo); from the time of the Reformation this word is freq.,
but it is rare in old writers; indeed, hann tk manneskju hold, Hom. 160, is the only instance on
record, for A.A. 196 is a compilation from a paper MS.; the word is, however, a good one, and is
freq. in N.T., Vdal. passim: in mod. usage it often, in both speech and writing, takes the place of
mann (mar).
mann-eygr, adj. = manngr, Bs. i. 368.
mann-fagnar (-fgnur), m. a grand entertainment, the fare at a banquet, Eg. 482, Hkr. i. 139,
sl. ii. 403, Fas. ii. 118.
mann-fall, n. slaughter in battle, Eg. 32, 59, 298, Nj. 44, Gull. 24, 25, Fms. i. 24, vi. 406, vii. 57,
.H. 40, passim: of sickness, Sturl. iii. 279, Ann. 1349 (of a plague or sudden death).
mann-fang, n. = mannkaup; ykist m. eiga sonum, Fas. ii. 521.
mann-farmr, m. a ship-load of men, Fms. viii. 33, 382.
mann-fi, a, m. [f = to draw], a 'man-image,' human gure; rauan skjld ok dreginn mannfi,
Fb. ii. 250; cp. ar var kveiktr fi , Konr. 17 (vellum); var kvikr fi (a 'life-image,' gure drawn
from life) eim grann, id.
mann-fr, adj. having few men; hn er mannf, has but few inhabitants, Stj.: neut., mannftt, few
people, Fms. vi. 207, vii. 312.
mann-fellir, m. great mortality, from plague, hunger, or the like.
mann-fer, f. = mannafer, Sturl. iii. 132, sl. ii. 148.
mann-fjndi, a, m. a human end, Fs. 36, 44, Fms. ii. 83.
mann-fjl, f. people, Ad.
mann-fjldi, a, m. a multitude, crowd of men, Fms. vi. 203, vii. 161, xi. 108, Ann. 1403, passim.
mann-eiri, see mannmargr.
mann-fli, a, m. a fool, idiot, Boll. 352, Fs. 40.
mann-flk, n. 'man-folk,' mankind, Hkr. i. 5, 9, Fas. i. 391, Edda 43, Fms. i. 24, Eg. 47, Edda 147
(pref.), Hkr. ii. 267, (but land-flkit, .H. 162, l.c.)
mann-frelsi, n. manumission; better man-frelsi; see man. II. freedom, rights of man, mod.
mann-frr, adj. skilled in mannfri, Hkr. iii. 250.
mann-fri, f. 'man-science,' history, esp. genealogies; at llu frr, lgum, ok dmum,
mannfri ok ttvsi, Fms. vii. 102; lg er sgur er mannfri (genealogies?), Bs. i. 59; en nam,
er eigi dvaldi annat, at er mir hans kunni kenna honum, ttvsi ok mannfri, 91; Brr
kenndi Ei lgspeki ok m., Br. 24 new Ed.
mann-fundr, m. a meeting, Nj. 113, Fs. 39, Fms. i. 35, Grett. 106 A.
mann-flga, u, f. money (flga) for a person's maintenance (mod. megjf), Grg. ii. 343.
mann-fla, u, f. a 'foul person,' rascal, a term of abuse, Nj. 56, Fs. 39, 46, 51, 99, Rd. 262.
mann-f, f. smallness of population, lack of people, N.G.L. i. 376, Rm. 346.
mann-fa, u, f. human food, Fms. i. 126, ii. 242.
mann-fi, n. = mannfa, Stj., Fb. i. 111.
mann-fr, f. the condition of a road, Eg. 546.
mann-fr, f. travelling, Eg. 114, Hkr. ii. 188.
mann-gangr, m. a muster of troops, Orkn. 112 old Ed.
mann-garr, m. a ring of men, Eg. 80, Al. 169, Fas. ii. 33.
mann-gersemi, f. a 'jewel of a man,' Bs. i. 81, ir. 153.
mann-gi, often spelt mangi, gen. mannskis, Hm. 115, 147: acc. manngi, 623. 31, Fms. vi. 196 (in a
verse), sl. ii. 483; dat. manni-gi, Greg. 65; [mann-gi, see -gi] :-- no man, nobody: 1. in poetry; sv
er mar s er manngi ann, Hm. 49; ntr manngi ns, 70; leiisk m. gott ef getr, 131; er m. veit, 139;
sv at mr m. mat n bau, Gm. 2; m. er r ori vinr, Ls. 2, 35; san ik m. sr, 59; mun mns
fjr m. njta, Skv. 2. 5, Sdm. 12; skpum vir manngi, Am. 46; bannar at m., 75: mat villat n
mannskis gaman, Hm. 115; mannskis mgr, no man's son, 147; at mannskis munum, Skm. 20, 24:
acc., manngi annan, no other man, Fms. vi. 196 (in a verse): used as adjective, m. annarr mildingr,
26 (in a verse), Landn. 197 (in a verse). 2. in prose; sv er sagt at m. veit hvat Gu er, Eluc. 3; ok
mlti v m. gegn, b. 17; manngi (acc.) hyggjum vr gfgara n tignara en Krist, 623. 31; regn
gri sv mikit at mannigi vas r husi t gengt, Greg. 65; mlti manngi mt honum, Fms. viii.
244, v.l.; manngi skal kenni-mnnum eigna at, at ..., Greg. 19; hann telr at manngi (acc.) munu
grt hafa, sl. ii. 483 (Heiarv. S. excerpts).
mann-girnd (-girni), f. a longing for a husband, sl. ii. 162.
mann-gjarn, adj. eager to marry, (Dan. giftesyg), Fms. vi. 104.
mann-gjarnliga, adv. eagerly, Fb. i. 555.
mann-gjld, n. pl. weregild, Eg. 575, Nj. 22, 189, Lv. 55, passim.
mann-gzka, u, f. goodness, kindness, Nj. 282, v.l.
mann-gr, f. the contribution of a man to the levy, as also the district which had to contribute one
man, N.G.L. i. 15, 100. manngrar-mar, m. a member, inmate of a m., N.G.L. i. 12.
mann-hatr, n. 'man-hate,' misanthropy.
mann-hr, adj. of a man's height, Bs. i. 422, Ann. 1414, Fas. iii. 266.
mann-hski, a, m. danger of life, Fms. xi. 23, Hkr. ii. 78, Bs. i. 321.
mann-hefnd, f. blood revenge, Fs. 73, Nj. 57; fbtr ea mannhefndir, 165, Lv. 68; mannhefnda
laust.
mann-heill, f. bliss, favour, good report; var s kynsttr kallar Skungar, ok hafi litla
mannheill, Korm. 160; hann tti lti f ok m., Sturl. i. 74; vitr ok vinsli, rkr ok ggjarn, hann
hafi m. mikla, iii. 96; sv virisk mr, at minni m. har slandi en hr me oss, Fbr. 91; hann
var vinsll ok mannheilla-mar mikill, and a very popular man, Fs. 86.
mann-heill, adj. safe and sound; to the question, hva er frttum? the answer is, mannheilt og -
sjkt; mean mannheilt var, D.N. ii. 358.
mann-heilsa, u, f. good health of men, D.N. ii. 845.
Mann-heimar, m. pl. 'Man's-home,' the abode of men, GREEK, opp. to Go-heimar, Hkr. i. 14
(Yngl. S.)
mann-helgr, f., mod. mann-helgi, f. indecl. :-- personal rights, inviolability of person, N.G.L. i. 8:
the section of the law treating of personal rights, also called mannhelgar-blkr, ii. 45: hr hefr upp
mannhelgi vra, at er fyrst mannhelgi vrri, at ..., id. :-- a sanctuary, ar var mannhelgr mikil, ok
miklar vilgur vi manns aftak, Fms. x. 391.
mann-hringr, m. a circle, ring of men, Orkn. 112, Eg. 88, Fms. ii. 174, x. 229, Oacute;.H. 177, Stj.
415, Bs. i. 629, 633.
mann-hundr, m. a 'man-dog,' scoundrel, Fb. i. 354, Gsl. 50, Fs. 38, Stj. 624, Karl. 502.
mann-hs, n. pl. 'man-houses,' dwelling houses, Gsl. 29.
mann-h, f. a man's height, as a measure, Sturl. i. 118, Bs. i. 347.
mann-hgr, adj. gentle, of animals, opp. to manngr, Stj. 57.
mann-htta, u, f. = mannhski, Lv. 53, Korm. 80, Hkr. ii. 26, Bs. i. 621; mannhttu-laust, without
danger of life, Eb. 118.
mann-httliga, adv. dangerously, Fms. viii. 350, v.l.
mann-httr, adj. dangerous to life, .H. 26, Fms. ix. 516, vi. 394.
mann-hfn, f. the maintenance of a person; viar-fngum, smar-kaupum ok mannhfnum, Bs.
i. 81. mannhafnar-mar, m. a good husband, Bs. i. 26.
manni, a, m. = mar, answering to the Goth. manna; sumt ekki at manna (dat.?), Fms. vi. 53: as a
nickname, Maurer's Volkssagen.
mann-llska, u, f. wickedness, Fms. iii. 89.
mann-jafnar or mann-jfnur, m. a comparison of men, i.e. a dispute in which each contends
that his hero is the greatest; ar var lteiti mrg, ar var talat um mannjfnu, ok hverr ar vri
gfgastr mar sveit er mestr hfingi ok uru menn ar eigi eitt sttir, sem optast verr ef um
mannjfnu er tala, i.e. a comparison of persons is odious, creates strife, Eb. 184; orsteinn
svarar, ekki ferr ek mannjfnu, segir hann, sl. ii. 214; ar var margt talat er menn vru drukknir
mjk, ok kom ar at rtt var um mannjfnu, Orkn. 210; eir fru mannjfnu ok tluu um
orgils ok Eirek, Fs. 149; var mart talat vi drykkinn, ok ar kom at farit var mannjafna, ok v
nst var rtt urn konungana sjlfa, Fms. i. 58; for a classical instance see the dialogue between the
two brother kings, Mork. 186 (mannjafnar konunga, cp. Fms. vii. 118 sqq.) 2. a matching or
pairing of persons as to the weregilds to be paid for wounds and slaughter on both sides after a
battle, sl. ii. 384, Fb. iii. 453.
mann-kaup, n. 'man-bargain;' in the phrase, at er gott m. e-m, a person is a good bargain, an
acquisition, Fms. vi. 99, Fb. ii. 280,; gott er m. Vagni, fair, Fms. xi. 154.
mann-kind, f. mankind; ok lusk aan af mannkindir, Edda 6; miklu frari en nnur mannkind
Norrlndum, Fas. i. 387; essi m., these people, Rm. 276.
mann-kostir, m. pl. human virtues, good qualities; drligir mannkostir, Orkn. 160; hann tali upp
fyrir henni mannkosti lafs konungs, Hkr. ii. 86, Al. 87, Mar. passim.
mann-kvmd, f. a visit of guests, Landn. 81.
mann-kvmt, n. adj., in the phrase, ar er m. (or ekki m.), many people come there, it is frequented
by guests; ar var ekki m., few people came there, it is a lonely place, Grett. 137.
mann-kv, f. a summons or levying of men, Sturl. iii. 40.
mann-kyn, n. mankind, N.G.L. iii. 299, Stj. 41, 371, Pass., Vdal. passim: a race, offspring, allt at
m. er fr honum kom, Ver. 6; fr eim kom mart m., 19: kind of people, H.E. i. 526.
mann-last, n. slander of people, defamation.
mann-lauss, adj. without men :-- without a husband, Ld. 184, Fas. iii. 390.
mann-lt, n. pl. loss of life, Sturl. iii. 93, .H. 213.
mann-leysi, n. the being mannlauss :-- a good-for-nothing person (mod. mann-leysa, u, f.), Fms. ii.
62, v.l.
mann-liga, adv. manfully, Fms. i. 263, vii. 261, ix. 471.
mann-ligr, adj. human, Greg. 54, Hom. 23, 83, Bs. i. 181; mannligt eli, human nature, Barl. 27,
Eb. 110, MS. 623. 19; mannligr veykleikr, Magn. 504, passim. 2. manly, becoming a man; ok er at
mannligra at fara at duga honum, .H. 117; mannlig er orin fer u, Lv. 24; sonr einkar-vnn ok
m. = mannvnn, Barl. 152: compds, mikil-m., str-m., magnicent; ltil-m., small.
mann-lkan, n. a human image, idol, .H. 109, Stj. 470: beings in human shape, Vsp. 10.
mann-lydda, u, f. mannlra, El.
mann-lti, n. a blemish, Grett. 161, Rm. 188.
mann-lra, u, f. a bad person, Fms. ii. 62, Valla L. 218, (Ed. mannla.)
mann-lstr, m. a blemish, Gsl. 15.
mann-margr, adj. having many men; esp. in neut., hafa mannmargt, to have many people, forces,
Nj. 254, 259, Fms. i. 290, Fs. 183: compar., hafa manneira, to have more men, followers, Glm.
345, Fms. vi. 106, xi. 237; hann var miklu manneiri ar nesinu, Orkn. 307.
mann-mengi, n. a host of men, N.G.L. i. 58.
mann-merg, f. a host of people, crowd, Fas. ii. 483.
mann-metnar, m. ambition, Edda 145 (pref.), Hom. (St.) 50.
mann-mgr, m. (mann-mgi, a, m., Pr. 425), a crowd of people, .H. 213.
mann-ningr, m. a 'nithing,' miscreant, Lv. 44, .H. 157.
mann-or, n. fame, repute. Fas. iii. 533, freq. in mod. usage.
mann-raun, f. a trial; hverri m. ok raut, Clem. 45; Drttinn tk sik allar mannraunir, all human
trials, 623. 19 :-- trial, danger, jafn hinum fremstu llum mannraunum, perils, dangerous tasks,
Eg. 21, Bs. i. 638; koma mannraunir, perils, Al. 61; orir ltt nnd at koma egar er nokkur er
m. , Fr. 30; rskr llum mannraunum, Fs. 3, 120 :-- experience, ltillar skynsemdar tli r mik
ok enga mannraun kunna, Fms. vi. 53 :-- trial, adversity, , or hann misti Ljts sonar sns, var at
mannraun en etta engi, orst. Su H. 174.
mann-r, n. pl. plots against a man'n life; hafa hsfreyjur verit gar, at eigi ha slait
mannrum, Nj. 53; cp. fjrr.
mann-samnar, m. a gathering of men, Fms. iv. 119, Ld. 76 :-- people assembled, Fms. viii. 64, sl.
ii. 83, Grg. ii. 165.
mann-sekt, f., esp. in pl. a penalty paid in one's person, opp. to fsekt: in the old law it signied
outlawry, banishment of any of the three degrees, Bs. i. 675; hvrki f n mannsektir, sl. ii. 385, cp.
Nj. 189.
mann-semi, f. valour, a GREEK, Hdl. 3; or perh. = man-semi, love-making, or the being agreeable
to women(?), see man.
mann-skai, a, m. 'man-scathe,' loss of life, Eg. 90: a great loss in a person's death, eir sgn
honum vgit, Gunnarr sagi, at at var ltill m., Nj. 61; ok er at enn mesti m. at taka af l, 136:
havoc in men, eim manni er r hafi grt enn mesta mannskaa, .H. 47; hann var eirra meir
lagr til mannskada, Th. was the more murderous ghter of the two, Fbr. 23 new Ed. mannskaa-
ver, n. a destructive gale.
mannskapr, m. manfulness, manhood, valour, Fas. iii. 305; hvrki spara penninga n mannskap,
spare neither money nor men, r. 100 new Ed :-- human nature, 677. 12. mannskapar-lauss, adj.
pithless, lacking strength and manhood, Fas. ii. 386.
mann-skelmir, m. a rascal, Fas. i. 330.
mann-skepna, u, f. a 'man-creature,' poor creature, Rb. 360, Fas. iii. 644.
mann-skratti, a, m. a wicked man.
mann-skrfa, n, f. a miserable coward, Fms. ii. 61, 93; n munt vera at draga af r slenit,
mannskrfan, Grett. 91, Fb. i. 523, Mag. 56.
mann-skr, adj. 'scatheful,' savage to man; str dr ok mann-sk, Hkr. i. 69, Rb. 344: of a
battle, bloody, Fms. i. 44, ii. 316, 323, passim.
mann-smi, a, m. honour, reputation, Eg. 106.
mann-spell, n. destruction of life, Eg. 278, Orkn. 108, Fms. viii. 351.
mann-spilla, t; mannspilla sr, to degrade oneself; eg vii ekki m. mr v.
mann-spjall, n. = mannspell, Fagrsk. 64.
mann-stormr, m. a rush of people, Bs. ii. 66.
mann-tak, n. manhood, pith; a er manntak e-m, there is pith in him, Grett. 136 A. manntaks-
semi, f. energy.
mann-tal, n. a muster, 'tale of men,' Grg. i. 66, N.G.L. i. 97; skora m., to muster troops, .H. 203,
Stj. 456: a census, at manntali, by tale, Br. 6: Grg. ii. 381. COMPDS: manntals-eir, m. an oath
taken in a census, N.G.L. i. 200. manntals-ing, n. a county meeting in the spring, Gl. 438, Jb.
mann-tapi, a, m. loss of life, Grg. ii. 130, MS. 625. 14, Bs. ii. 111, Fb. i. 70, Ver. 73; manntapa-
vetr, a winter of great mortality, Ann. 1196.
mann-telja, taldi, to tell the people, Stj. 546.
mann-tetr, n. a 'tatter of a man,' a poor wretch.
mann-tjn, n. = manntapi, Fms. vii. 263, x. 418, Sks. 79 new Ed., Bs. i. 327.
mann-, f. humanity, goodness.
mann-igr, adj. gentle, Lat. humanus, Fas. iii. 219.
mann-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), gentle, affable.
mann-val, n. choice people, a select body of men; at mesta m. landinu, the best men of the
county, Nj. 33, 173, Eg. 38, 43, Fms. vi. 46, x. 25: mod. also of one person, a goodly man, hann er
mesta mannval.
mann-vandr, adj. difcult, requiring a man, Fms. xi. 137. 2. particular as to choice of a husband,
of a lady, Nj. 48, Band. 29 new Ed.
mann-veir, f. the seizing, catching of a man, Sturl. i. 166.
mann-villa, u, f. personation, Grg. i. 353.
mann-viring, f. rank, renown, honour; var Lei gott til fjr ok mannviringar, Fb. i. 541, orst.
Su H. 177, Eg. 4, Nj. 111, Lv. 89, Magn. 466.
mann-virki, n. man's work, work of human hands, Symb. 26 :-- labour, me miklu m. ok kostnai,
Stj. 646 :-- a great work, monument, san tku eir at ryja gtuna, ok er at et mesta m., sem enn
sr merki, Eb. 132; ok n ltu eir gra at m. er vfrgt er ok kallat er Dana-virki, Fms. xi. 28;
eir gru m. (of the tower of Babel), Ver. 10; s en gta borg Tirus verr at sku r slku
mannvirki, Al. 48.
mann-vit, n. [Dan. mande-vid], 'man-wit' understanding, with the notion of 'mothers-wit,' good
sense, as opp. to bk-vit ('book-wit'); brigra vin fr mar alldregi, en m. mikit, Hm. 6, 10, Hbl. 3;
ml ok m., Sdm. 4; minni ok m., Fms. xi. 298 (in a verse); nd skynsamleg ok m., Ver. 2; ok uru
eir (the dwarfs) vitandi mannvits ok hfu manns lki, Edda 9; v at hann (the dog) her manns
mannvit, Fms. x. 254; sigi at m engi eignask nema hann ha m. me, ok eigu essir hlutir
mannviti at fylgja, Sks. 437; mannvits ok grar nttru, 475; hljta sumir spdms anda, sumir
mannvits anda ok spektar, 561; m. ok skilning, 49; at mannviti, rttlti ea sannsni, 474: learning,
r hat minna m. numit en ek, Mag. 3; lrr til alls mannvits, Sks. 474. COMPDS: mannvits-
brekka, u, f. a nickname ot a lady, Landn. mannvits-lauss, -ltill, adj. artless, with little wit, Sks.
45, Krk. 43. mannvits-mar, m. a wise man, Sturl. i. 9. mannvit-samligr, adj. ingenious, Sks.
620.
mann-vitull, m. [Engl. wittol], a 'wittol' of a man, a wittol, as a term of abuse, a GREEK, sl. ii.
340 (Heiarv. S., but undoubtedly bearing this meaning).
mann-vnligr, adj. = mannvnn, Sturl. i. 3, Fms. iv. 179, vi. 107, Eg. 187, Gull. 4, passim.
mann-vnn, adj. hopeful, promising, of a young person, Eg. 514, Fms. i. 20, vi. 443.
mann-vrr, adj. (qs. eiga vrt hj mnnum), beiddu eir lausnar (absolution) af honum, sv at eir
skyldi vera mannvrir, Fms. ix. 534, v.l.
mann-gi, f. = mann.
mann-gr, mod. mann-eygr, adj. vicious, of animals, bulls, Hkr. i. 37, Bs. i. 319, Lv. 91.
mann-roti, adj. lacking men, K.. 70.
mann-rng, f. a throng of men, Fms. ii. 172.
mann-ur, adj. in need of men, Mar.
mann-li (qs. -li?), n. [a GREEK, prob. identical with Ulf. manauli = GREEK, Phil. ii. 8], a
'man-shape,' hence a mannikin, as a term of contempt, cp. Germ. weibs-bild; hann var m. mikit ok
veslingr, Finnb. 214.
mann-ta, u, f. a 'man-eater' cannibal; trll ok m. . Bret. 12, Fb. i. 526, N.G.L. i. 434, ii. 495;
bldrekkr ea m., Fas. iii. 573.
man-sal, n. slave-selling, see man, as also for the other compds.
man-skera, skar, [mn = a mane], to cut a horse's mane.
man-skri, n. pl. mane-scissors, Bjarn. 62.
man-sti, n. the place of the mane, Sks. 100.
man-sngr, m. a love song: see man.
manungr, adj. youthful, epithet ot a girl, Hm. 163.
Man-verjar, m. pl. [Mn =. / Isle of Man], the Manxmen, Fms.
MARA, pres. mari; pret. mardi; part. marat: only the pret. is found in old writers, but the word is
still in full use except in pret. subj. :-- to be water-logged, oat just under the surface of the water;
en fullt var skipit ok mari uppi um stundar sakar ... en mean skipit mari uppi, Bs. i. 355; mari
undir eim skipit (the ship was water-logged) sv at eir fengu eigi upp ausit, 386: tk at
kyrra verit en skipit mari, Fas. ii. 80; san kom ki upp ok mari ar vatni at kalla, iii. 581.
mara, u, f. [Engl. night-mare; akin to merja = to crush] :-- the night-mare, an ogress; en er hann
hafi ltt sofnat, kallai hann ok sagi at mara tra hann, menn hans fru til, ok vildu hjlpa honum,
en er eir tku uppi til hfusins tra hn ftleggina sv at nr brotnnu. tku eir til ftanna,
kafi hn hfuit, sv at ar d hann, Hkr. i. 20; the word also occurs in one of Kormak's verses;
it is freq. in mod. usage.
mar-lmr, m., qs. marhlmr, 'sea-straw,' sea-grass, Bs. i. 594: cp. Hjalt.
mar-bakki, a, m. the 'sea-bank,' the border between shoal and deep water along the coast, see Ivar
Aasen; s. in mlvinir minir fyrir marbakkann sukku, Vgl. (in a verse), N.G.L. ii. 140, v.l.
mar-ber, m. the sea-bed, shore, .H. (in a verse).
Mar-bli, n. the local name of a farm near the sea. D.I. Marblingar, m. pl. the men from M., Ld.
mar-drp, n. a nickname, Bs.
mar-skinn, n. [mrrj, a marten's fur. B.K. 98, Dipl. iii. 4.
Mar-dll or Mar-ll, f. gen. Mardallar, one of the names of Freyja, Edda 21: prop. a mermaid,
Jnas 151; Mardallar-grtr. the tears of M. = gold. Lex. Pot.; cp. the Mardallar-Saga in Maurer's
Volkssagen.
mar-atr, adj. horizontal, on the sea.
mar-, f., pl. r, an insect, 'sea-ea,' cancer pulex.
mar-tr, m. the sea-level, (mod.)
mar-glitta, u, f. 'sea-glitter,' a kind of jelly sh, Eggert Itin.
MARGR, adj., fem. mrg. neut. margt, usually spelt and pronounced mart; compar. eiri, q.v.;
superl. estr; [Ulf. manags = GREEK; A.S. manig; Engl. many: O.H.G. manag; Dutch mennig;
Germ. manche; the n is found in all South-Teutonic languages, and the word is explained by Grimm
as a compd from mann (homo) and the sufx -gi (-cunque); the Norse margr is the same word,
having only changed the n into r, for the n remains in a few derivatives, as mengi (a crowd), menga
(to blend), manga, q.v.: in mod. Swed. and Dan. the n has been resumed from intercourse with the
Germ.; Dan. mange; early Swed. marger, but mod. Swed. mnga] :-- -many; munu margir ess
gjalda, Nj. 2; meiri er veir Flosa en mrgum rum, 232; marga na muni, Ld. 102; srr
mrgum srum ... mrgum mnnum, ... margir menn, Fms. x. 370; margir slkir, many such. Nj. 6;
marga penninga, Dipl. ii. 10. 2. sing. in a collect. sense, both as subst. and adj.; mart man, Fms. i.
185; margr mar, Fb. i. 241; margr s frr vkkisk, Hm. 29; viat margr man ik funda, vat
margr mun ar at r vkja, Nj. 47; skipask margr vel vi gan bning, Fms. vi. 208; her
margr hloti um srt at binda, Nj. 54; hann hafi lti sl skipa-saum margan, a great quantity of,
Fms. ix. 377: margr er knr hann s smr; ber mr jafnan mart gma, vi. 208; margs vitandi,
Vsp. 20; mart er mr vel hent at gra, Nj. 54; tala mart, 194; heyra mart en tala ftt, Hallgr.; spyrja
mjk margs, Ld. 88; fyrir margs sakir, for many reasons, Fms. vi. 215; ok ykkir ltt fyrir () mrgu
at at tala, xi. 108; mart manna, many people, Eg. 134, Nj. 194: mrgu, in many respects, in many
things, 625. 82, Fb. iii. 246; fr at mrgu, Nj. 194; margs alls, quite great, adverb., Am. 8, 92. II.
metaph. friendly, communicative (cp. fr); hfum vit n hvarttveggja reynt, at mart her verit um
me okkr ok ftt, Gsl. 17; ekki var mart me eim, Fms. x. 78; sv er, frndi, at me okkr her
verit ekki mart, Ld. 106; var hann margr vi rna biskup ok frttinn af slandi, Bs. i. 776. III.
margr is used as a subst., in the saying, eigi m vi margnum, no one can stand against many,
against odds; en mtti hann eigi vi marginum um sir, at last he was overthrown, Br. 14;
kom at v sem mlt er, at ekki m vi margnum, Fs. 89, Fms. xi. 278. margs-konar and margs-
kyns, adv. of many kinds, various, Fs. 63, Edda 38, Hkr. i. 5, Fms. i. 185, Eg. 517, passim. B.
COMPDS: marg-breytinn, adj. variable, whimsical, Fs. 86, Vpn. 1. Fas. ii. 7. marg-breytni, f.
variety, marg-brotinn, part. intricate. marg-bruginn, part. sly, Lil. 16. marg-drr, adj. very dear,
Hallfred. marg-falda, a, to multiply, Fms. i. 137, Sks. 628, Rb. 462, Stj. 428 (repeated), Alg. 358:
to address, in plur. by 'r,' Sks. 303. marg-faldan, f. multiplication, Alg. 356. margfald-leikr, m.
manifoldness. Str. 21. marg-faldliga, adv. manifoldly, Stj. 51, Fms. i. 76, v. 346: margfaldligar
(compar.), i. 184. marg-faldligr, adj. manifold, Stj. 55, Barl. 27: gramm., margfaldligr lta = plural,
Sklda 186; margfaldligar hlutir, nouns in plural, Edda 85. 86. marg-faldr; adj. manifold, Fms. v.
265. Sks. 312. marg-frgjarn, adj. eager for learning, Sks. 493. marg-frr, adj. learned in many
things, much knowing, Hm. 102; vitr mar ok m., Bs. i. 410, Fms. iv. 135, x. 392, Sks. 493: of a
wizard, Hkr. i. 73. marg-fri, f. varied learning, Str. 1, Clar. marg-frmur, m. the great
furtherer. Ad. marg-ftla, u, f. the insect cancer brachyurus, Eggert Itin. 609. marg-httar, adj.
of many kinds, Fms. i. 272, vi. 48. 145. marg-heyrr, part. often heard. Fms. ii. 137. marg-hrossa,
a, in a pun (= st), Krk. 63, 64. marg-kunnandi, part. knowing many things, Landn. 110, Fs.
131, Fms. iii. 90. marg-kunnigr, adj. = margfrr, Rb. 308: = fjlkunnigr, forusp ok margkunnig,
Fs. 33. 54, 67, Grett. 150. marg-kunnindi, f. witchcraft, sl. ii. 422. marg-kvslar, adj. many-
branched, Fas. iii. 60, Sks. 441. marg-kvslttr, adj. id., Br. 164, Stj. 534, Sks. 565. marg-
kvmt, n. adj. where many people come; ar var ekki m., Grett. 157 A. marg-kyndugr, adj. =
margkunnigr, Fs. 68. marg-ltr, adj. loose, ckle, variable; marglt kona, Br. 11, Sklda 194; aldri
skal ek verit hafa margltari (more excessive) sllum hlutum en n, Fms. x. 290: as a nickname,
Teitr inn marglti (= superbus?), Bs. i. 27. marg-leiki, a. m. intimacy, Sturl. iii. 198. marg-liga,
adv. intimately, friendly, Sturl. iii. 286. marg-litr, adj. variegated. marg-lyndr, adj. changeful of
mood, ckle, Hkr. i. 16, Fms. iii. 83. marg-lti, n. wantonness; leitar hann ekki ik, er r m.
at brega vist inni, Lv. 26, Bs. i. 530 (wanton cruelty); var at mlt at Eyjlfr slgi m. vi hana,
that E. made love to her. Sturl. ii. 39. marg-mlugr, adj. talkative, .H. 202, Fagrsk. 14. marg-
menni, n. many men, a multitude, Th. 94, Fb. i. 241, Bs. ii. 37: the majority, i. 720 (margmengit
MS.) marg-mennr, adj. with many men, Sturl. ii. 249, Fms. ii. 261. marg-mlgi, f. loquacity. Th.
76. marg-mli, n. = margmlgi, Fms. vi. 209. marg-mltr, part. many-spoken, Eb. 258: talkative,
slanderous, Nj. 22. marg-opt, adv. very often, Rd. 240. marg-orr, adj. long-winded, using many
words. Fr. 14, Hkr. iii. 263. marg-prettttr, adj. cunning, Barl. 27. marg-ra, u, f.; much talk,
Fms. ix. 252, v.l. marg-rddr, part. much talked of, Fms. vii. 169, Al. 169, Glm. 330. marg-
rinn, part. talkative, Fagrsk. marg-sinnis, adj. many a time. marg-slgr, adj. very sly, Barl. 56.
marg-smugall, adj. penetrating, subtle, Sks. 565. 637. marg-spakr, adj. very wise, Haustl., b. 4.
marg-staar, adv. in many places, Nj. 185, Stj. 135, Bs. i. 208 (var margstaar holdit beinunum,
thus to be emendated). marg-talar, part. using many words, Fms. vi. 304; gra margtalat vi e-n,
Finnb. 328, Band. 8 new Ed., Stj. 581; var lengi margtalat um vgit, Nj. 22. marg-teitr, adj. very
cheerful, Orkn. (in a verse). marg-ttt, n. adj. frequent, usual, happening often; margttt er at at
menn deyi, Fms. vi. 105, Hom. 114: sem margttt er, as is usual, Stj. 411; sgu at sem margttt er,
Fms. vii. 309. marg-vitr, adj. of many-sided learning, Al. 6, Sks. 317 B. marg-vsliga, adv. in many
ways. marg-vsligr, adj. various, of many kinds, Sks. 411. marg-vss, adj. = margfrr. Barl. 27,
Fms. ii. 183, Br. 2 new Ed., Stj. 436, Hv. 55. marg-yrr, adj. = margorr, Sks. 92 new Ed.
mar-grei, a, m. [Germ. mark-graf], a margrave, marquis, [mid. Lat. marchio,] count, ir., Ann.
1264.
Margrt, f. a pr. name, Margaretta.
mar-gullin, f. adj. [cp. marigold?], epithet of a lady, Hkv. Hjrv., a GREEK and pot.
mar-ggr, f. a mermaid, sea-ogress (see ggr), Fms. iv. 56, Ann. 1329, Sks. 169, Grett. 93 new Ed.
mar-hrsla, u, f. [proviuc. Norse mare-rs],(?), Edda (Gl.) ii. 483.
mari, a, m. the post of a bedstead = upp-standari.
MARK, n., pl. mrk, [a word common to all Teut. languages; Ulf. marka = GREEK; A.S. mearc;
Engl. march; Germ., Swed., and Dan. mark; Lat. margo; the original sense is an outline, border,
whence are derived mrk, border-land; also merki, merkja, q.v.] :-- a landmark; mark milli Grafar
ok Bakka, Dipl. ii. 2 (landa-merki); ganga yr at mark er nttran her sett, Mar.: a mark for
shooting, skjta til marks, Sks. 379 (mark-bakki). II. a mark as a sign of property; kenna sitt mark
e-u, to recognise as one's own mark, Bs. i. 720. 2. a mark on sheep's ears; brega af marki
sauum, Grg. i. 397; n bregr mar bi snu er mark , ok er honum rtt at lj rum marks, 425;
ef mar leggr alstnga-mark f sitt, ok varar fjrbaugs-gar nema honum s lofat lgrttu,
426; ef menn taka mark at erf skulu eir skipta vi sem rum ar, 422; at f gkk me
mrkum ris, Gull. 26: phrases, erfa-mark, a 'hereditary mark;' eiga mark saman, Grg. i. 423;
nauta-mark, 397. COMPD: marka-taa, u, f. an entry of all the 'marks' in a district using the same
mountain pastures, see also the description in Piltr og Stlka, as an illustration of Icelandic life;
even the church had a mark, kirkja mark, Vm. 29. III. metaph. a mark, sign; ek vil segja r eitt
til marks um, at ..., Nj. 56; ok til marks, at sna vrn gvilja, Fms. i. 104; ok er at eigi mark (that
is of no mark) vat mr eru hr allar leiir kunnar, ii. 80; etta er eigi meira mark, is of no more
mark, Mirm.; ok at lti mark s at, hverju heitr, Fms. vii. 120; ekki er mark at draumum, Sturl.
ii. 217; ekki er enn mark at, nr munu vit gangask enn r lkr, i.e. this is nothing, only the
beginning, Nj. 176; at gra hr ungir sveinar er lti mark mun at ykkja, Edda 32; lti mark var
at, er eir Beli hittusk ..., 23; enn er meira mark at of hjrtinn Eikyrni, 24; at er eitt mark um
ltillti hans, 81; ok til marks, at her verit, Fs. 18; sem essu marki sndisk eir hlutir, at ...,
Bs. i. 750; daua-mrk, lfs-mark, q.v.: at marki, adverb, greatly, signally, Karl. 171, 181, 196, Bs.
ii. 65. IV. spec. usage, of embroidery, woven marks, gures; hn hafi kntt um sik blju ok vru
mrk bl, Ld. 244. COMPDS: marka-deili, n. landmarks, D.N. ii. 496. marka-mt, n. pl.
boundaries, N.G.L. i. 87. marka-skr, -taa, u, f. a scroll on which the sheep marks are entered.
marks-mar, m. a man of mark, Eg. 15, v.l.
MARKA, a, prop. to draw outline of, sketch, cp. mark above, [Engl. to mark; cp. also Lat. margo,
a kindred word] :-- to mark, draw the outline of; marka grundvll, to mark out, draw the ground-
plan of a building; lagi hinn helgi Jn biskup af sr skikkju sna ok markai sjlfr grundvll undir
kirkjuna, Bs. i. 171, MS. 656 B. 8; san markai konungr grundvll til kirkju eim sta, Fms. i.
203; var ar markai hlmstar, Eg. 486; hann markai tptir til gara, .H. 42; marka sr vll, Fs.
128; oss var aldr of markar, Landn. (in a verse); er eim frum mrku ll skepna, Ver. 1;
markat (drawn) her ek fyrir r me nokkurum orum birting lopts, Sks. 236. 2. to x; marka ver
hve vera skal, to x the price, Grg. ii. 234. 3. impers., ok markai sv til, at ..., it appeared as if, of
the outlines, Fms. v. 314. II. to sign, mark as one's property; au naut vru ll einn veg mrku,
Fms. i. 152; n markar mar annars f snu marki, Grg. i. 416: metaph., hann markai sik sjlfan
v hreinlis marki, Ver. 14 (of the circumcision); kotkarl einn markai rettn klur hfi r.
Band. 13; lt inn marka sik geirs-oddi, ... lt hann marka sik ni, Yngl. S. ch. 10, 11. 2. to mark
by an emblem; vr skulum marka (merkja, .H. l.c.) li vrt ok gra herkuml hjlmum vrum ok
skjldum, Fb. ii. 338; er at mitt r, at menn marki stlhfur snar, Sturl. iii. 240. 3. to draw; hann
hafi rauan skjld ok markar hjrtr, Nj. 143; ar me vru mrku himin-tungl, en nera
rnu vru markaar forneskju-sgur, Fms. v. 340; hann var markar (merkr, .H. l.c.) eptir r,
Fb. ii. 190; er hlutnum markar Freyr af silfri, Fs. 19; gef ek r skjld, ok er markar kross
me lkneski Drottins vrs, Bs. i. 8. III. metaph. to mark, observe, infer; ar eptir mtt marka
hans fegr, Edda 15; m af v m. hverr mar hann var, Bs. i. 72; m af slku m. hversu ungan
matar-aa eir hfu, Fs. 146; ok m af v m. landskosti, 26; n skal slku m. at Gu ..., Sks.
468; n skalt ok at marka, at ..., 491. IV. to signify, matter; at er ekki at marka, that is nothing to
signify; markau at ekki, heed it not, take no notice of it; marka drauma, to mind dreams, Sturl. ii.
131. 2. to betoken; en r marka villumenn, 673. 2; markar at einaran mann, id. :-- to shew, eir
hafa markat at hug hafa, Hkr. i. 142.
marka- or markar-, see mrk.
markar, m., gen. markaar, Fb. i. 304, l. 12; spelt marknar, Fms. viii. 304 (v.l.), D.N. iii. 229:
[not from marka, but like Engl. market, Germ. markt, borrowed from the Lat. merc-s, mercatus; the
genuine Norse word for market is torg, q.v.] :-- a market; mean markarinn st, Fms. i. 185; var
ar m. ok kaupstar, viii. 304, ix. 219, Fb. i. 204 (of an Engl. market) :-- metaph., var eim settr inn
sami m., they got the same treatment, Fms. viii. 41; ferr hann til annarrar borgar ok settisk ar um,
ok setti eim vlkan marka sem inum fyrrum, x. 237.
mark-byg, f. [mrk], a 'forest-country,' opp. to open country made into elds, Hkr. i. 88, Magn.
442, .H. 201, Fms. vii. 25.
mark-deili, n. a march-boundary, D.N. i. 81.
mark-garr, m. a march-fence, boundary fence, Dipl. ii. 1.
mark-hnn, n. the blubber with the harpoon's print in it, Gl. 462.
mark-land, n. forest-land, with the notion of march-land, border-land, Hkr. i. 45, Eg. 58. II. a local
name = Labrador(?), Fb.
mark-lauss, adj. without a mark: metaph. meaningless.
mark-lei, f. a track through forests, Hkr. i. 76.
mark-leii, n. = marklei, Hkr. i. 55.
mark-leysa, u, f. nonsense.
mar-kntr, m. [marr = sea], a kind of sh, cottus scorpius. Norse martulk, Edda (Gl.), Eggert Itin.
359.
mark-plgr, m. a kind of plough used in a woody county, Sks. 425.
mark-r, f. = markreina, N.G.L. i. 245.
mark-rein, f. = markreina, D.N. i. 81.
mark-reina, u, f. a boundary line, N.G.L. i. 42, Gl. 460.
mark-skil, n. pl. borders, marches, Gl. 452.
mark-steinn, m. a mark-stone, landmark, Gl. 286, 543, Eg. 492 (of a battle eld): stones laid to
mark a spot, Bs. i. 346.
mark-stika, u. f. a boundary stake, Bs. i. 329.
mark-teigr, m. a border eld, N.G.L. i. 42.
mar-lendr, part. pl. 'sea-sliders,' sea-farers; margir eru marlendr, many there are who slide over
the sea, of witches, spirits, Eb. 44, a saying.
marmari, a, m. [Lat. word], marble, Stj. 46, Rm. 342, Sks. 188, Bs. ii. 103; marmara-grjt, -
steinar, slabs of marble, Symb. 57, Str. 5, Karl, 14.
mar-mennill, m., thus Landn. 76, 77; mar-mandill, Fas. ii. 31 (thrice); in popular mod. usage in
Icel., mar-bendill; the Hauksbok (Landn. l.c.) spells it margmelli; whence the mod. Norse
marmle, Ivar Aasen :-- prop. a 'sea-mannikin,' a kind ot sea goblin or sea dwarf, in the Norse fairy
tales. The marmennil is now and then hooked by shermen; being a soothsayer, he tells them what
is to happen. The classical passages in oid Icel. writers are the Hlf's S. ch. 7 and the Landn. 2, ch.
5; for mod. times see Maurer's Volks. 31, 32, as also sl. js. i. 131-134. Inseparable from these
tales is the merman's 'laughter;' he generally laughs thrice, e.g. the king kisses the queen, beats his
dog, and stumbles over and curses the mound, at each of which the merman laughs; and being asked
why, he says that he laughs at the king's foolishness, for the queen is false, but the dog is true and
will save his life, and in the mound there is a hidden treasure; hence, hl marbendill, then the
merman laughed, has in Icel. become proverbial of a sudden, unreasonable, and spiteful t of
laughter. The coincidence with the English legend of Merlin the 'wild man' in the romance of
Merlin, (edited by the Early Engl. Text Soc. 1869, p. 434,) is very striking; and one is tempted to
suggest that the name Merlin may have been borrowed from the Norse sea goblin (who in
Norwegian tales is said to be the bastard of the sea monster hafstramb and a mermaid), and tacked
on to the Welsh legend: even the word has a Norse or Teutonic sound: Merlin may well be
shortened from the dimin. mer-mann-lin, mer-m'lin, merlin: according to the Pref. to this Engl.
romance the name is not found attached to the Welsh legend till the 12th century. COMPDS:
marmendils-smi, n. the mermannikins work = millepora polymorpha. marmendils-ari, a, m.
the merman's weed = corallina ofcinalis, Maurer's Volks.
mar-nagli, a, m. in a pun, Sklda 237 (in a verse).
marningr, m. [merja], a contusion.
MARR, m., gen. marar; [Ulf. marei = GREEK; A.S. mere; Hel. meri; O.H.G. meri; Germ. meer;
Lat. mare] :-- the sea; sgr fold mar, the earth sinks into the sea, Vsp. 57; mik her marr miklu
rntan. Stor; vtr marr, Sklda (in a verse); kaldr marr, Edda 101 (in a verse); la yr marr, Vm.
48: metaph., mun-strandar marr, the sea of the breast, the song, Hful.; mistar marr, the sea of
mist, the air, Hkv. 1. 96: in prose this old word remains in the marar-botn, m. the bottom of the
sea; Pll lifi tvau dgr marabotnum, 655 xxvii. 6, and so in mod. usage; it also remains in
various compds, mar-lmr, mar-bakki, mar-atr, mar-mennill, mar-ggr, mar-hrsla, mar-
kntr, mar-svn, mar-vai, mar-rein, etc., q.v. II. in local names, Aust-marr (q.v.), A.S. Eastmere;
Mar-bli, q.v.
MARR, m., gen. mars, dat. mari, Vm. 12; pl. marar, Hkr. i. 237 (in a verse), Skv. 2. 16; pl. marir,
Fm. 15, Hkv. Hjrv. 28; but acc. pl. mara, Akv. 37, Rm. 35; marina = mara ina, Akv. 13: (A.S.
mearh or mear; O.H.G. marah] :-- a steed, only in poetry, whereas the answering fem. merr, a
mare, has become a common word in prose as well as poetry: magran mar, Hm. 82, Og. 3, Skm. 8,
9; mar stiginn af mars baki, 15; mars bgi, Vkv. 31; mari vel tmdum, Fas. i. 491 (in a verse);
mara svang-rifja, Rm. 35; marina mlgreypu, Akv. 13; er hr sitjum feigir mrum, Hm. 10;
mrum Hnlenzkum, 11; hlea mar, to saddle, Hdl. 5; minn veit ek mar beztan, Akv. 7; hann kva
hest mar heita, en mar (mara? q.v.) er manns fylgja, Fs. 68; hnakk-marr = a saddle-horse, hack, t.:
pot, vg-marar wave steeds, ships, Skv. 2. 16; Ra ri-marar, the heaving sea steed, Hkr. i. 237
(in a verse); gis-marr, s-marr, vers-marr, bor-marr, segl-marr, stjrn-marr (Hkv. 1. 29), gjlfr-
marr, ptu-marr, all names of ships. Lex. Pot.
mar-rein, f. the sea line, in marreins-bakki, a, m. = marbakki, the bank where the deep and
shallow water meet; n hittir mar sel fyrir ofan marreinsbakka, N.G.L. ii. 149 (v.l. marbakka);
hann skal bija hann heima vera mean hann rr fyrir tan marreinsbakka ea gengr fyrir ofan
gar, i. 89; skal hann ganga tan gars ea fara t um marreinsbakka, ok fara aptr til hss san,
23.
mar-sleggja, u, f. [merja], a 'crush-sledge,' Art. 78, a GREEK rendering of macue = mace, of the
French original.
mar-svn, n. 'sea-swine,' sea-hog, a kind of whale, Eggert Itin.; marsvna-rekstr, Fl. vii. 28, the
driving whales ashore.
mar-tr, f. being 'trodden' by a mara, nightmare, Fl. x. 15.
mar-vai, a, m. [Swed. marwatten = eddy], sea water, shoal water(?); only in the phrase, troa
marvaa, to tread the water, of a swimmer in an upright position; the word also occurs in Fas. ii. 83
(foot-note, in a verse) -- er marvaa mddu Rnar j, but its use there is dubious.
mar-ak, n. 'sea-thatch,' pot, ice, Grett. (in a verse).
mar-rr, m. 'sea-thread,' a kind of sea-weed.
mar-vara, u, f. a kind of crab, Eggert Itin. 997, Edda (Gl.)
mas, n. tittle-tattle, chat, Bb.
MASA, a, to chatter, prattle.
massa, a, [prob. an iterat. from meita], to whittle, carve a piece of wood idly with a knife; massa
nir sptu, hva ertu a massa?
mastr, m., gen. mastrs, [a for. word introduced from Engl. and Germ. mast,] a mast; the word
which is now freq. is not found in old writers, who call the mast siglutr.
MAT, n. [meta], an estimate, taxing, Jb. 195; eptir mati sex skynsamra manna, Dipl. v. 3; jara-mat,
see jr.
mata, u, f. [matr], provender, a mess; of a crew, Kolbeinn lt Hrapp fara mtu til sn, Nj. 128,
v.l.; the food of shermen: a fee to the priest (paid in butter), called prests-mata. COMPDS: mtu-
nautr, m. a messmate, N.G.L. i. 186, Eb. 194, Orkn. 118, Grg. i. 186, ii. 73, passim. mtu-neyti,
n. messmates-hip, Nj. 128, Edda 29, Grg. i. 186, ii. 73.
mata, a, [matr], to feed another, as the nurse does the sick and children; hann getr ekki mata sig,
a verr a mata hann, of a person who cannot even eat without assistance. II. reex. matask, to
eat, take food, take a jti-:al, Nj. 175, Ems. i. 35, Fb. ii. 273, Eg. 232, K..K. 136; spuri hv hann
mataisk sv seint, why he went on eating so slowly, Eb. 244.
mat-annungr, m. a 'meat-earner,' a person who earns his food, but gets no wages, Jb. 469; mod.
matvinnungr.
mat-bjrg, f. provision from hand to mouth, .H. 153.
mat-blt, n. a 'meat-idol,' an idol of dough, N.G.L. i. 383.
mat-bor, n. a dressed table, a table at meal-time, Eg. 63, Bs. i. 669, .H. 237, Fms. vi. 195, viii.
51.
mat-brr, adj. eager, gluttonous.
mat-bri, f. gluttony, Hom. 24.
mat-ba, bj, to dress, meat, cook, Fms. i. 9, vii. 288, Jb. 398, Bs. i. 593, Eb. 198, 266, Bret. 102,
Stj. 165.
mat-b, f. the dressing of food. matbar-mar, m. a cook, Stj. 443, Fms. ii. 139.
mat-bnar, m. = matb, Stj. 166, 280.
mat-br, n. a 'meat-bower,' pantry, Bs. ii. 134.
mat-eyrir, m. victuals, Rtt. 47.
mat-ftt, n. adj. short of provisions, Sturl. ii. 43, Fs. 142.
mat-frir, m. time to eat in peace; eg hef ekki matfri.
mat-fng, n. pl. stores of food, Fms. ii. 99, .H. 127, Sks. 141, Bs. ii. 179.
mat-ger, f. cooking, matgerar-mar, m. a cook, Gl. 99.
mat-gja, a, m. a meat-giver, bread-giver, Fms. viii. 307.
mat-gjald, n. a ne paid in food, Grg. i. 451.
mat-gjf, f. a gift in food (to the poor), Grg. i. 296, 443.
mat-goggr, m. a 'meat-beak,' nickname of a beggar.
mat-gr, adj. liberal as to food, Sm. 38.
mat-hkr, m. a glutton.
mat-heill, adj. [North. E. meat-hale] , sound so as to be able to eat, Sturl. i. 20.
mat-kassi, a, m. a meat-safe, Stj. 154.
mat-kaup, n. purchase of victuals, Orkn. 344, Fms. vii. 78, viii. 367.
mat-ketill, m. a meat-settle, Fms. ix. 422.
mat-krkr, m. a meat-crow, glutton, a nickname, Sturl. iii. 51.
mat-land, n.: gott, Hit in., a productive or unproductive district, Fins, vii. 78.
mat-langr, adj.; matlanga stund, such a time as it fakes to eat one's meal, Ann. 294; cp.
drykklangr.
mat-laun, n. pl. a fee for board, Grg. i. 147. matlauna-mar, m. = matannungr, Gl. 260.
mat-launi, a, m. = matlaunamar, Grg. ii. 43.
mat-lauss, adj. without food, Eb. 266, Ld. 200, Gsl. 57, Fms. ii. 97.
mat-leii, a, m. a loathing of food, 677. 3.
mat-leysa, n. lack of food. Fms. vi. 325, xi. 288, K..K. 130.
mat-l, n. board, fare, Fms. viii. 435.
mat-mar, m. a great eater.
mat-mangari, a, m. a 'meat-monger,' provision-dealer, N.G.L. ii. 246.
mat-ml, n. meal-time, Grg. i. 261, Nj. 197, Sd. 144; milli matmla, between two meals, Bs. i.
108; ltil er landi stund, lng matmls stund, Hkr. i. 154 (a saying) :-- a meal. Fms. vii. 160.
mat-mir, f. 'meat-mother,' used of a mistress with respect to her servants and household, cp.
Engl. bread-giver.
mat-ningr, m. a 'meat-nithing,' one who starves his people, Sm, 38, Fas. ii. 133.
MATR, m., gen. matar, dat. mat; with article matinum, Grg. i. 47 (mod. matnum); plur. matir; it is
twice or thrice in Fb. spelt mt with a long vowel, with which cp. the rhyme mta uppstr, Hallfred,
-- mta (gen. pl.) viggjar uppstr = a pantry (the explanation given in Lex. Pot. and hence in Fs.
214, seems erroneous); for the long vowel cp. also Ormul. mete (not mette), Engl. meat: [Ulf. mats
= GREEK; A.S. mete; Engl. meat; O.H.G. maz; Swed. mat; Dan. mad] :-- meat, food; matar ok
va er manni rf, Hm. 3; matar gr, 'good of meat,' hospitable, 38; bja e-m mat, Gm. 2;
morgin-dggvar au sr at mat hafa, Vm. 45, Skm. 27; var matr fram settr, Fbr. 21 new Ed.;
bera mat bor, to put meat on the board, Nj. 50; skalt stela aan mat tv hesta, 74; bera mat
stofu, eptir at setti hn bor ok bar ar mat, ... viljum vr vst gefa yr mat ... san gengu eir
undir bor ok signdu mat sinn, ... tu gestir mat sinn, Eb. 266, 268; Gunnarr vissi slks matar ar
ekki vn, Nj. 75; enna aptan enn sama mlti Bergra til hjna sinna, n skulu r kjsa yr mat
kveld, vat enna aptan mun ek bera sast mat fyri hjn mn ..., ykki mr bl eitt allt borit ok
matrinn, 197; hann var kallar hinn mildi ok inn matar-lli, ... hann svelti menn at mat, Fms. i. 1;
sitja at mat, to sit at meat, x. 378; beia matar, Grg. i. 47; at hinn haldi matinum, id.; st
Glmr. upp snemma ok kallai til matar sns, ... vil ek hafa mat minn en engar refjar, Grett. 111; ar
he ek mnum mat orit fegnastr er ek na honum, 126; et mat inn, trll, Fas. iii. 178, 179:
allit., matr ok mungt, meat and drink, Fb. iii. 578. Fb. i. 563; hann tti fjlda barna, hafi hann
varla mat munn sr, he had hardly any meat in his mouth, he was well-nigh starved, Bs. i. 193;
menn s ek er mur hfu, lti mat munn, Sl.: eiga miungi mat; mod. eiga ekki mlungi
matar, to have no food for one's next meal, be very poor, Hm. 66: the saying, matr tr mannsins
megin, 'meat is man's main;' bija sr matar hvert ml, 36; urr matr, dry meat; urr matr, at er
gras ok aldin, K..K. 78; hvtr matr, white meat = milk, cheese from the dairy, passim; elds matr,
food for re, fuel; spna-matr, spoon-meat, opp. to t-matr = dry meat. II. in plur. stores of food,
provisions; tveggja mnaa mati, Gl. 99; tveggja mnaa matir mjls, N.G.L. i. 172; tlf mnaar
mati, 346, B.K. passim. COMPDS: matar-afgangr, m. leavings from the table or of food, K..K.
47. matar-ai, a, m. fare, provisions, Fs. 146. matar-st, f. 'meat-love' cupboard love; hafa m. e-
m, to have 'meat-love' for a person, to love him for his table's sake. matar-bl, n., a Norse law
phrase, referring to the taxation of an estate, thus, hundra, sextigi ... mnaa matarbl, an estate of
a hundred, sixty ... months' food, Fms. x. 153, N.G.L., D.N., B.K. passim. matar-br, n. a 'meat-
bower,' pantry, whence abbreviated br (q.v.), Sturl. i. 355. matar-fst, f. appetite, 4. 21. matar-
fng, n. pl. = matfng, sl. ii. 465. matar-gr, f. dairy work, cooking, etc., Glm. 367, Gl. 102.
matar-llr, adj. meat-stingy, of a bad master who starves his household, Fms. i. 1. matar-kaup, n. =
matkaup, Fms. viii. 353, v.l. matar-lauss, adj. meatless, without food, Fb. i. 131. matar-lyst, f.
appetite. matar-neyzla, u, f. the taking food, Sks. 434. matar-skamtr, m. a portion. matar-ver, n.
board wages, Gl. 513. matar-verr, m. a meal, Bs. i. 122. matar-vtt, f. a weight (measure) of
victuals, Sturl. ii. 60. matar-i, n. diet.
mat-r, n. pl. 'meat-rule,' the husbandry of food, dispensing food to the household, the duty of the
mistress in olden times, Bs. i. 139, see Nj. ch. 128.
mat-reia, u, f. the making food 'ready' dressing food, doing dairy and pantry work and the like; at
er ekki karla at annask um matreiu, Nj. 75, Fs. 73, Grg. i. 459, Fas. ii. 76.
mat-reia, d, = matba.
mat-reki, a, m. a jetsum of victuals (shes, whales), Vm. 141.
mat-seld, f. = matreia, Eb. 266.
mat-selja, u, f. a laundress, Lv. 36, Nj. 59, Eg. 759, Eb. 92.
mat-sinkr, adj. stingy of food, Band. 38 new Ed.
mat-sji, a, m. a cook, Nj. (in a verse).
mat-skapr, m. victuals, food, Vm. 164.
mat-skl, f. a meat bowl, Bs. i. 703.
mat-skpr, m. a meat drawer, pantry.
mat-skortr, m. lack of food, Krk. 66.
mat-skrei, f. dried sh for food, H.E. ii. 98.
mat-sparr, adj. = matsinkr, Sd. 152, Fs. 146.
mat-sveinn, m. a meat-boy, cook, esp. on board a ship, Fs. 150, Eb. 192, ir. 127, Fms. x. 129.
mat-svn, n. 'meat-hog,' the beggar's scrip, Skia R. 20.
mat-Sll, adj. meat-lucky. Band. 38 new Ed.
mat-vandr, adj. fastidious, difcult to please as to one's food.
mat-vendni, f. fastidiousness as to food.
mat-vinnungr, m. = matannungr; hann er ekki m.
mat-vist, f. food, fare, Sks. 189.
mat-vsi, f. gluttony, Hom. 24.
mat-vss, adj. 'meat-scenting,' greedy, term of abuse, Hallfred.
mat-vlar, f. pl. petty larceny of food, Parc. 44 (Ed., rendering of Fr. larencin, see foot-note); hinu
ykki mr lkara at at s matvlar eim er ar hokra at jna v, Mirm. 70. 2. mat-vli, n. pl.,
metaph. means of subsistence, stores of food, Fas. iii. 412, and so in mod. usage; matvli egar
verra fara, au kenna Gui sultar str, Bb. 1. 7.
mat-vnn, adj. good for food, Bs. ii. 134.
mat-roti, a, m. a lack of food, Gl. 110.
mauk, u. a jelly, meat or the like cooked into a thick gruel-like mess.
MAULA, a, to munch food, mumble; rogl haran maula, Snt.
maull, m. a muncher(?), a nickname, Fms. x. 54.
maur-ildi, n. [Dan. morild], a light from insects, decomposed matter, esp. in the sea; old form
mauru-eldr, q.v.
MAURR K, m. [Dan. myre; Swed. myra; Gr. GREEK; Serb. mraw :-- an ant; m ok maura, Eluc.
62; einn ltll makr er maurr heitir, Sks. 50: in plur., metaph. money-bags, in a contemptuous sense.
COMPDS: maura-haugr, m. an ant-mound; sem r maura mornit haugi, Fas. i. 436 (in a verse).
maura-pki, a, m. a money-poke, of a person.
mauru-eldr, m., qs. maura-eldr, = maurildi; hr er lking milli mauru-elds ok nttruligs loga,
Sklda 197.
maxi, a, m. a nickname, Fms. ix. 28.
M, pres. mi; pret. mi; part. mr; [the word seems to be identical with A.S. mawan, Engl.
mow, Scot. maw, O.H.G. mahan, Germ. mhen; but if so, that sense has been lost] :-- to blot out,
wear out, by rubbing or the like; msk eir af lfs-bk ok ritask eigi me rttltum, Hom. 36; at
hans nafn misk af snu hsi, Stj. 426; n er nafn itt lifandi manna bk skr ok mun at aldregi
af maz (sic), 208; brau mygla ok m ggnum, 367; eigi vitu vr nr hann vill enna ekk m
af viringu sinni, orst. Stang. 51; af m lti, H.E. i. 514; m mik af eirri bk er skrifair,
Stj. 313; and so freq. in mod. usage, a er m, blotted ont, faint (cp. Germ. matt), of writing. 2. to
wear, make blunt from use, of tools; var ljr hans mr upp smireim, Fb. i. 522; klokka misk af
optligum hringingum, Eluc. 147 (Ed.); mar af fyrnsku, Lil. 94; meis kvistu m, to tear, Gm. 34.
II. metaph. to blot out, destroy; m af or af-m, at hann drepi ok mi af jrunni, Stj. 312;
Drttinn her eytt ok af m jrunni alla na vini, 472; at hann her lti drepa ok m af
jrunni, 492; reiin af mr rttsni manna, Bs. i. 103; hann mr sv af ok minnkar eirra styrk
marga vega, Stj. 436; eyddr ok af mr, Fms. ii. 238.
m, n. a bud(?); plm-kvistir me fagri nfr ok nju mi, Bs. ii. 16.
Mfa-hl, Mf-hlingar, see mr.
mg-kona, n, f. a sister-, mother-, daughter-in-law, Fms. x. 94, Stj. 197: of a mother-in-law, Grg.
i. 305.
MGR, m. [Ulf. mgs = GREEK; Scot. mac; O.H.G. mac; Dan. maag :-- a brother-, father-, son-
in-law, etc.; hn bau til sn frndum snum ok mgum, she bade her kinsmen and mgar (brothers-
and sons-in-law), Landn. 117; vill Rtr grask mgr inn (son-in-law) ok kaupa dttur na, Nj. 3,
as also sl. ii. 250, Eg. 37; cp. the saying, eigi m gra tv mga at einni dttur, Fas. iii. 59:
ironically, Nj. 94, N.G.L. i. 358: of a father-in-law, Laban mg sinn, Stj. 172; Dav tk
konungdm eptir Sl mg sinn, Rb. 382: in plur., skilmli eirra mga (father-in-law and son-in-
law), Stj. 172, Fms. ix. 496; of brothers-in-law, en er eir mgar nnask, .H. 90; lafr mgr, 166.
COMPDS: mgs-efni, n. a future son-in-law, Stj. 122, Ann. 1309. mga-sto, n. strength, help
derived from one's mgar, Glm. 334.
mg-semd, f. afnity, Grg. i. 33, Nj. 130, Fms. iii. 45, vi. 173, vii. 133.
ML, n., old pl. m&aolig-acute;l, 673. 47, Greg.; [Ulf. mal = GREEK; Hel. mahal = speech,
meeting; Dan. maal; from the old Teut. mal or mahal was formed the mid. Lat. mallum =
parliament, public meeting (Du Cange), and mallum again was in Norman-French rendered by
parliament] A. Speech, faculty of speech; ml heitir or ..., Edda 110; au hafa ekki ml, they are
dumb, Fms. i. 97, Fs. i. 250; rngdi sv sttar-fari konungs at hann misti mlsins, x. 148; eir hafa
eigi manns rdd n ml, Rb. 348; eir hafa gau fyrir ml, 346; ml, heyrn, sjn, Edda 6. II. speech
as spoken, language, tongue; Norrnt ml, the Norse tongue, Fms. vii. 165; Grskt ml, Greg. 75;
mli eirra, til vrs mls, in our tongue; hverju mli, Sklda 161, 168; vru mli, 163, 166, 167,
169; mlinu, 165; kynnask vrt ml at ra at er Norrnu er rita, Bs. i. 59; nema ml Danska
tungu, Grg.; rita at Norrnu mli, Hkr. (pref.); eir skildu eigi hans ml, mlti kvinnan
Norrnu, Fs. 136. 2. speech, speaking; hvrt er Flosi sv nr at hann megi heyra ml mitt, Nj. 36,
200; ver eigi nr honum en ml nemi, Fms. iv. 28; en skldskapr var honum sv tiltkr, at hann
mlti af tungu fram sem annat ml, 374; engi var sv vitr at snjallara ml mundi fram bera, vii. 158;
snjallr mli ok talar vel. ix. 535; skilr nokkut hrmanna ml, Fas. ii. 512; en er hann lauk snu
mli, Ld. 106, 130, b. 12; ok fara sv llu mli um sem hann ha r ekki um mlt, Grg. i. 40; ef
hann kver sv at ok hafi mli snu, 'heilt r ok heimolt,' en eigi ella, 317; kver jarl ings ok
mlti eim mlum inginu at Hkon jarl skyldi heita vargr vum, Fms. xi. 40; tna fyrir mr ll
au ml ok ath er hafa arf fyrir konungi, Sks. 301. 3. speaking one to another, colloquy; vera
mli, to deliberate, converse, Vtkv., 1; hann kom opt ml vi konung, Eg. 106; engi ori at krefja
hann mls, 601; rds gkk til mls vi Egil frnda sinn, 765; egar er eir fundu menn at mli,
Fms. i. 204; ef eir vildu hafa hans ml, 241; san httu au mlinu, Nj. 10; hann leitai mls
um vi sgeri hverju at gegndi, Eg. 703; ok spyrja hana mls hvar til essi svr skulu koma, Hkr.
i. 77; at var karl ok kerling, mlti hann ml af eim ok spuri, Fas. iii. 525; hfu menn at mli
(people noticed, of something extraordinary), at..., Fms. vii. 301; allir menn hfu mli, er laf
s, hversu frr mar hann var, Ld. 88; bera mikit ml , Fms. x. 93; at var ml manna, people said
that; or, at er ml manna, people say, Nj. 268, Eg. 29, Fms. vii. 150. 4. a tale, narrative; n er at
til mls at taka (of resuming the narrative after an episode), to take up the story again, Ld. 314, Nj.
16, 29, 135, 148, 196; er fyrr var geti essu mli, Fms. xi. 41; ar hef ek upp at ml, Eg. 735. 5.
a saw; at er fornt ml ('tis an old saw], at bsna skal at betr veri, Fms. x. 261, Glm. 344; lti
eir ml in fornu, look to the old wise sayings, Sighvat (forn-mli, q.v.) 6. gramm. diction,
construction of sentences; ml ok httir, Edda 49; ef at ml (gure of speech) er upp er tekit haldi
of alla vsu-lengd, 123; breyta httum me mli einu, to vary the verses with the sentences, Edda
124 (for specimens see lit. 9-23); tvau ml, two sentences; fullt ml, a full period; hr lkr mli,
lka heilu mli, a sentence closes; annat ok rija vsu-or er sr um ml, ok er at stl kallat, of
the intercalary sentences in poetry, Edda 125; eir klluu at hann hafi eigi rtt ort at mli, Fms. v.
209; samhljendr megu ekki ml er atkvi gra einir vi sik, Sklda; hr er ml fullt hverju
vsu-ori, Edda; Skldskapar-ml, poetical diction, id.; bragar-ml, id., 124. 7. ml is the name of
old songs containing old saws or sentences, such as the Hva-ml; as also of poems in a dialogue
(ml); all such poems were in a peculiar metre called mla-httr, which is opposed to the epic
kviu-httr, thus, Grmnis-ml, Vafrnis-ml, Alvs-ml, Hamis-ml, Hkonar-ml, Eiriks-ml;
in some instances the name has been applied erroneously, e.g. Atla-ml; the Rgs-ml is a name
given in modern times, the old name was Rgs-ula. B. As a law phrase, with the notion of public
speaking, action, or the like: 1. a suit, action, cause; hefja ml hendr e-m, Fms. vii. 130; hafa ml
hndum, Grg. i. 38; skn skal fyrr fara fram hvers mls en vrn, nema at s allt eitt, ok s at
annars mls skn er annars er vrn, 59; Njll nefndi vtta ok sagi ntt mlit, Nj. 36; ekki
Bjarkeyjar-rttr v mli at standa, Fms. vii. 130; eir veittu Gizuri hvta at hverju mli, Nj. 86;
bru eir kvi um ml Otkels, 87; fra ml fram at dmi, Grg, i. 135; skja ml, to prosecute, Nj.
86, 99; skja ml lgliga ok rttliga, Fms. vii. 133; Gunnarr stti mlit ar til er hann bau til
varna, Nj. 36; en um tlf mnur stendr eirra ml, the case stands over for twelve months, Grg. i.
143; skja ml ingi, Nj. 36; fra vrn fyrir ml, 87; ml kemr dm, Glm. 365; hfa ml, to
institute a suit, Grg. i. 142; ba ml, to prepare a suit, of the preliminaries, Glm. 365, passim;
leggja ml undir e-n (as umpire), Nj. 105; hafa sitt ml, to get one's verdict, win the suit, passim;
vera borinn mli, to be cast, convicted, N.G.L. i. 122: to be beaten, get the worst, passim: vgs-ml,
legors-ml, f-ml, etc. 2. an indictment, charge; eru eir varir mli ef eir f ann bjargkvi,
Grg. i. 54; ok versk hann mlinu, 317; at upp skyldi vera rannskn en au r mlinu ef hann
hittisk eigi ar, Ld. 44; ek vil svara v mli, I will answer that charge, Nj. 99; ok ba Sigur
Hranason svara ar mlum fyrir sik, Fms. vii. 130; hann kost at lta vara skggang ea grtki,
ef hann vill til hins meira mls fra ok skal hann stefna ok lta vara skggang, Grg. i. 430; hann
spuri alla ena beztu menn, hvert ml eim tti Gunnarr eiga eim nfnum fyrir fjrrin, Nj.
105; leynd ml, hidden charges, Grg. i. 362. 3. procedure, order; at alingis-mli rttu ok
allsherjar-lgum, Nj. 87: pleading, enda er sv sem eir mli eigi eim m&aolig-acute;lum nema
eir vinni eia at, Grg. ii. 342. 4. stipulation, agreement; ml meginlig, Vsp.; brega mli, Grg. i.
148; ok skilja eir eigi at ml grr, en sv, 136; nema au vili annat ml gra, 336; en ek skal
lauss allra mla ef hann kemr eigi sv t, sl. ii. 217; skulu eirra manna ml standask, Grg. i. 296:
engagement, ok vitja mlanna fyrir hnd okkra beggja, Fms. xi. 104. 5. transactions; en hvert sem
at essum mlum var seti lengr ea skemr, Ld. 22. 6. a case; l ek vggu er r skyldu tala
um mitt ml, Fas. i. 340; ml hans stendr miklum hska, Mar.; en skaltu sv um itt ml
hugsa, ... at munt skamt eiga lifat, Nj. 85; at hvrir-tveggju ha nakkvat sns mls, Jb. 12;
at er ml Sigurar konungs at mla til Inga konungs, Fms. vii. 221; festi jrnbur, at sv skyldi
sanna ml hans, 230; honum eirir lla ef hann her eigi sitt ml, sl. ii. 237; skal s eirra hafa sitt
ml er ei vill at vinna, Grg. i. 393; rlfr ba lvi byrja ml sitt vi konung, Eg. 62; at vit fim
rtt af essu mli, 40; ytja ml sitt, Ld. 180; munt mr vera at tra til mlanna inna allra, Fms.
xi. 104; allir er eisvarar erut vi etta ml, Nj. 192; eiga san allt mitt ml undir yr fstbrrum,
Fas. ii. 532; etta ml var vi Jrunni rtt, Ld. 22; ykki mr n vandast mlit, Nj. 4; sv er ml
me vexti, the case is this, Lv. 43, Fas. iii. 59; var at annat m., another affair, Nj. 256; ekki eru au
efni um vrt ml, Ld. 76; konungr tti dm eirra mli, id.; ber hann upp fyrir brur sinn mlit,
hann berr upp mlit ok bir Unnar, ok undra ek er ferr me v mli, Fas. i. 364; Austmarinn
heldr n mlinu vi bnda Nj. 259; ef r vilit gra mlit at litum, 3; svara essu mli, Fms. vii.
124; mila ml, to mediate, b. 12; inna strri mla, in important cases, Nj. 2. 7. special phrases, e-t
skiptir miklu, litlu ... mli, to bear much or little upon a case, to be of great (small ...) importance,
Eg. 742, .H. 31, passim: skiptir eigi mli, Grg. i. 43; vara mli, id.; ef honum tti mli
vara at hann ni v, Rd. 260: kvaddir ess kviar er eigi tti mli at skipta um vg Aulfs,
who had no concern with the slaying of A., Nj. 87. C. COMPDS, mls- and mla-: mls-afglpun,
f. a false or collusive action, whereby the suit is lost, Grg. i. 494. mls-bt, f. an excuse,
exculpation, Fms. vii. 207; esp. in plur., hafa sr e- til mlsbta, to use as an excuse. mla-efni, n.
pl. a cause, its circumstances and nature, Nj. 47, Hv. 51; ll mlaefni, a bad case, Fs. 41. 138,
.H. 150, Band. 12. mls-endi, a, m., see mlsemd. mls-eyrendi, n. a discourse, Sturl. i. 140.
mla-ferli, n. pl. lawsuits, litigation, Fs. 47, Eg. 644, Nj. 78, Sturl. i. 105, Fr. 109. mla-utningr,
m. the conduct of a suit, Hrafn. 17. mla-fylgjumar (mla-fylgismar), m. a lawyer; mikill m., a
great taker up of suits, Nj. 1, Bs. i. 82. mls-fylling, f. the conclusion of a case, Fb. iii. 451. mls-
grein, f. a sentence, Sklda 174, 181, Bs. i. 753 (a passage in a letter): a phrase, Stj. 79, Edda 49;
partr mlsgreinar = pars orationis, Sklda 180: diction, style, Edda 120. mla-httr, m. [ml, httr],
a kind of metre, Edda 142, where a specimen is given. mls-hattr, m. a phrase, Stj. 67, 126: =
mlsgrein, Sklda 170: a proverb, saying, Fms. ii. 33, Fas. iii. 104, Stj. 133, passim. mlshtta-
safn, n. a collection of proverbs. mla-hlutr or mls-hlutr or -hluti, a, m. one side of a case or suit
eiga enn yngra mlahlut, sl. ii. 172; ferr lla m. vrr (our case), Lv. 95: a share, mun s vera
m. vrr beztr, Nj. 88; n kann vera, at ek kunna ekki at sj mlahlut til handa mr, en vilja munda ek
halda smd minni, Sturl. i. 105. mla-kosta, u, f. a complaint, pleading in a case, Sturl. i. 613,
H.E. i. 457. mla-leitan, f. a negotiation, the mooting a question, Eg. 521, Eb. 130, Fms. vii. 299,
Orkn. 56. mla-lenging, f. useless prolongation. mla-lok, n. pl. the end of a case, conclusion, Eb.
106, Nj. 102, Bs. i. 68. mla-lyktir, f. pl. = mlalok, Eb. 24, 36, Nj. 88, Fms. vii. 14. mls-lstr, m.
bad grammar, SkJda 181. mla-mar, m. = mlafylgju-mar, Dropl. 6, Ld. 298, Boll. 354. mla-
mannligt, n. adj. like, worthy of a mlamar, Bs. i. 751. mls-metandi, part., m. mar, a person of
mark. mla-mynd, f.; til mlamyndar, only for appearance, not seriously. mls-or, n. a word in a
sentence, Edda 124, 126, 128. mls-partr, m. a part of speech, Sklda 185: a part in a suit, mod.
mls-rdd, f. = mlrmr, Stj. 81. mla-skil, n. pl. knowledge of proceeding. Sturl. iii. 10. mla-
skot, n. an appeal in a case, K.. 218. mla-sku, f. a lawsuit, prosecution, Nj. 248. mls-spell, n.
a aw in a suit, Nj. 170, Fms. x. 12. mla-snnun, f. evidence, Mar. mla-tilbningr or mla-
tilbnar, m. the preparation of a suit, Grg. i. 490, Eb. 282, Nj. 36, 100. mla-tilleitan, f. =
mlaleitan, r. 67. mla-vxtr, m. the state of a case, Fms. vi. 11, Al. 113, Bs. i. 67, Nj. 79.
mls-rf, f. a wish to speak, Fms. vi. 374.
ML, n. [Ulf. ml = GREEK; A.S. ml; Engl. meal; Germ. mahl; Dan. and Swed. maal, ml = a
mark] :-- a measure: hann mlti grundvll undir hss, at var eirra trnar ef mlit gengi saman,
er optarr vri reynt, at ess manns r mundi saman ganga, ef ml-vndrinn yrri, en rask ef
hann vissi til mikilleiks, gkk n mlit saman ok var rem sinnum reynt, Korm. 8; mm lna er htt
ml hans, Fms. vi. 929; ganga undir ml, to undergo a ml (for measuring one's height); at sgu
menn at eir hefi jafnmiklir menn verit, er eir gengu undir ml, Ld. 178; leggja, bera ml vi,
to measure; hann lagi ml vi ll in strstu tr, 216; me v sama mli sem r mlit t mun yr
vera aptr mlt, Mar.; bar hn ml , ok urfti rjr lnar ok ver hnd, Bs. ii. 168; kunna maga
ml, to know the measure of one's stomach, Hm. 20. 2. a length of sixteen fathoms, D.N. (Fr.) B.
Temp. [Ulf. ml = GREEK], a 'meal,' of time, i.e. a certain portion of time: I. time, high time;
skipverjum tti ml r ha, Landn. 206: with inn., Vsp. 14, Hm. 111, Skm. 10, Bm. 1; mnnum
vri ml at lsa skum snum, Nj. 149; at ml vri at ganga at sofa, Fms. ii. 138; mlti biskup at
ml vri at sofa, 139; sagi ml at ra, Orkn. 48: adding a dat., ml er mr at ra, Hkv. 2. 47: ok er
ml at vit farim, Fr. 255; ml er at leita at hestum vrum, Korm. 182; ok er allt ml at ttvg essi
takisk af, Ld. 258; ok er n ml at htta, Fms. vi. 212: e-m er ml (of stools) :-- ml, in due time;
at ml yri borinn kvirinn, Grg. i. 54. 2. the moment, nick of time (ml, q.v.); at hann var ar
ntt, ok v mli ..., of an alibi, N.G.L. i. 309. II. the meal-time, morning and evening, Edda
103; hence of cattle, missa mls, to miss the time, sheep lost or astray for a day so that they cannot
be milked, Grg. ii. 230, 231; kvikfnar missir mls, Snt; hence mlnyta. q.v.; deila mat at
mlum, to deal out meat at each meal, Grg. i. 149; hvert ml, Hm. 36; eitt ml, for one single
'meal,' Karl. 347, Grg. i. 293; fa tvau ml, ii. 400; bi ml (see i B, p. 317): at v mli =
Germ. diesmahl, Korm. (in a verse); at er ok mitt r at s at fyrra mli at menn sni nokkut,
Fb. ii. 676; at vilda ek at r ti at einu mli kr Hlfdanar brur mns, .H. 64; ef ttak at
mlungi mat, if I had meat from meal to meal, Hm. 2. of the day marks; dag-ml = day-meal = 9
o'clock A.M.; and ntt-ml, night-time = 9 o'clock P.M.; fyrra mli, to-morrow morning; eg skal
koma fyrra mli. III. of the seasons of the year; misseri eru ml tvau, mli eru mnur rr,
Rb. 6; ml ok misseri, Hm.; sumar-ml, the time when summer sets in (middle of April), opp. to
vetr-ntr, when winter sets in; hr-ml. q.v. COMPDS: mla-matr, m. food every meal, N.G.L. i.
8. mla-mjlk, f. milk every meal, morning and evening, Vm. 73, H.E. ii. 107. mls-verr, m. a
'meal's food,' a meal. K.. 78, Eb. 36, Bs. i. 382.
ML, n. [Ulf. ml =GREEK and GREEK; Hel. ml = imago, efgies; cp. also Goth. maljan =
GREEK, whence mod. Germ. mahlerei, mahlen, = pingere] :-- prop. 'a drawing,' but it is used in
old writers only of inlaid ornaments on spear's heads or on the hilts and guards of swords; grir
orgrmr ar af spjt, ml vru , Gsl. 18; hann hafi krka-spjt hendi haugtekit ok allg ml ,
Ld. 78; spjt, fann hann bl mlunum, Glm. 344; stl bjartra mla, Korm. 1; gull-ml (q.v.),
ir. 110; stla-ml, inlaid work of steel, Ht. R. 33. For specimens of 'ml' see Worsaae, Nos. 325,
331; a plate with inlaid work on the outside and a Runic inscription on the inside was found in Oct.
1870 in the cairn Greenmount in Ireland, and is described by Major-General Lefroy. COMPDS:
mla-jrn, n. an iron (weapon) inlaid with ml, Fms. iii. 223, Fas. i. 414. mla-sax, n. an inlaid
sax (sword), Fas. i. 514. mla-spjt, n. an inlaid spear, Gsl. 11. mla-steinn, m. = lyfsteinn (q.v.),
Mag. 16 (vellum 580 B).
mla, u, f. [ml = speech], a female acquaintance, female friend; kona heitir mla banda sins,
Edda (Ht.)
mla, a, [from Germ. mahlen, Dan. male], to draw, paint, (mod.)
mlan, f. a depicting, (mod.)
mlari, a, m. a painter, (mod.); as also ml-verk, n. a picture.
ml-bein, n. the 'talk-bone,' one of the bones in the head, sl. js. ii. 547; lta mlbeini ganga, to
chatter glibly.
ml-bk, f. = lesbk (q.v.), or a book with drawings(?), D.I. i. 256.
ml-bt, f. an excuse; gra e- sr til mlbtar.
ml-dagi, a, m. a covenant, agreement; at v skal vira sem mldagar vru me eim, Grg. i.
155; f slkan sta ok mldaga eim grimnnum, er r vru teknir, sem eir ttu sr mltan, 154;
inna mldaga, to full the agreements, ii. 267, 366; ek vil setja hr til mldaga me okkr, Fms. i.
261, Orkn. 52; eptir rttum sium ok fornum mldgum, Fms. i. 257, v.l.; gra mldaga vi e-n,
K..K. 56; s mdagi at haldask, id.; hann gri ann mldaga of f sitt, of a bequest, Mar. 2. a
written deed, chartulary, esp. of the rights, property, and inventories of churches, kirkju-mldagi;
the old eccl. law made it incumbent on the church-lord or churchwarden to put on parchment any
gift or emolument made to the church by private donors; this deed (mldagi) might then for
authorisation and publication be brought into parliament to be read in the Lgrtta or from the Law-
hill. It had also to be read at home once a twelvemonth at church when there were many
worshippers present, see K..K. 46 (ch. 10), K.. 190, Bs. i. 778. A specimen of such an original
scroll with successive entries in different hands is the Reykjaholts-mldagi (the deed of Reykholt,
dating from the time of Snorri the historian). An interesting collection of the earliest mldagar, all in
the vernacular tongue, and very illustrative of the state of the infant church of Iceland, has been
published by Jn Sigurdsson in D.I. i, as also in H.E. passim. At a later date (13th and 14th
centuries) the bishops used to make collections for their diocese of all the special mldagar, entering
them into one book, which was to be kept at the cathedral; for several such collections, bearing the
names of the respective bishops who collected them, see List of Authors (J.I.) mldaga-bk, -skr,
f. a book, entry, of mldagar; jara-mldagi, a deed telling the landmarks etc. of a farm or estate.
ml-deili, n., in the phrase, e-m er mldeili e-u, to be of importance, Fms. vi. 379.
ml-djarfr, adj. free-spoken, out-spoken, .H. 55, 59.
ml-drykkja, n, f. 'meal-drink,' a measure of drink served for each meal; me smiligum kosti ok
mldrykkju annat-hvrt mj er mungt, Bs. i. 848; var at bi vetr ok sumar, at ar var m. at
dgurar-bori, en at nttveri var mlt drukkit, .H. 29; mldrykkju-sklar, pint-cups, to
measure out drink, Fms. iii. 191.
ml-efni, n. the circumstance of a case; gott m., a just case, Rtt. 52, freq. in mod. usage.
ml-eldr, m. a 'meal-re,' Nj. 15, Eb. 120, 276; see eldr II.,
mlendr, part. pl. parties to a suit or match; ok vri jafnir mlendr, mundi ess eigi hefnt, if we
were equally matched, if the parts were equal, Njar. 378.
ml-fr, adj. ornamented with ml (q.v.), of a sword, Skm. 23, Skv. 3. 4.
ml-feti, a, m. [ml = measure], a pacer, of a horse, Fms. ii. 205 (in a verse), Edda (Gl.)
ml-mi, f. ease in speech, Bret. 148.
ml-mliga, adj. speaking with ease, Hom.
ml-mr, adj. light-spoken. Fms. iii. 8, v.l.
ml-nni, f. = mlmi, Leiarv. 34.
ml-framr, adj. out-spoken: superl. fem. mlfrmust, Fas. iii. 8.
ml-frir, m. an outward, nominal (not real) peace; var m. me eim, Grett. 124, Bs. ii. 147.
ml-fri, f. the science of language, grammar, (mod.)
ml-fringr, m. a philologer.
ml-fundr, m. an interview, Nj. 121, v.l.
ml-fylling, f. 'sentence-lling,' gramm. name for a particle or enclitic, Edda 121, (see Aarb. for
Nord. Oldk. 1868, p. 353 sqq.)
ml-fri, n. speech, voice, as also style of a written speech.
ml-frr, adj. able to apeak, O.H.L. 71.
mlga, a, to claim, Sks.; r ha mlgat eign me rangyndum, D.N. i. 3; -mlga, q.v.
ml-ggn, n. pl. the speech organs, Bs. i. 372, Leiarv. 2.
ml-haltr, adj. 'speech-halt,' tongue-tied, Fbr. 90 new Ed.
ml-helti, f. the being mlhaltr, Hom. 14.
ml-hreifr, better mlreifr, q.v.
ml-hress, adj. 'speech-hale,' well enough to speak, Eb. 240, Fms. x. 148 (of a sick person).
ml-htt, n. adj. dangerous; e-m er m., one's affairs are in danger, H.E. i, 249.
MLI, a, m. a contract, terms, agreement (= mldagi): f eim (i.e. the servants) slkan sta ok
mla sem ar var er bndi andaisk, Grg. i. 473; mli konu, a woman's share, dowry, Gl. 256;
handsala mla, ef bndi vill eigi halda mla vi leigumann sinn ..., en ef leigu-mar vill eigi halda
mla bnda, 512, 513. II. a claim or title to an estate or property; hann tti mla Mralandi, Bs. i.
658; ef hann mla jru, en ef eigi er mli tekinn, ... of mar deyr ok her eigi innt mla sinn,
N.G.L. i. 241: a title, claim, Grg. ii. 234; lg-mli, leign-mli (q.v.), lands-mli, skil-mli, a
stipulation. III. a soldier's pay, service for hire; ganga mla, to take service as a soldier with a
foreign prince, Nj. 121; gjalda mla, MS. 4. 32; Aalsteinn konungr gaf mla eim mnnum llum
er at vildu hafa til ffangs sr, Eg. 264; eir (the Norsemen) hfu ar rj hundru sinna manna,
eirra er mla tku af konungi, 266; gkk hann ar mla me sna sveit, Fms. vi. 134; til hvers
skal ek honum lengr jna er ek fr eigi mla minn falslausan, ... fit Halldri mla sinn skran,
245; hann (the king) var kallar hinn mildi ok hinn matar-lli, vat hann gaf mla mnnum snum
jafnmikla gull-penninga sem arir konungar silfr-penninga, en hann svelti menn at mat, i. 1; Erlingr
gaf ar mla me Magnsi konungi, vii. 309; en er kom tti dagr Jla, var mnnum genn mli,
at silfr var kallat Haralds-sltta, at var meiri hluti koparr, en er Halldrr tk mlann ..., vi. 243.
COMPDS: mla-gjf and mla-gipt, f. pay for military service, Fms. v. 278, vi. 242, viii. 154, ix.
482, Orkn. 376. mla-gjld, n. pl. payment of wages; ek at greia m. dag grikonum vrum,
Valla L. 203: in the phrase, f makleg mlagjld, to get the wages due, to be paid in full (in a bad
sense): also in sing. of military pay, fyrir frusk mlagjldin af konungi ... ok er ein-dagi kom mla
gjaldsins, Fb. ii. 123. mla-gull, n. gold in payment of mli, Fms. vi. 160. mla-jr, f. = mlaland,
Gl. 309, Js. 97. mla-kona, u, f. a woman who has a title or property of her own, D.N. ii. 232.
mla-land, n. an estate burdened with a right of pre-emption, Grg. ii. 239. mala-lauss, adj. free
from right of lgmli, of an estate, Grg. ii. 240. mla-mar, m. a man who receives pay, a soldier,
Sks. 249, 257, Fms. xi. 185. mla-mundi, a, m. stipulation, Grg. i. 150. mla-silfr, m., cp.
mlagull, Fms. vi. 243.
mli, a, m. a friend, acquaintance, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot.
mligr, adj., in old writers contr. before a vowel, mlgir, mlgan, but mod. mlugan, etc. :--
talkative, communicative, ok sem hann var r m. var hann gull, Karl. 338; minnigr ok m., Hm.
102; hann (the boy) var brtt m. ok orvss, Eg. 147; verit eigi mlgir kirkju, be not talkative in
church, Hom. (St.); en vr munum n ess irask er vr vrum of mlgir, too rash in speaking,
Hrafn. 9; at er rtt at kennimenn grisk mlgir (that they speak out) um rf eirra manna er eir
skulu varveita, Hom. 35. 2. loquacious, chattering, in a bad sense, and so in mod. usage; konungr
svarar heldr styggt, ver sv m. sem vill en lt mik n at egja fyrir r, Fms. vii. 119; eir vru
mlgir mjk v at eir vru vitrir, Nj. 15; eir grask daua-druknir ... mlgir mjk ok ktir, Fms.
xi. 109; druknir af mii, eir vru mlgir, viii. 81 :-- as a nickname, rhalla in mlga, Th. the
chatterbox, Ld.
ml-kerald, n. a liquid measure; tvau mlkerld lsis, Vm. 172.
ml-krkar, m. pl. pettifoggery, sophistry, Barl. 143, Clem. 59, Mar. 1028, Clar.
ml-kunnigr, adj. knowing one another to speak to, acquainted, Fms. ii. 71, .H. 55, Fms. iv. 174.
ml-kunnr, adj. = mlkunnigr, .H. 74, Ld. 90, Fms. vi. 378.
