THEORY1 Structural Theory 1 Chapter 2

Reactions on a Three-Hinged Arch;

- a common problem in structural analysis is to find the hinge reactions on a
three-hinged arch by algebraic or graphical methods. A three-hinged arch is a
structure composed of two curved segments, joined together by an internal hinge
and supported at two external hinges.
EX. Find the horiontal and vertical components of the three-hinge arch shown on
the figure.
!"#
A
$ % &'
()!*# " +!,# " -!(+# " +!)&# -
.y
/ !)*# % &'
.y
/ % ((.& 01
!"#
.
$ % &'
Ay
/ !)*# 2 ()!)&# 2 +!(+# 2 -!,# 2 +!*# % &'
Ay
/ % (+.& 01
!"#
3
$ % &'
()!,# " +!*# 2 (+!()# "
Ax
/ !+# % &'
Ax
/ % ().& 01
!"#
3
$ % &'
-!*# " +!,# 2 ((!()# "
.x
/ !+# % &'
.x
/ % ().& 01
!"# y
F
% &' 4 the left segment,
(+ 2 () 2 + "
3y
/ % &'
3y
/ % ).& 01
!"#
x
F % &' 4 the left segment,
() -
3x
/ % &'
3x
/ % ().& 01
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!"# y
F
% &' 4 the right segment,
-) 2 - 2 + " (( % &' o0
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+ 4 *.& m % )*.& m
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- 01 + 01
+ 01
A .
3
+
.
&

m
3y
/
Ay
/
3x
/
Ax
/
.y
/
.x
/
3x
/
3y
/
THEORY1 Structural Theory 1 Chapter 2
!"#
x
F % &' 4 the right segment,
() 2 () % &' o0
EX. Find the horiontal and vertical components of the three-hinge arch shown on
the figure.
!"#
A
$ % &' 4 the left segment,
,&!*# -
3x
/ !+# -
3y
/ !,# % &
-
3x
/ " *
3y
/ % (+&' e5n. (
!"#
.
$ % &' 4 the right segment,
3x
/ !*# -
3y
/ !,# 2 +&!*# % &
3x
/ - )
3y
/ % +&' e5n. )
solving simultaneously'
3x
/ % 6+.& 01
3y
/ % -).& 01
!"#
x
F % &' 4 the left segment,
Ax
/ - 6+ % &'
Ax
/ % 6+.& 01
!"# y
F
% &' 4 the left segment,
Ay
/ - ,& - ) % &'
Ay
/ % ,).& 01
!"#
x
F % &' 4 the right segment,
6+ -
.x
/ % &'
.x
/ % 6+.& 01
!"# y
F
% &' 4 the right segment,
.y
/ " ) 2 +& % &'
.y
/ % 6,.& 01
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A
.
3
* 4 *.& m % (+.& m
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*
.
&

m
+
.
&

m
Ay
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/
Ax
/
3x
/
.x
/
3x
/
.y
/
3y
/
THEORY1 Structural Theory 1 Chapter 2
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x
F % &'
6+ - 6+ % &' o0
!"# y
F
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#le$i%le Suspension Ca%les;
- in engineering structures, there are structures that are encountered which are
made of flexible cables or chains suspended between supports at the ends and
subjected to some 0ind of a distributed vertical load. 7he e5uilibrium shape
assumed by such a cable is, of course, a funicular curve for loading to which
the cable is subjected.
d %
8 ,
a
)

7 % &.6 a
)
)
d (+
a
( +
9 % a
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ . . .
a
d
:
)6+
a
d
6
-)
a
d
-
,
(
+ * )
where; d - sag
- uniform load
a - span
8 - tension at midpoint
7 - tension at supports
9 - length of cable
EX. Each cable of a suspension bridge carries a horiontal load of (& 01<m. =f the
span is (,& m and the sag is ().& m, determine the tension at either end of the
cable and at the midpoint. >hat is the length of the cable?
by using the formula,
7 % &.6 a
)
)
d (+
a
( +
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d
a
8
7
THEORY1 Structural Theory 1 Chapter 2
% &.6!(&#!(,&#
)
)
# () #! (+ !
# (,& !
( + % -*@).@* 01
8 %
d ,
a
)

%
# () #! , !
# (,& #! (& !
)
% --:6.& 01
9 % a
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ . . .
a
d
:
)6+
a
d
6
-)
a
d
-
,
(
+ * )
% !(,&#
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

