6/11/2014 Pujangga Piping: THE MEANING OF VALVES - ONLY THE BASIC

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Blog ini merupakan kumpulan cerita-cerita mengenai kehidupan, kepipingan dan sesuatu yang indah untuk dilukiskan. I am still looking
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DESIGN ONLINE SUDAH TIDAK BERJALAN LAGI DAN TIDAK AKAN DIBUKA KELAS BARU LAGI. SEMOGA MAKLUM ADANYA.
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Senin, 03 Oktober 2011
THE MEANING OF VALVES - ONLY THE BASIC
Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and pressure within a system or process. They
are essential components of a piping system that conveys liquids, gases, vapors, slurries et cetera.
Different types of valves are available: gate, globe, plug, ball, butterfly, check, diaphragm, pinch,
pressure relief, and control valves. Each of these types has a number of models, each with different
features and functional capabilities. Some valves are self-operated while others manually or with an
actuator or pneumatic or hydraulic is operated.
Functions from valves are:
Stopping and starting flow
Reduce or increase a flow
Controlling the direction of flow
Regulating a flow or process pressure
Relieve a pipe system of a certain pressure
There are many valve designs, types and models, with a wide range of industrial applications. All
satisfy one or more of the functions identified above.
Valves are expensive items, and it is important that a correct valve is specified for the function, and
must be constructed of the correct material for the process liquid.
CLASSIFICATION OF VALVES
The following are some of the commonly used valve classifications, based on mechanical motion:
Linear Motion Valves. The valves in which the closure member, as in gate, globe, diaphragm, pinch,
and lift check valves, moves in a straight line to allow, stop, or throttle the flow.
Rotary Motion Valves. When the valve-closure member travels along an angular or circular path, as in
butterfly, ball, plug, eccentric- and swing check valves, the valves are called rotary motion valves.
Quarter Turn Valves. Some rotary motion valves require approximately a quarter turn, 0 through 90,
motion of the stem to go to fully open from a fully closed position or vice versa.
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Classification of valves based on motionValve types Linear motion Rotary motion Quarter turn
Gate Valv x
Globe valve x
Plug valve x x
Ball valve x x
Butterfly valve x x
Swing check valve x
Diaphragm valve x
Pinch valve x
Safety valve x
Relief valve x
CLASS RATINGS
Pressure-temperature ratings of valves are designated by class numbers. ASME B16.34, Valves-
Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End is one of the most widely used valve standards. It defines three
types of classes: standard, special, and limited. ASME B16.34 covers Class 150, 300, 400, 600,
900, 1500, 2500, and 4500 valves.
VALVE BODY
The Valve body is the first boundary of a pressure valve. He serves as the main element of a valve
assembly because it is the framework that holds all the parts together. The valve-body ends are
designed to connect the valve to the piping or equipment nozzle by different types of end connections,
such as butt or socket welded, threaded or flanged.
Valve bodies are cast or forged in a variety of forms and each component have a specific function and
constructed in a material suitable for that function.
Image of a standard Gate Valve.
VALVE BONNET
The cover for the opening in the body is the valve bonnet, and is
the second most important boundary of a pressure valve. Like
valve bodies, bonnets are in many designs and models available.
A bonnet acts as a cover on the valve body, is cast or forged of
the same material as the body. It is commonly connected to the
body by a threaded, bolted, or welded joint. During manufacture of
the valve, the internal components, such as stem, disk and
actuator, are put into the body and then the bonnet is attached to
hold all parts together inside.
VALVE TRIM
Valve's trim is a collective name for the replaceable parts, in a valve. A typically valve design includes
a disk, seat, stem, and sleeves needed to guide the stem.
VALVE DISK
GATE VALVE BODY
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The disc is the part which allows, throttles, or stops flow, depending on its position. In the case of a
plug or a ball valve, the disc is called plug or a ball. The disk is the third most important primary
pressure boundary. With the valve closed, full system pressure is applied across the disk, and for this
reason, the disk is a pressure related component.
Disks are usually forged, and in some designs, hard surfaced to provide good wear properties. Most
valves are named, according to the design of their disks.
VALVE SEAT(S)
A valve may have one or more seats. In the case of a globe or a swing-check valve, there is usually
one seat, which forms a seal with the disc to stop the flow. In the case of a gate valve, there are two
seats; one on the upstream side and the other on the downstream side. A gate valve disc has two
seating surfaces that come in contact with the valve seats to form a seal for stopping the flow.
The seat ensure the seating surface for the disk. For a good sealing, a fine surface finish from the
seating area is necessary.
In some designs, the body is machined to serve as the seating surface, in other designs, forged seal
rings are threaded or welded to the body.
To improve the wear resistance of the seat or seal rings, the surface is often hard faced.
VALVE STEM
The valve stem provides the necessary movement to the disc, plug or the ball for opening or closing
the valve, and is responsible for the proper positioning of the disk. It is connected to the valve
handwheel, actuator, or the lever at one end and on the other side to the valve disc. In gate or globe
valves, linear motion of the disc is needed to open or close the valve, while in plug, ball and butterfly
valves, the disc is rotated to open or close the valve.
