(BFC 2072 / BFC 21103)

Prepared by:-
MR WAN AFNIZAN BIN WAN MOHAMED
DEPT. OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
FAC. OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
e-mail: afnizan@uthm.edu.my
**Some part of the lecture notes are editted from Mrs
Zarina Md Ali
CHAPTER 1
TYPES OF FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNEL
To know open channel classification and
fluid characteristics.
To understand state of flow in open
channel.
To understand geometric elements
definition in open flow calculation.
CONTENT
UNIFORM & NON-UNIFORM FLOW
STEADY & NON-STEADY FLOW
LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
INTRODUCTION
STATE OF FLOW
TYPES OF FLOW
INTRODUCTION
Hydraulic is related to the principle of fluid
mechanics usage for structure of water
engineering, civil and environmental
engineering necessity especially hydraulic
structure example channel, river, weir dan
water treatment plant.
INTRODUCTION
... Cont
Properties of Fluid
Surface Tension
Viscosity
Bulk Modulus
Density
Specific Gravity
Capillarity
Compressibility
Relative Density
Properties
of Fluid
Open Channel Flow
INTRODUCTION
... Cont
N Flow in open
channel has a
free surface
which is caused
by atmosphere
pressure
Atmosphere Free surface
Flow
Datum
Zo
d
Distribute
d flow
Open Channel Flow
INTRODUCTION
... Cont
Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel
(SMART), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Tahan river
rapids
Siberian meandering
river
Chapter 1. Flow in Open Channel
UNIFORM
&
NON-UNIFORM
FLOW
Practical applications are the determination of:
a. flow depth in rivers, canals and other conveyance conduits,
b. changes in flow depth due to channel controls e.g. weirs,
spillways, and gates,
c. changes in river stage during floods,
d. surface runoff from rainfall over land,
e. optimal channel design, and
f. others
Depth of flow is the same at every section
of the flow (dy/dx = 0).
TYPES OF FLOW
Uniform flow
Non-uniform flow
UNIFORM FLOW
NON-UNIFORM FLOW
Depth of flow varies at different sections of
the flow (dy/dx = 0).
TYPES OF FLOW
NON-UNIFORM FLOW
UCan be divided into two :-
... Cont
1. Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)
The depth changes gradually over a long
distance along the length of a channel.
2. Rapidly Varied Flow (RVF)
The depth changes abruptly over a
comparative short distance
TYPES OF FLOW
NON-UNIFORM FLOW
UGradually Varied Flow (GVF)
... Cont
Example: backwater at the upstream of
weir or sluice gate.
TYPES OF FLOW
NON-UNIFORM FLOW
URapidly Varied Flow (GVF)
... Cont
Example: hydraulic jump
STEADY
&
UNSTEADY
FLOW
UDepth of flow (y) does not change and
assumed to be constant during the time
interval; dy / dt = 0.
UExample: Constant flow in piping flow in
time
TYPES OF FLOW
STEADY FLOW
TYPES OF FLOW
STEADY FLOW
... Cont
TYPES OF FLOW
UNSTEADY FLOW
... Cont
U Water surface and depth of flow fluctuate
from time to time. This means, dy / dt = 0.
U Unsteady uniform flow is an impossible
condition.
U Example : Flood
Open Channel
Flow
Steady Flow Unsteady Flow
Uniform Flow
Non-uniform
Flow
Uniform Flow
Non-uniform
Flow
GVUF
RVUF
GVF
RVF
In a nutshell ..
STATE OF FLOW
UCan be classified according to :-
Viscosity effect
Gravity effect
STATE OF FLOW
O Reynolds number
depends on viscosity
O Fluid viscosity is
constant
Re < 500 - Laminar
500 < Re < 12500 - Transition
Re > 12500 - Turbulent
In term of viscocity effect :-

vR 4
R
e
=
In open channel flow :-
... Cont
STATE OF FLOW
... Cont
Laminar flow
Low velocity in small
cross section channel.
High viscosity.
Characteristics of laminar & turbulent flow
Transition
State of flow happen when laminar flow change to turbulent flow
before alter to fully turbulent.
Turbulent flow
Deep of flow.
Non-prismatic cross
section (i.e; river)
create the turbulent.
STATE OF FLOW
In term of gravity effect :-
... Cont
State as inertia
force to gravity
force ratio and
known as Froude
number.