+
+ * )
(,&
()
:
)6+
(,&
()
6
-)
(,&
()
-
,
(
% (,).(( m
by using the e5uilibrium e5uations,
!"#
x
F % &'
7 cos - 8 % & e5n. (
!"# y
F
% &'
7 sin - @&& % & e5n.)
dividing e5n. ) by e5n. (,
tan %
8
@&&
but, tan %
*6
()
,
*6
()
%
8
@&&
' 8 % --:6.& 01
7

,
_

6: . *+
*6
- --:6 % &' 7 % -*@).@* 01
EX. A cable having a mass of (.6 01<m is stretched between two supports, which are
not on the same level. Aetermine the maximum tension.
Engr. .R. !on"on *
*6 m
() m
@&& 01
7
8

(& m
a b
)& m
&.6x
y
(.6x 01
7
8
x
-&& m
THEORY1 Structural Theory 1 Chapter 2
!"#
x
F % &'
7 cos - 8 % & e5n. (
!"# y
F
% &'
7 sin - (.6x % & e5n.)
dividing e5n. ) by e5n. (,
tan %
8
x 6 . (
but, tan %
x 6 . &
y
,
x 6 . &
y
%
8
x 6 . (
' 8y % &.:6
)
x
since, x % a, when y % )& m,
)&8 % &.:6
)
a ,
similarly, on the right side,
(&8 % &.:6
)
b
,
from the figure, a " b % -&&
-&& %
:6 . &
8 )&
"
:6 . &
8 (&
' 8 % ((6,.() 01
a %
:6 . &
# () . ((6, #! )& !
% (:6.:* m
b %
:6 . &
# () . ((6, #! (& !
% ()*.)+ m
s5uaring both e5n. ( and e5n. ),
)
7

)
cos
% )
8
e5n. -
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(& m
a b
-& m
)&& m
.
3
A
THEORY1 Structural Theory 1 Chapter 2
)
7

)
sin
% ).)6 )
x
e5n. *
adding e5n. - and e5n. *,
)
7
!
)
sin "
)
cos # %
)
8
" ).)6
)
x
since the maximum tension occurs at the left support,
7 %
) )
# :* . (:6 #! )6 . ) ! # () . ((6, ! + % ((,:.:* 01
EX. A cable carrying )&& 1<m along the horiontal is suspended at two points A and
., A being lower )&.& m lower than .. 7he two points are )&&.& m apart
horiontally. =f the lowest point 3 of the cable is ,.& m below the level of A,
determine the tensions at A, . and 3 and the total length of the cable.
for segment A3,
!"#
A
$ % &'
&.)&a!&.6a# - -&
3
8 % &'
3
8 %
)
a
-&
(& . &
e5n.
(
for segment .3,
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.
$ % &'
3
8 !(&# - &.)&b!&.6b# % &'
3
8 %
)
b
(&
(& . &
e5n. )
but, b % )&& 2 a,
e5uating ( and ),
)
a
-&
(& . &
%
)
b
(&
(& . &
)
a
-&
(& . &
%
(&
(& . &
!)&& 2 a#
)
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&.)a 01
&.6a
a
-& m
A
B
A
8
3
8
3
8
&.)b 01
&.6b
b
(& m
.
B
.
8
F.A of A3 F.A of .3
THEORY1 Structural Theory 1 Chapter 2
)
a
% -!*&&&& 2 *&&a "
)
a
#
)
a
- +&&a " +&&&& % &' a % ()+.:@ m
b % :-.)( m
3
8 %
-&
(& . &
!()+.:@#
)
% 6-.6@ 01
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x
F % &'
6-.6@ -
A
8 % &'
A
8 % 6-.6@ 01
!"# y
F
% &'
A
B - &.)&!()+.:@# % &'
A
B % )6.-+ 01
A
7 %
) )
# -+ . )+ ! # 6@ . 6- ! + % 6@.:) 01
!"#
x
F % &'
.
8 - 6-.6@ % &'
.
8 % 6-.6@ 01
!"# y
F
% &'
.
B - &.)&!:-.)(# % &'
.
B % (*.+* 01
.
7 %
) )
# +* . (* ! # 6@ . 6- ! +
% 66.66 01
9 % a
1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

+ . . .
a
d
:
)6+
a
d
6
-)
a
d
-
,
(
+ * )
for segment A3,
a
d
%
# :@ . ()+ #! ) !
-&
% &.((,
a %
)
# :@ . ()+ #! ) !
% ()+.:@ m
(
9 % !()+.:@# ( ) ( ) ( )
1
]
1