-mll, adj. -spoken; in compds, glap-mll, hj-mll, ein-mll.
ml-laki, a, m. a defect, of the speech organs; var mikill m. ri hennar, hn hafi ekki ml, ok
var me v alin, Fb. i. 250.
ml-latr, adj. slovenly in speaking; hn var ekki til mllt (she was a gossip) ok sagi eim til mart,
Bjarn. 60, Mork. 38.
ml-lauss, adj. speechless, of a sick person: dumb, daufr ok m., Ld. 34, Stj. 261, Fb. i. 251, ii. 382,
MS. 625, 85.
ml-leysa, u, f. a sentence which has no meaning; a er m., 'tis no sense, of bad grammar or the
like: of bad rhyme, grm skmm ... hrmm skmm, at vri jafnhtt, en hitt er m., Fms. vi. 386.
ml-leysi, n., medic. dumbness, Fl.
ml-leysingi, a, m. a dumb, speechless person: as also in the allit. phrase, menn ok mlleysingar,
both men and dumb creatures.
ml-lzka, u, f. idiom, language; nemdu allar mllzkur, en enn allra helzt Ltnu ok Vlsku,
Sks. 23 B; kalla eir ann mlm raua eptir mllzku sinni, 162.
mlmari, a, m. marble, = marmari (q.v.), Stj. 5, 75.
MLMR, m. (prop. malmr); [Ulf. malma = GREEK; A.S. mealm, mealm-stn = sandstone; Hel.
melm = pulvis; from mala = to grind; cp. Germ. zer-malmen] :-- originally sand, as in the Goth. and
A.S., but only remaining in local names, as Mlm-haugar = Malm in Sweden. II. metal, Sks. 14,
162, Fms. v. 343, 344, x. 284, Rb. 318. Stj. 45, 508, Bs. i. 134, passim in old and mod. usage; in the
earliest poets chiey of gold, hfgan mlm, the heavy metal, gold, Sighvat; skrr mlmr, the bright
metal. Akv.; mlma fergir, a gold giver, a prince, Lex. Pot.; Gnta heiar-m., gold, Edda; Rnar
rau-m., the red metal of the Rhine, gold, Bm.: of iron, weapons(?), ar er mlmar brustu, Hallfred;
Gota-m., the ore of the Goths. armour, Fas. i. 439 (in a verse); Hnlenzkr m., armour, weapons(?),
Hornklo; Vala-m., Welsh or foreign ore, treasures, Fas. iii. (in a verse): the battle is mlma-skr, -
galdr, -hjaldr; as also mlm-aug, -dynr, -hr, -regn, -rg, -ing, -rima, = a clash of weapons:
mlm-gautr, -inn, -rjr, -runnr, = a warrior, see Lex. Pot. COMPDS: mlm-hli, n. a
brasen gate, Sks. 631. mlm-logi, a, m. a magical ame over hidden treasures, Maurer's Volks., cp.
vafur-logi. mlm-pottr, m. a brasen cauldron, Bs. i. 804. mlm-r, f. a vein of ore, Stj. 45.
ml-nyta, u, f. [ml = time], milch kine; ef hann er-at landeigandi ok hefr-at mlnytu, Grg. i. 158;
ef mar ltr mlka mlnytu annars manns vsvitandi, ii. 309; at mlnytu veri hagftt, Fms. vi. 103;
reka mlnytu sna, K..K. 82. mlnytu-kgildi, -kr, -krlag, n. milch cattle, Jb. 360, H.E. i. 395,
494.
ml-nytr, adj. yielding milk; mlnytr smali, Grg. i. 158, 476.
ml-i, adj. jabbering in bad or violent language, .H. 115, Eg. 338, lk. 34, Boll. 336, Grett. 91.
ml-rei, f. a rumour come abroad; var at m. komit, Hom. 115.
ml-reifr, adj. talkative, cheerful, Ld. 320.
ml-reitinn and ml-rtinn, adj. talkative, open; Egill var vi hann m., Eg. 573; ktr ok mlrtinn,
.H. 70; var konungr vi hann mlrtinn ok spuri tenda af slandi, 55; mlr&aolig;tinn kyrr,
ok blmltr, Hkr. iii. 179; mlreitinn. Fms. iv. 165, vi. 438.
ml-rf, n. big talk, Sklda 164; it erut menn grunnsir, ok meir get mlrf (mlhrf Ed.) en
vitsmunir, Bjarn. 39. mlrfs-mar, m. a glib talker, Sklda 164.
ml-rmr, m. the ring of the voice; eg ekki hann mlrmnum.
ml-rm, n. room for speaking, time for speaking, Skv. 3. 68.
ml-rnir, f. pl. 'speech-runes,' as. opp. to spell-runes, the alphabet; essi er upphaf allra htta sem
mlrnar eru fyrir rum rnum, Edda 121 :-- a spell enabling one to speak, Gkv. 1. 23, Sdm. 12.
ml-ra, u, f. conversation, Fb. ii. 386.
ml-rinn, adj. = mlrtinn, Fb. ii. 85.
ml-rtinn, adj. = mlreitinn (q.v.), .H. 55, 7O, ir. 174.
ml-semd, f. language; ri lkai lla hennar mlsemdir, Bjarn. 68; nnask mnnum or um li
eirra ok um mlsemd (speech, eloquence) orgrms ok um skrungskap hans, Gsl. 93, (mlsenda,
q.v., 11, l.c.)
mls-endi, a, m. = mlsemd, Gsl. 11, Grg. ii. 147, Stj. 241; allir Gus mlsendar, id.
mlsendir, f. pl. = mlsemd, Bs. i. 721: conversation, hann leitai eirra mlsenda er hann vtti at
konungi mundi bezt ykkja, .H. 167; hn leitar marga vega mlsenda vi hana, Fas. i. 192.
ml-sklp, n. loquacity, Grett. (in a verse).
ml-skipti, n. pl. business, transactions, Fms. ii. 37, xi. 282, Stj. 579: importance (= mldeili),
Magn. 444, Band. 35 new Ed.
ml-skjla, u, f. a bucket holding a certain measure, Hom. (St.)
ml-snild, f. eloquence, oratory, Clem. 33, MS. 623. 30, Edda 17, Sklda 199, Fms. ii. 242.
mlsnildar-list, f. rhetoric, Sklda 192.
ml-snilli, f. = mlsnild, Sturl. iii. 197, Sks. 92, Bs. i. 82.
ml-snjallr, adj. eloquent, Nj. 229, Fms. i. 31, vii. 233, Rm. 324.
ml-spakr, adj. wise-spoken, Fms. i. 190: a nickname, Fb. iii.
ml-speki, f. = mlspekt, Sks. 308.
ml-spekt, f. wisdom in speech, 625. 176.
ml-star, m. a case, point of a question; mikill m. er etta (it is a grave case) sem vekr upp,
Fas. i. 77; hann setr vert nei fyrir mlstainn, segja hana ljga ..., Karl. 552; at r nnit v
sanna mlstai, Hom. (St.): in mod. usage, eiga gan, llan mlsta, to have a good, bad cause.
ml-stafr, m. a letter of the alphabet; rnar heita mlstar. Runes that are letters, Sklda 163
(Thorodd): a consonant, opp. to hljstafr, a vowel, Sklda 170, 172 (the second grammarian).
ml-stefna, u, f. a parley, council, conference, Orkn. 52, .H. 43, Sks. 274; vera tali ok
mlstefnu, Fms. i. 52; mlstefnu ok ragrum, vii. 282.
ml-stofa, u, f. a 'speech-hall,' meeting hall, public hall, esp. in houses of men of rank, of a king's
hall, Fms. vi. 280, 281, ix. 476, Eg. 95; cp. ar var mikil stofa er konungr tti hirstefnur,
mlstefnur, ok sttar-stefnur, .H. 43: of lagman Thorgny, 66: of a bishop, Bs. i. 869, Munk. 40,
D.N. iv. 54, 117: of a convent, Dipl. iii. 10. In mod. usage the Engl. House of Parliament is often
rendered by mlstofa.
ml-svefn, m. 'meal-sleep,' due sleep, Sturl. iii. 197.
ml-snnun, f. evidence, argument, reason, Greg. 43.
ml-tak, n. diction; hvert m. er haft til skldskapar? Edda 49: a phrase, hr eru ok nnur mltk
au er til mls skal taka, 127; leiir v ori m. af fyrra vsu-helmingi, the last word from the
preceding verse. 131: a phrase, saying, Pass. 8. 12.
ml-timbr, n. boarding of timber, N.G.L. iii. 219.
ml-t, f. [Germ. mahlzeit; Dan. maaltid], 'meal-tide,' a meal, Fms. ix. 520, xi. 444, Bs. i. 848,
867, 909. mltar-stund, f. meal-time, Bs. i. 884.
ml-tl, n. pl. the organs of speech, Geisli 19.
ml-tregi, a, m. grief, sorrow, Fas. i. 197.
ml-tryggja, , to make sure, N.G.L. i. 211.
ml-tki, n. a phrase, = mltak.
mlugliga, adv. in a chattering manner, Stj. 16.
mlugr, see mligr.
mlu-nautr, m. a 'speech-mate,' friend, Haustl.
mlungi, [from ml = a meal, and the sufxed gi, see -gi C, p. 199, col. 2]: in the phrase, eiga m.
mat, to live from hand to mouth, Hm.; cp. mod. eiga ekki m. matar, to starve.
ml-vina, u, f. a female friend, Sklda (in a verse).
ml-vinr, m. a friend, acquaintance, MS. 4. 6, Vgl. (in a verse), Gs. 8, Gkv. 1. 20, Km. 20.
ml-vitnir, m. a sword, Edda (Gl.)
ml-vndr, m. a measuring wand, yard measure, Korm. 8.
ml-ing, n. an interview, Fas. ii. (in a verse).
ml-jnn, m. the servant of speech = the tongue, Ad. 24.
ml-ur, adj. wanting to speak, Sturl. i. 154.
ml-r, adj. affable, 655 xx. B. 3.
ml-rf, f. = mlsrf, Fms. vi. 374.
ml-i, n. much talking.
MNI, a. m. [Ulf. mna; A.S. mna; Engl. moon; O.H.G. mno; Dan. maane; Swed. mne; in
Germ. the primitive word has been replaced by the derivative 'mond,' which properly means a
moon-period, month] :-- the moon; the word, however, is scarcely used in prose, old or mod., but is
poetical or can only be used in certain phrases, for tungl is the common word, Vsp. 5, Alm. 14, 15,
Hm. 138, Vm. 22, Anal. 177; skarr mni, the crescent moon, Vkv. 6: mythol. the Moon (Mni)
was brother to the Sun (Sl), and both were the children of the giant Mundilfri (a name evidently
referring to the rotation of the heavens), Edda 7, Vm. 23. For the legend of the two men in the
moon with a bucket and pole on their shoulders see Edda 7, 220 (in a verse): urar-mni, a weird
moon, an apparition, Fb. 270: pot, phrases, mna rann, the moon's dwelling = the sky, Sklda (in a
verse); mna-vegr, the moon's way = the sky, Haustl.; mna-fold, id.; mna-salr, Hkv. 1: br-mni,
enni-mni, the brow moon = the eye, Ad.: a nickname, as also a pr. name, Landn. II. in local names,
Mn-, Mna-berg, Mna-fell, Mna-fa, Landn. COMPDS: Mna-dagr, m. Monday (now
proncd. Mnu-dagr), Orkn. (in a verse), Fms. vii. 68, ix. 29, passim. Mna-ntt, f. Monday night.
mna-skin, n. moonshine, Al. 174.
MNUR, and mnar, m., mnor with umlaut, b. 376; gen. mnaar, nom. acc. pl. mnur
(like vetr); mod. mnuir, acc. mnui, which form occurs in vellums of the 15th century; thus,
mnai (acc. pl.), Bs. i. 825, 896; even mnuu (acc. pl.), 837, Fb. i. 205: [from mni: cp. Ulf.
mnos; A.S. mna; Old Engl. moneth; Engl. month; O.H.G. mnod; Germ. monat; Dan. maaned;
Swed. mnad; Lat. mensis; Gr. GREEK] :-- a month; mnai, for a month, Hm. 73; mnur nu,
Rm. 6, 18, 30, Hom. 127; mnor tlf ritg-nttar, Jb. 376; rj mnar rjtigu ntta, K..K. 164,
Fms. ix. 239; ara tv mnor, Grg. ii. 261; tveir mnar, i. 420; sjau mnar, mm mnar, ii.
393: tlf mnur, a twelvemonth, year; hverjum tlf mnuum, every twelvemonth, Hom. 149; ok
hann her tlf mnur at gjldum er handslum, Grg. i. 196; halda r tlf mnar aan fr er
kona var fstnu, 378; hvrt at var af hinum tuttugustum tlf mnuum, the twentieth year, Grett.
173 new Ed.; kaupa eir n enn saman um tlf mnur, Fb. ii. 124. The old heathen year consisted
of twelve months, each of thirty days, so that a pentad (mmt) added to that number made the year
complete. For the names of the economical months see Edda 103 (gor-m., frer-m., hrt-m., ein-m.,
sl-m., and sel-m., kornskurar-m.); tv-mnar (q.v.), the 'double month;' t-mnuir, the last
months of the winter (of orri, Gi, Ein-mnur), a er komi fram t-mnui; see also the Icel.
Almanack, where the old months are still marked. Of the Julian Calendar we have Martius mnaar,
623. 37, Rb. passim; but that computation never came into household use in Iceland, where the old
calendar (of orri, Gi, Ein-m., etc.) still prevails for all domestic affairs: astron., tungl-m., a lunar
month; sl-m., a solar month. In popular usage, as elsewhere, a month often means four weeks, and
hlfr mnur, half a month = a fortnight; hlfum mnai eptir mitt sumar, Nj. 4; hlfs mnaar
fresti, within half a month, a fortnight, Fms. x. 411; hlfum mnai, Grg. i. 152. COMPDS:
mnaar-beit, f. a month's 'bait' or pasture, Dipl. v. 15. mnaar-dagr, m. the day of the (Julian)
month, Ann. 1393. mnaar-frest, n. a month's notice, Fas. iii. 649. mnaar-mata, u, f., or -matr,
m. a month's rate, a Norse law term referring to the value of estates, an estate being valued at so
and so many months' mata, see mata, N.G.L., B.K., D.N. passim. mnaa-mt, n. pl. the time when
one month ends and another begins; um mnaar-mti, Fb. iii. 454, where sing. mnaar-rekstr,
m. for a month's pasture, Dipl. v. 28. mnaar-r, f. a month's rest, orst. St. 55. mnaar-stefna,
u, f. a summons with a month's notice, Jb. 26 A. mnaar-tal, n. a 'month's tale,' computation of a
month, Rb. 488. mnaar-tmi, a, m. the space of a month.
MR, m., gen. ms, dat. mvi or m, pl. mvar; in mod. usage sounded in nom. erroneously mfr,
gen. mfs; [A.S. meaw; Engl. mew; Germ. mve; Dan. maage] :-- a sea-mew, gull (larus), Edda
(Gl.), freq. in mod. usage; see also Lex. Pot., where the word freq. occurs; hvt-mfr, the common
gull; gr-mfr, the grey gull, larus glaucus: in poetry the sea is mva-rst; m-grund, m-ferill,
m-skei, the land, road of the sea-mews, Lex. Pot.: crows are ben-mr, bl-mr; the raven is
Yggjar-mr, Odin's mew, and so on. II. as a pr. name, Landn.: in local names, Mfa-hl, whence
Mf-hlingar, the men of M.; Mfhlinga-vsur, the verses of the men of M., Edda (Ht.): ms-
ungi (proncd. mfs-ungi); also m-skari (q.v.)
-mr, m., in the latter part of pr. names, Bjart-mr, Hrei-mr, Gran-mr; it is derived from mrr,
famous, O.H.G. mri, and formed at a time when the umlaut had not as yet taken place.
Mra (mod. Mara), u, f. Mary, in old writers sounded with an , see old rhymes, e.g. Lilja,
passim; and is still sounded so in Mr-atla (= Mru-erla), the wagtail, motacilla alba. Several
owers bear the Virgin Mary's name, Mru-stakkr, m. the common lady's mantle, alchemilla
vulgaris; Mru-grs, n. pl. lichen nivalis; Mru-vndr, m. 'Marys-wand,' the eld gentian,
gentiana campestris; Mru-kjarni, a, m. laver, fucus esculentus, see Maurer's Volks. 194, 195.
Other COMPDS: Mru-kirkja, n. Mary-church, Fms. Mru-messa, see messa. Mru-minni, n.
a hymn to the Virgin Mary; til ess er bor vru upptekin ok Mruminni var sungit, Fms. x. 19.
Mru-Saga, u, f. the Virgin Mary's Saga, Vm. 6. Mru-skript, f. a tablet of the Virgin Mary,
Dipl. i. 10, Vm. 6, 22, 27, 69, Pm. 14. Mru-s, f. the name of a ship, Fms. viii. 199. Mru-
vers, n. 'Mary's-verse' = the Ave Maria, Bs. i. 500.
MSA, a, to heave or pant, Lat. anhelare. of a horse; nr vissu r sv heimskan hest | hann
mundi fyrir sverja | nr hann fram kninn msar mest | menn su til sem berja, Jn orl.
msi, a, m. a nickname, Fms. vii. 239, see preceding word.
m-skari, a, m. a young sea-mew; skllttan mann ok hvtan sem mskara, Fms. xi. 155.
mt, n. [meta], moderation, Pass. 30. 13.
mt, n. check-mate, Vgl. 31, Fas. i. 443, Mag.: various kinds of mate are pe-mt, gleiar-mt,
fretsterts-mt, hrks-mt, heima-mt.
mta, a, to check-mate, in chess.
mtr, n. [for. word], a measure, Stj., H.E. i. 476.
MTI, a, m. [Dan. maade; early Dan. mte; from meta] :-- manner, way; engan mta, in no way,
Vgl. 21; ann mta, thus, Bret. 108; allan mta, in every way, Fs. 15. mta-legr, adj. (-lega,
adv.), see mtulegr.
mttigr, adj., in old poets contr. before a vowel, and changing the g into k, mttkar, mttkan,
mttkir; compar. mttkari, mttkastr, mod. mttugri, mttugastr; [Ulf. mahetteigs = GREEK; Engl.
mighty; Germ. mchtig] :-- mighty; mttkar meyjar, Gs. 1; s inn mttki munr, Hm. 93; mttkan
moldinur, Vsp. 59; me mttkom Kristi, Lex. Pot.; fjgur konunga-rki hafa mttkust verit, Ver.
35 :-- able, mttugr afspring at geta, Stj. 26: al-mttugr, almighty; -mttugr, weak; -mttigr, q.v.
(p. 43, col. 2), perhaps, however, these words are rather akin to Ulf. anamahtjan = GREEK, and
thus to mean overbearing, and then = hideous, horrible, as an epithet of trolls and giants.
MTTR, m., mttar, dat. mtti, pl. mttir; [Ulf. mahts = GREEK; A.S. meaht; Engl. might;
O.H.G. maht; Germ. macht; Dan. magt] :-- might, strength: allit., tra mtt sinn ok megin, Fms. i.
35: er at essu orinn sv mikill m. (it has come to such a pitch) at hr eru vi vafir margir rkis-
menn, Fms. xi. 264; ok allir mttir hrask, 623. 26: value, Sklda 175, 176; var mr alls mttar (I
had to use might and main) r ek kom henni upp, Fms. iii. 74. II. strength, health; lla ert leikinn,
s ek at eigi er mttrinn mikill, Fb. ii. 388; jarl hafi fengit hara stt ok klluu httligan mtt
hans, Fms. ix. 390; hann her ml sitt, en mttr sem minnstr, xi. 102; hn spuri hversu
skyldi mtti manns komit vera er heita skal fyrir manni, Bs. i. 69; en at mttrinn yrri mjk, 175;
ek l fyrr stt me litlum mtti olear, 110; san fr hann heim me litlum mtti, 144; er at lei
mtti hans, when he began to sink, Fms. viii. 258; hn svarai reiuliga ef nokkurr spuri at mtti
hennar, Ld. 14; hn leiddi mjk at frttir um mtt Halldru, Sturl. i. 200; cp. van-mttr, weakness.
COMPDS: mtt-dreginn, part. weak, exhausted, Fr. 42, Fms. ii. 98. mtt-farinn, adj. faint, weak,
Fms. ii. 270. mtt-lauss, adj. without strength, exhausted, Fbr. 160. mtt-leysi, n. weakness, lack of
strength, debility, Fms. vii. 150. mtt-ltill, adj. of little strength, feeble, and of a sick person,
exhausted, faint, Fms. i. 159, xi. 288, Eg. 567.
mttu-liga, adv. mightily, immensely, Stj. 383, v.l.
mttu-ligr, adj. mighty, Th. 26: within one's power, honum er allt at mttulegt er menninir megu
eigi, N.G.L. iii. 242.
mtu-ligr, adj. [mti], meet, tting, Stj. 55, 97; meir en r ykkir mtulegt, Fb. ii. 196; sveigja slkt
sem honum tti mtulegt vera, Bs. i. 727; mtulegan (moderate) skatt, Fms. x. 113, v.l.; s er etta
rm var mtulegt, Fs. 5; -mtuliga, immensely, 383: tting, of a suit, hann fr serkinn ok var hann
honum m., Fms. iii. 180; mttulegt beisl, Gd. 34: meet, due, a er honum mtuligt, it serves him
right.
ME, prep., also mer, a form common in Stj. and in legendary writers, but not in the classical
writers or in mod. speech or writing; [Ulf. me = GREEK and GREEK; A.S. and Chaucer, mid; it
remains in Engl. only in 'mid-wife,' qs. 'with-wife,' cp. Icel. nveru-kona, nr-kona, yrsetu-kona;
Germ. mit; Dan. med; Gr. GREEK] :-- with, along with, a prep. with dat. and acc.; with dat. it has
the notion of coming or going in company, with acc. of bringing or fetching; thus, hann kom me
honum, he came along with, in company with him; but hann kom me hann, he brought him wilh
him. WITH DAT. With, along with, together with; rlfr var me konungi, Eg. 29; hann var ar
me Otkatli, Nj. 73; hann kvaddi hann til ferar me sr, id.; hann st upp ok Kolskeggr me
honum, 58; me honum var s mar slenzkr er ..., 157; hann fr tan me honum, Eg. 196: Unnr
dttir hans fr me honum, Ld. 4; fara fjall me hskrlum, Korm. 10; vera me goa, i.e. to be in
his jurisdiction, Grg. i. 108; hn hafi skipi me sr sextigi karla, i.e. with her, under her
command, Landn. 109; brott me sr, Nj. 114, and in endless instances. II. denoting assistance,
help, with; til umra me sr, Grg. i. 5; leggja til me e-m, to help one by word or deed, Nj. 7: to
give one advice, Fms. xi. 81; sj me e-m, to look after, help, Nj. 113; vita e-t me e-m, to be
privy to, an accomplice in a thing, 136; btti hann at me mr, he mended it for me, Fms. vii. 158;
f menn me sr, i.e. to get followers, opp. to mt, Nj. 180. III. denoting instrumentality, by, with;
me xi, Fms. vi. 6; verja sik me sverum, me skjldum, Nj. 272; me atgeirinum, 120; skip
skarat me skjldum, Ld. 78; falda sr me motri, 202, and passim; or ellipt., the prep. being
understood, an instrumental dative, hggva sveri, leggja spjti, taka hndum, stga ftum, and in
endless similar instances. IV. by, through, partly denoting means, partly accompaniment, by,
through, with, using; me harfengi ok kappi, Nj. 98; me mikilli snild, me fgrum orum, Ld.
84; me hans ri, 58; me ri konungs, Eg. 35; me lgum, me lgum, Nj. 106, 234; me rni,
by violence, 5; me vegsemd, blu, Fms. x. 235; me llyrum, Nj. 128; me vitsmunum mnum,
262; me hlaupi, by running, Eg. 12; me (through) atgngu Gunnlaugs, sl. ii. 210; me vttum,
Nj. 101; me einum hug, with one mind, Edda 37; me grti, Fms. x. 261; me glei, 220; me
reii. Nj. 108: me httu, Ld. 46; me sannyndum. forsooth, truly, .H. 175; me snnu, forsooth,
Fms. vii. 158, Ld. 76; me sama htti, in the same way, Nj. 272; me essum htti, Fms. x. 220;
me nokkuru mti, Ld. 164: also freq. ellipt., mla fgrum orum, egja unnu hlji, Hm.,
passim. V. including, inclusively; hundra manna me nbum Njls, Nj. 208; ok eru tlf menn,
r fjrungi hverjum me eim, including themselves, Grg. i. 72: sjau vetr ok tuttugu me eim
enum fyrsta, including the rst, Fms. x. 410; mmtn menn me eim mm, er ..., Nj. 266; ar var
vintta mikil me frndsemi, friendship as well as kin, sl. ii. 209; ntt me degi, both night and
day, N.G.L. i, passim :-- ok at me (therewith), at ..., Nj. 5; , veit ek mesta orrostu-menn, ok at
me, at eir hafa vpn sv g, at ..., 44; ann dag, ok nttina me, and the night too, Barl. 207;
sagi hann etta mer, he said this too, added this, Stj. 130. VI. with, among, between, amidst; me
eim brrum, Fms. vii. 240; samisk me eim fegum, sl. ii. 210; dr seint saman me eim,
Fb. ii. 259; ar var llla me eim, Nj. 39; var ftt um me eim brrum nokkura hr, 2; ar
skilr me eim, there they parted, Grett. 75 new Ed.; at var sir me kaupmnnum, Eg. 265; me
mnnum, among men, Ls. 46; eigi er kosta-munr me ykkr Njli, Nj. 52; me eim Ingjaldi, Ld.
44; skipta, deila me e-m, to share among, Eg. 311; deila vg me verum, Ls. 22, Hbl. 25; eir
skiptu rki me sr, Fms. i. 108; reyta e-t me sr, to ght it out among themselves, Nj. 31; ef engi
vri tlkr me kaupmnnum, Ld. 76; var deila mikil me sonum hans, Eg. 367; var me eim en
krsta vintta, 2 :-- fara (to travel) me kunnum jum, Edda 21; szt ek me flkum fr, Gm.
48; koma me e-m, to come among, Vm. 30, 39; er me horskum kemr, Hm. 19, 63; mar er me
mrgum kemr, 62; er me snotrum sitr, 5, 23; tt hann me grmum glami, 30. VII. denoting
inward quality, with, in; sv her hann ntturu mikla me sr, Nj. 44; llum sem lifs-andi er mer,
Stj.; esta hluti her hann me sr, er pra mttu gan hfingja, Fms. x. 535; hann hafi alla
, hluti me sr er konung prir, xi. 217; sv er ml me vexti, so shapen, Lv. 43; limar vel me
hadum ok ftum, Ld. 20. 2. skip me gyltum hfum, Fms. x. 2; dreginn leo me gulli, Ld. 78;
hross me slum, a horse with the saddle on, Nj. 253; skip me reia, Eg. 35; kli me mrgum
litum, 517; me snum lit hverr, Fas. i. 316; vera ti me slsetrum, i.e. to be out (of a shepherd)
with sunset, Lv. 43. VIII. along, following, of direction, with an adverb, denoting the direction; upp
me, ofan me, fram me, norr me, t me, inn me; ofan me , Lv. 43; upp me nni, Nj. 253;
upp me Rang, 74; sur me landi, Fms. i. 38, ii. 3: me endilngu landi, ix. 33; hann gengr me
reykinum, Nj. 58; me sjnum, Bs. ii. 5; me hanu, along the sea, on the horizon, Fms. xi. 136;
in var leyst me lndum, Boll. 358; me eggju, Hkv. Hjrv. 9. 2. me stfnum, from stem to stern,
all along the ship, Bs. i. 16 (see kveyfa); var hroit me stfnum skipit, Grett. 81; me endum,
from one end to another, Fagrsk. (in a verse): fara me hsum, to go from house to house, begging,
Grg. i. 192; bija matar me bjum, Fas. ii. 271. IX. adverbial usages; me llu, altogether, quite,
Ld. 4; me llu skjtt, all of a sudden, Fms. x. 136; me v at, in case that, Ld. 44; me v at ek
falla, in case I fall, Fms. vii. 274; en me v at yr lki etta, x. 261: as, because, in consequence
of, en me v at menn vru hraustir, komask eir yr na, Ld. 46, passim: hr-me, herewith,
farther; ar-me, therewith, id., Ska R. 11. X. with verbs; ganga me barni, to go with child;
ganga me e-u, to confess; taka me, to accept; mla me, to speak for, recommend; fara me, to
treat, go with; gefa me, to give a fee of alimentation; leggjask me, to lie with; eiga barn me
konu, to have a child in wedlock, and so on; see the verbs. WITH ACC. With, with the notion of
bearing, bringing, carrying, treating, conducting; fara me vpn, to fare, go, carrying a weapon,
Fms. vii. 240; hann fr sur aptr me miklar vingjar, id.; eir fru aptr me skip at, er, Eg. 29;
me li sitt, 11; kom me horn fullt, 213; gkk at borinu me handlaugar, Nj. 52; ganga t me
dmendr sna, Grg. i. 37; fara brott me ft sn, 300; me essa menn, Fas. i. 333; eir hljpu
brott me konur eirra, lausaf ok btinn, Landn. 35; hann fr til slands me konu sna ok brn,
205; ef hann leitai vestan um haf me her sinn, Fms. i. 26; fara me her hendr e-m, 120;
mjdrekku er hann fr me, Eg. 240; at eir skyldu fara me sveit sna, 74; skip at er hann fr
me, id.; ef ek mtta me ik komask, Sturl. ii. 108; farina me erfina, Nj. 7. 2. metaph., fara me
sk, ml, etc., to conduct, manage a case, Nj. 86; fara af hlji me essa ra-gr, 103; eir fru
me ann hug, to carry that mind, intention, 99; me vtta, with witnesses; me ei, on oath, Grg.
i. 20, 243 (but me vttum, Nj. 101): me hver skil, by what way of proceeding, id.: me engi
lgskil, in no lawful manner, 296; at var me atbur, by accident, Fms. ii. 172: in regard to, -
afskiptinn me mla-ferli, Lv. 73, (rare.) II. with, among; kom me fr regin, Vm. 26; -snotr
mar er me aldir kmr, Hm. 21; szt Hkon fr me heiin go, went among, took up his abode
amongst the heathen gods, Hkm. 26. III. with an ordinal number; me tlfta mann, with twelve
men, including oneself, Eg. 180; me tunda mann, Ld. 140; me mmta mann, sl. ii. 266. IV. with
verbs; tala me e-n, to speak with, Stj. 151, (Dan. tale med en); gra me e-n, to do, 143; lifa mer
brau, to live on bread, 146; fask mer mold, to live on earth, 37; eiga me e-t, to possess. V.
denoting materials, of; altaris-kli me pell, Vm. 153; Mru-skript me tnn, 22; kross me silfr,
D.N.; kaall grr me hr, kirkja me stein, of stone, id.; plrr mer kopar, Stj. 101. 2. til alls
hagleiks me mlm, Fms. xi. 427; hn samdi sik me rvar ok boga, Fas. i. 531; eir grfu hana
me fagran r, Ska R. 200.
MEAL, adv. with gen., and meal, meal :-- among, between; meal vr, or vr meal,
among us; meal okkar (dual), Bkv. 19; hann settisk nir meal eirra, Nj. 48; sat orgerr
meal bra, 51; meal n ok annarra, 85; meal Hafrafells ok Krksfjarar-mla, Gull. 3; sumir
vera sendir landa meal, from one land to another, Sks. 54; meal anna, Grg. ii. 261; meal
enna tveggja smu samhlja, meal enna lkustu greina, Sklda 162: ellipt., ml ll er meal
fru, Vsp. 30; fannsk at ekki tali at ar hefi misstti verit meal, Nj. 48; gkk Njll meal,
N. interceded as peacemaker, 105. II. metaph., at hann vili nema litla skynsemd heldr enn nga
er meal verr ennar meiri (= meal anna?), i.e. when there is a little leisure from graver matters,
Sklda 169 (Thorodd); at er r stendr meal ykkar m!s, whatsoever is unsettled between you,
Fms. xi. 21. B. In a great many compds, denoting what is intermediate, between, in the middle, the
average; or ironically, not over-much, middling; or, lastly, with a negative in the reverse sense, see
the following: I. meal-auki, a, m. (mod. milligjf), what is given in the bargain, Ld. 146, Lv. 43.
meal-dagr, m. a day between, Stj. 280: a holy day of second degree, Hom. 142; thus the sixth, the
seventh, and from the ninth to the twelfth day of Yule were the middle days, in Easter the second
and third day, N.G.L. ii, 358, K..K. 98: the days between the two spring tides at the rst and the
last quarter of the moon are called mealdagar, Rb. 444. Meal-fell, n. Middle-fell, a local name.
Meal-fells-strnd, f., a local name. Mealfells-strendingar, m. pl. the men of M., Landn., Sturl.
meal-fer, f. intercession, Orkn. 270. mealferar-mar, m. an intercessor, Stj. 243. meal-fr, f.
= mealfer, Sturl. ii. 141. meal-ganga, u, f. intercession, Lv. 71, Sturl. iii. 136: coming between,
in a bad sense. Fms. ix. 428, v.l.: intervention between parties ghting, Glm. 382. meal-gangi, a,
m. an intercessor, Mar. 196, Vdal. mealgngu-mar, m. an intercessor, Th. 24, Finnb. 312.
meal-heimr, m. the middle world, the air, between the sky and the earth, pot., Edda (Gl.) meal-
hf, n. the right meed and measure; in the saying, vandrata er mealh. meal-kai, a, m. the
'middle-piece, ' the haft of a sword between the two hjalt (q.v.), Eg. 378, 379, Fms. i. 15, iv. 38,
Sturl. iii. 283. Meal-land, n. a land lying between two other lands: a local name, Landn. 267, Nj.,
in the south-east of Icel. meal-orpning, f., gramm. an interjection, Sklda 180. meal-pallr, m.
the middle benches in the lgrtta, Nj. 190. II. average, of extent, quality, in a great many
COMPDS: meal-hestr, -hross, -kr, -naut, -saur, -r, etc., an average horse, cow, sheep, etc.,
Grg. i. 504, Jb. 346. meal-r, -sumar, -vetr, an average year, summer, winter, B.K. 20, Grg. ii.
326. meal-lagi, adv., see below, meal-mar, m. an average man, in height, strength, or the like,
Fms. vii. 101, 239. meal-spakr, adj. middling-wise, of average intelligence, Hm. meal-tal, n. an
average number; in the phrase, at mealtali, in the average. III. with a preceding negation,
emphasising a word of abuse, as no common scoundrel, i.e. a great scoundrel or the like; ekki
meal-atferarleysi, no common slovenness, Fs. 32: eigi meal-farbauti, no middling destroyer,
Fms. xi. 146: eigi meal-fjndi, no middling end, ii. 74: ekki meal-fl, i.e. no slight fool, Gsl.
139: at tla ek at sr eigi meal-karl vndr, Band. 26 new Ed.: eigi meal-klkismenn, sl. ii.
71: eigi meal-mann-ningr, a great nithing, Fr. 216: eigi meal-ningr, id., Eb. 230: eigi meal-
oraskvak, F 219: eigi meal-skrfa, a great coward, Fms. vi. 34: eigi meal-skmm, a great
disgrace, Fs. 37: eigi meal-snpr, Eb. 242: eigi meal-spektarmar, Rd. 259: eigi meal-vinr,
Finnb. 242: eigi meal-vesalingr, r. 52: eigi meal-rli, Eg. 714 :-- rarely in a good sense, at
er ekki meal-smd, 'tis no common honour, it is a great honour, Fb. ii. 196.
meal, n., pl. mel, [Germ. mittel; Dan. middel], means, medicine.
meal-lag, n. an equal share; at meallagi, in equal shares, Grg. ii. 261; mitt skap er ekki betra en
til meallags, my temper is not better than the average, ir. 319; at var me enu betra meallagi,
a good average, Fs. 3; ekki strri en gu meallagi, fully average height, Br. 175. II.
middling', i.e. not very, not over well; meallagi er r at rligt, 'tis not very advisable for thee,
Fms. ii. 14; vitr kona ok meallagi vinsl, Fb. i. 250; segir mr meallagi hugr um, Fs. 47;
meallagi er oss fallit, 34, 87; var hn mli ok m. vitr, sl. ii. 318; skipti vr hafa verit sum g en
sum til meallags, our dealings have been some good, some only middling, Fms. ix. 508, v.l.;
orvarr var vitr mar ok gamall, meallagi ggjarn, not too benevolent, Glm. 376.
MEAN, adv., and -mean, whilst; mean misstti var eirra milli, Fms. vi. 27; mean um sk
er dmt, Grg. i. 78; mean Hgni lifi, Am. 67; mean okkat fjr lir, Skm. 20; mean ld lir,
Vsp. 16; er sr lof ok vit m. lir, Hm. 9; mean lir, 121; mean hann vri tan, Nj. 4; mean
ek em brautu, 40; mean nd hixti, Am. 39; hlzk hann vinttu vi konung mean hann lifi,
.H. 12; ok hlzk eirra vingan mean eir lifu bir, Bs. i. 24; enda er rtt at beia dms t
mean eigi er upp sagt misseris-tal, Grg. ii. 93 :-- with subj., mean eir lifi bir, Fms. vi. 27;
frir skyldi haldask mean nokkurr eirra vri l, 28. 2. as long as (all along), whilst, in this
case a relative pronoun (er, es, at) is understood -- mean er or mean's, whence the mod. Dan.
medens, in mod. usage mean a; this particle is, however, left out, and the sentence is elliptical;
but in mod. usage Icel. say, mean a eg er burtu, whilst I am away, Dan medens jeg er borte. II.
in the meantime; ok verr s dvl at hann myndi fara mean rdrag ea lengra, Grg. ii. 110; egi
herr mean! Eb. (in a verse); hli mr mean, listen to me the while i.e. whilst I say my song,
Leiarv. 5; jarl hafi alla skatta , er Danakonungr tti, mean til kostnaar, .H. 12.
me-aumkan, f. compassion, Vdal. passim, meaumkunar-samr adj. compassionate, Fas. iii.
644.
me-fer, f. management; vandh mun r ykkja meferinni Korm. 82; gr meferar, easy
to manage, Landn. 94, v.l.; til meferar, to manage, Fms. i. 256; veita e-m e-t til meferar, to give
it into one's keeping, Dipl. v. 24; au kgildi sem hann reiknai sinni mefer, which he had in his
keeping, iii. 13; hafa sk at mefer, to have a case to manage, Grg. ii. 41; var konungi kunnigt
hverja m. ek hafa, how I did behave, Eg. 65, Barl. 90, 105; hafa meferar, to have about oneself,
in one's keeping, Mar., Bs. i. 715, 866.
me-feri, n. = mefer, Th. 77, Karl. 216; hafa meferis = hafa meferar.
me-fri, n. in phrases such as, kylfuna hn s ekki mligt m., the club, though it be not handy
to carry, Fas. iii. 449; a er ekki mitt m., 'tis beyond my strength.
me-fr, f. = mefer, Landn. 94, Hom. 108, Grg. i. 165, 166, 443, Nj. 87. 2. in the phrase 'skgar-
gang varar mefrin sem verkinn' mefr means the spreading, carrying abroad of a libellous
song; cp. fara (A. III. 4. p).
me-ganga, gkk, to confess, (mod.)
me-ganga, u, f., in megngu-tmi, a, m. the time of 'going with child:
me-gangr, m. siding with, helping, Fms. ii. 210 :-- prosperity.
me-gjf, f. a fee paid for alimentation, = flga, q.v.
me-hald, n. favour, partiality.
me-hjlp, f. a helpmate.
me-hjlpari, a, m. the helping clerk in church.
meja, u, f. a kind of head-gear, Edda (Gl.) ii. 494.
me-kenna, d, to confess, Sks. 615: me-kenning, f. confession.
me-lti, n. prosperity, good luck, Fas. iii. 594, passim in mod. usage; opp. to mtlti.
me-mli, n. the speaking a good word for one.
me-rei, f. a riding with another person. mereiar-mar, m. an attendant on a traveller on
horseback.
me-taka, tk, to receive, accept.
me-taka, u, f. reception, metku-mar, m. a receiver, Bs. i. 882.
me-tekt, f. = metaka, Bs. ii. 119.
me-tkiligr, adj. acceptable, Mar.
me-vitund, f. sense, consciousness.
mengr, i.e. m-ngr, adj. slim-ngered, Hm.; see mjr.
MEGA, pres. in a pret. form m, mtt, m; plur. megum, megut, megu, later and mod. megit, mega;
pret. mtti; subj. pres. megi, pret. mtti; part. mtt; with suff. m'k = m ek, Og. 33; mtta'k =
mtta ek, kv. 3; mtt = mtt-, passim: with neg. suff. pres. 1st pers. m'k-a, I cannot, Stor. 18;
m'k-at ek, Am. 12; m'k-a'k, 52; m'kk-at-ek, Hallfred (Fs. 107): pret. mtti'g-a'k, I could not, Og.
32: [Ulf. magan = GREEK; A.S. magan; Engl. may, might; Germ. mgen; Dan. maae.] B. To have
strength to do, avail; sv at vr mttim ekki, so that we availed not, Am. 17; mega betr, to be the
stronger, Karl. 423; allt m nauigr skyldi, a saying, i.e. necessity is a great schoolmaster, Sturl.
iii. 255; eigi megu r minna, they are not less powerful, Edda 13; hverr er s Gu, ea hvat m
hann? 2: with dat., mega vi e-m, to be able to withstand one; hann mun ekki mega einn vi
mrgum, Art. 22; ekki m vi marginum, none can withstand the many, Fms. xi. 278; mega sr, var
honum haldit til vinnu egar er hann mtti sr nokkut, as soon as he grew strong, had any strength,
Bs. i. 35; skulu mikit n or mega vi mik, thy words shall go for much, Nj. 175; jafnmikit mega
nu momentur ok tlf, Rb. 458. 2. of health, like Lat. valere; mega vel, to be well; mega lla, ltt, to
be poorly, and so on; Komt Hitardal? segir Sturla -- J, sagi feramar -- Hversu mtti orleifr?
-- Vel mtti hann, ok v var betr, at hann mtti vel, Sturl. i. 89; Hallr spuri, hversu r mtti, --
Harla vel megum vit, Fms. ii. 201; hann var spurr hversu hann mtti, -- M ek hara lla, vi. 237;
hann spyrr at Sigvalda, honum er sagt, at hann mtti lti, xi. 102; hann spuri hversu hann mtti, --
Eigi m ek n vel, sagi hann, Bs. i. 182 :-- -to do for one, m yr at er yr margan gengr, it will
do for one, what all others must bear, Eb. 168. II. followed by an innitive, to be able; mtt sj
hana ef vill, thou canst see her if thou wilt, Nj. 3; ttusk menn eigi mega leita hans, Eg. 230; at
hann mtti f smd sna, Fms. vi. 398; allt at hann m mila, Grg. i. 250; f mttu eir ekki
bjarga, Nj. 267; hann mtti ekki mla, Band. 14; s einn hlutr var sv, at Njli fll sv nr, at hann
mtti aldri klkvandi um tala, Nj. 171; aan sem mtt vel eta, 75; litlar sgur megu ganga fr
hesti mnum, 90; f mttim vr betr; landtku, id.; llu er pra m gan hfingja, Fms. x. 230;
dyrr r er ganga mtti upp hsit, Eg. 421; sv at hann mtti kvea um morguninn, id.; m vera, it
may be, Nj. 75: hvat megi! as adverb, hvat megi til vita! nema r vilit ba vr hr, may be ye will
wait here for us, Band. 40 new Ed.; hvat megi vinna okkrum stum? Konnak; and so in countless
instances. 2. to be permitted, allowed; hann mtti aldri tala til Kjartans sv at orkell vri hj, Ld.
232; halda mtt essu sti tt hn komi sjlf til, Nj. 6; graut m gra hvrt er sygnt er ea
heilagt, N.G.L. i. 349; kynfylgju spell, sv at hann m eigi (cannot) lag eiga vi konu sna, megu
au (then they may) skiljast, H.E. i. 248; n man eigi mega sitjanda hlut eiga, in that case one must
not remain sitting, be inactive, a looker on, Nj. 110; hann kva at eigi mega (that would not do,
not be lawful) er mar var sekr orinn, 117. 3. ellipt., the verb gra or vera being understood; lemja
man ek bogann, ef ek m (viz. gra at), Fms. x. 362; at m vel, sagi zurr. I may as well do so, I
will, Nj. 6, Bad. 2, 4, 25: ef sv m (viz. vera), if so be, Grg. i. 411: the saying, ungr m en gamall
skal, the young may, the old must (die); nlgast mik ef megir, if tbou canst, Gm.; eir spuru,
hversu at mtti, Fms. ix. 239; ok m (it may be, perhaps), at hans menn fari land, Fbr. 74 new
Ed.; en , verr eptir at sem m, leave the rest to luck, Gull. 7; ferr at sem m, fare that as it
may, go that as it may, Nj. 38; en at mtti (viz. vera) at vr vikim skammt inn at leginu, Fms.
vii. 361; m ok, at sumir s vinhollir nokkut, ix. 331; m, at hana hendi eigi slk gipta annat sinn,
Nj. 23; m, at ek leiti agat vinttu. Fms. vi. 399: the ellipt. mttim (hafa), ix. 239 (lines 17, 18), is
a mere slip. III. part. megandi, availing, mighty, strong; athafnarlauss ok ekki megandi, listless and
of no avail, Fms. iii. 154; fylldi hann at heit, er hann var megandi mar, as soon as he grew to be a
man of might, Bs. i. 791; ltt megandi, 'of little main,' feeble, helpless, Vsp. 17; -megandi, poor,
destitute; cp. -magi.
megan, f. a doing; vel-megan, well-doing, wealth.
meg, f. = megan; see -meg.
MEGIN, n., gen. megins, Gs. 22; but else contr. in gen. and dat. megns, megni, see megn; [from
mega; Engl. main] :-- might, main, strength; kosta megins, Gs. 22; itt var n meira megin. Fm.
22; orms megin, 28; hjrs megin, 30; sv at itt minnkisk megin, Hsm. 21. 1; oddar grva jarli
megin, Mkv.; tra mtt sinn ok megin, Fms. i. 35; egar er hann vitkaisk ok fkk megin sitt, Fb.
ii. 389; ok sv sem lei sttina minnkadi strum megin (acc.) hans, Fms. ix. 250; Medi funnu
megin hans, MS. 544. 39: -megin, a swoon; van-megin, weakness. II. [cp. Engl. mainland], the
main, chief part of a thing; allt megin landsins, the main of the land, Fms. x. 184; Jtland er megin
Dana-veldis, vi. 53; megin rinnar, the main-stream, r. 11 new Ed.: in a more local sense, mni
at n vissi hvat hann megins tti, the moon knew not his main, his place in heaven, had not his
xed course, Vsp. 5; jarar-megin, the earth's main, the wide earth, Hm.; vetrar-megin, the main
part of winter, Sks. 59; ver-megin, 'weather-main' the power, but also the 'airt,' direction of the
weather; hafs-megin, the main, open sea; lands-megin, the mainland. Eg. 50. B. COMPDS: megin-
a, m. main strength, Sks. 199. megin-, f. a main river. Fas. i. 388. megin-ss, m. the main or
chief As, i.e. Odin, Lex. Pot. megin-borg, f. the main town, Fms. ix. 41. megin-byg, f. the main
district, Fms. viii. 59. megin-dmar, m. pl. the main events, world-famed events, Vsp. 59. megin-
drttr, m. the great draught, of sh, Bragi. megin-drttning, f. the great queen = the Virgin Mary,
Geisli 3, Lil. 86. megin-drr, adj. 'main dear,' dearly beloved, Lex. Pot. megin-ekkja, u, f. the
great widow, a nickname, Fr. megin-fjall, n. the main fell, Hkv. Hjrv. 5 (= reginfjall). megin-
fjarri, adv. 'main far off,' very far, Fms. vi. (in a verse). megin-fjldi, a, m. a vast multitude, Geisli
4. megin-okkr, m, the main body, Fms. viii. 322, v.l. megin-tti, a, m. the main body of a host
put to ight or ying, Sturl. ii. 223, Hkr. ii. 371, passim. megin-gjr, f. the main girdle, girdle of
power. Fms. v. 345: plur. megingjarar, of the girdle of Thor, Edda 15, 29, 60. megin-gr, adj.
'main good,' mighty good, Fms. vi. 364. megin-gvtliga, adv. very kindly, Clem. 26. megin-
grimmr, adj. 'main grim' very erce, Orkn. (in a verse). megin-haf, n. the main, ocean, Rb. 438,
464, Mar. 1031. megin-herr, m. the main army, Fms. i. 121, Orkn. 106. megin-hra, n. the main
district, Hkr. ii. 89. megin-hfr, m. the main hull of a ship, opp. to rrar-hfr, N.G.L. ii. 283.
megin-hyggja, n, f. 'main-sense,' wisdom, Skv. 1. 39. megin-hfn, f. the main harbour, Grett. 107
A. megin-ktr, adj. (-liga, adv.), 'main glad,' mighty glad, Grett. (in a verse), Orkn. (in a verse).
megin-land, m. a mainland, continent, K..K. 8, Fms. x. 412, Sks. 155, Ld. 40, Orkn. 6, Fb. ii. 394.
megin-lauss, adj. without strength, Barl. 162, Bs. ii. 172, Karl. 358. megin-leikr, m. the main of a
thing, Sks. 185, v.l. megin-leysi, n. weakness, Barl. 147, Bs. ii. 168. megin-li, n. the main body of
an army, Fms. vii. 260, viii. 315, Sturl. i. 38 (Ed. megit liit). megin-ligr, adj. [cp. Engl. mainly];
ml meginlig, mighty strong words, i.e. holy oaths, Vsp. 30. megin-ltill, adj. of little might, weak,
Sl. 2, Fms. xi. 103. megin-ljtr, adj. very hideous. Lex. Pot. megin-meingjarn, adj. very
mischievous, Fas. i. 435 (in a verse). megin-merki, n. the chief standard, Rm. 352. megin-mildr,
adj. very mild, Lex. Pot. megin-mrk, f. the main forest, Eg. 378. megin-njrr, m. the mighty
god, Dropl. (in a verse). megin-ramr, adj. very strong, Sighvat. megin-rs, f. the main course. Sks.
196. megin-rnar, f. pl. mighty, powerful Runes (charms), Sdm. 19. megin-sjr, n. the main,
ocean, Mar. megin-skjtr, adj. very eet, Harms, megin-skjldungr, m. the mighty king, of Christ,
Sklda (in a verse). megin-stjarna, u, f. a main star, a star of rst order, Rb. 110. megin-stormr, m.
a mighty gale, Sks. 44, Barl. 124. megin-straumr, m. a mighty stream, current, Mar. megin-
tendi, n. pl. mighty tidings, Pd. 42. megin-trr, m. 'main-fame,' glory, Sdm. 5. megin-trygir, f. a
rm truce, sl. ii. 381. megin-ver, n, = meginstormr, Fas. ii. (in a verse). megin-vegr, m. the main
way, geogr. the zones, Sks. 195 (meginvegir sem byggvanda er undir). megin-vel, adv. mighty
well, Fb. iii. 315. megin-verk, n. pl. mighty works, labour, Gs. 11. Ad. (ne). Lex. Pot, megin-
ing, n. a great meeting, Fms. vi. 50 (in a verse). megin-ungr, adj. very heavy, Sturl. (in a verse).
megin-orf, f. great need; f mey mann meginarfar (into wedlock), Skv. 2. 11.
megin or megum, adv., which may be derived, not from megin, but from vegr, veginn, with the m
from the dat. of the preceding word; hj altara kvenna megin, on the women's side (in a church), Bs.
i. 438; karla megin, on the men's side, Pm. 108; Hjararholts megin, on the H. side (of the river),
Nj. 35; eir stu ndvegi enum ra megin, i.e. on the left side of the hall, Fs. 72, Fms. xi. 71;
hinum vinstra m., Hrafn. 13; hgra m., on the right side; enum syra m., on the southern side, Stj.
564, Fms. viii. 236; hit nyrra megin, x. 16 v.l.; ru-megin, on the other side, Nj. 43, 68, 144, Eg.
531; einu megin (einum-megin). from one side only, Nj. 246, Fms. ii. 281, sl. ii. 362; eim megin,
on that side, Grg. ii. 137; snu megin hvrr, Fms. i. 305; bu-megin, on both sides, Ld. 46; llum
megin, all around, from all sides. Fms. i. 149, 291, sl. ii. 343: hvrungi megin, on neither side,
Grg. ii. 266, 267; tveim megin brikar, Kormak. II. megum, hann bj Blkastum hvrum
megum, Grett.; snum megum hvrir, Fms. viii. 51; bum megum, Grg. ii. 266; llum megum,
Eg. 288, Gg. 7; rum megum sundsins, Hbl. (prose); tveim megum, Blanda (MS.)
meginn, adj. [Engl. main], strong; meginn ok mttugr, Stj. 26.
megn, n. = megin, a contr. form, strength; likams megn, Bs. i. 317; megn ok frkleik, Fms. x. 256;
hann hafi fjgurra manna megn, Hv. 54; af Gus megni ok af krapti ens helga kross, Fms. x. 417;
treysta mtt ok megn = mtt ok megin, Or. 24; deila megn vi e-n, to contend with, Lil. 8; var
v mest megn, it went to the highest pitch at Yule time, Bs. ii. 21: the phrase, um megn, beyond
one's strength, power; kasta steini um megn sr. Eg. 473; etta ml er nokkut r um megn me at
fara, Fms. vi. 18; at r mun r vera um megn, 151; Gui er ekki um megn at reisa hann upp af
daua, Stj. 132; yr megn, id., Bs. ii. 162, 175. COMPDS: megn-lauss, adj. feeble, weak, Bs. i.
321, Mar. megn-ltill, adj. faint, exhausted. Fr. 183, Fas. i. 556.
megn, adj. main, strong, mighty; var megnt mannfall, Sturl. iii. 63; sv var megn essi rgburr,
at ..., Fas. ii. 372; me megnu hugskoti, with a strong mind, forti animo, Bs. i. 11. 2. freq. in mod.
usage in the sense bitter, erce; and of taste, strong, bitter: of a quarrel, megn deila, megnt hatr: of
illness, megn stt, a strong fever; megn kvl, the bitter pang, Pass. 41. 9: of a gale, megn stormr,
megn hr, megnt kafald: of taste, a er megnt, has a hot taste, of acid or the like: of smell, megn
lykt: of hay, megnt hey: of food, megn matr, strong meat for the sick.
megna, a, [megn], to be able, have strength to do a thing: ek megni minna en einhverr yar,
Grett. 98; munu vr ekki megna at berjask vi tlf, Fas. i. 422: mod. with dat., eg megna v
ekki. II. reex. to get strength; at hans rki mtti megnask. to wax strong, Fms. viii. 204; hversu
mjk megnaisk ok aukaisk Gus rttr, x. 301; en er synir eirra tku at megnask, when their sons
grew up to be men, Orkn. 132; eptir etta megnaisk sttin, Eb. 264.
megna, u, f. a bitter, strong taste.
megnugr, adj. able to do.
MEGRA, , to make meagre, emaciate, Stj. 147; megrir ndina, Hom. 14. 2. reex. to wax meagre,
Stj. 519.
megr, f. [magr], meagreness, leanness, Stj. 201, passim.
megri, f. = megr, Eb. 150, Grg. ii. 341.
-megum, see megin.
MEIA, d, to hurt, of bodily injury; hann lk hann lla ok kvask mundu meia hann, Eg. 189;
munda ek at ok vilja, at hann meiddi ykkr eigi opt, Fms. ii. 101; meiddu ig ekki, take heed not to
hurt thee! heru meitt ig? -- esp. to maim, injure seriously, or if of things, to damage, sverum
eir meiddu ann er saklauss var, Sl. 22, Sturl. ii. 181; en hina rak hann r landi, meiddi er drap,
Fs. 18, 99, .H. 63; ok tlai at lta meia er drepa ossa landa fyrir, b. 10; meiit hvert skip sv
at ekki s sjfrt, Fr. 260; nna eir n, at skipit var meitt nean, Sturl. iii. 68: -- to spoil, destroy,
eptir at kom hagl strt ok meiddi allan vxt jarar, Pr. 436; n her yur vangeymsla mjk
meiddan vrn sigr, Fms. vi. 326; ef menn skeja jru er meia lands-nytjar, Grg. ii. 216; tk
hann at meia hof ok hrga, Bs. i. 10 :-- of a horse, to make it sore on the back, and part. meiddr,
sore in the back. II. reex. to take hurt, be hurt, maimed, Grg. ii. 16, Fms. i. 273; meiddusk skipin
ar fyrir, .H. 164; ok hafi meizk (= meisk) jleggrinn, Bs. i. 344.
meiing, f. bodily hurt, maiming, damaging, esp. in pl. of serious bodily hurts, dangerous wounds,
Bs. i. 531, Nj. 21, Fs. 34; manndrpum ok meiingum, Fb. ii. 64, MS. 625. 64; at hann hlt l
meiinga-laust, unmaimed, unhurt, Sturl. iii. 132; eim hlt vi meiingar, Nj. 21; meiing fjr,
K..K. 176.
meiir, m. an injurer, Lex. Pot.
MEIMAR, f. pl. [Ulf. maims = GREEK, Mark vii. 11; A.S. mm] :-- gifts, presents, only in
poetry; iggja meimar, Skv. 3. 39; meimar (acc.) ok msma, Km. 35; strar meimar, Akv. 5;
meima fjld, Am. 93, Skv. 2. 2; fjld ek meima, kv. 23; en eirrar meyjar meimum tna,
referring to the mundr (q.v.), for if a man forsook his wife without due cause he had to pay her
mundr, Skv. 3. 15.
MEIR, m., gen. meiar, Gm. 34 (Bugge), but else meis, dat. meii; [meid or mei, Ivar Aasen;
Swed. mede; perh. derived from meia, of a lopped and barked tree] :-- -a pole or longitudinal
beam, esp. the two long beams in a sledge, also called sle-meir; reif hann meiinn undan
sleanum, ... en Arnkell laust af sr me meinum, ... hann laust slemeinum mt honum, ... en
meirinn kom garinn, ... en slemeirinn brotnai fjtrar-raunni, Eb. 190: the phrases, standa
ndveran mei me e-m, to stand foremost on the mei, to stand at the upcurving of the sledge-
bearers, i.e. to stand in the forefront as a champion, Bs. i. 141; cp. 'staa paa meiom,' and 'meia-hals'
= the rising of the meid, Ivar Aasen; mjk tti mnnum einn mei hallask me eim, it went all
on one side (metaphor from a sledge capsizing), Bjarn. 59; v-meir, a pole to hang clothes on for
drying; n skulu r hr reisa vi na vmei, ok er konum hgt til vttar at hreinsa strft ... at
hygg ek at vi ann mei festi hann ykkr upp, Glm. 390, 391, Rd. 296; cp. v-ss, Hrafn. 20. 2.
pot. a pole; telgja mei til rifjar, to shape a pole for a loom, to make a weaver's loom, Rm. 15: of
the mistletoe, af eim meii er mer (i.e. mr = mjr) sndisk, Vsp.: of the gallows' tree, Hm. 18,
Ht. (Yngl. S. ch. 26); and of the tree Yggdrasil, Gm. 34, Hm. 139, prob. from the notion of its being
the gallows of Odin: so also the raven ' meii' in Bkv. 11 seems to mean the gallows, cp. Germ.
galgen-vogel; in Hkv. 1. 5. it is perh. = vmeir. The word can never be used of a living tree. In
poetical circumlocutions of a man, vpna meir, passim, see Lex. Pot.
meizl or meizl, mod. meisli, n., mostly in pl. bodily hurts, injuries, mutilation. Sturl. ii. 181,
Korm. 216, Fms. vii. 185 (v.l.), Bs. i. 530; meizla-hgg, -sr, Fas. i. 331, iii. 33; meizla-laust, Fms.
ii. 276.
meizlur, f. pl. = meizl, Edda 127, .H. 70, Fms. vii. 185, x. 420.
MEIN, n. [A.S. mn; cp. Old Engl. (Chaucer) meygned = maimed; Dan. meen], a hurt, harm;
muna eir mein er iggja, a saying, Lv. 86; at engum veri mein at, that it may do nobody harm, Fs.
94, Al. 98; engum manni at meini vera, Fs. 131, Fms. vi. 350; e-m verr mein at e-u, Grg. ii. 266:
gra e-m mein, Fms. i. 99, Fs. 11; hn kva at mein (a pity) at hn hafi eigi menn augum leitt,
Fs. 85; mein ok happ, Edda 18; geysi mikit mein var honum at, 23; lta sr mein, to deny to
oneself, Hom.; hann lt sveininum ekki mein, ok unni mikit, i.e. he let the boy want nothing, and
loved him much, Nj. 147; taka sr e-t mein, to part with a thing one cannot well do without. 2.
medic. a disease, sore, &c.; ein kona var fyrir meini miklu, Bs. i. 309; til btar hans meins, id.,
377; er meinit hvarf fr honum (of epileptic ts), 380: also used of an internal organic disease,
thus, innan-mein, internal disease, 323 (of hydatides); ngr-mein, a sore nger; handar-mein, a
sore hand; ftar-mein, 321, 328: brjst-mein, a bad chest, but brjsta-mein, abscess or cancer in the
breast, of women; tu-mein, an 'eating sore' a cancer; tungl-mein, a kind of 'tinea' or woodworm.
II. plur. a drawback; tti at me strum meinum um slkan mann, Fs. 50; honum syndisk mein
ausn v, .H. 195; ef mar tekr sk af manni, ok vera au mein , at sk verr eigi stt. Grg.
ii. 81. 2. of marriage in the eccl. law, hindrances, such as relationship or the like, that make a
wedding unlawful; hann gipti Snlaugu dttur sna ri Bvarssyni me tvaufldum meinum,
Bs. i. 427; sagi laungetin brn eirra sem getin vru upp fr v sem mein vru vitu, 285 (see
meinbugir); ef hin meiri mein eru, Grg. i. 365; ok varar fjrbaugs-gar um in minni mein, 366.
COMPDS: meina-lauss, adj. blameless, Fms. vi. 109: unhindered, meinbuga-lauss, Grg. i. 307; ef
eim er meinalaust, if they are unforbidden, 26; prestr skal syngja allar heimilis-tir at meinalausu,
if be is unhindered, Am. 37; oss dugir fagna lafs-messu meinalaust, id., Sighvat. meins-vanr, adj.
guileless, Gm. 16.
meina, a, to harm, Barl. 173; slar hiti meinar ar um sumar, Stj. 69; au meina r ekki vtta,
24. 2. to hinder; meina e-m e-t, verr hann sjkr ea srr, ea meina honum vtn ea ver ea
menn, Grg. i. 496; enda bri eigi leitir fyrir n hir sv at at meinai, 433; hvrt sem meinar
frndsemi er sifskapr, H.E. i. 513 :-- to prohibit, ekki mun ek meina rum mnnum at halda
tr sem snisk, Fms. i. 305; fair hennar ok mir meinau eim at ekki, ii. 99; ok er henni var at
meinat, hljp hn t skga, Fas. i. 517, Stj. 520, Barl. 65.
MEINA, irreg., pret. meinti, but pres. meina, meinar; part. meint; [a for. word from the Engl. or
Germ.; it rst occurs about or a little before the time of the Reformation; Germ. meinen; Engl.
mean] :-- to mean; the passage, Landn. 333, is in the words of Bjrn Skars; ek meinti, Br. 6
new Ed., is from a paper MS., as are also Fas. i. 499 and iii. 488; the word, however, occurs in the
sv. S. (a vellum of the 15th century), and is naturalised in mod. usage, Vdal., Pass., N.T. passim.
mein-akr, m. a nickname, Eb.
mein-blandinn, part. poisonous, Fas. i. 181.
mein-bugir, m. pl. impediments which make it sinful or wicked to do a thing; essum rum
liggja strir meinbugir, vat at er it mesta Kristni-spell skrum mnnum at eta hross, Fms. i. 126;
mun hann sj alla meinbugi sem eru essu mli, at berjask vi brur sinn, xi. 221. 2. esp. of
marriage, the forbidding the banns; nnask nokkurir eir menn er ar vita meinbugi , skulu eir
segja til fyrir brlaup, segja eir eigi fyrr til meinbuga en brlaup er grt, skal engi mar eim
ar um tra, nema eir ha sv fjarska verit, at au tendi ha eigi til eirra komit, N.G.L. i. 333;
hvernig eirra hjskapr var bundinn ... ef au btti sna meinbugi, Grett. 162; en hverr s sr vill
kvnfangs leita, skal hann bija eirrar konu er meyjar, at eigi s meinbugir sv at hann viti,
K.. 104; eir sem meinbugi vissu ok lsing heyru, ... ef meinbugir nnask engir , 110, 114, 116;
meinbuga-laust, id.; thus, in reading the bans, the phrase, ef nkkur veit ar meinbugi , skal hann
segja til eirra tma ea egja san, Icelandic Prayer Book.
mein-bginn, adj. (-bgni, f.), vexatious.
mein-eia, d, to make a false oath, Hom. (St.)
mein-eir, m. [Dan. meened; Germ. meineid], perjury, K.. 218, Hom. 86, H.E. i. 522, Barl. 142.
mein-fang, n. trouble; leita e-m meinfanga, Ld. 28.
mein-fretr, m. a nickname, Landn.
mein-fullr, adj. noxious, Hb. 16.
mein-frt, n. adj. dangerous to pass, .H. 57.
mein-get, n. part.; e-m er e-t m., fatally inclined to; eigi myndi sr sv meinget at ra hestinum,
at ..., Hrafn. 6.
mein-gra, , to offend, harm, Bs. ii. 64, 132.
mein-gr, f. 'harm-doing,' offence, Nj. 163, Fms. v. 14, Stj. 121, passim: bodily pains, Orkn. 140.
mein-hgr, adj. harmless, inoffensive.
meining, f. harm, injury, Bs. i. 379.
meining, f. [meina], meaning, opinion, (mod.)
meinka, a, to harm; lasta n meinka, Bs. i. 911.
mein-kona, u, f. a concubine; hafa at meinkonu vi sna konu, N.G.L. i. 16.
mein-krka, u, f. evil crow, a term of abuse, Ls. 43.
mein-kveisi, n. a bitter pain. El.(?) 98.
mein-kvikendi, n. a harmful animal (reptile), Stj. 436, Eluc. 22.
mein-lauss, adj. harmless, inoffensive, Fms. x. 281, Stj. 41, Hom. 49, Bs. i. 184, passim; tla ek
mr at meinlaust, it will do me no harm, Fms. ix. 259; at meinlausu, without hindrance, K..K. 58.
2. painless; hndin var honum aldrei meinlaus, Ld. 224; sjaldan meinlaust (painless) me llu, Bs.
i. 347.
meinlt-samr, adj. chastising the body; m. vkum, fstum ok kla-bnai, hann gkk opt
berfttr um ntr snjum ok frostum, Bs. i. 83.
meinlt-semi, f. chastisement of the body, 625. 83.
mein-leiki, a, m. a hindrance, Ld. 184, Sturl. i. 127: = meinbugir, Gl. 230.
mein-leysi, n. harmlessness, innocence, 625. 194, Al. 106, Stj. 20, 49.
mein-liga, adv. painfully, Hom. 120, Bs. ii. 36, Karl. 376.
mein-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), painful, troublesome: inconvenient.
mein-lta, t, to chastise, Fb. ii. 24, Hom. 73.
mein-lti, n. pains, trouble, Mar., Hom. 73, Bs. 1. 194: eccl. self-chastisement, Sks. 486, Greg. 39,
70, 96. 2. illness, Fb. i. 213; liggr jarl essum meinltum allan enna vetr, 212: in mod. usage esp.
of internal illness, hydatides, or the like: meinlta-fullr, etc. meinlta-samr, adj. = meinltsamr,
Magn. 466, Bs. i. 134.
mein-mla, t, to abuse, Mar. 207.
mein-mli, n. contumely, Hom. 8, 76, Bs. i. 94, Str. 91.
meinn, adj., meinni, meinstr, [Engl. mean], mean, base; hann er einkar m., he is 'unco mean,' sl. ii.
(in a verse); at var hverju dri meinna ok verra, Fas. iii. 637. 2. in neut. meint, causing pain;
honum var meint nir at svelga ok sv at drekka, en meinst (superl.) at hsta, Bs. i. 347; fr hann
sv skjta bt, at hann kenndi sr hvergi meint, that he felt no pain, 179; var honum knit harla
meint ok mjkt, O.H.L. 89 :-- e-m verr meint vi e-t, or af e-u, to take hurt by it; fll hestrinn
undir honum, ok var honum af v nkkut meint, Sturl. i. 83.
mein-samliga, adv. perniciously, Fms. x. 223.
mein-samligr, adj. hurtful, causing pain, Bs. i. 42, Fas. i. 206.
mein-samr, adj. evil, noxious, of things and persons, Stj. 483, Landn. 212 (of a witch): vexatious.
mein-semd, f. pain, hurt, Barl. 201, Greg. 10, Stj. 97: illness, disease, Magn. 516.
mein-semi, f. --UNCERTAIN meinsemd, disease, Eg. 587, Bs. i. 351, 352: ill-will, chicanery,
(mod.)
mein-staddr, part, placed in distress, Bs. i. 37.
mein-star, m. pl. baleful staves, charms, Ls. 28.
mein-svari, a, m. a perjurer, Vsp. 45, N. G. L. ii. 426.
mein-sri, n. [Scot, man-sweir], perjury, K. . 18. Gl. 547, Fms. xi. 436, Rtt. 85. meinsris-
mar (meinsra-mar), m. a perjurer, Jb. 339, Karl. 552, N. G. L. ii. 426 (v. l.), Bs. i. 718.
mein-tregi, a, m. afiction, pot., Skv. 1. 34.
mein-igr, adj. malignant, Fas. i. (in a verse).
mein-vargr, m. a noxious beast.
mein-vttr, f. a noxious wight, an ogre, = Germ. unhold, of giants, ghosts, monsters, or the like,
Fb. i. 526: trlla ok meinvtta, ii. 314; ar mun liggja meinvttr nkkur, Grett. 110: fyrir eim
meinvttum (of highwaymen) er menn hugu ti liggja, Fs. 4; Steinraur enn rammi er mrgum
manni vann bt eim er arar meinvttir gru mein, Landn. 212: m ar engi mar vera um ntr
fyrir trlla gangi ok meinvtta, O. H. L. 57: metaph. a noxious creature, tak meinvtti essa, Flv.
34; var hvers-vetna leita at eya eim meinvttum, ok hafi ekki at sk (of mice), Bs. i. 194;
hvat sem meinvtta mltu ptar, Bb.
mein-yra, t, to abuse in words, Bs. i. 855.
mein-yri, n. pl. abuse, Bs. (Laur.)
mein-jfr, m. a mean thief; m. markar, 'thief of woods,' i.e.. re, t.
MEIRI, neut. meira, compar. and superl. mestr, answering to mikill, q. v.; [Ulf. maiza=GREEK,
maists=GREEK ; A. S. mre, etc., see meirr; Lat. major] :--more and superl. most, greater, greatest,
and the like : of stature, taller, tallest, meiri en nnur naut, Ld. 120; meiri en arir menn, Fms. i. 44;
mesta ngri ok lengsta, x. 398; vn kona ok kvcnna mest, Eg. 598; hann var allra manna mestr,
Fms. i. 2; kvenna vnst ok mest, 14; hverjum manni meiri ok styrkari, 17. 2. greater, larger, of
quantity or quality; meira f ok betra, Nj. 45; eir er mest gi ytja landi essu, Fms. vii. 122;
meiri hluti, the greater part, Grg. ii. 60. 3. more, most, of degree or amount; et mesta gfug-
kvendi, Ld. 334; eirra mestr mar, 330: et mesta nytmenni, id.; hverr vildi vera rum meiri, Fms.
i. 17; inn mesti rtta-mar, id,; meiri r, Grg. i. 355; mesta smd, Fms. vi. 102; enn mesta
krleik, ii. 295; meiri kk, 296; mesti flagsskapr, Eg. 29; frndsemis spell en meiri, Grg. i. 358,
365; r konur er enn eru meirum (nearer) yrmslum, N. G. L. i. 75. II. as subst., the more, the
most; ek vil hr mestu ra, Ld. 212; ef eir fengi meira, Fms. vi. 248: ef hn kaupir meira en sv,
Grg. i. 334; bygan blsta er meira. id.; hann vr mest hallr at vinttu til Inga konungs, Fms.
vii. 233. COMPDS: meira-httar, adv. of greater importance, more remarkably, Fms. v. 176 (v. 1.),
vii. 219. mest-httar, adv. most remarkably, Bs. i. 805, 828, Fms. iii. 45.
meirr, compar., answering to mjk (q. v.), superl. mest; [Ulf. mais = GREEK, maist = GREEK; A.
S. mr; Engl. more, most; Scot. mair, maist; Germ. mebr, meist] :-- more, and superl. most; meirr ok
meirr, more and more, Stj. 468; meirr eptir annarra manna skaplyndi en Lauga&dash-
uncertain;manna, Ld. 212; jafnmargir ea meirr, Grg. i. 336; en meirr at mildi, Fms. ii. 296;
meirr en, more than; eigi m. en eitt fylki, Fb. i. 40, passim; elska meirr enn nokkurn mann, Fms. i.
17. 2. with another comparative; tar meir, sunnar meir, Fms. vii. 260, viii. 353; rr meirr.
'furthermore.' still further off, vii. 294; ok v fjarr-meir, at engi saurr stkkvi konnungin, Sks.
365; nr-meir (cp. Dan. nr&dash-uncertain;mere), more near, Stj. 218; nr mcir landi, more near
land, Sks. 46; near meir, 'nether-more,' more below, 167; ofar meir, higher up. Fms. ix. 406; fyrr
meir (Engl. for-mer-ly), 'further back in time,' formerly, Sks. 193: in former times, sar meir, later,
D. N. i. 122; meir verr, worse, worser, Sturl. i. 12: further, enda vill hann eigi meirr fra til staar.
Grg. i. 257; gkk hann mcirr at at, liu m. at at, Rm. 2, 4, 5, etc. II. the superl. mest; eim var
ek verst er ek unni mest, Ld. 334, and in countless instances.
meisingr, m. [A. S. mse; Engl. tit-'mouse' (a different word from mouse, Icel. ms); O. H. G.
meisa; Germ. meise; Ivar Aasen meis]:-- a titmouse, Lat. parus. Edda (Gl.)
MEISS, m. [O. H. G. meisa], a wooden box, a basket (in Norway of any basket of wicker-work);
meis he ek baki, verrat matrinn betri, Hbl. 3; hann hafi mikinn meis baki ... rtar ofan
meisinn llum skunum, er fullr meissinn, Grett. 137; selja mjl meisum, Gl. 491; hann hafi
borit meis baki sr rvandil... ein t hafi stait r meisinum, Edda 59; meisa sld, barrel-
herrings, N. G. L. ii. 250; kola-meiss. Art., freq. in mod. usage; hey-meiss, a hay-box in which the
hay is given to the cows, one meiss to each head of cattle.
meistari, a, m. [Lat. magister], a master, lord; jna snum meistara, Ld. 26, Stj. 70, Rb. 412: a
master, teacher, scholar, Sks. 244, Bs. i. 228, 229; klerkar ok meistarar, Ann. 1215; m. Ovidius, Bs.
i. 238; m. Gisli, 236; mikils httar m. er ki ht, 805; sumir meistarar, Sklda 177; m. Priscianus,
160; roddr Rna-meistari, Thorodd 'Rune-master,' the Grammarian, id.: Master, of the Lord, N.
T., as a rendering of Rabbi, passim: as a degree, meistari Jn, the popular name of bishop Jn
Vdalin. COMPDS: meistara-domr, m. mastership, great skill, Mar., Fms. xi. 431, Fas. iii. 426.
meistara-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), masterly. meistara-samligr, adj. masterly, Mar.
MEITA, t, [Ulf. maitan = GREEK; Germ. metzeln; cp. Germ. messer = knife] :--to cut; meita kn,
Fb. ii. 522 (in a verse); manar meita, to cut the mane, Akv. 37; ekki hafi hann lti meita skegg sitt
n skera hr fyrir hrygar sakir, Stj. 538.
meitill, m., dat. meitli, [Germ. meissel], a chisel, Eg. (in a verse), freq. in mod. usage; whence
meitil-berg, n., Grett. 141; or also meitil&dash-uncertain;stapi, a, m. a steep precipice as if cut
with a chisel.
meitla, a, to chisel, cut, Mar., freq. in mod. usage.
meizl and meizlur, see meisl.
mekktr, part, [makki], necked, of a horse.
mekt, t. [a for. word, from Germ, macbt] , might, Stj. 143; ef ek skal dmdr af Danskri slekt, ok
deyja svo fyrir kongsins mekt, Jn Arason: pomp, Fms. xi. 424.
mekta, a, to make mighty, Stj. 140: reex., 154, 174.
mektugr, adj. mighty, Fms. v. 345, Stj. 205, Skld H. i. 31; the passage Ad. 15 is doubtful or
illegible, for such a word could not occur in so old a poem.
MEL or ml, also ml, n. [another form of ml (q. v.), but only used in a temporal sense; Ulf. ml
= GREEK and GREEK]:-- time, a while; hann skal leggja eigi skemra mel (not shorter notice
than) en viku stefnu, Grg. ii. 349: in the phrase, ea meira meli, or a longer time; rem nttum fyrr
ea meira meli ..., fjrtn nttum fyrr, er meira meli, a fortnight or more, Kb. i. 85; skulu eir
kveja ntt fyrr en dmar fara t, ea meira meli, Sb. ii. 105; sju nttum fyrr, ea mcira mli, Kb.
13. 2. the nick of time, the phrase, v meli, at that time, moment, Grg. i. 392; v meli er hann
spuri skina, 473; v meli dreif til hans li, Fms. viii. 27; en essu meli r Kntr fyrir
Englandi, x. 397; ok v meli (mli Ed.) er Bjrn var r landi var hfingja skipti Noregi,
Bjarn. 13; ok vildi hann eigi tan fara v meli (i. e. during the three years of outlawry), Glm.
371; vringi ea v meli, ... vr&dash-uncertain;ingi ea v mli sem n var tint, Grg.
ii. 248; skmmu mli, within a short time, 655 xvii. 6; ok essu mli, er Hkon svarfaisk ar
um Gautlandi, Fms. xi. 40; er enn mar leystr r strenginum v mlinu, 152; v meli er
var milli andlts hans ok upp&dash-uncertain;tekningar hans, in the meantime between ..., Bs. i.
194.
ML, n. pl. . in mod. usage ml and mil, jrn-mil, [it remains in Scot. mil-drop, and perh. Engl.
mildew]:--the mouth-piece, bit, only in pl., for the ml were composed of two iron pieces linked
together, see Worsaac, Nos. 487, 489 (like the Engl. snafe-bit), and are used so still in Icel.;
gnguu beislin sv at nir fllu jr mlin, Karl. 376, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: ml-
dropi,a, m. the drop or foam, from a horse's mouth, Vm. 14, Edda 7. ml-greypr, adj. chang at
the ml, champing the bit, epithet of a steed, Akv. 3, 4, 13. The pot. compds ml&dash-
uncertain;regn, ml-skr, iron rain, iron shower, Vellekla, are prob. from the same word.
meldr, m., gen. meldrs and meldrar; [mala; Swed. mld; Ivar Aascn mlder; Scot, melder; Mlder-
skin, the name of a mountain glacier in Norway, from its likeness to a our-bag]:-- our or corn in
the mill: koma til melds, to go to the mill, Gs. 4; standa at meldri, 23; Fcnju meldr, the our of
Fenja -- gold, Lex. Pot.; gris meldr, sea-our = sand (?), Edda (in a verse); the word is obsolete
and pot., but remains in Sweden and Norway.
meldun, m. a nickname, Landn., a Gael. word.
MELJA, pres. mel, pret. maldi, part. malir, to pound, bray into dust; mcl at allt dust, Pr. 475,
mella, u, f. a noose, in kapp-mella: a trigger (?) in a cross-bow, pat var lsr ok meila , Sturl. i.
180 (but malla the vellum C). II. a giantess, Edda (Gl.); mellu-dlgr, 'giantess-foe' = Thor. 2. in
mod. usage the mother, of dogs, cats, or the like.
mellingr, m. a kind of trigger (?), Edda ii. 494.
melnir, m. [ml]. the name of a horse (= Lat. lupatus), Ilkr.UNCERTAIN i. 47.
MELR, m., pl. melar, a kind of wild oats, esp. bent-grass, arundo arenaria, growing in sandy soil;
it is esp. found in Skaptafells-ssla and in Mra-ssla (near to Hitarnes and Akrar), cp. Bjarn. 22,
which probably refers to cutting this grass, cp. Eggert Itin. 490, 813; eir leiddu hesta sna undir
melbakka ok skru fyrir melinn at eir di eigi af sulti, Nj. 265; tta tigir mels Htuninga mcl,
D. I. i. 199. II. a sand-hill grown with bent-grass (such hills are called dunes or denes in E. Anglia,
links on the N. E. coast); then, generally, a sand-bank, whether overgrown or bare; ra eptir
melunum, fram melana; melunum me nni; ar eru melar brattir ok lausgrttir, ... ok hrundu
eim af melunum, Glm. 394, 395; ok er hann kom mela ... settisk hann melinn ... hratt
Lambi honum fyrir melinn ofan sandinn, Eg. 746, 748; ganga fram mel nokkurn, Ld. 62; rr
hann undir melinn, Gsl. 19; sandmel eim er ar verr, .H. 226; ar sem sandmelar tveir rauir
stu, ... undir enum syra melnum, Landn. 77, Gsl. 23. III. freq. in Icel. local names, Melr,
Melar, Mela-hver, Mela-sveit, whence Mela-menn or Mel-menn (Nj. 151), Raui-melr;
Raumelingar, the men from Mel and R., Landn. COMPDS: mela-sl, f. botan. papaver, Hjalt. mel-
bakki, a, m. a 'mel-bank,' hank on which bent-grass grows, also a sand-bank, Nj. 155, 265. mel-
dna, u, f. a pad or cushion lled with melr. mel-gras, n., botan. elymus arenarius, a kind of oats,
Hjalt.; whence the local name Melgras-eyri, in western icel. mel-karl, m. a nickname, Sturl. ii.
228. mel-rakki, a, m. the 'mel-dog,' the white or polar fox, from its burrowing in these sand-hanks,
Nj. 198, Bs. i. 581, Grg. ii. 347, Sturl. i. 88. melrakka-belgr, m., -skinn, n. the skin of a m., Grg.
i. 392, 500, Fms. v. 251. melrakka-veir, f. fox hunting, Jb. 23. In local names, Melrakka-dalr, -
nes, -sltta, Landn., Fbr. mel-teigr, m. a eld of mel (oats), D.I. i. 199. mel-torfa, u, f. turf grown
with oats (melr), Hrafn. 27.
MELTA, t, [malt; Goth. maltjan is a conjectural verb from gamalteins = GREEK] :-- to malt for
brewing; engir menu skulu kaupa korn til meltingar, en ef meltir, gjaldi mrk silfrs konungi, N.G.L.
ii. 249; melta korn til slu, Gl. 351. II. metaph. to digest, of food, Fms. vi. 351; at smjr er rennr
af eim hvlum megu menn eigi m. me sr, Sks. 123; melta valbrir, Akv. 36: metaph., r melti
slkt ok sjit fyrir yr sv at ekki verr af, Nj. 154; eigi mun ek melta reii mna hversu lengi sem
ek arf at bera hana, Fb. ii. 295.
melta, u, f. a malting, meltu-hs, n. a malt-house, Rtt. 94.
melting, f. a malting, N.G.L. ii. 249. II. digestion, freq. in mod. usage.
MEN, n., gen. pl. menja, dat. menjum; [A.S. mene; Hel. meni; cp. O.H.G. mani-kold = necklace-
gold, as also the name of a plant, hence perhaps Engl. marigold; Lat. monile] :-- a necklace, kv.
13; hringa ok men, Vsp. 23; mur menjum gfga, Hdl. 13; hlain hls-menjum, Am. 44, Yngl. S.
ch. 17, 22 :-- they were also worn by men, hann lzk vilja fra eim men er Bjrn hafi haft sr,
Bjarn. 67, Vpn. 26, 28: metaph. in plur. treasures, jewels, kv. 23, Fm. 16, Akv. 26 :-- pot,
phrases, men jarar, earth's necklace = the sea, Orkn. (in a verse); men Karmtar, island necklace =
the sea; lyngva men, necklace of the bush = a serpent; men storar, the earth's men = the world
serpent, the Migards-orm, Lex. Pot.: as necklaces were chiey worn by ladies, a woman is called
mens Syn, the fairy of the necklace, Edda (in a verse): Men-gl, the 'necklace-glad,' is the name of
a fairy woman, Fb. i. 529, Fsm.: as also men-brekka, -brk, -dll, -gefn, -grund, -gunnr, -hln -
rei, -skgul, -skor, = a lady; on the other hand, a man is called men-broti, -brjtr, -fergir, -
myrir, -rrir, -strir, -vrr, -verrir, = the giver, breaker etc. of treasures, Lex. Pot.
MENGA, a, [mangr, qs. margr; cp. Engl. mingle, Old Engl. meng] :-- to mingle, mix, blend, freq.
in mod. usage: in part. mengjar, mixed, variegated; bl-mengjar, rau-mengjar, mingled with
blue, red, D.N.; me mengdu kli, variegated clothes, v. 102.
mengi, n. [Germ. menge], a multitude, Hkv. i. 26, 49, Merl. i. 49, Fas. i. 496 (in a verse), Akv. 4.
mengr, part. mixed, blended, Sl. 10.
Menja, u, f. the giant maid who grinds gold in the charmed mill, Edda, Gs.; hence gold is called the
our of Menja, Lex. Pot.
MENNA, t, [mar or mannr], to make a man of, rear, breed; mun ek fylgja sonum mnum, menna
ok hreysta eptir megni, Finnb. 332. II. reex. to become a man, of breeding and the like: ef eir
vilja mennask, Fb. i. 509. 2. part. menntr, bred, accomplished as a man, esp. in a moral sense; hann
tti marga sonu ok vel mennta, Eb. 10 new Ed.; vel menntr um marga hluti, Fms. xi. 322; Valjfr
var manna bazt menntr, Orkn. 242; vel menntr alla stai, Br. 18; ok var rr eigi at verr m. tt
hann leitai sr rs, Ld. 52; hann var vel m., klerkr gr ok trmar, Fms. ix. 531; gildir menn ok
allvel menntir, Hrafn. 26; hinn skrnligasti mar ok vel menntr, Bjarn. 4.
menni, n. a nickname, Glm. 392; but esp. in compds, g-menni, ll-m., rk-m., a bad, good,
mighty man; and in a collect. sense, fjl-menni, marg-m.
menniliga, adv. manfully, Fms. iv. 269, Stj. 87.
menniligr, adj. manly, manlike, well bred, Sturl. ii. 78.
menning, f. breeding; tt hans, aur fjr ok m. g, sl. ii. 239; ef hann her eigi kunnttu til ea
m., Gl. 487; me litlu menningar mti, Krk. 35; koma e-m til menningar, to educate, rear into a
man.
mennska, u, f. humanity; veita e-m st ok mennsku, Hom. 47; miskun ok m., 48, Barl. 42; eptir
almennilegri mennsku, in a human manner, Fms. v. 347: freq. in compds, karl-m., g-m., ll-m.
mennskr, adj. human, belonging to man; at mennskum aldri, Hom. 62; mennskr mar, a man of a
man, as opp. to giants, ogres, or superhuman beings, Eg. 110; tti hann varla m. mar at ai, Fms.
vi. 212, sl. ii. 360; ok er miklu betra at fsk vi mennska menn en vi vttir slkar, Grett. 113;
sumar me sum, lfum, Vnum, sumar hafa mennskir menn, Sdm. 18.
mennt, f. art, skill, accomplishment; her til lls na mennt, Nj 66; ok er henni est til mennta
get, Fas. ii. 148; hn vildi eigi kenna dttur sinni neitt til mennta, Vgl. 19; allan sma, fyrst
menntina, the instruction, Fms. xi. 430; her marga hluti til menntar umfram oss brr, Hrafn.
17; sn mennt na, of swimming, r. 11 new Ed.; mennt sundfrum, Fms. ii. 29. 2. in plur.
menntir; milding hafi menntir r er mtar vru heimi, r. 3: learning, doctrine, arts. mennta-
mar, m. a man of high learning; lrdms-mennt, learning.
mennta, a, to civilise: part. menntar, learned, high bred; menntaar jir, civilised nations,
(mod.)
menntan, f. culture, breeding; vel virr sakir menntanar sinnar, of a poet, Bjarn. 3; mr fr sem
mrgum brnum, at ek laga ekki hug at sem mr var menntan at nema, Fms. ii. 267; nema
menntanar list, ok rtt, Stj. 151; opt er s orum ntr sem ikar menntan kra, Hallgr. :--
culture, civilisation are in mod. usage rendered by mentan.
mr = vr (q.v.), we.
MERG, f. [margr], multitude, plenty; merg fjr, plenty of wealth, Eg. 47; magn ok merg
vaxtar, Bs. ii. 165, passim in mod. usage; the old writers prefer fjldi, q.v.
mergjar, part. 'marrowed,' strong.