In open channel flow :-
gD
v
F
r
=
F
r
= 1 - Critical
F
r
< 1 - Sub critical
F
r
> 1 - Super critical
STATE OF FLOW
... Cont
Combination of viscosity and gravity
effect will create 4 state of regime which
are:-
O Sub critical laminar Fr < 1.0, Re < 500
O Super critical laminar Fr > 1.0, Re < 500
O Sub critical turbulent Fr < 1.0, Re > 12500
O Super critical turbulent Fr > 1.0, Re > 12500
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
TYPES OF OPEN CHANNEL
Natural channel
Artificial channel
Prismatic channel
... Cont
NATURAL @ EARTH CHANNEL
+ Natural channels are waterways that exist
naturally on earth.
+ The properties of natural channels are
normally very irregular and difficult to control.
+ Examples: hillside rivulets, brooks, streams,
rivers and tidal estuaries.
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
O Three types of channel :-
A NATURAL CHANNEL
Figure 1.1 : Natural channel
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
... Cont
ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
+ Artificial channels are watercourses that are
contracted and developed by human.
+ The properties of artificial channels are based on
developers requirements and controllable.
+ Examples: canal, flume, chute, drop,culvert or
open channel-flow tunnel.
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont
B ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
Figure 1.2 : Artificial channel
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
... Cont
ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
O It is a long and mild-sloped channel built on the
ground.
O Exist in earth surface or coated with concrete,
cement, wood or others.
EXAMPLE : CANAL
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
Griboyedov Canal, St. Petersburg, Russia
Terusan Wan Muhammad Saman, Kedah
EXAMPLE : CANAL
... Cont
ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
EXAMPLE : FLUME
O It is a hard channel or passage built from
wood, metal or concrete across a depression.
O It is used in laboratory for research.
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
This flume diverts water from White River,
Washington to generate electricity Bull Run Hydroelectric Project diversion flume
Open-channel flume in laboratory
EXAMPLE : FLUME
... Cont
ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
EXAMPLE : CHUTE & DROP
O Chute is a steep-sloped channel.
O Drop is similar to a chute, but the change in
elevation takes place over a very short distance.
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
Natural chute (falls) on the left and man-made logging chute on the right
on the Coulonge River, Quebec, Canada
Chute - is a channel having steep slopes.
Drop - is similar to a chute, but the change in
elevation is within a short distance.
The spillway of Leasburg Diversion Dam is
a vertical hard basin drop structure
designed to dissipate energy
... Cont
ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
EXAMPLE : SEWERAGE
O It is a closed conduit and built under soil
surface.
O The water is in half-fully flow.
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont
C PRISMATIC CHANNEL
O Uniform cross section & slope at whole channel
length.
O Usually artificial channel.
CHANNEL GEOMETRY ELEMENT
y = Depth of water (m)
T = Top width water surface (m)
B = Base width water surface (m)
P = Wetted perimeter (m)
A = Wetted area (m
2
)
R = Hydraulic radius R = A/P (m)
D = Hydraulic depth D = A/T (m)
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
T
B
P
y
Figure 1.3 : Channel geometric element
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont
.... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Figure 1.4 : Channels sides slope
I SIDES SLOPE, Z
1
z
Note : If slope, u = 45 z = 1
( z at left & right side is same )
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Figure 1.5 : Channels sides slope
II CHANNEL SLOPE, S
o
( unit less )
u
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
III RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN v & Q
AV Q
. 9.5
where ;
Q = Discharge or flow rate (m
3
/s)
v = Velocity (m/s)
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
DERIVATION OF CHANNEL FORMULA
B
y
1
z
1
z
3
1
2
L
Figure 1.6 : Derivation of channel formula
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont
From Figure 1.6 :
T = Top width water surface
zy 2 B T + =
A = Wetted area
A = Area 1 + Area 2 + Area 3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )
2
zy By A
y zy
2
1
y B y zy
2
1
A
+ =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Cont . From Figure 1.6 :
P = Wetted perimeter
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
z 1 y L
z 1 y L
y z y L
zy y L
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont
CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Cont . From Figure 1.6 :
P = Wetted perimeter
2
z 1 y 2 B P
L 2 B P
+ + =
+ =
therefore ;
Note :
Use this trapezoidal formula (A, T & P) to find formulae for
rectangular & triangular shape.
