PUMPS: SELECTION AND

APPLICATIONS
PUMPS REVISION
From the general energy equation, the energy added by a
pump to the fluid is as follows:


Where h
a
is the total head on the pump.
The power delivered to the fluid by the pump


The efficiency of the pump to determine the power input
to the pump

PARAMETERS INVOLVED IN PUMP
SELECTION
When selecting a pump for a particular application,
the following factors must be considered:
1. The nature of the liquid to be pumped
2. The required capacity (volume flow rate)
3. The conditions on the suction (inlet) side of the
pump
4. The conditions on the discharge (outlet) side of the
pump
5. The total head on the pump (the term from the
energy equation)

6. The type of system to which the pump is delivering
the fluid
7. The type of power source (electric supply, diesel
engine, steam turbine, etc.)
8. Space, weight, and position limitations
9. Environmental conditions
10.Cost of pump purchase and installation
11.Cost of pump operation
12.Governing codes and standards
TYPES OF PUMPS
BASIC CONCEPTS
ROTARY MOTION: Circular motion around an axle
or shaft.
RECIPROCATING MOTION: Motion which
alternates between one direction and the reverse
of that direction.
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT: Fluid is drawn and
held captive in an essentially leak proof
chamber while the transfer of power from the
fluid to the machine (or vice versa) occurs.

A. POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE
During the suction stroke, the piston moves to the left,
causing the check valve in the suction line between the
reservoir and the pump cylinder to open and admit water
from the reservoir.

During the discharge stroke, the piston moves to the right,
seating the check valve in the suction line and opening the
check valve in the discharge line.

The volume of liquid moved by the pump in one cycle (one
suction stroke and one discharge stroke) is equal to the
change in the liquid volume of the cylinder as the piston
moves from its farthest left position to its farthest right
position.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PD PUMPS
1. Delivers pulsating or periodic flow (cavity opens, fluid
enters, cavity closes, decreasing volume forces fluid out
exit opening).

2. Not sensitive to wide viscosity changes.

3. Delivers a moderate flow rate.

4. Produces a high pressure rise.

5. Small range of flow rate operation

6. Some disadvantages of some designs include pulsating
output, susceptibility to damage by solids and abrasives, and
need for a relief valve.

In all positive displacement type pumps, a fixed quantity of
liquid is pumped after each revolution. So if the delivery
pipe is blocked, the pressure rises to a very high value,
which can damage the pump.
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR
PD PUMPS
TYPES OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
Positive displacement pumps are further classified based
upon the mode of displacement:

1. Reciprocating pump if the displacement is by
reciprocation of a piston, plunger or diaphragm. Types:
a) Piston
b) Plunger
c) Diaphragm: Diaphragm pumps are reciprocating positive
displacement pumps that employ a flexible
membrane

Note: Positive-equal volume of fluid is pumped
2. Rotary pumps if the displacement is
by rotary action of a gear, cam or
vanes in a chamber of diaphragm in a
fixed casing.

a) Lobe: A curved or rounded projection


b) Vane: A broad, flat projecting surface
designed to guide the motion

c) Gear: A toothed machine part, such
as a wheel or cylinder, that meshes
with another toothed part to transmit
motion or to change speed or
direction.

The reciprocating piston pump contains a piston which is driven forwards and
backwards by a crankshaft, connecting rod and crosshead.
The piston rings seal against the cylinder to prevent liquid leaking past the piston.
The reciprocating movement of the piston:
a. draws liquid into the cylinder through the suction valve on the suction stroke
b. forces liquid out through the discharge valve at high pressure during the discharge
stroke.
RECIPROCATING PD PISTON PUMP
RECIPROCATING
PISTON PUMP
RECIPROCATING PD DIAPHRAGM PUMP
The reciprocating diaphragm pump
contains diaphragms which are
driven forwards and backwards by a
compressed air supply.