MERGR, m., gen. mergjar, dat. merg, but mergi, Ls. 43; pl. mergir; [A.S. mearg; Scot. mergh;
Engl. marrow; Germ. mark; Dan. marv] :-- marrow, Edda 28, Grg. ii. 91; frost og fjk. er fast
bk frosinn mergr r beinum, a ditty, passim. 2. metaph. pith; mergr ritninganna, Mar.; af mergjum
hjartans, id.; at er m. mlsins, at er enginn m. v, and the like. COMPDS: merg-lauss, adj.
marrowless, pithless. merg-leysi, n. pithlessness. merg-runi, a, m. 'lues medullae,' a wasting
sickness, pining away, caeliaca, Fl. x.
merg-und, f. a 'marrow-wound,' a wound cutting through to the marrow, Grg. ii. 11, Nj. 217.
merg-undi, adj., and merg-undar, part. wounded to the marrow, N.G.L. i. 68, 172.
mer-hross and mer-hryssi, n. a mare, Eb. 34, Grg. i. 504, sl. ii. 62, Grett. 122, Nj. 167, Rd. 284,
m. 98.
MERJA, pres. mer; pret. mari; subj. meri; part. marir, mod. marinn :-- to bruise, crush; sv var
marir hans lkami, Rm. 329; the word is freq. in mod. usage, marinn reyr mun hann eigi sundr
mylja, Matth. xii. 20.
MERKI, n., gen. pl. merkja, dat. merkjum, [mark] :-- a landmark, boundary, esp. in pl., Grg. ii.
213, 216, 223, 279, 285, N.G.L. i. 41, 307, passim; also landa-merki, q.v.: sing. a mark, fra mark
til sns merkis, Grg. i. 416. 2. a milit. term, a banner, standard, Nj. 127, Eg. 88, 268, Fms. vi.
334-336, 406, 407, 412, 413, 419, ix. 25; mlti hann til Halldrs Snorrasonar, at hann skyldi
djariga bera fram merkit, Halldrr svarar heldr styggliga, beri hri merki fyrir r rgum! vi. 159:
for a classical passage as to a charmed standard (a raven), see Orkn. ch. 11, cp. orst. Su H. ch. 2,
Nj. 158 (in the battle of Clontarf), as also .H. (1853) ch. 201, 219, 221, 225, 227: a standard for
procession in churches, Vm. 22, 52, Pm. 66. II. a mark, token, sign; ok mun at til merkja, at eir
Grmr munu heim koma, Nj. 197; ok her at orit til merkja, at, Eg. 766; essir menn er nliga
vru me ngum merkjum, of no mark, distinction, Fms. xi. 261; merki munu r at ykkja ef ek
segi r fr honum, Edda 47. 2. signication, importance; mikil merki essi tlu, Hom. 72; au
hafa mrg merki sr, 51; eirra manna er nokkut merki (distinction) var at, Sturl. i. 186. 3.
remains, traces; hennar merki m hvergi sj, Al. 93; eir lgu ok garinn sem enn sr merki, Eb.
132; vil ek sj au merki er ar hafa orit, .H. 238. COMPDS: merkis-burr, m. the carrying of
the standard, Karl. 19. merkis-mar, m. the standard-bearer, orst. Siu H. 170, Eg. 52, Nj. 136: in
later times it was a post of high rank at the king's court, stallari ea m., Gl. 365, Bs. i. 712; whence
it came to mean a man of mark, a distinguished person, Ld, 10, Eg. 36, Fs. 20, 161: hverir merkis-
menn biskuparnir hafa verit, Bs. i. 59.
merki-, f. a boundary river, Grg. ii. 349.
merki-bjrk, f. a landmark-birch, Grg. ii. 297, Jb. 236, 240.
merki-dagr, m. a mark-day, of days by which the calendar is arranged, Rb. 38, 40.
merki-garr, m. a landmark fence, Grg. ii. 265, Gl. 381.
merki-liga, adv. remarkably, sl. ii. 333, Stj. 293; sv merkiliga, with so much distinction, Bs. i.
797: perceptibly, Fms. xi. 441; orkell segir fr llu vel ok m., Ld. 292.
merki-ligr, adj. perceptible; m. hljsgrein, Sklda 179: articulate, of sound, 174: remarkable,
noteworthy, distinguished, of men and things, ok ykkir oss hans sgn ll merkiligust, .H. (pref.);
at ek hafa mart merkiligt lti eptir liggja frsgn hans , Bs. i. 137; vitr mar ok m., Fs. 11;
uppruni hans var m., orst. Su H. 171, Fms. x. 161, vii. 150, Boll. 314, Sturl. i. 95, Dipl. ii. 11,
H.E. i. 523, Ld, 100.
merki-mll, adj. speaking things worthy of note, Ld. 216.
merking, f. marking, the act, Grg. ii. 311. 2. a mark, sign, Sklda 179, Rb. 4; r berit m. ess
dmanda er koma mun at efsta dmi, you bear the mark, i.e. you represent on earth the judge in the
day of judgment, Fms. vii. 37; merkingar a, signication, Sklda 187; merkingar skilning, Stj. 29;
me merkingum ea skringum, id. 3. sense, signication, psssim in mod. usage.
merki-ss, m. a landmark, outlet, Grg. ii. 353.
merki-spjt, n. a staff ir. 289.
merki-star, m. a mark, print, Karl. 543.
merki-stjarna, u, f. a 'mark-star,' planet; sl ok tungl ok mm merkistjrnur, Sklda 174, Lil. 10.
merki-stng f. the standard-staff, Eg. 289, .H. 217, Fms. vi. 336, N.G.L. ii.
merki-tungl, n. = merkistjarna, Rb. 520.
merki-vatn, n. 'mark-water,' a lake used as a boundary, Grg. ii. 290, 348.
MERKJA, , [mark], to mark, as a landmark, boundary; merkja um, to mark round, enclose, Stj.
409. II. to draw, of an image; hann var merkr eptir r ok her hann hamar hendi, .H. 108: of
letters, ok merkja nagli Nau, and mark (the character) Naud on one's nail, Sdm. 7; blgar rnir
merkar brjsti, Sl. 6l; ok merkja ena lngu me stryki fr enum skmmu, Sklda 163. 2. to
mark, sign, note; hverr mar skal m. hlut sinn, Grg. i. 37; vr skulum m. li vrt allt, gera herkuml
hjlmum vrum ok skjldum, .H. 204: of sheep, merkja lamb (of the ears), Grg. i. 415; n
merkir hann at annars manns marki, id.; at er lgmark er eyru eru merkt llu f, nautum,
sauum svnum, ok geitum, nema fuglum, ar skal tjar merkja, 416; dilkr merkr, 417. 3. to
mark, note, observe; san merki (marked) hann fu er grikonan eri ftr sna , Fms. i.
254; merku eir at slargangi (observed) at sumarit munai aptr til vrsins, b. 7: ok hr er
mar, ok merki ek at v (I infer it from the fact that) er hann kvddi daua, Nirst. 1; at er
merkjanda, Hom. 65, H.E. i. 513. III. metaph. to mark; sumir eru tungulausir ok merkja (beckon)
allt af bendingu, Rb. 398; n skal essu m. at hverr mar er skyldr at sma ok tigna konungligt
nafn, Sks. 488; m at at v merkja nkkut, Bs. i. 62 :-- to shew, merki Sunnifa at essu at hn
treysti meirr almtti Gus en veraldligum farar-beina, Fms. i. 226; eir merkt hafa ... at hug hafa,
Hkv. 2. 22. 2. to mark, denote, signify; at merkir lrdm inn, Bs. i. 8, Anal. 177; mar merkir
kvikendi skynsamligt ok dauligt, Sklda 174.
merk-orr, adj. sensible in one's words, Bs. ii. 65.
merkr, adj. of mark, noteworthy, truthful; merkr mar ok sannorr, Fms. ii. 282; er bi var merkr
ok rttorr, Bs. i. 138; sem dyggvastr ok merkastr, Th. 18; eigi merkr ok milungi rttorr, Sturl. ii.
188; -merkr, inaccurate, untrustworthy, Ld. 232, Fms. ii. 268.
merla, a, to gleam; fjll geisla merlu, the fell gleaming with beams of light, Edda (in a verse);
hvt-merlu, white-gleaming, of the morning dew, Grnd. 66.
MERR, f., mod. meri, gen. merar, acc. and dat. meri, pl. merar; [from marr, q.v.; A.S. mere; Engl.
mare; Germ. mhre] :-- a mare, Grg. i. 503, 504, Nj. 185, Edda 26, 57, Fs. 56, N.G.L. i. 75, Glm.
355, Fbr. 104, 107 new Ed., Vgl. 37; eigi var undarligt at bitisk vel er merrin fylgi r, Fms.
vi. 323: as a term of abuse, ef her heldr manns hug en merar, Fs. 54. COMPDS: merar-leggr,
m. a nickname, Sturl. merar-son, in. son of a mare, a term of abuse, Fas. i. 74; fast gyrr merarson,
for the pun see Safn i. 33.
mersing or messing, f. brass, orf. Karl. 374; enda lgsilfr at er meiri hluti s silfrs en messingar,
ok oli skor, Grg. i. 392; mersingar-spnn, a brasen spoon,orf. Karl. 376, Pm. 6; mersingar-hestr,
a brasen horse, Glm. 353; mersingar-ker, -stika, -ketill, -kola, -kross, -lampr, a brasen vessel ...
lamp, Vm. 2, 8, 35, 102, 129.
mersing-ligr, adj. brasen, MS. 732. 11.
meskinn, adj. [meskjen = merry, Ivar Aasen], sporting, see -meskinn, Ld. 148.
MESSA, u, f. [eccl. Lat. missa], a mass, from the Roman Catholic times; syngja messu, to chant the
mass, Bs. i. 21, K..K. 56, Hom. 137, passim, Nj. 157; messu bk, a mass book, Vm. 17, 68, Pm.
104; messu brefer, a breviary, Dipl. v. 18; messu sngr, chanting the mass, Bs. i. 823, Stj. 238, K..
116, Vm. 108; messu embtti, mass service, divine service, Fms. xi. 429, Bs. i. 823; messu-ft,
messu-fata-lindi, see lindi, Fms. iv. 111; messu kli, messu skr or skri, the vestments, K..K.
56, 57, 72, 74, Fms. ii. 177, viii. 197, Bs. i. 63, 429; messu hkull, a cope, Nj. 279, B.K. 52; messu
serkr or messu sloppr or stakkr, a surplice, Fms. iii. 168, B.K. 83, Vm. 29, 52; messu stll, the.
mass desk, Mar.; messu djkn, a deacon, clerk, Nj. 272, Vm. 5, Bs. i. 412, 871 :-- pot., odda
messa, vpna messa, the weapon mass, = battle, Lex. Pot. COMPDS: messu-fall, n. a failure of
service, when there is no service from some accident. messn-frt, n. adj. when service can be held;
a er ekki messufrt, when so few worshippers are present that no mass can be said. messu-hald,
n. the holding mass, D.N. messu-ml, n. mass time, Fms. viii. 291, xi. 269. messu-prestr, m. a
mass-priest, N.G.L. i. 97. messu-sngs-mar, m. a reading clerk to chant the mass, D.I. i. 282,
489. messu-vn, n. communion-wine. &FINGER; The word messa has in Icel, remained since the
Reformation = divine service; fyrir messu, eptir messu, vera vi messu. B. A mass-day, holiday, also
messu-dagr, K..K. 44, 104, Bs. passim; messu-ntt, a holiday night, N.G.L. i. 343. The chief
mass-days, commonly used as dates or epochs in the Sturlunga S., the Biskupa Sgur, and in similar
old writers, are 1. of Norse and Icel. saints, lafs-messa, St. Olave's day = the 29th of July and 3rd
of August; Magns-m., St. Magnus' day of the Orkneys = the 16th of April and 13th of December;
Hallvars-m., St. Halvard's day = the 15th of May; orlks-m., St. Thorlac's day of Skalholt = the
2Oth of July and 23rd of December; Jns-m. (the bishop of Hlar) = the 3rd of March and 23rd of
April; Eldbjargar-m. = the 7th of January. 2. other saints' days of the Roman Catholic church,
Mru-messa = the 25th of March; ing-Mru-m. = the 2nd of July, i.e. 'Thing Mary's mass,' for the
aling was to meet about that time; Mru-m. (Siari) = the 8th of September; Kross-m. = the 3rd of
May and 14th of September; Lafranz-m. = the 11th of August; Brra-m. = the 20th of January;
Ptrs-m. = the 22nd of February; Pls-m. = the 25th of January; Ptrs messa ok Pls = the 29th of
June; Jakobs-m. = the 25th of July: Kyndil-m. = Candlemas; Allra-Heilagra-m. = All Souls' day;
Mikkjals-m. = Michaelmas day; Tveggja Postula-m. = the 1st of May; Seljumanna-m., the Saints'-
day of Selja = the 8th of July (for the interesting record see Fms. i, headed ttr Albani ok Sunnifu);
Kolumba-m., St. Columba's day = the 9th of June; Sviftns-m. = the 3rd of July; Blasius-m. = the
3rd of February; Kolnismeyja-m. = the 21st of October; Thomas-m. = the 21st of December;
Egidius-m. = the 1st of September; Tiburtius-m. = the 14th of April; Btlfs-m. = the 17th of June,
etc. 3. Hlauprs-messa, Leap-year mass = the 24th of February. These and some others are frequent
in the Bs. and writers of that kind. The time about the end of June and beginning of July is in Icel.
called messur (f. pl.), GREEK; fram undir messur, til messna, and the like.
messa, a, to say the mass, hold divine service, Sturl. ii. 13, m. 14, Vm. 99: still in use, a verr
ekki messa dag.
mestr, adj., mest, adv. most; see meiri and meirr.
met, n. pl. the weights of scales; einir pundarar, ein met ok mlikerld, Gl. 522; vega sklum
me metum, 523; vrti teknar sklir ok met, Fms. vi. 183; sklir gar, ar fylgu tvau met, annat
af gulli en annat af silfri, xi. 128; meta-sklir gar me metum, m. 55: the phrase, koma snum
metum vi, to use one's own weights, one's own wages; Ribbungar kmu ar aldri snum metum
vi, could never have their own way there, Fms. ix. 367, v.l. (Fb. l.c. mtti, but wrongly); ar her
hamhleypan Ds komi vi metum snum, Fas. ii. 395. 2. metaph. esteem; vera miklum metum, in
high esteem; litlum metum, in low esteem, meta-sklir, f. pl. scales, m. 55.
META, mat, mtu, metinn: imperat. met (mettu); pret. subj. mti seems not to occur, but a weak
metti (from metja) is used, Fas. ii. 464: with neg. suff., pret. matkat ek, Fbr. (in a verse): in mod.
usage a weak pret. matti, mattist, mettist is often used, eg mattist um vi hann, ef eg metti a
nokkurs, and the like; eir mttust um hin efstu sti, N.T., and the like: [Ulf. mitan = GREEK; A.S.
metan; Engl. mete; O.H.G. mezan; Germ. messen: Swed. mta.] B. To tax, value, absol. or with
acc.; ef eir kynni meta sik, if they would value themselves rightly, not puff themselves up, Fms. viii.
40; hn mat sik eigi minna heldr en hn mat konunginn, Sks. 461: metaph., eigi at meta
kvibur eirra, their verdict is void, Grg. i. 54. 2. with gen. of the price; meta mikils, ltils, to
value at much, little; mtu menn at mikils, er Rtr hafi sett leysingjann nir leyfri jru
Hskuldar, Ld. 102; konungr mat mikils, valued them much, Eg. 73; munu n or hr um
einskis metin, thy words will he counted for naught, Sturl. iii. 139 3. to value money, charge for, the
price in gen.; synjat er fars ef leigu er meti, Grg. ii. 268; engi skal meta kaups leg at kirkju ea
lksng, K.. 72; mrgum veitti Rafn smir snar ok alldri mat hann r fjr, Bs. i. 645; aldrei mat
hann fjr lkning sna, 643; meta eigi leigu, D.I. i. 320. 4. meta e-t vi e-n, to charge one; met
vi mik rekkju-bnainn, Eb. 256; eir spuru hversu drt vera skyldi, hann kvask ekki meta
mundu vi konung en ba hafa ef eir vildi, Fb. i. 333: hafi Bjrn falat essa skikkju ok var af
metinn, out-bidden, 577: to mete a thing out to one, to leave a thing to another to do: tla ek at vr
skylim ekki vi ara meta ( = metask vi ara) at skipta hggum vi laf ef vr komumk fri
um at, i.e. we will do it ourselves, .H. 214; allir mtu vi Erling atkvi um skrsluna, they all
put to E. to decide about the ordeal, Fb. 11. 195; estir munu hr meta svr vi orleif, Sturl. iii.
139; en vi orkel met ek, at f hluti til er hafa arf, but I will leave it to Th. to provide the
necessary things, orf. Karl. 378; etta hfu mundi eigi vi ara meta at mla eptir hann, ef ess
yrfti vi, Eb. 126; en allir mtu vi Fjlni vat hann var eirra vitrastr ok mest virr, Fms. xi. 64.
II. reex., lands-drottinn linni sv mikit sem hsit metzk. Gl. 330; sem hs metzk, 333;
sm er til afbrags mettisk, Fas. ii. 464; sakir er til brautgangs mtti metask, Ld. 52. 2. recipr.,
metask vi, to contend; ef eir metask eia vi skulu eir hluta me sr, if there be a confest
about taking the oaths they shall draw lots, Grg. i. 9; en ef goarnir metask at vi, hvrr eirra
skal f honum ok skal ..., 33 :-- metask um e-t, to contend who is to be the rst; san gengu eir at
dyrrunum ok mttusk eir um hverr fyrst skyldi inn ganga, orst. hv. 43 (Ed. mttust from a paper
MS.) 3. part., hann var vel metinn (esteemed) hvar sem hann kom, Ld. 100, Nj. 7.
metandi, a, m. an appraiser, Grg. ii. 169.
met-f, n. a 'prize-thing,' a thing of singular value, cattle or dead things, Grg. i. 398: of living
stock, arr-xi gamall vr, at er m., 502; hrtr rvetr ok ellri ok forystu-geldingr (a bell-wether),
at er m., 503; a er metfs-skepna!
METJA, met, matti, [Ulf. matjan = GREEK; from matr], prop. to 'take food,' but it remains only in
the special sense to lap with the tongue like a dog; eir er stra vatn r lfum allt eitt ok rakkar
metja me tungu, Stj. 392: in mod. usage esp. used of shes mumbling with the mouth in water
when feeding, tir vru at metja stkkva ok steja, Bb. 2. 29; metja strauminn, to gulp the stream,
id. II. metaph., meta rum sj, to dip the oars into the water, to dabble with the oars; meta au
rum ok ra burt slkt er au mega, Hv. 46; kindred is the passage Fspl. 19, Skgul at skutlum
skaptker Hnikars mat af mii minnis-hornum, S. ladled the mead with the horns, lling them out of
the skapker, see Dr. Schewing's note to the passage in his edition of the poem. The form mat for
matti is due to a confusion with meta mat.
metnar or metnur, m., gen. ar, 'meetness,' honour, fame; fjr ok metnaar, wealth and honour.
Eg. 17; konungar gru sv mikinn metnad hans (paid him that honour) at af hans bn sttusk eir,
Fms. i. 13; var hann ar miklum metnai einn vetr, x. 220; Dav fkk tleik ok metnu af
verkum snum, Ver. 6; metnaar viring, respect of persons, Hom. 19; metnaar kona, a lady of
rank, Str. 53; me rkdm ok metnai, Fs. 21: esteem, valuing, ann metnu he ek ragrum
mnum, at ek vil at at s haft er ek legg til, Fms. x. 249. II. pride, ambition, Fbr. 137, Edda 144
(pref.), MS. 656 C. 12; viri hann sem orgilsi gengi til str ok m., Sturl. iii. 130; metnar honum
rask en mannvit aldregi, Hm. 78, passim, and so in mod. usage, where it is never used in a good
sense: as also of jealousy, a er m. milli eirra, of-metnar, haughtiness. COMPDS: metnaar-
fullr, -gjarn, adj. proud, ambitions, Hkr. ii. 234, Eg. 20, Fms. v. 71. metnaar-leysi, n. modesty,
Sturl. i. 125. v.l. metnaar-mar, m. an ambitions, proud man, Nj. 61. metnaar-samr, -samligr,
adj. proud, haughty, Finnb. 354, Sks. 509, Stj. 204.
metnask, a, dep. to puff oneself up, Str. 51.
met-or, n. an estimate, valuation; hann skal ei vinna ok meta, ok skal hans m. standa, Grg. i.
393, Gl. 296, Fb. i. 563, where = taxation. 2. esteem, consideration; var sv mikit Danskra manna
m. at eins eirra vitni skyldi hrinda tu Normanna, Fms. x. 398 (grip.); eir gru sv mikil
metor hans, at ..., paid him so much regard that ..., Grett. 125; ykkir mnnum mjk hallask hafa
metor Vestanmanna, sl. ii. 170; Gumundr sat mjk yr metorum manna norr ar, G. bore
down all men there, Lv. 36. 3. rank, dignity, only in plur.; forr bi fjr ok metora, Sturl. i. 4.
and so in mod. usage. COMPDS: metora-girnd, f. ambition. metora-gjarn, adj. ambitious,
metora-mar, m. a man of distinction; hann var lgmar ok m. mestr, .H. 151.
metr, n. [for. word], a metre, Stj. 288.
METTA, a, [matr], to ll with food; Jesus mettar fjrar sundir manna, Icel. Almanack for the
7th Sunday after Trinity, and passim in mod. usage: reex. mettask, to eat one's ll. II. in old
writers chiey in the part. mettr, having eaten one's ll; having done; veginn ok m., Hm. 60; ok er
Egill var m., Eg. 566; var Flosi m., ok af borit af borinu, Nj. 176; gru eir eld ok
matbjuggu, en er eir vru mettir, Fms. i. 9, 209, ix. 353, Glm. 357, Fs. 105, Eb. 20; en eir neyttu
ok uru mettir, Mark viii. 8.
mettan, f. lling.
mey-barn, n. a female bairn, a girl, Fs. 26, Nj. 25, sl. ii. 198, .H. 144, Grg. i. 281, Barl. 160.
mey-dmur, m. maidenhood, virginity, Fms. i. 2, Stj. 41, 116; meydms-spell, 520.
meyja, u, f. a maid, Bs. ii. 27; see mr.
meyjar-, see mr.
mey-kerling, f. [my-kerling Ivar Aasen], a maid, (rare.)
mey-kongr, m. a 'maid-king,' reigning queen.
meyla, u, f. a dim. [Goth. mawila], a little maid, a nickname, Fb. iii.
meyligr, adj. maiden, Sks. 529, Gsl. 86.
mey-l, n. girlhood, maiden life, 625. 176.
meyra, u, f. = meyrleikr.
meyr-leikr, m. tenderness, rottenness, Stj. 345.
meyrna, , to become meyrr.
MEYRR, adj. [O.H.G. muruwi; mid.H.G. mur and murwe; Germ. murhe; Dan. mr] :-- tender, of
esh, meat, or the like, or rotten of other things, Stj. 77; sem meyrr brkr, Br. 19.
mey-staulpa, u, f. a girl, Sturl. i. 152, ii. 101.
mey-stlka, u, f. = meystaulpa, Fb. i. 262.
MI, n., dat. pl. mijum, 645. 100 (the older form), but commonly mia mium ( = mir, q.v.), the
middle; mi, or mii, in the middle; s er mii rei, Vpn. 25, Fms. iii. 182; gengr steikari
fyrst fyrir konung, riddari mi en konungs-son siast, Pr. 429; Snorri var mi, Bs. ii. 72: the
phrase, spakir menn henda mrgu mi, the wise man hits the middle of many things, i.e. makes
many good hits, Fs. 140, Sturl. iii. 217 (a saying) :-- a mark, hit, sem ek munda hafa mi mr ef
hans llvili hefi fengit framkvmd, Fms. i. 223. 2. metaph., kvu eir ltil mi at Pli ok
kenningum hans, they said that Paul and his teaching were little to be relied on, Post. 656 C. 24. II.
as a naut. or shing term, a shing bank, Scot. meith; banks out at sea marked by prominences or
landmarks on shore, described in Bs. ii. 179 (ess-httar sjreita kalla eir mi); brega til mia, to
seek for a shing bank, Gsl. 49; ek mun visa r mi at at aldri mun skr bresta ef til er stt ...,
en er hann kom miit var undir skr ngr, Br. 15 new Ed.; ef menn hafa hr glgg mi , Fas. i.
27; geisa eir n rrinn af miunum, Valla L. 226; en er eir fundu brtt at mijum skipti, ok
eir nlguusk land, kstuu eir akkerum snum, Post. 645. 100; hn setti ok Kvar-mi
safjarar-djpi, Landn. 147; hann rri t mi ok sat til ski, Fas. ii. 110; mun ik kala ef ek sit
lengi ok tarla mium sem ek em vanr, Edda ii. 286; djp-mi, grann-mi, deep or shallow banks.
mia, a, to shew, mark a place; mia til, en er lknirinn miai til hvar hann skyldi af skera, when
the leech shewed where to make the cut, Fms. iii. 31 :-- mia e-t, Eymundr hafi glggt miat
um kveldit hvar konungr hvldi tjaldinu, Fb. ii. 129; miai hann sv glggt , at ar sem hann
sagi fannsk kista, Bs. i. 829: hann miar glggt, hversu ..., he marks closely, how ..., Hom. (St.) :--
mia vi e-t, to mark a distance or place by another object; hla hr vru, ok mia sv vi ar
sem eldrinn brennr, Gsl. 147: metaph., hva er a mia vi a, 'tis no proper thing to compare
with, it cannot be compared :-- impers., e-u miar, a thing moves, advances; honum miar ekki.
mi-garr, m. [in Cumberland three farms, High-garth, Middle-garth, Low-garth], the 'mid-yard'
'middle-town,' i.e. the earth, a mythol. word common to all ancient Teut, languages; thus Ulf.
renders the Gr. GREEK by midjungards; Hel, calls the earth middil-gard; the. A.S. homilies instead
of earth say middan-geard (meddlert, Jamieson), and use the word as an appellative; but the Icel.
Edda alone has preserved the true mythical bearing of this old Teut. word. -- The earth (Migar),
the abode of men, is seated in the middle of the universe, bordered by mountains and surrounded by
the great sea (thaf); on the other side of this sea is the t-gar (out-yard), the abode of giants; the
Migar is defended by the 'yard' or 'burgh' s-gar (the burgh of the gods), lying in the middle (the
heaven being conceived as rising above the earth). Thus the earth and mankind are represented as a
stronghold besieged by the powers of evil from without, defended by the gods from above and from
within; see Vsp. 4, Gm. 41, Edda 6, 25, 26, 35: mankind is said to abide 'undir Migari,' under the
Midgard, Hbl. 23; mest manna-val und Migari, Hdl. 11, 16, Fms. vi. 423 (in a verse); um allan
Migar, Blanda. Migars-ormr, m. the Serpent of Midgard. the world serpent of the ancient
mythology hidden in the ocean, whose coils gird round the whole Midgard, Edda 18, 34-36, 41, 42;
dlgr Migars-orms, the antagonist of the M. = Thor, Edda 53; munt vera ormr s er verstr er til
er menn kalla Migarsorm, Fas. i. 373. In old Icel. translations of legends Leviathan is rendered by
Migarsormr, Nirst. 3, Post. 686 C. 2. The god Thor is called Migars-vorr, m. = the holy one
of M., Vsp.; migars verjandi, the defender of Midgard, Edda 53; cp. rr her varan Migar af
rek, Edda (in a verse). II. Migarr, as a local name. Icel. map.
mi-h, n. a Gr. word [prob. = imperat. GREEK = go away]; the Orkn. S., in a report of Earl
Rgnvald's journey to Palestine in 1152, says that in Imblar ( = GREEK which the travellers took
to be the name of a place) in Asia Minor when two persons met in a narrow lane the one used to
shout, mih! mih! (answering to the Dan. varsko!), Orkn. 374.
mii, a, m. a mark in a book, a slip of paper, and the like.
miil, adv. amidst; see meal and milli.
mija, u, f. the middle: miju, in the midst, Nj. 97.
mila, a, [Engl. middle, cp. mir], to share; mila e-m e-t or mila vi e-n, to share with another
person, use in common; hann milai lnd vi rn frnda sinn, Landn. 209; eir munu hafa milat
ykkr at af ar Bjrglfs, Eg. 39, Fms. vi. 141; Gunnarr milai mrgum mnnum hey ok mat, Nj.
73; skal ek eigi m. rkit, I shall not share the realm, Fms. i. 84; tldu vrkunn at hann vildi eigi m.
rkit, Orkn. 98; allt at er hann m m. umfram klna sinn, Grg. i. 250; eigi skulu menn tund m.
vi hans li n matgjar, 458; rar at mila ok austskotu, ii. 171; in. e-t vi e-n, to share with one.
Fms. viii. 153. 2. metaph. to mediate, with dat.; mila dmi, to give judgment as a mediator, Sks.
657; nema milat s mlum, Bjarn. 55; at dmi vri sv milat, at Stephano vri lofat at bta sem
broti var, Sks. 144 new Ed. :-- with acc., m. ml, to make a compromise; ok milum sv ml
millim eirra, Bs. i. 24: m. spor, to move, make a movement; stndum fast ok milum ekki spor vr
(but ftsporum, dat., Fb. iii. l.c.), Mork. 116. II. recipr., milask e-t vi, to share with one another,
Grg. ii. 333; milask ml vi, to make a compromise, Fms. x. 300.
milan, f. a partaking, sharing with another, Fms. viii. 153; bau ek ftkum m. mns auar, Sks.
632: a compromise, gra m. um e-t, Grett. 104 A. milunar-ml, n. pl. a compromise; gra m.,
Grett. 175 new Ed.; uru engin m. me eim, they came to no compromise, Sturl. i. 133.
milung, f., or milungr, m. the middle, only in adverb, phrases: milungar, f. gen. middling, i.e.
not over-much, ironically; milungar snotr me snjallri tungu, i.e. middling-wise, foolish, Hom.
142: as also milungi, adv., milungi ggjarn = wicked, Rd. 254, 275; milungi rttorr, Sturl. ii.
185; milungi vinsll, Fbr. 13 new Ed.: milung, acc., ykkisk hann vera milung staddr (in a
hard plight) slyppr mar ok srr mjk, 93 new Ed.; dugir milung at, 'tis not worth much, it wont
do much, Fms. xi. 353 (in a verse).
mi-mundi, a, m. the middle, the metaphor being taken from scales: loc. midway, er
Skuborgar (in Jutland) mimunda, the river S. is midway (between Hedeby and Wiborg),
Symb. 32 :-- with gen., er sl mimunda norrs ok landnorrs, when the sun is midway between
north and north-east, Grg. ii. 283; er mimunda slhvarfanna, the mid-time between the two
solstices, Rb. 94; lt hann sl ann dag upp koma mimunda-sta austrs ok landsurs, en setjask
mimunda-sta tsurs ok vestrs, id.; mimunda-sta vestrs ok tnorrs, id. 2. moment, weight,
importance; guldu eir allir nokkut er ar vru ok nokkur mimundi var at, all who were of any
moment, Sturl. i. 181; skalt bera f undir lenda menn Noregi ok alla menn er nokkurr
mimundi er at, Mork. 4. II. in a temp. sense, as a mark of time, when the sun is midway between
midday (twelve o'clock) and nn (three o'clock), half-past one, see Sturl. l.c.: this measure of time
is still used in Icel., at var nr mijum degi (i.e. about twelve o'clock) er eir fundusk, en fyrir
mimunda hfsk orrostan, en konungr fll fyrir nn, en myrkrit hlzk fr mimunda til nns, .H.
223; rsdaginn um mimunda-skei, Fms. viii. 210; um mimunda-skei mis dags ok nns, in
the middle between midday and the 'nones,' i.e. halt-past one P.M., Sturl. ii. 153.
MIR, mi, mitt, adj. with a suppressed radical j, which appears before a vowel, mijan, mija,
mijar, mijum; [Ulf. midjis = GREEK; A.S. medel; cp. Engl. mid, midst, middle; Hel. middi;
O.H.G. mitti; etc.; Lat. medius; Gr. GREEK] :-- the middle; mijum pllum, Nj. 150; nr miri
inni vestri byg, Landn, 105; km hann mijan, hit him in the middle (in the pit of the stomach),
Nj. 96; mitt lr, Fs. 53; in var opin um mitt, in the middle, 52; eir stefndu mitt leiar-sundit,
Fms. viii. 131. 2. in a temp. sense: mi ntt, midnight; var mi ntt, Edda 30; at miri ntt, ... of
mija ntt, 29; er dr at miri ntt, Grett. 140: mijan dag, midday, Vsp.; nr mijum degi,
about midday, .H. 223; allt til dgurar mls ea mis dags, Sks. 20: mir aptan, 'mid-eve,' six
o'clock p.m., Fb. ii. 128, Hrafn. 9; mis aptans t, 625. 177: mir morgun, 'mid-morning,' six
o'clock a.m.; milli mis morguns og dagmla; sofa fram yr mijan morgun: mitt sumar,
midsummer, Nj. 4; at miju sumri: mir vetr, midwinter, mis vetrar ntt, a midwinter night, Fms. i.
33; mis vetrar blt, Fb. ii; um mijan vetr, at midwinter; at mijum vetri, .H. 104. 3. a kind of
local gen.; mirar brautar, 'midways,' in the middle of the road, Rm.; mira etja, mira skutla,
mirar rekkju, in the middle of the bed, table, benches, id. II. in local names, Mi-, Mi-berg,
Mi-dalir, Mi-engi, Mi-fell, Mi-garr, Mi-fjrr (whence Mi-ringar, m. pl.), Mi-hp,
Mi-hs, Mi-jkull, Mi-skli, etc., Landn.; Mi-bli, D.I. B. COMPDS: mi-aptann, m. mid-
eve, see mir (2), Fms. viii. 89. mi-bik, n. the middle, centre; see dik. mi-breytis, adv. in the
middle of the road, Fas. ii. 181. mi-byri, n. 'mid-board,' balk-head(?); skipit var lti til skutanna
en breitt um mibyrit, Grett. 88 A. mi-br, m. a farm lying in the midst (of three), Nj. 257. mi-
dagr, m., Fms. xi. 425; see mirdagr. mi-degi, n. midday (= hdegi = mir dagr = twelve o'clock),
so always in mod. writers, and distinguished from mimundi, q.v.; at morgunmli milli midegis ok
dagmla, sl. ii. 335; midegis skei, Fms. vii. 69, viii. 374 (v.l.), Stj. 216, Hkr. ii. 175, Fms. xi.
425, Gl. 87, Jb. 200 (but better mir dagr in two words); but in mod. usage midegi is used in the
same sense as mimundi, q.v. mi-digr, adj. stout in the waist, Grett. 135, Fms. iii. 96. mi-dgri,
n. = midegi, Rb. 1812. 39. mi-fasta, u, f. mid-Lent, Ann. 1273, Gl. 409. mi-ris, adv. in the
middle of the fjord, Fms. xi. 13. mi-fylking, f. the middle of the line in battle, Fms. x. 403. mi-
garr, m., q.v. mi-heimr, m. the centre of the world, Symb. 30. mi-herar, f. pl. the mid-
shoulders, Bs. i. 453. mi-hjalli, a, m. the middle shelf on a hill-side, Finnb. 348. mi-hlis, adv.
along the middle of the mountain side, Ann. mi-hlutr, m. the middle, midst, 625. 189, Stj. 76. Mi-
jarar-haf, n. the 'Midland,' Mediterranean Sea, Sym. 11, A.A. 288, Al. 117, Edda 147 (pref.) mi-
jarar-sjr, m. id., A.A. 286. mi-kai, a, m. the middle piece, Gsl. 88. mi-kvsl, f. the middle
branch of a stream, Nj. 161. mi-langr, adj. a nickname, Fb. iii. mi-leiis, adv. half the way, Eb.
94: in the middle, sl. ii. 347, Stj. 289. mi-lektia, u, f. the middle lesson, 625. 169. mi-messa, u, f.
the 'middle mass,' matins, Hom. 41. mi-mjr, adj. slender in the waist, Fms. x. 151. mir-
morgun, m., see mir (2). mi-mundi, q.v. mi-ntti, n. midnight, Hkr. i. 68, Orkn. 244, Eg. 397;
minttis skei, Fms. viii. 229. mi-pallr, m. the middle bench in the lgrtta, Grg. i. 4, Nj. 150,
190, v.l. mi-skammr, adj. short-waisted, Eg. 710. mi-skei, n. the middle course, Alg. mi-skip,
n. the midship, waist of a ship, Fms. i. 158, xi. 102; miskips r, N.G.L. i. 59; cp. Engl.
midshipman. mi-skipa, adv. amidships, Fms. ix. 287 (v.l.), Br. 19. mi-sumar, n. midsummer,
Grett. 104 new Ed., Rb. 42, 568, Grg. i. 147; misumars helgi, a midsummer Sunday, Sturl. iii.
223, Rb. 566: a feast day, misumars skeid, midsummer time, Fms. vii. 99. misumars-vaka, u, f.
midsummer night, the 24th of June, D.N. mi-syndis, adv. in 'mid-sound,' in the middle of the
sound, Fas. ii. 355. mi-uppnm, n. a Norse law term, a second instalment, N.G.L. i. 76. mi-
verld, f. = miheimr, Edda 147 (pref.) mir-vetr, m. midwinter, in mis-vetrar-blt, the heathen
blt at midwinter, Fb. ii. 185. mi-vika, u, f. the mid-week, in miviku-dagr (proncd. miku-
dagr), mid-week-day, i.e. Wednesday; cp. Germ. mittwoche, (for this use see the remarks s.v. dagr),
Rb. 102, Orkn. 322, K.. 188, .H. 223, Sturl. ii. 153, D.N. v. 505: mi-viku-aptan, -morgin, -
ntt, f. Wednesday eve, morning, night, K..K. 124, K.. 22, sl. ii. 346, Sturl. iii. 83. mi-
rijungr, m. the middle division of a thing in three parts, D.N. mi-rngr, adj. tight in the waist,
Fas. ii. 343.
mir, adv. = minnr, less; see minni, minnr.
mik, pers. pron. acc. me; see ek (B).
MIKILL or mykill, adj., mikill, mikil, mikit; gen. mikils, mikillar, mikils; dat. miklum, mikilli,
miklu; acc. mikinn, mikla, mikit: plur. miklir, miklar, mikil; gen. mikilla; dat. miklum; acc. mikla,
miklar, mikil: with a suff. neg. miklo-gi, Grg. i. 209, sl. ii. 360 (Heiarv. S.), see -gi (C). The
spelling also varies between i and y; the latter form is represented by the Swed. mycka and mycket;
Ivar Aasen mykjen and mygje; A.S. mycel; Old Engl., Scot., and North. E. have both muckle and
mickle; Engl. much; early Dan. mgel. Some Icel. MSS., e.g. the Flatey-book (rst hand), make a
difference by spelling i in the uncontractcd forms, but y in the contracted, e.g. mikill, but myklir,
myklar, myklum; this however was prob. a Norwegianism, for the poets in their rhymes use i
throughout, sik miklu, sikling miklum, Hallfred, agreeably with the mod. pronunciation: compar.
meiri, superl. mestr, see meiri: [Ulf. mikils; A.S. mycel; Hel. mikil; O.H.G. mihil; Scot. mickle;
Dan. megen; Lat. magnus; Gr. GREEK.] B. Great, tall, of stature; mar m. ok sterkr, Nj. 2, Eg. 1;
sveinn m. ok frr, Fms. i. 14; m. vexti, vi. 102. 2. great, large, in bulk or size; mikil ey ok g, Eg.
25; m. nauts-h, Fms. vi. 183; miklar hendr ok ftr, 429; jammikit, Grg. ii. 264; vatn vel mikit at
vexti, Sks. 90; in var mikil, swoln, Nj. 253; mikit hr, 2; hllina miklu, Fms. vii. 122; mikit rki, vi.
148; mikil borg, id. 3. of quantity, great, much; mikil drykkjufng, Sturl. iii. 289; mikill vir, Nj.
45; mikit f annat, Ld. 84; hafi mikit grsk, Nj. 10; mikit hunang, Rb. 572. II. metaph. great;
skrungr mikill, Ld. 120; mlafylgju-mar mikill, Nj. i; sv m. atgrvi-mar ok skrungr, Ld. 84;
m. drykkju-mar, Fms. vii. 175: eigi mikill egn, sl. ii. 344; miklir eptirmls-menn, Ld. 64; miklir
atgrvi-menn, Fms. i. 17; gra e-n mikinn mann, Eg. 28; gri l mikit ok llviri, Fms. i. 175;
vinds gnr mikill, Ld. 326: vetr mikill, a hard winter, Rb. 572, Ld. 120; mikit r, a good season,
Hom. 68; mikla rausn, Sturl. iii. 289; um Dofra-fjall var mikil fr r rndheimi, Fms. vii. 122; sv
mikit metor, x. 398; frost eru mikil, Edda 40; mikit gagn, mikit mein, 41; me mikilli snild,
Ld. 84; me mikilli vnttu, id.; mikla viring, id.; mikil tindi, 326; mikinn trna, 204; mikit
tilkall, Eg. 266; mikit vald, Nj. 10; mikill fagna-fundr, Ld. 330; mikit (imposing) er itt yrbrag,
Fms. ii. 161; mikit mannfall, Rb. 572. 2. acc. mikinn used as adv.; hann rr mikinn, Nj. 55, 125,
Gull. 64, Grett. 29 new Ed.; eir fru mikinn. Fms. ix. 511; mikinn tekr n af, vi. 206; hann tk
mikinn af v at at vri eigi, x. 148. III. neut. as subst., much; skipta miklu, to be of great
importance, Ld. 308; hversu mikit, how much, id.; vera til mikils ferr, 655 xi. 3; mikils verr, sl. ii.
327, Njar. 372; e-m er mikit skapi, of emotion, anger, Nj. 38; ykkja e-t mikit, to think much of it,
be sorry, angry for, or the like, Eg. 539. 2. dat. miklu with a compar. much, by far, cp. Lat. multo;
muni vera miklu eiri vn skipa, Ld. 78; miklu betr, 84; miklu hrra, Sks. 653; miklu meiri mar en
r, Fms. vii. 233; miklu meira httar, i. 295. . with superl., in poets; miklu mest, much the
greatest; er unni mr miklu mest manna, Kormak, Hkv. 1. 49; miklu beztan, .H. (in a verse);
miklu maklegast, Nj. (in a verse); miklu daprastr, Fas. ii. 56 (in a verse); miklu lengst, .H. (in a
verse); miklu fegrst, Fm. 40. . in prose; miklu hollastir, Glm. 340; miklu mest allra eirra, Fms.
ix. 54; miklu mest hyrndir, xi. 6; s borg var miklu mest, vi. 154; jarl var miklu blastr ann dag til
konungs, ix. 282; miklu beztr, ir. 183; miklu harast ok httuligast, 200. IV. neut. as adv., mikit =
much, greatly; hn unni honum mikit. Nj. 27; s mar eykr mikit (greatly) efni til skipsins Naglfars,
Edda 41; honum fannsk mikit um, Fms. vii. 232; unnusk eir mikit, Nj. 149; gkk skipit mikit (=
mikinn), Eg. 390; en eir sigldu mikit, Fms. vii. 214; samisk mikit me eim fegum. sl. ii.
210; essi rembisk mikit, 219. V. pr. names; Mikla Gildi. the Great Guild, Fms. vi. 440; Mikla-
Stofa, etc.: as a nickname, inn Mikli en Mikla, the big; Hrolleifr enn Mikli, Fs.: in old writers
always of the body, in mod. usage = great as Alexander Mikli, (where formerly Rki was used.) 2.
in local names, [cp. Dan. mgel-, magle-; Mikli-garr, m. 'Mickle-garth' = Constantinople, Fms.
passim; Mikla-gars-konungr, -keisari, the king of M., passim. C. COMPDS: mikil-brjstar, adj.
'muckle-breasted,' stout-hearted, O.H.L. 23. mikil-fengliga, adv. immensely, 655 v. 2. mikil-
fengligr, adj. big, Nj. 182, Fs. 23. mikil-gjarn, adj. aspiring to a great thing, Karl. 400. mikil-gfr,
adj. considerable, Karl. 381. mikil-hugar, adj. high-spirited. Bs. i. 742. mikil-hfr, adj. stately,
considerable, Ld. 332, Rd. 282, Fs. 12, 63. mikil-ltr, adj. proud, grand ( Lat. superbus), Edda 108,
Fms. i. 4, Hom. 34: as a nickname, Gurr inn Mikillti, Hkr. i. 60; Danr inn Mikillti, Hkr.
(pref.); Tarquinius inn Mikillti, Blas. 37. mikil-leikr (-leiki), m. greatness, largeness, Rb. 470,
Fms. ii. 231, Stj. 70, 87, Sks. 98. Greg. 17. mikil-leitr, adj. having great (i.e. prominent, marked)
features, Eg. 304, Fms. ii. 20, x. 15, ir. 176. mikil-liga, adv. greatly, Stj. 114, Th. 78: proudly,
Valla L. 217. mikil-ligr, adj. grand, Th. 22, Stj. 38. mikil-ltask, dep. to pride oneself, MS. 4. 9.
mikil-lti, n. pride, pomp, Sl. 66, Edda 22. Str. 82. Karl. 297, Hom. 63, 86. mikil-magnar, part.
(-magni, adj.), powerful, strong, Hb. 544, 39. mikil-mannliga, adv. magnicently, Ld. 178, sl. ii.
326, Fms. iv. 278, xi. 110. mikil-mannligr, adj. grand, magnicent, great, generous, Hv. 51, Fs.
183. mikil-menni, n. a great, powerful man, Landn. 150. Nj. 51, Grett. 111 A, Fms. i. 294, vi. 7, vii.
118. mikil-mennska, u, f. greatness, magnicence, Fms. vi. 234, Fb. ii. 137. mikil-mli, n. high
words, Hkr. i. 191. mikil-rr, adj. imperious, Grett. 103. mikil-ri, n. a great feat, sl. ii. 215.
mikil-ligr, adj. imposing, Sturl. iii. 252, Fr. 45, Fms. xi. 78. mikil-vegligr, adj. magnicent,
Rm. 276. mikil-virkr (-yrkr), adj. mightily-working, doing mighty works, Stj. 289, Fb. i. 521,
Finnb. 234. mikil-vnligr, adj. important, Sturl. 1. 138. mikil-gr, adj. exacting, Lv. 77, Fms. iii.
117. Fas. iii. 52.
mikils-httar, adv. distinguished, Nj. 178, Fms. v. 176.
mikilsti, adv. too much, Hom. 66; cp. hlzti.
mikla, a, [Ulf. mikiljan = GREEK], to make great, magnify, Stj. 64 Fagrsk. 15; ok vi fortlur
Gurnar miklai Bolli fyrir sr fjndskap allan hendr Kjartani ok sakir, Ld. 218; hn sagi til
ess f ntt vera, at menn miklai sik af. 318; mn nd miklar Drttinn, Luke i. 46 (Vdal.) 2.
impers., konungr ltr sr mikla, the king wondered, Fms. xi. 428; konungi miklar at me sjlfum
sr, at hinn tlendi skal yr bera ann er Enskir kalla meistara, 431. II. reex. to wax; miklask
gum verkum, Mar.: to wax famous, ef konungr vill miklask af essu, ..., Eg. 425; at hann vri
miklar af essu verki, Ld. 150; miklomk vr allir af, Fms. xi. 21; miklar ok tignar, Sks. 485.
2. to pride oneself; en engi mar miklisk ea strisk af sinni tt, Landn. 357 (App.)
miklan, f. waxing, growth, greatness, Hom. (St.), Stj. 242.
mild-ger, adj. mild, gentle, Ad.
mild-hugar, adj. mild, kind, Fms. x. 266.
mildi, f. [Ulf. mildipa = GREEK, Phil. ii. 1 ], 'mildness,' mercy, grace; andi vizku ok mildi, 686 B.
13; me murligri mildi, Sks. 549, Fms. ii. 296; bija at Gu ge mr slkt sem hans er m. til. ix.
249; en hann ge mnnum heimley af m. sinni. x. 343; rleika hans ok m., Fb. ii. 136; m. ok
miskunn, .H. 109; a var mesta Gus mildi, it was God's mercy; gjaf-m., liberality; hltr-m., tr-
m., being given to tears. COMPDS: mildi-fullr, adj. merciful, Th. 24. mildi-verk, n. a work of
charity or mercy, 671. 5, Fms. v. 212.
mildingr, m., pot. a liberal man, a prince, Edda, Lex. Pot. passim: in prose, Gus mildingr, a
man of God, Hom. 124.
mild-leikr (-leiki), m. mildness, mercy, Stj. 125, 157, Sks. 716, K.. 52.
mild-liga, adv. mildly, gently, Hom. 37, Greg. 7, Bs. i. 279.
mild-ligr, adj. mild, gentle, Sks. 229 B, H.E. i. 457.
MILDR, mild, milt, adj. [Goth. milds, in un-milds =GREEK; A.S., Engl., etc. mild] :-- mild, gentle,
graceful; mildastr ok gztr, b. 14; glar ok ktr, m. ok ltilltr, Fms. x. 88: gentle, m. ok
meinlauss, 281. Stj. 241, Bret. 102 (= Lat. pius, of Aeneas); -mildr, komast -mildar hendr, to
come into bad hands :-- of weather, mild. II. metaph. municent, Hm. 38; mildir, frknir menn bazt
lfa, 47; mildr af f, Fms. vii. 197; llr af mat en mildr af gulli, Hkr. i. 140 :-- hinn mildi, as a
nickname, 60; gjaf-mildr, open-handed; hltr-mildr, laughing.
milkingr, m. a suckling, in brjst-milkingr.
milkja, t, to suck; sll er s kvir sem ig bar og au brjst er milktir, Luke xi. 27. 2. to milk,
milkja f.
milkr, adj. [mjlk], giving milk; milk r, a milch ewe, opp. to geldr (dry), q.v.: milki inn! an abuse,
milk-sop or the like, Nj. 182.
MILLI, prep. with gen., also millim or millum, by assimilation from mili, which was prob. its
early form (10th and 11th century), as is shewn by rhymes, e.g. lis mili, Sighvat (thrice); friila
mili, Fms. vi. 185 (in a verse): [Dan. mellem; Swed. mellan] :-- between; milli skgarins ok
rinnar, Eg. 276; m. frosts ok funa, Sl.; heima milli, Bs. i. (in a verse); sn milli, milli sn,
among themselves, N.G.L. i. 95, .H. 48; binda eir svardgum sn milli, 35; manna milli,
Fms. xi. 19; milli Noregs konungs ok Sva konungs ok Dana konungs, .H. 47; millim konunga ok
landanna millum, Fms. iii. 70; en aldri san var vel millim essa kununga, 82; Einarr komsk
nir millum eirra konungs, vi. 42; sigla millum landa, from one land to another, Ld. 84; millum
manna, 78; eirra millum, N.G.L. i. 87; hann hafi tveinir stum herinn ok lt skamt milli, at a
short distance from one another, Rm. 276. II. spec. usages; var enn meir vndu veizla en ess
milli, more than otherwise, Fms. xi. 19; margir vera vaskir einangrinum, ltt s vaskir ess
milli, Eb. 60; um ara hluti var skamt milli mls konunga, in other things there was no great
difference between them, Fms. x. 132; ar vri langt milli, hvrt hefir me llu er hefir
aldri, there is much between your having it altogether or not at all, Gsl. 27; bnar hans var
ar milli, his dress was midway, plain, Eb. 34; standa milli, to stand between, hinder. Eg.: mtti
ar ekki millim sj hvrr of rum myndi bera, it could not be seen which of the two would get the
better, so equal was the match, Fms. iii. 77, Fb. i. 138, Fas. i. 399, iii. 377, Fs. 39; alla stund var
honum ekki milli aga ok friar, all that time there was war and ghting, i.e. all his reign was for
him nothing but continuous war and tumult, Fms. vi. 430; mr ltr ok sjlfum millum lls lti,
Am. 82; leggja millum, to pay into the bargain; skal ek millum leggja vinganar innar, ... kalla
ek mnn kaupi vel keypt ok allgr er meal-aukinn. Lv. 43; vili r ensa milli segla, into the
bargain, Fms. vi. 359. mod. gefa milli, to give into the bargain (milli-gjf, q.v.) III. milli ok, ellipt.,
in order to avoid repeating an immediately preceding noun, e.g. upp me nni, milli ok skgarins,
along the river, between (the river) and the forest, Eg.; hann nam land t fr Staf milli ok
Hraunsfjarar, Eb. 14; t fr Stiku, milli ok Gulaugs-hfa, 292; t fr Svelgs-, milli ok Hla,
180; ar millum ok gaasins, Nj. 203.
milli-bil, n. an interval, (mod.)
milli-gjf, f. (= meal-auki), an amount paid into the bargain.
millim and millum, see milli above. millum-fer, f. intervention as of a daysman. Fms. ix. 322.
milska, a, to mix, a beverage; v var drykkr eirra srliga milskar Jlaboinu, Thom. 433.
milska, u, f. [A.S. milisc = honeyed; Ulf. mili = honey; cp. Lat. mellitus] :-- mead, a kind of
honeyed beverage, Ht. R. 26; milsku drykkr, Gd. 71, Clar. 134 (Fr.)
milta, n. a bar of unwrought iron; jrn-milta.
MILTI, n. [A.S. milt; Engl. milt; O.H.G. milzi] :-- the milt, spleen, Fbr. 137, passim. miltis-blga,
u, f. inammation of the spleen, Fl. x.
mimungr, m. the name of a sword, ir.; see Mmir.
MINJAR or better minnjar, f. pl., mod. menjar, which occurs in MSS. of the 14th century, thus,
menjar, Fb. i. 531, ii. 24, Grett. 96 A, Fas. ii. 326 (15th century); gen. sing. menjar, Grett. 151 A
(176 new Ed.), is no doubt false for menja: [akin to minni] :-- memorials; hn tk hringinn Draupni
ok sendi ni til minja, Edda 39; daprar minjar, Skv. 3. 52; essa gripi skalt eiga at minjum, Fms.
ii. 246; lti ngrgull ... gott sagi mr hugr um ef ek na nokkurum minjum Magnss konungs,
vi. 235; ok hafa menn r minjar hans slandi at hann her kristna landit, x. 300; minjar vrra
viskipta, Fs. 58; eilfar menjar ok minningar, Fb. ii. 24; hann spuri hvrt eir hefi ess ngar
minjar sur landit, Orkn. 218; at sver er eir frndr hfu langan tma tt ok miklar menjar af
haldit, i.e. a family heir-loom. Fas. ii. 326. minja-gripr, m. an heir-loom, an object kept in memory
of a person, Nj. 203; saxit var menjagripr eirra, ok hafi aldri r tt gengit, Grett. 96 A; hann hafi
einn tygil-knf hlsi sr er mir hans hafi get honum, hn kva at minjagrip, ok ba hann sv
til geyma sem hamingja muni fylgja, Finnb. 266, Fs. 133.
minka, a, see minnka.
MINN, f., mn, n., mitt, poss. pron. :-- in the possessive pronouns minn, inn, sinn (meus, tuus,
suus), mod. usage pronounces i long () before one consonant, but short (i) before a double
consonant, and accordingly all modern editions of old writers make a distinction in the root vowel,
thus, minn, minnar, minni, minna, but mn, mnir, mnar, mnum; whereas the ancients pronounced
throughout, as is seen from Thorodd, who distinguishes between the short i in minna (memorare)
and the long in mnna (meornm), Sklda 163; and still more clearly from rhymes, mtt and hvti,
Bjarn. 63; mnn (meum) and sna, Arnr (Orkn. 104); mtt, frtt, and mtt, stt, Vls. R. 136, 137. As
late as the 14th century, in the corrections by the second hand of the Flatey-book, mijtt = mtt; the
older vellums do not distinguish between i and ; cp. also the cognate languages: [Goth, meins; A.
S. and O. H. G. mn; Engl. mine; Germ, mein; Dan. mn.] B. Mine and my = Lat. meus, in countless
instances: the possessive pronoun is usually put after the noun, brir minn, fair minn; for the sake
of emphasis only can it stand before, minn hamar, kv. 3; minn drttinn, Skm. 3; minn Sigurr,
Gkv. 1. 18; mns mlvinar, 20; mnu blvi, id.; mnir brr, 2. 3; minn herra, Fms. vii. 197; mnar
eru sorgirnar ungar sem bl, Sturl. (in a verse): in eccl. writers, perhaps inuenced by Luther's
Bible, this use has increased, and is freq. in the N. T., Pass., Vdal.; in popular speech, however, the
old usage still holds good, (cp. Engl. mother mine, etc.) 2. in addressing, my dear! Jn minn !
Sigrr mn ! mir mn ! barni mitt! etc. II. as neut. subst. mitt; [Gr. GREEK; Lat. meum]:-- mine,
my part; skal ek ekki mitt til spara, mine, all I have, Nj. 3; malit he ek mitt, I have done my share,
Gs. 16. III. ellipt. usage; eru slkar mnar, such are mine (viz. affairs), sl. ii. 245.
MINNA, t, [A. S. mindjan; Engl. mind; Dan. minde; Germ, meinen; Engl. mean is prob. of the
same root] :-- to remind, with gen. of the thing and dat. of the person; minna e-n e-s, to remind one
of, Sklda 163; hn her minnt mik eirra hluta er ek her eigi fyrr hugleitt, Fms. i. 3; minna e-t,
Hallgerr minnti opt , Nj. 71; ar er minntir mik at ek vra inn mar, Hkr. i. 91. II. impers. 'it
minds me,' = I remember; vallt er ek sk fagrar konur, minnir mik essarar konu, ok er minn
harmr v meiri, Fms. vii. 105. 2. to recollect; hvers minnir ik um hversu mlt var me okkr ?
er vel ef okkr (acc.) minnir eins um etta ml, does it not occur to you what we agreed on ? ...
'tis well if both of us recollect the same, Ld. 284; mik minnir eirra Jlanna er vru fyrra vetr, Fms.
vi. 232: freq. in mod. usage, mig minnir, it is in my mind, = I think, with the notion of not being
quite sure, but eg man, I remember. III. reex., minnask e-s, to remember oneself, 'mind,' call to
mind [cp. common Engl. 'I mind well this or that,' = I remember], Fr. 79, Fms. i. 4; herra minnst
mn, 623. 9; ef r vilit eigi slks (slkt Ed.) minnask, Fms. xi. 268; s hin lla atkvma minntisk
hennar, visited her, Hom. 121; he ek nkkut minnsk u ? -- Ekki, herra, segir sveinninn, have I
remembered thee, i. e. given thee anything? Fms. vi. 230; eigi vri allfjarri at minnask n
nokkuru, to remember thee with some small pittance, i. e. give thee some trie, Fb. ii. 96; er at ok
staf&dash-uncertain; karla httr ok er einstt at minnask hans lti s, Hv. 5, 15 new Ed.; hann
minntisk gamalla manna me spakligum rum, Fagrsk. 15: -- minnask e-t, to remember,
recollect; minnask fornan fjndskap, Nj. 66 :-- to mention, talk of, hann minntisk er fyrr hfu
verit, . H. 70.
minnask, t, dep., [minnask rhyming with finna, Hallfred; from munnr = a mouth, and different from
the preceding] :-- to 'mouth,' i. e. kiss, at meeting or parting: only with prepp., m. vi e-n, or m. til
e-s hafi konan gengit inn at minnask vi heima-menn, Orkn. 220; hann spratt upp mti honum ok
minntisk til hans, he rose and kissed him, bade him welcome, Nj. 282; Bolli gkk at Kjartani ok
minntisk til hans, Ld. 194; gkk konungr t um binn ok minntisk til allra hfu-kirkna, Fms. viii.
126; einn af gestum Magnss konungs minntisk vi lkit ok felldi tr, Fb. ii. 619 (kysti lkit, Fms.
viii. 232, l. c.); ok r hann vri smurr minntusk menn til hans, Fms. x. 148; vilt minnask til mn
at skilnai? -- Ekki, Lafranz, vil ek kyssa ik, Bs. 1. 842; gkk mti honum ok tk hann af baki, ok
minntusk eir Kri bir vi hann, ok leiddu hann milli sn stofu inn ok settu hann hsti, Nj.
255; hann minntisk vi son sinn me stsamligum kossi, Barl. 186, Hv. 24, 38 new Ed.: with a
play on the words, munnr inn at ek meina, minnist vi Jsum bert, Pass. 6. 9.
MINNI, compar. and superl. minnstr, answering to ltill, q. v.: [Ulf. miniza and minists; O. H. G.
miniro; Germ, minder, minderste; Dan. - Swed. mindre, mindst; Lat. minor, minimus] :-- lesser,
smaller, and superl. least, smallest, of stature, quantity, following the same rule as ltill (q. v.), and
opp. to meiri; minna li, Grg. i. 44; minni laun, Nj. 10; mttr sem minnstr, Fms. xi. 102; minnstr
ok vesalligstr, Hv. 53; var minna karp itt, er..., Fms. vii. 21; eir ttu minna at hefna, Eg. 86;
liggja minna rmi, Mork. 183; sv sem hann m minnstu vi koma, Grg. i. 140. II. metaph.,
minnstir fyrir sr, Eg. 123; ert minni fyrir r en ek huga, Edda 33; at li er honum tti minni
fylg , Fms. iv. 350; s er kallar minni mar (lower in rank) er rum fstrar barn, Ld. 108: hence
vera minni mar, of a person who has done a dishonourable deed, dishonoured [cp. Lat. capitis
minor] : eigi at minna, nevertheless, 216. minni-httar and minnst-httar, adv. of lesser, least
degree, the least, Fs. 59.
minni, n., but also mynni, [munnr; Dan. minde, in Kjerte-minde and other local names; -mouth in
Engl. local names; Germ, -munde as in Trave-munde, -gemnd as in Necker-gemnd] :-- the month,
Lat. ostium; Mu-minni, Fms. vi. (in a verse); Dnu-m., Km. 3; austr horr botninn Hjrunga-
vgi en minnit vestr, Fb. i. 187; fyrir minni Eireks-fjarar, 430 (mynne Ed.), Fms. xi. 125 (mynnet
Ed.); fyrir utan minnit, Fs. 180; fjarar mynni, Hkv. Hjrv. 18; dals-mynni, Fms. viii. 57; but dal-
minni, Fb. ii. 554, l.c.: also an Icel. name, s-minni, 29.
MINNI, n. [Ulf. ga-mini = GREEK; A. S. mynd; Engl. mind] :-- memory; minni, vit ok skilning,
minni at muna..., Sklda 169, Fbr. 137; hann misti minnis ok tti nr sem vitstolinn, Fms. vi. 198;
sumir hafa eigi m. er fr lir hvernig eim var sagt, ok gengusk eim mjk minni optliga, . H.
(pref.); leggja minni, to keep in memory, Fb. ii. 353; v er ek m mnu minni koma, Str. 2; reka
minni til, Fms. vi. 256, Fb. i. 262; festask e-m minni, . H. 46; reka minni til e-s. 2. memorials,
esp. in pl.; vlk minni hafa menn ar Haralds konungs, Fagrsk. 127; ok settir eptir bautasteinar til
minnis, . H. (pref.); hann hj at hgg er menn hafa san at minnum haft, Fb. ii. 23, Fms. xi. 109:
old saws or the like, hlzti eru au minnin forn, Mkv.; ok skal ortak vera forn minni, Edda (Ht.)
125. 3. memory, of past time; eirra er vru fyrir vrt minni, who lived before our memory, b. 16;
at er r manna m., beyond the memory of man, D. N. iii. 34; r erfu hann, at er mnu m.,
Sklda 171; -minni, lethargy. 4. mind, consent (Dan. minde, 'give sit minde til noget;' Engl. 'give
one's mind to it'); me sjlfs sns minni, K. . 70; utan biskup minni, D. N. i. 382. II. a memorial
cup or toast, at old sacrices and banquets: these memorial toasts were in the heathen age
consecrated (signu) to the gods Thor, Odin, Bragi, Frey, Njord, who, on the introduction of
Christianity, were replaced by Christ, the Saints, the Archangel Michael, the Virgin Mary, and St.
Olaf; the toasts to the Queen, Army, etc. in English banquets are probably a relic of this ancient
Teutonic ceremony; Krists-minni, Fms. vii. 148; Mriu-m., x. 19; lafs-minni, N. G. L. ii. 445, cp.
in the heathen age Braga-full; ar vru ll minni signu sum at fornum si, . H. 102; bera minni
um eld, O. H. L. 18; bera l um eld ok drekka m. ann er gegnt var, Fms. vi. 442; fru minni mrg
ok skyldi horn drekka minni hvert, Eg. 206; drakk hann ll minni krossalaus au er bndr
skenktu honum, Hkr. i. 144; mla fyrir minnum, to speak to a toast, propose, give a toast, Orkn.
246, Fs. 147; skyldi ar um glf ganga at minnum llum, Eg. 253; orgils skyldi mla fyrir
minnum, en hann veik til rar ok ba hann ra hver minni fyrst vri drukkin, i. e. that Th.
should be the toast-master, Sturl. i. 20 (the banquet in Reykhlar, A. D. 1119). At a funeral banquet
the minni of the deceased was proposed by the heir, who at the same time made a vow (strengja
heit); this rite performed, he took his father's scat in the hall, and was henceforth the lawful heir,
Fms. i. 161: a minni to a living person is nowhere mentioned. For the classical passages see Hk. S.
Ga ch. 16, 17, Fms. i. 280; and for funeral banquets, Fagrsk. ch. 55. COMPDS: minnis-drykkja,
u, f. a banquet where there are minni, Bs. i. 728. minnis-gr, adj. having a good memory. minnis-
horn, n. a memorial horn, cup, Fsl. 19. minnis-lauss, adj. having a bad memory. minnis-leysi, n.
loss of memory. minnis-str, adj. memorable, r. 74. minnis-veig, n. a 'toast-cup,' of a
charmed cup, Sdm. (prose), Fas. iii. 309. minnis-verr, adj. memorable. minnis-l, n. =
minnisveig, Hdl. 45, where it has some notion of a charmed drink.
minnigr, adj., mingastir, GREEK, Fms. vi. 199 (Hulda), but elsewhere uncontracted :-- mindful,
having a good memory, Hm. 102, Fagrsk. 14; m. ok lyginn, b. 15; strvitr ok minnigr, m. ok
nmgjarn, . H. (pref.); ver sem mingastr (contr.), Fms. vi. 199: remembering, ek em m.
hversu ..., I remember how ..., i. 35 :-- with gen., vera m. e-s, Fs. 18, Fms. iii. 63, xi. 261, . H.
215 :-- also minnigr at e-u, Nj. (in a verse).
minni-liga, adv. in memory, Karl. 126.
minni-ligr, adj. memorable, Stj. 67, 127, 280, Barl. 171, Bs. i. 347, Sturl. ii. 187, v. l.
minning, f. memory, recollection, remembrance; en n ritu vr au tendi me nokkurri minningu,
er grusk ... . . H. (pref.); minning e-s, in memory of, remembrance of, Rb. 336, MS. 623. 96,
Nj. 157, Sks. 112; gra minning e-s, Fms. i. 31, Blas. 43, Grett. 137; grar, gtrar minningar, of
good, blessed memory, H. E. i. 529, Dipl. i. 3 :-- with a notion of vengeance, ok tti sj minning
betri en engi, Ld. 234, Fms. xi. 443: with a notion of gratitude, a gift, present, Eg. 63; enna varning
vil ek at r iggit at mr, herra, tt smri minningar s grvar en vera tti, Fms. xi. 328. 2.
admonition, foreboding; essi minning var nliga hverja ntt. Fms. vii. 187. COMPDS:
minningar-mark, n. a monument, Stj. 190. minningar-t, f. a memorial feast, Mar. minningar-
verr, adj. memorable, Fms. x. 313.
minni-samligr, adj. memorable, Edda 160 (pref.), Stj. 6.
minni-samr, adj. with gen. recollecting, mindful, and of things 'never to be forgotten,' Nj. 152, Ld.
242, Fms. vi. 261, vii. 295, lk. 37, Hv. 44.
minnka, proncd. mnka, a, [minni, minnr], to lessen, diminish, 732. 1, Sklda 167, Rb. 334; m.
sik, viring sna, to lower oneself, Nj. 222, Sd. 154. 2. impers. to abate, decrease; verit (acc.)
minnkar, Eg. 99; skginn minnkar, Str. 4; sa minnkar, Fms. ix. 350. II. reex. to grow less,
decrease; hiti minnkask, 732. 1, Barl. 70, 180, Rb. 474, Stj. 59: to be lowered, disgraced, ef Sturla
er at nokkru minnkar, Sturl. i. 104; minnkask ekki, Hrafn. 16; minnkaisk vr smd v, Fms. x.
7.
minnkan, f. a decrease, minisbing, Fas. iii. 266, Bs. ii. 164: gramm., Sklda 167, 188. 2. metaph.
shame, discredit, freq. in mod. usage; r er minnkan a v, 'tis discreditable to tbes. minnkunar-
laust, n. adj. without disgracc.
MINNR, adv., compar. also spelt and proncd. mir, and so always in mod. usage; superl. minust;
answering to litt (see litill); [Uif. mins or mini; cp. Lat. minus] :-- less, with dat.; hlfum vegnuni
penning! mir en hulfan sjtta eyri, Grg. ii. 175; vetri mir en half-sextugr, i. e. fty-ve years old
save one [cp. ''forty stripes save one'], Ih. 18; manni minnr en halfr stti tjgr, Sturl. iii. 37; vera liti
minnr, to be minus one's life, lifeless, dead, sl. ii. 315 (lleiarv. S.); engu mir Skallagrimi, no less
than S., Eg. 334; engu minnr, no less, ' nihilo minus, ' Etida 36; s er mir neytir, he who males less
use of it, Grg. ii. 293; minnr vibora, Fms. vii. 292; ef inar stelr minnr en veiti. N. G. L. i.
253; mir vel, less well, not very well, sl. ii. 330; beir sem vitrari vru ok minnr druknir, Fins, i, 59;
at skipit er minnr var broti, ii. 128; minnr niundi Jjjstl aUgu vaxa, Nj. 58; pat er minnr er
fjarat, Ld. 76; ok er at oigi minnr mitt hug- boo, Fier. 202; mundi hann minnr saka sttin, Sks.
704; scin minnr er at skpuu, Stnrl. iii. 7; minnr fro. likendurn, Fms. v. 86: in mod. usage, v er
mir, alack! v er verr og mir = alack! am sorry. II. superl. minnst, least; er hann vari
minnst, ivhen he least expected, Eg. 296; ininnst mnu, at least a month, Vgl. 33; minnst staddr, i.
e. in a bad plight, Pr. 410.
minnstr, superl. least; see iniuni.
minnak, n. [from a Gaelic word min -- our] , dough made of butter and our kneaded by the
Irish slaves to slake their thirst at sea when short of water, Landn. 34: whence Minnbaks-eyrr, f. a
local name in Icel., see Landn. 1. c. and Fs.
minta, u, f. the herb mint, Pr. 272, N. T.
mirra, u, f. myrrh, Stj., Hom., N. T.
MIS, adv., also mis, the older form of which was miss, which remains in missa, missir, miss-eri,
and was in the earliest times sounded so, as may be seen from such rhymes as m is s-long, v i ssa,
Fms. xi. 196 (in a verse of the beginning of the nth century); [Ulf. misso = ciAATjAo. '!/, prop, a
subst. = Lat. vi ces] :-- amiss, denoting to miss one another, pass one another without meeting:
rr hann undir melinn hj Mosvllum er eir brr ra hit efra ok farask peir hjf'i mis, Gsl. 19;
as also simply farast mis, to pass by one another so as to miss; sver Saul hj aldri mis, Stj. 495.
2 Sam. ii. 22; hann tlai at drepa keisarann ... en grpr mis Karlamagns, he intended to slay
the emperor Charlemagne, but missed him, Karl. 151; gripu eir miss hins bezta rs, they missed
their opportunity, Rm. 278; gra miss, to do amiss, Hom. 14; leggja mis, to l a y athwart or a
cros s. B. In a great number of compds, denoting, a. alternately, Germ. wechsel, as in mis-svefni,
mis-vitr, miss-eri, missng; P. amiss, in a wrong way; and lastly, y. wrong, evil, see the following
compds.
mis-bja, bau, to proclaim amiss, N. G. L. i. 9, 348: to ill-use, offend, with dat., Mar., Hom.: esp.
in part, n., e-m ykir sr misboit e-u, to feel offended at, take ill, Ld. 136, Orkn. 212.
mis-brigi, n. pl. deviation, Sks. 527.
mis-bundinn, part, mis-bound, unlaivfully bound, N. G. L. i. 83.
mis-daui, a, m. death at different times: in the phrase, ef in. peirra verr, if one of them should die
before the other, N. G. L. i. 48, Grg. i. 219, Fb. i. 560, Fs. 124.
mis-deila, d, t o ' mis-deal, ' quarrel, N. G. L. i. 68.
mis-deild, f. a ' mis-deal, ' quarrel, Fms. x. 406, N. G. L. i. 68.
mis-deili, n. 'mis-dealing, ' shewing undue preference, Fms. i. I/.
mis-dpi, n. ' mis-depths, ' now shallow, now deep, sl. fjjs. ii. 77.
mis-dma, , to misjudge, Br. 12.
mis-dmi, n. misjudgmenl, N. G. L. i. 88.
mis-dming,f. misjudgment, Sks. 344.
mis-eir, n. ' mis-oath, ' perjury, Eluc.
mis-eldri, n. ' mis-age, ' disparity in age, of brothers, wedded persons, or the like, Fb. i. 123, 250,
Fms. v. 318 (spelt wrongly mis-cldi), x. 402 (spelt mis-heldi).
mis-eta, at, t o ' e a t amiss, ' i. e. at a wrong time, N. G. L. i. 378-
mis-fall, n. a mishap, mischance, Art.
mis-falla, foil, to happen amiss. Sir. 9, Karl. 303, Art. 52.
mis-fangi, a, m. a mistake, taking one thing for another, Grg. i. 415, Greg. 70.
mis-fangi, adj. guilty of a mistake, Grg.
mis-fara, fur, [Scot, misfaer] , to go amiss, be lost, Gl. 508: to d o amiss, transgress, Bs. i. 773;
misfara me e-u, to treat amiss, outrage, N. G. L. i. 152, (3. H. 224, Gl. 102, 312: to misconduct,
Fms. vii. 142: rellex. to go amiss, Bret. 98; e-m misfersk, it goes amiss with one, Bs. ii. 18.
mis-fari, a, m. ' mis-travelling, ' of two travelling at a different speed, io that one is left much
behind; nnm sv mikill vera yvarr m., Fbr. 205; ok var m. eirra eigi alllitill, Fr. 268; at sem
minnstr skyldi vera in. eirra lrsa, . H. 97.
mis-fengr, adj. missing one's aim, Gsl. 71.
mis-fer, f. misconduct, H. E. i. 249: a mishap. Art. 39.
mis-ferli, n. a mishap, mischance, -- slysferli, Gl. 482, Sturl. ii. 51: misconduct, Bs. ii. 70-
mis-frr, adj. mit-informed, of persons hearing different accounts of the same thing, Fas. iii. 237,
v. 1.
mis-fylgi, n. partiality, N. G. L. iii. 77.
mis-fr, f., esp. in pl. mishaps, a miscarriage, accident, Bs. i. 200, Karl. 52, Fr. 194: in Grg. i.
224 misfarar is used of a crew perish- ng one after another, a case analogous to that told in Ld. ch.
18, and bearing on the old law of inheritance, by which all persons aboard a ship were one another's
heirs; so that it was important to know in what order they died, and who had been the last survivor,
cp. kjolsvarf in the early Swed. law: the phrase, fara misiVirum, to have miscarried.
mis-ganga, u, f. a going amiss, straying, of cattle, Grg. 1. 435, Krk. 37: misconduct, N. G. L. i.
63, Fb. ii. 300: dissent, H. E. i. 528: of the tide, see misgng.
mis-gleyma, d, to forget. Art. 52.
mis-gr, adj. ' mis-good, ' partly good, partly bad, Fb. ii. 240.
mis-grafa, grf, to ' mis-bury, ' i. e. against law, N. G. L. i. 392.
mis-granda, a, to misuse, hurt, H. E. i. 242, Hom. 155.
mis-gruna, a, to suspect, Fms. iii. 122, Fas. iii. 278, Bs. i. 810.
mis-gng, n. pl., mis-ganga, u, f., Orkn. 266: in the Kb. spelt miss- ong, even in the very old
vellums 1812 and 625; which may be the true, and misgong a later etymologising form, from miss
and an inexive -ang, cp. hunang, analogous to misseri, q. v. B. ' Mis-tide, ' ' tide-change, ' i. e. the
spring tides at new moon and at full moon; the spring at full moon was called missoug in meiri,
high spring tide, opp. to iiiissong in niinni. the low springs at new moon; as to the seasons, the
midsummer springs (the sun in Cancer) were called high, as opp. to the low spring tides at
midwinter time (the sun in Capricorn), see the Rb.; geisar i'iit miklu meirr en r ok k'llu vr
at in meiri misgong, vera misgong at nyi meiri en ir, 732. I, 4; en ek veil at r ytisk eigi r
hfninni fyrir niisgngin, not before the next spring tide, sl. ii. 127 (where inisgongin is = misgong
iu meiri); au klu vr missng at nyi hverju, ... kllu vr at en meiri missng, ... tuugl er
fullt er ekki at syn er missng eru ok fjara verr user midegi er minxtti, ... vera missng
at nyi ineir en r, Rb. 442, 444, 448, 478: the vellum 732 uses mostly misgong or misgavng; thus,
en er tunglit stendr gegnt sol eru misgong af vellu slar-hita ... sl Krabba-merki ok misgong, ...
sl Steingeitar-merki ok misgong minni...; again, ok au kllu vr il missng at nyi hverju, see
sl. ii. 512 (the foot-note); eir mundi ess ba, er stisk misganga straurnanna (= th e spring
tide), ok austan-ver, vat er varla frt milli Vestreyjar ok Hrosseyjar, Orkn. 266. The word is
now obsolete, and instead of it Icel. say str-straumr, stor-streymt, = s prin g" tide, opp. to snm-
straumr, smu-strcynit, = neap tide, which words, on the other hand, do not occur in old writers:
mis gng, -- waning moon, is still said to be in use in eastern Iceland.
mis-gra, , to misdo, transgress, Nj. 176, Hom. 19, Gl. 183, Fms. i. 47, N. G. L. i. 351, Sturl. iii.
233.
mis-gr, f. transgression, passim in mod. usage.
mis-grning, f. (-grniiigr, in., Sks. 676, Fms. x. 371), a misdeed, transgression, Hom. 152, 158.
mis-haldinn, part, wronged, not getting fair treatment, Fms. vii. 2, x. 410, Gl. 185, Br. 18.
mis-heldi, n. ill usage, unfair treatment, Fms. x. 402.
mis-hljan, f. discordance, Stj. 45.
mis-huga, a, to think amiss, think evil, Hom. (St.)
mis-hugi, adj.; vera in. vi e-n, to be at variance with, Fas. i. 171 as subst. suspicion, Br. 16.
mis-hugna, a, to displease, Art.
mis-hgg, n. a ' mis-blow, ' miss, striking at one thing and hitting another, Bs. i. 428.
mis-hggva, hj, t o s trike amiss, N. G. L. i. 166.
misindi, n., in the gen. of mixed, bad quality, e. g. misindis-mar, m. a person of bad reputation.
mis-inna, t; e-m verr niisinnt = niisinla (q. v.), Dropl. 18.
mis-jafn, adj. ' mis-cvcn, ' uneven, unequal, of various sizes or qualities, now this, now that, Fb. i.
559, Nj. 12 2; misjfn efni, Sklda 175; misjfn skotvpn, i. e. both heavy and light, long and
short, Sks. 386; misjafuir eru blinds maims bitar, awind man's mouthfuls are uneven, either too
small or too large: metaph. not good, samfarir eirra vru misjafnar, Sturl. i. 115; essi tlan tti
monnum misjfn, Fms. ix. 17; s verr at mta misjfnu (hardships] er va ferr, Fas. ii. 74;
inisjfnu rfask brniu bezt, a saying; misjafnt ha:gr, not very easy. Band. 13.
mis-jafna, a, to make unequal; m. frsgn um menu, to give a different account, speak well of
one and ill of another, Orkn. 46; ef nkkurr hlutr vri misjainar (s h ar ed unequally) nie eim
brrinn, Fms. x. 62; her , tair, lengi mjk misjafnat me oss brrum, Ld. 102; cf hann eigi
misjafnai me eim, Sturl. ii. 159.
mis-jafnar, m. an unequal daring, Grg. 1. 1/4: odd s, Fms. i. 42.
mis-jafnan, f. -- misjafnar, Bs. ii. 40, Mar.
mis-kast, n. a ' mis-cast;' farask at miskiJstum, to be worsted, Stj. 211.
mis-kaup, n. a bad bargain, Sturl. iii. 212, v. 1.
mis-kenna, d, to mis-ken, mistake one for another, Sir. 82, Sturl. i. 160, Flv. 20.
miski, a, m. [mis], a misdeed, offence; in the phrase, gra e-m til miska, to offend, wrong' a person,
Fiunb. 258, Ld. 76, Hraih. 27. miska-r, n. pl. misdeeds, Harms. 14.
mis-kunn, f., mod. miskun with a single n, [from mis- and kunna; Scot, mis-ken; analogous to Lat.
ignoscere -- not to know, to overlook, pardon faults, as is duly renuuked in Syntagma Baptismi by
Jim lafsson] :-- forgiveness, pardon, mercy, grace; vill rlfr gc-fask upp mitt vald til
miskunnar, Eg. 89; getask upp , yvart vald ok miskunn, Fms. i. 104, Greg. 48, Nirst. I; ok cru
eir in. konungs, at the king's mercy, Gl. 84; gra miskunn a e-m. to shew mercy to, Stj. 200;
miskunnar audi, hugr, licit, augu,, brunnr, famr, the spirit, mind, premise, eyes, spring, bosom of
grace, 24. 2, Greg. 25, 45, 47, Fms. ii. 196, Th. 2^; miskunnar dornr, merciful judgment, Sks. 615;
m. mir, mother of mercy, Hom. 121; miskunnar gjf, gift of grace, Fr. 136, Bs. i. 699: esp. freq.
in eccl. usage, N. T., Pass., Vidal. COMPDS: miskunnar- fullr, adj. merciful, Dipl. ii. 14. miskunnar-
lauss, adj. merciless, unforgiving, cruel, Sks. 735, Stj. 230. miskiinnar-leysi, n. h ar d- ne ss of
heart, cruelly, Bs. i. 288, Stj. 481. miskuuiiar-mar, m. an object of charity, a pauper, Ld. 310.
miskxmnar-verk, n. a work of mercy or charity, Hom. 67, K. . 76, Fms. x. 244.
mis-kunna, mod. mls-kuua, a, to shew mercy, pardon, with dat.; m. muli e-s, to pardon, deal
mercifully with one, Sks. 652, Fms. ii. 119, viii. 24, Greg. 24; miskunnau HUT Gu -- miserere
mei Dens, Fms. viii. 239: passim in eccl. usage, Gu miskuni mi o'llum oss, a hymn. II. with acc.,
miskunna e-n, O. II. L. 40, Sir. 74, Sks. 255, (rare.)
mis-kunnari, a, m. one who shews mercy, a pardoner, Str. 81.
miskunn-lauss, 3. A] . nding no mercy, Gs., Grett. 15 new Kd.
miskunn-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), mercifully, Fms. ix. 517, Stj. 40, Sks. 453.
miskunn-samr, adj. merciful, Blas. 42, Magn. 464, Nj. 157, Hom. 109, Fms. ix. 524, Barl. 82.
miskunn-semd, -semi, f. companion, mercy, Magn. 514, Sks. 733, Fms. iv. 247.
mis-kvir, in. [Ulf. missa-qiss = axif*a\, n slip in the pleading before a court; ek tek miskviu alla
or nilinu hvrt sem nir verr mismlt er ofmlt, Nj. 232; hann stti mlit miskvia-laust, IIrath.
18.
mis-langr, adj. of different length. Fms. xi. 196 (in a verse).
mis-leggja, lagi, to lay amiss; e-m eru mislagar hendr, one had 'mislaid hands, ' i. e. did the
wrong thing and left the right undone, Fms. vii. 118, orst. Stang. 52, Finnb. 262: also of slovenly
or bad work.
mis-leika, 16k, to ill-treat, N. G. L. i. 169.
mislingar, m. pl., or mislinga-stt, f. [Germ, masern; Engl. measlei\, the ' spotted sickness, '
measles.
mis-litr, adj. variegated, of colour, Stj. 73, Barl. 169; mislit ull.
mis-lka, a, to mislike, be displeased, Nj. 65, Ld. 164, Fms. i. 96, x. 12, xi. 45, Hr. ifn. 17.
mis-lkan, f. misliking, dislike, Str. 42.
mis-ltask, Icit, to look amiss on a thing, misjudge; e-m mislitzk e-t, to be mistaken about it, Glm.
350.
mis-lyndi, n. an uncertain temper, Fms. vi. 355, Korm. 168, Sks. 137.
mis-lyndr, adj. variable in temper, Fms. viii. 447, Al. 54, Sks. 24, 271, Rm. 254.
mis-lti, n. y\. faults, aws, Rtt. 6. 8.
mis-lgur, f. pl.; leggja mislogum. to lay the feet across, Fb. ii. 300.
mis-marka, a, t o ' mis-mark, ' mark another man's lamb, Griig. ii. 304.
mis-minna, t, to remember wrong: impers., mig misininnir e-t.
mis-minni, n. recollecting wrong, N. G. L. i. 378.
mis-muni, a, m. -- misnmnr, Grg. i. 173 (theodd amount), 174 B, ii. 158; verr ar cin null at
misniuna, one odd night, Rb. (1812) 52.
mis-munr, in. difference, disproportion, Fms. vii. 142, Barl. 67, 93, Karl. 373, Rb. 14.
mis-mla, t, to make a slip of the tongue, Al. 102, Nj. 232: to disparage, with dat., Str. 70.
mis-mli, n. 'mis-speaking, ' a slip of the tongue; hann mun citt m. tala allri sinni ok lta
sama degi sitt lit", Fms. iv. 46, Orkn. 112, Fb. ii. 417, Karl. 437; e-m verr m., to make a slip of the
tongue, O. ILL. 14; mr var in. :-- dissent. Roll. 73.
misnesi, n. (qs. mi-sncsi?), [from mir and snus = nos (?), q. v.] :-- the partition between the
nostrils.
mis-rait, n. part.; e-u er misrit, ill-advised, Fms. x. 420, Fs. 141, yt sl. ii. 379. F
mis-ri, n. an ill-advised, ill-fated deed, Fms. vi. 19, x. 416, Bs. i, 722, Karl. 81: transgression,
Barl. 73.
mis-ra, u, f. [mis and ra = Lat. ne-fandnni] , fornication, Grg. i. 338, ii. 61.
MISSA, t, inn. pret. misstu, Fms. i. 78 (in a verse); [A. S. missjan: Engl. miss; O. H. G. missan;
Dan. mi s t i] :-- to miss, lose: I. with gen. to miss, not hit, lack, and the like; Kolr sveillai til hans
iixi ok inissti hans, Nj. 56; sv;'i inissta ek alldrj mauns lyrr, Fms. ii. 331; hann lagi til hans tnc
saxinu ok inissti, O. H. 73 ! Pbilistci niissa nu Samsons, found him not, Stj. 415; in. heimkvmu,
Fas. i. 385, Sighvat; allt fyiir ofan ar sem inissti hiisaima, whsre the houses ended, where there
were no longer any houses (for shelter), Fms. ix. 30; Jan skulu eiiî missa (not escape) hefndar
Heilagrar kirkiu, K. . 116; hann inissti ftum, he slipped with the feet, misted his footing (better
m. iota), Hkr. i. 17; in. ftanna, id., Bs. i. 369; cngum manaoi inissti hennur s litimi, O. H. L. 84;
in. ta, Fms. v. 182: missta'k stu burs, cr..., / missed the son of As/a, ivhen..., Siglivat; hann vill
rifa sverit, ok missir, he thinks to grasp the sword and misses ii, 'tis gone, Ld. IlS; ef mar missir
kvaar-vttar, hits none, lacks, Gng. i. 42; sagi hann inisst hafa (he had omitted) erra rirgja
vtt- ora er dminn ttu at koina, Nj. 56; missti luuin mi hers sins seni vita m, F:ns. ii. 306;
missum vr nii likonar varssonar fra'nda nins, vi. 282; Dagr v. ir ;i cnn eigi koniinn me sitt li
ok inissti bess fylkingar annsins, . H. 209; bvat eir hiitu lengi matar inisst, been long without
food, Gsl. 57. 2. to mi s s, lose, sirfftr loss of: ek he inikils niisst, Nj. 28, 117; Ji;V hann at in.
eirrar giar, N. G. L. i. 345; niissa hfingja sinna, r. 6 new Ed.; missa smna aura (Ed. sina for
sina), Grg. i. 412; niissa fur, Skv. 2. 10; maga lieiir inna niisst, Am. 79. 3. impers. there i. s
a lack; par missir cngr. gra grasa, there is no lack of any gocd herbs, Post.; kvcja Inia, sta
eirra ef it sara sumar missir, kvi, Grg. i. 491; Gunnarr hljiip lopt upp, ok missir hans, and so
the thrust missed him, Ni. 84; cf Giinnars missi, if G. should die, Akv. II :-- in. e-s vi, var vi
niisst Atla hins svarta. Fms. xi. 45; ef min missir vi, if should die, v. 325, vi. 224; cf bin missir
vi, 227. II. with acc. to lose, esp. in later writers and MSS.; niissa sigr, to miss victory, lose a
battle, Fas. i. 96; m. vara vinattu, Bs. i. 869; vi;r htifuin inisst fnrnur vra, Fb. ii. 119, Fas. ii. 149,
246; hann hafi niisst koiui sina, Fms. v. 122 (but konu sinnar, 0. H. 236, e.), cp. Eg. 76. Jb. 264,
Ld. 291, Griig. i. 434, and so in mod.
missa, u, f. a loss, Al. 56, Eg. 40, Mar.; bctra er oss skar ok niissa i ota Olats konungs, Hkr. i.
