Forest conservation is the practice of planting and maintaining forested areas for the benefit and

sustainability of future generations. In the United States, forest conservationbecame popular in the
late 19th and early 20th centuries. Forest conservation involves the upkeep of the natural
resources within a forest that are beneficial to both humans and the ecosystem. Forest conservation
acts to maintain, plan, and improve forested areas. Forests provide wildlife with a suitable habitat for
living along with filtering groundwater and preventing runoff.
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Contents
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1 History
2 Forest types
o 2.1 Boreal
o 2.2 Temperate
o 2.3 Sub-tropical
3 Forest threats
4 Techniques
o 4.1 Afforestation
o 4.2 Reforestation
o 4.3 Selective logging
o 4.4 Controlled burn
o 4.5 Wildlife management areas
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
Around the year 1900 in the United States, Gifford Pinchot lead a movement of conservation. Gifford
Pinchot made conservation a popular word in its application to natural resources. Throughout the
next two decades, forestry professions became widespread. Following World War I, forestry became
a cooperation between private landowners, the states, and the federal government. On March 21,
1933, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt sent a message to the United States Congress to
strengthen the United States forest resources. In the following days, congress enacted the
establishment of emergency conservation work. This project consisted of twenty five thousand men
working on forest protection by planting trees, watershed restoration and erosion control. About 2.2
billion seedlings were planted which marked a start of conservation in the United States.
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In 1935,
the Natural Resources Committee was created to understand, plan and use natural resources.
Following World War II, the first Smokey Bear symbol appeared on a poster to represent a fire
prevention cooperation. The Smokey Bear icon soon became one of the best advertisement icons in
the United States. When people started to realize that the resources were not unlimited within the
forests, conservation efforts began to start.
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Forest types[edit]
There are many different types of forests. The many types of forests are categorized by climate and
location.
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98% of forest cover in the United States is natural with the remaining 2%
being plantation land. 33% of the United States is made up of forests. Out of the 33% of the U.S.
covered by forests, 37% make up subtropical forests. 48% make uptemperate forests. The
remaining 15% consist of boreal forests.
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Boreal[edit]
Boreal forests are found in the northern regions of the United States. Canada is made up of boreal
forests. These forests have long cold winters and short cool summers.Precipitation can reach over
200 centimeters per year typically in the form of snow. Because of the cold climate in the boreal
forests, the growing season is 3 months long. Boreal forests are made up
of evergreen trees, mosses, and lichens.
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Mosses are a plant species that thrive in areas that are
moist. Mosses can tolerate dry periods as well by holding water and moisture in the dead leaves
and cells.
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Lichens are organisms in the form of fungal filaments. Algae is a form of lichen in the
boreal forests.
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Temperate[edit]
Temperate forests are forests with high levels of precipitation. The yearly precipitation rate is
between 20 and 60 inches in the form of rain or snow. Temperatures in temperate forests range from
-22 degrees Fahrenheit to 86 degrees Fahrenheit. Temperate Forests within the United States are
found on the Eastern region. Temperate forests are able to support a variety of species due to the
large amount of rainfall. Mosses and lichens dominate the forest floor with medium size trees above
such as dogwood trees. The top canopy is covered by larger trees such as maple trees, Birch trees,
and Walnut trees.
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Sub-tropical[edit]
Subtropical forests are found in the United States along the southern border states.
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These forests
are made up of evergreen species and deciduous species. Evergreens are plant species that retain
their leaves year round while deciduous trees lose their leaves annually. The consistent warm
climate along with consistent rainfall promote more plant growth than any other environment in the
United States.
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Forest threats[edit]
Deforestation is a threat to forests according to foresters. Deforestation is the permanent destruction
of forests and woodlands. Deforestation is brought about by commerciallogging, conversion of
woodlands to agricultural land, and the felling of trees for firewood and building
material.
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Commercial logging is that harvest of timber products for the profit that is gained from
selling the product.
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Illegal logging is a threat to forests. Illegal logging is the harvest of timber for
economic gain without permission. This method is a threat because it impedes plans and upkeep of
a forest.