For Rectangular z = 0
for Triangular B = 0
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
.... Cont
SHAPE A T P
By B B + 2y
zy
2
2zy
By + zy
2
B + 2zy
B
y
T
z z
1 1 y
T
y
1
z
T
B
1
z
d
T
y
u
2
z + 1 y 2
2
z + 1 y 2 + B
) sin (
8
d
2
2
sin
d
2
d
( u in radian ) ( u in radian )
( u in angle )
To sum up .. Table 1.1 : Channels geometric elements
CHANNEL GEOMETRY
Based on the figure given find :-
i) Top width water surface (T), wetted
area (A), wetted perimeter (P) &
hydraulic radius (R).
ii) If Q = 2.4 m
3
/s, determine the flow
state.
iii) If inclined length (L) = 50 m, find the
cost to construct this channel (Given
excavation cost = RM 3/m
3
and lining
cost = RM 5/m
2
)
EXAMPLE 1.1
3 m
2 m
1 m
60
.... Cont
SOLUTION:
Given:-
B = 3 m
y = 2 m
t = 3 m ( channel height)
SOLUTION
Find z value first :
60
z
1
5774 . 0
60 tan
1
z
z
1
60 tan
=

=
=
Therefore ;
(a) Top width water surface, T
m 3096 . 5 T
) 2 )( 5774 . 0 )( 2 ( 3 T
zy 2 B T
=
+ =
+ =
(b) Wetted area, A
SOLUTION .... Cont
2
2
2
m 3096 . 8 A
) 2 )( 5774 . 0 ( ) 2 )( 3 ( A
zy By A
=
+ =
+ =
(c) Wetted perimeter, P
m 6189 . 7 P
) 5774 . 0 ( 1 ) 2 )( 2 ( 3 P
z 1 y 2 B P
2
2
=
+ + =
+ + =
(d) Hydraulic radius, R
SOLUTION .... Cont
(e) State of flow
m 091 . 1 R
6159 . 7
3096 . 8
R
P
A
R
=
=
=
gD
v
F
r
=
SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) Cont . State of flow
Find v & D first :
m/s 2888 . 0
3096 . 8
4 . 2
v
A
Q
v
= =
=
m 5650 . 1 D
3096 . 5
3096 . 8
D
T
A
D
=
=
=
SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) Cont . State of flow
Thus ;
flow critical Sub 1 074 . 0 F
) 565 . 1 )( 81 . 9 (
2888 . 0
F
gD
v
F
r
r
r
< =
=
=
SOLUTION .... Cont
(ii) Cont . State of flow
Thus ;
flow critical Sub 1 074 . 0 F
) 565 . 1 )( 81 . 9 (
2888 . 0
F
gD
v
F
r
r
r
< =
=
=
(iii) Construction cost
Construction cost includes :-
(a) Excavation cost
(b) Lining cost
SOLUTION .... Cont
(iii) Cont . Construction cost
(a) Excavation cost
( )
( )
3
2
2
m 709.83 volume Excavation
(50) ) 3 ( ) 5774 . 0 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( volume Excavation
(L) zt Bt volume Excavation
AL volume Excavation
=
+ =
+ =
=
Therefore ;
2129.49 RM cost Excavation
m 83 . 709
m
3 RM
cost Excavation
3
3
=
=
SOLUTION .... Cont
(iii) Cont . Construction cost
(b) Lining cost
Therefore ;
2
2
2
m 496.42 area Lining
) 50 ( (0.5774) 1 (2)(3) 3 area Lining
) L ( z 1 t 2 B area Lining
PL area Lining
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
=
2482.09 RM cost Lining
m 42 . 496
m
5 RM
cost Lining
2
2
=
=
SOLUTION .... Cont
(iii) Cont . Construction cost or overall cost
Hence ;
4611.58 RM cost on Constructi
2482.09 RM 2129.49 RM cost on Constructi
cost Lining cost Excavation cost on Constructi
=
+ =
+ =
TIMES UP
THANK YOU
1.6 Assignment No. 1 (due date January 10, 2011)
Q1. [Final Exam Sem. 1, Session 2010/2011]
Justify the difference between:
(a) uniform flow and nonuniform flow
(b) state of flow using Reynolds number Re and Froude number Fr
Q2. [Final Exam Sem. 1, Session 2008/2009]
(a) What is:
(i) Wetted perimeter
(ii) Gradually varied flow
(iii) Non-uniform flow
(iv) Froude number
(b) Explain the differences between canal and sewer.
Q3. [Final Exam Sem. 1, Session 2006/2007]
What is:
(a) Reynolds number
(b) Froude number
(c) Hydraulic radius
(d) Prismatic channel
(e) Uniform flow
Q4. A discharge of 16.0 m
3
/s flows with a depth of 2.0 m in a rectangular
channel of 4.0 m wide. Determine the state of flow based on (i) Froude
number, and (ii) Reynolds number. Determine the flow regime.
Q5. A triangular channel of apex angle 120 carries a discharge of 1573 L/s.
Calculate the critical depth.