334; aftaka ok m., Edda 37; sorg ok in., Mtrl. i. 39.
mis-sttr, adj. disagreeing, at enmity, Fms. i. 77- 'v- 216, v. 224, vii. 64.
mis-segja, sagi, t o ' mis-say, ' relate wrongly, Jb. 3.
mis-semja, sami, to disagree; e-m inissemr um e-t, D. N.
MISSERI, also spelt missari, n., usually in pl.; [from a compd word, the former part of which is
miss, denoting the alternation, change of the seasons, for misscri is for the year what ma! is for the
day; the ine. xive syllable -eri is uncertain, bait not from;ir, see Grimm's Grannn. ii. 471 (note): to
derive this old true Tent, word from Lat. semester is inadmissible, for the sense of a period of six
months is not the original one: A. S. wj i ss are.] B. A season, or in plur. the seasons, of the year
(Germ. Jahres-zeit); mal ok misseri, Hm. 57 ! sains misscris, at the same season, Gkv. 1. 8; skulu
bndr timbr tupt fa-ra misseri, en giir tlf nii'inuum, N. G. L. i. 387. II. in plur. esp. with a
distributive or numeral pronoun, the ' seasons, ' a circuit of seasons -- a twelvemonth, a year; tin
misseri, Gkv. I. 9; etta var a eiinini nusscruin, Bs. i. 4. 66; ein misseri stendr eirra mal, Grg. i.
377; ok er au hfu samt verit ein misseri ltu pan son, Finnb. 294; nnur misseri, the next
twelvemonths, Fms. v. 193; hver missari, vii. 129: a hverjuin misseruni, every season, Grg. i. 284;
hann hafi rennar vei/. lur hverjuin misseruni, Fms. iv. 254(vetri, O. H. 113, 1. c.); Ivan (or
tvcnn) missari, two years, Grg. i. 287; tveim inuin fyrrum misseruni, Fms. viii. 173; nokkur
misseri, some seasons, some time, (ih'un. 372; at (viz. thirty-six days) er inn tiuntli hlutr allra
missara, the tenth part of a whole year, Hom. 73; Freyiugar hafa nytt kjt olluni missennn, all the
year round, Fr. 248; fska-st (ilium misseruni, at all seasons, Ld. 4; en muntii essi missari
(the current year) vera at ba Tungu, 246; :i ba er au misseri hafa ar bi'ut, Grg. ii. 124; fyrir
fardaga ea inijum misseruni, 216; hann skyldi vera ar oil au misseri, Nj. 209, Fms. vii. 137;
eir bjuggu ar fjra vetr ..., inum fyrstum misseruni, i. 265; en er lei inisserin, when the
seasons drew to a close, Fas. ii. 523; var sv koinit misseruni at ntt var farljs, Fbr. 97 new Ed.;
liu mi af misserin, ok um vrit eptir for ..., Sturl. i. 35. 2. of a period of six months, half-year;
menu hfu tali tveim misserum fjra daga ens fjra hundras, b. 6; r heitir tvau misseri, Rb.
6: the following instances may be doubtful, taka tveggja missera vist, Grug. i. 152; sex misseri =
three years (or = six years?), 264; rj missari, threehalf-years (or -- three twelvemonths?), Fms.
vi. 341 (cp. in the verse rji missarin bessi, as also the context of the passage, frir namsk r it
rija, short above); fjgurra missera bjrg, Grg. i. 264. COMPDS: missera-mt, n. the meeting,
juncture of seasons, where one begins, another ends, N.G.L. i. 35. missera-skipti, n. pl. change of
seasons, from one season to another. missera-tal, n. computation of the seasons, a calendar, Grg.
i. 2, K..K. 164, Blas. 39. misseris-vist, f. a year's service, Lv. 57.
missi-fengr, adj. missing one's aim, Gsl. 71, Fms. x. 356.
missir, m. = missa, a loss, Fms. vii. 124, Fr. 136. Am. 98, Grett. 98, freq. in mod. usage.
mis-sr, adj. of unequal length, of a garment, Fms. x.
mis-sj, s, to see amiss, Bs. i. 95.
mis-skakki, a, m. odds, difference; gefa ofan misskakka jaranna, to pay into the bargain, Dipl.
ii. 4.
mis-skera, skar, to 'mis-cut,' cut wrong, N.G.L. i. 137.
mis-skilja, , to misunderstand. mis-skilningr, m. misunderstanding, misapprehension.
mis-skipta, t, to 'mis-share,' share unequally, Gpl. 267, Jb. 160, Fms. iii. 172.
mis-skipti, n. an unequal sharing, Hom. (St.)
mis-smi, n. pl. mistakes in a work; in the phrase, sj or nna m. e-u, to nd or see faults in a
thing, see that things are not all right, Bs. i. 142, sl. ii. 351, Eb. 168, Fs. 142.
mis-sna, sneri, to misturn, turn wrong, Hom. 19, Greg. 40.
mis-strr, adj. of different size, Fms. vii. 163.
mis-svefni, n. 'mis-sleeping,' sleeping and waking, alternately, Fsm.
mis-sverja, sr, to mis-swear, perjure oneself, N.G.L. i. 30.
mis-snask, d, dep. to 'mis-see,' see wrong, of deception of sight: impers., e-m missnisk, Fms. vii.
160: to be mistaken, Lv. 8; undarligt verr um vitra menn er sv missnisk, Glm. 389 :-- act., e-m
missnir, Mag. 124, (rare.)
mis-sni, n. deception of sight, Fr. 166, Fbr. 32, lk. 36.
mis-sning, f. deception of sight.
mis-sll, adj. 'mis-happy,' i.e. of unequal happiness, one having too much and another too little,
Grett. 161.
mis-stt, f. = misstti, Hkr. iii. 101.
mis-stti, u. discord, Nj. 48, Fms. v. 224, ix. 2, Rb. 410.
miss-ng, see misgng.
MIST, f. one of the weird sisters or Valkyriur of the heathen age, Gm., Edda (Gl.); prob. akin to the
neut. mistr (q.v.), as is to be inferred from mistar-marr, the mist-sea = the clouds, the airy region,
Hkv. 1. 46.
mis-taka, tk, to take by mistake, Grg. ii. 196; e-m verr mistekit til e-s, to make a slip, take the
wrong thing, i. 168 :-- reex. mistakask, to miscarry, Grett. 148.
mis-tala, a, to make a slip with the tongue, Flv.
mis-tekja, u, f. a mistake, N.G.L. i. 20.
Mistil-teinn, m. [O.H.G. mistil; Germ. mistel; A.S. mistel or mislel-t; Engl. mistletoe] :-- the
mistletoe or mistle-twig, the fatal twig by which Balder, the white sun-god, was slain, see Vsp. 36
sqq., and the legend in Edda 36, 37. After the death of Balder the Ragnark (the last day of the
heathen mythology) set in. Balder's death was also symbolical of the victory of darkness over light,
which comes every year at midwinter. The mistletoe in English households at Christmas time is, no
doubt a relic of a rite lost in the remotest heathenism, for the ght of light and darkness at
midwinter was a foreshadowing of the nal overthrow in Ragnark. The legend and the word are
common to all Teutonic people of all ages.
MISTR, n. [A.S. and Engl. mist], a mist, a freq. word in Icel. although not recorded in old writers;
oka (fog) and mistr are distinguished.
mis-tra, , to mistrust, disbelieve, with dat., Fms. ix. 260, Gl. 84, 330: with acc. a Latinism, 656
B. 11, 625. 85, Art. 67.
mis-trnar, m. mistrust, Stj. 111, Fms. ix. 281, 284.
mis-tryggja, , = mistra, D.N. v. 182.
mis-verja, vari, to 'mis-defend,' as a law term, N.G.L. i. 89.
mis-verk, n. a misdeed, Sks. 734, Stj., Mar. passim.
mis-verki, a, m. mis-doing, a slip, fault in law, Grg. i. 335, Gl. 228: a misdeed, Fms. xi. 235, Str.
18, Sks. 734.
mis-vinna, vann, to work at a wrong time, N.G.L. i. 378.
mis-vitr, adj. 'mis-wise,' silly and wise together; misvitr er Njll, segir Hallgerr, Nj. 67.
mis-vgi, n. a law term for a kind of indirect or intended slaughter, dened in N.G.L. i. 80 (ch. 238).
mis-okka, a, to disparage, Fms. iv. 267, 320.
mis-okki, a, m. mislike, .H. 119, 145.
mis-kknask, a, dep. to be misliked, Fms. i. 261, Sturl. iii. 279, Fas. i. 29.
mis-ykki, n. 'mis-thought,' discord, Fas. ii. 422, Bs. i. 661, ii. 149.
mis-ykkja, u, f. = misykki, Nj. 48 (v.l.), Bs. i. 724.
mis-ykt, f. = misykkja, Sturl. iii. 229, Bs. i. 701, Mar.
mis-yrma, , to spare not, violate, damage, with dat., K.. 40, Gl. 187, K..K. 168, Greg. 77.
mis-yrming, f. mis-treating, Bs. ii. 149.,
mis-yrmsla, u, f. damage, violation, K.. 216.
mis-ti, n. 'mis-eating,' eating things forbidden by ecclesiastical law N.G.L. i. 384.
mitti, n., qs. mili, the middle waist, Fas. iii. 481. mittis-grannr -digr, slender, stout in the waist.
mittum-stangi, a corruption from the Germ. 'mit dem stange' = 'he with the pole,' a nickname,
which the Norse interpreter did not understand, and took to be a name, ir.
MGA, part. meig, meigt, meig, mod. mg, mgst, mg; pl. migu; part. migit; [A.S. mgan; Lat.
mingere], Edda 58, Grg. ii. 133, Fas. iii. 99, Ls. 34, Fs. 147, Bs. i. 457.
MLA, u, f. [from Lat. mille], a mile, Rb. passim, Al. 109, but seldom. used in good old writers or
in poets, for the verse Fb. i. 214 is not genuine, and the only passage from a classical Saga is Lv.
106 -- ok segja menn at far mlur gkk hann aan fr (paper MS., of a journey through Germany
from Rome).
MMIR, m. name of the wise giant of Norse mythology, the keeper of the holy well Mmis-
brunnr, m. = the burn of Mimir, the well of wisdom, in which Odin pawned his eye for wisdom, a
myth which is explained as symbolical of the heavenly vault with its single eye, the sun, setting in
the sea, Vsp. 22. Mmir also occurs in the following compds, hregg-mmir = the 'tempest-sky,' and
vett-mmir = the top sky = the uppermost heaven, Edda (Gl.), which are among the nine heavens,
such as the ancients fancied it, which shews a connection of this name with the sky; Skk-mmir,
the M. of the depth, is the name of a giant (representing the sky of the Inferno?), Gm. Again,
another myth says that Odin carried with him the cut off head of the giant Mmir (Mms-hfu),
which told him all hidden things, Vsp. 47, Yngl. S. ch. 7, Edda: Odin is called Mms-vinr, m. = the
friend of Mmir, Stor. Mms-synir, m. pl. the sons of Mmir = the winds(?), Vsp. II. hold-mmir,
esh-maimer(?), is the pot, name of a sword, Edda (Gl.); cp. also Ulf. mimz = GREEK, 1 Cor. viii.
13, (= a chop, butcher's meat?). &FINGER; Is the word to be derived from maiming, cutting, and is
the likeness to Lat. memor only accidental? cp. also the following word.
mmungr, m. the name of a sword, Edda (Gl.), prop. the sword of Widga in ir. S.
mn-ligr, adj. like mine, like me; erat mnligt ugu at gna, it is not like me to swallow that y (like a
sh), Bs. i. (in a verse).
mnta, u, f. a minute in time or degree, Rb.
mtr, n. [from the Gr.], a mitre, Fms. i. 266, viii. 308, Bs.
mtra, u, f. = mtr, Bs. i. 417, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Fms. iii. 167.
mja-urt, f., botan. meadow-sweet, spiraea, Hjalt.
mjaka, a, to lift or move heavily, with dat.; eg get varla mjaka v, I cannot move it a bit.
mjaldr, m. a kind of whale, from its whiteness. 2. a white tom-cat.
mjall-hvtr, adj. white as driven snow, Alm. 7, freq. in mod. usage.
mjall-roka, u, f. loose snow whirled by the wind, Fas. ii. 118.
mjalta, a, [mjlk], to milk sheep or cows.
mjaltir, f. pl. the milking; vru konur at mjltum, Eb. 316, freq. in mod. usage: mjlt, sing., is used
of the grime on the hands from milking, vo af sr mjltina. COMPDS: mjalta-kona, u, f. a milk-
maid. mjalta-tmi, a, m. milking time.
mjaltr, adj. giving milk, milch; tvr kr mjaltar, tu krlg mjlt, ten milch kine, B.K. 20.
mjatla, a, to cut, slice, a dimin.; see meita.
mj, onomatopoetic, mewing, of a cat.
mjma, a, to mew, of a cat.
mjorkvi, see myrkvi.
mjdd, f. narrowness.
mjfask, a, dep. to become thin, narrow, Thom. 500.
mjkka, a, = mjfask; tk mjfka sundit, Sturl. iii. 33 :-- to make narrow, thin.
MJLK, f., gen. mjlkr, prop. mjolk with a short vowel; [Ulf. miluks = GREEK, Cor. ix. 7; A.S.
meolc; Engl. milk; O.H.G. miluh; Germ. milch; Dan. melk; Swed. mjlk] :-- milk, Fms. iv. 81, Sks.
90, Al. 31, Lv. 62; mjlk var heit ok vru steinar, 70; mjlkr-grautr, -hlaup, milk porridge; mjlkr-
fata, -skjla, -lt, -trog, -ketill, etc., a milk pail, milk trough, milk kettle, Lv. 61, Korm. 156, Fbr.
213; nmjlk, new milk; spenvolg nmjlk, milk warm from the cow; u m., cooked milk; ka-
m., cow's milk; saua-m., sheep's milk; brjsta-m., breast-milk for suckling. COMPDS: mjlkr-, f.
a river of milk, Edda 4. mjlkr-barn, n. an infant fed on milk. mjlkr-hringr, m. the milky way,
rendering of Lat. via lactea, for the genuine name is vetrar-braut, Rb. (1812) 19. mjlkr-kr, f. a
milch cow, Jb. 224. II. the white juice, milk, of plants or trees; mjlk r selju brk, Pr. 473.
mjlka, a, spelt molka, Grg. ii. 309, Gl. 400, Hkv. i. 43, Ls. 23 :-- to milk, Grg. i. 430, Dropl.
14, sl. ii. 181, passim. II. to give milk, of cows, Bs. i. 194; mjlka betr, sl. ii. 180, Fas. iii. 373;
kriu mjlkar tta ... merkr ml, and the like.
mjlkr, adj. milch, giving milk, opp. to geldr, Grg. i, 501.
mjni, a, m. a thin, slim person, Bjrn.
MJR, adj., fem. mj, neut. mjtt, with a characteristic v, which reappears before a vowel, thus
mjvan, mjvar, mjvir, mjvum; often spelt with f, mjfan, etc.; in mod. usage by elision, mjan,
etc. The forms vary in three ways, mjr, mjr, mr, analogous to sjr, sjr, sr, u. mjr, mj,
mjtt; mj (acc. n. pl.), Stj. 201, and foot-note 21; mjr farvegr, Fms. ix. 366, v.l.; mjtt, Js. 55,
Thom. 153; miaua (= mjva) vatni, D.N. i. 8l. . mr; mvar skeiir, the slim, narrow ships, Fms.
i. 170 (in a verse), -- certainly thus, not as explained in Lex. Pot. p. 567, col. 1; as also mvar
hlaupsldr, the slim herrings, in Eyvind's verse (Hkr. i. 185); in me-ngr = m-ngr = mj-ngr,
taper-ngered, epithet of a lady, Hm.: af eim meii er mer (i.e. mr) sndisk, of the twig which
was slim to behold, Vsp.; in the spelling of Cod. Reg. of Sm. Edda e, g,UNCERTAIN or are
freq. all written with the letter e, so that mr (mihi) and mr (tenuis) would all be spelt alike; this
reading was suggested as early as by Rask in the edition of 1818, see Bugge's remarks in Philol.
Tidsskr. 6th vol.: in Mv-ei (= the narrow isthmus) in Shetland, Mk. 98, called Mawid in a
Videsse of 1516 A.D.; at present Mawie or Mavis-grind, as opp. to another isthmus called Brae, i.e.
Brei-ei = the Broad isthmus; cp. also Moorness = the little ness, in Shetl. II. compar., an older
form mjvari, mjvari, t.; superl, mjvastr, but obsolete, and replaced by a contracted mjri,
mjstr, in mod. usage mjrri, mjstr. B. Thin, slim, taper; sv mj, so slim in the waist, Bs. ii. 168;
mjrar konu, Bjarn. (in a verse); mjva mey, Korm.; mjtt band, Edda 20; mjr kvistr, Fas. iii. 33;
me mjfu jrni, Fr. 238; mjr Mistilteinn, Vsp.; mjfum knfsoddi, Fs. 144; mjfum ttingum,
Karl. 335; yxn mj ok mjk visin, Stj. 201; ar sem hann var mjstr, Fms. vii. 264 :-- of cloth, stiku
brei en eigi mjri, Grg. i. 498; jaar vara er mj, 499; sitja mjtt, Band. 38 new Ed.: sayings,
mjr er mikils vsir, Fms. v. 176 (in a verse); mjtt er mundangs-hf, Bs. i. (in a verse), Js. 55
(mjtt). 2. narrow; stigrinn var mjr ok rngr, Fr. 48; skipit var heldr mjtt, Fms. ii. 50; mjtt
sund, Grett. 83; mjr farvegr, Fms. ix. 366; grar djpari ok mjri, Sks. 426: a nickname, Mjvi,
the Slim, or en Mjva. II. in local names, Mjvi-dalr, Mjvi-fjrr, Mjva-nes, Mj-sund or M-
syndi, Dan. Mysunde in Slesvig; Mv-ei, Munch's Norg. Beskr. C. COMPDS: mj-beina or mj-
beinn, adj. slim leg, a nickname, Landn., Korm. mj-eygr, adj. narrow-eyed, of one whose eyes are
set close together, Eb. 258, see the remarks s.v. auga. mjoacute;f-dlingr, m. a man from
Mjvidalr, Landn. mj-ngrar, adj. taper-ngered, Rm. (Bugge), of a lady. mj-hljar, adj.
thin-voiced. mj-hryggr, m. the small of the back. mj-hundr, m. [Dan. mynde], a greyhound, Sks.
81. mj-leitr, adj. narrow-faced, referring to the distance between the eyes, Bergb.-. 124, Fas. ii.
118. mj-nefr, adj. thin nose, a nickname for a close man, .H. 31. mj-sk, n. the slim wand, for
this must be the true reading in the verse in Bjarn., the miskipa of the MSS. = miscia; and
mjski rkra = the slim twilight wand, = a taper, is a pot. circumlocution of a lady's name, Ey-
kyndill (= Island-taper), mj-slegin, part. beaten thin. Fas. ii. 581. mj-syndi, n. a narrow sound,
straight lane, see above.
MJKR, adj., compar. mjkari, superl. mjkastr, in mod. usage also mkri, mkstr; [Goth. muka in
muka-modei = GREEK; Engl. meek; Dan. myg; Swed. mjuk] :-- soft to the touch; mjkt skinn, Br.
19; mjka rekkju, mjkt ba, Eg. 239; hrund-mjkr, soft-skinned, Orkn. (in a verse); m. ok hgr,
Fms. ii. 201; mjkt hr, mjk ull, and the like; mjkr mli, eloquent, Bs. i. 2. agile, nimble; mjkr
ok vel glmu-frr, Sturl. iii. 123; as also mjkr ftum, or fta-mjkr, of a wrestler; lia-mjkr;
mjkari orrostum, more agile. Fms. vii. 254. 3. ar bygisk Noregr fyrst er hann er mjkastr, of
the soil, softest, most fertile, Landn. 276, v.l.; tti mr sv at eins mjkt at fara me ykkr enn fyrra
dag, Fms. iv. 317. II. metaph. meek; mjkr ok ltilltr, Fms. iii. 168; ek he verit yr m. llum
hlutum, x. 108; hlin ok mjk, Al. 119; sv mjk sem eitt lamb, Clar. :-- mild, gracious, mjkasta
mildi, Dipl. ii. 14: hann talai allt mjkara enn fyrra dag, Fms. vi. 45; mjk miskunn, Bs. i. 638; m.
diktr, mjk or, mjkt lof, owing, of words, speech, Lil. 4. B. COMPDS: mjk-dmr, m.
meekness, Bs. ii. 24. mjk-ngr, ir. 6, and mjk-ngrar, adj. soft-ngered, Fas. ii. 151. mjk-
hendr, adj. soft-handed. Fms. vi. 73. mjk-hjartar. adj. soft-hearted, Fb. ii. 392. mjk-ltr, adj.
meek, gentle, Mar., Bs. i. 278: sly, Sks. 501. mjk-leikr, m. nimbleness, agility, Fms. vii. 119.
mjk-liga, adv. softly, tenderly, Eg. 175, Orkn. 174, Fms. vii. 18, 306: nimbly, ii. 272. mjk-ligr,
adj. meek, soft, Hom. 22. mjk-lyndi, f. meekness. mjk-lyndr, adj. meek-tempered, gentle, Stj.,
Barl., Fms. v. 240, x. 108, v.l. mjk-lta, t; m. sik, to humble oneself, Eg. 525. mjk-lti, n.
meekness, Mar. mjk-orr, adj. smooth-spoken, Fms. vi. 117. mjk-rss, adj. running smoothly,
Fms. viii. 384. mjk-tkr, adj. touching gently, Fas. ii. 644.
MJM, f., gen. mjamar, [Ulf. miduma = GREEK] :-- the hip (prop. the middle of the body);
kli hans yr mjminni, Nirst. 3; fyrir ofan mjamir, Eb. 240; hj mjmina, Nj. 253; mjm
ok herarbla, Fb. ii. 24; rist, kn, mjm, N.G.L. i. 312 :-- in wrestling, leia e-n mjm, Br.
35 new Ed.; or brega e-m mjm, Fas. iii. 573, of a wrestling trick of throwing one's antagonist
by a movement of the mjm, called mjamar-brag, the hip-trick, cross-buttock, Fas. ii. 148.
mjamar-bein and mjamar-hfu, n. the hip-bone, ir. 89, Finnb. 334; nrann fyrir ofan
mjamarhfu, Sturl. ii. 41. &FINGER; No other word in the language rhymes with mjm; see the
curious ditty in which a man and a ghost cap verses, sl. js. i. 464.
MJR, m., gen. mjaar, dat. mii; in mod. usage mj, f.; [A.S. medo; Engl. mead; O.H.G.
metu; Germ. meth; Swed.-Dan. mjd] :-- mead, Sturl. ii. 245, Hkr. i. 102, Fms. viii. 18, 166, Nj. 43,
Edda 24, 49, Bs. i. 77: in phrases, blanda, brugga mj, to blend mead; and grasar mjr, spiced or
drugged mead, for the ancients used to spice or drug the mead with narcotic herbs, see the remarks
s.v. jll; mead was the favourite drink in the Valhalla, Ls. 3, Vtkv. 7, Vsp. 22, Gm. 25; mjaar-bytta,
-ker, a mead-cask, Fms. iv. 168, ix. 329; mjaar stra, mead-paunch, viii. 117; mjaar lgr, mead-
liquor, ix. 329; mjaar drykkja, mead-drinking, 462; mjaar bland, mead-mixing, Rtt. 2. 4.
COMPDS: mj-drekka, u, f. a mead-cask, Eg. 237, 240, Ld. 188, ir. 164. mj-drukkinn,
part. 'mead-drunk,' Fms. viii. 94. mj-drykkja, u, f. mead-drinking, Fms. viii. 17, Sturl. i. 161,
Greg. 51. mj-kona, u, f. a mead-girl, N.G.L. ii. 204. mj-rann, n. a mead-hall, drinking-hall,
Akv. 9.
MJK, adv., mod. mjg, compar. meirr (q.v.), superl. mest; [Engl. much, see mikill or mykill] :--
much; sv mjk, at ..., so much, that ..., Fms. i. 46; Vringjar alddusk mjk til hans, vi. 135; sem
Erlingi gengi at mjk til, at ..., vii. 258; hafa ek mjg fjr-varveizlur banda, Eg. 235; hann
skaut mjk til ra dttur sinnar, Bjarn. 5 :-- sv mjk, rather much; hann var sv mjk hendisamr
afrttum, Glm. 364; alls mjk, over-much, Stj. 2. very; hyrndir mjk, Fms. xi. 6; steint mjk fyrir
ofan sj, Eg. 68; ekki mjk, not very. Stud. iii. 234. 3. much, almost, very nearly but not quite; eir
vru mjk komnir at hinni meiri eyjunni, s eir ..., Fms. ii. 93; hann var daur mjk af kulda, ix.
467; at legg ek til ra, at vr ham mjk alltr eina frsgn um enna atbur, xi. 65; mjk rend,
Mar.; eitt mannshar sv langt, at at var mjk mannshtt, Fas. iii. 266; ok eru eir mjk komnir at
Austrey, Fr. 105; vru komnir mjk sv (almost quite) ar gegnt, Nj. 247, Fms. vi. 164; sv
vru konungar, mjk sv allir, eir er hans rki hfu hvrr eptir annan, Rb. 386.
mjk-siglandi, part. the 'much-sailor,' a nickname, see Landn.
MJL, n., dat. mjlvi (mod. mjli), gen. pl. mjlva; in mod. usage also sounded ml (as kjt and
ket); [Engl. meal; Germ. mehl] :-- meal, our; fullr af mjlvi, Mar.; skip hlait af malti ok mjlvi,
Eg. 81; var hlait skrei annann en mjlvi annan, Eb. 268; mjl ok vi, Nj. 4, Fs. 143; mjl ok
smjor, 197: pot., Fra mjl, Frodi's meal = gold, Edda (in a verse). COMPDS: mjl-belgr, -
sekkr, -poki, m. a meal- bag, -sack, -poke, Fas. i. 127, Br. 170, Nj. 181. mjl-kaup, n. pl.
purchase of meal, Fbr. 10, Gl. 352. mjl-kll, n. = mjlbelgr, Nj. 227. mjl-ley, n. a meal-
licence, viz. licence to export meal, Hkr. iii. 96. mjl-sld, n. a meal-riddle, Sturl. i. 23. mjl-
skuld, f. rent to be paid in meal, Sturl. ii. 64. mjl-vgr, adj. estimated by its value in meal, Grg.
i. 505. mjl-vtt, f. a weight (4Olbs.) of meal, Bs. i. 137.
MJLL, f., gen. mjallar, dat. mjllu, Rm. 26, Vls. R. 1. 3; [perh. akin to mjl, although with a
double l] :-- fresh powdery snow; s snjr er hvtastr er, ok logni fellr, ok mjll er kallar, Br. 2
new Ed.; grisk ll frin ok var mjllin djp, Fms. v. 179; vaa mjll, Sighvat (Fb. iii. 240);
mjllin var laus, ok rauk hn, Fb. i. 579; sjrinn rauk sem mjll, the sea 'reeked,' or broke in spray,
like mjll, Vgl. 22; eru eir kasair mjllinni, Fs. 143: pot., haus-mjll. oating hair, Sklda (in
a verse); sj-m., the snow of the crucible = silver; svan-m., the 'swan-drift' = the waves. Lex. Pot.
II. a pr. name of a lady, Landn. mjalla-hvtr, adj. = mjallhvtr, white as drifted snow.
Mjlnir, m., in the vellums spelt mjollnir, with o and ll (see Bugge in the foot-note to Vm. 51); the
ll seems to indicate that the n is radical, for if it were inexive, it would be mjolnir (with one l):
[therefore the derivation from mala or mola (to crush), though probable, is not certain; the word
may be akin to Goth. milhma = cloud, Swed. moln, Dan. mulm; cp. provinc. Norse molnas (Ivar
Aasen) = to grow dark from bands of cloud arising] :-- the name of Thor's hammer, Edda passim,
Ls.
MJT, f. [Ulf. mitas = GREEK; O.H.G. mez; Germ. masz] :-- a measure; kann ek mla mjt, I
know the measure of words, how to make a speech, Hful. 20: ess kann mar mjt, a man knows
the measure of that, Bugge's Hm. 60 (see foot-note as to the reading in Cod. Reg.); mjtur, from
Vsp. the preceding poem, seems to have been in the transcriber's mind, and so he rst wrote
mjotvc and then dotted the v, denoting that the last three letters were to be struck out. A fem.
mjotu would, it is true, agree with the Goth. mitas, but it does not suit the rhythm, in which a
monosyllable is required.
mjtur, m., spelt mjotvir, Vsp. 2, which form can only be an error of the transcriber, for both
passages, verses 2 and 47, represent the same word; [A.S. meto; Hel. metod; by which word the
A.S. homilies, as well as the Heliand, denote God, prop. the 'Meter,' Dispenser]; the word itself is of
heathen origin: in the Icel. it only occurs in old poets, and there in but a few passages, all of which
agree, if rightly interpreted, with the A.S. use of the word. It occurs twice in the Vsp.; in verse 47, --
Leika Mms synir, en mjtur kyndisk, but the meotud is kindled, lighted, where it seems to be
applied to the god Heimdal, (the dawn in the Eastern sky, the morning star? see Prof. Bergmann in
his Ed. of Gm. 1871, p. 169); in verse 2, -- nu man ek heima, nu vijur, mjtu mran fyrir mold
nean, I mind the nine abodes, the nine giantesses (the nine mothers of Heimdal?), the worthy
Dispenser beneath earth; this 'meotud beneath earth' seems here to represent the god of the nether
world, the Pluto of the Northern mythology, with whom all things above originated (Heimdal?);
somewhat similar views are expressed in the Platonic Dialogue Axiochus, ch. 12 and 13. 2. s er
hann me mnnum mjtur, such a guardian (helper) is he among men, Fsm. II. metaph. and in an
evil sense, weird, bane; mj&aolig;tur is glossed by bani (a bane), Edda (Gl.) ii. 494; mjtur
Heimdals, the bane of Heimdal = the head; Heimdalar hfu heitir sver ... sver heitir manns-
mjtur, a sword is the bane of men, Edda 55, from a myth that Heimdal was pierced by a head
(used as a bolt): nema mjtur spilti, unless death spoiled her, unless she died, Og. 14; ef mr meirr
m. mlrm g, if death would give me more time for speech (says the dying Brynhild), Skv. 3. 71;
s manns mjtur, this bane of men, of a charmed, poisoned sword, Fas. i. (in a verse). The word is
found only in the above passages; the explanation given in Lex. Pot, can hardly be the true one.
For Hm. 60 see mjt above.
MO, n. [Engl. mud is the same word], the refuse of hay, Hv. 44, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS:
mo-bss, m. the bss into which the bad hay is thrown. mo-hr, n. = mo. mo-skegg, n. a
nickname, Ld.
moa, a, to munch the mo, of cattle: metaph., moa r e-u, to pick out a single green blade out of
a heap of refuse.
mougr, adj. dusty, lled with mo N.G.L. ii. 419.
MOKA, a, [Scot. muck], to shovel, with dat.; moka sku, Nj. 208; moka snj, Grg. ii. 284; moka
moldu , Sks. i. 177; san mokai hann at blautri myki, Sd. 168; eir hfu mokat yr snj, Fms.
vii. 172: esp. to clear away dung from a stable, the place in acc., moka fjs, kvar, r, Bjarn. 22;
moka myki undan km, K..K. 98; moka, reia vll, 100.
mokstr, m. (the r radical), a shovelling, Bs. i. 315.
mola, a, to crush into dust: reex. to be crushed, hauss hans molaisk, Fas. ii. 374.
MOLD, f., dat. moldu; [Ulf. mulda GREEK and GREEK, Mark vi. 11, Luke ix. 5; A.S. molde;
Engl. mould; O.H.G. molta; Dutch mul; Dan. muld; Swed. mull] :-- mould, earth (from, mala and
mylja); jsu at moldu, Eg. 300; hafa legit moldu, Fms. v. 106; saurig mold, Stj. 115. Earth was
symbolical of a purchase of land (cp. Lat. mancipium): the rite is thus described, n kaupir mar
jr ..., hann mold at taka sem lgum er mlt, taka at arins-hornum fjrum, ok ndugis-sti, ok
ar sem akr ok eng mtisk, ok ar sem holt ok hagi mtisk, ok njta eirra vtta ingi at hann
her mold rtt tekna, etc., N.G.L. i. 96; penningr gengr fyrir mold ok man, iii. 92, v.l.: as also in
moldrofs-mar (q.v.), D.N. i. 7 :-- vera fyrir ofan mold, above earth, alive, Fms. vi. 182; fyrir mold
nean, beneath earth, Vsp. 2; moldu, on earth; mean mold er ok menn lifa, Grg. ii. 169 :-- of
burials, syngja e-n til moldar, to chant one into the mould, to bury, of a priest, Dipl. iv. 8, H.E. ii.
131; hnga til moldar, to die, Hm. 16; fella til moldar, to fell to earth, slay, Fbr. (in a verse); mar
er moldu samr, man is dust, Sl. 47; vgri moldu, Landn. 117: in plur. funerals, standa yr
moldum e-s, to attend one's funeral: the phrase, rigna moldirnar, of rain into an open, fresh dug
grave, sl. js. ii. 55; moldar genginn, buried, Sl. 60; mar er moldar auki, 'a man is but mould
eke' is but dust, a saying, Rkv.; vera at moldar auka, to be turned into dust, Fas. i. (in a verse), Ver.
5. COMPDS: moldar-fullr, adj. full of earth, Stj. moldar-hola, u, f. an earth-hole, Nj. 83. mold-
auki, a, m. = moldarauki, Gsp., Hom. 100. mold-bakki, a, m. an earth-bank, Fr. 177. mold-bi,
a, m. a mould-dweller, a ghost in a how, sl. ii. (in a verse).
moldi, a, m. a mould-coloured horse: a nickname, Landn. 2. the name of a ring which had lain in a
cairn, Hkr. i.
mold-kafald, n. a thick fall of snow.
moldttr, adj. mould-coloured, of a horse.
mold-rof, n. the breaking a bargain, in moldrofs-mar, m. a mould breaker, a man who breaks a
bargain for the sale of land, D.N. i. 7.
mold-ryk, n. 'mould-reek,' dust, Al. 109.
mold-skeyta, t, to 'mould-escheat,' take possession of land, referring to the rite described in N.G.L.
i. 96, cp. Grimm's Rechts-alterth. 116; lt hann moldskeyta miklar jarir til ess staar, Karl. 530.
moldugr, adj. covered with mould, like a gravedigger, Eb. 276, Stj. 528.
mold-uxi, a, m. a beetle, 'mould-grub,' scarabaeus :-- as a nickname, Dropl.
mold-varpa, u, f. [Germ. maul-wurf, corrupted from molt-wurfe; North. E. moudiewarp] :-- a mole.
mold-vegr, m. the earthy path, Og.
mold-viri, n. = moldkafald.
mold-inurr, m. the earth-thong, the serpent Migarsormr, Vsp.
moli, a, m. [Scot. mule; North. E. mull], a crumb, a small particle, Stj 154, Greg. 22; engu nir
kasta af matnum hvrki beinum n mola .H. 153; hann girntist at seja sik af eim molum sem
fllu af borum hins rka, Luke xvi. 21; brotna smn mola, to break into shivers, be shivered, Edda
27; brau-moli, sykr-moli.
molla, u, f. [prop. akin to Ulf. milhma, Swed. moln] :-- a lull, with close air; byrinn misstu hldar
holla hiti grist logn og molla, lf.
molna, a, to crumble into dust, Stj. 76 (of the apples of Sodom).
moltinn, adj. [melta], tender, = meyrr, q.v.
moltna, a, to become moltinn.
Mont, n. the Mount, the Alps, GREEK., Sighvat.
mont, n. [from the Fr.], vaunting, boastfulness: montinn, adj. 'mounting,' vaunting: monta, a, to
vaunt, freq. in mod. usage.
MOR, n., spelt mor; hafa mor fjr, Al. 123, Hom. (St.), MS. 623. 21, where it is spelt morg =
mor :-- a swarm, prop. a swarm of ants (akin to maurr); mor af mi, ski, sld, a swarm of ies,
shoal of herrings :-- an atom, svo lti mor.
mora, a, to swarm; a morar af e-u.
MOR, n. [Ulf. maurr = GREEK; A.S. mor and morar; Engl. murther, murder; Germ. and
Dan. mord; cp. Lat. mort-is] :-- a murder, Fr. 187; in ancient times murder (mor) and
manslaughter (vg) are distinguished; if the killer, after the deed, had immediately, at the next or at
least at the third house, confessed what he had done (lsa vgi, vg-lsing, N.G.L. i. 6l), the deed
was manslaughter (vg), and the doer was liable to indictment according to the law, but the deed
might, with the consent of the prosecutors and relations of the slain, be atoned by weregild. On the
other hand, if the vg-lsing either did not take place or was stealthily performed (Glm. ch. 27), the
deed was murder; and the killer was called mor-vargr, and was out of the pale of the law; en at er
mor ef mar leynir ea hylr hr ok gengr eigi gegn, Grg. (Kb.) i. 154; drepa mann mor,
N.G.L. i. 158; hence the phrase to kill a man and then murder him, i.e. conceal the deed. In one
instance the distinction is made threefold, viz. vg, laun-vg, and mor, i.e. laun-vg or secret
manslaughter, if no vg-lsing took place, but the perpetrator left the weapon in the wound or some
other evidence that he was the culprit, en at vru kllu launvg en ekki mor, er menn ltu vpn
eptir beninni standa, Gsl. 22. To slay a man asleep or feloniously was also called mor; so also to
put a man to death during the night, ntt-vg eru mor-vg, Eg. 417; kallit r at eigi mor-verk at
drepa menn um ntr? .H. 117; heiti at nings verk ea mor ef menn drepask um ntr, Fms. vii.
296: burying alive also was mor, K..K. 26, passim. For the formula of the vg-lsing see Grg.
Vsl. ch. 20. In poets mor is used = slaughter, thus, mor-lfr, -brr, -heggr, etc. = warriors;
mor-bl, -linnr, -rull, -sk, etc. = weapons, Lex. Pot. COMPDS: mors-eir, m. an oath of
compurgation in a case of murder, N.G.L. i. 62. mor-fr, f. death by murder, Lex. Pot. mor-
gjarn, adj. murderous, Hm. mor-gyja, u, f. a murderess, Grett. 117. mor-jrn, n. a murderous
weapon, Mar. mor-r, n. pl. schemes of murders, N.G.L. i. 254. mor-vargr, m. a murderer,
Vsp. 45, Edda 43, N.G.L. i. 13, Grg. ii. 86; cp. brennu-vargr. mor-verk, n. a murder, .H. 117.
mor-vg, n. a 'murder-manslaughter,' Eg. 416, Fms. xi. 199, Hkr. iii. 425.
moringi, a, m. a murderer, Gl. 154, Nj. 74, N.G.L. i. 340.
MORGINN and morgunn, m., also in old writers spelt with y, myrginn, in mod. usage morgun;
in the contracted cases the g is in old MSS. left out, thus, dat. morni, pl. mornar, morna, mornum,
see the rhyme in the verse Landn. 87, v.l.: [Ulf. maurgins = GREEK; A.S. and Germ. morgen; Engl.
morn, morning, morrow] :-- morning, Vsp. 6, 22, Am. 50; er at morni kmr, when morning came,
next morning, Hm. 22; at morni, Fms. i. 10: so in the saying, langr er konungs-morgun, long is the
king's morning, Mkv. 13, Sighvat (Fms. v. 211), passim; mir morgin, mid-morning, about six
o'clock, K..K. 40, see mir; morgun, to-morrow, Grg. i. 18, 26, Fms. vi. 72 sl. ii. 330, Nj. 7, 32;
myrgin, Fms. ix. 21; ntt ea snemma myrgin, viii. 397, v.l.; but morgin, last morning, iv.
248, Nj. 203, Bs. i. 810; r morgin, in the early morning, Am. 85; um myrgininn eptir, Fms. vi. 45;
snemma morguns, early in the morning; rla morguns, id. COMPDS: morguns-r, n. early
morning: in the phrase, at morginsri, Stj. 122: mod., me morguns-rinu, at the rst gleam of
daylight; san kmu eir me morgunsrinu, Od. ix. 52 (= GREEK). morgin-drykkja, u, f. the
morning-drink, N.G.L. ii. 417. morgin-dgg, f. morning dew, Edda 44. morgun-gjf, f. [Dan.
morgen-gave, Germ. morgen-gabe], a bridal gift, made by the bridegroom to his bride on the
morning after the wedding, Fas. i. 345; cp. bekkjargjf. morgun-matr, m. breakfast, D.N. morgun-
ml, n. the morning meal (hour), sl. ii. 334, Bs. i. 137, Vm. 169. morgun-roi, a, m. morning-red,
[Germ. morgen-roth.] morgun-skin, n. the morning light, Stj. 611. morgun-sl, f. the rising sun,
Fms. i. 147, Stj. 611, v.l. morgun-stjarna, u, f. the morning star, Rb. 110. morgun-stund, f. the
morning hour; morgunstund her gull mund, a saying. morgun-svfr, adj. given to sleep in the
morning, morgun-tir, f. pl. morning-tide, matins, Sturl. ii. 246, Fms. v. 341. morgun-tmi, a, m.
morning-time, Stj. 184. morgun-vakr, adj. early awake, early rising; var hann kveldsvfr ok
myrginvakr, Eg. 3 (Cod. Wolph.); inn morginvakri, a nickname, Edda 98 (in a verse). morgon-
veir, f. a catch (of game) in the early morn, .H. 78. morgin-verk, n. morning work, Ad. 22, Fms.
xi. 435.
morgun-ligr, adj. =matutinus, Hom. 12.
morkinn, part. [akin to meyrr, q.v.; from a lost verb; cp. Lat. marcere], rotten, decayed, of meat,
sh. Morkin-skinna, u, f. Rotten-skin, the name of a vellum.
morkna, a, to become rotten, of esh, Stj. 185, Fas. iii. 345, Rm. 214, Br 19.
morn, f. a murrain; ik morn morni, Sks. 31.
morna, i.e. morgna, a, to become morning, dawn, Landn. 161 (in a verse), Nj. 69, 203, Eg. 240,
Fms. vi. 188, xi. 35.
MORNA, a, [Ulf. maurnan = GREEK; A.S. murnan; Engl. mourn; O.H.G. mornen] :-- to mourn;
in prose only used in the phrase, morna ok orna, to mourn and wither away; n vil ek heldr bera
harm ok hyggju ok morna hr ok orna, ann veg sem aunar, heldr en srt eigi eim stum
sem r ykir gott, Fas. ii. 235; hn mornai ll ok ornai, ok lifi mjk lengi vi essi
hgindi, Bjarn. 69 :-- in poets, mir Atla, hn skyli morna, a curse, may the mourn! Og. 30; at r
maura mornit haugi, that ye may mourn in mounds of ants, a curse, i.e. may be tormented, Fas. i.
436 (in a verse); ik morn morni, a curse, Sks. 31.
Morna-land, n. a local name, perh. = Moravia, Og. 1.
mornan, f. morn, dawn, Bs. i. 539.
morsel, n. [a Lat. word], a bit, Jtv. 27.
mortil, n. a mortar, Dipl. v. 18.
MOSI, a, m. [mid. H.G. mies; Germ. moos; Dan. mos; Lat. muscus] :-- moss, botan. lichen, Korm.
234 (in a verse); hrfa mosa, to pick moss, Bs. i. 329; reyta mosa, Nj. 267; mosa-hrga, a heap of
moss, Fms. iii. 527. II. a moorland, moss, [ = Dan. mose; North. E. and Scot. moss]; eir fru
stundum mosa, mrar ok merkr er brota stra, Fms. viii. 31. mosa-vaxinn, part. moss-grown, Bs. i.
329, Fas. i. 298: in local names, Mos-fell, whence Mosfellingar, m. pl. the men from Moss-fell.
mos-hls, m. a nickname, Landn.
mosk, n. scraps of moss in hay, fjalla-grs, or the like; tna moski r, to pick the moss out; a er
fullt af moski, 'tis full of moss.
mosttr, adj. mossy, swampy, Orkn. 172.
mos-raur, adj. moss-red, Korm. (in a verse).
Mostr, f., gen. Mostrar, an island in Norway on which the rst Norse church was built, Fms.: in a
nickname, Mostrar-skegg, n. Moster-beard, i.e. the man of M., esp. Eyjarskeggi, Landn. (Eb.)
Mostrar-stng, f. a nickname, Fms. Mostrar-ing, n. a parliament in the isle of M., N.G.L. i. 147.
motr, m., gen. motrs, [a for. word, akin to Germ. mtze], a kind of lady's head-gear, cap, Ld. 188
sqq.
motra, u, f. a woman wearing a motr, Edda 236.
MOTTI, a, m. [Ivar Aasen mott; Swed. mtt; Engl. moth] :-- a moth; sem mlr ea motti etr ok
eyir, Barl. 44: metaph. a sluggish person, [as in provinc. Engl. a moth, drone], Edda (Gl.), Fms. vi.
170 (in a verse). mott-tinn, part. moth-eaten, D.N.
mask, a, dep. [early Germ. mewen; Ivar Aasen tygge mo = ruminate] :-- to be digested, of food in
the stomach of ruminating animals; sem vnligt var at grasit maisk me honum eptir nttru, Bs.
ii. 87.
m-lttr, adj. a horse with a dark streak along the back.
m-berg, n. [mr], a kind of tufa.
m-brnn, adj. dark brown, Eb. 56.
MA, u, f. a large river, it may prop. have meant loamy, muddy water, see mr below; svimma
mu marir, Fm. 15, Fms. xi. 96 (of the Thames), vi. 408 in a verse (of the Ouse), vii. 266 in a verse
(of the Gotha River); eina ntt er ver var kyrt lgu eir upp mu eina, Eg. 528 (in Frisland);
eir kmu at einni mu ok steyptu sr ofan hana ok var vlkast sem eir vi reyk, Fms. iii.
176; einni mu er fll nnd, Karl. 548; konungr lt leia skip sn upp mu nokkura, Fms. vi.
334; ma mikil fll straumum me miklum hvaa, Fas. ii. 230; var ar skgr mikill vi mu
eina, Fb. ii. 122. II. [cp. Scot. mooth = misty], the condensed vapour on glass and the like, caused
by breathing on it; a er ma glerinn, af leiri ok af mu, of earth and mud, .H. 86, cp. Hkr.
Ed. 1868, p. 315. 2. [cp. mo Ivar Aasen and Dan. korn-moe = the radiation or glimmer of heat in
the summer] :-- mist, haziness; a er ma lopti, and similar popular phrases.
merni, n. the mother's side, of lineage, Fms. i. 4, vi. 223, Eg. 267, 338 :-- a mother, parent, Edda
18, Fms. xi. 56; opp. to faerni, q.v.
mga, a, [migr], to offend, raise a person's anger or displeasure, Post. passim.
mgan, f. offending.
MIR, f., gen. dat. acc. mur; plur. in nom. and acc. mr (mr), gen. mra, dat. mrum.
There is also a monosyll. form mr, indecl. throughout in the sing., and answering to fer, fr or
brr (= fair, brir); but these forms are unknown in mod. Icel., and are seldom used in the
genuine old writers, being mostly found in legendary writers, who probably followed some
provincial Norwegianism; thus passim in Stjrn, af mr konungsins, Stj. 82; mrinnar kvi, 80:
[this word is common to all Teut. languages except Goth., which used aiei = Icel. eia (q.v.)
instead] :-- a mother; sonr at taka arf eptir fur sinn ok mur, Grg. i. 171; fur-mir, a
father's mother, 172; fair ok mir, id., in countless instances: as a nickname, konunga-mir,
Jarla-m., Fb. iii: in popular tales, the mother of a whole brood (animals), sktu-m., sela-m., laxa-m.,
represented as an ogre, Maurer's Volks. 34. COMPDS: mur-a, a, m. a mother's grandfather, and
mur-amma, u, f. mother's grandmother. mur-arfr, m. maternal inheritance, sl. ii. 29, Landn.
114, Dipl. v. 3. mur-brjst, f. pl. a mother's breasts, N.G.L. i. 340. mur-brir, m. a mother's
brother, uncle, passim: in the saying, murbrrum vera menn lkastir, sl. ii. 29, Bs. i. 134.
mur-fair, m. a mother's father, grandfather, Grg. i. 177, Fms. i. 223. mur-frndr, m. pl.
kinsmen on the mother's side, Grg. ii. 113, Fms. i. 4. mur-hs, n. a mother's house, home, Stj.
420. mur-kvir, m. a mother's womb, Hom. 51, Fms. i. 221, x. 275. mur-kyn, n. a mother's
kin, Eg. 267, Fms. vii. 224, Finnb. 236. mur-lauss, adj. motherless, Fas. ii. 412. mur-leggr, m.
the mother-lineage, Jb. 446. mur-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), motherly, Sks. 549. mur-mjlk, f.
mothers milk, Stj. 127. mur-mir, f. a mother's mother, Grg. i. 171, Fms. v. 267. mur-sonr,
m. a mother's son: in the phrase, engi m., not a mother's son, not a soul, Karl. 199. mur-systir, f.
a mother's sister (Dan. moster), Grg. i. 171. mur-tunga, u, f. one's mother-tongue, Bs. i. 906.
mur-tt, f. kinsfolk on the father's side, Grg. i. 171, 177, Eg. 72, Fms. i. 196; falla m., to fall
to mother-earth, to die, Nj. 70.
m-ligr, adj. excited, wroth, Sks. 235.
MR, m. [Ulf. mds = GREEK, Luke iv. 28; A.S. mod; Engl. mood; Germ. muth] :-- wrath;
mr svall Meila brur, Haustl.; rr runginn mi, Vsp. 30; af mi, 56; en er hann (Thor) s
hrslu eirra, gkk at honum mrinn, ok sefaisk hann, Edda 28; rtnai honum mjk
mr til Bolla, Ld. 236; orsteini x mr (Th.'s mood waxed erce) vi tekjur hans, Bjarn. 54; n
svall Sturlungum mjk mr, Bs. i. 521; x eim mjk mr ok kapp, Fas. i. 37; n verr irekr
konungr sv reir ok sv fr hann mikinn m, at ..., ir. 332; m snum ok trlldmi, Fs. 43;
s-mr (q.v.), the godly wrath of Thor; Jtun-mr, giant-mood, giant-fury. II. moodiness, heart's
grief; var mr mikill hug hennar, Bs. i. 199; mlti hn etta af hinum mesta m, Fms. ix. 221,
Fas. i. 262 (in a verse); harr mr, Skld H. 7. 9; lifa vi langan m, 2. 12; m ltti sv jar,
Bs. ii. (in a verse); hug-mr (q.v.), moodiness. Pot. COMPDS: m-akarn, n. 'mood-acorn,' i.e.
the heart, Hkv. 1. 52. m-barr, -fkinn, -gjarn, -ugr, -rakkr, -rtinn, adj. wroth, erce, Lex.
Pot, m-se, a, m. [A.S. modsefa], mood, Edda (Ht.) m-tregi, a, m. moodiness, heart's grief,
Skm. 4, Sdm. 30, Skv. 3. 44. III. in pr. names, M-lfr, whence Mlngar, Landn.; and as the
latter part, s-mr, Her-m., l-m., r-m.
mr, m. (= ma), in western Icel. muddy snow-banks, heaps of snow and ice projecting into the
sea.
mr, adj. [Scot. muth], moody; er mr er at morni kmr, Hm. 22; sorg-mr, Og. 13; sj mr
konungr, 16; heipt-mr, wrath, Lex. Pot.; this sense is pot. and obsolete, but freq. in II. weary,
exhausted, losing one's breath; hann var mr mjk af gngu, Fms. vi. 325, Fs. 27; mr ok srr,
ir. 332; mir af eri, .H. 187; mr ok megin-ltill, Sl. 2; Kjartan var ltt srr en kaiga
vgmr, Ld. 222; hestrinn var mjk mr, Gull. 64.
mugr, adj., contr. mgir, mgan, [Ulf. mdags = GREEK; Engl. moody] :-- moody, as an
epithet of a giant, erce, Hm. 5, 21; mugr ok mjk ungyrkr, Fs. 185 :-- moody, gloomy, Akv.
36; mgir, Gh. 7; mug spjll, 9, Gkv. 1. 2, 5, 11; har-m., r-m., of a hard, erce mood:
mug muna, bent on lust, Sl.
m-hella, u, f. a slab or ledge of tufa, used of a slippery place in a river where the gravel has been
washed away and the tufa underneath laid bare, Nj. 83.
MK, n. dozing as half asleep; svefn-mk.
mka, a, to doze; used of shes at rest in water, eir vru at metja stkkva og steja stundum
mka v logni var, Bb.
m-kolla, u, f. a ewe, and m-kollr, m. a wether of a dusky colour, Grett. 137: m-kollttr, adj. of
dusky colour, of sheep, id.
mmenta, u, f. [a Lat. word], a moment, Rb., Stj.
mna, u, f. [the word is still said to be used in provinc. Icel., and also remains in provinc. Swed.
lius-muna = ljs-mir, q.v. (Ihre); Scot. minnie] :-- mammy, of a baby; mona mn mna, kver
barni, vi mik gra verst hjna, Sklda (Thorodd) 163.
MR, m., gen. ms, dat. m, pl. mar, [akin to Engl. moor; Norse Moe] :-- a moor, heath, mostly
used of a barren moorland, grown only with ling; en biskup dragnai um grjt ok ma, Sturl. ii. 50;
tekr Skeggi rs upp eptir munum ok grpr ar upp malinn, Grett. 93: freq. in local names, Mr,
Mar (Moe in Norway), Landn.; M-berg: in pr. names, referring to the hue, M-gils, M-eir, id.
II. peat, for fuel; skera m, brenna m, freq. in mod. usage; m-tak, n. a peat-eld: m-skurr, m.
cutting peat: m-grf, f. a peat-pit: m-frsla, u, f. carrying peat, Vm. 136: in old writers torf, q.v.
III. in compds, as m-hella, m-berg (q.v.), tufa: and hence of colour, m-kollr, m-brnn, m-
raur, q.v.
m-raur, adj. yellow brown, of sheep and wool; mrau hetta, Fas. iii. 252; mrau augu (as in
cats), Mag. 7.
m-rendr, adj. russet, sad-coloured, of wadmal, Finnb. 318, Fs. 141, Rd. 251; sluvar-kyrtil
mrendan, Nj. 32; mrend vara, Bs. i. 286.
mr-ylla, u, f. a dusky sheep, Bjrn.
m-skjttr, adj. piebald, of a horse, sl. ii. 62.
MT, n. [A.S. gemot; Old Engl. mote or moot, in ward-mote, the Moot-ball at Newcastle; Dan.
mde; Swed. mot and mte] :-- a meeting; mla mt me sr, to x a meeting Eg. 564; eir mltu
mt me sr ok hittusk Elnni, 444; manna-mt, a meeting; vinamt, a meeting of friends. 2. as a
Norse law term; in Norway a mt was a town meeting, and is opp. to ing, a county meeting;
ingi en eigi mti, vat skin veit til lands-laga en eigi til Bjarkeyjar-rttar, Hkr. iii. 257, N.G.L.
ii. 190: mts-minni, a toast or grace, when a meeting was opened, Fms. vi. 52; ingum ok mti,
Fagrsk. 145; var blsit til mts bnum, Fms. vi. 202, 238, 270; mti kaupangi, vii. 130; mts-
fjalir, a meeting-shed, N.G.L. i. 224. II. a joint, juncture; mt hring, cp. mtlauss; r-mt, a
meeting of waters, also a local name, cp. Lat. Conuentia, Coblenlz; lia-mt, q.v.: of time, in pl.,
alda-mt, the end and beginning of two centuries; mnaa-mt, missera-mt, eykta-mt, and so on.
B. As adverb, both in dat. mti, against, on the opposite side, with dat. as also with a prep., mti,
mti; or in gen. mts or mts vi,against, with acc. used as prep. and ellipt. or even as adverb: I.
gen. mts; til mts vi e-n, towards, against; fara til mts vi e-n, to go to meet one, encounter,
visit. Eg. 9; fara mts vi, Fas. i. 450; halda til mts vi, to march against, Fms. ii. 217; sna til
mts vi, Nj. 125; ganga til mts vi e-n (= ganga til fundar vi e-n), to go to meet a person, 100;
koma til mts vi, Eg. 63; eiga e-t til mts vi e-n, to own in common with another, 101, Gl. 506,
Fms. ii. 91; vera til mts, to be on the opposite side, opposed, Nj. 274; miklir kappar eru til mts,
there are mighty men to meet or contend with, 228; en ar allt er lgin skilr , skulu ll hallask til
mts vi Uppsala-lg, they shall all lean towards the law of Upsala, i.e. in a controverted case the
law of U. is to rule, .H. 65. II. dat. mti, mti, mti, and more rarely at mti e-m (all these
forms are used indiscriminately), as also an apocopated mt, qs. mti ( mt, mt) :-- against, on
the opposite side, towards, and the like; fara mti e-m, Fms. vi. 29; mti slu, 439; sna mti e-m,
Nj. 3, 43, 74, 118, 127, 177, Fms. i. 169, iii. 189, v. 181, vi. 3, ix. 348, 511, xi. 121, 126, Eg. 283,
284, 572, Landn. 317, Ld. 214; hann sagi at mti vru eir Grjtgarr, Nj. 125; rsa mti, to rise
against, withstand, Lv. 79, and so in countless instances :-- denoting reception, gra veizlu mti e-
m, Eg. 43, Nj. 162, passim :-- towards, konungr leit mti honum, looked towards him, Fms. i. 41.
III. metaph. in return, in exchange for; fr me honum sonr Gubrands gisling en konungr fkk
eim annan mann mti, .H. 108; Gunnarr bau at mti Geiri goa at hla til eispjalls sns,
in his turn, Nj. 87; ok mla jamllt at mti at sekju, Grg. ii. 145; skolu trygir koma hvervetna
mti sakbtum, 187; kva hann ara vsu mti, Fms. i. 48; hann hl mjk mt atfangi manna,
vi. 203; hann gaf drottningu smiligar gjar ok sv drottningin honum mti, x. 95; sendi hann
konungi vingjar ok g or mt vinttu hans, i. 53; mikit er at mt (against, as compared with)
erfinni minni, Nj. 4; sagi at hann mundi eigi iggja nema annat f kmi mt, 133; hvat her
mti v er hann deildi kappi vi orgrim goa, what hast thou to set against that as an equivalent?
sl. ii. 215; engar skulu gagnsakir metask mt eim mlum, Grg. i. 294. 2. against, contrary to;
mti Gus lgum, Fms. x. 21 :-- with verbs, gra e-t mti e-m, to act against, Ld. 18; mla mti, to
contradict; standa mt, to withstand; ganga mt, to go against, as also to confess and the like. 3.
bera at mti, to happen, Fms. ii. 59 (see bera C. II. 2): whence 4. temp. towards a time; mt Jlum,
Pskum, passim; mt vetri, towards the setting in of winter, Hkr. i. 13; mti sumri, towards the
coming in of summer; mti degi, towards day, Fms. i. 71; hann sofni mti deginum, vi. 62; mti
ingi, towards the opening of parliament, Rb. 530.
MT, n. [cp. Ulf. mta = GREEK; O.H.G. mta] :-- a stamp, mark; spuri hann hvers mt er
mark var eim penningi, Th. 50; mt silfri, 623. 6l; skalt sma hs eptir v mti sem n mun
ek sna r, Fb. i. 439. II. metaph. a mark; mtt sj mt er hn hlr vi hvert or, Nj. 18; sku-
mt, Fms. xi. 422; ttar-mt, a family likeness; manns-mt, the stamp, mark of a true man, Fb. i.
150; alla menn er nokkut manns mt var at, Hkr. i. 13; a er ekkert manns mt a honum, he is
a small man, a mannikin; er eigi ambttar mt henni, she does not look like a bondwoman, Fas. i.
147. III. manner way, which may, with Dan. maade, Swed. mte, be borrowed from Lat. modus;
me kynligu mti, in a strange manner, Fms. ix. 9; me undarligu mti, Nj. 62; mikill fjldi dra
me llu mti, of every shape and manner, orf. Karl. 420; me v mti, in that way, Fms. i. 48,
Fr. 2; me litlu mti, in a small degree, Finnb. 328; me minna mti, in a less degree, Sturl. i.
214; me v mti at (in such a way that) eir sru eia, cp. Lat. hoc modo, Fms. vi. 27; me ngu
mti, by no means, Lat. nullo modo, i. 9; fr mti, abnormally, Grett. 92 A.
mta, a, to stamp, coin; mta penning, passim in mod. usage; mtar (stamped) pundari, mtar
penningr, Rtt., Flv. 2. metaph. to mark; skyldim vr annig mta oss mest sem Gu kenndi
postulum snum, ok kva eigi ella mega komask himinrki nema eir vri annig mtair,
Hom. (St.), Fr.
mt-bra, u, f. a 'counter-wave:' metaph. an objection, Thom. 42, Bs. ii. 42, Karl. 543.
mt-brligr, adj. adverse, Stj. 326, 331.
mt-blstr, m. a counter-blast, opposition, H.E. i. 516.
mt-burr, m. a coincidence, Bs. i. 743 (v.l.), ii. 39, 113.
mt-drttr, m. a pulling against, hostility, Bs. i. 722.
mt-drgi, n. = mtdrttr, Bs. i. 819.
mt-drgr, adj. adverse, opposed, Bs. i. 727, 816.
mt-fallinn, part.; mtfallinn e-u, adverse to a thing.
mt-ferir, f. pl.; vera mtferum vi e-n, to go against, Sturl. iii. 19, .H. 227.
mt-ferli, n. adversity, Bs. i. 700.
mt-fjalir, f. pl. [early Swed. thingfjlar] :-- the hustings or shed where meetings were held, O.H.L.
46, Fms. vii. 39, MS. 655 xvii. 2.
mt-ganga, u, f. resistance, Fms. v. 37, vi. 30; mtgngu-mar, an antagonist, Sturl. i. 75, Hkr. iii.
104. II. a going to a meeting, N.G.L. ii. 244, D.N.
mt-gangr, m. a going against, Fms. v. 189, vii. 280, Sturl. iii. 3; mtgangs mar, an opponent, ii.
185, Fb. i. 512 :-- adversity, mod.
mt-grir, f. pl. offence, Fms. iv. 218, vii. 157, Sfj. 143, Magn. 520. mtgra-samr, adj.
offending, Ld. 300.
mt-horn, n. a 'meeting-horn,' trumpet, 645. 66.
mt-hverfr, adj. = mtsninn.
mt-hgg, n. a blow in front, opp. to bakslag, Fms. viii. 399.
mt-kast, n. opposition, Fms. iii. 165, Thom. 44, 50.
mt-lauss, adj. without joints, of a ring; hringr m., Eb. 10.
mt-lkr, adj. similar, Fs. 174.
mt-lti, n. adversity.
mt-mar, m. a man at a meeting, parliament-man, N.G.L. i. 314.
mt-mark, n. a stamp, Rtt. 39.
mt-markar, adj. stamped, Jb. 376.
mt-mla, t, to contradict, Vgl. 19.
mt-mli, n. a contradiction, Fms. i. 299, vii. 132, Korm. 160.
mt-mglan, f. a murmuring against, Bs. i. 764.
mt-rei, f. an encounter on horseback, Sturl. i. 38.
mt-reisn, f. a rising against, resistance, Bs. i. 811.
mt-ris, n. = mtreisn, Fms. viii. 246 (v.l.), Thom. 87.
mt-settr, part. opposed, adverse, Karl. 410.
mt-sninn, part. adverse, Bs. ii. 185, Lv. 109, Fs. 18, Gsl. 139.
mt-staa, u, f. resistance, Fms. i. 65. COMPDS: mtstu-okkr, m. an opposition party, Hkr. ii.
271. mtstu-mar, m. an antagonist, Nj. 101, Bs. i. 722.
mt-staligr, adj. withstanding, opposing, Fms. ii. 199, Stj. 23, Bs.
mt-standa, st, to withstand, resist.
mt-stefna, u, f. a meeting duly summoned, sl. ii. 375.
mt-stiligr, adj. = mtstaligr, Bs.
mt-svar, n. an answer, reply, Sturl. iii. 138.
mt-tak, n. resistance, Karl. 160. 2. the strap of a horse's girth which passes through the buckle
(hgld).
mt-taka, u, f. resistance, Fms. ix. 374, Orkn. 364.
mt-viri, n. a contrary wind, Fms. ii. 127, Fbr. 22.
mt-vindr, m. = mtviri.
mt-vllr, m. a place of meeting, Fas. i. 503.
mt-ri, a, m. a rebellious spirit, Fas. iii. 151.
mt-ykki, n. dislike, Fas. ii. 355.
Mveskr, adj. Moabitish, Stj.
mula, a, [mur = munnr], to maunder, Karl. 197; m. fyrir munni sr, Fms. vi. 372, Thom. 74 :--
to munch as cattle do.
mulan, f. munching with the teeth, Al. 168.
mulungr, m. arbutus-berries, also of uneatable berries.
MUGGA, u, f. mugginess, soft drizzling mist, Edda (Gl.) ii. 486; oku-mugga, Snt 20. COMPDS:
muggu-kafald, n. fog and snow. muggu-ver, n. muggy, misty weather, sl. ii. 87.
MUNA, a, [the root word of mund, n., mundi, mundanga, munr; the primitive notion is from
scales, balance, weight, disparity, or the like] :-- to move, remove, with dat.; ess er ok kostr, at
muna t gari, to 'eke out' a fence, remove it farther off, widen it, Grg. ii. 257; ef menn vilja muna
vringi, if men will alter the time of the parliament, i. 116; prob. also, mr er r minni muna, it is
removed out of my memory, I have quite forgotten it, Bs. i. 421; at merku eir at slar-gangi, at
sumarit munai aptr til vrsins, b. 7; milum ekki sporum nema vr munim fram, unless we move
forwards, 116; slkt munar ok skna skgar-manns (amounts to the same thing, is equally valid) tt
hann vegi sjlfr, Grg. ii. 159: with dat. impers., e-u munar, a thing changes its place; v munar
fram, it moves forward. II. metaph. to make a difference, with dat. of the amount of disparity;
skulu eir ra hv (dat.) muna skal kaup vi hverja skipkvmu, Grg. ii. 403; ef mar mlir rangar
lnar, sv at munar aln ea meira (dat.) tuttugu lnum ..., ef vn er at muna mundi ln tuttugu
lnum, i. 462, 499; at muni hlfri stiku tu stikum, ... sv at meira muni en ln, 498; munar strum
at, it makes a great difference, Lex. Pot.: muna um e-t, id.; ar eptir munai ok um digrleik, Mag.
90; munar um tt mm nttum, Rb. 96, mod. a munar ekki um a, it is of no effect, esp. of
weight or measure; as also, ig munar ekki um a, it makes no difference, is no matter, to thee; ig
munar ekki um svo lti, hva munar ig um a! and the like. B. [munr], it lists, one likes, i.e. one
longs or wishes, impers.; ef meirr tyggja (acc.) munar at skja hringa raua en hefnd fur, if the
king longs more for, is more eager to ..., Skv. 2. 15: it remains in the phrase, mig munar a, to
long for, cast longing eyes after a thing.
MUNA, with present in preterite form, man, mant, mod. manst, man, pl. munum; pret. muni and
mundi: subj. myndi; part. munar, munat; see Gramm. p. xxiii: [Ulf. ga-munan = GREEK and
GREEK, as also munan = GREEK; a word common to all old Teut. languages; it remains in Engl.
mind] :-- to mind, call to mind, remember; forn spjll au er ek fremst um man ... ek man jtna ...
nu man ek heima. Vsp. 1, 2; at man hn flkvg fyrst heimi, 26; hann muni sjlfr at er hann
var skrr, at angbrandr skri hann rvetran, b. 15; orkek es langt muni fram, 4; es muni
rarinn lgsgu-mann ok sex ara san, 16; hn muni Snorra fur sinn, .H. (pref.); ek m
muna Eirek konung enn sigrsla, 68; orgnr furfair minn muni Eirek Uppsala-konung, id.; en
ef fostar-vttar lfa eigi eir er au muni, Grg. i. 335; muna or sn, sl. ii. 265; engi mar mundi
fyrr herjat hafa verit milli Kaupanga, Fms. vii. 255; mant nokkut hver or ek hafa ar um? at
man ek grla, ii. 110; vst tti mr frleikr , ef ek mtta alla hluti muna, Sks. 220; veit Gu at
ek tla mik n eigi muna, ... ok man rr krka muna, Bs. i. 421. 2. with the additional notion of
gratitude, revenge, or the like; tt n muni at fir, Nj. 227; launa ok lengi muna me gu, .H.
34; grtum eigi, frndi, en munum lengr, Fr. 119; n skal ek at muna, hversu Gunnari fr, Nj.
119: also, muna e-m e-t, to remember a person's doings, with the notion of revenge; skal ek n,
segir hn, muna r kinnhestinn, 117; meiri vn at hann muni muna oss (dat.) at er hann stkk r
hllinni, Fas. i. 87; eg skal muna r at, I shall mind, remember it! 3. part., vr Noregr sv gr, at
hann var eigi munar betri, Fms. x. 381; for Bs. i. 421 see muna (movere).
munar, m., gen. munaar: I. difference, Fms. ix. 241, (rare.) II. delight, a prolonged form for
munr (q.v.), not to be confounded with mun-u (from mun-hyg); esp. freq. in the COMPDS,
munaar-lauss, adj. orphaned; munaar-leysi, n. the state of orphanhood; munaar-leysingi, a,
m. an orphan. III. in local names, Munaar-nes, -tunga, Landn., Icel.
MUND, heterogene, in sing. n., in plur. f. mundir; [muna] :-- a moment, the nick of time; en er
her grt etta, mun r mund (high time) r hauginum braut, O.H.L. 2: followed by a gen.,
at mund dags er t tk eyktina, Fms. xi. 136; at var mjk at mund dgra, er, Nirst. 3; at var
miviku-dagr ok at mund rs, er ..., Hom. 110; at mund missera, Bs. i. 185 :-- single, at mund,
er Bersi var til bar borinn, at the moment when, Korm. 128; skip kom t etta mund norr, Lv.
74; at mund kemr Haukrme skikkju-verit, Fb. i. 577; at mund er s andaisk, N.G.L. i. 250;
var hann gtastr vkinga at mund, Fms. xi. 74; at var skrsla at mund, in those days, Ld. 58;
at var tska at (ann Ed.) mund, 104; at mund mun orit sia-skipti, 128; sama mund, at
the same time next day, month, year, passim. II. plur. mundir; ba til annars dags r mundir, at
the same hour next day, Fb. i. 530; at var tska r mundir, 524; um r mundir, Sks. 78 new
Ed., v.l.
MUND, f., dat. mundu, [cp. Lat. manus], the hand, mostly in poetry, Edda (Gl.) 110; lfr hann
mundum (not mund um?) standa hjr til hjarta, Vsp. 55; at mundum, to hand, Orkn. 328; fr
mundum, off hand, 356 (in a verse): pot., mundar frr, 'hand-re,' i.e. gold, Lex. Pot.; mundar
vndr, 'hand-wand' i.e. a sword, spear, Kormak; mund-jkull, icicle of the hand, i.e. gold, Hallfred.
The word remains in the compds, mund-rii, mund-laug, q.v. II. a measure, MS. 732. 5; mla
mundum ok spnnum, Fas. iii. 19 (in a verse).
munda, a, [prob. from mund, n.], to aim, point with a weapon; hann mundar til hfus Gesti, sl.
ii. 305; mun hann ekki lengi m. atgeirinum ef hann er reir, Nj. 78; mundum fram, keep the
spears in rest, Fagrsk. 138 (munim, Mork. l.c.); ef mar mundar til manns ok stvar sjlfr ok
varar fjrbaugsgar, Grg. ii. 131. II. recipr. to point at one another with a weapon; ek veit beggja
ykkar skaplyndi, itt ok jarls, at it monut skamma stund mundask til, .H. 94; ok munduusk eir
at um stund, Fms. viii. 388, v.l.
mundan, f. a pointing at; ml ok m., Mag.
mundang, n. the balance or the tongue of the balance; it is only used in COMPDS: mundangs-
hf, n. the making a true balance, moderation; me mundangsh, with just balance, moderately,
Stj. 517, 552, Sks. 691; sj vel me mundangsh, (minutely) hvat mar hverjum at gjalda, Sks.
444; eptir mundangsh, Stj. 283: esp. in the phrase, mjtt er mundangsht, the just balance, the
true middle, is hard to hit, Gl. 173, Js. 55, Thom. 153, Bs. i. 667 (in a verse). mundangs-mar, m.
a just, moderate man, Sks. 495. mundangs-mikill, adj. balanced, just, moderate, Bs. i. 133, Edda
165.
mundanga, adv. justly, in due measure; mundanga heitr, Sks. 69; eigi var mttullinn mundanga.
Art. 151; m. mjk, Barl. 178; jafnhvan vi r er mundanga eru, N.G.L. ii. 243: skip mundanga
hlait, 274.
mundang-leikr, m. moderation, Karl. 517.
mundang-liga, adv. justly, duly, Flv. 30.
mundang-ligr, adj. just; m. hf, Bs. i. 280, Barl. 148, Pr. 406.
mundang-ml, n. pl. = mundml, see mundr below, Grg. i. 370.
Mundi, a, m. an abbreviation from the pr. names ending in -mundr, see Gramm. p. xxxiv.
Mundia, u, f., and Mundia-fjl, n. pl. the Mounts = the Alps, Symb.
Mundil;-fri, a, m. the name of a giant, the father of the Sun and the Moon; akin to mndull,
referring to the veering round or revolution of the heavens, Vm., Edda 7.
mund-laug, f., usually spelt and sounded munn-laug, Edda 40 (ii. 185, note) Fs. 5, Fms. ii. 167,
Gsl. 21, N.G.L. i. 211 (Js. 78), Str. 40, Vm. 96; but mndlaugu (dat.), Edda i. 184; even spelt
mullaugu (dat.), N.G.L. ii. 443: [from mund = hand; early Swed. mullog] :-- a basin for washing
the hands, esp. before and after a meal, see the remarks s.v. handlaugar and dkr; hann setti
munnlaug fyrir sik ok sik ok eri hvtum dk, Fs. 5; st hj honum mundlang full af bli,
Band. 42 new Ed.; munnlaugar rjr far me gulli, Gsl. 21; munnlaug eina skal dttir hafa, nema
rekendi s fast meal skal hn hafa bar, N.G.L. i. 211, cp. Art. 80 :-- pot., munnlaug vinda,
the basin of the wind, i.e. the vaulted sky, Edda (in a verse).
mund-ml, n. an agreement about mundr, Grg. i. 370, sl. ii. 318.
MUNDR, m., gen. mundar, dat. mundi; [cp. O.H.G. munt, whence low Lat. mundium = tutelage in
the old Teut. laws; women are said to live 'sub mundio' of their parents and husbands, Du Cange,
s.v.; cp. also Germ. vor-mund = a guardian, and mndling = a minor or a person living under
tutelage; perh. akin to mund (hand), as hand and authority are kindred notions. So in Lat. phrases,
in manu parentis, manumissio, etc., used of minors, slaves. In Norse the word is used in a special
sense.] B. In the ancient laws and customs matrimony was a bargain (br-kaup), hence the phrase
to buy a wife, kaupa konu; the wooing was often performed by a deputy, and at the espousals
(festar) a sum was agreed on, which the bridegroom was to pay for his bride. This sum was called
mundr; and this transaction between the damsel's father or guardian and the other party was called
mundar-ml or mund-ml, e.g. Nj. ch. 2, Mrr (the father) svarar, hugsa he ek kostinn, hn (i.e.
my daughter, the damsel) skal hafa sextigi hundraa, ok skal aukask rijungi num gari: hence
the phrases, kaupa mey mundi, to buy a maid by mund; mey mundi keypt; gjalda mund, Skv. 1. 30,
Fm. 41, N.G.L. i. 27, 48, Am. 93, and passim. No marriage was lawful without the payment of
mund, for even if the wedding had been lawfully performed, without such previous payment of
mund the sons of such a wedlock were illegitimate, and were called hornung (q.v.), -- hann kallai
ykkr frillu-sonu, -- Hrekr sagi at eir mundi vitni til f at mir eirra var mundi keypt, Eg. 40;
the least amount of mund in Norway was twelve ounces, called the poor man's mund (reiga
mundr), N.G.L. i. 27, 54; in Iceland it was a mark, s mar er eigi arfgengr er mir hans er eigi
mundi keypt, mrk ea meira f, Grg. (Kb.) i. 222. On the wedding night the stipulated mund
became the wife's personal property, and thus bears some resemblance to the 'morning-
gift' (morgun-gjf) of the later legislation; er hj koma eina sing, at er konu heimill mundr
sinn ok sv vextir af f v llu er henni er mlt mundar-mlum, Grg. i. 370. The wife herself or
her parents might, in case of divorce after misconduct, call on the husband to pay up the mund and
the heiman-fylgja (q.v.) of which he had the charge, Grg. Festa. ch. 51; ella mun ek lta nefna
mr vtta n egar, ok segja skilit vi ik, ok mun ek lta fur minn heimta mund minn ok
heiman-fylgju, Gsl. 16 (p. 32 in Mr. Dasent's Gisli the Outlaw), cp. also Yngl. S. ch. 17; nefndi
Mrr (the father) sr vtta, ok lsti fsk hendr Rti (the husband) um fml dttur sinnar ok
taldi nutigi hundraa fjr, lsti hann til gjalda ok tgreislu, Nj. 15 and Dasent's Burnt Njal (l.c.),
the Sagas passim, at abo Grg., esp. the section Festa. ch. vii. sqq. The mundr therefore was
different to the dowry (heiman-fylgja), and has nothing answering to it in the modern law, nor
perhaps in the old Greek or Roman customs; hence Tacitus speaks of it as something strange, dotem
non uxor marito, sed maritus uxori affert. Germ. ch. 18. On the other hand, the Teutonic rites of
marriage call to mind the ancient patriarchal times as described in Gen. xxiv and xxix. The
etymological connection between mundium = tutelage and the Norse word is not altogether clear. In
modern Icelandic usage heiman-mundr is erroneouslv used instead of heiman-fylgja, q.v.
-mundr, m. the latter part of several pr. names, s-mundr, Ey-m., Gu-m., Geir-m., H-m., Hall-m.,
Her-m., Lo-m., Sig-m., Sl-m., r-m., Ver-m., V-m., Vil-m., g-m.: contr. Mundi, whence
Munda-grs, n. pl. a kind of lichen, Hjalt.
mund-rii, a, m. the handle of a shield, Gr. GREEK (Herod, i. 171), Nj. 66, Ld. 220, Bjarn. 65,
Finnb. 286, Karl. 440, Gl. 105, Sks. 373; rr mundriar, N.G.L. ii. 42.
mun-gt, n., thus spelt (and not munn-gt) in the best MSS., Bs. i. 340, etc.; [prop. = a dainty; from
munr and gt (q.v.) from geta; Dan. mundgodt] :-- a kind of ale, small beer, lk. 34, Fms. vii. 249,
viii. 87, Eg. 24, 247, Sks. 163; matr ok m., Gl. 15, Hom. 87; mjr ok m., Fs. 4, Fms. vii. 12;
Sigurr konungr veitti annan hvern dag ska ok mjlk en annan-hvern sltr ok mungt, .H. 33;
gestum lkai lla er hirmenn drukku mj en eir mungt, Fms. viii. 166; gra m., to brew m., Bs.
i. 197; heita m., 340; var mjr blandinn ok m. heitt, Sturl. ii. 245; srt mungt, Bs. i. 819; mj er
m., Fb. ii. 340; ale (l) and mungt are synonymous, whereas beer and mungt are distinguished,
B.K. 88, D.N. (see Fr.); mungts bytta, Fms. ii. 165; mungts efni, Bs. i. 340; mungts gr,
brewing of m., Fas. ii. 25.
muni, a, m. the mind; see munr.
Muninn, m. the name of one of Odin's two ravens, Gm,, Edda.
munligr, adj. pleasant, Barl. 71, ir, 96.
munni, a, m. a mouth, opening, Landn. 119 (of a cave = hellis-munni, q.v.), Fms. vi. 189, 344; ofns
m., Al. 55; grafar m., Mark xvi. 3.
munn-laug, f., see mundlaug.
MUNNR, m., old nom. mur, in poems, but gen. munns, dat. munni; [Ulf. muns = GREEK; A.S.
mu Engl. mouth; Germ. and Dan. mund; Swed. mun] :-- the mouth, Edda 71, 109; hafa slkar
rur munni, Fms. ii. 292; leggya e-m or munn, Fr. 254; segja, mla fyrir munni sr, to say in
a low voice, Al. 2, Vgl. 31; m eigi einum munni allt senn segja, Fms. xi. 43, v.l.; also, einum
munni, with one mouth, unanimously; mla feigum munni, Nj. 9; e-m verr or (vsa) munni, to
utter, Sd. 139, Fb. i. 525; ferr or er um munn lr, a saying, Vpn. 15; lk heill munni sundr, well
said! Band. 37 new Ed.; mla af munni fram, Fms. vi. 375; mlandi mur, a speaking mouth, able
to speak, N.G.L. i. 61; halda munni, to hold one's tongue; a er mikit munni, big in the mouth (in
talk), but really small; vera mestr munninum, of a braggart :-- of beasts, me gapanda munn, Edda
41; mun hann alla yr munni hafa, Fagrsk.; lfs-munnr, Fms. vi. (in a verse); fr leons munni,
Stj. 463, Grg. i. 383 (of a horse): of a bird, 623. 9; but commonly kjptr, nef, goggr, q.v. II.
metaph. the steel mount of an axe or hammer, (xar-mur, hamars-mur); xin hljp nir steininn
sv at murinn brast r allr ok rifnai upp ggnum heruna, Eg. 181; x nr lnar fyrir munn,
715, Ld. 276, Gull. 20; hann kastar fr sr xinni, ok kom stein ok brotnai r allr murinn, Sd.
177; hamars-murinn skkr djpt hfuit, Edda 30; nema Einarr kyssi xar munn enn unna, Fms.
vi. (in a verse). 2. an opening; sekkjar munninum, Stj. 214; but usually munni (the weak form). III.
a nickname, Fb. iii, Landn.; gull-mur = chrysostomus. COMPDS: munna-magi, a, m. the maw of
a cod-sh. munn-biti, a, m. a bit, little mouthful. munn-eir, m. swearing, Sks. 25. munn-fagr,
munn-frr, adj. with a ne-shaped mouth, Fms. viii, (in a verse). munn-fyllr, f. a mouthful, Edda
47. munn-harpa or munn-herpa, u, f. 'mouth-harp,' cramp in the mouth from cold: the name of an
ogress, Edda (Gl.) munn-ligr, adj. oral, and munn-liga, adv. orally. munn-ltill, adj. with a small
mouth, Stj. 79. munn-ljtr, adj. with an ugly-shaped mouth, Nj. 39, Fms. ii. 20. munn-mli, n. pl.
sayings, saws. munn-nm, n. = munnshfn, Bs. i. 241. munn-rugl, n. twaddle, Stj. 401. munn-
setja, setti, to set the edge, sharpen, N.G.L. iii. 198. muunn-sopi, a, m. a 'mouth-sip,' draught.
munn-strr, adj. large-mouthed. munn-sti, n. the part of the face about the mouth, Eg. 304.
munn-svii, a, m. a soreness of the mouth, munn-tal, n. chatter; munntal jtna, pot. = gold, see
the legend in Edda 47. munn-varp, n. a kind of metre, Edda 137: an extemporised ditty. munn-
vatn, n. 'mouth-water,' saliva. munn-vik, n. pl. the corners of the mouth. munn-vr, adj. wide-
mouthed, Br. 165.
munns-hfn, f. (655 xii. 3), mod. munnsfnur, m. language; llr m., bad language, swearing and
the like.
MUNR, m., older form monr, Hom. (St.) 21, gen. munar, dat. mun, pl. munir; [Dan. mon] :-- prop.
the moment or turn of the balance; this sense, however, only occurs in phrases more or less derived
or metaphorical, as in the phrase, vera mikilla (ltilla) muna (gen. pl.) vant, to be in want of much
(little); man yr eigi sv mikilla muna vant, at r muni eigi vilja upp hefjask ok rekask af hendi
frnda-skmm essa, ye are not in want of so much, that ..., you are not so decient, that ..., the
metaphor from under-weight, .H 32, cp. Fms. iv. 79; hann spuri eptir vendiliga hvernig Kristinn
dmr vri haldinn slandi, ok tti honum mikilla muna vant at vel vri 44; ltilla muna vant,
lacking but little; hygg ek at mr veri meiri muna vant en rol, Eg. 113; ok er mr mikilla muna
vant at ek halda rttu mli, ef ek skal heldr lta lausar eignir mnir aaga fyrir r en berjask vi
ik, 504; en ef vi annan eirra verr muna vant, Grg. i. 120 :-- sj fyrir mun (munum) um e-t, to
foresee how a thing will turn, what turn it will take; eigi ykkjumk ek ar sj fyrir munum, hvrt ...,
Fb. i. 529; Erlingr fkk sr eigi skaplyndi til at bija hr neinna muna um, E. was too proud to beg
anything in this case, .H. 47. 2. temp. the nick of time; hann ba Hallver ganga t til sin um litla
muni, for a little while, Fms. ii. 71. II. the difference; hv grir sv mikinn mun barnanna? Sd.
141; er ess mikill munr, hvrt ..., it makes a great difference, whether ..., Fms. vii. 132; ef f er
verra, ok skulu eir vira ann mun, ok skal hann gjalda honum ann, make good the balance,
Grg. i. 428; ok vnta ess at mla-efna munr muni skipta, Sturl. iii. 241, Fb. i. 20, passim in old
and mod. usage. 2. moment, importance; vil ek bja honum mitt li, v at eigi er at vi hvriga
muni, for it will tell something in the balance, Fs. 16; at hann skyldi segja honum hluti er honum
vri munr undir at vita, Sturl. ii. 151; mun hverjum vitrum manni ykkja mikill munr undir v
vera, at ..., every wise man will think it of great moment, that ..., Sks. 269; e-m er munr at e-u, it is
of some moment; ok mtti r konungr vera munr at, at eir vri r heldr sinnair en mt, Fms.
i. 297; munr er at manns lii, a man's help is always something, Bs. i; Grimr gri ok ann mun
allan er hann mtti, G. strained every nerve, Eg. 188. III. the dat. muni or mun before a
comparative, by a little, as also considerably, a good deal; ljst mun kyrrara, strike somewhat
more gently, Hkr. iii. 365; ef vilt lgum at fylgja, er at mun rttligast at Sigurr njti vitna
sinna, 257; me muni minna lii, with considerably less forces, Fagrsk. 172; muni sar, a little
later, Geisli 23; hn sagi mun eira, a good deal more. Am. 45; stundum me mjklyndi, en
stundum muni harari, Barl. 176; muni hgri, a good deal easier, Orkn. (in a verse): gen. muns,
me muns minni rs, muns tmlegari ok seinna ... muns mjkari, Barl. 72. 2. adding a pronoun;
eim mun skrlegri, Fs. 121; ek s at eim mun er betr, it fares so much the better. Fms. xi. 228;
eim mun eiri gildrur, all the more traps, Barl. 24; eim mun lengr, 101; en sv miklum mun sem
sl er ljsari en nttmyrkr, sv myklu er ok meiri ..., by so much as the sun is brighter than night-
mirk, so much greater ..., 116; engum mun verr en r, nothing less than before, .H. 69; engum
mun betr, not a bit better, 222; ngum mun betri, 113; ok var s ngum mun fegri, 75. IV. the
adverb, phrase, fyrir alla muni, by all means; fyrir hvern mun, id., Gull. 7, Grett. 193 new Ed.,
Fms. i. 157; fyrir ngan mun, by no means, Edda 57, Nj. 200, 201, Fms. i. 9, Gl. 531. V. plur.
means, things, objects, property; en hann at er et fyrra vrit var eim munum, Grg. ii. 338; at
eigi moni or alla yra muni til leggja, to contribute all one's means, strain every nerve, .H. 32;
her , fair, ar marga na muni til gefna, Ld. 102; ok vildi, at allir landsmenn legi sna muni
til at biskups-stll vri edr, Fb. iii. 446. 2. biskup talai hr um mjkliga, las fyrst smm ok smm
munina fyrir eim. expounded all the details for them, Fms. ix. 52; slkt sem hann fkk munum
komit, such that he could manage all that he could get (metaphor from counting or balancing), Jtv.
40; f-munir, means; vits-munir, 'wit-means,' reason; ges-munir, skaps-munir, temper; gagns-
munir, useful things.