The diaphragm forms a barrier
between the fluid and the
mechanical workings of the pump.
The reciprocating movement of the
diaphragm:
a. draws liquid into the pump
through the suction valve on
the suction stroke
b. forces liquid out through the
discharge valve at high pressure
during the discharge stroke.
ROTARY PD GEAR PUMP
The gear pump contains two rotating
meshing gears where:
1. the drive gear is driven by the
prime mover through a drive
shaft
2. the idler gear is driven by the
drive gear.
The rotary motion of the meshing
gears:
a. draws liquid into the suction
port due to the low pressure
produced when the gears
disengage
b. carries liquid around the casing
to the discharge due to the seal
between the gears and casing
c. discharges liquid through the
discharge port due to the high
pressure produced when the
gears engage.
ROTARY PD VANE PUMP

a. The vane pump contains an
eccentrically mounted rotor
containing vanes which can
slide in or out of slots cut into
the rotor.

b. As the rotor turns, the volume
between the vanes and casing
expands at the pump suction
inlet, creating a low pressure,
which draws liquid into the
pump.

c. The liquid is carried around to
the discharge, where the
volume in the casing between
the vanes reduces, creating a
high pressure which forces
liquid out of the discharge at
high pressure.


ROTARY PD LOBE PUMP
1. The lobe pump is a high pressure positive
displacement pump which is used commonly
as a lube oil pump.
2. The lobe pump contains two rotating,
intermeshing lobes which are
interconnected by gears and driven by a
prime mover.

The rotating motion of the gears:
a. draws liquid into the suction port due to the
low pressure produced when the lobes
disengage
b. carries liquid around the casing to the
discharge due to the seal between the lobes
and casing
c. discharges liquid through the discharge port
due to the high pressure produced when the
lobes engage.

B. Kinetic pumps add energy to the fluid by
accelerating it through the action of a
rotating impeller.
a) Radial flow or centrifugal pump: The
flow direction at outlet is radial or
perpendicular to the impeller axis.

b) Mixed flow pump: Flow direction at
outlet is at some angle intermediate
between perpendicular and parallel to
the impeller axis.

c) Axial flow or propeller pump: Flow
direction is parallel to the impeller axis.

KINETIC PUMPS
CHARACTERISTICS OF KINETIC PUMP
1. Typically higher flow rates than PDs.
2. Comparatively steady discharge.
3. Moderate to low pressure rise.
4. Large range of flow rate operation.
5. Very sensitive to fluid viscosity.
IMPELLER AND PROPELLER
KINETIC CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
KINETIC CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
A centrifugal pump is of a
very simple design. The two
main parts of the pump
1. the impeller: Impeller, which
is the only moving part, is
attached to a shaft and
driven by a motor.
2. the diffuser: The diffuser
(also called as volute) houses
the impeller and captures
and directs the water off the
impeller.

1. Fluid enters the center (eye) of the impeller and exits the
impeller with the help of centrifugal force.
2. As fluid leaves the eye of the impeller a low-pressure area
is created, causing more fluid to flow into the eye.
3. The impeller transfers kinetic energy to the fluid , causing
the liquid to rotate. Velocity is developed as the fluid flows
through the impeller spinning at high speed.
4. The fluid leaves the impeller with a higher velocity than it
had at inlet, i.e. velocity head is increased.
5. The velocity head of the fluid leaving the impeller is
converted to pressure head by reducing the velocity of the
fluid in a gradual expanding section around periphery of
the impeller called the diffuser or volute.
PUMP PERFORMANCE BASIC CONCEPTS
1. FLOW RATE-Q: Flow rate (or discharge) is the amount
of fluid pumped per unit time.
Basic SI unit is m
3
/s

2. SPEED-N: If the pump is driven by a rotating shaft, the
speed of the pump is the speed of this shaft.
Basic SI units revolutions per min (rpm)

3. POWER OUTPUT-P
O
: The power due to transfer of
energy from the pump to the fluid.
4. POWER INPUT-P
I
: The power of pump is the
unit input shaft power required to drive the
pump. Shaft power is:



Where;
P
I
= Shaft power, W
T = Shaft torque, Nm
= Angular speed, rad/s

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Because centrifugal pumps are not positive
displacement types, there is a strong dependency
between capacity and the pressure that must be
developed by the pump.

This makes their performance ratings somewhat
more complex.

The typical rating curve plots the total head on the
pump versus the capacity or discharge Q
Velocity head
Static head
1. The maximum Volumetric flow rate occurs when H required = 0, this
flow rate is called Free flow: no load on system. The efficiency is
zero at this point because the pump is not doing any useful work.

2. Shutoff head is achieved by closing outlet (Volumetric flow rate=0)
Shutoff
head

Free flow

Efficiency and power required are also important to the
successful operation of a pump.
Pump efficiency varies with flow and pressure,
and it is highest at one particular flow rate
called BEP-Best efficiency point.
PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVES
H
available
which pump
manufacturer
provide us, results
obtained from testing
pumps under specific
conditions.
H
required
system curve
of our piping system.