+ +
+ * )
((, . &
:
)6+
((, . &
6
-)
((, . &
-
,
(
% (-(.-, m
for segment .3,
a
d
%
# )( . :- #! ) !
(&
% &.&+,
Engr. .R. !on"on :
THEORY1 Structural Theory 1 Chapter 2
a %
)
# )( . :- #! ) !
% :-.)( m
)
9 % !:-.)(# ( ) ( ) ( )
1
]
1

+ +
+ * )
&+, . &
:
)6+
&+, . &
6
-)
&+, . &
-
,
(
% :*.(( m
7
9 %
(
9 "
)
9
% (-(.-, " :*.(( % )&6.*@ m
EX. For the cable shown, determine the reaction components, the tension at the
ends and the vertical displacement of A.
ta0ing the whole structure,
!"#
A
$ % &'
+&&!+# " *6&!((# -
.
B !(6# % &'
.
B % 6:&.& 01
!"#
.
$ % &'
A
B !(6# 2 +&&!@# 2 *6&!*# % &'
A
B % *,&.& 01
ta0ing the F.A of A3,
!"#
3
$ % &'
*,&!+# -
A
8 !)# % &'
A
8 % (**&.& 01
ta0ing the F.A of .3,
!"#
3
$ % &'
.
8 !)# " *6&!6# 2 6:&!@# % &'
.
8 % (**&.& 01
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) m
*6& 01
+&& 01
+ m 6 m * m
.
3
A
A
y
A
8
) m
+&& 01
3A
7
A
B
F.A of A3
*6& 01
+&& 01
y
) m
.
8
A3
7
F.A of .3
*6& 01
y
(**& 01
6:& 01
THEORY1 Structural Theory 1 Chapter 2
A
7 %
) )
# (**& ! # *,& ! +
% (6(:.,@ 01
.
7 %
) )
# (**& ! # 6:& ! + % (6*,.:( 01
!"#
A
$ % &'
(**&!y# 2 6:&!*# % &' y % (.6,- m
&o'ent (iagra' %y )arts;
- in order to apply the basic application of the theorems of structural analysis
is to the necessity to compute easily and accurately the area under any part of
a moment diagram and also the moment of such an area about any axis. A method of
doing this from calculus is to integrate the two expressions'

dx $ and

# dx $ ! x
between proper limits, noting that the bending moment must be expressed as a
function of x.
A method being used is by dividing moment diagrams into parts whose areas
and centroids are 0nown' this permits simple numerical calculations to replace
integrations. 7he first step is to learn how to draw moment effects of each
separate loading !hereafter-called moment diagram by parts# instead of a
conventional moment diagram.
7he construction of moment diagram by parts depends on two basic
principles'
- the resultant bending moment at any section caused by any load system is the
algebraic sum of the bending moments at that section caused by each load
acting separately. 7his statement is expressed algebraically by'
$ %
9
$ %
/
$
where
9
$ indicates the sum of the moments caused by all the forces to the
left of the section and
/
$ is the sum of the moments caused by all the
forces to the right of the section.
- the moment effect of any single specified loading is always some variation of
the general e5uation'
y %
n
0x
EX. For the beam shown, draw the moment diagram by parts.
Engr. .R. !on"on @
*& 01
)*&
)*&
-& 01<m
)*&
)*&
) m * m
3
. A
-& 01<m
A
/
.
/
-& 01<m
THEORY1 Structural Theory 1 Chapter 2
!"#
A
$ % &'
-&!*#!*# -
.
/ !+# % &'
.
/ % ,&.& 01
!"#
.
$ % &'
A
/ !+# 2 -&!*#!)# % &'
A
/ % *&.& 01
3hec0'
!"# y
F
% &'
*& " ,& 2 -&!*# % &' o0
EX. For the beam shown, draw the moment diagram by parts.
!"#
A
$ % &'
)&!+#!6# -
3
/ !+# % &'
3
/ % (&&.& 01
!"#
3
$ % &'
A
/ !+# 2 )&!+#!(# % &'
A
/ % )&.& 01
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!"# y
F
% &'
Engr. .R. !on"on (&
)& 01<m
*&
*& 01
()&
(+&
)& 01<m
*&
(+&
()&
3
/
A
/
)& 01<m
) m * m ) m
. A
A
3
)& 01<m
THEORY1 Structural Theory 1 Chapter 2
)& " (&& 2 )&!+# % &' o0
Engr. .R. !on"on ((