MUNR, m., gen. munar and muns, pl. munir, [Ulf. muns = GREEK; A.S. myn -- love, mind; Engl.
mind; mid.H.G. minni; Germ. minne-sang] :-- the mind, Edda (Gl.); af munar grunni, Hful. 19; r
munar ngum, the mind's straits, Kormak; munar myrkr, Lkn. 4; munar str, the mind's distress,
Skv. 3. 38; missa munar ok landa, to lose life and land, Hkv. 2. 44. II. a mind, longing, delight; at
mnum, num munum, to my, thy mind, i.e. as I like, as thou likest, Skm. 35; vat lfrull lsir of
alla daga ok eygi at mnum munum, for the sun shines all day long, and yet not to my mind, b. 5,
in the words of the love-sick god Frey, which call to mind Hamlet's words (this most excellent
canopy, the air, etc.); at mannskis munum, to please anybody, Skm. 20, 24; ns ea mns munar,
43; leita e-m munar, to comfort one, Gkv. 1. 8; at mun banda, according to the will of the gods, Hkr.
i. (in a verse); at mun snum, to one's heart's content, Fms. i. 27 (in a verse); hverr lifi at snum
mun, Bjarn. (in a verse), Og. 34; mun e-m, to one's mind or liking. Korm. (in a verse): at grir
eptir mnum mun, Fb. i. 21: the phrase, e-m leikr munr e-u, to have a mind for; tak sjlfr vi eim
ef ykkisk of get hafa er r leikr munr at, Ld. 318, v.l; lk mr meirr mun, I longed more
for, Skv. 3. 39; as also, leika at muni, Gsp.; grta at muni, to weep heartily, Vtkv. (in a verse); land-
munir, q.v.: and in mod. usage, mr er a mun, I have a mind for that. 2. love; s inn mttki munr,
Hm. 93; vttak mins munar, I waited far my heart's delight, 95: the phrase, komask muni vi e-n,
to insinuate oneself, vita ef ek get komisk muni vi lfu konu hans, Vgl. 58 new Ed. COMPDS:
muna-fullr, adj. delightful, Sl. 35. munar-heimr, m. delight's abode, the world, of pleasure, Hkv.
Hjrv. 42. munar-lauss, adj. (mod. munaar-lauss), joyless, orphaned, Gkv. 1. 4, (cp. munaar-
leysi, n. orphanhood, and munaar-leysingi, a, m. an orphan, which forms are freq. in mod.
usage.) mun-ligr, adj. delightful, Lex. Pot. mun-r, n. a match on which one has set his heart,
Hkv. 2. 14. mun-strnd, f. the 'mind's-strand,' pot. for the breast, Hful. 1. mun-strandi, part.
love-awakening, epithet of a girl, Haustl. mun-tn, n. 'mind's-town,' pot, for the breast, Fas. i. 437
(in a verse). mun-vegar, m. pl. the ways of joy, the heavens, Stor. 16.
MUNU, a verb whose present is in preterite form, see Gramm. p. xxiii; pres. man, mant (mant,
munt), man, pl. munum, munut, munu; pret. mundi; subj. pres. muni; pret. myndi; imper. mun,
muntu; pres. inn. munu; pret. inn. mundu. In the oldest vellums an o is used throughout for u,
thus inn. monu, pret. mon, monu, and so on, whence subj. mndi; thus Thorodd, mon-a (will not)
mn mna; and leka mndi hsit (the house would leak) ef eigi mndi (thatched) smirinn, Sklda;
mun'k = mun ek, Ad. 14, Skv. 1. 40; man'k = man ek, Fms. vii. 337 (Mork.); mona'k = muna ek
(subj.): with neg. suff. pres. mon-a, she will not, Thorodd, Hful. 17; monka ek, I shall not, Hkv.
Hjrv. 23, Fms. x. 342 (in a verse); mon-at, mun-at (3rd pers.), shall not; monattu or munattu (2nd
pers.), Gs. 19, Ls. 49; munum-a, we shall not, Hallfred; see -at, p. 2 :-- a pret. pl. manu without
umlaut, or even with a throughout sing. and plur., is also freq. &FINGER; In mod. usage and MSS.,
as also in less correct paper transcripts of vellums, and in Editions, the pret. inn. mundu is freq.
turned into a subj. from mundi, and ought to be restored; thus in Eg. -- sgu at vera mundu (Ed.
mundi) rg llra manna, ... konungr kvesk v mundu (Ed. mundi) heldr af tra, cp. Eb. (pref. p.
xxxviii new Ed.) B. Will, shall, as an auxiliary verb simply denoting futurity, followed by an
innitive; munu margir ess gjalda, Nj. 2; mant vera feigr mar, 63; sem n man ek telja, Grg.
ii. 211; aldri hafi nd mn tv lkami ok eigi mun hn hafa, heldr mun hn einn lkama hafa n, ok
ann mun hn hafa dms-degi, Fms. iv. 121; hn kvesk hans forsj hlta mundu, ... ok kvesk
ganga mundu, Ld. 14; sv man mir n til tla, Nj. 58; munt ekki mn at slku urfa, 55; mon ek
grask inn mar, .H. 47; en ek mon ik lta vera gfgastan lendan mann, id.; man yr eigi
sv ... at eigi mone r (subj.), 32; segir at n man til vera s mar, 33; hr mant konung upp
fa, mir, 64; n man ek koma til Uppsala-ings, 67; mono vr veita r atgngu, 69; vel man
r fara, Nj. 55; mant segja daua minn, 58 (but munt, next line); arr munu r vera
frndr Hallgerar, id.; man ek ekki gra hann at rli, id.; hvat ek veit, segir Gunnarr, hvrt ek
man v vaskari mar en arir menn, sem ..., whether I am, whether I should be, id.; hann lt
sv bit mundu vera at vera (a threefold inn.), sl. ii. 357. II. with a suggestive sense of may
be, probably, about, often answering to may be, perhaps in mod. writers; mundi lfa rijungr
ntr, perhaps the third, about the third part, Fms. ix. 475; eir myndi hafa nr sjau tigi manna,
Sturl. iii. 239; hverr mundi segja? Edda 144; ok mundi hann vita at fyrir er hann vissi daua
sinn, Nj. 98; ok myndi at Njll tla, at ..., 93; eir sgu at vera mundu rg llra manna, it was
nothing but ..., Eg. 55; sgu at rlfr mundi vera hollr konungi, that Th. was no doubt faithful,
id., passim. III. in asking and answering, corresponding to Engl. would'st thou? I will; Munt veita
mr at er ek bi ik? Hvat er at, segir konungr, Fms. vi. 392; munt mr, Freyja, fjarhams, lj?
-- munda ek gefa r tt r gulli vri, kv. 3, 4; mundu eira mla? answer, mun ek, Hkv.
Hjrv. 2; munt stefna vilja Hallvari? Glm. 365; mun hann daur, is he dead? Nj. 135. IV.
denoting injunction; hann mlti til Einars, at hann mundi (told him to) leita sr vistar, Hrafn. 5; sv
he ek helzt tla at bo itt muni vera at linu sumri, Ld. 14 (but rarely). V. ellipt., the inn. vera
being left out and understood; rit brag mun at v (viz. vera), Nj. 58; lti brag mun at, Ld.
136; Hlfr mundi mikill afreksmar, Mag. 4; torstt mun (viz. vera) at skja, Glm. 365.
&FINGER; Hardly any verb is more freq., e.g. munt hafa meira hlut sagi Njll, en man hr
hljtask af margs manns bani. -- Man nokkut hr minn bani af hljtask? -- Ekki man at af essu, en
munu eir minnask fornan fjandskap ok munt ekki annat mega en hrkkva vi, Nj. 90; hversu
mun n ganga san? mant ra til ings. man skamt eiga lifa, ella mant vera gamall
mar, ... Veizt hvat r man vera at bana ... at sem allir munu szt tla, segir Njll, 85. In mod.
usage the word munu is far less frequent, and futurity is in speech mostly expressed, as in Gothic,
by the pres. indic., as, eg fer morgun, where an ancient would have said, ek mun fara morgun;
but in solemn style munu is retained, thus, sj, munt barn geta kvii num, ok munt son fa
ok hans nafn skalt (not munt) kalla Jess; hann mun mikill vera, ok kallast sonr hins Hsta, og
Gu Drottinn mun gefa honum sti sns fur Dav, og hann mun rkja yr hsi Jakobs a eilifu,
hans rkis mun og enginn endir vera ... Heilagr Audi mun koma yr ig, og kraptr ins Hsta mun
yrskyggja ig, af v at a hi helga sem af r mun fast skal nefnast ..., Luke i. 31 sqq. in the
Icel. N.T. (Vdal.)
munu or mun, f., contr. from mun-hug (Barl. 86), mun-ug, [munr and hugrj :-- pleasure,
lust; likams or lkamlig munu, carnal lust, Hom. 85, 128; bindask munoa sinna, ... lifa at
munoum, Hom. (St.); draga st eirra saman til munygar vi sik, Br. 14; munugar l, a life of
lust, 655 ix. C. 2; til munugar sinnar, Str. 32; mti munug sinni ok veraldar girnd, O.H.L. 86;
deila munu, Og. 24; drgja munu, Sl. 18; js munu, a woman's love, Hm. 78; munaar rki,
sensuality, Sl. 10. COMPDS: munhug-ligr, adj. sensual, Barl. 86. munu-l, n. a life of
pleasure, Al. 87, Stj. 84, 119, 144, Eluc. 27, Ver. 41, Mar. munu-lfr, adj. sensual, Rm. 312.
munu-samligr, adj. voluptuous, sensual, Hom. (St.)
MURA, u, f. goose-grass, silver-weed, potentilla anserina, Fms. xi. 289, Hjalt.; ttu brn ok buru
grfu rtr og muru, Maurer's Volks.
murka, a, dimin. from mor, to mangle: in the phrase, murka l r e-m, to rack the life out of
one.
murningr, m. a slow racking pain, Fl. x. 19.
murra, a, to murmur, Stj. 238, 291.
murran, f. murmuring, Stj. 291.
murta, u, f. [Swed. mrt = cyprinus rutilus, see Ivar Aasen], a kind of small trout, as also of any
small sh; steld ekki murtu ms, Snt 268; silungs-m., sk-m.; the word seems to occur in
Eyvind's verse Hkr. i. 185, vita ef murtur (not murur or mtur) veri falar vinum mnum, for the
poet was going to purchase a herring: hence murtr, m. and murti, a, m. a nickname = a little fellow,
Sturl., Orkn.
muskra, a, to murmur, maunder.
musla, a, [mur = munnr], to munch.
mussa or muza, u, f. [cp. muzza, Du Cange], a kind of loose jacket; eigi hafi hann pltu muzu n
brynju, Bv., freq. in mod. usage.
mustarr, m. [from mid. Lat. mustarda; Fr. moustarde, moutarde], mustard, N.T.
musteri and mustari, n., mysteri in Hom. 46, 97, [eccl. Lat. monasterium; A.S. mynster; Engl.
minster; Germ. mnster] :-- a temple, freq. in old and mod. eccl. writers, as the translation of
'templum' in a Jewish and Christian sense, while hof is used in the heathen sense, Bs., Stj., Hom.,
N.T., Pass., Vdal. passim.
MGR, m. [akin to Engl. mow], a swathe, but only in the weak form mgi; hann hafi slegit fur
allar ok frt r saman mga, ... ok er kallar kvis-teigr milli hverra mga, Fb. i. 522, freq. in
mod. usage, mga-slttr, m. mowing into swathes, Fb. i. 522. II. mgr or mgi, a, m., metaph. the
crowd, common people, populace, mob; me vingan alls strmennis, ok at samyktum mginum,
Al. 9; heimskr mgr, the foolish mob, Sks. 340; lta mg sinn ok hfa-tal, 341; allr mgr Sva,
Hkr. i. 55; mgr ok margmenni, .H. 34, Bjarn. 9, Grett. 82; ar sem mg(r)inn st, Eg. 532; me
mga hers, Fms. vii. 183; mga manns, r. 29; mgr manns, Fms. xi. 245; var at enn mesti mgr
manns, .H. 211; lands-mgr, the people of the land; al-mgi (Dan. almue), the common people.
COMPDS: mga-menn, m. pl. the common people, Bs. i. 732, 735, Stj. 426, 642. mga-vetr, n.
mobwinter, the name of a wild winter, Fms. vii. 183.
ml-asni, a, m. a mule.
ml-binda, batt, to muzzle, Grg. i. 383, Fas. ii. 231.
MLI, a, m. [mid.H.G. ml; Germ. maul], prop, a muzzle, snout (= trjna), whence the mouth of
beasts; gltr me jrnuum mla, of a war-engine, Sks. 395; binn mlinn me jrni, Rm. 292;
har-mla, hard-mouthed. Germ. hart-mulig; kol-mlugr, black-mouthed: mlar, adj. = Lat.
rostratus: mla-stykki, n. a smith's vice, Vm.; korna-mli, a nickname, Landn. II. [Scot. mull;
Shetl. and Orkn. mule], a jutting crag, between two dales, fjords, or the like; hann snr egar af
leiinni ok upp mlann ok sv eptir hlsinum milli Hrafnkelsdals ok Jkuldals, Hrafn. 20, very
freq. in Icel.; fjalls-mli, a mountain peak; Digri-mli, Seljalands-mli, Landn.: as also in
numberless local names. Mli, Mla-fjall, Mla-eyjar, Mla-sveit, Landn., map of Icel.; so the
Mull of Cantire = Satiris-mli, Mull of Galloway, the Mull-head in the Orkneys, and the like, local
names given by the Norsemen; perh. also the island of Mull, whence Mylskr, adj. = a man of Mull,
Fms. vii. 42 (in a verse).
mll, m. a muzzle.
mll, m. [Lat. mulus], a mule, Flv. 31, Stj., Str., Sks., Karl.
mnk-l, n. a monastery, Hom., Greg., Stj., Str., Bs.
MNKR, m., mod. also contr. mkr, m. [eccl. Lat. monachus] :-- a monk, friar, Bs., Sks., Greg.,
etc. passim; mnka-bnar, -kpa, -klaei, Fms. vi. 188, viii. 357; mnka regla, a monastery, Ann.
1344; Mnka bryggja, Monk's-bridge, Fms. vii. 183; mnka klaustr, a monastery, cloister, xi. 392;
Gr-mnkar, Gray-friars; Svart-mnkar, Black-friars: munki, a, m. a nickname, viii: in local
names, Mnka-vera, mod.; Mka-ver, Bs. :-- of a game of cards, gkk eim Indria betr, hver
strokan og mkrinn eptir annan. Piltr og Stlka 23.
mra, a, to wall, provide with a wall, Fms. vi. 152, Stj. 44, 247.;
MRR, m. [from Lat. murus], a wall of brick or stone, Fms. i. 104, Stj. 70, 205; staar-mrr,
borgar-mrr, a castle-wall :-- a prison, tower, Bs. i. 833. mr-grjt and mr-steinn, m. bricks, jal.
49.
MS, f., pl. mss, acc. ms, mod. ms; [A.S. ms, pl. ms; Engl. mouse, pl. mice; O.H.G. ms;
Germ. maus, pl. muser; Dan. muus; Lat. mus; Gr. GREEK] :-- a mouse, H.E. i. 482, Al. 169, Stj.
23; spilltu mss kornum ok krum, var ar va jr hol ok full af msum, Bs. i. 293; ms hljp
an kinn mr, Fs. 140; sr kttrinn msina? sl. ii. 309; sv hrddr sem ms skreppu, Fms. vii.
21; hlaupa hingat ok angat sem mss holur, viii. 39; veia ms, to catch mice; mss sv strar
sem kettir, .H. 109 (rats?); s hann ms tvr ara hvta en ara svarta, Barl. 56; mss Valkar,
Welsh mice, strange mice = rats, Fms. xi. 279; whence mod. Icel. valska, q.v.; ar-ms, skgar-
ms, a wood-mouse, mus sylvaticus, Eggert Itin.: allit., mar og ms, thus in Danish if a ship is lost,
'med mand og muus,' i.e. with all hands. In tales mice are said to pass over rivers on cakes of cow-
dung (skn), steering with their tails, see Eggert Itin. ch. 329, and sl. js., which reminds one of
the witch who sails 'like a rat without a tail' in Shakespeare's Macbeth. For the fabulous tales of
wizards keeping a ar-ms that it may always provide them with money see Maurer's Volks.;
when the wizard dies, the mouse breaks loose into the sea and a tempest arises, called Msar-bylr,
mouse-tempest; that a similar superstition existed in olden times may be inferred from the name
Msa-Blverkr, Landn. 2. the name of a mouse-gray young cow, sl. ii. 401. COMPDS: msar-
brag, n. a trick in wrestling, treading on the adversary's toes, Fas. ii. 346. msar-brir, m. a
'mouse-brother,' the wren; also called msar-rindill, m., Eggert Itin. ch. 678. msar-eyra, m.
'mouse-ear,' forget-me-not, a plant, Germ. maus-hrlein. myosotis. msa-gangr, m. a gang of mice,
Bs. i. 194. msa-gildra, u. f. a mouse-trap. B. Metaph. the biceps muscle in the arm; aug r ein
ok kom hnd Hkoni konungi upp msina fyrir nean xl, Hkr. i. 159; kom ein r handlegginn
msina, Bs. i. 781: ms in A.S. and O.H.G. is used in a similar sense; cp. also Lat. musculus = a
little mouse, whence muscle: the chief muscles of the body were named from lively animals, thus
skr of the cheek (kinn-skr), ms of the arm, kl (calf) of the leg.
ms-grr, adj. mouse-gray, cp. sl. ii. 401 (for myrkrar read mskrar?).
Mska, u, f. a mouse-gray mare.
Mspell, n. the name of an abode of re; in the old mythology peopled by Mspells lir, the men
of Muspell, a host of ends, who are to appear at Ragnarok and destroy the world by re; the prose
in Edda 3 may have been derived from some lost verses of the Vlusp, for the name appears at the
end of that poem (Vsp. 51) as if it were already known; it occurs nowhere else in the Norse
mythical songs, except in Ls. 42 (mspells-megir). Mspells-heimr, the abode of Muspell, Edda 4.
This interesting word was not conned to the Norse mythology, but appears twice in the old Saxon
poem Heliand -- mutspelli cumit on thiustra naht, also thiof ferit, m. comes in dusky night, as a thief
fares, i.e. but the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night, 2 Pet. iii. 10; and, mutspellis
megin obar man ferit, the main of m. fares over men, see Schmeller's Edition; a third instance is in
an Old High German poem on the Last Day -- dr ni mac denne mac andremo helfan vora demo
muspille = there no man can help another against the muspell-doom. In these instances muspell
therefore stands for the day of judgment, the last day, and answers to Ragnarok of the Northern
mythology. The etymology is doubtful, for spell may be = the weird, doom, = Lat. Fatum; or it may
be = spoil, destruction; the former part mut or muod is more difcult to explain. The Icel. ms is an
assimilated form.
MTA, u, f. [Ulf. mta = GREEK; O.H.G. mta; Germ. maut(Schmeller); cp. Ulf. mtareis =
GREEK] :-- a law term, a fee, gratuity, for transacting business, as also a pittance, whence
afterwards it came to mean dishonest gain, a bribe, a fee given in stealth or under false pretences;
gull er grams mta, gold is the king's grant, Lex. Run.; rtt er at eir ge mtur af fnu, Grg. i.
207; ef mar tekr dnar-f austr, hann at gefa mtu til fjr-tokunnar ef hann nir eigi ella, ok
gefa sem hann m minnsta, 221; en munt eigi vilja selja mik fyrir mtur, Flv. 37; snkja til
mtu, to go begging for a fee, Grg. (pref. clxviii); Austmarinn kvask mundu hafa selt honum, ef
hann hefi fyrr komit, me vlku veri sem Steingrimi, en segisk n ekki mundu taka litla mtu (a
pittance) til at brega essu kaupi snu, Rd. 251; hvat he ek slkt heyrt, at taka sr mtu sem
ptur (to take fees like harlots), ar sem sazt til jrns ok tkt f-mtu btina, Fb. ii. 197; eir
hafa tekit mtur af bndum at taka fals slkt er eigi ykkir gjaldgengt, .H. 157; em ek eigi vanr at
taka mtur ai mnu, to exhibit my strength for money, Fms. iii. 179: the phrase, mla mmtur,
to be silent, as if every word had to be extorted by a fee; eigi arf etta mtur at mla, let us make
a clean breast, speak out at once, Nj. 180, 228: cp. also the old Swed. law phrase, jor ma eighi a
muto taka, land must not be given into mta, Schlyter. 2. a bribe; en selt rttlti snum dmum
fyrir mtur ok manna mun, Al. 105,; eigi ri mtan sv miklu me rangltum dmara, 115;
elska sannindi en fyrir-sm mtur, Stj. 299; at eir ha tekit f gipting systur hans, ... en ef
einhverr verr sannr at v, at hann ha til ess mtu tekit, reii slkt upp sveininum sem hann tk
mtuna ok heiti drengr at verri, N.G.L. i. 231 (Js. 63), freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: mtu-f, n. a
bribe, Hom. 33, 86. mtu-girni, f. corruption by bribery, Sks. 358. mtu-gjarn (mtu-gjarnligr,
Sks. 451), adj. open to bribes, corrupt, Al. 4. mtu-gjf, f. bribe-giving, Fms. ix. 329 :-- bartering,
munt au hvrki plokka af mr me mtugjfum n heitan, Ld. 150.
mta, a, to bribe, with dat. of the person and thing; mta e-m e-u.
mtar, part. [from Old Fr. muter; Engl. to mute, moult; the Lat. mutatus is a hawk that has been in
the muta (Fr. mue, Engl. mews), and has done moulting] :-- of a hawk that has moulted; einn hinn
frasti gshaukr me fgrum ftum, sv sem hann vri mm sinnum ea sex mtar, Str. 75,
where the French original has mues; sund gshauka mtaa, Karl. 485.
mtari, a, m. a hawk, Edda (Gl.), occurs in Sighvat, but is nevertheless a French word; see mtar.
mtera, a, [Lat. mutare], to change, Rb. 232.
mygla, a, [mugga], to grow muggy or musty; en er minnakit tk at mygla, Landn. 34; myglat
brau, Stj. 367; myglar ostr, mygla hey, and the like.
mygla, u, f. [Swed. mgel], mustiness, Stj. 567 (of blight in a crop), freq. in mod. usage.
myglugr, adj. musty, Stj. 357.
MYKI, f. indecl., but an older form mykr (mykrin) occurs as a GREEK, Hkr. i. 73, in the transcript
of the vellum Kringia; but the Cod. Fris. (l.c.) has mykin, 37; a gen. mykjar is nowhere recorded;
mod. mykja, u, f.: [Dan. mg; cp. Engl. midden = Dan. mdding = qs. myki-dyngja; cp. also Ulf.
maihstus = GREEK; A.S. meox; Scot. and North. E. muck; Germ. mist; akin to moka, q.v.] :-- dung;
en er mykin (mykrin v.l.) hafi fallit sinn, Hkr. (Cod. Fris.) 37; brenna skinn, bein, sltr ok myki
(acc.), Stj. 319; ok spai yr moldu ok myki, Hkr. i. 251; draga myki t, K..K. 100; reia myki,
Gl. 354; hann drap at eim myki (mykju Ed. from a paper MS.), Sd. 168. COMPDS: myki-kvsl,
f. a dung-fork, Fms. i. 75 (x. 222). myki-reka, u, f. a 'muck-rake,' dung-shovel, Finnb. 306. myki-
skn, f. a cake of cow-dung, orf. Karl. 430. myk-slei, a, m. (as if formed from mykr), Kormak.
mykja, a, to 'muck,' dung, manure, Gl. 34:.
mykla and mykill, see mikla, mikill.
mylda, d, [mold], to cover with mould; -myldr, unburied, Hom. (St.): mod. to beat (earth or dung)
into powder before spreading it as manure over a eld.
mylin or mulin, m. a luminary, the moon, Am. 15, Edda i. 472: the sun, id.: prop. a mock sun(?),
cp. Swed. moln.
MYLJA, pres. myl, pret. muli, subj. myli or mli, Ls. 43; part. muldr, and mod. mulinn; [akin
to mala, melja, etc.] :-- to shiver, crush; mylr hann me snum tnnum. Fas. i. 103; n eru eir allir
muldir sundr. Karl. 352; mergi smra mla ek meinkrku, Ls. 43; muldi sundr ftlegginn
annan, Bs. ii. 11; skeljarnar er muldar vru smtt, 180.
mylkja, t, [mjlk], to give suck; mylktir hann af num brjstum, Mar.; see milkja, milkr.
myln, m. (?), re, Edda (Gl.) ii. 486; akin to Mjlnir(?), q.v.
mylna, u, f. [from Lat. mola], a mill, ir. 131, Karl 281, 472, D.N.; the genuine Teut, word is
kvern, q.v. mylnu-mar, m. a 'mill-man,' miller, Fms. ix. 19.
mylnari, a, m. a miller, N.G.L. iii. 204.
mylsna, u, f. the dust, grounds of a thing, as opp. to large pieces; a er ekki eptir nema mylsna.
Myl-verjar, n. pl. the men from the island of Mull, Fms. x.
MYND, f. [prob. derived from mund], shape, form; hverja mynd sem hann her tekit sik, Fms. xi.
433; myndir ea sjnur, Stj. 91; oranna myndir, 67; nokkur elds mynd, a kind of re, 41; mynd
krossins, Fms. i. 136; boga mynd, Fas. i. 271; fjarri allri mannligri mynd, the human shape, Grett.
113; enga sjm vr hafa ina mynd, Fas. i. 244; gri hann alla mynd (all the frame) ess altaris,
Stj. 638; mynd, er ..., in the same manner, as ..., Fms. ii. 122; at nkkurri mynd, in some
manner, Bjarn. 55; mjk mynd ok me eim Siguri, much in the same way, Fr. 241. 2. a gure,
image; hs at er myndum var grt, Clem. 50: a metaphor, me mrgum rum myndum ok
merkingum, Stj. 420; mynd ok dmi trar, Fb. ii. 701: freq. in mod. usage, of pictures, ljs-mynd, a
photograph, and the like; -mynd, a shapeless thing; fyrir-mynd, a prototype; -mynd, the very
image. COMPDS: mynda-smir, m. a sculptor. mynda-smi, n. sculpture, myndar-ligr, adj. well-
shapen.
mynda, d, [mundr; Germ. mnden = discharge], to weigh, measure, of the mundr, q.v.; gripir
metnir ok myndir hendr eim er konu fr, N.G.L. i. 230; mynda skal meyjar-f allt, ok koma eyrir
eyri gegn, 29; for in the mundml (q.v.) the mundr was to be set off or balanced against the
damsel's dowry.
mynda, a, to shape, form, Hom. 130; mynda e-t eptir e-n, to shape' after, imitate, Hom. (St.): to
shape, form, vr hoturn mlt ok myndat vegginn, Fms. xi. 432, freq. in mod. usage. II. = munda;
ekki arf her at mynda til ess seni oss er hug, ' ti s nouse to hint at it, i. e. let us speak it out at
once, Nj. 224.
myndan, f. shaping; i-myndan, imagination; fyrir-m. = Germ, vor-bild.
mynding, f. [mundr], balancing the mundr a nd the heimanfylgja, N. G. L. i. 29.
myndugr, adj. [from Germ, miindig] , of age, (mod.)
mynni, n. [munnr], a mouth, opening; see minni.
mynntr, part, mouthed so and so, Sks. 170.
mynt, f. [a for. word], a mint, Rtt. 30.
myntari, a, m. a minter, mint-master, N. G. L. i. 446: a nickname, Fms. viii. 161.
MYRA, , later t, [moro], to murder. II. to conceal, murder, see the remarks on mor; skal ek eigi
myra (to suppress) etta konungs- brf, tt har myrt au konungs-brf er til pin hafa send
verit, Sturl. iii. 139; hann drap hann sofanda saeng sinni ok myri hann san, Fas. ii. 242; lzt mr
at r at vr drepifn hann ok myriin hann san, inun etta alldri vst vera, Fr. 177; hann drap
svcininn ok vildi myra en menu uru varir vi, Fb. ii. 79; san stefndi Helgi sbjarnarson
Helga Droplaugarsyni um at, at hann hefi myran dauan mann ok fkt sj ok huh ekki inoldu,
that he had 'murdered' a dead man, and put the corpse into the sea and not covered it with earth,
Dropl. 16; pat vissu allir at vt'r vilduni bana Sigmundar, en hvar fyrir mundu vr vilja myra ,
murder them, i. e. conceal them, FAT. 182; ok muni hann pa hafa verit drepinn er myrr, slain or
murdered, 183; hann myri Siûr til hringsins Hakonar-iiauts, 155; drepinn ok inyrr, slain and
murdered, Fb. i. 554; inyrir til hnossa, Am. 53; solanda myri, Sol. 5; inn mor au ok illvirki t-r
sendimcun niinir hafa par myrir verit, Fr. 199; knsett her ii hann mi ok mattu mi niyra hann
el" vilt, of infanticide, Fms. i. 6; fannsk ar barns lik er myrt hafi verit ok flgit ar, Hkr. iii.
184.
myrir, n. a murderer, destroyer, Lex. Pout.
myrginn, in. morning; see morginn.
myrk-blr, adj. dark bine, 544. 39, Fas. ii. 9;;.
myrk-fara, u, f., poi;t. the ' mirk-farer, ' i. e. the night, Edda (Gl.)
myrk-flinn, adj. afraid in the dark, Grett. 126, Gsl. 151.
myrk-flni, f. the being afraid in the dark, Grett. 130, Stj. 111.
myrk-heimr, in. the world of darkness, Akv. 42: in plur., myrk- heimum, Fdda 70.
myrk-hrddr, adj. afraid in the dark, Fbr. 89, Gsl. 65.
myrk-hrinn, adj. = myrkflinn, Sturl. ii. 139.
myrk-leikr, m. darkness, Edda 209.
myrkna, a, to grow murky or ditsit; ef r myrknit ok blindisk, Stj. 241; (tunglit) vex ok verr,
myrknar optliga, Karl. 134.
myrk-ntti, n. [Old Engl. mirke nich. Story of Havelok the Dane, 1. 66], mirk-night, the dead of
night, Sturl. iii. 227, Stj. 559, Mar. 1108.
MYRKR, adj., myrk, myrkt, or myrt, . H. 216; with a characteristic v before a vowel, myrkvan,
myrkva, myrkvir; compar. myrkvari; superl. myrkvastr; later, as also in mod. usage, the v was
dropped, which form occurs in later vellums of the I4th century, thus myrkar, Stj. 30; myrk;iri, Fms.
vi. 229 (Hulda): ~;' for v, myrkjar, Rm. 373: [A. S. myrc; Hel. mlrki; Old Engl. and Scot, mirk;
Engl. murky; Dan. -Swed. wo rk]: -- mirk, murky, dark; myrkvar grimr, Fas. 1. 519 (in a verse);
myrkvan veg, Rm. 34; inn myrkvan vi, through the mirk-wood, Og. 25; myrkvan vafurloga, Skin.
8, 9; myrkt er nti, '/ i s dark outside, Skin. 10; urn kveldit er myrkt var oroit, Bs. i. 544; eir biu
ntr, en er myrkt var, Eg. 80; myrkt var stofunni, 215; gri myrt, . H. 216; myrkt, 218; um
kveldit er myrkt var, Hkr. i. 61; aldri var sv myrkt af ntt, at eigi vri rit list ar er hann for,
Edda 70, ir. 326; var sem myrkvast ntr, Fb. iii. 410, Fms. ix. 484; gri stnndinn daginn sv
myrkjan sem ntt vri, Rni. 373; of aptan er myrkt var, O. H. 139; myrkri stofu, Bs. i. 508; myrk
augu, dim eyes, Pr. 473: neut., gengu eir ann dag alian til myrks, Edda 28: of colour, var vant
kvgu rcvetrar niyrkrar, hn hut Mtis (but peril, read myskrar or the like), sl. ii. 401. II. metaph. d
ar k, obscure, hard to read; myrkvar kenningar, Gd. 78; myrk or, dark sayings, riddles; myrkr
stafr, at verr mrgum manni at um myrkvan staf villisk, of spell Runts with hidden powers, Eg.
(in a verse); mlti gir, myrkt ykki mr at nilt, at kalla skldskap essum heitum, Edda 48;
her hefr upp ok segir fr v er estum er myrkt, N. G. L. i. 184; baekr myrkvar ok skiljanligar,
Stj. 30; at mun ek sv'na jafnan at ek em eigi myrkr skapi, Nj. 179; myrkari ok kaldari r, Fms.
vi. 229. III. local names, Myrk-, Landn.; Myrk-vir, Fms. xii, Gl.
myrkr, n. [Dan. mrke; Scot, mirk] , darkness; leynask t myrkrit, Eg. 240: of the evening, allan
dag til myrks, fram myrkr, and the like: of fog, rak yr myrkr sv mikit at eir vissu eigi hvar eir
fru, Nj. 124; slku myrkri, Glm. 368; sjo-myrkr, Fnis. ix. 506 :-- an eclipse, Ann. 1184; myrkrit
mikla, on the 22nd of April, Ann. 1193, cp. 1312, '33oi Fms. vii. 152 :-- darkness from volcanic
eruptions, Ann. 1158, 1226, 1262, 1300, 1341, 1350, see also Hekla and hraun. 2. often in plur. in
an intensive sense, like Lat. tenebrae; essi guin inunu eiga myrkrunum at styra, Fms. i. 97; fr
eilifu Ijosi til endanligra mvrkra, 262; helvitis myrkra, Anal. 291; myrkra fullr, /w ll of darkness,
Mar.; myrkra hofingi, the prince of darkness, Al. 154; myrkra hra, myrkra star, the place of
darkness, i. e. hell, 153, 154, cp. Pass. 8. 4, 19, 20, and N. T. passim; this use of the plur. may have
been inuenced by the Latin.
myrk-ria, u, f. the ' mirk-rider' an ogress, witch, for witches were supposed to ride on wolves by
night, Hb. 20, Edda (Gl.)
myrkva, , to grow mirk, darken: impers., aptan dags er myrkva tk, Eg. 405; en er myrkva tk,
Fms. ix. 273, 506; tk at myrkva (myrkja Ed.) afntt, Eg. 230; en er ntt (acc.) myrkti, when
night grew mirk, late in the summer, Fms. i. 67; um hausti er ntt (acc.) tk at myrkva, Sturl. iii.
253, Grett. 115: pers., hann myrkti slina, Barl. 168, (rare): reex., ntt (nom.) myrkvisk, darkens,
Sks. 231 (but less good).
myrkva-stofa, u, f. a ' mirk-closet, ' dungeon, Nj. 163, Fb. ii. 384, Bs. i. 221, Grett. 195 new Ed.,
Fms. x. 307, Sklda 208, N. G. L. ii. 430, Stj. 200.
myrkvi, a, m., older form mjorkvi or mjrkvi :-- w irk, darkness, a dense, thick fog; myrkva ok
regn, Sks. 135, Hkr. i. 268; sHkurn myrkva, Ghiin. 368; legjr sv mikinn injorkva, at..., Al. 139;
reykr ea mjorkvi, Sks. 48 new Ed.; var mjorkvi mikill, Fms. ix. 39; gri myrkva mikinn
slgjan, vi. 261, viii. 178 (Fb. myrkvi I. e.); var ver vtt ok mjoorkva aug nokkur, wet and hazy
weather, 0. H. 182; mrkva-oka, a ' mirk-fog, ' hazy weather, Barl. 23, 172; oku-myrkvi, id.,
Fms. ii. 141.
Myrk-vir, in. Mirk-wood, as a mythical local name of a forest, Ls. 42, Hkv. i. 50, Akv. 13, and in
prose, Fms. i. 111, 113 C'n Holstein), Fb. ii. 72 (in Sweden), Hervar. S. ^Fas. i. 493 in a verse); cp.
the Schwarzwald in Germany.
myrk-viri, n. a dense fog, = myrkvi.
MYSA, u, f. [Dan. my s e], whey, milk when the cheese has been taken from it, Krk., passim in
mod. usage. mysu-ostr, in. cheese made of whey or goat's milk.
M, n. [O. H. G. mucca; Germ, m'ucke; Dan. myg; Engl. midget, a midge, gnat, esp. in a collect,
sense, Stj. 567; sva niargir sem my, swarming like midges. Sol. 53; m ok maura, my ok kleggja,
Eluc. 22: einn dag svaf hann uti slskini ok settisk my mart skalla honum, ... en myit hfsk upp,
Lv. 50; sem hit ykkvasta m, Art. 63 new Ed.; vr sveigjum tungu og tenn | trautt vr myit
fum, | en a er ei gott iyrir Grafnings-memi | a gapa ylir nuirgum aurn, a ditty: a local name,
My-vatn, n., Landn., map of Iceland, whence Mvetningar, m. pl. the men from M., K. Jj. K. 88.
COMPDS: my-bit, n. a midge-bite, Rd. 295. my-uga, u, f. a ' midge-ea, ' gnat, N. T. m- margr,
adj. sivarming like midges. my-vargr, m. a plague of midges, sl. js. ii. 2.
mgir, in., prop, a ' mower, ' destroyer, Lex. Pot.
MGJA, , [rmigr], to destroy, defeat, put down, prop, to mow down (?), with dat., me v at
num gui verr niygt, 656 B. 10; v meirr x kyn ess lys er meirr var vi leita at iny(g)ja,
Ver. 20; er mrgum my'gir me snu rki, Al. 70; eirra afkvmi mun sari hvrr ruin m. ok vilja
til jarar koma, Fms. v. 348; m. lguin, to break the law; m. uppgang e-s, to overthrow, put down,
Karl. 402, 548.
mking, f. softening.
MKJA, , older' form mkva, Fms. x. 331, MS. 623. 32, 0. II. 242; [mjukrj :-- to tmooth, soften,
Stj. 124, Fms. x. 288 (niyki); m. sik, to soften oneself, i. 97; m. hug e-s, Mar., Al. 5. II. reex. to be
softened; mykjask orurn, Fms. ix. 446, Bs. ii. 185; mvkjask til e-s, Mork. 25; jarl tk heniii heldr
seint fyrstu en niyktisk ran sv sem lei, Orkn. 304; heldr tti nn'r my'kjask skaplyndi hans
r k'tti, Eg. 418 :-- -recipr., mykiumk VI'T til um n'unin, Eg. 759-
mkt, f, softness, kindness, Bs. ii. 155, 228, Gd. 1.
mla, d, to muzzle.
MLL, in. a ball; kalia stein er cpli, hnot er my'l er likt, Edda 109; huu selr Hauki my'la tv ...
mylarnir kerlingar, Fb. i. 581; heri- my'll, a ' hard ball' -- a stone, Bragi: potit., inyll gevangs, the
ball of the breast -- -the heart, Ht. (R.): a ball in the stomach of animals, myll er vt'r sv ktilluni,
Fl. viii. 64.
mri-snpa, u, f. a moor-snipe, Edda (Gl.): also mri-sktr.
mr-lendi, n. a moorland, Eg. 130.
mr-lendr, adj. moorland, Landn. 126, Fms. xi. 354.
mrttr, adj. swampy, boggy, Eg. 130, Fas. ii. 553.
MRR, f., mod. myri, gen. myrar, dat. and acc. myri, pl. myrar; [Engl. m oor and mire] :-- a moor,
bog, swamp, Hkr. i. 55, Hrafn. 27, Eg. 409, 710, Nj. 203, Fs. 50, 65, Gull. 14, Fms. vi. 334, xi. 26,
Sks. 85, Sturl. i. 179: for the old custom of putting criminals to death in fens see Gkv. 3. II, Jonisv.
S. ch. 7, Kjaln. S. ch. 2, Tacit. Germ. ch. 12 :-- freq. in local names, Myri, Myrar, whence Mra-
menn, Mramanna-kyn, in. pl. the men from the county M., n. une of a family; Alpta-nivrr, Rana-
im'rr, Landn., map of Iceland.
Msingr, m. the name of the owner of the mill Grotti, Edda.
mskr, adj. mouse-gray, a conjectural reading in sl. ii. 401.
msla, u, f. [ms; Germ. muslein], a little mouse, Fas. i. 55.
mslingr, m. = msla, Fas. i. 107.
MA, d, [mr], to weary, plague :-- to exhaust, Stj. 417, passim :-- to chastise, 147. II. reex.
to weary oneself, be exhausted, troubled; mddusk eir af kulda ok hungri, 656 C. 21: hann var
mddr san vi eld, Fms. x. 407 :-- to lose breath, Grett. (in a verse), and passim in mod. usage :--
to trouble oneself, me v at vr mumk athuga-samligum rum, Sks. 72; Martha, mist
mrgu, Luke x. 41.
ma, u, f. a trouble, trial, Fms. v. 309, x. 147, Fas. iii. 99: distress. COMPDS: mu-lauss, adj.
without trouble, Fr. mu-ligr, adj. sad, troubled. mu-mar, m. an aficted man. mu-
samligr, adj. troublesome, Bs. ii. 142.
mddr, part. exhausted, Fms. x. 357, Fs. 49.
MGIN, n. pl. [mir], a mother and son (or sons) collectively, Fs. 37, Sturl. iii. 5, Ld. 234, 260,
Fms. vi. 107, ix. 233, Br. 4.
mgur, f. pl., gen. pl. mgna, Bs. i. 133, 355 :-- mother and daughter collectively, Gsl. 88, Ld.
116, Nj. 51, Fms. i. 207, Bs. i. 62, 218, passim, freq. in mod. usage.
mi, f. [mr], weariness, exhaustion, as also shortness of breath. Eg. 125, Nj. 116, Fms. vii. 288,
Fs. 146, 180. COMPDS: mi-liga, adv. sadly; svara m., Fms. i. 302: drawing a deep breath, verpa
m. ndinni, Nj. 272. mi-ligr, adj. troublesome, Mar., Fms. xi. 444. mi-samr, adj. aficting,
Hom. 125.
ming, f. trouble, Sks. 569, Th. 78, Stj. 112.
mr or mddr, in compds, sam-mr, from one mother; sundr-mr, not having the same
mother.
mr or meyr, f. = mey, a maid, a foreign form, which occurs in Gd. 3.
MG, f., often used in pl. [mgr], afnity by marriage; at frndsemi ok at mgum, Grg. (Kb.)
i. 159, Am. 52, Skv. 1. 44, .H. 57, Fs. 10, 116, Eg. 37, Korm. 140, Nj. 213, Gl. 145.
mgi, n. = mg, Band. 3, O.H.L. 32, Fas. i. 225, Sturl. ii. 98.
mgjask, , dep. to marry into a family, Landn. 300, Fs. 119: part. mgr, Sturl. iii. 9, Finnb. 252,
Grett. 190 new Ed.
MKIR, m. [Ulf. meki = GREEK; A.S. mece; Hel. maki] :-- a kind of sword; mkis eggjar, Hm.
16; hvassan mki, of the sword Tyrng, Fas. i. 521 (in a verse); mki mjfan mlfn, Skm. 25;
mki til hggs, Hm. 8l, Gm. 52, Ls. 12; hann her mki stran hendi, en orsteinn sver sitt, Fas.
ii. 426; me tveggjuum mki, sl. ii. 54; saxinu ea mkinum, Stj. 383; hafi Yngvi um kn sr
mki ... hann br mkinum ok hj ..., Hkr. i. 29; saxit Tuma-naut ... hr mtt sj mkinn Tuma
brur ns, Br. i. 527.
ml, see mel.
MLA, t, [Ulf. malian = GREEK; A.S. mlan, madelian; Germ. melden by way of metathesis;
Old Engl. mele; the Dan. mle as well as the Icel. are contracted forms, cp. nl from nadal] :-- to
speak, with acc. and absol.; mli arft er egi, Hm. 18; mla stalausa sta, id.; hv egi r, sv
at mla n megu, Ls.; margir menn mltu lla vi Skamkel, Nj. 80; eigi munt at vilja mla,
85; Gizurr hvti (Njll), ... mlti, 90, 91, 220, 228; stafnbar mltu, at hann skyldi mla allra
htingja heilastr, Fms. vii. 290; ml allra drengja heilastr, viii. 97; at tti mr mlanda
(gerund.), that is a remarkable speech, Fb. ii. 196; mla mrgum orum, to use many words, Hm.
104; mla essum orum, to use these words, Hkr. ii. 78; mla e-n orum, to address, Vm. 4;
mla hug sr, to speak to oneself, 623. 54; mla mli, to speak a language; hann mlti allstaar
eirra mli sem hann vri allstaar ar barnfddr sem kom hann, Bs. i. 80. 2. special usages;
mla ljt, to speak a libel, Grg. ii. 146; mla ru, to express fear, despondency, despair, Nj.
199; mla tl, hgma, to tell tales, falsehoods, 258; mla lg, to speak law, to have the law on
one's side in pleading, Fms. vii. 142; mla ljst, to speak out, Nj. 102; mla mtur, to speak with
reserve (see mta); hafa rttara at mla, to speak true, have right on one's side, Fms. iii. 22; mla
lgskil or lgskilum, to speak or perform public duties in court or in the assembly, Nj. 3, sl. ii. 255;
mia helgi e-s, to pronounce the inviolability of, Grg. i. 92; mla nlum, to plead a cause, 2; en er
hfingjar hfu ar mlt eim mlum sem ar stu lg til, Ld. 32; mla e-s mli, Grg. i. 198;
mla mlt ml, to say what all the world says, Gsl. 11, Stj. 463: mod. to say a plain word, speak
plainly; brf harlega mlt, worded, Bs. i. 554, Fms. ix. 389. II. to stipulate; mla e-t me sr, to
x, stipulate, appoint: fundusk eir, sem mlt hafi verit me eim, Nj. 256; mla mt me sr, to
x an interview, Eg. 564; mla sr man, to x an interview with her, Hm. 97 :-- mla sr e-t, to
stipulate, bargain for; vr hfum fund vrn mltan r hvert hr Gula, N.G.L. i. 4; ek hefka f
mlt mr dm enna ok monka ek mla, Grg. i. 79; slkan sta ok mldaga sem eir ttu sr
mltan, 154; eir mltu til f mikit at lyktum, Nj. 99; mlti hann at til at eiga dttur hans, 271; en
hn mlti at til vi konung, at hann skyldi vinna allan Noreg, Fms. x. 181; hvat er til mlt, Fs. 92;
ek mli til kaupa vi ik, Nj. 3; eir mltu til vinttu me sr at skilnai, Eg. 691; eir mla til
bardaga me sr um morguninn, Fb. i, 142; hygg at v vandliga at ml til hvers-vetna lla
ess er beiir hann, Fms. xi. 58; hs au er til skaa-bta eru mlt, for which compensation has
been stipulated, Grg. i. 459; mla til friar, to sue for peace, Fas. ii. 121 (fri-mlask). III. with
prepp.; mla mli, to speak in a language; mla Irsku, Ld. 76 :-- mla aptr, to retract, Sturl. i.
46 :-- mla eptir e-m, to take one's part, excuse him, Nj. 26, 53, Fms. vii. 120: to request, demand,
ix. 52: but mla eptir e-n, with acc., to lead the prosecution (eplir-ml) in the case of a slain man,
Grg., Nj., Sagas passim :-- mla fyrir, to order, prescribe; sem biskup mlir fyrir, Grg. i. 377;
sem rr mlti fyrir, Ld. 44; allt at silfr er hann mlti fyrir, which he had bargained, Fr. 6; at
brf er konungr mlti sv fyrir, at ..., Fms. ix. 447: to declare, Nj. 15: to cite a formulary, preamble,
or the like, mla fyrir skipi, to say the prayer when a ship rst puts to sea; gkk orvaldr til siglu
ok mlti fyrir skipi eptir si, Bs. i. 774; thus, mla fyrir grium, to declare a truce, by using the
proper formulary, Fms. ix. 53, Nj. 106; mla fyrir minni, to propose a toast, Fms. i. 35 :-- mla
mti, to gainsay, speak against, Eg. 72, Nj. 129, 158, Fms. vii. 290 :-- mla til e-s, see above :--
mla um e-t, to speak about a thing, Hom. 157; konungr var styggr ok mlti um nokkurum
orum, Eg. 16: to use an expression, utter (in an emphatic sense), of spells or the like, mikit her
Jkull um mlt, sv at mr er at eigi olanda, Fs. 54; lt ek at um mlt, at munt ..., sl. ii.
197, v.l.; ar mynda ek hafa get r upp eina sk, ef ek hefa eigi sv mikit um mlt, Hrafn. 8; sv
fr sem vr gtum at mikil-mannliga mundi vera um mlt af inni hendi, Fms. xi. 111; lt ek at
vera um mlt (of a spell) at verir at enni ljtustu trollkonu, Fas. ii. 152: cp. mli eg um og
legg eg a in mod. tales of witches saying their spell :-- mla vi e-n, to speak to a person, address,
Nj. 3, Eg. 92, passim; mla vi e-u, to gainsay, Edda 39, Fms. vii. 123, ir. 253, Hkr. ii. 198 :--
compds, -mla, to blame; for-mla, to accuse; hall-mla, to blame :-- impers., mlir sv, it is
said, Hom. 155. IV. reex. to speak, express oneself, esp. with prepp.; mlask fyrir, to ejaculate,
say one's say; nnrinn mltisk innan fyrir, og sagi sv, he spoke from the inner part of the house.
Fms. x. 262; hv , Gangrr, mlisk af gl fyrir? Vm. 9; hann bisk fyrir ok mlisk n fyrir
sem honum tti vnligast, Fms. xi. 134; Finnr andaisk r stt eirri ok mltisk r vel fyrir, ii.
164; mlask vel, lla fyrir, to be well (ill) spoken of, to make a good (bad) impression; grum vit
ga hans fer, hann her mikils misst, at mun vel fyrir mlask, Nj. 29; vg Gunnars spurisk, ok
mltisk lla fyrir um allar sveitir, 117; mltisk kvit vel fyrir, Fms. vii. 113; lla mun at fyrir
mlask, at ganga sttir vi frndr sna, Ld. 238 :-- mlask undan, to excuse oneself, decline, Fms.
ix. 227, Fb. i. 100 :-- mlask um, to utter, express; eigu vr vi at vera kvnir ok mlask eigi lla
um, Fms. xi. 389. 2. recipr., mlask vi, to speak to one another, converse; ekki mltusk eir eira
ann dag vi, Fms. vii. 127; mun hvat vi hfum vi mlsk, Nj. 111; ok munu vit ess urfa at
muna at, at vit hfum vel vi mlsk, 54; mlask lla vi, to bandy words, N.G.L. i. 333; mlask
vi einn saman, to talk to oneself (soliloquize), Stj. 617; orvaldr mltisk mjk einn vi inginu,
v at engir gengu berhgg vi hann, i.e. Th. had alone the word, for none in the parliament
opposed him, Sturl. ii. 61. 3. impers., e-m mlisk vel, to speak well; skal eigi marka reis manns
ml, kann vera at okkr mlisk betr annat sinn, Sturl. ii. 178: to make a good speech, sgu menn at
honum mltisk vel, Nj. 87; at lgbergi var grr mikill rmr, at Meri mltisk vel ok skruliga, 230.
4. part. mltr (q.v.), spoken.
MLA, d, [ml], to measure, Clem. 33, Sks. 629, Grg. i. 462, Fms. ii. 230, K.. 206, N.G.L. i.
323, passim.
mlandi, part. a pleader, Grg. ii. 112, Sturl. ii. 237.
mlgi, f. [mligr], prattle, much talking, Fms. iii. 148, Orkn. 464, Greg. 25.
mli, n. the pronunciation, voice, intonation; eg ekki hann mlinu, I know him by the voice :-- a
saw, a er mli, it is rumoured; munn-mli, oral relations; bgu-mli, bad grammar; um-mli,
utterances; vil-mli, friendly words, and in several other compds.
mli-, in compds, mli-askr, m., -ker, -kerald, n. a measure, vessel, N.T., Matth. v. 15, Stj. 293,
Gl. 524: mli-hlass, n. a measured cartload, Rd. 232, m. 60.
mling, f. a measuring, Edda 47, Stj. 211, Fms. xi. 441 :-- a measure, dimension, Sklda 175, Alg.
372, Stj. 292. mlingar-fri, f. geometry.
mlir, m. a measure, esp. of a certain measure, a sixth of a sld (q.v.), Gl. 524, Fms. x. 398, xi.
441, Stj. 621. 2 Kings vii. 17, B.K. 13, 16; korni fyllir mlirinn, the grain lls the measure, a
saying; of uids, N.G.L. i. 29; tveggja mla l, 137: of land, a eld sown with a mlir of grain,
240; nu mla land, Vm. 48; whence mlis-land, n. a land of one mlir, 49; it remains in the
phrase, hann er ekki lengi mlislandi, of a swift runner. mlis-l, n. a measure of ale, about six
gallons and a half, Fms. i. 31, N.G.L. i. 6; skyldi hverr mar eiga mlisl en gjalda f elligar,
Fms. i. 31.
mlska, u, f. eloquence, Hdl. 3, Post. 645. 90, Fr. 439, passim: idiom. nema mlsku allra ja,
Konr.: pronunciation, mod. mli, hn kvask kenna mlsku hans at hann var Galverskr, 656 C. 4.
COMPDS: mlsku-andi, a, m. the spirit of eloquence, Sks. 560. mlsku-mar, m. an orator, Sks.
315, MS. 656 C. 14.
mltr, part. spoken so and so, Grett. 146: esp. in compds, f-mltr, har-mltr, lin-mltr, lo-
mltr, sein-mltr, jt-mltr, hr-mltr, gla-mltr, and so on.
MNA, i.e. mna, d, to provide with a mnir, to roof; leka mndi hsit ef ekki mndi smirinn,
Sklda (Thorodd) 163, D.N. v. 637. 2. to reach or jut out, project, Lat. eminere; eir su hrauka ...
ok mndu upp r kollarnir (viz. out of the fog), Sturl. i. 179; mndu eir aptr (they turned back,
prob. erroneous = vendu) en Hkon bar haf, Fms. vi. 249. II. to gaze, look (stretching out the
neck), esp. with the notion of supplication; mna e-n. mna vonar-augum, freq. in mod. usage,
where the ancients said kaga, q.v.
mna, u, f. the spinal marrow, Slurl. ii. 95, freq. in mod. usage, mnu-stt, f. disease of the spine.
mnir, m., i.e. mnir, [Dan. mnning], the ridge of a house, Fs. 42, sl. ii. 194, Sks. 146, Ska R.
179; hs-mnir, q.v. mnir-ss, m. the ridge-rafter.
MR, f., gen. meyjar, dat. meyju, acc. mey; pl. meyjar, dat. meyjum: meyja, u, f. a later form in
MSS. of the 14th century, s meyja, meyjan, Stj. 136, Bs. ii. 27; meyja (voc.), Fb. ii. 194, Skld
H. 1. 9; as also nom. mey, Fas. iii. 177; [Ulf. mawi = GREEK; A.S. meowle = meyla, q.v.; Swed.
and Dan. m; the Engl. maid and Germ. magd are derivatives] :-- a maid, girl, virgin; aan koma
meyjar, Vsp. 20; mey, Hm. 81, 96; meyjar or, 83; mrg g mr, 101; en horska mr, 95, Vm.
47; meyja, 49; meyjar stir, Alm. 8; mr ta mey, Skm. 7; mr (voc.), 23, 25, 26; mr er mr
tari, 7; mr heitir fyrst hver, en kerlingar er gamlar eru, Edda 108; leizt honum mrin fgr, Eg.
23; Egill s ar mey fagra, ... mrin var kt ok grt ... Egill mlti vi meyna, 481, 483; mr tvtug
ea ellri, Grg. i. 307, 465; ekkjur ok meyjar tvtga ok ellri, ii. 108; eigi mr heldr gfuglig ekkja,
Fms. x. 294: a girl, hn lk sr gl vi arar meyjar, hversu lzt r mey essa, ykkir r eigi
fgr! rit fgr er mr sj, Nj. 2; ra l barn um sumarit, ok var at mr, Eg. 166; litlu sarr fddi
hn barn, at var mr, Steinn hlt meyjunni undir skrn, ht s mr ra, Steinn gaf meyjunni
ngrgull, .H. 144; hvrt sem er sveinn ea mr, N.G.L. i :-- a virgin, Gefjon, hn er mr ok henni
jna r er meyjar andask, Edda 21; hn var mr alla , 655 ix. C. 1: allit., brr Gus, mr ok
mir, Mar., esp. of the Virgin Mary, Lil.; mr meyja, the maid of maids, Hdl. (begin.) :-- of the
zodiac, Rb. (1812) 16. 2. freq. in poetry = a daughter, thus answering to mgr; Gmis meyjar, the
daughter of G., Skm. 12; mey tti hann, Rm. 36 (Bugge); her minn fair heiti meyju sinni, Hkv.
1. 18; Hmis meyjar, Ls. 34; meyjar Mgrasis, Vm. 48; Billings mey, Hm. 96; Hgna mr, Hkv.;
fgr mr fra, Vkv. 2: allit., Loka mr, the daughter of L. = Hel. t.; mr ok mgr, daughter and
son, Og. 9.COMPDS: meyjar-ml, n. pl. courtship, Fas. iii. 84, 94. meyjar-mundr, m. a maid's
mundr (q.v.), Fas. iii. 170.
MRA, , [Ulf. merjan = GREEK], to praise, laud, Ad. 1, Hful. 2, Geisli 20 :-- mra e-n e-u, to
bless one with a gift, Fms. vii. 152 (in a verse).
mr, f. [Ulf. meria = GREEK], praise, laud, Stor. 5, Lex. Pot, passim: an encomium. 2. mod.
cant, attery, hypocrisy, freq.
mringr, m. [mrr], a noble, illustrious man, Edda passim, also in mod. usage: the name of a
sword, Bjarn.
mrna, a, to become cheesy, of milk, Bjrn.
MRR, f. (i.e. mrr), gen. mrar, dat. and acc. mri :-- a land, prop. border-land, only in poetry;
mrar, Sklda 236 (in a verse); and in compds, bl-mrr (q.v.), the blue land = the sea; bor-mrr,
mfa m., id.; dag-mrr, the day-land, i.e. the heaven; hauk-mrr, the 'hawk-land' = the hand;
Mins mr, serpent-land, i.e. gold. Lex. Pot.: the word remains in landa-mri, border-land, and
II. in the local name Mri, f. a county in Norway; Sunn-mri, Nor-mri, Fms. passim; whence
Mrir, m. pl. the men of M.: Mra-jarl, the earl of M., a name of earl Rgnvald, the ancestor of
the dukes of Normandy and the earls of Orkney: Mrskr, adj. from Mri, Fms. Mri or Mrini, a
famed temple in Drontheim in Norway: hann lagi Mrina-helgi allan fjrinn ok lt engu tortna
ar nema kvikf heimilu, i.e. he made the whole fjord a sanctuary, extended the sanctuary to the
length of the whole fjord, Landn. l.c.
MRR, adj., compar. mrri, mrstr; [Ulf. mers in waila-mers = GREEK; O.H.G. mri] :--
famous, glorious, great, Germ. herrlich, of persons; mjtu mran, Vsp. 2; mrir tvar, Hm. 4;
mran kon; inn mri mgr Sigrar, Kormak; ins mra burar, Gm. 50; mrr jfurr, Lex. Pot.:
absol., bru mj mrar, Am. 8, 93; ena mru Ingunni, Fms. viii. (in a verse); deyrat mildingr mri
(compar.), vi. 427: of things, enum mra Mmis-brunni, Vsp. 22; inn mra mbul-vetr, Vm. 44;
inn mra mj, Skm. 16; mran drykk mjaar, Ls. 6; hrs at et mra, Akv. 5; inn mri vndr,
Korm. 98 (in a verse): j-mr, glorious.
MTA (mta), t, [mt; Ulf. mtjan; A.S. mtan; Engl. meet; Hel. mtjan; Dan. mde; Swed.
mta] :-- to meet, with dat. to meet a person; mtti hann r mira gara, kv. 9; mta e-m
brautu, Hm. 88; mttu eir gmundi, Nj. 5; eigi veit hvar manni mtir, a saying (= mod. eigi veit
hvar manni kann at mta), Fs. 106; ok mtir austmanninum Erni, sl. ii. 149; at mtti hann Grm
inum raua, Nj. 245; mtti orgeirr orvaldi, id., passim :-- lta r ri mta, to pay like for
like, Fms. i. 15; skal mta horn horni, hfr h, N.G.L. i. 41; lta dal mta hli, Fms. vii. 2.
metaph. to meet with, suffer, undergo; mta skaa, Bs. ii. 137; mta kvlum, 623. 64; mta
grningum, passim. II. recipr. to meet one another; eir mttusk frnum vegi, Nj. 60. 2. to join;
ar er mtisk Sogn ok Hraland, where the two counties S. and H. meet, Fms. i. 95; ar-mli
ar sem sr mtisk ok grn torfa, N.G.L. i. 13; ok skal at grafa t vi kirkju-gar, ar sem mtisk
vig mold ok vg, K..K. 16; menn eigu at ja hrossum snum annarra manna landi of sumar
ar er mtisk sltta ok sina, Grg. ii. 291.
mtask, t, dep. [meta], to make oneself costly; lta bijask lengi ok m. ok myklask, Str. 9: act. part.
in au-mtandi, a valuer, taxer of wealth, Kormak.
MTI, n. [meta], good things, wealth; mrg mti, many good things, Hm. 32; man ek at vr
meiri mti ttum, Vkv. 13; mtum gtum, Am. 66; nkkut mta (gen. pl.), Fsm. 29; veglig mti,
Lex. Pot.; veraldar mti, Nikuld., Skld H. 2. 38; hans mti kn ek hljta, Edda (in a verse). 2. in
prose; the phrase, hafa mti e-u (mod. mtur), to have a fancy for, to value highly; ok her lfr
enn meiri mti Sigmundi aan fr en r, Fr. 52; brandkrossarnir, eir sem hann hafi mest
mti , Vgl. 61 new Ed.; Gunnhildr lagi mikil mti laf, Ld. 72. COMPDS: mta-gripr, m. a
costly thing, Fas. i. 61. mtis-mar or mta-mar, m. a worthy man, Sturl. i. 9, Fas. i. 28.
mti-ligr, adj. valuable, Al. 93.
mtir, m. one who meets, Lex. Pot.
mtr, adj. valuable, excellent, of persons meet, worthy; mtr ok gtr, El., Stj.; mtan mar, Hdl. 5;
Gui ok hans mtu mur, D.N. i. 51; mtustu mur, Th. 78; mar mztr und slu, Gkv. 1. 7 :--
lawful, valid, dma sk mta er mta, Grg. i. 67; lg-mtr, lawful; -mtr, invalid.
mtur, f. pl.; in the phrase, hafa (vera) mtur e-u, = mti, Ld. 60, Fb. i. 262, Grett. 68 new Ed.,
Fas. i. 247 (in a verse), and in mod. usage; see mti above.
mgir, m. a peg, Edda (Gl.) 494.
mgl, n. murmuring, Stj. 324, Mar. passim.
MGLA, a, to murmur, Stj. 291, 322, 324, Bs. ii. 115, Fb. i. 440, Mar., N.T., Vdal. passim.
mglan, t. a murmuring, Hom. 26; mglunar or, Grett. 153. mglunar-samr, adj. grumbling, 686
B. 2, Grett. 148.
MGR, m., gen. magar, dat. megi, pl. megir, acc. mgu; [Ulf. magus = GREEK, Luke ii. 43, ix.
42, xv. 26; = GREEK, ii. 28; A.S. magu; Hel. magu; Gael. mac; mgr is masc. answering to fem.
A.S. mg, Engl. maid, Germ. magd] :-- prop. a boy, youth, and so, like GREEK a son; mannskis
mgr, no man's son, Hm. 147: allit., mey ok mg, daughter and son, Vm. 33; mla vi mg, Hm.
23, Skm. 2; okkarn mg, 1; geta mg, Ls. 35, 36; megir Heimdalar, sons of H., Vsp. 1; maga inna,
Am. 79; mgr Sigfur, Vsp. 55; mgr Hlynjar, 56; megi hverungs, 55: mns magar, Gm. 24;
magar ris, Ad. 16; magar Hallgars, Ht.: allit., mgr mur kallar, Grg. ii. 170; mgr fann
mmu, Hm. 2; sk-mgr, a son by adoption, also a beloved son. II. a mate, a man, Fm. 33; f-
megir, Vsp. 51; vl-megir, sons of misery, slaves, Bm. 1; heipt-megir, enemies, Hm. 149; Muspells
megir, the men of Muspell = demons, Ls.; her-megir, war-men, warriors, Hkv. 2. 4; Hropts-megir,
the men of H. = the gods, Ls. 45; lj-megir, the people, Hkm.; sess-megir, bench-mates, Hm. 153;
dag-megir, daysmen(?), Am. 61; s-megir, the Ases, gods, Fsm.; drtt-megir, the sons of men, Vm.
11, 12. III. in prose obsolete except in Mgr, a pr. name, dat. Mg, Bs. i. magar-ar, a, m. a son's
heir, N.G.L. i. 206.
mgu-liga, adv. possibly.
mgu-ligr, adj. [from Germ. mglich; the word appears in the 14th century] :-- possible, Fms. xi.
431, Fas. i. 45, freq. in mod. usage.
Mg-rasir, m. the giant father of the weird sisters (hamingjur), Vm.
mk, n. pl. intercourse; in the phrase, eiga mk vi e-n, ef eir eiga vi hann kaup er nnur mk
nokkur, Grg. ii. 164; see mak.
MKKR, m., dat. mekki, [akin to makki?], a dense cloud; upp setr mkk inn mykla, Sklda (in a
verse), Fb. i. 212 (the verse), freq. in mod. usage; og hrynja ltr hvarmskrar hagli r mekki blm,
of a cloud on a mountain top, Bjarni 58; oku-m., sk-m., gufu-m., a cloud of fog, vapour.
Mkkur-kl, a, m. the name of the clay giant, Edda 57.
mkkvi, a, m. a cloud, mist, Sks. 203; ok um mintti mni mkkva sig hylr, Bjarni 145.
ML, f., gen. malar [mala], pebbles, worn stones, i.e. the bed of pebbles on the beach or in a river;
annat liit st niri mlinni, Fms. x. 138; Flosi var uppi a mlinni, er hann s etta, Grett. 89; eru
eir n kasair ar mlinni, Fs. 175; glymja vi ml, d.; ar var brk ok ml fyrir ofan, Sturl. ii.
69, passim in mod. usage: pot., haukstrandar ml = gems, Hful. COMPDS: malar-grjt, n.
beach-pebbles, Eg. 141. malar-kambr, m. a pebble-ridge along the beach, Hv. 48, Finnb. 254,
Grg. ii. 354.
ml-brotinn, part. shivered into pieces.
MLR, m., acc. pl. mlu, Fb. ii. 78; pl. melir or gen. sing, malar hardly occurs; [Ulf. malo =
GREEK, Matth. vi. 19, 20; O.H.G. miliwa; Germ. milbe] :-- a moth; mun mlr eigi spilla, Pr.
474; eigi einn ml, 655 xiii. A. 3; mlu ok maka, Fb. ii. 78; er eigi grandar ry n mlr, Hom. 15;
mlr n ry, Matth. vi. 19, 20; sem mlr ea motti etr ok eyir, Barl. 44. ml-tin, part. moth-eaten.
mlva, a, [Ulf. malwjan, Luke iv. 18], to shiver, break into fragments, freq. in mod. usage.
mlvir, m. a shiverer, cracker, Lex. Pot.
MN, f., gen. manar, pl. manar, Akv. 37; [Engl. mane] :-- the mane of a horse; lsir mn af mari,
Vm. 12; mrum snum mn jafnai, kv. 6; manar meita = to cut the manes, Akv. 37; hann vildi
taka hesta sna ok skera mn , Rd. 268; hann sagi at hann mundi fara Hvtings-hjalla ok skera
mn hestum orsteins, Bjarn. 62; hann sker mn hestinum, Finnb. 282; rir fr at skera mn
hrossum snum ok Gumundr son hans me honum, Gull. 22. The cutting of horse's manes was a
favourite amusement in olden times, cp. man-skri, mane-scissors, mn-skurr, m. a mane-
cutting, Gull. 22.
Mn, f., gen. Manar, the Isle of Man. COMPDS: Manar-byg, f. (Eb.); Manar-menn, m. pl.
Manxmen. Manar-konungr, m. the king of Man, Fms. passim.
mnd-laug, f. = mundlaug, q.v.
mndur, m. a sword, from being grasped with the hand, Edda (Gl.)
MNDULL, m., dat. mndli, [qs. mundull, from mund; cp. Engl. mangle, qs. mandle; Germ.
mangeln] :-- a handle, esp. of a handmill; tkum skarpara mndli, Gs. 19: hrra mndul, Hkv. 2.
3, freq. in mod. usage. II. a pr. name, Fas. iii; as also a nickname, Fms. viii. mndul-tr, n. the tree
of the m., Hkv. 2. 3.
mpurr, m. [for. word], a maple-tree, Edda (Gl.)
MRH, m., gen. marar, dat. meri, [Engl. marten; Germ. marder; Dan. maard] :-- a marten; in
Edda (Gl.) mrr is wrongly put among the names of rams, for the marten is not known in Icel. II. a
pr. name, Landn., Nj.; from that Saga originated in popular usage, by way of metonomy, mrr = a
backslider (as a 'Judas'). marar-skinn, n. a marten's skin; see marskinn.
MRK, f., gen. sing. merkr, pl. merkr, [a word common to all Teut, languages] :-- a mark, in
weight equal to eight ounces or half a pound; twenty merkr make a fjrung, q.v.; eighty merkr = a
vtt; at er lgpundari at tta fjrungar eru vtt, en tuttugu merkr skolu fjrungi vera, Grg. i.
499. 2. a mark, by weight or value, of gold and silver, eight ounces (tta aurar) go to a mark, 732.
16; mrk silfrs, mrk gulls, rim mrkum gulls, Fms. vii. 235, Grg., Sagas passim; mrk vegins
silfrs, O.H.L. 23; gullhringa ok st mrk hvrr, Eg. 464: often used absol. so that the standard can
only be seen from the context, verr hann tlagr rem mrkum, Grg. i. 16, 132; varar honum at
sex merkr, tlf merkr, 319; varar at riggja marka sek, 499; hversu mikit f er etta? hann sagi
hundra marka, Nj. 4; alsteinn vill gefa skilling manni hverjum frjlsbornum, en mrk sveitar-
hfingja hverjum, Eg. 280; hann skal gjalda hlfa mrk fyrir eyri, Grg. i. 208; rj hundru
hundraa eptir forngildu marka-tali, Dipl. v. 20; sv mikit ofa-f at trautt kom marka-tali , Fr. 11;
hann var sv auigr af gulli at engi vissi marka-tal, Fms. vi. 176; merkr-kaup, a purchase to the
amount of a mrk, Gl. 497; merkr-jfr, a theft to the value of a mark, N.G.L. i. 326; merkr stykki,
a piece amounting to a mark, H.E. ii. 188. As to the standard, the value of a mrk varied at different
times and in different countries, see esp. Mr. Dasent's Essay in Burnt Njal. In Icel. the confusion
was made still greater, by the fact that (as remarked s.v. eyrir) the word mrk was also used of the
wadmal standard (the ell of wadmal), and so the law speaks of a mrk vamla, Grg. i. 500; mrk
sex ... lna aura, etc., K..K. 70, 172, but this is a contradiction in terms, for mrk is a weight, not a
measure: the real meaning is often only to be made out by the context, e.g. in questions of weregild
the weighed mark is no doubt meant. II. of uid, a pint, viz. half a pottr; in mod. usage all uids
and vessels holding uids are thus measured, tveggja, riggja ... marka askr.
MRK, f., gen. markar, but merkr, Fas. ii. 512; dat. mrk: pl. markir, Fs. 100, .H. 80, 142, Hkr. i.
55; later merkr, Fb. i. 134, Fms. viii. 31; [akin to mark, q.v.] :-- a forest; (prop. a march-land,
border-land, see mark, marka; in olden times vast and dense forests often formed the border-land
between two countries; cp. for Scandinavia, Sverr. S. ch. 12, 13; fru eir n austr markirnar, Fs.
100; austr um markir ok sv til Gautlands, .H. 80; hann ruddi markir ok bygi ar sem n heitir
Jamtaland, 142); eya annars manns mrk Gl. 79; eir er mrk eigu saman, 445; markar spell or
spjll, damage done to a forest, 368, Jb. 235; gengu eir til merkrinnar, Fas. ii. 512; var fyrir eim
mrk str, Edda 28; mrkinni, Fb. iii. 403; er r ok heimil vr mrk sem villt hggva lta, Fs.
27; ryja markir, ryja mrkina ok brenna, to clear forests, Hkr. i. 55; fundusk va mrkunum
skglaus lnd, ... brjta vegu um markir, mrar ok fjallvegu, id.; lagisk hann t merkr ok
veiddi dr, Fb. i. 134; strar mrar ok rngar merkr, Fms. viii. 31; Sverrir konungr skyldi fara yr
mikit vatn einni mrk, ... inni mestu mrkinni, 32; eyi-mrk, a wilderness. II. the word is freq.
in Northern names of places; Mrk is used of Finnmarken, Finn-mrk, Eg. ch. 14; rlfr fr va
um Mrkina, Eg. 41; rlfr fr enna vetr enn um Mrkina ok tti kaupstefnu vi Finna, 56; eru
va fjallbygir upp Mrkina 58: Markir, f. pl. the Markland between Sweden and southern
Norway, Fb. iii; whence Marka-menn, Marchmen, Fms. passim; cp. the Marcomanni of Tacitus,
Die Mark in Germany. When the woodlands were cleared and turned into elds the name remained,
thus in Danish mark means a eld, open space :-- in local names, Dan-mrk rs-mrk, a woodland
in southern Icel. sacred to Thor; a few farms in southern Icel. are called Mrk, Nj., Landn., different
from Holt: in Norse counties, Hei-mrk, ela-mrk, Vingul-mrk, Finn-mrk. marka-menn, m.
pl. robbers, outlaws (cp. Icel. skgarmar), Grett 118 A.
Mrn, f. an ogress or giantess, Edda (Gl.); the ship is called mrnar vakr, hestr, the steed of m.,
Hallfred; the sea, mrnar mr, Lex. Pot. II. the river Marne, Edda (GL).
Mrnir, m., as also Mrni, a, m. the name of an idoi, iggi M. etta blti, Fb. ii. 334 (in a verse).
Lex. Pot.
MRR, m., dat. mrvi, mod. mr, gen. pl. mrva, Bjarn. (in a verse) :-- the suet of an animal, Stj.
430, Bs. i. 568; soinn mrr, Kormak; forn mr. Bjarn. (in a verse); hlf vtt mrs var dilkinum,
Grett. 141 new Ed.; skera mr, to chop suet, K..K. 92, Vm. 119, Dipl. iii. 4, Bs. i. 611; netja ok
mr, Sks. 129; garn-mr, nrna-mr, the kidney-fat; mrva mgir. a term of abuse, Bjarn. (in a
verse); bl-mr, a kind of black pudding. COMPDS: mr-bjga, n. a sausage of lard and meat,
Korm. 34, Fbr. 193, 194, Sturl. ii. 132, Bs. i. 357 (810). mr-landi, a, m. (mr-lendingr, m., Bs. i.
222, v.l.; mr-fjandi, m. = suet-end, Fms. vii. 35), a suet-man, a nickname which the Norsemen
used to give to the Icelanders in consequence of their supporting themselves chiey by their ocks
and herds, vilt, mrlandi, ert mr-biskup, Bs. i. 357, 811, see also Fms. iii. 154, vii. 114, 118,
sl. ii. 39 (read mrlandi). mr-nefr, n. suet-nose, a nickname, Fms. vii. 138. mr-strtr, m. a
nickname, Fms. vii. Mr-sugr, m. marrow-sucker, the name of the midwinter month, Rb. mr-
vmb, f. suet-paunch.
mru-eldr, m., see maurueldr, Edda ii. 174.
mrvar, part. fat, of a beast.
MSKVI, a, m. [A.S. mscre; Engl. mesh; O.H.G. masca; Germ. masche; Dan. maske] :-- a mesh;
ra mskva, hann tk net ok garn ok rei mskva sv sem net er san, Edda 39 (i. 182, v.l.);
selnet tuttugu mskva djpt, Grg. ii. 358, freq. in mod. usage. The word seems to be used as neut.
(with the art. moskon) in O.H.L. 74, -- mun (= munu?) eigi gott ola moskon in (= moskvinn
inn?).
msmar, m. pl. treasures, Rm. 35.
MSURR, m. [O.H.G. masar; mid.H.G. maser; Early Engl. maser] :-- a maple-tree, 'spot-wood,'
Fb. i. 548. COMPDS: msur-bolli, a, m., -skl, f., -ker, [Old Engl. maser-bowl], n. a bowl or vessel
of maple, Fms. vi. 184, Karl. 53, Vm. 58, Dipl. iii. 4; such bowls are freq. mentioned in inventories
of churches, Vm. 58; cp. mid.H.G., where maser is even used of a chalice, a maple-wood cup.
msur-tr, n. a maple-tree, Fms. iii. 135,
mttul-band, n. a mantle-tie, fastening it round the neck, Fb. i. 131, Fms. vii. 201, Flv. 31.
MTTULL, m., dat. mttli; [no doubt from Lat. mantile, = a hand-towel or napkin; whence the
word came into the Romance languages, Ital. mantello; Span. mantilla; Fr. manteau; Engl. mantle;
thence into the Teutonic, O.H.G. mantal] :-- a mantle; occurring as early as in Kormak, but not used
elsewhere by old poets, although freq. in the Sagas, Fms. i. 211, ii. 280, xi. 275, Fs. 60, Nj. 28, Fb.
i. 20, ii. 131, Fr. 264, 266; the mttull was worn by both men and women; skikkja, which is the
genuine Norse word, seems to be synonymous with mttull; thus skikkja, Fagrsk. 115 (line 25), is
called mttull, 117 (line 24): the mttull was prob. a short light mantle, fastened by strings (tuglar)
round the neck, whence it was called tugla-mttull, Fb. ii. 130, Fr. 263, or mttull tuglum, and it
seems usually to have been of foreign cut and of costly foreign stuff (a purple mantle is mentioned
in Fagrsk. l.c.) II. as a pr. name of a Finnish king, Fb. iii.
mttul-skaut, n. a mantle-skirt, Korm. 214 (as also the verse), Fms. vi. 243.
mtu-, see mata.
N (enn), the thirteenth letter, is in the old Runes represented on the Golden horn by the character
RUNE on the stone in Tune by RUNE, and in the later Runes by RUNE or RUNE, all derived from
the Lat.-Gr. RUNE; it was called nau (need, A.S. ned), nau grir neppa kosti, Runic poem. In
ancient MSS. the capital N or the A.S. RUNE is used to mark a double n, thus, maij, keija,
UNCERTAIN = mann, kenna. PRONUNCIATION. -- The n is sounded as in other Teut. languages;
but nn after a diphthong has a peculiar sound like dnh, thus steinn hreinn = steidnh hreidnh;
whereas, after a single short vowel the sound is as usual, hann, mann; this ndh sound does not seem
to be ancient, as may be seen from rhymes such as, seinn ykki mr sunnan, Sighvat: a confusion
between rn and nn rst appears in MSS. of the 15th century; e.g. eirn hreirn, = einn hreinn, and so
in early print: before t the n is aspirate, vint = vinht, cp. introduction to letter L. CHANGES. -- The
nn before r in olden times was often changed to and sounded as , not only in mar, sur (= mannr,
sunnr), rum, arir, arar (from annarr), mir (= minnr), in which cases it is still sounded so; but
also in sar, mur, brur, r, mer, ur, gur, kur, = sannr ... kunnr; tver = tvennr, gryri =
grynnri, Bs. i. 342, 349; sarar = sannrar, Greg. 23, Lkn. 3: it is so used in rhymes by the poets; in
all these latter instances the nn has reappeared in mod. usage; cp. Engl. mouth = munnr, but sunna
(the sun). May not the change of the participles in -ir into -inn (Gramm. p. xxiv, col. 2) be due to
the same phonetic principle, but in inverted order? The n is elided in jamn-mikit, sounded and spelt
jam-mikit; jam-gr = jamn-gr :-- nn or n for nd, in sunz = sunds, lanz = lands, munulaug =
mundlaug; bundnir, sounded bunnir and spelt so, Edda i. 240. In some words the nn is due to
assimilation, as that of zn in rann, Goth. razna; but often of n or nd in the cognate Teut. languages,
thus Icel. nenna, Goth. nanjan; nna, Engl. nd. For the absorption of nal and medial n see
Gramm. p. xxx, col. 1. FINGER For words with a radical h (hn) see under H.
-NA, a suff. demonstr. particle, see Gramm. p. xxxviii, col. 2 (III); esp. freq. in mod. usage in the
words hr-na, ar-na, ha-na, n-na, sv-na (proncd. svo-na or so-na), q.v., Band. 18; as also r-na,
Fms. vi. 422; at-na, MS. 623. 19; ess-na, Fas. ii. 147; vi-na, Fms. iii. 73; gr-na, vi. 254: with
verbs rarely, var-na, Fas. ii. 174: part. spurt-na, Fb. i. 433: and lastly in the pers. pron. ha-nn, h-n.
NABBI, a, m. [Engl. knob; North. E. and Scot. nab], a small protuberance on the skin or on
greensward; nabba-, fjalls-n., D.N. iii. 861, freq. in mod. usage: the name of a dwarf, Hdl. 7.
nadda, a, to provide with studs; naddar, studded.
NADDR, m. a stud, nail; knbjargir me stlhrum nddum, Sks. 405; nadda umgjrinni, Fms.
vi. 212; hann hnitar saman penninginn, ok eru tuttugu naddar , Gsl. 14; nadda bor, a 'stud-board',
pot. for a shield from its being ornamented with metal studs, see Fms. vii. 323: in poetry, nadda l,
rg, as also nadd-l, -fr, -skr, -regn, -hr, -ver, = a battle, Lex. Pot. nadd-gfugr, adj. 'stud-
glorious,' an epithet of Heimdal, Hdl. 34, with reference to the beams of dawn (studs of light?); as
an epithet of a giant, the father of Men-gl, Gg. 14.
NAR, m., and nara, u, f.; the r is radical, nars, nari, an irreg. dat. nri, Edda 97 (in a verse);
[Ulf. nadrs = GREEK, Luke iii. 7; A.S. ndre; O.H.G. natra, f.; Germ. natter] :-- a viper, adder,
snake, Edda 99, Hkv. Hjrv. 9, Vsp. 56; frnn nar, 65, Edda 54 (in a verse); eitrsvalr nar, 97 (in a
verse); nars-tunga, snake-tongue, sl. ii. (in a verse): the fem. nara, in Edda 99, Stj. 97, 417, Fas.
i. 220; nema s nara er renndi at honum, 76; nrur ok ormar, Fms. iv. 248 :-- in poetical
expressions, nara-deyir, 'snake-bane,' i.e. the winter, Mork. 214; nars-bingr, serpent-lair, i.e.
gold; unda nar, wound-snake, i.e. the sword; rausnar-nar = a ship (see rausn); sjvar-nar, a sea-
serpent, i.e. a ship of war; val-nar, hr-nar, carrion-serpent, i.e. a sword, see Lex. Pot.: the
word is never used in prose. 2. freq. also of a war ship = Ormr, Hallfred (Fs. 208, 209). 3. the name
of a sword, Eg. COMPDS: nru-kyn, n. a generation of vipers, N.T. nru-tt, f. = nrukyn,
625. 90.
Naverskr, adj. Nazarene, Mar., N.T., Vdal., Pass.
naf, n. = nf (q.v.), the bark of a tree, Hkr. i. (in a verse).
NAFARR, m., dat. nafri, [from nf, q.v.], prop. a 'nave-borer,' an auger, whence a gimlet, Sks. 31,
Fs. 176, Ld. 116, Edda 48, 49, Vm. 165. COMPDS: nafar-gat and nafars-rauf, n. a gimlet hole,
Edda 49. nafra-skja, u, f. a gimlet case, Fb. i. 301.
nafar-skeptr, adj. a GREEK; lnbrkr nafarskeptar, Fms. vii. 170 (of cloth of a peculiar texture);
cp. einskepta, ferskepta.
NAFLI, a, m. [A.S. navela; Engl. navel; O.H.G. nabulo; Germ. nabel; Dan. navle; Gr. GREEK;
Lat. umbilicus] :-- the navel, Fms. v. 346, Hb. 415. 15. COMPDS: naa-gras, n., botan. koenigia
Islandica, Hjalt. naa-strengr, m. the umbilical cord.
NAFN, often spelt namn, n.; [Ulf. namo; common to all Teut. languages without the n, which has
been preserved in the Norse; Dan. navn; Swed. namn; Lat. nomen; Gr. GREEK] :-- a name; af hans
nafni tk nafn Britannia, Fms. xi. 416; spyrja e-n at nafni, Nj. 6; gefa namn, Grg. i. 101; at nafni,
by name, passim; kalla namn e-s, 623. 24; nafni e-s, in one's name, id., passim; skrnar-nafn, a
baptismal name; auk-nafn, a nickname. For the ancient ceremony, even of the heathen age, of
sprinkling infants with water and giving them a name see the remarks and references given s.v.
ausa, (to which add Dropl. 25, ok mun ek ekki vi r sj, vat jst mik vatni.) Proper names
were either single as Steinn or compound as Hall-steinn, or-steinn, V-steinn, H-steinn, Her-
steinn, Gunn-steinn, see orst. hv. 46, Eb. 126 new Ed. (Append.); for giving names to infants see
Vd. ch. 13, Nj. ch. 14, 59, Ld. ch. 13, Eb. ch. 7, 11, 12, and the Sagas passim. The ancient Teutons
and Scandinavians used but one name, for nicknames are rare or of later date, and perh. came into
use through contact with foreigners, as with the Gaelic tribes in the west, for in the Landn. such
names abound in Icel., though they were afterwards disused; the law makes it a case of outlawry to
'give names,' ef mar gefr manni nafn annat en hann eigi r ok varar fjrbaugs gar, ef hann
reiisk vi, Grg. (Kb.) ii. 182, see however nafn-festr below. For illustration see lists of names
subjoined to the Editions of the Sagas, Landn., Bs., Fms., Fb. iii, Espl. Annals; a list of nicknames,
Fb. iii. 657-663. Worthy of note is the desire of the men of old to live again in a new name, cp. Vd.
ch. 3, Fb. ii. 7-9, and many other instances; one who falls short of the man he is named after is said
to kafna undir nafni. 2. gramm. a noun, Sklda 180. II. a name, title; at gipta hana tignara manni
fyrir nafns sakir, Fms. i. 157; hersir at nafni, Ld. 8, .H. 106; nafn ok veldi, Eg. 268; keisara-nafn,
konungs-n., jarls-n., passim; at nafni, nominally, not really, not well; fontr me bnai at nafni, Pm.
68, 78. COMPDS: nafna-gipt, f. a giving of names, Stj. 130; in a bad sense, a calling names, mod.
nafna-skipti, n. a change of names, Hom. 57. nafna-skr, f. a roll of names.
nafna, u, f. a female namesake, Fas. iii. 554, Hom. 80.
nafn-bt, f. a title, rank, Nj. 6, Fms. iii. 185, ix. 257, Fb. ii. 288: redress, sl. ii. 386.
nafn-festr, f. 'name-fastening,' a gift which it was usual to give when a new name was given to any
one; , sveinn, her get mr nafn, at ek skal heita Hrlfr kraki, en at er ttt, at gjf skal fylgja
nafnsfesti, Edda 8l; konungr mlti, ert vandra-skld -- Hallfrer svarar, hvat gefr , konungr,
mr at nafnfesti ef ek skal vandra-skld heita, Fs. 116; etta ngr-gull vil ek gefa r, ormr,
at kvis-launum ok at n., vat ek gef r at nafn at n skalt heita ormr Kolbrnar-skld, Fbr.
37 new Ed., Fb. i. 213, 262, 418, Fms. iii. 182.
nafn-frgr, adj. famous, Ld. 20, Nj. 125, Stj. 73.
nafn-gipt, f. the bestowing a title, Eg. 66: a giving of names.
nafn-gipta, t, to name, Fms. vii. 125, Stj. 82.
nafni, a, m. a namesake, Nj. 103, Fb. i. 76, Fs. 77.
nafn-kenna, d, to name, Stj. 140: nafn-kendr, part. famous.
nafn-kunnigr, adj. renowned, Grett. 87 A, Mar.
nafn-liga, adv. by name, H.E. i. 484.
nafn-ligr, adj. t as a name, Fms. vi. 390.
nafn-toga, a, to name, mention, Fms. vi. 104: to extol, laud, nafn-togar, part. famous, freq. in
mod. usage.
naga, a, = gnaga (q.v.), to gnaw.
nagga, a, [akin to gna], to rub :-- to maunder, Grett. 98 A.
naggr, m. a peg: metaph. an urchin.
NAGL, m., pl. negl, in mod. usage ngl, f., gen. naglar, pl. neglr. Fas. ii. 370 (paper MS.); [A.S.
nagel; Engl. nail; O.H.G. nakal; Germ. nagel; Dan. negl; Lat. unguis; Gr. GREEK] :-- the nail,
Edda 110; negl ok hr, Fms, vi. 402, Fb. ii. 375; nagl sinn, Art. 70; nornar nagli, Sdm.; hans negl
vru sv sterkir, Bev. 20; bl stkk undan hverjum nagli, ... hann skf nagl sinn, Fas. i. 285; at
skip er grt af nglum daura manna, ef mar deyr me skornum nglum, Edda 41; hr ea negl
ea frauaftr, used for witchery, N.G.L. i. 362; kart-nagl, Nj. 52. COMPDS: nagls-rtr, f. pl. the
root of the nail, Grg. i. 501. nagl-ta, u, f. disease of the nail, Fl.
nagla, a, to nail, Gl. 346.