Steady operating
point:

CAVITATION AND NET POSITIVE SUCTION
HEAD
When the pressure of a liquid is gradually reduced,
two effects can occur:

a) Dissolved gases in the liquid break free as bubbles of
gas escape from the liquid surface

b) The liquid vaporizes, that is changes phase from
liquid to a gas. With further reduction in pressure, a
point can be reached where vaporization is rapid; in
fact the liquid boils. The pressure at which this occurs
is known as the saturation vapor pressure.
CAVITATION

When pumping liquids, it is possible for the local pressure
inside the pump to fall below the vapor pressure of the
liquid, P
v
.

When P
s
< P
v
, vapor-filled bubbles called cavitation
bubbles appear.

In other words, the liquid boils locally, typically on the
suction side of the rotating impeller blades where the
pressure is lowest

Cavitation occurs when P
s
< P
v
The rapid formation and
collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid is known as cavitation
To avoid cavitation, ensure that P
s
> P
v
Since pressure is most easily measured (or
estimated) at the inlet of the pump, cavitation
criteria are typically specified at the pump inlet.
Cavitations is undesirable because of two reasons:
a) When this occurs near a solid surface such as
impeller or casing, erosion and mechanical
damage can occur.
b) A cavitating pump makes a distinctive and
excessive noise due to the vibration.
c) There is a marked drop in efficiency and flow rate.
d) Loss of capacity (bubbles are now taking up space
where liquid should be)
e) Pitting damage to parts as material
is removed by the collapsing bubbles
PUMP CAVITATION AND NPSH
To characterize the potential for boiling and cavitation, the
difference between the total pressure on the suction side
of the pump - close to the impeller, and the liquid vapor
pressure at the actual temperature, can be used.

Net positive suction head (NPSH) is the difference
between the actual absolute pressure of a liquid in
a pipeline and the liquid's vapor pressure at a given
temperature
=

Pump manufacturers test each pump design to
determine the level of suction pressure required to
avoid cavitation, reporting the result as the net
positive suction head required, NPSH
R
, for the pump
at each operating condition of capacity (volume
flow rate) and total head on the pump.

The value of NPSH
A
is dependent on the vapor
pressure of the fluid being pumped, energy losses in
the suction piping, the location of the fluid
reservoir, and the pressure applied to the fluid in
the reservoir.

To avoid cavitation


We can define the NPSH margin M to be


NPSH available NPSH required
NPSH available NPSH required
AFFINITY LAWS FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
It is important to understand the manner in which
capacity, head, and power vary when either speed
or impeller diameter is varied.

These relationships, called affinity laws, are listed
here.

The symbol N refers to the rotational speed of the
impeller, usually in revolutions per minute (r/min,
or rpm).
When speed varies:
1. Capacity varies directly with speed:


2. The total head capability varies with the square of
the speed:


3. The power required by the pump varies with the
cube of the speed:

When impeller varies:
1. Capacity varies directly with impeller diameter:


2. The total head varies with the square of the impeller
diameter:


3. The power required by the pump varies with the cube of
the impeller diameter:


Efficiency remains nearly constant for speed changes and
for small changes in impeller diameter.
MANUFACTURERS DATA FOR CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
EFFECT OF IMPELLER SIZE
EFFECT OF IMPELLER SPEED
POWER REQUIRED
EFFICIENCY
NPSH
R
COMPOSITE PERFORMANCE CHART
PRACTICE PROBLEM 1
A centrifugal pump must deliver at least 250 gal/min
(945L/min) of water at a total head of 91 m (300ft) of
water. Specify a suitable pump. List its performance
characteristics.
COMPOSITE RATING
IMPELLER SIZE
POWER REQUIRED
EFFICIENCY
NPSH
R
PRACTICE PROBLEM 2
Determine the available NPSH for the system shown in
Figure below. The fluid reservoir is a closed tank with a
pressure of -20 kPa above water at 70C. The atmospheric
pressure is 100.5 kPa. The water level in the tank is 2.5 m
above the pump inlet. The pipe is a 1.5-in Schedule 40
steel pipe with a total length of 12.0 m. The elbow is
standard and the valve is a fully open globe valve. The
flow rate is 95 L/min if the major losses are 0.492 m.