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Forests are lost to urban development and building projects. When forest are cleared for
these reasons, it creates problems that foresters are concerned with. When heavy machinery is
used to clear forests or develop land, the soil becomes compacted. When the soil is compacted, the
soil particles are packed tightly together. Soil compaction results in water supply not being absorbed
by tree roots and can be deadly to the growth of trees. Soil compaction also can create flooding.
Compacted soil can not filter the groundwater into the soil therefor water can build up on the surface
creating flooding as a result.
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Species extinction is another threat to our forests. With the removal
of forests, animal and plant species suffer. Animal species can not survive without the adequate
needs of their lifestyle. Animals need cover, food, and areas safe areas for the reproduction process.
Altering their environment disrupts the life cycle of animal species and they are oftentimes not able
to adapt. Food sources are lost to deforestation. Animal species tend to consume plant life to
maintain themselves. With the removal of forests this can result in animals not being able to find
food in order to survive.
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Unmanaged recreational use is also a threat to forests. Unmanaged
reacreational use is the use of the forested lands by the public at an uncontrolled rate. As
recreational use as increased among forests, foresters have noticed an increase in land
management that is needed.
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Invasive species threaten forests ecosystems.Invasive species are
any species that is not native to that ecosystem and economic harm along with harm to the
environment.
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Invasive species cause disruptions in the function of the ecosystem. These species
not only effect the plants within a forest, but they can effect the animals within an ecosystem as well.
The financial impact cause by invasive species is 138 billion dollars per year with economic loss and
control costs.
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Techniques[edit]
Techniques of forest conservation are used to improve forested areas and to make the available
resources sustainable.
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Afforestation[edit]
Afforestation is a proactive method used to improve forests. Afforestation is the planting of trees for
commercial purposes. The supply of wood and wood products from afforested areas has prevented
the over use and destruction of natural forests. Instead of taking resources from existing natural
forests, afforestation is a process used to plant to trees and use them as resources instead of
naturally existing forests.
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Afforestation is a way to create a forest. Afforestation occurs when the
planting of trees is introduced to an area that previously had no trees. This creates habitat for
wildlife, recreational areas, and commercial use while not causing harm to natural forests.
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Reforestation[edit]
Reforestation is another method to sustain forests by improving existing forested areas.
Reforestation is a method of planting trees in an existing forested area. This method is used in
reaction to deforestation. When forests are removed without reestablishment they can be reforested
by planting trees in the same area to rebuild the existing forest.
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Selective logging[edit]
Selective logging is another method used to meet the needs of both the forests and humans seeking
economical resources. Selective logging is the removal of trees within a stand based on size
limitations. This technique allows for forest regeneration to occur between and after the selective
harvest cycles.
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Controlled burn[edit]
Although it can be threatening if it is not controlled, fire is a successful way to conserve forest
resources. Controlled burn is a technique that is used to manage forests.
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Fire can benefit the
ecosystem within a forest. Fire is natural and it is also a tool of foresters used to improve the forests.
It renews the forest undergrowth and also stimulates thegermination of trees species. In some
species of trees such as the Sequoia, seedlings remain in dormancy until broken by fire. As a result,
These species can not reproduce without fire.
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Wildlife management areas[edit]
State departments of natural resources and conservation develop, maintain, and manage public
lands across the nation. Special regulations and rules apply on all wildlife management areas across
the United States.
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Wildlife management areas are accessible to the public for many recreational
uses. Hunters and campers enjoy the land to harvest wild game on a legal basis. Hunting is
permitted on wildlife management areas but there are rules and regulations. A valid hunting license
is required, and often a wildlife management area land use permit is also required. Along with public
use of the wildlife management areas, State departments of natural resources provide necessary
management to upkeep the land. The management techniques within a wildlife management area
include developing habitat for wildlife along with conserving the natural land resources. Land
resources within a wildlife management area are conserved by not allowing the harvest of tree
species or alteration of the land in any way.
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