Nagl-far, n. the mythical ship made of nail-parings, Vsp. 50; for the tale see Edda 41.
Nagl-fari, a, m. a giant, the husband of Night, Edda 7.
nagl-fastr, adj. = naglafastr, Jb. 220.
NAGLI, a, m. [A.S. ngel; Engl. nail; Dan. nagle] :-- a nail, spike; naglar skipi, Sklda 192; eyri
fyrir nagla hvern ok r , N.G.L. i. 100; hurin brotnai at nglum, .H. 117, passim; tr-n., jrn-n.,
hestsk-n. (a horseshoe-nail), Bs. i. 382: metaph., var-n., sl varnagla fyrir e-u, to take
precaution :-- a peg, ar vru naglar, eir htu regin-naglar, Eb. 10 :-- medic. the core of a boil,
kveisu-n. COMPDS: nagla-far, n. a nail-print, John xx. 25. nagla-fastr, adj. fastened with nails,
Gl. 346.
nagr, m., wrongly spelt nar, Fms. i. 178 (in a verse), a kind of bird, a magpie(?), Edda (Gl.); sveita
nagr, bls-nagr, the blood-hawk, raven, pot., Haustl., sl. ii. 349 (in a verse).
nakinn and naktr, adj. naked; see nkwir.
nakkvat, see nekkverr.
Nanna, u, f. [nenna], the name of a goddess, the wife of Balder, Edda, Ls. :-- freq. in pot.
circumlocutions of a woman, l-nanna, bejar n., bauga n., Lex. Pot.
NAPR, adj., npr, naprt, cold, chilly, of a piercing cold wind, whence nepja, q.v.; this word is not
found in old writers; see apr.
NARA, pres. nari, def. to linger, lounge; me ursi rhfum skalt nara, Skm. 31; enum
nennu-lausa eim er narir heiminum, Al. 100.
Nar, a, m. a pr. name, Landn., Korm.; whence Narfa-eyrr, f. a local name in western Icel.
Nari, a, m. the name of a giant, a son of Loki, Edda.
narta, a, [akin to gnaga], to pinch slightly, as a mouse does.
nasa-, see ns, the nostril.
nas-bjrg, f. = nefbjrg, Flv., Karl. 357.
nas-brr, adj. snarling, hot-headed, Fbr. 19, 41 new Ed.
nas-hyrningr, m. a rhinoceros.
nas-raufar, f. pl. the nostrils, Pr. 450, 472, 474, Karl. 298.
nas-vitr, adj. [cp. Germ. nase-weis], 'nose-wise,' supercial and conceited.
natinn, adj. assiduous, painstaking; vera natinn vi e-.
NAU, f. [Ulf. naus = GREEK; A.S. ned; Engl. need; Hel. nd; O.H.G. nt; Germ. noth; Dan.
nd] :-- need, difculty, distress; hverri nau, Hom. 34; nau ok eri, Fms. vii. 208; ola nau, to
suffer need, Lex. Pot.; vetrlig nau, Sks. 49; me nauum, with great difculty, Fms. ix. 387; hann
var borinn me nauum, ryml. 8 :-- bondage, hann var hertekinn ok san seldr nau, Fms. x.
391 (-nau, q.v.): hfgar nauir, 'heavy needs,' of fetters, Vkv. 11 :-- labour, of women, in nau-
gngull, q.v.: of spells, hverr feldi af mr flvar nauir, Sdm. 1; nema e-n r nauum, to deliver,
Fsm. 40; vera nauum, to be charmed, spell-bound, Lex. Pot. :-- the Rune RUNE, Sdm. 7, Rkv.,
see introduction :-- pot., bog-nau, dal-nau, 'bow-need,' i.e. the hand, Edda ii. 429; kykva nau,
id., d. COMPDS: nauar-mar, m. a bondsman, Fs. 87. naua-handsal, n. an enforced hansel,
not valid in law, Grg. i. 493. naua-kostr, m. a dire choice, Stj. 368. naua-laust, n. adj., or at
naualausu, without necessity, N.G.L. i. 349. naua-mikill, adj. very severe, sl. ii. 132. naua-stt
or -stt, f. a forced agreement, Sturl. iii. 150, Fms. vii. 248, viii. 154, O.H.L. 90.
naua, a, to rustle, Sd. 160: = gnaua, q.v.
nau-beita, t, to stand close to the wind.
nau-beita, u, f. a standing close to the wind; leggja naubeitu, Grett. 13 new Ed.
nau-beygr, part. forced, compelled, Sturl. ii. 50, Bs. ii. 46; at undirbrot, er Svar hafa
naubeygt, subdued them, Fb. ii. 37.
nau-beygja, u, f. constraint, Hallgr.
nau-flr, adj. very pale, Akv. 16.
nauga, a, [nauigr], to compel, force, 625. 71: with dat., n. e-m til e-s, nauga mnnum til blta,
65, Fms. i. 129, xi. 181, Nj. 134; n. e-m til sagna, Fb. 46 new Ed. :-- to ravish, Lat. violare, K..
214. II. reex. to be compelled, Fms. xi. 432; fyrir v naugumk ek til, I am compelled, 580 A. 2.
naugan, f. compulsion :-- ravishing.
nau-gjald, n. forced payment, Edda 73.
nau-gngull, adj. 'need-going,' helping in need, of a midwife; hverjar 'ro r nornir er
naugnglar eru, ok kjsa mr fr mgum, who are the weird sisters, who assist and deliver
mothers in childbearing? Fm.
nau-heit, n. a vow made in need; nauheita mar, a supplicant, 625. 192.
nau-hleyti or nau-leyti, n. close afnity, relationship; vera nauleytum vi e-n, Glm. 386;
sakir mga ok nauleyta, Fms. x. 309. nauleyta-mar, m. a near kinsman, Germ. blutverwandt,
sl. ii. 324, Dropl. 30, Stj. 427; frndr ok nauleytamenn, frndr er ara n., Ld. 330, Eg. 139, Gsl.
61; see hleyti.
nauigr, adj., in old writers often contr. naugan, naugir, naugum, forced, unwilling, N.G.L. i. 12,
Ld. 172; yri fr mjk nauig, Fms. ii. 132, Landn. 247; lta hann fara naugan, Nj. 114; ef mar
frir mann naugan rdrag ea lengra ... varar at, Grg. ii. 131; af naugum mnkum, Fms. vii.
207; me naugum kosti, Barl. 70; honum vri etta nauigt, Flv.; taka konu nauga, to ravish,
Fms. ix. 451, D.I. i. 243, N.G.L. ii. 52.
nau-kvn, f. an unwilling wife, wedded to one she hates. Fas. iii. 68.
nau-liga, adv. = nauuliga :-- closely, negldr n., fast nailed, Sl. 65.
nau-ljtr, adj. very hideous, Fas. ii. 295.
nau-mar, m. a near kinsman. Am. 23.
nau-mgr, m. an enforced mgr, Fms. ii. 291.
nau-oka, a, to enforce, compel, Fas. iii. 214.
nau-pna, d, to torment, Fas. i. 96.
naur, f.; this is perh. the only fem. of the 1st decl. which has retained the inexive r as in Goth.;
for the feminines with i in acc. and dat., see Gramm. p. xvii, col. 2 (III. at the bottom), are of a
different declension; [Scot. neide, see nau] :-- necessity, only used in nom.; ef mik naur um
stendr, Hm. 155; naur um skildi, need made them part, Vkv. 3; naur er at nta eia, 'tis needful to
keep one's oath, Orkn. (in a verse); rak hann engi n. til ess, there was no necessity for him,
Sklda 164; mun ik n. til reka, Nj. 61, Fs. 127; n. er e-u, eigi drap ek Gauk fyrr en mr vri
naur , Nj. 227; enda s n. at skilja (one must needs know) hvat eir stoa mlinu, Sklda 165;
mun eigi n. at minnask Jkuls frada vrs, Fs. 23; tti eim n. til bera, Fms. vi. 38.
nau-raka, a, to shave close.
nau-reki, adj. tossed or drifted by a storm, Fas. ii. 455.
nau-skilja, adj. doomed to part, vera n., Bs. i. 79.
nau-skilnar, m. a forced parting, forced divorce, Sturl. i. 96,
nau-skllttr, adj. quite bald.
nau-staddr, part. needy, distressed, Fms. x. 397, K..K. 82, K.. 168, ir. 124, passim.
nau-syn, f., pl. nausynjar, need, necessity; er nausyn a drepa nir llu ori, Nj. 21; kver hann
vel hafa vikisk vi sna nausyn, Fms. xi. 29; at koma r at lii ef yrftir nokkura nausyn, sl.
ii. 327; nausyn er lgum rkri, necessity breaks the law, a saying, Mar.; nausynja hjlp, help in
need, H.E. i. 489: as a law term, lawful impediment, essar eru nausynjar, Gl. 290; nausynjar-
vitni or -vttr, a witness produced to prove impediment, N.G.L. i. 32, 217, Gl. 539; sitja heima at
nausynjum snum, by necessity, Grg. i. 48; ganga nausynja sinna = ganga eyrna (eyrinda sinna),
Sks. 718, Eb. 270, Fms. vi. 375; nausynja-eyrendi, -fr, -ssla, -ml, -verk, a pressing journey,
business, affair, case, work, Fms. x. 335, xi. 29, 268, Nj. 145, Eg. 198, Grg. i. 78, Hkr. i. 293, Bs. i.
170, Sks. 286, 711, Js. 6. nausynja-laust, n. adj. unhindered; syngja hvern dag lghelgan
nausynjalaust, K..K. 50; or, at nausynjalausu, without necessity: without impediment,
unhindered, lgsgumar er tlagr rim mrkum ef hann kemr eigi til alingis at nausynjalausu,
Grg. i. 4, 12.
nau-synja, u, f. = nausynjavttr, N.G.L. i. 218.
nau-synja, a, impers. to stand in need of; ann kost sem oss nausynjar, Stj. 212; kaupa hluti
sem oss nausynjar, 215, Mar.; nausynjar, obliged; vera nausynjar, to be obliged, bound to, Bs.
ii. 45.
nau-synliga, adv. necessarily, Fms. xi. 68, Band. 4 new Ed.
nau-synligr, adj. necessary, Eg. 182, sl. ii. 151, Fms. i. 262, vi. 8, passim :-- compulsory, K..
74 :-- hard, severe, Sks. 710.
nauu-liga, mod. nauugliga, adv. in need; n. kominn, staddr, in straits, Fms. i. 186, Sturl. i. 79,
Karl. 456; kom hn n. fr, Eb. 318 :-- direly, closely, at rtta ann krk er honum var sv n. beygr,
Ld. 40 :-- with difculty, Nj. 245; komask n. undan, brott, to have a narrow escape, 155, Fms. i.
75; hann fkk n. forat sr, ix. 408; hann dr undan sem nauuligast, 393; komsk hn n. fr, Eb.
318, = Dan. med nd og neppe; er eir megu lifa vi sem nauuligast, Hom. 87; ganga n. fram, to
proceed slowly, Bs. ii. 157.
nauung, f. compulsion, Fms. i. 297, H.E. i. 503, .H. 243, Fs. 76; gra e-m nauung, Bs. i. 288 :--
unwillingness, Sturl. iii. 95. COMPDS: nauungar-eir, m. an oath taken under compulsion, Fms.
vii. 176. nauungar-kostr, m. a dire choice, Eg. 89. nauungar-laust, n. adj. without compulsion,
Fms. vi. 215: unharmed, 265. nauungar-mar, m.; in the phrase, vera e-s n., to be under another
person's thumb, yield him forced obedience, Ld. 170, Fms. i. 75. nauungar-stt, f. = nauastt,
Hkr. iii. 373.
nau-virktar-mar, m. = nauleytarnar.
nauma, u, f., pot, a woman, from her tight dress(?); nla n., a needle-woman, Grett. (in a verse):
hiri-n., hr-n., pot. = a woman, linen-keeper, Lex. Pot.
Naum-dll, adj. one from Naumu-dalr, a county in Norway, so called from the river Nauma,
Fms., Landn., Munch's Norg. Beskr. Naum-dlskr, adj. id., Fms. vi. 112.
naumindi, n. pl. difculty; me naumindum, with difculty.
naum-ltr, adj. close, stingy, Fas. iii. 425.
naum-liga, adv. scarcely, hardly.
NAUMR, adj. [akin to nema?], narrow, close; holdsins hreysi naumu, Pass. 17. 10: close, scant,
stingy, vera naumt fyrir, to run short as to time; hafa nauman tma, to have a short time: superl.
naumast, as adv. scarcely or narrowly, eg get naumast lesi a, I can hardly read it.
NAUST, n. [Dan. nst; Orkn. noust; from an obsolete n-r = a ship, with which cp. Lat. navis, Gr.
GREEK] :-- a ship-shed, boat-house, often used in pl., like Lat. navalia or Engl. docks; konungr
hafi lti gra hs mikit, at er hann tlai til nausts, at var nrtt at lengd en sextigi lna breitt,
Fms. vii. 247, x. 13, .H. 62, 115, Fbr. 93 new Ed.; skip nausti, Korm. 68; hann gengr t r
naustinu, id.; hann leyndisk naustinu, ofan fr naustinu, Grett. 88, 97, 99, Fs. 147, Hv. 27 new
Ed., Eb. 236, passim; hura-naust, a shed of hurdles, Hv. 20 new Ed.: pot., nausta blakkr, 'naust-
steed,' i.e. a ship, Hkr. i. (in a verse); bvar-naust, war-shed, i.e. a shield, Nj. (in a verse); hrar-
n., tempest-shed, i.e. the sky, Harms. 23: local name, Nausta-lkr, sl. ii. COMPDS: naust-dyrr, n.
pl. 'nausl-doors,' Stor. 3, Rd. 268. naust-gr, f. 'naust-making,' N.G.L. i. 101, Pm. 7, Vm. 14.
naust-veggr, m. 'naust-wall,' Fr. 268.
NAUT, n. [from njta; A.S. net; Engl. neat; Scot. nout; O.H.G. nz; Dan. nd] :-- cattle, oxen:
plur., naut ok saui, Fms. ii. 92, vi. 69, Ld. 160, Fs. 26, 128; ef hann her oxa nautum snum, N.
G. L. i. 25; lta inn naut, Gsl. 20; hann kntir saman halana nautunum, 29; gta nauta, Bjarn. 32;
hann kom til nautanna, ok stangai hvert annat, Grett. 112; essi vetr var kallar sandvetr, d
hundra nauta fyrir Snorra Sturlusyni Svignaskari, Sturl. ii. 93 (of herds of cattle grazing in the
mountain pastures during winter); kunna ek sleggjum, en kunnir at eigi heldr en naut, Fms.
vii. 120; nauta fjldi, okkr, a drove of cattle, Glm. 342, Stj.; naut mrg, Eg. 743; nauts belgr,
skinn, h, a neat's hide, skin, Landn. 212, Hkr. iii. 80, Eb. 136, Sks. 184; nauts hfu, rfa, sa,
Grett. 116, Eb. 276, Fms. ii. 139; nauts fall, a neat's carcase, Fms. v. 21; nauts bkr, id., Eb. 220,
Fms. ix. 309; nauts bl or nauta bl, Landn. 258, Hdl. 10; nauts bein, Fms. ii. 142; nauts viri, a
neat's worth, price of a head of cattle, D. N.; nauts fr, 'a neat's fodder,' a measure of hay enough
to keep one cow through winter, Eb. 260: metaph. a nout, blockhead, hann er naut, cp. nautheimskr:
local names, Naut-eyri, Nauta-b, Dan. Ndebo, Landn. COMPDS: nauta-afrttr, m. a mountain
pasture for cattle; kirkja n. Fltr, Vm. 115. nauta-beit, f. grazing cattle, Vm. 18. nauta-brunnr,
m. a well for watering cattle, Fms. x. 377, Fagrsk. 4. nauta-daui, m. a cattle-plague, Ann. 1187.
nauta-ferill, m. a cattle-track, Njar. 378. nauta-fjs, n. a cow-stall, D. N. nauta-okkr, m. a
herd, Lv. 91. nauta-gzla, u, f. the keeping cattle, Eg. 715. nauta-hellir, m. a cave used as a stall,
Bs. i. 320. nauta-hlaa, u, f. a cattle-barn, Sturl. ii. 232. nauta-hundr, m. a neatherd's dog, N. G.
L. i. 234. nauta-hfn, f. pasture for cattle, D. N. nauta-mar, m. a neatherd, herdsman, Eb. 316,
Grett. 112, Glm. 306. nauta-mark, n. a cattle-mark, Grg. i. 397. nauta-matr, m. the meat of
cattle, Sks. 191. nauta-sveinn, m. = nautamar, Mar. nauta-tk, f. = nautahundr, Bs. i. 284: as a
nickname, Sturl. iii. 35. nauta-tn, n. [Engl. Naughton], 'neat-town,' a fenced cattle pasture, Gl.
433, v. l. nauta-vara, u, f. 'neat's-ware,' i. e. hides and the like, Sks. 184. nauta-verk, n. a tending
cattle, Eg. 714.
naut-beit, f. = nautabeit, Vm. 88.
naut-daur, m. a cattle-plague, Ann. 1187.
naut-fall, n. = nauts fall, Hkr. ii. 311.
naut-f, n. cattle, Grg. i. 458.
naut-fellir, m. loss of cattle, Ann. 1187; nautfellis vr, vetr, Sturl. i. 227, Bs. i. 488.
naut-heimskr, adj. stupid as a nout.
naut-hveli, n. a 'sea-neat,' sea-cow.
naut-hgg, n. 'neat-blow,' the blow which fells an ox; n vil ek eigi ba nauthggsins, I will not
wait for the 'neat-blow,' Fms. vii. 244; cp. ba einsog boli hggs, to wait for the blow like a bull, of
a person undecided and as if in a kind of stupor.
nautn, f. [njta], the use of a thing; ok s at skja um nautnina er hross , Grg. i. 432; nautn
skgi, ii. 293; ef mar neytir hross enni meiri nautn, en at er meiri nautn . . ., i. 441. 2. metaph.
enjoyment; ha r jarliga hluti nautn, Greg. 32; andleg nautn, lkamleg nautn, and the like,
passim in mod. usage.
naut-peningr, m. cattle.
NAUTR, m. [Germ. ge-nosse; from njta], a mate, fellow; bera kvi dm fram me nauta sna,
Grg. i. 369; bera kvi at dmi me nauta na tta en sr sjlfr inn nundi, ii. 39; jfs-nautr, a
receiver of stolen goods :-- in compds = Germ. genosse, a mate; mtu-nautr, a mess-mate; legu-
nautr, rekkju-n., a bed-fellow; sessu-n., bekkju-n., a bench-mate; kaupu-n., a customer; fru-n., a
fellow-traveller; sku-n., a transgressor; ru-n., a councillor. II. a person from whom a gift is
received, a donor, giver; gr tti mr nautrinn er Hkon jarl var, Fms. ii. 171; gr er nautrinn,
lafr konungr gaf mr hring enna morgin, v. 93. 2. an object is called the nautr of the person
from whom it comes, whether it be as a gift, or even as booty; sverit konungs-nautr, the sword the
king's gift, Ld. 204; Hallfrer var lagr kistu ok gripir hans me honum konungs-nautar, skikkja,
hringr ok hjlmr, Fms. iii. 28; hringinn Sigvalda naut, 24: the charmed ring Andvara-nautr, Edda 75;
skikkjuna Flosa-naut, Nj. 176; skikkjuna Gunnlaugs naut, sl. ii. 274; bauginn Brosu-naut, Gull.
23; glfana Agnars-nauta, id.; saxit Tuma-naut, Bs. i. 527; Gamla-n., r.; trgunni orveigar-
naut, Korm. 88; xinni Steins-naut, Sturl. i. 63; tveir rna-nautar, Slmundar-n., Ptrs-nautr, D. I. i.
472; brynjuna Sigfs-naut, Sturl. iii. 234; sverit Aalrs-naut, sl. ii. 268; Jarhs-n., a sword
taken out of a cairn, Fs.; hringsins Hkonar-nauts, Fms. ii. 171; drekinn Randvers-n. and Vandils-n.,
Fr. 89; bljan Svasa-nautr, Fms. x. 207; knrrinn Sveins-naut, xi. 437; Esju-n. (a sword and
kirtle), sl. ii. 419, 449; Haia-nautr, Atla-nautr; sverit Jkuls-naut, Grett, 101.
naut-reki, a, m. a herdsman, drover, Bs. i. 244, Al. 52.
naut-skinn, n. a neat's skin, Rtt.
naut-tarfr, m. a bull.
naut-tava, prob. a false reading for naut tvau, Fas. i. 253.
N, pres. ni, nir, ni, (mod. n, nr, nr); pl. nm; reex. nisk, mod. nst; pret. ni; subj.
ni; part. n, better nit; pret. inn. nu, Fms. vi. 409 (in a verse): with neg. suff. ni-t, could
not, Geisli 19, Sighvat (. H. 218): [Dan. naa, akin to n-, = to come near.] B. To reach, catch,
overtake, and the like, with dat.; mun Sveinn eptir leggja ok hans menn ok vilja n r, to
overtake thee, Fb. ii. 8; bjarndri er ek na slandi, Fs. 27; egar at ek ni honum, Fr. 94; nit
r honum eigi, Nj. 63; Sigurr var manna fthvatastr, fengu eir honum ekki nit at sinni, Fagrsk.
167; allir hans menn eir sem nit var, who were caught, O. H. L. 17; tti vn at braut mundi n
heininni, to get it out, Edda 59; Helgi br fer sna at n braut Yrsu, Fas. i. 32; en er eir nu
stokkunum, Eg. 90: n til, to reach; ef hfuit ni til bolsins, 625. 97; n til eins me sveri,
Dropl. 25. II. metaph. to get, obtain; hann vill bija sr konu ok nir hann eigi rinu, Nj. 259; at
hann nir eigi vngarinum af honum, Stj. 600; menn er eigi mttu jnustu n, Sl. 60; ok
eigi rit hvrt vr nim eirri er oss er meiri hugr , Fms. iv. 196; skal Steinrr n lgum, Eb.
226; vr hfum eigi n lgum, we have not had a lawful trial. Eg. 353; lti hann eigi essu n,
Gsl. 63: the saying, gott mean gu nir, 'tis good as long as it lasts; ok er hann ni konungs
fundi, sl. ii. 234; n mli e-s, Nj. 8. 2. hann skal allt fit lta vira, at er hann nir, so much of it as
he can, Grg. i. 208; ef hann nir, if he can, Eg. 114; miklu meiri en arir menn, er eir nu
framast, much beyond those who succeeded best, Hom. 127. III. followed by an inn., to be able,
be allowed; sv at eir ni at ytja eyrendi sn, . H. 54; heilindi sitt ef mar hafa nir, Hm. 67; ok
ni hann urrfjallr ruma, 29; ef segja n nir einum allan hug, 122; enginn eirra ni at koma
inn um rndheims-minni, Fms. i. 55; ni engi mar at bera konungs nafn nema hann einn, 1; lt
mik n at egja fyrir r, vii. 119; ef s randvir rskvask ni, Stor. 11; n komask, Sl. 1; sv at
eigi ni nkkurr undan at ja, Stj. 594; er oss orinn mikill tma-dagr er vr num ik at nna,
Fb. i. 237; hn ba grtandi at hn ni son sinn til kirkju at fra, Orkn. 174. 2. periphrast., hann
ni leggja, eya, skna, lta, he did lay, did waste, shine, behold, see Lex. Pot. IV. impers., ef v
um nir, if it is possible, if that can be done, Grg. i. 2; sleifr var miklu ntri en arir kenni-menn
eir er vsa landi ni, Isleif was much before all other clergymen who were then to be got in the
county, b. 14. V. reex. to be caught; ftt nisk af kirkju-viinum, Ld. 328; ef at nisk eigi, if
that cannot be attained, Fms. xi. 59; Glmr gkk at ok nisk jafnar, Glm. 356. 2. recipr. to
reach one another; ar var mrlent ok mttu eir eigi nsk til, they could not come to close
quarters, Fms. xi. 354.
n, f. = gn (q. v.), Skld H. passim, and in mod. poetry.
N-, adv. [Ulf. newa = GREEK; A. S. neah; Engl. nigh; Germ. nahe] :-- only used in COMPDS,
denoting nigh, near: n-borinn, part. near akin, born, Sks. 274, Hm. 10, Skv. 3. 11. n-b, f.
dwelling near to, r. 69, Sturl. i. 88. n-bi, a, m. a neighbour, Grg. ii. 343, Eg. 60, 108, Ld. 26,
Nj. 11, Eb. 24. n-bli, n. a neighbouring farm. n-frndi, a, m. a near kinsman, Eg. 252, Ld. 258,
Fms. vii. 268, Fb. i. 437, Bs. i. 133, 620. n-frndkona, u, f. a near female relative, Bs. i. 288,
620. n-granna, u, f. a female neighbour, Stj. 260. n-granni, a, m. a neighbour, Fms. i. 294, Gl.
107, Bad. 104, MS. 625. 86. n-grennd, f., and n-grenni, n. a neighbourhood, Stj. 189, Br. 165,
Gsl. 92. n-hendr, adj. a kind of metre, Edda (Ht.) 75. n-kominn, part. coming near one,
touching one nearly; etta ml er mr nkomit, Sturl. i. 36. n-kveinn, part. = nhendr, Edda v. l.
n-kvma, d, to come near to, Bs. ii. 78. n-kvmd, f. a 'near-coming,' coming near to, proximity,
Bs. i. 88; n. vi e-n, Mar. n-kvmi, f. (mod. n-kvmni), exactness, Sks. 443. n-kvmliga,
adv. minutely, exactly. n-kvmligr, adj. exact, minute, n-kvmr, adj. 'nigh-coming,' near about
one's person, near to one; eir vru sv nkvmir konungi, Stj. 540; sv var Gus miskunn honum
nkvm, Bs. i. 48; var lafr konungr honum sv nkvmr, at ..., Fms. vi. 74: metaph. attentive,
hn er nkvmust mnnum til heita, Edda 16: minute, close, n. skriptum, Bs. i. 871: accurate,
exact, nkvmt svar, Sks. 94 new Ed., freq. in mod. usage. n-lg, f. a lying near, nearness,
proximity, Bs. ii. 57, Rb. 478, freq. in mod. usage: presence, H. E. i. 246, 247. n-lgjast, d, dep. to
approach, Mar. n-lgr, adj., superl. nlgstr, Fs. 26, Fms. xi. 33; ar nlgt, Fs. 29: 'nigh-lying,'
close by, near at hand, Ld. 184; nlgjar, close to one another, Hom. 55; nlg hru, r. 3:
metaph., Fms, i. 76, 208, v. 290. n-mgr, m. a near relative by marriage; nmgar rr, ef mar
dttur manns, systur ea mur, Grg. i. 29, Sks. 713, N. G. L. i. 80. n-munda, adj., see mund and
mimundi; vera nmunda, to be close by, Hkr. i. 266, Stj. 189, 255; at land sem l nmunda vi
Jrdan, 107; eirra verka er hann hafi n. sr, which he was about doing, Barl. 149; at at s allt n.
r (at hand) er megir glei af taka, 14; ganga, koma n. e-u, to come near to, Stj. 15, 40; at er
vissi n. Mspelli, Edda 4. n-mli, n. hurtful language, Stor. n-sessi, a, m. a bench-mate, N. G. L.
i. 68. n-seta, u, f. a sitting near, proximity, Dropl. 32. n-settr, part. seated near, Sks. 226. n-
skyldr, adj. nearly related, Boll. 336. n-str, adj. = nskyldr, Thom. n-sti, n. = nseta, Grg. i.
51. n-venzlar, part. = nskyldr, Stj. 226. n-vera, u, f. presence, Stj. 10, 258. nveru-kona, u, f.
a midwife, Stj. 248. n-verandi, part. present, Bs. ii. 142, MS. 625. 191. n-vist, f. presence, Ld.
34, Fms. ii. 229, v. 218, Hom. 124, Sks. 361. n-vista, u, f. = nvist, Al. 59, 119, Hom. 127, Gl.
139. nvistar-kona, u, f. a female neighbour, MS. 4. 5. nvistar-mar, m. a person present, Gl.
150: a neighbour, 540. nvistar-vitni, n. an eye-witness, Gl. 155. nvistu-mar, m. =
nvistarmar, Fms. ix. 262.
n-bjargir, f. pl. 'lyke-help,' see nr; in the phrase, veita e-m nbjargir, to lend one 'lyke-help,' i. e.
to close the eyes, mouth, and nostrils of a person immediately after death; hv her eigi veitt
honum nbjargir er opnar eru nasirnar, why hast thou not lent him the 'lyke-help,' for the nostrils are
open? Nj. 154; hann ba hvern varask at ganga framan at honum mean honum vru eigi nbjargir
veittar, Eb. 70; hann lagi hann nir seti ok veitti honum nbjargir, Eg. 398, Bret. 32; cp. the
Gr. GREEK (but not the nostrils as in the Northern rite), Plato's Phaedo (sub ne); whereas with the
Norsemen the closing the nostrils was indispensable, whence the phrase, lka nsum, to have the
nostrils shut = to die, see ns (nasar).
N, f. [early Swed. nad = rest; cp. Germ, gnade; Dan. naade] :-- rest, peace, quietness; this is the
primitive sense of the word, and is still used, but only I. in the plur.; frelsi ok gar nir, Fms. ii. 4;
num, in peace, quietness; vera ar um nttina num, Eb. 306; sofa num, 152; njtask
num, Vgl. 23; tala num, leisurely; eta num; drekka saman num, snugly: protection,
tkt hann tlendan nar nir, Fms. i. 140; nlgast hef ek nir n, Ska R. 94; taka sik
nir, to take to rest, Fms. ii. 83; kmu vr hr me num sem frimenn, Stj. 213: sing., ganga
eirra n (= nir?), Fs. 11. na-hs, n. a house of rest, closet, Stj. 1: a privy, Fs. 149, Ann. 1343.
II. sing. grace in an eccl. sense, and no doubt inuenced by foreign writers, for it occurs rst in
poets of the 14th century, Lkn., Lil., Gd. (Bs. ii), and is not used in old classical prose writers. The
kings of Norway in writs subsequent to 1360 A. D. are styled af Gus 'n' instead of the older
Gus miskunn, D. N. i. pref. xxvii, note 16; Gus nar, Hkr. iii. 366; N. M. biskup af Gus n,
bishop by the grace of God, in greeting, Vm. 131, Dipl. ii. 4, v. 4; me Gus n bti, 5 :--
GREEK in the apostolic blessing is in the Icel. N. T. rendered by n, n og frir af Gui vorum
fur, 1 Cor. i. 3; n Drottins vors Jesu Christi s me yr, xv. 23, 2 Cor. i. 2, xiii. 13, Gal. i. 3, vi.
19, Ephes. i. 2, vi. 24, Phil. i. 2, etc., and hence Pass., Vidal., Hymns, passim.
na, a, to give peace and rest; fria ok na, Magn. 464 :-- to pardon: reex. to get rest, Fms. iii.
167.
n-hs, n. = nahs, Bs. ii. 136, Fb. ii. 87.
nugr, adj. merciful, Hkr. iii. 202, Gd. 32.
nu-liga, adv. quietly, Gl. 16; artil at skip kmi at n., Rd. 245.
nu-ligr, adj. mild, Stj. 192: merciful, 289.
n-hvalr, m. a narwhale, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 130, K. . K. 138. nhvals-tnn, f. a narwhale's tusk,
Bs. i. 767.
ninn, adj., pl. nnir, compar. nnari :-- near to; nit er nef augum, Nj. 21: metaph., ninn e-m,
closely related, a near kinsman of, Grg. i. 293; nsta brra er nnari konu, 345; systrungum er
nnarum mnnum, 228; tt mr s nnastr marinn, Hrafn. 10; af sv nnum frnda, Gull. 7,
Fms. vi. 172; inn nnasti nir, Grg. i. 171, N. G. L. i. 17; inir nnostu frndr, Bs. i. 90; nnir at
frndsemi, Fms. xi. 7, Grg. (Kb.) i. 29; byggja sv nit at frndsemi, to marry one so nearly
related, Hkr. i. 8.
NL, f., pl. nlar; [Goth. nela; A. S. ndl; Old Engl. neeld; Engl. needle; O. H. G. nadal; Germ.
nadel; in the Scandin. contr. Dan.-Swed. nl or naal] :-- a needle, Fas. i. 393, iii. 139; nl ok
skreppa, Fms. vi. 374: a kind of needle used by sailors, Edda (Gl.); nlar margar (for repairing the
sails), Sks. 30; bta r nlinni, to bite off the thread; ert ekki binn a bta r nlinni enn, a
saying, cp. the ghost story in Maurer's Volks. 60; sk-nl, a cobbler's needle, Ska R.; hey-nl, q.
v.; saum-nl, a sewing needle; nlar auga, a needle's eye; nlar oddr, a needle's point; ra nl, to
thread a needle; Ptrs-nl, the name of an obelisk, Symb. 24, Rm. 248 (= Aculea Sti. Petri). 2.
metaph. the rst sprouts of grass in the spring; a er komin upp svo ltil nl. II. the name of a
giantess, Loki's mother, Edda. COMPDS: nl-bein, n. the needle-like bones in shes' gills. nl-
bugr, m. a needle's bend; stkkr er n., Hallgr. nl-do, a, m. 'pins and needles,' numbness. nl-
rr, m. needle-thread: a woman is called nla-nauma, Grett. (in a verse); nl-grund, Eb. (in a
verse).
nlgask, a, dep. [nligr], to approach, come near to; nlgask e-n, Gm. 53, Bs. i. 47, Fms. i. 76, vi.
390, passim; var fr sortanum ok nlgaisk higat, vii. 163; n. til e-s, 623. 6l, Sks. 614: to come by,
n. sitt gs, Bs. i. 329: to touch, ar er hann n. ok hann man, where he touches the fact and
recollects, Grg. i. 45.
nlgr, m. an urchin, hedgehog, Lat. echinus, Bjrn. II. medic. verminatio, a greedy false appetite,
caused by worms.
nliga, adv. nigh, near to, near at hand, with dat., Sks. 782; ar var n. til grs at ganga, Ld. 96; um
vrit n. kyndil-messu, Fms. x. 411: as adv almost, nearly, well-nigh, Eg. 58, Nj. 219, Fms. i. 222, ii.
50, Ld. 38, Sks. 62, Bs. i. 394, passim.
nligr, adj. near, close at hand, Barl. 206, Sks. 42, v. l.
n-lgr, adj., n-mundi, etc., see n-, nigh.
NM, n. [nema], seizure, occupation, see landnm, obsolete in this sense; cp. also the various
compds, vir-nm, etc. II. metaph. mental acquisition, learning, study, science; vera til nms, Mar.;
at minnask nm itt, Sks. 22; ok er hann var at nmi, Fms. ix. 241; girniligr til nms, 8; til ess
nms sem hann vildi ar nema, aan fr hann til Englands ok var Lincolni, ok nam ar enn mikit
nm, Bs. i. 92; hann grisk enn mesti rttar-mar ess-konar nmi, he became the greatest
master in that science, viz. grammar, 163; san fr hann sur til Englands ok var ar skla, ok
nam ar sv mikit nm, at trautt vru dmi til at nokkurr mar hefi jafnmikit nm numit n vlikt
jafnlangri stundu, 127; tt hann hefi eigi mikit nm barnsaldri, 90; nm etta gengr fram sv
greitt, Fms. xi. 427. COMPDS; nms-aldr, m. the time of learning, boyhood, 623. 52. nms-mar,
m. a scholar. nm-fss, adj. = nmgjarn. nm-fsi, f. = nmgirni.
nm, n. a kind of cloth or texture (?); in compds, nm-dkr, m. a kerchief, Orkn. (in a verse): nm-
kyrtill, m. a kirtle of nm, Ld. 244, Fb. i. 545: in poetry a lady is called nm-eik, nm-skor, from
wearing this raiment.
nm-girni, f. eagerness to learn, Hom. (St.)
nm-gjarn, adj. eager to learn, Bs. i. 90, Eb. 44, Eg. 685, . H. (pref.)
nmi, a, m., or nma, u, f. a mine; gull-nmi, silfr-nmi, a gold mine, silver mine; also kola-nmi,
a coal-pit.
nmu-liga, adv. peremptorily, N. G. L. i. 459.
nnd, f. (n UNCERTAIN nd, N. G. L. i. 418, Ver. 9), neighbourhood, nearness, proximity; ok er
ekki annarra manna n UNCERTAIN nd, present, N. G. L. l. c.; koma nnd e-m, to come near
one, Fms. i. 9, Fs. 35; alla menn er honum vru nnd, Eg. 42; betr tta mr at ek kma hvergi
nnd, to have nothing to do with it: the phrase, hvergi nndar-nrri, far from it!
nngi, a, m. = nungi, Barl. 44, 52, 142, Hom. 62, N. G. L. i. 87.
nnigr, adj. = ninn; me eima konum sv nngum, N. G. L. ii. 322.
nnn, adj. = nin; nn frndsemi, N. G. L. i. 91.
NR, m., gen. ns, dat. n and ni: pl. nir, acc. ni, dat. nm; [Ulf. naws = GREEK and GREEK,
Luke vii. 12, and nawis = GREEK, Rom. vii. 8] :-- a corpse, as also a deceased person; ntr
manngi ns, a dead man is good for nothing, a saying, Hm. 71; sltr ni nefflr, Vsp. 50; ni fram-
gengna, 45; ni stira, Fms. i. 179 (in a verse); nr var Atli, Am. 102; hv ert flr um nasar,
vart ntt me n? Alm. 2; bjarga nm (n-bjargir), to lend the last service to the dead, Sdm. 33:
vera at nm, to be a corpse, die, Hkv. 2. 26; hve ta synir vera naugir at nm, Sl. 33; ok sat nr
ni, Gsp. (in a riddle); gra at ni, to make one a dead man. Fms. x. 425 (in a verse); ni
nauflva, Akv. 16; beia gria ns ni er nefa, the kinsman of the slain, Grg. ii. 20; ef menn setja
mann tsker s mar heitir s-nr, ef mar er settr grf ok heitir s graf-nr, ef mar er frr
fjall er hella s heitir fjall-nr, ef mar er hengdr ok heitir s glg-nr, Grg. ii. 131; eir menn
eru fjrir er kallair eru nir tt li . . . heitir glg-nr ok graf-nr ok sker-nr ok fjall-nr, 185; cp.
virgil-nr ( = glgnr), Hm. 158; flr sem nr, Nj. 177 (v. l.), Fas. i. 426; bliknai hann ok var
flr sem nr, . H. 70, Fb. ii. 136; ns litr, a cadaverous hue, Greg. 74; ns or, necromancy, Vtkv.
4. B. COMPDS: n-btr, m. the heart-burn, Fl. n-bjargir, f. pl., see above. n-bleikr, adj. pale
as death. n-flr, adj. = nbleikr. n-gagl, n. a carrion-crow, Eb. (in a verse). n-grigr, adj.
corpse-greedy, of a witch, Hkv. Hjrv. n-grindr, f. pl. the gates of the dead, mythol.; fyrir ngrindr
nean, Ls. 63, Skm. 35, Fsm. 27, n-grma, u, f. a scalp, Fas. iii. 221. n-gll, f. a death-cry, a
piercing, piteous sound, believed to come from departed spirits, exposed infants, Br. 3 new Ed.:
in mod. usage called n-hlj, n. pl., Bjarni 143, see Maurer's Volks. 59. n-hvtr, adj. = nbleikr.
n-kaldr, adj. cold as death. n-ls, f. a kind of vermin. na-lykt, f. the smell of a corpse. n-rei, f.
a hearse, Fms. x. (in a verse). n-reir, adj. 'corpse-loaded,' epithet of a gallows, Yt. n-skri, a,
m. a carrion-crow, Lex. Pot. n-str, n. pl., and n-strnd, f., see below. n-valdr, m. the ruler of
the dead, Sturl. (in a verse).
NRI, a, m. the groin, Nj. 114, Gull. 21, Sturl. ii. 41, Ska R. 144, Eb. 44, Fas. iii. 231, 391,
passim.
nri, a, m. a feeder, nourisher, pot., in aldr-nri.
nrungr, m. [for. word; Germ, nhren], a nourisher (?), Edda ii. 497: in flk-nrungr, answering to
Hom. GREEK GREEK, as also in other pot. compds, Lex. Pot.
n-str, n. pl., in the phrase, liggja nstrm, to lay a corpse on straw, Greg. 56, 57, Hom. 153;
hence the phrase, er ek l stirr strm, Sl.; and str-daua, 'straw-dead' (= dead in his bed), as
opp. to vpn-daur.
N-strnd, f. the strand of the dead, whither the 'straw-dead' came after death, as opp. to Val-hll,
the hall of the slain, Vsp. 44; Nstrandir, Edda.
NTT, f. the night, and nttar-, see ntt.
ntta, a, to pass the night: subj. ntti, at er mitt r a vr nttim ar, Fms. iii. 74. II. to become
night, grow dark; tk at ntta, Hkr. ii. 373; ok er nttai, . H. 224; til ess er nttar, sl. ii. 157;
tekr at rkkva ok ntta, Sks. 219. III. impers. one is benighted; tt ik ntti, Fas. i. 171, Mar.; hann
var ar nttar, Str. 45.
ntt-bjrg, f. a night's lodging, Grg. i. 299.
ntt-blindr, adj. blind in the dark.
ntt-bl, n. nigbt-quarters, Edda 29, Fms. i. 11, vi. 135, Eg. 719. nttbl-star, m. id., Fb. ii. 380.
ntt-drykkja, u, f. a night-bout, Hom. 144, Barl. 137.
ntt-dgg, f. night-dew, Gtsp.
ntt-fall, n. 'night-fall,' dew.
ntt-farar, f. pl. night-wanderings, Sturl. i. 147, Fms. vii. 126.
ntt-fari, a, m. a night-traveller; fara dagfari ok nttfari, to travel day and night, Fms. i. 203, ix.
513, v. l.
ntt-fasta, u, f. a night-fast, K. . K. 108, 122, Hom. 73.
ntt-fugl, m. a night-bird, Lat. noctua, Stj. 16.
ntt-frull, adj. strolling in the night (all-n.)
ntt-geta, u, f. = nttgisting, D. N.
ntt-gisting, f. = ntrgisting, night-quarters, Bs. ii. 32, ir. 230.
ntt-hrafn, m. a night-raven, night-jar, Stj. 86.
ntt-langt, n. adj. for a night, Eg. 417, Edda 33, Ld. 196, Fms. viii. 91.
ntt-laukr, m. a kind of leek, Pr. 471.
ntt-leikr, m. night-games (attracting evil spirits), Fs. 143 (174), cp. sl. js. ii. 7, 8 (Dansinn
Hruna).
ntt-lengis, adv. = nttlangt, Grg. ii. 137.
ntt-ligr, adj. nightly, nocturnal, Sks. 42.
ntt-ml, n. 'night-meal,' taken as a point of time, about nine o'clock P. M., answering to dagml (q.
v.) in the morning; ok er komit var at nttmli, Fms. viii. 89; nnhelgan dag til nttmls, Grg. i.
143; eir koma ar fyrir nttml, Nj. 197, v. l. (matml Ed. less good); kom ar eldr binn um
nttml, Bs. i. 78: in mod. usage only in plur., landi nttml, jfnu-bu miaptans og nttmla (=
half-past seven o'clock P. M.) COMPDS: nttmla-skei, n. the hour of night-meal, Sturl. iii. 71.
nttmla-vara, u, f. a pyramid or column on the horizon, intended to shew the hour of n. by the
sun's position relatively to it, r. 58.
ntt-messa, u, f. a night-service, K. . K. 70, Hom. 41.
ntt-myrkr, n. the darkness of night, Orkn. 110, Hkr. i. 299, Sturl. ii. 231, Fms. ii. 185.
ntt-serkr, m. a night-shirt, Fms. vii. 271, Sturl. iii. 189.
ntt-seta, u, f. 'night-sitting,' late hours, Fms. vii. 126, xi. 425.
ntt-setja, t, to keep lyke-wake, watch a corpse by night (referring to the old lyke-wake), Fms. vii.
251, ix. 480, Fr. 198, Hkr. ii. 228.
ntt-setr, n. the keeping a lyke-wake, of a priest; sitja ar at nttsetri, syngja yr lki ok fylgja v til
grafar um morguninn, N. G. L. i. 390.
ntt-sl, f. the midnight sun, MS. 732. 5, 6, Rb. 454, 472, Rm. 206: as a nickname, Nj. 89.
ntt-star, m. night-quarters, Edda 28, 48, 72, Eg. 299, Grg. i. 153. nttstaar-vitni, n. a witness
about n., Js. 41.
ntt-stefna, u, f. a night-meeting, Fms. ix. 254.
ntt-sta, t, = nttsetja; nttsta lk, Dropl. 26, . H. 139.
ntt-sting, f. = nttsetr, N. G. L. i. 347: ntt-sti, id., v. l.
ntt-sngr, m. a night-service in church, Bs. i. 172, Fms. vi. 303, Sturl. i. 25, MS. 655 xi. 4.
ntt-ugla, u, f. a night-owl.
ntt-urr and ntt-verr, m., ntturr, Greg. 28, 74; [Swed. natt&dash-uncertain;vrd; Dan.
nadver] :-- a 'night-meal,' supper; fara til nttverar, Fms. i. 209 (as also Hkr. and Fb. l. c.); fyrir
nttver ok eptir, Fms. x. 331; gefa nttver, K. . K. 108; ala prest at dagveri ok nttveri, 50;
ba til ntturar, Edda 29; settisk rr til nttverar ok eir lagsmenn, 28; af v er samkunda Gus
kllut n UNCERTAIN tturr heldr en dgurr, Greg. 28; er eigi s beini beztr, at yr s bor sett ok
genn nttverr, ok san fari r at sofa, Eg. 548; suppers are also meant by the meals in the poem
Rm.; nttverar dvl, stopping for supper, Hkr. ii. 373. COMPDS: nttverar-eldi, n.; ala e-n
nttverareldi, to give supper to a stranger, Grg. i. 454. nttverar-ml, n. supper-time, Sturl. i.
147, (spelt n UNCERTAIN tturar-ml, Greg. 74.) ntturar-t, f. supper-time, Greg. 28. For the
Holy Communion the Swed. use nattvrd, Dan. nadver (cp. Germ, abendmahl), but Icel. call it
kveld-mlt (q. v.), not nttverr.
nttra, u, f. [from Lat. natura], nature; eptir boi nttrunnar, Fms. i. 104; sjlf nttran, Stj. 177;
nttran sjlf en fyrsta mir vr, Mar. II. (supernatural) virtue, power, 544. 39; sv her hann
mikla nttru me sr, Nj. 44; fylgi essu n. mikil, Fms. xi. 128; ef ltr essar nttrur fylgja,
Fas. ii. 529. III. natural quality; nttra jarar, Edda (pref.); er kunni nttru allra strengleikja, Str.
67 :-- nature, disposition, bera nttru e-t, Br. 167; hafa nttru til e-s, to have inclination
towards, passim :-- potency, nttru-laus, impotent. IV. in plur. spirits, powers; margar r nttrur
hafa n til stt er r vildu vi oss skiljask, ok enga hlni oss veita, orf. Karl. 378. COMPDS:
nttru-brag, n., Lat. indoles, natural character, Mag. nttru-gjf, f. a natural gift, Stj. 70, 254,
Edda (pref.) nttru-gripr, m. an object possessed of virtue, Bs. ii. 139. nttru-grs, n. pl. herbs
possessing virtue. nttru-lauss, adj. without virtue, Konr. 20: impotent. nttru-lg, n. pl. the law
of nature. Mar. nttru-steinn, m. a stone possessing virtue, Pr. 423, Karl. 119, 178. nttru-vani,
a, m. habits, Stj.
nttrar, part. having such and such virtue, Stj. 84, Bs. ii. 55: given, inclined to, n. fyrir e-, mod.
nttrliga, adv. according to nature, properly, Bs. i. 221, Fms. i. 102, Mirm. ch. 14, Sklda 176 :--
of course, (mod.): (? from Germ, naturlich.)
nttrligr, adj. proper, natural; n. dagr, the natural day, Stj., Rb. 476: natural, carnal, H. E. i. 523.
ntt-vaka, u, f. a night-wake, night-watch, sitting up at night, Hom. 36 :-- of a lyke-wake, alla
jnustu skal hann veita mt tund nema nttvku, N. G. L. i. 347.
ntt-veizla, u, f. a night-banquet, Thom.
ntt-vg, n. a putting one to death during the night, which was regarded as murder, see the remarks
s. v. mor, Eg. 416, Fas. ii. 400.
ntt-ing, n. a night-meeting, 625. 165, Orkn. (in a verse); opp. to daging, q. v.: meetings during
night were not thought proper.
nungi, a, m. a neighbour; ef mar kennir nunga sinn ann er upp er grann, N. G. L. i. 345. 2. in
an eccl. sense as rendering of the Gr. GREEK GREEK, elska skalt nunga inn svo sem sjlfan
ig, Matth. xix. 19, Luke x. 27; hver er minn nungi ? 29, 36, N. T., Pass., Vdal. passim. II.
ironic., as a sherman's term, the barrel containing their drink is called nungi; rautunum a er
plagsir nungann a na krt, Snt.
nungr, m., older form = nungi, also contr. and with umlaut caused by the following u, nngr, acc.
n UNCERTAIN ng, Greg. 21; nungr annarr, Akv. 9; talai hverr vi sinn nung, Stj. 66; Gus
st ok nungs, 677. 3; skunda at hjlpa nungi num hans urft, Stj.
NE or n, a negative conjunction. The Goth. makes a distinction between ni = A. S. ne, O. H. G. ni;
and the compound particle nih, from ni + the sufx uh, O. H. G. noh, Germ, noch, Lat. nec, of
which Icel. n is a contr. form; etymologically, therefore, the single particle ought to be written ne
and the compound n; but this distinction is not made. The particle ne is not found out of
composition except in ancient poetry; it is found as a prex in the compounds neinn, nekkverr,
nema (q. v.), qs. ne-einn, ne-hverr, ne-ifa. A. The single particle, not: 1. with a verb, sl at n vissi,
mni at n vissi, stjrnur at n vissu, Vsp. 5; au n hfu, 18; lst n vissi, Skv. 3. 5; n f,
Hm. 92; nna n mttu, 46; ek n kunna, 11; n at mttu, Hm. 4; n svfu, d. 6 :-- with subj., t
n komir, Vm. 7 :-- ef n, if not, unless, were it not that . . .; ef geldr n vrir, Hkv. Hjrv.
20; ef svers n nytir, Fm. 29 :-- with a double negation, sv at mr mann-gi mat n bau, Gm.
2; aptr n komi, 20; ef fur n tta, Fm. 3; hv n lezkau, Ls. 47; n mttu, Kormak; n
hlut, Vellekla; ar er hrafn n svalt-a, . H. (in a verse); sofa eir n mttu, Gkv. 2. 3 :-- the
negation is understood, nijar hvttu Gunnar n nungr annarr, rnendr n rendr, n (nor) eir er
rkir vru, Akv. 9, 2. used to begin a verse or sentence in a running narrative, answering to ok
(which see A. III); n hamfagrt hldum tti skldf mitt, Ad. 7; n at mttu, Hm. 2; n hann
konu kyssa gri n (nor) . . ., Skv. 3. 4; n ek at vilda at mik ver tti, 35; n djpakorn drpu, d.
10. II. with an adverb or noun; n sjaldan, not seldom, Fms. xi. 198 (in a verse); n allvel, not over-
well, Skv. 1. 49; gumnum hollr n gulli, fond of men not of gold, Hkr. i. (in a verse). 2. but esp. in n
einn, not one, none (cp. Early Lat. noenus = ne unus), also not any; lifa eir n einir, Gkv. 3. 5; n
einu sinni, not once, Fms. xi. 13; kvask eigi muna at hann hefi heit strengt n eins, 112; hann lt
af at eggja konung n eina herfer, vii. 28; vrum vr ekki mjk vi bnir vi n einum lfrii,
iv. 73; n eina sek, Grg. i. 136; n eitt hreint, Stj. 409; allir duldu at n eitt vissi til Hrapps, Nj.
133; eigi nnsk s n einn, Fas. i. 243; eigi n eins staar, not anywhere, Stj. 618; eigi vill hann at
n einn tortryggi, Hom. (St.); eigi . . . at ek hafa n eina manns konu tekit, orst. Su H. 5; hann
fyrir-bau n einum leikmnnum, at . . ., Bs. i. 702. 3. in composition in ne-kkverr and n-ema, q. v.
B. The compound particle n preceded by a negation, neither . . . nor, not . . . nor, as a disjunctive
copula between two nouns or sentences; at gir eigi ings n jans mla, Hm. 115; sksmir
verit n skeptismir, 127; au n (not) ttu, l n (neither) lti n (nor) litu ga, Vsp. 18;
svefn n (not) sefr n (nor) um sakar dmir, Skv. I. 29; varat harm yr um likr, n . . ., 36; vilkat
ek mann trauan n torbnan, 49. 2. in prose; skalt eigi me rum raufa n sveri sl, Stj.
620; hggormr her ar eigi vist n froskr, n ekki (nor any) eitr-kykvendi, 655 xii. 2; m af ngum
fremjask n fullkomask, nema biskupi, K. . 22; eigi meira n skemra, Fms. xi. 304 :-- irregular
usage, v at eins (only in that case) ferjanda n (nor) festum helganda, nema (if, unless), i. e.
neither . . . nor . . . unless, Nj. 240. 3. the negation may also be indirect or understood; n s ess
rvnt at hr veri grtr n stynr, Nirst. 7; fen n fora (= fen er fora), Gl. 382 A; linar lti
dag n ntt, Bs. ii. 49; fr treystisk eld at ra n yr stga, Fas. i. (in a verse); s munt hringum
ra n Ruls-vllum, Hkv. Hjrv. 6, where the negation lies in rvnt, lti, fr, s: as also in
ironical questions, hvat megi ftr fti veita, n holdgrin hnd annarri, i. e. what? to which a
negative answer is expected. II. in hvrgi . . . n, neither . . . nor; hvrrgi eirra, Erlingr n
fhirinn, neither of them, E. nor the shepherd, Fr.; hvrngan ykkarn, Hkon n ik, Fb. i. 182 :--
hvrki . . . n, neither . . . nor, hvrki fyrir forboan n taksetningar, H. E. i. 419; hvrki af dmum
n star hirtingum, 677. 6; hvrki gull n jarir, Skv. 3. 37; hvrki styn n hsta, Nj.; hvrki gott n
llt, and so in countless instances. III. if the sentence has three or more limbs; hvrki . . . n . . . n,
neither . . . nor . . . nor; or also hvrki . . . n . . . er,neither . . . nor . . . or; thus, l n lti, n litu
ga, Vsp.; fals n r ea rangindi, Fms. ix. 330; the former is more emphatic, see hvrrgi B. III.
nean, adv. [Engl. be-neath], from beneath, from below, Vsp. 65, Gm. 35, Vkv. 35, Nj. 247, Edda
58, Fms. vi. 149, passim: denoting motion, nean r eyjum, Nj. 107; nean um slandi, 82; nean
fr sj, nean r dal, nean af eyrum, nean eptir nni, . H. 20: without motion, vkna nean,
Fms. ii. 278; skipit var meitt nean, Sturl. iii. 68 :-- fyrir nean, beneath, below, with acc., Vsp. 2,
35, Skm. 35, Alm. 3, Fms. i. 10, Ld. 148, Eg. 596, Nj. 84, 145, 214, Gsl. 23: nean undir,
underneath, Fb. ii. 357 :-- with gen., nean jarar, beneath the earth; nean sjar, beneath the sea.
nean-verr, adj. the 'netherward,' nether, lower, undermost, opp. to ofanverr, Stj. 98, 517; rifnai
tjaldit r ofanveru neanvert, from top to bottom, Hom. (St.); neanverum dal, r. 58; bjgr
at neanveru, Konr. passim.
nearla, adv. -- nearliga, Nj. 82, Greg. 23, ir. 114.
near-liga, adv. 'netherly,' low down, far below, Th. 25, Stj. 11.
nearr, compar. lower, farther down, superl. neast and nest, nethermost, lowest down (and so in
mod. usage), adv. answering to nir, q. v. :-- nkkuru nearr, Fms. i. 215; nearr en hn hafi tla,
Gsl. 72; sv sem eir mttu neast, Fms. iv. 50; nest sk ok vindar . . . neast jr, v. 340, passim.
NERI, adj., compar. nearri, Stj. 76, nether, lower, Lat. inferior; superl. nestr or neztr,
nethermost, lowest, undermost; nera strti, Fms. ix. 24; Tungu inni neri, Fs.; inn nera hlut,
Eg. 101; Galilea in efri ok in nearri (neri, v. l.), Stj. 76; in neri lei, in the nether world, O. T. 45;
neri bygir, the nether world, i. e. hell: the neut. it nera, adv. underneath; var ljst it efra en
dimmt it nera, Vgl. 40: the nether part, fagrraur it nera, Fas. i. 172; sumir brjta borgar-vegginn
it nera, Al. 11; rr ferr it nera, Edda; hann samnai mnnum hit nera um Mrar, sl. ii. 168;
hinn nezti hlutr trsins, Hkr. i. 71; enu nezta helvti, Fms. ii. 137; neztu smugur helvtis, Sklda
605.
NEF, n., gen. pl. nefja, dat. nefjum; [A. S. nebbe; Engl. neb] :-- the nose, prop. the beak, bone of the
nose, opp. to nasar (ns, q. v.), Grg. ii. 11; lir ne, Ld. 272; eir hafa hvrki nef n nasar, 'neb
nor nose,' i. e. neither lower part nor cartilage, Stj. 79; hann rak hnefann nasir mr ok braut mr
net, Fas. iii. 392; kom nasir eim ok brotnai honum net, Fms. iii. 186; gna net, Orkn. 394,
passim: also in the phrases, stinga ne feld, to hide the nose (face) in one's cloak, from dismay,
Fms. x. 401; cp. stinga nsum felda, Sighvat; stinga saman nefjum, to put noses together = lay
heads together, i. e. discuss closely, ironic., Grett. (in a verse); kvea, tala nef, to talk through the
nose, Sklda 162; taka ne, to snuff up; sjga upp net, to suck up through the nose; of nr ne
kva karl . . ., too near the nose, quoth the carle, when he was hit in the eye, Fms. vii. 288; nit er
nef augum, the neb is near akin to the eye, Nj., cp. Fms. iii. 188; draga bust r ne einum, see burst.
2. as a law term in regard to tax, dues, poll (cp. the English phrase 'to count noses'); um alla Svj
guldu menn ni skatt, penning fyrir nef hvert, Yngl. S. ch. 8; her n grt fyrir itt nef angat
t, i. e. tbou hast done thy share, Fbr. 33; gjalda eyri fyrir net hvert, to pay a 'nose-tax' of an ounce,
poll-tax, Lv. 89; penning fyrir nef hvert, Hkr. ii. 231; skal gra mann t at sjaunda ne, N. G. L. i.
97; ertug fyrir sex tigu nefja innan laga vrra, 7; skutilsveinar til riggja nefja ok hverr hskarl til
tveggja nefja, H. E. i. 420; yrkja nvsu fyrir nef hvert er var landinu, Hkr. i. 227; skal bandi
hverr augljs nef hafa af bryggju-spori skoru-kei fyrir rmann, i. e. every franklin has to shew
up the poll on a score-roll before the king's ofcer, N. G. L. i. 200. 3. the neb, beak, bill, of birds,
Fms. viii. 10; nen ok klrnar, Nj. 272, Stj. 90; fugls-nef, uglu-nef, arnar-nef, hrafns-nef, Sdm.
passim; also hrts-nef, a ram's nose, 1812. 66: the saying, lti er nef vrt en breiar fjarir, Bs. i.
676, of high aspirations and weak efforts, see fjr: of things, klappar-nef, a jutting rock; skogar-
nef, q. v.; steja nef, the nose (small end) of a stithy; keips-nef, a thole, a rowlock pin: cp. the riddle
or pun, liggr grfu og horr upp nef -- ausu ! of the hook on a ladle's handle. II. as a nickname,
Gsl.; = Nosey, cp. Lat. Naso. COMPDS: nef-bjrg, f. a nose-shield, part of a visor, Fms. i. 178,
Orkn. 148. nef-dreyri, a, m. a bleeding at the nose, Sturl. ii. 66, Pr. 474. nef-flr, adj. pale-nebbed,
Vsp., Akv. nef-gildi, n., see below, nef-glita, u, f. a nickname, glitter-nose, Sd. 145. nef-langr, adj.
long-nebbed, Sturl. ii. 133 C. nef-lauss, adj. noseless, without a nose, Rb. 348. nef-ltill, adj. small-
nosed, Sd. 147. nef-ljtr, adj. with an ugly nose, Fms. ii. 7, xi. 78. nef-mikill, adj. big-nosed, Eb.
30, Orkn. 66. nef-mltr, adj. speaking through the nose.
nef-gildi, n. [nef], a 'nose-tax,' poll-tax, payable to the king; en s var orsending konungs, at hann
beiddi ess slendinga, at eir skyldi vi eim lgum taka sem hann hafi sett Noregi, en veita
honum af landinu egngildi ok nefgildi, penning fyrir hvert nef, ann er tu vri fyrir alin vamls,
. H. 141; nefgildis-skatta er Haraldr fair hans hafi lagt allt landit lt hann taka hit ytra me
sj ok um rnda-lg, ok leggja til skipa-grar, Fagrsk. 20. This ancient 'nose-tax' was also
imposed by the Norsemen on conquered countries, and the name gave rise to strange legends; thus,
king Thorgisl, the Norse conqueror of Ireland (A.D. 830-845), is, by an Irish chronicler, said to
have levied a tax of an ounce on each hearth, the penalty for defaulters being the loss of their nose.
Prof. Munch, Norg. Hist. i. 440, has traced the origin of this legend to the simple fact that the king
imposed a 'nose-tax' or poll-tax on the conquered Irish, just as Harold Fairhair afterwards did in
Norway. B. [ne], a weregild payable to the cognates of a person, opp. to bauggildi = the agnate
weregild; at heitir nefgildi er eir menn taka er kvennsift eru komnir, Grg. ii. 137, N. G. L. i. 185.
COMPDS: nefgildis-frndbt, f. compensation of nefgildi, N. G. L. i. 187. nefgildis-mar, in. a
cognate relative, recipient of n., opp. to bauggildis-mar, Grg. ii. 181, N. G. L. i. 22.
nef-gildingr, m. = nefgildismar, Grg. ii. 178.
nef-gjld, n. = nefgildi (II), Hkv. 1. 12.
NEFI, a, m. [A. S. nefa; O. H. G. nefo; Germ, neffe; cp. Lat. nepos; Fr. neveu; Engl. nephew] :-- a
law term, a cognate kinsman; ne jarla, an earl's nephew, Sighvat, Edda (Gl.); ni er nefa, Grg. i.
137; ne Knts, Canute's sister's son, Fms. vi. (in a verse). II. the name of a dwarf, Edda (Gl.): the
name of a sword, id.
nefja, u, f. a nickname, Fb. iii.
nefjar, adj. nebbed, beaked: in compds, bjg-n., of an eagle.
NEFNA and nemna, d, [nafn; Goth. namnjan; Germ.; nennen], to name; kona Manue fir son ok
nefnir Samson, Stj. 410; nefnd inn fur! Hkv. Hjrv. 16; veit ek ann mann er ora man, . . .
nefnd hann ! Nj. 89; br essu vru nefndir (specially named) hinir strstu hfingjar, Fagrsk.
91; mar er nefndr Mrr, Nj. 2; nefna sik, to name one's name, 6; Hallfrer nefndi sik, Fms. ii. 86:
n. e-n nafn, to name by name; hann kallai menn mna ok nefndi nafn, Nj. 211; nefna barn
nafn (in christening), N. G. L. i. 339: in a narrative, mar er nefndr Mrr, a man was named M., i.
e. there was a man named Mord, Nj. 1; 'mar er nefndr N.' is a standing phrase in the Sagas: Oddr
er mar nefndr, ok var rlygsson, Gsl. 12; tveir menn eru nefndir, orkatlar tveir, 8; Brr rr eru
nefndir til sgunnar, ht einn . . . Nj. 22; s mar er nefndr til sgunnar er Geirr goi ht, now the
story names a man who hight G., Nj, passim, cp. N. M. ht mar. 2. to mention by name, to name,
point out; vru essir stair nefndir, Bs. i. 731; hann nefndi til ess skipstjrnar-menn, Eg. 33;
nefni ek til ess Bjrn ok Helga, Ld. 14; hann eggjai mga sna ok nefndi til Hjarranda, Dropl. 24:
instances inuenced by the Latin, nefndr Eirikr, the said E., Fms. xi. 412; opt nefndir menn, Dipl. v.
26; fyrr-nefndr, above-named. II. to name, order, appoint; nemdi konungr nkkura menn at ganga
upp eyna, Fms. ii. 285; n. mann til skipstjrnar, Fb. i. 186: as a law term, to call, nefna vtta, n.
mann dm, Nj. 14, Dropl. 13, Grg. i. 15, 72, passim; n. frnsdm, Grg. i. 80; n. dm mli, Nj.
passim: to summon, cite, allir arir eir sem annig vru nefndir, Fms. ix. 279: to levy, n. li r
hruum, vii. 299; cp. nefnd, dmnefna. III. reex. to name oneself, give up one's name; hann
nefndisk Hrappr, Nj. 130; hanu spyrr hvat kvenna hn vri, hn nefndisk Hallgerr, id.; hn
nefndisk fyrir eim Gunnhildr, Fms. i. 8; ok nefndisk r, Rm. 10. 2. to be summoned, cited; ef s
mar ltr dm nefnask, Grg. i. 16.
nefna, u, f. nomination, Sturl. ii. 27; dm-n., vtt-n., alingis-n.
nefnd, f. [early Swed. nmd], denomination, Stj. 11. II. as a law term in the Norse (not Icel.) law,
nomination, delegation: 1. a xed amount of levy or contribution in men and ships; hann gri ok
nefnd hverju fylki, hversu mrg skip . . . skyldi vera r hverju fylki at mnnum ok vpnum ok
vistum fyrir tlenzkum her, Fagrsk. 20; konungr stefndi ing bnum, hann gri bert fyrir allri
alu at hann mun leiangr hafa ti um sumarit fyrir landi, ok hann vill nefnd hafa r hverju fylki
bi at lii ok skipum, Fms. ii. 245; stefndi hann til lendum mnnum snum ok hafi nefndir r
landi, x. 94; almenniligar nefndir, N. G. L. i. 446. 2. a body of daysmen or arbitrators to give judg-
ment in a case; in the old Swed. law the nmd was composed of twelve members (see Schlyter), cp.
early Dan. nvning; in this strictly legal sense the word hardly occurs in ancient Icel. law, but it
bears a close resemblance to old Icel. gr and grar-menn, esp. as described in Nj. ch. 75, 123,
124, see gr II: in the Sagas the word occurs in one or two instances, kva at mundi ml manna,
at eir hefi ga nefnd um sttir, Bjarn. 56: in the old laws of Norway it is rare, except in the
sense of a levy, see above; at ingit s skipat, ok nefndir skoaar, lgrttu-menn kosnir, Gl. (pref.
vii). 3. mod. a committee. COMPDS: nefndar-dagr, m. a xed day, N. G. L. i. 142, Orkn. 10.
nefndar-li, n. levied forces, Fms. viii. 285. nefndar-mar, m. a man nominated as a member of
the lging (in the Norse sense), a certain xed number being sent from each county, Gl. 8-18, Jb.
11 sqq.: a man named for the levy, 98. nefndar-stefna, u, f. a xed meeting of delegates; mti ea
nefndarstefnu, N. G. L. i. 308. nefndar-sri, n. an oath taken by a body of delegates, N. G. L. i.
430. nefndar-vitni, n. the witness given by a body of named men; skolu tlf frjlsir ok fullta menn
af honum bera ok eigi nefndar vitni, Gl. 156 (Js. 34); er hann jfr nema hann syni me sttar-eii
ok nefndar vitnum, at eigi stal hann, Gl. 538. nefndar-vtti, n. testimony given by a body of
named men, Js. 34.
nefni-liga, adv. by name, expressly, Bs. i. 763: namely, mod.
nefni-ligr, adj.; nefnilegt fall, nominative, Sklda.
nefning, f. a naming, nomination, N. G. L. i. 199: a law term, levying, (nefnd) frjlsir af leiangrs-
grum ok nefningum, H. E. i. 420; engum nefningum ok leiangrs-ferum skulu eir vera, D. N.
i. 80; vru minnstar nefningar um Hlogaland, Fms. x. 74, v. l.; almenniligar nefningar, N. G. L. i.
446, v. l.
nefr, adj. nosed; in the nicknames H-nefr, mj-nefr, etc.
nef-reia, u, f. a kind of personal fee, D. N. v. 660.
nefsa, t, to chastise, punish, (obsolete.)
nef-sneiingr, m. zig-zag; fara nefsneiing.
NEFST, f. (nepst), [Swed. nfst], a penalty, chastisement; undir Heilagrar kirkju nefst ok refsing,
Munk. 72, D. N. v. 785: en er verra, at er vita ykkjumk, nija str um nept, my mind bodes me
still worse things, a sore retribution to thy sons (a bitter fratricidal strife), Skv. 2. 8, for this must be
the true sense of this contested passage; nept for nepst may be right by analogy of heipt and heipst;
the word is altogether obsolete in Iceland, but is still in use in Sweden.
nef-stei, a, m. a nebbed stithy, Fb. i. 190.
nef-steinn, m. a jutting rock, D. N. i. 81.
negg, n. [it is prop. identical with Dan. neg = a sheaf of corn, which word is not otherwise found in
the Norse or Icel.] :-- pot, the heart, Edda (Gl.); also written hnegg, in hnegg-verld, the heart's
abode, breast, Lex. Pot.
NEGLA, d, [nagli], to nail, N. G. L. i. 111, Fbr. 133, Hom. 103, Fms. v. 224, Sks. 707, Eb. 182,
Sl. 65, Fb. i. 515, passim: to stud, negldar brynjur, Vkv. 6; ey-negld, hlm-negld, island-studded,
holm-studded, an epithet of the sea, Eg. (in a verse), Edda (in a verse).
negla, u, f. the bung to close a hole in the bottom of a boat which lets out the bilge-water.
negling, f. a nailing, Str. 4.
neglingr, m. a kind of itching, as if pricked with nails, Fl. x.
negull, m., and negul-nagli, a, m. [from Germ. ngelein, from the likeness to small nails] :-- a
clove, spice.
NEI, adv. [Ulf. n; A. S. n; Engl. no; Germ, nein; Dan.-Swed. nei] :-- no; nei sem nei er, K. .
200; nei, kva lfhinn, Fs. 78; kvea nei vi, to say no, N. G. L. i. 345; eir kvea ar nei vi,
Hkr. i. 277; setja nei fyrir, to set a no against it, refuse, Fms. ix. 242; setja vert nei fyrir, to refuse
atly, ii. 131, Ld. 196; segja nei mti e-u, to gainsay, D. N. ii. 257.
nei-kva, d, to disown, with dat., Str. 16; see nkva.
NEINN, adj. pron., prop. a compd contr. from n einn = not one, none, but afterwards contr.; it is,
however, never used as a pure negative, but only after a negative, as indef. pron.; for the older
uncontr. usage see n A. II: [cp. A. S. nn; Engl. none] :-- any, Lat. ullus, following after a negation,
aldri sv at honum vri nein raun , never . . . any danger, Nj. 262; var eigi af neinni eptir-fr,
Valla L. 196; ekki er etta fura nein, it is no apparition, sl. ii. 337; ess mundi eigi leita urfa, at
konungr mundi neina stt gra, 84; Erlingr hafi eigi skaplyndi til at bija konung hr neinna muna
um, . H. 47; aldri sv . . . at neitt vpn, Fas. i. 281; kom mr aldregi hug, at s mundi neinn vera,
Art.; ekki neinu sinni, not once, Fb. i. 104; ekki neins staar, nowhere :-- where the negation is
indirect or understood, lt hann af at eggja konung neinar ferir, Fb. ii. 427, (n einar, Fms. vii.
29, l. c.); skal ek miklu heldr ola daua en veita eim neitt mein, Nj. 168; at hann mundi taka
mjkliga v, at vgjask neinum hlut til, . H. 51; fyrr skal hn fna en neinn taki hana, Lv.
50 :-- en neinn = en nokkur, than any; eira llt gkk yr Gyinga-l en yr neina j ara, Ver.
42. 2. as subst. anybody; hann tekr enga smd til at neinn ori at . . ., Ld. 214; ekki neitt,
nothing, Fas. i. 17; hvrki var neitt til, there was not aught of either, Gsl. 37; a er ekki til neins,
'tis of no use. neins-staar, adv.; ekki n., not anywhere, nowhere.
neip, f., pl. neipar, the 'nip,' the interstice between the ngers; neipinni; perh. better gneip.
NEISA, u, f., mod. hneisa, which form also occurs in old vellums, [Swed. nesa] :-- shame,
disgrace; this is the true form, as is shewn by the allit. in Hm. 48 and Fm. 11; and also in phrases
like, nira ok neisa; for references see hneisa. neisu-ligr, adj. shameful, degrading.
neisa, t, to put to shame; herliga neist ok rangliga raskat, Bs. i. 392; for more references see
hneisa.
neisi, n. = neisa.
neisinn, adj. = neiss; in -neisinn.
neiss, adj. [Swed. nes], inglorious, ashamed; neiss er nkkvir halr, a saying, a naked man is
ashamed, Hm. 48, cp. Gen. iii. 10; Norna dm munt fyrr neisum hafa, thou wilt scorn the doom
of the Norns, Fm. 11; eir sendu hann til smu eyjar nktan ok neisan, Barl. 62.
neisti, a, m. a spark; see gneisti.
NEIT, n. pl. our, eforescence, a GREEK. GREEK.; neit Menju g, the costly our of Menja, i. e.
gold, Skv. 3. 50; the word remains, though with a false aspirate, in common Icel. hneita (q. v.), the
white eforescence on seaweed (sl); akin is the Icel. naut. phrase, a hnitar bru (in a ditty of Pal
Vdal.), the waves are white-tipped (as if sprinkled with our); the explanation given in Lex. Pot.,
s. v. neit, is prob. erroneous.
NEITA, a, and also neitta, neitti, [Scot, nyte; Dan. ngte], to deny, refuse, absol. or with dat.;
konungr neitai verliga, Fms. vi. 214; eir hfu boit honum laun, en hann neitti, i. 12; hann
neitai me mikilli rlyndi, x. 306; hinn sem neitar, K. . 204; he ek ar gum grip neitt, Fms.
vi. 359; er n vel veizt hverju neitair, 360; neita penningum, xi. 428 :-- with a double dat.,
neita e-m e-u, vii. 90: with acc. of the thing, ef nokkurr neitar kirkju-gar, K. . 68; hverr s er
neitar mitt nafn, eim (sic) skal ek neita, Barl. 122. 2. to deny, forsake; hann neitai Gus nafni,
Fms. x. 324; Petrus hafi rysvar Kristi neitt, Hom. 81; eir er neittu Kristi, Gd. 49; neitai essum
nja konungi, Al. 9; neita villu, Nikuld. 71; eir neittuu (v. l. neittu) essu, Fms. vii. 54. II. reex.,
eim mnnum skal heilagr kirkju-garr neittask, K. ., H. E. i. 491; snerisk til Gus ok
neittaisk Djinum, Hom. 151.
neitan, f. denying; af-neitan, K. . 204, Th. 25.
neitari, a, m. a denier, Gd. 50.
neiting, f. a denial, Hom. 11, Th. 8: gramm. the negative, Sklda 200.
NEKKVERR, indef. pron.; this word is a compound of the negative particle n (q. v.) and the
pronoun hverr, qs. nih-hverr, ne-hverr, nekkverr; the double k (in the oldest MSS. often represented
by cq) may be due to the nal h of the particle, as the compd was formed at a time when the nal h
had not been absorbed into n: [Dan. nogen; Swed. ngon.] A. THE FORMS: this pronoun has
undergone great changes. The earliest declension is the same as that of hverr, see Gramm. p. xxi;
nekkverr, nekkver, Bs. i. 353, Greg. 13, 26, 33, Grg. ii. 205, 206, 304, Fms. x. 389, 393: gen.
nekkvers, nekkverrar, passim: dat. nekkverjum, nekkverju, nekkverri, Greg. 16, 79, Eluc. 27, Bs. i.
352: acc. nekkvern, nekkverja, Grg. i. 41, ii. 251, 270, 313, Fms. x. 381, 390, 391, Greg. 15, Bs. i.
337, 344 (line 14), 352: nom. pl. masc. and fem, nekkverir, nekkverjar, Grg. ii. 205, Bs. i. 355:
gen. nekkverra, Greg. 23, 28, and so on. The word then underwent further changes, u. by dropping
the j; nekkveru, Grg. ii. 281; nekkverar, Fms. x. 381; nekkverum, 382; nekkvera, 393, 415. . by
change of the vowels; nakkverr or nekkvarr, or even nakkvarr, nakkvat, see below; nakkvert, Bs. i.
342 (line 12); nakkvara, . H. 62, 116; nakkvars, Fms. vii. 388, xi. 29, Edda 48; nakkvarir, Fms. vii.
337, Mork. 169; nakkvarar, Fms. vii. 328, Greg. 9; nakkvarra (gen. pl.), D. I. i. 185; nakkvarrar, .
H. 116; nakkverrar (gen. fem. sing.), Bs. i. 393. . the a of nakk through the inuence of the v was
changed into (nkk), and then into o, and the nal va into vo, and in this way the word became a
regular adjective, nkkvorr or nokkvorr, nokkvor, Mork. 57, Fms. x. 261; nokkvot, Bs. i. 393;
nkkvo, Mork. 62, Fms. x. 383, 391; nokkvors, passim; nokkvoru, Nj. 34, Fms. x. 393, 394;
nokkvorum, 305; nokkvorrar, Edda i. 214; nokkvorn, 210; nokkvorir, Fms. vi. 5, x. 294. . the v
dropped out; nkkorr, nokkurr, nokkorr, nokkor, Vsp. 33 (Bugge), Greg. 9, Grg. (Kb.) i. 66, 75,
208, ii. 3, Mork. 168, . H. 224, Grg. i. 1, ii. 366, Nj. 267, Fms. ix. 276, x. 135; nokko, Hkv. 2. 5;
nokkort, Grg. i. 460; nokkorum, Skv. 3. 58 (Bugge), Grg. i. 45, 361, Fms. ix. 370, Nj. 7; nokkoru,
Fms. i. 1, x. 420, Grg. ii. 129, Nj. 41, Eg. 394, Hkr. iii. 160; nkkorn, Fms. x. 409; nokkorn, xi. 6,
Nj. 6, Mork. 205, Ld. 30; nokkorir, Mork. 205; nokkorar, Nj. 252, Fms. x. 388; see Gramm. p. xxi.
r. nally in mod. usage we have contracted forms before a vowel, thus nokkrir, nokkrum, nokkrar,
except that the gen. pl. and gen. fem. sing. are still pronounced as trisyllables, nokkurrar, nokkurra;
these contracted forms have erroneously crept into Editions from paper MSS. (as Vd. in the Fs.),
where nokkrir etc. should be restored to nokkurir etc. UNCERTAIN All the above forms occur
confusedly even in very old MSS., and even the latest form nokkorr occurs in vellums as old as
Cod. Reg. of the elder Edda, in the Mork., Greg., Grg. (Kb.) In addition to the above, there are
mixed forms, nekkurr, 623. 41; nekkorar, Fms. x. 388; nekkers, Grg. (Kb.) 22; nkkurja, 623. 50;
nakkor, B. K. 124; nokkverja, Fms. xi. 6; nauccverjar, navcqveriom, Mork. 62, 64, 65. II. nakkvat,
n. subst., answering to hvat (q. v.), . H. 72, Bs. i. 344, 348, 350, 353, Am. 32, Bugge. 2. nkkvi
(Lat. aliquanto), an obsolete dat. (subst.) answering to hv; sv nkkvi, Hallfred (Fs. 89); nkkvi,
in aught, Hom. 43; af nkkvi, for aught, Fs. 94 (v. l.), Fms. iii. 27; noqvi, Hkv. 2. 26 (Bugge);
nkkvi ofarr, Fms. vii. 304 (in a verse); nkkvi sarr, ix. 533 (in a verse): in prose, nkkvi yngri,
xi. 96; neykvi nr sanni, Hkr. iii. 360; nekkvi rttligar, 677. 11; nkkvi helst, Fms. xi. 78, MS. 677.
6; vla e-n nkkvi, Grg. ii. 22, 367; v nkkvi, 129; nr sanni nkkvi, Fms. x. 420; neykvi, Am.
26 (Bugge); framast nekkvi. III. the neut. sing, is thus distinguished; nakkvat, nokkvo, nokku
(answering to hvat), are often used as a substantive, but nekkvert, nokkvort, nokkurt (answering to
hvert), as an adjective. UNCERTAIN The primitive hverr has partly undergone the same
metamorphosis as the compd nehverr, and in western Icel. is sounded kvur, and in mod. Norse
dialect kor, shewing the complete change. B. THE SENSE: the negative particle, the rst part of the
compound, has quite lost its force, as is the case with neinn, q. v.; but the word is used in negative
sentences = any; ngum b fannsk nkkurr mar, Fms. ix. 355, and so freq. in mod. usage. 2.
single and without a preceding negative; ef nkkurr mar veit eigi, if anybody know not, Grg. ii.
209; er nkkverr Gu sem vrr Gu, 623. 35; ef hann vissi nkkurn hest jafnskjtan, Fms. vii. 169.
3. as subst., nokkut = anything, nokkur = anybody; ef r segit nokkurum, if you tell it to anybody,
Nj. 7; ef nokkurr her, Grg. ii. 366; eldi ea v nokkuru, re or any such thing, 129; styrkja e-n at
nokkuru, Nj. 41; ef hann meiir nkkuru lnd manna, Grg. ii. 281; kannt nokkut lgum, Nj.
33: with gen., nekkverr yar, any of you, 677. 13; nokkort essarra hsa, Grg. i. 460; nakkverr
eirra manna, 232: with prep., nokkura af essum konum, any of these women, Ld. 30; nkkut
manna, Fms. vi. 121. II. some, a certain . . ., Lat. quidam; mar nokkurr, kona nokkur, konur
nokkurar, Nj. 252, passim; nokkora hr, for some time, 2, Fms. xi. 6; nekkverja lund, Grg. ii. 251;
nakkvorir strir hfingjar, Fms. vii. 338; nokkvorir slenzkir menn, x. 294; nokkor g verk,
nekkver ll verk, 677. 9, 25, 26; um dag nekkvern, a certain day, Fms. x. 391; ann bjargkvi
nekkvern (some such), Grg. i. 41; at eim hlut nokkorum, 361; nokkvot orp, Fms. x. 294; r
nakkva, xi. 16; f nkkvart, Grg. ii. 262: as subst., nokkuru fyrir vetr, a while before winter, Eg.
394; nokkuru meir, somewhat more, Fms. i. 1 :-- of some importance, eim er nokkorir eru skapi,
iv. 80; eir einir menn ef nokkut var til, of any weight, Eg. 267, and so in countless instances. III.
spec. usages, added to a numeral, about; rj nokkur, Nj. 267; nokkur sex skip ea sjau, Fms. ix.
276; braut nokkur tu skip, x. 135; me nokkur mm hundra manna, ix. 276; til nokkurra fjrtn
hundraa, H. E. i. 418; nokkurum tveim sinnum ea rim, Fms. ix. 370. 2. sv nokkut, thereabouts;
li sv nokkuru mart, Fms. xi. 48; sv nokkoru mikit, x. 4; sv nokkuru mjk, Nj. 228; sv
nokkvoru mun yar leita farit, 34; sv nakkvarn, Fms. v. 319; nokkurs til ungr, Ld. 128; nokkurs til
seinir, Fms. xi. 29; slkt nkkut, iv. 283; sv nokkuru, nkkvi ru, Hom. 25; sv nkki, about so,
Hallfred; strt nokku, somewhat great, Ld. 104 :-- about, var kveit viku stef nokkut, a notice of
about a week was given, Eg. 394. IV. adverbial usages, the neuter being used as adverb; something,
a deal, marka nakkvat skaplyndi hans, Fms. xi. 78; breytask nkkvat, 99; henni var skapungt
nokkut, Nj. 11: in some way, somehow, at hann skyldi nokkot benda hvat sveinninn skyldi heita,
625. 86: nkkut sv, a bit, somewhat; hann gkk um teiginn uokkut sv, sl. ii. 354; st hfu
gneipt af bolnum nakkvat sv, Eb. 244; sefask konungr n. sv, Fms. xi. 11, 129 :-- neykvi nr sanni,
somewhat nearer the truth, Hkr. iii. 360; var at nr sanni nkkvi, Fms. x. 420, see the references
above (A). 2. perhaps, may be; vilt nkkut taka vi fjrfari mnu? Nj. 40; vilt n. sonu na vi
lta vera, 65; ef hann hefi nokkut siglt til annarra landa, 41; ef Gunnarr hefi n. ess leita, 47. 3.
nokkor, used as neut. adv.; sv nokkor mikit (about so much) flk er eynni, Sks. 95 B. 261 :-- with
the notion of somewhat, may be, perhaps, probably, or the like, at eir mundu nokkor vera nnd
lndum, Nj. 267, Fms. i. 40; nokkur annars staar, Fms. viii. 360; nokkur nean lkamanum, Stj.
98; nokkur nmunda essari byg, 122; nokkur til heiinna landa, Fms. ii. 16; ef vr heyrum
nokkvor barns grt, x. 218; ef nokkor ess er vn, Grg. ii. 129; vart nokkor at vera, Al. 154;
vera m at Gu yvarr s farinn nokkvor, Stj. 593. 1 Kings xviii. 27. C. COMPDS: nokkurn-ig,
adv. in some way, Fms. xi. 110; mun hann mr n. vel taka, Nj. 255; r mun nokkurninn vel fara til
mn, sl. ii. 441. nokkurs-konar, adv. of some kind, Edda i. 218, Dipl. i. 7, Stj. 177. nokkurs-
staar, adv. somewhere, Grg. i. 481.
nekt, f. [nkvir], nakedness.
NEMA, conj. [compounded of the negative particle ne, and the adverb if or ef (q. v.) in an older
dissyllabic form ifa; for the change of f into m see the introduction; cp. Ulf. nibai; A. S. nemne,
nimne; O. H. G. nibu, nibi, nubi; Hel. nebu; early Swed. num; cp. Lat. ni-si, see Grimm's Gramm.
iii. 724.] B. Except, save, but; manngi, nema einn Agnarr, Gm. 2; nema r einum, Vkv. 24; allra
nema einna, 26, Ls. 11; nema vi at lk at lifa, Hm. 96; nema s einn ss, Ls. 11; hvar kmu fer
vrir ess, . . . hvar nema alls hvergi? sl. ii. 236; ngu nema lnu, Nj. 7; llu gzi nema binu,
Fms. ix. 470; engi nema einn, Barl. 207; engi nema Bergrr, Fms. vii. 141; kom virinn
kirkju-sand, nema tvau tr kmu Raufarnes, save that two trees came to R., Landn. 51, v. l.; lafr
hafi mrg sr ok est sm, nema tvau vru nkkvi mest, Fb. i. 501; nema ek hlt, g. 23; eir
blandask eyvitar vi ara sa nema sr einum heldr hann, Sks. 176 B; vtki of sti'k nema hrumk
helvti, Hallfred; lt Koran skra sik ok hj hans ll, nema Ormr vildi eigi vi tr taka, Bs. i. 5. II.
with subj. unless; aldrei, nema okkr vri bum borit, Ls 9; nema hnum vsir . . . ea mey
nemir, Hkv. 1. 19; nema ek daur sj'k, 20; nema ges viti, Hm. 19; nema hann mli til mart, 26;
nema haldendr eigi, 28; nema til kynnis komi, 32; nema reisi nir at ni, 71; nema einir viti, 97;
nema ek ik hafa, Hkv. Hjrv. 7; nema sjlfr ali, Stor. 16; nema eir felldi hann, Edda 36; ngir
ttu lgligir dmar nema hann vri , Nj. 1; nema mar veri sjkr ea srr, Grg. i. 141; nema
lands-flkit kristnaisk, Hkr. i. 248; nema mr banni hel, Fb. ii. 59; hann heyri eigi nema pt vri
at honum, Fms. iv. 204, and in countless instances in old and mod. usage. 2. in phrases such as 'veit
ek eigi nema . . .,' like Lat. nescio an, implying an afrmation; veizt eigi nema s veri fgjarn,
Sks. 28; n veit ek eigi nema nkkurr veri viring af at hafa essu mli, Band. 34 new Ed.; hverr
veit nema ek vera va frgr um sir, who can tell but that I shall be a widely known man some
day? Fms. vi. (in a verse); n veit ek eigi nema yr ykki minna vega mn reii en Sigurar
konungs, now know I not if, vii. 141; eigi veit ek nema etta vri rligt, en eigi m ek at vita . . .,
viii. 95 :-- with indic., kvekat ek dul nema hn her, there is no doubt but that she has, t. 7; hver
s if nema rgn stra, who can doubt that ? Vellekla. III. irreg. usages; ef nokkurr mar ferr jru,
nema (in the case that, supposing that) s vili ba, sem f jru, rnir s hann, Gl. 357:
v at eins, nema, only in that case, if (but not else); rit r v at eins nema pr st allir sem
ruggastir, only in the case if, i. e. do not attack them unless, Nj. 228; v at eins mun hann sttask
vilja, nema hann gjaldi ekki, 254; skal hann v at eins braut hafa ann hval, nema hann lti bera
vitni, Jb. 326: at man v at eins, nema ek ni ra-hag vi Melkorku, Ld. 70; v at eins ferjanda,
nema fjrbaugr komi fram, Nj. 240; oss ykkir v at eins veita skylda jnustu konungi, nema
leggir af tignar-klin, Fms. ix. 432. 2. nema heldr, but rather; eigi m at menn kalla, nema
heldr hunda, not men, but rather dogs, Br. 9; sver ek eigi at eins fyrir mik, nema heldr fyrir allra
eirra slir, Gl. 69; hn hafi eigi hreinl at eins, nema heldr ok alla gzku, Hom. 128; nema enn,
but on the contrary; at glpask eigi lengr flags-skap vi Philistim, nema enn skulu r . . ., Stj.