Stems are usually forged, and connected to the disk by threaded or other techniques. To prevent
leakage, in the area of the seal, a fine surface finish of the stem is necessary.
There are five types of valve stems:
Rising Stem with Outside Screw and Yoke
The exterior of the stem is threaded, while the portion of the stem in the valve is smooth. The stem
threads are isolated from the flow medium by the stem packing. Two different styles of these designs
are available; one with the handwheel attached to the stem, so they can rise together, and the other
with a threaded sleeve that causes the stem to rise through the handwheel. This type of valve is
indicated by "O. S. & Y." is a common design for NPS 2 and larger valves.
Rising Stem with Inside Screw
The threaded part of the stem is inside the valve body, and the stem packing along the smooth
section that is exposed to the atmosphere outside. In this case, the stem threads are in contact with
the flow medium. When rotated, the stem and the handwheel to rise together to open the valve.
Nonrising Stem with Inside Screw
The threaded part of the stem is inside the valve and does not rise. The valve disc travels along the
stem, like a nut if the stem is rotated. Stem threads are exposed to the flow medium, and as such,
are subjected to the impact. That is why this model is used when space is limited to allow linear
movement, and the flow medium does not cause erosion, corrosion or abrasion of the stem material.
Sliding Stem
This valve stem does not rotate or turn. It slides in and out the valve to open or close the valve. This
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design is used in hand-operated lever rapid opening valves. It is also used in control valves are
operated by hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders.
Rotary Stem
This is a commonly used model in ball, plug, and butterfly valves. A quarter-turn motion of the stem
open or close the valve.
on the right above of this page, you will find some links to detailed (large) images of rising and non
rising stem valves.
VALVE STEM PACKING
For a reliable seal between the stem and the bonnet, a gasket is needed. This is called a Packing,
and it is fitted with e.g. the following components:
Gland follower, a sleeve which compresses the packing, by a gland into the so called stuffing box.
Gland, a kind of bushing, which compressed de packing into the stuffing box.
Stuffing box, a chamber in which the packing is compressed.
Packing, available in several materials, like teflon, elastomeric material, fibrous material et cetera.
A backseat is a seating arrangement inside the bonnet. It provides a seal between the stem and
bonnet and prevents system pressure from building against the valve pakking, when the valve is fully
open. Back seats are often applied in globe valves.
Image of a typical sealing assembly.
An important aspect of the life time of a valve is the sealing
assembly. Almost all valves, like standard Ball, Globe,
Gate, Plug and Butterfly valves have their sealing assembly
based upon shear force, friction and tearing.
Therefore valve packaging must be properly happen, to
prevent damage to the stem and fluid or gas loss. When a
packing is too loose, the valve will leak. If the packing is too
tight, it will affect the movement and possible damage to the
stem.
VALVE YOKE
A Yoke connects the valve body or bonnet with the actuating mechanism. The top of the yoke holding
a yoke nut, stem nut, or yoke bushing and the valve stem passes through it. A yoke usually has
openings to allow access to the stuffing box, actuator links, et cetera Structurally, a yoke must be
strong enough to withstand forces, moments, and torque developed by the actuator.
VALVE YOKE NUT
A yoke nut is an internally threaded nut and is placed in the top of a yoke by which the stem passes.
In a gate valve e.g., the yoke nut is turned and the stem travels up or down. In the case of globe
valves, the nut is fixed and the stem is rotated through it.
TYPICAL SEALY ASSEMBLY
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VALVE ACTUATOR
Hand-operated valves are usually equipped with a handwheel attached to the valve's stem or yoke nut
which is rotated clockwise orcounter clockwise to close or open a valve. Globe and Gate Valves are
opened and closed in this way.
Hand-operated, quarter turn valves, such as Ball, Plug or Butterfly, has a lever for actuate the valve.
There are applications where it is not possible or desirable, to actuate the valve manually by
handwheel or lever. These applications include:
Large valves that must be operated against high hydrostatic pressure
Valves they must be operated from a remote location
When the time for opening, closing, throttle or manually controlling the valve is longer, than required
by system-design criteria
These valves are usually equipped with an actuator.
An actuator in the broadest definition is a device that produces linear and rotary motion of a source of
power under the action of a source of control.
Basic actuators are used to fully open or fully close a valve. Actuators for controlling or regulating
valves are given a positioning signal to move to any intermediate position. There a many different
types of actuators, but the following are some of the commonly used valve actuators:
Gear Actuators
Electric Motor Actuators
Pneumatic Actuators
Hydraulic Actuators
Solenoid Actuators
SUMMARY
On this page are defined a number of basic information from valves.
As you may have seen in the main menu "Valves", you can find also information about several and
often applied valves in Petro and chemical industry.
It can give you an impression, and good understanding of the differences between the various types of
valves, and how these differences affect the valve function. It will help to a proper application of each
type of valve during the design and the proper use of each type of valve during operation.
So If you know much about valve, please answer the questions, what kind of the name of valve below
?
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Blog ini bercerita mengenai seorang pujangga
piping yang mencoba berkarya di bidang seni.
karena piping itu adalah seni kalau seorang
piping engineer tidak memiliki jiwa seni maka
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nilainya.. Juga di blog ini tidak hanya berisi
mengenai piping dan perkembangannya juga
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