Afetr Crash em Lab

Ubayeda Shaqer 15975669
LAB 2
Engineering Electromagnetic 310

15975669
Ubayeda Shaqer


Table of Contents

Introduction: ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Aims and Objective: ............................................................................................................................... 3
Theory: .................................................................................................................................................... 3
Formulas: ................................................................................................................................................ 4
Method: ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Answers to Question ............................................................................................................................... 6
Solution 1: ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Solution 2: ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Solution 3: ........................................................................................................................................... 6
Solution 4: ........................................................................................................................................... 7
a) Red Cables(volts) (10 meter cable) ......................................................................................... 7
b) White Cables(volts) (15 meter cable) ..................................................................................... 7
Solution 5: ........................................................................................................................................... 7
Solution 6 .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Appendix ........................................................................................................................................... 22


Introduction:
Transmission line theory plays a significant role in network analysis where it bridges the gap
between the field analysis and basic circuit theory. The primary role of a transmission line in
electrical circuit analysis context is to deliver radio signals between two points.

Aims and Objective:
The aim of this experiment is understand the basics of transmission lines and to verify its
validity through the experimental.

Theory:
In communications and electronic engineering, a transmission line is a specialized cable or
other structure designed to carry alternating current of radio frequency, that is, currents with
a frequency high enough that their wave nature must be taken into account.
Coaxial cable is used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals. Its applications
include feed lines connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas, computer
network (Internet) connections, and distributing cable television signals. One advantage of
coaxial over other types of radio transmission line is that in an ideal coaxial cable
the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists only in the space between the inner and
outer conductors. This allows coaxial cable runs to be installed next to metal objects such as
gutters without the power losses that occur in other types of transmission lines. Coaxial cable
also provides protection of the signal from external electromagnetic interference.
Coaxial transmission lines are common form of transmission lines. An example of a typical
coaxial transmission line is shown in Fig.1, where both electric and magnetic fields are
confined to the dielectric between the inner and outer conductors due to the propagation of
TEM waves. Most common practical cables used are designated as RG cables.

Figure 1: Cable specification

Formulas:

is the complex propagation constant of the transmission line; V
0
+
V
0
-
I
0
+
I
0
-
are voltage
and current wave amplitudes propagating along +z and z direction respectively. The
complex propagation constant () of the transmission line consists of a real part (),
called the attenuation constant (Np/m), and an imaginary part (), called the phase constant
(rad/m)

For Loss Less transmission


Method:

Laboratory equipment requires:
HP 54600B Oscilloscope or Agilent equivalent
HP 33120 Signal Generator
RG58C/U Cables (1x5m (green), 2x10m (red & nil), 1x15m (white))
1 x T connector (male-female-male)
1 x BNC short
1 X BNC load (50 ohm)
Soldering Iron and solder, Soldering goggles, Extraction fan
Wire cutters and Pliers and soldering setup.
User manuals will be available in the lab.

Experimental Setup

Figure 2: Experimental configuration
The experimental setup is shown in Fig.4 where a 1 meter coaxial cable is connected
to a BNC-T junction.
1. One end of the T junction is connected to Ch. 1 of the scope and the other end is
connected to one end of the test cable (red or white cable) as shown in the figure (A).
2. The other end of test cable (B) is terminated with different loads (short, open or
match).
3. Sinusoidal waveform of 10V peak-to-peak is selected as the input waveform.
Measure the voltage at.

Question 4 and 5 requires voltage to be measured, then compared with calculated values and
theory.


Answers to Question
Solution 1:

Inner conductor of diameter 1.0mm
Teflon of thickness 1.2 mm
Velocity factor of the cable is 0.66
( )
]
Solution 2:

Velocity factor is 0.66
The inner conductor is 1.2 mm

( )

*

Solution 3:
Find frequencies for half and quarter wavelength; for cable length 10, 15 and 20 meters.

Length of RG 58 C/U cable F
1
@ (
g
/ 4) F
2
@ (
g
/ 2)
10 meter 4.95 MHz 9.9 MHz

Figure 3: Cross-section

Solution 4:

a) Red Cables(volts) (10 meter cable)
Loads 2 MHz 4 MHz 6 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz
Open 15.1 4.52 8.8 18.1 16.8
Short 13.2 20.9 15.9 8.9 3.9
Load 10.1 10.4 9.9 10.2 10.4
b) White Cables(volts) (15 meter cable)
Loads 2 MHz 4 MHz 6 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz
Open 10.4 7.60 19.1 12.6 3.9
Short 16.1 17.4 5.3 14.3 16.9
Load 10.4 10.2 10.5 10.3 10.4

Solution 5:
1. The input impedance Z
in
and V
0
+
of a 10 meter long transmission line when the load
is a short circuit, and an open circuit.