412, 428, 442: eigi at eins ttaisk hann um sjlfs sns lf, nema jamvel um alla ara sna frndr,
but also, Barl. 73: fyrr nema = fyrr enn, fyrr skal dlga dynr, nema ek daur sjk (= fyrr en ek s
daur), Hkv. 1. 20 :-- he ek vist st at gull, at ngum mun er verra, nema betra s, which is not
worse, if it is not even better, Fb. i. 348.
NEMA, pres. nem; pret. nam, namt, nam, pl. nmu; subj. nmi; part. numinn, older nominn, N. G.
L. i. 200, Hom. 100; with neg., suff. nam-a, Hkv. 2. 15: [Ulf. niman = GREEK; A. S. neman; Germ.
nehmen; freq. in Early Engl.; in mod. Engl., where it is superseded by the Scandin. taka, it survives
in nimble and numb = A. S. be-numen = lcel. numinn.] A. To take; the use of the word in this, its
proper sense, is limited, for taka (q. v.) is the general word, whereas nema remains in special
usages; nema upp, to pick up, Hm. 140; nema e-n r nauum, Fsm.; ar er gull numit upp sndum,
Rb. 350; at hann nemr hann r kvinum, ok kvea hvert hann nemr hann r snu rnmi, ea
annars manns, Grg. i. 51; reifa ml eirra er r dminum eru numnir, 79; hann kost at nema
upp alla senn, 51 :-- nema af, to abolish; essi heini var af numin fra vetra fresti, Nj. 165, b.
4 :-- nema fr, to except; nema konur ea eir menn er hann nmi fr, 5; eim tum er u eru fr
numnar, Grg. i. 325 :-- upp numinn, taken up into heaven; Enoch var upp numinn, Stj. 41. 2. to
take by force, seize upon; menn er konu hafa numit (carried off), Grg. i. 354; hann nam sr
konu af Grikklandi, Rb. 404; Jupiter er hann nam Europam, 732. 17; Bjrn nam ru brott, Eg.
155; ek nam konu essa er hr er hj mr, Nj. 131; hann segir hann hafa numit sik burt af
Grnlandi undan Slar-fjllum, Br. 32 new Ed.: nema nes-nm, Danir ok Svar herjuu mjk
Vestr-vking ok kmu opt Eyjarnar er eir fru vestr ea vestan, ok nmu ar nesnm, Fms. iv.
229, (see nesnm, landnm) :-- in a lawful sense, nema land, to take possession of a land, as a
settler (landnm II); hann nam Eyjafjr allan. 3. nema e-n e-u, to bereave one of a thing; nema e-n
hfi, aldri, fjrvi, Gkv. 2. 31, 42; vera ek tjum eim er mik Niaar nmu rekkar, Vkv.; hv
namt hann sigri ? Em. 6; sigri numnir, Fms. xi. 306 (in a verse); numinn mli, bereft of speech,
Geisli 34; fjrvi numna, life-bereft, Eb. (in a verse); hann l ar lami ok llu megni numinn, Hom.
116; ar til er lands-menn nmu rum, used force, coerced them, Bs. i. 24; rkir menn vera
rum nomnir, Hom. 100; ef hann vill eigi nema tra v, if he will not believe it, N. G. L. i. 88. 4.
to reach, touch, hit; hvtu pilzi, at var sv stt at at nam hl, Fas. ii. 343; nema hjltin vi nera
gmi, Edda 20; allir eir sem oddrinn nam, Ska R. 183; hvrt nam ik er eigi! Nj. 97; ok nema
hann ar nausynjar, at hann m eigi lk fra, and if he is held back by necessity, N. G. L. i. 14, K.
. 70; tt ik ntt um nemi, if the night overtake thee, Sdm. 26: hence the saying, lta ar ntt sem
nemr, to leave it to the night as it takes one = to take no care of the morrow :-- nema sta, to take up
one's position, halt, Nj. 133, 197, Fms. i. 167, vii. 68, Eg. 237. 5. spec. phrases; Kolskeggr nam ar
eigi yndi, Nj. 121; ef hann vildi ar stafestask ok nema yndi, Fms. i. 103 :-- nema staar = nema
sta, Nj. 54, 205, 265, Ld. 104, Stj. 486, Fms. i. 206: of a weapon, he ek at sver er hvergi nemr
hggi sta, I have so keen a sword that it never stops in its stroke, i. e. it cuts clean through
anything, Fas. ii. 535; oddrinn nam brynjunni staar, Al. 76; sv at staar nam (naf Cod. Reg.)
hndin vi sporinn, Edda 40; nema hvild, to take rest, Alm. 1; nema veiar, to take the prey, to
hunt, Hm. 1. 6. to amount to, be equivalent to; ef eigi nemr kgildi, Grg. ii. 233; honum tti
landaun nema, b. 4; a nemr ngu, litlu, miklu, it is of no, of small, of great importance; brkr
r er greyping her numit, Gl. 345. 7. nema vi, to strike against so as to stop, come no further;
nam ar vi ok gkk eigi lengra, Fms. xi. 278; en gadd-hjalti nam vi borinu, Eb. 36. 8. metaph.
to stop, halt; hr munu vr vi nema, Finnb. 236; ar nmu eir Hrafn vi nesinu, sl. ii. 266; hann
bsk vi, ok vill enn vi nema, tt lis-munr vri mikill, Bjarn. 54; konungr verr glar vi er
hann skal fyrir hafa funnit menn er eigi spara vir at nema, Al. 46; en ef at nemr vi frinni, at
ykisk hafa f oti, . . ., Ld. 70; er at vizka at bera eigi slkt, ok mun at eigi vi nema,
Glm. 327; at konungr mundi ftt lta vi nema, at sttir tkisk, i. e. that he would do anything for
the sake of peace, Eg. 210. II. as an auxiliary verb, emphatic, like Engl. do, did, with inn.; Hr
nam skjta (H. did shoot) . ., s nam einnttr vega, Vsp. 37; nam at vaxa, Hkv. 1. 9; hann nam at
vaxa (he 'took to growing') ok vel dafna, Rm. 19; inn nam at ganga, 2; lind nam at skelfa, 9, 35;
nam hn sr Hgna heita at rnum, Skv. 3. 14; ra nmu rki, they did row mightily, Am. 35; nam
hann vittugri valgaldr kvea, Vtkv. 4; nama Hgna mr of hug mla, Hkv. 2. 15; at nam at mla,
Og. 9: seldom in prose, ek nam eigi tra at er hann sagi, Post.; Falka hestr ireks nemr etta at
sj, ir. 117. B. Metaph. to take in a mental sense or by the senses, to perceive, like Lat.
apprehendere, comprehendere, freq. in old and mod. usage: I. to perceive, catch, hear, of sound; en
sv mikill ka var at hvassleik versins er konungr tk at mla, at varla nmu eir er nstir
vru, Fms. viii. 55; sem eir vru langt brottu komnir, sv at mtti nema kail milli eirra ok
manna Saul, Stj. 486; eir skulu sv nr sitjask, at hvrirtveggju nemi or annarra, Grg. i. 69; engi
nam ml annars, Nj. 164; ml nam milli eirra, Fms. v. 31; eigi skulu vr at ml sv nema, we
shall not understand it so, Hom. 156. II. to learn; klk nam fugla, Rm.; hann hafi numit sv lg, at
hann var enn rir mestr laga-mar slandi, Nj. 164; inir hstu turnar hafa numit honum at hnga,
Al. 90; n var rir ar ok nam ar fjlkyngi, Fb. iii. 245; inn var gfgastr, ok at honum nmu
eir allir rttirnar, Hkr. i; nema nm, to take in, acquire learning, Bs. i. 92, 127; see nm :-- to
'catch,' learn by heart, r kvu vsur essar en hann nam, Nj. 275; vsur essar nmu menn
egar, . H. 207; en hinn nemi, er heyrir , Darrl.; rds nam egar vsuna, Gsl. 33 :-- to learn
from, var namtu essi hnlegu or ? nam ek at mnnum . . ., Hbl.; nema r, Hm.; menn nemi
ml mn ! . H. (in a verse) :-- nema e-t at e-m, to learn something, derive information from one, ek
he hr verit at nema kunnustu at Finnum, Fms. i. 8; hann nam lgspeki at orsteini, sl. ii. 205;
hann nam kunnttu at Geirri, Eb. 44; Glmr hafi numit enna atbur at eim manni er ht
Arnrr, Fms. i. 266; en Oddr nam at orgeiri afrs-koll . . ., Ari nam ok marga fri at uri
Snorra dttur Goa . . . hann hafi numit af gmlum mnnum ok vitrum, . . . eptir v sem vr
hfum numit af frum mnnum, . . . tt hverr mar ha san numit at rum, . . . ok hafa menn
san at eim numit, . H. (pref.); nemi r af mr, Fms. viii. 55. C. Reex., prop. to take, seize for
oneself: 1. to take by force; ef mar nemsk konu, ok samykkjask au san, . . ., H. E. i. 247. .
to stop; ok hafa ek at sver, sem aldri her hggi sta numisk (= numit), Fas. ii. 208; frir
namsk, ceased. . to refuse, withhold from doing; hann ba hann eigi nemask me llu at gra sem
bndr vildu, Hkr. i. 142; hverr bndi er at nemsk (who makes default), gjaldi . . ., K. . 40; ar var
kominn fjldi lis r Austr-lndum til mts vi hann, ok nmusk frina (refused to go) ef hann
kmi eigi, Fb. ii. 71; en ef mar nemsk leiangrs-gr, er leiangrs-fer, ha rmar stt at
fyrr en skip komi hlunn, . . . at hann ha leiangr grvan ok eigi fyrir nomisk, N. G. L. i. 200; en
vil ek eigi fyrir minn daua at nemask (disregard) hans orsendingar, O. H. L. 29. 2. to learn;
ltt nemask at, learn, take heed that, Skv. 1, passim; eptir etta nemask af aptrgngur hans, Ld.
54. II. part. numinn, as adj. numb, seized, palsied; hann var allr numinn rum megin, ok mtti eigi
mla hlfum munni, Ann.; var ek sem ek vra numinn, Mar.; vera fr sr numinn, to be beside
oneself, from joy, astonishment, or the like, cp. the references above (A. 3).
NENNA, t, [Ulf. nanjan = GREEK; A. S. nan; O. H. G. nendian, whence the Germ. pr. name
Ferdi-nand = the doughty, striving] :-- to strive, with dat. or inn., but only used in peculiar phrases;
nenna e-u or n. at gra e-t, to have a heart, mind for a thing; hann nennti eigi star v ok hyggju,
Bs. i. 450; sem synir mnir nenni eigi (cannot bear) essari kyrrsetu lengr, Ld. 262; mun ek eigi n.
ru (I cannot longer forbear to) en fara mti eim, Fb. ii. 41; hann kvask eigi lengr nenna at
ola h ok spott, sl. ii. 269; ek nennta at vsu at neyta vpna, 366; eir nenntu eigi at verja sik,
Orkn. 78; lkr er Gsli at olinmi, vat essu mundu engir nenna at lj n gripina, annig sem
hann er r beiddr, Gsl. 112; eigi nenni ek (I have no mind) at hafa at saman at veita Hgna enda
drepa brur hans, Nj. 145; slkar eptir-grir sem hverr nennti (was minded) framast at gra eptir
sinn vin ea nung, Fms. viii. 103; ef nokkorir eru eir er nenna (who wish) at hverfa aptr til
bjarins, 320; n nenni ek eigi at vr farim sv halloki, Fr. 228; eigi nenni ek v (I cannot
forbear) at marka hann eigi, Fms. ii. 61; Gyrgir nennti eigi (could not bear) brott at fara vi lti f
er ekki, 152; Hrafn nennti eigi at starfa, H. would not work, was lazy, vi. 102; whence the mod. eg
nenni v ekki, I will not, I am too lazy to do it; nennir ngu, tbou art good for nothing! hann er
svo latr . . . hann nennir ekki neitt a gera, Grnd. II. spec. usage, to travel, only in poets; nenna
va, to travel wide, Hallfred; nenna e-m ingi, to go to meet one, join one, Skm.; glair nennum
vr sunnan, glad we journey from the south, Edda (in a verse); nenna norr, to journey northwards;
nenna innig, to fare thither, Lex. Pot.
nenna, u, f. energy, nennu-lauss, adj. listless, idle, Al. 100.
nenning, f. activity, energy, Edda 109, Fms. v. 177 (in a verse), Hom. (St.) COMPDS: nenningar-
lauss, adj. slothful, Fms. iii. 158, Fbr. 92 new Ed. nenningar-leysi, n. irksomeness, Grg. i. 301,
Rm. 344.
nenninn, adj. active, striving, Sighvat, Lex. Pot., and in pot, compds; fjl-n., marg-n., doing
much good work; rek-n., doughty.
nennir, m. [prob. an assimilated form, qs. neknir, see the remarks s. v. nykr] :-- the popular name of
the nykr (q. v.), Maurer's Volks.
nepja, u, f. [napr], chilliness, bitter cold; en undir birtinguna andar kld nepja fr jtinu, Od. v.
469.
neppi-liga, adv. [Swed. nppeligen], hardly; n. er ekki, Stj. 25; eim vannsk n., the ends did
hardly meet, 195.
NEPPR, adj. scant; ganga neppr nu fet, to walk with pain nine paces, Vsp.; fjr-neppr, scant of
life, Fbr. (in a verse); nau grir neppa kosti, Rkv.
NES, n., gen. pl. nesja, dat. nesjum, [A. S. ns; Engl. ness; Germ. nase; Lat. nasus = nose; as also
ns nasar, = the nostrils, are kindred words] :-- a ness projecting into the sea or a lake; undir nesi
einu, Nj. 43; nes mikit gkk s t, Eg. 129; nesit at er fram gkk sjinn, Fbr. 89 new Ed.; vatn
at er nes liggr , sl. ii. 345: even of a river (= oddi), Nj. 95, 96; ann-nes or and-nes, q. v.: of a slip
of land, bar skulu rtta merki, ok jamna ar nesjum saman, Grg. ii. 262, 263. II. freq. in local
names, Nes, in plur. and sing. Nesjum, and in compds, lpta-nes, Laugar-nes, Langa-nes, Mjva-
nes, Sur-nes, Nor-nes, Landn., Fms., and map of Iceland; in Norway, Nesjar, f. pl. (see Gramm.
p. xxvii, col. 2), whence Nesja-bardagi, -orusta, the battle of N., fought on Palm Sunday, A. D.
1014; Nesja-vsur, a song on the battle of N., . H.: in Scotland, Kata-nes, and Nes, = Caithness,
Orkn. passim; austr Nesjum, Fms. ix. 421, of the coast of Scotland as seen from the Isle of Man;
as also in many Engl. and Scot, local names. COMPDS: Nes-hraun, Ness lava, Landn. Nes-menn,
m. pl. the men from Nes, Landn. Nes-jir, f. pl. the people of Caithness, Fms. x.
nes-hfi, a, m. a headland, Fms. iii. 44.
nes-konungr, m. a 'ness-king,' a nickname of the old sea kings, who had no lands, but their ships,
for a kingdom, Fms. ix. 255; skjtt man eigi vanta annan tma neskonunga Noregi ef v skal fram
haldask, N. G. L. iii. 33; munu margir vera neskonungar brtt, Fms. ix. 255.
nes-nm, n.; nema nesnm, to make a 'ness-raid,' a term used by the old vikings when they landed
on narrow headlands and took cattle and provisions by force; nema nesnm ok hggva strandhgg,
Eg. 81, Orkn 64, Fms. i. 195.
nes-oddi or nes-tangi, a, m. a point of a ness, Nj. 125, Fms. vii. 361, Fs. 51.
NEST, n., mod. nesti, n. [A. S. nest; Dan. niste] :-- viands, provisions, Lat. viaticum; hann batt nest
eirra allt einn bagga ok lagi bak sr, Edda 29; ok vru rum vistir eirra brra ok tlaar
eim til nests, sl. ii. 342; skal hann bera, ef hann vill, nest sitt til skips, N. G. L. i. 143; veg-nest,
viaticum, Hm. 11; far-nest, q. v.: allit., me nesti og nja sk, furnished with 'nest' and new shoes.
nestis-lauss, adj. without nest.
nesta, t; nesta sik, to provide oneself with food. II. to pin = nista; ok nsti (sic) hann t vi borit,
O. H. L. 20.
nest-baggi, a, m. a 'nest' bag, wallet, Edda 29.
nest-lok, n. pl. the 'bottom of the bag;' in the adverb. phrase, at nestlokum, at last, nally, Bs. i. 417
(at nst lokum Ed.); en at nestlokum sveri hggvinn, Blas. 51; mon ok Go lta eldinn ganga yr
heiminn at nestlokonom, Hom. (St.); at nestlokum krossfestr, 656 B. 4; at n. vinnr Mr ri,
Sturl. i. 10: with gen., at nestlokum mlsins, 23, v. l.; at nestlokum nnar, Hom. (St.)
NET, n., gen. pl. netja, dat. netjum, [Ulf. nati = GREEK; A. S. and Engl. net; Hel. neti; Germ, netz;
Swed. nt] :-- a net; tk hann ln ok garn ok rei mskva sv sem net er san, Edda 39 (in the
mythical story of the origin of the net as an invention of Loki); ef mar hittir net ltrum snum ok
sel , hann net ok sv sel, til hinn leysir landnmi net t, N. G. L. i. 45; n tekr mar sld r
netjum manna, ii. 136; leggja net , Grg. ii. 350; hvrki net n ngla, K. . K.; netja spell,
damage of nets, N. G. L. ii. 136, 137; netja sti -- netlg. Boldt 134; netja veir, a net-haul, id.;
ra net, to make a net; drag-net, a drag-net, draw-net; lag-net, a lag-net; slag-net, a casting-net,
for catching birds :-- metaph., net lifrar = reticulum jecoris, Stj. 310. Exod. xxix. 13, 22.
net-r, f. pl., and net-kubbar, m. pl. the quills of a net.
net-hls, n. the neck or throat of a net, Post. 656 C. 5.
netja, a, to net, catch: metaph. netjar, netted, entangled, Fms. x. 404; allri skurgoa villu er
hann her yr netja, i. 282; er hann n sv netjar st hennar, Str. 24 :-- reex., netjask bandi,
H. E. i. 238, Str. 9.
netja, u, f. the net-like caul of fat enclosing the stomach of animals, Lat. omentum, Stj. 250, Sks.
129, and in mod. usage.
net-lagnir, f. pl. places where nets are spread.
net-lg, n. pl. 'net-layings', i. e. the right of laying nets in certain waters; hann skyldi rma netlgin
fyrir eim, Fs. 35; kirkja selveii vi Eisker ok tvau netlg, Vm. 57; menn eigu at veia fyrir
tan netlg at sekju, Grg. ii. 358.
net-nmr, adj. that may be caught in a net; netnmir skar, Grg. i. 149.
net-rst, f. = netlagnir, on the sea, D. N. ii. 4.
nettr, adj. neat, handsome, (mod. and for.)
net-inull, m. the upper net-line, bordering the net, Edda 39.
NEY, f. need, distress, Hkr. iii. 288, Stj. 182, 213; this form is very freq. in mod. usage, esp. in
hymns, Vdal., the Bible, instead of the older nau (q. v.), e. g. Pass. 41. 1. COMPDS: neyar-
kostr, m. a dire choice. neyar-rri, n. pl. dire expedients.
neya, d, [nau], to force, compel; neya e-n til e-s, Grg. i. 306, O. H. L. 41; ek ykkjumk
mjk neyddr til hafa verit, Nj. 88; eir neyddu hann og sgu, Luke xxiv. 29, passim in mod. usage:
to subdue, hann neyddi tr Gyinga, Hom. 42.
NEYTA, t, [nautr, njta; Germ, ntzen; A. S. notian; Old Engl. and Scot, note], to use, enjoy, with
gen. or absol.; neyta fjr-nytjar eirrar, to use the milk, Grg. i. 428; koma mun ar at vr munum
ess n., Nj. 232; eim er neytti er njta yrfti essa vttis, 238; ok sv allra gagna til at neyta,
Grg. ii. 81; ar er menn selja hross sn til geymslu alingi at lgmli, skal s, er vi her tekit, at
engu neyta, 140; nefnir hann sr vtti at at lgum, at njta ok neyta, ii. 79. 2. to consume; neyta
matar, to eat, Gsl. 16; at neyta eirra kykvenda allra er n eru t kllu, Ver. 9; hvers hann hafi
neytt ok hvers neytt, Grg. i. 155. 3. with acc., (less correct and prob. a Norwegianism); vpn, m
au vel neyta skipi, they may well be used in ships, Sks. 388 B; er alla penninga sna neyta upp
(consume, waste) ofti ok ofdrykkju, Sklda 208: to eat, skulut it alla hluti neyta, Sks. 500 B;
fyrir v at neyttir kvijaan vxt jarar, 548 B :-- with dat., in translations inuenced by the
Lat.uti with abl., neytti hann lla frjlsu sjlfri, Mar.; valdsmenn eir er lla neyta snu valdi, Stat.
272. 4. with prep.; neyta af e-u, to eat of it; neyt af v opt, Pr. 472; af v bau hann okkr ekki
neyta, Sks. 504. II. reex, to be consumed; eyask ok upp neytask, Stj. 154.
neyti, n. [nautr], fellowship, mateship, a company; neyti eru ntjn menn, nineteen make a company,
Edda 208; bera vtti me neyti at (with other fellow-witnesses) er ek f r til, Grg. ii. 54; leysa
ann kvi af hendi egar er eir hafa neyti at, i. 54: esp. in compds, mtu-neyti, fru-n., ru-n.,
lgu-n. (q. v.), etc. 2. use; hafa jarkost fjallanna ok neyti (= not, q. v.) af sjnum, Fs. 20. II.
[naut], cattle, in compds, k-neyti, blt-n., ung-n., q. v.
neyting, f. the using a thing, tasting, neytingar-vatn, n. water for domestic use, Gsl. 28, (mod.
esp. of drinking water, opp. to water for washing.)
neytr, adj. good, t for use; vpn at er neytt s, Grett. 99 A; hesta alla er neytir eru, Sturl. iii.
237 :-- neytr at e-u, good for something, at hv neyt s, for what they are useful, Grg. ii. 266; n. til
e-s, andvana lk til einskis neytt, Pass. 4. 23: of persons, good, useful, Kolbeinn fll ok margrir arir
neytir menn, Bs. i. 141.
neyzla, u, f. a using, consuming, Barl. 14, 23. COMPDS: neyzlu-grannr, adj. one who requires
little nourishment; hann er n., opp. to neyzlu-frekr. neyslu-salt, n. common salt, Gl. 430. neyzlu-
vatn, n. = neytingarvatn.
nezla or nestla, u, f. [nisti], a loop to fasten a cloak or the like, orf. Karl. ch. 7: mod. hnezla or
hnesla, passim.
neztr = nestr, see neri, Barl. 155, passim.
NI, f., pl. niar, N. G. L. i. 29; dat. pl. nijum, Vsp. 6 (later nium); the gender is seen from the pl.
niar (l. c.) from the compd niar- below, as also from the provinc. Norse and Swed. near; [Swed.
nedar; Dan. n; Ivar Aasen near] :-- the wane of the moon, when there is 'no moon;' it is in use in
Sweden and Denmark, but now obsolete in Iceland, except in the compd nia-myrkr, qs. niar-
myrkr; in old writers esp. in the allit. phrases, n ok ni, full moon and no moon, Vm. 25; Mni
strir gngu tungls ok rr njum ok nium, Edda 7; um ny hit nsta ok niar (acc. pl.), N. G. L. i.
29; ntt me nium, Vm. 24; ntt ok nijum (i. e. nium) nfn um gfu, Vsp. 6; mni, n, ni,
Edda 76: pot., nia borg = the heaven, Sklda (in a verse). COMPDS: Nla-fjll, n. pl. a mythical
local name, Vsp. nia-myrkr, n. ' ni-mirk,' pitch darkness and no moon; eir hfu skriljs me
sr, en niamyrkr var ti, . H. 71, Fms. ii. 5; n. var , Eg. 216, 235, Fms. viii. 429: the word is
now used without thinking of the moon, simply = pitch darkness; also kol-niamyrkr, coal-pitch-
dark.
nia, a, = gnia (q. v.), to rub, Grett. 151 A: to murmur, of water.
ni-gjld, n. pl. weregild after the slaughter of a relative or the weregild payable to the more
distant relatives of the slain, opp. to the hfubaugr; or even simply = weregild, gjalda hinn vegna
nigjldum, Grg. ii. 63, 79; skal essa menn alla gjalda nigjldum, 131; menn alla skal jamt
aptr gjalda nigjldum, sem eir s vegnir, tt eir li, sv er mlt, at at sumar skal nigjalda
heimting upp hetja, er . . ., Grg. ii. 185; gjaldi sendimenn konungs nigjldum, Eg. 575, v. l.
Nii, a, m. the name of a dwarf, from ni (no moon), Vsp., Edda (Gl.)
nijungr, m. = nir, a son, relative, Rm. 38, Lex. Pot. :-- the name of a dwarf, from ni, f. (q. v.)
ni-kvsl, f. the lineage of agnates, t.
ni-myrkr, n. = nia myrkr, Gkv. 2. 12, Fr. 171, Sks. 202, Orkn. 110 (v. l.), 432, Gsl. 60.
nir, m., better gnir, [from gnia], the murmur of running water, of a brook, stream, r-nir,
lkjar-nir, prop. the wearing of the water against the pebbles at the bottom; the word is very freq.
in mod. usage.
NIR, m. some of the cases of which are taken from nir (gen. nis), some from a supposed nii
(gen. nija); from the former are nom. nir, acc. ni, gen. nis; from the latter, the plur. nijar, nija,
nijum; an acc. sing. nija also occurs, . H. (in a verse), as also gen. sing, nija, Bragi; cp. also
langnijar: [Ulf. nijis = GREEK] :-- a son, and hence of any kinsman, a descendant; nema reisi
nir at ni, man after man, Hm. 71; Brs nir, the son of B. = Odin, Eg. (in a verse); Fjlnis nir,
Yggs nir, the son of F., of Ygg, t. 6, Fagrsk. (in a verse); sa nir, the scion of the A., Ht.;
sjvarnir, the sea's kinsman = re, t. 4. II. in the law it seems to mean distant relatives (cp. Grg.
i. 171 and 237), which is conrmed by the use of the word in the early Swed. ni, and in niararf,
which, according to Schlyter, means devolution to distant relatives; nir would therefore answer to
mod. Icel. tarfar, as opp. to frndr: it occurs chiey in the allit. phrase, inn nnasti nir, the nearest
ni, Grg. i. 171, 175; til ens nnasta nis, 237; n lir ekki eirra manna, skal taka inn nnasti
nir frjls-borinna manna ok arfgengr, 171; eigu au fur-tt at hverfa ar til au eru sextn
vetra, en san til ens nnasta nis, 237; tv nnustu nii, N. G. L. i. 56; cp. nsti na-nithi in early
Dan. law; bija gria ns ni er nefa, Grg. ii. 20.
NIR, adv. [A. S. nider; Scot, neth; Germ. nieder; Dan. neder; but not in Goth., for Ulf. renders
GREEK by dala] :-- down; lta nir, to 'lout low,' bow down, Fms. i. 159; falla nir, to fall down,
Nj. 9; falla daur nir, Fms. xi. 145; setjask nir, to sit down, Nj. 3; fra korn nir, to sow corn,
169; setja nir lk, to bury, H. E. i. 491, Fms. iv. 110, x. 406; leggja nir, to lay down; drepa nir, to
cut down, slaughter, vii. 243; fra nir, to put doiun, Ld. 168; svelgja nir, to swallow down, Pr.
475; renna nir, id. 2. of direction without motion; hamrar eru upp ok nir fr hellinum, nir fr
Mlifelli, Landn. 71, Fbr. 91 new Ed.; hann her upp lking manns, en nir dr, Best. 47 :-- with
motion, nir jr, Stj. 218; fara nir Egiptaland, down to Egypt (from Palestine), Stj. 162, 215.
II. metaph., koma nir boi, to celebrate a wedding, Sturl. iii. 277: to hit, lga eigi beltinu nema
komir vel nir, Fms. xi. 272; koma nir gan sta, to fall into good hands; koma hart nir, to
smart, be hardly treated, metaphor from a severe fall, Nj. 165; drepa nir, to put down, quash, 21,
33, Boll. 346, N. G. L. i. 73; sl nir, to ing down, Fms. xi. 72. B. niri, denoting in a place, vera
niri, liggja niri, etc., passim, see the remarks to frammi (p. 169, col. 2), to which the use of niri
is perfectly analogous :-- down; uppi ok niri ok ar miju, Lil. 1; skouu hann uppi ok niri, all
over, high and low, Ska R. 196; niri vi sj, Gsl. 72; vera niri kili, Fbr. 81 new Ed. 2. metaph.
underneath, Stj. 393: beneath, underneath, secretly, styrktu hann undir niri til slkra da, Mar.;
hann elskai ara konu undir niri, id., passim.
nira, a, mod. hnira, [Scot, nidder], to put down, lower, with dat.; nira e-m or e-u; n. bltum,
Fb. i. 63; n. drambi e-s, Al. 10; eir er mr vildu n., Fms. ix. 278; hafa hans frndr nirat mnum
ttmnnum, 306; hver sem mr n. vildi, Pass. 24. 11; ok Gus andskotum at n., Br. 18; neist ok
nirat, Bs., with acc. Stj. 67: mod. to pull down, revile, passim in mod. usage.
niran. f., mod. hniran, degradation, shame, Fms. i. 208, viii. 448 (v. l.), x. 305, Sks. 775 B, Bs. i.
738.
nir-bjgr, adj. crooked; n. nef, Rm. 10, . T. (in a verse).
nir-brot, n. a 'down-break,' destruction, Rb. 332, Mar., Fms. v. 163. nirbrots-mar, m. a
destroyer, Bs. i. 724.
nir-brotari, a, m. a destroyer, Bs. i. 733.
nir-drttr, m. a dragging down, Fb. i. 307.
nir-drep, n. a pulling down, H. E. i. 497.
nir-fall, n. a downfall, Stj. 9, Sks. 146, Barl. 89 :-- destruction, dilapidation, N. G. L. i. 343 :--
metaph. decay, ruin, Stj. 65, Sks. 450: downfall, loss, Fms. x. 31 (v. l.), Bs. i. 92, 132: as a law term,
the dropping of a case, handsala n. at skum, Nj. 21, passim. :-- a plague, Mar. nirfalls-stt, f.
epilepsy, Mar.
nir-fer, f. descent, Bev.
nir-ganga, u, f. descent, Bret. 32: setting of the sun, Rb. 472, 476.
nir-gangr, m. = nirganga :-- medic. diarrhoea.
niri, adv., see nir B. niri-vist, f. a remaining below, Fms. vii. 166.
nir-kvma, u, f. a coming down, Mar.
nir-lag, n. an end, conclusion; at nirlagi mnaarins, Rb. 28: a saying, lti upphaf grir stundum
gtt n., MS. 4. 9 :-- of a verse, book, or the like, upphaf ok n. vsu, Vgl. 30; ok er eitt n. (one
burden) llum, Hkr. iii. 71: lkr hr sgunni me sv fllnu nirlagi ok enda, Fas. iii. 452. II. the
storing up meat for household use; var ar betri einn saur til nirlags en tveir annars-staar, Grett.
137 A; lt hann at standa nirlgum snum, Fas. iii. 383.
nir-leitr, adj. down-looking, Stj. 20, 71, Karl. 553.
nir-ltr, adj. 'down-louting,' downcast, Sighvat, Pass. 16.
nir-na, d, to dilapidate, esp. of a farm; jrin er nirndd, the estate is let down, is in a bad
condition.
nir-raa, a, to arrange; nir-raan, f. order, arrangement.
nir-seta, u, f. = nirsetningr.
nir-setning, f. a setting down, burying, Bs. i. 132.
nir-setningr, m. a pauper, from being distributed (set down) in Icel. among the different
households in a parish, (setja e-n nir hreppinn.)
nir-staa, u, f. the nal end, conclusion of a thing; a var nirstaan v.
nir-stiga, u, f. a descent, Sks. 56.
nir-stigning, f. a descent, Stj. 376, Nirst. 8, Sks. 55, passim, nirstigningar-Saga, u, f. the
History of the Descent into Hell (sec List of Authors F. III), Am. 3.
nir-stga, steig, to descend: part. nirstiginn, descended, Bs. i. 823.
nir-taka, u, f. a pulling down, Fms. xi. 431.
nir-varp, n. an overthrowing, Sks. 526.
nir-vr, adj. wide or large beneath. Fas. ii. 343.
ni-rkliga, adv. hideously; geispa n., Fb. i. 259.
NIFL, n. [O. H. G. nibul; Germ. nebel; Lat. nebula; Gr. GREEK] :-- a mist, fog; this ancient word
is obsolete in the Northern languages, and solely remains in COMPDS, chiey mythol.: ni-farinn,
part. gone towards the dark, i. e. the dead, a GREEK. GREEK., Akv. 33. ni-gr, adj. a GREEK.
GREEK. in a doubtful passage, Stor. 15. Ni-hel, f. the Tartarus of the heathen mythology, deeper
down than Hel (Hades); wicked men are said to die a second death and pass from Hel into Nihel;
fyrir Nihel nean, hinnig deyja or Helju halir, Vm. 43; ra norr til Niheljar, Vtkv. 2; vndir
menn fara til Heljar ok aan Nihel, Edda; ok sendi hann (the giant) nir undir Nihel, 27. Ni-
heimr, m. Hades, Edda 18, -- Hel kastai hann Niheim ok gaf henni vald yr nu heimum, Edda
4; fyrr var at mrgum ldum en jr var skpu, er Niheimr var grr, 3. ni-vegr, m. pl. the
foggy way, Gg. 13.
Niungar, n. pl. the Niebelungen, of the Germ. tales; the older form hniungar (q. v.) shews that the
word cannot be derived from ni; the derivation in Edda 104, 105 (from king Ner) is fanciful, and
a later invention; hodd Niunga (hniunga ?) = Nibelungen hort, Akv.; Niunga skattr, id.;
Niunga arfr, id., Bm.
Nikur, Nikus, Nikarr, m. one of the names of din, Gm., Edda (Gl.); but, as suggested by Finn
Magnusson in Lex. Mythol. s. v., it no doubt was originally the name of Neptune or a water-goblin,
cp. Nykr.
NIPT, f., acc. nipti, as if from niptr, Hkv. 2. 28, [ne] :-- a female relative, Edda (Gl.): a sister, ek
he nauigr nipti grtta, Hkv. 2. 28; nipt ok dsi n mun ek telja, Edda (Gl.); nipt Nara = Hel,
Hful. 9, cp. Edda 18; Njrfa nipt, id., Stor. 24; nipt Nera, of a weird sister, Hkv. 1. 4; nipt Tveggia
bga (= the sister of Fenrir = Hela) Stor. 24: a daughter, heil Ntt ok nipt, hail Night and daughter
= the Earth, Sdm. 3, see Edda 7: a niece, Freys nipt, the niece of Frey, i. e. Hnoss, the daughter of
Frey's sister Freyja, Edda (in a verse) :-- of a nun, as it seems, Sighvat (in a verse) :-- hla-nipt, see
hla.
NIST and nisti, n. a brooch or pin, as also a locket; that it was shaped like a pin is seen from the
verb nista, see Worsaae, Nos. 371-373, 384 sqq., 425 sqq.; Halldrr hafi yr sr skikkju ok nist
lng sem var ttt, . . . sprettr Halldrr upp sv hart at nistin rifnai (sic) af skikkjunni, Ld. 322;
dttir skal hafa kross ok kingu ok nisti ll, ef vegr eyri er minna, af silfri gr, N. G. L. i. 211 (Js.
78); hn fr r ftum ok spretti fr sr flitlu nisti, Bs. i. 337; bleikr sndar sem nesta gull, Fms. v.
345; mm sylgjur ok rj nisti, Bs. i. 874; hn her menit hlsi sr ok nistin horfu nir, Fb. i.
276.
nist, n. = nest, q. v.
nista, t, erroneously proncd. nsta :-- to pin, nail fast, esp. to pin with a weapon; s (the arrow) nisti
kli hans vi glt, Fms. i. 269; spjti hafi nist allt saman ftinn ok brkina, Eb. 242; ok nisti
hann sv dauan t vi borinu, Sturl. iii. 66; ok nistir hann nir vi klakann, Finnb. 286; ok nist
hann vi rist honum skjldinn, Rd. 267; ok tlai at n. hann gegnum vi hallar-vegginn, Stj. 466;
var hann skotinn gaaki stinn ok nistr svo nir vi garinn, Sturl. i. 112; ok nistir sv tunguna
nir vi kverkrnar, Al. 77; ok nisti hann sv at ll nmu staar hjartanu, Stj. 534; nist sveri,
pierced with a sword, Lil. 56, cp. Lkn. 16. 32: the phrase, nstandi kuldi, piercing cold, not from
gnsta, q. v.
nista, t, [from nesti, as gista from gestr], to provide with viands; ok nisti alia, N. G. L. i. 136; skal
hann ok alla nista ef ess arf vir, ii. 352, v. l.; s er lfgi nistir, who never feeds (the wolf)
never ghts, Km. 22, see Lex. Pot. s. v.
nistill, in. a little pin; n. silki-treyju, silk-jacket-pin, an ironical circumlocution for a man, Ska R.
186.
nisting, f. = nist; dlkrinn er r feldi mnum ok vil ek at saumir nisting, Glm. 343; n nisting,
Edda (in a verse).
nit, f. = gnit, q. v.
N, n. [Ulf. nei = GREEK; A. S. n; O. H. G. nid; Germ, neid; Dan.-Swed. nid :-- contumely,
Vsp. 56; segja e-m n, Akv. 35. 2. particularly as a law term, a libel, liable to outlawry :-- of a libel
in verse, yrkja, kvea n um e-n, Nj. 70; ef mar kver n um mann at lgbergi ok varar
skggang, Grg. (Kb.) ii. 184: the classical passages in the Sagas are Hkr. O. T. ch. 36, cp. Jmsv.
S. ch. 13 (Fms. xi. 42, 43), Kristni S. ch. 4, Nj. ch. 45, Bjarn. 33 (the verse). Another and even
graver kind of n was the carving a person's likeness (tr-n) in an obscene position on an
upraised post or pole (n-stng), for an instance of which see Bjarn. 33; ef mar grir n um
annan ok varar at fjrbaugs-gar, en at er n ef mar skerr trn manni er rstr ea reisir
manni nstng, Grg. i. 147; when the post was set up, a horse's head was also put up, and a man's
head was carved on the pole's end, with dire Runes and imprecations; all this is described in a lively
manner in Eg. ch. 60 and Vd. ch. 34, Landn. 4. ch. 4, Rd. ch. 25. The beina-kerlinga-vsur of mod.
times are no doubt a remnant of the old nstng; -- certain stone pyramids (vara) along mountain-
roads are furnished with sheeps' legs or horses' heads, and are called beina-kerling (bone carline);
one of the most noted is on the Kaldadal, as one passes from the north to the south of Iceland, it is
even marked in the map; a passing traveller alights and scratches a ditty called beina-kerlinga-vsa
(often of a scurrilous or even loose kind) on one of the bones, addressing it to the person who may
next pass by; for a specimen see Bjarni 193, as also in poems of Jn orlksson, for there hardly
was a poet who did not indulge in these poetical licences. In popular legends the devil always
scratches his writing on a blighted horse's bone.
N, f, thus (not Ni) in Ann. Reg., a river in Norway, whence Nar-ss, in. the famous old town
in Drontheim in Norway.
na, d, [n, n.], to lampoon, libel, Nj. 66, Fms. i. 153, vii. 60, Eg. 415: to revile. II. reex., nask
e-m, to behave shamefully to a person, thus to slay a defenceless man in his deep or the like;
engum manni numk ek, Fms. vii. 314; Noregs-menn hfu nsk Ola konungi, vi. 7; eigi vil ek
nask r, Nj. 60: of a thing, nask e-u, to break one's faith; hvrki skal ek essu nask n
ngu ru v er mr er trat til, Nj. 112; er nisk drykkju vi gamalmenni, Fms. vi. 241;
nask tr sinni, to apostatise, i. 126.
N-hggr, m. the name of a mythical serpent, Vsp.
ning-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), villanous, Sks. 456, Or. 29, Karl. 27.
ningr, m. [A. S. or Early E. nidering = slander], a nithing, villain, legally the strongest term of
abuse (like Germ, ehrloser), for a traitor, a truce-breaker, one who commits a deed of wanton
cruelty, a coward, and the like; skjask sr um lkir, saman ningar skra, a saying, Fms. ix. 389;
minnsk ess at s er einu sinni deyr ningr verr alldri ru sinni drengr, N. G. L. ii. 420; ert
miklu meiri n. en dugandi manni smi at eiga ik at mgi, sl. ii. 377; heit hvers manns ningr ella,
Nj. 176; en ver hvers manns n. ef orir eigi, Eg. 351; eir bu ninginn egja, sgu hann
n sem fyrr tryggjan, Fms. ix. 52: an apostate (tr-n., Gu-n.), Julianus ningr = Julian the
Apostate, Ver. 48; gri-n. (q. v.) a truce-breaker :-- a niggard, miser, mann-n., mat-n., q. v.
COMPDS: nings-herr, m. a band of traitors, N. G. L, i. 56. nings-nafn, n. the name (title) of a
nithing, Fms. viii. 66, v. l.; bera n., Eg. 492. nings-or, n. the name of being a nithing, Fms. viii.
65. nings-r, n. a villanous plot, Sks. 763. nings-skapr, m. villainy, Greit. 157, Fms. vii. 18,
xi. 264. nings-sunr, m. nithing's son, a term of abuse, Br. 13. nings-sk, f. a charge of
villainy, Stj. 555, Sks. 764. nings-verk, n. a dastard's work, villainy, Fms. vii. 296, Eg. 415, Gl.
133 (of high treason): of the three 'nithing's works' to which the mythical hero Starkad was doomed,
see Gautr. S. ch. 7. nings-vg, n. a 'foul murder,' Fas. i. 331, Fms. xi. 339, Hkr. iii. 425, Eg. 415,
Gl. 133; dened as a law term in N. G. L. i. 66.
n-liga, adv.; tala n., to use foul language, Grett. 116.
n-reisning, f. the raising a pole of n, Bjarn. 33.
n-samligr, adj. mean, villanous, Sks. 456.
n-skr, adj. libellous, of a poet, sl. ii. 203, Sturl. ii. 39, Fs. 86.
n-skldr, adj. (n-skldinn, Grett. 92 A), sl. ii. 203, v. l.
n-stng, f. a 'ni-pole,' see n, Eg. 389, Grg. ii. 147.
n-virki, n. villainy, Sks. 571 B.
n-vsa, u, f. a lampoon, Hkr. i. 227.
n-kva, d, = neikva, to deny, Sks. 576, 586, 654 B, Anecd. 44, Mar. passim.
n-kvr, adj., eiga nkvtt, to have the 'jus negandi,' N. G. L. i. 84.
npa, u, f. and npr, m. a peak; see gupa and gnpr.
n-rr, adj. measuring ninety (fathoms, ells . . .); or of age aged UNCERTAIN ninety years, Fms.
x. 13, see Gramm. p. xxi.
nsta, t, to gnash, = gnsta, q. v. II. to pin, see nista.
NTA, tt, (ntta, a, Hom. 124), to deny = neita (q. v.), Stj. 44, 119, 143, Nj. 80, Hom. 78, Grg. i.
347; nttai, Hom. 124.
ntiligr, adj., to be said nay to, ekki n. kostr, a choice not to be refused, Bjarn. 47.
ntjn, a cardinal number, nineteen, 415. 9, passim.
n-tjndi, the nineteenth.
n-tugti, the ninetieth.
NU, a cardinal number, [Ulf. niun, and so in all South-Teut, languages with a nal n, which has
been suppressed in the Norse and Icel.; Swed. nio; Dan. ni] :-- nine, passim; nu vikna fasta,
beginning on Septuagesima Sunday, Rb. 504.
nund, f. a nonad, a body of nine; rennar nundir meyja, three bevies of maids, nine each, Hkv.
Hjrv. 28 (not mundir, see Bugge l. c. in the foot-note).
nundi, the ninth, passim.
nu-tigir, m. pl. (mod. nu-tu, indecl.), ninety, passim.
nzka, u, f. [n], niggardness.
nzkr, adj. [cp. Dan. gnier], niggardly.
Njarar-, see Njrr.
njar-gjr, f. the close girdle, epithet of the girdle of Thor, d.
njar-lss, m. a kind of charmed latch, Sl.
Njar-vk, f. a local name in Icel., Landn.; whence Njar-vkingar, m. pl. the men from N.
Njarvkinga-Saga, u, f. the Saga of the N., Ld., see List of Authors.
Njll, m. a pr. name [from the Gaelic], Landn.; whence Njls-brenna, u, f. the burning of Njal, An.
1010, Nj. ch. 130, inscr.: Njls-Saga (commonly called Njla), named in orst. Su H. Anal. 170,
see List of Authors: in the sayings, vera vitr sem Njll, to be as wise as Njal; or, Njls bta rin, a
saying quoted as early as by Arngrim in 1593.
njl, f., and njla, u, f. a pot, appellation of the night; ntt heitir me mnnum en njl (njla, Edda
103, l. c.) me goum, Alm. 31, Edda (Gl.)
njli, a, m. wild angelica; for the form of this word and the spurious n see jll.
NJSN, f. [Ulf. niuhseins = GREEK] , a spying, scouting, looking out; njsn, Hm. 113, Fms. ix.
32; halda til njsn um e-t, Eg. 72, Eb. 188; hafa njsn af, Nj. 5, Eg. 13; senda mann njsn, Gsl.
60; gra njsn fyrir sr, Fms. vii. 256; halda njsnum, Eb. 186: plur. scouts, spies, njsnir hfu
verit allt sur Naumudal, Eg. 93 :-- news, engi njsn fr fyrir eim, they came unawares, Fms. i.
19; njsn hafi farit efra um land, Eg. 93; hvrigir hfu njsn af rum, Fms. ix. 365; gra e-m
njsn, to send one intelligence, of an impending danger or the like, kom til konungs njsn hans,
ok hfu eir menu st her Vinda, . H. 240, Eg. 582; ek vil gra r n. at eir hafa margar
fyrirstir, Nj. 160; bera njsn, Fb. ii. 52; hann bei ar njsnarinnar. Fms. vii. 256. COMPDS:
njsnar-berg, n. a look-out hill, Sturl. iii. 264. njsnar-fr, f. a spying journey, Stj. 360, v. l.
Njsnar-helgi, a, m. a nickname, Gsl. njsnar-mar, m. a spy, Eg. 94, Fms. i. 68, Bs. i. 627, . H.
61, passim. njsnar-skip, n., or -skta, u, f. a spy boat, Nj. 44, Fms. ix. 475.
njsna, a, [Ulf. bi-niuhsian = GREEK, Gal. ii. 4; A. S. nesian; UNCERTAIN O. H. G. and Hel.
niusian] :-- to espy; vil ek n. hvers ek vera vss, Eg. 374; n. hvat um hag strar mundi vera, Fms.
i. 68; n. um e-t. Eg. 141; n. um hvers hann yri vss, Fms. i. 68; n. um ferir e-s, viii. 183, passim.
NJTA, pres. nt; pret. naut, nauzt, naut, pl. nutu; subj. nyti; imperat. njt: [Ulf. nitan
UNCERTAIN and ga-niutan = GREEK, GREEK, but also = GREEK, Philem. 20; as also nuta =
GREEK, GREEK GREEK; it may be that net, nt (= a net) are derived from the same root, and that
the primitive sense of this word was to catch, hunt, whence metaph. to use, enjoy; A. S. niotan; O.
H. G. niozan; Germ, ntzen, geniessen; Dan. nyde.] B. To use, enjoy, with gen.; neyta er njta
vttis, Nj. 238, Grg. ii. 79; njta yndis, Vsp. 63; ttir jku, aldrs nutu, Rm. 37, Fs. 39; vel keypts
litar he ek vel noti, Hm. 107; ntr manngi ns, 70; knka ek ess njta, Am. 52; njta Gus
miskunnar, Hom. 43, O. H. L. 88; skal hann n. draums sns, he shall enjoy his dream undisturbed,
Nj. 94; ef hann hefi eigi noti hans ra ok vizku, Fb. ii. 80; njti s er nam, Hm. 165; njtt ef
namt, Sdm.; niout kubls! see kuml; njtt heill handa, blessed be thy hands! an exclamation, Nj. 60,
Gsl. 87; sv njta ek tr minnar, at . . ., upon my faith! upon my word! Edda i. 130. II. to derive
benet from or through the virtue of another person; Sigrr. kona in, er ess van at it njti
hennar bi n ok sarr, Fms. ii. 18; naut hann drottningar at v, v. 348; Egils nauzt at v fur
ns, sl. ii. 215; at hann mundi njta fur sins en gjalda, Gsl. 73; heldr geldr Leifr rndar en ntr
fr mr, Fms. ii. 116 (see gjalda II. 2) :-- to get advantage from, nauzt n ess (it saved thee,
helped thee) at ek var eigi vi binn, Nj. 58; vr skulum ess n. at vr erum eiri, 64; n. lismunar,
to avail oneself of one's greater strength :-- n. e-s vi, to receive help at one's hands; fyrir lngu
vrir af l tekinn ef eigi nytir vr vi, Fb. ii. 130; v at r nutu mn vi, . H. 136; mun
ek yar urfa vi at n. ef ek f rtt af, Nj. 6 :-- n. af e-u, to consume; naut vru rin nutum af
strum, Am. 92. 2. impers., ess naut mjk vi rndheimi (it availed much) at menn ttu ar
mikil forn korn, . H. 102; naut at v mest forellris, Fms. viii. 11: in the phrase, a ntr slar, the
sun is seen; ekki ntr ar slar, there is little sun, Edda 40. III. recipr. to enjoy one another; orveig
seiddi til ess at au skyldi eigi njtask mega, Korm. 54; hfum vit bi breytni til ess at vit
mttim njtask, Nj. 13; ok tti fsiligt at au nytisk, that they should marry, O. T. 32.
njtr, m. an enjoyer, user; hafra njtr = Thor; geisla n. = the re; and in many pot. compds, hiri-
n., etc., all appellations of men, Lex. Pot.: in pr. names, Sig-njtr, a victor; r-njtr, Baut. :-- a
mate = nautr, drekka njts minni, Fms. vi. 52, v. l.
Njrr, m., gen. Njarar, dat. Niri, [cp. Nerthus, the goddess in Tacit. Germ. ch. 40; a similar
worship is in the Northern account, Fms. ii. 73-78, attributed to Njord's son Frey] :-- Njor, one of
the old Northern gods, father of Frey and Freyja; about whom see Vm. 38, 39, Gm. 16, Ls. 33, 34,
Edda passim: Njord was the god of riches and trafc, hence the phrase, auigr sem Njrr, wealthy
as Njord, a Croesus, Fs. 80. The name remains in Njarar-vttr, m. Njord's glove, i. e. a sponge,
Matth. xxvii. 48, freq. in mod. usage, and that it was so in olden times is seen from the words, essa
gru kllum vr Njarar-vtt skldskap, this gure (a kind of antonomasia) we call Njord's glove,
Sklda 196: in local names, Njar-vk, in eastern Icel., q. v.; Njarar-lg and Njar-ey, in
Norway; cp. also njar-lss, njar-gjr. In old Icel. translations of classical legends Njord is taken
to represent Saturn, Bret., Clem. S. passim.
Njrungr, m. = Njrr, in pot. appellations of a man, Lex. Pot.
Njrvi, a mythical pr. name, Fas. iii. 706. Njrva-sund, n. the narrow strait (?), was the name
given by the old Norsemen to the Straits of Gibraltar, Orkn. passim, which were for the rst time
passed by a Norse ship in 1099 A. D., see Fms. vii. 66 -- at er sgn manna at Skopti ha fyrstr
Normanna siglt Njrvasund. The ancient route of the Scandinavians to the East in former ages was
by Russia, along the rivers down to the Black Sea, cp. the remarks s. v. fors.
noran, adv. from the north; lei noran, Eg. 51; koma, fara, ra, sigla ... noran, Fms. iv. 233,
passim; n. r landi, n. r Skrum, Band.; n. af Hlogalandi, Fagrsk. 14; bnda-herinn noran r
landi, Fms. vi. 258; kaupmenn ar um Vkina ok n. r landi, i. 11 :-- of the wind or weather, var
allhvasst noran, Fms. ix. 20, v. l. 2. of direction; Gunnarr st n. at Ranginga-dmi, Nj. 110;
Gizurr ok Njll stu n. at dminum, 87 :-- fyrir noran, with acc. north of, fyrir n. Jkul, 192, 261;
fyrir n. Vall-land, Grg. ii. 141; fyrir n. heiina, Eg. 275; fyrir n. land (in the north of Icel.), Nj. 251.
COMPDS: noran-fjalls, adv. north of the fell. noran-fjarar, adv. north of the rth, Gl. 9.
noran-gola, u, f. a breeze from the north. noran-hret, n. a gale from the north. noran-lands,
adv. in the north, H. E. i. 435, Dipl. iv. 8. noran-mar, m. a man from the north, sl. ii. 363, Sturl.
iii. 84 C. noran-sjr, m. a sea, current from the north. noran-stormr, m. a storm from the north,
Bs. i. 533. noran-strykr, m. a gale from the north, sl. ii. 135. noran-ver, n. = northerly winds,
Nj. 124, Fs. 153, Rb. 440. noran-verr, adj. 'northwards,' northern, Stj. 75, Fms. xi. 411, Edda 13.
noran-vindr, m. a north wind, Rb. 440, Sks. 40, Fms. ii. 228.
norari, compar. = nyrri (q. v.), Stj. 94, A. A. 276: norastr, superl. = nyrstr or nrstr, Gl. 88,
Eg. 267.
norarla, adv. = norarliga, Ld. 166, N. G. L. i. 257.
norar-liga, adv. northerly, Fms. i. 93, iii. 120, ix. 55, Sks. 72.
norarr, compar. more northerly, Hkr. ii. 164, Band. 2: superl. norast, northernmost, 732. 4,
passim; see nyrst.
nor-hvalr, m. a kind of whale, Sks. 134.
Nor-lendingar, m. pl. the Northmen, esp. of Icel., passim; Norlendinga-biskup, -b, -dmr, -
fjrungr, Bs. i. 68, 159, Nj. 228, 231, Lv. 30, Ld. 196, Landn. 236; see biskup, b, dmr,
fjrungr.
Nor-lenzkr, adj. from Norrland, Nj. 32, Sturl. i. 58, Bs. ii. 40.
Nor-mar, m., pl. Normenn, a Northman, Norwegian, Grg. ii. 149, the Sagas passim; in Symb.
18 used as 'pars pro toto' of all Scandinavians; Normanna-herr, -konungr, -rki, -tt, Fms. x. 371,
xi. 211, Hkr. i. 158, . H. 142.
Nor-manndi, n. = Normandy (= Northmannia), Fms. xii, . H. 23, 25: Nor-manndingr, m. a
man from Normandy, Norman, Str. 30.
NORR, n., gen. norrs, [A. S. nor Engl. north; Germ, nord] :-- the north; norr, northwards;
eir er bygu norrit, Fms. xi. 412, Landn. 23; til norrs, Sks. 173, Grg. ii. 283; r norri, Eg. 133.
II. as adverb; norr eptir hanu, to stand northwards, Orkn. 376; norr til Bjarnar-fjarar, Nj. 20; n.
til Holtavru-heiar, 36; vera n. landi, Eg. 170; n. rndheimi, Fms. i. 26; norr Hlum, Ska
R. 200; kunna tta ek n. ar, Nj. 33; grask konungr yr n. ar, Eg. 71.
Norr-, f. 'North-water,' the name of a river, Landn.; whence Norrr-dalr, m.
Norr-tt or -tt, f. the Northern region, K. . K. 138.
norr-dyrr, n. pl. the northern doors, Fs. 72, Fms. vii. 64.
Norr-dlir, m. pl. the men from Norrrdalr, sl. ii. 168.
norr-fer or -fr, f. a northern journey, Fms. ix. 350, Fas. iii. 673. norrfara-mar, m. a
northfaring man, Ann. 1393.
Norr-haf, n. the Northern Ocean, Bs. ii. 5.
norr-hallt, n. adj. in a northerly direction, Bs. ii. 48.
Norr-hlfa (proncd. -lfa), u, f. the Northern region, Rb. 468 :-- esp. Europe, Fms. i. 77, Orkn.
142, . H. 193; Saxland ok aan um Norrhlfur, Edda (pref.), MS. 625. 10, and so in mod. usage.
Norri, a, m. the Northern, one of the dwarfs who support the heaven, Vsp. (Austri, Vestri, Norri,
Suri, Edda 5).
Norr-land, n. North-land, Fms. viii. 425, ix. 468 (a county in Norway) :-- the North quarter of
Icel., passim. II. plur. Norrlnd, the Northern countries, Northern region, sometimes used of
Europe, but chiey of lands peopled by Northmen or Scandinavians, Nj. 46, Fr. 151, . H. 2
(pref.), 24, 57, 130, 131, 241.
norr-ljs, n. [Dan. nordlys], the northern lights, polar light, aurora borealis, in mod. usage only in
plur.: an ancient description of the northern lights is given in the Sks. ch. 19 (by a Norwegian
writer). From the words -- ea at er Grnlendingar kalla norrljs, Sks. 74 -- it appears that the
Icel. settlers of Greenland were the rst who gave a name to this phenomenon; the author of the
Sks. also describes the northern lights as they appeared in Greenland.
norr-lopt, n. the 'north-lift,' north, polar heavens.
Norr-seta, u, f., or Nor-setr, n. the Northern Seat, name of a shing-place in the north of
Greenland, A. A. 273, 278, Fms. x. 112; hence Norsetu-drpa, u, f. the name of a poem,
fragments of which are collected in A. A.; and Norsetu-mar, m. a man from N., A. A. 275.
Norr-sjr, m. the Northern arm of the sea, Fms. viii. 426, v. 1. 2. the North Sea; Dan. Nordsen.
norr-skagi, a, m. the north headland, A. A. 275.
norr-stka, u, f. the north transept in a church, Bs. i. 751.
norr-sveitir, f. pl. the northern counties, Fms. ii. 202.
norr-vegar, m. pl. the northern ways, Hkv. 1. 4.
norr-tt, f. = norrtt, Edda 22, Fms. x. 272, Fs. 147.
Nor-ymbrar, m. pl. Northumbrians, Hallfred. Norymbra-land, n. Northumberland, Fms. xii.
Noregr, m., gen. Noregs; a later Noregis also occurs in Laur. S.; [mod. Norse Norge, sounded
Norre] :-- Norway, passim; that the word was sounded Nregr with a long vowel is seen from
rhymes in Vellekla (10th century), Nregr, fru; as also Nregs, strum, Sighvat (in a poem of 1038
A. D.); the full form Nor-vegr (with and w) never occurs in vernacular writers, but only in the
Latinised form, Northwagia, which was used by foreign writers (North Germans and Saxons); even
the v (Nor-vegr) is hardly found in good vellums, and is never sounded. The etymology of the latter
part = vegr is subject to no doubt, and the former part nr is prob. from norr, qs. the north way; yet
another derivation, from nr = a sea-loch, is possible, and is supported by the pronunciation and by
the shape of the country, a strip of land between sea and mountains, with many winding fjords. The
popular but false etymology of the ancients is from a king Nr (Orkn. ch. 12), as Rome from
Romulus :-- Noregs-hfingi, -konungr, -menn, -rki, -veldi, the ruler, king, men, kingdom of
Norway, Grg. ii. 401, Fms. vii. 293, Bs. i. 720, Stud. ii. 55, Nj. 8, sl. ii. 234, passim.
NORN, f., pl. Nornir :-- the weird sisters of the old mythology; nornir heita r er nau skapa,
Edda 113; essar meyjar skapa mnnum aldr, r kllu vr nornir, 11, Sdm. 17: sundr-bornar mjk
hygg ek at nornir s, eigut r tt saman, Fm. The three heavenly Norns, Urr, Verandi, Skuld,
dwelt at the well Urar-brunn, ruled the fate of the world, but three Norns were also present at the
birth of every man and cast the weird of his life; ntt var b, nornir kmu, aer er lingi aldr um
skpu, Hkv. 1. 2; cp. the Norna Gest ., Fb. i. 358; gar nornir skapa gan aldr, en eir menn er
fyrir skpum vera, valda v llar nornir, Edda 11; rtt skiptu v nornir, the Norns ruled it
righteously, Orkn. 18; norna dmr, the doom of the Norns, the weird, Fm. 11; llr er dmr norna,
Fas. i, 508 (in a verse); njta norna dms, to ll one's days, die, t.; norn erumk grirnm, the weird is
cruel to me, Eg. (in a verse); norna skp = norna dmr, fr gengr of skp norna, a saying, Km. 24:
in popular superstition severe hereditary illnesses are called norna skp, Fl. x. s. v.: norna grey, the
Norns' hounds = wolves, Hm. 30; norna-stll, a Norn's chair, Sl. 51 (a dubious passage): in Akv.
16 -- lta nornir grta ni, to let the Norns bewail the dead -- norn seems to be = fylgju-kona, q. v.,
as also perh. in Gh. 13: in mod. usage in a bad sense, a hag, witch, lfar ok nornir, ok annat lli,
Fas. i. 37; hn er mesta norn, she is a great Norn, of an angry, bad woman; arka ftr, ldru
norn, lf. 1. 73; galdra-norn, a witch: pot., nistis-norn, au-norn, hla-norn, = the Norn of these
jewels = a woman, Lex. Pot.
norpa, a, to lounge, tarry in the cold, (conversational.)
norpr, m. a tarrier, Br. 15 new Ed. (in a verse), of a patient sherman.
Norrna (i. e. Norrna), u, f. the Norse (i. e. Norwegian) tongue, see the remarks s. v. danskr, .
H. (pref. begin.), Fms. xi. 412, Stj. 71, Bs. i. 59, 801, 861, Al. 186; Ltinu ok Norrnu, . . . saga
Norrnu, Vm. and the Deeds, see Lex. Pot. (pref. xxix, foot-note 3); Norrnu bkr, books written
in Norse, Vm. 56, Fms. x. 147, Karl. 525, v. l.; Norrnu skldskapr, Norse poetry, Sklda. In the
title-page of the earliest Icelandic printed books it is usually said that they have been rendered into
the 'Norse,' thus, n hr tlg Norrnu, the N. T. of 1540; Norrnu tlagar, (Corvin's Postill)
of 1546; Norrnu tlg, in a book of 1545; tsett Norrnu, 1558; Salomonis orskviir
Norrnu, 1580; Bibla, a er, ll Heilg Ritning, tlg Norrnu, the Bible of 1584 (Gubrands
Bibla), as also the Bible of 1644: again, Slmar tsettir slenzku, 1558; tlg slenzku, 1575;
tsett slenzku, 1576, and so on. II. a breeze from the north; lagi norrnur ok okur, A. A. 21.
Norrna, a, to render into Norse, Stj. 2, Str. 1, H. E. i. 460, Mar.; ar fyrir he ek essa bk
norrnat, an Icelandic book of 1558: but again, Ein Kristilig Handbk slenzku af herra Marteini
Einarssyni, Slma-kver t dregi og slenzka af . . ., 1555.
Norrnn (nornn), adj. Norse, Norwegian, Grg. i. 299; Danskir Snskir ea Norrnir, ii. 72;
mar norrnn, Eg. 705, sl. ii. 232 (v. l.), Landn. passim; n. vkingr, Hkr. i. 198; n. berserkr, Bs. i.
16, cp. 953; norrn lg, Eg. 259; norrna skjldu, 286; norrnan ei, Sturl. ii. 201; norrn tunga,
the Norse tongue, Fms. i. 23, Sturl. ii. 3 (opp. to Latin); norrnu mli, Sklda 189, Hkr. i. (pref.);
norrnn skldskapr, Sklda 190. II. of the wind, northern; gri norrnt, Sturl. iii. 263; var
norrnt, Fms. ix. 42.
Norskr, adj. Norse, appears in the 14th century instead of the older Norrnn, Fms. xi. 439.
nosi, a, m. [Dan. nosse], a phallus, membrum genitale, Fb. ii. 334 (in a verse), of the phallic idol
Volsi.
nostr, n. a dallying, triing about a thing, and nostra, a, to dally, trie.
NOT, n. pl. use, utility; vera e-m at notum, Sks. 481: freq. in mod. usage, koma til gra nota; -
not, taunts. COMPDS: nota-drjgr, adj. useful. nota-legr, adj. snug, comfortable.
nota, a, to make use of, with acc.
notin-virkr, adj. doing a nice work.
notka, a, to bring into use.
NGR, adj., ngligr, see gngr, gngligr.
ni, a, m. a small vessel, see nr: hence Na-tn, ship town (?), a mythical local name for the place
where Njord, the god of the sea, dwelt, Gm.
NN, n. [from Lat. nona], nones, about three o'clock, received as a mark of time from the eccl.
law; nr nni dags, Ld. 224; fyrr en nn kmi ess dags, Fms. vii. 286; ndvert nnit, 32: fyrir
mimunda (1.30 P.M.) hfsk orrostan, en konungr fll fyrir nn, en myrkrit hlzk fr mimunda til
nns, . H. 223; frns-dmr skal sitja til nns, Grg. i. 141; enda fi hann eigi lokit fyrir nn, 143;
eptir nn, N. G. L. i. 10; at nni, Eluc. 44, Sklda (in a verse). In the old eccl. law, according to the
Hebrew reckoning, the Sabbaths, or at least the greater feasts, were reckoned from the nones
(evening) of the preceding day; hence the phrase, nn-heilagr, adj. a nones-holy-day, and nn-
helgi, f. nones-holiness, of the vigil of the day preceding a feast or the Sabbath; kllum vr ann
dag sunnu-dag, en vttdagr fyrir skal heilagr at nni, N. G. L. i. 9; n eru eir dagar er lafr enn
Helgi ok . . . . buu fstu fyrir ok nnhelgi, . . . n eru eir dagar taldir er fasta skal fyrir ok
nnheilagt, n eru eir dagar arir er eigi er nnheilagt fyrir ok fasta, 10, 139, 303, Grg. i. 143,
Fms. ii. 198; vr skulum halda at nni enn sjaunda hvern vttdag, en at er ann tma er tsurs
tt er deild rijunga, ok sl her gengit tv hluti, en einn genginn, K. . K. 92, v. l. COMPDS:
nn-hringing, f. a peal of bells at nones, Fms. vii. 38 (on Saturday?). nn-klokka, u, f. a nones-
bell, for the service at nones, Fms. vii. 32. nn-skei, n. the hour of nones, Nj. 196, Eg. 602, Fms.
ix. 354, v. l. nn-tir, f. pl. the service at nones, Fms. vi. 302, Sturl. i. 138.
nna, u, f. nones, = nn, 625. 177: the service at nones, ganga til nnu, Fms. iv. 266; allir menu
vru til nnu farnir, Bs. i. 179.
NR, n. an inlet, sea-loch; this word is still used in Dan., and freq. in Dan. local names, e. g. Mn's
nor, Falster nor, Noret near to Danavirki in Sleswig; but it is obsolete in Icel., and not recorded in
old writers.
NR, m., gen. ns, dat. ni, [an antiquated word, perh. akin to Lat. navis, Gr. GREEK, GREEK] , a
kind of ship, Edda (Gl.): a smith's trough, Bjrn; brand-nr ( brand-ni), a 'hearth-ship,' i. e. a
house, pot., t.
nra, u, f. [Dan. noer = a baby], a small, wee thing, or of a person, a Lilliputian or the like;
silungs-nra, a small trout.
n-selr, m. a kind of small seal, opp. to erknselr or rknselr, Sks. 41 new Ed.
NT, f., pl. ntr (ntr); net and nt are kindred words, derived from a lost strong verb (a, ), cp.
the remarks to njta :-- a net, esp. a large net for catching seals; sel, ef nt liggr, K. . K. 88; ntr
tvtugar kp&dash-uncertain;heldar, Vm. 98, D. I. i. 576 (notr = notr UNCERTAIN Ed.); hr eru
rjr ntr, Hv. 46, N. G. L. i. 379; sela-ntr, and so in mod. usage: of a drag-net, Gl. 428. nta-
verpi, n. a right of casting nets, D. N.
nta, u, f., esp. in pl. ntur, [from the Lat.], notes in music; ntna-bok, -grallari, -kver, etc.
nta, a, [for. word], to note; with musical notes, brefer tvau ntu, Dipl. v. 18.
ntera, a, to note, mark, Sklda: to denote, Stj. 231, 278 :-- of music = nta, sngja slttan sng
sem ntera var, Bs. i. 903.
nti, a, m. a note; merking er nti, Sklda: notes in music, me inum fegrstum ntum, Str. 14, 6l.
II. a match, equal; s he ek marga slenzka menn en ngan hans nta, Nj. 121; vr fm eigi hans
nta frum ok rttum, Fms. v. 335; engi riddari er hans nti turniment, Karl. 36, freq. in mod.
usage.
NTT, f., gen. ntr, pl. ntr; the old writers mostly spell this word thus (not ntt), agreeably with
its mod. sound and form; this, however, is not a real , but a remains of the old umlaut
UNCERTAIN (nett UNCERTAIN); nom. ntt, Sdm. 26, Hkv. 1. 2, Vm. 24, 25, Gkv. 2. 12, Skm.
42, Alm. 29, 30, Sks. 50 new Ed.: acc. ntt, Hm. 112; mija ntt, Grg. (Kb.) i. 36 (four times), 32,
37; vtt-nett UNCERTAIN, id.: dat. ntt, . H. 187, Vsp. 6; nttina, . H. 62, 72, 115, 118
(twice), 187, b. 12, Edda 28, 29, 89, Fb. ii. 381: dat. pl. nttom, Vkv. 6, Hkv. 2. 51; so also in old
rhymes, ntt, ttu, Fms. vi. (in a verse): the spelling with chiey occurs in Norse MSS. or in
writers inuenced by the Norwegians, dag ok ntt, Stj. 15, and so rhymed in Ska R. 194; nttinni,
Stj. 15, 16: gen. ntr, passim; nttar only in a few compds: pl. ntr, but nternar (irreg.), Kb. i. 33,
36. In most kindred Teut. languages with , not : [Goth, nahts; A. S. and Engl. night; O. H. G.
naht; Germ, nacht; Swed. natt; Lat. noct-is; Gr. GREEK, GREEK.] UNCERTAIN A dat. sing. nttu
is used in mod. poets, e. g. Bs. ii. 479 (in a poem of 1548); eg var a ra ri um kring a Egill
kva nttu, in a ditty of Bjrn Skars; and even in acc., essa nttu egar ttu, a til bar,
Hallgr. Ptr; but in old vellums this form is not attested; for the Jd. 39, line 8 (sttir einni nttu), is
a mod. conjectural addition, as the vellum (Cd. Reg.) ceases at line 7 of that verse. B. The night; en
at miri ntt, . H. 187, Edda 29; of mija ntt, id.; ntt ok degi, Sks. 54; ntt me degi, day and
night, Gsl. 14; alla ntt, all night long, Eg. 418; um nttina, through the night, Fms. vi. 16;
ntt, that night, Grg. ii. 322; ntt ok dag, night and day; ntt, to-night, Eg. 283, 416: the last
night, 564, sl. ii. 156; alla ntt Ska R.; um ntr sakir, for one night, Bjarn. 53: in some phrases
the plur. only is used, bi um ntr ok um daga, both by day and by night, Sks. 63 new Ed.: so
also, bja gar ntr ! to bid good night, -- Gu ge r gar ntr ! Jla-ntt, Yule night, Grg.
(Kb.) passim; haust-ntt, an autumn night; h-nott, the bridal night; ntt ina helgu, the holy night =
Germ. weih-nachten = Christmas night, Gl. 295, 297. The years of one's age were counted by the
Yule nights, N. G. L. i. 31, 32, see the remarks to Jl :-- sayings, ntt skal nema nra til =
GREEK GREEK GREEK, Spenser's 'night, they say, gives counsel best,' Hrafnag. 22; a er
tjalda til einnar ntr, a tent raised for one night, i. e. brief and shifty; lta ar ntt sem nemr, see
nema; a er ekki ll ntt ti enn. Time was (and still is) counted, not by days, but by nights (as
years are by winters); eigi sarr en ntt s af ingi, Grg. i. 101; enda skal eigi Lei vera fyrr en
fjrtn ntr eru fr alingi, 122; tveggja ntta Lei, id.; sjau nttum fyrir sumar, ii. 244; er
sextn ntr eru linar fr ingi, 80; nefna frnsdm fjrtn nttum eptir vpna-tak, 81; fm nttum
siarr, Bs. i. 321; hann var eigi lengr Lei en rjr ntr, Fms. ix. 267; nu nttum sarr, Edda 23;
rjtigi nttum sar, Bs.: hence, mnur ritog-nttar, a calendar month, b. 7, K. . K., cp. ein-
nttr, etc.; an infant is in Iceland said to be so many 'nights' old, tu ntta gamalt, einnar ntr. So
Tacitus tells us that the Germans of his day, nec dierum numerum ut nos sed noctium computant,
Germ. ch. 11; it still survives in Engl. 'fort-night:' -- in poetry the winter is called bear's night
(bjarnar-ntt, hns-ntt), Edda, Fas. i. (in a verse), Rekst. II. mythical, Ntt, the giantess Night,
daughter of Nr and the mother of Earth and Day, Edda, Sdm., Vm. C. COMPDS: I. nttar-:
nttar-lega, u, f. night-quarters, Boldt 169. nttar-tal, n. a tale or number of nights, Mar. nttar-
tmi, a, m. = ntrtmi, Stj. 16, 71, Fas. ii. 371. nttar-el, n., in the phrase, nttareli, at dead of
the night, Fms. vii. 57, x. 413, Rd. 284, Orkn. 74, Bs. i. 139, N. G. L. i. 62. II. ntr-: ntr-bjrg,
f. help through the night, Bjarn. 43. ntr-elding, f. the 'eld of night,' i. e. the end of night (see
elding), Fms. iv. 263, xi. 241, Hrafn. 20, Stj. 787. ntr-ferir, f. pl. night wanderings, Fas. iii. 478.
ntr-frir, m. peace, truce during the night, Fbr. 98, v. l. ntr-frost, n. a night frost. ntr-fyllr, f.
one night's ll, N. G. L. i. 144. ntr-gagn, n. a chamber-pot. ntr-gali, a, m. [from the Dan.
nattergal, Germ, nachtigall], the nightingale, (mod.) ntr-gamall, adj. one nigbt old, Rb. 522.
ntr-gestr, m. a night guest, one who stays the night, Gull. 30. ntr-gisting, f. the staying a
night. ntr-greii, a, m. a night's entertainment, Fas. i. 94. ntr-greiing, f. = ntrgreii, Fas. iii.
209, 219. ntr-kuldi, a, m. night-cold, Stj. 97. ntr-langt, n. adj. night-long. Fas. i. 77. ntr-ligr,
adj. nocturnal, Sks. 627. ntr-skemtan, f. night-enjoyment (euphem. = cohabitation), Fas. iii. 210.
ntr-star, m. = nttstar; in the saying, einginn rr snum ntrsta. ntr-tmi, a, m. night-time.
ntr-vist, f. night-quarters, Fms. i. 69.
nudda, a, qs. gnudda to rub, (conversational): to maunder, hva ertu a n., (slang.)
nugga, a, [from gna], to rub.
nunna, u, f. [Lat. novena], a nun, Ld. 332, Grg. i. 307, Bs. passim. COMPDS: nunnu-klaustr, -
setr, n. a nunnery, Symb. 59, Fms. vi. 354, vii. 273, viii. 123. nunnu-vgsla, u, f. a taking the veil,
Greg. 74, H. E. i. 329.
NUNNA, a (?), [akin to nenna (q. v.), referring to a lost strong verb, ninna, nann, nunninn] :-- to
do, pursue; oss nunnask skil (thus, not numnast), our subject is pursued, i. e. our song proceeds,
Fms. ii. 289 (in a verse, Hkr., O. T. ch. 97): freq. in later poets, at lra etta ok kunna, ok ekki
anna nunna, to learn this and know, and study nothing but that, Vsna-bk, Ed. 1612, Hugvekju
Slm. 15. 4, 42. 3, see Nj. the Lat. Ed. p. 247, in the foot-note a.
nunnr, m. [nunna], one who strives, a worker, pursuer, GREEK. in the pot, compd hlf-nunnr =
armourer = a warrior, Nj. (in a verse).
nurla or nura, a, [nyrll; cp. Scot, nirl = a crumb] :-- to make money like a miser.
N, adv. [Ulf. nu; A. S., O. H. G., Germ., and Dan. n; Engl. now; Germ. nun; Lat. nunc; Gr.
GREEK] :-- now, mean enn er n, Hom. (St.); eggman val n mun Yggr hafa . . . n knttu in
sj, Gm. 53; n n gr, Hm. 2; heill n, Vm. 6; rst n ! Skm. 1, passim :-- in a narrative,
now, next, n vkr sgunni, n er ar til mls at taka, passim; n er at er, now it is to be told that,
now it comes to pass, Orkn. (in a verse). II. as interj. n n, now now! n fyrir v, at . . ., Mar.; n
, now then ! Stj. 457, 486.
na, neri, to rub, Fb. ii. 367; see gna.
nfa, u, f., see hnfa.
nligr, adj. now being, present, of time, Eluc. 6.
Nm-verskr, adj. from Numidia, Rm. 148.
nna, adv. now, just now, Valla L. 223, Fb. ii. 238; ar er at nna, fair minn, Mar.: freq. in mod.
speech, see -na.
nningr, m. rubbing, = gnningr.
npr, m. = gnpr, q. v.
n-verandi, part. now being, now living, Sklda 179.
nybba, u, f. a knob, peak; fjalls-nybba.
nyungr, m. [Dan. gnier], a niggard, miser, Ld. 38 C.
NYKR, m., gen. nykrs, [a word common to all Teut. languages; A. S. nicor; Engl. nick; Germ. nix;
Dan. nk and nisse; mod. Norse nyk; Swed. ncken = a sea goblin; one is tempted to suggest that
the Lat. Neptunus (p = g) may be related to this Teutonic word; cp. also Germ. neckisch, neckerei =
whims, Dan. nykker] :-- the 'nick,' a fabulous water-goblin, mostly appearing in the shape of a gray
water-horse, emerging from lakes, to be recognised by its inverted hoofs, cp. the tale told in Landn.
2. ch. 10, as also Maurer's Volksagen: pot., nykra borg = 'nick-burrow,' a lake, Lex. Pot. The nykr
is the Proteus of the Northern tales, and takes many shapes, whence the gramm. term nykrat, part. a
kind of kakemphaton, a change in a gure of speech, e. g. to call a sword rst a 'serpent' and then a
'wand,' or to choose a verb which does not suit the trope in the noun; s lstr er vr kllum nykrat
er nnglknat . . . ok er ar sv skipt lkneskjum hinum sama hlut, sem nykrinn skiptisk margar
leiir, Sklda 187; en ef sver er ormr kallar en san skr ea vndr er annan veg breytt, at
kalla menn nykrat ok ykir at spilla, Edda 123. In mod. Norse tales a water-goblin is called nykk or
nk (nkken), see Ivar Aasen and Mr. Dasent's Transl. of Asbjrnsen and Moe's Norse Tales. The
legend exists also in the Highlands of Scotland. In mod. Icel. tales the nykr is also called nennir or
kumbr, q. v.; nykr-hestr, vatna-hestr. II. the hippopotamus; nykrar sv strir sem flar, Al. 167, 171.
nykrat, n. part., see nykr.
NYRRI, compar., the older form is nrri or neyrri (ey = ), or even nerri, also norari and
norastr, q. v.; [norr] :-- more northerly, and superl. nyrstr (nrztr, nerztr), most northerly; nr
nyrra hluta, r. 7, Landn. 252; hinn nrra arminn, Fms. xi. 131; ena nrztu ingh, Hkr. i.
147; nerztr, Fms. viii. 183, passim: of places, Reykjadal inum nrra, Landn.; til ins neyrra vgis,
sl. ii. 347; Vivllum inum neyrrum, Hrafn. 7; at enni nerri Gler, Landn.; at enum nerra
kastala, Fms. viii. 427.
nyrll, m., dat. nyri, a miser, nyrl-skaps, m. niggardness.
NYT, f., gen. nytjar, [not; Scot. note], use, enjoyment, produce: 1. in sing, specially of the prot or
produce of kine, milk; veiti vr k, ok iggi af nyt ok ha at fyrir gras ok gzlu, N. G. L. i. 24;
gefa mlsver Jladag ok nyt fjr ess, Vm. 169; nta sr nyt fjr, Grg. i. 428: brega nyt, to cease
to give milk or give less milk, ii. 231, passim; r-nyt, b-nyt, milk, dairy produce; ml-nyta, id., or
milch-kine; 'fella saman nytina' is said of a cow that is in prot or gives milk all the year round till
she calves again. 2. plur. nytjar, use; vkingar tku f allt er eir mttu nytjum koma, Fms. ii. 2;
hn leyfi Vala brur snum nytjar Brekku-landi, use of the land or pasture, Korm. 152 (lands-
nytjar). II. use, enjoyment, esp. in plur.; Gu vildi eigi unna honum nytja af vi barni, Sks. 692;
hann kvask engar nytjar hafa Helgu, sl. ii. 263; hann f allt hlft vi mik en her engar nytjar
(interest) af, Fms. vi. 204; slendingar munu hennar hafa miklar nytjar ok langar (they will derive
lasting blessing from her) ok hennar afkvmis, v. 322; litlar nytjar munu menn hafa Haia . . .
mun hann vera skammlfr, Bs. i. 651; koma nytjum e-t, to bring to use, make protable, Fb. i.
300, Al. 112, 132. 2. seldom in sing.; ess nyt at at vera er maginn var deildr, Grg. i. 243;
fra sr e-t nyt, to bring into use, Fb. i. 118, and in mod. usage. nytja-mar, m. a useful worthy
man, sl. ii. 13, Sturl. i. 203.
nyt-fall, n. damage to a thing's usefulness, Gl. 398.
nyt-gfr, adj. yielding milk, Jm. 5.
nytja, a, to milk; nytja rnar, Dropl. 14; var at f sumt eti, sumt nytja, Sturl. iii. 208: reex, to
yield milk, f nytjaisk lla, Ld. 154.
nyt-lauss, adj. unproductive, H. E. i. 489 :-- barren, dry.
nyt-lttr, adj. giving little milk, sl. ii. 180.
nyt-samliga, adv. usefully, Mar. passim.
nyt-samligr, adj. useful, Hm. 154, Ld. 174, Fms. vii. 120, K. . 220.
nyt-samr, adj. useful, advantageous.
nyt-semd, f. = nytsemi, Fms. i. 261, Ld. 318, Stj. 565, Sks. 72. nytsemda-mar, m. a useful man,
Fms. iii. 74.
nyt-semi, f. use, prot, usefulness, advantage, Fms. v. 26, Eluc. 2.
N, n. [Dan. ny], the 'new' of the moon, whereby the ancients seem to have meant the waxing or
even the full moon, for the new moon was called ni, q. v.; and n and ni (q. v.) are used
alliteratively as terms opp. to one another; in the Rb., however, the translator of the Latin originals
seems in a few instances to have rendered the Latin novilunium by n: allit., n ok ni, Vm. 25,
Edda 7, 96; um n hit nsta ok niar, N. G. L. i. 29, see nlsi below; me ni hverju, 732. 1; vera
misgng at ni meiri en r, ok gengr n sem hst, Rb. 478.
n-breytinn, adj. variable, Str. 26.
n-breytni, f. novelty, innovation, Fms. i. 71, vii. 94, 171, Ld. 176.
n-bli (mod. n-bli), n. a new farm built in a wilderness where there was formerly none, Gl.
432.
n-bringr, m. [bera], a cow that has just calved, Bjrn.
n-fenni, n. fresh fallen snow, Sturl. i. 82.
n-gringr, m. the rst crop of grass in the spring.
n-grng, f. a novelty, innovation, Ann. 1347, Fs. 76. 2. a gramm. term, a new trope or gure of
speech, esp. of pot, circumlocutions not founded on ancient usage or old mythol. tales, but drawn
from the imagination of the poet; thus, calling the tears the 'rain, shower, pearls of the eyes' would
be 'ngrving,' as also calling the sword a 'snake, ' the sheath its 'slough, ' Edda (Ht.) 123; skjldr er
land vpnanna, en vpn er hagl ea regn ess lands ef nygrngum er ort, Edda 90. II. mod. in a
bad sense, whence n-grngr, m. of a person, an innovator, Pl Vdal. Skyr. passim; of a thing,
new-fangledness, novelty, ngrngs-ligr, adj. new-fangled.
Ni, a, m. [n = moon], the name of a dwarf, Vsp.
Nj-r, n. New Year. Njrs-dagr, m. New Year's Day.
njung, f. newness, novelty, news, innovation, mostly in a bad sense; fals ok n., Fms. xi. 308; lands-
flkit var gjarnt alla njung (= novarum rerum cupidi), i. 203; ganga undir sektir ea arar
njungar; eir vildu undir engar njungar ganga af Auunni biskupi, Bs. i. 835; kom t til
slands lfr or Krki, hann hafi mrg konungs-brf ok margar njungar, 807 :-- news, hann segir
n allt at er verr njungu, Mag. 1. COMPDS: njunga-girni, f. love of novelty. njunga-gjarn,
adj. fond of novelty.
nla, adv. = nliga, Lex. Pot.
n-lenda, u, f. = nbli, Gl. 437: a colony, mod.
nliga, adv. newly, recently, Sks. 58, Ld. 256, Hom. 57, Fms. vi. 144: compar., sl. ii. 160.
nligr, adj. new, recent, Skv. 3, 26: present, Hom. 25, 26.
n-lunda, u, f. a novelty, a new, strange thing; tt eir si nlundur nokkurar, Fms. vii. 87; stt
nokkura nlundu hsinu ? Fs. 42; segja kunnu vr nlundu nokkura, Nj. 196; Gumundr kva at
enga nlundu ar Eyjari tt menn rii ar um hra, Lv. 19; n berr at til nlundu Hli at
Gsli ltr lla svefni tvr ntr samt, Gsl. 22; at s borgar-menn at nokkur n. var me her
Grikkja, Fms. vi. 157.
n-lsi, n. 'new light,' light of the new moon (n); nlsi var mikit ok s eir at jarlar lgu fr,
Orkn. 420; um vetrinn var at sir Arnkels at ytja heyit af rlygs-stum um ntr er nlsi vru,
Eb. 66 new Ed.; fru eir tu saman fr Hvli ndvera ntt, v nlsi var , Sturl. i. 61; sigla um
nttina vi nlsi, O. H. L. 51.
n-mjlk, f. new milk.
n-mli, n. news, a novelty; ef eir yri vi nokkura n. varir, Fms. ix. 465, v. l.; tti etta n., Fms.
v. 66. nmla-laust, n. adj. no news. II. a law term, Lat. novella, a new law; rtta lg sn ok gra
n., Grg. i. 6; ar skal n. ll upp segja Lei, 122; at var n. grt er Magns Gizorarson var
byskup orinn, at . . ., at var annat n., at . . ., Grg. (Kb.) i. 36, 37. nmla-brf, n. a new
ordinance, letter, Ann. 1314.
n-nmi, n. [nema], a novelty; at var til nnmis, at . . ., sl. ii. 337; tindi ykkja n. ll, . H.
150; ll n. str ok sm, Lv. 43; af eim nnmum fstusk fjldi manna Noregi til eirrar ferar,
Fms. vii. 74, Rm. 285, 293 (rendering of the Lat. res novae) :-- a new dish, not hitherto seen on the
table, a er nnmi, (mod.)
n-nmligr, adj. new, startling, Hom. (St.)
NR, adj., n, ntt; gen. ns, nrar, ns; dat. njum, nri, nju; acc. njan, nja, ntt: pl. nir,
njar, n; gen. nra, mod. nrra; dat. njum; acc. nja, njar, n, see Gramm. p. xix: compar. nri,
mod. nrri; superl. nstr, mod. njastr; [Ulf. niujis -- GREEK and GREEK; A. S. niwe; Engl. new;
O. H. G. niuwi; Germ, neu; Dan. -Swed. ny] :-- new; vaml ntt ok noti, Grg. i. 500;
skrkli n, 504; ntt tungl, a new moon, but in old usage, as it seems, the waxing, or even the
full moon; cp. however, vat ntt var at ok nia-myrkr, Grett. 111 A, where Ed. 1853 has hr var .