() ( )
[ ]
)(
*
Convert V
g
to polar form:
() ( )
() ( )


() (

)(
*
(
)(
()
*

(
( )

)(
+
(
(
)

)(
)
)

() (

()
) divide by

()
( )

()

(
(
) ()
()
)(
)
)

Short circuit results

Frequency 3.0 MHz 5 MHz 9 MHz
10/33 50/99 10/11
Input impendence (Z
in
) j70.215 -j3151 -j14.7
Volts V
0
+

Open Circuit results

Frequency 3.0 MHz 5 MHz 9 MHz
10/33 50/99 10/11
Input impendence (Z
in
) -j36.605 j0.793 j170.3
Volts V
0
+


2. Plot the voltage magnitude distribution and the current magnitude distribution, length
30 meters, an open circuit and a short circuit for following frequencies: 2 MHz, 4
MHz, 6 MHz, 8 MHz, 10 MHz

Example calculation

For 2 MHz

() (

* (

* (
)(
* (
( )
* (
()
*

Short Circuit Results
Frequency 2 MHz 4 MHz 6 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz

l / / / / /
(ohms)Zin -j144.5 j39.32 -j32.13 j206.10 j4.77
(volts)V0
+

Formulas Used to plot current and voltage graphs:
()

()


When frequency is 2 MHz,
, using identities
() |
*| |() (
)|

() |
*| |( ) (
*|


When frequency is 4 MHz
() |
*| |( ) (
)|

() |() (
*|


() |
*| |( ) (
)|

() |( ) (
*|


() |
*| |() (
)|

() |( ) (
*|


() |
*| |() (
)|

() |( ) (
*|


Example calculation,
:
For 2 MHz

() (

* (
) (

, (

*
(
)(
* (
( )
* (
()
*

Open Circuit Results:
Frequency 2 MHz 4 MHz 6 MHz 8 MHz 10 MHz

l / / / / /
(Ohms)Zin j17.31 -j63.6 j71 -j12 -j524
(volts)V0
+

Formulas Used to plot current and voltage graphs:
()

()


When frequency is 2 MHz,
, using identities
() |( ) (
*|

() |() (
*|


() |() (
)|

() |( ) (
*|


() |( ) (
)|

() |( ) (
*|


() |
*| | ) (
)|

() |()(
*|


() |
*| |( )(
)|

() |( ) (
*|

Refer to appendix for clearer image.
Solution 6
The characteristic impedance of a coaxial cable is calculated by:

V
f
: velocity factor, constant depends on the type of cable bd: diameter of the outer conductor,
ad: diameter of the inner conductor.
For loss-less transmission line, ( )
()

()


is the complex voltage reflection coefficient, which can be expressed as:

From this experiment on losseles transmission lines it can be observed that:
When the load is open circuit, and

When the load is short circuit

The input impedance of the transmission line is:
*
Observations and conclusions: As frequency increases, wavelength decreases. Frequency
and wavelength are inversely proportional. This basically means that when the wavelength is
increased, the frequency decreases and vice versa. Also phase shift angle increase with
frequency. Transmission lines operating at high frequencies behave oddly. In low-frequency
circuit in theory, wires connect devices, but have zero resistance. There is no phase delay
across wires; and a short-circuited line always yields zero resistance. For high-frequency
transmission lines, things behave quite differently.
For instance, short-circuits can actually have an infinite impedance; open-circuits can behave
like short-circuited wires. The impedance of some load (ZL=XL+jYL) can be transformed at
the terminals of the transmission line to an impedance much different than ZL.
In low-frequency circuit analysis, the transmission line would not matter. As a result, the
current that flows in the circuit would simply be:

However, in the high frequency case, the length L of the transmission line can significantly
affect the results. To determine the current that flows in the circuit, the input impedance Zin
has to be viewed from the terminals of the transmission line:
The resultant current that flows will simply be:

For instance looking at antennas which are high-frequency devices (in the sense that their size
is on the order of a half wavelength or more), transmission line effects are often very
important. That is, if the length L of the transmission line significantly alters Zin, then the
current into the antenna from the source will be very small.
At low frequencies, transmission lines don't affect power transfer in practical applications.
However, at high frequencies, even short lengths of transmission lines will affect the power
transfer.It is not the length of the transmission line, or what operating frequency that

determines if a transmission line will affect a circuit; the important factor is how long the
transmission line is, measured in wavelengths at the frequency of interest.
Appendix
Short circuit plot:

From 2 MHz Zoomed in actual plot:

Voltage Plot

Curent Plot


For 4 MH

6MHz

8 MHz


10 MHz

Open circuit enlarged image:
2 MHz

Current Plot at 2 MHz


For 4 MHz

6 MHz


8 MHz

10 MHz

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