2. fresh; ntt kjt, at er sir Frcyinga at hafa ntt kjt llum missarum, Fr. 298; nja ska ok
ostrur, N. G. L. ii. 263; nju nauta bli, Hdl. 10. II. temp, new, fresh, recent; n tendi, fresh
news, Fas. iii. 597; nra spjalla, Hkv. Hjrv. 31; of n samkvmu-ml, Grg. i. 458; inn ni httr,
the new metre, Edda (Ht.); etta gru menn at njum tendum, Nj. 14; n bla, a new blotch, in
the phrase, a er engin n bla, 'tis no new thing, 'tis an old sore. III. as subst., hn sagi at at
vri n njast, Fas. iii. 219; spyrja eptir hvat til ns (quid novi) her borit, Mar. 2. adverb, phrases;
nst ns, nearest new, just recently, Hkv. 2. 7; af nju, anew, again, Hkr. ii. 38, Stj. 504; mod., a
nju, Bs. i. 768; at fornu ok nju, of old and of late, passim; nja-leik, anew, again, Fms. ix. 274,
see leikr. IV. in local names, as, Nja-land, Newland (in America), Ann. 1290. COMPDS: nja-
brum, n.new-fangledness. nja-leik, see above. B. n-, denoting newly, recently, may be prexed
to almost every part. pass. as also to adjectives with a part. pass. sense; thus, n-alinn, n-fddr, n-
borinn, new-born, Rb. 346, Fms. iii. 111; n-gotinn, newly dropped; n-gipt, n-kvngar, newly
married. Sks. 47, Fms. xi. 88; n-skrr, newly christened, ii. 42; n-grann, -jarar, newly buried;
n- vgr, newly ordained or consecrated, Bs. i. 131, Ld. 230, Fms. ix. 413; n-andar, n-dinn,
n-ltinn, n-daur, -fallinn, -drepinn, newly dead, Fms. xi. 308, Fas. i. 57, Glm. 392, Fbr. 115,
Mar.; n-kominn, just come, Orkn. 450, Fms. i. 27, x. 118, Eg. 14; n-farinn, n-genginn, n-sigldr,
n-riinn, n-hlaupinn, having newly gone, parted, sailed, ridden away, Landn. 84, Fms. ii. 278,
viii. 350; n-httar, n-sofnar, n vaknar, newly gone to bed, to sleep, just awake, v. 105, Orkn.
212 Fas. ii. 411; n-stainn upp, having just risen; n-seztr, having just sat down; n-klddr, just
dressed, Hkr. iii. 128; n-grr, newly made, Sturl. i. 121, Br. 168; n-fenginn just recovered, Fms.
x. 387; n-brotinn, fresh broken, 623. 20; n-genn, newly given, Eg. 174; n-fundinn, just found,
discovered, Stj. 650; n-teki, just received, Eg. 478, Fms. vii. 60; n-misst, n-tapar, newly lost;
n-liinn, just past, Greg. 82; n-byrjar, just begun; n-lokinn, n-endar, just nished, just done,
Rb. 56; n-lagr, new-laid, Bs. i. 346; n-binn, just done; n-mltr, newly spoken, Fas. iii. 75; n-
tekinn, fresh taken, Eg. 478, Fms. vii. 60; n-dubbar, new-dubbed, Al. 7; n-nefndr, newly named,
Bs. i. 699; n-spurt, newly heard, Fms. i. 213; n-orinn (n-ske), having just happened, Bs. i.
469, Fms. viii. 5; n-ortr, n-ritar, n-skrifar, newly composed, written, Glm. 384; n-sagr, n-
talar, newly said, reported, Bs. i. 768; n-greindr, id., 700; n-vaxinn, Landn. 190; n-runninn, n-
sprottinn, newly grown, Str. 49, Stj. 290; n-brddr, fresh tarred, Fms. viii. 383, xi. 437; n-birktr,
new-barked, of trees; n-blddr, new-bled, Orkn. 460, Symb. 29; n-klipptr, new-shorn, Mart. 123;
n-markar, of sheep, Lv. 48; n-saumar, fresh sewn, Orkn. 182; n-sopit, having just sipped, Fbr.
214; n-kedr, newly gagged, of lambs, Eb. 244; n-skorinn, new-cut, Eg. 516, Fms. iii. 114; n-
sleginn, new-mown, Str. 45; n-soinn, fresh cooked, Fas. ii. 232; n-bakar, new-baked, Stj. 121;
n-veginn, newly washed; n-litar, fresh dyed, Blas. 45, Bs. i. 446; n-aktr, new-thatched, Fms.
v. 331; n-hvattr, new-whetted, Bjarn. 65; n-karinn, new-polished, Fas. iii. 635; n-bygr, new-
built; n-elar, rell nelar, a carpet with the nap on, i.e. not worn, not threadbare, Dipl. v. 18;
n-leita, Grett. 111 A; n-legit, Bs. i. 189; n-rekit, Hrafn. 8; n-skilizt, hafi hann nskilizk vi
Tnsbergs menn, he had newly parted with them, Fms. viii. 408, v.l.
NRA, n., pl. nru, gen. nrna; [Scot. neirs; Germ. nieren; Dan. nyre; Gr. GREEK] :-- the kidneys,
Stj. 310, passim: pot., haf-nra, a pearl, Lex. Pot. COMPDS: nrna-mr, m. kidney fat, in beasts.
nrna-verkr, m., medic. 'kidney -work,' pain in the kidneys, Ann. 1426.
n-rliga, adv. oddly, queerly, Gsl. 142.
n-ri, n. pl. new counsel, Hrafnag. 22.
NSA, t, mod. form hnsa, see introduction to letter H (B. II. 2. ); [akin to njsn] :-- to pry,
enquire; nsta ek nir, Hm. 140; sv nsisk frra hverr fyrr, 7; nsumk hins, ok hygg at v, Stor.
13: mod. hnsa, forvitnin holdsins hnsir rtt Herrans leyndar-dma, Pass. 21. 2. II. reex.,
hnsast e-, to pry into; hnsast br, to pry into a letter; hence hnsinn, adj. curious, in a bad
sense; hnsni, curiosity.
n-smi, n. 'new smith's work,' the work of a beginner.
n-snvi, n. fresh snow, Eg. 544, Hv. 47.
n-strligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), new, unusual.
NTA, t, [njta], to make use of; ek tla at ntir eigi boga minn, thou canst not wield my bow,
Fms. vii. 120: absol., ok frtti orstein, hvrt mtti sv nta, he asked Th. if that would do, sl. ii.
207; skulu vr brr bnir ok bonir til slks sem r vilit okkr til nta, Eg. 50; ekki ntir hr af,
Edda 32; eigi munu it lengr nta hvrt af ru, enjoy one another, Sturl. i. 96; au Sigrr nttu
eigi af samfrum, lived unhappily together, 116; vru au Reykjaholti lengstum, vat ekki ntti af
henni um samvistir ef au vru eigi ar, ii. 48. 2. to eat, consume; at er rtt at nta svn, K..K.; n
ntir hann sr nyt fjr ess, Grg. i. 428; ef hann ntir sr fuglinn, ii. 346; nta fzlu, Anecd.,
N.G.L. i. 342. II. metaph. to use, bear, endure; daunn sv mikill at menn ttusk varla mega nta
at sitja yr henni, Bs. i. 178; ttusk menninir eigi nta at vera hj honum, Hom. (St.), of Job;
jaxlinn var sv srr, at hann ttisk eigi nta mega at lta tunguna vi koma, Bs. i. 195; -nta, to
destroy, N.G.L. i. 342. III. reex. to avail; etta m eigi ntask, Sturl. i. 148; en etta eitt ml
nttisk (succeeded) at er dm var lagt, 31. . = nytjask, to yield milk; ok er konur hafa mjlkat,
segja r aldrei jafnlla nzk (nytjask?) hafa, sl. ii. 181. 2. part. ntandi. t to be used, Fms. vi.
422, Fb. i. 168: worthy, ntandi menn = ntir menn, xi. 80: eatable, N.G.L. i. 341 :-- part. pass.,
ha r enn framar nttar en gefnar vru, Fms. x. 7.
nti-ligr, adj. useful, t to use.
nt-menni, n. a worthy, good man, Ld. 334.
ntr, adj. t, usable; ntr dkr, Pm. 107; sagi f til ess ntt, at ..., Ld. 318: able, Str. 68; her eigi
ntra dreng fundit, Fms. ii. 23; hinn nzti mar, Eg. 141, Ld. 162; enn ntasti fardrengr, Fms. ii. 23:
valid, er hvrskis gr nt, Grg. i. 494; ltt nir detta, engu er ntt, 'tis all good for nothing,
Fs. 159: neut. as subst., at ngu ntu, to no use, H.E. i. 243; r konur er me ntu hafa verit, who
have been good for something, id.
n-tungl, n. the new moon, Lat. novilunium(?), Rb. 18, 20.
n-verk, n. = nmli, K.. 182.
n-virki, n. marks of new work, of human hands; s hvergi n. glnu, Grett. 160 A; tru nir
tait, sv at ekki n. s , Fms. i. 213.
NI, n. [n], rest, the being left undisturbed; vera gu ni.
NFR (i.e. nfr), adj., nfr, nfrt, clever, skilled; hygginn ok nfr um alla hluti, Fms. v. 221; hn
var nfr kona ok kunni vel fyrir sr Bs. i. 339; all-nfrir jfrar, Sighvat; or-nfr, wordy.
NFR, f., dat. nfri (Stj. 330), pl. nfrar; [Swed. nfver; Dan. nver] :-- the bark of the birch,
used for roong; urra ska ok akinna nfra, Hm. 59; vi ok nfrar ok hlm, Fms. ix. 44; berki
ok nfri, Stj. 330; but, berki nfr ok aldini, id.: nfr ok brkr, 77; nfrar skal eigi ljsta til slu,
Gl. 430; nfrum var akt um rfrit, Eg. 90; eldrinn logai upp upsina ok sv nfrina, 238;
gengu kli af eim sv at eir spenntu nfrum at ftleggjum sr, klluu menn Birkibeina,
Fms. vii. 320. COMPDS: nfra-baggi, a, m. a bag with n., Fms. ii. 59. nfra-kimbull, m. (see
kimbull), N.G.L. i. 101. nfra-kolla, u, f. dried bark. nfra-mar, m. the 'birch-bark man,' a
nickname of an outlaw clad in n., Fas. ii. 258. nfra-stka, u, f. a sleeve of n., Fms. ii. 287. II.
pot., hildar nfr, 'war-bark,' i.e. armour, Km.; nykra borgar nfr or hings hallar nfr = the 'bark
of the nick-town' or the salmon hall, i.e. the ice, Lex. Pot.; Svfnis-sal-nfrar, the roof of the hall
of Odin = the shields, Edda (in a verse).
nfr-liga, adv. skilfully.
ng, f. plenty, abundance, Stj. 235, freq. in mod. usage.
NGJA, , qs. gngja (q.v.), [gngr] :-- to be enough, sufce; sem ngir, Dipl. iv. 2; ngir at eir
tri v sem trir Heilg kirkja, H.E. i. 519: with dat., s her ng sr ngja ltr, a saying; her
hann alla t lukt sv at mr vel ngir, so that I am quite contented, Dipl. iv. 5; lt Brandr sr vel n.
fyrir sik ok sna arfa eir penningar sem, 12. II. reex. to sufce; sem ngisk me mjlk ok
hunangi, Stj. 259; at skrnin ngisk, K.. 20; tti eim sr ekki ngjask heimrinn, Edda (pref.)
ngr, adj. = gngr, q.v.
NLA, d, [nl], to stitch.
nli, n. [nl], a needle without an eye.
nma, d, [nema, nmu], to bereave, deprive; nma e-n e-u, mtn menn fjrvi nmda'k, to
bereave of life, Fas. ii. 272 (in a verse); nma aldri, id.; fjrvi nmdu, they took his life, Hlt. (Hkr. i.
173): in the phrase, at var nmt, it is heard, reported, Fms. vii. 232 (in a verse).
nmi, n. docility, quickness to learn, esp. to learn by heart, of youths.
nm-leikr, m. = nmi, Sks. 265.
NMR, adj. [nema], hunted, outcast; nmir hvervetna, Sl. 9 :-- keen, sharp, of a pointed
instrument (a needle): contagious, of sickness: touching, hjart-nmr, touching the heart; fast-nmr,
rm, 2. quick at learning, esp. of learning by heart, Bs. i. 127; hann er vel nmr, ug-nmr, or treg-
nmr, -nmr; nmr kver, n er eg kominn hr, Stef. l.
NPA, u, f. [A.S. npe; Engl. -nip in turnip; Lat. napus], a turnip; npum ok ertrum, H.E. i. 395;
npna-reitr, a turnip-bed, Gl. 544.
NR, adv. used both as positive and comparative of n-, q.v.; superl. nst; mod. usage makes nr
the comparative, nrri the positive, cp. fjar, fjarri, rr, which are analogous: [A.S. and Engl. near;
Scot. nar; Dan. nr] :-- near: I. as positive, with dat., brautu nr, near the road, Hm. 71; hjarta
nr, 94; borgum nr, Sighvat; nr Heiab, Fms. vi. 64 (in a verse); vera nr e-u, to be present at;
hvergi nr, nowhere near; vru bendr hvergi nr komnir, .H. 210, Eg. 111, Grg. i. 69; nr
ea fjarri, nigh or far, Fms. viii. 346 :-- nr aptni, near night, towards night, Hm. 97; nr morni,
100 :-- near, according to, nr tla ek at lgum ra, Ld. 76; er at nr nu skapi, Nj. 24. 2.
metaph. near, close, sharp; sem mtt vnu nr (probably) vita, Sks. 183 B; geta ess sumir til, at
munir r etta eigi nr tla, folks say that it comes not from thy heart, Fms. xi. 280; Sigurr
tti nr sr taka etta brag, it was cleverly done, vii. 219; cp. taka e- nrri sr, to overstrain
one's powers; hann her teki nrri sr, ... ok var nr hverjum vnna horfi, it was a drawn game,
Nj. 45; e-m verr nr strt, to have a narrow escape, Fms. v. 266; nr meir, more near to, Hom.
159; engi skal nr meir gra en, Gl. 456. 3. adv. nearly, almost; nr rjtigi manna, Grett. 95 B;
nr tuttugu, Eg. 37; nu hundru er nr v, Fms. i. 109, Rb. 466; nr hundrai vetra, Landn. 322;
nr tveggja manns-vaxta, Fas. ii. 508; siar nr betr en, almost better than, Fms. i. 242; nr af
llum lndum, Ld. 28. II. compar. nearer; nr kirkju ea rr, K..K.; nr vetfangi, Grg. ii. 43; ver
eigi nr honum en ml nemi, Fms. iv. 28: temp., eigi nr vr-ingi en ..., Grg. i. 100; eigi nr
pskum en ..., 324: metaph. nearer to, ess rr var er eir gengu nr, Ld. 322. 2. tter; vri nr
miklu, at ..., Valla L. 218; miklu er etta nr, en ..., r. 49, Nj. 37; nr er n aptr at hverfa en fyrr,
Fms. vi. 155: in mod. usage, iron., r er nr at egja, it will be better for thee to hold thy tongue;
r var nr a vera kyr! B. Adv. and conj. [Dan. naar], when; haf njsn af nr eir koma, Nj. 5;
halda vr nr tmi mundi vera at hitta konung, Eg. 420; gra or nr lkast vri at veita atfr
jarli, Fms. i. 54; kvea nr hn var lttari, Grg. i. 349; nr eir (supposed that) auka jmnu, ii.
257.
NRA, , [akin to Ulf. nisan and nasjan = GREEK; A.S. genesan; Germ. genesen; as also Germ.
nahren, changing s into r] :-- to nourish, nurse; ok nra sv sna unga, Sks. 48; nra sn hbli, 326
B; engi gneisti lfsins m nra mik er lfga, Fms. x. 368; synir n nrendr, nourishers, H.E. i.
505 :-- to nurse, refresh, eir gu ok nru lkamina, Stj. 237; sv nrir nd mna hunang-
jtandi ml r munni num, Eluc. 55; heldr at nra en slkkva, Sturl. ii. 15. II. reex. to take
slight food, so as just to keep body and soul together :-- to be refreshed, of a sick or faint person,
nrisk hn sv sem fr lei, Fms. vi. 353; hn dreypir vni varrir eim ok nrusk eir skjtt,
Fas. iii. 571.
nr-ft, n. pl. under-clothing.
nr-gi, adv. [-gi], whensoever; nrgi er, Korm. (in a verse), Grg. i. 154, ii. 124; nrgi sem launat
verr, Nj. 77.
nr-gtinn, adj. = nrgtr.
nr-gtni, f. 'guessing true,' guessing what a person can bear and perform, with the notion of
kindness, opp. to exaction.
nr-gtr, adj. 'guessing true,' Eb. 262, Fs. 45, 54, Nj. 254.
nr-gngull, adj.; vera n. e-m, to be near about one's person, Sks. 279: in a less good sense, to
mob, throng one, 361 B.
nr-hs, adv. nearly, almost.
nring, f. nourishment, food, Germ. nahrung, Sks. 48 B, 51, Anecd. 4. nringar-lauss, adj. (-
leysi, n.), taking no food, of one sick.
nr-kominn, part. 'near come to,' entitled to, Fms. Lx. 250, 345.
nr-kona, u, f. a midwife, Stj. 247, 248.
nr-kvma, u, f. a coming near, Sks. 38.
nr-kvmi or -kmi, f. a 'coming near to,' accuracy, Sks. 443, 482 B.
nr-kvmr or nr-kmr, adj. close, Stj. 270 :-- accurate, me nrkmri visku, Sks. 572 B.
nrri, adv. = nr, near, nigh; sitja nrri, Grg. i. 50; ganga nrri, Fms. vi. 112; vera hvergi nrri,
vii. 283, Sks. 363 (compar.); nrri tni, Lv. 44; nrri sr, Sks. 363 B. B. Adj. compar. answering to
n-, nearer, and superl. nstr, nearest; hinn nrri ok hinn norari partr, Stj, 94; eir er nrri vru,
Nj. 237: nearly entitled to, tt r s nrri ar, Grg. i. 204; the compar. is rarely used. II. superl.,
1. gener. next, next after; er nstir ba, Grg. i. 82 B, 115: of time, nstir eptir e-n, Fms. i. 108;
ar nst, Eg. 512; enn nsta vetr, the next winter, Ld. 180; inn nsta dag eptir, Grg. i. 57; nstu
ntt eptir, Fms. vi. 166; hinn nsta vetr er ek kem til slands, ii. 34. 2. also next preceding; hann
hafi sekr orit it nsta sumar (= nsta sumar r), b. 10; her sv fram farit inn nsta mnu,
Fms. iii. 117; hinum nsta sunnudegi, N.G.L. i. 348; hinum nsta fundi, Sks. 237; r hann fr
hit nsta sinn af Noregi, Fms. i. 204; hvar skildisk vi etta skeyti nsta sinni (the last time), xi.
71. III. metaph. nearest in point of right or title; s er boi er nstr, Gl. 294; vr erum nstir
sigrinum, Fms. i. 168 :-- neut., it nsta, hann sat it nsta honum, Nj. 2, 50, Ld. 26.
nr-spr, adj. 'near-spacing,' prophesying true, Br. 164.
nr-snn, adj. short-sighted, Sturl. i. 70.
nr-vera, u, f. presence, Hkr. iii. 276.
nr-verandi (-verandis), part. being present, Th. 77, Fms. v. 200.
nst, superl.; nst b Arinbjarnar, Eg. 515; nst Skotlandi, 267; nst skapi, nearest to one's mind;
ar nst Gunnarr, Nj. 240, and temp., Grg. i. 242; -- temp. next, last, nst er ek beidda, Sd. 187;
nst ns, next before, just before, Hkv. 2. 7: er nst rddum vit um, Sks. 239; v nst, essu nst,
next in turn, Fms. i. 118, vi. 144, sl. ii. 209; vil ek at it reynit hverir munn nst s hafa, who
have seen closest, i.e. truest, Fms. xi. 284.
nst, adv. next; nst, Edda 103.
nsta, u, f. the last time; nstunni, Fms. iii. 140.
nsta, adv. the next time, last; kom sv nsta, at Ljtr lt au or um munn fara, Hv. 51: very,
nsta gamall, very old, r. 68; nsta glar, Vgl. 16; ungt ok misamt nsta, Hm. 125; eir
taka n. at amask vi mik, Fs. 32.
nsta-brra, u, f. a female second cousin; ef mar liggr me nstabraeru sinni, Grg. i. 345,
Bjarn. 50; rdsi nstabrru mna, 52.
nsta-brra, -brri, m., either indecl., the brra being a gen. pl., or decl. as a weak noun,
second cousins; nstubrra eigu upp at rsa, Grg. i. 69; eim mnnum er honum eru rnari en
nstabrri, 285; nstabrrar, 229; nstabrrum, ii. 172.
nstr, see nrri B.
nstum, adv. next before, the last time; hv heldr n en nstum? Sks. 541; sv skildum vr
nstum, Nj. 49; sv reir sem jarl var nstum, 134; nstum er vr komum yvarn fund, Fas. iii.
98, Fms. vi. 245, 370, Nj. 226, Eg. 411.
ntingr, m. a bird, the nightingale(?), a GREEK, Edda (Gl.)
ntr-, gen., see ntt C.
-nttr, adj. [nott]; in compds, ein-nttr, r-n., one, three nights old.
NF, f., pl. nafar. later nar, [A.S. nafu], the clasps, naves, rings by which the projecting ends of
beams at the corners of walls were welded together, and when they were torn or broken the wall
gave way; eir skutu rum endanum t hyrninguna sv hart, at nafarnar (nafarnir Ed.) hrutu af
fyrir utan, ok hlupu sundr veggirnir, Eg. 91; eir hlupu veggina sv at af gengu nafarnar af
timbr-stokkunum, Fas. ii. 43 (Hlfs S. in Bugge's Ed., Cod. nafarnir); hann tti lokrekkju grva af
timbr-stokkum ok brutu berserkirnir egar upp sv at af gengu nafarnar fyrir tan, Eb. 41 new Ed.
2. a wheel-nave; hann kallar bauginn nf hjlsins, Edda. 3. metaph. the pole of the world; tveir eru
hvirar heimsins er fornir spekingar klluu nna nrri ok ena syri, Pr. 476. 4. hjl-nf, a
wheel-nave; baug-nf, the 'circle-nave' of a shield, Bragi: the phrase, vera kominn fremstu nf, on
the uttermost verge, brink (in extremis), at the end of one's resources.
ngl, f. a nail; see nagl.
NKKURR, nkkvarr, nkkvat, see nekkverr.
nkkverr, m. a GREEK in a dub. passage, a nick (= nykr?), -- nkkvers nkkvi, the nick's coble =
the stone, the rock(?), lasta lauss er lifnai nkkvers nkkva Bragi, when the guileless Bragi was
left on the rock, Stor. 3; cp. hann tk dvergana, ok ytr s t, 'ok setr arsker,' Edda 48.
NKKVI, a, m. [A.S. naca; O.H.G. nakko; Germ. nachen = biremis] :-- a small boat rowed with a
pair of sculls, a cock-boat, Edda 35 (the shing-boat of Hymir the giant), 38 (of Balder's ship); eir
s mann einn ra fr ha tan einum nkkva, ... hann kastai runum ok hvelfi nkkvanum undir
sr, Fms. i. 180, 182 (cp. the verse 181), Fas. ii. 232, 233, 236 (of the giant's boat); stein-nkkvi, a
stained, painted boat(?), (not a stone boat), 231, Br. 3 new Ed.; hann s at mar reri tan r
Kaldr-si jrnnkkva, Landn. 78 (of an apparition): nkkva-mar, m. a man wbo rows a nkkvi,
a sculler, Fms. ii. 180.
nkleikr (-leiki), m. nakedness, Stj. 34, 35.
nkvir, adj., thus in old vellums, or also contr. nkan; spelt with ey, neyqan, Am. (Bugge); the
true form is a single k, cp. mod. nakinn, not nakkinn, yet neycquir in Hm. 49, and necqui in Skv.
l.c. (Bugge): contr. forms, nekir (n., pl. m.), Eluc. 26, MS. 625. 66; nkir, Eluc. 46; neykra, Sks.
l.c.: mod. nakinn, nakin, naki, gen. nakins, but pl. naktir: [Ulf. naqas = GREEK; A.S. nacod;
Engl. naked; O.H.G. nachat; Germ. nackt; Dan. ngen; Lat. nudus, qs. nugdus] :-- naked; lk skal
eigi nkkvi nir grafa, K..K. 24; vit nkvi hjn, Sks. 504 B; vera nkvi, Stj. 36; at au s sik
nekvi, Eluc. 27, Maru S. Egypt, passim; nkra lima, Sks. 536 B; egja (thus, as required both by
sense and alliteration, not segja) skal urs ef hann sitr nkvir vi eld, a saying, cp. 'not to speak of
a rope in a hanged man's house,' sl. ii. 317; neiss er nkvir halr (a saying, see neiss), Hm.; hn var
nkvi, Eb. 97, v.l. 2 new Ed., but nkt in the text; eir ltu sga nka vk, 623. 33; klddir
ea nkr, Eluc. 46 :-- metaph. of a sword, nkvi sver, naked swords, Skv. 3. 4; nkan mki,
Am. 47; nk sver, Fms. v. 233.
nldr, n. a murmuring: nldra, a, to murmur, grumble.
nllra, a, = gnllra, ir. 245.
nlta, t, to shiver from cold, Lex. Pot.
NP, f. [napr, nepja], chilliness; e-m er npinni vi e-n, to bear malice against one, feel hurt and
offended.
nrri, nrstr, see nyrri, nyrstr.
Nr, a, m. the giant of that name, the son of Loki, Stor.; see Nar; Nrva-sund = Njrvasund, q.v.
nrtr, m. a nickname, Bs. i. 499; cp. narta.
NS, f., pl. nasar, mod. nasir; an s has been dropped, as may be seen from sns, berg-sns (q.v.), as
also from Dan. snuse = to smell; [cp. Engl. nose; Germ. nase; Lat. nasus and nares] :-- the nostrils,
the nose as the organ of smelling, also of the front of the nose; nasar essa lkams skyldu vera
erchidjknar, eir skyldu efja ok ilma allan stleik, Anecd.; opnar eru nasarnar, Nj. 154; eldar
brenna r augum hans ok nsum, Edda 41; sv at bl hrjti r munni er nsum, Grg. ii. 11;
brega e-u fyrir nasar e-m, to put it before one's nose, Korm. 34; setja hnefa nasar e-m, Ld. 36;
hggit kom nasir honum ok brotnai net, Fms. iii. 186; flr um nasar, pale-nebbed, Alm. 2; taka
fyrir nasar e-m, Fs. 141; draga nasir at e-u, to snufe, smell at a thing, sl. ii. 136; stinga nsum
feld, to cover the face in one's cloak, Sighvat; stinga nsum nir, to bite the dust, Fms. iii. 189; ef
herra inn lkr nsum, has his nostrils shut, ceases to breathe, dies, Str. 27; r en ek lk nsum,
r. 31 new Ed.; r mun vera annat eins r en lkr nsum, thy nostrils will be closed before
that, a ditty, see the remarks to nbjargir; bl-nasar, bleeding at the nose; ra kross nasar ok eyru
ok hjarsa, N.G.L. i. 339 :-- in sing. only of one of the nostrils, upp ara nsina; a er ekki upp
hlfa ns ketti, it will not ll the half of the nostril of a cat = it is nothing. II. metaph. of the beak
of a ship; stgin festi hfi skipsins ok tk af nasarnar, Fms. x. 135, v.l. COMPDS: nasa-lti, n.
pl. snufing, Fas. iii. 499. nasa-vit, n. the sense of scent, Mar.: metaph. of supercial knowledge.
ns-gs, f. a kind of goose, Gsp.: mod. bles-nd = anas.
ntra, a, = gntra (q.v.), Sd. 169.
O, the fourteenth letter, is in the oldest Runes, on the stone in Tune, and on the Golden horn gured
by RUNE, which was evidently taken from the Greek D the later common Runic alphabet in earlier
monuments has no , but uses u or au instead, e.g. on the Jellinge stone in Denmark. Afterwards the
Rune RUNE, RUNE, or RUNE, RUNE, appears under the name of ss in the Runic poems -- ss er
estra fera (= fjara) = all rths have an ss (mouth). The form was evidently taken from the A.S.
Runic RUNE, which stands for a, and in A.S. is called s, which answers, not to Norse ss (ostium),
but to ss (= ans, i.e. the heathen gods); but the Norsemen or Danes in borrowing the Rune seem to
have misinterpreted its name or mistranslated it from ignorance of the phonetic laws existing
between the A.S. and the Norse. The RUNE in Scandinavian Runic inscriptions is therefore a mark
of later date (11th or 12th century). B. PRONUNCIATION. -- The o is either short (o) or long ();
the former (o) is sounded like Engl. o in cod, the latter () as in Engl. no, note; but the rules given at
the beginning of the introduction to letter A (p. l) apply equally to this letter, b&o-long; being
sounded bawth, but kr&o-short;ss in North. E. cross. C. CHANGES. -- In most of the oldest
vellums o instead of u is used throughout in inexions, -o, -or, -om, -on, -o, -ot, -osk, -oll, -onn,
instead of -u, -ur, -um ... -unn (Gramm. p. xxxv, col. 1, A); afterwards both forms are used
indiscriminately, till in the 15th century the u prevailed, and has kept its place ever since; whether
there was a difference in sound, and what, we are unable to state. 2. so also in a few root words,
go, goll, fogl, oxi, skolu, monu, hogr, togr, monr (Dan. mon), smogoll, = gu, gull, fugl, uxi, skulu,
munu, hugr, tugr, munr, smugull; on the other hand, is sonr (a son), but sunr the older form. 3. a and
o or u interchange in the inexions, fagnar, fognor, fgnur; kallan, kollon, kllun. 4. has
changed into in the prexed negative, -vitr for -vitr (unwise). 5. j into j, njta, originally
njta; ljs, Swed. ljs: forms like mjkr for mjkr, dkr for dkr may also be found in vellums, but
are very rare. II. &aolig-acute;, the vowel-change of (see p. 1), is frequently spelt o (tor, nott, =
t&aolig-acute;r, n&aolig-acute;tt), but was in sound different from proper, and has since
disappeared from the language, although remains of this 'umlaut' still exist in ntt, l, spnn (=
n&aolig-acute;tt, &aolig-acute;l, sp&aolig-acute;nn), but this o is sounded exactly like common o.
So also o and are confounded in MSS., bornom = brnom =brnum. For the absorption of
consonants see Gramm. p. xxx, col. 1, and the words themselves. &FINGER; Owing to the inability
of the Scandinavian languages to sound v (w) before a vowel of the u class, several root words,
which in dictionaries of the cognate languages (Germ., Engl.) begin with w, are in the Icelandic to
be found under o, as okr, or, orka, ormr, inn, r, sk, mr; as also j, in ok (jugum), ostr, and ok
the conjunction.
O
oblta or oblt, f. [Lat. word], a sacramental wafer, oblt, acc., 625. 192; obltu bukr, Vm. 6.
odd-hagr, adj. skilled in wood-carving, Bs. i. 143, Fas. i. 292.
odd-hending, f. a metrical term, when the rst rhyming syllable stands at the head of a verse; thus
in haf-lur skeflir the syllable 'haf' is an oddhending, Edda (Ht.) 121: in mod. usage, in Ballads
(Rmur), it means two rhyming syllables in the rst, and one in the second line, three being an odd
number of rhyme syllables -- thus, sveipar mundd | silki hrund | sat eg undir kvendi is an
oddhending.
odd-hendr, adj. written in the metre oddhending, Edda 139.
odd-hvass, adj. sharp-pointed, Bs. ii. 172.
oddi, a, m. a triangle, a point or tongue of land, Landn. 294, v.l.; vaxinn me remr oddum, Fms. x.
272. II. metaph. from the triangle, an odd number, opp. to even; ein er bn, ea rjr, mm, ea
sjau, v er bna tal odda, en eigi jafna tlu, at s tala er odda er, merkir eining, ok m eigi
deila tv hluti jafna, 625. 187: hence the metaph. phrase, standask odda, to be at odds (Shakesp.),
quarrelling; stsk allt odda me eim ormi ok Gesti, Fb. ii. 204 (skarsk odda, Fbr. 81 new
Ed. less correct); her n ok odda staizk me oss um hr, sl. ii. 180. III. freq. in local names, of
a tongue of land; Oddi, Odda-star, whence Odda-verjar, m. pl. the men from Oddi :-- as a pr.
name, Oddi, Stjrnu-Oddi = star-Oddi, Oddi the astronomer, an Icelander of the 12th century
skilled in astronomy, from whom proceeded the computation called Odda-tal, n. the calculus of
Oddi, Rb. 6. COMPDS: odda-mar, m. [Dan. op-mand, qs. 'odd-mand'] :-- the third man, who
gives the casting vote, the odd man (third, fth ...): as in the saying, oddamar er opt inn rii, |
jafntrr skal s beggja lii, Mkv.; hvart sem tveir megu ea eiri gra stt, enda vera eir eigi
sttir, er rtt at eir taki sr oddamann, Grg. i. 485; eir skyldi sjlr semja sttir snar, en
Rafn vera oddamar, ef skildi Sturl. iii. 179. odda-tala, u, f. an odd number.
ODDR, m. [A.S. ord; Germ. ort = 'point' of land, spot, place, but in early Germ. = Lat. cuspis;
Dan.-Swed. od, odd] :-- a point of a weapon Am. 59, Karl. 506, K..K. 96, and in countless
instances, knfs-oddr, nlar-o., als-o., spjts-o. (but blrell of a sword): the allit. phrase, oddr ok
egg, Hom. 33; me oddi ok eggju, with point and edge, at the sword's point, by force, Nj. 149,
Grg. ii. 13; tla ek at skja oddi ok eggju frndleif mna, .H. 32; brjta odd af oti snu, to
break the point of one's pride, to humble oneself, Nj. 94: pot, a point, spear, flvar oddar, Hkv. 1.
52; seja ara oddum, 2. 7; oddar grva jarli megin, see jarl. 2. a spur, which in olden times had a
single point, see Worsaae, No. 356. II. metaph. the front; hann hafi yxnum skipat odd lii snu,
Fms. x. 404. 2. a leader; hann var oddr ok sir fyrir essum frii, Fms. viii. 57, v.l. III. a pr.
name, Oddr as well as Oddi: in compds, of men, Odd-bjrn, Odd-geirr, Odd-leifr, Odd-marr;
of women, Odd-bjrg, Odd-frr, Odd-katla, Odd-laug, Odd-leif, Odd-n, and in the latter part
r-oddr, Arn-oddr, Landn.
odd-viti, a, m. a leader, chief, who marches ahead, Hkv. Hjrv. 10, Hkv. 2. 10, .H. 61, 214,
Nirst. 108.
OF, prep. with dat. and acc., the form varies; umb is an obsolete and rare form, hence um, sounded
umm, which is far the most common form in old writers, and has altogether superseded both umb
and of: [the 'of' answers nearest to Ulf. uf; O.H.G. oba; Germ. ob; Gr. GREEK; Lat. sub; Sansk.
upa.] Most of the oldest vellums, as also the poets, prefer to use 'of,' yet not all, for the Cod. Reg. of
Sm. Edda in nine cases out of ten writes um, so also did the Cod. Acad. primus (the Kringla) of
the Hkr.; and this is important, for these two vellums are our chief sources for old poetry; on the
other hand, the Cod. Reg. of the Snorra Edda prefers 'of.' Among other vellums the old fragment of
the Orkn. S. (Arna-Magn. No. 325) mostly uses 'of' as of nttina, Orkn. 110; of hans daga, 178; of
Jl, 180; of daga eirra brra, 182; but also 'um' e.g. ofan um sik, ofan um hann, id. The word will
be given in full under letter U, so that a few references may sufce here: I. in the sense over, Lat.
super, with dat. and acc., u. jr grr of gtum barma, Eg. (in a verse); brann of fylki, t.; of
svrum, Hornklo; dk i of lkum, Fms. xi. 191; sjr tr of rum, vi. (in a verse); of b
breium, Lex. Pot. . with acc., of nt regin, Vm. 13; of drttmgu, 11; of liu, Sdm. 9; of sumar,
Vsp. 40; of gar risa, Gs.; of lopt ok lg, Hkv.; lfr gengr of nglings brn, Eg. (in a verse); vestr
fr ek of ver, Hful. 1; liggja of ungan Mrukra, Fms. vi. (in a verse). II. in a causal sense = Lat.
ob; of sanna sk, for a just sake, justly, Fms. ii. 322 (in a verse); of minna, for a less cause, Glm,
(in a verse); of litla sk, Lex. Pot.; of sannar deildir, id.; of minni sorgir, Korm. (in a verse).
OF and um, an enclytic particle, chiey placed before verbs or participles, seldom before nouns; it
is obsolete, and occurs only in old poetry and now and then in the oldest prose; the spelling varies,
for here too the Cod. Reg. of Sm. Edda, as also the Kringla, mostly prefer um, so as to take
examples from the poem Hm., um skoask, um skygnask, 1; um getr, 8; um (owns), 9; ylsk hann
um, um getr, 17; um farit, 18; sns um mls, 21; um gelr, 29; um rf, 38; um getr, 58, 65; um dvelr,
59; um virir, 74; um lagit, 84; um vakin, 100; um komin, um son, 101; um kominn, 104; um gaf,
105; um geta, 123; um heilli, 129; um reist, 145; um stendr, 154; um kann, 163: of gat, 140; of
alinn, 72; of kom, 145; of vitar, 100; of blti, 145: vf, vf boit, 67; vf heimtir, 14: thus in this
single poem 'um' occurs about twenty-four times, 'of' ve times, and 'vf' twice: for the other poems
see Bugge's Edition: on the other hand, of traddi, Gh. 2; of rumir, Gm. 8; of hyggi, 34; at ek llum
l yr of heita, Hm. 3; of geta, 4; of teknir, 14; of heitt, 32 :-- in prose, ef mar m eigi of koma,
Grg. ii. 209; of frlar, Kb. 14; of telrat, 178; er han of sr, sl. (Heiarv. S.) ii. 387; en r of st
eigi ljs, but you see not the light, 645. 81; at eigi of s mili, b. 11; m of rannsaka, 677. 6; at
bum of gri, 2; ok af v of eykr eigi atkvi, Sklda (Thorodd) 165; sem menn of bera megu,
Hom. (St.); at hann megi jafnfss of vera, id., and passim in that old vellum, see Fritzner's Dict. s.v.;
ef v um nir, Grg. (Kb.) 209; ef eir um sitja, 74; um ves, 76; um taki, 89; um gra (twice), 109;
um telrat, 194; urn br, 230; um komi, 234; ef sl um si, if the sun was to be seen, ch. 29. II.
seldom before nouns; sns um mls, Hm. (see above); um rf, 38; as hans of dlgr, Skv.; Baldrs of
barmi, Haustl.; ll of rk, Alm. 9; of skpt, kinsmen, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Pot.; of tregi, Gkv. 1. 3 (thus
Bugge in two words); rs of rni, Haustl.; of kgi, an oppressor, Fms. vii. (in a verse); with
adjectives, of reir, Skm.: it remains in some old sayings or phrases, n er llt um gengi; um seinan,
Nj. 91.
OF, adv. [this particle is closely akin to the prep. of; the extended form ofr- (q.v.) is mostly used in
compds, not singly, and answers to Gr. GREEK, Lat. super, Engl. above]: 1. as subst. excess, pride,
conceit; v at hn verr eigi sv mikil, at ar muni of itt allt liggja, Ld. 318; vi of, to excess, sl.
ii. 154; tti hirmnnum hans vi of, hversu mikit, they thought it was beyond measure, Vgl. 17;
um of, to excess: the phrase, of sem van, too much or too little; a er of sem van. 2. with gen., of
fjr, immensity of wealth, Nj. 9, 27, Eg. 68, .H. 198; of lis, a vast host of men, Hkr. ii. 265; of
manna, Fms. vi. 146. B. Adv. too, Lat. nimis, and may be used with any adjective; when with
adjectives it is better written separately, of gamall, too old; of ungr, too young, Ld. 262; of langr, of
stuttr, Art. 96; of strr, of ltill, Eg. 50; of harr, of linr, of gr, of vndr, of kaldr, of heitr, of magr,
of feitr, of digr, of breir, of mjr, of hr, of lgr, of vr, of rngr, of margr, of fr, of mart, Njar.
372; of gull, of heimskr, of mligr, Art. 30, 82. 2. with adverbs; of mjk, too much, Eg. 226, sl.
ii. 391; of fjarri, Fms. ii. 181; of lengi, too long, x. 379; of seint, too late. Art. 96; of snemma, of
rla, too early; cp. um of via, of sjaldan, of opt, etc. II. with the neut. of a past part., overmuch, too
much, with the notion of having overdone or sometimes wishing not to have done it; hafa of
drukkit, to have drunk too much, Gm. 51; hafa of aukit, Eg. 202, Hkr. ii. 209; hafa of get, to have
given more than one likes, Ld. 318; hafa of grt, to have transgressed, Nj. 221, Fms. xi. 333; eigi of
hefnt, Grett. 124; hafa of keypt, bought too dear, Jb. 372; hafa of mlt, Fms. i. 163; ykjast hafa of
tala, wish one had not said it; s mr etta of mlt, Mar.; hafa of teki vi e-n, to have gone too
far, Fms. viii. 258; hafa of seinat, too late, Ld. 144, Fas. i. 196; um seinat, Fms. viii. 162 :-- 'of' is
opp. to 'van-,' too much, too little, hafa van-dmt, of-dmt, of-mlt, Gl. 378; van-refst of-refst,
272; of-talt van-talt, 477; of-alnir, van-alnir, Grg. i. 455. III. rarely with verbs; of-tala, to talk too
much.
ofa, u, f. overbearing (= of 1); frtt her ld ofu , (pride, pomp?), Am. 1; ltt ssk Atli ofu na,
A. little heeds thy overbearing, Skv. 3. 31.
ofa-, in compds, = of, vastness: ofa-f, mikit ofaf, a vast amount of money, Fr. 11; ofaf mikit,
Fms. vii. 232: ofa-mikill, adj.; ofamikit f, Hkr. i. 182, 284; ofamikit herfang, Orkn. 378.
of-allt or of-vallt, adv. always, Orkn. 90, etc.; see valt or vallt.
ofan, adv., in ir. S. often spelt oman, [Goth. obana; A.S. ofan; Germ. oben] :-- from above,
down, downwards.; falla ofan, to fall down, 623. 24, Eg. 240: taka ofan hs, to pull down, 100; fru
ofan angat, Nj. 68; hann klauf ofan allan skjldinn ... reist ofan allan ftum, from top to bottom,
246; hann hj fr ofan hndina, separated, cut off the hand, 160: metaph., telja e-t ofan, to 'talk
down,' dissuade, Fms. xi. 11; taka ofan, to uncover the head. II. with prepp. denoting motion from
above; ofan af landi, Eg. 32; ofan af himnum, down from heaven; ofan til skipa, 244; ofan eptir dal,
ofan eptir eyrum; hann fll ofan fyrir klettinn, he fell down over the rock, Fr. 31; ofan fyrir bjargi,
ganga ofan fen, to sink, plunge into the fen, Nj. 21; veit heldr fyrir ofan, it sloped downwards,
Fr. 40.; detta ofan , to sink down into the mire, of cattle; eir riu ofan Skaptrtungu, Nj. 261;
ofan fjru, ofan dalinn, ofan grna, etc.; ofan herar, mitt lri, ofan belti, 2; r himni ofan,
down from heaven, Clem. 21; ofan fr merkj, Eg. 100; hann lt (the garment) falla ofan um sik ...
sem klit hrundi ofan um hann, Orkn. 182; ofan um s, down through the ice. 2. without motion;
ofan , upon, Lat. super; stendr hann ar ofan, .H. 108; liggja ofan , leggjask ofan , setja, lta
ofan e-t, etc.; ra ofan milli, to sit between the packs of a pack-horse; leggja ofan yr, to cover
over, Fas. i. 377. III. the uppermost part; vir ofan, large at the top, Fr. 29. IV. adverbial, ofan,
over and above, to boot, into the bargain, Grett. 94, Fms. ii. 42: at ofan, Bs. i. 71; fyrir at ofan,
besides, Grg. i. 428: fyrir ofan, with acc.; fyrir ofan hs, Nj. 199; fyrir ofan kn, 28; fyrir ofan sj,
Fms. iv. 354; steinveggr var fyrir ofan, above, higher up, Orkn. 310; fyrir ofan ok nean. V. with
gen. above the surface of; ofan jarar, above earth, alive; ofan sjar, aoat.
ofan-fall, n. a downfall, Fms. ii. 276. Fbr. 88: a down-pour, of rain, Sturl. i. 163, Ann. 1391, Fas. i.
64, Karl. 527.
ofan-fr, f. a descending, sl. ii. 339.
ofan-ganga, u, f. a descent, Sturl. i. 180, Eb. 218, Eg. 229, Stj. 365.
ofan-hgg, n. a cutting down, Pr. 414.
ofan--gjf, f. payment into the bargain :-- rebuke.
ofan-rei, f. a riding downwards, Sturl. iii. 245.
ofan-verr, adj., opp. to neanverr (q.v.), the upper, uppermost; ofanvert bjargit, Hkr. i. 290;
komnir ofanvert riit, Fms. ii. 5; skegg ofanveru barinu, 310; breir at ofanveru, sl. ii. 345;
ofanveru fjalli, Str. 54; ofanverri Heimrk, Fb. ii. 292; fr ndveru til ofanvers, from top to
bottom, Hom. 118; fr ofanveru allr prjnar, John xix. 23. 2. temp. in the later part of a period,
opp. to ndverr; ofanvera ntt, towards the end of the night, late in the night, Fms. iv. 54, Gull.
27; ndura ... ofanvera sna, Ver. 25, Rb. 410; ofanverum dgum Haralds, Fh. ii. 182, Gsl.
3.
ofarla, adv. = ofarliga, in a temp. sense, towards the end of a certain length of time; hans dgum
ofarla, 623. 11, Fms. iv. 24, xi. 201; o. Langa-fstu, v. 168 :-- metaph., the phrase, bta e-m ofarla,
to bite sharply, Hm. 119.
ofar-liga, adv. high up, in the upper part, opp. to nearliga, q.v.; o. dalnum, o. sklanum, o.
fjllum, Grett. 111, Fms. v. 197, K.. 70, N.G.L. i. 14. 2. metaph., eim mun brn brega ok
ofarliga klja, their upper part will itch, i.e. in the vital parts of their body, = sorely, Nj. 239, cp.
Hm. 119; at fair inn tki o. til launanna, thy father was made to smart for it, lk. 37; o. mun
liggja jafnar r, of bare-faced impudence, Grett. 134. 3. temp., ofarliga Jlum, Fms. vii. 272;
ofarliga hans dgum, Orkn. 136; o. Sigurar konungs, Fms. vii. 162.
ofarr, adv., compar. answering to of, upp, yr, opp. to nearr, q.v.; superl. ofarst, but better efst,
q.v. :-- above, higher up; sumir ofarr sumir nearr, Hkr. i. 71; annat augat mun ofarr en annat, Fms.
vi. 206; ofarr legsteininum, Al. 65; ofarr nni, Edda 75; o. en n gangi , Grg. ii. 354; draga
segl ofarr, Hkv. 1. 29. 2. temp. later, more advanced in time; v meirr er ofarr var, Bs. i. 137. 3.
metaph., htt, htt! ok lt eigi ofarr koma essa flsku, stop, stop! and let not this nonsense go
farther, Bs. i. 810. 4. with a compar., ofar meir, 'upper-more,' higher up, Fms. ix. 406: temp. later,
499; sem ofar meirr (below, in a book) mun heyrask mega, Stj. 13; sem ofar meirr mun sagt vera,
44. II. superl. ofarst, uppermost, = efst (q.v.), Edda 2, Fms. vii. 64, N.G.L. i. 59, Hkr. i. 146, Grg.
ii. 402.
of-t, n. (aft, Hom. 31, 53, 71), over-eating, gluttony, Sklda 208, Greg. 25, Barl. 42.
of-beldi, proncd. obbeldi, n. [qs. ofveldi], violence, overbearing, Fms. i. 221, vii. 20, Al. 10,
N.G.L. i. 458, H.E. i. 470. COMPDS: ofbeldis-fullr, adj. overbearing, Stj. 8. ofbeldis-mar, m. an
overbearing man, Stj. 85.
of-bja, bau, only impers. mr ofbr, it amazes, shocks, me.
of-bleyi, f. cowardice, Sks. 75.
of-bo, n. a shock, terror; ofboi, in amazement :-- ofbos, adv. shockingly, very, ofbos-legr, adj.
shocking.
of-bri, f. passion, impatience, Hom. 85.
of-dan, n. too much honour; a er o. fyrir mig, (conversational.)
of-deildir, f. pl. quarrelsomeness, Hom. 85.
of-dirf, f. foolhardiness, K.. 232, Fms. iii. 68, vii. 18, 161, H.E. i. 504, Str. 50. ofdirfar-fullr,
adj. foolhardy, H.E. i. 473.
of-dirfska, u. f. = ofdirf, passim in mod. usage.
of-dramb, n. arrogance, conceit, Edda 7, .H. 88, Sks. 462. ofdrambs-fullr, adj. conceited, Fms.
v. 217, Hom. 123.
of-drykkja, u, f. (af-drykkja, Hom. 31, 53), indulgence in drink, Fms. viii. 251, ix. 424, Barl. 42,
Gl. 276, Sklda 208. ofdrykkju-mar, m. a drunkard, 623. 15, Fms. viii. 252, Barl. 137.
of-dul, f. great conceit, Finnb. 300.
of-dyri, n. (umdyri, Hom. 82 thrice), the 'over-door,' the lintel, Ver. 21, Stj. 279, Gl. 345.
of-dlska, u, f. pertness, Sks. 519, v.l.
of-fari adj. having gone too far, doing wrong; vera offari, Fms. iii. 21, viii. 237, xi. 436, Bs. i. 296,
837.
of-ta, u, f. too much stoutness.
of-fors, n. insolence, Grett. 110 A, Fms. v. 181. offors-fullr, adj. insolent, Grett. 70 new Ed.
OFFR, n., also spelt ofr, [Lat. offertum; Germ. opfer], an offering, Fms. ix. 277, Sks. 699, 781, Hkr.
iii. 66, Bs. i. 820, Anecd. 8; frnir ok heilg offr, id.; einskis eirra offr skal taka til heilags altaris,
K.. 208; til prests offrs, 102; prestinum til offrs, Vm. 118; at hann hefi sukkat gzi ok offri hins
heilaga lafs konungs, hann hafi me at taka offrinu, Bs. i. 820.
offra, a, [Germ. opfern; Engl. offer], to make an offering, sacrice; offra e-m e-t, Mar.: o. sik
Gui, K.. 58. 2. to make a gift, to present, in an eccl. sense, Al. 17: with dat. of the thing, hann
offrai miklu f til grafar Drttins, Fms. vii. 92; offrai fr Kristn borkeri miklu, x. 87; hann lt
gra kirkju ok offrai ar til gullhring, 153; eir vru leiddir til altaris at offra, ix. 277: reex., H.E.
i. 405.
of-framskni, f. intruding oneself, Sks. 295.
offran, f. an offering, Stj. 109.
of-freistni, f. over-temptation, Barl. 158.
offrend, f. an offering, Hom. 113, Str. 80.
of-fylli, f. surfeit, Al. 153, Hom. 31: medic. dropsy.
of-gangr, m. 'over-going' excess, Fms. iii. 39; ganga ofgngum, Gsl, 79, N.G.L. i. 169; ganga
ofgangi, Fms. vii. 269: o. sjvar, Barl. 19; elds o., D.N. ii. 95; o. frosts ok jkla, Sks. 12 new Ed.
of-gangsi, adj. over-prevailing, Sks. 339.
of-geigr, m. a great shock, Hom. (St.)
of-geytlan, f. bragging, Hom. 85.
of-gjar, f. pl. paying into the bargain, Nj. 18, v.l.
of-gi, n. pl. great advantages, Hkr. iii. 285.
of-gngli, f. prevalence, Sks. 339, v.l.
of-harmr, m. afiction, Fms. iii. 166.
of-heyrn, f., medic. a tingling in the head, Fl. x.
of-hiti, a, m. excessive heat, Hom. 87.
of-hlaa, hl, to overload: of-hlesla, u, f. overloading,
of-hltr, m. immoderate laughter, Hom. 85.
of-hlr, m. a calm, pot., Alm. 23.
of-hyldgan, f. 'over-esh,' proud esh, of a wound, Fl. x.
of-inndli, f. over-comfort, easy life, Hom. 86.
of-jarl, m. an 'over-earl,' an over-match; vera mr sumir ofjarlar hr hrainu, Valla L. 206;
Jab, er mr verr ofjarl fyrir strleika sakir, Stj. 537: in a play of words, Einarr ambar-skelr s
etta ok mlti, ofjarl, ofjarl, fstri! -- Kann ek ekki vi v, at yr ykki sumt ofjarl en sum ekki at
manna, Fms. vi. 53.
of-kapp, n. stubbornness, Gl. 199, Bret. 38, Sturl. ii. 15, Finnb. 332.
of-ktr, adj. exulting, Fms. vi. 110, vii. 23, Fagrsk. 128.
of-kerski, f. petulance, Nj. 129, Fms. ix. 404, v.l.
of-kvni, n. uxoriousness, Fms. iv. 21.
of-kti, f. wantonness, Fms. ix. 352, 404, 445, Hom. 86.
ot, f. = oblta, q.v.
of-lti, a, m. a gaudy person, Landn. 273, Ld. 20, Nj. 142, Sturl. i. 19, Fms. ii. 6, Gsl. 14.
of-ltinn, part. much lamented, Sighvat.
of-ltligr, adj. showy, Sturl. iii. 156, Fbr. 56.
of-ltungr, m. = oti.
of-leyngr, m. a person made too much of, Grett. 121 A.
of-lttleikr, m. alertness, Sks. 19.
of-lttliga, adv. willingly, promptly, Ld. 182, Fms. iii. 91.
of-lttr, adj. prompt, easy, ready, Fms. ii. 99; o. til gra verka, Hom. (St.); skulu vr n vera r
auveldir ok ottir til allra hluta er vilt at vr grim, Stj., Fms. iv. 134 (spelt attr).
of-li, n. an overwhelming force; vera oii borinn, Nj. 180; ef menn bera oii, ok lta eigi
ganga til dms, Grg. i. 111. 2. over-zeal; v r hat mr veitt fullt li, ef eigi oi, Fms. vii. 143.
of-ljst, n. adj. a metrical term, a pun, equivocation in poetry; essi ortk hafa menn til at yrkja
flgit, ok er at kallat ojst, Edda 110, Sklda 183, 189.
of-ljtr, adj. very hideous. Hm. 23.
of-lgja, , to humble. Post. 209.
of-lti, n. self-assumption, Hom. 152.
of-lskr, adj. very slovenly, Lex. Pot.
of-mar, m. = ofjarl; vera e-m o., Orkn. 426.
of-magn, n. = oi; in bera e-n ofmagni, to overpower, Fas. iii. 175.
of-megri, f. starvation, N.G.L. i. 25, Gl. 502.
of-metnar, m. over-pride, over-assumption, Nj. 17, .H. 69, Sks. 461, Stj. 8, 144, 145, Hom. 86,
107, Ver. 10, Greg., Mar., Bs., passim in old and mod. usage. COMPDS: ofmetnaar-fullr, adj. full
of pride, 625. 90. ofmetnaar-mar, m. an over-proud man, Vgl. 17, MS. 677. 11, Stj. 36.
ofmetnaar-samr, adj. arrogant, Bs. i. 854.
of-metnask, a, to pride oneself, Karl. 197.
of-mikill, adj. 'over-muckle,' excessive, Gm. 21.,
of-munu, f. sensuality, Hom. (St.)
of-mlgi, f. loquacity, Stj. 155.
OFN, m., spelt omn, Blas. 46; an older form ogn, Boldt 48, answering to Goth. and Swed.: [Ulf.
auhns = GREEK; Engl. oven; Swed. ugn; Dan. ovn, kakkel-ovn; Germ. ofen; cp. Gr. GREEK] :-- an
oven, furnace, esp. in Norway, where there are no hot springs for bathing, Rb. 386, Ver. 29, Stj. 273,
Fms. vii. 245, Bs. i. 223, Eb. 47 new Ed.; stein-ofn, a furnace of bricks(?), referring to the year
1316, Bs. i. 830, where the passage may refer to warming the apartments. 2. an oven for baking;
gkk hn til nauig ok bakai ofninum, Hom. 113; in olden times, as at the present day, baking
and dairy work were in the women's charge. COMPDS: ofns-eldr, m. an oven-re, Stj. 112. ofn-
grjt, n. pl. oven-stones, bricks(?), Fms. vii. 323, viii. 166 (referring to the latter part of the 12th
century). ofn-reykr, m. smoke from an oven, Stj. 124. ofn-stofa, u, f. an 'oven-closet,' close stove,
bath-room, Fms. vi. 440, where it is stated that king Olave the Quiet (1066-1093) was the rst who
introduced ovens or stoves (ofn-stofa) into the hall instead of the old open res, see eldr (II); these
stoves served for bathing and for heating the rooms; hann lt ok fyrst gra ofnstofur ok steinglf
vetr sem sumar. The account of the death of the Berserkers in Eb. ch. 28, referring to the 10th
century, may therefore be an anachronism and not an historical fact, for it is reported as
extraordinary for Iceland that a bishop of Hlar (a Norseman) in the year 1316 built a 'stone-
oven' (brick-oven) in his house, Laur. S. l.c.
of-neyzla, u, f. intemperance, Stj. 143, H.E. i. 519, Jb. 404.
ofnir, m. the name of a serpent, Gm., Edda (Gl.)
of-prleikr, m. great pomp, Str. 82.
of-prliga, adv. with great pomp, Str. 81.
of-pri, f. pomp, show, Hom. 85.
OFR, adv. [cp. Goth. ufar; Engl. over; O.H.G. upar; Germ. ber; Lat. super; Gr. GREEK] :-- over-
greatly, exceedingly: with gen. but rarely, ofr fjr is perh. only a misprint for of fjr, Lv. 103 (paper
MS.); otherwise as a prex chiey to substantives and adjectives. COMPDS: ofr-a, n. = ofrei,
Grg. ii. 192. ofr-st, f. passionate love, Fms. vii. 357. ofr-bor, n. overboard; in the metaph.
phrase, detta fyrir ofrbor, to fall overboard, lose heart and courage. ofr-drr, adj. over-dear, r.
65. ofr-ei, n. overwhelming force, odds, Eg. 351, Fms. i. 199, viii. 90, sl. ii. 363: beyond one's
strength, Oddr kva sr at ekki ofrei Korm. 38, Eb. 112, Fms. i. 203; me ofrei, Al. 134: excess,
immensity o. frosts, Sks. 36 new Ed.; mikit o. gulls, Mar.: gen., ofreis fjldi, immensity, Stj. 95.
ofreis-menn, m. pl. powerful men, bearing all down, Nj. 75, Eg. 425, 520. ofr-fjldi, a, m. an
immense host, Karl. 506. ofr-gangr, m. = ofgangr, Sks. 18, 33 new Ed. ofr-garpr, m. an overdaring
man, Grett. 156 new Ed. ofr-gjld, n. pl. fearful, dire retribution, Skv. 2. 4. ofr-harmr, m. an
overwhelming sorrow, Fb. i. 512, Fas. i. 181. ofr-hefnd, f. a fearful vengeance. Am. 72. ofr-hiti, a,
m. an overwhelming heat, Hrafn. 15, Mar. ofr-hugi, a, m. a fearless, daring man, Nj. 220, Fms. i.
155, ii. 66, vi. 324, Fs. 54, Korm. 90: = ofrhugr, kef ok o., Fms. ii. 319. ofr-hugr, m. dauntless
courage, Edda (pref.) ofr-kapp, n. erceness, stubbornness, Ld. 178, Sturl. i. 45, Fms. vi. 146, 417,
Eb. 98, Fb. ii. 51. ofrkapps-mar, m. a erce, stubborn man, Fs. 52, Glm. 373, sl. ii. 369, Fas. i.
119. ofr-kuldi, a, m. excessive cold, Sks. 87. ofr-lengi, adv. very long, Hkr. i. 102. ofr-li, n.
overwhelming force; bera e-n ofrlii, to overpower, Fms. i. 154, Hkr. ii. 371, Barl. 190. ofr-ligr, adj.
excessive; ofrligt er um rleik inn, Ska R. 26. ofr-mta, adv. beyond measure, Fas. iii. 424. ofr-
menni, n. a mighty champion, Eb. 248. ofr-mikill, adj. very great, Sks. 141, Hkr. iii. 65. ofr-mlgi,
f. high words, vaunting, Vm. 10. ofr-mli, n. big talk, Edda 57. ofr-skjtt, n. adj. very soon, Hkr.
ii. 190. ofr-vald, n. = ofrei. ofr-verkr, m. a violent ache or pain, Bs. ii. 29. ofr-yra, t, to address
in big words, ir. 256. ofr-yri, n. pl. high words, Edda 57, Karl. 509. ofr-raut, f. a great trial,
Konr. ofr-ungi, a, m. a crushing weight, Bs. ii. 81. ofr-lvi, adj. the worse for drink, Hm. 13.
ofra, a, to brandish, wave in the air, with dat. of the thing brandished; egar er Birkibeinar ofruu
vpnum snum, Fms. viii. 43, Eb. 60; ofra vrngum gi, to pull the oar backwards, Bragi. 2. to
raise; ofra lo e-s, to put forth one's praise, Edda (in a verse); egar er slu var ofrat, when the sun
had risen, Ld. 216; ofra sr, to raise the head, appear, Bs. ii. 80, 132; bi ek at eigi ofrir reii
inni, Stj. 392: acc., ofra sinn hug, Bs. ii. 112. II. reex., Gumundr vildi at eigi heyra n ofrask
lta, G. would not let it be known, Sturl. i. 141; at r sem n var ofrat (put forth, proposed), Sturl.
iv. 104, (Bs. i. 770 efnat): to pride oneself, Hom. 49, Bs. ii. 24.
ofra, a, see offra and offr.
ofrar, m. [Ulf. ufarassus = abundance]: in the phrase, bera e-t ofro, to shew up, divulge, Stj.
619. II. gen. ofraar, adv. exceedingly; ofraar lengi, for a long time to come, Korm. (in a verse);
ofraar rekmar er sj, an exceeding strong man is he, Nirst. 6; ofraar mar er sj, a mighty hero
is he, 645. 107; ofraar rangt, exceeding wrong, 677. 5; ofraar vel, exceedingly well, Fms. xi. 47;
ofraar synd, pride, presumption, = ofmetnar, Mar.
ofran, f. pride, insolence, Bs. ii. 44: savageness, N.G.L. i. 80.
of-raun, f. too great a trial, too strong a test, Nj. 220, Fas. ii. 465.
of-rausn, f. 'over-boldness,' presumption, Fms. vii. 290; er llum at o., at halda v fyrir mr er
konungr vill at ek hafa, ix. 445, v.l.; ann dm lt hann hvern hafa, sem honum tti eir sakir til
hafa, hvrt sem hann var rkr ea ftkr, en at tti eim o., xi. 250; hann lt jafna refsing hafa
rkan ok rkan, en at tti landsmnnum o., .H. 190.
ofr, adv. = offr, from, off, Vm. 7; whence the contr. form fr, Fms. x. 395, 404.
of-r, n. too great a task, Fms. iv. 29; oss mundi at lla skjask ok o. vera vi Eyringa,
Valla L. 224; Sturla frndi hans segir honum slkt ofr, Sturl. ii. 91: too high an aspiration, ekki
var etta vel okkat af sveitar-mnnum fyrir ri, ok tti honum etta o. r vera, iii. 144: too
high a match, orsteinn kva sr at o., er hn st ein til alls arfs eptir Kraka, orst. hv. 38.
of-refsan, f. too great severity in punishing, Fb. ii. 316.
of-rembingr, m. arrogance, Bs. i. 634.
of-reyna, d, to put too strong a test, Mar.; ofreyna sik, to overstrain one's strength.
of-reynsla, u, f. an overstraining.
ofringi, a, m. a rambler, Grg. i. 192; see lands-ofringi.
of-rki, n. overbearing, sheer force, tyranny; at eir eri eigi heim at ganga fyrir o. bandans,
K..K.; ofvald er o., Stj. 154, Boll. 336; ai ok o., Fms. i. 34; o. ok jafnar, viii. 84; bera e-n
ofrki, N.G.L. ii. 150. ofrkis-mar, m. an overbearing man, Gl. 488.
ofsa, a, to overdo, do to excess; hinum btum er eir ofsa er vansa er dmum sitja, N.G.L. i.
184; opt eru ll vitni ofsu fyrir skaps sakir, 247 :-- ofsa sik, to puff oneself up, be haughty,
arrogant; ef ofsar ik eigi r til vansa, Hrafn. 29. II. reex. to grow unruly; Jupiter tti flkit
ofsask, Bret. 6; opt verr ofsat til vansa, a saying = pride goes before a fall, Al. 138. 2. hence mod.
afsast, dep. to rave, rage.
of-saka, a, = -saka, to accuse, Hom. 155.
of-senna, u, f. a quarrel, row, Hom. 85.
ofsi, a, m. overbearing, tyranny; fyrir o. Haralds konungs, Fs. 123; biskup kvask vnta at menn
munu essum ofsa af sr hrinda, Fb. iii. 450; ofsi ok lglausa, .H. 238, Eb. 116; ofsa ok yrgang,
Fms. vi. 26; ofsi ok jafnar, Eg. 8; ofsa ok dir, Fms. i. 208; at eigi mtti ofsi steypa lgunum,
Hkr. i. 72; at sjatna mundi eirra o., sl. ii. 386: extravagance, meir me ofsa en fyrirhyggju, Ld.
186; orsteini tti nokkut sv vita ofsa arvist eirra ok eigi me fullri forsj, Fs. 13; til ofsa ok
frsagnar, Gl. 275. II. gen. prexed, excessively; ofsa hr ver, vehement gales, Bs. i. 893; ofsa
kli, a sore itch. Fl. x; ofsa rtuligr, Hkr. 642 new Ed. COMPDS: ofsa-legr, adj. excessive. ofsa-
mar, m. an overbearing, violent man, Eg. 174, Nj. 89, Fms. vi. 155, vii. 113. ofsa-ver, n. a
violent gale.
of-sinka, u, f. over-stinginess, Hom. 85.
of-sjnir, f. pl.; in the phrase, sj ofsjnum yr e-u, to look down upon, despise; brott tlar hann ok
grir hann at lla ... urfti hann ekki ofsjnum yr essu landi at sj, Sturl. i. 225; ef hann hefi
eigi s ofsjnum yr mannlegu eli, Al. 160 :-- in mod. usage, to grudge one a thing. 2. mod. the
seeing of phantoms.
ofskaps-mar, read ofrkappsmar, Bjarn. 34.
of-skemtan, f. over-pleasure, Fms. ii. 271.
of-skvaldr, n. over-swaggering, great noise, Fms. vi. 287.
of-skynja, adj. overlooking, looking down upon; eir ykkjask sr rnir, en mr nokkut o., Fms. v.
226; snisk mr sem estir menn s honum o. vestr ar. Sturl. iii. 168.
of-skpun, f., medic. monstrosity, Fl. x.
of-snjr, m. vast masses of snow, N.G.L. i. 392.
of-skn, f. persecution, Fr. 134, Fms. i. 224, Stj. 497, Ver. 29, Th. 79, Bs. ii. 142, passim.
of-stark, n. 'over-strength,' showiness, pride, Str. 82 (twice).
of-stopi, a, m. overbearing, arrogance, insolence; fara me ofstopa, Nj. 222; vildi Gu n enda lta
vera eirra ofstopa, Fms. vii. 18, Hom. 76; ofmetnar ok o., Rb. 394. ofstopa-mar, m. an
overbearing man, Eb. 14, Fms. i. 6, vii. 238, Nj. 215, Orkn. 8; llt er at eggja ofstopa-mennina, Fb.
i. 522.
of-strleikr, m. over-strength, violence, Sks. 156.
of-styrmi, n. = ofviri, Fr.
of-stri, n. an 'over-steering,' unmanageable thing; tla ek at verir oss skjtt ofstri, Fas. i. 365
(Skjld. S.); yr mun o. vera at leggja mik vi velli, Boll. 344: hence the mod. -striltr, unruly,
qs. ofstriltr.
of-stki, n. ferocity, Ld. 252; grunar mik at ei komir v vi fyrir eirra o., sl. ii. 347, Mag. 164;
ofstkis-mar, a erce man, Mag.
of-stkr, adj. hot, erce, vehement.
of-stri, n. [strr], pride, haughtiness, Thom. 182.
of-stur, f. pl. priapismus, Fl. x.
of-svefni, n. over-sleep, lethargy, N.G.L. ii. 418 (v.l.), Bb. 3. 81.
of-svsi, n. temerity. H.E. i. 261, N.G.L. i. 458.
of-svsinn, adj. in over-high spirits.
of-skja, stti, to persecute, Magn. 482, Stj. 402, 448, 478, passim. ofskjandi, part. a persecutor,
Stj 376.
of-sgn, f. 'over-saying.' exaggeration, Fas. i. 25.
of-sgur, f. pl. exaggeration; ekki her hann ofsgur fr r sagt, Fms. vi. 206; hafa eigi o. verit fr
sagar eirra garpskap ok heri, xi. 151; eigi m ofs gum segja fr vitsmunum num, it cannot be
too highly praised, Ld. 132, Fas. i. 84, sl. ii. 36, Mag. 99, 113.
oft, see opt.
of-tala, u, f. an 'over-number,' surplus, N.G.L. i. 182.
of-tekja, u, f. a taking too much, wronging, Bs. i. 115.
of-tign, f. a too great honour, Fas. ii. 489.
of-traust, n. 'over-trust,' a too great condence.
of-treysta, t, to trust too much, Hsm.
of-tki, n. = ofstki(?), Njar. 368 v.l.
of-vald, n. = ofrvald, H.E. ii. 83, Stj. 121, 154, Art. 64.
of-vallt, see ofallt.
of-veri, n. = ofviri, Hom. 97, Fas. ii. 78.
of-verkr, m. a violent pain, Bs. i. 343, 456, Stj. 435.
of-viri, n. a violent gale, Fms. viii. 256. K..K. 78, Fas. ii. 37.
of-vilnan, f. conceit, presumption, Stj. 144, Hom. (St.)
of-viring, f. over great an honour, Fms. vi. 17.
of-viti, a, m. an over-wise person = Germ. sonderling, one who behaves in a strange manner; hann
er o., a popular phrase.
of-vgilegr, adj. 'over-weighing,' overwhelming, immense, Bs. ii. 5.
of-vgr, adj. overwhelming: o. herr, .H. 242.
of-vni, f. 'over-weening' spirits, Vikv. 7.
of-r, immoderate lust, Hom. 85.
of-rngva, , to force, ravish, Stj. 384.
of-gli, f. stubborn silence. Art. 30.
of-gull, adj. over-silent. Art. 30.
of-tlan, f. an 'over-task,' too great a task.
of-ltiliga, adv. = felmtliga(?). Sturl. iii. 185 C.
OK, copulative conj.; the mod. form is og, which appears in the 15th century MSS., but the word is
usually in the MSS. written thus RUNE. The Runic inscriptions mostly have auk, which
diphthongal form has in the conj. been changed into ok, but is retained in the adverbial auk = etiam.
As neither the stone in Tune nor the Golden horn happens to have the word, we are in the dark as to
its earliest Scandinavian form. The particle ok is characteristic of the Scandinavian languages, as
distinguished from the Germ. und, Engl. and; although this is more apparent than real, for the
identity of ok with the Goth. copulative particle jah and uh. Hel. jac, has been conclusively
demonstrated by Grimm, who also makes out an identity between Goth. uh, standing for hu, and Gr.
GREEK, Lat. -que; the metathesis of uh for hu is analogous to Lat. ac = Gr. GREEK. Grimm
farther supports this etymology by comparing the Teutonic compounds ne-hu, Icel. contr. n, with
Lat. ne-c = ne-que, which proves the identity of both the sufxed particles, the Lat. c or que and the
Teut. uh. The Goth. jah is a compound = j-uh = 'immo-que;' the Norse ok, too, is prob. a
compound particle, the j being dropped, and then j-uh contracted into auh = auk; the nal guttural
h (sounded as RUNE), instead of being absorbed by the preceding vowel, was hardened into the
tenuis k. The negative verbal sufx -a and -a, the nominal sufx -gi, and the copula ok will thus all
be derived from one root, -- one of the many instances of the Protean transformations of particles,
even the negative and positive being interwoven into the same word. A. And, a copula between two
or more nouns; uppha skapai Gu himinn ok jr, Edda (pref., Gen. i. 1); rki ok konungdm,
Fms. i. 23; mikill ok sterkr, Nj. 2; vn kona ok kurteis ok vel at sr, 1; dtr rjr ok sonu r, 30. If
the nouns are many the usage may vary :-- the nouns may be paired off, eldr ok vatn, jrn ok mlmr,
Edda 36; or the copula is only put to the last, eldr, vatn, jrn ok mlmr; or, if emphatic, it may be
reiterated, eldr ok vatn ok jrn ok mlmr; or ok may be left out altogether, mlmr. steinar, jrin,
viirnir, sttirnar, drin, fuglarnir, eitrormar, Edda l.c. 2. bi ok, bi er hann vitr ok framgjarn,
Nj. 6. 3. in comparison, as, and, = Lat. ac, atque; me jfnum skildaga ok Hrlfr Kraki gri, Fb.
ii. 137; samr mar ek r, the same man as before, i. 364; hafa me sr sn epli, ok bera saman ok
hin, and compare them and the others, Edda 46; hn var lk ok fyrr, Fms. i. 185; at er mjk
sundrleitt ok Kristnir menn gra, it differs much from what Christians do, x. 171; smu lei ok
fyrr, i. 253; samsumars ok Steingerr gkk fr Bersa, Korm. 160; jamvandhfr ok rbaugsmar,
Grg. i. 89. 4. of an adversative character, and yet, but; mrgum srum ok engum strum, Fms. x.
370; etta eru heyrilig bo, ok jafnlig. Nj. 77; sllig kona ert, ok (but yet) ekki sv at eigi megi
sma vi slkt, Fms. vii. 167. 5. the particle ok connects together the parts of the sentence; mlti
Frigg, ok spuri, then spoke Frigg, and asked, Edda 37; at bttir r itt, ok bir r konu,
thou shouldst mend thy condition, and take thee a wife, Nj. 2 :-- it is used to mark the progress of a
speech or sentence, fllusk sum ortk ok sv hendr, ok s hverr til annars, ok vru allir me
einum hug til ess er unnit hafi verkit; Loki tk. Mistiltein, ok sleit upp, ok gkk til ings ...; Hr
tk Mistiltein, ok skaut at Baldri; sir tku lk Baldrs, ok uttu til sjvar, Edda 37; sendu eir var
til hans, ok skyldi hann vita, Fms. x. 27. II. in the old law (the Grg.) the apodosis or conclusion is
headed by ok, then, as in the standing phrase, ok verr hann tlagr, ok varar at ... marka tleg,
and he shall pay, i.e. then he shall ...; eir menn er sakir eigu, ok skulu eir ganga til dms ..., and
so in every page of the Grgs. III. in some ancient epic poems the ok is as an historical particle put
at the head of sentences or verses in a manner which closely resembles the use of the Hebrew
HEBREW; the old t. is in this respect remarkable, -- ok sikling, I; ok salbjartr, 2; ok s brann, 3;
ok Visburs, ok allvald, 4; ok landherr, 5: ok ek ess opt fregit hafak, 6; ok allvald, 7; ok at or, 8;
ok hnakkmars, 10; ok var hinn, 11; ok Hagbars, 12; ok rlfr ... ok sveius. 13; ok lofsll, 14;
ok Austmarr, ok vi aur, ok dgjarn, 16; ok ljshmum, 18; ok ofveg, ok s frmur, 19; ok
Ingjald, ok sj urr, 20; ok Skrei, 22; ok n liggr, 23: ok launsigr, ok bulung, 24; ok um r, ok
launsigr, 25; ok nikvisl, 26; - so used about thirty times in this single poem; in other poems less
freq., but yet it occurs, e.g. in the fragments of Vellekla, see also the references given s.v. auk (III).
IV. the placing the copula before both the parts to be joined is curious; this only occurs in a few
instances in old poetry; ok einnar tta, 'and' one eight, i.e. one plus eight = nine, Hd. (composed
about 986 A.D.); ok hrar hamljt, 'and hoary scraggy' = hoary and scraggy, Haustl.; ok Srli eir
Hamir, 'and Sorli Hamdir' = S. and H., Bragi; ok tta enni-tungl fjgur hfu, 'and eight eyes four
heads' i.e. four heads and eight eyes, id.; ok hrga blths, Rekst.; ok sv jarlar lfar, = jarlar ok
sv lfar, Sighvat; ok hringa hlnar urft mna, the woe of her and myself, Kormak; ok h grasi
vii = h grasi ok vii, Gm. 17; ok Elfar Gandvikr mili, Edda (Ht.) 1. V. used as an interjection;
skalt fara Kirkjub -- Ok, hvat skal ek angat? Nj. 74; ok skalt enn ora at mla jfnum orum
vi mik, 656 B. 10: akin to this is the mod. usage in exclamations, wrath, wonder, indignation, og,
hva er n a tarna! og, hvernig tli ltir! og, ekki nema a! VI. the following are prob. ellipt.;
seg mr at ..., ok ek vilja vita, tell thou me that, and I wish to know = that which I want to know,
Skm. 3; tlar jarl at hggva essa menn alla, ok eir hofu n hndum komit, all those, and
(whom) they had got hold of, Fms. xi. 14. B. Adverb; older form auk, q.v., [Germ. auch; Old Engl.
eke] :-- also; at er ok, at, Grg. i. 36; hr eru ok tignar-kli, Nj. 6; hann vaknar ok sem arir,
Fms. xi. 117; sv mun ok, Hom. 142, and in countless instances old and mod., see auk; eigi ok,
neither, Fms. x. 324; a er og, so so!
OK, n. [Goth. juk; A.S. geoc; Engl. yoke; O.H.G. joh; Germ. joch; cp. Lat. jugum, Gr. GREEK; in
the Northern languages the j is dropped, ok, Dan. aag] :-- a yoke, Fb. ii. 72, Rb. 398, Al. 6, 19, Sks.
136 new Ed.: metaph., ok vru sv Normenn undir v oki, .T. 15; ok-bjrn, ok-hreinn, pot. = a
'yoke-bear,' an ox, t., Lex. Pot.
oka, a, to 'yoke,' subjugate; margar jir okai hann undir rki Valdamars konungs, Fms. x. 231;
at ek geta ik undir okat hans jnustu, ii. 122; Gu okai undir hann alla hans undirmenn, Bs. i.
167; hann mun oka yr undir rngvan rldm, Stj. 441, Karl. 134. 2. to join by a cross-piece; ker
mikit ok okat me strum timbr-stokkum, Hkr. i. 17: undir-oka, to 'under-yoke,' subjugate.
oki, a, m. a cross-piece fastening boards or deals together; ar skulu vera fjrar rimar ok okar
endum, Gl. 381; hann hljp upp okann ok st ar, the cross-piece on the inside of a door, Hv.
39 (= hurar-oki, Eb. 182); jafn-oki, an equal match.
OKKARR, adj. pron., f. okkur, n. okkat and okkort, gen. pl. okkarra; contr. forms okkrir, okkrar,
okkrum: [a Goth. uggqvar is supposed, answering to iggqvis; A.S. uncer = Gr. GREEK] :-- our, in
dual; okkarr mestr vinr, Fms. ii. 221; tal okkat, Sks. 12 B; okkat vital, Fs. 8; vtti okkat, Nj. 233;
okkart flag, Fms. v. 254; vpn okkur, Al. 138; okkarri sameign, Fs. 7; fera, hesta, ba okkarra, Ld.
40, Fms. ii. 8, 105, Eg. 95; vttis-bur okkrum, Nj. 233; okkru lii, Eg. 283; skyldleika okkra, Ld.
40; fund okkarn, Nj. 8; okkarn glp, Fms. x. 261; dauda okkars, i. 216, and passim :-- adding a
genitive; skip okkat zurar, the ship of O. and myself, Nj. 8; frndsemi okkra Magnss, Fms. vi.
178 :-- used as a subst., hvra-tveggi okkar, both of us, Nj. 55; hvrrgi okkarr, Eg. 195; sr hvrt
okkart, each of us separately, Fms. vi. 104; hvrtki okkat, neither of us, Nj. 10; hvrs tveggja
okkars, Fms. i. 216, x. 270; hvrrgi okkarr Geirs, neither of us, G. nor I, Nj. 80. &FINGER; In mod.
usage the possessive okkarr is superseded by an indeclinable okkar (gen.)
okkr, dat. and acc. dual, [Uif. ugk, ugkis = GREEK] :-- us, of two, in countless instances; the old
writers make a strict distinction between dual and plur. (okkr oss, ykkr yr, vit vr), whereas mod.
Icel. in the spoken language has exclusively adopted the dual; thus Icel. say, hann sagi okkr, hann
ba okkr; this use of the dual for the plur. is prop. a familiar way of speaking, regarding the speaker
himself as the one, and 'the rest' as the other person; in writing the old distinction is still often
observed.
OKR, n. [Ulf. wokrs = GREEK, Luke xix. 23; A.S. wocor; O.H.G. wuochar; Germ. wucher; Dan.
aager; Swed. ocker] :-- usury, K.. 204, 218, Bs. i. 684; the word occurs in old writers only in eccl.
writers.
okra, a, to practise usury; okra e-u or okra me e-t.
okr-karl, m. a usurer, K.. 206, = Dan. aager karl.
oktava or oktava-dagr, m. [Lat. word], the octave after a feast day, Bs. i. 144, H.E. i. 310.
ol-bogi, a, m. the elbow; see lnbogi.
olea and ola, u, f. [Lat. oleum], oil, Pr. 470, 471.
olea, a, to anoint, of extreme unction, N.G.L. i. 14, 347, Fms. viii. 445, x. 148, Bs. i. 144.
olean, f. extreme unction, Fms. viii. 445, Bs. i. 469, N.G.L. i. 14, 347, H.E. i. 224, 473.
olifant. m. [for. word; Gr. GREEK; Old Engl. olifaunt]. the unicorn, Karl. 386 :-- the name of a
trumpet, Karl., l.c.; skapti var af olifant-horni, ivory? Karl. 369.
oliva, u, f., olivu-tr, n., -vir, m. [for. word], the olive-tree, Stj. 256, 403, 413, 441, Karl. 199,
ir. 116. olifa-kvistr, m., Karl. 226, 334.
olla, olli, ollat, to cause; see valda.
ol-ugi, ol-hugat, ol-hugliga, olu, = lhugi, etc., q.v.; see alhugi.
oman, n. the boss on a sword, ir. 104, N.G.L. ii. 439.
oman, adv. = ofan, ir. passim.
op, n. an opening, mouth, of a bag or the like; binda fyrir opi (poka-op), freq. in mod. usage, but
does not occur in old writers.
OPA, a, to retreat, go back, akin to opinn; this is the older form, whence comes hopa the common
form, under which see the references.
opin-bera, a, [Germ. offenbaren], to manifest, reveal, Bs. i. 275, 869, passim, H.E. i. 526.
opin-beran, f. revelation. Opinberunar-bk, f. the Book of Revelation.
opin-berliga, adv. openly, in public, Nj. 165, Fms. i. 142, ii. 184, ix. 452, K.. 108, Dipl. i. 7, Sks.
577.
opin-berligr, adj. manifest, Stj. 250: public, o. skript, Fas. ii. 174.
opin-berr, adj. [Germ. offenbar], manifest, Sks. 714; gra opinbert, Fms. ii. 104: open, o. vtta,
Sks. 504; notorious, o. ml, K.. 152; o. rnsmar, 62; o. okrkarl, 62, 208.
opin-eygr, adj. open-eyed, Bs. i. 66, Fms. ii. 20, v. 238, vii. 101, Grett. 76 (new Ed.)
opin-mynntr, adj. open-mouthed, Sd. 147.
OPINN, opin, opit, adj., [A.S. and Engl. open; O.H.G. offan; Germ. offen; Dan. aaben] :-- open,
prop. = resupinus, on the back, face uppermost; opp. to grfu (grovelling) opnu-selar eru fyrir v
kallair at eir svimma eigi grfu heldr opnir, Sks. 177; hann lt binda hann opinn sl eina, Fms.
ii. 179; fll s opinn bak aptr, vii. 191; ef mar liggr opinn slttum velli, Symb. 31; opit ok
ndvert, Bs. i. 746: the phrase, koma opna skjldu, to take one in the back (i.e. the hollow) of the
shield, to take one in the rear, Eg. 295, Stj. 365. II. open; lopti var opit, Eg. 236; opnar bir,
Grg. i. 261; haugrinn opinn, Nj. 118; hann lt sna fjl fyrir ljrann sv at lti var opit , so that
little was left open, Fms. vii. 191; var hurin opin, Edda 30, Fms. vii. 314; opi brf, an open deed,
letters patent, Dipl. ii. 1; opin jr, open, thawed N.G.L. i. 43; opin , an open river, not icebound,
Vm., Fs. 52; at ml sti opin, open, undecided, Sturl. iii. 136; sj banann opinn fyrir sr, Fb. i.
197; kominn opinn daua.
opin-sjr, m. open-purse, a nickname, Sturl.
opin-skr, adj. lying open, manifest, as also metaph. out-spoken, frank.
opin-spjallr, adj. out-spoken, Ad. 1, Fb. ii. 701.
opna, a, [A.S. openjan, Germ. ffnen, etc.], to open; hann ltt opna hauginn, Eg. 601; opna jr til
ess at grafa nir lk, K..K.; eir opnuu merina, cut it up, Fs. 56: impers., sndisk himinn opna,
Hom. 57: reex. to open, be opened, Grg. ii. 262; opnask haugrinn, Fb. i. 215; srit opnaisk, Fms.
ix. 276; fjallit opnaisk, Nj. 211; himinn opnaisk, Nirst. 3; jr opnaisk, 645. 64.
opna, u, f. an opening; hvta-salt sv mikit umhvers opnuna (the crater), at klyfja mtti hesta af,
Ann. 1341 :-- the two pages of an open book, erkibiskup leit skjtt opnu sem upp ettisk, Safn
i. 677; a stendr essari opnu. opnu-selr, m. a kind of seal, the mod. vu-selr, so called because
it swims on its back (see opinn), Sks. 177.
oppruar, gen. = ofraar; priliga til oppruar, exceedingly grand, Fms. x. 387.
OPT, adv., better oft, compar. optarr, superl. optast, [Ulf. ufta = GREEK, and common to all Teut.
languages] :-- oft, often; var at sem opt kann henda, Fms. i. 99, and in countless instances, old
and mod.; e.g. opt is freq. the rst word in a host of proverbs, opt sparir leium ats her ljfum
hugat, Hm.; opt kemr i-regn r dsi, oft comes a shower after a lull, Eb. (in a verse): opt er ag
fgru skinni, etc. 2. with part. pass., opt-reyndr, oft-tried, Fms. vi. 104; opt-nemndr, opt-greindr,
oft-named, etc. II. compar. optarr, oftener; eigi optarr en of sinn, not more than once, Js. 2;
mundi hann optarr sigr f, Fms. vi. 225; en ef hann stell optarr, Js. 129; eigi optarr, no more, id.;
v sterkari sem hann fll optarr, Al. 52; v meira sem at var optarr hvatt, Korm. 94, passim. III.
superl. optast, oftenest, usually, mostly; hann var optast um mitt landit, Fms. i. 6; hann sat optast
Tnsbergi, 11; hann tti ar margar orrostur ok hafi optast sigr, 193, passim.
optarri, compar. adj. more frequent, ir. 161.
opt-leiki, a, m. frequency, Fms. v. 241.
opt-liga, adv. often, frequently, Eg. 60, Fms. i. 13, 23, 52, Nj. 32, Hkr. i. 199; mjk optliga, very
often, Fms. vii. 150, passim.
opt-ligr, adj. frequent, Stj., Mar., Sklda, Fms. x. 315.
opt-samliga, adv. = optliga, Barl. 137.
opt-samligr, adj. frequent, Barl. 94, Str. 8, 36.
opt-semi, f. frequency, MS. 4. 8.
opt-sinnis, adv. many times, Fms. iv. 176, Art.
opt-sinnum, adv. = optsinnis, Sks. 255, Al. 86, Barl. 63, 70.
OR, n. [Ulf. waurd = GREEK; a word common to all Teut. languages, old and mod.; cp. also Lat.
verbum] :-- a word. In the earliest usage, as in Old Engl., every sentence, clause, or saw is called a
word, cp. Germ. sprch-wort; an address or a reply is 'a word,' cp. Germ. ant-wort; the grammatical
notion (Lat. vox, verbum) is later and derived; hann skyldi hafa au rj or framburi snum, at
it fyrsta or, 'at allir menn skyldu Kristnir vera;' at annat 'at heilg skyldi vera hof ll ok
skurgo;' at var it rija or, 'at fjrbaugsgar skyldi vara blt ll, ef vttnm yri,' Fms. ii.
237; au eru or rj er skggang vara ll, ef mar kallar mann ragan er stroinn er sorinn,
enda mar vgt gegn eim orum remr, Grg. ii.

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